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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film6s en commenpant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ► signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbole y signifie "FIN ". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent §tre film6s d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est filmd A partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. ly errata ed to nt ne pelure, icon d 13 ' 1 t 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 Section IV., 1894. [ 147 ] "'"rans. Roy. Soc. Can. XII. — The FossU Covkroachen of North Avtermt. By Samuel H. Scudder. (Presented by Mr. Jamea Fletcher.) Although not in favour with tlio general public, the cockroacVi iw to the pahmontologist the moat interesting of insects ; for it alone occurs at every horizon at which insects have been found in abundance, and it is so dominant in the Carboniferous period, when insects first existed in large numbers, as to liave led me to call this period, so far as its insect fauna is concerned, the " age of cockroaches." Its existence to-day is an example of the persistence of an anti(pie but now waning type. Fifteen years ago when I published a revision of the fossil cockroaches of the world ^ only nineteen American specimens had been seen, representing seventeen species and seven genera. To-day more than three hundred and fifty American specimens have passed under my eye, and from the Paheozoic series alone I have recognized among these no less than one hundred and thirty-two species belonging to fourteen genera. A recent study of all these forms, soon to be published by the IT. S. Geological Survey, offers an occasion tor some general remarks upon them which have some interest. In 187!t I claimed that Paheozoic coi'kroaches, with which we are most concerned to-day, /.e., those known from Carboniferous and Permian rocks, differed fro*n modern forms of cockroaches to such an extent and by such characters as to warrant our separating them bodily as a group under the name of Pi' lieobl attar iiie. This view has been attacked, but I think uns\u'cessfully, and every new discovery since tiien (the number of fossil species having been multii)lied many fold) has only strengthened my position : that Paheozoic cockroaches differ from modern forms in the far greater similarity of the fore and hind wings In textur" and venation ; by the i)resence in the fore wings of the full complement of principal veins, some of which arc completely or almost completely anndgamated in modern forms ; and by the course of the anal veiidets, which as a rule ran in ancient times to the hind margin of the wing parallel to each other, while now they strike the anal furrow or collect apically in a l)Uiich near its tip. This view has received no modification whatever by later discoveries, excejif that we find in certain Triassic rocks of Colorado an assemblage of forms, partly Paheoblattariiv, partly Neolilattaria', in some of the latter of which the anal veins preserve their ancient coursi'. In further classification of these extinct cockroaches I then separated the American forms into two groups, Mylacridie and Blattinariie, by the structure of the mediastinal vein of till' fore wings. All the then known Kitropean forms were classed in the Hlatt;iiaria\ Now although thenumber of American Pala'ozoic genera has doubled, two genera of Mylacridie ' I'lililislieil !)>• permission of the Director of the U. S. Geological Survey. '' Mem. Uost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iii., j)|i. i':i-i;!4, pi. i'-(i. 148 SAMUEL II. SCUDDKR ON TIIF. and five of Blattinarise having been added, the base of separation may still be maintained. It has been stated by BrongniarL that Mylacridje occur at Commentry in France, the richest deposit of Carboniferous insects yet discovered, and that other distinctions, drawn from the form of the prothorax exist between the two groups ; but the distinctions lie makes cannot be maintained for the American forms, and until the itublication of specific descriptions or figures we cannot consider the presence of Mylacridie in European rocks a,. i)roven I ought, however, to add that Mr. Brongniart has recently shown me specimens which, mi cursory examination, looked like >rylacrid!e of the type of Necymylacris, i.e., approximating the Blattinariie. With these preliminary statements let me direct attention to the following tables of geological and geographical distribution of the genera of fossil cockroaches in America, and particularly of th-^ older forms. The first table presents in a summary form the number of species of each of the difterent genera found in the American Paheozoic rocks in the several c(jal basins and in two sjiccial localities in Ohio and West Virginia, where the greatest number of species have been found. TABLE SHOWINU THE (lEOdRAPHICATi DISTRimTTION OF AMERICAN PAL-EOZOIC COCKROACHES. — Western Eastern ' ,. , , . , . . ' Acadian Interior Interior i ,^ , Coal Coal ! ,, . ,, . I, . i Uiisiii. Hasiii. Basin. ! Rhode Island Coal Hasiii. 1 Appal- achian Coal Hasin. () Kich- nioiul, Ohio. Cassville, West Virginia. Totals. fMylacris .. 1 5 1 M •> 1 14 4 5 4 2 1 •.i ti7 21 2 1 2 i) 0 3^ o ■ s X c. .. i ' 1 1 2 i 1 1 I 1 Paroiiiylacris Lithomylacris ,\i'cyiiiylacris Alicroblattina Archimylacris .... Ktoblattina (lerablattina Aiithracoblattina . . Pronoiioblattina. . . Oryctoblattiiia — Poroblattina ^I'l'lrablattiiia 1 .» 1 1 I 1 2 1 1 1 :t 2 1 1 1 ■ 17 .1 •• " 1.-) Totals 7 17 1 4 1' l,"i 1 •!•> 1 .Mi i:t:t This table shows at a glaiu^e how largely the two genera, Ktoblattina and (Tcralilattina and especially the former, [iredominate, and that their iiredominance is due principally to tlieir abundance at the two localities in Ohio and West Virginia, which liave furnished more than one-half the American cockroaches. These two localities are of recent discovery and belong the one to the IJarrt'ii Ooal-nieasures, or the upjierniost Carboniferous, the other, in West Virginia, to the lowest I'erniian, in what has. been called the Dunkanl Civek series. They include among them, in both these genera, cockroaches of a peculiar appearance. FOSSIL COCKKOACIIKS OF NORTH AMERICA. 149 characterized by a remarkable oiicnness of the neuratioii in the middle of the wings, and by their frequent exceptional length and slenderness. In Ohio this type comprises nearly three- fourths of the species in these two genera, and in West Virginia about a fourth of thi species. The oidy occurrence of a similar form in Europe is in a species from the lower Dyas of Weissig, Saxony, Etohlattbia eXoiujaUi. Now, although these localities are not far removed either geologically or geographically, one in extreme eastern Ohio, the other in extreme northern West Virginia, not a single species has been found common to the two. Almost without exception the same may be said of any two localities in North America, even at the same geological horizon ; and not a single fossil American cockroach is identical with any P]uropean form. This leads one to believe that when the insect fauna of our rocks is better known, these insects may prove a better or ratlier a more delicate test of the relative age of rocks in the Carboniferous series than the plants, many of which certaiidy range through aii enormous jierio I of time, while insects have proved more sensitive to change. To take a first step toward publishing evidence which may be used hereafter in such discriminations, I have made careful inquiry as to the exact locality at which each specimen was obtained and have tabulated the species l)y horizons, based on that information. From that tabulation I have prepared the next table, showing the geological distribution both in Europe and America, of all the genera of Palfeozoic cockroaches known. In this I have roughly separated the species from the true productive Coal-measures (I. e., al)ove the " Mill- stone Grit" and below the " Barren (Joal measures") into an upper and a lower series, endeavouring as tar as possible to nnike the lower series correspond to the Coals A to C of the l^ennsylvania series. The Paheozoic European species have been separated by the aid of tables already published by Dr. II. B. Geinitz and Herr Kliver. The later European genera ai-e not considered. A. America ; E-Europe. (See page 150.) This tal)lc shows the genera so far known to exist on both continents at each successive horizon. It further shows that Etoblattina and Gerablattina were of the tirst importance in Europe as in America, Etoblattina in fact containing on either continent just about one- lialf of the species of cockroa(!hes fouiul on that continent. It also brings out conspicuously the i'act that no Mylacridse have yet been described from Europe. The table again introduces us for the lirst time to our Mesozoic cockroaches and shows the vertical range and the systematic grouping of the half dozen genera occurring in a single pit in the Trias of South i'ark, Colorado. Later Mesozoic forms arc as yet unknown in Anierica, but in Europe they are very abunei'ies of ten genera. Without exception they are Xeoblattariae, /. e., they ditter from Palii'ozoic forms as do the existing types. But in the Triassic fauna of CV)l(irado we have an assemblage of forms of an intermediate character. Here are PaUeoblattarise and Neoblattariic side by side. The larger proportion are J'alreoblattaria^ but of these all are speciiically and most of them generically distinct from I'alieozoii' species and all rank high among Blatti- iKiriic. We tind, tirst, forms ii\ which the fore wings are diaiibanous, with distinct medias- tinal and scai)ular veins, and the anal veinlets run to the border of the wing (Spilolilattina, I'orol)lattina) ; next, tliosi' having a little opacity of the fore wings, with blended niedias- tiiuil and scaitular, and the anal veins as before (certain species of Neorthroblattina) ; then those with still greater opacity, with the same structural features (other species of Neor- throi)lattina) ; next, those having a coriaceous or leathery structure, blended mediastimd ISO SAMUKL ir. SCUDDER ON THE ami scapular, and anal veins falling on the in'ier margin (some species of Scutinoblattina) ; and finally, similarly thickened wings with blended mediastinal and scapular, and anal veiiio impinging on the anal furrow (other species of Scutinoblattina), GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENERA OP FOSSIL COCKROACHES. — Millstone Grit. liower Prod'tive Coal Measures Upper Prod'tive Coal Measures Darren Coal Measures Permian. 1 Trias. ' Tertiary . 1 Recent. Myltt'ji-is A A Proinyliicris A A .... o - I'aroinylaeria A A .... 1 .... ^ ' Lithoiiiylacris .... A A .... , Xecynij'liU'ris A — 1 Microl)liittiiia A Archimylacris — A A Spiloblattiiia A Etoblattina X\ A E A A R A E A i. Gerablattina A A K AE A E b Antl)racol)lattiiia. A ]•: E A E 'B llennatulilattiiia . — K • ]•: ProKonol)lattiiiii. . Oryctoblatt ilia. . . . Poroblftttina Petrablattiiia Leptoblattiiia Xt'orthroblattina . — A E A A ''' E A A E A A E A A A 'h Scutinoblattina.. . A Zetobora — A A 1 Honid'ogauiia .... A A y. Paralatindia .... A A No one can handle many Palicozoic cockroaches witho-.it licing struck by the fact that they are of large size. I drew attention to this in 187!t, remarking that "while the average was considerably above that of existing cockroaches, none were much larger than some South American species of Blabera," whose fore wings sometimes attain a length of sixty to seventy millimetres. But I have now seen a fragim-nt of a fore wing, which when per- fect must have measured eighty ntillimctres in length. In an estimate from the then known species of I'alieozoic cockroaches I stated that ''the average length of the front wing a)>pears to have been aljout twenty-six millimetres." Since then the increase in the number of species in this country has been largely from the younger Paheozoic rocks, and if we were to add the Triassic PaUeoblattariie, of still smaller size, we should tind that the average length of the fore wing in ancient American cockroaches, one hundred and thirt\'-three s[>ecies in all, was 2::5'2 mm. The Mylacri2I>; av.21'7 ao 21-12; av. liOO 2(t-2(f25;av.27-2 24-2!C2.5; av. 2(1-4 2r)-48 ; av. :«l'.-i' H 23 1 2;f::0-5 ; av. 26-o il3-18; av. 10-4: 15-18; av. 10'4 I i 25-32 ; av. 2S-n 14-:}r5 ; av. 2o.5 11-75-28-75 ; av. 17-(i 12-20 ; av. 16 11-75-01 ; av.21-:H 0-75-25 : av. 18';ti 10-25-5 ; av. U)(S 10-41 ; i. v. 1()-1 T 12 21 112'-'; av. 16-3 i:i-3-lfl-75; av. 15-0 8'23 1010; av. 13 7 21 8-5-12 ; av. 0-0 0-;i-7 ; av. 08 12-30 ; av. 21 20-75 10 21 ; av. 20 10-22 ; av. 15-1 8-2.5-24 ; av. 15-1 8-5-12 ; av. O-o! (i-3 7 : av. fi-si In dosing I wish to draw attention to a topic nimsual in such a ccnnection. In studying protective resemblance and mimicry among living animals, the exceedingly common occur- rence of these phenomena has often forced upon me the conclusion tliat they have not been limited in their scope to recent times, but must have existed in past epoclis and even, to some extent at least, in very remote epochs. This is a natural conclusion from the universality of their present occurrence. Hardly an animal exists that does not actually owe its existence to some feature or features in its form or colouring. This statement will doubtless appear strong to those who are nnacc[uaiiited with or have not considered tlie facts. Let me re-en- force it in the words of one of its latest exponents, M. Felix IMateau, the well known professor in the University of Gand. "The thesis I wish to sustain in agreement with naturalists of high merit," he says, '• would demonstrate that the phenomena [of mimicry] arc general ; that is to say, that there are hardly any animals which, in at least some one ot the stages of their existence, do not have recourse to imitation ; that in our own countries, ncenied. ivt'8 tlmt r goiuM'u !inti(ino 3unkar(l lU'ilrtlU'Ofl LMitod in Her. )ACHB8. In nil. \'yi'>; av. •2H-i, '•5-ai»; av. 21 •" 21-12; av. lidO I-2!)-2.t; av.-.i(f.» 2.")-4S ; iiv. ;«('n H {-::0-5 ; av. 26n! 15-18 ; av. 16-4 l-7.=5-01;av.21-H 10-41; t.v. ID'l 12-90; av. 21 20-7.5 10 21 ; av. 20 10-22 ; av. lo'l .=)-24 ; av. l5-ll H 5-12 ; av. O'ol I ten 7 ; uv. 6-h'[ stiulying m orour- lOt 1)(.'011 to SOllK! sii.lity of xisti'iice