i^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 ■tt lii |Z2 S 104 ^" £ 1^ 12.0 u I: I 1 1.25 1.4 lllllaE < 6" - ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WIISTM.N.Y. 14StO (716)t72-4S03 4^ ♦* ** K^ ^ 4^0 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical IMicroreproductions / institut Canadian de microreproductions historiquas Tachnical and Bibliographic Notaa/Notaa tachniquas at btbliographlquaa Tha Instituia haa attamptad to obtain tha baat original copy availabia for filming. Faaturaa of thia copy which may ba fei jliographioally uniqua. which may altar any of tha imagaa in tha raproduction, or which may aignificantly changa tha usual mathod of filming, ara chackad balow. D D D 0 D n Colourad covars/ Couvartura da coulaur ^^~^ Covara damagad/ Couvartura andommagAa Covars rastorad and/or laminatad/ Couvartura rastaurte at/ou pailiculAa I I Covar titia missing/ La titra da couvartura manqua □ Coiourad maps/ Cartas gAographiquas an coulaur Colourad ink (i.a. othar than biua or black)/ Encra da coulaur (i.a. autra qua blaua ou noira) I I Colourad platas and/or illustrations/ Planchas at/ou illustrations 9n coulaur Bound with othar matarial/ Rali6 avac d'autraa documants r~^ Tight binding may causa shadows or distortion along intarior margin/ La r(, liura sarrie paut causar da I'ombra ou da la distortion la long da la marga int^riaura Blank laavas addad during rastoration may appaar within tha taxt. Whanavar possibia, thasa hava baan omittad from filming/ II sa paut quo cartatnas pagas bianchas ajouttes lors d'una rastauration apparaissant dans E (MOSSES) SYNOPTICALLY DISPOSED BY N. C. KINDBERG. «v> QK557.K5 ^ gOteborg D. F. BONNIERS BOKTRYCKERI AKTIEBOLAO 1897. PREFACE. The present treatise is an introduction to a synopti- [cal Moss-Flora of Europe and N. America, ready as [manuscript. It is an essay to define all here belonging genera of Jryinese and to dispose themselves in natural families 7i\h attention also to exotic genera and species. To clear Iheir natural affinity I have often found that the com- [mon habit (»habitus») of the plants indicates the place [in the system; it is also a »cfiterium« not to depreciate. To state »a priori* the vegetable organs, of which the characters are to be chosen, does not agree with nature. There are to be found in a certain genus constant characters, which in another are very variable, i Cha- racter non dabit speciem, sed species characterem*. Recent bryologists have attached too great an im- portance to the organisation of the peristome. The exo- istome (the outer or the simple peristome) is in many [genera, also in individuals, variable. The endostome of the capsule gives indeed good constant characters also in exotic, by the author examined genera and species. Sterile specimens, so often occurring, ought not to be neglected. A trained bryologist, well-intimate with the organisation of the moss-leaves, can sometimes find new species, as well characterized, as if the specimens were fertile. The author was 'beginning his bryological studies in Sweden already 1851; bryology was his speciality 1879. 57ii94 N 4 I have made longer travels for this purpose also in Norway (9 summers in the alpine district), in the Pyrenees 1855, in northern Italy 1888, in the Switzerland 1888, 1889, 1892 and 1895, also several times in Germany. My collections have been augmented by contributions from many bryohgists. Many typical specimens, collected by Austin, Berggren, Bottini, Breidler, Brotherus. Cardot, Drummond, Hartman, Howe, James, Lesquereux, Levier, Lindberg, Lorentz, Milde, Philibert, Renauld, Roell, Schim- per, Sullivant, Venturi, Zetterstedt and others, have been very useful. I have also received larger collections by D:r C. Mueller (mostly exotic species), Mr J. Husnot (Muaci Galliae), the Rev:d A. G. Waghorne (about 1,000 specimens from Labrador and N. Foundland), D:r V. F. Brotherus (mostly from Finland), D:r E. Levier (from Spain and Portugal), Mr J. M. Macoun (from Alaska), D:r T. Heldreich (from Greece), Prof. J. Arcangeli (from Italy), Messrs G. A. Holt and T. Rogers (from Britain), D:r R. Gyllencreutz (from Spetsbergen). I wish therefore to thank sincerely my friends and correspondents for valuable assistance, especially D:r Mueller, which had the benevolence to examine the greater part of my new American species (more than 200), and Prof. Macoun, having sent about 7,000 specimens, collected in N. America in long travels during many years. Linkoeping, Sweden 12 oetob. 1896. N. Conr. Kindberg. Ser. 1. Pleurocarpous. Capsule lateral upon the stem or the branches, re- gularly dehiscing by a deciduous lid. Stem usually very much ramose and depressed to [he substrate, sometimes ascending, less often erect, rarely [uite straight. In Hedwigia the capsule is generally terminal. Tribe 1. TricholepidesB. Segments of the endoslome (inner peristome) cilii- form without keel or longitudinal line, free (neither connate lor united). Capsule symmetric and erect; pedicel smooth. Leaves lot distichous Stem (except Lindbergia) without para- )hyllia. Sometimes the endostome or the whole peristome wanting. A. Leaves limbate by short cells ; special alar cells generally not defined; inner cells seriate. Capsule often Immersed. Fam. 1. OrypheeacesB. Leaves smooth or papillose : borders recurved. Peri- stome sometimes simple or wanting. Calyptra cucuUate )r mitriform. Branches julaceous or subjulaceous. B. Leaves not limbate ; ainr cells subquadrate ; inner ^ells not seriate. Capsule not immersed. 6 Fan). 2. AnomodontaoeflB. Leaves generally papillose; borders somelimes recur- ved; upper and middle cells ovaVrhombic or rotundate; costa simple. Peristome ac^uble or (in Lindbergia) simple. Calyptra cucullate. Fam. 3. Pabroniacese. Leaves smooth ; borders not (or faintly near the base) recurved; upper cells suboblong or narrower. Peristome mostly simple. Calyptra cucullate. Plants mostly small, not tree-like. Fam. 4. Endotrichacese. Leaves smooth ; borders not or indistinctly recurved ; upper cells lanceolate-linear. Peristome double. Calyptra mitriform. Plants robust; stem treelike. Tribe 2. DicholepidesB. Endoslomial segments carinate or marked w^ith a longitudinal line, not united. , A. Stenolepidece. Endostomial segments narrow (distinctly narrower than the exostomial teeth). Capsule symmetric, not curved. Calyptra sometimes mitriform. Leaves not falcate. a. Disiickophyllce. Leaves distichous. Capsule sometimes immersed. Leaves smooth (not papillose). Fam. 5. Neckeracese. Upper leaf-cells generally short and wide. Pedicel of the capsule smooth. Calyptra cucullate or (in one | species) mitriform. Stem sometimes with paraphyllia. b. Poly stichophy lice. Leaves plurifarious. Capsule exserted; pedicel smooth or (in Daltonia and Helicodontium) rough. Leaves often papillose. Fam. 6. Leptodontaceae. Stem tree-like; branches often circinnate; paraphyllia often present. Leaves smooth; cells more or less dilated. Calyptra cucullate. Fam. 7. Meteoriacese. Stem pendent, without paraphyllia. Leaves papillose; ^clls very small, dilated or narrov/. Calyptra mitriform )r cucuUate. Dioecious, very rarely fruiting. Fam. 8. Hookeriaceee. Stem neither tree-like nor pendent ; paraphyllia none, jeaves smooth or (in Callicostelta) papillose; cells mostly lilated. Calyptra mitriform. Monoecious or polygamous. Fam. 9. Leskeacese. Stem decumbent, often with paraphyllia. Leaves lostly papillose; cells usually dilated. Calyptra cucuUate. Fam. 10. Entodontaceae. Stem generally decumbent, rarely ascending but not [ree-like; paraphyllia none. Leaves smooth; cells mostly larrow. Calyptra cucuUate. B. Ptatylepidece. Endostomial segments broad. Capsule often asymmetric or curved. Calyptra cucul- late. Leaves sometimes falcate. a. Primary stem rhizomatic, mostly subterranean; |sficondary stems generally tree-like and suberect or ascend- ing. Leaves neither papillose nor falcate. Fam. 11. Olimaciaoese. Capsule . symmetric or asymmetric; pedicel mostly ismooth. Stem often with paraphyllia. Leaf-cells mostly [narrow. Branch-^eaves often strongly serrate. b. Stem not tree-like, generally decumbent. Fam. 12. Thuidiacese. Capsule generally asymmetric or curved; pedicel [generally smooth. Stem often with paraphyllia. Leaves usually papillose, not distichous, rarely falcate; cells mostly dilated. 8 Fam. 13. HjrpnaoeaB. Capsule sometimes symmetric, more often asymme trie or curved ; pedicel often rough. Stem mostly without paraphyllia. Leaves not papillose, sometimes distichous, often falcate; cells mostly narrow. Tribe 3. SymphyolepidesB. Endostome caacellate by in upper part united seg- ments. Fam. 14. Fontinalaoess. Capsule symmetric, often immersed. Calyptra conic or cucullate. Leaves smooth, often tristichous, sometimes falcate; cells narrow. Plants growing in water. Ser. 2. Acrocarpous. Capsule (generally) terminal upon the stem or the branches. Stem usually straight and erect, mostly simple or sparingly branching. The capsule is lateral in Anoectangium, Mielich- hoferia, Schlotkeimia, Macromitrium, Rhisogonium and Barbula squarrosa.. The stem is decumbent and much ramose (as in the pleurocarpous) in several Grimmiacece, Orthotrichacece and Fissideniacece, also in Cinclidotus; in Leucolepis tree-like. Tribe 1. Stegocarpous. Capsule with a distinct, generally deciduous lid. Subtribe 1. FllicoidesB astomae. Stem frondiform, more or less divided in nerveless lobes. Peristome none. Fam. 15. Bohistostegacese. Capsule very small. Calyptra conic. 9 Prothallium )ersistent. in nerveless Subtribe 2. Ptychophyllse astomse. Stem with subcomplicate leaves. Peristome none. Fam. 16. Eustiohiaoeee. Leaves distichous, narrowly alate at the costa: inner jells irregularly polygonal, the marginal ones narrow. Subtribe 3. Haplostoms. Stem with not complicate leaves. Peristome simple, sometimes wanting. Section 1. Anarthrodontce. Perislomial teeth solid, lot articulate. Fam. 17. Polytrichaoeee. Perislomial teeth 32 or 64, small and linguiform. ^eaves with narrow lamelte near the costa; upper cells roundish. Fam. 18. QeorgiacesB. Peristomial teeth 4, large and nearly subulate. Leaves lot lamellate. Section 2. Arthroclontce. Perislomial teeth trans- versely articulate. A Leaves distichous, with two" broad and embracing ^tipular appendages (wings) at the base. ■ Fam. 19. Fissidentaceee. Peristomial teeth 16, usually cleft. Leaf-cells round- lexagonal or the marginal ones narrow. Plants growing )n earth, seldom in springs and rivers. B. Leaves plurifarious or (in Distichium) distichous, [without stipular appendages. Leaves sometimes papillose or mamillose, not rarely smooth. Plants seldom growing on trees. 10 a. Leaves generally not papillose (exc. some species of Grimrnia and Racomitrium). Perislomial teeth not contorted. a ft. Perislomial teeth with a longitudinal line. Fam. 20. Splaohnacees. Calyptra conic or subcucullate, very small. Peristo- nr.ial teeth generally entire, seldom finally split. Leaves smooth, flaccid and faintly hygroscopic. Capsule: straight with a swollen neck or an umbra- culiform appendage (apophysis) Leaves broad ; cells usually pellucid and large, the alar ones not defined. Plants often robust, usually growing on animal dung or rotten animals, rarely on rocks or trees, Fam. 21. Dicranaceee. Calyptra cucullate, large or long. Peristomial teeth generally cleft. Leaves not flaccid, sometimes mamillose. Capsule often curved, generally narrow Leaves mostly narrow and subulate acuminate, often setiform; cells more or less pellucid, the alar ones often dilated and sub- quadrate. Tufts usually compact and very radiculose. Plants often robust, growing in swamps and woods, less often on rocks or trees. b b. Peristomial teeth without longitudinal line. Fam. 22. Seligeriaceee. Calyptra cucullate. Peristomial teeth not cleft. Leaves .;nooth, not opake. Capsule straight, short and thick. Leaves generally sotiform and subulate-acuminate without hairpoint; cells more or less pellucid, the alar ones sometimes (in Dlindia) dilated and subquadrate, often not defined. Plants mostly small and not densely (exc. Blindia) tufted, growing on rocks. Fam. 23 Grimmiaceee. Calyptra mostly mitriform, sometimes cucullate. Peri- \ 11 stomial teeth often entire (or rimose), sometimes cleft. Leaves op; ke, sometimes papillose. Capsule straight, sometimes narrow, without distinct neck. Leaves mostly narrow and not subulate-acuminate, often with hairpoint ; cells small, often with sinuous walls, the upper opake but generally not we^l-defined from the lower ones; alar (subquadrate) cells not rarely distinct. Tufts often dense and pulvinate. Plants not seldom small, generally growing on rocks. b. Leaves generally papillose and opake above. Peristomial teeth often contorted. Fam. 24. Weisiaceee. Calyptra cucullate, deciduous. Peristomial teeth mostly without a longitudinal line, sometimes wanting Capsule generally straight, often narrow, withoul {c?f . Dermatodon) prominent neck; teeth either partite to the basal tube or deeply cleft, less often entire. Leaves mostly broad, often crisped when dry; upper cells very small, well-defined from the lower ones; alar cells not distinct or forming a margin near the base ; cellwalls (exc. Gehee- bia) not sinuous. Tufts often loose. Plants mostly gro- wing on earth and stones, often sterile. Fam. 25. Oalymperaceee Calyptra persistent, dehiscing with longitudinal slits above, constricted below the unripe capsule. Peristome none. Capsule straight and oval without neck. Leaves narrow and convolute, crisped or cirrate in dry state; upper cells very small. Tufts often loose. Plants growing on trees, rarely fruiting. Subtribe 4. Diplostoma). Peristome generally doable. Section 1. Stenolepidece. Endostomial segments nar- row, rarely confluent above. Peristomial teeth articulate. Leaves not complicate. 12 A. Leaves generally papillose and opake above; upper cells mostly small and well-defined from the lower ones Tufts dense. Calyptra rarely cucuUate. Fam. 2o. Bncalyptaoeee. Calyptra long-acuminate, cylindric. Basal leaf-cells finally rufous. Capsule cylindric, often not necked. Calyptra not hairy but often rough. Leaves entire, sometimes with hairpoint. Plants growing on earth and stones. Habit of Barbula (Syntrichia). Fam. 27. Orthotrichaceee. Calyptra short-apicu.jle, usually mitriform (conic or campanulate), rarely cucullate. Basal leafcells not rufous. Capsule oval-oblong 3i subcylindric, mostly with distinct neck. Calyptra geiarally hairy. Leaves usually entire, very seldom with ballpoint. Plants often pulvinate, usually growing on trees, sometimes on rocks. Habit of Grimmia. B. Leaves generally smooth and not opake; cells nearly uniform. Tufts sometimes loose. Calyptra cucullate. Plants growing in swamps or on rocks. Fam. 28, Meeseaceae. Capsule oblique, generally with long neck; endosto- mial segments free. Leaves mostly serrate, not or indistinctly lirnbate, resembling those of Bryum in the areolation. Film. 29. Cinclidiacdse. Capsule not oblique; neck short and thick or indi- stinct; endostomial segments connate above to a convex cupula. Leaves entir., (usually broadly) limbate, resembling those of Mnium punciatum. Section 2. Piatt/ lepidece. Endostomial segments broad, not confluent; teeth articulate Leaves not compli- cate. 13 A. Leaves generally pap''>ose or mamillose; cells sometimes diversiform. Capsule with indistinct or short neck. Fam. 30. Bartramiacese. Calypfra cucullate, entire, not. inflate. Capsule sub- globose or finally oblique; teeth often without longitudinal line; endostome sometimes with cilia. Tufts dense. Leaves mostly narrow Plants perennial, growing on rocks or in swamps. B. Leaves generally smooth (in Aulacomnium and Timmia sometimes papillose); cells polygonal, nearly uniform or gradually passing to the longer basal ones. Capsule often necked. Fam 31. Punariacess. Calyptra inflate. Peristomial teeth without longitudi- nal line; endostome without cilia. Calyptra often split or lobulate at base, mitriform or cucullate. Leaves very thin. Plants generally annual, small and not tufted, growing on earth. Fam. 32. Bryacese. Calyptra not inflate. Peristomial teeth with longi- tudinal line; endostome often with cilia. Calyptra entire, cucullate. Plants generally perennial, mostly tufted, growing on earth and stone, sometimes in swamps, less often on trees. Section 3. Pseud- Arthrodontce. Endostoniial seg- nients wholly confluent to a plicate membrane; teeth in- completely articulate or wanting. Leaves not complicate, sometimes very small and nearly indistinct. Fam. 33. Buxbaumiacese. Plants small. Stem often indistinct. Tribe 2. Schizocarpous. Capsule dehiscing by 4 longitudinal slits, cohering above. Peristome none. 14 Fam. 34. Andreseaceee. Leaves often papillose; cells small, the upper short. Capsule blackish. Habit of Grimmia (Schistidium). Tribe 3. Oleistocarpous. Capsule not dehiscing ; lid not distinct. Plants mostly small. Fam. 35 Bruchiacese. Leaves narrow ; cells elongate. Capsule often (princi- pally in American species) necked. Prothallium often per- sistent. Habit of Trematodon and Dicranetla. Fam. 36. Voitiacese. Leaves broad, entire and flaccid, smooth; cells large and wide. Capsule without distinct neck. Habit of Splachnurn. Fam. 37. Physcomitrellacese. Leaves broad, serrate and flaccid, smooth; cells polygonal, nearly uniform, the upper short. Capsule necked. Calyptra inflate. Habit of Physcomitrium. Fam. 38. Phasoacese. Leaves generally broad, often entire, not seldom papillose ; upper cells short. Capsule without neck. Habit of Poitia. Fam. 1. Oryphseacese A. Leaves nerveless, generally entire (or indistinctly .sinuolate above). 1. Hedwigia. Capsule g 'lerally terminal, often immersed; peristome none; calyptra submitriform or cucul- late, sometimes hairy. Leaves papillose; upper cells suboval- '^bloiig. Monoecious or synoecious. 15 2. Leucodon. Capsule lateral, mostly exserted; teeth whitish; endostome wanting or rudimentary; calyptra cucullate, glabrous. Leaves smooth; upper cells oblong or lanceolate. Dioecious. B. Leaves costate, sometimes denticulate. a. Cosia of the leaves simple. Monoecious. 3. Fovsstroemia. Capsule often exserted ; peristome simple without endostome ; calyptra cucullate, hairy. Leaves indistinctly papillose; upper cells suboval. 4. Cryphcea. Capsule immersed; peristome double; calyptra papillose above, mitriform or cucullate. Leaves papillose; upper cells short or elongate. 6. Costa of the leaves divided into 3 or 5 branches. Dioecious. 5. Aniitrichia. Capsule exserted ; peristome doable ; calyptra cucullate, glabrous. Leaves smooth; upper cells mostly narrow. Fam. 2. Anomodontacese (new fam.) 6. Anomodon. Endostomial segments mostly short. Leaves generally entire. Stem without paraphyllia. Dioe- cious. 7. Lindbergia (new genus). Endostome wanting. Leaves denticulate at acumen. Stem with paraphyllia. Monoecious. Fam. 3. Pabroniaceee. ..4- Peristome simple, rarely (in one species of Fabronia) wanting. Plants small. a. Leaves serf'ate or fimbriate. Capsule not annulate ; calyptra unripe mitriform, finally split at one side and cucullate. 8. Fabronia. Lid of the capsule not rostrate; teeth with longitudinal line, often united in pairs. Costa of the leaves simple or indistinct. Monoecious. b. Leaves entire or (above) minutely denticulate. Capsule annulate; calyptra cucullate. MIWUjUI'."'— >lll I in 16 9. Clasmatndon. Lid of the capsule rostellate; teeth irregular and narrow, generally without longitudinal line, sometimes split below. Leaves sometimes denticulate above; costa simple. Monoecious. 10. Habrodon. Lid of the capsule conic, not ro- stellate; teeth with longitudinal line. Leaves entire, nerve- less. Dioecious. B. Peristome double. Leaves somewhat large. 1 1 . Anacamptodon. Lid of the capsule rostellate ; teeth united in pairs (as in Orthotrichum), with longi- tudinal line; annulus none; pedicel long. Leaves entire; costa simple. Monoecious. Fam. 4. Bndotrichacese (new fam.) 12. Pterohryuni. Leaves nearly entire; inner cells sublinear; costa long and simple. Fam. 5. Neckeracese. 13. Ncckera. Capsule sometimes immersed; cilia wanting. Leaves not truncate above, often undulate ; costa mostly short and double. Stem usually pinnate, often with flagellate branches, sometimes with paraphyllia. Mostly dioecious. 14. Neckeropsis. Capsule immersed. Leaves trun- cate, sometimes undulate; costa simple. Stem irregularly branching without flagella) and paraphyllia. Synoecious. Calyptra sometimes mitriform. 15. Porotrichum. Capsule exserted; cilia appen- dieulate, Leaves neither truncate nor undulate: costa simple. Stem subpuinate with paraphyllia. Dioecious. Fam. 6. Leptodontaceee (new fam.) 16. Leptodon. Capsule scarcely exserted. Leaves not limbate. Branches (secondary stems) involute-circinnate when dry; paraphyllia present. 17. Macoimiella (new genus). Capsule distinctly exserted. Leaves limbate to the acumen by round-quadrate ceils. Branches not circinnate; paraphyllia. wanting. 17 e rostellate ; longitudinal is denticulate onic, not ro- entire, nerve- lat large, ale rostellate; ,), with longi- iCaves entire; m.) re; inner cells amersed; cilia ndulate; costa pinnate, often hyllia. Mostly Leaves trun- em irregularly Synoecious. cilia appen- idulate: costa Dioecious. ini.) erted. Leaves )lute-circinnate sule distinctly 'ound-quadrate wanting. Fam. 7. Meteoriaceee. 18. Papillaria. Alar leaf-cells numerous; inner cells dilated; costa short and double. 19. Meteorium. Alar leaf-cells few; inner cells sublinear; costa simple. Fam. 8. Hookeriaceee. I. Hookeriece. Capsule and pedicel smooth. Upper leaf-cells very dilated. A. Leaves with 2 long nerves, generally narrowly limbate; upper cells round-hexagonal. 20. Hookeria. Leaves smooth; cells large; nerves not spiniform. Calyptra lobuiate at base. Monoecious or polygamous. 21. Callicostella. Leaves papillose; cells not large; nerves spiniform. Calyptra fringed. Monoecious. B. Leaves not or obsoletely costate, not distinctly limbate; upper cells oval-hexagonal. 22. Pierygophyllum. Leaves smooth; 3ells iarge. Calyptra lobuiate at base. Monoecious. II. DaltonieoB. Capsule ani ^^edicel rough. Upper leaf-cells suboblong. 23. Daltonia. Leaves smooth, broadly limbate ; costa long and .simple. Calyptra fringed below the narrow point. Monoecious or synoecious. Fam. 9. Leskeaceee. A. Leaves with papuliferous cilia, 24. Thelia. Leaves strongly papillose, from the broadly round-ovate base abruptly tapering to the long acumen, not recurved; upper and middle cells rotundate; costa short. Stem often with numerous paraphyllia; bran- ches erect and julaceous. B. Leaves not ciliate. a. Stem with paraphyllia. Leaves often papillose. 25. Pterygynandrum. Leaves papillose ; upper cells suboblong, the inner ones narrower; costa short, simple 2 18 or double. Paraphyllia few. Endostomial segments often rudimentary. Dioecious. 26. Leskea. Leaves papillose ; cells rotundate-qua- drate; costa long. Paraphyllia numerous. Endostomial seg- ments rimose. Monoecious. 27. Lescurcea. Leaves smooth or (seldom) faintly papillose; cells lanceolate-linear; costa long. Paraphyllia not numerous. Endostomial segments entire, very narrow. Dioecious. b. Stem without paraphyllia. Leaves smooth; middle and upper cells dilated, suboblong or oval; costa mostly simple. 28. Myrinia. Pedicel of the capsule smooth. Leaves entire. 29. Helicodoniium. Pedicel of the capsule rough. Leaves serrulate. Fam. 10. BatodontacesB (new fam.) \. Apierygiece. All leaf-cells narrow, linear; costa indistinct. 30. HoLmgrenia. Leaves entire, usually shining; lower basal cells mostly orange-colored. Capsule annulate. Stem irregularly divided or simple. Dioecious, rarely fruiting. 11. Eniodontece. Alar leaf-cells subquadrate ; middle <3ells generally narrow; costa short and double or indistinct. A. Leaves not recurved, mostly obtusate ; alar cells usually large 31. Entodon. Capsule geaerally erect; lid often rostrate; annulus mostly broad; endostomial segments lower than the teeth. Mostly monoecious. B. Leaves recurved, acuminate and acute ; alar cells small. 32. Platygyrium. Capsule erect; lid seldom rost- rate ; annulus broad ; «^ndostomial segments not lower than the teeth. Alar leaf-cells not numerous. Mostly dioe- cious. th. Leaves 19 33. Tripteroi'ndium. Capsule often cernuous; lid not rostrate; (annulus not seen); endostome lower than the teeth. Alar leaf-cells numerous. Mostly monoecious. Fam. 11. OlimaoiaoesB (new fam.) A. Capsule symmetric; pedicel smooth. Branch- leaves generally serrate. I. Climaciece. Branches with numerous paraphyllia. Columella of the capsule exserted. Endostome with-^ut cilia. 34. CUmacium. Inner leaf-cells narrow; aiar cells short, numerous, often finally reddish; costa simple. The naked part of the stem usually long; branches simple, fasciculate. II. Isotheciece. Branches without paraphyllia. Colu- mella of the capsule not exserted. Endostome often with cilia. 35. Alsia. Leaves not mamillose; inner cells narrow, the alar ones numerous ; costa simple. Cilia of the endo- stome appendiculate ; segments long. 36. Isothecium. Leaves (principally the uppermost) mamillose above; inner cells mostly narrow, the upper ones sometimes dilated; alar cells not numerous; costa simple. Ciha of the endostome seldom appendiculate; segments long. 37. Pterogonium. Leaves mamillose; inner cells suboval, the alar ones very numerous; costa short and double. Segments of the endostome short; cilia wanting. B. Capsule generally asymmetric ; pedicel sometimes rough. Branch-leaves sometimes entire or denticulate. III. Hylocomiece. Upper and middle leaf-cells narrow. 38 Hylocomium. Endostome with cilia. Pedicel of the capsule often rough. Alar leaf-cells generally not large, sometimes indistinct; costa mostly double. Stem pinnate or bi-tripinnate ; the naked part not long; para- phyllia sometimes wanting. 39. Girgensohnia. Endostome without cilia. Pedicel of the capsule smooth. Alar leaf-cells very large; costa 19 33. Tripteroi 'adium. Capsule often cernuous; lid not rostrate; (annulus not seen); endostome lower than the teeth. Alar leaf-cells numerous. Mostly monoecious. Fam. 11. OlimaoiaoeeB (new fam.) A. Capsule symmetric; pedicel smooth. Branch- leaves generally serrate. I. Climaciece. Branches with numerous paraphyllia. Columella of the capsule exserted. Endostome with'^ut cilia. 34. Climacium. Inner leaf-cells narrow; aiar cells short, numerous, often finally reddish; costa simple. The naked part of the stem usually long; branches simple, fasciculate. II. Isotheciece. Branches without paraphyllia. Colu- mella of the capsule not exserted. Endostome often with cilia. 35. Alsia. Leaves not mamillose; inner cells narrow, the alar ones numerous ; costa simple. Cilia of the endo- stome appendiculate ; segments long. 36. Isothecium. Leaves (principally the uppermost) mamillose above; inner cells mostly narrow, the upper ones sometimes dilated; alar cells not numerous; costa simple. Cilia of the endostome seldom appendiculate; segments long. 37. Pterogonium. Leaves mamillose; inner cells suboval, the alar ones very numerous; costa short and double. Segments of the endostome short; cilia wanting. B. Capsule generally asymmetric ; pedicel sometimes rough. Branch-leaves sometimes entire or denticulate. III. Htjlocomiece. Upper and middle leaf-cells narrow. 38 Hylocomium. Endostome with cilia. Pedicel of the capsule often rough. Alar leaf-cells generally not large, sometimes indistinct; costa mostly double. Stem pinnate or bi-tripinnate ; the naked part not long; para- phyllia sometimes wanting. 39. Girgensohnia. Endostome without cilia. Pedicel of the capsule smooth. Alar leaf-cells very large; costa 20 when moist, not Capsule suberect. simple. Stem bi-tripinnate ; the naked part long; para- phyllia numerous. IV. Thamniece. Upper leaf-cells generally round- rhombic, the middle suboval. 40. Thamnium. Endo^-tome with appendiculate cilia. Pedicel of the capsule smooth. Alar leaf-cells few, small and not much distinct ; costa simple. Stem with fasciculate branches or pinnate; the naked part mostly long; para- phyllia none. Fam. 12. Thuidiacese (new fam.) A. Costa of the leaves short, mostly double, or indistinct. a. Leaves erect or appressed recurved; costa double or indistinct. Branches erect; paraphyllia wanting. 41. Myurella. Leaves cochleariform ; cells rotun- date. Branches juiaceous. 6. Leaves patent or spreading when moist, some- times recurved; costa sometimes simple. Capsule usually inclined. Branches decumbent; paraphyllia few or wanting. 42. Heterocladium. Leaves spreading and claviculi- form or subfalcate when moist, generally dimorphous; those of the stem seldom appressed when dry; middlf cells oval-oblong. 43. Pseudoleskeella (new genus.) Leaves not sprea- ding when moist, appressed when dry, not seldom homo- morphous; cells generally round-oval. B. Costa of the leaves long and simple, mostly subpercurrent. 44. Pseudoleskea. Leaves homomorphous. Stem not regularly pinnate. Leaves sometimes not papillose, not seldom falcate, mostly patent when dry; cells oval-oblong or narrower. Stem usually with paraphyllia. 45. Thuidium. Leaves dimorphous. Stem pinnate. Leaves usually papillose, not falcate, appressed or tl crisped when dry ; cells mostly round-oval, less often sub- oblong, seldom narrower. Paraphyllia sometimes wanting. Fam. 13. Hypnaceee. Capsule generally symmetric and erect, not A. curved. I. Pylaisiecc. Leaves neither distichous nor falcate ; angular or alar cells subquadrate ; costa short and double or indistinct. Endostomial segments sometimes partly con- nate with the teeth; annulus mostly indistinct. Pedicel of the capsule smooth. Monoecious. 46. Pylaisia. Endostomial segments reaching above the teeth. Lid of the capsule not rostrate. Alar (angular) leaf-cells small, usually green. 47. Pylaisiella (new genus). Endostomial segments lower than the teeth. Lid of the capsule rostrate. Spe- cial alar cells sometimes large and pellucid. B. Capsule generally asymmetric and inclined or curved. II. Raphidostegieoe. Leaves not rarely subdisti- chous, often incurved or subfalcate, acute, generally acu- minate, mostly recurved at the borders ; alar cells vesiculi- form and rotundate, orange or hyaline; inner cells generally narrow. Capsule usually small ; lid rostrate ; pedicel smooth. 48. Raphidostegium. Leaves usually small; costa mostly indistinct. Stem without paraphyllia. III. Plagiotheciece. Leaves generally distichous or subdistichous by the complanate branches, not curved, seldom recurved at the borders; alar cells polygonal or indistinct; inner cells generally narrow. Lid of the cap- sule sometimes rostrate; pedicel usually smooth. Stem soinetimes (in some species of Rhynchostegium) with paraphyllia. a. Leaves mamillose above. 49. Rhynchostegium. Leaves acuminate and acute; cells not seriate; costa often simple. Lid of the capsule usually rostrate. Stem often with paraphyllia. 22 1! 50. Taxithelium. Leaves obtusate or short-acumi- pale; cells seriate;