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@B. J. (&nqt ^ Ca.'d (Ebucationai <Sene0.

THE

COMMONLY OCCURRING

WILD PLANTS OF CANADA,

AND MOUK KSPKCIAM.Y OP

THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO;

A FLORA FOR THE USE OF BEQINNkKb.

BY

H. B. 8P0TT0N, M.A., F.L.S.,

PRIN. BARRIK COLL. INST.,

AUinw of "The Elenunta o/ Structural liotaj^y.''

REVISED EDITION.

W. J. (}A(JK ii COMPANY,

TORONTO.

m-*

1:

I r

\

\

1'^

i /' ,1

n 1-

CONTENTS.

Preface bu tno First Edition V

Preface to the Revised Edition vii

Abbreviations of Names of Authors viii

How to TJae th.e Key and the Flora ... ix

Key to the Ordorc xiii

Flora: —

Flowering or Phanerogamous Plants , . . . . 1

Dicotvledous 1

_, Angiosperms 1

Polypetaloua Division 1

Gamopetalous " 58

Apetalous " 116

Gy mnospernis 139

Monocotyledons 143

Spadiceous Division 143

letaloideoua " 117

Glumaceous •' 105

Flowerlesa or Cryptogamous Plants 169

Index 184

'

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITIOIS.

A few words will not be out of place by way of preface to
the List of Common Canadian Plants contained in the fol-
lowing pages. It will be observed that the List ia confined
to wild plants, the exclusion of cultivated Species having
been determined on, partly because of the difficulty of know-
ing where to stop when an enumeration of them has once
been entered upon, and partly because it was thought that,
on the whole, more important results would be attained by
directing attention exclusively to the denizens oi our own
woods and fields. What is really desired is, to create among
our young people an interest in the Botany of Canada, and
it seems not unreasonable to hope that this end may be better
attained by placing within their reach some such iiandy
volume as the present, dealing only with ouch plants as grow
spontaneously within our limits.

The great majority of the plants described have been p"^r-
sonally examined, and their occurrence veritied, by the writer,
his observations having been directed to what may fairly be
regarded as representative districts of the older Provinces,
but special acknowledgments are also due to Prof. Macoun,
of the Geological Survey, f(jr the free use of hi", valuable
notes, and other friendly assistance.

Whilst diligence has been exercised that no commonly
occurring plant should be omitted, y<)t it can hardly be that
such omissions do not occur, and the writer will be most
grateful to any observers into whose hands the List may
come, if they will kindly draw his attention to any such
defects, so that they may be remedied in subsequent editions.

The Classification and Nomenclature adopted are very
nearly those of *he Fifth Edition of Dr. Gray's Manual of

VI

PllEFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

the Botany of the Northern United States, and the writer
most gratefuIJy acknowledges the great assistance he has
received from the admirable descriptions in that work.

Except in a very general way, no attempt has been made
to define the limits of the range of the various Species, as
observations tend to show that the range, in many cases, is
undergoing constant alteration from various causes. When,
however, a Species has appeared to be confined to a particular
locality, mention has been made of that fact, but, as a rule,
Species known to be of rare occurrence have been excluded.

Characters considered to be of special importance in the
determination of the vajious Species have been emphasized
by the use of italics, and where the Species of a Genus, or
the Genera of an Order, are numerous, a system of grouping
according to some prominent character has been adopted,
so as to reduce the labour of determination as much as
possible.

To assist the non-classical student, names which might be
mispronounced have been divided and accentuated, the divi-
sion having no reference whatever to the etymology of the
words, but being simply based upon their sound when
properly pronounced.

It need hardly be added that the writer's Elements op
Structural Botany is designed to be the constant com-
panion of the present Flora, in the hands of the young
student, for the explanation of such technicalities as he may
not have previously mastered.

Barrje, November, 1883.

PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION

The necessity of casting new plates has been taken advaa
tage of to enlarge and otherwise improve the present L;st oi
Common Canadian Wild Plants. Descriptions of about one
hundred and seventy additional species have been inserted,
and one or two which had a place in the old list have, in the
light of more thorough investigation, been struck out.

The principal authority for the additions is Macoun'f
Catalogue of Canadian Plants, issued by the Geological Sur-
vey, in which are included the results of the labours of many
assiduous workers. The author has, however, also to thank
his numerous correspondents in different parts of the country
for their very valuable suggestions.

In the present Edition, it will be observed that the author-
ities for the names are given, and where these names differ
from those in Macoun's Catalogue (which should bo in the
hands of every student), the synonym in the latter is also
given.

Bahrie, February, 1889.

PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS OF NAMES OF AUTHORS

CITED IN THE FLORA.

t

;r

: f

Adans. for Adanson.

Lam.

for

Lamarck.

Ait. '

* Alton.

L'Her.

<>

L'Hciitier.

Bart. *

' Barton.

Lt'hm.

<t

Lehmann.

Beaav. '

' Palisot de Beauvois.

Lindl.

ii

Lindley.

Benth. '

' Bentliam.

Miclix.

1'

Michaux.

Bernh. '

* Bernhardi.

Mill.

i(

Miller.

Bigel. '

' Bigelow.

Muhl.

II

^Muhlenberg.

Boiss. '

' Boissier.

Nees.

(1

Nt'cs von E Ren beck

Borkh. '

' Borkhausen.

Nutt.

K

Nuttall.

Cass. '

' Cassini.

Pars.

<(

Persoon.

Cav. '

' Cavanilles.

Poir.

{<

Poiret.

DC.

' De Candolle.

R. Br.

((

Robert BroWi^

A. DC. '

' Alplionse De Can-

Raf.

11

Rafiiiesqiie.

dolle.

Rich.

tl

Richud.

Desf. '

' Desfontaines.

Richardf

5."

Richardson.

Dill.

' Dillenius.

Salisb.

<(

Salisbury.

Ell.

' Elliott.

Schreb.

<i

Schreber.

Endl.

' Endlicher.

Scop.

('

Scoj)oli.

Engelm. '

' Engelraann.

Spreng.

(<

Sprengel.

Gaert. '

* Giertner.

Torr.

i<

Torrey.

Griseb. *

' Grisebach.

Tourn.

i(

Touniefortk

Gronov. '

' Gronoviua.

Vaill.

c

Vaillant.

Hoffni. '

' Hoffmann.

Vent.

((

Ventenat.

Hook.

* W. J. Hooker.

Vill.

(1

ViUars.

H. B. K. '

' Humboldt, Bon-

Wahl.

((

Wahlrnberg.
Walter.

pland,and Kixnth.

Walt.

i<

Jacq. '
Juss. *

' Jacquin.
* Jussieu.

VVangh.
Willd.

11

WangcnheJiH
WiUdenow.

L.

' LlunseuB.

't

^1

HOW TO USE THE KEY AND THE FLORA.

Assuming that the student has carefully read the Intro,
ductory part of this work, and is familiar with the ordinary
botanical terms, and the chief variations in plant-structure
as there set forth, it should, with the aid of the accompany-
ing Key, be a very simple task to refer to its proper P'amily
any Canadian wild plant of common occurrence. To illustrate
the method of using this Key, let us suppose that specimens
of the following plants have been gathered, and that it is
desired to ascertain their botanical names, that is, the name
of the Genus and the Species of each : — Red Clover,
Strawberry, Blue Flag, and Cat-tail Flag.

All of these produce flowers of some kind, and must
therefore be looked for under the head of Floweiung, or
Phanerogamous, Plants.

With the specimen of Red Clover in hand, and the book
open at page xiii, wo find that we have first to determine
whether our plant is Dicotyledonous or not. The veining of
the leaves suggests that it is so ; and this impression is con-
firmed by the fact that the parts of the flower are in fives.
Then, is the plant an Angiosperm ? As the seed will be found
enclosed in an ovary, we answer — Yes. Has the plant both
calyx and corolla V Yes. Are the parts of the corolla sepa-
rate ? Here a little doubt may arise ; but suppose we answer
— Yes. Then our plant will be found somewhere in the
PoLYPETALous DIVISION. Proceeding with the enquiries
suggested under this heading : — Are the stamens more than
twice as many as the petals? We find tb'^-t they are not

HOW TO USE THE KEY AND THE FLORA.

it

Mi

Turn, then, to the heading marked B, page xv, "Stamens not
more than twice as many as the petals." Under this we find
two subordinate headings, designated by asterisks * and **.
The first of these is not applicable to our plant. Under the
second, marked thus **, we find two minor headings, desig-
nated by daggers, -f-andn — i-. The first of these, * * Corolla irreg-
liZar," is clearly the one we want. We have now, therefore,
five Families to select from. "We cannot choose any one
of the first four, because our plant has ten stamens, but the
characters of the fifth are precisely the characters exhibited
by Clover. Our Clover, therefore, belongs to the Order
Leguminos^. Turning to page 33, and running through the
"Synopsis of the Genera" as there given, we observe that
No. 2, Trifolium, ia the only Genus in which the flowers are
in heads. Clover answers the description in the other respectd
also— viz. : "leaves of three leaflets," and "stamens diadel-
phous." The only question then remaining is, which Spacies
of Trifolium have we in hand ? Turning to page 34, we find
we have six Species to choose from. No. 2, Trifolium
pratense^ is the only one of them with purplish flowers.
Trifolium pratense must, consequently, be the botanical name
we are looking for.

Possibly the observer may decide that the parts of the
corolla are not separate from each other, because in some
instances it is really a doubtful question. He must then turn
to page xvii, and under II. Gamopetalous Division, he must
pursue his inquiries as berore. Is the calyx superior ? Plainly
not. Proceed then to the heading B, " Calyx inferior," Are
the stamens more than the lobes of the corolla ? Yes. Then
the choice of the six Orders in the Section marked * is easily
made as before, and the plant is referred to Leguminos^.

Now let us take the Strawberry. As with Clover, we decide
without difficulty that the plant is a Dicotyledon. The
carpels are separate, and produce achenes in fruit ; the plant
must, therefore, be an ANOiosPERMf And there is no doubt

HOW TO USE THK KEY AND THE FLORA.

XI

that it is Polypetalous. As the stamens are very numerous it
must come under the section marked A. Under this section
we have three subordinate headings, marked by one, two, ana
three asterisks, respectively. The stamens are clearly inserted
on the calyx, and so our plant must be found under the
heading marked **. Without hesitation, we refer it to the
Order Rosaceje. Turning to page 38, we find fourteen
Genera to select from. A very little consideration will shovt
us that No. 8, Fkagaria, is the Genus we must fix upon.
Referring to page 43, we have to choose between two species,
Virginiana and vescuy and the choice is found to depend upon
such obvious characters as to furnish no difficulty.

The leaves of Blue Flag are straight- veined ; the parts of the
flower, also, are in threes. We therefore decide that the
plant is Monocotyledonous, and on turning to page xxii, we
find three Divisions cf Monocotyledons. The Flag clearly
belongs to the Petaloideous Division. Then, is the peri-
anth superior or inferior ? Clearly the former. Next, are the
flowers dioecious or perfect ? Clearly perfect. And as the
flower has three stamens, it must belong to the Order
Ikidace.!;:. described on page 155. The Genus is at once seen
to be Iris, and the Species is determined without difficulty.

The Cat-tail Flag is also manifestly Monocotyledonous, from
the veining of the leaves. But it is not Petaloideous. The
flowers are collected on a more or leas fleshy axis at the top
of a scape. It therefore belongs to the Spadiceous Division,
in which there are four Orders. The only practical question
is, whether our plant belongs to Akace/E or Typha(^e^:. On
the whols, we choose the latter, and find our decision con-
firmed on reading the fuller account of the two Orders on
pages 143 and 144. The Genus is immediately seen to be
Pypha, and the Species latifulia.

These examples need not be extended here ; but the
beginner is recommended to run down, in the same manner, a

m

Xll

HOW TO USE THE KEY AND THE PI-ORA.

few plants whoso names he already knows. If enccessful in
these attempts, he will naturally acquire confidence in his
determinations of plants previously unknown to him.

■i'

KEY TO THE FAMILIES OR ORDERS

INCLUDED IN THIS WORK.

SERIES I. PHANEROGAMS.
Plants producing true flowers and seeds.

CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONS.

Distinguished ordinarily by having net-veined leaves, and the
iit»vts of tljo flowers in fours or fives, very rarely in sixes. Wood
growing in rings, and surrounded by a true bark. Cotyledons of
the (ifubryo mostly two.

SUB-CLASS I. ANGIOSPERMS.
Seeau enclosed in an ovary.

I. POLYPETALOUS DIVISION.

Two (t'stinot seta of Floral Envelopes. Parts of the corolla
separate from eaeli other.

A. StJ.iiM'iiH more than twice uh many an the petals.

* Stdrntius hi/poiii/iioHx (inserted on the vfce/itddej.

+- PiMil (ipocarpoH)^ ( carpels Heparatefrom each other).

Ranuncitlace.*: — Herbb. Leaves generally decompound

or much di.^sected . 2

Anon ACK.*:.— Small trees. Leaves entire. Petals 6, in 2

sets 7

Magxoliack.*: — Trees, Leaves truncate. Fruit resem-
bling a cone fi

Menispermace^f:. — ^Voody twiners. Flowers dian-ious.

Leaves peltate near the edge 7

Brasenia, in

Nymi*ii.4';ace.+:. A(juatic. Leaves oval, peltate; the peti-
ole attached to the centre Q

'i

i

XIV

KEY TO THE ORDERS.

Malvace.t:. — Stamens monadelphoiis. Calyx persistent.
Ovaries in a ring

Podophylluro in

BEKBKKii>ACK.t:, — Calyx fugacious. Loaves laige, peltate,
tleeply lobed. Fruit a large fleshy berry, 1 -celled.

-i-Hh Pistil syncarpous. (Stigmas, styles, placenUv, or cells,

more than one. )

Actaea, in

Ranunculace^, might be looked for here. Fruit a
many-seeded berry. Leaves compound

Nympii/KACe.e. — Aquatics. Leaves floating, large, deeply

cordate

Sarraceniace.15. — Bog-plants. Leaves pitcher-shaped. . . .
Papaverace^o. — Juice red or yellow. Sepals 2, caducous.

CAri'AKiUACE^^. — Corolla t iiciform, but pod 1 -celled.
Leaves of 3 leaflets

Hypericacea:. — Leaves transparent - dotted. Stamens
usually in 3, but sometimes in 5, clusters

ClSTACE^:. — Sepals 5, very unequal, or oidy 3. Ovary 1-
celled, with 3 parietal placentie

Malvaceti*:. — Stamens monadeiphons, connected with the
bottom of the petals. Calyx persistent. Ovaries

24

8

in a rnig.

TlUACEiK. — Trees Flowers yellowish, in small hanging
cymes, the peduncle with a leaf-like bract at-
tached

♦ ♦ Stamens perljynous (inserted on the calyx),

Portulaca, in

PoRTTTLACACEyE. — Low herbs, with flesliy leaves. Sepals
2, adhering to the ovary beneath. Pod opening
by a lid

Rosace.*:. — Leaves alternate, with stipules. Fruit apo-
carpous, or a ilrupe, or a pome

* » * Stamens epigynous (attached to the ovary).

Nymphaea, in

Nympii.eace.'?:. — Aquatic. Leaves floating. Flowers
white, large, with numerous petals gradually
passing into stamens

9
10
10

10

19

*
18

24

25

23
38

9

KEY TO THE ORDERS. XV

B. Stamens not more tlian twice as many as the petals.

* Stamens just as many as the petals, and one stamen in front oj

each jKtal.

Bekberidace^.. — Herbs (with us). Anthers opening by

uplifting valves 8

PoRTULACAOE/E. — Sepals 2. Styles 3-cleft. Leaves 2,

fleshy 23

ViTACEi*:. — Shrubs, climbing by tendrils. Ccalyx minute. 29

RuAMNACE.t:. — Shrubs, not climbing 29

Lysimachia, in

Primulace.*:, is occasionally polypetalous. Flowers yel-
low, in axillary spikes ; the petals sprinkled with
purplish dots 91

* * Stamens cither just as mantj as the petals and alternate with

em, or not of exactly the same number.

■\-Corolla irregular.
FuMARlACEiB. — Corolla flattened and closed. Stamens 6. 11

VioLACEi*:. — Corolla 1 -spurred. Stamens 5. Pod with 3

''rows of seeds on the walls 17

BAi»SAMiiNACE.f!:.i-^orolia 1-spurred, the spur with a tail.

Stamens 5. Pod bursting elastically 27

PoLYOALACEit:. — Lowcr petal keel-shaped, usually fringed
at the top. Anthers 6 or 8, 1 -celled, opening at
the top. Pod 2-celled 32

Leguminos.u. — Corolla mostly papilionaceous. Filaments
often united. Ovary simple, with one parietal
placenta. Leaves compound 33

•^ -i- Corolla regular ^ or nearly so,

\. Calyx superior (i.e., adherent to the ovary, wholly or

partially).

{<i) Stamens jjerigynons (inserted on the calyx).

Crataegus, iu <

Rosace^. — Shrubs. Stamens occasionally from 5 to 10 only.
Leaves alternate, with stipules. Fruit drupe-like,
containing 1-5 bony nutlets 38

Saxifra(;ace.«. — Leaves opposite or alternate, without
Ktipules. Styles or stigmas 2 ; in one instance 4.
Ovary 1 -celled, with 2 or 3 parietal placentaj 46

M

XVi KEY TO THE ORDERS.

Hamamelaceje. — Shrubs. Stamens 8 ; styles ?. Flowers

yellow, in autumn 48

H.VLORAGEi*:. — Aquatics. Stamens 4 or 8. Styles or ses-
sile stigmas 4 49

Onagkace^l — Flowers synnnetrical. Stamens 2, 4, or 8.

Stigmas 2 or 4, or c:;pitate 49

Melastomace^. — Anthers 1 -celled, opening hy a pore at
the^ipex. Stamens 8. Style and stigma 1. Flow-
ers piirple 51

Lythrace.'E, — Calyx apparently adherent to, ])ut really
free from, the ovary. Stamens 10, in 2 sets.
I^eaves mostly whorled 51

(Jucurbitace/E, — Tendril-bearing herbs. Flowers monoe-
cious. .,...., 52

(6) Stamens epi'jjjnous (on the ovary, or on a disk which covers the

ovary).

Euonymus, in

Celastrace^. — Shrub, with 4-sided branchlets, not climb-
ing. Leaves simple. Pods crimson when ripe.
Calyx not minute 30

Umbelmfer.^":. — Flowers chiefly in compound umbels.
Calyx very minute. Stamens 5. Styles 2. Fruit
dry, *2-sceded 53

Araliace^*:. — Umbels not compound, but sometimes pan-
icled. Stamens 5. Styles usually more than 2.
Fruit berry-like 56

CoRNACE^. — Flowers in cymes or heads. Stamens 4. Style

1 57

2. Calyx inferior (/.e., free from the ovary).

(a) Stamens hypogynotts (on the receptacle).

Crucifek.i-:. — Petals 4. Stamens 6, tetradynamous. Pod

2-celled 12

Ci.stace^:. — Petals 3. Sepals 5, very unequal; or only 3.

Pod partly 3-celled 18

Droserace.e. — Leaves radical, beset with reddish glandu-
lar hairs. Flowers in a 1 -sided raceme. 19

Elodes, in

Hypkricace^. — Leaves witli transparent dots. Stamens

9, in 3 clusters 19

/I'ers

48

ses-

49

r 8.

49

e at
ow-

51

ally
ets.

51

noe-

• • »

52

covers

the

mb-

ipe.

• • •

30

els.
:uit

• • •

53

an-
2.

56

yle

57

KEY TO THE ORDERS. XVr

Caryophyllace.e.— Styles 2-5. Ovules in the centre or
liottoni of the cell. Stem usually swollen at tho
joints. Leaves opposite 21

LiNACE.K.— Stamens 5, united below. Pod 10-celled, 10-

seetled. 25

Gerania(;e.«. — Stamens 5. Carpels 5, — they and the lower
p.arts (>' the 5 styles attached to a long beak, and
curling upwards in fruit 26

OxALiDACE^:. — Stamens 10. Pod 5-colled. Styles 5, dis-
tinct. Leaflets 3, obcordate, drooping at night-fall. 27

Ericace.*:. — Anthers opening by pores at the top, or across
the top. Leaves mostly evergreen, sometimes brown
beneath ; but in some instances tlie plant is white
or tawny 85

(h) Stamens per'ujynous {plainly attached to the calyx).

Saxifkagace.?^:. — Leaves opposite or alternate, without
stipules. Styles or stigmas 2 ; in one instance 4.
Carpels fewer than the petals 46

Crassulaoe.ic. — Flowers symmetrical. Stamens 10 or 8.

Leaves sometimes fleshy 48

Lytiirace.i-:. — Stamens 10, in two sets. Calyx enclosing,
but really free from, the ovary. Leaves mostly
whorled 51

{c) Stamens attached to a fleshy disk in the bottom of the calyx-tube.

Axacardiace.«. — Trees, or shrubs, not prickly. Leaves

compound. Stigmas 3. Fruit a 1 -seeded drupelet. 28

Celastrace.t:. — Twining shrub. Leaves simple. Pods orange

when ripe 30

Sapindace^. — Shrubs, or trees. Fruit 2-winged, and leaves
palmatel/'Veined. Or, Fruit an inflated 3-celled
pod, and leaves of 3 leaflets. Styles 2 or 3. .... . 31

{d) Stamens attached to the petals at their very base.

Clajrton'a, in

Portclacace.e. — Sepals 2. Leaves fleshy. Style 3-cleft. 23

AyuiFOLiACE^.. — Shrubs, with small axillaiy flowers, hav-
ing the parts in fours or sixes. Fruit a red Iserry-
like drupe. Stigma sessile. Calyx minute 90

IL GAMOPETALOUS DIVISION.

Corolla with the petals united together, in however slight a
<legree.

XVIU KEY TO THfc OHOER8.

A. Calyx superiur (udherciit to the ovary).

* Sicanens united hy their anthers.

CucuKBiTACK.i:. — Tendril-beasing herbs r>2

CoMPosiT.K. —Flowers in heads, surrounded by an invohicre. (i4

LoBELiACK K. — Flowers not in heads. Corolla split down

Olio side 83

'^ * Stamens not united together in any way.

-H Stamens inserted on the corolla.

DlPSACEyi;. — Flowers in heads, surrounded by an involucre.

Plant prickly 6.3

Valekjanace^]. — Flowers white, in clustered cymes. Sta-
mens fewer than the lobes of the corolla , . 63

RuBiACE.*:. — Leaves, when opposite, with stipules; when
whorled, without stipules. Flowers, if in heads,
witliout an involucre u . . . . 61

Capkifoliace^. — Leaves opposite, without stipules ; but,

in one g^nus, with appendages resembling stipules. 58

Hf-+- Stamens not instrted on the corolla,

Campanulace^. — Herbs with milky juice. Stamens as

many as the lobes of the corolla 84

Ericaoe.*:. — Chiefly shrubby plants or parasites. Stamens

twice as many as the lobes of the corolla 85

B. Calyx inferior (free froiu the ovary).

* Stamens moi'e than the lobes of the corolla.

■ LEGimiNos^:. — Ovary l-cellg?i, with 1 parietal placenta. Sta-
mens mostly di^delphous 33

Adlumia, in

FuMAPaAOE.^5. — Plant climbing. Corolla 2-spurred. 11

Malvace.+j. — Filaments monadelphous. Carpels in a ring. 24

EiiiCACK^]. — Chiefly shrubby plants, with «imple entire
leaves. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the
corolla 85

Polygalace/E. — Anthers 6 or 8, 1 -celled, opening at the
top. Pod 2-celled. Flowers irregular ; lower petal
keel-shaped, and usually fringed at the top 32

OxALiDACivE. — Stamens 10, 5 of them longer. Styles 5,
distinct. Leaflets 3, obcordito, drooping at night-
fall 27

».mt^ vt„M«it^:.

KEY TO TIIK OnnKR8. XIX

* * SUimeun Jusf as- innnif as tJtf hhcx of the. corolla, one in /rout

of ear h lohe.

Vk\mv\.kv.v.m. — iStuiiuMis on the corolla. Ovary 1 -celled,

with a free central placenUi rising tfoiu the l>a«e. 91

* ♦ * Stamcuii jiiM as many as (he lohen of the corolla ^ inserted oh

its lube alternately w'th its lo/tes.

■^Ovaries 2, separate.

Afocynack/E. — Plants with milky juice. Anthers converg-
ing round the tigmas, but not adherent to them.
Filaments distinct 114

AscLEPiAUAC'K.K. — Plants with milky juice. Anthers ad-
hering to the stigmas. Filaments monadelphous.
Flowers in umbels lit

■^■h- Ovary 4-lohed aruond the base of the sti/'e.

Mentha, in

Labiat.*:. — Stamens 4. Leaves opposite, aromatic 100

BoKKACiiNAt^EyK. — Stameus 5. Leaves alternate 105

-»-+•+• Ovary 1 -celled ; the seeds on the ivalls.

HYDRornYLLACE.K. — Stamens 5, usually cxscrted. Style

2-clelt. Leaves lobed and sometimes cut-toothed. 108

GENTiAN.fcK.t;. — Leaves entire and opposite; or (in Men-

yanthes) ot' 3 leallet.-s 112

■i~-i-+- -i-Ovary rcith 2 or more cells,

Aquifoliaok/K. — Shrubs. Corolla almost polypetalous.
Calyx minute. Fruit a red berry-like drupe?
Parts of tlie flower chiefly in fours or sixes 90

Plan TAiax ace.*:. — Stamens 4. Pod 2-cellc<i. Flowers in

a cloho spike 91

Verbascum, in " ''^

ScRoi'inTLARiAt'E.i;. — Corolla nearly regular. Ilowers in a
long terminal spike. Stamens 5 ; tiie lilamenta,
or some of them, wooliy 94

PoLEMONlA<M':.E. — Style 3-cluft. Corolla salver-shnped,
with a long tube. Pod 3-celled, few-seeded ; seeds
small 109

CoNVOLVUi-ACE/y,. — Style 2-cleft. Pod 2-celled, generally
4-seeded ; seeds large. Chicstly twining or trailing
plants .' 109

1 I

i

XX, KFY TO THE OIlDERa.

■'^

SoLANACE.K. — Style siiiglf. Pod or l)erry 2-celle(l, many-
seeded 110

♦ * ♦ * Stametis fewer than the lohfM of fh" ■^orolla; the corolla
mosflij irrefjidar or ^-'*

Labiat.*;. — Ovary 4-lobed around the oase of the style.
Stamens 4 and didynamous, or occasionally only '2
with anthers. Stem sqiiare 100

Verbenace/K. — Ovary 4-celled, hut not lobcd ; the style
rising from the apex. Or, Ovary 1 -celled and 1-
seeded. Stamens didynamous 09

LENTiBULACEi*:. — Aquatics. Stamens 2. Ovary 1 -celled,

with a free central placenta 98

Orobanchace^:. — Parasitic herbs, without green foliage.
Ovary 1 -celled, with many seeds on the walls.
Stamens didynamous. 94

ScROPiiULARiACEiE. — Ovary 2-celled, with many seeds.

Stamens didynamous, oi- only 2 94

III. APETAI.OUS DIVISION.
Corolla (and sometimes calyx also) wanting.

A. FloAvei'j* not in catkins.

* Calyx and corolla both wanting.

Saururace^.. — Flowers white, in a dense terminal spike,
nodding at the end. Carpels 6 or 4, nearly separ-
ate 124

Ceratophyllace^. — Immersed aquatics, with whorled

finely dissected leaves. Flowers mon(t3cious 124

* * Calyx superior (i.e., adherent to the ovary).

Saxifragace.^. — Small, smooth herbs, with inconspicuous
greenish -yellow flowers. Stamens twice as many
as the calyx-lobes, on a conspicuous disk 4f»

Haloraoe.i-:. — Aquatics. Leaves finely dissected or linear.

Stamens 1-8, Ovary 4-lobed or (Hippuris) 1 -celled. 49

Onaorace.e. — Herbs, in ditches. Stamens 4. Ovary 4-

celled, 4-sided. 40

Aristolociiiacea:. — Calyx 3-lobed, dull purple inside.

Ovary 6-celled 110

Santalace^. — Low plants with greenish- white flowers in
terminal clusters. Calyx -tube prolonged, and
forming a neck to the 1 -celled nut-like fruit. 124

-•~,Tt".

■^i^W

no

corolla

rle.

y2

100

yle
1-

• .

09

^d,

98

Is.

• •

94

Is.

• •

94

IvEY TO TH1<: UUDEUS. XXI

Kla:agna(;k.f.. — Sl>nil)3 with scurfy leaves. Flowfrs dia?-

cious. Calyx 4-partt'(l, in tlu; fertile flovvers appar- ', '
cntly adherent to tlio ovary, ami becoming ileshy *
in fruit 1-3

♦ ♦ ♦ Calyx inferior ( plainly free from the ovartj).
■i-Ocari<'s more than one and separate J rom each other.

Ranuxculace:+,. — Calyx present, coloured and petal-like.

Achenes containing several seeds, or only one 2

RuTACE.E. — Prickly slnubs, with compound transparent-
dotted leaves, and dicvcious Howers. . , -7

■i-^Ovary only one, hut icith more than one cell.

Ckas.sulace.i:. — Herbs, in wet places. Pod 5-celled and 5-

horned . 48

Phytolactac'E.k. — Herbs. Ovary 10-cclled and 10-seeded. 116

EuPHORniACE.E. — Herbs. Ovary ,3-celled, 8-lobed, pro-
truded on a long peilicel. Juice milky 125

Saptndace.I';. — Trees. Ovary 2-celled and 2-lobed. Fruit
two 1 -seeded samaras joined together. Flowers
polygamous 31

IlHAMXACE.f:. — Shrubs. Ovary 3-celled and 3-seeded ; form-
ing a l)erry 29

FicoiDE.E. — Prostrate herbs with whorlcd leaves. Ovary

3-celled, many-seeded 52

Urttcace.-e. — Trees. Leaves simple. Ovary 2-celled, but
fruit a 1 -seeded samara winged all round. Stigmas
2 127

■i-^+-Ovari/ only one, 1-celled and 1-seeded.

]*OLYGONACE.E. — Herbs. Stipules sheathing the stem at

the nodes .• . . 119

URTiCACEiT:. — Herbs. Stigma 1. Flowers moneocious or .
difficioua, in spikes or racemes. No chaff-like bracts
among the flowers. Or, Stigmas 2 ; leaves pal-
mately-compound ' 127

Amakantace.'e. — Herbs. Flowers greenish or reddish, in

spikes, witk chaff-hke bracts intcr.-fptrtied. Stigmas 2. 1 18

('nENoroDiACE.1^.. — Herbs. Flowers greenish, in spikes.

No cluiff-Uke bracts. Stigmas 2 116

Oleace^. — Trees. Leaves pinnaiely-compound. Fruit a 1-

seeded samara 115

II

it ;

' i

•11

|i:

»ii

i\ .1!

|1

XXII KEY TO TIIR OUPRUS.

Ukticack.i-:. — TrecB. Lfwu'i Himjtle. Fruit a I -acodcd na*

mara winged all rouml, or a <1nipc 127

Lai'RAc^k.k. — Trcoa or sliruhs. l^'iowcrsditucious. Sepals (i,

|U!tal-likc. Stamon8 9,opcuing l)y uplifting vulvus. 122

TiiYMKLKACK.i:. — Shruba with loather-liko hark, and jointed
liraneldetrt. Flowers perfect, preoeding the leaves.
Stylo threaddike 123

II. l<'l<>w('rs ill catkhiM.

* Sterile or staminatejlowem onhj in, catkina.

JuoLANDACK.i;. — Trocs with pinnate leaves. Fruit a nut

with a husk 130

CurULiFKR.K. — Trees with simple leaves. Fruit one or
more nuts surrounded by an involucre whiejj
forms a scaly cup or bur 131

* * Both sterile cind fertile jloioers in catlcins, or catkin-like Iieadt.

Salicack.k. — Shrubs or low trees Ovary 1 -celled, many-

seeded ; seeds tufted with down at one end 130

Plataxacea:. — Large trees. Stipulen sheathiiKj the branch'

lets. Tlic {lowers in heads 1 30

MrmrACE-i:. — Shrubs with resinous-dotted, usually fra-
grant, leaves. Fertile flowers one under each
scale. Nutlets usually coated with waxy grains... 134

Betulack.i:. — Trees or shrubs. Fertile flowers 2 or 3 under
each scale of the catkin. Stigmas 2^ long and
slender 135

SUB-CLASS IL GYMNOSPERMS.

Ovules and seeds naked, on the inner face of an open scale ;
or, in Taxus, without any scale, but surrounded by a ring-like
disk which becomes red and berry-like in fruit.

Conifer,*:. — Trees or shrulns, with resinous juice, and
mostly awl-shaped or needle-shaped leaves. Fruit
a cone, or occasionally berry-like 139

CLASS IL MONOCOTYLEDONS.

Distinguished ordinarily by having straight-veined leaves
(thougii occasionally net- veined one.'^), and the parts of the
flowers in threes, never in fives. Wood never lorrniug rings, but
interspercsd in separate bundles throughout the stem. Cotyledon
only 1.

or

licli

• • •

131

ke heodn.

ny-

1

KKY TO TUB nUDERS. XXiii

I. SI'ADICEOUS DIVISION.

ri«»w«MH »-lIecte<l on u Bpailix, witli or witliout a spathc or
shcuthiii,.,' bri-ct. Leaves somotiincH nct-veinud.

Akaok.t.. — I lei 1)8 (either flag-liko inarsh-plaiitH, or terres-
trial,) with pungent juice, and simple or compound
loaves, these sometimes net-veined. Spudix usu-
ally (but not always) accompanied by a Hpathe.
Flowers either without a perianth of any kind, or
with 4-6 sepals 143

TvTiiACK.K. — Aquatic or marsh plants, with linear ptraiglit-
veinod leaves erect or floating, and moniecious
(lowers. Heads of flowers cylindrical or globular,
no spathe, and no floral envelopes 144

Lkvnauk.e.— Small aquatics, freely floating nhout 144

Naiai)A(;k.k. — Immersed aquatics. Stems Ijranching aiul
leafy. Flowers perfect, in spikes, generally on the
surface 145

II. r^TALOIDFOUS DIVISION.

P'lowers not collected on a spadix, furnished with a corolla-
like, or occasionally herbaceous, perianth.

A. l*orijinth Kuperior (adherent to th« ovary),

♦ Flowers dUeciou!^ or jwli/ijamous, re<inlar.

flYDRociiAiMDArK.K. — Aquatics. Pistillate flowers only

above water ; perianth of G pieces 148

DioscoRKA(!K^. — Twiners, from knotted rootst^cks. Leaves

lieart-shaped, net-veined. Pod with W largo wings. 157

♦ ♦ FloicevH jierfect.

Okciiidack.k. —Stamens 1 or 2, uynandrous. Flowers irreg-
ular 149

Iridaokj-;. — Stamens 3 155

AMARYLLrDACE.E. — Stamens 6. Flowers on a scape from a

bulb 156

1*. l*eriauth inferior (free from the ovary).

Alismack.i:.— PisLil apocarpous ; carpels in a ring or head,

l„'ii vea with distinct petiole and blade 147

Smilace.k - -Clinihing plants, with alternate ribbed and net-

veiuod petioled leaves. Flowers dia'cious 157

t

H

I;

If
II

Hi

! i

:il

111

XXIV KEY TO THE ORDERS.

Triglochin, in

Alismace^, — Rush-like marsh herbs. Flowers in a spike
or raceme, (.arpels when ripe splitting away trom
a persistent axis } 47

LiLIACEiE. — Perianth of similar divisions or lobes, mostly 6,
but in one case 4. One stamen in front of each
division, the stamens similar 15J

Trillium, in

LiLiACE.E. — Perianth of 3 green sepals and three coloured

petals 158

roNTEDF^RiACE.'i:.— Stamens 6, ?> long and 3 short. Perianth

(blue or yellow) tubular, of 6 lobes. Aquatics. . . . 164

JuNCACE^. — Perianth glumaceous, of similar pieces ?63

Eriocaulonacea:. — In shallow w^ater. Flowers in a small
woolly head, at the summit of a 7-angled scape.
Leaves in a tuft at the base 164

III. GLUMACEOUS DIVLSION.

Flowers without a true perianth, but subtended by thin scalej
called glumes.

CyperacE/E. — Sheaths of the leaves not split 16ii

Gramine/E. — Sheaths of the leaves split on the side away

from the l)lade 168

SERIES IL CRYPTOGAMS.

Plants without stamens and pistils, reproducing themselves by
spores instead of seeds. ,

CLASS IIL PTERIDOPHYTES.
Stems containing vascular as well as cellular tissue.

FiLlCES. — Spores produced on tlio fronds 174

Equisetace.e. — Spores produced on the under side of the

shield-shaped scales of a terminal spike or cone. . . 181

Lycopodtace^e. — Spon -cases produced in the axils of the

simple I'javea or bracts 182

)

pike
rom

J 47

y6.

sach

• • *

15*

red

158

nth

164

lall

'63

l)e.

• • •

16^

in scalei

16il

^y

16S

Iv^es by

174

181

182

I

I ^ :'^

THE COMMONLY rx'CrKRTNG

WILD PLANTS OF CANADA,

AND MOUK KSPKCIALLY THOSE OF ONTARIO.

SERIES I

FLOWEllING OK PHANEROG'AMOTJS

PLANTS.

IMiints producing Flowers (tliat is to say, Stamens and
Pistils, and usually Floral Envelopes of some kind), and
Seeds containing an Euibryo.

Class I. IJICOTYLE'DONS.
(See Sections 78-81, Part L, for cliaracters of Class.)

SuR-CLAssT. AN'GTOSPEKMS.
Seeds enclosed in a jiericarp. ' -

I. POLYPET ALOUS DIVISION.

Plants with llowers having l>ot]i calyx and corolla, the
latter consisting of p(^tals (Mitirely separaU^ from each
other. (In some genera and species, liowever, petals are
absent.)

'u:

il! I

!:i

'I!

2 COMMON CANADIAN WILD 1 LANTS.

Order I. BANUNCULA'CEJE. (Crowfoot Family.)

Herbs or woody climbers, with an acrid colourless juice.
Parts of the flower separate from each other. Corolla sometimes
wanting. Stamens numerous. Pi.stil (with one or two excep-
tions) apocarpouH. Fruit an achene, follicle, or berry. Leaves
exstipulate, with the blades usually dissected, and petioles
spreading at the base.

Syiiojisis of the Genera.

1. Clein'atiH. Real petals none or statneii-like. Coloured sepals 4 or more,

valvato in the bud. Fruit an acheiie, witli the long and feathery stylo
attached. Leaves all opposite. Plant clinibiny by the bending of the
petioles.

2. Anemo'ne. Petals none or stamen-like. Coloured (white) sepals imbri-

cated in the bud. Achenes many, in a head, pointed or tailed, not
ribbed. Stem-leaves opposite or \vhorlcd,/o>'>ni?jf/ rt/i involucre remote
from the jlower.

3. Ilepat'ica. Petals none. Coloured sepals G-9, whitish or bluish.

Achenes many, not ribbed. Leaves all radical. An involucre of 3 I'liveH
close to thi'jlawer, and liable to be mistaken for a calyx.

4. Tlialic'truni. Petals none. Coloured sepals 4 or more, greenish.

Achenes several, angled or grooved, is'o involucre. Stem-leaves alter-
nate, decompound. Flowers in panicles or corymbs, mostly dioecious.

5. Raiiun'eulus. Sepals .'5, deciduous. Petals generally 5, each with a pit

or little scale on the inside of the claw. Aclienos many, in heads, short-
pointed. Stem-leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or corymbed, mostly
j-ellow, rarelj' white.
G. Cal'tha. Petals none. Sepals 5-9, yellow. Fruit a many-seeded follicle.
Leaves large, glabrous, heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, mostly crenate.
Stem hollow and furrowed.

7. Cop'tis. Sepals 5-7, white, deciduous. Petals 5-7, yellow, with slender

claws, and somewhat tubular at the apex. Carjiels 3-7, on slender
stalks. Fruit a follicle. Flowers en naked scapes. Leaves radica',
shining, divided into three wedge-shaped leaflets, sharply toothed. Root
fibrous, golden yellow.

8. Aquilc'jii^ia. Sepals 5, coloured. Petals 5, each a long holloio spur. Car-

pels 5. Follicles erect, many-seeded. Flowers very showy, terminating
the branches. Leaves decompound.

9. Actm'a. Sepals 4-5, caducous. Petals 4-10, with slender claws. Stamens

manj', with long filaments. Fruit a vmny-seedcd berry. Flowers in a
short tbi( k raceme. Leaves decompound, leaflets sharply toothed.

10. Cliulcdf'uffa. Sepals 4-5, caducous. Petals several, small, two-horned

at the apex. Carpels 1-8, becoming pods. Flowers in long plumo-like
racemes.

:i

IIANUNCULACE.E.

3

Jl. Hydras'tis. IVtals none. Flower solitary. Scp.ils 3, petal-like, ),'Tcenish-
white. Carpels 12 or more, torniin'^ a head of crimson l-2-8ue<lud
berries in fruit. Stem low, from a knotted yellow root-stock. Leaves
simple, lobed,

1. CLEai'ATIS, L. Virgin's Bower.;

C. Virginia'na, L. (Commo.v VrROiN's Bower.) A woody -
stemmed climber. Flowers in paiiicieil clusters, often diiecioua,
white. Leaves of .3 ovate leallets, which are cut or lobed.
Feathery tails of the achenes very conspicuous in the autumn. —
Along streams and in swamps.

a. ANEMO'XE, L. Anem'one.

1. A. cylin'drica, Oray. (Lono-fruitki) a.) Carpels very
numerous, in an oblong woolly head about an inch long. Pe-
duncles 2-6, long, upi igbt, leafless. Stem-leaves in a whorl, twice
or tlnice as many as the peduncles, lo/uj-pefioled. Sepals 5,
greenish-white. Plant about two feet high, clothed with silky
hairs. — Dry woods.

2. A. Virginia'na, L. (Virginian A.) Very much like the
last, but larger. A'so, the cenljal peduncle only is naked, the
others having each a pair of leaves about the middle, from whose
axilsother peduncles occasionally spring. Sepals greenish. Head
of carpels oval or oljlong. — Dry rocky woods and river-banks.

3. A. Pennsylva'nica, L. {A. dlc/iotoma, X., in Macoun's

Catalogue.) (Pennsylvanian A.) Carpels fewer and the head
not woolly, but pubescent and spherical. Stem-leaves sesai/c,
piimary ones .3 in a whorl, but only a pair of smaller ones on each
aide of the flowering brandies, lladical leaves o-7-parted. Sepals
5, obovate, large and white. Plant hairy, scarcely a foot high. —
Low meadoAVs.

4. A. nemoro'sa, L. (Wooii A. Wind-flower.) Plant not
more than six inches liigh, nearly smooth, one-llowered. Stem-
leaves in a whorl of 3, long-petioled, .S-S-parted. Sepals 4-7,
oval, white, or often p'Mplisii on the buck. — Moist places.

3. IIEPAT'ICA, Dill. LivKii-LEAF. Hepatica.
1. H. acutil'oba, DC. (SiiAKi'-LoiiKn 11.) Leaves with .3
(8ometinu;s 5) acute lobes, appearing after the flowers. J'etioles,
^ilky-lu'.iiy. — Woods in spring.

"1 f
ill

4 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

2. H. tril'oba, Chaix. (Round-lobed H.) Leaves with 3
rounded lobes ; those of the invohicre also obtuse. — Dry rich
woods in spring.

(The two species just described are included under Anemone in Macoun's
Catalogue, the first named being A. acutiloba, Laicson, and the second A.
Hepatica, L.)

4. THALIC'TRUM, -fourn. Meadow-Rue.

1. T. anemonoi'des, Michx. (Rue- Anemone.) Stem low.
Stem-leaves all in a whorl at tlie top. Roots tuberous. Flowery
several in. an umbel, by which character this plant is easily dis»
tinguished from Wood Anemone, which it otherwise resembles.
— South-westward, in spring.

2. T. dioi'cum, L. (Early M.) Stem smooth, pale and
glaucous, 1-2 feef high. Flowers dloedous, in ample panicles,
purplish or greenish ; the yellow anthers drooping and very con-
spicuous. Leaves alternate, decompound ; leaflets with 5-7
rounded lobes. — Woods.

3. T. Cornu'ti, L. (Tall M.) Stem smooth or nearly so,
2-6 feet high. Leaves sessile; leaflets very much like No. 2.
Flowers white, in compound panicles ; anthers not drooping ,
filaments club-shaped. — Low wet meadows, and along streams.

5. llANrxcx'IjUS, L. Crowfoot. Buttercup.

1. R. aquat'ilis, L. (White Watkk-Crowfoot.) FoUagt
under ivatcr, filiform. Flowers ichite, floating, each petal with a
little pit on the inside of the claw. (Of this species there are
several varieties; var. trichopyllus, Cliaix, is the one here de-
scribed, being the form commonly met witli in Ontario and the
eastern provinces. )

2. R. multif'idus, Pursh. (Yellow Water-Crowfoot.)
Like No. 1, but larger, and with yellow Jlowers. — Ponds and
ditches.

3. R. Flam'mula, L., var. reptans, Meyer. (Cheeping
Si'EARWORT.) Stem reclining, rooting at the joints, only 3-6
inches lon(j. Leaves linear, entire, remote. Flowers yellow, ^ of
an inch broad. — Sandy and gravelly shores of ponds and rivers.

ti,l. ' ' -vyW

RANUNCULACE.*:.

4. R. aborti'vus, L. (Small-flowered C.) Petals shorter
than the reflexed calyx. Stem erect, very smooth, slender.
Radical leaves roundish, crenate, petiolate ; stem-leaves 3-5-
parted, ses;sile. Carpels in a globular head, each with a minute
curved beak. — Shady liill-sidcs and wet pastures.

5. R. scelera'tus, L. (Cursed C.) Petals about the same
length as the calyx. Stem thick, hollow, smooth. Radical
leaves 3-lobed ; .stem-leaves 3-parted, uppermost almost sessile.
Head of cdrpcln oh/ouf/. — Wet ditches.

6. R. recurva'tus, Poir. (Hooked C.) Petals shorter than
the reflexed calyx. Stem hirsute, with stiff spreading hairs.
Radical and cauline leaves about alike, long-petioled. Head of
carpels globular, each vith a low] recurred beak. — Woods.

7. R. Pennsylva'nicus, L. (Bhlstly C.) Petals not longer
than the calyx. S((ni hirsute. Leaves ternately divided, divisions
of the leaves stalked, unequally 3-oleft. I feud of carpels oblontj,
with stratijht beaks, and ao easily distinguished from No. 6. — Wet
places.

8. R. re'pens, L. (Crekping C.) Petals much longer than
the calyx. Early-Uowering stems ascending, putting Jorth long
runners during the summer. Leaves ternate, divisions generally
stiUked, petioles hairy. Peduncles furrowed. — Wet places.

9. R. bulbo'sus, L. ( Bulbous C. Buttercup.) Petals much
longer than the calyx. Stem erect, from a bulb-like base. Flow-
ers an inch broad, on furrowed peduncles. — Pastures. Rather
rare.

. 10, R. a'cris, L. (TallC. Buttercup.) Much taller than
No. 9. Petals much longer than the calyx. Stem upright, no
bulb at the base. Peduncles not furroivtd.

11. R. fascicula'ris, Muld. (PJarly C.) Petals much longer
than the calyx. Plant 5 9 inches high, erect, pubescent with
silky hairs. Radical leaves app<>aring pinnate, the terminal
division long-stalked, the lateral ones sessile. Root a bundle oj
thicke7ied Jleshy Jibres.— Rocky woods and fields in spring.

6., CAIi'TIIA, L. Maksh-Maiuoom).

C. palustris, L. (Marsu-ALvrigold.) Stem about a foot
high, hollow, round, forking, very glabrous. Flowers golden

'g ' Ji, .i i»M

I*.

'l

i> I

0 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PhA.NTa.

/ellow, 1-1 i inches broad. — Swamps and wet meadows. A very
conspicuous plant in early spring.

7. COP'TIS, Sfllisl). GOLDTHUEAD.

C. trifolia, Salisb. (Tfikek-lkaveh Gom>tiii;kad.) Low and
stemless. Scapes 1 -flowered, with a single bract above the
middle. Petals much smaller than the sepals. — On logs and
about stumps in cedar-swamps.

8. AQ,UILE'GIA, Tburn. Columbine.

A. Canadensis, L. (Wild Coi.umeink. ) Stem Ijranching, a
foot or more in height, smootli. Leaves decompound; leaflets in
threes. Flowers nodding, scarlet outside, yellow within. —
Rocky woods and thickets.

9. ACTiE'A, L. Banehkhry.

1. A. spica'ta, L., var. rubra, IMiclix. (Red B.) Raceme
short, breadth and length being about the same. Pedicels
slender. Berries nd. — Rich woods.

2. A. alba, liig^l. (White B.) Jiaceme longer than broad.
Pedicels thickened in fruit, cherry-coloured. Berries white. —
Same localities as No. 1.

* 10. CI3IICIP'UGA, L. BUGBANE.

C. racemo'sa, Ell. (Black Sxakeboot.) Stem 3-6 feet high.
Resembling a tall Act;ea, but easily distinguished by its plume-
like raceme of white flowers. — Along Lake Erie.

11. HYDRAS'TIS, L. Orangeroct. Yellow Puccoon.

H. Canadensis, L. A low plant, bearing a single radical
leaf, and a pair of cauline ones near tiio summit of the simple
stem. Leaves rounded, cordate, 5-7-lobed, very large when
fully grown. — Wet meadows, in early sunmier, south-westward.

OiiDEiiIL MAGNOLIA'CE^. (Magnolia Family. )

Trees or shrubs, wath alternate entire or lobcd (not serrate)
leaves. SepaL- .S, coloured, deciduous. Petals 6-9, deciduous.
Stamens hypogynous, indefinite, separate ; anthers adnate. Car-
pels numerous, in many rows' o?i mi elongated receptacle. Fruit
vesemblin^ a cone.

..mmntmiifimmm

ANONACE/E, MENISPERMACR^4. 7

1. l.IRIODEi\I3RON,L. TuLIP-TreE.

The only Canadian species is

L. Tulipif'era, L. A large and stately tree, growing to a
great height in many parts of the western peninsula of Ontario.
Leaves large, truncate, or with a shallow notch at the end.
Flowers large, sliowy, solitary ; petals greenish -yellow, marked
with orange. Fruit a dry cone, wliich, at maturity, separates
into dry indehiscent fruits, like samaras.

Order III. ANONA'CE^. (Custard- Apple Family.)

Trees or shrubs, with alternate and entire leaves, and solitary,
axillary, perfect, hypogynous llowers. Sepals ;i. Petals 6, in
two sets, deciduous. Stamens numerous. Carpels few or many,
fleshy in fruit.

1, ASIM'IIVA, Adans. North American Papaw.

The only Canadian species is

A. tril'oba, Dunal. (Common Papaw.) Found only in the
Niagara peninsula. A small tree, not unlike a young beech in
appearance, and forming thickets near Queenston Heights,
Flowers purple, appearing before the leaves; the three outer
petals much larger than the three inner ones. Fruit 2 to 3 inches
long, edible.

Order IV. MENISPERMA'CEJE. (Moonseed Family.)

Woody twiners, with peltate alternate leaves and small
dicecious flowers. Sepals and petals yellowish-wiiite, usually six
of each, tlie petals in front of the sepals. Stamens numerous,
^ruit a drupe, in appearance something like a small grape, witli
moon-shaped seeds.

1. MENISPER'MUM, L. Moonseed.

The only Canadian species is

M. Canadense, L. (Canadian Moonseed.) A twining plant,
round, though not abundantly, in low grounds in rich woods. It
may be pretty easily recognized by its usually 7-angled thin
leaves, which are pe/fate ntar the ei/ye. Fruit bluish-black.

' -

'

^'^

» .

r !

.!• -<

M i

i

8

0OMMr)N CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

Order V. BERBEEIDA'CE^. (IUk beery Family.)

Herbs (or shrubs), with alternate, petiohite, divided leaves.

Sepals and petals in fours, sixes, or eights (except in the genua

Podophyllum), with the petals in front of the sepals. Stamens

(except in Podophyllum) as many as tlie petals, one before each.

Anthers usually opening by a valve at the top. Fruit berry -like,

or a pod.

Synopsis of the Genera.

* petals and atawetih' C>.

1. Caulophyllum. A purplish herb, flowering in early spring Petals

thick, much shorter than the sepals.

** Petals 6-9. Stamens S-18.

2. Podophyllum. Petals 6-9. Stamens 12-18. Anthers not op^fiins: by

uplifting valves. Fruit a large berrj".

3. Jeffersonia. Petals and stamens mostly 8. Anthers opening bj uplifting

valves. Pod opening by a lid.

1. CAUIiOPHYIi'LUM, Michx. Blue Cohosh.

C. thalictroi'des, Michx. (Blue Cohosh.) Plant U2 feet
h^'^h, very glaucous and dull purple when young. Flowers
ysilo wish -green, in a terminal small raceme, appearing in spring
before the decompound leaves are developed. Sepals 6, with 3
little bractlets at their base. Petals 6, thick and /iomewhat
kidney-shaped, much smaller than the sepals. Stamens C, on^
before each petal. Ovary bursting soon after the flov/ering, and
leaving tha two drupe-like seeds naked on their rather thick
stalks. Fruit bluish, ^ of an inch across. — Rich woods.

a. PODOPHYIi'IiUM, L. May- Apple. Mandrake;.

P. peltatum, L. Stem about I foot high. Flowerless sterna
with one large 7-9 lobed umbrella-like leaf, peltate in the centre ;
the flowering ones with two leaves, peltate near the edge, the
flower nodding from the fork. Sepals 6, caducous. Petals 6-9,
large and white. Stamens 12-18. Fruit large, oval, yellowish,
not poisonous. — Found in patches in rich woods. The leaves
and roots are poisonous.

3. JKFFlilRSONIA, Barton. TwiN-LEAF.

J. diphylla, Pers. A low plant, flowering in early spring ;
tae solitary white flowers on naked scapes. Sepals 4> fugacious.

spring Petals

NYMPn^T:ACEj2. y

Petals S. Stamens 8. Ovary pointed, stigma '2-lobcd. Pod
pear-shaped, the top forming a lid. Leaves radical, long-petioled ;
the blades divided into iioo leaflets tcUh the outer mdryins lobed. —
Woods, chiefly in the western peninsula of Ontario.

Order VI. NYMPHJEA'CEJE3. (WaterLily Family.)

Aquatic herbs with cordate or peltate, usually floating, leaves.
Floating flowers on long immersed peduncles. Petals aud stamens
[generally numerous.

Synopsis of the Genera.

Brase'nia. Sepals and petals each 3 (occasionally 4). Stamens 12-24.

Leaves oval, peltate.
Nymphjo'a. Sepals 4-6. Petals numerous, white, imbricated in many

rows, gradually passinjf into stamens, hypoyynous or upigynous.

Stamens epigynous. Stigmas radiating as in a Poppy-head.

Nu'phar. Sepals 5-6, yellow. Petals many, small and stamen-Iiko.
Stamens under the ovary.

1. BRASE'NIA, Schreber. Water-Shield.

B. pelta'ta, Pursh. Stems and under surface of the leaves
3oated with jelly. Leaves oval, two inches across, peltate.
|Flowers small, purplish. — Ponds and slow- flowing streams.

3. NYMPHiE'A, Tourn. Water-Lily.

A. N. odora'ta, Ait. (Sweet-scented Wateu-Lily.) Leaves
>rbicular, cleft at the base to tlie petiole, 5-9 inches wide, often
rimson underneath. Flower very sweet-scented. Ponds and slow
reams.

Var. minor, Sims, has much smaller leaves and flowers, and
le latter are often pink-tinted.

2. N. tubero'sa, Paine. (TuBi'R-BEARixu W. ) Leaves larger
md more prominently ribbed than in No. 1, reniform-orbicular,
in on both sides. Flower not at all, or only . .'ghtly, sweet-
pnted. Root-stocks producing tubers, which come off spon-
leously. — Mostly in slow waters opening into Lake Ontario.

3. IVUPHAR. Smith. Yellow Pond-Lily.

p. N. ad'vena, Ait. (Common Y. P.) Leaves floating, or
lorsed and erect, thickisli, roundish or oblong, cordate. Sepals
-Stagnant water.

It I

• i

■•■»■ '!:,.'•*"'

10

COMM(JN CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

2. N. lu'teum, Smith. (Small Y. p.) Floating leaves usually
not more than two inches across, the sinus very narrow or closed.
Flowers hardly an inch across. Sepals 5. — Northward, in slovr
waters.

Order VII. SARRACENIA'CEJE. (Pitcher-Plant F. )

Bog-plants, easily distinguished by their pitcher-shaped leaves,
ail radical.

/ 1. SARRACE'KlA, Tourn. Side.Saddle Flower.

S. purpu'rea, L. (Purple S. Huntsman's Cup.) Hollow
leaves with a wing on one side, purple- veined, curved, with the
hood erect and open. Sepals 5, coloured, with 3 small bractlets
at the base. Petals 5, fiddle-shaped, curved over the centre of
the flower, deep purple. Ovai-y 5-oclled, gl bose, the short style
expanding above into a 5-angled umbrella, with a hooked stigma
at each angle. Flowers on naked scapes, nodding. — Bogs.

Order VIII. PAPAVERA'CEiE. (Poppy Family.)

He'bs, with coloured juice and alternate leaves without
stipules. Flowers poly and rous, hypogynous. Sepals 2, cadu-
cous. Petals 4-12. Stamens numerous, anthers introrse. Fruit
a 1-celled pod, with numerous seeds.

. 1. CHELIDONIUM, L. CELANDINE.

C. majus, L. Petals 4, deciduous, crumpled in the bud.
Juice of the plant yellow. Flower-buds nodding. Flowers small,
yellow, in a kind of umbel. Fruit a smooth 1-celled slender pod,
from which the two valves fall away, leaving the parietal
placentas as a slender framework, with the seeds attached. —
Waste places.

a. SANGUINA'RIA, Dill. BloOD-ROOT.

S. Canadensis, L. Petals 8-12, not crumpled in the bud.
Flower-buds not nodding. A stemless plant, with a thick rhizome
which emits a i-ed juke when cut, and sends up in early spring a
single rounded, o-T-lobud, thickish leaf, and a 1-flowered scape.
Flowers white. — Rich woods.

ito-"

FOMARIACE.E.

11

introrse. Fruit

Order IX. PUMARIA'CEtE. (Fumitory Family.)

Smooth hcibs, with brittle stems, -watery juice, dissected
leaves and inegular fltnvers. Sepals 2, viry .^mall. Corolla
flattened and cIo.hciI, of 4 petals, the two inner nnitt-d by their
tips over the anthers of the (J stamens. StauKMis in two sets of 3
eaeh ; filaments often united; the middle anther of each set
2-celled, the others 1-celleil. Fruit a 1 -celled pod.

Sj'nopsis of tlio Genera.

1. Adlii'niiii. Corolla 2-spurru(l. Petals all peiniancntlj' uiiito'. Plant

clitnbimj,
'-'. l>i<'eirtra. Corolla 'i-spurred. I'etals slii,'htl3' united, easily separated.

Not oliinbirij,'.
3. Coryd'jilis. Corolla 1-spurred. Fruit a slender pod, many-seeded.

1. AUI.U'3II.\,Raf. Ci.iMiuNCr FuMnouY.

A. Cirrho'sa, Rjif- A smooth vino, clind)ini^ by the petioles
of its decompound leaves. Flowers in axillary pendulous clusters,
pale pink. — Low and sliady grounds.

a. DICEX'TRA, Bork. Dutchman's Breeches.

1. D. Cucullaria, DC. (Dutciiman'.s Brkkches.) Leaves
all radical, multitid ; these and the slender scape rising from a
bulb-like rhizome of coarse grains. Flowers several in a raceme,
whitish, spurs divpnjent, e/owjafed, acute, titrahjlit. — Ptich woods.

2. D. Canadensis, T>C. (Squirrki, Corx.) Underground
shoots bearing small yellow tubers, something like grains of corn.
Leaves very much as in No. 1. Corolla merely heart-shaped ;
spurs very short and rounded. Flowers greenish-white, fragrant.
— Rich woods. /

3. CORYD'ALIS, Vent. Corybalis. 1

1. C. au'rea, Willd. (Golden- Coryualis.) Stems low and
sprtadhuj. Leaves dissected. F/owers in simple racemes, (joiden
yellow. Pods pendulous-. — Rocky river-margins and burnt woods.

2. C. glauca, Pursh. (Pai-k CouYDALis.) Stems uprlqht, \ -A^
feet high. Flowers in rowpound I'accmes, i^urpUsh tipped with
yellow. Pods erect. — Rocky woods.

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

Order X. CRUCIFERJE. (Cress Family.)

Iferbs with a pungent watery juice, alternate leaves ^vith()Ut
fc'tipules, and regular hypogynoua flowera in racemes or corymbs.
Pedicels Avithout bractlets. Sepals 4, dccitluous. Petals 4,
foi'niing a cross-shaped corolla. Stamens 6, two of them shorter.
Fruit a siliquc, or silicic. (See Chap. IV., Part 1., for dissection
of typical flower.) The genera aie distinguished by the pods
and seeds, the flowers in all cases being nuich alike. The seeds
are exalljuminous, consisting entirely of the embryo, which is
folded up in a variety of nays. The radicle may be bent so as to
lie against the dhja of tlu cotyledons, and the seed when cut
through crosswise f^hows this secjtion : o© ; the cotyledons are
then said to be accumheiH. Or the radicle may be folded against
the hach of the cotyledon, showing this cross-section : g^ , in
which ca o the cotyledons arc said to bo inrumhent ; and if,
besides, being incumbent, the cotyledons are doubled round the
radicle, thus : ^^^ , ^hey are then condaplicate.

Synopsis of the Genera.

. * Pud a siliqiieimuch longer than broad).

1. Nastnr'tiuin. Flowers whito or yellow. Pod terete, oblonjj-linear ot

ellipsoid. Seeds in two rows ju each cell, globular, without a wing.

Cot^Udons aceuniboiit.
Denta'riji. Flowers white or pale purple. Pod lanceolate, flat. Seeds

\\iirj;less, on bro:id 8i>ed-staik.5. Stem '""ves 2 or 3 in a whorl; stem

naked below. Root-stock toothed or tuberous. Cotyledons accumbent.
;;. Carjlain'ine. Flowers wliito rr rose-coloured. Pod linear or lanceolate,

il.it. Socds wingless, on slender seed-stalks. Stem leaf}' below. Cotyle-

d )nsaccuiubcnt.
4. Ar'abis. Flowers white or whitish. Pod linear or elongated, flattened,

Ih''- va'vcs i(sually xcilk a distinct midrib. Stem loafy. Cotyledons

accumbent.
Erys'innMU. Flowers yellow. Pod linear, distinctly 4-sided. Pedicels

t.f (hi' puds diverging fron the stem. Leaves simple. Cotyledons

i:;cuml)ent.
0. Sisyni'briuui. Flowers yellow. Po's awl-sha^ed, or 4-6-8ided, close

l>ressed to the stem, the vah es 1-3-nerved. Pods sessile or nearly so.

Leaves runcinate. Cotyledons incumbent.
7. Bras'sica. Flowers yellow. Pod linear or oblong, nearly terete, or

4-sided, tvith a di.<i(i7ict beck extending beyond the end of the valves.

Cotyledons conduplicate.

i.

Hi '

CRUCIFER.'E.

13

• • Poll a silicle (enwpnrafivcli/ short),
*- Silide cnmpreaxcd parall'-l irith the hmad partitiim, nr globular.

8. Drjiba. FlowerH white. Pod flat, ticixted irhfn n'j>f, innny-seedi'd. Coty

lodons acciimhoiit,

9. Alys'siim. Flowers palo )ollovv or white. IVxl orhiodlar, flat, 2-4-8eedod.

10. Camel inn. Flowers yellow. I'od pear-shaped, pointed, vulverf 1-iierved.

Cotyledons incuinbeiit.

1- — Siliclf cuinvri'ssi'd eoitranj t<> thf narrow partition,

11. CapHol'la. Flowers white. Potl oheordate-triarijrular, valves boat-shaped,

tciu'jlexH. Sefdit natnerous. Cotyledons iniiiinbeiit.

12. Thlas'pi. Flowers white. IVrI obovate or obcordato, winged. Seeds

.several. Cotyledons aceumbent.

13. Li'pid'iuni. Flowers white or whitish. Pod roundish, vcrj- flat, the

valves boat-shaped and winged. Serds nulitarg.

-»- -^ -.- Siliclf jU'xh;/, jtn'ntid.

14. Cakl'lc. Flowers purplish. Poil 2-jointed, fleshy. Leaves fleshy. Co-

tyledons aecunibent.

1. NASTl-R'TirM, R. Br. Watku-Cuess.

1. N. oflS.cina'le, K. Br. (W.atku Ckk.ss. ) Flowers white.
Stem sprc'iiiUng aiul rooting. Leavis pinnate; leaflets .3-11,
roundi.sli or oblong, nearly entire. Pods ol)long-linear. — Ditches
and streamlets.

2. N. palustre, DO. (M.\n.sii Crkss. ) Flowers yellow.
Stem erect. Leaves pinnately parted, the lobes cut-toothed.
Pods ovoid. — Wet places.

3. N. lacus'tre, <'iay. (Lake Ciie.s.s.) Flowers white. An
aquatic plant, with tiie submerged leaves finely dissected ; the
leaves out of the water oblong, and either entire, serrate, or
pinnatifid. Pods ovoiil, 1 -celled.

4. N. Armora'cia, Fries. iHoKSER.\Di.sn.) Has escaped
from garder.s in many places. Flowers white, iloot-leaves very
large, oblong, and generally crenate ; stem-leaves lanceolate.
Pods globular. Roots very large.

a. DE!VTA'RIA, L. TooTiiwoRT. Pepper-root.

1. D. diphyl'la, L. (Two-leaved T.) Flowers white. S(nn-
leaves iH, nearly opposite, ternately divided. Root-stock toothed,
pleasantly pungent to the taste. — Rich woods.

2. D. lacinia'ta, Muld. (Laciniate T.) Flowers purplisli
Stem-leai^es 3 in a ivhorl. Root-stock jointed, scarcely toothed.
— Along streams.

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

3. CARDAM'INE, L. BiTTEU Cresh.

1. 0. rhomboi'dea, 1)0. (Spring Cress.) Flowers white
or (in var. purpurea) rose-purple. SU-iii tuberous at the base.
Lower leaves round-cordate ; upper nearly lanceolate ; all some-
what angled or toothed. — Wet mea<lows.

2. C. pratensis, L- (Cuckoo-Flower. Ladies' Smock.)
Flowers white or rose-colour, showy. Stem from a short root-
stock. Leaves pinnate, kaflots 7-15, those of the lower leaves
rounded and stalked, entire or nearly so. — Bogs.

3. C. hirsu'ta, L. (Small Bitter Cress.) Flowers white,
small. Root fibrous. Leaves pinnate, leaflets 5-11, the terminal
leaflets largest. Pods erect, slender. — Wet places.

4. AR'ABIS, L. Rock Chess.
* Seeds in 07ie roto in each cell, nearlij as broad as the partition.

L A. lyra'ta, L. (Low R.) Flowers white, twice as long as
the calyx. Radical leaves clustered, piimatifid, the terminal
lobe largest ; stem-leaves scattered. Pods slender, erect, and
spreading. — Rocky or sandy shores.

2. A. hirsu'ta, Scop. (HairvR.) Flowers greenish -white,
small, slightly longer than the calyx. Stem-leaves many, rough,
sagittate. Pods erects straight. Stems 1-2 feet high, 2 or 3 from
the same root. — Rocky shores and dry plains.

3. A. laeviga'ta, l^C. (Smooth R.) Flowers white, rather
small. Leaves linear or lanceolate, entire or slightly toothed,
sagittate, clasping. Pods long and narrow, recurved-spreadinfj.
Stem glaucous, 1-2 feet high. — Dry hill-sides. Easily recognized
by the pods.

4. A. Canadensis, L. (Sk kle-Pod.) Flowers whitish, with
linear petals, about twice the length of the calyx. Stem-leaves
pointed at both ends, downy. Pods 2-3 inches long, scythe-
shaped ^ harifjinij. Stem 2-3 feet high. A striking plant when
the pods arc fully formed. — Dry woods and ravines.

* * Seeds in two distitict roivs in each cell, narrower than the partition.

5. A. perfolia'ta, Lam. (Tower Mhstard. ) FloM'ers yel-
lowish-white. Petals scarcely longer tlian tlie calyx. Stem 2-4
feet high, ylaucous. Cauliue leaves ovate-laucuv^late or oblong.

s.

Crucifer.e.

15

Flowers white

•ons at the base.
olate ; all some-

jADies' Smock.)
>m a short root-
bhe lower leaves

Flowers white,
-11, the terminal
ces.

the partition.
, twice as long as
fill, the terminal
;nder, erect, and

greenish -white,
ves many, rough,
high, 2 or 3 from

ers white, rather
slightly toothed,
.urved-spreadirifj.
Easily recognized

jrs whitish, with
rx. Stem-leaves
|ies long, scythe-
:ing plant when
Uies.
\an the partition.

) Flowers yel-
lalyx. Stem 2-4
lolate or oblong.

clasping with sagittate base. Pods long and ve)vj narrow, on
erect pedicels.— IslendowB and old fields. Pretty easily recognized
by its strict habit.

6. A. Drummond'ii, Gray. Flowers white or rose-coloured.
Petals twice as long as the calyx. Stem 1-2 feet high, smooth
above. Cauline leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear, with sagittiite
base. Pods long and Hat ; the pedicels not so stnctly erect as in
the last species. — Rocky banks of streams.

*

.-S. ERYS'IMUM, L. TUEACLE MUSTAKD.

E. cheiranthoi'des, L. (Worm-seed Mustard.) Flowers
yellow; inconspicuous. Leaves lanceolate, scarcely toothed,
roughish with appressed pubescence. —Waste wet places.

0. SISYM'BRIUM, L. Hedge Mustaiid. '

S. officinale, Scop. (Hedge Mustard.) Flowers yellow,
small. Leaves runcinate. Stem 1-2 feet high, with spreading
branches. — A very common roadside weed.

7. BIIAS'SICA, Tourn. Cabbage, Mustard, Etc.

1. B. Sinapis'trum, Bois. (Charlock.) Flowers bright
yellow. Stem 1-2 feet high, branching, it and the leaves hairy.
— Too common in (iur grain-fields.

2. B. nigra. (Black Mustard.) Flowers sulphur-yellow.
Stem 3-6 feet high, round, smooth, and branching. Lower leaves
lyrate, — Fields and waste places.

8. DRABA, DC. Whitlow-Grabs.

D. arablsans, Michx. Flowers white. Stem leafy, erectly
^branched, pubescent. Leaves lanceolate or linear, minutely
dentate. Raceme short, erect. Poda half an inch long, twisted
[when ripe. — Rocky places. .

9. AL.YS'SUM, Tourn. AlYSSUM.

A. Calyci'num, L. A dwarf hoary annual, with linear-
spathulate leaves. Calyx persistent. Pod 4-socded, sharp-
edged. — Rather rare.

10. CAMEL'IXA, Crantz. False Flax.

C. sati'va, Crantz. (Common' F. Flax.) Flowers yellowish
Stem 1-2 feet high, straight, erect, branching. Leaves lanceo

^ —

16

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

iatc, sagittate. Pods pear-shaped, large, margined. — In flax
fields.

11. CAPSEli'LA, Vent Shepherd's Purse.

C. Bursa-pasto'ris, Moench. Flowers small, white. Root-
leaves clustered, pinnatifid; stem-leaves clasping, sagittate. — A
very common weed.

13. TIIL.ASPI, Tonrn. Pennycress.

T. arvense, L. (Field Pennycress.) A low smooth plant,
with undivided radical leaves, and stem-leaves sagittate and
clasping. Pods half an inch broad, deeply notched at the top. —
Waste places. \

13. liEPID'IUM, L. Pepperqrass.

1. L. Virgin'icum, L. (Wild P.) Flowers small ; peto/.s'
present, white. Stem 1-2 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, the
upper linear or lanceolate and entire, the lower toothed or pin-
natifid, tapering towards the base. Pods marginless or nearly
so, oval or orbicular. — Along railways and roadsides.

2. L. intermedium, Gray. Distinguished from No. 1 by
having the cotyledons incumbent instead of accumbent, and the
pods minutely winged at the top. — Dry sandy fields.

3. L. ruderale, L. Petals always absent. More branched
than the preceding. - - .

4. L. campestre, L. Well distinguished from other species
by its sagittate, clasping leaves. Pods ovate, winged. — Rather
rare.

14. CAKI'LE, Tourn. Sea-Rocket.

C. America'na, Nutt. (American S.) Flowers purplish.
Leaves obovate, ileshy, wavy-toothed. Pod fleshy, 2'jointed. —
Seaiahore, and borders of the Great Lakes.

Order XL CAPPARIDA'CE^. Caper Fabiily.

Herbs (in Canada), with an acrid watery juice, and alternate
palmate ly-compounil leaves. Flowers cruciform. Stamens 8 or
more. Pod like that of a crucifer, but only l-celled.

1.

i- >
I

^.-

VI0LACE.1':.

17

largined.— Id flax

More branched

LPEii Faimily.

1. POL.A\IS'I.V, Raf. Tolanisia.

Th« only species in Canada is

P. grave olens, liaf. A strong-scented lu lb, with a viscid,
hairy stLin. LealU:ts ,3. Hower.s in terminal racenie.s. Sepals 4.
Petals 4, yellowisli-whi;e, narrowed below into long claws.
Stamens 8 12, exscrtf-;d. Pod glandular-pubescent, 2 inches long,
linear. — Shore of Lake Ontario, Ilaniiltou to Niagjira.

Order XII. VIOLA'CE^. (Yiolf.t F.n.mily.)

Herbs, witli alternate stipulate leaves. FloMxrs irregular, the
lower of the 5 petals being spuired. Sepals a, persistent. Sta-

[mens 5, the anthers slightly united an<l surrounding the pistil.
Fruit a 1 -celled poil, splitting into 3 valves. Seeds in 3 rows on

[the walls of tlie ovary. The only genus represented in this

country is

VI'OLA, L. Violet.

* Stemless Violrtu; h'nv>s a ud sea prs all from root-stocks.
■*-- Flowrrs it'hlte.

1. V. blanda, WilM. (Swkkt Whitk V.) Lower petal
fstreaked with purple. J.eaves round, heart-shaped or reniform.

Petals beardless. Flower sweet-scented. — Swamps and wet
jineadows, in spring.

2. V. renifolia, <iiay, (Kidney- lea vkd V.) Leaves m;a7i
\lar</er (Did more, jmhesccnt than those of the preceding. — Dry
[cedar swamps, and ravines in rich m ootls.

*--*- Flowers hhie or purple.

3. V. Selkirk'ii, Pmsh. (Okeat-spurred v.) A small and
lelicate plant, distinguished from the two following species by

[the sietuU r root-stock, and the vcrij hm/e s/)Hr, thickerwd at the
letuf. The pain violet petals, als(;, are heardlas. — Damp, shady
•■places. -

4. V. CUCUlla'ta, Ait. (Common- Blitk Violet.) Leaves on
very lonrj pctiolcx, cordate or reniform, the sides folded inwards
wlien young. Lateral petals l)earded. Spur short and thick.
■ — Low grounds everywhere.

5. V. sagitta'ta, Ait. (Arrow-Leaved V.) Smoothish.
Leaves cordate, halberd-shaped, or sagittate, slightly toothed,

-'i..^ *""r

ageafa

"1!^

18

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

I I

thefrtit on^s on short and niarginetl petioles. Side-petals bearded.
— Dry hill-siiles and old pastures.

"* * Lnfu-stemmed Violets.
t- Flowers yellow.

6. V. pubep'cens, Ait. (Dowxy Yellow Y.) Plant downy.
Leaves broatlly cordate, coarsely serrate ; stipules large, dentate.
Lower petals veined with purple. Spur very short. — Rich woods.

-t- -4- Flowers not yellow.

7. V. Canadensis, L. (Canada Yiolet.) Tall, often a foot
high. Leaves large, cordate, serrate-pointed. Petals w'hite
inside, purplish outside. Spur very short. — Flowering all
summer.

8. V. cani'na, L., var. sylvestris, Kegel. (Dog V.) Low,
spreading by runners. Leaves broadly cordate or reniform, with
friiujcd-toofhed stipules. Spur cylindrical, half as long as the
petals, whicl are 2^ci^e 2mr2)le. — Wet places.

9. V. stria'ta, Ait. (Pale Y.) Stem angular, 6-10 inches
high. L(!a\ es cordate, finely serrate ; stipules fringed-toothed.
Spur thickii^h, much shorter than the cream-coloured or white
petals. — Low grounds.

10. V, rostra'ta, Pursh. (Long-Spurred V.) Distinguished
at once by its extremely long straight spur. Petals violet-
coloured.

Order XIII. CISTA'CE^. (Rock-Rose Family.)

Herbs or low shrubs, with simple entire leaves a- d regular
polyandrous llowers. Calyx persistent, usually of '^ large and 2
smaller sepals. Petals 5 or 3, convolute in the bud. Stamens
3-20. Pod 1 -celled, 3-valved. Seeds on 3 parietal projections.

Synopsis of the Genera. " *

1. Heliaii'tlieiiiiini. Totals 5, fugacious. Style noTie.

2. Ifmlso'ulif. Totals ;■), fuixacious. Stylo lonjr and slender.

3. l.ecli'ea. Potal-i 8, persistent. Stylo none.

1. IIELIAIV'TIIE3irM, Tourn. Rock-Rose.

H. Canadense, Michx. (Frost-Wkki> ) Flowers of 2 sorts,
some solitary, with large yellow corolla and many stcVmens, the

NTS.

de-petals bearded.

DRORKRACEiT:, HTPERIOArEyE.

19

r.) Plant downy.
lies large, dentate,
ort. — Rich woods.

Tall, often a foot
1. Petals white
— Flowering all

(Dog V.) Low,

or reniform, with

If as long as the

;ular, 6-10 inches
I fringed -toothed.
coloured or white

.) Distinguished
Petals violet-

l-osE Family.)

es a- d regular

>f .S large and 2

1)ud. Stamens

etal projections.

Jer.

Rose.

»wcrs of 2 sorts,

ly stamens, the

-I petals lasting but one day after the flowor opens ; others small,
3§i clustered iu the axils of the leaves, and a])etalous. Leaves lance-
olate, downy beneath. — Sandy places.

a. HUDSO'NIA, L. HUDSONI.V.

H. tomento'sa, Nutt. (Downy H.) Iloary. Leaves oval or
narrowly ohlong, short, close-pressed, or imbricated. Flowers
small, yelloic, rer>/ nvmcro^Ui. — A little boath-like ^lirub, on tlie
shores of tlie Cireat Lakes, an<l the River St. Lawrence.

,3. I^ECH'EA, L. riNWKED.

L. minor, T-am. (Smaller P.) Flowers inconspicuous, purp-
lish, loosely racemose, on distinct pedicrls. Stem slender, rough
tr'th appressetl scattered hairs. Leaves scattered, linear. Pods
the size of a pin's head. — Dry soil. •

Order XIV. DROSEBA'CEJE. (Sundew Family.)

Low glandular-hairy marsh herbs, with circinate tufted radical
leaves, and legular liypogynous flowers borne on a naked scape.
Sepals, petals, and stamens, 5 each ; anthers turned outwards.
Styles S-f) deeply 2-parted. Potl 1 -celled, 3- valved. The only
genus witi us is

DROS'ERA, L. Sundew.

L D. rotundifolia, L. (RouxD-LiiAVED Sundew.) Flowers
small, white, iu a 1 -sided raceme. Leaves orbicular, abruptly
narrowed into the hairy petiole, clothed with reddish glandular
hairs. — Bogs.

2. D. longifolia, L. (Longer-leaved S.) has oblong-spathu-
late leaves gradually narrowed into erect naked petioles. — Bogs;
not common.

Order XV. HYPERICA'CEiE. (St. John's Wort F.)

Kerbs or slirubs, with opposite entire dotted leaves, and no
stipules. Flowers regular, hypogynous, mostly yellow. Sepals
5, persistent. Petals r», deciduous. Stamens mostly luuierons,
and imuilhj in 3 or more cliiMfern. Styles 3-5, sometimes
united. Pod 1-5-celled. Seeds numerous.

I (. <\f

20

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

» !

J. '■!

It

Synopsis of the Genera.

1 Hyper'icuni. Petals 5, unequal-sided, convolute in the hud, yelloto.
2. Elo'des. Petals 5, equal-sided, imbricated in the bud, purplish.

1. HYPER'ICUM, L. St. John's Wort.
* Pod Scelled. Styles 3, separate. Petals with black dots.

1. H. perforatum, L. (Common St. John's Wort.) Stem
much branciied, producimj runners at the base, slightly 2-e(iged.
Leaves linear-oblong, icith transparent dots, easily observed by
holding the leaf up to the light. Petals deep yellow. Flowers in
open leafy cymes. — Fields.

2. H. corymbo'sum, Muhl. (Corymbed S.) Stem rounded,
not so brandling as No. 1. Leaves with both black and trans-
parent dots, oblong, somewhat clasping. Flowers small, pale
yellow, crowded. — Damp woods and wet places generally.

** Pod 5-celled. Stijles lYiore or less united. Stamens very many, in 5 clusters,

if clustered at all.

3. H. pyramida'*".um, Ait. (Great St. John's Wort.) Stem
3-5 feet high. Leaves 2-3 inches lon^. somewhat clasping.
Flowers very large, the petals about an inch long, and narrowly
obovate. Stamens showy. Pod conical, large. — Along streams;
not common.

4. H. Kalmia'num, L. (Kalm's S.) Shrubby, a foot or more
in height ; leaves linear-lanceolate, crowded, revolute on the
margins, thickly punctate, and sessile. Flowers about 1 inch
across, in clusters. — Niagara Falls and westward.

* * * Pod 1-celled, purple.

5. H. ellip'ticura, Hook. (Elliptical-leaved S.) Stem
about 1 foot high, not branched. Leaves spreading, elliptical-
oblong, obtuse, thin. Flowers rather few, showy, in a nearly
naked cyme. Pod purple, ovoid, obtuse. Petals pale yellow. —
Bunks of streams, eastward.

6. H. mu'tilum, L. (Small S.) Stem slender, branching
above, hardly a foot high. Leaves 5-nerved. Cymes leafy at
the base. Flowers small, not ^ of an inch across. — Low grounds.

7. H. Canadense, L. (Canada S.) Stem upright, 6-15
inches high, with branches erect. Leaves linear or linear-lance-
olate, 3-nerved at the base, tiie uppe'" c»ies acute, sessile. Cymes

< 'J

..;^iH^Li!iiiiiLii— luii.

lNTS.

OARYOrnYLLACE/K.

21

n the bud, yelloto.
Lid, purplish.

Wort.

h black dots.

N's Wort.) Stem

, slightly 2-edged.

asily observed by

illow. Flowers in

) Stem rounded,
biack and trans-
)wers small, pale
generally.

many, in 5 clusters,

f's Wort.) Stem
lewhat clasping.
g, and narrowly
-Along streams;

f, a foot or more
re volute on the
IS about 1 inch

^£D S.) Stem

ling, elliptical-

T> in a nearly

pale yellow.—

Jer, branching
'ymes leafy at
ovv grounds.
>P'''g^t, 6-15
)r linear-lance-
ossile. Cymes

t' .'^i

•,^s

naked. Pod much longer than the calyx. Flowers small, deep
yellow. — Wet, sandy places.

a. ELO'DES. Adans. Maiisu St. John's Wort.

E. Virgin'ica, Nutt. Stem smooth. Leaves oblong or oval,
clasping, often purple-veined, ol)tuse, conspicuously tlotted
beneath. Flowers flesh-coloured in the axils, and at the summit
of the stem. The whole plant is of a purplish hue. — Marshes.

Order XVI. CARYOPHYLLA'CEJE. (Pink Family. )

Herbs with opposite and entire leaves, the stems swollen at the
joints. Flowers regular, with the parts mostly in lives, occasion-
ally in fours. Stamens not more than twice as many as the
petals. Styles 2-5, stigmatic along the inner side. Pod usually
1 -celled, with the seeds attached to the base, or to a column
which rises from the centre of the cell. (Part I., Fig. 194.)

Synopsis of tli« Genera.

* Sepals united info a tube or cup. Petals and sfanieni^ borne on the stalk of

the ovary ' petals icith lomj narrow claws.

1. Sapona'ria. Calyx cylindrical. Styles 2.

2. Sile'ne. Calyx 5-toothed. Styles 3. - "

3. Liycli'nis. Calyx 5-toothed. Styles 5.

* * Sepals separate to the base or nearly sn. Petals xvithout claios, they and

the stamens inserted 'it the base o/ the sessile ovary.

4. Arena'ria. Petals not cleft at the apex. tyles usually 3. I'od splitting

into 3 or C valves.

5. Stella'ria. Petals 2-cleft at the apex. Tod splittinjf to the base into

twice as many valves as there are styles. Styles generally 3.
0. Ceras'tiuni. Petals 2-(left, or notched. Styles 5. Pod opening at the
apex by 10 teeth.

1. SAPONA'RIA, L. Soap WORT.

S. officinalis, "^ . (Bouncinu Bet.) A stout plant, with rose-
coloured or pinkish Howers clustered iu corymbs. Leaves H~5-
ribbed, the lower ovate, uppcjr lanceolate. Pod jaised on a short
stalk. Styles 2. — Old gardens and roadsides.

a. SII.K'XE,L. C.VTCHFLY. CAMnON.

1. S. infla'ta, Smith. (Bladder Campion.) Pale or glaucous,
very smooth. Stem erect, a foot high. Leaves ovate-lanceolate.
Calyx much injlaltd, ^yur/>/<?-r*ei/te(/. Stamens and styles exscrtcd.
— Not common westward.

' m

i ' 1
■ i

It:

r

ii

II]

i I

ill

22

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

2. S. antirrhi'na, L. (Sleepy C.) Stem slender, simple or
slightly branching above, a portion of the upper internodes
sticky. Leaves linoai- or lanceolate. Flowers small, pink or
purplish, opening only for a short time in sunshine. Calyx
ovoid, shining. — Dry soil.

3. S. noctiflo'ra, L. (Night-flowering Catchfly.) Stems
very sticky , jtubcscent. Lower leaves spathulate, upper lanceo-
late. Flowers few, peduncled. Calyx- tube with awl- shaped
teeth. Petals white or whitish, 2-parte(l. Opening only at night
or in cloudy weather. — A very common weed in cultivated
grouds.

4. S. Virgin 'ica, L. (Fire Pink.) Occurs in south-western
Ontario, and may be recognized by its crimson petals, and bell-
shaped calyx, ncdding in fruit.

3. LYCHNIS, Tourn. Cocijle.

L. Githa'gO, Lam. (Corn Cockle.) Plant clothed with long
soft appressed liairs. Cahjx^lohes extremely lony, very much like
the upper leaves, surpassing i\\Q 2>urple petals. — Wheat-fields.

4. AREX.V'RI.V, L. Sandwort.

1. A. serpyllifo'lia, L. (Thyme-leaved S.) Much branched,
2-6 inches high, roughish-pubescent. Leaves small, ovate, a> ute.
Petals white, hardly as long as tlie sepals. Sepals pointed, h -5-
nerved. Pod pointed, 6-toothed. — Sandy fields.

2. A. Stricta, Michx. {A. Michauxli, Hook., in Macoun's
Catalogue.) ^tems erect, or diffusely spreading from a small
root. Leaves awl-shaped or bristle form, the upper ones reduced
to 1 -nerved bracts, crowded in tlie axils. Cyme diifuse, many-
flowered. Sepals pointed, o-ribbcd, half as long as the white
petals. — Rocky fields. ''

3. A. lateriflo'ra, L. Stem erect, slender, minutely pubes-
cent. Leaves oval or oblong, i-1 inch long. Peduncles usually
three-flowered. Sepals obtuse. Petals white, large, twice as
long as the sepals. Flower ^ of an inch across when fully
expanded. — Gravelly shores.

4. A. peploi'des, L., with very jlc><hy stems and leaves, the
latter somewhat clasping, occurs eastward towards the sea-coast.

rORTULACACKiE.

23

?G, twice as

5. STELIiA'RIA, L. Chickweed. Stabwokt.

i. S. Jaedia, •^"litli. (Common Chrkwkki).) Stems branch-
ing, decuni])ent, soft aiid brittle, juarkeil Iciiij/Inrise vith one or
tiro puheKrent lines. Lower leaves on hairy petioles, orate.
Flowers small, white. PeUila shorti r tlmn the sepals. — Extremely
common in damp grounds and old gardens.

2. S, longifo'lia, Muhl. (Long-leaved Stitchwort.) Stems
branchhig, very weak and brittle, supporting themselves on other
plants. Leares linear. Pedicels of the flowers long, slender, and
spreading, reflexed. Petals white, longer than the 3-nerved
sepals. Low grassy banks of streams.

6. CERAS'TIUM, L. MousE-E.ui Chickweed.

L C. VUlga'tum, L. (Common M.) Stem ascending, hairy
and somewhat clammy. Leaves orate or ohorate, obtuse. Flowers
in close clusters. Pedicels not lonr/er than the sepals. Petals
shorter than the calyx. — Not common, sometimes confounded
with No. 2.

2. C. visco'sum, L. (Larger M. ) Stems hairy, viscid,
spreading. Leaves lanceolate-oblong^ rather acute. Flowers in
loose cymes. Pedicels longer than the sepals. Petals equalling
the calyx. — Fields and copses ; common.

3. C. arven'se, L. (Field Chickweed.) Stem decumbent
at the base, pubescent, slender, 4-8 inclies high. Leaves linear,
or linear danceolatc, often fascicled in the axils, longer than the
lower intornodes. I'etals obcordate, more than twice as long as
the calyx. Pod scarcely longer than the calyx. Cyme few-
flowered.

4. C. nu'tans, Raf. Stems very clammy-pubescent and
branching ditl'usely. Tiie loof^e and open cymes many-flowered.
Leaves lance-oblong. Pods nodding on the stalks, cnrred upivards,
thrice the length of the calyx. — In places where water lies in spring.

Order XAHL PORTULACA'CE^. (Purslane F.)

Herbs with fleshy entire exstipulate leaves, and regular hypo-
gynous or perigynous flowers. Sepals 2. Petals 5. Stsunens
5-20. Styles 3-8, united below. I'od 1 -celled, few or many-
seeded.

r

'

1 '• .

U . f

Irt

21

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. rortiila'ca. Stamens 8-20. Pod opening by a lid (Fig. 207, Part L),

nuiiiy-. ceded.

2. Clayt<)'nia. Stamens 5. Pod ."i-valved, 3-6-8eeded.

1. PC)liTUI.A'CA, Tonni. Purslane.

P. olera'cea, L. (Coaimox Purslank.) Alow fleshy herb,
very sitiootli, with oliovate or wedge-shaped leaves. Calyx 2-
cleft, the sepals keeled. Petals yellow, fugacious. — A common
pest in gardens.

a. CXAYTO'NIA, L. SpbING-BeaUTY.

1 . C. Virgin'ica, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate y 3-6 inches long„

2. 0. Carolinia'na, Michx. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong,
tapering at the base. In both species the corolla is rose-coloured,
with dark veins. The stem springs from a small tuber, and bears
two opposite leaves and a loose raceme of flowers. — Rich woods
in early spring.

OiiDEii XVIII. MALVA'CEJE. (Mallow Family.)

Herbs, with palmately-veined alternate stipulate leaves.
Flowers regular. Calyx valvate. Corolla convolute in the bud.
Sepals 5. united at the base. Petals 5, hypogynous. Stamens
numerous, monadelphous, hypogynous ; anthers 1-celled. Car-
pels united in a ring, separating after ripening. Seeds kidney-
shaped.

Synopsis ol ihe Genera.

1. Malva. Cai-jKls without bealvs, l-seeded. A circle of 3 bractlets at the

base of the calyx.

2, Abvi'tiloii. Carpels 2-beaked, l-G-seeded. No circle of bractlets.

1. MAIiVA, L. Mallow.

1. M. rotundifolia, L. (RnrND-LEAVED Mallow.) Stems
several, procumbent, from a stout tap-root. Leaves long-petioled,
round-heart-shaped, crcnate, crenately-lobed. Petals obcordate,
whitish, streaked with purple, twice as long as the sepals. — Way-
sides and cultivated grounds.

2. M. sylves'tris, L. (High M.) Stem erect, 2 feet high.
Leaves sharply S-T-iohcd. Petals purple, 3 times as long as the
sepals, — Near dwellings.

.JiV-

II I

l( i

S-s^

JfTS.

TILIACE.E, LINACE.E.

.).\
«<>'

fl (Fig. 207, Part L),

NE.

low fleshy herb,
3aves. Calyx 2-
3ua. — A common

TY.

3-6 inches long
"^ohite or oblong,
is rose-coloured,
^"ber, and bears
^- — K,ich woods

>w Family.)

pulate leaves,
ite in the bud.
ons. Stamens
-celled. Car-
Seeds kidney.

bractlets at the
ractleta.

'Ow.) Stems

ong-petioled,

s obcordate,

pals. — Way-

2 feet high,
long as the

3. M. moscha'ta, T^ (MrsK M.) Stem erect, 1 foot higli.
Stem-leaves 5-pnrted, the ilirlsiouH c/e/t. Flowers largo a!i<l hand-
some, rose-coloured or white, on short peduncles, crowded on the
stem and ])ranclios. — lloadsides near gardens.

«. AHr'TlT.OV, Tonrn. Inpiax Mallow.

A. Avicen'nse, dvrtn. (Velvet-Leaf.) Sttni 2 5 feet hiuh,
branci)ini.r. Leaves velvety, round-cordate, long-pointed. Corolla
yellow. — Xear gardens ; not common.

Order XIX. TILIA'CEJE. (Linden Family.)

Trees with fibrous bark, soft and white wood, and heart-
fihaped and serrate leaves, with deciduous stipules. Flowers in
small cymes hanging on an axillary peduncle, to wliich is attached
a leaf -like bract. Sepals deciduous. The only Canadian genus is

TIIilA, L. Basswoop. Whitewood.

T. Americana, L. (Basswoou.) A rine tree, in rich woods.
Mowers yellow or cream-coloured, very fragrant. Leaves smooth
jind green on both sides, obliquely cordate or truncate at the
base, sharply serrate. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Fruit a globular
nut, 1 -celled, 1 -2-seeded.

Order XX. LINA'CEiE. (Flax Family. )

Herbs with entire exstipulate leaves, and regular hypogynous
flowers. Sepals, petals, stamens, and styles, 5 each. Filaments
united at the base. Pod lO-ccUed, 10-seeded. Our only genus is

Lixrur, L. Flax.

1. L. Virginia'num, L. (ViroixiaF.) Floaters ydhw, small
(I of an inch long), scattered. Slem erect, it and the spreading
branches terete. Leaves lanceolate and acute, the lower obtuse
and opposite. — Dry soil.

2. L. Stria'tum, ^Valt., has the branches winfj-atir/led, broader
leaves and more crowded Howers than No 1. The whole plant is
stouter.

3. L. lisitatis'simum, L. (Common F.) Flowers hhie. Leaves
alternate, linear-lanceolate, acute, 3- veined. — Cultivated grounds.

t\

' '' ll i

■ i

m I

■ ili

' 1!:

1

i

£

r

26

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

Order XX T. GERANIA'CEJE. ((Geranium Family.)

Strong-scented herbs Avith pentainerous and symmetrical
flowers, the iilanients usually united at the })ase, and o glands on
the receptacle alternate with the petals. Style 5-cleft. Carpels
5, each 2-ovuled (hut 1 -seeded), they and the lower part of the
long styles attuched to a lonj beak whicJt rises from the receptacle.
In fruit the stides split away from the beak and curl upwards,
carryiu'i the carpels icitk tlic.m.

■ . Synopsis of th« Clouera.

1. Geranium. Stamcti3 10, all with anthers.

2. Kro'tUuni. Stamens with anthers, only 5. - '

1. GEllANirM, L. Cranesbill.

1. G. macula'tum, L. (Wild C.) Stem erect, hairy, about
a foot high. Leaves o-T-parted, the wedge-shaped divisions lobed
and cut. Flowers purple, an inch across. Petals entire, bearded on
the claw, much loiujer than the loiuj-pointcd sepals. — Open woods
and fields.

2. G. Carolinia'num, L. (Carolina C. ) Stem usually decum-
bent, hairy. Sepals awn-pointed, as long as the notched rose-
coloured petals. — Waste places.

3. G. Robertia'num, L. (Herb Robert.) Stems reddish,
spreading, pubescent ; branches weak. Leaves 3-divided, or
pedately 5-dividcd, the divisions twice pinnatifid. Sepals awned,
shorter than the reddish-purple petals. Plant loith a very strong
odottr. — Shaded ravines and moist woods.

4. G. pusillum, L. (Small-flowered C.) Stem procumbent,
slender, n.inutely pubescent. Leaves rounded, kidney-shaped,
deeply 5-7-cleft, the divisions wedge-shaped. Sepals awnless,
about the same length as the purplish petals. — Waste places.

a. ERO'Iiluai, L'Her. Storksbill.

E. cicuta'rium, L'Her. Stem low and spreading, hairy.
Leaves pinnate, the leaflets sessile, pinnatifid. Peduncles several-
flowered. Styles when they separate from the beak hearded on
the i7iside. — Not common.

STS.

ANiuM Family.)

"h1 symmetrical
, and o glands on
5-cleft. Carpels
ower part of the
>m the receptacle.
tl czirl upivards,

ct, hairy, about

divisions lobed

iire, bearded on

• — Open woods

usually deeum-
notched rose-

items reddish,
3-divided, or

Sepals awned,
a very strong

procumbent
'»ey-shaped,
f^(ds awnlens,
e places.

ting, hairy,
cles several'
harded on

w

oxaudace.t:, balsaminace.k 27

OiiDEuXXIT. OXALIDA'CEJE. (Woop-Soukel F.)

Low herbs with an acid juice and alternate compound leaves,
the .S leatlcts obcordato and drooping in the evening. Flowers
very mucii the same in strui!turo as i:i the preceding Order, l)ui:
the fruit is a 5-eelle<l pod, each cell opening in the middle of the
back (loculicidal), and the valves persistent. Styles 5, separate.
The only genus is

OX' VMS, L. Woop-SOUREL.

1. 0. Acetosel'la, L. (White Wood-Sorrel.) Scape 1-
flowered I'etala irhitc, with, reddish veins. — Cold woods.

2. 0. Stricta, T^. {0. comicnla'ta, L., var. sfrirfd, Sav., in Ma-
coun's Catalogue. ) (Vki.low W.) Peduncles 2-()-flowered, longer
than the leaves. Petals i/e/ioir. Pod elongated, erect in fruit. —
Copses and cultivated grounds.

Okder XXIII. BAL' AMINA'CEiE. (Balsam Family.)

Smooth herbs, witii succulent stems and simple exstipulate
leaves. Flowers irregular, the sepals and petals coloure 1 alike,
one of the coloured sepals spurred, the sj)i(r vilh <'. b^V. Stamens 5,
coherent above. Pod bursting elastica'ly, and discharging its
seeds with considerable force. The only genus is

I3IPA'TIE\S, L. Toucn-MK-NOT. Jkwkl-Weed.

1. I. fulva, Xutt (SpoTTKi) ToucH-ME-N'OT.) F'owers oraugc-
coloured, spotted vi/h rt'ddish hroirn. S;ic longer than broad,
conical, tapering into a long recurved spur. — Cedar swamps and
along streams.

2. I. pallida, Nutt. (PalkT.) YlAvara jnde i/eJloii\ spnringlf/
dotted irith hroini. Sac dilated, l)roader than long, ending in a
short spur. — Wet places.

OiiDER XXIV. RUTA'CEiE. (Rue Family.)

Shrubs, with conipouml trausparendy-dotted leaves, and an
acrid taste. Flowers (witli u.s) dicecious, appearing before the
leaves. Stamens hypogynous, as many as the petals. Our only
genus is

28

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

pr

!!

ZANTII<>X'VL.U3I, Golden. Pkickly Asn.

Z. America'num, Mill. {XouTHEJiN- Pkiokly Asii.) Tooth-
ache TuEK. ) A prickly sliriil), witli yellowish-green ilowers in
dense umbels in tlie axils. .Sepals ol)solete or none. Petals 5.
Stamens in tlio sterile flowers ">. Carpels 3-5. forming fleshy 1-2-
seedeil pods. Fruit very pungent and aromatic. Leaves pinnate,
4-5 pairs, with an odd one at the end. — Forming thickets in low
grounds along streams.

Ordeii XXV. ANACARDIA'CE^. (Cashew Family.)

Trees or shrubs, with a milky or resinous juice, and alternate
leaves without Cviifi or stipules. Sepals, petals, and stamens,
each 5. Fruit a i-seeded drupelet. The petals and stamens
inierted under the edge of a disk which surrounds ;he base of
the ovary. The only genus is . '

RHUS, L. Sumach.

1. R. typh'ina, L. (STA^inoRN' Sumacii.) A small tree, 10-30
feet high, -witli dcnsehf .soft-hainj hrauches and fialk'^. Flowers
greenish-white, polygamous, iorming a terminal thyrso. Fruit
glol)ular, covered v:!tk crimson hairs. Leaves pinnate, leaflets
11-31, oblongdanceolate, serrate, pointed. — Dry hill- sides.

2. R. glabra, L-> (Smootu S.) is smooth^ and seldom exceeds
5 feet in height.

3. R. Toxicoden'dron, L. /Poison Ivy.) Shrub about a foot
high, smooth, often climbing by rootlets. Leaves 3-foliolate,
leaflets rhombic-ovate, notched irregularly. Floweis polygamous,
in slender axillary panicles. Plant poisonous to the touch. Var.
radi'cans, L. I^'J-s the leaves entire.

4. R. venenata, I^C. (Poison Kldiok.) A tall sluul), smooth
or nearly so. Leaves odd-pinnate ; leaflets 7-13, obovate-oblong,
entire. Greoriish-white flowers as in No. 3. — Swamps.

5. R. aromat'ica, Ait., (Fuaghant S.) is a shrub 2-3 feet
high, with 3-f()liolate leaves, sweet-scented when crushed, and
catkin-like spikes of pale yellow flowers appearing before the
leaves. — Not connnon.

fm

fmm

VITACE.E, RIIAMNACE/E,

L>9

I*

Order XXVI. VITA'CE^. (Vine Family.)

Shrubs climbing by tendrils, with small greenish flowers iu
|)anicled clusters opposite the leaves. Stamens as many as the
petals anil opposite tiiem. Calyx minute. Petals 4 or 5,
hypogynous or perigynous, very deoiduous. Fruit a berry, 1-4-
seeded. Leaves palmately-veined, or compound.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Vitis. Leaves simple, heart-shaped, ami variously lobed.

2. Ainpelop'siM. Leaves coiupound-digitate, of 5 serrate leaflets.

1. VITIS, Touru. GiiAPE.

1. V. aBStivalis, Michx. (Nortiierx Fox-Grape.) Leaves
and branches ivoolii/. Berries large, dark purple or amber-
coloured. — Moist thickets.

2. V. COrdifo'lia, Michx. (Frost Grape.) Leaves smooth or
nearly so, bright green on both sides, heart-shaped, sharply
serrate. Berries small, blue or black. Var. ripa'ria, Michx., has
broader cut-lobed leaves. — Banks of streams.

a. AMPELOP'SIS, Michx. Viuginia Creeper. ;

A. quiliq.uefo'lia, Michx. A common woody vine in low
grounds. Leaves digitate, of 5 oblong-lanceolate leaflets. Ten-
drils with sucker-like disks at the end, by which they cling to
walls, trunks of trees, etc. Fruit a small black berry.

Order XXVIL KHAMNA'CE^. (Buckthorn Family. )

Shrubs with simple stipulate leaves, and small regular
perigynous greenish or whitish flowers. Stamens opposite tlio
petals, and with them inserted on the margin of a fleshy disk
which lines the calyx-tube. Fruit a berry-like drupe, or a pod.

Synopsis of the Genera.

Ilhani'niiH. Petals luinute, vr none. Drupe berry-like. Calyx and disk

free from the ovary,
Ceano'thus. ivtals white, loTi;,'-rla\ve<l, hooded. Fruit dry, dehiscent.

Calyx and disk luUiercnt to tiie bu.so of the ovary.

1. lUIAM'Xrs, Tourn. Euckthoun.
R. alnifo'lius, L'Her. A low erect slirul), not thorny, with
ov&l, acute, SCI late leaves, and apetalous flowers. Fruit a .*i-seedcd
berry . —S wamps.

30

h '

KUi

mi

"il !

OOMMO.V CA.V.DUV «-,U, ,.,„,,,.

^' CEWO'TIIUS T TVT

-1 ovate. 3-ri.be„":;.ttf e ;:: "^i;""' -'^" ^o-y branches,
the summit of the „ake,I flT \ '""''•^ '" «l'ite dusters at
-hite. the latte.. i,o„ le:, L^ ™;-''';'"t-- ^V^^^ and pi:;
wh,te._D,.y h,„.,ides. ' '""^ ^'"■"'- >='-"■ Pedicels aTso

hafth^-irest.^^^J;^'^;;;;'';;': ^-f. - Macou,,.. Catalogue,

-.«.*ousor„eaH/s:"';;:'tr^^^

J.-Soiith-H-estern Ontario. ' ''"^ ^^^^^^ than m

'r:™"- ^^^"«™^'-^^- (s^^-.H..,

;»>rX^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .tcuate o.. opposite, ad

^e bud Stau,e,„ 4',, ait . .t t;:,,"^'^ '""" '""'■■-tLd i

» - d,sk which fills the Lot om o '^ "",'"=*'*• '"'d ^"^erted

enmson when ripe. '" °^ ""^ ^'"'J'-v. Pels orange or

^■•m>. r lowers perfect Sn i

hap:r"v """■■^ >"">—. IV :jt"- «°«««'«<..^.

^f-^gbng shruh. SI ;S-- «-■'•) A. o«, rather
°vate or „l,„vate, pointe,!. ! 1, ' "'' *'"' ^ '-«'™. the latter

z IV" ''■"'■ I'"-'--'/! i';;™'"''-;"''' ""-■ i«"s

"po.-Uooae,I river-bauks and lo C ' ^ I"*"' -■""-" -heu

C. scandens. I., (VVax-w„k,- r ''•""™"^^-

twining s„,ooth sinuh. witl.ohloln.ovr''" '''"™-S»-^ht.) a
^'owe.-. snull, greenish, i„ tc™i,!^ '""''■'"'■• '""'"'""<-■•"■«»•

'"" "'™"'«». Pods orange.

1 ;

SAPINDACE/E.

31

coloured. Tliese burst in autumn and display a scarlet pulpy
aril, presenting a highly ornamental appearance. — Twining over
bushes on river-banks and in thickets.

Order XXIX. SAPINDA'CE^. (Soai'bkrry Family.)

Trees or shrubs, with compound or lobed leaves, and usually
unsymmetrical and often irregular flowers. Sepals and petals
4-5, both imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5-10, inserted on a
fleshy disk which fdls the bottom of the calyx-tube. Ovary 2-3-
celled, with I or 2 ovules in each cell.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Stapliyle'a. Flouers perfect. Lohes of the coloured calyx, the petals, and

the stamens, each 5. Fruit a ,1-cellcd, 3-lubed, inflated pod. Leaves
Iiiiinatc'ly conipouiid.

2. Ac<'r. Fldicrrs puhjijamovti. Leaves simple, variously lohcl, opposite.

Calyx coloured, usually fi-lobed. Petals none, or as maiy as the sepals.
Stamens 3-12. Fruit two l-si.:ded samaras joined t04 e Jier, at length
separatin;^.

1. STAPIIYLE'A, L. Bl.ADDER-NUT.

S. trifo'lia, L. (Amkkkan lii^ADDEU-NuT.) SI rub, 4-6 feet
high. Leaflets 'A, ovate, pointed. Flowers whit ;, in drooping
racemes, at the ends of tlie branchlcts. — Thickets J nd hill-sides.

a. ACER, Tourn. Mai'LK.

1. A. Pennsylva'nicum, L. (Stru-kd Maiie.) A small
tree, 10-20 feet high, with light-green l)ark stri > ;d with dark
lines. Leaves ."i-lobcd at the apex, linely and si ; rply doubly-
serrate, the lobes taper-pointed. Flowers greeni 'i, in terminal
racemes, appearing after the leaves. Samaras larje, with diver-
gent wings. — Rich woods.

2. A. spica'tum, Lam. (Mountain' Maple.) A shrub or
small tree, 4-8 feet high, growing in clumps in low grounds.
Leaves .3-lobed, coarsely serrate, the lobes taper-poi^ ited. Flowers
greenish, appearing after tlie leaves, in use Ujn i[)ht raceme«.
Fruit witl' small widely-diverging wings.

?>. A. sacchari'num, Wang. (Sucar Mai-li:.) A fine tree,
with 3-5-lobed leaves, a paler green uiidernealh, the Hhiur.en
romnled, and the Ivhes spartnj'i/ tiinuafe-toofhcd. Flo .vers greenish-

Ill

I

')!

•i k

pn

32

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

yellow, drooping on skndef hairy j)^dicels^ appearing at the same
tipie as tlie leaves. Calyx fringed on the margin. Var. nigrum,
Torr. and Gray, may be distinguished from the ordinary form by
its paler and more pubescent leaves. — Rich woods.

4. A. dasycar'pum, Ehrhart. (White or Silver M.) Leaves
dp.cjply 5-lobed, the sinuses rather acute, silvery-white under-
neath, the divisions narrow, sharply-toothed. Flowers in erect
clusters, greenish-yellow, appearing much before the leaven ; petals
none. Samara very large, woolly when young. — ^ iver-banka and
low grounds.

5. A. ru'brum, L. (Red M.) Leaves 3-5-lobed, the sinuses
acute. Flowers red, appearing much before the leaves. Petals
linear-oblong. Samara small and smooth, on drooping pedicels.
A smaller tree than No. 4, with reddish twigs, and turning bright
crimson in the autumn. — Swamps.

OiiDr.R XXX. POLYGALA'CE^. (Milkwort Family )

Herbs with entire exstipulate leaves, and irregular hypogynous

flowers. Stamens 6 or 8, monadelphous or diadelphous, the

anthers 1 -celled, and opening at the top by a pore. Pod 2-celled

and 2-seeded, flattened contrary to the partition. The only genus

with us is

POL.YG'AIiA, Tourn. Milk- Wort.

Sepals 5, the upper one and the two lower ones small and often
greenish, the 2 lateral ones (called wings) larger and coloured
like the petals. Petals 3, connected with each other and with
the tube of filaments, the lower one keel-shaped, and usually
fringed or crested at the top. Style prolonged and curved.

1. P. verticilla'ta, L Flowers small, greenish- white, in
slender spikes. Stems 4-8 inches high, much branched. Stem-
leaves linear, J^-B in a ivhorl, the upper ones scattered. — Dry soil.

2. P. Sen'ega, L. (Seneca Snakeroot.) Flowers greenish-
white, in a solitary cylindrical close spike. Stems several, from
a hard knotty rootstock, 6-12 inclies high. Leaves lanceolate,
with rough margins, alternate. — Dry hill-sides and thickets.

«3. P. polyg'ama, Walt. Flowers rose-purple, showy, fringed,
in a many-Jlowered raceme. Stamens 5-8 inches high, tufted and

ill ;'

; iiiiiiii \*mmwfiMmmm.

■iiiillMMi

FTS.

^nnff at the same

^ar. nigrum,

LEOUMINOS^.

32>

n-d
Js.

niary form by

ymM.) Leaves
•y-wliite under-
''lowers in erect
''''^ leaves ; petals

iver-banks and

eti, the sinuses
leaves. Peta/s
^PJiig pedicels,
turning bright

«RT Family )

tr hypogynous
"elphous, the
Pod 2-ceIled
he only genus

^^l and often
^nd coloured
er and with
and usually
urved.

^^■white, in
»etl. Stem-
—^ry soil.

s greenish-
^erul, from
lanceolate,
2kets.

% fringed,
ufted and

M

very leafy, the leaves linear-oblong or oblanceolate. Whitisl*
fertile flowers on underground runners. — Dry soil.

4. P. paucifolia, Willd. (Fringed P.) Flowers rose-purple,
very showy, fringed, onii/ 1-3 in number. Stems 1-4 inches high,
from long underground runners, which also bear concealed fertile
flowers. Leaves ovate, crowded at the top of the stem. — Drji
woods.

5. P. sanguin'ea, L. F^lowers usually bright red-purple, but
sometimes pale. Corolla inconspicuously crested. Flowers in
dense (jlobuhir hcadK, at lengtli ol)long. True petals mostly shorter
than the wings, the latter broadly ovate, closely sessile. Stem
leafy to the top ; leaves oblong-linear. — Sandy places.

Order XXXI. LEGUMINO'SJE. ( Pulse Family. )

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, mostly with compound alf-n-nate stipu-
late leaves, and papilionaceous corollas. (For description of a
typical flower, see Part I., cap. v.) Stamens usually 10, mona-
delphous, diadelphous, or distinct. Fruit a legume.

Synopsis of the Gviicra.

* Flowers papilionacfous.

1. Liipi'iiuH. Leaves palinatdy-comfiound, leaflets 7-1). Flowers in terminal

racoines. Stnineti.'i uwnailclph ncx.

2. Tiifo'liiini. Lo;ivesof 3 Icnttots. Flow<-rs in heads. Stamens <liadeli)liOM8.
a. Metlica'iLjo. Leaves pinnate, of lileaflets. Flowers in axillary spikes.

Pod ciirred or coiled. Stamens diadelphoiis.

4. Melilo'tus. Leaves pinnate, of 3 leaflets, the leaflets toothed. Flowers in
slender axillary raeenies. Pod wrinkled, 1-2-seeded. Stamens diadel-
phous.

6. Ilohin'ia. Trees. Leaves odd-pinnate, often with spines for stipules, and
the leaflets with small stipules. Flowers in hatipinjf axillary raeeines.
Pod niaruMiied on one ed^e. Stamens diadeljihous.

<5. AHtra|>:'aliis. Leaves odd-pinnate, leaflets numerous. Flowers in den.se
axillary spikes. Corolla long ami narrow. Po<l turgid, one or both
sutures (see Part L, seetion 217) projectiivj into the. cell, thus partially
or ivhiill;/ dividin<j the cariti/. Stamens diadelplious.

». UeKiuo'<liiiin. Leaves pinnate, of 3 leaflets. Cati/x flipped. Flowers
purple or piuplish, in axillary or terminal racemes. l'o<l flat, the lower
viarijin dee/dif lobed, thus making the pod jointed, roughened with
hooked hairs, eausing the pods to adheit; to the clothing, etc. Stamens
diadelphous.

a T^(>Kiie<l<>'2:a. Leaves pinnate, of li leaflets. Calyx 5-cleft. Pod flat, oval
or roundish, occasionally 2join>ed, hut only l-seeded. Flowers sonio-
times polygamous. Stamens diadelphoua.

34

fill

) ,'

J! !

COMMO. o.V.u,,.. «,,.0 rrMNTS.

12- Alii|>|,l,.„„, ,,, . ,

1. liT'Pl'lVC^S, Tonrn T

T *i - / • -Ltnun. Lupine

J'^ny_8an(iy soil. ^'^^^'^'^l^eply O-lippe,}. Pods

Imiiu-DryfioWs. ^'"yx-teeth f"ngo,l with b„g ,i,ky

2- T. pratense, i. (Ret, pic.,
^an-y, the latter „,a,.ke,I with a n^i " """' '"''™^ ""mewhat
FWe,.a purplish, in ,Ie„se "1' "p^^P"* °" "- "Pper side.

•^- i.repens, L. (Whiti.' r \ o ,

«""te flowe,. nuhe.. loose.-KilL e r;: ! '=™^'"»S- «-"» "f
Ontario, i„ the „eig|,,,„,.,,„„,,'<-) O'.ly i„ sonth-western '

o- nake,. peclnndos , atandardro e re " '"'"'■ "™''^ '-««,
Howera roflexe.I ,vho„ „1,I. """"'' '""^'< "'"1 koel whitiah.

•''• T. agrarium, L. (Ynrm,- „ i,

-flexed when oh,. Leaflta^Ctr'oid ''""''■'„ ""'""•"'■^ ?'^''<"".

■'fe^.

\»f7^d into a tmani

■''''y above, and
h''"^ 'J'a,Ie/pho„3.

• '^'^'''Jofthertovve.
P '^^a'Jiens diadej.

LEOUMINOSiE.

35

er

f^^n clothed With

f »'Ts polyjfamous

'^■'^^' ^^'rtile, u ith the

«tn .fcpnrafe. The
^' ''"«'>y branch.^.

ce-pin/,ate leav

eg.

'.^'EK.) Stem
'tisli flowers
''' long silky

3 somewhat
^'PPer side.

Pearls of

'j-w^estern
'i<Is Jarge,
' ^^litish.*

the same

t>. T. prOCUmbens, L. (Lon* Iloi'-C.) Flowers yellow, reflexeA
when old. Leallets irri/ijc-ohovdlii, tlie lateral ones at a short
distance from the teiminal one. Stem smaller than in No. 5,
spreading. — Sandy fields.

3. MEDIC.V'GO, L. Mkdick.

1. M. lupuli'na, L. iIjI-ack Mkdick.) Stem procumbent,
rlowny. Leaflets obovate, toothed at the apex. Flowers yellow.
lV)ds kidney-shaped. —Waste places.

-• M. sati'va, L., (Luckkne) has purple flowers in a long
raceme, and spira/Ji/-ftviste<l poda. — Cultivated fields.

4. 3IELlLO'Tl-S, Tourn. Swket Clover.

1. M. officinalis, Wiild. (Yef.low Mklilot.) Stem erect,
2-4 feet high. Leaflets ol)ovate-ol)long. Flowers yellow. Pod
drnping, 1-2-seeded. — Waste places.

2. M. alba, Lntn., (White M.) is much like No. 1, but has
wbitt flowers. — Escaped from gardcjis.

5. ROmV'IA, L. LoCCST-TUKK.

1. R. Ps*?udaca'cia, L. (Common Loctst.) Racemes aknder,
loose. Flowers wiiite, fragrant. A large tree.

2. R. viscosa, V(Mit. (Clammy L.) Racemes crowded. Flowers
white, with a ndtlisli tinge. JJranchfefs and lea/stalks clammy.
Smaller than No. 1.

«. ASTRAti'Ar.US, L. Milk- Vetch.

1. A. Canadensis, L. (('anadian- MiLK-VETrii.) Stem erect,
1-4 feet high, soinewhtit puht'scent. Leaflets 10 or viore palrn,
with an odd one at the end. Flou'er>i (jreeiiinh-t/elloic, verif
?i?m<f'ro;w. —River-banks.

2. A. Coop'eri, Cray, \\ixs fewer leaflets^ and widle floiD'irn in a
short spike. — Not common.

7. DKSMO'DirM, DC. Tick-Trepoil.

* Pod raised on a .italic niucli snritnsshni thrcnbjx, the latti-r sUijhthj toothed.

Stipii/'H hristh'-fonn.

L D. nudiflo'rum, D(J. Stem smooth, 4-8 inches high.
Leaves crowded at the summit of sterile stems. Flowers in a
terminal raceme or panicle, on a scape which riies from the root.
Leaflets broadly ovate.

36

OOMMO,, CANAWAK WXI,B p,,^,3.

. ^- D. pauciflo'rum DC r «o "^oo^'s.

»« sterns , leafletsThCwc oir; tl? ""m"'""^ ^"^ '^ --„.,.

flo-..ered, terminal.- ni^h ^Z^'^X" oT- "^'"""^ '-

• • Pod raided ou a stalk har „ '"■'°-

• A/. roTunaifo hum dp ^^f^
-bicuiar. !,„„,„ »«' f^^" "p^'";~'"«'«.-y^-A«»>. Leafleta
Ory «,ndy woods, western 0„ter^. "'Jeuted on both edgos.-

«• D cnsnw,'/ '!^ '""■'"''' *''"''"■ "'"'«■
•"• cuspida turn. Torr -in^ n

™ooth. Leaflets ova'te-ll;Xe f ''"'' '^"' ^'^»'. ve^

8-en o„ both sides. FIowo,.sT„d Letfl"'"'"':"' ™^^ '"^^
-Thickets. """ "^"^^^t" large. I>od 4-6-jointed.

^- D. panicula'tum Dc «* ,

eafleta obIo„g.,a„eeo]a e, taperi^'To .'f ■"' "^^'^ ^^-th-
med,um.si.ed. Pod S-S-io „ted T '^ '""" P"''"'" Flowers
pa..,cled._Ri„h woods. '°'"'"'' '"'^ J"'"*^ tri.„g„,„. r^^^^^

;*.««^":;"5't:;t ,f «^^^^ '™™ the ,««* by the

*rr-^'^ and :;rthTrs '"''"^' *^^ "'«- o*C:

^"T'^^-^^^^^^^^^Jr^i:;. ta„. ,„rrowed.
J»6. Flowers large, about J ineh Ion.. !„ i' '"'"'•''' *<™>A<feA

of the p„I roundish. -Dry woods '' '"^'""<'^- Joints

^- O. cilia're DP «<-
.-nd-ovate (i-n„eh ,17 T„""'' ^'^"'^'' """-y' ^flets
Dry thickets, south-weste?!; Onirfo ™"'' '" '""^ ''— •-

' "toners Of t^osorts: me lar.,.r ,ert, ^usH-C.ov,,,, -

Catalogue.) Stems' upright ta^^o !"'<"; ''"^- »' ^acoun's

oWong to linear, downy ufdenerht/ '"^"« '™»

borders of woods, v,esier„ OnSo """' ''«^'-i'«'y&.-Dry

|g the low ascen(J-
I -Racemes few-

I i^tter deeply cleft.

■^«^>y Leaflets
*^oth edges. _

J^J. erect, very
'^ '^e-iointed.

-arly smooth
'^*- FJowers
^^- Hacemea

'^ ^a^t by the
ter obioiHj or

» furrowed.
ystraightish
^es. Joints

• leaflets

"f? visually

^acouxi's
fig from
e. — ^Dry

LEGUMINOS.E.

37

■■■it'

mS

* * All the flowers perfect, in close spikes or /wads.

2. L. hirtcl, L. Stem erect, waml-like, tall, pubescent. Leaf-
k'ts roundish or oval, pul)escent. Spikes dense, on ]>e(hiiir/('s
IwiKjer I/kiii the haves. Corolla yellowish- white, with a purple ^3pot
on the standard.

•3. L. capita'ta, Michx. Pedunrh:'< and prfiolo^ xhort. Leaflets
varying from oblong to linear, silky underneath. Flowers in
dense heads ; corolla n.-> In ,\'o. /. Calyx much longer than the
pod. — Both species are found in dry soil.

U. VIl'I.V, Touni. Vktcii.

1. V. sati'va, L. (Common Vetch or Taub:.) Stem simple,
somewhat pubescent. Leaflets 10-14, varying from obovate-
oblong to linear. Flowars jnirplc, la,r(/c, one or ln'o together, sessile
in f he axils, or nearly so. — Cultivated fields and waste grounds.

-. V. Cracca, L. (Tuftki) V.) Downy- pubescent. Leaflets
20-^4) oblongdaneeolate, strongly nuicronate. Peduncles lowj,
beariny a dense one-sided raceme of blue flowers, bent downward in
the spike, and turning purple before withering. --Borders of
thickets, and pastures. Chiefly eastward.

3. V. Caroliniana, Walt. Smooth. Leaflets 8-12, oblong.
Pcdunclo.s bearing a rather loose na-enie of' ichlt ish jlojvers, the keel
tipfietl triih hlnc. — Low grounds and river-banks.

4. V. Americana, Muid. Smooth. Leajhts 10-1.4, oval or
ovate-oblong, very veiny. Pedunelts 4^^ -flowered, jlorvers purple,
— Moist places.

T). V. hirsu ta, Koch. Stem weak. Leaflets 12-16, linear.
Peduncles 3-t)-flowered. Pods hairy, J-seeded. — Chiefly eastward.

10. r.Vril'YRU.S, I,. Eveklasting Pea.

1. L. marit'imus, Bigcl. (Bf.ach Pka.) Stem stouc, about a
foot high. Leaflets 8-16, oval or obovate. Stipules broadly
halhtrd-shrped, about as large as the leaflets. Flowers large,
purple. — Sea-coast, and shores of the Creat Lakes.

2. L. veno'sus, Muhl. (Vf.inyE.) Stem 2-3 feet high. Leaf-
lets 10-14. Stipules very smtdl, slnuler, half arrov^-shaped.
Flowers numerous. —Shady baidvs, chiefly westward and south-
ward.

I ; ■(*!'»

38

-»'«0^ CM.V.O,,, „„, ,.,^^^^

A

iij jy '^ov^

-* Sr^r-" iJ- ::f 1,:- rr- --»

iar^er fl.o. ^i , i^'^'^ -pnipio flowers rr "^"K-Unceo-

^e^ than the lower ,.„.«. ,, ^^^P"*' ^^ipules mueh

^ ^---. Plant in Iow,..l,:^^^-- '--'-purpIc^A oon.non

B. tincto'ria K b ma ' "*' ^'^'^''' ^^^"i«o.

o'>ovate, turnin. bhu-1 '" ^ " ""^''^^ ^«««iie- LeJl . '
A«'ivo Lne coast. ^ "^- '*"''" ^^""^. -Dry sol^

™ l-oi.,t i.e,eo. ''=-^-"'-" ■■-"ltiv,.o„, ^.r^rlS

- 0.™.:,, XXXII. KOSA'CEE .P

ANT8.

"f'-'"^^y oblong

P' '^'P'^l^'s much

pic

^ ^'oninion

i-Nu

T.

^''Piish. ^

Moist

'O.

■f.

^^' and sJendeiv'
^^-J>ry soil,

"r. - ,

'■'"i^^^ or com.
'; '^^'t^i pulp
^ ^'stablished

WILY.)

^'^^'es, and
""^^h more
t^^e calyx-
rs.)

it a

<injpe.

J

/'//^'^

/■

-r^^

'C^

,?^^

O

<r

HoSACKiE.

SUBORDKK HOSACEJE.

2. Spfrae'a. Carpels mostly .'), forminj,' f.illiclcs in fruit. Oalyx b-clelt, snoit

Petals obovate, similar.

3. Gille'nlu. Carpels and fruit as in Spi rasa. Calyx eloni^ated, 5 -toothed.

Petals slender, dissimilar.

4. Ajjriino'nia. Carpels 2, formiiiLr aohcncs enclosed in the hardened calyx

tube. Calyx armed with hooked bristles. Flowers yellow, in slender
spikes.

5. Geuin. Carpels numerous, one-ovuled, beeominjj dry achenes, the per-

sistent styles hecominir tiiils, plumose or naked, and straight or jointed.
Calyx-lobes with r> altcrnatin'^'' bractlets.
C. Wal<lst«'i'iiia. Carpels 2-0, fornunu;' aeheries. Leaves radical, of 3 wedtife-
form leaflets. Bractlets of the calyx minu** and deciduous. Flowers
yellow, on bractcd scapes.

7. Potentil'la. Carpels immeroiis, formim; achenes heaped on a dry recep-

tacle, the styles not forminj,' tails. Lobes of the calyx witij 5 alternating
bracts.

8. Fraga'ria. Flowers as in Potentilla, but receptacle becoming' fleshy or

puljiy and scarUt in fniit. (See I'art L, !<ection 23.').) Leaves all railical,
of ;5 leaflets. Low plants prouucin- riuuiers.
\). Ualibar'da. Carpels 5-10, each 2-ovulcd, forming' nearly dry drupelets.
Calyx .0-6-parted, 3 ui the divisious larjjer than the others, and toothed.
Calyx without bracts, persistent, cndosint;' the fruit. Leaves radical,
round heart-shaped. Flowers white, on scapes.

10. Rubus. Carpels numerous, 2-ovuled, forininf,'- drupelets heaped on the

receptacle. (Sec Part L, section 234.) Fruit edible. Calyx without
bracts.

11. Rosa. Carpels numerous, 1-ovuled, formiMi.j achenes enclosed in the

fleshy calyx-tube. (See Part L, section 49.)

Suborder POMEJE.

12. Crat.np'KUS. Calyx-tube urn-shaped, bcromin;.,' thick and fleshy in fruit,

enclosing and combined with the 2-0 carpels. Fruit a i)ome, but drupe-
lilte, containing 2-5 bony nutlets. Thorny shrubs. Flowers grenerally
white.

13. Pyrus. Fruit a pome or bcrry-liko, the 2-.') carpels or cells of a papery or

cartilaginous texture (see Part L, sections 52 and 232), each 2-secded.
Shrubs or trees.

14. Anielan'cliier. Pome bcrry-liko, lO-celled, i.e., with twice »» many

cells as styles. Pet'ils narrow. Otherwise as in Pyrus. Shrubs or small
trees, not thonn/.

1. PRTTIVUS, Toiirn. Plum. Cherry.

i. P. Amerca'na, Marsnaii. (Wild Plum.) A thorny trw
S-20 leet high, with orange or red (hnipes half an inch or morb in

W,'

? mm i

if.?

m I

40

— V -N.,.„, w„„ ,,,,^_^^^

uiameter • aii<I <•
Great Ukos. ' ""■ -^-"'y ".■ gravelly »„„, „,„;;';-

2P-™« arte,. tiK, i.Z F L"°TT "'•''^"■■'-■ectraJeC

t-e^ u,t, „,,,i,„,,,r„„,, |„, J,™"''"'-- CnE^nv., a large
f'om oval to ov.to.Iancoolato tCnl, ■ ™ ''»°°*'>, vary,!

Macoun's Catalogue ) /v ' r> ^'''^''^^^■^'' ^^^^ •

•"^^■^ted, P"rpi,sJ,.-Hi,,,.,,^.^,^j^^^ *''^ '"•'■^"^•'^es. Collides 2-5,

2- S. salicifo'lia t /n

^te- >loM-o.vs M-hito or ros,.-eo]n! f ''^^^*^''^°«'>lyser-

nauicie — Frx... , '^^^' coloured, in o ,1 jam-

l^ovv grounds along streams. "'"' ^^^'"i^ai

HOSACEi^iJ.

41

3. S. tomento'sa, L., (Downy M.) with deep rose-coloured
flowers, and the stems and under surface of the leaves densely
woolly, occurs eastward towards the sea-coast, and in the uorthern
counties of Ontario.

3. GTLI-iE'lVIA, Moonch. iNnTAN-PlIYSIC.

G. trifolia'ta, M<ench. (Bowman's Root.) Herb with .?-

foliolate leaves; the leaflets ovate-ol)loni,', pointed, rather coarsely
serrate ; stipules small, awl-sliape<l, entire. Fh)Wera wliite or
rose-eoloured, in loose few-flowered corymbs. — Rich woods, chiefly
soutli-wtistv.ard.

4. AGRI3IO'!VIA, Toiirn. AcniMoNY.
A. Eupato'ria, I-- (Common Aouimonv.) Stem herbaceous,
hairy, 2 8 feet Idgh. Leaves interruptedly pinnate, larger hsaf-
lets")-?, oblong-obovatc, coarsely serrate. I'ctals yellow, twice
as long as the calyx. — Borders of woods.

5. GEUM, L. AvKNs.

1. G. album, Omelin. (WiiiTR Avkns.) Stem 2 feet high,
slender, branching, sniootiiish or downy. Root-leaves pinnate,
the cauline ones .S-divided, lobed, or only toothed. Peta/s whke,
38 long as the <;alyx. Aclienes biistly, tipped witli the hooked
lower joint of the style, the upper joint falling away. Receptacle
of the fr alt hrlsihi. — Low rich woods and thickets.

2. Q. Virginia'num, L. Sten) stout, l)ristly-hairy. I^eaves
nearly as in No. 1. Petah w/iifc, shorter than the cahjx. liecep-
tuck of the /nut nearly .smooil/i. —Meadows and thickets; not
connnon.

8. G. Strictum, Ait. (Yellow A.) Stem 2. 3 feet high, rather
hairy. Root-leaves interruptedly pinnate ; stem-leaves 3-5 folio-
late, leaflets obovate or ovate. Petals yelloir, longer than the
calyx. Receptacle of the fruit downy. Achenes tipped witii the
ho<jked style, — Dry thickets.

4. G. riva'le, L. (WAXEKor Purplk Avens.) Petals purpUsh-
yelUnv; calij.r brown-purple. Flowers nodding, but the fruiting
heads upriglit. The n}>per joint of the style feathery, persistent.
Stem simple, 2 feet high. Root-leaves lyrate ; stem-leaves iew,
3-foliolate, lobed. — Bogs and wet places.

42

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANT8.

P

ll

T). G. triflo'rum, Pursh. Stem about a foot high, soft-hairy.
Flowers 3 or more, on long peduncles, purple. Styles not jointed,
feathery, at least i3 inches long in the fruit. — Dry hills and thickets;
not common.

O. WAr.DSTEI'^IA, Willd. BaHREN STRAWBERRY.

W, fragarioi'des, Tratt. A low plant, 4-6 inches high.
Leaflets 3, broadly wedge-form, crenately toothed. Scapes several-
flowered. Petals yellow, luiger than the calyx. — Dry woods and

hill-sides.

7. POTE\TIlVl..\, L. CiNQUF.-FoiL.

1. P. Norve'gica, L. (Norway Cinque- Foil.) Stem erect,
hairy, branching above. L<iave>^ palmate, of 3 leaflets; leaflets
ol)ovate-oblong, coarsely serrate. Flowers in cymose clusters.
P(!tals pale yellow, small, not longer than the sepals, — Fields and
low grounds.

2. P. paradox'a, Nutt., a plant of spreading or decumbent
habit, with pinnate leaves of 5-9 leaflets, solitary flowers, small
petals^ and achenes witli an app(jndage at the base, occurs along
the south-western shore of Lake Ontario.

3. P. Canaden'sis, L. (Canada C.) Stem prostrate or ascend •
ing, silky-hairy. Leaves palmate, of 5 leaflets, the latter serrate
towards the apex. Flowers Hulitary. Petals yellow, longer than
the sepals. — Dry soil.

•i. P. argen'tea, I^. (Silvery C.) Stem ascending, branched
at the summit, ichite-n'oolhi. Loitvos palmate, of 5 leaflets, the
latter deeply serrate tov/ar<ls the apex, loith revolute vianjins, and
woollij beneath. Petals yellow, longor than the sepals. — Dry fields
and roadsides.

5. P. argu'ta, Pursh. Stem stout, 1-2 feet liigh, brownish-
hairy. Leaves pinnate, of 3-9 oval serrate leaflets, downy under-
neath. Flowers in dense cymose clusters. Petals yellowish or
cream-coloured, deciduous. Plant clammy above. — Dry tiiickets.

6. P. Anseri'na, !-<. (Silver- Weed.) Wow \>\M\t, creeping
imth slender rnnners. Leaves all railical, interruptedly piimato ;
leaflets !)-10, serrate, green above, siliteni-fiilkn beneath. Flowers
sofifari/, on long scape-like jteduncles, brigiit yellow. — River and
I;vke margins.

ROSACE/E.

7. P. fmtico'sa, !-«. (SirurnnY C. ) Stem erect, shrubhi/, 1-3
feet high, much branched. Leaves pinnate, of 5-7 leaflets, closely
crowded, entire, silky, especially beneath. Flowers numerous,
large, yellow, terminating the branches. — Bogs.

S. P. tridenta'ta, Ait., (Thkek-toothki) C) is common cast-
ward towards the sea-coast. Stem 4 0 inches high. Leaves
rigid, palmate, of 3 w(Mlge-shaped leaflets, 3-toothc<l at the apex.
Petal X ic/ilte.

^. P. palustris, f*^t3op. (Marsh Fivk-Fint;i:r.) Stem ascend-
ing. Leaves pinnate, of 5-7 lanceolate, crowded, dcejily serrate
leaflets, whitish beneath. Cahjx an inch broad, dark purple
inside. Petals ;>?/77>/e.— Bogs.

8. PRACiA'RiA, Tonrn. STUAwnERRV,

1. F. Virginia'na, I'ilu'hart. Achcnes deeply imheddrd in pits
on the surface of the llo^ihy rcceptticle ; caly.x c rect after flowering.
Leaflets firm.

2. F. Ves'ca, L- Achcnes not siinl- in /)ifs, l)ut merely on the
surface of the receptacle ; calyx spreading. Leaflets thin.

9. DAI.IIIAR DA, L. Daiii.audv.
D. repens, L. ilinhus Dalihardd, L., in Macoun's Catalogue.)
Stems tufted, downy. Wiiole plant with something of the aspect
of a violet. — T^)w woods.

H>. RUHUS, Tourn. BR.vMr.LE.

L R. odora'tus, L. (Pituplk FLowicnrvo-RAspRFRUY.)
Shrubby, .'^5 feet high. Branches, peduncles, and calyx elavimy
with (/land (liar hair>i. Fl tuners lanje and handsome, rose- pur j)le.
Leaves large, broadly ovate, 3-5 lobod, the lubes acute, minutely
t(X)t!ic<l. Pruit Jlat.

2. R. triflo'rus, Richardaon. (Dwahf Raspiikkuv.) Stems
ascending or trailing, a foot high, not prickly. Leaflets 3-5, msarly
smooth, rhombic-ovate, acute at both ends, doubly serrate.
l\;dnncle usually 3-flowercd. Petals white ; sepals reflexcd.
Fiuit red. — Cedar swamps.

'^ R. strigo'sus, Michx. (Wild Red Rasppfjuiv.) Stenn^
npriijht, beset with stiff strait jht bristles. Leaflets 3-5, ol)l()ng-ovatc,
pointed, cut-serrate, A'hitish beneath. Fruit lit/ht red.— liil\'
sides and thickets.

f 1*; j

li i

'I ' I

i '' 'i

I R^^'

m

u

u

COWMUN CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

n

4. R. occidenta'lis, L. (Black RASPiiEKRY.) Stem ulancm^
reciirvnly artntd vilk hooked jmcldcH. Leaflets H, ovate, pointed,
coarsely seirate, white-downy beneath. Fruit purplish-black. —
Borders of lields, especially where the ground has been burned
over.

5. R. villosus, Ait. (Mi(!ii I>la(;ki5KRRY.) Stem shrubby,
furrowed, erect or rcidining, armed with hot)ked prickles. Leaf-
lets .'{-5, une(]ually serrate, tlie terminal one conspicuously
stalked. Lower surface of the leaflets hairy and ij/audular.
Flowei's raccmed, niimtrous, large and whit(\ Fniit ob/o7i(j,
h/ack: \'ar. frondosus is smoother and less glandular. V^ar.
humifuSUS i« trailing and smaller, and the liowers are less
numerous. — Borders of thickets.

(3. R, Canaden'sis. lj. (Low Blacivrkiuiy. Dewhekry.) Stem

shrub))y, extensively (rai/iiii/, nli<j/i/ly prickly. Ijoallets chiefly 3,
oval or ovate-lanceolate, nearly .smooth, sharply serrate. Flowers
in racemes. — Thickets and rocky hills. .

7. R. his'pidus, L., (Running Swamp Blackberry) occurs

occasionally in low meadows. Stem prostrate, with small reflexed

pri(;kles, sending up at intervals the shoit flowering shoots.

Leaflets mostly 3, smooth and shining. Fruit of few grains, red

or purple.

H. ROSA, Tourn. EosK.

* Styles separate ; includetl tvithin the calyx-tube.

L R. Caroli'na, L. (Swamp Rose.) Stem 4-8 feet high, erect,
armed with stout hooked pj-iekles, but no bristles. Leaflets 5-9,
finely serrate. Floicers in corymhsy numerom. Calyx and (jlobi'.lar
calyj-tube beset irith (jiandalar bristles. — Wet places.

2. R. lu'cida, Fhrhart. (Dwarf Wild Rose.) Stem 1-2 feet
higii, armed with slender almost straiijld prickles, and bristles.
Leaflets 5-9, tinely i(errat(\ Peduncles 1-3-jlowercd. Calyx-teeth
bristly, but the tube in fruit nearly smooth, — Dry soil, or borders
of swamps.

3. R. "blanda, Ait. (Early Wilh Rose.) Stem 1-3 feet high,
Prickles feu' and scattered, straight. Leaflets 5-7. Peduncles 1-3-
Jhtcered. Calyx andjrnit smooth, the lobes of the calyx yrect aiid
gounivcut in fruit. — Dry woods and lields.

IP

ROSACEiF.

45

4. R. rubigino'sa, L. (SwEKT-I:iKiER.) Stem tall. Prickles
miinerous, the larger hooked, tlie smaller awl-shaped. Leaflets
5-7, <loul)ly serrate, (jlandii/nr beneath. F/owars mostly solitary.
Vvnit ])rn7'-f<hapcd or ohovate. — Roadsides and fields.

* * Stifli'H coherinj in a jrrotruding column, as long an the stamens.

5. R. PGcig'era, Michx. Stern climblny. Prickles nearly

atrai;^lit. Leaflets ;^-5, ovate. Petals de(!p rose-coloured, changing

to white. — Borders of thickets and along fences ; south-western

Ontario.

li. CRAT^E'GUS, L. Hawthorn.

1. C. COCCin'ea, L. (Scaklkt-Fkuiteo Thorn.) A low tree,
(jlabrous. Leaves rather thin, roundish-ovate, serrate, on slender
petioles. Fruit brigJit red, ovoid, hanlly edible. — Thickets.

2. C. tomento'sa, L. (Black or Peak Thorn.) A tall shrub
or low tree, downy, at least when young. Leaves thickish, oval
or broadly ovate, linely serrate, on manfined petioles, furrowed
along the veins. Fruit globular or pear-shaped, larger than in
No. 1, edible. -Thickets.

3. C. Crus-galli, L. (Cocksppr Thorn.) A shrub or low
tree, ij/abrous. Leaves thick, skintwj above, ivedije-obovate, finely
serrate. Petioles re/'// short. Fruit globular, bright red. Thorns
very long. — Thickets.

i:i. PYRUS, L. Pkah. Apple.

1. P. corona'ria, L. (American Crab- Apple.) A small tree,

with ovule serrate simple learns. Flowers in umbel-like cymes.
Styles woolly ami cohering at the base. Fruit a ijrcenish apple.
— Chiefly west of Toronto.

2. P. arhutifo'lia, L. (Chokk-Berry. ) A shrub, with obovato
linely serrate simple leaves. Flowers in compound cymes. Fruit
bemj-Uhe, nearly globular, dark reil or black. — Swamps.

'i. P. America'na, DC (American Mountain A.sh.) A small
tree, with odd-pinnate leaves of 13-15 leaflets, the latter lanceolate,
taper-pointed, sharply serrate, bright green. Fruit scarlet, berry-
like. F'lowers in flat cymes. — Swamps and cool woods, northward.

II. A3IEL.A\'<'IIIKR, Mtdie. June-BeRUY.
A. Canaden'sis, Torr. and Cray. (SiiADiirsr.) A shrub or
small tree, with a purplish, berry-like, edible fruit. The variety

^ij

40

COMMON CANADlxVN WILD PLANTS.

!!■ i

r' ' ! !

lijiirji !

m ' V

h ;ii!

Botryapium lias ovate-oblong leaves, very sharply serrate, and
white floweis in long drooping racemes, the petals -t times as
long as tlic calyx. The variety rotundifolia has broader leaves
and shorter petals, and G-IO-flowered racemes.

OiiD^-ni XXXIII. SAXIPRAGA'CEiE. (Saxifrage F.)

Herbs or shrubs, distinguished from Rosacetu chiefly in having
opposite as well as alternate leaves, and usually no stipules ;
stamens only as many or twice as many as the (usually 5) petals;
and the carpels fewer than the petals (mostly 2), and usually
more or less united with each other. Stamens and petals generally
inserted on the calyx.

Syuopxiii of the Ocncrn.

1. Hi'bes. Shrubs, sometimes prickly, witli alternate and palmatcly-vcined

and lobcd leaves, which are plaited in the hv^. Calyx 5-lobed, the tube
adherent to the ovary (superior). Petals fi, small, inserted o!i the calyx.
Stamens 5. Styles 2. Fruit a mani/secdcd hvrry,

2. Parnas'sia. Smooth hcrljs, with entire and chiefly railical leaves, and

solitary flowers torminatin<y the lonjj scapes. Pcitals 5, large, veiny, each
tvith a cliistiT (if sterile filaments at the base. Proper stamens 5. Stig-
i"^s 1. Pod 4-valved. Calyx free from the ovary.

3. Saxif'raga. Herbs with clustered root-leaves. Flowers in close cymes.

Calyx-lobes hardly adherent to the ovary. Petals 5. Stamens 10.

Fruit a pair offolUcli's, sli^'htly united at the base.
'4. Mit«;l'la. Low and slender herbs, wiUi round heart-shaped radical leaves,

those on the scape (if ana) opposite. Flowers in terminal racetnes.

Calyx 5-lobed, adherent to the base of the ovar3\ Petals 5, slender,

pianatifid. Stamens 10, short. Styles 2. Pod I'.-beaked, but 1-oelled.
5. Tiarel'la. Slender herbs, with radical lieart-shaped leaves, 'and leafless

scapes, bearing a simple raceme of flowers. Calyx bcil-ahaped, S-parted.

Petals 5, entire. Stamens 10, long and' slender. Pod 2-valved, the

valves ''inequal.
G. Clirysople 'ilium. Small and 4Bmooth herbs, with mostly opposite

roundish leaves. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. Petals none.

Stamens twice as many as the calyx-lobes (8-10), inserted on a con-
spicuous disk. Potl 2-lobed.

1. RI'IIES, L. Currant. Gooseberry.

1. R. Cynos'bati, L. (Wild Gooseberry.) Stem with small
thorns at tho bases of the leaves, the latter downy, on slender
petioles, roundish heart-shaped, .S-5-lobcd. Peduncles slender^
2 .S- (lowered. Berry covered with Ioikj 2^^'ickles. — Open woods
and cleariuvcs.

wmmu

^^■jmmmvie^ii^m

SAXIFRAC.ACEiE.

47

2. R. hirterium, Michx. (Small Wild Gooseberry.) Stems
with very sliort tlioriia or none. Pcdandc^ very shorty 1-2-
flowered. Berry small j smooth. — Low grounds.

3. R. lacus'tre, Poir. (Swamp Goosehkkry.) Shrubby. Young
stems prickly, and tiiorny at the bases of the leaves. Leaves
cordate, deeply 3 -5-lohed, the lohes deeply cut. Ruremeii 4-0-jlow-
ered, slender, nodding. Fruit bristly. — Swamps and wet woods.

4. R. florldum, L. (Wild Black Currant.) Stems and fruit
ivithout prickles or thorns. Leaves resinous-dotted, sharply 3-5-
lobed, doubly serrate. Racemes many-llowered, drooping.
Calyx bell-shaped. Fruit black, smooth. — Woods.

5. R. rubrum, L. (Wild Rkd Curkaxt.) A low shrub with
straggling stems. Leaves ol)tuseIy 3-5-lobcd. Racemes from
lateral buds separate from the leaf-hndy, drooping. Calyx flat.
Fntit red, smooth. — Bogs and wet woods.

3. PARWS'SIA, Tourn. Grass of Parnassus.

P. Carolinia'na, Michx. Petals sessile, very veiny. Sterile
filaments 3 in each set. Leaves ovate or rounded, usually only one
low down on the stalk. Flower an inch across. — Beaver meadows
and wet banks.

3. SAXIP'RAGA, L. SaXIFRAOE. '

S. Virginien'sis, Michx. (Karlv Saxifrage.) Stem 4-9
inches high. Scape clammy. Leaves obovate, crenatidy toothed.
Petals white, oblong, twice as long as the sepals. — Damp rocks
along rjtreams.

4. MITEL'LA, Tourn. Mitrk-Wort. Bishop's-Cap.

1. M. diphyl'la, L. (Two-leaved Mithk- Wort.) Stem hairy.
I^eaves cordate, 3 ."j-lobed,. ^/to,s-f on (he scape ^, opposite, nearly
sessile. Flowers wliite. — Rich woods.

2. M. nuda, L. (Nakk.d-stalkkd M.) Stem small and
delicate. Leaves kidney-shapeil, douhly crenafc. Scape leafless,
few-flowered. Flowers (jreenish. — Deep woods, on moss-covered
logs, etc.

5. TIARET/LA, L. Falhk Mitrk-WoRT.

T. COrdifo'lia, L. Scape leafless, ,") 12 inches high. Leaves
heart-shaped, sliarply tootlud, sparsely hairy above, downy
beneath. Petals wiute, ol»loMg. — Rich woods.

48

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

ili ;;

i m

*■"■

,,"

i

IS'' i'.

M

i

r

! w'

i

i

1

i

1 1

. 1; ■ ■''

i;
i

•i' I

j

:1

i

•

!

1

•

n |[

t
i

1

f

;l 1 i|,

,

li

§1

6. CHRYSOPLE'NIUM, Tourn. Golden Saxifbage.

C. America'num, Schwein. A low and delicate smooth herb,
with spreading and forking stems. Flowers greenisli-yellow,
inconspicuous, nearly sessile in the forks. Shady wet places.

Order XXXIV. CRASSULA'CEiE. (Orpine Family.)

Succulent herbs (except in one genus), chiefly differing from
Saxifragaceae in having siimmetricai Jloivers, the sepals, petals,
and carpels being the same in number, and the stamens either as
many or twice as many.

1. PEN'THORUM, Gronov. Ditch Stone-crop.

P. sedoi'des, Gronov. Not succulent. Sepals 5. Petals 5, if

any; sometimes wanting. Stamens 10. Pod 5-angled, S-horned,

and 5-celled. Leaves scattered, lanceolate, acute at both ends. A

homely weed, with greenish-yellow flowers in a loose cyme, —

Wet places. (Part'« of the flowers occasionally in sixes or

sev^ens.) ^

a. SEDUM, Tourn. Stone-crop. Orpine.

S. acre, L. (Mossy Stone-crop.) Leaves very thicK and
succulent, crowded, very small. Petals yellow. A spreading
moss-like plant, which has escaped from cultivation in many
places. — Roadsides.

Order XXXV. HAMAMELA'CEiE. (Witch-hazel F.)

Tall shrubs, with alternate simple leaves, and deciduous
stipules. Flowers in clusters or heads, often monoecious.
Calyx 4-parted, adlierent to the base of the ovary, the latter
of 2 united carpels. Fruit a 2-beaked, O-celled, woody pod,
opening at the top. Petals 4, strap-shaped, inserted on the
calyx. Stamens 8, 4 of them anther-bearing, the remainder
reduced to scales. The only genus witli us is

HA3IAME'MS, L. Witch-hazel.

H. Virgin'ica, I^. Leaves obovate or oval, crenate or wavy-
toothed, pubescent. Flowers yellow, appearing late in autumn.
— Damp woods, chiefly west of Toronto.

HALORAGE/E, ONAGHACEiE.

49

M

.~e

Order XXXVI. HALORA'GEiE. (Water-Milfoil F.)

Aquatic or marsh plants, with small inconspicuous flowers,
sessile in the axils of the leaves or bracts. Calyx-tube ad-
herent to the ovary, the latter in one genus 4-lobcd and 4-
celkd ; in the other of a single carpel. Limb of the calyx minute
or none. Petals 4, if any. Stamens 1-8. Fruit indehiaceut, a
single seed in each cell.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Myritipliyl'liiiu. flowers monoecious or polyjifanious, with the parts in

fours. Stamuiis 4 or 8. Inuncrscd leaves pinnately dissected into
capillary divisions.

2. Ilippu'ris. Flowers perfect. Stamen, sti'le, and carpel oftZy 07ie. Leaves

cntiri', linear, acute ; in whorls of S or 12.

1. 3lYItIOPHYL.'LUM, Vaill. Water-Milfoil.

1 • M. spica'tum, L. Sta7?ie7i>i 8. Bracts ovate, entire, shorter
tli'in the. jlowtrs. Leaves in whorls of 3 or 4. Flowers greenish,
in terminal spikes. Stem very long. — Deep water.

-. M. verticilla'tum, L. Stamem S. Leaves finely dissected
and whorled as in No. 1. Bracts pectinate-pinnatifid, much
longer tlum the flowers, and the spike therefore leafy. Stem 2-4
feet long. — Stagnant water.

^- M. heterophyl'lura, Michx. Stamens 4- Lower leaves

dissected, in wliorls of 4 or 5. Bracts ovate or lanceolate, finely
serrate, crowded, the lower ones pinnatifid. Stem stout.— Stag-
nant or slow water.

i. IIIPPU'RIS, L. Mare's Tail.

H. vulgaris, I^. A perennial aquatic, with jointed erect stem.
— Muddy margins of ponds and streams. ,

Order XXXVn. ONAGRA'CEJE. (Evening-Primeose F. )

Herbs, witli perfect and synmietrical flowers, the parts of the
latter in twos or fours. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, and
usually prolonged above it. Petals and stamens inserted on the
calyx. Style 1. Stigmas 2 or 4 or capitate. (See Fart I, sections
44-47, for description of a typical plant.)

60

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

h U

) 1

I 1

m

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. CircnR'a. Petals 2, obcordate. Stamens 2. Stigma capitate. Fruit bu*^

like, l-2-8eede(l, beset witli hooked bristles. Delicate low plants with
opposite leaves and very small white flowers in racemes.

2. Kpilo'biuni. Petals h. Stamens S. Calyx-tube hardly prolonged beyond

the ovary. Fruit a linear pod, many-seeded, the seeds provided vdth
tufts of dciony hair.

3. ffinothe'ra. Petals It. Stamens S. Stijfma 4-lobed. Flowers yellow.

Calyx-tube much prolonged. Pods cylindrical or club-shaped. Seeds
loithout tufts.
i. Liudwig'ia. Petals /,. or none. Stamens U. Calyx-tube not prolonged.
Stigma CO *^ato.

' 1. CIIv •■ 1. V, '^ourn. Enciiantek's Nightshade.

1. C. Lutetia U ■'^^em 1-2 feet high. Leaves opposite,
ovate, slightly toothed. JS o bi'acts under the pedicels. Fruit
roundish, hrktly-hairyy '2-ceUed. — Rich woods.

2. C. alpi'na, L. Stem 'o?(; and delicate (8-8 inches). Leaves
cordate, coarsely toothed. Minute brads under the pedicels.
Fruit club-shaped, soft-hairy , 1-ceUed. — Deep low woods.

a. EPILO'BIU3I, L. WiLLOW-HEUB.

L E. angUStifolium, L. (Great Willow-herb.) Stem 3-6
feet high, simple. Leaves lanceolate. Flowers purple, very
showy, in a terminal raceme or spike. Stigma of 4 long lobes. —
Newly-cleared land. -

2. E. palustre, L., var. lineare. Stem 1-2 feet high, erect,
slender, branching above, hoary-pubescent. Leaves linear, nearly
entire. Flowers small, corymbed at the ends of the branches,
purplish or white. Petals erect. Stigma club-shaped. — Bogs.

3. E. molle, Torr., is occasionally met with. It differs from
No. 2 chiefly in having the leaves crowded and their points more
obtuse. The petals are rose-coloured. — Bogs.

4. E. colora'tum, Mubl. Stem 1-2 feet high, nearly smooth.
Leaves lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate. Flowers small, corymbed.
Petals purplish, deeply notched. — Extremely common in wet
places.

3. OEIVOTHE'RA, L. EVENING PlilMKOSE.

1. (E. bien'nis, L. (Common Evening Primrose.) Stem 2-4
feet high, hairy. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Flowers yellow,

'S.

pitate. Fruit bur.
t' Jow plants with

is.

Prolongred beyond
^^ provided toith

Flowers yellow,
''-shaped. Seeds

not prolonged.

HADE.

«'Ves opposite,
Ucch. Fi-uit

'es). Leaves
^-^'e pedicels.
ods.

) Stem 3-6
»urple, very
»ng lobes

'»'gh, erect,
ear, nearly
' branches,
—Bogs.

iffers from
^ints more

^y smooth. '"
^rynibed.
1 in wet

MELASTOMACE.E, LYTHRACEiE.

61

Stem 2~4
yellow,

odorous, in a leafy spike, opening in the evening or in cloudy
weather. Pods oblong, narrowing towards the top. — Waste
places.

2. (£. pu'mila, L. (vSmall E.) 8tem low, 5-l.i inches hhjh,
smooth or nearly so. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate. Pods
nearly sessile, club-shaped, //.-atK/li'd. Flowers pale yellow, open-
ing in sunshine. — River and lake margins.

3. (E. chrysan'tha, Michx. Distinguished from the preceding
by the orange-yellow flowers, and pedicel/ed jwls, the latter
scarcely wing-angled. — Along the Niagara river.

4. T.UDAVIG'IA, L. Falsk Looskstuikk.

L. palustris, KH. (Water Pukslaxk.) Stems creeping in
the mud of ditches or river margins, smootli. Leaves opposite,
tapering into a slender petiole. Flowers sessile, soli, iry usually
without petals. Pod 4-sided.

Order XXXVIIL MELASTOMA'CEJE. (Mft.astoma F.)

Low herbs with opposite .3-5-ribboil leaves. Calyx-tube ad-
herent to the ovary, the limb 4-cleft. Petals 4, i^.nowy, convolute
in the bud. Stamens 8, with 1 -celled anthers opening b}' a pore
at the apex ; these and the petals inserted on the calyx. Stylo
and stigma 1. Pod 4-celled, many-seeded; seeds coiled. The
only representative with us is

RHEXIA, L. DKf:R-GRAss. Meadow-Beauty.

1. B. Virginica, L. Stem square, wing-angled. Leaves oval-
lanceolate. Petals purple. — Shores or the Muskoka Lakes.

Order XXXTX. LYTHRACEiE. (Looskstrifk F.)

Herbs, or slightly woody plants, with opposite or whorled
entire leaves, without stipules. Calyx enclosing, hut free from,
the ovary. Petals (mostly ">) and stamens (mostly 10) inserted
on the caly;:. Flowers axillary or whorled. Style 1. Stigma
capitate. The only conmion representative genus with us is

NES^'A, Comniorson, .Tuss. Swamp Looskhtiufe.
N. verticilla'ta, H.B.K. Stems curving, 2-0 feet long, 4-6-
sided. Leaves lanceolate, mostly whorled. Flowers purple, in the

i :' >

52

i 'i

fliil

"OMMO^ OANXDUK W,I.„ r,,^„

-e-'e.'. .<; longer tha-ftii:!;:"!!:::;;; "-•• ^to,,.,. ,o:

"Others, a„.I „ft„„ „,,„ , t,,„ '"' "^;'' """"'' ''r thei,- t,„.t„„„,

S. angula'tus I x I ^■'■^» ^''^'■^'^hkh.

^. ECHIIVOCYS TIS j ., *

^ E. loba'ta. To,.,., a,..;,)"' "";!,!'7- '^"■" ^"«-Arr«.
^vea deeply „,„, sharply S-bbell'l vl'lf "'«"" '"-"■■'«-

A„,i«,ia..eo„a«..„,.p.„„ ^^^ ^-l--" J'-™,)

Car.vophy„ace,e „,„t ij,, at:.:".*,^;".'^ '""-'^ ■-'".>»<. in
repreaentetivea of theae in u? ' '''""■'"«• however, from f,,.„„

--«„« in „,.r ,„„,;"'• '" '-'■"« ^a<-««.„„ ,■„ M. o«.;. "p^^;:

M. verticilla'ta I a ' ^^"^'^^'^^'^i^.

^r '-'-Wet ~':.:'-'-''— "erh, ....
Flowera on long axillary pe<lic! , 1 ''l'P"'«"% verticillato •
Sepala 5. white inside. X*: to'n '"11"' '■"'° ^^ ^'"■' "' ^'"^

"■ ^'"'"-^n^ mostly 3. Styles

I/'N.

UMMKI-LII'KHiE.

53

■'""«• Calyx..
f"'""^"'iy more

h'^*^''"ato, pal.

'"' ^-^^kft, witj, ,1

l-c'elled. Fruit
'o"«- c-onipounti
■seeded. Fruit

^'"P yards.

"•'»es ioiig.

icliulecl in
from true
'• Petals

\ grow-
'ciJliite.

umbel.

Styles

.'{. Tod .'i-celled, 3-valvt'<l, loculicitliil, tlio partitioiiH hrt.'akin^i
away from the many-socded axis. — Mo.stly in Houth-wcstern
Ontario.

OhdkrXLII. UMBKLLIP'ERiE. (F'ar.si.fy Family.)

Jlerba with .sinall Jlowcrn 'ihohIIii in <:uih/h>hii(1 uinhcU. Calyx-
tube grown fast t<» the .surface of the ovary ; calyx-teeth minute
or none. Tlie T) prtiJa and 5 Htameii.i in,serted on a di.sk which
crowns tlie ovary. Stylos 2. Fruit dry, 2-He(!ded. Stems lioUow.
Ijcaves usually much cut. (See Part i., Chapter VII., for tle.scrip-
tion of a typical llower. )

Syiiop.sis !»!' lli<! G(>nrra.

§ 1. Si'i'ilx Jiat (not h(jUi)ii)) (in fill' iiimr /ace. «

1, ITyflro(M>t'yl<?. ('nihrU siiti])li', i.r (uir Hiirlwiiiu} from tin' KUinmit oj

anotlicr, axilliiry. Flowers wliiUs. Si-iu slotultr and creopirifj. ficave^
round Uidiiey- si liificd.

2. Siinic'ulsi. (ImhflH irreiiular(i)r coniponnd), the ifrreninh Jloivfrn eajdlatt

in tho unibelltt.H. LeavcM palinaU;ly lobed or jiartcd. Fruit ^lobultir,
covorcd with hooked prickUis.

(/?i till' Genera vhich f'oUoio, the timheln are retjularhf compoimd.)

.*]. l)sni'<Mis. Stem luistly. Leaves twiee- or thrice-pinnate, or i>innatifld.
I'.riuts of the invohiere pinnatifid, very lonjj. Fruit riltlted, the rihs
brinlly,

4. II«u'jiel<»'uin. Strin i!/t fret /il;/h, ivoolb/ ami (grooved. Leaves 1-2-ter.
nately compound. Flowern irhile, the outer corollas larj^er than the
others. Fruit ivi luj- mar;! iiied at the junction of the carpela, very flat.
Carpels [> rihhed on the back.

f). Pastiiia'ca. Stem smooth, ^.frooved. Leaves |)innate. Flowers yellow,
all alike. Fruit as in No. 4.

6. Arclu'in'ora. Stem smooth. Leaves piruiate, of -3-9 rather narrow

leaflets. Flowers white. Fruit broadly wiiiffed, flat, 5-rlbbed on the
back.

7. Ar<diaiig<il'ica. Stem smooth, stout, i)urp!e. L(!avcs 2-3ternatoly

compound. Flowrrs ijreeninh- white. Fruit smooth, flattlsh on the back,
dotihle-winij-inar<jined, each carpel with 3 ribs on the back.

8. Coni€)si'li'imin. Stem smooth. Leaves finely 2-3-pinnately eompoujid,

the petioles inflated. Flowirs ivhite. Fruit donid;/ wiiuf-inarifined,
and with .'! narrow win[js on the back of each carpel.

0. Thaspiuiii. Stem smooth. Leaves 1-2-t.ernately divided. Flotoers deep
yelloio. Fruit not flattened, 10 winjed or ribbed.

l¥

W
*

51

rOAIMON J'ANAniAN W!M» ri.ANTN.

10. /.lylii. Sti'in Nicnilrv, «ini>otl» \\\u\ uIuiu'ihis. I.ciivi't* ^? .'Hi-imili'ly iniii-
poiimi. I'h^V'ts i/t'lfov. Hii\Hnf tl\i> niiibt'l lixiu: nnd hIi'IhIit. Fniit
l♦o)lh•«?.•^•f/ ri/ f/i- /f«Mi'<«iifi i(f" ^/».' i'rM7>>7«; //»<• I'lF*;!. /.■« ))fr>r»i('i!»/ ft lihh'it.

11 <ii'U In. Htom HfivrtKi'il with puipli', Hfoiit.. I,»m»v«'« thyuw (<iiiM;)iitMi)/.

v.]. S\u\\\. S{v\\\ unnnoil. Li'iimm Hiinply ;'»(^ll(^^'. /'Vcrivrs whUv, Tnilfc

fto h« No. 10.
l.'l. <'r> |»<«»ti»> nlii. S(t>u\ -mi>o<l\. I.>iir,s .hf,ih,yliif<\ I'hr inufwh with vrrii

ti»<'<iUiii 1-iifis l"ln\xiM'4 wMft-, I' rnlf. iii'mly i>H In Ni»«. lOmnllt.

H <*Hmovv1il 7i». ],(<HM'4 'inyi\ '* .'( foii\i«tt'1y oiin«|M»Mnil VMhwoi'm vvlilt.o
l'r\nt limav iiMoi\u, nnnloil, lm«'ilnu ilmvnwunl.H Into a hIiUU lliu; Ihibo.

Ift. f'o'i^lmn. l,.\uon )inv<'. ilooompi^tihl. I'lmvova wliito. I'VuH ovale,
llaUoui-il :«< tl>o Hi.lo^. r> HMmmI, //if fiVi.v mif'f/,

<5 :<. /)))><•(• r'i».\' ,)/ •,1,'h .Vf. </ ri/ri'.'i/ iiiii',i,,is at /•';> »i>i(? ?i<)/N'Hf,
1ft. t<'rlm»'nl;i. SlonHow i\n.l xinooHi. l.ciixi'M '.' :< loniuloly ilivldcd l-'nn't
tin'}). »\irp('ls ne;»vl\ Uidiioy fonn. rinhclH H nvvnl. buisUI. Moworn
whilo.

1. IIVUHOt OT \ I.K. Tourn. W \ ri u IMnnvwout.

H. AlUOricana, 1^. S((>m spiojuling ami «M('o|nnii. very
sUmuIov. l,oa\ OS Uidnov h1\!»i>«m1. .icMoto, slightly IoIkmI. rinholH
\] ."> llo\\oro<i, iiu'onspionons. in ilio axila of tlio loavcM,— Shady
wot pi

iicos.

'i. S \\U' 1 li \. "Vouni. SvMfii-. IUmk Sn \KiKoivr

1. S. Canadensis. 1

/.

f r»(V S ,> >)

■ fuirfot. A j'lir s((n)iiil(tft'

7f()?/vr.< anuMiii tlio }MMl<\-t i^uos. and ou n rii short pri/icr/H. Stylos
shortor than iho |Mioklos oi tho fniit. Low rioh wimmIs, not so
otMiinuMi as tlio no\t.

'^. S. Marilan dica, L. /

rtors ,')

'•lUD'friL Staiuinaio ilowor.s

nuniorous, and on sloulrr paiirds. !<tylos louii;, roourvod. — Kioh

Wixxis,

:?. 1>\IC'IS. Tonrn. (Vvuuor

D. Caro ta, L. (Common (\\khot, ) For.nd wiUl oooasioually
in oUi tiolds. In fruit tho und>ol booomos hollow liko a bird's nest.

4. HKHACI.F. IM. L. Tow Vausmi'.

H. laiiatUlll, Miohx. Unibols huxe and tlat. Totiolos of tho

♦

UMiiKMirini/t;.

r^rt

IcavoH ppirmHiu,' niul Hlll>ll.MliM^^ I,«<(i,voh v«ry l/iij^n; ImlUiU
lnoiMlly liniit, h!ih.|h><I. .liM|»ly I«»Im'I. I,ow wif. m»>(Ml»>WH.

ft. I'VN'i'iwrx, 'I', ,. I'MiKNjp.

P. Hiltl'Vn, !'• {/'i iiii 'Ininnii iiitirinii, I'tiifli. nu<\ Nook., in
MfHuim'H ( 'iitnlo^fiir.) (('(iMMoM (Vmisnic.) KoiiikI '/vil'l in oM
lirlih aixt aIon>4 roiulMidrH. LrallntH Hliinin^( al»ovf!.

i\. AiK'iiionroii \, ix:. CownANK.

A. rlgidft !>*'. <'iily'< r» IooMmiI. InvoliKif lUinoMt, norn! ;
invnhnrlH nl iimiiy Hnmll lnacMotH. — Maiidy Kwani|H, koiiUi
MCHtciii Onlarin.

7. AUni WOIOI.'M'A, ||(.rfi,i. AuMnM.icf.rcA.

A. atroplirpu roa, Mollni. {(i\iy.,vv ANor.i.i' a ) Mtiirn vrry
tall (I (• IVct) ai!<l nl.onf, flark pnrplc. Wholr plant hUoiih-
Hcciitnl. I'ctiolcH iniicli iiiilatiMJ at tlm l»a«o. MaisliOH uii'! low
rivxT-baiikH.

H. ro^iomoM'rvi'l^l, I'lnclMr. llv.yu.ocK VAWur.v.
0. CaiiadoilHO, lo>i. ainl <Jr. {SiTniinn (UiiHtilniHv^ Vliclix., in
Macoiin'H ( !a,l.alo^iMi. ) Stem 'J 1 frni, liij.^li. I'rtiolcH inuoli inflated,
lA'allrtH of Mm* invohmnJH awl-Hliap«:<l, SwarnpH.

1». TMASIMI r»I, Null. Mr.Ai.ow-l'Ait-^.Nti'.

T. au'reum, Nntt. Stnm I 'J f(!«!t lil^^li, ani^'iilar-fnrrowc'l,
licallrtM ()l»lon^-lan(<'olat(!, Hliiii|»Iy HcrraU;. FriiJI, n'if/i, /(/ u'liujiMl
ritlffcs, or in var. aptonim "'///' /ff r'tlm, —\)ry or rich w(x>d.s.

10. /.I/IA, DC. /,/,A.

Z. intogcr'rima, !>('. {I'lminnrlhi. inftJifrr'nma, f'nnth. and
Hook., in Maconn'.H ( JataIf),L;uo.) St(;ni HJcndrir, I 2 f<;(;t liigJi.
Xnvoluccla noiK!. Plant Htronj^j-Hccnted. — llocky liill-«id(;8.

II. C;KX"TA, L. WATKU-ff(,MI,(.< K.

1. C. macula'ta, L. (Spottki) Cowuank. Kkavkk TV)T«on.)
8t(!in \\ (') iv.vX liigli, purpli.sh, sinootii. Loaflots onUc-lanci'jjI.atty
coarsv.bj f<(.rrate, pointed. — Swamps and Icnv grounds.

2. 0. bulbif'era, !-<., is easily diHtinj^niiHlicd from No. I by
bearing ciuMei's of huthltln in th(3 axils of the upper leaves. The
leaflets, also, arc linear. — Swamps and low grounds.

aiiii !•' •

I

!ii1

!ll| •''''

'1 '"j

':Vl. 31

56

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

13. SIUM, L. Watkr-Parsnip.

S. lineare^ Miclix. (.S'. dcuUpfolhim, (5melin, in Macoun's
Catalogue.) Stem 2-3 feet high, fun-owed. Leaflets varying
from linear to oblong, sharply pointed and serrate. — Borders of
marshes, usually in the water.

13. CRYPTOTtK'MA, DC. HoNEWORT.

C. Canadensis, UC. Stem 1-2 feet high, slender. Leaflets

large, ovate, doubly serrate. No involuere. — Rich woods and

thickets.

14. OsaiORUIII'ZA, Eaf. Swekt Cicely.

1. 0. longis'tylis, DC. (Smoother Sweet Cicely.) Stem red-
dish, nearly smooth. Leafl OS sparingly pubescent, short-pointed
iStyles ulender^ nearly as long as the ovary, recurved. — Rich woods.

2. 0. brevis'tylis, l^C. (Hairy Sweet Cicely.) Whole plant

hairy. Leaflets taper-pointed. Styles very short, conical. Rich

woods.

15. t'O'lVIUM, L. Poison Hemlock.

C. macula'tum, L. Stem smooth, spotted. Leaflets lanceo-
late, pinnatitid, pale green, with an ofl'ensive odour when bruised.
Involucels one-sided. Inner face of the seed marked with a deep
groove. — V'^'aste places.

10. EiilGE'XIA, Nutt. IlARBTNGER-OF-SrRING.

£. bulbo'sa, Nutt. Stem 4-6 inches liigh, from a tuber deep
in the ground, producing 2 leaves, the lower radical. Leaflets
much incised. Flowers few. — Alluvial soil.

Order XLIII. ARALIA'CEiE. (Ginseno Family.)

Herbs (with us) diflering from the last Order chiefly in having,
as a rule, more than 2 styles, and W\q fruit a drnjie. The umbels,
also, are either single, or corynibed, or panlcled. Flowers often
polygamous. The only Canadian genus is

AHA'IilA, Touru. Ginseng. Wild Sarsaparilla.

* Umbels corynibed or ■paniclcd. PelaLt, .stamens, and styles each 5. Fmit

black or dark-purple.

L A. racemosa, L. (Spikenard.) Umbels in a large com-
poimd panicle. Stem 2-3 t'cet Iiigh, widely braMching. Leaves

CORNACE^.

5/

very large and decompountl ; leaflets ovate-cordate, doubly ser-
rate. Roots aromatic. — Rich woods,

'2. A. his'pida, Michx. (Bristly .Sarsavarilla. Wild
Ei.DKR.) Stem 1-2 feet high, bristly, leafy, somewhat shrubby
at the base. UmheJs ,J-7, rorifmhcd. Leaves twice-pinnate. Leaf-
lets sharply seirate. Fruit black. — Rocky or sandy woods.

3. A. nudicau'lis, L. (Wild Sarsaparilla.) True stem very
short, sending up a naked scape bearing .S or t long-peduncled
uniliels at the sunnnit, and one long-petioled leaf, ternately
divided, and witli 5 leaflets on each division. Root horizontal,
aromatic. — Rich woods.

* * Utnhil simjle, o/i a Id uj jjed uncle. Styles '2 or 5.

4. A. quinquefo'lia, Dcoaisne. (Ginsencj.) Leaves in a whorl
of 8 at the sunnnit of the stem, the latter a foot high. Leaflets
mostbj ■■"), (oiuj-sUilked. — Rich woods.

T). A. trifo'lia, Decaisne. Stem 4-G inches high. Leaves in a
wliorl of 8 at the summit, but the leaflets iisiially only .3, and
sessile. — Rich woods.

avi'ng,
'ibels,
often

com-
aves

Order XLIV. CORNA'CE^. (Dogwood Family.)

Shrubs or trees (rarely herbs) with simple leaves. Calyx-tube
adherent to the 1-2-celIed ovary, the limb of the calyx incon-
spicuous. Petals 4, vStamens 4, all epigynous. Style I ; stigma
flat or capitate. Fruit a 1-2-seeded drupe. 1< lowers in cymes or
in close lieads, surrovaided by a showy involucre resembling a
corolla. The only common Canadian genus is

CORXUS, Tourn. Coknkl. Dogwood.

* Floivers i.i a dose head, surrounded by a showy involucre o/ /* white bracts.

Fruit red.

1. C. Canadensis, L. (Bunch-Bkrry.) Stem simple, 5 or 0
inches high. Upper leaves crowded and apparently whorled,
ovate, the lower scale-like. Leaves of the involucre ovate. —
Rich woods.

2. C. florida, L. (Flowkrino Docwood. ) A small tree, with
opposite ovate pointed loaves. I^caves of tlie involucre notched
at the apex. — Rocky woods. South-westward.

58

-fi :■

* *

COMMON CANADIAN Wa,> ,.,.;,-,,.

•\C!. circma'ta, l/n,,- (r,„.,, '"'" W"-- w.v.,

«'"'.l,,.< (n'.vMuui,, with ,■.,;•''''''"'•'' '••"•■^vnuo.) ,v

— Ku-h Mo,„I.s. 'y "iiicth. ''lUltligJit I,iuo.

^' C. seric'ea. L. (s^yrvx- /<
•■• C.stolonifera. Midu (n,'

;r-^- -.- 1.-:,' ;,;:;:';:: ' "r- '"'"-'■» »•'. .1

" 0. asperifolia, M ,; ' ;';^' '""' '--■•iunk.,.

*■".'* j-p H.,e. „.. ...,,„•:,:• st:;;^,^^;^;:;'- '- "-'- ^^'-

II. GAMOPETALOUS DIVISION

K."l.raoi.,g plants with I,otl, >

':':^»^*'«ibf»tn4^r

r \rir\voLi M'v./F..

59

]"'■/" ■^. l.f;iv,.s
[""^''■^^''t l,Iu,.

'"*! tlio iiiiicli
'•) A «;„.„,,

—J^ovv Wet

"'I'ointod.
iks.

"I'I'o.sftc,

) A largo

<f^-<:d irtth

tJi'ovvdod

'^ tiio
^groo).

^v, F.)

to tlio
>u tlio

.'IMi

C'U

tiilx! (»f ilio corolla. Lravi'H oppoHit*! aii«l without Htipiib-H, Imt
soiiK' Hp('<'i"H of Viburnum li.'ivt^ appi>n.lag('H rrHoniMiiig HtipuloH.
l*'iuit a berry, <biipr, or poil.

SyiiopMiH of Mu' <.l<-iH->'ii.

• Ciindlit liilnilar, xniHrtiiiiiH .'-li'iiin-il. Slylr Hlrnilvr.
1. liiiMDr'a. A f railiiiu' or orrcpiti)^ hcrli, with cvcrKrcon oval croiiatc Iravra
I slriidcr H.apr-lilto jM'iliiiiclnH which fork at, fho iop into 2 yvAW.vU,
li of wtii.h oi'arH ft jiair of iin.ldiii^' narrowly hcIl-Hhaixil jnirpUHh

(lowers. StaiiiciiH J, .". sliortcr Mian \,\w othcrH.
:;. SympliorSrar'pnH. Trprl^ht hraiichiiii; HhniliM, with oval nitiro whort-

IH'kioicd havrs. KIowcfH iti iiitcmiptrd Hpikca nt tl"! ends of tho

hranchfH, roHccoloun d. Corolla lu'll Hhapc<l, \ Ti lohcd, with an many

staniiiiH. IWirricH lar^o atid white, 't-ccllctd, hut ordy 2-H(^rdcd.
;!. I.oiiicr'ra. Upri.rht or twltdni,'' Khndm, with iMdin; IcavcH. Corolla

fiiniii 1 form, mnri- or hsH irrc^'idar, »//>h with a iniijicliim, on (>n<' Hidr.

(it till' Ikisi\ limy Hi'\('ra!-HiM"d(;d.
I, DiiTvilia. I,ow iipri^'ht, Hhrnhn with ovato i>oitd,cd Horratc IcavoM. Calyx-

tuiit' tapcriu'^' tiiw.irds thr top, thi- fi. th nli iMlct. I-MovvcrH litrlit yellow,

pcdimcli!s mostly .'i-Mowcnd. Coniila fiu.iiol-forni, nearly ri-Kular. ro<l

nlt'iidrr, itoinlvd.
r.. Trios'lniin. ( loarso horhs. T,«)h<!Hof tlicoalyx l(!af-Iil<<!. Flowc^rshrowidsh-

jiiirplf, sc-sihi ill t'.ic axilH of liic h'.ufM. (Jorolla Imijfiii^' at tho lnwc.

Fruit a .'J-sci'dtid oranifts-eulouruil drupe.

* * Corolla rotate or urn-shaprif, rrr/nldr, r,.U,hi-d, Flotuers whilf, in

broad cijimx.

i\. SainbirmH. Trjiri^'ht Hlirtdis witli pinnatc! loavoB, tho leaflets Herrato.

Sti^jiiias ;{. {''riiit piirpii! or red, a juicy lurry like drupe, with [', Hced-

like stoncM.
7. Vilmi-'iniin. r|irii,'-ht shruhn with Himpic havcM, and white flowerg in

compound ('ymeH. Fruit a ]-K(;eded drupe.

I. Til\IV,T<l'A, Groliov. 'rwiN-FLOWKIl.

L. borea'lis, <!roiU)V. — Cool inoHsy woo<ls and Kwanips.
«. SVMPIIOKICAIMM X, ])ill. SNownKUliy.

S. racemo'sUS, Mi<lix. (SN(twpd-.io;v.) Corolla bfardc*! iii.sidc.
FlowiUH ill a rutluir loose siiila;. Var. paucifl.0 rus, J{o))binH, is
low, dilliisfdy bran(:h('«l, and Kprcadini,', m ith two or tliic*; (loworH
only, in tlin axils of tlio uppormo.st leaves. — Dry rocky hill-aidcH.

;{. I.O\I<'K'RA, I. IToNKVsrcKr.K. Wooi-iiiNK.

1. L, parviflo'ra, Tiani. (A. fffaura, llill, ill Ma<!f)rin'H Cata-
logue.) (SMAiJi lloNKVsi( Ki.K.) 7V'/Mt//,7 sA/'h/j, 2 -4 foot lugH,

60

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTF-

with smooth leaves which are glaucous heneati., !^c up^^^r onj.'.
connate perfoliate ; cd-olla yellowish-purple. — Rocky bank".

2. L, liirsu'ta; Katon. (Hairy Honeysuckle.) Stcmtwhr'ng
hiijh. Leaves not glducons, very large, dovmy-hairy, the upper
ones connate-perfoliate. Flowers in close whorls ; corolla greenish-
yellow, clammy-pubescent. — Damp thickets.

3. L. cilia'ta, Muhl. (Fly-Honeysuckle.) A branching
upright shrub, with thin ohiomj-ovate cU'tate leaves. Peduncles
axillary^ filiform, shorter than the leaves, each ,:-forvered at the
top. Corolla greenish -yellow, a /most spurred at the base. The
two berries separate. — Damp woods.

4. L. oblongifolia, Muhl. (Swamp Fly-Honeysuckle). A
ehrub with iipriglit l^ranches, and oblong leave,:-. Peduncles long
and slender, 2-flowered. Corolla deeply 2-lipped. Berries united
at the base. — Swamps and low grounds.

4. DIERVIIi'llA, Tourn. Bush-Honeysucklk.

D. trif Ida, Momch. — Rocky woods and clearings.

5. TRIOS'TETJM, L. Fkver-wort.

T. perfolia'tum, L. A coarse herb, 2—4 feet high, soft- hairy,
leaves o\'al, narrowed at the base. Fruit orange-coloured.—
Old clearings and thickets.

0. SAMIJU/CUS, Tourn. Elbkr.

1. S. Canadensis, L. (Common Flder.) Shrub r>-lO feet
high, in clumps. Leaflets 7-10, obi m-. Cymes fiat. Fruit black-
purple. — Open grounds, and along .st?v nis.

2. S. pubens, Michx., (Red-kerried Elder) may be distin-
guished from No. 1 by its warty bark, brown pith, 5-7 leaflets,
convex or pyramidal cymes, and red berries. — Rocky woods.

T. VIBl'R'Nl'M, L. Arkow-wood. Laurestinus.

1. V. Lenta'go, L. (»Swket Vihurnum. Shkei'-rerry.) A
small tree, with urate ^finely -serrate pointed leaves, witii long and
margined petioles. Cyme sessile. Fruit black. — Along streams.

2. V. nudum, L. (Withe-roo.) A «i'ooth shrub with tall
straight stems. Leaves thickish, entire or wavy-toothed, dotted
Wieath. Cymts with short peduncles. Fruit black. — Cold swamps.

liUBIACE^.

61

'^'y, the upp^,j.
■^"'1 greenish-

1^ Jji-anchiiig

^wered at the.
fe hase, T|j^

BUCKLE). ^
-''^Jes united

soft-iiairy,
'o^onred

•'5-JO feet
'»fc J)?aek.

•« tlistin.
Jeafiets,

•0(Js.

"if an.J

t'j tall
dotted

3. V. pubes'cens, Pursh. (Downy Arrow- woot).) A strag-
gling shrub, not more than 4 feet high, with small ovate coarsely
serrate leaves, the lou'vr surface soft-doimy. Cymes small, i^'ruit
oblong, dark -purple. — Rocky places.

4. V. acerifo'lium, L. (Maplf-leaved A. Dockmackie.)
A shrub 3-6 feeo high, with greenish bark. Leaves 3-lobed,
.'{-ribbed, soft-downy beneath. Stipular appendages bristle-
shaped. Cymes small, on long peduncles. Fruit red, })ecoming
black. — Thickets and river-banks.

5. V. Op'ulus,L. (Cranberry-tree.) An upright slirub, 5-10
feet high, with strongly 3-lobed leaves, broader tiian long, the
lol)es spreading and pointed. Cymes peduncled. Marginal
llowers of the cyme very large and neutral. 8tipular appendages
conspicuous. Fruit red, pleasantly acid. — Low grounds.

G. V. lantanoi'des, Michx. (HouBLE-iiusii.; A straggling
shrul) with reclining branches. Leaves large, round-ovate, heart-
shaped at the base, serrate, many-veined, the veins underneath
and the stalks and branchlets very rusty-scurfy. Stipular
appendages conspicuous. Cymes sessile, very broad and Hat,
witii very conspicuous neutral flowers on the margin. — Moist
voods.

Order XLVL RUBIA'CEJE. (Madder Familv.)

Herbs or shrubs, chiefly distinguished from the preceding
Order by the presence of stipules between the ojjposite entire
leaves, or by the leaves being in whorls without Bti[)uks. ('al) x
superior. Stamens alternate with ii»e (mostly 4) lobes of tlie
corolla, un«l inserted on its tube. Ovary 2-4-celled.

SynopHis of the Genera.

1. <>a'liiiiii. LiuviH ill, ivUurlH. Slettdtr wtuk herbs ivilh sijuarc utrtns.

l';il) x-tueth iuuonspicuous. Corolla 4-partetl, wht cl-shaped. Styles '2.
J'ruit twin, separating into two l-scedod curpols.

2, Cephaluii'thiiM. Leaves opposite. Shrubs with ie jUmers in a tjhtbular

2>i'(li(Ht\fd hiiuL Lobes of calyx and corolla each 4. Style very slender,
niuih protruded. Stigma capitate.

y. Mtlt-liel'la. Leaves opposite. Shiniivj trailing evergreen herbs, with

flowerH in pairs, the ovaries united. Lobes of tralyx and corolla each 4,

^ Uic corolla hearded inside. Style 1, tstijftnas 4. Fruit a red 2-eyed berry.

»'\

-«';i

63

0OM„o>, r«ABM>, w.r.n r,,,^,.

'♦I'

4. Ilousto'iii'i r

^"'*' J^mves ouvo^ffp r ,

flowers in sn.al! fn ''/^ , '^^ ^^'"<' ««^Z 5^'7i./^r errrf J, i

i^ vie 1 \T '^""'"'-^I clusters. LoI.es of o.^ '' '"'^^ ^^e

-"3 '0 1. Stij,^nias 2. ^'"-^ °^ ^''^'yv an<I corolla each 4.

'• G. Apari'ne I. ,r, ,!' ^"'^""^- Ci.-..ve«.s.

J- ^ ""t covered wUh hoohd ,„■;,!,,,, ""°" '--"""'oroci,

pncte._Woo,,,. *"""*'•'• ^■'•'"■' 'o,.ere,l ,„;„, ;,„C

^' G. pilo'sum Ait T

*■ G. lanceola'tum T„,, 'r'° ■"™-'"" Ontario.

Ioa,„„g „p„„ ^„,, ^, "■ Stem ,vcak, .3,, fc,t ,,. ,f

numerous inpa,Mea :^:!^ ''; l^^ f^' '■""«'' <"'=-• ^'■'»-™

^tem..-U„ g,,„,,„,^ ^__f, ^^^^;;-.! leave. a„,, ,,i,,o,y ...anchin^

0/4, .noa,xa„ceola;o, 3.„orvo,I W ^' -t«"« m «;/,„,•&

■■»n( ri„i,i I „ , . , . , "-""li'aet tcrnima iiaiiiulp oj

" • ' "•' f"^^' "■«>"• Rocky thicket, ■„ 1 , " "'""'*■

0. occidPatali, t a ' ' ^™™ Bu«„.

I ■■iJillMnj 111! I

V ^"■'■>'-^, ulth the
I'"' f^orolla each 4,

^-(^C'Ves ahout

'''"^■'■y, oval,
itacio.

'■G or Jess 3-
oi- several,

t'lG leaves

J^eaves in
olato, very

• J'^ lowers
^ets.

" 'vvJiorls
's, as are

VALKKIANACK.E, DIPSACE.E.

G3

folium,

aijc

^ ti^hoiis
Herons,
^1 erect

imps,
or in

whorls of H. Easily recognized by the gloljular lie'ul of white

tlowers.

•1. MITCIIKI.'LA, L. r.vimaDGK Bekuy.

M. repens, T^. — CoTiimon in «Iry woods. Leaves rouud-ovato,
sliLiiing, sometimes witli whitish lines.

5. IIOUSTO'xMA, L. IIoUSTONIA.

H. purpu'rea, L. Stems tufted, ,S-6 inches high. Leaves
varying from roundish-ovate to lanceolate, 3-5-ribbed, sessile. —
Woodlands.

Okdek XLVII. VALERIANA'CEJE. (Valekian F.)

Herbs witii opposite exstipulatc leaves, and small cymose

flowers. Calyx-tube adherent to tlie ovary, the latter .'i celled,

but only one of the. ■<o fertile. Stamens 1-.*?, fewer than the lohes of

the corolla. Style slender. Stigmas 1-8. The only common

genus is

VALERIVNA, Tourn. Valekian.

L "V. Sylvat'ica, Richards. {V. (lioicd, var. ullginosa, Torr.
and (Jray, in Macoun's Catalogue.) Not uncommon in cedar-
swamps. Jioot fihroiis. Cali/.c-llmh cothsisfinij of several bristles
rolled inwurdti in thejloirer, hut expanding in fruit. Corolla gib-
bous at the base. Stamens 3. Root-leaves ovate or oblong,
entire ; stem-leaves pinnate, leaflets 5-11. Stem erect, striate,
1-2 feet high.

2. V. ed'ulis, Nutt. Hoot spindle-shaped, lar;fe. Flowei's in
a long and narrow iuterrupte<l panicle, nearly dio'cious. Stem-
leaves deeply pinnatitid. — Low grounds, western Ontario.

Order XLVIII. DIPSA'CEiE. (Tkasel Family.)

Herbs with the flowers in heads, surrounded ])y a many-leaved
involucre, as in tlie mxt Family, l>ut the stamens are distinct.
Leaves opposite. Represented in Canada by the genus

DIP'SACrs, Tourn. Teasel.

D. sylves'tris, Mill. (Wild Teasel.) A stout coarse prickly
plant, not unlike a tiiistle in appearance. Flowers in ol^long
very dense iieads, l)luish. Corolla 4 cleft. Stamens 4, on the

6t

<=03.M0K O..^Bu. w,.o p,,^^

I J. iff

■•0"n,le.l by a„ involucre r T '' °°'"'""'> "'^eptaole a„,l
or cl,affy scales P^ ^"^"""g a pappus of fevv^ or m. ,"

tube of the corolla fk • '^^^^^^h Stamens usn-,lj„ - ,

"-cTeff /Q ^^^^'^' *"eir anthers uni>P,? / "-"ally o, on the

Tlie heads of lower., r^,.
t'-o flower. „u,;eaaZyTtl,T" '^™'^ °' «'■'-'«- ..

tl'ose arouiul tl.e ,„,„.„•„ th^!' """'=•'■ '"^'r '» tubular «!,■,
o; ftrap.rf,ap„d. Or f^'in"': t"!7 ''' ''"■''*--. »- !■ t!

I* '« not „„,„„„ ,,,„ ;„ fi";/f '^^^ fl"*"" may be ^trap.^iTape.

""-ers ia the .ame head "'"'"^ "^ P^^^^t and Lp^

The bracts which are often f ,

receptacle a,„o„g the floret!TreI^^,ov ^""^'"^ "" "■« common
bracts are entirely absent Z^Z'^''"^' '^'''- «-

flowers, when present n/ ^ ^^^^^'^ ^'^'^'^e (the rr/y./ t/

a pistil also. " """*• '"-^•' --"-^ *»«e„, and :f;:rwiti^„'t'

plumose bristles j{.,. 7 f " ^''^ ^'^volticre vrickh, u

COMPOSITiE.

65

'cture. jiii
*'ai Oiies Of

imperfect

3 common
'^en tJiese

' or the
liay.
^'itiiout

^f Jong

2. Onopor'don. Leaves and scales of the involucre prickly. Heads much

as in Cirsium, V>ut the receptacle naked, and deeply honeycomboil.
Pappus of long bristles, not plumose. Stem winged by the decurrent
bases of the leaves. Flowers purple.

3. Iiap'im. Leaves not prickly, but the scales of the ghbxilar involucre

lipiifd with hooked brixtlrs. Pappus of many short roujjh bristlea
Receptacle bristly. Flowers purple.

■t- ^'-ifar^/inal florets sterile, and their corollas much larger than the others,

j'orminij a kind of false ray.

4. Cer.taure'a. Leaves not prickly. Scales of the involucre fringed. Pappus

very short. Receptacle bristly. Flowers blue.

H_ +_ +- Sterile and fertile florets in separate heads, i.e., moncecions. Fruit
a completely closed involucre (usually bristly) containimj only ime oi' (wo
florets, th'xe heads nessile. in the axiln of the bracts or upper leaves. Stenk
hradu villi niore nnmerou.'i florets in flattiKh involucres, and forming racemes
or siiiki'K. Papputi none.

.') Xairtliium. Fertile flf^rets only 2 together in burs with hooked prickles,
clustered in the axils. Sterile heads in short spikes above them, the
.scales of their itivolncics in one row only, but not united together.

6. Aiul>r<>'sia. Fertile florets single, in a closed involucre armed with a few

spines at the top. Sterile heads in racemes or spikes above, the scales
of their involucres in a single row and united into a cup.

* * Scales of the involucre without bristles of any kind.

4- Marginal florets without stamens.

♦* Pappus none or niimite. Receptacle naked. Very strong-scented herbs.

7. Taiiace'timi. Flowers yellow, in numerous corymbcd heads. Scales of

the invoincre dry, imbricated. Pappus 5- lobed. Leaves dissected.

8. Artenii.s'ia. Flowers yellowish or dull purplish, in numerous small heads
- which are panicled or racemed. Scales of the involucre with dry and

scarioui^ margins, imbricated. Hoary herbs.

*+ ♦+ Prt^'i'"-' <^fall (hi florets bristly. Receptacle naked.

9. Erf'clithi'tes. Flowers whitish. Scales of (he involucre in a single row,

linear, vith a few hractletsat the base. Corolla of the nia:"ginal llorets
ver3' sleiiiier. Pappus copious, of fine soft white hairs. Head') eorynibed.
Erect ajid coarse lierbs.

10. Gnaplia'Hutn. Flowers whitish or yellowish. Scales of the involucre

yellov.iHh white, in many rows, dry and sc^-irious, woolly at the base.
Ont<r corolliis sUmder. Pappus a single row of fine rough bristles.
Flocoulent-woolly herbs.

11. AntcMuia'ria. Very much like Gnaphalium in appearance, being white-

woolly, but the heads are usually dioecious, and the bristles of the
pappus thicker in the sterile florets.

'l <

1 <

11.

COMMON OA^.n,AK w„.n PM^^.
All the florets in the heart perfeet.

12.

l.'J.

IJ.

"'"•"'"• °"°"«™»P«oic, havener,, s, ,
Kiil.at«'ri,„„. Floorers wh.f

14.

15,

IG.

17.

18,

10

20.

«— ™.>...a..e.. ....„„„, ..„„.,.. ,„^;

* 7>/y - '*'j,«n <)t tile Iioarl

S«»e'cio. Rays yellow • ^^''^^^^"^^o^a^.c?.

'■" a sin^'Ie row, or wilh?/" ?" ^^'^^'^'^ '»''«e. Scales of f h • ,

Piants, ^^,th larj^e alternate leaves wh.Vh '^' ''^ '''^ ^«-'^-

^^^"la'go. Rays yello.. few as a / '"' ^^'^ "°°"^' '--ath.
o'^loHir. scales of unecn aJ ll' 1 "^ '''''° *'^« 'U-sk-florots Tn ,

^'^^- Leave, alternate. ' ""^ '°'^ '"b«- Stents ««uaJIy wand-

»l-th,„,. scaly „™t, o„ .h„ ,;,;*■ "•'"> ""if» leaves, au rascal, 2i
••■'■■S'.Ton. u,j.3 „„,, """•"'■a ... tote sm,„„cr.

COMPOSITiE.

67

^chenes
ler.

»«'. and
or two

Ic.

>f the
sties.

,,.*,'

US.

•J4.

yfi

2G.

* • Pappus not v/ hair-like hrinfles, but tifhfr altogetheif wanting or consisting
of a few chaff ij scales or teeth, or only a minute crown.

+• Receptacle naked.

21. Ilele'nium. Rays yellow, wedfje-shapoil, 3-5cleft at the summit. Scales

of the iiivoUicio reHexed, awl-«haj)etl. I'appus of 5-8 ehaily scales, 1.
nerved, the nervo usually extendi iij,' into a point. Leaves alternate,
deeurrent on the ani^'led stem. Iliads corynibed, showy.

22. Ijeiicaii'tlu'inuin. Jtays white; disk yellow. Disk-eorollaa with a

flattened tube. Pappus none, lleatls single.

H- +- lieceptacle chaffy.

Maru'ta. Rays white, soon rejlexed ; disk yellow, llay-fiorets neutral.
I'appus none. Receptacle eonical, more or less chaffy. Herbs with
strong odour.

Kudlx'ck'ia. Rays yellow, usiially long; dialc dark-purple, or in one
xpecies yrefnixh-yi'lUnc. Scales of the involucre leaf-like. Uoceptacle
conical. Pappus none, or only a minute crown. Ray-florets neutral.

Ileliiiu'thus. Rays yellow, neutral. Receptacle flattish or convex.
ChafF j)er.sistent, and I'inbracin;/ tki' It-sided achenes. Pappus deciduous,
of 2 thin scales. Stout coarse herbs.

Itideiis. Rays yellow, few ; but 2 species arc without rays. Scales of the
involucre in 2 rows, the outer large and leaf-like. Ray-florets neutral.
Achenes crowned wi'h 2 or more stiff awns which are barbed backward.

27. Ilcliop'sis, Rays yellow, 10 or more, piiitillate. Scales of the involucre

in 2 or 3 rows, tiie outer leaf-like. Receptacle eonical ; chaff linear.
Aehenia smooth, 4-angled. Pappus none.

28. .'Vchille'a. Rays white (occasionally jjinkish), few. Receptacle flattish.

Pappus none. Achenes margined. Heads small, in flat corymbs, Leavoa
very finely dissected.
"J. I'olyin'iiia. Rays whitish-yellow, wcilge form, shorter than the involucre,
few in number. Scales of the involucre in 2 rows, the outer leaf-like,
the itnier small, and partly clasping the achenes. Pappus none. Coarse
clanuny herb.} with an unpleasant otlour.

30. SiPpliitiin. Easily known by its stout stjuare stem, and the upper con-

nate leaves forming a sort of cup. Flowers yellow. Achenes broad and
flat.

Suborder II. LIGULIF'LORiE.

Corolla strap-shaped in all tlie florets of the head. All the
florets perfect. Herbs with milky juice, and alternate leaves.

31. Cyn'thia. Flowers yellow. Pappus double, the outer short, of many

minute chaffy scales, the iruicr of many long capillary bristles. Low
perennials with single showy heads on i^capes.

H

V]

/2

7

e

y

>^^

i*'/.

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

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Photographic

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<i;

33 WIST MAIN STRUT

WCBSTIR.N.Y. MSSO

(716) 873-4503

G8

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

32 Tjamp'Hana. Flowers yellow, &~12 in a head. Scales of the involucre 8,
iti a sin^flc row. Pappus none. Stem slender. Heads small, in lo<.se
IKvnioIcs.

33. Cicho'riuin. Flowers bright blue, showy, Scales of the involucre in '2

rows, the outer of ii short scales, the inner of 8- 10 scales. Pappus chaffy.
Heads sessile, 2 or 3 together.

34. Tj(M>ii'to(loii. Flowers yellow. Involucre with bractlets at the base.

Papjfiitt of plumose bristlen, these broader at the base. Heads borne on
branching scapes. Leaves radical.

35. HIera'cium. Flowers yellow. Scales of the involucre more or less

imbricated. Pappus a sinjle row of tawmj hair-Uki: roujh bristles.
Heads corymbose.

30. Nab'aluH. Flowers yellowish- or greenisli-whitc, often tinijed with pur-
ple; heatls nodding. Involucre of 5-14 scaks in a sinylo row, with a
few bractlets below. Pappus copious, of biotmish or yellowish n>U'jh
bristles.

37. Tarax'aciiin. YXovtets yeWow, on slendernaked hollow scapes. Achenes

prolonged into a slender thread-like beak. Leaves all radical. (See
Part I., Chapter viii.)

38. Ijactu'ca. Flowers pale yellow or puri)libh. Florets few (about 20) in

the head. Scales of the involucre in 2 or more rows of iinc(|ual length.
Achenes with long thread-fortn beaks, and a ]>a)>p\is of very soft white
bristles. Heads numerous, panicled. Tall smooth herbs with runcinate
leaves.

39. Mulge'dium. Flowers chiefly blue. Structure of the heads and general

aspect of the plant as in Lactuca, Init the beak of the achenes short atul
thick, and thepapjius tawny. Heads in a dense ])anicle.

40. S<>ii'chuH. Flowers pale yellow. Hcatls many-flowered, enlarging at

the base. Achenia n. ithotit beaks. Pappus very soft and white. Tall
glaucous herbs with spiny-toothed leaves.

41. Tragopo'goii. Flowers yellow. Heads large. Involucre of about 12

lanceolate rather fleshy scales in one row, somewhat united at the base.
Achenes with long tapering beaks. Pappus of pliunoso bristles, ft of
these longer and naked at the summit. Leaves entiro, straight-veined,
clasping.

1. CIR'SIUM, Tourn. Common Thistle.

1. C. lanceola'tum, Scop. {GniaiH lanccolaluH, Hoffin., in
Macoim's Cataloj^'ue. ) (Common Thistle.) All the .hcuI en of the
involucre irrickly -pointed. Leavea dooiirrent, pinnatifid, tl»o lohoa
prickly-pointed, rough above, woolly with webby hairs beneath.
— Fields and roadsides everywbfirp.

COM POSIT Ji.

69

*2. C. dis'color, Spreng. {Cnicuft allUumus, Willd., var. dis-
color, t^'iiiy. i'l Macouii'a Catalogue.) The inner scales of the
involucre not prickly. Stem grooved. Leaves prickly, green
above, whiU'-vooUy Jxncath. Flowers pale purple. Whole plant
with a whitish aspect. -Dry thickets.

3. C. mu'ticum, Michx. {Cnlrus inuliciut, Pursh, in Macuiin'u

Catalogue.) (Swamp Thistle.) SchUx of the wtbby iuro/ucre
/iiinUy j)ri<'l:h/, and not spreading. tSfcm very (all, and smoothish,
and sparingly leafy. Jlcodn ximjle or few. — Swamps and low
woo<ls.

4. C. arvense, Scop, {t'nicus arveiifiis, Purah, in Macoun's
Catalogue.) (Canada Tuistlk. ) Scales of the involucre with
retlexed points. Leaves prickly, smof)tii hoth sides, or slightly
woolly beneath. Roots extensively creeping. Heads small and
numerous. — Fields and roadsides.

a. 0.\OP<m'lK>!V, Vaill. Scotch Thistle.

0. acan'tiliuai, L. A coar.se branching herb, *2 4 feet high,
with woolly stem and leaves. Bristles of the pappus united at
the base into a ring. — Roadsides and old fields ; not common.

3. I.AP'PA, Tourn. BuunocK.

L. officinalis, All., var. major, Cray. (Arctium Lnpjta, L.,
in Macoun's Catalogue.) A coar.se plant with very large cordate
petioled leaves, and numerous small globuhir heads of purple
flowers. The involucre forms a l)ur which clings to one's cloth-
ing, or to the hair of animals. — Near dwellings, mostly iu
maimrud soil.

4. CEWTAURK'A, L. ST.Ui-TnisTLK.

C. Cy'anus, L. (Hutk-Bottlk. ) An old garden plant, found
occasionally along roadsides. False rays very large. Scales of
the involucre fringed. Leaves linear, entire or nearly so. Stem
erect. ILads single at the ends of the branches.

.1. XAN'THIl M, Tourn. Clothuu.

L X. struma'rium, L., var. echina'tum. Gray. (A'. Cana'

deuiie, ". ill, var, erhiuatuvi, (J ray, in Macoun's Catalogue.)
(Common Cocklkbuk.) Stem rough, not i)rickly or spiny.

70

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

Leaves broadly triangular, and somewhat heart-shaped, long-
petioled. Fruit a hard 2-celled bur, nearly an inch long, clothed
with stiff hooked prickles, the two beaks cf the fruit long and
usually incurved. — Low river banks.

2. X. spino'sum. (Sitny Clotbur.) stem armed with con-
spicuous straw-coloured triple slender spines, at the bases of the
lanceolate short-petioled leaves, the latter wliite- woolly beneath.
— Town of Dundas, Ontario ; the seeds having been brought in
wool from South America.

0. AMBRO'SIA, Tourn. Eagweed.

L A. artemisisefolia, L. (Hog-weed.) Stem erect, 1-3 feet
high, branching, hairy. Leaves twicp.-pinnatifid, the lobes linear,
paler beneath. — Waste places everywhere, but not so common
northward.

2. A. triflda, L. (Great RaCxVveed) is found in low grounds
in the south-west of Ontario ; also at Montreal and Ottawa. Stem
stouter than No. 1, 2-4 feet high. Leaves opposite, deeply 3-lobedt
the lobes oval-lanceolate and serrate.

7. TANACE'TUM, L. Tansy.

T. VUlga're, L. (Common Tansy.) A very strong-scented

herb, 2 4 feet high, smooth. Leaves twice-pinnate, the lobes

serrate, as are also the wings of the petiole. Heads densely

corymbed. Var. crispum, l^C, is easily distinguished by its

crisperand more incised leaves. — Old gardens and roadsides near

dwellings.

8. ARTEMIS'IA, L. WoRMWOOD.

L A. Canadensis, Michx. Stem smooth or sometimes hoary
with silky down, erect, usually brownish. Lowt.. leaves twice-
pinnatifid, the lobes linear. — Shores of the Great Lakes.

2. A. VUiga'ris, L. (Common Mug wort.) Stem tall, and
branching above. Leaves (jreen and smooth above, white-woolly
beneath, pinnatifid, the lobes linear-lanceolate. Heads small,
erect, in panicles. Flowers purplish. — Old fields near dwellings.

3. A, Absin'thium, L. (Common Wormwood.) Somewhat
shrubby. Whole plant silky- hoary. Stem angular, branched,
the branches with drooping extremities. Leaves 'i-S-pinnatelj^-

COMPOSITE.

71

divided, the lobea lanceolate. Heads luxlding. — Escaped from
gardens in some places.

9. ERECHTHI TES, Raf. Fireweed

E> hicracifo'lia, liaf. Stem tall, grooved. Leaves sessile,
lanceolate, cut-tootlied, upper ones clasping. — Common in places
recently over-run by tire.

10. GNAPHA LIUM, L. ( i dwkkp.

1. G. decur'reus, Ives. (Kvkklastin(.). Stem erect, 2 feet
high, c/ammi/-puln'.sr(')if, white -woolly on the branches. Ifeads
corymbed. Leaves linear-lanceolate, partly clasping, decnrrent.
— Fields and hillsicies.

2. G. polyceph'alum, Midix. (Common Eveklasti\(}.)
Stem erect, 1-2 feet higli, white-woolly. Head? corymbed.
Loaves lanceolate, tapering at the base, not decin^ent. — Old
pastures and woods.

3. G. uligino'sum, L. (Low CiiowKKn.) Stem spreading,
.3-() inches iiii,di, wliite-woolly. Leaves linear. Heads small in
crowdid lermhiid clHutera subtended by leaves. — Low grountl.

11. ANTENNA'IIIA, flivrtn. EVKHLASTiNfj.

L A. margarita'cea, K Brown. (Pkaiua' Evkulastinc.)
( Aii(iph(i/is munjarihtrca, Bentii. and Hook., in Macoun's ('ata-
logue.) Stem in clusters, downy. Leaves linear-lanceolate,
taper-pointed, sessile. Scales of the involucre pearly-white.
Heads in corymbs. — Along fences and in open woods.

2. A. plant aginifo'lia. Hook. ( Plantain -lea vkd E.) Stem
srapfdil-c, 4-(J !ih-/iis /lit/h. Radical leaves spathulate or obovate ;
stem-leaves few, linear. Hea<ls small, in u crowded corymb.
Involucre white or purplish. — Old pastures and woods.

12. IJA'TRIS, Seln-cl». Hla/in<j-Stau.

1. L. cylindra'cea, Michx. Stem waml-liko, (MS inches
high. Leaves linear, rigid, generally 1 -nerved. Heads few,
cylindrical. Sandy tields and thickets.

2. L. spica'ta, Willd. Stem stout and rigid, 2-5 feet high,
very leafy. Leaves linear, erect, the lowest .S-o-nerved. Heads
crowded in a long spike. — lx>w grounds, south-western Ontario.

72

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLx'iNTb.

13. EUPATCRIUM, Tourn. ThoR' u imroRT.

1. E. purpureum, L. (Jok-Pye Weed. Trumpet-Weeoj.)
Stem tall and simple. Leaves petioled, 3-6 in a whorl. Flowers
purplish or Jltsh-coioureiL Heads iu dense corymbs. — Low
grounds.

2. Zi. perfolia'tum, L. (Boneset.) Stem short, hairy. Leaves
riKjosef connate-perfolia/ , taperiny. Flowers whitish. Corymbs
very large. — Low grounds.

3. E. ageratoi'des, L. (White Snake-root.) Stem very
smooth, commonly branching, 2-'^ feet high. Leaves opposite^
petioled, broadly ovate, pointed, coarsely serrate. Flowers white,
in corymbs. — Low rich woods.

14. SEWE'CIO, L. Groundsel.

1. S. VUlga'ris, L. (Common Groundsel.) Ray -florets loant-
intj. Stem low, branching. Leaves pinnatifid and toothed,
clasping. Flowers yellow, terminal. — Cultivated and waste
grounds.

2. S. au'reus, L. (Golden Ragwort. Squaw- Weed.) Ray^
8-12. Stem smooth, or woolly when young, 1-2 feet high. Root-
leaves simple, rounded, usually cordate, creaately •uOt>th d, louff-
petioled. Stem-leaves sessile, lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid. Heads
in a corymb nearly like an umbel. — Swamps, and often in garden .

l"*. IIVTLA, L. Elkcampank.

I. Hele'nium, L. (Common Elecampane.) Stem stout, 2-5
fee't high. Koot-leaves very large, ovate, petioled. Stem-leaves
clasping. Rays numerous, narrow. — Roadsides.

10. SOLIDA'GO, L. GoLDEN-ROD.
* Heads clustered in the axils of the/iather-veined leaves,

1. S. squarro'sa, Muhl. Stem stout, 2-5 feet high, simple,
hairy above. Scales of the involucre wi/h rejlr.red herbaceous tips.
Leaves large, oblong, serrate, veiny ; the lower tapering into a
long-winged petiole, the upper sessile and entire. Heads in
racemose clusters, the whole forming a dense, leafy, interrupted,
compotind sjnke. — Rocky woods.

2. S. bi'color, L. Stem hoary-pubescent, usually simple.
Leaves oval-lanceolate, acute at both ends ; the lower oval and

COMPO ITiE.

70

tapering into a petiole, serrate. Heads iu short racemes in Ihc
upper axils, the whole forming an interrupted spike or compouiu
raceme. Hay-Jlortfn irhitith. The variety COn'color has ellov
rays. — Dry banks and thickets.

3. S. latifo'lia, L. Stem smooth, not angled, 7Xg7Ag, 1-3 feet
high. Leaves broadly ovate or oval, strongly and sharply serrate,
pointed at both ends. Heads in very short axillary clusters.—
Cool woods.

4. S. cae'sia, L., var. axiUa'ris, Gray. Stem smooth, angled,
glaucous, slender, usually branching above. Leaves smooth,
lance jlate, pointed, serrate, sessile. ] leads iu very shf)rt clusters
in the axils of the leaves. — Rich woods and hillsides.

* * Racemes terminal, erect, lonnrht thurnnid, not ones. Jed. Leaves

fiutlier-veined.

5. S. Virga-aurea, L., var. hu'milis, Ciray. {S. Jinmilis,
Fursh, in Macoun's Catalogue.) Stem low, li-Q inches high,
usually smooth ; the heads, peduncles, etr., mostly glutinous.
Ixiaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, serrate or entire, the radical
ones petiolato, obtuse, an<l serrate at the apex. — llocky banks ;
not common.

* * * Heads in a compound coryvih terminatinrj the simple stem, not at all

racemose.

6. S. Ohioen'sis, liiddell. Very smooth throughout. Stem
slender, reddish, leafy. Radical leaves very long (<)ften a foot),
s Ightly serrate towai'ds the apex, tapering into long margined
petioles; stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire, sessile. — Wet
grassy shores of Red liay, X^ke Huron.

* * * * Heads in one-sided racemes, spreading) or recurved.

7. S. argu'ta, Ait. (.S*. jutura^ Ait., in Macoun's Catalogue.)
Whole plant smooth, 1-4 feet higli, rigid, branching above.
Lower leaves oval or elliptical -lanceolate, serrate with spreading
teeth, pointed, tiipering into winged and ciliato petioles ; upper
ones lanceolate. Racemes veiy dense, naked, at length elongated
and recurved. The variety juncea has narrower and less serrate
leavc£5. — Woods and banks.

P. S. Muhlenber'gii, Torr. an«l fJr. (.9. arunta. Ait., in Ma-
coun's Catalogue.) Stem smooth, angled or furrowed. Leaves

«. I

74

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

large and thin, ovate ; the upper elliptical-lanceolate. Racci.ics
much shorter and looser than in No. 7, and the rays much larger.
— Moist woods and thickets,

0. S. altis'sima, L. {S. mgosuj Mill, in Macoun's Catalogue.)
Stem rough-hairy, less than a foot hhjh. Leaves ovate-lanceolate
or oblong, coarsely serrate, veiny, oj'lcn riujoae. Racemes panicled,
spreading. — Borders of fields and copses,

10. S, neglecta, Torr. and Gr. Stem smooth, 2-3 feet high,
0tout. Leaves thickish, smooth both siiles, the upper oblong-
lanceolate, nearly entire, tlie lower ovate-lanceolate or oblong,
sharply serrate, tapering into a petiole. Heads rather large.
Racemes short and dense, at first erect and scarcely one-sided, at
lengtli spreading. — Swamps.

11. S, nemoralis, Ait. Stem minutely and closely hoary
pubescent, simple or corymbed. Leaves more or less hoary,
jslightly 3-nerved, obscurely serrate or entire ; the lower oblanceo-
Jate, somewhat crenate, and tapering into a petiole. Racemes
numet'orts, dense, at length recurved, forming a large panicle. —
Dry fields.

***** Racemes one-sided and recurved, and the leaver plainly 3-ribbed.

12. S, Canadensis, L. Stem rough-hairy, tall and stout,
ticaves lanceolate, serrate, pubescent beneath, rough above.
Panicle exceedingly large. — Very common along fences and in
moist thickets.

13. S. sero'tina, Ait. (S. serotina^ Ait., var. (jiyanteaf Gray,
til Macoun's Catalcgue.) Stem very smooth, tall and stout,
ticaves lanceolate, sti rate, the veins beneath pubescent. Panicle
pyramidal, of many curved racemes. — Low thickets and meadows.

14. S. gigante'a, Ait. (.S'. serot'ma. Ait., in Macoun's Cata-
logue.) ; item smooth, stout. Loaves lanceolate, taper-pointed,
sharply serrate, except at the base, smooth both sides, rough-
ciliatc T*anicle !arge, ptt^esccnt. — Open thickets and meadows.

****** Injlorcscrnce a jlat-iopped corymb.

15. S. lanceola'ta, L. Stem pubescent above, much branched.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, the nerves (f'-r)) and margins rough-
pubescent. Heads i i dj^nse corymbed clusters, giving a decidedly
characteristic aspect to thta species. — Low river-margins.

COMPOSITiE.

75

Hacci ics
ch larger.

italogue.)
anceolate
panicled,

eet high,
c ^blong-
r oblong,
er large,
sided, at

y hoary
3 hoary,
jblanceo-
Racemea
anicle.—

S-Hbbed.

d stout.
I above.
3 and in

a. Gray,

i stout.

Panicle

eadows.

's Cata-
pointed,
, rough-
Badows.

inched.

rough-

cidedly

m

17. iVAUDOS'MIA, Cass. Swket ('(U.TSFoot.

N. palma'ta, Hook. Leaves roundutl, stuncwhat kitlney-
sh;ip<;(l, pahiuitely o-7-lobcd, tlie lobes toothed and cut. — Cedar
swamps and l)Ogs.

IS. ASTER, I,. StauwoUT. AsTKK.
* Leaves, at least the lower viws, heart-shajied and jietloleil,

1. A. COrymbo'sUS, Ait. Rays white or nearly so. Heads in
corymbs. Stem slender, 1-2 feet high, zigzag. Leaves thin,
smoothish, sharp- pointed, coarsely serrate, all the lower ones on
slender naked petioles. — Woodlands.

2. A. macrophyl'lus, L. Rays white or Iduish. Stem stout,
2-3 feet high. Leavrs thickisli, rough, finely s«u-ratc, the lower
long-petioled. Heado in closer corymbs than in No. i. — V^ood-
lands.

•^. A. aZU'reUS, Lindl. Rays l)right blue. Heads racenjcd or
panicled. Stem roughish, erect, racemos«;-compound al)ove.
Leaves entiie or neatly so, rough ; tlu; lower ovate-lanceolate, on
long petioles ; the upper lanceolate or linear, sessile. The latest
flowering of our Asters. — Dry soil.

4. A. Undula tus, L. Riiys l)jig]it blue. H(!ads racemed or
panicled. Stem hoary witli close pubescence, spreading. Leaves
with somewhat wavy »nargins, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, roughish
al)ove, downy beneath ; the lowest cordate, on margined petioles ;
the upper with vhitjed i>hort jtcfioftH clasping at the base, or
sessile. — Dry woods. . ^

^y- A. COrdifolius, L. Riiys pale IjIuc or nearly white. Heads
small., profuse, panicled. Stem much l)ranched. Leaves thin,
sharply serrate, the lower on slender ciliate petioles. — Woods
and along fences.

6. A. sagittifolius, WiUd. Rays pale blue or purple. Heads
small, in dense compound racemes or panicles. Stem smooth or
nearly so, erect, with ascending branches. Leaves ovate-lanceo-
late, pointed, pubescent, the lowest on long margined petioles,
the upper contracted into a winged petiole, or lanceolate or linear.
— Thickets and along fences. ^

^

76

COMMON CANAIUAN WILD PLANTS.

■I '

* " IJpiH'r liiivt'tt all «»'««i7i' »»»• dnHpin>j hii a /ifurf-Hliajn'tl hagr ; lowrr tmea

not ht'art-nhnpid.

7. A. Isevis, L. linifs /anjr, purpli! or blue. V<!ry Hinuotli
througiiout. IIcu(1h in a olusu paiiiclo. LcavcH laiici^irlatu or
ovate- laiicoolato, cliiolly entire, rongh on the margins, the dipper
oncf c/dx/iiHif hi/ (in auriclcd hasc. — Dry wooda.

S. A. Novae- An'glise, L. liiiya niimy, narrow, violct-pnrplc ;

hc(((ifi /(U'ljc. Inro/urrf of many shmltr (••/mil t^'alcs, apparantlij in
a flinijlc row, clammy. Stem stont, .S 8 feet liigli, l^tiry, eorymbol
almve. Leaves very numerous, lanceolatt;, entire, elaaping l>y an
auricled base, pubescent. — Hiver-banka and borders of woods.

9. A. puni'ceus, L. Royx hnif, lilac-blue. iScales of the invo-
lucre narrowly linear, loose. Stem i'^ i> feet bigli, stout, rough-
hairy, KKiuilly pnrple below. Ijcaves oblong-lanceolate, chisping
by an auricled base, sparingly serrate in the middle, rough above,
smooth beneath, pointed. — Swamps ; usually clustered.

10. A. longifo'lius, Lam. Rays large, numerous, purplish-
blue. Scales of the inrolucre in several rows, linear, with awl-
shaped sprcadinij ijreen tips. Stem smooth. Leaves lanceolate or
linear, tiiper-pointed, shining ahove. Heads solitary or few ou
the branchlcts. — Moist thickets along streams.

* * * None of the leaves heart-shaped ; those of the stem sessile, taper inj at the

base (except in A'o. 11).

H. A. multifilo'rus, Ait. Riiys white. Stem pale or hoary
with minute pubescence, 1 foot high, bushy. Leaves crowded,
linear, wit i rough margins ; the upper partly clasping. Heads
crowded on the racemose branches. Scales of the involucre with
spreading green tips. — Dry soil.

12. A. Tradcscan'ti, L- Rays white or whitish. Scales of
the involucre narrowly linear, in 3 or 4 rows, aleads small, very
numerous, in 1 -sided close racemes ou the branches. Stem 2-4
feet high, bushy, smooth. Leaves linear-lanceolate, the larger
ones with a/et« remote teeth in the middle. — Moist banks.

13. A. miser, L. (A. diffmiis, Hook., in Macoun's Catalogue.)
Rays pale blue or whitish. Involucre nearly as in No. 12. Stem
more or less hairy, much branched. Heads small, in loose racemes

I .

! !

COMTOSlTiE.

77

lower «mea

oil tho Bproa<ling lnan(^hoH. TjcavcH lanceolate, aoiito at each
*;ii(l, »h<ir)tlij HI I'l'iOc in, tin- siiiihllf. — \a)\v grouiKlH.

1*. A. simplex, Willd. \iiiyA pale lilin! <»r wliitiHh. Scales
of till) invcjliicrt! liiicar-a\vl-Hliapi!tl. SttMii Ktoiit, Hiiiootli or nearly
HO, with nimiL-roiiH h-afy hranchoH. HeadH nicdiuiii-.si/cd, Hoine-
whut corynihoHc. Leaves smooth, lanceolate, ta[>ering at both
ends, the lower nei'rate. — Moint and Hhady liankH.

• •'>. A. tenuifo'lius, li. Rays pale liliie or whitiuh. ScuIch
of th(! involucre linear-awl-shapetl, with very slender points.
Hea<l.s niedinin-Hizcd, in jmnicled ra<;enie.s. /jeareH loinj, nnrrow/i/
/(iiirto/ii/c, fii/ierhitj to a loiuj stcmit't' pohtf, the lower usually
serrate in the niiildlc. Stem much branched, pubescent in lines.
— Low thickets.

1<>. A. nemoralis, Ait., is found in tlu; eastern provinces and
in Muskoka. Rays lilac-purple. Stem slender and leafy, tho
upper branches terminating in I -flowered nearly naked peduncles.
Leaves rigid, narrowly lanceolate, nearly entire, with revolute
min'ijinK.

17. A. ptarmicoi'des, Torr. and Or. Rays pure white. Stems
clustert'd, generally a foot high, each bearing a flat corymb of
small heails. Ix'aves linear-lanceolate, acute, rigid, entire, mostly
l-nerve<l, with rough margins. — Dry or gravelly hills. Cur
earliest Aster.

18. A. acumina'tUS, Michx. Rays white or faintly purple.
Stem about a foot high, somewhat hairy, zigzag, panicled-
coryndiose at the top. Leaves large, thin, oblong-lanceolate,
pointed, coarsely toothed towards the apex, entire at the base. —
Cool sandy woods ; mostly in eastern Ontario.

19. F.llIG'EROIV, L. Fleabane.

L E. Canadense, L. (Hoiisi:-weed. Butter- weed.) Rays
white, hut very inconspicuous, shorter than their tubes. Heads
very small, numerous, in panicled racemes. Stem 3-5 feet high,
erect and wand-like, bristly-hairy. Leaves linear, mostly entire.
Conunon in burnt woods and new clearings.

2. E. "bellidifo'lium, Muhl. (Robin's Plantain.) R&ya bluish-
purple, numerous. Heads medium-sized, few, on slender corym-

I

78

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

bosc peduncles. Stem hairy, jiroduchnf olhcts from the base.
Uadiciil leaves spathulate or (thovate, toothed above the middle ;
stem -leaves oblong, fcw^ sessile or partly clasping, entire. —
Tliickets.

3. E. Philaderphicum, L. (Comm«)n Flkahane.) Hays ro-se-
imrple, rtnj mmuroas and lutrroir. Heads small, few, in corymbs.
Stem hairy, with nnmcrouH stem-leaves. Radical leaves spathu-
late and toothed ; tiie upper ones clasping by a heart-shaped
base, entire. — Moist grounds.

1. E. strigo'sum, Muhl. (Daisy Fleabane.) Kays white,
conspicuous, numenjus. Paiqnin I'lainly doahk. Stem and leaves
rougliish with minute appressed luiirs, or nearly smooth. Lower
leaves spathulato and slendor-petioled, entire or nearly so^ the
upper lanceolate, scattered. — Dry fields and meadows.

5. E. an'nuum, Ters. (Laucek Dalsy Fleabane.) Rays
white, tingeil witli purple, i'appus doulde. Stem rough M'ith
spreading hairs. Leaves coarse/y toothed; the lower ovate, taper-
ing into a margined petiole ; the upper ovate-lanceolate. Heads
corymbed. — Fields and meadows.

aO. DIPLiOPAP'PUS, Cass. DOUHLE-BKISTLED AsTEU.

D. umbella'tus, Torr. and Gr. Stem smooth, leafy to the
top, tall, simple. Leaves lanceolate, long-pointed. Heads very
numerous in flat compound corymbs. — Moist thickets.

'41. IIEL.E'IVIIT3I, L. Sneeze-weed.
H. autumna'le, L. (Sneeze- weed.) Stem nearly smooth.
Leaves lanceolate, toothed. Disk globular. — Low river- and lake-
margins.

'44. LEUCAN'THEMUM, Tourn. Ox-eye Daisy.

L. VUlga're, Lam. {Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, L., in
Macoun's Catalogue.) (Ox-eye Daisy. White- weed.) Stem
erect, naked above, beaj'ing a single large head. Leaves pinnatifid
or cut-toothed, the lowest spathulate, the others partly clasping.
— Pastures and old fields.

?4,3. MARU'TA, Cass. May-weed.
M. Oot'ula. DC. (Common May- weed.) Stem branching.
Leaves thrice-pinnate, finely dissected. — Roadsides everywhere.

COMPOSIT.E.

79

a*. RUDBECK'IA, L. CoNE-P- WEB.

1. R. lacinia'ta, L. Kays linear, 12 'nclu's long, drooping.
Dixh ijreenixh-ijtlloir. Stem tall, K/noofhy branching. Lowest
leaves pinnate, of 0-7 lohed Itatlets ; upper ones Ho-parted, or
the uppermost undivided and generally ovate. Heads terminal,
long- ped uncled. — Swamps.

2. R. hir'ta, L. Rays bright yellow. Di^k j>in-j>/ish-hrofrn.
Stem very ronijliha'try, naked alM)ve, bearing single large heads.
Leaves 3-ribbcd, the lowest spathulate, narrowed into a petiole,
the upper ones sessile. — Meadows.

a.-,. IIEMA\'TIIUS, L. SUN-FLOWEB.

L H. Strumo'sus, L. Stem 3-4 feet high, smootli below.
Leaves broadly lanceolate, rough above and whitish beneath,
pointed, serrate with small appressed teeth, sliort-petioled. Rays
about 10. — Moist copses and low grounds.

2. H. divarica tUS, L. Stem 1-4 feet higii, Htuoolh, simple or
forking above. Leaves all opposite, widely spreading, sessile,
rounded or tnu'Cdte at the base, o\ate-lanceolate, 3-iitrvrd, long-
pointed, serrate, rowjh on both sides. Heads few, on short
peduncles. Rjiys about 12. — Open tiiickets and dry plains.

3. H. decapet'alus, L. Stem 3-6 feet high, branching, smooth
below, rough above. Leaves thin, (jrcen on hoik sides, ovule,
coarsely Herrctte, pointed, abruptly contracted into short margined
petioles. Rays usually 10. — Thickets and river-banks.

4. H. gigante'us, L. Stem tall, hairy or roiujh, branching
above. Leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrate, very rough above,
hairy below, narrowed and ciliate at tiie base. Heads somewhat
corymbed, not large. Disk yellow; rays pale yellow, 15-20. —
Low grounds, western and south-western Ontario.

6. H. oUbero'sus, L., (Jerusalem Artichoke) has escaped

from cultivation in some places. It is at once recognized by its

tubers.

ao. BIDENS, L. Bur-Makigold.

1. B. frondo'sa, L. (Common Beooar-ticks.) Raya none.
Achenes Jlat, wedge-obovate, ciliate on the innrylns with bristles
-pointing upwards, 2-awned. Stem tall, branched. Leaves thin,

80

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

long-petioled, pinnately 3-5-divided, the leaflets ovate-lanceolate,
pointed, serrate.

2. B. COnna'ta, Muhl. (Swamp Beggar-ticks.) Rays none.
Achenes flat, narrowly wedge-shaped, 2-4-awued, ciliate ivitk
minute bristles pointing downwards. Stem 1-2 feet high, smooth.
Leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrate, tapering and connate at tlie
base, the lowest often 3-parted and decnrrent on the petiole.
— In shallow water and low grounds.

3. B. cer'nua, L. (Smaller Bur-Marigold.) Rays short,
pale yellow. Achenes flat, wedge-obovate, ^-a?<7ne(Z, ciliate with
bristles pointing dowmoards. Stem nearly smooth, 5-10 inches
high. Leaves all simple, lanceolate, unequally serrate, hardly
connate. Heads nodding. — Wet places.

4. B. chrysanthemordes, Michx. (Larger Bur-Marigold. )
Rays an inch long, showy, golden yellow. Achenes weilge-shaped,
2-4-awned, bristly doivnwards. Stem smooth, 6-30 inches high,
erect or ascending. Leaves lanceolate, tapering at both ends,
connate, regularly serrate. — Swamps and ditches. *

5. B. Beck'ii, Torr. (Water Marigold.) Aquatic. Stems
long and slender. Immersed leaves dissected into fine hair-like
divisions ; those out of water lanceolate, slightly connate, toothed.
Rays showy, golden yellow, larger than the involucre. Achenes
linear, hearing 4~6 very long awns barbed totvards tlie apex. —
Ponds and slow streams.

$37. HISLIOP'SIS, Pers. Ox-Eye.

H. ISBVis, Pers. Stem smooth, slender, branching., lieaves
ovate-lanceolate, acute, sl)arply serrate, on slender petioles.
Heads showy ; peduncles elongated. — Dry open thickets; London
and westward.

as. ACHILIiE'A, L. Yarrow.

A. millefolium, L. (Milfoil.) Stems simple. Leaves dis-
sected into fine divisions. Corymb flat- topped. , Rays only 4 or
5, short. — Fields and along fences ; very common.

ao. POIiYM'NlA, L. Leaf-Cup.

P. Canadensis, L. A coarse clammy-hairy herb. Lower
leaves opposite, petioled, pinnatifid ; the upper alternate, angleu

_*!..,•»—, ~-

COMPOSIT.E.

81

'3-

or lobed. Heads small ; rays pale yellow. — Shaded ravines,
south-westward.

30. SIIi'PHIUM, L. Rosin-Plant.'

1. S. perfolia'tum, L., (Cup-Plant) is found in south-western
Ontario. 8tem stout, square, 4-8 feet high. Leaves ovate,
coarsely tootlied, the upper ones united by their bases.

2. S. terebinthina'ceum, L. (Prairie Dock.) Stem tall,
round, naked al)0ve, smooth. Radical leaves sometimes 2 feet
long, rough-hairy, coarsely serrate, on slender pt+ioles. Heads
small, loosely panicled.— Open woods and grassy banks, south-
western Ontaiio.

31. CYNTHIA, Don. CyntiUA.

C. Virgin'ica, Don. {Kriyia amplexicaulis, Nutt., in Macoun's
Catalogue,) Roots librous. Stem-leaves 1-2, oblong or lanceo-
late-spathulato, clasping, mostly entire, the radical ones on short
winged petioles. Peduncles 2-5. — South-western Ontario.

3^. LAMP'SAIVA, Tourn. NiPPLE-wor.T.

L. communis, L. Very slender and branching. Leaves
angled or toothed. Heads small, loosely panicled. — Borders of
springs ; not connnon.

33. CICHO'RIUM, Tourn. Succory. Cichoby.

C. In'tybus, L. Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, partly
clasping; radical ones runcinate. — Roadsides and waste places.

34. I.EON'TODO«r, L. Fall Dandelion.

L. autumna'le, L. (Fall Dandelion.) Leaves lanceolate,
laciniatetoothed or piimatifid. Scape branched. — Roadsides and
waste places ; not common.

3.-,. IIIERA'CIUM, Tourn. Hawkweed.

1. H. Canadensis, Michx. (Cakada Hawxweed.) Heads
lanjc. Stem simple, leafy, corymbed, 1-3 feet high. Peduncles
downy. Leaves ovatc-oblong, v ith a few coarse teeth, somewhat
hairy, sessile, or the uppermost slightly clasping, Achenes
tapering towards the base. — Dry banks and plains. •

82

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

2. H, SCabrum, Michx. (Rough H.) Heads small. Stem
stout, 1-3 feet high, rowjh-hairy, corymbose. Peduncles or invo-
lucre densely clothed v;ith dark bristles. Acheues not tapering. —
Sandy woods and thickets. .

3. H. Gronovii, L. (Hairy H.) Heads small. Stem wand-
like, leafy and very hairy below, naked above, forming a long
and narrow panicle. Achenes loith a very tajyer summit. — Dry
soil, western Ontario.

4. H. veno'sum, L., (Rattlesnake- weed) with a smooth
naked scape (or bearing one leaf), and a loose corymb of very
slender peduncles, is found in the Niagara region and south-
westward.

36. NAB'AIiUS, Cuss. Rattlesnake-boot.

1. N. albus, Hook. {Prenanthes alba, L., in Macoun's Cata-
logue. (White Lettuce.) Heads 8-r2-flowered. Pappus deep
cinnamon-coloured. Stem 2-4 feet high, smootli and glaucous,
corymbose-paniculate. Leaves triangular-halberd-shaped, or 3-5-
lobed, tlic uppermost oblong and undivided. — Rich woods.

2. N. altis'simus, Hook. {Prenanthes altissimay L., in Ma-
coun's Catalogue.) (Tall White Lettuce.) Heads 5-6-flowered.
Pajqtus pale straiv-colonred. Stem taller but more slender than
in No. J, with a long leafy panicle at the summit. — Rich woods.

3. N. racemo'sus, Hook. {Prenanthes racemosa, Michx., in
Macoun's Catalogue.) Heads about 12-flowered. Involucre and
peduncles hairy. Stem wand-like, smooth. Leaves oval or oblong-
lanceolate, slightly toothed. Heads crowded in a long and
narrow interruptedly spiked panicle. Pappus straw-colour ;
flowers flesh-colour. — Shore of Lake Huron and south-westward.

sr. TARAX'ACUM, Haller. Dandelion.
T. Dens-leo'nis, Desf. (Common Dandelion.) Outer invo-
lucre reflexed. Leaves runcinate. — Fields everywhere.

38. LACTU'CA, Tourn. Lettuce.

L L. Canadensis, L. (Wild Lettuce.) Heads numerous,
in a long and narrow naked panicle. Stem stout, smooth, hollow,
4-9 feet high. Leaves mostly runcinate, partly clasping, pale
beneath ; tlio upper entire. Achenes longer than their beaks. —
Borders of fields and thickets.

LOBELIACEiB.

83

2. L. integrifolia, L. Stem 3-6 feet high ; leaves all undi-
vided, entire or slightly toothed. Flowers pale yellow, cream-
colour, or purple. — Dry soil. ■

3. L. hirsu'ta, ^luhl. Leaves runcinate, the midrib beneath
often sparingly bristly-hairy. Flowers yellowish -purple, rarely
white. — Dry soil.

39. l»IUIiGE'DIU]>I, Cass. False on Blue Lettuce.

M, leucophaB'um, DC. {Lactuca kucojihteuy Gray, in Ma-
coun's Catalogue.) Stem tall and very leafy. Heads in a dense
compound panicle. — Borders of <lamp woods and along fences.

40. SOX'CHUS, L. Sow-TnisTLE.

L S. olera'ceus, L. (CommoxSow-Thistlk.) stem-leaves
runcinate, slightly toothed with soft spiny teetli, clasping ; the
auricl<fS acute. — Manured soil about dwellings.

2. S. asper, Viil. (SriNV-LEAVEn S.) Leaves hardhj loheJ,
fringed with soft spines, clasping ; the auricles rounded. Achenes
margined. — Same localities as No. L

3. S. arven'sis, L., (Field S.) with bright yellow flowers and
bristly involucres and peduncles, is found eastward.

41. TRAGOPO'GO^, L. Go.vt'^^ Braiip. Salstfv.

T. praten'sis, L. (Yellow (Joat's Beard.) Spreading west-
ward along the railway lines.

Order L. LOBELIA'CE^. (Lobelia Family.)

Herbs, with milky acrid juice, alternate leaves, and loosely
racemcil flowers. Corolla irregular, S-lobed, the tube nfifit doirn
one side. Stamens 5, syngenesious, and commonly also monadel-
phous, yVert from the corolla. Calyx-tube adherent to the mo^y-
seeded ovary. Style 1. The only gonus is

LOHE'LIV, L. Lobelia.

L L. cardinalis, L. (Cardixal-flowkr.) Corolla larfjpy deep
red. Stem simple, 2-3 feet high, smooth. Loaves oblong-lanceo-
late, slightly toothed. Bracts of the flowers leai iiko. — Low
grounds.

84

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

2. L. B3rpl^ilit'ica, L. (Great Lobelia.) Corolla rather large,
light blue. Stem hairy, simple, 1-2 feet high. Leaves thin, acute
at both ends, serrate. Calyx-lobes half as long as the corolla, the
tube hemispherical. Flowers in a dense spike or laceme. — Low
grounds.

3. L. infla'ta, L. (Indian Tobackjo.) Flowers .swm//, J o/a/i
inch long, pale blue. Stem leafy, branching, 8-18 inclies high,
pubescent. Leaves ovate or oblong, toothed. Pods inflated.
Racemes leafy. — Dry fields.

4. L. Spica'ta, Lam. Flowers small, ^ of an i»ch long, pale
blue. Stem slender, erect, simple, 1-3 feet high, minutely pubes-
cent below. Leaves barely toothed, the lower spathulate or
obovate, the upper reduced to linear bracts. — Racemes long and
naked. — Sandy soil.

5. L, Kal'mii, L. Flowers small, ^ of an inch long, light blue.
Stem loWy 4-18 inches high, very slender. Pedicels filiform, as
long as the flowers, with 2 minute bractlets above the middle.
Leaves mostly linear, the radical ones spathulate and the upper-
most reduced to bristly bracts. — Wet rocks and banks, chiefly
northward.

6. L. Dortman'na, L., (Watek Lobklia) with small loaves
all tufted at the root, and a scape 5 or (5 inches long with a few
small light-blue pedicelled flowers at tlie summit, occurs in the
sliallow borders of ponds in Musk oka.

Order LL CAMPANXJLA'CEJE. (Campanula F.)

Herbs with milky juice, differing from the ])receding Order
chiefly in having a regular 5-lohed corolla {hell-shaped or wJieel-
shaped), separate stamens (5), and 2 or vnore {with m.s, 3) stigmas.

SyiiopniA of the GoinTa.

1. Caiupau'ula. Calj'X 5-cleft. Corolla generally bell-shape<l, H-lohed. Pod

short.

2. Spocnla'ria. Calyx 5-cleft. (Corolla nearly wheel-shape<l, B-lol»ed. Pod

prismatic or oblong. . .

1. CAMPAW'UIiA, Tourn. Bell-flower.

1. 0. rotundifolia, L. (Harebell.) Flowers blue, loosely
panicled, on long slender peduncles, nodding. Stem slender,

ERICACEAE.

85

P?* larrjv,
', acute

^Ha, the
— Low

\i of an
high,

', pale
pu})es-
ate or
Hf <ind

branching, several-flowered. Root-leaves round-heart-shaped ;
stem-leaves linear. Calyx-lobes awl-shaped. — Shaded cliffs.

2. C. aparinoi'des, Pursh. (Marste Uell-flowkr.) Flowers
u>/«7^ or nearly so, about j^ of an inch long. ^Uin rertj drmhr and
weal', fcw-flowored, aiujJtil, riniijhcnrjl hackimirds. Leaves linear-
lanceolate. Calyx-lobes triangular. — Wet places in high grass.
Tlie plant has the habit of a Galium.

3. C. America'na, L. (TALriP>KLL-FLOWKR.) Flowers light
blue, al)out an incli ac;ross, cromle.d in a h-afij s/uke. Corolla
deeply H-lobed. »S'////« lonf/ and curved. Stein 'A Ct feet high,
simple. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper- pointed, serrate.
— Moist rich soil.

a. SPECriiA/RiA, Ileister. Vents's Lookino-olass.

S. perfolia'ta, A. DC. Flowers purplish-blue, only the latter
or iipper ones expanding. Stem hairy, li '20 inciies high. Leaves
roundisli or ovate, clasping. Flowers solitary or 2 or ^ together
in the axils. — Sterile open ground, chiefly south-westward.

Order LTL ERICA'CEiB. (Heath Family.)

Chiefly shrubs, di.sf4nfjuishcd hy the anthers openimj, as a rul%
hy a jtore (d ihe, lop of i'arh oil. Stan>ens (as in the two preced-
ing Orders) free; from the corolla, as many or twice as many as its
lo])es. L(!aves simple and usually «lteruate. Corolla ill some
cases polypetalous.

SyiiopHiH of til" *"ienera.

Suborder L VACCrNTEiE. (Whortleberry FAmLY.)

Calyx-lnhe adherent to the omry. Fruit a herry crowned with
ihe calyx-teeth.

1. GayliiHHa'cia. Stamens 1.0, th*^ anthers oponin*,' by a ]K)ro at the apex.
Corolla tubular, ovoid. t.h<! bordbjr f>-oleff,. Jturr;/ lo-celled, lO-seednl.
Flowers white witli a red tirij,'e.' Leaves covered with resinous dots.
Hraiichin<,' shrubs.

?. Vact'in'iuni. Stamtns 8 or 10, the anthers prolon{,'ed upwards into tubes
with a jKire at I'urli iipex, Corolla deeply 4-parted and revolute, or
cylindrical witli flu- limb rvtoothod. Berry l-cellcd, or more or less
complotoiy 10 ci'llcd. Flowers white or r«!ddish, solitary or in short
racemes. Shniha.

80

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

3. Cliiofs'eiics. Sfcaincna 8, each anther Q-pointcd at thi'. apix. Corolla bcll-

shapod, liccyli/ U-clcJt. Limb of tho calyx 4-parto(1. Flowers very small,
noddirii,'' from tho axils, with 2 braotlets under the oalyx. Tterrtj irhitr,
4-cellcd. A trailinff slender cverjjrecn.

SuBoKDEu II. ERICINEiE. (Hkatii Family ruoPEii.)

Calyx free, from tho, ovary. Shr^ihs or Hinnll it'ees. Coolla
(/(WiopefafoHH, except, hi iVo. 10.

4. Arctostaph'ylos. Corolla urn-shaped, the limb r>-toothcd, rovolutc.

Stamens 10, tho anthers each with 2 reflcxed awns on the l)ack. Fruit a
berry-liko drupe, 5-10-seeded. A trailinq; thick-leaved cvorfjrcen with
nearly white flowers.

5. F^pigiP'a. Corolla salver-shaped, hairy inside, rose-coloured. Stamens 10;

filaments sletider ; anthers awidess, openimj Iniffthwise. Calyx of 6
pointed and scale-like nearly distinct sepals. A trailing evcrpfrcen,
bristly with rusty liairs.
f>. Oaultlic'ria. Corolla ovoid, or slifjhtl}' urn-shaped, H-toothed, nearly
white. Stamens 10, tho antliers 2-awned. Calyx r)-cleft, enclosinyf the
pod and hi'coDiiwjJlcshif and hrrry-lllce, in fruit. Stems low and slender,
leafy at tho sununit.

7. Cassaii'dra. Corolla cylindrical, 5-toothed. Stamens 10, the anther-cells

taperinj^ into beaks with a ]ioro at the apex, awnless. Calyx of 5 ovor-
lappinjf sepals, and 2 similar bractlets. Pod with a double pericarp, the
outer of 5 valves, the im)er cartilaginous and of 10 valves. A low shrub
with rather scurfy loaves, and white flowers.

8. AiKlrom'eda. Corolla ylobular-urnshaped, H-toothed. Calyx of 5 nearly

distinct valvato sepals, without bractlets. Stamens 10; the filaments
bearded ; the anther-cells each with a slender awn. A low shrub, with
white flowers in a terminal lunbel.

9. Kal'inia. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, ivith 10 potichct receiving an many

anfhi'rs. Sb: ubs with showy rose-purple flowers.

10. T^o'duinP, Calyx 5-toothed, very s?uall. Corolla of n obovato and spread-

in}? distinct petals. Stamens 5-10. Ticaves evergreen, with revolute
margins, covered beneath tcith rnsty wool.

Sup.oKDEu ITT. PYROLEiE. (Pykola Family.)

Calyx free from the ovary. CoroUa polypetalons. More or leds
herhaceoun ereryreens. *W ■

11. Py'rola. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, concave. Stamens 10. Stigma 5-lobed.

Leaves evergreen, clustered at the, base, of an uprijlit scaly-bracted scape
which bears a niinide raceme of noddinj jloiL'ers,

12. Moin'''s<>s. Petals 5, orbicidar, spreading. Stamens 10. Stigma large,

peltate, willi 5 narrow radiating lobes. Plant liaving tho aspect of m
Pyrola, but the scape, bearing a single terminal Jloroer.

ERICACEAE.

87

J-'oroIla ),on.
tt'i-y siiiall,

*It()PER.)

^0)-o//a

- f'ruita

""ens 30;
[a'yx of 5
P'orfirrcori,

Mf nearly
losiny the
[1 slendor,

thor-ceJJs
f /) ovor-
''an', the
^H' shrub

5 nearly
'aniouts
'b, with

prcad-
■volute

le,

'aS

3
#

'bed.
^ape

fe

rf

i-ffe.

m

>f M

m

13. Chiiimph'ila. Petals 5, concave, orbicular, spreading?. Stamens 10.

Sti;,'iiia broad and round, the border r)-crcnatc. Low plants with runnin<j
under;rrourul shoots, and tliick, shinint;, sharply serrate, somewhat
whorled leaves. Klowers corynibed or \nnbclled on a terminal peduncle.

Suborder IV. MONOTROPEJE. (Indian-Pipk Family.)

14. Hoiuit'ropa. A smooth i)erfectbj tchite plant, parasitic on roots, bear-

\iv^ scales instead of leaves, and a 8in;,'le flower at tlie summit of the stem.
If). I'teros'pora. A purplish-brown clammy-ptd)cscent jdant, jmranitic on

the roots of pines. Stem simple. Flowers numerous, nodding, white,
"^ form in J,' a raceme.
1(). Hypop'ity.s. A tawny or reddish parautic jdant, with several flowers in

a scaly raceme, the terminal one ^^enerally with 5 petals and 10 stamens,

and the others with 1 petals and 8 stamens.

1. GAYIA'SSA'CIA, H.B.K. HUCKLEUERRY.

G. resino'sa, ToiT. and Gr. (Black Hucklhukury.) Fruit
black, v'ilhout a hloom. Racemes short, l-sideil, in clusters.
Leaves oval or oblong. ]5rancliin<:; slirub, 1-3 feet high. — Low
grounds.

3. VACCIlV'irM, L. Cranberry. Blueberry.

L V. Oxycoc'cus, L. {Oxycoccm vidijariii, Pursh, in Macoua's
Catalogue.) (Small Cranberry.) A creeping or trailing very
slender slu'ubby plant, with ovate acute evergreen leaves only ^
of an inch long, the margins revolute. Corolla rose-coloured,
4-pai-te<l, the lobes refle.Ked. Anthers 8. Stetn 4-0 iiichca lowj.
Berry only about :} of an inch aci'osH, often speckled with white.
— Bogs.

2. V. macrocar'pon, Ait. {Oxycoccus macrocarpus, Pursh, in
Macoun's Catalogue. ) (Large or American Craniserrv.) Dif-
ferent from No. 1 in having prolonged stems (1-3 feet long) and
the flowering branches lateral. The leaves also are nearly twice
as large, and the berry u fully h an inch broad. — Bogs.

3. V. Vitis-Idaea, L. A low plant with erect branches from
tufted creeping stems. Leaves evergreen, obovate, with revolute
margins, diining above, dotted with blackish bristly points
beneath. Corolla bell-xhapcd, 4-lobed. Anthers 8-10. Flowers
in a short bracted raceme. — Northward and eastward.

4. V. Pennsylva'nicum, Lam. (Dwarf Blueberry.) Stem
6-15 inches high, the branches green, angled, and warty. Corolla

88

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

cylindrical bell-shaped, 5-tootlied. Aiithera 10. Flowers in short
racemes. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, serrulate with bristly-
pointed teeth, smooth and shining on botli sides, lierry blue or
black, with a bloom. — Dry plains and woods.

5. V. Canadense, Kalm. (Canadian Blueueuky.) Stem 1-2
feet high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, entire, lowny
both sides, as arc also the branchlets. — A very common Canadian
species.

6. V. COrymbo'sum, L., (Swami'-Blueuekky) is a tall shrub
(3-10 feet) growing in swamps and low grounds, with leaves vary-
ing from ovate to elliptical-lanceolate, and llowers and berries
very much tlie same as those in No. 4, but the berries ripen later.

3. CmOG'ElVES, Salisb. Ckeki'ing Snowbekry.

C. hispidula, Torr. and Gr. Leaves very small, ovate and
pointed, on short petioles, the margins revolute. The lower
surface of the leaves and the branches clothed with rusty bristles.
Berries bright white. — Bogs and cool woods.

4. ARCTOSTAPIl'YL.OS, Adans. Bearberry.

A. Uva-ursi, Spreng. Flowers in terminal racemes. Leaves
alternate, obovate or spathulatc, entire, smooth. Berry red. —
Bare hillsides.

5. EPiGiE'A, L. Ground Laurel. Trailing Arbutus.

E. re'pens, L. (Mayflower.) Flowers in small axillary
clusters from scaly bracts. Leaves evergreen, rounded and heart-
shaped, alternate, on slender petioles. Flowers very fragrant. —
Dry woods in early spring.

6. GAUIiTHE'RIA, Kalm. Aromatic Wintergreen.

G. procuni1:)ens, L. (Teaberry. Wintergreen.) Flowers
mostly single in the axils, nodding. Leaves obovate or oval,
obscurely serrate, evergreen. Berry bright red, edible. — Cool
woods, chiefly in the shade of evergreens.

7. CASSAX'DRA, Don. Leather-leap.

C. calycula'ta, Don. Flowers in 1 -sided leafy racemes. Leaves
oblong, obtuse, flat. — Bogs.

•■SM

Lea

bcul

ERICACEAE.

89

in short
hviatly,
hlue or

■•'m 1-2
luidian

shrub
vary,
'orries
later.

. 'i^'

8. ANDROI»I'EDA, L. AndroMEP.v.

A.polifolia, L. Stem smooth ami glaucous, 6-18 inches high.
Leaves oblong-linear, with strongly revolui.'? margins, white
beneath. — Bogs.

9. KAL'MIA, L. American Lauhel.

K. glau'ca, Ait. (Pale Laurel.) A straggling shrub about
a foot high, with few-flowered terminal corymbs. Branchlets 2-
edged. Leaves opposite, oblong, the margins revolute. Flowers
i an incli across. — Bogs.

10. LE'DUM, L. Labrador Tea.

L. latifo'lium, Ait. Flowers white, in terminal umbel-like
•lusters. Leaves elliptical or oblong. Stamens 5, or occasionally
6 or 7.— Bogs.

11. PY'ROLA, Tourn. Winteroreen. Shin-leap.

1. P. rotundifolia) L. Leaves orbicular, thick; shinituf, usually
shorter than the 'petiole. Calyx-lobes lanceolate. Flowers white,
or in var. incarna'ta rose- purple. — Moist woods.

2. P. ellip'tica, Nutt. (Siiix-leaf.) Leaves elliptical, thin,
dull, iisualhj loiujtr than the manjined petiole. Flowers greenish-
white. — Rich woods.

3. P. secunda, L. Easily recognized by the jlowers of the
dense raceme heimj all turned to one side. Leaves ovate. Style
long, protruding. — Rich woods. Var. pumila has orbicular
leaves, and is 3-8-flowered. — Peat-bogs and swamps.

4. P. cMoran'tha, Swartz, has small roundish dull leaves,
converging greenish-white petals, and the anther-cells contracted
beloiv ihej^ore into a distinct neck or horn, — Open woods.

la. MONE'SES, Saliab. One-flowered Pyrola.

M. uniflo'ra, Or. Leaves thin, rounded, veiny, and serrate.
Scape 2-4 inches high, bearing a single white or rose-coloured
flower. — Deep woods.

• 13. CHIMAPIT'ILA, Pursh. Pipsissewa.

1. C. umbella'ta, Nutt. (Piii::cE's Pine.) Leaves wedge-
lanceolate, acide at the base. Peduncles 4-7-floweaped. Corolla
rose- or flesh-coloured, — Dry woods.

90

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

2. C. macula'ta, Pursh. (SporrED Winteu(!HKEN.) Leaves
ovate-lanceolate, cff>fi(se at the base, the upper surface ra7'k>j<Uc<l
tvith white. — Dry woods.

14. MONOT'ROPA, L. Indian Pipe. Tine- sap.

Hi ao'ra, L. (Inpian Pipe. Corpse- Plant.) Smooth,

wax^ -white, turning black in drying. — Dark ricli woods.

13. PTEROS'PORA, Nutt. Pink-drops.

P. Andromede'a, Nutt. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ovate, urn-
shaped, 5-toothed, persistent. Stamens 10. Stigma 5-lobed. Pocl
5-lobed, 5-celled. — Usually under pines in dry woods.

16. IIYPOP'ITYS, Scop. Pink-sap.

H. lanugino'sa, Nutt. Somewhat pubescent. Sepals bract-
Jike. Stigma ciliate. Style longer than the ovary, hollow. Pod
globular or oval. — Oak and pine woods.

Order LIII. AQUIFOLIA'CE^. (Holly Family.)

Shrubs or small trees, with small axillary polygamous or
diiecious flowers, the parts mostly in fours or sixes. Calyx very
minute, free from tlie ovary. Stamens alternate with the petals,
attached to their base, the corolla being almost polypetalous.
Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigma nearly sessile. Fruit a
berry-like 4-8-seeded drupe

1. ILEX, L. Holly.

I. verticilla'ta, Gr. (Black Alder. Winterbeury. ) A
shrub with the greenish flowers in sessile clusters, or tlie fertile
ones solitary. Parts of the flowers mostly in sixes. Fruit bright
red. Leaves alternate, obovate, oval, or wedge-lanceolate, pointed,
veiny, serrate. — Swamps and low grounds.

a. NEMOPAN'THES, Eaf. Mouktain Holly. - •

N. Canadensis, DC. A branching shrub, with grey bark,
and alternate oblong nearly entire smooth leaves on slender
petioles. Flowers on long slender axillary peduncles, mostly
solitary. Petals 4-5, oblong-linear, distinct. Fruit light red, —
Moist woods.

PLANTAGINACKiTI, PRIMULACE^E.

01

Leaves
'trieijatid

Smooth,

ito, urii-
ed. Pod

s bract.
w. Pod

fLY.)

loiia or
yx: very
petals,
italons.
Ei'ruit a

■10-

Order LI V. PLANTAGINA'CEJE. (Plantain Family.)

Herbs, with the leaves all radical, and the flowers in a close
spike at the summit of a. nalred scape. Calyx of 4 sepals, per-
sistent. Corolla 4-lol)od, t'.iin and membranaceous, spreading.
Stamens 4, usually with long ^laments, inserted on the corolla.
Pod 2-celled, the top coming off like a lid. Leaves ribbed. The
principal genus is

PLANTA'GO, L. Plantain. Rib-Grass.
L P. major, L. (Commox P.) Spih: lona and ulendcr. Leaves
5-7-n/»/>fif/, ovate or slightly heart-shaped, vnthchanndh'djwtiolen.
Pod 7-lG-Heedcd. — Moist ground about dncllings.

2. P. Kamtscha'tica, Hook. {P. Pntjelii, Decaisne, in Ma-
conn's Catalogue.) ]vesembling small forms of Xo. 1, but ]>0(f
4-Keeded. *

3. P. lanceola'ta, L. (Rib-Grass. Encslisu Plantain.)
SjhIc thick and dense, short. Leaves 3-5-ribbed, lanceolato or
lanceolate-oblong. Scape grooved, long and slender. — Dry ticlds*
and banks.

4. P. corda'ta, Lam. Tall and glabrous. Bracts round'Ovate^
fleshy. — Pod 2-4-seedcd. — South-western Ontario.

C. P. marit'ima, L., var. juncoi'des, Or., with very narro>^
and slender spike, and linear fleshy leaves, is found on the sea-
coast and Lower St. Lawrence.

^.) A
fertile
bright
inted,

bark,
2nder
ostly
Jd.-

Order LV. PRIMULA'CE^. (Primrose Family.)

Herbs with regular perfect flowers, well marked by having a

stamen hefore each petal or hhe of the corolla and inserted on the

tube. Ovary 1 -celled, the placenta rising from the base. Style

1 ; stigma L

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Prim'iila. Leaves all in a cluster at the root. Flowers in an umbol at

the summit of a simple scape. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens 5,
included.

2. Trienta'lis. Leaves in a whorl at the summit of a slender erect stem.

C<ilyx usually 7-partcd, the lobes pointed. Corolla usually 7-parted,
Bprcadin^r, without a tube. Filaments muted in a ring below. Flowers
usually only one, white and star-shaped.

92

COMMON TANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

3. T^yHlinach'ia. Leafy-stemmed. Flowers yuUow, axillary or in a terminal

raceme. Calyx usually G-partcd. Corolla wheel-shaped, mostly G-partcd,
and sometimes })olypctalou8.

4. AnagaVllH. Low and spreading. Leaves opposite or whorled, entire.

Flowers variously coloured, solitary in the axils. Calyx r)-parte<l.
Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted. Filaments bearded.

6. Sam'oluH. Smooth and spreadinj;!:, G-10 inches high. Corolla bell-shaped,
5-parte«l, with 5 sterile filaments in the sinuses. Cahjx itartialhf adher-
ent to the ovary. Flowers very small, white, racemed. Leaves alternate.

1. PRI3I'UIiA, L. Primkose. Cowslip.

1. P. farino'sa, L. (Bird's-eye P.) Lower surface of the
leaves covered with a white mealiness. Corolla lilac with a
yellow centre. — Shores of Lake Huron, antl northward.

2. P. Mistassin'ica, Michx. Leaves not mealy. Corolla
flesh-coloured, the lobes obcordate. — Shores of the Upper Lakes,
and northward.

a. TRlENTA'IilS, L. Chickweed-Wintergreen.

T. America'na, Pursh. (Star- Flower.) Leaves thin and
veiny, lanceolate, tapering towards both ends. Petals pointed.
— Moist woods.

3. liYSIMACH'IA, Tourn. Loosestrife.

L L. thyrsiflo'ra, L. (Tufted Loosestrife.) Flowers in
spike-like clusters from the axils of a few of the upper leaves.
Petals lance-linear, purplish-dotted, as many minute teeth between
them. Leaves scale-like below, the upper lanceolate, opposite,
sessile, dark-dotted. — Wet swamps.

2. L. stricta, Ait. Flowers on slender pedicels in a long
terminal raceme. Petals lance-oblong, streaked with dark lines.
Leaves opposite, lanceolate, acute at each end, sessile, dark -dotted.
— Low grounds. _

3. L. QUadrifolia, L. Flowers on long slender pedmicles from
the axils of the upper leaves. Petals streaked. Leaves in whorls
of 4 or 5, ovate-lanceolate, dark-dotted. — Sandy soil.

4. Lt Cilia'ta, L. {Steironema ciliatum, Raf., in Macoun'a
Catalogue.) Flowers nodding on slender peduncles from the
upper axils. Petals not streaked or dotted. Leaves opposite, not

"^"•^j^nyfi^-^-

LENTIBULACE-fi.

93

|'> a terminal
t'y G-parted,

"■led, entire.
|x Ti-partt'd.

JclI-shaped,
jalli/ adver-
ts alternate.

e of the
2 with <a

Corolla
r Lakes,

'hin and
pointed.

wers in
leaves,
etween
>posite,

^ long

lines.

otted.

from
'Jhorls

oun's
the

. not

fs

-M

^c>de.df ovate-lanceolate, pointed, cordate at the base, on lotuj
fringed jicfiofen. — Low grounds.

5. L. longifo'lia, Walt. {Steironema longifolium, Gray, in Ma-
conn's Catalogue.) Petals not streaked or dotted. Stem-lenrcn
Mfffxi/e^ narrov'hj linear, 2-4 inches long, the margins sometinjca
revolute. Stem 4-angle.d. — Moist soil, western Ontario.

4. ANAGAIi'LlS, Tourn. Pimpernel.

A. arven'sis, L. (Common Pimpernel.) Petals obovate,
fringed irith minute, teeth, mostly bluish or purplish. Flowers
closing at tlic approach of rain. Leaves ovate, sessile. — Sandy
fields and garden soil.

.'». SAM'OLrs, L, Water-Pimpebnel. Brook- weed.

S. Valeran'di, L., var. America'nus, Gray. Stem slender,
diffusjily branched. The slender pedicels each with a bractlct at
the middle. — Wet places. ^

Okdeu LVL LENTIBin[iA'CE.ffiS. (Bladderwort F.)

Small aquatic or marsh herbs, with a 2-lipped calyx and a
personate corolla with a spur or sac underneath. Stamens 2.
Ovary as in rrimulacea\ Chiefly represented by the two follow-
ing genera : —

1. UTRICULA'RIA, L. Bladderwort.

L U. VUlga'ris, L. (Greater Bladderwort.) Immersed
leaves crowded, finely dissected into capillary divisions, furnished
with small air-bladders. Flowers yellow, several in a raceme on
a naked scape. Corolla closed ; the spur conical and shorter
than the lower lip. — Ponds and slow waters.

2. U. interme'dia, Hayne. Immersed leaves 4 or 5 times
forked, the divisions linear-awl-shaped, minutely bristle-toothed
on the margiiij not bladder-hearing, the bladders being on leafless
branches. Stem 3-6 inches long. Scape very slender, 3-6 inches
long, bearing few yellow flowers. Upper lip of the corolla much
longer than the palate ; the spur closely pressed to the broad lower
lip. — Shallow waters.

3. U. COrnu'ta, Michx. , with an awl-shaped spur turned down-
ward and outward, and the lower lip of the corolla helmet-shaped.

01

tMniMON «\\NA1»1AN Wll.n PI, ANTS.

is not jMu'oiiimou in tli<> uorthoni pjirt.s (tf (>ntini(t. KlowtM's
yellow. Loavos u\vI-sliap<Ml.

«. I»IIV<ai<"liI..\, L. ]]uTTi:U\VollT.

P. vulgaris, l^. A small and Htonilr.sH ptMoiiiiial growing on
<lanip rooks. Scapes l-liowtied. Jjoaves cntiio, ovate or elliptical,
aoft-ll«>s])y, elnstere«l at the root. Upper lip of tlu' e.-dyx .'l-eleft,
tho lower 'J-eluft. Corolla violet, the lips very nneipial, tlu;
palate open, a>id hairy or spotted. -Shore of Lake llnron.

()ki»kh LVIT. OROBANCHA'CEiE. (I'.uoomuai'k K.)

I'arasitie herbs, destitnto of gn^en foliai,'e. (^orolla, more or

loss 12 li})|ied. Stamens didynamons. Ovai-y l-ei>lled witli 'J oi' J
parietal placenta", many -seeded.

1. KIMPlIF/ca'S, NiJtt. .nr.Kcu-nuoTs.

E. Virginia'na, l^art. A yellowish brown brantihini; plant,

parasitic on the roots of beech-trees. I'Mowers I'acemose or spike<l ;

the npper sterile, with long corolla ; the lower fertile, with short

corolla.

i. rO!\01MI'OMS, Walln)Ui. Sgu.vw KooT.

C. America lia, Wallroth. A lOicstnut-colourcd or yellow
plant foiuul in dusters in oak woods in eai'Iy .summ(>r, .'{-(} inchotj
high and rather less than an inch in thicknt'ss. The stem covered
with tieshy si'ahvs so as to resendde a cone, ^'lowers under tho
upper scales ; stami-ns projecting.

;i. APllvli'LOiv, Mitchell. Nakkp J?uooM-iurR.

A. uniflorum, Torr. ami Ov. riant ycllcwiahd)iown. Mower
soliUvry at the top of a naked scape. Stem subterranean or nearly
so, short and scaly. »Scapes .'> 5 iiu'hes higli. Calyx r»-oloft, tho
divisions lauce-awl-shapod. C«>rolla with a long curved tube aiul
r>-lobed border, and 2 yellowd>eardcd folds in tho throat. Stigma
'Jdipped. —Woods, in early summer.

Oui^KK LVTTT. SCROPHULARIA'CEiE. (Fi(iwouTF.)

Herbs, di^jtinguishcd by a 2dipped or more or less irregular
corolla, stamens usually 4 and didynamons, or oidy 2, (or in W»r-
bascum '>) and a '2-celled and usually many-seeded ovary. Stylo
1 ; stigma entire or 2 lobed.

8CUOI'IIUIiAUIA(MU0

90

-<> JMciiea

I COV(M-C(l

lulor the

''lower
stigma

itF,)

■gnhiv
I V'er-
Style

SyiiopsiM of Mil- <>rii<'i"i.

" CiinilUl wkci-l hIiiiiiiiI, ,iml, aiili/ Hliijlillii in-fi/uldr.
1. VorhiiM'ciiiii. SliinifiiH {with uiiflirrs) .'. KluwriH in a I'nii,' i'Tiiliiial
Hpilvf. (;orf)ll!v fi p.irtcd, marly rc-iilar. iMliiinciif.H (or H<fiii(j of tliuiii)

wonll}.

U. ViM'on'ira. Shunnm onli/ :: ; niaiiicntH lod^ tind Hlctnlcr. Corolla mostly
.J-i»aH,(!rl, iKiaily or t|uit,o iTK'iilar, l'"'l fliitf.iHh. FlowcrH Holitary in the
axilH, or fonninj; a t»Tiiiiiiii1 raccmo or Hpiko,

* ' Conilln ^-lipjird, <ir liilnilur itml irrri/idar.

- U iii>< r li/> of lliv <uinill.li I'inhniriii.'/ flu' Imiir in, tin; lunl, txri/if. <i<u;ani,tiitaUu

III .Miiiiiiliifi.

:) Liiiii'ria. CoroUii ■pi-iHonafi'. (Kij,'. IHI, Part I.), with a /on;/ xjmr Iji.naifh.

Staimiis l. FlowcrH yellow, in a crow(lt;«l r.u;t:mc.
• Sn-oplMilu'i-iii. Corolla tiihuliir, Hom<;svhatiii(l:itt!<l, Tj-IoIxmI ; th<: /^ ujiprr

lithru iirrt, llio lower oiio Hprnadiii^'. St'ini«ii:-i with aiithfirH 4, tin; nidi-

iiic.rit of a fifth ill Mn; form of a Hialo on tlio npix^r lip of the coroh.a.

l''l<)Wi;rH small and <linKy, formlfii,' a narrow turminal panlclo. Htoiii

t niih^d.
S <'Ih*I«»'ih'. Corolla Inflatcd-tuhular (Fi^'. I'^o, I'arfc I.). Stam<;ns J, with

woolly filaim iilH and anthers, ami a fifth filament without aii anther.

Flowers white, in a cIoho terminal Hpikc.

I. r<;ii(stu'nioii. Corolla 2-lipped, ;,'radnally widening upwards. Stamens

\, with a filth .sterile fUamcMit, (hii latter ynUow-branled. Flowers white
or purpliHh, in a loo«t; panicle.

7. IMIiu'iiliiM. Cabjx r>-(i ujlfd M\^ [)-Uioihin\. Upper lip of the corolla ere(;t

or reflexed-spreadiny, the lower spreadinj,', .'Mohed. .Stamens 4, alike;

no nuliuvnt of a fifth, Sti;,Mna '.i-lippcd. Flowers hluc or yellow, solitary

on axillary peiluncles.
K. <jira(i'<>Ia. Corolla tuhular and 2-lipped. StamnnH ivith anthcrn onli/ :j,

mcluded. Flowers with a yellowish tube, on axillary i»eduncleH, solitary.

.Style dilated at the apex.

U. llyKjiii'Mn'M, Corolla tuhular and 2-lipped. ,SlamcuH loith anthers only 2,
included; ulno a jiair if filaiiwntH which are two-lobed, but without
anthers. Flowers purplish, axillary. .Stylo 2-lipped at the ajH-'X.

-<- -t- Lower liji of the. corolla entbracinj the upper in the bud,

10. <i«)raii''<llji. Corolla funnel-form, swellinjf above, the 5 npreading lobes
more or letis vneiitial, .Stamens 4, s/roinjly di'lj/nmnons, hairy. Style
lonj,', enlarged at the apex. Flowers purple or yellow, solitary on axil-
lary peduncles, or sonietinics forming a raceme.

II. Cast illo'ia. Corolla tubular and 2 lipped, its tube included in the tubular

and jlattened cabjx; the upper lip lon;^ and narrow and flattened
laterally, the \o\vov short and 3-lobed. Stamens 4, diflynamous. Floral
leaves scarlet (rarely yellow) in our species. Corolla palo yellow.

96

eOMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

12. Euphra'sia. Cali/X It-cleft Upper lip of the corolla erect, the lower
spreadinjj. Stamens 4, under the upper lip. Very small herbs, with
whitish or bluish spiked flowers. (Chiefly on the sea-coast, and north of
Lal<e Superior.)

l.'i. Rhinaii'thus. Calyx Jiat, greatly inflated in fruit, 4-toothed. Upper
lip of the corolla arched, flat, with a minute tooth on each side below
the apex. Stamens 4. Flowers yellow, solitary in the axils, nearly
sessile, the whole forming a crowded 1-sided spike. (Chiefly on the sea-
coast, and north of Lake Superior.)

H. Pedicula'ris. Calyx split in front, not inflated in fruit. Corolla '2-lipi)ed,
the upper lip arched or hooded, incurved, flat, 2-toothed under the apex.
Stamens 4. Pod flat, somewhat sword-sJiaped.

1.5. Melanipy'rum, Calyx U-cleft, the lobes sharp-pointed. Corolla green-
ish-yellow ; upper lip arched, compressed, the lower 3-lobed at tlie apex.
Stamens 4 ; anthers hairy. Pod 1-4-seeded, flat, oblique. Upper leaves
larger than the lower ones and fringed with bristly teeth at the base.

1. VERBAS'CUM, L. Mullein.

1. V. Thap'sus, L. (Common Mullein.) A tall and very
woolly herb, with the simple stem winged by the decurrent bases
of the leaves. Flowers yeUow, forming a dense spike. — Fields
and roadsides e\ ery where. ■'

2. v. Blatta'ria, I^. (Moth M.) Stem slender, nearly smooth.
Lower leaves petioled, doubly serrate ; the upper partly clasping.
Flowers whitish with a purple tinge, in a hose raceme. Filaments
all violet-bearded. — Roadsides ; not common northward.

a. VEROIV'ICA, L. Speedwell.

1. V. America'na, Sohweinitz. (Amkiuoan Brooklime.)

Flowers pale blue, in opposite axillary racemes. Leases mostly
jntioled^ thickish, serrate. Pod swollen. — A common plant in
brooks and ditches.

2. V. Anagal'lis, L., (Watek Speedwell) is much like No.
1, ])ut the leaven are sessile^ with a heart-shaped base.

3. V. SCUtella'ta, L. (Marsh S.) Flowers pale blue, in
racemes chiefly from alteiiiate axils. Leaves sessile, linear, oppo-
site, liardly toothed. Racemes 1 or 2, slender and ziyzay. Flowers
few. Pods very flat, notched at both ends. — Bogs.

4. V. 0f9.cinalis, L. (Common S.) Flowers light blue. Stem
prostrate, rooting at the base, ^pubescent. Leaves short-pctioled,

ob

axi|

w(

or I
l)ri
lo\

SCROPHULARIACEiE.

|i the lower

icrbs, with

N north of

'-^- npper
|side below
i''s. nearly

'n the sea-

P -'ipiHJd,
the apex.

97

"a green-
the apex.
>er leaves
base.

ifl very
't bases
-Fields

isping.
intents

to.stfy
»t ill

No.

I in

po-
'ers

J,

obovate- elliptical, serrate. Racemes dense, chiefly from alternate
axils. Pod obovate- triangular, notched. — Hillsides and open
woods.

5. V. serpyllifo'lia, L. (Thyme-leaved S. ) Flowers whitish
or pale blue, in a loose terminal raceme. Stem nearly smooth,
branched at the creeping base. Leaves obscurely crenate, the
lowest pHioled. Pod flat, notched. — Roadsides and fields. Plant
only 2 or .3 inches high.

G. V peregri'na, L. (Neckweed.) Flowers whitish, .so/<7ary
ill the axils of the upper leaves. Whitish corolla, thorter than the
calyx. Stem 4-9 inclies high, nearly smooth. Pod orbicular^
slightly notched. — Waste places and cultivated grounds.

7. V, arven'sis, L. (Corn Speedwell.) Flowers (blue) as in
No. G, but the stem is hairy ^ and the pod inversely hea7't-shaped. —
Cultivated soil.

3. LINA'RIA, Toum. Toad-Flax.

L. vulga'ris, Mill. (Toad-Flax. Butter- and-Egcjh.) Leaves
crowded, linear, pale green. Corolla pale yellow, with a deeper
yellow or orange-coloured palate. — Iloa<lsides.

4r. SCROPIIUL.A'RIA, Tourn. FiowoRT.

S. nodo'sa, L. Stem smooth, 3-4 feet high. Leaves ovate or
oblong, till! upper lanceolate, serrate. — Damp thickets.

ff. CIIELO'XE, Tourn. Tubtlk-head.

C. glabra, L. Stem smooth, erect and branching. Leaves
short-petiok'd, lance-oblong, serrate, opposite. Bracts «>f tiie
flowers concave. — Wet places.

ft. PKXTSTE'MON, Mitchell. Beaud-tonouk.

P. pubes'cens. Stem 1-3 feet high, pubescent ; the panicle
more or less clammy. Throat of the corolla almost closed. Stem-
leaves lanceolate, clasping. — Dry soil.

7. MIM'ULUS, L. Monkey-flower.
1. M. rin'gens, L. Stem square, 1-2 feet high. Corolla hlue,
an inch long. (A wiiit»!-tlc)wered variety is sometimes met with.)
Leaves oblong or lanceolate, clasping. — Wet places.

98

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

m

iffllii

2. M. Jamesii, Torr. Stem creeping at the base. Corolla
yellow, small. Leaves roundish or kidney -shaped, nearly sessile.
Calyx inflated in fruit. — In cool springs.

8. GRATI'OIiA, L. Hedge-Hyssop.

1. G. Virginia'na, L. Stem 4-6 inches high, clammy with
minute pubescence above. Sterile filaments minute or none. Leaves
lanceolate. Peduncles slender. — Moist places.

2. G. au'rea, Muhl. Nearly (flahroufi. Sterile filaments slender,
tipped with a little head. Corolla golden yelloiv.

9. ILYSAN'THES, Raf. False Pimpernel.

I. gratioloi'des, Benth. Stem 4-8 inches high, much branched,
diffusely spreading. Leaves ovate, rounded or oblong, the upper
partly clasping. — Wet places.

10. GERAR'DIA, L. Gerardia.

1. G. purpu'rea, L. (Pupple Gerardia.) Corolla rose-
purple. Leaves linear, acute, rough-margined. Floivers an inch
long, on short 2^e.(hincles. — Low grounds.

2. G. tenuifolia, Vahl. (Slender G. ) Corolla rose-purple.
Leaves linear, acute. Flowers about -^ an inch long, on long
thread'lihe j^^duncles. — Dry woods.

3. G. fla'va, L. (Downy G.) Corolla yellow, woolly inside.
Stem 3-4 feet high, finely i)^d)escent. Leaves oblong or lance-
shaped, the upper entire, the lower usually more or less pinnati-
fid, downy-pubescent. — Woods.

4. G. quercifo'lia, Pursh. (Smooth G.) Corolla yellow,
woolly inside. Stem 3-6 feet high, smooth and glaucous. Lower
leaves twice -pinnatifid, the upper pinnatifid or entire, smooth. —
Woods.

T). G. pedicula'ria, L. (Cut-leaved G.) Nearly smooth.
Flowers nearly as in Nos. ? and 4. Stem 2-3 feet high, very
leafy, much branched. Leaves pinnatifid, the lohes cut and
toothed. — Thickets.

11. CASTILLK'IA, Mutis. Painted-Cup.

C. COCCin'ea, Spicng. (Scarlet Painted-Cup.) Calyx 2-cleft,
yellowish. Stem pubescent or hairy, 1-2 feet high. The stem-

VERBENACEiE.

99

Y inside.
•1' laiice-
pinnati-

yellow,

Lower

)oth.—

nooth.
» very
i and

cleft,
item-

I -^

leaves nearest the flowers 3-cleft, the lobes toothed, hrhjht scarlet.
(A yellow-bracted form occurs on the shore of Lake Huron.)
— Sandy soil.

13. EIJPIIRA'SIA, Tourn. Eykbuight.

E. officinalis, L., is rather common on the Lower St. Law
rence antl the sea-coast. Lowest leaves crenate, those next the
flowers bristly-toothed. *

13. IIHI.XAN'THUS, L. YklloW-Rattle.

R. Crista-galli, L. (Common Yellow-Rattle.) Localities
much tlie same as tiioso of Euplirasia. Seeds broadly winged,
rattling in the inflated calyx when ripe.

14. PEDICUI^A'KIS, Tourn. Lousewokt.

1. P. Canadensis, L. (Common Lousewokt. Wood Betony.)
Stems clustered, simple, hairy. Lowest '-uves pinnately -parted.
Flowers in a short spike. — Copses and banks.

2. P. lanceola'ta, Michx., has a nearly simple, smooth, up-
right stem, and oblong-lanceolate cut-toothed leaves. Calyx
2-lobed, leafy-crested. I'od ovate. — Glassy swamps.

1.-,. MELAMPY'RUM, Tourn. Cow- Wheat.

M. America'num, Michx. Leaves lanceolate, short-petioled ;
the lower ones entire. — Open woods.

Okdek LIX. VERBENA'CEiE. (Vervain Family.)

Herbs (with us), with opposite leaves, didynamous stamens,
and corolla eitiier irregularly o-lobed or 2-lipped. Ovary in
Verbena 4-celled (when ripe splitting into 4 nutlets) and in
Phryma 1-celled, hut in no case 4-lobed, thus distinguishing the
plants of this Order from those of the next.

Synopsis of the Gi'iicra.

1. Verbc'iia. Flowers in spikes. Calyx tubular, fj-rihbed. Corolla tubular,

salver-forui, the border rather irregularly G-cleft. Fruit Hpr.ttinj^ into
. 4 nutlets.

*

2. Pliry'iuii. Flowers itj loose slender spiUes, rfjlexi'd in fruit. Calyx

cyliinlrieal, 2 lipped, tiu; upper lip of three slender teeth. Corolla 2-
lipped. Ovary 1-celled an<l 1-seeded.

1, <l,<L.mfm

"" COMMON C.N.„,,, ^,,, ^^^^^^

»• VERBE-WA r tr

1- V. hasta'ta, I. (B..k v '"•

Leaves obIo„g.,.„eeolate uZr^T]'-^ ■'''™> »-« 'oet high

flowe... very .lender, loosely p^antlT' F, f '" f ^"'»" »'*
, 3- V. angnstifoTia,MlL s' '""'"'"'^■•''-•

^vneeolate,tape^,■„gattheballt -f " '"'"• I'O''^^ "arrowly
. ^'-- P-P.e. i/a ero:'r;;S'!lD;tn':' ^"■'""'^ '°°"'«^

a- KIRY'MA. T. r

P. Leptostach'va L r„ „ """•

«te„. s.ende/Z'^tatw ™"; ^,''7':'\- ^-^ — oio......

-■'-elytoothod.-WoodsandthreLt ' '"""■^ "-'<-■•

-~ l;;ro^^^^^^^^^ a..„U;

'■Pped or irregularly 4- or slbf.l o ', '■°''-^* '"""™'*. - 2
--^. forming i„ fU 4 nutkts orTeh ' ■""' '^ ''™'"^ ^-'*''
fon 65, for description of a typtarprnt"- ''''' ''^-^ '^ ' ''-
.<■, • *^"°l"''' "^ 'he Oeiinr. \ ,

" t Te„'„ri..,„ a , •'■*°-^'*«-St'&"''-^''««''-«««M«r
"CI nun. Calyx 5-toothed Thn ♦

arger. Flowers pale purple. ■^^•'' *^« ^o^ver lobe much

«l'jrhtly exserted. '*'*' "^^^^'^ ^2^/-e«rfmy. stamens only

'* ^^""'"'^s i. the outer or lower f^af. 7

rK«,.. Flower, either In .e™i,f f ?'> '' "' "'""' '<""■""• "<>' oo

PiKes. Corolla purplish or whiti,l,.

'"' ■ ' ' .■^■' • '*^. [^

LABIAT^E.

101

'tti'jht

rthe

COIl-

Wed
iisli.

4. Lyc'opuK. C.ilyx-teeth i or 5. Stamens 3, the upper jwiir, if any, without
anthers. Flowers white, in dense axillary clusters.

<- ^_ Carulla cvidi'tithf 2-Upped, hut the lobes nearly equal in size; the tube
not bearded inside. Sta^nens loith anthers v.

;"(. [I«(leo'nia. Calyx 2-lippcd, bulfjinj? on the lower side at the base, hairy
in the throat; 2 bt"-;:".oiia with good anthers, and ;? sterile filaments
ivith false anthers. Low odorous plants, with bluish flowers in loose
axillary clusters.

<- •<- -^ Corolla 2-lippedy the lower of the 5 lobi*s tnuch lanjer than the

other /*; the tube with a bearded rin'j inside. Stamens

2 (pccasionallij It), much exserted.

6. Colliiiso'iiia. Calyx ovate, enlarj^ed and turned down in fruit, '2-lippcd.

Corolla elonj,'ated, the lower lip toothed or frini;cd. Strong-scented
plants with yellowish fiowers on slender 2)edicels in terminal paniclcd
racemes.

-t- -I- -t- -♦- Corolla evidently 2-lipped. Stamens toith anthers U.

7. Fyc-iijiii'theiimiii. Calyx short-tubular, 10-13-nerved, equally 6-toothed.

The whitish or puri)libh flowers in small dense heads, forming terminal
corymbs. Aromatic plants, with narrow rigid leaves crowded and
and clustered in the axils.

8. Saturo'ia. Calyx bell-shaped, not hairy in the throat, ciiually 5-toothed.

Aromatic plants, with narrow leaves and purplish spiked flowers.

* * * Stamens only 2, parallel ; the anthers only 1-celled. Corolla Slipped.

i). M<»iiar'<la. Calyx tubular, nearly equally 5-toothed, hairy in the throat.
Corolla elongated, strongly 2-lipped, tlic ui>pcr lip narrow. Stamens
with long i)rotruding filaments, each bearing a linear anther on its apex.
Flowers large, in whorled heads surrounded by bracts.

* * * * Stamens/^, the tipper or inner pair lonijer ! Anthers approximate in

pairs. Corolla 2-lipped.

10. Nep'ota. Calyx obli(iuely 5-toothed. Anthers approaching each other

in pairs under the inner lip of the corolla, the cells of each anther
divergent. (See Figs. 59 and (30, Part I.)

11. Liopliau'tlius. Calyx obliquel}' 5-toothed. Stamens exserted, the upper

pair declined, the lower ascending, so that the jiairs cross. Anther-cells
nearly parallel. Tall herbs with small flowers in interrupted ternunal
spikes.

12. Calaiiiiii'tha. Calyx tubular, 2.-lipped, often bulging below. C')rolla

2-lipped, the tipper lip not arched, the throat inflated. Flowers pale
jnirple, in globular more or less dense clusters which arc crowded with
linear or awl-Hhapud hairy bracts

* It « X « <^(amens ft, the loicer or outer pair lomjer ! Anthers approximate in

pairs. Corolla '2-lipped.

13. Pliysost<''Kla. Calyx not 2-lipped, 5-toothcd or lobed, thin and mem-

branaceous, inllated-bell-shaped in fruit. Anther-cells parallel. Flower»

102

COMMON CA».w,,v W,U. VU.,T,.

the. I„„.„r toou, ^„„. ^^^/'. .lu,„„„t» ».,„„„,„j ^^ ^ ^««

flovvon,,).. Sta,ue„, 4 ,•„,,„,,",' .'"^ ''^«'h s,)i„j. ami recurved ,ft„
?"««<» with small „!„■,' « '" '*' "'"■''"'» '«&• in/, ,

^'-"» ...0 ,.„rp„ in.io:\:.;;;:L "thr::^:;r'^ '■°""*^'*

TT- '""^"^ '-"-oblong, sllrtr "t '^''""■»y-P"'^o-e„t

•^■^to,scmle.-.Wet pkces. . *""'''«''-^'>'ny. unequally ser. '

'yto. leaves ovate or ovatr«l? '"""''•'' """"^ «"'«™;,ferf
smooth-Wet places. "^ ""'•""""S. acute, ,„,,•„&,,. p '

LABlATiE.

103

3. M. Canadensis, L. (Wild Mint.) Flowers in axillnry
ifhortd ci'u.sterii, the uppermost axils without flowers. Stem more
or less hairy, with ovate or lanceolate toothed leaves on short
petioles. Var. glabra'ta, Henth., is smoothish, and has a rather
pleasanter odour. — Shady wet places.

4. LYC'OPUS, L. Wateu Horeiiound.

1. L. Virgin'icus, L. (Bucle-Wekd.) Cab/x-teefh 4, f'lfiifish.
Stems obtusely 4-angled, G-18 inches high, producing slender
runners from the base. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, toothed. — Moist
places.

2. L. Europae'us, L., var. sinua'tus. Gray. Calyx-teeth 5,
sharp-poiided . Stem sharply 4-angled, l-,*i feet high. Leaves
varying from cut-toothed to pinnatifid. — Wet places.

5. IIEDKO'3IA, pers. Mock Pknnyuoval.

L H. pulegioi'des, Pers. (American Pennyroyal.) Stem
5-8 inches high, branching, hairy. Leaves oblong-ovate, petioledy
obscur^ily serrate. Whorls few-flowered. Plant with a pungent
aromatic odour.— Open woods and fields.

2. H. his'pida, Pursh., has the leaves fiessile, linear, and entire,
and the calyx ci/iate and hispid. — Not common.

6. COLLIIVSO'lVIA, L. HoBSE-BALM.

C. Canaden'sis, L. (Rich- weed. Stone-root.) Stem smooth
or nearly so, 1-3 feet high.. Leaves serrate, pointed, petioled,
3-6 inches long. — Rich woods.

7. PYCIVA\'TI1EMUT»I, Michx. MOUNTAIN MiNT. Basil.

?. lane eola' turn, Pursh. Stem 2 feet high, smoothish or
minutely pubescent. Leaves lanceolate or lance-linear. Heads
downy. Calyx-teeth short. Lips of the corolla very short, —
Dry soil.

8. SATURE'IA, L. Savokv.

S. horten'sis, L. (Summer Savory.) Stem pubescent. Clus-
ters few-flowered. — Escaped from gardens in a few localities.

9. MOXAR'DA, L. PIousE-MiNT.

1. M. did'yma, L. (Osweoo Tea.) Corolla hrif/ht red, very
showy. The large outer bracts tinged with red. — Along shaded
streams. "^

:

.■
1

1.

„

i ^

(

' 1 ^

.-• I ■•

i- '<

* !■ '

rf f

*» it i

'. ^

' fi i

^ U ;

t»

III

104

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

2. M. fistulo'sa, L. (Wild Berg a mot.) Corolla purplish.

The outer bracts Bomewhat purplish. — Dry and rocky banks and

woods.

'■ 10. NEP'ETA, L. Cat-Mint.

1. N. Cata'ria, L. (Catnip.) Flowers in cymose clusters.
Stem erect, downy, branching. Leaves oVjlong, erenate, whitish
beneath. Corolla dotted with purple. — Roadsides.

2. N. Qlecho'ma, Benth. (Ground Ivy.) Creeping and
trailing. Leaves round-kidney -shaped^ erenate, green both sides.
Corolla light blue. — Damp waste grounds.

11. LOPIIAN'TIIUS, Benth. Giant Hyssop.

1. L. nepetoi'des, Benth. Smooth or nearly so, coarsely
crenate-toothed. Calyx-teeth ovate, rather obtuse. Corolla
greenish-yellow. — Borders of woods.

2. L. SCrophulariSBfoliuS, Benth., has lanceolate calyx-teeth
and a purplish corolla. — Near Queenston Heights.

13. C \IiAMIlV'THA, Mcench. Calaminth.

1. C. Clinopo'dium, Benth. (Basil.) Stem hairy, erect, 1-2
feet high. Flower-clusters dense. Leaves ovate, nearly entire,
petioled. — Thickets and waste places.

2. C. Nuttallii, Benth. Smooth, 5-9 inches high. Leaves
narrowly oblong. Clusters /ew-Jlowered, the flowers on slender
naked pedicels. Bracts linear or oblong.— Wet limestone rocks,
western and south-western Ontario.

13. PIIYSOSTE'GIA, Benth. False Dragon-head.

P. Virginia'na, Benth. Stem smooth, wand-like. Lower
leaves oblong- ovate, upper lanceolate. Corolla an inch long,
funnel-form, the throat inflated ; upper lip slightly arching, the
lower 3-parted, spreading, small. — Wet banks; not common.

14. BRUNEI^'LA, Tourn. Self-Hf,al.

B. VUlga'ris, L. (Common Heal-all.) A low plant with
oblong-ovate petioled leaves. Clusters 3-flowered, the wliole
forming a close terminal elongated head. Woods and fields
everywhere.

rii-

BORRAGINACE^.

\(tJ

IP.

SO, coarsely
se. Corolla

calyx-teeth

, erect, 1-2
arly entire,

1. Leaves
on slender
tone rocks,

EAD.

e. Lower
inch long,
•ching, the
mnion.

ilant with
he whole
md fields

15. SlUTKf^r^A'RIA, L. SkULL-CAP.

1. S. galericula'ta, L. Flowers blue, ^ of an inch long,
solitary in the axilrf of tlie upper leaves. Stem nearly smooth,
1-2 feet liigh. — Wet places.

2. S. par'vula, Michx. FloM'ers blue, \ of an inch long, solitary
in the upper axils. Stem minutehi (/oinu/, .S-6 inches high.
Lowest leaves lound-ovate, the upper narrower, all entire. — Dry
banks.

3. S. lateriflora, L. Flowers blue, f, of an inch long, in 1-
sided racemes. Stem upright, much branched, 1-2 feet high. —

Wet places.

16. MAllRU'BIUM, L. IIorkhound.

M. VUlga're, L. Leaves round-ovatu, crenate-toothcd. Calyx
with 5 long and 5 short teetli, recurved. — Escaped from gardens
in some places.

ir. GALEOP'SIS, L. IIejip-Nettle.

G. Tetra'hit, L. (Common Hkmi'-Nktti-k.) Steni bristly-
hairy, swollen below the joints. Leaves ovate, coarsely serrate.
Corolla often with a purple spot on the lower lip. — Waste places

and fields.

18. STACII'YS, L. Hepoe-Nf.tti.k.

S. palustris, L., var. as'pera, ^Jray. Stem 2-.3 feet liigh, 4-
angled, the angles l)eset with stiff refiexed hairs or bristles. —
Wet grounds.

19. T.EONU'Rirs, L. MoTiiEr^woKT.

L. Cardi'aca, L. (Common- Mothekwort. ) Stem tall. Leaves
long-petioled, the lower palmately lol)ed, the upp<r 3-ckft.
Upper lip of the eorolla lieanh'd.- -Near dwellings.

Order LXL BOER AGIN ACE JE. (Bora^k Family.)

Herbs, with a deeply 4-lobed ovary, forming 4 seed-like nut-
lets, as in the last Order, hut the corolhi it rfifnhn'lf/ S-lohed, tcifh
5 stamen H inserted upon if.-i tuhc

Synopsis «»i' 11h> GiMiera.

* Corolla tcithout any scales in the throat.
3. F:'chinin. Corolla with a fiiiiiiel form tube and a spreadinj,' border of 5
siimeii'haf unnjuol tnJiv^t. Sfainrvfi exuerti'd, iinetjual. Flowers bright
blue with a purplish tinge, in racemcd clusters. Plant bristly.

i

Tor^

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

" * Corolla iiilh C> scales completely cloxinj the throat.

?. Syin'phytuin. Corolla tubular- fuiim!l form with Hliort sprcailiiiir lobes
scales awl-shaped, Flotcersyellonishivhite, in noddiuj,' raceme-like cIuh-
ters, the latter often in pairs. Nutlets smooth. Coarse hairy herbs.

S. Erliliiosper'nuiin. Nutlets jn'icldi/ on the margin. Corolla salver-
shaped, the lobes rounded ; scales short and blunt. Flowers blue,
small, in leafy-bracted racemes. Plant rou<,'h-liairy.

i. Cynoj^loH'Hiiiii. Nutlets prielcbj all over. Corolla funnel-form ; scales
blunt. Flowers red-purple or pale blue, in racemes which are naked
above, but usually leafy-bracted below. Strong-scented coarse herbs.

* * * Corolla open, the scales or folds not suj/iciejit to conipletely close the

throat. Ntctlets smooth,

b. OnoHino'diuin. Corolla tubular, the r> lobes acute and erect or converg-
ing. Anthers mucronate ; filaments very short. Style thrcaxl-form,
nuich exserted. Flowers {greenish or yellowish-white, llather tall stout
plants, shaggy with sjireading bristly hairs, or rough with short appressed
bristles.

(i. Litlinsprr'iniim. Corolla funnel-form or salvcr-shajwd, the 5 lobes of
the sjireading limb rounded. Anthers almost sessile. Itoot most!}' red.
Flowers small and almost white, or large and deep yellow, scattered or
spiked and leafy-bracted. ,

7. Myoso'tis. Corolla salver-shaped, with a very sliort tube, the lobes con-
volute in the bud ; scales or api)endages of the throat blunt and arching.
Flowers blue, in (so-called) racemes without bracts. Low plants, mostly
soft-hairy.

1. E'CHiiTM, Tourn. Viper's Buoloss.

F, VUlga're, L. (Blue- weed.) Stem erect, 2 feet high.
Leaves sessile, linear-hinceolate. Flowers showy, in lateral clus-
ters, the whole forming a long narrow raceme. — Roadsides ;
common in eastern Ontario, and rapidly spreading westward.

3. SYM'PHYTUM, Tonrn. Comfrey.

S. oflB.cina'le, L. (Common Comfrey.) Stem winged above
by the decurrent bases of tlie leaves, branched. Leaves ovate-
lanceolate or lanceolate. — Moist soil ; escaped from gardens.

3. ECHINOSPER'MUM, Swartz. Stickseed.

E. Lap'pula, L. Lehm. A very common roadside weed, 1-2
feet high, brandling above. Leaves lanceolate, rough. Nutlets
warty on the back, with a double row of prickles on the iviargin.

BOKKA<;iNACK/E.

107

iplftehj close the

winged above
jcaves ovate-

4. rv\0(il.<)S'sri»i, Tourn. IIound's-T.jnouk.

I. C. officinale, \: (Commdx HorND's-ToNcaK. ) Flowern
ml-inii'idt . UplH-T k'Jivc'S Liiiceohitc, .sessile. Stem soft-piihcs-
ucnt. Jsiitlets rather Hat. — A eoimiioii weed in lielda and alon^
roadsides.

*2. C. Virgin'icum, !-<. (Wild Com trky.) F/otrcrs jxt/e (>luc.
Stem roughisli witli spreading hairs. Leans j'>n\ laneeolate-
oblong, cl(i'<i>iiiij. Kaeonies eorymhed, raised on a long naked
pethmole. — llieh woods.

.*i. C. Moriso'ni, l^C. {Erhinu>nxniium Vin/hiicum, Lehm.,
in Macoun's (Catalogue.) (liK(j(;Au'.s Lick.) Floivcru fxiie /due or
white. Stem hairy, Icajij, with liroadly spreading hranehes.
I^caves taper-pointed and tu[)ering at tiie hase. Raeemes pani-
cled, forking, widely spreading. Pedicels of tiie flowers rellexcd
in fruit. — Open woods and thickets.

.-i. OIVOS3IO/D11-3I, Michx. False Gromwkll.

1. 0. Carolinianum, l^C. Stem stout, 3 4 feet high. Leaves
ovatedanceolate, acute. Lofxs of the corolla orate-triaiiijulur,
eery ha'n'ii outside. — Banks of streams.

*2. 0. Virginia'num, DC. stem slender, 1-2 feet high.
Leaves narrowly ohlong. Lobes of the corolla Iduce-awl-shaped,
sjxiriiitjlif bearded outmle with lomj bristles. — IJanks and hillsides ;
not common. '

0. L.ITHOSI'ER'MU3I, Tourn. Gkomwell. Puccoon.
* Corolla almost while. Nutlets wrinkled, (jray.

L L. arven'se, L. (Corn Ouomwell. ) Stem 6-12 inches
high, erect. Leaves lanceolate or linear. — Sandy banks.

* * Corolla deep yellow, yulli ^^• .smooth and shinimj, -^

2. L. hirtum, Lehm. (Hairy Puccoon.) Stem 1-2 feet
high, ?iispid. Stemdeavcs lanceolate or linear; those of the
flowering brandies ovate-oblong, ciliate. Flowers /je(Ztfnc'/€(^.
Corolla looolly at the base inside. — Dry woods.

3. L. canes'cens, Lehm. (Hoaky Puccoon. Alkanet.)
Stem 0-15 inches high, soft -hairy. Corolla 7Hd'ed at the^hase in-
side. Flowers sessVe. Limb of the corolla smaller, and the calyx
shorter, than in No. 2. — Open woods and plains.

^

108

COMMON (JANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

* * * Corolla greenish-while or cream colour. HiUlets smooth and shining,

mostlij ivliite.

4. L. oflB.cina'le, I- (Commox Gkomwf.ll.) Much branched
above. Loaves broadly lanceolate, acute. Corolla exceeding the
cnlyx. — Roadsides and old lields.

r>. L. latifo'lium, Michx. Loosely branched above. Leaves
ovate and ovate-lanceolate, mostly taper-pointed. Corolla shorter
than the cali/x. — Borders of woods.

7. MYOSITIS, L. FoRGJiT-MP>NOT.

1. M. palustris, Withering, var. laxa,(^ray. {Mt/osotis la.m,
Lehni., in Macoun's Catalogue.) (F()H(;kt-me-not. ) Stem ascend-
ing from a creeping base, about a foot high, smoolhlnh, loosely
branched. Calyx open uifrnit. Corolla pale blue, with a yellow
eye. Pedicels spreading. — Wet places.

2. M. arvensis, Iloffm. Stem erect or ascending, hirsute.
Calyx dosintj in fruit. Corolla blue, rarely white. Pedicels
spreading in fruit and longer than the 5-cleft equal calyx.
Bacemcs naked at the base. — Fields.

•^. M. verna, Nutt., differs from the last in having a very
small trhife corolla, pedicels erct in fruit, and the racemes leafy
at the base. The calyx, also, is iine(]ually 5-toothed and hispid.
—Pry hills.

Orj)er LXII. HYDROPHYLLA'CEJE. (Waterleaf F.)

Herbs, with alternate cut- toothed or lobed leaves, and regular
pentamerous and pentandrous flowers very much like those of
the last Order, hut having a l-celled ovary vnth (he seeds on the
7valls (paricfa/). Stylo 2-cleft. Flowers mostly in 1 -sided cymes
which uncoil from the apex. The only common (Jenus is

IIYDROPHYIi'LUM, L. Wateuleaf.

1. H. Virgin'icum, L. Corolla bell-shaped, the 5 lobes con-
volute in the bud ; the tube with 5 folds down the inside, one
opposite each lobe. Stamens and style exscrtedy the jilaments
bearded below. Stem snioolhish. Loaves jnnnafely cleft into 5-7
divisions, the latter ovatii-huu-eolate, pointed, cut-toothed.
Calyxdobes very narrow, bristly-ciliate. Flowers white or pale

POLEMONIACE.E, CONVOLVULACEiE.

109

oth and shining,

luch branched
t exceeding the

bove. Leaves
Corolla shorter

Mijosotis laxa,

Stem uscend-

oolhish, loosely

with a yellow

tiding, hirsute.

lite. Pedicels

equal calyx.

laving a very
racemes leafy
ed and hispid.

ATERLEAF F.)

a, and regular

like those of

e tweeds on the

1 -sided cymes

3nus is

e 5 lobes con-

lio inside, one

the jihiments

ck'ft into 5-7

(!ut-toothed.

uliite or pale

blue. Peduncles longer than the petioles of the upper leaves.
Rootstocks scaly-toothed. — Moist woods.

2. H. Canadense, L., differs from the last in having the
leaves pabnately 5-7-lobed, and rounded ; the peduncles .shorter
than the petioles ; and the calyx-lobes nearly smooth. -Kich woods.

•3. H. appendicula'tum, Michx. Stem, pedicels, and calyx
hairy. Stem-leaves palmately 5-lobed and rounded, the lowest
leaves pinnately divided. Calyx with a small rejlexed appendage
in each sinus. Stamens sometimes not exserted. — Rich woods.

OuDEii LXIII. POLEMONIA'CE^. (Polemonium F.)

Herbs, with regular pentamerous and pentandrous flowers, biLt
a S-celled ovary and 3-lohed style. Lobes of the corolla convolute
in the bud. Calyx persistent. Represented commonly with us
by only one Genus,

PHLOX, L. Phlox.

1. P. divarica'ta, L. Corolla salver-shaped, with a long
tube. Stamens short, unequally inserted. Stem itscending from
a prostrate base, somewiiat clammy. Leaves oblong-ovate.
Flowers lilac or bluish, in a spreading loosely-flowered cyme.
Lobes of the corolla mostly obcordate. — Moist rocky woods.

2. P. pilo'sa, L. Leaves lanceolate or linear, tapering to a
sharp point. LoV)es of the pink-purple corolla obovate, entire. —
Southwestern Ontario.

•i. P. SUbula'ta, L., the Moss Pink of the gardens, has escaped
from cultivation in some places. Stem creeping and tufted in
broad mats. Flowers mostly rose-colour. — Dry grounds.

Order LXIV. CONVOLVULA'CEiE. (Convolvulus F.)

Chirpy twining or trailing herbs, with alternate leaves and
regular flowers. Sepals T), imbricated. Corolla a-plaited or 5-
lobed and convolute in the bud. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-celled.

SyiiopsiH of the fii«'ii«ru.

1. CalyMto'gia. Cabjx fncloxed in ^ larije leafy bnictH. Corolla funnel-form,

the bordur obst-uroly lobcd. I'od 4-sueilti<l.

2. Couvorvulus. Valyx wUhout bracta.

110

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

3. Cus'cuta. Leaflets parasitic slender twiners, with yellowish or reddish
sterns, attachin<:f themselves to the bark of other plants. Flowers small,
mostly white, clustered. Corolla bell-shaped. Stamens loilh a frinjed
appendage at their base.

1. CAIiYSTE'GTA, R. Br. Bracted Bindweed.

1. C. se'pium, R. Br. {Convolvulus sepium, L., in Macoun's
Catalogue. ) ( Hedge Bindweed. ) Stem mostlt/ twining. Leaves
halberd-shaped. Peduncles 4-aiigled. Corolla commonly rose-
coloured. — Moist banks.

2. C. spithamSB'a, Pursh. {Convolvulus spithamcBus, L., in
Macoun's Catalogue, ) Stem low and simple, upright or ascending,
not twilling, 6-12 inches high. Leaves oblong, more or less heart-
shaped at the base. Corolla white. — Dry soil.

3. CONVOIi'VULUS, L. Bindweed.

C. arvensis, L. (Bindweed.) Stem twining or procumbent,
and low. Leaves ovate-oblong, sagittate, the lobes acute. Corolla
white, or tinged with red.

3. CUS'CUTA, Touru. Doddeb.

C. Grono'vii, WiUd. Stems resembling coarse threads,
spreading tliemselves over herbs and low bushes. — Low and moist
shady places.

Order LXV. SOLAN A'CEJE. (Nightshade Family.)

Rank-scented herbs (or one species shrubby), with colourless
bitter juice, alternate leaves, and regular pentamerous and pen-
tandrous flowers, hut a ,2 -celled o\'ary, loitk the placentoi in the axis^
Fruit a many-seeded l)orry or pod.

Synopsis <>f the Genera.

1. Sola'nuin. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5 lobed, the margins turned Inwardly

the bud. Anthers cmnivimj around the style, the cells opening b}
pores at the apox ; filaments very short. The larger leaves often with
an accompanying snmller one. Fruit a berry, '.

2. Pliys'alis. Calyx 5-cleft, enlarging after flowering, becoming at length

much iiijlated, and enclosing the, berry. Corolla between wheel-shaped
and funnolform. Anthers separate, opening lengthwise. Plant clammy*
pubescent.

SOIiANACEiE.

Ill

5. tychtin. Corolla ftinnel-forin or tubular. Fniit a small berry, the cal.vx
persistent but not injlnt>'d. A shrubby plant with lon<r droopint;
branches and greenish-purple flowers on slet)Jer peduncles f;iscicled in
tlie axils.

I. Hyoscy'ainns. Fruit apod, the top comiwy off like a I! d. Calyx urn-
shaped, 5-lobeil, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, oblique, the limb 5-
lobed, dull-coloured and veiny. Plant claminy-pubesui;?;t.

i. Datu'ra. Fruit a larjje prickly naked ^^(i. Calyx lon^, o-an;jled, not per-
sistent. Corolla very lar},'-e, funnel-form, stroiKjhi plaitid in the bud,
with 5 pointed lobes. Sti<fma 2 lipped. Kank-scented weeds, with the
showy flowers in the forks of the branchiu!,'" stems.

3. NIcotia'na. Fruit a ?w(/, enclosed in the calyx. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped,
fi-cleft. Corolla dull tjrecnish-yellow, funnel-form, plaited in the bud.
Leaves larfje. Flowers racemed or panicled.

1. SOIiA'lVUM, Touni. NifiiiTsnADE.

1. S. Dulcama'ra, L. (Bitterswekt.) Stem somewliat
shrubby and climhhuj. Leaves ovate and heart-shaped, the upper
haJherd-shaped, or with 2 ear-like lobes at the base. Fhiwers violet-
purple, in small cymes. Berries red. — Near dwellings and in
moist grounds.

2. S. nigrum, L. (Common Niohtsiiadk. ) fitem low and
spreadintf, branched. Leaven oiHite, vxivti -toothed. Flowers small,
white, drooping in umbel-like lateral clusters. Berrien blarlc. —
Fields and damp grounds.

3. S. rostra'tum, Dunal, is a pricUy herb with large yellow
flowers and sharp anthers. — Ottawa.

3. PllYS'Ams, L. GuouND Chrrry.

1. P. visco'sa, L. (P. Vir(/nii((ni(, Mill, in Macoun's Tata-
logue.) Corolla .7/YC»/.s7/-//rVo?(", brownish in the centre. Anthers
yellow. Leaves ovate or hcart-shapcMl, mostly toothed. Berry
orange, sticky. — Sandy soil.

2. P. grandiflo'ra, Hook. Corolla white, large, with a woolly
ring in the throat. Anthers tinged with blue or violet.

.3. I.YCIl'M, L. M.VTUIMONV-VlNK.

L. vulga're, Dunal. Common about dwellings. Berry oval,
orange-red.

4. HYOSCY'AMITS, Tourn. HKxnANR.

H. niger, L. (Bla(Mv Hknhane.) Escaped from gallons in
some localities. Corolla <lull yellowish, netted with purple veins.

■'"T

I
(

1

112

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

Leaves clasping, sinuate-toothed. A strong-scented and poison-
ous herb.

5. DATlT'RA., L. Stuamokium. TnoRN-ApPLK.

1. D. Stramo'nium, L. (Common Tii orn- Apple. ) Stem
green. Corolla whitd, .S inches long. Leaves ovate, sinuate-
toothed. — Roadsides.

2. D. Ta'tula, L. (Purple T.) ^teiw purple. Corolla pa/e

tnolet-jmrple.

6. NICOTIA'IVA, L. Tobacco.

N. rus'tica, L. (Wild Tobacco.) Old fields and in gardens.

Order LXVI. GENTIAN A'CEiE. (Gentian Family.)

Smooth herbs, distinguished hi/ having a I -celled ovary roith seeds
on the walls, either in 2 lines or on the whole inner surface. Leaves
mostly opposite, simple, and sessile, but in one Genua alternate
and compound. Stamens as many as the lobes of the regular
corolla and alternate with them. Stigmas 2. Calyx persistent.
Juice colourless and bitter.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Fra'sera. Corolla wheel-shapetl, 4-partcd ; a fringed jiflandular spot on

each lobe. Flowers light greenish-yellow, with small purple-brr wii spots.

2. Hale'iiia. Corolla 4-lobed, the lobes all spurred at the base. Flowers

yellowish or purplish, somewhat cymose.

3. Geiitia'iia. Corolla not spurred, 4-5-lobed, mostly funnel-form or bell-

shaped, generally with teeth or folds in the sinuses of tiie lobes. Stigmas
2, persistent. Pod oblong. Seeds innumerable. Flowers showy, in late
siunnier and autumn.

4. Meiiyan'tlies. A bog-plant. Corolla short funnel-form, H-lobed, rf^jiscij/

white-bearded dn the upper face. Leaves alternate, compotmd, of S oval
leaflets. The flowers in a raceme at the summit of a naked scape, white
or tinged with pink.

b. Liiniian'theinuiu. An aquatic, with simple round heart-shaped floating
loaves on long petioles. Corolla white, wheel-shaped, 5-parted, bearded
at the base only. Flowers in an umbel borne on the petiole.

. 1. PRA'SERA, Walt. AwEniCAN Columdo.

F. Carolinien'sJ.S, Walt. Tall and showy. Leaves whorled,
mostly in fours. Root thick. Flowers numerous in a pyramidal
panicle. — Dry soil.

ti
i

I tit

OKNTIANACEiE.

113

5-

3. IIALE'NIA, Borkh. Spurred Gentian.

n. deflex'a, Oriseb. Stem erect, 9-18 inches high. leaves
'A r>-ii( rved, those at the ])ase of tlie stem ohlong-spathulate,
petioled ; tlie upper acute antl sessile or nearly so. Spurs of the
corolla curved. — Not common in Ontario j common on the Lower
St. Lawrence.

3. GEIVTIA'XA, L. Gentian.

1. G. crini'ta, Fra-l. (Fringed Gentian.) Corolla funnel-
form, /f/ohedy the lobes frhujed on the manjins ; no plaited folds in
the sinuses. F/oivcrs sky-blue, solitary on lotuj naked stalks ter-
minating the stem or simple branches. Oixi nj lanceolate. Leaves
lance-shaped or ovate-lanceolate. — Low grounds.

2. G. deton'sa, Fries., (Smaller Frinijed G.) is distinguished
from No. 1 by the shorter or almost inconspicuous fringe of the
corolla, the linear or lance-linear leaves, and the broader ovary.
— Moist grounds, chiefly in the Niagara District.

3. G. quinqueflo'ra, Lam. (Five-flowered G. ) Corolla tubu-
lar-funnel-form, pale-blue, no folds in the sinuses. Calyx 5-cleft,
tiic h)bes awl-shaped. Lobes of the corolla triangular-ovate,
bristle-pointed. Anthers separate. Stem slender and branching,
a foot high, the branches racemed or paniclcd, about 5-flowered
at the summit. — T>ry hill-sides.

4. G. alba, Muhl. (Whitish G.) Corolla inflated-club-shaped,
at leii'jth oj>en, 5-lobed, the lobes about twice as long as the
toothed appendaijes in the sinuses. Flowers greenish-white or
yelloirish, sessile, crowded in a terminal cluster. Anthers usually
cohering. Leaves lance-ovate, with a clasping heart-shaped
base. — Low grounds.

T). G. Andrews'ii, Griseb. (Clcsed G.) Corolla inflated-
clul)-j5haj)ed, closed at the month, the apparent lobes being really
the large fringed-toothed appendages. Floicers blue, in a close
sessile terminal cluster. Anthers cohering. Leaves ovate-lanceo-
late from a narrower base. — Low grounds ; common northward,
flowering later than No. 3.

4. MEXYA\'TIIES, Tourn. Buckbean.

M. trifolia'ta, L. A common plant in boL,'S and wet p'acea
northward. Thu basts of the long petioles sheathe the lower

i

lU

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

part of tl\c seapc, or thick rootstock, from whicli they spring.
Plant about a foot liigh. #

•to

5. I.lM!VAIV'TIIKMirM, Gmcliii. I'lo.vting Hkaht.
L. lacuno'sum, <^^riscl). In shallow waters, northern Ontario,

Order LXVTI. APOCYNA'CEiE. (Docsrane Family.)

Herbs or slightly shrubby plants, with nulky juice, opposite
simple entire leaves, and regular pentamerous and pentandrous
flowers with the lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud.
JJistliKjiiis/nd 1)1/ harbiij i3 separate ovaricSy but the 2 stigniaa
united. Calyx free from the ovaries. Anthers converging round
the stigmas. Seeds with a tuft of down on the apex. Repre-
sented with us only by the (Jenus

APO'CYNUM, Tourn. Doohane.

1. A. androssemifo'lium, L. (Spreading DcuauNE.) The
corolla bell-sluiped, 5- cleft, 'pale rose-coloured, the lohen turned
hark. Braiic/u'S of the stem ivUlely forJchuj. Flowers in loose
rather spreading cymes. Leaves ovate, petioled. Fruit 2 long
and slender diverging pods. — Banks and thickets.

2. A. cannab'inum, L. (Indian Hemp.) Lobes of the
ffrecnifih-ii'hite corolla not turned back. Branches erect. Cymes
closer than in No. 1, and the flowers much smaller. — Along
streams.

Order LXVIIL ASCLEPIADA'CEiB. (Milkweed F.)

Herbs with milky juice and opposite or whorled simple entire
leaves. Pods, seeds, and anthers as in the last Order, but the
anthers arc more closely connected vnth the sthjmaj the {rejlexcd)
lobes of the corolla are vahntte in the bud, the 2>ollen is in ivaxy
masses, and the ( monadelphons) short filaments bear 5 curious
hooded bodies behind the anthers. Flowers in umbels. Commonly
represented by only one Genus, which is typical of the whole
Order.

ASCLE'PIAS, L. MiLKWEKD.

L A. Cornu'ti, l^Gcaisnc. (Common Milkweed.) Stem tall and
stout. Lv vea oval or oblong, short-petioled, pale green, 4-8

OLEACF..E.

115

inches long. Fhim-n dull (jrrrnhh-jnirplr. Pods ovafr, soft
Hpiiiy, woolly. — Mostly in <lry soil; very common.

2. A. phytolaccoi'des, Pursh. (roKF.Mn.KWKKD.) Stem tall
and smooth. Leaves broadly ovate, acute at both ends, sliort-
petioled. Pedictla loose and luxldiiif/, very lomj and slender.
Corolla greenish, vnlh the, hooded appejulages vdiitc. Toda min-
utely downy, hat not vxiHy. — Moist thickets.

3. A. incarha'ta, L. (Swamp M. ) Stem tall, leafy, branching,
and smooth. Leaves oljlong-lanceolate, acute, obscurely heart-
shaped at tlie base. Flomers rose-purple. Pods very smooth (ind
f/labrous. --^wamim and low grounds.

4. A. tuberO'sa, L. (BrTTERFLY-WKKD. rr.KlTUISY-ROOT.)

Stem very leafy, Inanching above, rough-iiairy. Leaves linear
or oblong-lanceolate, chicjlly scattered. Corolla grcein'sh-orange,
with the. hoods hi'i(jht oraiKje-rcd. IVxls lioary. Dry hill-aides
and fielda; almost destitute of milky juice.

Order LXIX. OLEA'CE^. (Olivk Family.)

The only common representative Genus of this Order in Canada
is Fraxinus (Ash). The species of tliis Cenus are trees with
pinnate leaves, and polygamous or dio'cious flowers without
petals and mostly also without a calyx; stamens only 2, with
large oblong anthers. Fruit a 1-2-seeded samara. Flowers
insignificant, from the axils of the previous year's leaves.

FRAX'miJS, Tourn. Asir.

' F. America'na, L. (Whitk Ash.) Fnut winded from the
apex only, the. base cyUndrieal. Jiranehlets and jtetioles smooth
and fjlid>rons. Calyx very minute, persistent. Leaflets 7-9,
stalked. — Rich woods.

2. F. pubes'cens. Lam., (Rfm) Ash) has the hretnchlets and
petioles so/tly-puheseent, and tiie fruit acute at the ))ase, 2-edged,
and gradually expanding into the long wing al)Ove. — Same
localities as in No. 1 .

3. F.sambucifo'lia, Lam. (Black or WATKuAsir.) Branch-
lets and petioles smooth. Ijcallets 7-!), sessile, serrate. Fruit
winijed all round. Calyx wanting, and the flowers consequently
naked.— Swamps.

■Wi*"

116

COMMON CANADIAN "WILD PLANTS.

III. APET'ALOUS DIVISIO:^.

Flowers destitute of corolla and sometimes also =^f.
calyx.

Order LXX. ABISTOLOCHIA'CEiE. (BirthwoktR)

Herbs with perfect flowers, the tube of the S-lohed calyx adhermt
to the 6-celled many-seeded ovary. Leaves heart-shaped or kidney-
shaped, on long petioles from a thick rootstock. Stamens 12 or
6. Flowers solitary. Calyx dull-coloured, the lobes valvate in

the bud.

AS' ARUM, Tourn. Wild Gingkr.

A. Canadense, L. Radiating stigmas 6. Leaves only a
single pair, kidney-shaped, and rather velvety, the peduncle in
the fork between the petioles, close to the ground. Rootstock
aromatic. Calyx brown-purple inside, the spreading lobes pointed.
— Rich woods. ^

Order LXXL PHYTOLACCA'CEjE. (Pokeweed F.)

Herbs with alternate leaves and perfect flowers, resembling in
most respects the plants of the next Order, but the ovary is com-
posed of several carpels i.i a riny, forming a berry in fruit. Only
opc Genus and one Specie^.

PHYTOIiAC'CA, Tourn. Pokeweed.

P. decan'dra, L. (Common Poke, ) Calyx of 5 rounded white
sepals. Ovary green, of 10 1-seeded carpels united in a ring.
Styles 10, short and separate. Stamens 10. Fruit a crimson or
purple 10-seeded berry. Stem very tall and stout, smooth.
Flowers in long racemes opposite the leaves. — Sandy soil.

Order LXXII CHENOPODIA'CEiE. (Goosefoot F.)

Homely herbs, with more or less succulent leaves (chiefly alter-
nate), and small greenish flowers mostly in interrupted spikes.
Stamens usually as many as the lobes of the calyx and opposite
them. Ovary 1 -celled and 1-ovuled, forming an achene or utricle
in fruit. Stigmas mostly 2.

CIIENOPODIACK.E.

il7

nded wliite

Synopsis <>f tlio G.-nera.

1. Chenopo'dliiin. Woods with (usually) mealy leaves, and very small per-

fect {jreenish sessile flowers ii. siiuill patiicled spiked clusters. (Jalyx 5-
cleft, more or less enveloping the fruit. Stamens mostly 5 ; filaments
slender.

2. Bli'tiim. Flowers perfect, in heads which form interrupted spikes. Calyx

heconiinj; fleshy and bri<jht rod in fruit so that the clusters look some-
thinj; like strawberries. Leaves triangular and somewhat halberd-shaped,
sinuate-toothed.

3. At'riplex Flowers monoecions or (Hcpciouk, the staminato wth a regti*
lar calyx in spiked clusu'^rs; the pistillate without a calyx, but with a
pair of appressed bracts.

i. Corisper'mum. Flowers all perfect, single, and sessile in the axils of
the upper leaves, usually forming a spike. Calyx of a single delicate
sepal. Low herbs, with linear 1-nerved leaves.

5. Sal.so'la, with fleshy awl-shaped sharp-jwinted leaves, is not uncommon
on the Lower St. Lawrence and the sea-coast.

1. CHENOrO iilUM, L. GOOSEFOOT. PiGWEED.

1. C. album, L. (Lamb's-Quarters.) Stem upright, 1-3 feet
high. Leaves varying from rhombic-ovate to lanceolate, more
or less tootlu'd, incahi, ok are also the dense Jloiver-cliisters. — Ex-
tremely common in cultivated soil.

2. C. lirl)icum, L. Rather pale and only slightly mealy, 1-3
feet high, branches e7'ecL Leaves triangular, acute, coarsehj and
sharjtlij mfunj-toofhcd. Spikes erect, crowtted in a long and nar-
row racemose panicle. — Waste places in towns.

3. C. hyT3ridum, L. (Maple-leaved Goosefoot. ) Brvjkt
green.. Stem widely branching, 2 4 feet higlj. Leaves thin, large,
triangular. liCart-sliaped, sinuate-angled, the angles extended into
pointed teeth. Panicles loose, leatless. Plant with a rank un-
pleasant odour. — Waste places.

4. C. Bo'trys, L. (Jkrusalem O^ i.) Not mealy, but stirhj ;
low, spreading, sweet-scented. Leaves deeply sinuate, s/ender-
pcfiolcd. Rac mes in loose divergent corymbs. — Roadsides;
escaped from gardens.

5. C. ambrosioi'des, L. (Mexican Tea.) Not mealy, but
sticky. Leaves .s//;/////// peticjled, wavy-toothed or nearly entire.
Spikes densely Uowored. — Streets of towns.

/

§

118

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

/

2, BLI'TITM, Tourn. Elite.

B. capita'tum, L. (Stuawberhy Blitk.) Stem ascending,
branching. J.eaves smooth. Tlie axillary head-like clusters very
conspicuous in fruit. — Dry soil, margins of woods, &c.

3. AT'RIPLEX, Tourn. Okache.

A. pat'ula, L. Erect or diffuse, scurfy, grceji or rather hoary.
Jjeaves varying fiom triangular or halberd-shape<l to lance-linear,
petioled. — Streets of towns.

4. CORISPER'MUM, Ant. Juss. BuG-SEED.

C. hyssopifolium, L. Somewhat hairy when young, pale.
Stamens 1 or 2. Styles 2. Fruit oval, fiat. — Sandy beaches,
western and south-western Ontario.

Order LXXIII. AMARANTA'CEiE. (Amaranth F.)

Homely weeds, a good deal like the plants of the last Ordei',
hnt the Jiotoer-chisters are interspersed irlth dry and vhaff-like {some-
times coloured) persistent bracts, usually 3 to eachjlower.

Synopsis of t'le Genera.

1. Ainaran'tiis. Flowers monoecious or polygamous, all with a calyx of 3 or

b diHtinct erect sepals.

2. Moute'lia. Flowers tZtaeci07«s ; calyx none in the pistiMate flowers.

1. AMARAlV'TUS, Tourn. Amaranth.

1. A. panicula'tUS, Tj. Reddish flowers in terminal and axil-
lary slender spikes, the bracts awn-pointed. — In the neighbour-
hood of gardens.

2. A. retroflex'us, L. (Pigweed.) Floicers greenish, in i!.^\]s.eB
forming a stiff panicle. Leaves a dull green, long-petioled, ovate,
wavy -margined. Stem erect, — Common in cultivated soil.

3. A. albus, L. Flowers greenish, in small close axillary clus-
ters. Stan low and spreading. — Roadsides.

3. MONTE'LIA, Moquin.

M. tamaris'cina, Gray. A tall smooth herb, with lanceolate
or oblong-ovate alternate leaves on long petioles, and small clus-
ters of greenish flowers in interrupted spikes. — Wet places.

POLYGONACEiE.

119

nal and axil-

Ordek LXXIV. POLYGONA'CEiE. (Buckwhkat F.)

Herbs, v'dl markud bij the stipules of the alternate laircH behnj
ill thejhnn (if ini'ihhi'diions shent/i.H ahort the uaaallij sirollcn joints
ofthextcni. Flowers usually perfect. Calyx 4 G-parted. Stu-
nieiis 4 9, inserted on the l)a.se of the calyx. Stigmas 2 or .*?.
Ovary 1 -celled, with u single ovule rising from the base, forming
a little nutlet.

Synopsis of the OtMiera.

1. Folyg'onuui. Sepals 5 (occasionally 4), often c-iloured and petal-like,
jxrn intent, embracinj^ tlie 3-ani;le(l (or soinctinies flattisli) nutlet or
achenc. Flowers in racemes or spikes, or sometimes in the axils.

'J. liu'incx. Sei>als G, the ','> outer ones herbuc.eiiiis and spreadinij hi/niit, the
3 inner (called valneti) somewhat petal like and, after llowerin;,', conver-
gent over the 3-angled achenc, often with a <jfain-Uke. projection on the
back. Stamens G. Styles 3. Flowers usually in crowded whorls, tlio
latter in paniclcd racemes.

'i. I''ag(»py'runi. Calyx 5- parted, i>etal-likc. Stamens 8, with S yellow
ijlandn between them. Styles 3. Achene 3-anule(l. Flowers white, in
panicles. Leaves trian;,'ular heart-shaped or halherdshapcd.

1. POI.YG'OXLM, L. Knotwkkd.

* Flowers alonij the nteni, inconxpicuotts, (jreenish-while, nearly sessile in the
axils of the small leaves. Sheaths cut-fringed or torn.

1. P. avicula're, I^- (Knotgrass. CJooseokass.) A weed
everywhere in yards and waste places. Sftui prostrate and
spreadinij. Stamens chiefly 5, Achene 3-sided, (Zw/^. Stigmas 3.
Leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong. Var. erectum is upright
and larger, with broader leaves.

2. P. ten'ue, Michx. Stem slender, npright, sparingly branched.
Leaves sessile, narrowhj linear, very acute. Achenc smooth and
shinbaj. — Dry soil and .ocky places.

* * Flowers in terminal sjjikes or raeAnie.s, mostly rose-coloured or pinlcish,

occasionally yrecnish.

H- Leaves not heart-shaped or arrow-shaped. '

3. P. incarna'tum, Ell. Sheaths not frinjed. Stem nearly
smooth, 3-G feet high. Leaves long, tapering from near the base
to a narrow point, rough on the midrib and margins. Spikes
linear and voddimj. Stamens G. Styles 2. Achene Jlat or holloW'
sided. — In muddy places along streams and ponds.

120

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

4. P Pennsylva'nicum, Ti. Sheaths not fringed. Stem 1-3
feut hi^h, the upper hnnivhrx and tlio pe<lioicles hrhfhf tvitli stalked
(jfands. Spikes thick, erect. StamemS. Achene flat. — Low open
grounrls.

5. P. Persica'ria, L. (Lady's Thumb.) Sheaths with a some-
what ciliate border. Stem nearhf smooth, a foot or more in height.
Leaves with a dark blotch on the middle of the upper surface. Spikes
dense, erect, on naked peduncles. Stamens 6. Achene flat or
3-augled, according as the stigmas are 2 or 3. — Very common
near dwellings in moist ground.

6. P. amphib'ium, L. (Water Persicaria.) Spike of
flowers dense, oblong, showy, rose-red. Stem floating in shalloio
water or rooting in soft mud, nearly (jl(d)rous. Leaves long-
petioled, often floating. Sheaths not bristly-fringed. Stamens 5.
Stigmas 2. — In shallow water, mostly northward.

7. P. Muhlenberg'ii, Watson, differs from the last in being
rough with appressed hairs all over. — Ditches.

8. P. Hartwright'ii, Gray, is distinguished from P. am-
phibium by its foUaceow? and ciliate sheaths. — Muddy margins of
ponds and lakes.

9. P hydropiperoi'des, Michx. (Mild Water- Pepper,)
Stem slender, 1-3 feet high, in shallow water. Leaves narrow,
roughish. Sheaths hairy and fringed with long bristles. Spikes
slender, erect, pale rose-coloured or whitish. Stamens 8. Stig-
mas 3. Achene 3-angled. — In shallow water.

10. P. acre, H.BK, (Water Smartweed.) Sheaths fringed
with bristles. Leaves transparent-dotted. Stem rooting at tne
decumbent base, 2-4 feet high, in shalloio loater or muddy sod.
Leaves narrow, taper-pointed. Spikes slender, erect, pale rose-
coloured. Sepals glandular-dotted. Stamens 8. Achene 3-angled,
shining. — Muddy soil or shallow water.

11. P. Hydrop'iper, L. (Common Smartweed or Water-
pepper.) Sheaths and leaves as in the last, the leaves, however,
larger. Spikes slender, nodding, greenish. Sej^als glandular-
dotted. Stamens 6. Achene didl. — Wet places.

12. P, VirgiLia'num, L. Calyx greenish, unequally ^.-parted.
Stamens 5. Sty. es 2, persistent on the flat achene. Flowers i»

'^sjsgs? ■•"~i:

POLYGONACEiB.

12l

J()ii:jf -iiid slender naked spikes. Stem upright, nearly smooth.
Leuvtia ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, rough ciliate.
8heat»i8 hairy and fringed. — Thickets, in rich soil.

•" •*- Leaves heart-shaped or mijiitatc. Sheaths much Iviujer on one side than

on the other.

I'i' P. arifolium, L., (Halbekd-leaved Tear-tiiumb) with
grooved stem, halberd-shaped long-petioled leaves, flowers in
short loose racemes, 0 stamens^ and a flattish acheuc, is not
uncommon on the Lower St. Lawrence; rare in Ontario.

14. P. sagitta'tum, L. (Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb.) Stem
4-angIed, the amjles heaet unth rejlexed minute prickles, by which
the plant is enabled to climb. Leaves arrow-shaped. Stamens
S. Achene 3-angled. — Common in low grounds, especially beaver-
meadows.

15. P. Convol'villus, L. (Black Bindweed.) Stem twining,
not prickly but roiujhish; the joints naked. Flowers in loose
panicled racemes, 3 of the calyx-lobes ridged m fruit. Leaves
heart-shaped and partly halberd-shaped Not climbing so high
as the next. — Cultivated grounds and waste places.

16. P. dumeto'rum, L., var. scandens, Gray. (Climbino

False Buokwiii<l\.t. ) Stem twining high, smooth; sheaths naked,
3 ot the calyx-lobes loinged in fruit. — Moist thickets.

17. P. cilino'de, Michx. Stem twining, minutely downy.
Sheaths fringed at the base with rejlexed bristles, — Sandy pine
woods and rocky hills.

4. RUMEX, L. Dock. Sobrbl.

* Uerbage not sour, nor the leaves halberd-shaped.

1. R. orbicula'tus, Gray. (Great Water Dock.) Growing
in marshes. Stem erect, stout, 5-6 feet high. Leaves lanceolate,
not ivany-margined or heart-shaped, often over a foot long.
Flowers nodding on thread-like pedicels. Valves nearly orbicular,
finely net- veined, each with a grain on the back. — Wet places.

2. R. salicifo'lius, Weinmann, (White Dock) may be looked
for in marshes on the sea-coast and far northward. The whorls
of flowers are dense and form a very conspicuous spike, owing to
the great size of the grains on the back of the valves.

'N

m

122

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANT3.

3. R. verticilla'tus, L. (Swamp Dock.) Leaves lanceolate
or oblong-lanceolate, 7iot tvaci/, tlic lowcfit often heart-shaped.
Stem tall. Fruit-bearing pedicels slender, club-shaped, abruptly
refiexed, several times longer than the fruiting calyx. Valves
dilated-rhomboid, stromjhj ivrmkled, each bearing a very large
grain. — Swamps, common.

4. R. crispus, L. (Curled Dock.) Leaven vnth strongly
wavy or curly manjins^ lanceolate. Whorls of flowers in long
wand-like racemes. Valves grain-bearing. — Cultivated soil and
waste plac^^s.

5. R. obtusifolius, L. (Bittku Dt)CK. ) Lowest leaves oblong
heart-shaped, obtuse, only slightly wavy-margined; the upper
oblong-lanceolate, acute. Wliorls loose, disfant. Valves some-
what halberd-shaped, sharply toothed at the hase^ usually one only
grain-bearing. — Waste grounds.

* * Ilerbaje sour ; leaves halbcrd-shapcd.

6. R. Acetosel'la, L (Field or Sheep Sorkel.) Stem 6-12
inches high. Floioers dhvclous, in a terminal naked panicle. — A
very common v/eed in poor soil.

3. PAGOPY'RUM, Tourn. Buckwheat.

F. esculen'tum, Mccnch. (Buckwheat.) Old fields and
copses, remaining after cultivation.

Order LXXV. LAURA'CE.

(Laurel Family.)

Trees or shrubs with spicy-aromatic bark and leaves, the
latter simple (often lobed), alternate, and marked with small
transparent dots (visible under a lens). Sepals 6, petal-like.
Flowers dicecious or polygamo-diiecious. Stamens in sterile
flowers 9, inserted at the base of the calyx. Anthers opening by
uplifting valves. Ovary in fertile flowers free from the calyx,
1-celled, with a single ovule hanging from the top of the cell.
Style and stigma 1. Fruit a 1 -seeded drupe.

1. SAS'SAPRAS, Nees. Sassafras.

S. officinale, Nees. A small or moderate-sized tree with
yellowish or greenish-yellow twigs and ovate or 3-lobed entire
leaves. Flowers greenish-yellow, in naked corymbs, appearing

TIIYMELRACE.'E, ELi^AGNACRvT:.

123

with the leaves in the axils of the latter. Drupe blue, on a
reddish pedicel. The 9 stamens in 8 rows, the 3 inner each with
a pair of yellow glands at the base of the filament. Anthers
4-cdled, 4-valved. — Rich woods, in southern and western Ontario,

3. IjIIV'DERA, Thunberg. Wild ALLsncE. Fever-busii.

L. Benzo'in, Meisner. (Spice-uush.) A nearly smooth shrub
witli oblong-obovate leaves, pale beneath. Flowers honey-yellow,
in lateral umbel-like clusters, before the leaves. Stamens very
much as in Sassafras, l)ut the anthers arc ;?-ceI/e(l and 3-ralved.
Pistillate flowers witli 15-18 rudiments of stamens. Dmpe red.
— Damp woods, in early spring.

Order LXXVI. THYMELEA'CEiE. (Mezereum F.)

Shrubs with tough leather-like bark and entire leaves. Flowers
perfect. Calyx tubular, resembling a corolla, pale yellow. Sta-
mens twice as many as the lobes of the calyx (in our species 8).
Style thread-like. Stigma capitate. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled,
free from the calyx. Fruit a l)erry-like drupe. Only one Species
in Canada.

DIRCA, L. Leatiieuwood. Moose-wood.

D. palustris, Tj. A brandling shrub, 2 5 feet high, witli curi-
ous jointed hran.eli.letn and nearly oval leaves on short petioles.
Flowers in clusters of 8 or 4, preceding the leaves. Fihiments
exsertetl, half of them longer than tlie others. — Damp woods.

Order LXXVII. ELJEAGNA'CEiE. (Oleaster F.\

Shrubs witli dincious flowers, and leaves irhich are senr/f/ on the
under snrj'aee. 1'he calyx-tube in tlie fertih; flowers ht.eonics Jh^hy
and enefoses the oniri/, Jhrni'nii/ a h< rrji-likc fridt. Otherwise the
plants of this Order are not greatly dillerent from thosi; of the last.

SIIKPIIKIID'I.V, Nutt. SaEPHEUDLV.

S. Canadensis, Nutt. Calyx in sterile flowers 4-parted.
Stamens S. Calyx in fertile fluwers urn-shaped, 4 partcsd. Merries
yellow, liranchh'ts brown-scnify. Luavts opposite, entire, ovate,
green above, silvt-ry-scnrfy IxMieath, the small (lowers in their
axils. — (iravelly banks of streams anil lakes.

124

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

Obder LXXVni. SANTALA'CE-aS. (Sandalwood F.)

Low herbaceous or partly woody plants (with us) with perfect
flowers, these greenish-ivhite, in terminal or axillary corymbose
clusters. Calyx bell-sLa,pefl or urn-shaped, 4-5-cleft, adherent to
the 1 -celled ovary, lined with a 5-lobed disk, the stamons on the
edge of the latter between its lobes and opposite the lobes of the
calyx, to which the anthers are attached by a tuft of fine hairs.
Fruit nut-like, crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes.

COMAN'DRA, Nutt. Bastard Toad-flax.

0- umbella'ta, Nutt. Stem 8-10 inches high, leafy. Leaves
oblong, pale green, an inch long. Flower-clusters at the summit
of the stem. Calyx-tube prolonged and forming a neck to the
fruit. Style slender. — Dry soil.

Order LXXIX. SAURURA'CEjE. (Lizard's-tail F.)
A small family having, with us, but a single representative : —

SAURU'RUS, L. LIZARD'S-TAIL.

S. cer'nUUS, L. A swamp herb, with jointed branching stem,
2 feet high. Leaves petioled, lieart-shaped, with converging ribs.
Flowers white, in a dense terminal spike, nodding at the end,
each flower with a lanceolate bract. Flowers perfect, but entirely
destitute of calyx and corolla. Stamens usually 6 or 7, with long
slender white filaments. Carpels .3 or 4, slightly united at the
base.

Order LXXX. CERATOPHYLLA'CEiE. (HornwortF.)

Represented, with us, by a single species.

CERATOPHYL'LUM, L. Hornwort.

C. demer'sum, L. An aqimtic herb, with whorled finely
•lissected leaves, and minute axillary sessile montt'cious flowers,
without calyx or corolla, but with an 8-12-cleft involucre. Stam-
inate flowers of 12-24 stamens with large sessile anthers. Pistillate
flowers of a single 1-celled ovary, forming an acliene, beaked with
the slender style. Emhryo with 4 cotyledons. — Under water in
ponds and slow streams.

ii'^^

EUPHORBIACE^.

125

Order LXXXI. EUPHORBIA'CEJB. (Si urge F )

Plants with milky juice and monoecious flov/ers, representetl iu
Canada chiefly by the two following genera:

1. EUPHORBIA, L. Spurge.

Flowers monoecious, the sterile and fertile ones both destitute
of calyx and corolla, hut both contained in the same 4'5-lohed cup-
lihaped involucre which resembles a calyx, and therefore the wlude
will prol)ably at first sight be taken for a single flower. Sterile
flowers numerous, each of a single naked stamen from the axil of a
minute bract. Fertile flower only 1 in each involucre; ovary 3-
lobed, soon protruded on a long pedicel; styles 3, each 2-cleft.
Petluncles terminal, often umbellate.

* Leaves all similar and opposite, short-petioled, green or blotched with brown
above, fur7iitihed with scale-like or fringed stipriles. Stems spreading or
prostrate, much forked. Involucres in terminal or lateral clusters, or one
involucre in each fork, the involucre invariably with /f. (mostly petal-like)
filnnds in the sinuses.

1. £. polygonifo'lia, L. Leaves entire, oblong-linear, mucro-
nate, ?vry sjuoofh. Stipules bristly-fringed. Peduncles in the
forks. Glands of the involucre very small, not ])etal-like. Puds
oljtusely angled. — Shores of the Great Lakes, in sandy or gravelly
places.

2. E. serpens, H. B. K. Leaves entire, round-ovate, very
small, smooth. Stipules membranaceous, triangular. Peduncles
longer than the petioles, in loose clusters. Glands of the small
involucre with minute crenulate appendages. Stems tliread-like,
piostrutc. l*ods acutely angled. Seeds smooth. — L<mdon and
westwanl, not conmion. •

3. E. glyptosper'ma, Engel. Leaves serrulate towards the
apex, linear-oblong, ren/ unequal at the base. Stipules lanceolate,
cut iiiLu Ijristles. Peduncles as long as the petioles, in dense
lateral clusters. (Jlands of the small involucre with crenulate
appenilagcH. Stems erect-spreading. Pods sharply anghid. Seeds
sharjdif Jf-nnglcd, irith 5 or 6 sharp transverse wrinkles. — (iravelly
soil.

^p

126

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

4. E. macula'ta, L. Leaves serrulate, oblong-linear, aomewlin*
•pubescent, vith a hrownish blotch in the centime, verj^ oblique at tiie
base. Peduncles in dense lateral clusters. Glands of the involucre
with reddish petal-like attachments. Pods sharjily amjled, —
Roadsides.

5. E. hypericifolia, L. Stem ascending. Leaves serrate,
oiten with a red spot or with red margins, oblique at the base»
ovate-oblong or oblong-linear. Peduncles in cymes at the ends oj
the branches. '. 'ands of tlie involucre with ivhite or occasionally
reddish petal-like attachments. Pod smooth, obtusely angled. —
( Cultivated soil-

Only the icppermos* or floral leaves whorled or opposite. Stems erect.
Stipules none, involucres 5-lnhedj injlorescence utnbelli/unn, in the
forks of the braucksSi and terminal.

6. E. corolla; *lSti T> Conspicuous for the 5 bright-ivhite false
Inbec of the involitcre, rGiembling petals ; the true lobes very small.
—Gravelly or sandy soil.

" * * Involucres chiefly in terminal umbels, and their <, lands always tvithout
petal-like attachments. Leaves tvithout stipules ■)r blotches, those of the
stem alternate or scattered, thefioral ones usually of a different shape^
and whorled or opposite,

7. E. platyphylla, L. Umbel 5-rayed. Stem erect, 8-18
inches high. Upper stem-leaves lance-oblong, acute, serrulate,
the uppermost heart-shaped, the floral ones triangular-ovate and
cordate. Pod ivarty — Shores of the Great Lakes.

8. E. Helioscb'pia, L. .Umbel first 5-rayed, then with 3, and
finally merely forked. Stem ascending, 6-12 inches high. Leaves
all obovate, rounded or notched at the apex, serrate. Pods
smooth. — Along the Great Lakes.

0. E. Cyparis'sias, L,, with densely clustered stems, and
crowded linear stem-leaves (the floral ones round heart-shaped),
and a many-rayed umbel, has escaped from gardens in some
localities.

a. ACAIjY'PHA, L. Thuee-seeded Mercury.

A. Virgin'ica, L. Flowers montvcious, both kinds havinj^ n
calyx, the staniinate 4-parted, the pif?tillate 3-5-paited ; no invo-
lucre. Staniinate flowers very small, iu spikes, with l-3pist\l
late flowers at the base, ii he axil of a lar;_3 leaf-like 5-91obed

l^i^1 !

UUriCACK.E.

127

bract. Stamens 8-1 G, monadolphous at tlio base, the anther-cells
hanghig from the apex of tlie iihunent. Styles 8, the stigmas
cut-fringed, usually red. Pod separating into 3 globular carpels.
A nettle-like weed, with ovate, sparsely serrate, alternate, long-
petioled leaves. — Fields and open places.

Order LXXXIT. URTICA'CEiE. (Nettle F.)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with nu)n(ecious or dicecious (or, in
the Kims, sometimes perfect) llowers, with a regular calyx fiee
from the 1-2-celled ovary which becomes a 1 -seeded fruit.
Stamens opposite the lobes of the calyx. This Order is divided
into four well-marked Suborders.

Suborder T. ULMA'CE^. (Elm Family.)

Trees, with aUcrnate simple leaves, and deciduous small
stipules. Flowers often perfect. Styles 2. Fruit a samara
whiytd all round, or a drupe.

*Fniit a samara ; anthers extrorsc.

1. Uliuus. Flowers in lateral clusters, earlier than the leaves, jnirpliHh or

{freenish-yellow. Calyx hell-shaped, 4-9 cleft. Stamens 4-!) ; the fila-
ments lonj,"- and slender. Ovary 2-celled, but the samara only 1-seeded.

Stij^'inas 2.

* *Fruit a drujie ; anthers introrse.

2. Celtis, Flowers j,'reoni>h, poly^,'ainous, the i)istiliate solitary or in jiairs,

appearing,'- with the ka\ es. ("alyx 5-6-parted, persistent. Stamens 5-6.
Stij;nias 2, lony and pointed and recurved. Ovary 1-ovuled.

Suborder II. ARTOCAR'PE JE. (liuKAD-FRuiT i^- Fio F. )

Flowers momvcious or diu'cious, crowded in catkin-like spikes
or heads, the whole pistillate catkin l)ecoming an aggregate fruit
from th<! enlargi'ment of the calyx in the several flowers. Calyx
4-parted. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled, 1 cell centually disap-
pearing. Styles 2.

3. Moms. Pistillate and staminatc flowers in separate catkiris. Trees with

milky juice and rounded leaves. Staminate spikes slender.

SuBORDEii III. URTI'CEiE. (Nettlr Family.)

Herbs with watery juice and opposite or alternate leaves, often
beset with stinging iiairs. Flowers momecious or diu'cious, in

■MM

128

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

spikes or racemes. Stamens as many as the sepals. Style only
1. Ovary i-celled. Fruit an achene.

4. Urti'ca. Leaves opposite. Plant beset with stingiiijf hairs. Sepals 4 in

both sterile and fertile flowers. Stamens 4. Stigma a small sessile tuft.
Achene flat, enclosed between the 2 larger sepals. Flowers greenish.

5. r.aport'ea. Leaves alternate. Plant beset with stinging hairs. Sepals 5

in the sterile flowers, 4 in the fertile, 2 of them much smaller than the
other 2. Stigma awl-shaped. Achene flat, vrry oblique, rejlexed oil its
winr/ed pedicel.

6. Pil'ea. Leaves opposite. Whole plant very smooth and semi-transparent.

Sepals and stamens 3-4. Stigma a sessile tuft.

7. Btehnie'ria. Leaves mostly opposite. No stinging hairs. Sepalo and

stamens 4 in the sterile flowers. Calyx tubular or urn-shaped in the
fertile ones, and enclosing the achene. Stigma long and thread-like.

8. Parieta'ria. Leaves alternate, entire, 3-ribbed. No stinging hairs.

Flowers polygamous, in involucrate-bracted cymose axillarj' clusters.
Calyx of the pistillate flowers tubular or bell-shaped, 4 ' bed. Stigma
tufted. Staminate flowers nearly as in the last.

Suborder IV. CANNABIN'EiE. (Hemp Family.)

Rough ]ierbs with watery juice and tough bark. Leaves oppo-
site and palmately compound. Flowers dioecious. Sterile ones
in compound racemes ; stamens 5 ; sepals 5. Fertile ones in
crowded clusters ; sepal only 1, embracing the achene. Stigmas 2.

9. Can'nabis. A rather tall rough plant with palmately compound leaves

of 5-7 linear-lanceolate serrate leaflets.

1. Uli^IUS, L. Elm.

1. U. fulva, Michx. (Red or Slippery Elm. ) Flowers nearly
sessile. Leaves very rough above, taper-pointed. Buds downy
xoith rusty hairs. A medium-sized tree, with mucilaginous inner
bark.

2. U. America'na, L. (American or White Elm.) Leaves
not rough above, abruptly pointed. Flowers on drooping pedicels.
Buds glabrous. A large ornamental tree, with drooping branch-
lets. — Moist woods.

3. U. racemo'sa, Thomas. (Corky White Elm.) Resem-
bling the last, but the bud-scales are doivny-ciliate, the branches
corky, and the flowers racewcd.— Chiefly along roadsides and
borders of fields.

W . i

urticacej:.

129

a. CEL'TIS, L. Nettle-tree. Hackberry.

C. OCCidentalis, L. (Sugarberry.) A limall tree of Elm.
like aspect. Leaven reticulated, ovate, taper-pointed, serrate,
nioie or less oblique at the base. Fruit as large as a pea, dark,
purple when ripe, the flesh thin. — Low grounds ; a few trees
here and there through Ontario.

3. MORUS, Tourn. Mulberry.

M. rubra, L. (Red Mulberry'.) Leaves heart-ovate, rough
above, downy beneath, pointed. Fruit red, turning dark-purple,
long. — Niagara district, and south-westward.

4. URTI'CA, Tourn. Nettle.

U. gra'cilis, Ait. Stem slender, 2-6 feet high. Leaves ovate
lanceolate, pointed, senate, 3 a-nerved from the l)ase, nearly
smooth, tlie lonij petioles with a few bristles. Flower-clusters in
slender spikes. — Moist ground and along fences.

r*. LAPORT'EA, Gaudichaud. Wood-Nettle.

L. Canadensis, Gaudichaud. Stem 2-.3 feet high. Leaves
large, ovate, long-petioled, a single 2-cleft stipule i the axil.^
Moist woods.

0. PIIj'EA, Lindl. EicHWEED. Clearweed.

P. pu'mila, Cray. Stem .S-18 inches high. Leaves ovate,
coarsely toothed, 3-ribbed. — Cool moist places.

7. BCEHME'RIA, Jacq. False Nettle.

B. cylin'drica, Willd. Stem 1-3 feet high, smoothish.
Leaves ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, serrate, 3-nerved, long-
pctioled. Stipules separate. — Moist shady places.

■ 8. PARIETA'RIA, Tourn. Pellitory.

P. Pennsylvan'ica, Muhl. A low annual, simple or sparingly
branched, minutely downy. Loaves oblong-lanceolate, thin,
veiny, roughish with opaque dots. — Usually in crevices of lime
stone rocks ; not very common.

9. CAN'xXABIS, Tou' a. Hemp.

C. sati'va, L. 'Hemp.) Common everywhere along roadsides
and in \n aste places.

V

\

130

COMMON CANADIAN WITJ) PLANTS.

Oiii.KU LXXXITT. PLATANA'CEJE. (Plane thkf F.)
Kepresentcd only l)y the Ccnus

PtiAT'ANUS, L. Plane-tkki:. Button woop.

P. occidenta'lis, L. (Amkrican Plane-tkek or SyrAMORE,)
A tine large tree found in south-wostern Ontario. Leaves alter-
nate, rather scurfy when young, pahnately Ir^hed or angled, the
Jobes sharp-pointed ; sfipu/eH sJu'dthhuj. Flowers mono'cious,
both sterile and fertile ones in catkin-like heads, without calyx
or corolla, but with small scales intermixed. Ovaries in the fer-
tile flowers club-shaped, lipped with the thread-like simple style,
and downy at the base. Fertile heads solitary, on slender
peduncles. The white bark separates into thin plates.

Order LXXXIV. JUGLANDA'CEiE. (Walnut F.)

Trees with .alternate pinnate leaves and no stipules. Flowers
moniecious. Sterile flowers in catkins. Fertile flowers solitary
or in small clusters, with a regular 3 4-lobed calyx adherent to
the ovary. Fvuit a sort of drupe, the flesliy outer layer at length
becoming dr^' and forming a husk, the iimer layer hard and bony
and forming the nut-shell. Seed solitary in the fruit, very large
and 4-lobed. This Order comprises the Walnuts, Butternuts,

and Hickories.

Synopsis of tho Genera.

1, Tug'lans. Sterile flowers in soli f art/ catkins from tho previous year's

wood. Filaments of the innneroiis stamens very short. Fertile flowers
on pe<liinele3 at the ends of the branches. Calyx 4- toothed, XLu'th small
petals at the sinuseit. Styles and stigmas 2, the latter fringed. Jixocarp
or hia^Jc dri/ing ivithout splitting. Shell of the nut very rough and
irregularly fiirrotocd.

2. Car'ya. Sterile flowers in slender clustered catkins. Stamens 8-10, with

very short filamonts. Fertile flowers in small chisters at the ends of the
branches. Calyx 4-toothed ; ?)Ojj<'^rt^s'. Stigmas 2 or 4, iarge. Exocarp
h-valvrd, drying and splitting aivay from the very smooth and bony
nut-shell.

1. .TUG'I.ANS, L. Walnut.

1. J. ciner'ea,, T^- (Bittterxut.) Ijcaflets oblong-lanceolate,
pointed, serrate, l^etiolei^ and brtoichlflK clammy. Fruit oblomj,
tlammy. — Rich woods.

-' v

CUl'ULlFliH.t:.

131

2. J. nigra, 1j. (Blac.'K Walnut.) Leaflets ovate-lanceolate,

taiK'i-pointed, siuTate. Petioles (hnvny hut not chimmii. I'^'uit
split rical. Wood a darker brown than in tlio liutteniut. — Rich
woods ; rare northward.

?j. C'AU'VA, NiitL. Hickory.

1. C. alba, Nutt. (Sukllbauk IIickouy.) Lrdflcf.H 5, the
lower pair nmcli ^iiiialk-r than the (others. Tlusk (;f the fruit
splitting ro)ii/>/('f<'/t/ into 4 valves. Nut nattish-gloI)ular, niucro-
nate. liark of the trunk rough, scaling off in rough strips. —
Rich woods.

2. C. tomento'sa, Nutt. (Wihtk-hkartHkmcory.) Sparingly
found in the Niagara district a'cl south-westward. Leaflets 71).
Bark close but not shaggy, and not scaling olFon the old truriks.
Husk as in the last. Catkins, s..oc: ., and lower surface ot the
leaves tomentoi^c wdieu young. Xut <jlohu.Jar.

3. C. ama'ra, Nutt, (Sw^\M7- Hickohy or lirrrEiiNUT.) leaf-
lets "yiL Husk of the fruit splitting half iraif down. Nut
sphcrkal, short-pointed. Bark smooth, not scaling ofF. — !Nioist
ground.

4. C. porci'na, Nutt. (I'io-nut. Broom-Hi<;K()KY. ) Leaflets
5-7. Shoots, etc., t/lahrous. Husk as in the last. Nut ohlomj or
oval. — Niagara district, and south-westward.

Order LXXXV. CUPULIF'ER^. (Oak Family.)

Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves, deci<luous stipules,
ind nion<ccious flowers. Sterile flowers in catkins (l)ut in Beech
in small heads) ; the fertile ones solitary or clustered, and fur-
nished with an involucre vyliicli forms a scaly cup or a bur sur-
rounding the nut.

Synopsis of tlii; Cicnora.

1. Quercus. Sterile flowers ivlth a calyx indudinj,' few or several stamens
with slender filanieiitH. Fertile flowers scattered or Boniewluit clustered,
each in a scaly iiivoliuTe or cnpiile. Nut (acorn) roiuidcd, the base en-
closed by the cupiile. (Part I, sec. 71.)

'2. Casta'nea. Sterile flowers in Ions? slender catkins. Cnhjx G-partcd. Fer-
tile flowers usually 3 in each involucre, the latter prickly, forniinff a bur.
Calyx 0-lobcd. Stijjinas bristle shaped. Nuts enclosed (mostly 2 or 3

mbi

MMi

UMM

nm%

132

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

together) in the prickly 4-valved involucre, flattened when there are laore
than one.

3. Fagus. Sterile flowers in a small hoad on droopinjj: peduncles. Calyx bell-

ahaped. Fertile flowers in pairs in the involucre, which consists of awl-
shaped bractlets grown together at the bases. Calyx-lobes awl shaped.
Ifuts Sawjled, (jenerally in pairs I'u the bur-like /f-valved cupule. Bark
close, smooth, and light gray.

4. Cor'yius. Sterile flowers in drooping catkins. If o calyx. Stamens 8 (with

1-cellfd anthers), and 2 small bractlets under each bract. Feitile flowers
in a small scaly head; one ovary, surmounted by 2 long red stigmas,
under each scale, and accompanied by a pair of bractlets which, in fruit,
enlarge and form a leaf -like or tubular J'ruiged or toothed involucre closely
enveloping each nut. Sterile catkins from the axils of the previous year.
Fertile flowers terminating the new shoots.

5. Os'trya. Sterile flowers in drooping catkins. Calyx wanting. Stamens

several under each bract, hut not accompanied by bractlets. Fertile
flowers in short catkins, 2 under each bract, each ovary tipped with 2
long stigmas, and surrounded by a tubular bractlet tohich, in fruit, be-
comes a greenish-white inflated bag, having the small nut in the bottom.

6 Carpi'mis. Sterile flowers in drooping catkins. Calyx wanting. Stamens
several under each bract ; no bractlets. Fertile flowers much as in
Ostyra, hut the bractlets surrounding the ovaries are not tubular but
open, and in fruit become leaf -like, one on each side of the small nut.

1. CtUERCUS, L. Oak.

* Acorns ripening Ihefrst year, and therefore borne on the new shoots. Lobes
or teeth of the leaves not bristle-pointed.

1. Q. alba, L. (White Oak.) A large tree. Leaves (when
mature) smooth, bright green above, whitish beneath, obliquely
cut into few or several oblong entire lobes. The oblong nut much
larger than the saucer-shaped rough cupule. — Rich woods.

2. Q. macrocar'pa, Michx. (Bur Oak. Mossy-cdp White
Oak. ) A medium-sized tree. Leaves deeply lobed, smooth above,
pale or downy beneath. Acorn broadly ovoid, half or altogether
covered by the deep cup, the ujyper scales ofivhlch taper into bristly
j)oints making a fringed border. Cup varying greatly in size,
often very large. — Rich soil.

3. Q. bi'color, Willd. (Swamp White Oak.) A tall tree.
Leaves sinuate- toothed, but hardly lobed, wedge- shaped at the base,
downy or hoary beneath, the main veins G-8 pairs. Cup nearly
hemispherical, about half as long as the oblong-ovoid acorn, some-

mi

CUPULIFER^:.

133

1 there are wore

*,inie.s with a fringed border. Peduncle in fruit lontjer than the
petiole. — Low grounds.

4. Q. Pri'nus, T^. (Cukstnut Oak.) A small tree. Leaves
minutely downy beneath, tha main iriiis 10-16 puirfi, sinuate-
toothed, acute or obtuse at the base. Peduncle shorter than the
pitioie. Cup heniispherical; acorn as in the last. — Lake Erie
roast.

Var. hu'milis, Marsh, (Q. prinoidcs, Willd., in Macoun's Cata-
logue) is much more abundant with us than the species itself. It
lias the characters f)f the species, but is a shrub, 2-4 feet high.
Fruit sessile or nearly so.

* * Aconia ripeniwj the. srcoml yt^ar, and therefore home on the previous year's
xvDod, lieunv the leaves of the reason. Lobes or teeth of the leaves bristle-
yointed.

5. Q. COCcin'ea, Wang. (ScarlktOak.) A large tree. Leaves
bright green, shining above, turning red in autumn, rounded at
tiie base, deeply pinnatifid, the lobes divergent and sparingly
cut-tooihod. ]iark gray outside, reddixh inside. Cup top-shaped
or htniisphericiil with a more or less conical hasey covering half or
more of the ratlier small acorn.

Var. tincto'ria, Gray. {Q. tinctoria, Bartram, in Macoun's
Catalogue.) (Qukkcitron, Yellow-barked, or Black Oak.)
Leives usually less dcf^ply pinnatifid, slcnder-petioled, rather
rounded at the base, rasty-downy when young, smooth and
shining above when mature, often slightly pubescent beneath,
turning brownish, orange, or dull red in autumn. Cup as in the
species, but the bark darker and rougher and yelloui or oi'antp
inside. — Western Ontario; mostly in dry soil, but occasionally
in moist places.

0. Q. rubra, L. (Red Oak.) A large tree. Leaves moder-
ately pinnatirid, turning dark-red in the autumn. Cup saucer-
shaped, sessile or nearly so, very much shorter than the oblong-
ovoid acorn. — Rich and j: soil.

7. Q. palustris, Du Ra (Pin Oak.) A medium-sized tree.
Cup flat-saucer-shaped, vef much shorter than the ovoid-ijloho^e
acorn, which is about half an incli long. Leaves deeply pinnati-
fid, with divergent lobes and rounded sinuses. — Niagara district
and south-westward.

Il ■

\34

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

a. CASTA'IVEA, Touru. Chkstnut.

C. Vesca, L., var. America'na, Michx. {('. mihjarls, var.
Anicrianid, A. DC, in Mucouu'a Cjitalogiu'. ) (( 'iikstnut. ) A
large tico. Leaves oMong-lancoolato, pointed coarsely and
sharply serrate, acute at the base. Nuts 2 or H in each hur.
— South-western Ontario.

3. F.VtiUS, Toiini. ]5kkcii.

F. fermgin'ea, Ait. (Amkhkan' ]>i:i:(ii.) A very coninion
tree in ricii woods, the hi'anches horizontal. Leaves oblong-
ovate, taper-pointed, toothed, the very straight veins terminating
in the teeth.

4. COR'YI.US, ToiU-ll. ILVZEL-NUT. FiLBKlVT.

L C. America'na, Walt. (\\. i,i»1L\zkl-nut. ) Leaveswound-
isli heart-shaped. Int'olucre s/tredu'tiiu out above, Icuf-likc and cut-
toothed. — Chiefly in south-western Ontario; in tliickcts.

2. C. rostra'ta, Ait. (IjKakkd Ha>:el-xut.) A rather common
shrub, easily distinguished from No. 1 by tiie involucre, which In
proloufjcd into a narroio tube much beyond the. nut, and in densely
hristhj -hairy.

5. OS'TRYA, Micheli. IIop-TIoknueam. Iuon-wood.

0. Virgin'ica, Willd. (Iuon-wood.) A shauler tree with
brownish furrowed bark. Leaves oblong-ovate, taper- pointed,
sharply doubly serrate. Fertile catkin like a hop in appearance.
Wood very hard and close. — Rich woods.

6. CARPI'NUS, L. HOKNBEAM.

C. America'na, ISlichx. (Blue or Watkk Beech.) Small
trees wit\\ J'urron-td trunl's and close smootli gray bark. Leaves
ovate-oblong, pointed, doubly serrate. — Along streams. Resem-
bling a Beech in general aspect, but with inflorescence like that
of Iron-wood.

OrdeuLXXXVL MYRICA'CEiE. (Sweet-Gale F.)

Shrubs with mon(ecious or dia-cious flowers, both sterile and
fertile ones collected in short catkins or heads. Leaves with
resinous dots, in^ually fray rant. Fruit a 1 -seeded dry drupe qx
little nut, usually coated with waxy grains. ,

itt^'

MYRTCAOF.T:, llETlTTiACR.K

I3n

Synopsis «»f the CJenera.

1. 3Iyr«'ca. Flowers chkMy dicerious, catkins lateral, each bract with a pair
of bractletsuiiilcrneath. Stamens in the sterile Howers 2-8. Ovary soli-
tary in the fertile flowers, l-celled, tii)pe<l with 2 threatl-like htijrriaa, and
surrouniU'd by 2 4 small scales at ilio base. In our species the 2 scales
form winurs at the base of the nut.— A shrub, ■'{-.') feet hii,'h.

51 Coinpto'niii. A low shrub, a foot or more in hei?,dit, with fern-like very
sweet-scented leaves. Flowers moiKUcious. Sterile catkins cylindrical.
Fertile ones spherical, the ovary surrounded by 8 awl-shaju'd persistent
scales, so that the catkin resembles a bur.

1, 3IYRI'C:A, T.. Bayhkuuy. Wax-Myutle.

M. Gale, !-<• (SwKF.r ( Jalk. ) Li'aviiH weclgc-lanceolate, serrate
towards tlu; apex, pale. The small nuts in cromletl heads, and
winged by the 2 scales. — Bogs.

2. C'0]»IPTO'NIA, Solander. Swekt-Fkhn.

C. asplenifo'lia, Ait. ( yriir'ica anplentfolh, Endl., in Maconn's
Catalogue.) Leaves linear-lanceolate in outline, deeply pinnatitid,
the lobes numerous and rounded. — Dry soil; especially in IMne
barrens.

Order LXXXVTT. BETULA'CEJE. (Birch Family.)

Trees or shrubs with monrecio^is flowers, both sorts in catkins,
2 or .*? flowers under each scale or bract of the catkin. Ovary
2-celled and 2-ovuled, but in fruit only ] -celled and 1 -seeded.
Fruit a small nut. Stigmas 2, long and slender. Twigs and
leaves often aromatic.

Synopsis of tlu? fienora.

1. llt^t'ula. Sterile catkins \o\v* and pendulous, formed durinpf summer and

expandinj,' the foUowiu",' spring ; each flower consistintf of one small scale
to which is attached 4 short filaments ; .'i flowers under e;ich scale of the
catkin. Fertile catkins stout, obloni,', the scales or bracts .3-lobed and
with 2 or 3 flowers luuler each; each flower a naked ovary, becoming a
winged nutlet in fruit. Bark easily coming off in sheets.

2. Aliiiis. Catkins much as in Betula, but each fertile and sterile flower hag

a distinct ;?-r> parted calyx. Catkins solitary or clustcrtMl at the ends of
leafless branehlets or lu'duncles. Nutlets wingless or nearly so.

(These two genera are included in Cupulifera; in Ma< oun's Catalogue.)

136

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

li'i

u.

1. BET'UI-.A, tourn. BmcH.

1. B. lenta, L. (Ciieury-Birch. Svvekt or Black Birch.)
jjark of the trunk dark brown, close, aromatic ; that of the twigs
bronze-coloured. Wood rose-coloured. Leaves ovate, with some-
what heart-shaped base, doubly serrate, pointed, short-petioled.
Fruiting catkins sessile, thick, oblong-cylindrical. — Moist woods.

2. B. lu'tea, Michx. (Yellow or Gray Birch.) Bark of
the trunk yellowish-gray, somewhat silvery, scaling off in thin
layers. Leaves hardly at all heart-shaped. Fruiting catkins
thicker and sliorter than in No. 1. — Moist woods.

3. B. papyra'cea, Ait. {B. lictpurifcra, Michx., in Macoun's
Catalogue.) (Paper or CANOKBiRrn.) Baik of the trunk white,
easily separating in sheets. Leaves ovate, taper-pointed, heart-
shaped, long-potioled. Fruiting catkins cylindrical, usually
hanging on slender peduncles. — Woods.

4. B. pu'mila, L. (Low Birch.) A shmh with brownish
bark, not (jlandalar. Leaves obovate or roundish, ])(de beneath;
veinlets on both surfaces finely reticulated. Catkins mostly
erect, on short peduncles. — Bogs and low grounds, nortliward.

a. AI.NUS, Tourn. Ai-DKU.

1. A.incd'na, Willd. (Speckled or Hoary Alder.) A shrub
or small tree, growing in thickets in low grounds along streams.
Leaves oval or ovate, rounded at the base, serrate, whitish
beneath. Flowers preceding the leaves in early spring, from
clustered catkins formed the previous summer and remaining
naked over winter. Fruit wbiyletn^.

2. A. vir'idis, DC. (GREK>f or Mountain Alder.) A shrub
3-8 feet high, along mountain streams. Flowers appearing with
the leaves, the stumiimfe catkins having remained naked during
the winter, the pistillate enclosed iit a Kcalt/ hud. Fruit with a.
thin wintj. — Northward.

Order LXXXVIII. SALICA'CE^. (Willow Family.)

Trees or shrubs witli <lic»cious flowers, both sorts in catkins,
one under each scale (f the catkin. No calyx. Fruit l-celle<l,
runny-seeded, the seeds furnished with tufts of down. (See Part

HALTCACE.E.

i:^.

U

LACK Birch.)
t of the twigs
;e, with some-
liort-petioled.
Moist woods.

fi.) Bark of
ig off in thin
ting catkins

in Macoun's
trunk white,
)inted, heart-
ioal, usually

th brownish
xi/e beneath;
kins mostly
orthward.

Fi.) A shrub
'Ug streams,
ite, whitish
pring, from
I remaining

) A shrub
earing with
^ked during
ruit loith a.

\' Family.)

in catkins,

lit 1-celled,

(See Part

I., section 74, for description of typical tlowers.) This ()rdv;i
comprises the Willows and Poplars.

Synopsis <)f the Genera.

1. Salix. Trees with mostly long and ^xunted leaven and slender branches.
Bracts or scales of the catkins not toothed. Stamens mostly 2 under
each bract, but in one or two species as man}' as 5 or C. Stij^mas short.
Catkins appearing before .^r with the leaves.

'2. lN)i)'uliis. Trees with 6road and more or less heart-shaped leaves. Bracts
of tiie catkins toothed or cut of the apex. Stamens H-'AO, or even more,
under each scale. Stiiymas lonj,'. Catkins lons^ and droopin<,', preceding
the leaves.

1. SAIilX, Touru. Willow.

t Catkins lateral and sesaile, appearino before the leaves. Scales dark red or
brown, 2'ersistent, Usually no leaf-like bracts at the base of the catkins.
Stamens 2.

■>- Leaves veiny, hairy or woolly, and ivith soineivhat revolute margin?,.

1. S. can'dida, Willd. (Hoary Willow.) A shrub not more
than .3 or 4 feet high, growing in bogs and wet placet: ; tlie twigs
and leaves clothed witli a web-like wool, giving the whole plant
a whitisli aspect. Leaves lanceolate, narrow. Stipules small,
lanceolate, tootlied. Catkins cylindrical.

2. S. hu'milis, Marshall. (Pkairik Willow.) A shrul) ;{-8
feet high, growing usually in dry or barren places. Leaves
lanceolate, not so taper-pointed as in Xo. i, slightly downy
above, thickly so ben(;ath. Stipules semi-ovate or moon-shaped,
with a few teetii, shorter than the petioles. Catkins ovoid.

•^ ■*- Leaves snumth and shining above, not woolly beneath. Catkins large,

cliithed ivilh long glossy hairs.

^. S. dis'color, Muld. (Olax^cois Willow.) A slirub or
small tree, 8-15 feet high, growing in low grounds and along
streams. Leaves lanceolate or ovatedanceolate, irregularly
toothed ill the mhhlte of the. nntrijin, entire at eacli end, white-
glaucous beneath. Stipules moon-shaped, tootiied.

The '.\ spooies jint described fri'i|iuiitly have romiiact beads of leaves, resem-
blin,' cones, at the i-nds of tiic l)riihcbes. 'i'his is probal)ly a diseased condition
due to puncturing by insects.

4. S. petiola'ris, t'mith. (I'ktfolkd \\ iij.(m.) A HJunib on
sandy river-banks. Leaves lanceolate, tinely and eveidy serrate,

13^^^

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

i|.,4,

silky-gray or glaucous beneath, smooth above. Catkins with a
few small leaf-like bracts at the base. Scales of the fertile cat-
kins acute, very hairy. Ovary tapering, silky, stalked. Sandy
river-banks.

* ♦ Catkins lateral, with U or 5 leafy bracts at the base, preceding (o1

sometimes accompanying) the leaves. Scales dark red or hrovm,
persistent. Stamens 2.

5. S. corda'ta, Muhl. (Heart-leaved Willow.) A shruli
or small tree, growing in wet grounds. Leaves lanceolate, no*
always heart-shaped, sharply serrate, smooth. Catkins cylindri-
cal, leafy -hr acted at the hase. Var. angusta'ta hos long narro^^
leaves.

* * * Catkins lateral, appearing along with the leaves, leafy-hracted at th

base. Stamens ii. Scales persistent.

6. S. liv'ida, Wahl. Var. occidentalis, Gray. {S. rostra'taf
Rich., in Macoun's Catalogue.) (Livid Willow.) A good-sized
shrub, chiefly in moist situations. Leaves ohlomj or obovate-
lanccolate, barely toothed, downy above, very veiny, hairy ^nd
glaucous beneath. Stipules semi-lunar, toothed. Ovary at length
raised on a very slender stalk.

* * * * Catkins long and loose, 2^eduncled, not lateral, but borne on thfi

ends of the nexo shoots. Scales greenish-yellow, deciduous. Filamenti
hairy below.

-4- Stamens 3-G or more.

7. S. lu'cida, Muhl. (Sihninu Willow.) A shrub or smalJ
bushy tree, growing along streams. Leaves ovafe-oh/on<j of
7iarroiver, with a long tapering point, shhiiwj on hath sides, serrate.
Stamens mostly 5.

8. S. nigra, Marshal. (Black Willow. ) A larger tree than
No. 6, with a roughisli black bark, growing along streams.
Leaiies narrowly lanceolate, tapering at each end, serrate, smooth,
green on both sides. Stamens 3-6.

■*- t- Stamens 2.

9. S. longifolia, Muhl. (Lo\(i-leaved Willow.) A shrub
or small tree, varying greatly in size, growing along streams in
sandy or gravelly places. Leaves linear-lanceolate, very long,
tapering towards both ends, nearly sessile, serrate with a foV
spreading teeth, grayish-liairy w hiu young.

racted at th

SALICAOE;r>, CONIFKUiE.

4. POP'ULUS, Tourn. Poplak.

^

1. P. tremuloi'des, Miohx. (American Aspent.) A tree
with greenish-white bark, and 7'oundish heart-shaprtl leave.".
continually in a state of agitation, due to the lateral coinpression
of the petiole, and the consequent susceptibility of the leai to
the least motion of the air. Teeth of the leaves amall.

2. P. grandidenta'ta, Michx., (LARrxETooTiiKD Ahpen) has
roundish ovate leaves ivith large irrefjidar sinuate teeth.

^. P. balsamif'era, L. (Balsam Poplar.) A. tall tree,
growing in swamps and along streams ; the lanje hnds rarnished
v'i/h resinous matter. Leaves ovate, tapering, finely serrate,
w hitish beneath. Stamens very numerous.

^. P. monilif 'era. Ait. (Cottonwood. ) A tree with broad
(Ultoid leaves, slightly heart-shaped, serrate with incurved teeth.
Young branches slightly angled, at length round. Fertile catkins
veiy long, the scales cut-fringed, not hninj. Along the main
line of the Grand Trunk Railway.

Yar. can'dicans, CJray, (IUlm ok CJilkad) has broader and
more or less heart-shaped leaves.

Subclass II. aYiM'NOSFEUlMS.

Ovules and seeds naked (not enclosed in a pericarp),
and fertilized by the direct application of the pollen.
Represented in Canada by a single Order.

Okdeh LXXXIX. CONIF'ERiE. (Pink Family.)

Trees or shrubs with resinous juice and mostly inomecious
flowers, these in catkins except in the last genus (Taxus), in
Avliich the fertile llower is solitary antl the fruit berry-like.
I^oivcs awl-shapcd or needle-shaped. (See Part I., (^ap. \vi,, for
dcib^ikptiona of typical plants.) — The Order comprises three well-
marked Suborders.

.t . „

fii^-

140

COMMON CANADIAN WIM) IMiANTS.

Si-BoiiDEK I. ABIETIN'EiE. (Pink Family Propeu.)

Fruit a truo cone, tlio iinln'icatcd scales in the <i.ri/s of hrncts.
Ovules 2 un the insiilc of each scale at the base, in fniit coining
ofl" with a wing attached to each. (Parti.. Figs. 197, 198.)
" Oi/d'.s- »(7 1-iprninj till the second year,

1. IMnus. [jCiiVos Jicodlo-Hliaiu'il, :.'-~> in a cliiKlrr, vrertjrvvn, in tlu! axil of ii,

Uiin scalo. .Storile ratkins in spiki-s at the hasos of tin; now Hlioots, con-
sistini;- of many almost wossilo anthers sjjirally inserted on tijc axis,
(^ones more or less \voo<ly, the seales widely sproadinjjr when riiw.
Cotyledong of the emhryo several.

** * Cones ripening the first year.

2. A'bu's. Leaves linear or needle-shaped, scattered nnifornilit along the

new shouts, evergreen. Storile catkins in the axils of last year's leaves.
Oonos with thin seales.
;?. Larix. Li'avos noodlo-shaiiod, clustered or fascicled on lateral spurs of
la^t year's wood, many in each bundle, f alii wj off in the autanin ; thoao
on the new shoots seattercd, hut deciduous like the rest,

SuBounEii II. CUPRESSIN'EiE. (Cyi>iiess F.)

Fertile flowers of only a few scales, these not hi the axifs of
hracfx, forming in fruit either a very small loose and dry cone,
or a sort of false berry owing to the thickening of the scales.

* Flowers niona'cioics. Fruit a small loose cone.

•1. Thuja. Loaves some a irl-sh a pe d, othvxH scale-like, closely imbricated on
the/(i/ branches. Catkins ovoiii, terminal.

^ *^ Flotoers mostly did'cious. Fruit berry-like, black ivith a bloom.

T->. Jiiuip'ei'us. Leaves awl-shaped or ;:oale-like, sometimes of both shapes,
everjrreon, prirkly-pointed, };lauoous-white on the upper surfaec, i-nd
in whorls of 3, or opposite.

SunoRDEAi III. TAXIN'EiE. (Yew Family.)

Fertile flo ver .solitary, consisting of a naked ovule surrounded

by a disk which becomes pulpy and berry-like in fruit, enclosing

the nutdike seed. Berry red.

C. Taxun. Flowers ehiotly diiooious. Leaves evergreen, mucronate, rifjid,
scattered. — A low straii'u^lin;,' bush, usually in the shade o other ever
LTreens.

1. PIXUS, Tourn. Pink.

1. P. resino'sa, Ait. (Red P.>:2.) Leaves hi twos, slender
Burk rather smooth, reddish. — Common northward.

■■^jm^^

COMKEIl^.

nbricatcd uti

urroundod

2. P. stro'bus, 1--. (WiiriK Pink ) Lmrcs in /ires, .slender.
Back Hinootli tsxcept on old trees, not rjiddisji. — Common,

a. A'HFKS, T()iii!». Sl-KUCK. J''m.

i. A. nigra, I'oir. (Pkea n'Kjru, [jink, in Macoim'.s (JaLi-
logue. ) (l)LA('K SruucK. ) LeuvcH nted/e-sfiiipri/. mid 4-ml<'fl,
jto/iUi/i'j lit a/f, direr/ ions. Cone.s hanging, pcrHintetU, .'••;ales witl;
thin edges. — Swam pa and cold woods.

-. A. alba, Michx. {Picniallxi, Link, in Maoonn'sCJatalognc. )
(WjirrK Si'urrK.) Leave.sasin No. 1. Cones hanging, dcridiious,
the scales with thiekiah edges. — Swampa and cold woods.

.'i. A. Canadensis, Michx. {Tsu'/a CunadrnHiH, Carr, in Ma-
coun's Catalogue.) (Hk.mL()(;k Si'KUCK. ) Lcavrs Jhif, lightei
beneath, poiiiHiuj only in tiro dircrtinnx, i.e., right and left on each
side of the hi'anch, obtuse. Conea hanging, persistent. — Hilly oi
rocky woods.

•I. A. balsa'mea, Marshall. (P>al.sa.m Fir. ) Lcares Jlut^ the
lower sni'faco whitish and the midrib prominent, crowded, point-
ing mostly right and left on the branches. Cones erect on the
upper sides of the branclu'S, violet-coloured, the scales slender-
jmnted. — Damp woods and swamps.

.-•. ILAIilX, Tourn. La::.^!!.

L. Americana, Michx. (Amkkican Larch. Ta.marac ) A
^lender and very graceful tree with soft leaves in fascicles, falling*
oil" in autumn. — Swamps.

-1. TIir.TA, Tourn. Auhou Vit.k.

T. OCCidenta'lis, L. (American Arbor V'^it.k.) The welL
known cedar of cedar-swamps. — Common.

.5. JLWIP'EllUS, L. JUNIPKK.

L J. communis, L. (Ccm.mon Jumtkr. ) A spreading shrub
with ascending .stems, growing on dry hill-sides. Lniri's in whorls
of 3, whitisli al)ove, prickly-pointed.

2. J. Virgini'ana, L. {Rki> Ckdar. ) A sluub or small tree
with inrisf'i/ opfiosifc leans of two forms, viz,: aul-shaped and
loose, and scale-.shaped and appres.sed. Fruit small, erect. Wood
reddish uud odorous. — Dry sterile soil.

'i

'ieikiikJim-

Jtm

MilMnHMMMHI

14'

roMMON rANMMAN WII.M tM-ANTB.

«. TWIPI. I

oini'.

Yi w

<iHO\\)t IlKMrnrtv.) A low ^Irngulinji bIumM). IjRii.vps ^irnu on
\}\A\\ sidoR. liiVi'f/ ifhhul*v\ red.

r

AHMVjAH,

14*1

(U.^m If. iMONOCOTYUrhONH.
F«M' nhfirjujlors of (Jio ('Ijikh Knf) l'»i,rf. I., 'Imp. x r.

L SPADIO'EOUB DIVLSION.

FlowriM fi^t/r»'j/n,l.«'r| on n, Hfifif/i.r (I'mf, f., kpc. 01;, wif.fi
(»»• vviflioiil. n,npallu> or KlioaMiirig l^raoi,

Oiif.KR XC. ARA'CE/R. (AfM \f KAMn.v.;

llrrl>H with pimgnnt jiiicn nrifl sifriplf! ';r v.uinyhwuA h^n-VOH, ///^^i''

nmrihnrn nrt-p(>hiP(t (iU(] li«n(«* f iit/j/»'«f,iiijy t,lin,t tlio |»)/i,rit,« frifiy l>fi

nicoiy|f<l«>nH. Spa'lix iisiinJIy ttcompdni'Ml hy », Hp»,t,fi*!. Flf>w»!rH

*itlu't' without, a pcriiuith r»f any kiti'l, or with 4 ^J H»!{»al». Kniit

iiNiiuiiy a lunry.

HviiopntH of Hm> C/^rttif^rn,.

' l,ntveii not linear. /'Univfru vdlhtmt p»rianih uf any nnrl. Hptidix ar.i;ifm-

Jill II in I, liji a Kj/fit/f

I. AriNii^'iiiii,. Kloworn i»n»«My di'fx-ifdiR, rttUicUA f>tt f,h« low'ii* jmrt iit f,fi*)
wpiunx (Hily. Hpablio (in f»iir c'>riiitio;i hjxxioH; firchod over tJio K{i;i/lix,
Hcwipo from a flnli«l )>iill», Loivcn romjxniM'I, iiflt-voi/iwl, «hfathiiii( th«
H( (ipo holow wit,h thoir potiolca. JWirrioH hri((ht rwl.

I!. </allii. KloworH(afclcaRt. tlio lownr ()fi(:«)//''r/'<'r<, covfrinif tfif; wholo H(.,vlix.
Hpiillit) fipiri iirMi Hprcfulinif, vvifJi a whit,»! )ij>j«:r Ktirfa^f;, t,ipp«!<l wif.h an
alinipt |M»int„ Hcapo from aciocoping rootst/^k. L<;avo» not nct-vf.'in^;*!,
Hlmjiln, hourt-shapod.

* • LmocH not linear. FIowpth vrith a perianth of ^ UPpalH. y.padixnnrroinuled

by a Hpatht;.

.*{. Syinplocmr'iiiUH. Loaves all railloal, vory lar((Gftrid volny, app<!ar!n{{'aff^ir
tho HpatlKJH, whi<;h aro cIoho to tho ^fround and ar« pifxiiic*;d very <:arly
iti Hprlni;. FlowcrM \H-rtt'.(;t, their ovaries immcrHed in the H|ia/Iix, fhe
latter globular and sitrroiinded by tho HhellHha(H;d H[»atho. Ht:]>:i.]^
hooded, Kt.ameiiH i. Fruit coriBlHtirig of the aott enlarged !«f>a/iix in
which thu Beeda aru burik.

* " * Leaves linear, Hword-ahapi-d. Spadix on the Hide of thf Mcapc. FloirerM
" with a pfrianth of 6 m-paln. Mo Hpathf.

4. Ac'uriiM. ScajHj 2 cdjj'ed, reHeniblin;< thu leaves, the cylindrical sjkvIii
bortiu on one edge. SepaU hollowed. Htaniens G.

' i

11 ¥

tmm 't

144

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS

1. ARISiE'MA, Martina. Indian Turnip.

1. A. triphyllum, Torr. (Indian Turnip. ) For full descrip
tion and engraving of this plant see Part I., sections 94-97.

2. A. Dracontium, Schott., (Creen Draoon) is reported from

low grounds near London, Ont. Leaf usually solitary, pedately

divided into 7-11 oblong-lanceolate pointed leaflets. Spathe

convolute, pointed ; the slender point of the spau'X extending

beyond it.

8. CALIiA, L. Water Arum.

C. palustris, L. (Marsh Calla.) Tliis plant is fully ae-
scribed and illustrated in Fart I., section 98.

3. SYMPr.OCAR'PUS, Salisb. Skunk Cabraoe.

S. fne'tidus, Sallsb. Leaves 1-2 feet long, ovate or heart-
shaped, short-petioled. Spathe purplish and yellowish, incurveo.
Plant with skunk-like odour. — Bogs and wet places; noi com-
mon northward.

4. AC'ORUS, L. Sweet Flag. Calamus.

A. Caramus, L. Scape much prolonged bej-^ond the isjiatlix.
— Swamps and wet places.

Order XCL LEMNA'CE^ffi. (Duckweed Family.)

Very small plants floating about freely on the surface of ponds
and ditches, consisting merely of a little frond with a single root
or a tuft of roots from the lower surface, and producing minute
monwcious flowers from a cleft in the edge of the frond. The
flowers are rarely to be seen. The commonest representative
with us is

Lieiniia iiolyrrhi'zu, consistingf of little roundish green fronds (purplish
beneath) about \ of an inch across, and with a cluster of little roots
from the viiuler surface.

Li. minor is also found. Jioot single.

Order XCII. TYPHA'CEiE. (Cat-tail Family.)

Aquatic or marsh herbs with linear sword-shaped leaves, erect
or floating, and moniecious flowers, either in separate heails or
on different parts of the same spike or spadiv, but without a
spathe and destitute of true floral envelopes. Fruic an achene,
i -seeded.

ill

TYPIIACE^, NAI ADAGES

145

;. Ty'plia. Flowers in a very dense and lonj,' cylindrical terminal spike, the
upper ones staininate, tlie lower pistillate, the ovaries lonij-stalked and
surrounded by copious bristles forniiiijr the down of the fruit. Leaves
sword-shaped, erect, sheathing^ the stem be. i'.

1. Sparffsi'iiimn. Flowers in separate jrlobula'* leads alonjj the upper part
of the stem, the hii,dier ones btaniinate, the lower pistillate, each o\ ary
sessile and surrounded by a few scales not unlike a calyx. Both kinds
of heads leafy-braeted. Leaves fiat or triangular, sheathing the stem
with their bases.

1. TY'PHA, Tourn. Cat-tail Flag.

1. T. latifo'lia, L. (Common Cat-tail.) Stem 5-8 feet high.
Leaves /«<. No space between tlie stamiiiate ami pistillate parts
(jf the spike. — Mo hy places.

2. T. angustitv'li , L. (Naurow-leaved or .Small Cat-
tail.) Leaves t; atmelled toward the base, narrowly linear. The
two parts of the spike usually with an interval between them. —
Central and easte" .x Ontario.

•v: SPARGA'i\IU3I, Tourn. Bur-keed.

L S. eurycar'pum, Engelm. Stem erect, stout, 2-4 feet higii.
Leaves mostly flat on the upper side, keeled and hollow-sided on
the lower. Heads several, panicled-spiked, the [)i,stillate an inch
acruss in fruit. Nutlets or achenes with a broad abruptly-
pointed top. — liorders of slow waters and ponds.

2. S. simplex, Hudson, var. angUStifo'lium, Cray. (S*. aj/ine,
Schnitzlein, in Macoun's Catalogue.) Stem slender, erect, 1-2
feet high; the teares nsual/f/ Jloatiiuj, long and narrowly linear.
Heads several, usually in a simple row, the pistillate .snjn'n-
axUUiry, about iialf an inch across. Nutlets pointed at both ends.

Var. Nuttallii, Engel., (.S\ si>n/>lex, Hudson, in jMacoun's
Catalogue,) has the lower jiistillale headi axUlarij, and the
fruiting lieads perhaps a little larger. — Li slow streams.

Kt

Order XCIIL NAIADA'CEiE. (Poxdweeu Family.)

Immersed aquatic herbs, with jointed stems 'and siieathing
stipules. Leaves immersed or floating. Flowers (in our connnon
genus) perfect, in spikes or clusters, with 4scpal!:\ 4 stamens, and
4 ovaries ; the spikes generally raised on peduncles to the top of

VI ?

PI i

if

i;

146

COMMON OANAblAN WILD PLANTS,

tho water. Plants of no very great interest. The most obvious
characters of a few species are given liere.

POTAOIOGE'TORT, Tourn. ToNnwKKD.

1. P. Ilcltans, L. Snhmersed leaves (jrass-likx or capillar!/;
upper stipules rcri/ lomj, ncufe. Spikes cylindrical, all out of tlie
water. Stem hardly branched. Floating leaves loiKj-petioled,
elliptical, with a somewhat heart-shaped base, with a blunt apex,
2I-29-nerved.

2. P. Claytonii, Tuckerman. Stem compressed. Submersed
leaves linear, 2 5 inches long, 2-ranked, 5-nerved ; stipules
obtuse. Floating leaves shor t- petiole d, chiefly opposite, oblong,
11-17-nerved. Spikes all above water.

3. P. amplifo'lius, Tuckerman. Submersed leaves large,
lanceolate or oval, acute at each end, recurved, wavy ; stipules
lonij and tapering. Floating leaves large, oblong or lance-ovate,
or slightly cordate, long-petioled, 30-oO-nerved.

4. P. graniin'eus, L. Submerscul leaves lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, upper ones petioled, lower ones sessile. Stipules
ohtuse. Floating leaves with a short blunt point, 9-15-nerved.
Var. heterophyl'lus, Fries., (the common form) has the lower
leaves shorter, lanceolate, and more rigid.

5. P. lucens, L., var. minor, Nolte. Leaves all submersed,
more or less petioled, oval or lanceolate, mucronate, shining.
Stem branching.

6. P. perfolia'tus, L. Leaves all submersed, varying in width
from orbicular to lanceolate, clasping by a heart-shaped base.
Stem branching.

7. P. COmpressus, Fries. (P. zoster (vfolius, Schum., in Ma-
coun's Catalogue.) Leaves all submersed, linear, grass-like,
sessile, with three large nerves and many fine ones. Stem
branching, wing-Jlatte.i.d, Stipules free from the sheathing base
of the leaf.

8. P. pectina'tus, L. Leaves all submersed, bristle-shaped.
Stem repeatedly forking, filiform. Spikes interrupted, on long
slender peduncles. Stipules united with the sheathing base of the
leaf.

I;

Ik.

alismaok;e.

147

lost obvious

II. PETALOI'DEOUS DIVISION.

Flowers with a perianth coloured like a corolla.

Ordek XCIV. ALISMA'CEiE. (Watek-Plantain F.)

Marsh herbs, with flowers having 3 distinct sepals an<l 3
distinct petals, pistils either apocarpous or separating at matuiity
into ilistinct carpels, and hypogynous stamens (5 many. Flowers
on scapes or scape-like »^,ems. Leaves sheathing at the base,
either rush-like or, when broad, mostly heart-shaped or arrow-
shaped.

Synopsis of th« Genera.

* Calyx and corolla both yrfrnish. Car/>fls inure <'>• Ii'sk united, but spreadhuj
at maturity. Leaves ni^h-like and jlexhy, or yrass like.

1. Triglo'cliin. Flowers smr.il, in a spike or close raceme, without bracts.

Carpels united to the top; when ripe, splittiiijf away from a central
persistent axis.

2. Sch<uicliz«*'ria. A low boj,'-herb, with a creepiiij,' jointed rootstock, and

grass-like leaves. Stamens (i. Carpels 3, globular, nearly distinct.

(These two genera are included in Naiadacea) in Macoun's Catalogue.)

** Calyx (jreen, persistent. Corolla white. Pistil apocarpous. Leaves loilh

distinct blades and jietiules.

3. Alis'ina. Flowers perfect. Stamens usnally 6. Carpels numerotis, in a

ring. Leaves all radical. Scape with whorled panicled branches.

4. Sagitta'ria. Flowers monoecious, sometimes dioecious. Stamens numer-

ous, ('arpels numerous, in more or less globular heads. Leaves arrow-
shaped, but varying greatly. Flowers mostly in whorls of 3 on the
eeapes, the sterile ones uppermost.

1. TRIGLO'CIIIX, L. Aimow-GHASS.

1. T. palus'tre, L. A slender rush-like plant, G-18 inches
high, found growing in bogs northward. Carpel.^ 3, awl-pointed
at the base, splitting away from below upwards. Spike or
raceme slender, 3 or 4 inches long.

2. T. marit'imuin, L., is also found occasionally. The whole

plant is stouter than No. 1, and the carpels are usually G in

number.

a. SCHEUCIIZE'RIA, L. ScHKUcii/KKlA.

S. palustris, L- Stem /igzag. Flowers in a loose terminal
raceme, witii sheathing bracts. — Bogs.

':f.

^ 148

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

3. AIiIS'3IA, L. Water-Plantain.

A. planta'gO, L., var. America'num, <^'iay. Leaves long-

petioled, mostly oblong-heart-shaped, but often narrower, 3-9-

tierved or ribbed, and with cross veinlets between the rilis.

Flowers small, white, in a large and loose compound panicle. —

Low and marshy places, often growing in the water.

4. SAGITTA'RIA, L. Akuow-head.

* Filaments narrow, an long as the anthers.

1. S. varia'bilis, Engelm. Very variable in size and in the
shape of the leaves. Scape angled. — Common everywhere in
shallow water.

* * Filaments very short, with enlarged mostly glandular base,

2. S. heterophyl'la, Pursh. Scape weak and at length pro-
cumbent. Leaves lanceolate or lance-ovate, entire, or with one
or two narrow basal sagittate appendages.

3. S. gramin'ea, Michx. Scape very slender, erect. Loaves
varying from ovate-lanceolate to linear, scnrcebj ever sagittate..

Order XCV. HYDROCHARIDA'CE^. (Frog's-bit F. )

Aquatic herbs, with dioecious or polygamo-dioecious flowers on

scape-like peduncles from a kind of spathe of one or two leaves,

the perianth in the fertile flowers of 6 pieces united below into a

tube which is adherent to the ovary. Stigmas 3. Fruit ripening

under water.

Synopsis of tlio Genera.

1. Anach'aris. Growing' under water, the pistillate flowers alone cominjjf to

the surface. Stem leafy and branching. Perianth of the fertile flowers
with a 6-lobed spreading limb, the tube prolonged to an extraordinary
length, thread-like. Leaves crowded, pellucid, 1-nerved, sessile, whorled
in threes or fours. Stamens 3-9.

2. Valli.sne'ria. Nothing but the pistillate flowers above the surface, these

on scapes of great length, and after fertilization drawn below the sur ,oe
by the spiral coiling of the scapes. Tube of the perianth not prolongt-l.
Leaves linear, thin, long and ribbon-like.
(In both genera the staminate flowers break off spontaneously and float on
the surface around the pistillate ones, shedding their pollen upon them.)

1. ANACH'ARIS, Richard. Water-weed.
A. Canadensis, Richard. {Elod^a Canadensis, Plauchon, in
Macoun's Catalogue.) — Common in slow A.aters.

M ■

ORCIIIDACK/K.

119

a. VAL,L.ISIVE'RIA,Miclitli. Tape-orass. Eelouass.

V. spiralis, I^. Leaves 1-2 feet long.— Common in slow
waters.

Order XCVI. OECHIDA'CEiE. (Orchis Family.)

Herbs, well marked by the peculiar arrangement of the sta-
mens, these being ijijudndroux, that is, Ijorne on or adiierent to the
stign\a or style. Tliere is also usually l)ut a single stamen, of
two rather widely separated anthers, but in the last genus of the
following list there are 2 distinct stamens, with the rudiment of
a third at the l)ack of the stigma. As explained in Part I.,
sections 90-0.3, the Orchids as a rule require the aid of insects to
convey t\\c jioUinia, or pollen-masses, to the stigma, but occasion-
ally it happens that when the anther-cells burst open the pollinia
fall forward and dangle in front of the viscid stigma beueatii,
being sooner or later driven against it either l)y the wind or l)y
the head of some insect in pursuit of honey. In all cases where
the student meets with an Orchid in flower, he should, l)y experi-
ment, endeavour to make himself acquai'ited with tlie method of
its fertilization.

The Orchis Family is a very large one, there being probably as
many as 3,000 difTerent species, but the greater nun?l)er are
natives of tropical regions. Many of them are (jjtiphi/tcfi, or air-
plants, deriving tluiir support chiefly from the moisture of the air,
through their long aerial roots whicii never reach the ground.
The perianth in many species, anil particularly tlie hiJx'llum, or
lip, assumes the most fantastic shapes, making the plants great
favourites for hot-house cultivation. In Canada, the represent-
atives of this great Order, though not very numerous, are among
the most interesting and beautiful of our wild flowers. They are,
as a rule, Ijog-plants, and will be found in flower in early summer.

Synopsis of tlie Genera.

* Anther only one, but of 2 cells, these Hejxirated in the first gentts.
-t- Lip loith a spur tLuderneath. Anther on the/ace of (he stijma.
J . Orchis. The 3 sepals and 2 of the petals erect and archiiij^ over the centre
of the flower ; tlie lip turned dow • Tlie "2 fjlarids or viseid disks iu rtie
base of the pollen masses etielosr i a little jioiieh just over the coiieave
stijjma. Leaves 2, large. Flow lew, in a spike.

^^K^mmS^SSS^

wm

M- •^

V. '

150

COMMON CANADIAN WILT) PLANTS.

If -Vi

la ^£^'M.

2. Habena'ria, The lateral sepals usually si)rcadin<»'. The glands or viscid

disks of the pollen-masses not enclosed in a covering-, f'lowers in spikes.

•*- •*- Lip ivi.fhout a spur. Anther on the hark of tho column. Flowers s)nalC,

white, in a slender spike.

3. Spiran'tlios. Spike (of white or wiiitish flowers) more or less spirally

twisted. Sepals and petals narrow and jjenerally connivent. Lip ob'.jns?.
the lower part enibracin'e the column, and loith a protuberance on each
side at tlie base.

4. Goodye'ra. Flowers very much as in Spirunthcs, bat the lip sac-shaped,

and witliout j)rotuberanees at the base. Leaves white-veiny, in a tuft at
the base of the scape.

-»--«- -^ Ijip toithout a spur. Anther on the apex of the style, hinged like a lid.
** Pollen-masses 3 or It, powdery or pulpy, toithout stalk or gland.

r>. JAs'ti'VA. Flowers small, greenish or l)rownish-purplo, in a spike or raceme.
Stem bearing,' a jtiiir of opjiosite sessile roundish leaves near the middle.
T.ip flat, mostly dioopiag, '2-lubed at the apex.

<■>. Cal<>|)(»'}j^oii. Ovary not tivisted, the lip conseqtiently turned towards the
stem. Flowers larj^e, pink-purple, 2-G at the summit of the scape ; the
lip spread! n;,' at the out,c!r end and beautifully bearded al)0ve with col-
oured hairs. Leaf ^^rass-like, only one. Pollen-masses 4.

7. Arethu'sa. Flower solitary, larfj^e, rose-})iu"ple. Lip dilated, recurved-

spreading at the end. Sepals and petals lanceolate, nearly alike, archiiiff
over the column Tollen-masses 4. Scape low, sheathed, from a jj:lobular
solid bulb, with a single linear nerved leaf hidden in the sheaths of the
scape.

8. Pojjo'iiia. Flower solitary, irrctfular, larjre, swectscented,'pale rose-colour

or white. Column club-shaped. Lip cressted and f ringed. l'ollen-mass«'s
2. Stem (! i) inches hit,'h, with a sinj,de oval or laiue oblonj,' leaf near the
middle, and a smaller one, or bract, near the flower.

+* *+ Pol leu-musses />, smooth and waxy, attached directly to a. large gland:

no stalks.

9. Calyp s«. Flower solitary, larjfc, showy, variegated with purple, pink,

and yellow. Lip lar^rc, infliitcil, sac-shaped, 2 (loiiited under the apex.
Scape short, from a jolid bulb, with a sinjjjle ovate or slij,'htly heart-
shaped leaf below.

++ +♦ ++ Pollen-masses /, : no stalks or glands.

10. JVlirvos'lylls. Small herbs from solid bulbs ; the scape bearinir a sinyrlo

leaf and a raceme of mimitc irreenlsh flowers. Column very small, terete,
with 2 teeth at the top, and the anther between them. Petals thread-
like or linet'.r, spreading.

IL Li|i'aris, Small herbs, fron\ solid buHis ; <he low scape bearing 2 radical
leaves and a raceme (,f a few grccnisli tiowers. Column elongated
incurved, margined at the i\\n'\. I'etals thread-like or linear, spreading.
Anther lid-like.

IJv^i

OKCHIDACE^.

151

0 a large (jland:

12. Corallorhi'za. Brownish or yellowish plants, with the small dull flowers

in spikes on scapes which tiro lealless or have more sheaths instead of
leaves, llootstoclis branciiim,' and coral-like. Prrianth i/ibboua or
sli(jhtly spurred belotv. Lip with "2 ritljres on the iiuur i)art of the face.

13. Aplec'trutn. Soiiu what likt the last, but the perianth is not fiihbuna

below, and the ro(itstock, in>steail of beinyf coral-like, is slender, and }>ro.
duces each year a solid bulb or corm. Lip with 3 ridges on the palate.
Scape with 3 greenish sheaths below.

* * Anthem 2, one on each side of the sti'iwa, and a friawjular bodtj, which is
the rudiment of a third, at the bade of the stijiua. Pollen lnose and
jxnuderii or pclpy.

If. Cyi>riiM*'<liun». Lip a larije injlated sac, into the mouth of which the

style is declined. Sepals and the otlier petals much alike, the former

apparently oidy 2, two of them being generally united into one under

the lip. Leaves large, many-nerved. Flowers solitary or few,

1. ORrillS, L. OucHis.

0. specta'bilis, L. (Shosvy Orchis.) Scape 4-anglotl, \ 7
inches high, bearing a few flowers in a spike. The arching iipper
lip pink-purple, the lnJu'llum white ; each flower in the axil of a
leaf-like bract. — Rich woods.

a. II AHEXA'RIA, WiUd., R. Br. Rein-Orciiis.

1. H. tridenta'ta, Hook. Spike feiojloircred, the flowers
very small, greenish-white. Lip ivedije-shapcdj truncate, and 3-
looflu'd at the apex. Spur slender, longer than the ovary, curved
upwards. Stem less than a foot high, slender, with one oblanec-
olate leaf below and 2 or 3 much smaller ones above. — Wet woods.

2. H. Vires'cens, Spreng. Stem 10-20 inches high. Spike of
small greenish flowers at first dense, with the bracts longer than
the flowers, at length long and loose. liip oblong, almost trun-
cate at the tip ; a tooth on each side at the base, and a nasal
protuberance on the face. Spur slender, club-shaped. Leaves
ovate-oblong or oblong lanceolate, the upper ones gradually nar-
rowing and passing into bracts. — Wet places.

3. H. Vir'idis, K. Br., var. bracteata, Reichenbach. {IF.
hraeteata, R. Br., in Macoun's Catalogue.) Spike manij-jlonurcAl,
cl«)se. Flowers bUiall, ijrcenish. Lip oblong-linear, 2 3-lobe(l at
the tip, murJi lon<ji r than the vcnj short ami sae-like spur. Stt;m
G 12 inches high, leaf)/, the lower leaves o))ovate, the upper
oblong or lanceolate, gradually reduced to bracts nxuch longer
thau the flowers.

•f:

!■

M

152

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

4. H. hyperbo'rea, R. Br. Spike many-flowered, long and
denm. Flowers small, greenish. Lip lanceolate, entire, about the
sdrne length as the slender incurved spur. Htem 6-24 inches high,
ve7'y leafy, the leaves lanceolate and erect, and the ])racts longer
than the flowers. — Bogs and wet woods.

5. H. dilata'ta, fJray. Not unlike No. 4, l)ut more slender
and with linear leaves and white Jlowers.

6. H. rotundifo'lia, liichardson. {Orchis rotnndi/olia, CJray,
in Macoun's Catalogue,) iSpike few-flowered, loose. Flowers
rose-purple, the lip usually ichite, spotted ivith pui'ple, 3-lohed, the
middle lobe larger and notched, longer than the slender spur.
Stem 5-9 inches high, naked and scape-like above, bearing a single
roundish leafsit the base. — Bogs and wet woods.

7. H. obtusa'ta, Ricliardson. Stem as in the last, but the
leaf is obovate or spathulate-oblong. Spike few-flowered, the
flowers green ish-ivhite. Upper sepal broad and rounded, the
others and the petals lance-oblong. Lip entire^ deflexed, as long
as the tapering and curving spur. — Bogs.

8. H. Hook'eri, Torr. Spike many-flowered, strict. Floivers
yellowish-green, the lip lanceolate, pointed, incurved ; petals lance-
awl-shaped. Sjiur slender, acute, nearly ail inch long. Stem
scape-like above, ^-leaved at the base, the leaves orbicular. — Woods.

9. H. orbicula'ta, Torr. Spike many -flowered, loose and
spreculing. Flowcra grcenish-uMte. Lip narrowly linear, obtuse.
Spur curved, more than an inch long, thickened towards the apex.
Scape 2-leaved at the base, the leaves very large, orbicidar, and
lying jlat on the ground, shining above, silvery beneath. — Rich
woods.

10. H. blephariglot'tis, Hook. (Whitk P'kinged-Ohciiis.)
Spike many-flowered, open. Floivers ivhite, very handsome ; the
lip fringed, but not lobed, at the apex. Spur thread- shaped, three
times as long as the lip. Stem a foot higii, leafy; the leaves oblong
or lanceolate, the bracts shorter than the ovaries. — Peat-bogs, &c.

n. H. leucophae'a, Gray. (Greenlsh Frinoed-Okchis.)
Spike as in the last, but tlie flowers greenish or ycllowish-irhite.
Petals obovate, minutely cut-toothed. Lip 3-parted above the
stalk-like base, the divisions fan-shaped, fringed. Spur gradually

J^

ORCHIDACE^.

153

thickened doiimward , longer than the ovary. Stem leafy, 2 4 feet
high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate ; bracts a little shorter than the
flowers. — Wet meadows.

12. H. la'cera, R. Br. (Ra(jgei)Frinoei>-Okchis.) Like the
last, but the petah are ohi on ij- linear and entire. The divisions of
the lip also are narrow and t\\G J rimje is less copious. — Bogs and
rich woods.

13. H, psyco'des, Gray. (PuKi'LK Fuin(}ki)-Or( HIS.) Spike
cylindrical, ^nany -flowered, the jlotrem ])ink-purple, fragrant.
Lip fan-shaped, o parted above the stalk-like l)ase, (Iw diriswns
fringed. Spur curved, somewhat thickened downward, very long.
— Low grounds.

3. SPIRAX'THES, Richard. Ladtes' Tuksses.

1. S. P-omanzoviana, Chamisso. vSpike dense, oblong or
cylindrical. Flowers 7>«/"e white, in 3 ranks in the spike. Lip
ovate-oblong, contracted below the wavy recurved apex. Stem
5-15 inches higli, leafy below, leafy-bracted above; the leaves
oblong-lanceolate or linear. — Cool bogs.

2. S. gra'cilis, Bigelow. Florrers in a single spirally twisted
rank at tiie summit of the very slender scape. Leaves witi:
blades all in a cluster at the base, ovate or oblong. Scape 8 \8
inches high. — Sandy plains and pine barrens.

4. GOODVE'RA,R. Br. Rattle-snakk Plantain.

1. G. repens, R. Br. Flowers in a loose 1 -sided spike. Lip with
a recurved tip. Scape 5-8 inches high. Leaves thickish, peti-
oled, intersected with whitish veins. — Woods, usually under

evergreens.

2. G. pubes'cens, R. Br. Spike not 1-sided. Plant rather
larger tium tlie last, and the leaves more strongly white-veined.
— Rich wt)ods.

5. LIS'TKIIA, R. ]\v. TWAVllLADE.

1. L. COrda'ta, H. Br. Raceme crowded ; pedicels not longer
tlian the ovary. Lip linear, 2-cleft. Column very short. — Damp
cold woods.

2. L. COnvallarioi'des, Nutt. Racenie loose and slender ;
pedicels 1 ti'^'er than tlie ovary. Lip wedge-obloug, 2-lobcd.
Coliuuu loi.gcr than in the last. — Damp thickets.

-J-

*.;

i&4

COMMON TAN.M^IAN WILD PLA^Tfi.

■*'

6. CAI.or«'tiO:V, li Br. Calopogon.

C. pulchel'lus, R- 3>' • f-it-'i- iimar. Scape a foot higli. Flowers
an inch across. --Bogs.

7. AliETHU'SA, Grouov. Akethusa.

A. bulbo'sa, L- A beautiful lit^^le bog-plant, bearing a single
large flower {rarely 2), with the lip bearded-crested on the face.

8. POGO'lVIA, Tuss. PoGONlA.

P. ophioglossoi'des, Nutt. A bog-plant. Sepals and petals
nearly equal and alike. Root of thick fibres.

9. CALYP'SO, Salisb. Calypso.

C. borealis, Palisb. A beautiful little plant growing in mossy
bogs. The lip woolly inside ; the petals and sepals resembling
each other, lanceolate, sharp-pointed. Column winged.

10. MICROS'TYLIS, Nutt. Addek's-mouth.

1. M. monophyl'los, lindl. Leaf sheathing the base of th^
stem, ovate-elliptical. Raceme spiked, long and slender. Lip
long-pointed. — Cold swamps.

2. M. ophioglossoi'des, Nutt. Leaf near the middle of tin?
stem, ovate, clasping. Ra>:eme short. Lip 3-toothed. — Damp
woods, not so common as tlio last.

11. LiIP'ARIS, Eichard. Tvvayblade.
T. "-. se'lii, Riohard. Lip yellowish-green, mucronate, shorter
thaa liii; unequal petals and sepals. Leaves elliptical-lanceolate
or oblong, keeled. — Bogs.

1'4. CORALL.ORHI'ZA,Haller. Coral-eoot.

L 0. inna'ta, R. Br. Flowers small ; the lip whitish or
purplish, often crimson-spotted, 3-lobed above the base. Spur
very small. Stem slender, brownish-yellow, with a /ew-Jlowered
s^^e. —Swamps.

2. Cmultiflo'ra, Kutt. Spike many -flowered. Stem purplish,
stout. Lip deeply li-lobed. Spur more prominent than in No. 1.
— Dry woodH.

3. C. Macrae'i, Ciay. (C striata, Lindl., in Macoun's Cata-
logue.) Spike crowded, of numerous largo flowers, all the })art9

\

■^h

. .^'i:

URCHIDACE/E, IRTJ) ACR^r:.

155

igh. Flowers

iring a single
on the face.

Is and petals

ang in mossy
s resembling
ged.

TH.

3 base of tlitf
lender. Lip

liddle of tli(?
lied. — Damp

ate, shorter
il-lanceolate

T.

whitish or
base. Spur
f'ew-Jlowcred

m purplisii,
111 in No. 1.

oun's Cata-
'^ the jjui'ts

t*i£i..

of the perianth strihlihjhf marked with 3 ,lark tlui'.-, ? -ip not lobed.
Hpur non?,, but the base of the perianti) ^V'^^.' u? --Rich woods:
not common.

13. APi:.EC'TRU3I, Nutt. PUTTY-UO- Ar VM-AND-EVE.

A. hyema'le, Nutt. Scape a foot iu'gh. Periantli greenish-
l)rown. — Rich mould in woods.

14. CYPRIPE'DIUM, L. Lady's Slippkr. Moccasin-flowkr.

* The three sepals seimrale.
L C. arieti'num, R. Br. (Ram's-iikad Lady's Supper. ) The
smallest species. Stem slender, 6 10 inciies high, leafy. Leaves
;] or 4, elliptical-lanceolate, nearly smooth. Lip only half an inch
long, red and whitish veiny, prolonged at tae apex into a deflexed
point. — Swamps ; rare.

* * Tico sepals united into one piece under the lip.

2. C. parviflo'rum, Salisb. (Smallek Yellow Lady's Slip-
per.) Stem leafy to the top, 1 -.3- flowered. Lip y aWow, Jlatliffh
ahorr, rather less than an inch long. Sepals and petals wavy-
twisted, ])rowiiish, pointed, longer th.an t ' .; lip. — Bogs and wet
woods.

3. C. pubes'cens, Willd. (Larcek Yellow L.) Lip flat-
tened laterallij, rounded above, la •;■ t tha in No. I, but the two
species arc not sufficiently distii ■■i.

4. C. specta'bile, Swart/. ( iowyL. ) /jipver>/la}'i/e,irhi(e,
pinkish in front. Sepal^ and petals roiHided^ ir/itt»\ not longer
than the lip. — Borrs.

5. C. acau'le, it. (Stemless L. ) Scape naked, 2-leaved at
the base, l-jfowered. Lip rose-purp/e, split <lown tiie whole length
in front, veiny. Sepals and petals greenish. Dry or moist
woods, under evergreens.

Order XCVIL IRIDA'CEiE. (This Famtly.)

Herbs with equitant leaves and pirf<!ct flowers. The 0 petal
like divisions of tlie periantli in 2 (simil-u or dissimilar) gats of 3
each ; the tube adherent to tlie .S-celh'd ovary. Swimena 3,
distinct or mo • idelplxnis, opposite the 3 stigmas, iud with

156

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

anthers extrorse, that is, on the outside of the filaments, facing
tlie divisions of the perianth and opening on tluit side. Flowers
from leafy bracts. (See Part I., sections S8 and 89.)

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Iris. The 3 outer divisions of the perianth refl-ixed, the 3 inner erect and

smaller. Stamens distinct, the anther of each concealed under a flat and
petal-like archinff stij,''nia. The styles below adherent to the tube of the
perianth. Pod 3-angled. Flowers blue, large ar,d showy. Leaves sword-
shaped or grass-like.

2. Sisyrin'chiuin. The G divisions of the perianth alike, spreading. Stamens

monadelphous. Stigmas thread-like. Pod globular, .'i-angled. Stems 2-
edged. Leaves grass-like. Flowers blue, clustered, from 2 leafy bracts.
Plants low and slender.

1. IRIS, L. Flower-de-Luce.

1. I. versic'olor, L. (Larger Blue Flao.) Stem stout and
leafy, from a thickened rootstock. Leaves sword-shaped.
Flowers violet-blue, 2 or 3 inches long Inner petals much
smaller than the outer. — Wet places.

2. I. lacus'tris, Nutt. (Lake Dwarf Iris.) Stem low, 3-6
inchf ' high. Inner petals nearly equal to the outer. Tube of
the perianth slender, less than an inch long, dilated upwards,
rather shorter than the divisions of the perianth. Leaves lanceo-
late, 3-5 inches long. — Shore of Lake Huron.

a. SISYRIN'CHIUM, L. Blue-eyed Grass.

S. Bermudia'na, L., var. anceps, Gray. {S. ancep.% Cav., in

Macoun's Catalogue.) A pretty little plant, ratlier common in
moist meadows among grass. The divisions of the delicate blue
perianth obovate, notched at the end, and bristle-pointed from
the notch. Roots fibrous.

Order XCVIIL AMARYLLIDA'CEJE. (Amaryllis F.)

Bulbous and scape-bearing herbs, with linear flat root-leaves,
and regular and perfect G-androus Howers, the tube of the petal-
like 6-partcd periantii adherent to the 3-eelled ovary. Lobes of
the perianth imbricated in the bud. Style single. Anthers
introrse. -^-Represented with us by one species of the genus

DIOSCOREACEiE, SMILACE/E.

U\

HYPOX'YS, L. Star-grass.

H. erecta, L. A small herb sending up a slender scape from
a solid bulb. Leaves linear, grass-like, longer than the umbel-
lately 1-4-flowercd soap ''erianch hairy and greenish outside,
yellowish ■witliin, G-pa. .ed iiearly down to the ovary. Stamens
6, sagittate. Pod indehiscent, crowned with the withered peri-
anth.— Meadows and open woods.

Order XCIX. DIOSCO ^EA'CE JE. (Yam Family, )

Represented with us by the genus

DIOSCORE'A, Plnmier. Yam.

D. villo'sa, L. (Wir.i-) Yam-root.) A slender twiner witli
knotted rootstocks, and net-veined, heart shaped, 9-11 -ribbed,
petioled leaves. Flowers dia'cious, small, in axillary racemes.
Stamens G. Pod with three large wings. — Reported only from
the warm and sheltered valley lying between Hamilton and
Dundas, Ont., and the banks of the Thames at London, Ont.

Order C. SMILA'CEJE. (Smilax Family.)

Climbing plants, more or less shrubby, with alternate ribbed
and nat-vehu'd petioled leaves, and small dia.'cious flowers in
umbels. Perianth regular, of 6 greenish sepals, free from the
ovary. Stamens as many as the sepals, with 1 -celled anthers.
Ovary .S-celled, surmounted by 8 sessile spreading stigmas. Fruit
a small berry. Represented by tiie single genua

SMltiAX, Tourn. Green-Brier. Cat-Bru:r.
(^Included in Liliacece, in Macotin's Catalogue.)

1. S. his'pida, Muhl. Stem woody, densely covered below with
loiKj weak prickles. Leaves large, ovate or heart-siiaped, })ointed,
thin, 5-0-ncrved. Peduncles of the axillary umbels much lomjtr
than the jiefioles. Berry black. — Moist thickets.

2. S. rotundifo lia, L., \ur. quadrangularis, ^ivay. {S.

quadnoKjidnri'^, Pursh, in Macoun's Catalogue.) Stem woody, it
and the branches armed with scattered prickles. Branches 4'
amjular. Peduncles not lomjer than the petioles. Leaves ovate,
broader than long, slightly cordate. Beny blue-black. — South-
weutera Ontario.

I

■h

158

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

3. S. herba'cea, L. (Carriox-Flowkk.) Stem herhnceous^
not prickljj. Leaves ovate-oblong and heart-shaped, 7-9-ribbcd,
long-petioled, mucronate. Flowers carrion-scented. Berry bluish-
black. — Meadows and river-banks.

Order CI. LILIA'CEiE. (Lily Family.)

Herbs, distinguished as a whole by their regular and sym-
metrical flowers, having a 6-leaved perianth (but 4-leaved in one
species of Smilacina) free from the usually 3-celled ovary, and as
many stamens as divisions of the perianth {one he/ore each) with
2-celled anthers. Fruit a pod or borry, generally 8-celled. The
outer and inner divisions of the perianth coloured alike, except
in the genus Trillium. (See Part I., sections 82-87, for descrip-
tion of typical plants of this Order. )

Synopsis of the Genera.

* Leaves net-veined, all in one or two u'IiovIk. The at cm otherwise naked,

risinij froin ajleshp root stock. Styles 3.

1. Tril'liuni. Leaves 3, in a whorl at the topof the stem. Divisions of the

perianth in 2 seta, the outer green, the inner coloured. (See Part I.,
sections 85 and 86.)

2. Mecle'ola. Leaves in 2 whorls, the lower near the middle of the stem, and

consisting of 5-9 leaves, the upper of (generally) 3 small leaves, near the
summit. Stem tall, covered with loose wool. Flowers small, in an umbel.
Divisions of the perianth alike, greenish-yellow, recurved. Anthers
turned outwards. Styles thread-shaped. Berry globular or nearly so,
dark purple.

* * Leaves straight-veined, linear, grass-like, alternate. Stems simple or tujted.

Styles J.

.3. Zygade'nus. Flowers rather large, perfect or polygamous, greenish-white,
ill a few-flowered panicle ; the divisions of tlie perianth each with a con-
spicuous obcordate spot or gland on the inside, near the narrowing base.
Stem smooth and glaucous, /rem a coatrd bulb,

i. Tofield'ia, Flowers small, perfect, greenish-white, in a terminal raceme
or spike, which, however, develops from above downward; the pedicels
in clusters of 3, from little nivomcrcs of 3 bracts. Pod triangular.
Uoots fibrous. Stem leafy at the base only, in our species sticky.
Leaves 2-ranked, e(iuitant.

* * * Leaves strai>jht-vcined, but broad (not grass-like), alternate. Stem

from a roof stock or fibrous roots, at all events not from a bulb, Slyla
one at the base, but more or less divided into ii above.

•<- Perianth of completely separate pli'ces (polyphyllouk).

5. Uviil.a'ria. Stem ]en,fy, forking (tho re. Flowers j<llow, at least an inch

long, drooping, lily-like, usually solitary ("out occasionally in pairs) at

LILIACE.E.

159

Iherwise naked,

imple or tujted.

tne cnil or iri the forkH of the stem. Style deeply 3-c'.cft. Pod triangu-
lar. Leaves claspiiKj-pcrj'oliate ur sexsile.

(5. Clinto'nia.. Stemless, the naked scape sheathed at the base by 2, 3, or 4
large oblong or oval ciliate leaves. Flowcis few, greenish-yellow, in an
umbel at the top of the scape. Filaments long ard slender. Style
long, the stigmas hardly separate. Berry blue.

7. Prosar'tes. Downy low herbs, branching above. Flowers greenish,

bell-shaped, rather large, solitary or in pairs, drooping on terminal
slender peduncles. Sepals taj>er-po:nted. Stigmas 3. Leaves ovate-
oblong, taper-pointed, closely sessile, downy underneath. Berry oblong,
pointed, red.

8. Strep'topus, Stem leafy and forking. Flowers small, not quite in the

axils of the ovate clasping leaves, 07i slender peduncles which are a6-

rupfltj bent near the middle. Anthers arrow-shaped, 2-hvrned at the

apex.

•<- •»- Perianth of one piece (ijamophyllous).

•J. Sinilaci'ua. Flowers small, white, in a terminal raceme. Perianth
6-parted, btit U-parted in one species, spreading. Style short and thick.
Stigma obscurely lobed. Filaments slender.

10. Polygona'tmu. Flowers small, greenish, nodding, mostly in 2>airs in

the axils of the nearly sessile leaves. Perianth cylindrical, C-lobed at
the summit, the 6 stamens inserted on or above the middle of the tube.
Stem simple, from a long and knotted rootstock. Leaves glaucous
beneath.

* * * * Leaves strairjht-veined, not grass-like. Stem from a coated or scaly
bulb. Style 1, not divided above, but the stigma sometimes o-lobed.
Fruit a pod, splitting op;'.n midway between the partitions {loculicidal).

11. Lil'iiiiu. Stem leafy, from a scaly bulb, the leaves often trhorled or

crowded. Anthers at first erect, at length versatile. Style long, rather
club-shaped. Stigma 3-lobed. Pod oblong. Flowers large and showy,
one or more.

12. Erythro'iiium. For full description sec Part L, sections 82 and 83.

(Dog's-tooth Violet.)

13. Allium. Scape naked, from a coated bulb. Flowers in an uiulicl, from

a spathe. Style thiead-like. Strong-scented plants.

1. TR1J[.'LIU3I, L.

1. T. grandiflo'rum, Salisb.

Leaves sen-nile, longer than broad,
(rose-coloured when old), obovale.-

2. T. erectum, L. {T. erectmn,

"Wake-IIubin.

(LaROK WiIITK TlilLLIUiM.)

Peduncle erect. Petals white
Rich woods.

L., var. atropitrptireum,

Hook., in Macoun's Catalogue.) (PrKPi.K Trillium.) Leaves
sessile, about us broad as long. Peduncle erect. Petals dull

I

-aesfsBmsmas^'

160

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

^1

purple, ovate. — Rich woods. Var. album, ?'''7A ffveeni'^h-u'kite
jiefals, is found along with the purple form. It does not appear
to bo clearly distinguished from No. 1.

'^- T, cer'nuum, L. Leaves sessile or nearly so, broadly rhom-
boid, abruptly pointed. Peduncle recurve.il wider the leaves.
Petals white, oblong-ovate, acute. — Chielly eastward.

4. T. erytlirocar'piim,Michx. (PaintkdTiullium.) Leaves
distinct 1 1/ ])eiiolt'd, rounded at the base. Petals pointed, white,
loith purple stripes inside at the base. — Not uncommon northward
in damp woods and low grounds.

a. MEDE'OLA, Gronov. Indian Cucumber-root.
M. Virgin'ica, L. stem 1-3 feet high. — Rich woods.

3. ZYGADE'NUS, Michx. Zygadene.

Z. glaUCUS, Nutt. Not uncommon in Ijogs and beaver-
meadows northward. Leaves flat and pale.

4. TOPIELD'IA, Hudson. False Asphodel.

T. glutino'sa, Willd. Stem and pedicels very sticky with
dark glands. Leaves short. — Lake Huron coast.

5. UVULA'RIA, L. Bellwort.

1 . U. grandiflo'ra, Smith. Leaves clasping-perfoliate. Root
stock short. — Rich woods.

2. U. SeSSilifo'lia, L. Leaves sessile or part'.y clasping,
lance-oblong. Rootstock creepimj. — P]astward.

6. CWNTO'NIA, Eaf. Clintonl^.

C. borealis, Raf. Umbel 2-7-flowered. Leaves 5-8 inches
long. Perianth pubescent outside. — Damp woods, often under
evergreens.

r. PROSAR'TES, Don. Prosartes.

P. lanugino'sa, Don. {Dispomni lanufjinosa, Don., in
Macoun's Catalogue.) — Rich woods, western Ontario.

8. STREP'TOPUS, Michx. Twisted-Stalk.

5. ro'seus, Michx. Flowers rose-purple. — Damp woods.

HI

LILIACEiE.

161

and beaver-

9. S3IILACI'NA, Desf. False Solomon'3 Seal.

1. S. racemo'sa, Desf. (False Spikenard.) Raceme eotn-
pouiuL Stem pubescent, 2 feet higli. Leaves many, oblong,
taper- pointed, ciliate. Berries speckled with purple. — Rich
woods and thickets.

2. S. stella'ta, L>esf. Raceme simple. Stem nearly smooth,
1-2 feet high. Leaves 7-12, oblong-lanceolate, slightly clasping.
Berries black. — Moist woods and copses.

«^. S. trifo lia, Desf. Raceme simple. Stem low (3-6 inclies),
glabrous. Leaves usually 3, oblong, the bases sheathing. Berries
red. — Bogs.

4. S. bifo'lia, Kcr., var. Canadensis, Oray. [Maianthnnum.
Canadense, Desf., in Macoun's Catalogue.) Distinguished at
once l)y the 4-pa^'f&'l perianth and the 4 stamens. Raceme simple.
Stem .3-5 inches high. Leaves usually 2, but sometimes 3. — Moist
woods.

10. POLYGONA'TUM, Tourn. Solomon's Seal.

1. P. biflo'rum, Ell. (Smaller Solomon'.s Seal.) Stem
slender, 1-3 feet iiigh. Leaves ovate-oblong or lance-oblong.
Peduncles mostly 2-flowered. Filaments hairy. — Rich woods.

2. P. gigante'um, Dietricli, (Oreat S.) is occasionally n»et
with westward an«l south-westward. The stem is taller and
stouter than in the last, the peduncles several-Jloicered, and the
filaments are not hairi/.

11. I..IL.'11'M, L. Lily.

1. L. Philadelphicum, L. (Wild Oranoe-red Lily.)
Divisions of the periantli )iaiiroiced into claws below, not recurved
at the top. Flowers erect, 1-3, orange, spotted Mith purple
inside. Leaves linear- lanceolate, the upper mostly in whorls of
5-8. — Sandy soil.

2. L. Canadense, L. (Wild Yellow Lilv.) I>i visions of
the perianth rernrrtd ahore the middle. Flowers iioddimj, few,
orange, spotted with l)ro\vn inside. Leaves remotely whorled,
3-ribbed. — Swamps and wet meadows.

3. L. SUper'bum, L. {F.. Caroliniannm, Michx., in ^Facoun's
Catalogue.) (Titrk's-Cai' Lily.) Divisions of the perianth re7'i/

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162

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

stron<fl>j recurved. Flowers nodding, o/frn numeroiis, in a pyra*
midal raceme, bright orange, dark-purple-spottcd witliin. Lowe''
leaves M'horled, .3-ribbetl or nerved. Stem taller than eitlier of
the first two, 3 7 feet. — Rich low grounds, commoner southward
and south-westward.

la. ERYTIIRO'NIUM, L. Doo's-TooTn Viot.et.

E. America'num, Smitli. (Yi?llo\v Addeu's Tonotte.)

Perianth light yellow, sometimes spotted at the base. — Copses
and rich meadows.

13. ALLIUM, L. Onion. Leek.

1. A. tricoc'ciim, Ait. (Wild Lkek.) Leaves J!at, lance-
ohhny, 5-9 inches long, 1-2 inches wide, appearing in early
spring and withering before the flowers are developed. Sepals
irhite. Pod strongly 3-lobed. Scape 9 inches high. — Rich woods.

2. A. Canadense, Kalm. (Wild Garlic.) hoaxcanarroivli/
linear. Ovary crested with 6 teeth. Uml)el few-flowered, often
heariiKj a head of bnlhs instead of floirers. Sepals pale rose-
colour. — Eastward, in moist meadows.

Okueh CII. JXJNCA'CEiB. (Rush Family.)

Grass-like or sedge-like plants, with, however, flowers similar
in structure to those of the last Ordir. Perianth greenish and
glumaceous, of C divisions in 2 sets of 3 each. Stamens G
(occasionally 3). Style 1. Stigmas 3. Pod 3-celled, or 1-
celled with 3 placentte on the walls. The plants of the Order
are not of any very great interest to the young student, and the
determination of the species is rather difficult. A brief descrip-
tion of a few of the most connnou is given here, as an easy
introduction to the study of the Order with the aid of more
advanced text-books.

BynopHiH of tin; Genera.

L Tai'ziila. IMant, less than a foot hiy^li. Li-avcs linonr or hiiicc-Hncar, flat,
usuallt/ liairi/, I'od I-cclled, S-nt'edfd. FIoworH in uinhels or in spikes.
Plants usually j;ro\viujf in (//•?/ (frouml.

I!. .Iinirus. Planis alwaim smooth, jrrowinj,' in water or uwt snil. Flowers
small, (jcrounish or brownish, paniolud ur dusturcd. I'oil 3-oulluil, viany-
Bi't'di'd.

iH

JUNCACE.E.

163

1. l>i;'ZLL.A, DC. Wood-Rush.

1. L. pilo'sa, Willd, Flowers uinl)elle(l, long-pediincled,
brown -coloured. Si' pals pointed. -Shady banks.

2. L. Campestris, DC, has the llowers (light ])rowii) in
4 12 .spikes, tlie spikes iimbelled. Sepals bristle-pointed. — ■
Fields and wootls.

Ji. .II:XCUS, L. Rl-sii.

"• ScapfK ahiiiilc (tiitl li((jli'tin, l>nf with nh-'athx nt the bnsf. Flowirs iasfsitile
lKiiUi'M''i, ajiparciitli/ /nun the sidi' of tlw xcdiif, oicing to the inoolucral
leaf b<in<j xiinilar to and continuinij the scaitc.

1. J. effu'sus, Tj. (Common or Soft Hush.) Scape '2 4 feet
high, soft and pliant, fm-nishetl at the base with merely /eojlcus
ti/teathfi, the inner sheaths awned. ]\iniclo mat.y-llowered.
Flowers small, tjnoiish, onh) 1 on each jirtlicel. Stainciin 3. I'od
(jreciiish-brown, triangular-obovate, 7to^ y>o//t<ef/. --Marsiies.

2. J. fllifor'mis, L., has a very slender scape (I-*2 feet high),
fewer flowers than No. 1, and 6 slamenn in each. I'od 'jrecniah,
broadly-ovate, and .-ihort-pointed. No (eaves. '

^. J. Bal'ticus, Dethard. Scape rhjtd, 2~l] feet high. No
leairx. Panicle loose. Flowers brownish. Pod elliptical, some-
what triangular, obtuse but pointed, deep-brown.

* * S'em I'.afi) at the batu' or th>ou;jhout ; the leaneit fiat or channelled, but

never knotted. Vanicle terminal.

4. J. bufo'nius, T^. Stem Itnj'n, slender, .3 9 inches high,
branching from the base. Panicle ternunal, spreading. Flowers
greenish, single on the ju'dkcls. Sepals awl-pointed, tiio outer
set nnich longer than the inner and than the blunt pod. Stamina
6. — Ditches along roadsides.

5. J. ten'uis, Willd. Stems knfy helow, wiry, 0-18 inches
high, slmp/e, tufted. Panicle loose, shorter than the slender
involucral leaves. Flowers greenish, single on the pedicels ; the
sepals longer than the blunt pod. Si^edn whifc-jioinled at both ends,
— Open low grounds.

* * * Stem leafy ; ttie le.avex terete or lateralli/ comprensed, knotted by internal

croisif partitionx, Panicle terminal, the /lowern moHtly in heads.

t- Stamens 0.

6. J. pelocar'pUS, F. Meyer. Stems slender and erect, (i 18
inches higli. Leaves few, thread like, slightly knotted. Flowers
greenish with red, nmjle or in j[>a«/a in the forks and along ouq

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164

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

Hide of the branches of the panicle, and often with accompanying
tufts of leaves. The 3 inner sepals longer than the outer ones,
but shorter than the oblong taper-beaked 1 -celled pod. Seeds
obovate, short-pointed.

7. J. alpi'nus, Villars, var. insignis, Fries. Stems erect,
9-18 inches high, with 1 or 2 slender leaves. Branches of the
meagre panicle erect, bearing numerous greenish or l)rownish
heads of 3-6 flowers each. Outer sepals mucronate or cuspidate,
and longer than the rounded inner ones. Pod short-pointed,
light-brown. Seeds spindle-shaped.

8. J. nodo'SUS, L. Stem erect, 6-15 inches high, slender,
from a creeping slender and tubtr-hearintj rootstock, usually with
2 or 3 slender leaves. Heads few, 8-20- flowered, and overtopped
by the involucral leaf. Flowers brown. Pod slender, taper-
pointed, 1-celled. Seeds obovate, mucronate.

■*- •*- Stamens S. Seeds tailed.

9. J. Canadensis, J. Gay, var. coarcta'tus, Engel. Stems
slender, 9-18 inches high, tufted, bearing 2 or 3 leaves. Panicle
somewhat erect, contracted ; the heads 3-5- flowered, deep-
brown. Pod prismatic, abruptly pointed, deep-brown. Seeils
slender, with short tails. — A very late-flowering species.

Order CUT. PONTEDERIA'CEiB. (Pk kerel weed F.)

The most common representatives of this Order with us are
1. PONTEDE'RIA, L. Pickkkel-weed.

P. COrda'ta, L. A stout plant growing in shallow water,
sending up a scape bearing a sinj^lo large arrow-heart-siiaped
blunt leaf, and a spike of violet-blue Jloiro's ivilh a spathe-like
bract. Perianth 2-lipped, the 3 upper divisions united, the 3
lower spreading, the whole revolute-coiled after flowering, the
fleshy base enclosing the fruit. Stamens 6, 3 of them exserted
on long filaments, the rest short.

A. SCHOL'LJ:ra, Schreber. Wateii Star-guarr,
S. gramin'ea, Willd. (Heteranthcra <irirmiuea, Vahl., in
Macoun's Catalogue.) A grass-like herb, wholly under water,
only the small yellowish flowers reaching tiio surface, the latter
single, from spathes. Perianth salver-shaped, regular. Stamens
3, anthers sagittate.

ERIOCAUI-ONACEiE, CYPERACKiB.

165

iipaiiying
ter ones,
I. Seeds

[lis erect,
les of the
brownish
nispidate,
t-pointed,

, slender,
lally with
vertopped
er, taper-

jI. Stems
. ranicle
cd, deep-
n. Seeds

s.

WE EI) F.)

US are

ow water,
art-shaped
Hpathc-Uke
ted, tlie 3
ering, the
u exserted

iSS,

Vahl., in
idcr water,
, tlie latter
Stamens

OuDKii CIV. EmOCAULONA'CEiE. (Pipewokt F.)

Represented with us by the genus

ERIOCAU'IiOIV, L. PiPEWORT.

E. septangula're. Withering. A slender plant with a naked
scape 2-6 inches high, growing in shallow water in tiie margins
of our northern ponds. Leaves short, awl-shaped, in a tuft at
the base. Flowei's in a small woolly head at the summit of the
scape, inona>cious. Perianth double ; the outer set or calj'X of
2 3 keeled sepals ; the corolla tubular in the sterile flowers and
of 2-3 separate petals in the fertile ones. Scape 7-angled. The
*'ead (except the beard) lead-coloured.

III. GLUMA'OEOUS DIVISION.

Flowers without a proper perianth, but subtended by
thin scales called (jinnies.

This Division includes two very large Orders — Cyper-
aceje and Graniincjc — both of which present many difli-
culties to the beginner. Accordingly no attempt will be
made here to enumerate and describe all the commonly
occurring species of these Orders. In chapter XIV.,
Part I., the student will find descriptions and illustra-
tions of several typical Grasses. We shall here, therefore,
only describe two or three of the commonest representa-
tives of the Order Cyperaceje, so as to put the beginner
in a position to continue his studies with the aid of
Gray's Manual or other advanced work.

Order CV. CYPERA'CEJE. (Sedok Family.) .

Grass-like or rush-like herbs, easily distinguished from Grasses
by the sheaths of the leaves, which in the Sedges are cloned rountl
the culm, not split. Flowers in spikes, each flower in the axil
of a glume-like bract, either altogether without a perianth or
with a few bristles or scales inserted below the ovary. Ovary
1-cellcd, becoming an achene (2- or 3-angled). Style 2- or 3-
cleft. Stamens mostly 3, occasionally 2.

It

r .

166

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

We shall describe one species of each of five genera.
1. CYPE'RUS DIAIVDRL'S.

The plant (Fig. 256) is from 4 to 10 inclies in height. The culm
is triangular^ leafy towards the base, but naked above. At the
summit there
is an umbel
the rays of
which are
unequal in
length, and
on each ray
are clustered
several flat
hroivn - colour-
ed spikes, the scales of
which are imbricated in
two distinct rows. At the
base of the umbel there
are 3 leaves of very un-
equal length, forming a
sort of involucre, and the
base of each ray of the
umbel is sheathed. In
each spike every scale ex-
cept the lowest one con-
tains a flower in its axil.
The flower (Figs. 257 and
258) is entirely destitute of
periantli, and consists of 2
stamens and an ovarij .sur-
mounied hy a 2-c.kft atijk.,
being consequently 'perfect.
— The plant is pretty easily
met with in low wet places.

Fig. 257.

Fig. 2dii

Fig. 250

cyperacej:.

)6T

a. ELKOCH'ARIS OBTU'SA.

In this plant, which grows in muddy soil in tufts 8 to 14 inches
in height, there is hut a single spike at the summit of each
slender culm, and the scales of the spikes, instead of being
imbricated in 2 rows and thus producing a flat form, are imbri'
cated all round. Tlie scales are very thin in texture, with a
midrib somewhat thicker, and are usually brownish in colour.
Each of them contains a perfect flower in its axil. Instead of a
perianth, there are 6 or S hypogi/nous barbed bristles. The
stamens (as is generally the case in this Order) are 3 in number,
and the style is usually .3-cleft. Observe that the style is
enlarged into a sort of bulb at the base, this bu/bous portion
persisthuj as a Jlnttish tubercle on the apex of the achene. The
culms are without leaves, being merely sheathed at the base.

ft

3. SCIRPUS PUNGENS.

A stout marsh'plant, 2 or 3 feet high, with a sharply triangu-
lar hollow-sided culm, and bearing at the base from 1 to 3
channelled or boat-shaped leaves. The rusty-looking spikes
vary in number from 1 to 6, and are in a single sessile cluster
which appears to spring from the side of the culm, owing to the
1 -leaved involucre resembling the culm and seeming to be a
prolongation of it. Each scale of the spike is 2-cleft at the
apex, and bears a point in the cleft. The flowers are perfect,
with 2 to 6 bristles instead of perianth, 3 stamens, and a 2-cleft
style, but there is no tubercle on the apex of the achene. The
culms of this plant spring from stout running rootstocks.

4. ERIOPH'ORU3I POLYSTACH'YOX.

A common bog-plant in the northern parts of Canada, resem-
bling Scirpus in the details as to spikes, scales, &c., but differing
chiefly in this, that the bristles of the flowers are very delicate
and become very long after flowering, so that the sjnke in fruit
looks like a tuft of cotton. The culm of our plant is triangular,
though not manifestly so, and its leaves are hardly, if at all,
channelled. The spikes are several in number, and are on nod-
Cr.g peduncles, and the involucre consists of 2 or 3 leaves,
Culm 15 or 20 inches higu.

-ii

1^

1

t i

[|

168

COMMON CANADIAN WIM) I'LANTS.

5. CAREX IXTIMESCE^VS.

The species cf the genus Carex iire exceedingly nunierous and
difficult of study. The one we have selected (Kig. 2,'^)) is one of

the commonest and at the same time
one of the easiest to examine. In this
genus the flowers are momecious, the
separate kinds being either borne in
different parts of tlie same sjiike or
in diflferent spikes. The genus is dis-
tinguished from all the others of this
Order by the fact of the achene he'mtj
eurlosed in a hottlc-shaptd more or less
Fi^', 2G0. iiijlatvd sac, which is made by the
union of the edges of two inner bract-
lets or scales. To this peculiar sac
(Figs. 260 and 261) which encloses the
achene the name pfritjifnium is given.
The culms are always triangular and
the leaves grass-like, usually rough-
ened on the margins and on the keel.
In the species under exan>ination
(which may be found in almost any
wet meadow) the culm is some 18
Fig. 261. inches high. The staminate spike
(only one) is separate from and ahoi'C tlie fertile
ones, which are 2 or 3 in number, few- (5 to 8)
flowered, and quite near together. The pcrigynia
are very much inflated, that is, very much larger
than the achenes; tiiey are distinctly marked with
many nerves, and taper gradually into a long 2-
toothed })eak from which protrude the H stitrmas.
The bracts which subtend the spikes am leaf-like,
and extend much beyond the top of the 3ulm.

Fig. 259.

Order CVI. GRAMIN'EiE. (Grass FA>riLY.)

Herbs somewhat resembling those of the last Order, but
the culms are hollow except at the joints, and the s'leaths
of the leaves are split on the opposite side of the culm from th j
blade.

ous and
s one of
me time
In this
OU8, the
borne in
5p".ke or
as is <lis-
3 of this
-nc heliKj
re or less
3 by the
\er briict-
uliar sac
L'loses the
, is given.
guUir anti
ly rough -
the keel.
n\ination
most any
some 18
ate spike
le fertile
- (5 to 8)
pcrigynia
uh larger
rked M'ith
a long 2-
\ stiirmas.
leaf-like,.

ILY.)

riler, but

le s'leaths

from tliJ

SEEIES II.

FLOWERLESS OK CRYPTOG'AMOUS

PLANTS.

Plants not producing true flowers, but reproducing
tliemselves by means of s}tore>i instead of seeds, the
spores consisting merely of simple cells, and not con-
taining an embryo.

This series is subdivided into three classes :

1. Pteridophytes, embracing Ferns, Horsetails, and Club-
Mosses.

2. Bryophytes, embracing the true Mosses and Liverworts.

3. Thallophytes, embracing Algai and Fungi.

Types of all of these have already been described and
illustrated in Part I. We shall here enumerate the
common representatives of the Pteridophytes only.

FBRNS.

^ These beautiful plants are favourites everywhere, and we shall
therefore enter into a description of their characteristics with
sufficient minuteness to enable the young student to deter-
mine with tolerable certainly the names of such representatives
of the Family as lie is likely to meet with conmionly.

In Chapter XXI. of Part I. will be found a full account of the
common Polypody, with which it ia assumed the stuilent is
already familiar.

Fig. 262 shows a portion of tiie frond of the Common Brake
(Pteris aquilina). Here tlie frond is several times compound.
The first or largest divisions to the right and left are called junncB,

lit

-; j-»''i'iMri^-ji'~iin iiiiii>'-.i'Jifia3miiS3i

170

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

!l: i

I!'

v i

V

Tlio secoiulaiy divisions (or first divisions of the pinnrr) are the
jthtimlcs. The stem, as in tlie Polypody, and in fact in all onr
Ferns Mhich have a stem at all, is a rootstock or rhizome. But
here we miss the fruit-dots or sori, so conspicuous in our first
example. In this case it will be found that
there is a cont'uiuou>s line o/fiporaiifjia around
the margin of every one of the pinnules of
the frond, and tiiat the edge of the pinnule
is reflexed so as to
cover the line of spore-
cases. Fig. 2G.S is a
very much magnitied
view of one of the
lobes of a pinnule,

MS!^

Fijr. 202.

with the edge rolled back to show tiio sporangia. Some of the
sporangia are removed to show a line which runs across the ends
ot the forking veins. To tliis the sporangia are attached. The
veins, it will be seen, <lo not form a net-work, and so are free, as

fi

FKRXS.

171

) arc the

in all our

me. But

our first

5ome of the
)ss the emla
iched. The
are free, as

r\\v covcrin;^

1 tie

in Polypody. Oh.serv*', then, that iit Tolypody the s«>ri arc not
covered, whilst in I'teris the opposite is the ease,
of the fruit-dots is technically known as tiio in(lu.sium
individual spore-cuses are alike in lK»tli plants.

Fig. '2(j4 shows a frond of one of our commonest Shield- I'Ymii.s
(Aspidium acrostichoides). It is simply pinnate. The stipe is
thickly beset with rusty-looking, chall-like scales. 'J'he veins

are free, as before. The sort ov/niit-ifols
are on the back of the upper pinnju, but
they are neither collected in naked clus-
ters, as in polypody, nor uw tlu^y covered
by the edge of the frond as in the J>rake.
Here each cluster has an vn/iisiiofi of
its own. The indusium is round, and
attached to tiie frond by its depressetl
centre (peltate). Fig. '2().") shows an en-
.^c^*^»_ -^^|i^ larged portion of a pimia, with the sporan-

"^-^ iF/'/"' c; 1^^ gia escaping from beneath the indusium.

From one foiking vein the sporangia are
stripped olF to show where they have
been attached. The separate sporangia
discharge their spores in the manner
represente<l in the account of Polypody.
In some Ferns the fruit-dots are elong-
ated instead of being round, and the
indusium is attached to the frond by
one ed<je only, being free rf^!'^'7°|]
on the other. Sometimes
two long fruit-dots will be
found side by side, the

free edges of the indusia

, . , , 1 ii J''K- 205.

benig towards eacli otiier,

so that there is the appearance of one
long fruit-dot with an imlusium split
down the centre.

Fig. 206 icpresents a frond of a very
Fijr. 264. common swamp Fern, OnocleaSensibilis,
QV l^ensitive Fern. It is deeply pinnatifid, and ou one of the

: ^

iL

^5«^„J^

■>:st>wa:«:

.

l!

li I,

172

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

lobes the veining is represented. Here the veins are not free,
hut as they form a net- work they are said to he reticulated. You
will look in vain on this frond for fruit-dots, but beside it grows

Fig. 266

Fig. 269.

another, very different in appear'^nce, — so different th&tyou will
hardly believe it to be a frond at all. It is shown in Fig. 267. It
is twice pinnate, the pinnules being littla globular bodies, one of

ii'i

PERNS.

iv;$

not free,
ul. You
it grows

/

^

^

Fig. 269.
hat you will
Fig. 267. It
dies, oue oi

^H^*^

wbfch, much magnified, is shown in Fig. 268. You may ojicn

out. one of tlicse little globes, and then you will have something

like what is shown in an enlarged form in Fig. 269. It now looks

more like a pinnule than when it was

rolled up, and it now also displays the

fruit-dots on the veins inside. Here,

then, we have evidently two kinds of

frond. That bearing the fruit-dots we

shall call the fertile frond, and the other

we sliall call the Httr'de one. You must

not look upon the pinnule in which the

sori are wrapped up as an indusium.

Sori which are wrapped up in this way

have an indusium of their own besides,

but in this plant it is so

obscure as to be very

difficult to observe.

The spore-cases burst
open by means of an
elastic ring as before.

Fig. 270 represents
one of the Moon-
worts (Botrychi- %^, a a,
um Virginicum), '^^\(^'^%
very common in -.:r^5""^^^,^v^
our rich woods ^Jc^''-''^
everywhere. Hero
we have a single
frond, but made
up manifestly of
two distinct por-
tions, the lower

aterile and the upper fertile. Both portions are
thrice-pinnate. The ultimate divisions of the
fertile segment are little globular bodies, but
vou cannot unroll them as in the case of the
Onoclea. Fig. 271 shows a couple of them greatly enlarged.
There is a slit across the middle of each, and one of the slits is

Fig. 270.

?' ^v

!l^'

dH^ammjs'Msg^sm

wmoBammmm

i'

174

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

partially open, disclosing tlic spo7rs inside. Each little globe is,
in fact, a .sj>ore-cune or .sjioi'dnyiuni, so that here we have some-
thing (^iiite diflerent from what wo have so far met witii. Up to
this point we have found the sporaniga collected into dots or
lines or clusters of some sort. In the Moonwort the sporangia
are separate and naked, and instead of bursting through the
action of an clastic ring, they open by a horizontal slit and
discharge their spores. In other Ferns, as the Osmunda, the
sporangia are somewliat similar, but burst open by a vertical
instead of a horizontal slit.

Observe that tlie frond of Botrychium is not clrcindic in the bud.

We shall now proceed to describe the commonly occurring
representatives of the Fern Family.

Order CVII. PILTCES. (Fern Family.)

Flowerless plants with distinct leaves known as fronds, these
circinate in the bud, except in one suborder, and bearing on
the under surface or margin the clustered or separate sporangia
or spore-cases.

Synopsis «>f tli« Gen<*ra.

Suborder I. POLYPODIA'CE.®. (The True Ferns.)

Sporangia collected into various kinds of clusters called sori.
Each sporangium pedicelled and encircled by an elastic jointed
ring, by the breaking of whicii the sporangium is burst and the
spores discharged. Sori sometimes covered by an indusium.

1. Polypo'dimii, Fruitdota on the back of the frond near the ends of the

veins. No indusium. Veins free. (See V\^, 231, Part I.)

2. A<Ilaii'tum. Fruit-dots marginal, the edj,'e of the frond heiijyr reflexed

80 as to form an indusium. Midrib a/ the pinmdts close to the loweif
(d(ji' or aUo<j>'thcr uanfinf/. Sti})e black and nhinimj. All the pinnules
distinct and generally minutely stalked. Veins free.

i. I'to'ris. Fruit dots marginal. Indusium formed by the reflexed edge
of the frond. Midrib of the piimules in the centre and prominent.
Veins free. Stii)e light-coloured. (See Fig. 2C2.)

1. IN'lIir'a. Fruit-dots vianjinal, covered by a broad indusium, formed by
the r<'flexcd margin of the frond. Small ferns with once- or twicc-
pimuite fronds, the fertile ones very nuich like the sterile, but with
narrower divisions. Stipe shining, purple or brown.

FILICKS.

175

lobe Is,
! some-
Up to
dots or
orangia
igh the
ilit and
(la, the
vertical

thebutl.
ccurring

)

(Is, these
iring on
porangia

Ferns. )

lied sori.
c jointed
and the
ium.

Mids of tho

n^ rcflexcd
0 the loweif
[ic pirumlea

lexcil e(lg:o
prominent.

, formed by
e- or twiito-
;, but with

5. Asple'nium. Friiit-dots clon^rated, o-i veins on the l)aek of tlie

pinii'iles, (ibliqtif to the inidrib, but only on the upper side of the vein.

Indusium attached to the vein by one edge, the other viX^a free. Veins

free.
C. Woodwardia. Fruit-dots clonjjatcd, on cross-veins parallel to the

midrib, forming a chain-Hkc row on each side of the latter. Indusium

as in the last. Veins reticulated.

7. Scolopen'drium. Fruit-dots elongated, occurring in pairs on enntigti

ous veinlefs, the free edges of the two indusia facing each otlier, so that
the sori appear to he single, with an indusium split down the centre.
Veins free. Frond simjde, ribbon-shaped, about an inch broad, gener-
ally wavy-margined.

8. Caiuptoso'riis. Fruit-dots elongated, those near the base of the nndrih

doulde, as in Scolopendrium ; others single, as in As})leMium. Fronds
simple, ^ or fj of an inch wide at the heart-shaped base, and tai)ering
into a long and narrow point ; growing in tufts on limestone rocks,
and eonnnonly rooting at the tip of tho frond, like a runner. Veins
reticulated.

9. Plu'ifop'teris. Fruit-dots roundish, on the back (not at the apex) of

the veiidet, rather small. Indusiu^n obsolete or none. Veins free.
Fronds triangular in outline, in one species twice-pinnatidd, with a
winged rhachis, and in the other in three petioled spreading divisions,
the divisions once- or twiee-pinnate,

10. Aspid'iiiin. Fruit-dots roiuid. Indusiinn evident, flat, oibicular or

kidney-shaped, fixed by the centre, ojjening all round the margin. Veins
free. Generally rather large Ferns, from once- to thrice-pinnate. (Sec
Fig. 264.)

11. Cyntop'terls. Fruit-dots round. Indusium not depressed in the centre,

but rather raised, attached to the frond not by tlie centre, but by
the edge partly under the fruit-dot, and generally breaking away on the
side towards the apex of the pinnule, and becoming rcllexcd as the
sporangia ripen. Fronds slender and delicate, twice- or thrice lumiato.

12. Struthiop'teris. Fertile frond much contracted and altogether unlike

the sterile ones, the latter very large and growing in a cluster with thj
shorter fertile one in the centre. Rootstock very thick and scaly.
Fertile fronds simply pitmate, tho margins of the piima) rolled l)ack-
wards so as to form a hollow tube containing the crowded sporangia.
Very common in low grounds.

13. Onocdi^'a. Fertile and sterile fronds unlike. (See Figs. 2CG, 207, 208,

20',), and accompanying description.)
14 Dickso'iiia. Fruit-dots round, very stnall, each an a reciirred toothlet
on the upper margin of tho lobes of the piniudcs, usually one to each
lobe. Sporangia on an elevated globular receptacle, and enclosed in a
cup-shaped indusiinn oi)en at tlio top and partly adherent to the reflext d
toothlet of the frond. Fronds minutely glandular and hairy, 2 .'{ fee t
high, ovate-lanceolate in outline, pale green, very thin, without cbaS.

i :

r

m

;l

I ,

^^mmsssaasam

il!!

176

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS

Suborder IT. OSMUNDA'CE^.

Sporangia naked, globular, pedicelled, reticulated, opening by
a vertical slit. „_

15. Osmun'cla. Fertile fronds or fertile portions of the frond much con-

tracted, bearing naked sporangia, which are globular, short-pedicelled,
and opening by a vertical slit to discharge the spores. Frond tall and
upright, once- or twice-pinnate, from thick rootstocks.

Suborder III. OPHIOGLOSSA'CEiE.

Sporangia naked, not reticulated, opening by a horizontal slit.
Fronds not circinate in the hud.

16. Botrycli'iuin. Sporangia in compound spikes, distinct, opening by a

horizontal elit. Sterile part of the frond compound. Veins free. (Seb
Figs. 270 and 271.)

17. Opliioglos'siim. Sporangia coherent in 2 ranks on the edges or awmple

spike. Sterile part of the frond simple. Veins reticulated.

1. POLYPO'DIUM, L. Polypody.

P. VUlga're, L. Fronds evergreen, 4-10 inches long, we^cply
pinnatiHd, the lobes obtuse and obscurely toothed. Sori large. —
Common on shady rocks.

a. ADIAN'TUM. L. Maidenhair.

A. peda'tum, !-<. Stipe upright, black and shining. The
frond forked ut the top of the stipe, the two branches of the fork
recurved, and each bearing on its inner side several slender
spreading divisions, the latter with numerous thin pinnatitid
pinnules which look like the halves of pinnules, owing to the
midrib being close to the lower edge. Upper margin of the pin*
nules cleft. — Connnon in rich woods. "^

3. PTE'RIS, L. Brake. Bracken.

P. aQUili'na, L. Stipe stout and erect. Frond large and
divided into 3 large spreading divisions at the summit of tlie
stipe, tiie branches twice-pinnate, the pinnules margined all
round with the indusium. — Common in thickets and on dry hill-
sides.

4. PEIjL-E'A, Link. Cliff-brake.

1. P. gra'cilis, Hook. Fronds 3-6 inches higli, slendei-, of few
pinnae, the lov^r ones once- or twic«-piunatiiid into 3 5 divisions,

FILICES.

177

Ingby

ch con-
iicelled,
tall and

^1 slit.

lilt;- by a
ce. (Scb

large. —

g. The
the fork

slender
innatifid
to the

the pin«

irge and
t of the
tined all
Iry hill-

r, of few
li visions,

zhose of the fertile fronds narrower than those of the sterile
ones. Stipe polished, brownish, darker at the base. — Shady
limestone rocks ; not common.

2. P. atropurpu'rea, Link. Larger than the last, 6-15
inches high, the stipe dark-jmrph and sinning. Frond pale,
once- or (belo\\ ) twice-pinnate, the divisions broadly linear oi
oblong (or the sterile sometimes oval), stalked at the base.
Stipes clustered. — Dry rocks.

5. ASPLE'NIUM, L. Spleenwort.

1. A. Trichom'anes, L. A very delicate little fern growing
in tufts on sha<led cliffs. Fronds 3-6 inches long, linear in outline,
pinnate, the little pinnae oval and unequal-sided, about \ of an
inch long. The stipes thread-like, purplish-brown and shining.
This species is evergreen.

2. A. thelypteroi'des, Michx. Fronds 2-3 feet high, innnate,
the pinnre linear lanceolate in outline, 3-5 inches long, deeply
pinnatijid, each of the crowded lobes bearing 3-6 pairs of oblong
fruit-dots. — Rich woods.

3. A. angustifo'lium, Michx. Fronds simply pinnate, some-
what roseml)ling Aspidium acrostichoides, but very smooth and
thin, and larger. PinniB crenulate, short-stalked. Fruit-dots
linear, crowded. — Rich woods ; not common.

4. A. Filix-foe'mina, Bernh. Fronds 1-3 feet high, broadly
lanceolate in outline, tii'tce-jnnnate, the pinniu lanceolate in outline,
and the pinnules confluent by a narrow margin on the rhachis of
the pinna, doubly serrate. Jndmium curved, often shaped some-
thing like a horse-ahoe, owivfj to it.i crossing the rein ami hecomimj
attached to both sides of it. — Rich woods.

G. WOODWARD'IA, Smith. Chain Fern.

W. Virginlca, Smith. Fronds 2-3 feet high, pinnate ; pinna;
lanceolate, pinnatifid. Veins foiming a single row of meshes
next the midrib. — Wet swamps.

T. SCOLOPEIV'DRllTM, Smith. Hart's Tongue.

5. VUlga're, Smith. Frond simple, bright green, a foot or
more in length, and an inch or more in width. — Shaded ravines
and limestone cliffs ; not \ ery common.

H

Esa

(Hi

178

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

8. CAMPTOSO'llUS, Liuk. Walkino-Leaf.

C. rhizofhyrius, Link. A curious little fern, growing in
tufts on shaded limestone rocks. Frond simple, with a very long
narrow point. — Not very common.

9. PHEGOP'TERIS, Fee. Beech Febn.

1. P. polypodioi'des, Fee. Fronds triangular, longer than
broad, 4-6 inches long, hairy on the veins, twice-pinnatifid, the
rhadik whujed. The pinnie sessile, linear-lanceolate in outline,
the lowent jHiir dejlexed and standing forivards. Fruit-dots small
and all near the margin. Stipes rather longer than the fronds,
from a slender, creeping rootstock. — Apparently not common,
but g'^owing in rich woods near Barrie, Ont.

2. P. hexagonop'tei a, Fee. Fronds triangular, generally
broader than long, 7-12 inches broad. Pinnas lanceolate; the
lowest very large, their divisions elongated and pinnatifid, the
basal divisions decurrent on the main rhachis and forming a
many-angled wing. Fruit-dots not exclusively near the margin.
— Rich woods.

3. P. Dryop'teris, Fee. Fronds broadly triangulajr in outline,
primarily divided into 3 triangular spreading petioled divisions,
smooth, the three divisions once- or twice-pinnate. Fronds from
4 to G inches wide. Fruit-dots near the margin. — Rich woods;
common. Whole plant delicate, and light green in colour.

10. ASPID'IUM, Swartz, Shield Fern. Wood Febn.

* Stipes not chaffy.

1. A. thelyp'teris, Swartz. Fronds tall and narrow, lanceo-
late in outline, pinnate, the pinnte deeply pinnatifid, nearly at
right angles to the rhachis, linear-lanceolate in outline, the margins
of the lohes stronghj revohite in/ruit. Stipe over a foot long, and
usually longer than the frond. — Common in low, wet places.

2. A. Noveboracen'se, Swartz. Fronds much lighter in colour
than the inxcediiig, tapering towards both ends, pinnate, the
pinnju deeply pinnatifid, much closer together than in No. 1, and
not at right angles with the rhachis. Veins simple. Lower pinnae
short and dellcxed. — Swamps,

FILICES.

179

* * Stipes chaffy.

3. A. spinulo'sum, Swartz. Stipes sUffhtly chaffy or scaly.
Fronda large, ovate-lanceolate in outline, twice-pinnate ^ the pin-
nules deeply pinnatitid {nearbj pinnate), and spiny-toothed.
P'nnoe triangular-lanceolate in outline. The variety inter-
medium, which is very common in Canadian woods, has tlie few
scales of the stipe pale brown with a (hirh centre, and the lower
pinnce iinequal -sided. Var. Boottii has the scales of the stipe
pale brown, the frond elongated-oblong or elongated-lanceolate
and pinnules less dissected.

4. A. crista'tum, Swartz. Stipes chaffy with broad scales.
Fronds large, linear-lanceolate in outline, once-pinnate, the
pinme deeply pinnatitid, the upper ones triangular- lanceolate in
outline, the lower considerably broader, the lobes cut-toothed.
Fruit-dots large and conspicuous, half way hetiueen the midrib oj
the lohe and the margin. — Swamps.

5. A. Goldia'num, Hook. A fine fern, the large fronds
growing in a circular cluster from a chaffy rootstock. Frond
ovate or ovate-oblong in outline, once-pinnate, the pinnie deeply
pinnatifid, 6-9 inches long, broadest in the middle, tlie lobes
slightly scythe-shaped, finely serrate. Fruit-dots large, near the
midrib of the lobe. — Rich moist woods.

6. A. marginale, Swartz. Stipes very chaffy at the base.
Fronds ovate-oblong in outline, twice-pinnate, the pinuiu lance-
olate in outline, broadest above the base. Pinnules crenate-
margined. Fruit-dots large, close to the margin. — Rich woods,
mostly on hill-sides.

7. A. acrostichoi'des, Swartz. (See Figs. 2G4 and 265, and
accompanying description.) — Rich woods, everywhere.

8. A. Lonchi'tis, Swartz. Not unlike No. 7, but the fronda
are narrower and longer, more rigid and with hardly any stipe.
Pinnie densely spinulose-toothed. — Apparently not connuon, but
plentiful in rocky woods west of C'ollingwood, Out.

U. CYSTOP'TERIS, Beruliardi. Bladdkr Fkrk.

1. C. bulbil'era, Bernh. Frond large (1-2 feet), narrow and
very delicate, twice-pinnate, the pinme nearly at right angles to

< )
li '

M

I !

ih

II

1 '!

ll

; r
If

1

1

1

1

1

■ -1

1 ;

1

1

'

:

'■ j
; 1

L

1^1

180

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

the rhachis. Khachis and pinnae usually with bulblets heneath.
Pinnules toothed. — Shady, moist ravines.

2. C. fra'gilis, Bernh. Frond only 4-8 inches long, with a
stipe of the same length, twice- or thrice-pinnate. Rhachis
mnged. — Shady cliffs.

13. STRUTHIOP'TERIS, Willd. Ostrich Fern.

S. German'ica, Willd. {Onoclea Struthkyderis, Hoii.) Sterile
fronds with the lower pinnae gradually much shorter than the
upper ones. Pinnce deeply pinnatifid. — Common in low, wet
grounds along streams.

13. ONOCLE'A, L. Sensitive Fern.

0. sensib'ilis, L. (See Figs. 266, 267, 268 and 269, and
accompanying description.) — Common in wet grounds along

/ ' 14. DICKSO'XIA, L'Her. Dicksonia.

D. punctilo'bula, Kunze. Pleasantly odorous. — Moist,
shady places.

15. OSMUIV'DA, L. Flowering Fern.

1. 0. rega'lis, L. (Flowering Fern.) Fronds twice-pin-
nate, ^er^i/fc at the top, very smooth, pale green. Sterile pinnules
oblong-oval, finely serrate towards the apex, 1-2 inches long,
either sessile or short-stalked, usually oblique and truncate at the
base. — Swamps, along streams and lake-margins.

2. 0. Claytonia'na, L. Fronds large, once -pinnate, pale
green, densely white-woolly when unfolding from the bud, with
fertile pinnm among the sterile ones. Pinnie deeply pinnatifid,
the lobes entire. — Low grounds.

3. 0. cinnamo'mea, L. (Cinnamon Fern.) Fertile fronds
distinct from the sterile ones, contracted, twice-pinuate, covered
with cinnamon-coloured sporangia. Sterile fronds rusty- woolly
when young, smooth afterwards, once-pinnate, tlie pinmu deeply
pinnatifid. The long, sterile fronds in a cluster, with the fertile
ones in the centre. — Low grounds.

10. BOTllYCH'IUM, Swartz. Moonwort.

1. B. Virgin'icum, Swartz. (See Figs. 270 and 271, and
accompanying description.)— Rich woods everywhere.

EQUISETACEiE.

181

273.

2. B. lunaxioi'des, Swartz, is occasionally found. It is
easily distinguished from No. 1 by the sterile portion of the
frond l^ing lorg-petioled instead of sessile.

17. OPHIOGLOS'SirM, L. Adder's Tongue.

0. vnlga'tum, L. Sterile part of the frond
ovate or elliptical-oblong, 2-3 inches long,
rather fleshy, sessile, near the middle of the
stalk; the latter 6-12 inches high. — Bogs
and grassy meadows.

Order CVIII. EQUISETA'CEiE.
(Horsetail Family. )

The only genus of the Order is
EQ,VISE'TrM,L. Horsetail. Scouring Rush
Fig. 272 is a view of the fertile stem
of Equise'tum arvense, the Common
Horsetail, of about the natural size.
It may be observed early in spring
almost anywhere in moist sandy or
gravelly soil. It is of a pale brown
colour, and in place of leaves there is
K^jM^I at each joint a sheath split into sev-
eral teeth. At the summit of the stem
is a soit of conical catkin, made up of
a large number of six-sided bodies, each attached to
the stem by a short pedicel. Each of these six-
sided bodies turns out on examination to be made
up of six or seven sporangia or spore-cases, which
open down their inner maigins to discharge their
spores. Figs. 273 and 274 are enlarged outer and
inner views of one of them. The spores themselves
are of a similar nature to those of the Ferns, and
reproduction is carried on in the same manner; but
each spore of the Horsetail is furnished with four
minute tentacles which closely envelope it when
moist, and uncoil themselves when dry. The use
Fig. 272. of tiiese tentacles is doubtless to assist iu tlie

escape and dispersion of th» aporea.

Fig. 274.

i

-1

4

. 1*1

MiiiBil

182

COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS.

I K

Tlo fertile stems will have almost withered away by the time
the sterile ones appear. These latter are of the .same thickness
as the fertile ones, Init they are very much taller and are green
in colour. Observe, also, the grooving of the sterile stem, aud
the wliorls of 4-angled branches produced at the nodes.

£. limo'sum, L., produces its spores in the summer. The
stems are all of one kind, or at all events are produced con-
temporaneously, and after fruiting produce upright branches.
They are, also, dhjlitly many-furrowed. The slieaths have com-
monly al)Out 18 dark-brown stiff short teeth. — In shallow water.

The two species just described are annual ; the following are
evergreen, surviving the winter. The terminal spike is tipped
with a small rigid point.

£. hyema'le, L. (Scouring Rusit.) Stems stout and tall.
Sheaths elongated, with a black girdle above the base, and
about 20 narrow linear teetli, 1 -keeled at the base, aud with awl-
shaped deciduous points.- Wet banks.

E. variega'tum, Schleicher. Stem sfender, in tufts, with
5-10 grooves, ascending, 6-18 inches higli. Sheaths green,
variegated with black above, 5-10-toothetl. — Shores an'^ river-
banks.

E. SCirpoi'deS, Michx. Stems skndei', t'enj numerous in a
tvft, filiform, H-(3 inches high, curving, mostly 6-grooved.
Sheaths ^-toothed. — Wooded hill-sides.

Okuer CIX. LYCOPODIA'CEiE. (Club-Moss F.)

Chiefly moss-like plants ; often with long running aiul ])ranch-
ing stems, the sporangia solitary in the axils of the mostly awl-
shaped leaves. _

Synopsis of the Genera. -

1. Liycopo'dimn. Spore-cases of aiie kind onbi, in the axils of the upper
asvl-shapcd leaves ; 2-valved, kidney-shaped. Chiefly evergreen plants. •
(See Part I., sections 332-335.) ..

'2. Selajfinel'lji. Spore-cases of ttvo kinds: one like those of Lycopodium,
contaiiiiiit»^ ver\ minute spores, the other 3-4-valved, and containing^ a
few lar}»'e spores. The t\vr> sorts ijiterniini'lod, or the latter in the lower
axils of the spike. Little moss-like tufted evergreens.

LYCOPODIACE^.

IBo

1. LYCOPO'DirM, L., Spring. CLUB-Mosa.

1. L. luci'dulum, Miehx. SteiDs 4-8 inches long, tufted, 2
or 3 times forking. Tlie leaves forming the spike not dili'erent
from the others on the stem ; all spreading or reflexed, sharp-
pointed, serrulate, dark green and shining. — Cold, moist woods.

2. L. anno'tinum, L. Stems creeping, 1-4 feet long.
Branches 4 9 inches high, once- or twice-forked. Spike sessile,
the leaves of it yellowish and scale-like, ovate or hcart-shai»eu,
the others spreading or reflexed, rigid, pointed, nearly entire,
pale green. — Cold wo h,

3. L. dendroi'deum, Michx. (Ground Pine.) Rootstock
creeping underground, nearly leafless. Stems much resembling
little hemlocks, 6-9 inches high ; numerous fan-like spreading
branches with shining lanceolate entire leaves. Spikes nearly as
in No. 2, 4-10 on each plant. — Moist woods.

4. L. clava'tum, L. (Club-Moss. ) Stem creeping or running
extensively. Spikes mostly in pairs, raised on a slender peduncle
(4-6 inches long). Leaves linear, awl-shaped, bristle-tipped. —
Dry woods.

5. L. COmplana'tum, L. Stem creeping extensively. Branches
flattened, forking above, the branchlets crowded. Leaves awl-
shaped, small, in 4 ranks. — Dry woods ; mostly with evergreens.

3. SELAGINEIi'LA, Beauv., Spring.

S. rupes'tris, Spring. A little moss-like evergreen, growing
on exposed rocks in dense tufts 1-3 inches high. Leaves awl-
shaped, with a, grooved keel, and tipped with a bristle. Spikes
4-cornered.

I

■I !

#1

si' I

::i
I

i\

i

AN APPENDIX

CONTAINING

Descriptions of Plants found in the Maritime
Provinces of Canada

i' I

Si.
ii i|

k

NOT HEREIN BEFORE DESCRIBED.

The student will be able to follow the plant to its proper order,
in nearly every case, and generally to its genus, by the
use of the preceding Flora. If he cannot find the specific
description there, he will then turn to the Appendix.

APPENDIX.

Okdkr I. BANUNCULA'CE^. (Ckowfoot Family )

I

<'LKM'ATIS.

C. verticilla'ris, T)C. Shrubby climber. Peduncles bearing
single huge flowers, with thin, wicie-spreading, bluish-purple
sepals. Tails of the achenes plumose. Leaves of thnie leaflets,
which are entire, or sparingly toothed or lobed. — Rocky places.

a:vkmo\e.

A. parviflo'ra, Michx. (Small-flowerkd Anem'onk.) Stem
3-12 inches high, ones-flowered. Sepals 5 or fi, white. Involucre
2-3-leaved far below the floMer. Head of carpels woolly, globular.
Root-leaves small, 3-parted, their divisions crenately lobed. —
Rocky river-margins.

A. multif'ida. DC. (Many-cleft A.) Silky-hairy. Prin-
cipal involucre 2-3-leaved, bearing one naked and one or two 2-
leaved peduncles. Leaves of the involucre short-petioled, twice
or thrice 3-parted and cleft, their divisions linear. Sepals red,
greenish -yellow, or whitish. Head of carpels spherical or oval,
woolly.— Rocky river-margins, etc.

RA]VIJ\€liLi:S.

R. Cymbala'ria, Pursh. (Sea-side Crowfoot.) Low,
smooth, spreading by runners which take root at the joints.
Leaves long-petioled, roundish, crenate, rather fleshy. Petals
5-8, yellow. Carpels striate, in an oblong head. — Sea-shore and
beside brackish streams and springs.

AariLfr:<aA.

A, VUlga'ris, L. The (Jarden Columbine is found escaped
from cultivation in some phices. It has hooked spurs, whereas
those of A. Canadensis are nearly straight.

•i'

M

■m

m

if

188

An-ENOIX.

I'i

Ohdkr v. BERBERIDA'CE.^. (Barhkrky Family.)

KfrlKIIKKIS.

B. VUlga'ris, L. (Common Bakhkuhy.) Shiul), Leaves on
the fresh shoots of the season mostly reduced to hranehcid spines,
from whose axils proceed the m xt year close clusters of ohov ate
oblong, bristly-toothed leaves, with short, /omAf/ petioles, and
many-flowered racemes. Sepals, petals and stamens G each.
Outside of sepals are '2-0 bractlets. Petals yellow. Fruit an
obloug, sour, scarlet berry. — Cultivated grounds.

Order X. CRUCIP'ERiE. (Crkss Family.)

ARABIS.

A. potrsa'a. Lam. Petals rose-color or wiiiti.sii. I'ods shorter
and less flat than A. lyrata. Seeds in one row in each cell.
Leaves spathulateor oblong, entire or sparingly toothed. — Rocks.

IIUAKA.

D. inca'na, L. Hoary-pubescent. Leaves lanceolate or
oblanceolatc to ovate, entire or sparingly toothed, j'ods oblong
to lanceolate usually straight, on short erect pedicels. Style
short or none. — Dry rocks.

KAI*ll'ANi;.S.

K. Raphanis'trum, L. (Wild Radlsh.) Pods linear or
oblong, tapering, indeliiscent, long-beaked, necklace-form when
ripe. Style long. Cotyledons conduplicate. Leaves rough,
lyrate. Petals yellow, veiny, turning whitish or purplish. — An
introduced weed.

Order XII. VIOLA'CEiE. (Violet FAiViiLV.}

11' OLA.

V. lanceola'ta, L. (Lance-lkaykd Violkt.) Stemless.
Flowers wiiite. Petals beardless. Leaves lanceolate, erect,
tapering into a long, margined petiole, nearly entire. — Damp
ground.

V. primulaefo'lia, L. (Primrosk-lkavkd V.) Stemless.
Flowers white, lateral petals usually somewhat bearded. Leaves
ovate or oblong, heart-shaped, or abrupt at tiie base. —Damp or
dry ground.

foi
fh<\

S.

APPENDIX.

189

Family.)

T^cavia on
\\v.i\ spincH,

, of ()\><>VSJ'^*'

aiolcH, mitl

>\\H i\ I'acli.

Fruit an

AMII.Y.)

\'o(\a shorter
111 each cell,
lied. Rocks.

lanceolate or

Pods oblong

idiccls. t^tyle

Polls linear or
u!t'-forni wl>«'"
Leaves r()"gl»»
purplish.— A"

[ Family.)

L) Stemlesa.

liceolate, erect,

entire.— I>anip

|v.) Stemless.
Lanled. Leaves
[base. Damp <^'"

Otti>EH XVI. CABYOPHYLLA'CE^. (Pink Family.)

HTKLLARIA.

S. lon'gipes, (loldio. (LoN(j-HTAi.KKn Stitch woKT.) Leaven
somewhat rigid, ascending, lanceolate, acute, broadest at the
l)a8e. Cyme terminal, few-flow(!rcd, the long pedicels (irect,
scaly-bracted. PetalH longer than the sepals. Seeds sniooth.

S. gramin'ea, 1^- Like tiie last, but the leaves hronihst ahnn'
the hdsf, the, ])('<lir('lH xritlcly sjtrcaditKj, and the Beeds strongly but
finely rugose. (Int. from Ku.)

S. uligino'sa, Murr. (Swamp S.) Stems weak, <lecund)ent
or difl'nse. Lanvoi l<(7i('eolate, or oblomj, veiny. Petals and ripe
pods o.s" lotKj cs the sc/xils. Seeds roughened. Cymes naked,
becoming lateral. -Swamps and rills.

S, crassifo'lia, Filnh. Stems difTuso or erect, weak. Leaven
rather Jletihi/, lanceolate to oblong, those of flowering branches
snialler and thinner. Petals longer than sepals or wanting.
Seeds rwjosc-roiojhened. Flowers terminal or in the forks of stem
or branches. — Wet places.

S. borealis, Bigelow. (Northern S.) Stem erect or spread-
ing, weak, forking. Leaves broadly-lanceolato to ovate-oblong.
Petals 2-5, shorter than the sepals or wanting. Cyme leafy.
Seeds smooth. — Wet places.

S. humifu'sa, Kottb. Low, spreading or creeping. I^ea ves
Jleshy, ovate or oblong. Pedicels axillary or terminal, on leafy
stems or branches. Petals a little longer than the sepals. Seeds
iimooth.

HA4;i'i\A.

S. procum'bens, L. (Pearlwort.) A low, matted herb
"witii narrowly linear leaves. Flowers small, terminal, with their
parts in fours, larely in fives. Petals shorter than the ovale,
ohtuxe sejiids, or none. Pod many-seeded, 4-5-valved. Top of
■peduncle often bent into a hook. — Damp places.

S. nodo'sa, Fenzl. A low, tufted herb. Lower leaves thread-
form ; the upper short, awl-shaped, with clusters of minute ones in
their axils. Parts of flower in fives, the stamens sometimes ten.
Petals much lomjer than sepals. Flowers terminal. Pods as in
S. procumbcns. — Wet sandy shoreg.

.'

""^"T'-'-f ■■

190

APPKNinX.

l! ii

! i ' i i i

i: !i

.1

nrn.i. san-d Sithuky.

Sopjilfl '(. Petals 5, oiitirt'. StMinciis I'-I'*. Styles usuully 3. Pod
many-seeded, usually .'{-valved. Low herbs with iiieiiihraiiaeeous stii)ulc3,
and niifonn or linear, opixjsite leavoa.

B- ru'bra, Dumort. (SrEKcuLA'uiA ku'hra, Prksl.) Leaves
linear, flat, hardly fleshy. Stipules lanceolate. Stems usually
glandular-pubiiseent near the summit. Calyx rather longer than
the pink red corolla, and small pod. Seeds rough with project-
ing points. — Dry sandy ground.

B. mari'na, Dumort. (Spkikutlakia salina, Pijksl.) More
fleshy than ]i. rubra, usually pubescent. Stipules ovate. TiCaves
terete. Sepals a little shorter than tlie pod. Petals pale. Seeds
usually roughened with points. — Sea-coast.

B- borea'lis, Watson. (Speroulakia media, 1'resl.) Much
branched, glabrous. Petals white. Pod about twice as long as
the sepals, nearly or quite smooth. — Sea-coast.

si>t:K<;i LA.

S. arven'sis, L. (Corx Spurrev.) An annual herb resem-
bling a ])uda, with numerous thread-like leaves in wliorla.
Flowers M'hite in panicled cymes. Pod 5-valved. — (irain fields.
(Int. from Eu.)

()Ri>E(i XVri. PORTULACA'CE^. (Purslane Family.)

MO.\TIA.

M- fonta'na, L. A small, spreading, somewhat fleshy licrb,
with opposite, spathulate leaves. Sepals 2. Petals Ii, three
of them somewluit smaller. Stamens usually ,S, borne on the
claws of the smaller petals. Pod 3-valved and 3-seeded, — Wet
places.

Order XIX. TILIA'CE^. (Linden Family.)

TILI4.

T. Europae'a, L. The European Linden is planted as a
shade tree in some places. It is easily distinguished by the
ai)sence of jictnl-likr t<c<ilt'H (uiion;/ t/if Kfainens, which are present
iu the native Linden.

FI(

A IT EN nix.

191

ally ^. l'^^
•couft stipules,

^1.) Leaves
teins usually
V Ion gi'i' than
with pvoject-

UKSL.) Moi'e
,vate. T.caves
,spale. Seeds

'KKSL.) ^tuclx
vico as long as

al lierl) rcscm-
es in ^vhorla.
—(iraiu fields.

il.ANE 1'aMILY.)

Okder XXXI.

LEGUMINO'S^. (Pulse Family.)

TKIFOIJIM.

T. hy1)ridum, !-<. (Alsikk C[A)VEK.) Resembles T. repens,
but the flowers are rose-tinted, and the steins erect or ascending,
(lut. from h'u. )

OIVTKOI'IS.

0. CampeS'tris, DC. (OxvTJtoi'is.) Resembling Astragalus,
but the keel oi the corolla lipped vlth a .s/ua'p point. A low
plant, almost scendess, with a hard thick root or root-stock.
Flowers white or yellowish, often tinged with purple or violet,
in short spikes on naked scapes. Pods ovate or oblong, of a fhln
or papery textuve. Leaves pinnate, of many leaflets. — (Jravelly
river-margins.

Hf:i>YS AKI M.

H. borea'le, Nutt. (Hi:i)Y.SARr.M.) Herb with odd-pinnate
leaves. Leaflets l.'i-21, oblong or lanceolate. Stipules scaly,
united opposite tlie petiole. Flowers in racemes, purple.
Standard shorter than the keel. Calyx ,5-cleft, with nearly
equal awl-shaped lobes. Pod of ,3-4 flattened I'oundish joints,
which are easily separated. — Rocky banks.

VIC'IA.

V. tetrasper'ma, L. Peduncles slender, 1-2-flowered.
Calyx-teeth unequal. Corolla whitish. Pod 4-sceded, smooth.
Leaflets about 4 pairs. (Int. from Eu.)

hat fleshy h.<-rb,
l>etals r>, three
:^, borne on the
3-seeded.-Wet

KN Family.)

is planted as a

luguished \>y the

^hich are present

Order XXXIL ROSA'CE^. (Rose Family.)

G. macrophyl'lum, Willd. liristly-hairy, stout. Root-
leaves interruptedly pinnate, vnth a very lanjc round- hccui shaped
terminal IcatJet. Stem-leaves with 2-4 minute lateral leaflets, the
terminal 3-cleft, with ve(ftje-/orm rounded lobes. Petals yellow,
longer than the calyx, lieceptade nearly naked.

i*oTi:Ki«n.

p. Canaden'se, Renth. and Hook. (Canadian Rurnet.)
Flowers in a long cylindrical spike, white. Calyx-tube top-
shaped, persiatont, with 4 broad, deciduous, petal-like, spreading

!1

smstEmuKfrn

192

APPENDIX.

lobes. Petals wanting. Stamens 4, exserted. Leaves unequally
pinnate with numerous serrate leaflets, heart-shaped at bane. —
Bogs and wet grounds.

R. Chamsemo'rus, L. (CLotm Berry. Baked- Apple
Berry.) A low herb with dioecious flowers. S(em tfirnjila with-
out prickles, 2-3-leaved, bearing one large white flower. Leaves
simple, kidney-form, 5-lobed, serrate. — Sphagnous swamps.

R. humilis, ^larsh. Low, more slender and less leafy than
R. lucida, v/\t\\ straight alendtr spines. Stipules ncwroiv. Leaflets
thin and pale. Outer sepals always more or less lobed. — Mostly
in sandy soil.

R. nit'ida, Willd. Low. Stem and branches usually thickly
covered with prickles interspersed with straight slender spines.
Stipules mostly dilated. Leaflets bright green and shining,
mostly narrowly oblong. Flowers generally solitary. Sepals
entire. — Margins of sv.ampa.

rli; :j"l .!Ul

Order XXXIII. SAXIFRAGACE^. (Saxifrage F.)

PARNAH'^IA.

P. parviflo'ra, DC. Petals but little longer than the sepals.
Sterile filaments about 7 in each set. Leaves ovate or oblong.

SAXIF'RACiA.

S. Aizo'on, Jacq. Scape 5-10 inches high. Leaves thick,
gpathtdate, with white, finely-toothed margins. Petals cream-color,
obovate, often spotted at the base. — Moist rocks.

Order XXXIV. ORASSULACEjE. (Orpine FaxMily.)

SE'DIJM.

S. Tele'phiuin, L. (Live-for-ever.) Stems tall and stout.
Leaves oval, toothed. Flowers in compound cymes, petals
purple. Sepals, petals, and carpels 5 each. Stamens 10. (Int.
from Eu. )

ce
R<

nif

1 uneqvially
at baae. —

APPENDIX.

193

S. Bhodi'ola, T)C. (Rosk-root.) Stems 5-10 inches high.
Flow era diiecioud, greenish-yellow or purplish. Sfamens mostly
S, (ther parts m/our>i. — Rocky shores.

KKD-ArPLB

uinpla with-
rvx. Leaves
wamps.

33 leafy tlian
ow. Leallets
6ed.— Mostly

sually thickly
lender spin<'^-
and shining,
litary. Sepals

AXIFRAOE F.)

\han the sepals.
or oblong.

Leaves thich
tls cream-color,

?iNE Family.)

tall and stout,
cymes, petals
Imens 10. (Int.

Order XXXVI. HALORAGE^. (Water-Milfoil F.)

l*XOHER?INA'€A.

P. palustris, L. (Mermaid Weed.) Low herb. Steni
creeping at base. Loaves alternate, lanceolate, sharply serrat*;.
Petals none. Stamens 3. Fruit nut-like, 3-seeded. — Wet
swamps.

M¥KIOI>lllL'UIM.

M. tenel'lum, Kigfl. Flowering stems nearly leafless.
Bracts small, entire. Flowers alternate, monoecious. Stamens
4. — Borders of ponds.

#. ALLIT'BICHE.

C. ver'na, L. Aniphibious. Floating leaves obovate, tufted;
submersed leaves linear. FloM-ers moncecious, axillary, usually
between a pair of bracts. Sterile nower a single stamen ; fertile
flower a single 2ni^til with a 4-celled ovary. Leaves beset vnffi
stellate scales.

C. autumna'lis- Growing under water. May be distin-
guished from C. verna by its leaves being retuse and all linear
from a broader base, and its flowers without bracts.

Order XLIL UMBELLIF'ERJE. (Parsley Family.)

LIGUi^'TICIIllI.

L. Scot'icum, L. (Scotch Lovage.) Stems smooth, from
large aromatic roots. Leaves twice ternate, coarsely toothed.
Flowers white. Fruit with prominent acute ribs having broad
spaces between. — Salt marshes and sea-shore.

AK€IIANCiEL'I€A.

A. Gme'lini, DC. Stem slightly dov/ny at the top. Involu-
cels about as long as the umbellets. Plant but little aromatic. —
Rocky coasts.

if <: ■

m

M

p^^?^^m^mc-,:--fir.-

Iww

AT'PKNDIX.

Order XLV. CAPRI FOLIAGES. (Honeysuckle F.)

Vlltllt.M.YI.

V- pauciflo'rum, Pylaie. A lo"/ shrub. Leaves 5-nbbecl at
tlie base, serrate, witli l\ short lobes at tlie summit. Cyme few-
flowered. Stamens shorter than the corolla. Fruit red, sour,
with a very flat stone. — Cold woods.

Order XLVI. RUBIA'CE^. (INIadder Family.)

hoi stoma.

H. CSerulea, L> (But'ets. Innocknce.) A slender herb with
erect stems. A single flower on eacli slender peduncle. Leaves
()))long-spathulate. Corolla light blue to nearly white, with a
yellowish eye and a long tube. — Moist grassy places.

M

Order XLIX. COMPOSITE. (Composite Family.)

ClKXTAIKfy.i.

C ni'gra, L. (KxArwEED.) Scales of the involucre loith a
black hair-tike frint/e. Hays wantimj. Leaves lanceolate, entire,
or the lower coarsely toothed, rough. — Waste places. (Int.
from Eu.)

TAXAf'E'TIM.

T. Huronen'se, Nutt. Hairy when young. Heads usually
few, and nmch larger than in T. vulgare. Pistillate flowers
flaltenedy instead of terete as in T. vulgare. — River margins.

AKTEMiS'IA.

A. Cauda'ta, Michx. Not hoanj. Leaves pinnately dissected
into thread-form divisions. Racemes forming an elongated
panicle. Disk-flowers per feet hut sterile, manjinalfloioers fertile. —
Sandy soil.

A. bien'nis, WiUd. (Biennial Wormwood.) Glabrous.
Lower leaves twice pinnately-parted, the upper pinnatifid, lobes
acute. Heads in short axillary spikes, together forming a
clustered, leafy panicle. Flowers all fertile. — (Jravelly banks,
(Int. from Western States.)

petl

APPENDIX.

185

SUCKLE F.)

J 5-vP)becl at

Cynie few-

it red, sour,

I Family.)

nder herb with
ancle. Leaves
wlate, with a
jes.

isTTE Family.)

nvolvcre toUh a
.nceolate, entire,
places. (I"*'

Heads usually

Pistillate flowers
tver margins.

innately dissected
ng an elongated
al flowers fertile-—

_u)OP.) Caabrous.
•v pinnatitld, lobes
gether forming a
1-GraveUy banks.

B. perennis. The tmo Daisy, a native of the Old World, is
a low stemloss herb. It is an unconnnon garden escape. The
heads are many flowered with nnnierouH pistillate rays. The
scales of the in\olucre e([nal, in about 2-rows, hctbaceous.
Receptacle conical. Pappus wanting.

<;>Arii.i Lir.M.

G. sylvat'icum, Tv. Krect, usually 9-12 inches high. Leaves
linear. Heads axillary, nearly sessile, forming an erect leafy
spike. Scales obtuse iclth a In'Girn Imr acros'i each near the top.

soiJi>.i'<;o.

S. puber'ula, Nutt. Stem and panicle minutely lioary. Stem-
leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering to the base, somewhat smooth,
the lov/ennost spathulate, sparingly toothed. Heads not large,
crowiled in compact short racemes, winch form a hmg, dense,
terminal panicle. Rays 10-14. — Barren soil.

S. uligino'sa, Nutt. (.9. stricta, Ait.) Smooth. Stem
simple, strict. Leaves lanceolate, pointed, the lower tapering
into winged petioles, finely but sparingly serrate, or entire.
Racemes crowded and appressed in a close M'and-like panicle.
Heads middle-sized. Rays 5-6, small. — Peat bogs and wet
places.

S- macrophyl'la, Pursh. {SolhUujo thyrsoidea, E. Meyer.)
Stems stout, simple, pubescent near tiie sunniiit. Leaves thin,
ovate, with sham projecting teeth, the lower ones ahrnptly con-
tracted into long manjined petiolei^. Heads hmje, in an oblong
raceme, loose and thin, long-pointed. Rays 8-10, long. — Wooded
hillsides.

S. semper' virens, L. Stem stout. Leaves lomj, lanceolate,
thickish, smootli, entire, obscurely 8-nerved. Racemes short, in
a terminal panicle. Heads lar<je, showy. — Salt marshes and sea-
shores.

AKTEK.

A. Lindleya'nus, Torr. and Gr. Rather stout, smooth or
sparsely pubescent. Leaves conspicuously serrate. Root-leaves
and lowest stem-leaves ovate, more or less cordate, with margined
petioles ; uppermost sessile, and pointed at both ends. Heads

I-.,

^tr

^L^iifi-:

t -rtt, "Stofi

&3ii^.

19t>

APPENDIX.

rather small, in a loose thyrse or panicle. Scales linear, green-
tipped. Rays pale violet. — Open barren grounds.

ACHILLEA.

A. Ptarmica, L. (Sneezewort.) Leaves simple, lance-
linear, with aliarp appressed teeth. Rays 8-12, white, much
longer than the bell-shaped involucre.

PRENAX'TIIE.H.

p. Maine a'sis, Gray. Leaves resembling those of Nabalus
racemosus, but the root-leaves ovate, and more abruptly narrowed
to the short petiole. Heads 8-12-flowereil, persistently drooping
on slender pedicels.

Order LL CAMPAinJLA'CE.ffi. (Campanula Family.)

CAMPAX'IILA.

C. rapunculoi'des, L. Flowers nodding, single in the axils
of bracts, forming a raceme. Stem-leaves pohited, lanceolate,
serrate ; the lower cordate, long-petioled. (Int. from Eu.)

Order LIL BIlICACE.ffi. (Heath Family.)

«AYLIJSSA'€IA.

G. dumo'sa, Torr. and Gr. (Dwarf Huckleberry.) Fruit
black, insipid. Racemes long with leaf-like, persistent bracts.
Leaves obovate-oblong, mucronate. — Sandy low ground.

CALLU'KA.

C. VUlga'ris, Salisb. (Heather.) A low evergreen shrub

with numerous, opposite, minute leaves, mostly auricled at the

base. Flowers axillary or terminating very short shoots, forming

close racemes mostly one-sided, rose-colored, or white. Calyx of

4 sepals. Corolla 4-parted, bell-shaped. Calyx ami corolla both

persistent and becoming dry. Stamens 8. Capsule 4-celled. —

Found sparingly in a few places on the coast of Nova Scotia and

Newfoundland.

' KAL'MIA.

K. angustifolia, L. (Sheep-Laurel, Lambkill.) Leaves
opposite or in threes, oblong, obtuse, petioled. Corymbs lateral,
many -flowered. Pod depressed. Pedicels recurved in fruit. —
Bogs and damp barren grounds.

APPENDIX.

19=7

ar, gveen-

ple, lance -
Inte, much

of Nabalus
t\y luu rowetl
itly drooping

RHODODENDRON.

R. Rhodo'ra, Don. Corolla irregular, nearly an inch long,
two-lipped ; the upper lip 3 lobed ; the lower lip of two oblong-
linear, curved, nearly or quite distinct petals. Stamens 10, as
long as the rose-colored corolla. Leaves alternate, oblong, some-
what pubescent. Shrub. — Bogs and damp barrens.

rVROLA.

p. mi'nor, L- Leaves roundish, slightly crenulate, thickish,
usually longer than the margined petiole. Raceme not one-sided.
Flowers white or rose-color. Style short and included in corolla. —
Cold woods.

JLA FAMILY.)

[e in the axUs
3(1, lanceolate,
rom Eu.)

FAMlIiY.)

rsistent bracts,
round.

Ivevgreen shrub
, auricled at the
i shoots, forming

Ivhite. Calyx of
laud corolla both

Ipsule 4-ceUed.—
iKova Scotia and

Lkill.) Leaves
1 Corymbs /rtfem'.
Vrved w fruit.—

Order LIV. PLTJMBAGINACE^. (Leadwort F.)

STAT'IOE.

S. Limo'nium, L. (Marsh Rosemary.) A maritime herb,
with a thick, woody, astringent root, and oblong, spathulatc or
obovate-lanceolate radical leaves, tipped with a deciduous bristle.
Flowers lavender-color, panicled on branching scapes. Calyx
funnel-form, membranaceous. Corolla of 5 nearly or quite dis-
tinct petals, with the 5 stamens severally borne on their bases.
Ovary 1 -celled and 1-ovuled. — Salt marshes.

Order LV. PRIMULA'CEjB. (Primrose Family.)

CiLAlJX.

G. maritlma, L. (Sea Milkwort.) A fleshy herb, with
usually opposite, oblong, entire, sessile leaves. Flowers single in
the axils, nearly sessile. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, purplish and
white. Corolla wanting. Stamens 5 on base of calyx. Capsule
5-valved, few-seeded.— Sea-shore.

Order LVI.

(Bladderwort F.)

LENTIEULACEiE.

!LJTRI€ULA'RIA.

TJ. clandest'i'na, Nutt. Stems and scapes slender. Leaves
hair-like, bearing small bladders. Corolla ysllow, lower lip 3-
lobed, longer than the thick, blunt spur. Submersed stems
bearing cleistogamous flowers. — Ponds.

198

APPENDIX.

Order L VIII. SCROPHULARIA'CE.^. (FkuvortF.)

Yi:itoK'i(;A.

V. agres'tis, L. (Fikld Spekdwkll.) Leaves round or
ovate, crenate, petioled. Flowers in the axils of the ordinary
leaves, long pedioelled. Seeds oup-shaped. — 8andy fields. (Int.
from Eu.)

^ LI.\A'RIA.

L. Canaden'sis, Spreng. (Wii.d Toad-Flax.) A slender
herb with linear, entire, alternate leaves. Flowers V)lue, small,
in a naked, terminal raceme. Spur of corolla curved, filiform. —
Sandy soil.

CASTILLEIA.

C. pallida, Kunth., var. septentriona'lis. Gray. Calyx
equally clefty divisions '2-cl('Jt. Upper lip of corolla decidedly
shorter than the tube. Lower leaves linear ; upper broader,
mostly entire ; the floral, oblong or obovate, greenish-white,
varying to yellowish, purple or red.

i*ei>i<'i;la'ris.

P. FurbishiaB, Watson. Leaves pinnately-parted, and the
short oblong divisions pinnately cut, or (in the upper) serrate.
Calyx-lobes 5. Upper lip of corolla straight and beakless. —
River banks.

m

:.:i :, III

Order LX. LABIAT'JE. (Mint Family.)

MENTHA.

M. sati'va, L. (Wiiorled Mint.) Flowers in globular
clusters in the axils of leaves ; the uppermost axils not flower-
bearing. Leaves petioled, ovate, sharply serrate. Calyx with
very slender teeth. (Int. from Eu.) ,

M. arvensis, L. (Corn Mint. ) Flowers as in M. sativa, but
leaves smaller, obtusely-serrate, and teeth of calyx short and
broader. (Int. from Eu.)

Order LXI. BORRAGINACEiE. (Borage Family.)

MEKTEN'HIA.

M. marit'ima, Bon. (Sea-Lungwort.) Corolla white,
trumpet-shaped, conspicuously 5-lobed, throat crested. Leaves

iK '::•■'!

<lu''i

APPENDIX.

1«9

li 1

ORT F.)

ound or
ovclini>'^y
lis. (In*-

\^ sletuler
[ue, suialK
filiform.—

fleshy, glaucous, ovate to apatluilate. Steins spreading often
deeuinbont. — Sea-heach.

Ordeh LXIIT. POLEMONIA'CE^. (Polemonium F.)

<;ii;iA.

G. linea'ris, CJray. (Collo'mia ltnea'ris, Nutt.) A branch-
ing herb witli alternate, linear-lanceolate, or oblong, sessile and
entire leaves. Corolla salver-form, with stamens une<|ually
inserted in its narrow tube, lilac-purple to nearly white. Ovules
solitary. — Found on sands at the mouth of Eel River, R<'^ti-
gouche Co., N.B.

/.^'

ty. Calyx
rt decidedly
er broader,
jnish-white,

d, and the
per) serrate,
bcakless.—

in globular
lis not flower-
Calyx with

Im. sativa, but
llyx short and

Iage Family.)

Corolla white,
rested. Leaves

Ordkh LXVI. GENTIANA'CEjE. (Oentian Family )

4;i:^TiA'.\A.

G, Amarel'la, L., var. acu'ta, Hook. f. Corolla somewhat
funnel-form, mostly blue, its lobes entire, acute with a fringed
crown at tiieir l)ase. Calyx lobes (4-5), lanceolate or linear,
foliaceous.

G. linea'ris, Frocl., var. latifolia, Gray. Flowers in a
teiininul cluster with a leafy involucre. Corolla blue, narrow
funnel-form, with roundisli-ovate lol)es, and broad appendages.
Leaves sessile, oblong-linear to ovate-lanceolate, smooth. So«jda
winged. — Boggy places.

Order LXXTI. CHENOPODIACE^. (Gcosefoot F.)

8ali€or'xia.

S. herbacea. L. (Samphire.) Flowers perfect in threes,
embedded in hollows on the thickened upper joints, forming a
spike. Calyx small and bladder-like, its margin toothed.
Stamens 1 or 2. — Salt marshes. Often used as "greens."

suj-riiA.

S. linea'ris, Moq. (Sujcda maritima, Gray.) (Sea-Blite.)
A branching fleshy herb, with alternate, roundish, linear leaves.
Flowers perfect, sessile in the axils of leafy bracts on slender
branchlets. Sepals very thick. Stamens 5, with anthers
exaerted.

*.oo

Al'I'KNIUX.

MiLMOLI.

S. Ka'li, li. (Sai.tnvoki. ) KlownH jnTfrrt, m'KMiIo, with two
hruotiotH, hiiiglo in uxilnof 1«'uv«'h. Calyx r)-nart«Ml, nicloHin^ tiio
tloprt^HHod fniii. StiiiiKMin A. y\ l*run.'l\iiig plant \\ illi iiltiMiiatc,
uwl Hhapotl, prii'kly-pointotl IfjvvoH. - Sumly Hra-nlion'.

(!£*,»??•.•

()ui>KH LWIV. rOLYGONA'CE^i. (Hiukwiiiut F.)

i*oi.i«;o^iii.

p. maritimuin, li. (C^>AST Knotuhams.) ProMtnito witii

Rtout Htoins, ^laiu'oiiH. Lrt v(<s thick, tival to narrowly ohiong.
KlowiMs in tho axils of li>avi>M, c'lns(<>rrtl. Stipuli'M v«'iy oonnpic-
uons. StiuniMKs S. AclnMU's unumth i\iu\ .shinin^^, |)l•oj^Hltin^
fthovc the oalyx. S<»a i'«)a8t.

Ill !HI'.l.

R. maritilllUSi !'• ((Joi-dkn Dock.) Low, .slightly -pnlu'HmMit.
luuoh hranolu^l. Loaves linoarlanooolato, wavy-tnarginod, tho
lower uurioloil or hoart-shapiMl at has«». KIowoih in wht>rl»
forming loafy spikes. Valvos oblong, lanoo-pointtMl, oaoh hear-
ing *2-3 long bristles on each side, and a largo grain on tho back. —
Seashore.

!)

Okpku LXXVIIL SANTALA'CE^. (SANDAhwoon F.)

4*OM.i!VI>H

C. livida, Hiohanlaon. l\Hliinclos axillary, slender, several-
flowered. Leaves oval, alternate, almost sessile. Kruit pulpy
when ripe, red. — Boggy barrens, near the coast.

Ordkk LXXXII.
suboudkr iv

URTICA'CE^. (Nettlk Family.)
CANNABIN'E-ffi. (Hkmi'F.)

IIIMI'Lr.S.

H. Lupulus, L. (Common Hor.) A twining perennial.
Leaves heart-shaped, mostly 3-5-lobed, petioled. Calyx of fertile
flower a single sepal. In fruit the calyx, achene, etc., sprinkled
with yellow resinous grains, which give the hop its taste and
smell.

ArrENLMX.

Wi

viiU two

\\v,\v V.)

|IKTI4'4.

tJ. diol'ca, li. (Mtin«iin<j NinTJ.K. ) I'lunt hrUtly with v«iry
Bt'um^u^^ ImiiH. l<«Uiv<'H ((vato, «!»)nliit«i, vfrf/ Uri/ilff nninlf,
HpikcM liraiicliiii^. VVuMtn pljicPH.

TJ. U'rons, I- li«'iivr« rlli|)ti<!al of nvatfi, iiOAriMily ninl di'uply
hnriJiU^ with nproiKlin^ troth, prtidhMl. l*'h)W<<r (ihiNtt'M '2 in
<uu!li axil, r()tii|i()n(<<l of h(»th Mtariiiiiutn himI piHtilhitn ilowi^M.
VVaHto ^iouiiiIh. (Int. from Mil.)

Uato wltU
^.\y o^>h»»K'

proj«^'^"'ki

Ohdkk LXXXV. CUPULIFKHjE. (<>ak Family.)

4|i;»:u4iM.

Q. COCCin'ea, VVan^., var. nnihig'ua, dray. ((Jkay Oak.) In
thiH vari«'ty th«) h'avrH <;h)Krly lonnnlih) thoMo of Q. ruhra, whih)
tho fruit in that of Cj. ooccinua. UoilciHJi! Hay, King* (/O., N.Il.

:arKi"^-^ ^^**^
,.rt in w\u^v\»

Krviit pulpy

Lkmv F-)

liung pcreniual.
Calyx of fertile
,, etc., sprinkled

L its taste and

OiiDKit lAXXVl, MYRICA'CE^. (Hwkkt Oalk F.;
M. corif'era, l^. (Haymkkhv. Wax-Myuti.k.) Ii«-uv«;H

ol)lung-lancoolato, ontim, or wavy-tr)oth«Ml towaul th<j apex,
Hhining and Hprinklod with rcHinonH <lotH on hot.h Hi<l(;H, fragrant.
Htorilo oatltinH H<;att<!n!(l. NiitH nalusd, liony and <;ov«r<-d with
white wax. Handy Hoil near the coaHt.

Order LXXXVIT. BETULA'CE^. (\U,u'\\ Vkmu.y.)

■IKT'ILA.

B. pOpulifolia, Ait. (AmKKH'AN WhITK BiWH. (iRAY

Birch.) Loaves very tremidouH on «lender petioles, triangular,
very taper pointed, n(!arly truncate at l)a8e, smooth and shining
except when young. Bark of trunk white, less separable than in
Canoe Birch. — Poor soil.

Order LXXXVIIT. BALICA'CE.ffi. (Willow Family.)

HALIX.

S. fragUis, L. (Crack Willow.) Leaves lanceolate, long
pointed, pale or glaucous beneath, 3-6-inche8 long. Catkins
borne on nhort, lateral, leafy branches. Stamens mostly 2,
rarely 3 4 Capsule short-pedioelled. (Int. from Eu.)

202

>PPENWX.

S. balsamif'era, Barratt. A small much-branched shrub.
Young twigs shining-chestnut on the sunny side. Leaves ovate-
lanceolate, usually slightly cordate at base, at first very thin and
of a reddish color, at length rigid, dark green above, and paler
and conspicuously reticulate-veined beneath, slightly serrate,
with slender petioles. Sterile catkins very silky with a few
bracts at the base ; fertile catkins leafy-peduncled, becoming
very loose in fruit. Capsules long pedicelled. — Swamps.

S. myrtilloides, L. Low shrub. Leaves elliptic-obovate,
entire, smooth, somewhat coriaceous when mature, revolute,
reticulated, pale or glaucous beneath. Fertile catkins loosely-
flowered on long leafy peduncles. Capsules glabrous, on slender
pedicels. — Peat bogs.

I

ii^'"i

Wl

Order LXXXVIIL (a.) EMPETRA'CE^. (Crow-
berry Family.)

EM'PETKUM,

£. ni'grum, L. (Black Crowberry. ) A slender procumbent
shrub with the foliage and aspect of a heath. Flowers poly-
gamous, inconspicuous in axils of leaves. Calyx 3 petal -like
sepals. Corolla wanting. Stamens 3. Fruit a blackberry-like
drupe. — Sea-coast or near it.

CORE'MA.

C. Conrad'ii, Torr. (Broom Crowberry.) Closely resem-
bling the preceding. Flowers dicecious or polygamous, collected
in terminal heads, each in the xil of a scaly bract, having no
true calyx, but with 5 or 6 iiin, dry bractlets under each.
Stamens 3 or 4 with slender filaments. Drupes small, juiceless
when ripe.

Order LXXXIX. CONIF'ER^. (Pine Family.)

PINVS.

P. Banksia'na, Lambert. (Gray or Northern Scrub Pine.)
Leaves in twos, about 1 inch long. Cones conical, usually curved,
smooth and hard, about one and one-half incl >s long. — Barren
soil.

II I

APPENDIX.

•JOS

shrub.
js ovate-
thin aiid
,11(1 paler

serrate,
ith a few
becoming

IS.

tc-obovate,
revolute,
tns loosely
on slender

(Crow-

•rprocumbenl

nowers poly-
3 petal -bV^e
ackberry-bte

Closely resem-

lous, collected

[act, having no

la under each.

small, juiceless

jn Family.")

L Scrub Pine.)
I usually curved,

Is long. -Barren

.irxiPERiis.

J. Sabi'na, L., var. procumbens, Pursh. A procumbent or
creeping shrub with two sorts of leaves, awl-shaped and scale-
shaped, the latter acute. Fruit an short recurved peduncles. —
Rocky banks and margins of swamps.

Order XCI. LEMNA'CE.ffi. (Duckweed Family.)

LEM'NA.

L. trisurca, L. Fronds oblong-lanceolate, obscurely .3-nerved,
sending off others from their sides which usually remain con-
nected to them by slender stalks. Rootlets often absent. —
Ponds and springy places.

Order XCII. TYPHA'CE^. (Cat-tail Family.)

f^PAKGA'XllIM.

S. minimum, Fries. Usually floating, with very slender
stems and flat narrow leaves. Stems shorter when growing out
of water. Fertile flowers in 1 or 2 axillary heads. Fruit oblong-
obovate, pointed, somewhat triangular.

Order XCIII. NAIADA'CE.^. (Pondweed Family.)

potamo4;k TOX.

p. Spirillus, Tuckerman. Stems very slender. Floating
leaves when present oval to lanceolate, about as long as the
petioles ; submersed leaves narrowly -linear, or the upper ones
broad-linear, or lance-oblong. Emersed flowers in many-flowered
spikes ; submersed flowers usually solitary. Fruit either winged
and 4-5-toothed, or wingless and entire.

p. praelon'gUS, Wulfen. Stem very long and l)ranchiiig.
Leaves all submersed and similar, lancc^ late, half-clusping, with
a boat-shaped cavity at the end. Spikes loose-flowered with
very long peduncles. Fruit sharply keeled when dry. Stem
white. — Ponds and large rivers.

p. Robbin'sii, Cakes. Leaves all submersed and similar,
narrowly lanceolate or linear, crowded in 2 ranks, recurved,
serrulate, many nerved. Stems rigid with numerous branches.
Fruit keeled with a broadish wing. — Lakes and slow htreama.

m

'"8j"'iC"^.*'"^^trfff

204

APPENDIX.

Order XCIV. ALISMA'CEiE. (Water-Plantain F.)

SAGITTA'RIA.

S. calyci'na, Engelm., var. spongiosa, Engelm. Scape weak,
and at length usually procumbent. Fertile flowers perfect.
Leaves broadly halberd-shaped with wide-spreading lobes.
Submerged leaves without blades.

Order XCVI. ORCHIDA'CE^. (Orchis Family.)

spikan'tiies.

S. latifolia, Torr. Flowers white, in 3 ranks, forming a
narrow spike. Lip oblong, yellowish on the face, not contracted
in the middle, wavy-crisped at the blunt apex. Stem nearly
naked. Leaves oblong or lance-oblong, — Moist banks.

H ABENAKI A.

H. fimbria'ta, R. Br. Resembling H. psycodes, but the
flowers .3 or 4 times larger, and the petals toothed down the
aides. Divisions of the large Up more fringed. Spike loosely
flowered. — Wet meadows.

Order CI LILIACE.£. (Lily Family.)

STREP TOP vs.

S. amplexifolius, DC. Differs from S. roseus in that the
leaves aie smooth and glaucous undcueath, (instead of being
green and finely ciliate) ; and the branches glabrous, (instead of
bein^' beset with bristly hairs). Flower greenish-white on a
lon^T abruptly -bent peduncle. — Cold moist woods.

ALLIUM.

A. Schoenop'rasum, L. (Chives.) Leaves linear, hollow.
Scape naked, or leafy at the base. Flowers rose-purple, in a
globular umbel. Sepals lanceolate, pointed. Ovary not crested, —
Margins of rivers.

Pi

APPENDIX.

TAIN F.)

ape weak,
a perfect.
11 g lobes.

Family.)

I, forming a
)t contracted
Stem nearly
\ks.

jdes, but the
ed down the
Spike loosely

iMlLY.)

lus in that the
Istead of being
lous, (instead of
liah-wliite on a

linear, hollow.

lose-purple, in a

iry not crested.—

Oreer CII. JXTNCA'CE^. (Rush Family.)

JVN'CUS.

J. Styg'ius, L. Scape slender, 1-3-leaved below, naked above.
Leaves thread-like, hollow, not knotted. Heads 1 or 2, of 3-4
flowers, about as long as the dry, awl-pointed sheathing bract.
Stamens 6. — Peat bogs.

J. Greenii, Oakes and Tuckerm. Stems slender, simple,
tufted. Leaves nearly terete, deeply channelled on the inner
side. Flowers solitary, panicled. The principal leaf of the
involucre usually much longer than the panicle. Pod ovoid-
oblong, obtuse, longer than the acute sepals. Seeds ribbed, and
delicately cross-lined. — Sandy ground on or near the coast.

Order CVIL FIL'ICES. (Fern Family.)

A^PLE'NIVM.

A' vi'ride, Hudson. Resembling A. Trichomanes, but less
rigid, and the stipe brownish at base, Decerning green upwards.
Pinnae roundish-ovate or ovate-rhomboid, short-stalked, crenately
. toothed. — Shaded cliffs.

PHEGOP'TERIS.

p. calca'rea, F6e. Closely resembling P. Dryopteris, but
differs in the fronds being mhmtelfj glandular and somewhat rhjid,
and in the lowest pinnje on the lower side of the lateral divisions
proportionallij smaller. — Rocky hillsides, Restigouche River.

ASPID'IUItl.

A. fra'grans, Swartz. Fronds 4-12 inches high, fragrant,
narrowly lanceolate, with narrowly-oblong pinnately-parted
pinnae, their divisions nearly covered beneath by very large thin
indusia. — Rocks, Restigouche River, near mouth of Patapedia,
and at the railway tunnel, Restigouche.

A. Filix-mas, Swartz. (Male-Fern.) Fronds lanceolate,
very chaffy at the base, twice pinnate except that the upper
pinnules run together. Pinnae linear-lanceolate, tapering from
the base to the summit. Pinnules very obtuse, the basal ones
incisely lobed. Fruit dots rather closer to the midvein than the
margin. Indusium convex, persistent. — Rocky woods.

If

■■r

206

APPENDIX.

iil '

!'l' .

A. aculea'tum, Swartz, var., Braun'ii Koch. Fronds twice
pinnate, ol)long-lanceolate, nar rowing gradually toward the ba-se.
Pinnules ovate or oblong, truncate and nearly rectangular at the
base (the lower short-stalked), beset with long and soft as well as
chaffy hairs. — Indiisiuni fixed by the centre. Fronds evergreen,
very chaffy on the stalk and rhachis. — Ravines and deep woods.

WOOD' 81 A.

Fniil (lots on the }>iu'k of free veins, circular, with a very thiii indusium
fastened by its base all around under the siwre-cases. Small tufted ferns
with pinnati^iy-divided fronds.

W. Ilven'sis, H. Brown. iStalks indistinctly jointed at some
distance above the base. Fronds oblong-lanceolate, 2-0 inches
long, rather smooth and green above, thickly clothed belotv with
bristb) rusty chaff, pinnate ; the pinnae oblong, blunt, sessile,
pinnately-parted with tiie segments indistinctly crenate. FVi.iit
dots neai the margin. — Exposed rocks.

W- hyperbo'rea, R. Brown. Stalks jointed. Fronds narrowly
oblong-lanceolate. Sparimjli/ hairy beneath with chaffy haira.
pinnate ; the pinnae triangular-ovate, pinnately lobed, the lote*
few and almost entire. --Ravines.

W. glabella. R. Brown. Stalks jointed as in the two preced-
ing species. Frond linear, very delicate, smooth, pinnate.
- Pinna: roundish-ovate, the lower somewhat distant, crenately-
lobed. — Moist rocks.

W. obtu'sa, Torr. Stalks not jointed. Frond broadly lanceo*
late, beset with small glandular hairs, once or nearly twice
pinnate. Pinniu pinnately parted. Segments of pinnoe crenately
toothed. — Cliffs and rocky places.

BOTKlTII'll.n.

B. lanceola'tum, Angstnom. Frond 3-10 inches high.
tSterilc part closely sessile ut the to}t of the slender common stalk,
very slightly fleshy, triangular, ternately twice pinnatiffd, with
acute, tootheil h^bes. Veinlets branching from the continuous
midvein. The feitile part twice or thrice pinnate.

B. matricariaefo'lium, Braun. Resembling the preceding,

but the sterile segment not (juite sessile, somewhat ffeahy, pin-
nate to twice pinnatifid, with obtuse lobes. Midvein broken up
into forking veiulets. — Damp woods.

hM

APPENDIX.

207

1 twice

c at the

well as

jr green,

, woods.

indusium
ifted ferns

I at some
•-fj incVies
beloiu with
t, sessile,

.te. l^r':^i^

Is narrow'^

laffy ^'irt*''"*
■d, the lote»

two preceA-
i^ pinnat e.
crenately-

)adly lanceo-
nearly twice
j^rje crenately

inches high-
•ommon stalk,
nnatifid, with
,he continuous

the preceding,
,at fleshy, pi"-
^eiu broken «p

B. simplex, Hitchcock. Fronds small, seldom 6 inches high,
the sterile segment home near the middle of the plant, short petioled,
fleshy, simple, and roundish, or pinnately lobed, with roundish
lobes decurrent on the broad and flat indeterminate rhachis.
V^eins all forkimj from the base.

Order CVIIT. EQUISETA'CE^. (Horsetail Family.)

k<|iiise'ti;m.

E. praten'se, Ehrli. Stems more slender, with S-s'uUd simple
branches shorter than in ¥j. arvense. Stem-sheaths with short,
ovate-lanceolate teeth (those of the branches 3-toothed.) The
fertile stems produce branches when older, except at the top,
which perishes after fructification. — Low meadows.

E. sylvat'icum, L. Branches compound with loose sheaths,
those of the stem having 8-14 somewhat blunt teeth, while those
of the branches have 4-5 (of the branchlets 3) lance-pointed
diverging teeth. Top withering away after fructification. —
Damp shady places.

Order CIX. LYCOPODIA'CE.ffi. (Club-Moss Family.)

LVCOPO'DllJM.

L. Sela'gO, L. Resembling L. lucidulum, but the stems more
rigid, and the leaves ascending and all alike, while in L. lucidu-
lum they consist of alternate isones of shorter and longer leaves.

L. inunda'tum, L. A low plant with weak, creeping, sterile
stems, and solitary erect fertile stems bearing a short, thick,
leafy spike. Stem-leaves lanceolate, acute, soft, spreading ;
those of the spike closely resembling them. — .Sandy bogs.

ISO'ETES.

I. echinos'pora, Durieu, var. Braun'ii, Engelm. (QriLL-
WORT ) A small ai^uatic grass-like plant with a corm-like stem,
bearing J.j-30 slender leaves. The large sporangia axillary,
partly enwrapped by the thin edges of the excava^^ed bases of th«
leaves, beset with small spinulea. — Lakes and ponds.

INDEX.

The names c i the Orders, Classes, and Divisions are in large capitals ; those oJ
the Sub-order& }n small capitals. The names of Genera, as M-ell as ]x>pular namev
and synonyms, Are in ordinary type.

Si','!;;'! ! h

vm

'^■Hm

til

Page.
Abies = .... 141

ABIETINEiG 140

Abutilon 25

Acalypha 126

Acer 31

Achillea 80

Acorus 144

Act»a 6

Adam-and-Eve 155

Adder's-Mouth 154

Adder's-Tongue 181

Adiantum 176

Adlumia 11

Agrimonia 41

Agrimony 41

Alder 136

Alisma 148

ALISMACEiE 147

Alkanet 107

Allium 162

Alnus 136

Alyssum 15

Amaranth 118

Amaranth Family 118

Amarantus 118

AMARANTACE.E 118

AMARYLLIDACE^ 156

Amaryllis Family 156

Ambrosia 70

Amelanchier 45

American Columbo 112

American Laurel 89

Ampelopsis 29

Amphicarpsea 38

AMTOOALBiB 38

Anacharia 148

Paqb.

ANACARDIACEiE 28

Anagallis 93

Andromeda 89

Anemone 3

ANGIOSPERMS 1

ANONACE^ 7

Antennaria 71

APETALOUS EXOGENS 116

Aphyllon 94

Apios 38

Aplectrum 155

APOCYNACE^ 114

Apocynum 114

Apple 45

AQUIFOLIACEiE 90

Aquilegia 6

Arabis 14

ARACEiE 143

Aralia 56

ARALIACEiE 56

Arbor Vitae 141

Archangtilica 5t

Archemora 55

Arctostaphylos 88

Arenaria 22

Arethusa 154

Arisa3ma 144

ARISTOLOCHIACE.E 116

Aromatic Wintergreen 88

Airow^Grass 147

Arrow-Head 148

Arrow- Wood 6(i

Artemisia 70

ArTOC ARPEiE 127

Aru" ^amiij 143

Asan i '•. 110

INDEX

185

those <rf
ar nainw

Paqk.
28

!"....• 89

...... 3

...... 1

..... 7

'. 71

'. 116

* 94

'' 38

' 155

...... 11*

114

...... *5

...... 90

..... ®

...... 1*

...... 1*3

'/. 66

" 56

141

■/. 5»

"'. 88

"*/. 22

""/' 154

...... 14*

......... 11^

"", 88

"'". 147

""" 148

....... 60

*..... 70

127

143

,.. 116

• • • ' • •

Page.

ASCLEPIADACE^ lU

Asclepias 114

Ash II

Asiraina 7

Aspen 139

Aspidium 178

Asplenium 177

Aster 75

Astragalus 35

Atriplex 118

Avens ... 41

Balm of Gilead 139

Balsam Family 27

BALSAMINACE.E 27

Baneberry 6

Baptisia .38

Barberry Family 8

Barren Strawberry 42

Basil 10 104

Basswood 25

Bastard Toad-flax 124

Bayberry 135

Beach Pea 37

Bearberry 88

Beard-Tongue 97

Beaver-Poison 55

Beech 134

Beech-drops 94

Beech-Fern 178

Bedstraw 62

Beggar's Lice 107

Beggar-ticks 79

Bellflower 84

Bellwort 160

BERBERIDACEif: 8

Bergamo .... 104

Fetula 136

BETULACE^ 135

Bidens 79

Bindweed 110, 121

Birch 136

Birch Family 135

Birthwort Family 116

Bishop's-Cap 47

Bitter-Cresfl 14

Bitter-Nut 131

Paqk.

Bittersweet Ill

Black Alder 90

Blackberry 44

Black Bindweed 121

Black-Mustard 15

Black Snake-root 64

Bladder Campion 21

Bladder Fern 179

Bladder-Nut 3i

Bladderwort 93

Bladderwort Family 93

Blazing-Star 71

Blite. lis

Blitum 118

Blood-root 10

Blue Beech 134

Blueberry 87

Bluebottle 69

Blue Cohosh 8

Blue^Flag 156

Blue-eyed Gras.9 156

Blue Lettuce 83

Blue-weed 106

Boehmeria. 129

Boneset 72

Borage Family 105

BORRAGINACE^ 105

Botrychiura 180

Bouncing Bet 21

Bowman's Root 41

Bracted Bindweed 110

Bracken 176

Brake 176

Bramble 43

Brasenia 9

Brassica 16

Bristly Sarsaparilla 57

Brooklime 96

Brook-weed 93

Broom-rape Family 94

Brunella 104

Buckbean 113

Buckthorn 29

Buckthorn Family 29

Buckwheat 122

Buckwheat Family 119

'HL'PWIiS.jpBtl*!*

186

INDEX

Paqr.

KiiKbano 6

Hujfsecd 118

Hujf lo- weed 103

J Bunt .i-lKjrry 57

Burdock 69

Bur-Marigold 79

Burning-Bush 80

Bur-recd 146

Buah-Clovcr 36

Bush-IIoncysucklc 60

/Buttcr-and-Eggs 97

/Buttercup 4

Butterfly -weed 115

Butternut 130

Butter-weed 77

Buttorwort 94

Button-buah 62

Buttonwood 130

Cakilc 16

Calamintha. 104

Calatninth 104

Calamus 144

/Calla, 144

Calopogon 154

Caltha. 5

Calypso 164

Calystegia 110

Camelina. 15

Campanula 84

CAMPANULACEiE 84

Campanula Family 84

Campion 21

Camptosorus 178

Cannabinb^ 128

Cannabis 129

Caper Family 16

CAPPARIDACE.E 16

CAPRIFOLIACE^ 58

Capsella. 16

Carex 168

Cardamine 1*

/ Cardinal Flower 83

Carpet-weetl 52

Carpinus. • •• •• 1^*

Paob.

Carrion Flower 168

Carrot 64

Carya 131

CARYOPHYLLACE.*: 21

Cashew Family 28

Cassandra 88

Castanva 134

Castillcia. M

Catbrier lb/

rCatchfly 2i

'Catmint lOf

' Catnip 10<

Cat-tail Family 144

Cat-tail Flag 146

Caulophyllum 8

Ceanothus 30

Cedar 141

Celandine 10

CELASTRACEiE 80

Celastrus 80

CeltiB 129

Centaurea 69

Cephalanthus 62

Cerastium 23

CERATOPHYLLACEiE 124

Ceratophyllum 124

Cbrl.i-Fern 177

Charlock 15

Chelidonium 10

Chelone 97

CHENOPODI ACEiK 116

Chenopodium 117

Cherry 89

Chestnut 134

^Chickweed 23

Chickweed-Wintergreen 92

Chimaphila 89

Chiogenes 88

Choke-berry 45

/Choke-Cherry 40

Chrysopleniura 48

Cichorium 81

Cichory 81

Cicuta 65

Cimicifuga 6

Cinnamon Fern 180

INDEX

187

Paob.

. . 168

. . f>4
..131
.. 21
.. 28
.. 88
.134

... ^
...lb/
. .. 2i
... lOf
... IW
... 144

.. 146

... 8
.... 30
.... 1*1
.... 10
.... 80
.... 80
.... 129

69

62

23

124

. . .. 124

177

..... 15

. ... 10

97

116

117

89

134

23

92

89

88

45

40

48

81

81

66

6

180

Cinqao-foil

Circroa

/Cirsium

ClSTACEif:

Claytonia ....

Clcarwced

Cleavers

Clematis

Cliff-brake

Climbing Bittersweet.

Clintoiiia.

Clotbur

/clover

/Club-Moss

Club-Moss Family

Cockle

Cocklebur

Cohosh

Collinsonia

Columbine

Comandra

Comf rey

COMPOSITiE

Composite Family

Comptonia

Cone-Flower

CONIFER.E

Conioselinum

Conium

Conopholis

CONVOLVULACEiE. .

Convolvulus

Convolvulus Family. . .

Coptis

Corallorhiza

Coral-root

Corispermum

CORNACE.E

Corn-Cockle

Cornel

Cornus

/ Corpse-Plant

Corydalis

Corylus .

Cottonwood

'aqk.

. 42

. 60

. 08

. 18

. 24

. 129

, (32

, 3

, 170

30

, 1(50

69

34

183

182

22

GO

8

103

6

124

100

64

64

isr.

79

139

55

56

94

109

110

109

6

154

154

118

57

22

57

57

90

11

134

139

I'aok.

Cowbanc

Cow-Parsnip

Cowslip

Cow- Wheat

Crab-Applo

Cranb«!rry

Crarjberr3-treo

Crancsbill. ...

CRASSULACK.E

Crata>f(U3

Creepiiig-Snowberry . .

Cress Family

Crowfoot

Crowfoot Family

CRUCIFER/K

CRYITOCiAMS

Cryi)tota)nia

Cuckoo-flower

CUCUKBITACE/E....

Cudweed

Cup-plant

CurRK8HINK>;

CLTULIFEK.'E

Currant

Cuscuta

Custard-Apple Family

Cynoglossuin

Cynthia

CYPERACE^

Cyperus ,

Cypripedium ,

Cystopteris ,

, f.l

, !)J

, '.»!)

4.)

87

61

26

48

4'>

88

12

4

2

12

169

56

14

52

71

81

140

1:51

46

110

7

107

81
165
166
ir.5
179

Dalibarda 43

Dandelion 82

Datura 112

Daucus 64

Deer-Gra.s8 51

Dentaria 13

Desmodium 3'>

Dewberry 44

Diccntra 11

Dicksoiiia 180

DICOTYLEDONS 1

Diervilla 60

I

■KM

■WHiS^iii!

188

INDEX.

Paob.

Dioscorea 157

DIOSCOREACEiE 157

Diplopappus 78

DIPSACE.E 63

Dipsacus 63

Dirca 123

/Ditch Stone-crop 48

Dock , 121

Dockmackie 61

Dodder 110

Dogbane 114

Dogbane Family 114

Dog's-tooth Violet 162

/Dogwood 57

Dogwood Family 57

Double-bristled Aster 78

Draba 15

Drosera 19

DROSERACE.E 19

Duckweed 144

Duckweed Family 144

Dutchman's Breeches 11

Echinocystis 52

Echinospermuni 106

Echiuri. 106

Eel-Grass 149

ELiilAGNACE.E 123

Elder 60

Elecampane 72

Eleocharis 167

Elm 128

Elm Family 127

Elodes 21

ENDOGENS 143

/ Enchanter's Ni^'htshade 50

Epigasa 88

Epilobium 50

Epiphcgus , 94

EQUISETACE.E 181

/Equisetum 181

Erechthites 71

ERICACE^ 85

ERICINRiE 86

Erigenia 56

Erigeron 77

Paob.

Eriocau'loii lo5

ERIOCAULONACE.:: 1U5

Eriophorum 167

Erodium 26

Erythroriluni 162

Erysimum 15

Euonymus 30

Eupatorium 72

Euphorbia 125

EUPHORBIACE^ 125

Euphrasia 99

/Evening Primrose 50

Evening Primrose Family 49

Everlasting 7i

Everlasting Pea 37

EXOGENS 1

Eyebright 99

Fagopyrum 122

Fagus 134

Fall Dandelion 81

False Asphodel 160

False Dragon-head 104

False Flax 15

False Gromwell 107

False Indigo 38

False Lettuce 83

^False Loosestrife 51

False Mitre-Wort 47

False Nettle 129

False Pennyroyal 102

False Pimpernel 98

False Solomon's Seal 161

False Spikenard 161

FERNS 169-174

Fever-bush 123

Fever-wort 60

FICOIDE^ 52

Flgwort 97

Figwort Family 94

Filbert 134

FILICES 174

Fir 141

Fire-Pink 22

Fireweed 71

Flve-Finger (Cinque-Foil) 42

INDEX.

189

PAOR.
.. lo5
.. 11)5
.. 167
.. 26
.. 162
... 15
... 30
... 72
... 125
... 125
... 99
... 50
.... 49
.... 71
.... 37
.... 1
.... 99

.... 122

134

81

160

104

15

107

38

83

51

...... 47

129

102

98

161

161

....169-174

123

' 60

....... 52

" 97

94

........ 1^*

....... 174

'".". 141

" ' 22

. 71

P.\OK.

Flax 25

Flax Family 25

Fleabane 77

Floatiiig-IIcart 114

Flowcr-de-Luco 156

Flowerinjf Fern 180

FLOWERING PLANTS 1

FLOWERLESS PL.VNTS 169

Forj,'et-ine-iiot lOS

Fragaria. 43

Fra.sera 112

Fraxinus. 115

Frojj's-bit Family 148

Frostwced 18

FUMARI ACE.-E 11

Fumitor}- 11

Fumitory Family 11

Galeopsis 105

Galium 62

GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS 58

Garlic 102

Gaultheria. 88

Gaylussacia 87

Gentian 113

Gciitiana. 113

GENTIANACE.E 112

Gentian Family 112

GERANIACE.E 26

Geranium 26

Geranium Family 26

Gerardia, 93

Germander 102

Geum 41

Giant-IIyssois 104

Gillenia 41

/Ginseng 56

Ginseng Family 56

Gleditschia 38

Gnaphalium 71

Goafs-Beard 83

/Golden-Rod 72

Golden Saxifrage 48

Gold-Threa«l C

Goodyera 153

Gooseberry Ha

Paoe.

Qoosefoot 117

Goosefoot Family 116

Goose-Grasa Oi, 119

Gourd Family 52

GRAMINE^ 163

Grape 29

Grass Family 168

Grass of Parnassus 47

Gratiola 03

Great Angelica 63

Greenbrier 157

Green Dragon 144

Gromwell 07

Ground Cherry Ill

Ground Hemlock 142

Ground Ivy 104

Ground Laurel 88

Ground-nut 33

Ground-Pine 133

Groundsel 72

GYMNOSPERMS 139

Kabcnaria 151

Hackberry 129

Ilalenia 113

IIALORAGEiE 49

HAMAMELACE/E 43

Ilamamelis 43

Ilarbinger-ofSpring 56

Harebell 84

Hart's-Tongue 177

Hawkwecd 81

Hawthorn 45

Hazel-nut 134

Heal-all 104

Heath Family 85

Iledeoma 103

Hedge Bindweed 110

Hedge-Hyssop 98

Hedge-Mustard 15

Hedge-Nettle 105

Helenium 73

Ilelianthemuiii 18

Helianthus 79

Ileliopsis 80

Hemlock 14J

aB«~iawanriiiiiii»ci,

xiiMtmtitm >f>i».v^»— .

190

INDEX.

'I' I

Ileiulock-ParHlcy fif)

Ileinlock-Spruco 141

Hemp 121)

Hemp Family. 128

Hemi)-Nettle.. 105

Henbane Ill

Alepatioa 3

Hcracleum 54

Herb- Robert 26

Hickory 131

Hieracium 81

Hippuris 49

Hoary Puccoon 107

Hobble-bush 01

Ho},' Pea-nut 38

Hogweed 70

Holly. 90

Holly Family 90

Honey-Locust 38

Honeysuckle 59

Honeysuckle Family 58

Honewort 56

Hop- Hornbeam 134

Horeliound 105

Hornbeam 134

Hornwort 124

Hornwort Family . . 124

Horse-Balm 103

Horse-Mint 103

Horseradish 13

/ Horsetail Family 181

Horse-weed 77

Hound's-Tongue 107

Houstonia 63

Huckleberry 87

Hudsonia 19

Huntsman's Cup 10

Hydrastis 6

HYDROCHARIDACE.E 148

Hydrocotyle 54

HYDROPHYLLACEi^E 108

Hydrophyllum 108

Hyoscyamus Ill

HYPERICACE/E 19

Hypericum 20

Paqr

Hyi>opity« 90

Hypoxya 157

Ice-Plant Family 52

Ilex 90

Ilysanthes 98

Impatiens 27

Indian Cucumber-root 160

Indian Hemp 114

Indian Mallow 26

Indian Physic 41

Indian Pipe 90

Indian Tobacco 84

'Indian Turnip 144

Inula 72

IRIDACE^ ir.5

Iris 156

Iris Family 155

Iron- wood ^34

Isanthus 102

Jeflfersonia 8

Jerusalem Artichoke 79

Jerusalem Oak 117

Jewel-Weed 27

Joe-Pye Weed 72

Juglans 130

JUGLANDACE.E 130

JUNCACE.E 162

Juncus 163

June-berry 45

Juniper 141

Juniperus 141

Kalmia 89

Knotgrass 119

Knotweed 119

LABIATiE 100

Labrador Tea 8&

Lactuca 82

Lady's Slipper 155

Lady's Thumb 120

Lady's Smock 14

Ladies* Tresses. 153

Lake-Cress , 13

INDEX.

191

PAa»

.. 167

52 .
.. 90
.. 98

,.. 27
,..160
...114
. .. 26
. .. 41

... 90

... 84

. .. 144
.... 72
.... 1''5

. . . . ir)6

.... liiS
.... '34
... 102

8

79

117

27

72

130

130

162

. . .... 163

45

141

141

89

* 119

119

100

8C

82

155

120

14

........ 153

..... 13

Paob.

Lamb's Quarters 117

Lainpsana 81

Laporteo. 129

Lappa 69

Larch 141

Larix 141

Lathy ru8 37

LAURACE^ 122

Laurel Family 122

Laurestinus 60

Leaf -Cup 80

Leather-leaf 88

Leatherwood 123

Lechea. 19

Ledum 89

Leek 162

LEGUMINOSJE 83

LEMNACEiE 144

LENTIBULACEiE 93

Leontodon 81

Leonurus 106

Lepidium 16

Lespedeza 36

Lettuce 82

Leucanthemum 78

Liatris. 71

LiouLiFLOiUB : 67

ULI ACEiE 158

LUium 161

LUy 161

Lily Family. 158

Limnanthemum 114

LINACEiE 26

Linaria 97

Linden Family 25

Lindera 123

Linnsea 59

Linum 26

Liparis 154

Liriodendron 7

Listera 153

Lithospermum 107

Liver-leaf 3

Lizard's-tail 124

Lizard's-tail Family 124

Lobelia 83

Paok.

LOBELIACEjE M

Lobeha Family 8J

Locust-tree 8.')

Lonicera. 69

Loo8ef"^e 92

Loosestrife Family 51

Lophanthus 104

Lopseed 100

Lousewort 91

Lucerne 35

Ludwigia CI

Lupine 34

Lupinus 34

Luzula 163

Lychnis 22

Lycium Ill

LYCOPODIAGE.*: 182

Lycopodium 183

Lycopus 103

Lysimachii: 92

LYTHRACE.E 51

Madder Family 61

MAGNOLIACE.E 6

Magnolia Family 6

Maidenhair j^. 176

Mullow 24

Mallow Family 24

Malva 24

MALVACEiE 24

Mandrake 8

Maple 31

Mare'8-TaiL 49

Marrubium 105

Marsh-Cress 13

Marsh-Marigold 5

Marsh St. John's-wort 21

Maruta > 78

Matrimony- Vine Ill

May-Apple 8

Mayflower 88

Mayweed 78

Meadow-Beauty 51

Meadow-Parsnip 55

Meadow- Rue 4

Meadow-Sweet ,\... 40

192

IKDEX.

! Mf^

Pa OK.

Medeola 160

Medicago 35

Medick , 35

Mela.iipyrum 99

Mclastonia Family 51

MELASTOMACE^ 51

Melilot 35

Melilotus 35

MENISPERMACE.E 7

Mcnisperniuni 7

Mentha 102

Menyanthes 113

Mexican Tea 117

Mczcrcuni Family 123

Microstylis 154

Milfoil 80

Milk-Vetch 35

Milkweed 114

Milkweed Family 114

Milkwort 32

Milkwort Family 32

Mimulus 97

Mint 102

Mint Family luu

Mitchella 63

Mitella 47

Mitrewort 47

Mocassin Flower 155

MoHugo 52

Monarda 103

Honescs 39

Monkey Flower 97

MONOCOTYLICDONS 143

Monotropa 90

MONOTROPEiK 87

Montelia 118

Moonseed 7

Moonseed Family 7

Moonwort 180

Moo8<?wood 123

Morus 129

Mossy Stone-crop 48

Motherwort 105

Mountain Ash 45

Mountain Holly 90

Mountain Maple SI

Paoi.

Mountain Mint 103

Mouse-ear Chickweed 23

Mu{i;wort 70

Mulberry 129

Mulgedium 83

Mullein 96

Musk-Mallow 25

Mustard 15

Myosotis. . . . 108

Myrica , 135

MYRICACEiE 134

Myriophyllum 4W

Nabalus 82

N AIADACE^ 145

Naked Broom-rape 94

Nardosmia 75

Nasturtium i.«

Neckweed 97

Nemopanthes 90

Nepeta 104

Nesaea 51

Nettle 129

JNettle Family 127

Nettle-tree 129

Now Jersey Tea 30

Nicotiana 112

Nij,'ht8hade Ill

Nightshade Family 110

Nine-Bark 40

Nipple-wort 81

Nuphar 9

Nymphaea 9

NYMPHiEACE.*; 9

Oak 132

Oak Family 131

(Enothcra 50

OLEACE.E 115

Oleaster Family 123

Olivo Family 115

ONAGRACE.E 49

Onion 162

Onoclea 180

Onopordon 69

Onosmodium 107

!■

INDEX,

193

Pagk,

OPHIOOIiOSSACBA 176

Ophio^lossura 181

Orache 118

Orange-root 6

ORCHID ACEiF 149

Orchis 151

Orchis Family 149

OROBANCHACEiE 94

Orpine 48

Orpine Family 48

Osmorrhiza 56

OSMCNDACB/E 176

Osnmiida 180

Ostrich Fern 180

Ostrya. 134

Oswego Tea 103

OXALIDACE/fi 27

Oxalis 27

Ox- Eye 80

Ox-eye Daisy 78

Painted-Cup 98

PAPAVERACE.E 10

Papaw 7

Parietaria 129

Parnassia 47

Parsley Family 53

Parsnip 55

Partridge-berry C3

Pastinaca 55

Pear 45

Pedicularis 99

Pellaea 176

Pellitory 129

Pennycresa 16

Pennyroyal 103

Ponthorum 48

Pentstemon 97

Peppergrass 16

Peppermint 102

Peppor-root 13

PHANEROGAMS 1

Phegopteris 173

Phlox 109

Phryma 100

Physalls Ill

Paor.

Physostegia 104

Phytolacca 116

PHYTOLACCACE^ 116

Pickercl-wced 164

Plckercl-wecd Family 164

Pignut 131

Pigweed 117, 118

Pilea 129

Pimpernel 9S

Pine 140

Pine-drops 90

Pine Family 13P

Pine-sap 9C

Pinguicula 94

Pink Family 21

Pinus I4f

Pin weed 19

Pipewort 165

Pipewort Family 16f

Pipsissewa gp

Pitcher- Plant Family lO

Plane-tree I3t

Plane-tree Family 13C

PLANTAGIXACEiE 91

Plantago 91

Plantain 91

Plantain Family ^ 91

PLATANACE.E 130

Plataims 130

Pleurisy-root 115

Plum 39

Podophyllum g

Pogonia 154

Poison Elder 28

Poison Hemlock 56

Poison Ivy 28

Pokeweed ng

Pokewcod Family hq

Polunisia 17

rOLEMON I ACE.E 109

Poleinonium Family 109

Polygala 32

POLYGALACEJi 32

POLYGONACEiE 119

Polygorintiuii igj

Polygonuni nj

WT^tinriniiiiii.. . .ui'..

r.-,»4i^tiVV.C.ii 'at.^/

194

INDEX.

lil

■ ■■ill

.. ' -i

i

1 lilt'' Mr ! 1

tii.

\

■I

Page.

Polymnia 80

POLYPETALOUS KXO(JKNS 1

POLYPODlACBiT'; 174

Polypodium 176

Polypody 170

POMEiE 89

Pondwced 146

Pondweed Family 145

Pontederia.. 164

PONTEDERIACE.E 1G4

Poplar 139

Poppy Family 10

Populus 139

Portulaca 24

PORTULACACE^ 23

Potamogeton 146

Potentilla 42

Prairie Dock 81

Prickly Ash 28

Primrose 92

Primrose Family 91

Primula 92

PRIMULACE^ 91

Prince's Pino 89

Prosartes 160

Prunus 39

Pteris 176

Pterospora 90

Puccoon 107

Pulse Family 33

Purslane 24

Purslane Family 23

Putty Root 155

Pycnanthemum 103

Pyrola 89

PYROIiBiB 86

Pyrus 45

tjucrcitron 133

Qucrcus 132

Ragweed 70

Ragwort 72

RANUNCULACE^ 2

Ranunculus 4

Raspberry 43

Paos.

Rattlesnake* Plantain 153

Rattlesnake-root 82

Rattlesnake-weed 82

Rein-Orchis 151

RHAMNACEiE 29

Rhamnus 29

Rhexia 61

Rhinanthus 99

Rhus 28

Ribes 46

Rib-grass 91

Rich-weed 103, 129

Robinia 85

Robin's-Plantain 77

Rock-Cress 14

Rock-Rose 18

Rock-Rose Family 18

Rosa 44

Rose 44

ROSACEA 38

Rose Family 38

Rosin Plant 81

RUBIACE^ 61

Rubus 43

Rudbeckia 79

Rue Family 27

Rumex 121

Rush 163

Rush Family 162

RUTACE^ 27

Sagittaria 148

St. John's- wort ,,..,., 20

St. John's- wort Family 19

SALICACE.E , 13ft

Salix ,... 13^

Salsify 85

Salsola , ^17

Sambucus 60

Samolus 93

Sandalwood Family 124

Sandwort 22

Sanguinaria 10

Sanicle 64

Sanicula 64

SANTALACE^ ,.,,., ;24

Si
SI

INDEX.

195

Paok.
.. 163
.. 82
.. 82
.. 151
... 29
... 29
... 61
... 99
... 28
... 46
.... 91
103, 129
.... 85
.... 77
.... 14
.... 18
.... 18

44

44

88

88

..... 81

61

43

...... 79

27

121

163

...... 162

\\ 27

148

, ^(^

19

1%

13T

85

U7

60

...... 93

124

...... 22

10

54

B4

Paob.

SAPINDACEiK 31

Saponaria 21

Sarracenia 10

SAREACENIACE/E 10

Sassafras 122

Satureia 103

SAURURACE.E 124

Saururus 124

Savory 103

Saxifraga 47

SAXIFRAGACEiE 46

Saxifrage 47

Saxifrage Family 46

Scheuchzeria 147

Schollera. 104

Scirpus 167

Scolopendrium 177

Scotch Thistle 69

Scouring Rush 181

Scrophularia 97

SCROPHULARIACE^ 94

Scutellaria 105

Sea Rocket. 16

Sedge Family 165

Sedum 48

Selaginella 183

Self-Heal 104

Seneca Snakeroot 32

Senecio 72

Sensitive Fern I8O

Shad-bush 45

Sheep-berry 60

Shepherdia 123

Shepherd's Purse 10

Shield-Fern 173

Shin-leaf 89

Sickle-pod 14

Sicyos f)2

Side-saddle Flower 10

Silene 21

Silphium gx

Silver-weed 42

Sisymbrium 15

Sisyrinchium 156

Sium 56

Skullcap 105

Paob.

Skunk Cabbage 144

Smart-weed 120

SMILACEiE 167

Smiiacina 161

Smilax 157

Smilax Family 157

Sneeze-weed 78

Snowberry 59

Soapberry Family 31

Soapwort 21

SOLAN ACE.E 110

Solanum Ill

Solidago 72

Solomon's Seal 161

Sonchus 83

Sorrel 121

Sow Thistle 83

Sparganium 145

Spearmint 102

Spearwort 4

Spccularia 85

Speedwell 96

Spice-bush 123

Spikenard 66

Spindle-tree 30

Spiraea 40

Spiranthes 153

Spleenwort 177

Spotted Cowbano 55

Spring-Beauty 24

Spring Cress 14

Spruce 141

Spurge 125

Spurge Family 125

Spurred Gentian 113

Squaw-root 94

S(iuaw-woed 72

Squirrel-Corn n

Stachys 105

Staff-ti 30

Staft-treo Family 30

Staphyloa 31

Star-Cucumber 62

Star-Flower 92

Star-Grass 157

Star-Thistle 69

196

INDEX.

Page.

Starwort 23, 75

dtellaria 23

Stickseed 106

Stitchwort 23

gtone-crop 48

Stone-root 103

Stork's-bill 26

Stramonium 112

Strawberry 43

Strawberry Elite 118

Strawberrj' Bush 30

Streptopus 160

Struthiopteris 180

Succory 81

Sugar-berry 128

Sumach 28

Summer Savory 103

Sundew ni

Sundew Family , 19

Sunflower 79

Swamp Dock 122

Swamp Loosestrife 51

Sweet Brier 45

Sweet Cicely 56

Sweet Clover 35

Sweet Coltsfoot 75

Sweet- Ferr 135

Sweet Flag. 144

Sweet-Gal© 135

Sweet-Gale Family 134

Sycamore 130

Symphoricarpus 59

Symphytum 106

Symplocarpus 144

Tamarac 141

Tanacetum ,"0

Tansy 70

Tape-Grass 149

Taraxacum 82

Tare 37

Taxinb/E 140

Taxus 142

Tea-berry 88

Tear-thumb 121

Teasol ,....,. 03

Paor.

Teasel Family 63

Teucrium 102

Thalictrum 4

Thaspium 55

Thistle 68

Thorn 45

Thorn-Apple 112

Thoroughwort 72

Thlaspi 16

Three-seeded Mercury 126

Thuja 141

THYMELEACE^ 123

Tiarella 47

Tick -Trefoil 35

Tilia 26

TILIACE^ 25

Toad-Flax 97

Tobacco 112

Tofieldia 160

Toothache-tree 28

Toothwort 18

Touch-me-not 27

Tower Mustard. 14

Trailing Arbutus 88

Tragopogon 83

Treacle-Mustard 15

Trefoil 34

Trientalis 92

Trif olium 34

Triglochin 147

Trillium 159

Triosteum 60

Trumpet- weed 72

TUBULIFLOR.E 6i

Tulip-tree 7

Turtle-head 97

Twayblade 153, 154

Twin-flower. 59

Twin-leaf g

Twisted Stalk leo

Typha 145

TYPHACE^ 144

Ulmace^ 1,27

Ulmus , , ^28

UMBELLIFEII.T: gg

INDEX.

197

Paqv.
.. 63
.. 102
4
.. BB
,.. 68
... 4B
...112
... 72
... 16
... 126
... ui
... 123
.... 47
.... 35
.... 2B
.... 25
.... tt7

112

160

28

. . . . . 18

27

14

88

83

15

...... 34

92

34

147

159

60

72

6i

'. 7

97

. . . 153, 1B4

59

' 8

160

145

144

»27

^28

..". 63

Page

t7ftR» 129

UKTICACELS. 127

UftTIOEiE 127

Utricularia 93

Uvularia 160

YAComnSiE 85

Vaccinium 87

ValeriaD 63

Valeriana 63

VALERIANACEiE 63

Valerian Family 63

Vallisneria 149

Velvet-leaf 25

Venus's Looking-glass 85

V^erbascum 96

Verbena 100

VEREENACELE 99

Veronica. 96

Vervain 100

■\'ervain Family 99

Vetch 37

Viburnum 60

Vicia, 37

Vine Family 29

Viola 17

VIOLACEiE 17

Violet. 17

Violet Family 17

Viper's Bugloss ....106

Virginia Creeper 29

Virgin's- Bower 3

VIT ACEiE 29

Vitis 29

Wake-Robin 159

Waldsteinia. 42

Walking-leaf 178

Walnut 130

Walnut Family 130

Water- Arum 144

Water-Beech 134

Water-Cress 13

Water-Hemlock 55

Water- IlorchounU 103

Wftterleaf 108

Paob.

Waterleaf Family 108

Water-Lily 9

Water-Lily Family 9

Water-Marigold 80

Water-Milfoil 49

Water-Milfoil Family 49

Water-Parsnip 66

Water-Pennywort 54

Water-Pepper 120

Water-Pimpernel 93

Water-Plantain i48

Water-Plantain Family 147

Water- Purslane 51

Water-Shield 9

Water Star-grass 164

Water-weed 148

Wax-Myrtle 135

Wax-work . . 30

White Lettuce 82

White Snakeroot 72

White-weed 78

Whitewood 25

Whitlow Gmss 15

Wild Allspice 123

Wild Balsam- Apple 52

Wild Bean 38

Wild Bergamot 104

Wild Coinfrey 107

Wild Elder 57

Wild Ginger 116

Wild Indigo 38

Wild Liquorice 62

Wild Sarsaparilla 66

Willow 137

Willow Family 186

Willow-herb 60

Wind Flower 3

Winterberry 90

Wintergreen 88, 89

Witch-IIazcl 48

Witch-IIazel Family 48

Withe-rod 60

Wood-Betony 99

Woodbine 69

Wood-Fern 178

Wood.Nettle 129

•tj'f'amfmi,»timiif>.fHit^j»i:r ■

108

INDEX.

Paob.

Wood-Rush 163

Wood-Sage 102

Wood-Sorrel 27

Wood-Sorrel Family 27

Woodwardia 177

Worm-seed Mustard 16

Wormwood 70

Xanthiiwi — 69

»»« 157

Paob.

Yam Family 167

Yarrow 80

Yellow Adder's-tongue 162

Yellow Pond-Lily 9

Yellow Puccoon 6

Yellow-Rattle 99

Yew 142

Zanthoxylum 28

Zizia 66

Zygadenus 190

PAes.

157

8a

162

9

6

99

142

28

56

19C