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ni

TOBACCO TALK

BY

AN OLD SMOKER

GIVING

THE SCIENCE OF TOBACCO :

ITS BOTANY, CHEMISTRY, USES, PLEASURES, HYGIENE,
ETIQUETTE, HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY

Philadelphia
, The Nicot Publishing Company

1894

TORONTO :
The CARSWELL CO. Ltd., PUBLISHERS & PRINTERS,

30 Adelaide St. East,

^iSH^HW-WV:!!',;.,:,

' ibiiii it""* 'TMiii'iiia-iiiT J :

Entered accordin? to Act of the Parliairent of Canada,
i.i the veil one thousand eight hundred and ninety-
four by The Nicct Publikiiing Co., in the Cfflce
of the lilinister of Agriculture.

Copyright, 1894, by The Nicot Publishing Company

CONTENTS.

I. Tobacco.

Is it a " weed " ? Botany and habits of the
plant. Origin of the name. Varieties. Posi-
tion and relations in the vegetable kingdom.
Chemical analysis. Cultivation and preparation.
Adulterations,

II. Forms op Using Tobacco.

Snuffing, chewing, and smoking. The cigar— its
hisiory and manufacture. Essential virtues —
flavor, draught, and burning. Varieties of cigar
Tobacco. Poetry and philosophy of cigar smok-
ing. Cigar-holders. The cigarette. The pipe,
and its distinctive charms. Tobacco for pipe
smoking. Variety of pipes — the corn-cob, clay
pipe, meerschaum, briar, porcelain pipes. Col-
lections of pipes. The Tobacco box and stop-
per

16

III. Uses and Pleasures of Tobacco.

Preserver against vermin and cannibals. Medi-
cinal virtues. An aid to digestion. Economizer
of nerve force. Weariness-dispeller. Care-ex-
tinguisher. The great peace-maker. Diplomatic
smoking. A social smoke. The smoking fisher-
man. The contemplative man's recreation.
Smoking for pleasure. The use of pleasure. A
sailor's quid, 34

8

IV. The Hygiene and Etiquette of Tobacco.
The controversy on Tobacco. The position of
common-sense. Immoderate cha^-ges. Does
Tobacco shorten life? Does smoking increase
pelfishness? Does it lead to drunkenness? Is
Tobacco a poison? Use and not abuse. Ill
effects of the abuse of Tobacco. Professor Huxley
on Tobacco smoking. Practical hints to smokers.
Moderation — what, when, where, and how to
Eanoke. Injurious effect of spitting. Considera-
tion for non-smokers. Gallantry toward the
gentle sex, 46

V. History of Tobacco.

Suggested origin of smoking. Discovery of
Tobacco by the Spaniards. Introduction of
Tobacco into France by Jean Nicot. Origin of
the name "Nicotine." Introduction into Eng-
land. Sir Walter Raleigh and Queen Elizabeth.
The " golden age " of Tobacco. Shakespeare and
smoking. King James I and his " Counter-blast.''
Universal and cruel persecution against smokers.
The final victory of Tobacco, . 60

VI. Ethnology of Tobacco.

The universal extension of Tobacco among all
nations. Some statistics. The mound builders
—the original smokers. Smoking among the
American Indians — a religious ceremony. The
Calumet and the war-pipe. Strange taste among
the Greenlanders, Position of the United States.
Our "national" pipe. Smoking in Spanish
America. Smoking in Europe. Tobacco among
the Mohammedans. Smoking in "Darkest
Africa." Asiatic customs. "The sun never sets
over the empire of Tobacco," ......... 73

"^■♦W!l»?'?}i>:'ini;«;s,;»|i;;

I.

TOBACCO.

" Tobacco's but an Indian weed." It is not ! It
is the most misrepresented, slandered, honest, re-
spectable domestic plant ever cultivated by man.
Everybody, even smokers, persist in speaking of
Tobacco as " a weed." .Now, Webster distinctly
designates this application of the word as " slang."
A weed, properly speaking, and men should speak
properly, is, according to the same indisputable
authority, " any plant growing in cultivated ground
to the injury of the crop or desired vegetation, or
to the disfigurement of the place ; an unsightly,
useless, or injurious plant." Farmers would be
thankful, indeed, if all their weeds were Tobacco.
Far from unsightly, it is admitted by all to be a
rather stately, handsome, symmetrical plant. It
is useless only to those that do not use it, and in-
jurious only to those that abuse it. In the name
of justice and good language, let us give up call-
ing it " a weed.''

There is a foreshadowing philosophy in the
very appearance o^ the plant. Its lustrous, deep-
green color, its sturdy, luxurious, growth, foretell
the rich masculine pleasure it will impart to its

6

lovers after its own death and embalming. Its
stem, cylindrical, simple^ unbranched, shooting up
to the height of from three to seven feet, clearly
hints to the pipe, its future sacrificial pyre. The
leaves, clasping the stem in a close embrace ; alter-
nate, oblong, simple, varying in length from one
to three feet, and covered with a close growth
of minute hairs, which give forth to the touch
a sticky humor of pungent odor, indicate the
strong, affectionate hold of the smoking habit
upon its devotees, and are a promise of the fra-
grance they will breathe forth when chastened
and refined by " curing." The flowers, small, nu-
merous, rising in a panicle on the summit of the
stem, and rejoicing in a pretty pink or rosy color,
whisper to the smoker's heart of the airy, hope-
inspiring dreams that will ascend with the clouds
out of the pipe or the cigar. The pod or berry-like
fruit, which may contain in a single plant about
forty thousand minute seeds, is a symbol of the
innumerable pleasures and uses the cornucopia
of Tobacco holds out to mankind.

In its habits Tobacco is a harry, annual plant,
requiring rich, moist soil, which it exhausts to a
remarkable extent. Its cultivation, therefore, ne-
cessitates constant and abundant fertilization, great
care being needed in the choice of the manure, as
the plant is wonderfully impressionable, and has a
cosmopolitan adaptability to its surrounding cir-

cumstances. This quality, also, it transfers to its
human subjects, the smoker being, generally, a
hardy individual, a great digester, who thrives
best when fertilized by good, full meals, and under
the gentle irrigation of beer or wine. And he, too,
possesses a wide, cosmopolitan mind, which feels
at home in any corner of the world where Tobacco
breathes its philadelphic influences.

But we will leave the parallel and confine our-
selves, for a while, to the cold, hard facts of tobac-
canalian science. Tobacco, in its many varieties,
cannot be called the native of any one particular
country, but appears to have been simultaneously
created in various parts of the ejlobe. Evolution-
ists may take exception to this expression, but the
*' missing link " between Tobacco and the Potato
has not yet been found. In habits it is both lati-
and longitudinarian. It adapts itself, w hout a
murmur, equally to the soil of Syria ^ " of
America. It grows alike in Canada in

Australia, but flourishes best in regions having a
mean, that is to say, average temperature of not
less than 40 degrees, where early autumn frosts do
not nip its aspirations in the bud. Its most highly
appreciated qualities are, however, developed under
the burning sun of the tropics, as in Cuba and
Suixiatra.

The Etymology of its- name is, like everything
else, a subject of dispute among the learned, but

'II

is most generally supposed to be of Carribeari
origin. The ignorant natives of San Domingo
are said to have given the name Tobago to the
primitive pipe through which they inhaled the
fumes of the leaf, but the Spanish discoverers,
in their superior wisdom, gave that name to the
plant itself. Imagine us saying " a Tobacco of
pipe," instead of" a pipe of Tobacco.V We may be
thankful for the discernment of the gentle Span-
iards The Latin or botanical name, Nicotiana, is
derived from Jean Nicot, who first introduced the
plant into France. But, like the rose, its fragrance
is just as sweet under any appellation.

Botany has included more than forty varieties
of the plant under the general name of Nicotiana^
but as only three of these are of any use to smokers,
we will confine our attention to these latter. The
first and most well known, which is the one we
endeavored to describe above, is known, scientifi-
cally, as Nicotiana Tahacum, and, in common
speech, as Virginian or American Tobacco, having
been found, originally, in America, and afterward
cultivated most extensively in the old colony of
Virginia, where the first white settlers bought
their wives with bales of Tobacco and paid their
ministers in the same staple commodity. It is
native also in Cuba and in the Philippine Islands.

The second variety, Nicotiana Rustica, is so
called possibly because it does not grow on the

9

streets of New York, hut is cultivated, mostly, m
the rural districts of Turkey and Syria. It hoaats
of many difl'erent names, such as Indian, English,
Syrian or Green Tohacco, and differs from Ameri-
can Tobacco m its branched stem, in its stalked,
more rounded leaves, and in the pale greenish color
of its flowers. It is milder in flavor than our Ameri-
can variety, and makes excellent cigarettes, l)ut
burns too quickly and hotly for our short-stemmed
Western pipes. The Orientals, however, with their
cooling water-pipes and long winding stems, man-
age to draw ecstatic pleasure out of it.

NicoTiANA Persica, or Persian Tobacco, is the
third general variety. It differs from the two
preceding ones in the shape of the leaves, and in
the white color of the flower. It makes a very
delicate smoke in a " Hookah " or water-pipe, but
does not burn well enough to be used in the form
of cigars. It is, moreover, very scarce. The best
kind, which is grown at Shiraz, in Persia, is set
apart exclusively for the Shah himself and his
court

Tobacco belongs to a highly connected family
in the vegetable kingdom, which is known as the
Solanacese and contains such distinguished, useful
or ornamental members as the Tomato, the
Cayenne Pepper, the Petunia, the Matrimony-
vine, the Egg-plant, and the Potato. 'Tis true,
anti-tobacconists point with glee to some "bad

10

"t^

eggs" in this same family, such as the Deadly
Nightshade and the Hen-bane, but similar sad
freaks will occur in some of the best regulated
families of the genus homo. Should we be made
to suffer for the sins of our cousins and second
cousins ? 'T would be a manifest injustice.

" Op all known vegetable products," writes an
enthusiastic smoker, " Tobacco is constituted and
composed of the richest, strongest, most delicious,
and delightful ingredients. The alcohol or spirit,
the oil and opium, the sugar, the acids and nitre,
with many other of the volatile salts, all hamioni-
H)usly combined, constitute this the richest and
most delicious compound ever engendered and
generated in £,ny one plant."

A MORE accurate chemical analysis has dis-
covered in Tobacco the following component
substances :

Alhumi'noids — nourishing matters, such as con-
stitute the white of the egg or the serum of the
blood, — about twenty-five per cent.

Alcohol — developed in the Tobacco by fermen-
tation during the process of curing.

Ammonia — imparting pungency to the flavor.

Cellulose — a starch v substance.

Citric add — such as is found in lemons or
citrons, — about five per cent.

Creosote — a burning, smoky oil, such as that of
wood-tar, developed during the burning of the

il

11

ceo by fermen-

to the flavor.

in lemons or

i^

Tobacco. This, and not the Nicotine, is what
makes the vellowiph-brown stain on a handker-
chief when Tobacco smoke is blown through n.
It forms a great part of the smoke itself, makes
quick deposits on the teeth, mo .ih, and nostrils
of the smoker, and necessitates frequent ablutions
of these parts.

Essential oil — a volatile element, imparting to
the plant its characteristic odor, — an exceedingly
small percentage.

Malic acid — such as gives the pleasant sour
taste to apples and some other fruits, — from seven
to eight per cent.

Nicotine — the most active principle of Tobacco ;
a transparent, colorless, volatile oil, of acrid odor
and taste, and highly poisonous in its elemental
state. According to the amount of its presence
Tobacco is said to be " strong " or " mild." In
the product of Turkey, Greece, and Hungary
there is scarcely a trace of the poison. In that of
Brpzil, Havana, and Paraguay the amount is
2% ; Maryland Tobacco contains 2.24% ; Ken-
tucky, 6% ; Virginia, 6.87% ; French Tobacco,
7.30%.

The Analysis gives the further ingredients:
Nicotianine or '* Tobacco Camphor," a white,
waxy substance, hot and bitter in taste ; important
in flavoring the Tobacco, but present in an exceed-
ingly small quantity.

-H-

J2

N'drogeneous substances^ especially Saltpeter, give
the Tobacco its burning qualities; they vary in
percentage.

Oxalic acid, such as is found especially in the
common Wood-sorrel.

Pectic acid, existing in the " Pectin " or " vege-
table jelly," which is found in ripe, fleshy fruits,
— five per cent.

Resinous substances — gummy, balsamic, inflam-
mable,— from four to six per cent.

The Cultivation of Tobacco is not a sinecure
to the planter. It requires the best land, rich
manuring, and constant attention. The seeds are
sown in seed-beds in March or the beginning of
April, and the young plants remain there until
May or June, when a warm, rainy day is chosen
for transplanting them into the fields. Careful
weeding is necessary and frequent attention to the
insect enemies to the plant such as the '' Horn-
worm " or " Tobacco-worm." When from five
to nine leaves have developed, the plants are
" topped " — i. e., the top is nipped off" to prevent
too quick growth into flowers and seeds, and to
insure a greater develoj^ment of the all-important
leaves. All side-shoots and suckers are also re-
moved. The harvesting takes place in September,
before the autumnal frost seta in. The stem is cut
near the base, and the whole plant laid on the
ground to wilt. In Germany the leaves only are

ilsamic, inflam-

13

cut off and placed on the ground about the stems,
where they remain until they have become limp
and wilted.

The " Curing " is the next proceeding in the re-
formation of the green plant into the commercial
article. It consists of two successive processes:
the " drying " and the " fermenting." In Europe
the drying is done by fixing the leaves separately
on long rods, which are hung in a shed or barn
where the air can freely circulate. They remain
here from six to eight weeks, when thej^ are ready
for the next step. In the United States the whole
plant is dried by artificial heat in specially con-
structed houses, the temperature being kept at
about 170 degrees. By this means the leaves are
completely dried in from four to five days. They
are now brittle and impossible to work, but are
made soft and pliable by exposure to moist atmos-
phere. After this, they are stripped off the stems,
sorted into " firsts," " seconds," and " lugs " (the
lower leaves), and made up into " hands " or bun-
dles of from twenty to twenty-five leaves.

"Fermentation" is the next process. The
leaves, whether separate or in bundles, are piled
up on a barn floor in solid stacks to the height of
five or six feet. A fermenting process quickly
sets in within these stacks, the inner temperature
rising steadily until it reaches about 130 degrees.
To prevent over-heating and to secure uniform fer-

14

mentation of the whole mass of Tobjicco, the
piles are from time to time taken down and
rebuilt, the outer leaves being placed in the
middle of the new stacks. In from three to five
weeks, when the leaves have assumed a uniformly
brown color, the fermentation is completed, and
the Tobacco is packed and stored to mature.
In about two years it is ready for the manufac-
turer. It is to be observed that the crops of
Tobacco, like vintages, often vary in richness and
delicacy of flavor. In certain years the crop is of
much greater value than in others. The question
of the locality of the growth is also of tlie utmost
importance.

The Adulteration of Tobacco is probably not
as common as may be generally supposed,
especially in those countries where the plant
grows in abundance. But where the cultivation
is forbidden, and the import duties high, the arti-
ficial creations of Tobacco are carried on with
great ingenuity and success. The following list
includes the most common substances used in the
adulteration or " doctoring *' of the genuine
article: Alum, Beach-leaves, Burdock, Chicory,
Cabbage, Dyes of -various kinds. Lamp-black,
Licorice, Lime, Lettuce, Oak-leaves, Peat-earth,
Potato-starch, Rhubarb, Salt, Saltpeter, Sawdust,
Sugar, Tar-oil, Urine — an inviting medley, truly I
Even the worst cigars, however, are generally

15

r Tobjicco, the
jen down and
placed in the
n three to five
led a uniformly
completed, and
ed to mature,
r the manufac-
t the crops of
in richness and
rs the crop is of
. The question
;o of tlie utmost

made of real Tobacco, but of an inferior, second
growth of leaves, which in warm autumns shoot
out from the stumps on the fields, and are sold by
the planter at a nominal price. Cabbage leaves are
not used in the adulteration as often as may be
imagined, as Tobacco may be grown at even less
cost than that esculent vegetable.

is probably not
ally supposed,
lere the plant
the cultivation
s high, the arti-
arried on with
) following list
ices used in the

the genuine
dock, Chicory,
3, Lamp-black,
es, Peat-earth,
eter, Sawdust,
medley, truly 1

are generally

mm

II.
FORMS OF USING TOBACCO.

There is a porcine, anti-tobacco proverb to the
effect that " one who smokes smells like a hog,
one who snuffs looks like a hog, and one who
chews is a hog." Without in the least admitting
the fitness of this filthy accusation, it must be
conceded that smoking is the most decent, as it
is the most wholesome method of using Tobacco.
Both snuffing and chewing may have their great
uses and delights to those accustomed to these
habits, but the former is nowadays indulged in
but little, at least in this country , and the latter
is outside of the experience of the present writer.
Again and again we have tried the " plug,"
but have ever met with a repulse. We maj-,
therefore, be excused from dwelling upon this
phase of our subject, and will proceed to the con-
sideration of smoking alone, in its three univer-
sal forms — the Cigar, the Cigarette, and the Pipe.

The Cigar is obviously the simplest instru-
ment of smoking. Tobacco is here its own un-
assisted medium of communication with man. It
seems to have been used in this form from time
immemorial in the West Indies, the very name,

16

17

i(

1)

simplest instru-
lere its own un-
on with man. It
s form from time

, the very name,

arro," being of Cuban origin, and meaning
simply "Tobacco." The Spaniards quickly
adopted its use, but cigar-smoking did not
become general in Central and Northern Europe
until the close of the last century ; the first cigar-
factory was established in Hamburg, in the year
1796. At first the habit was looked upon as a
dandyish and expensiv^e way of taking Tobacco,
but it soon spread throughout the world. ,

Cigars are, or should be, made of the finest,
most delicately flavored leaves, carefully selected
and especially prepared by the manufacturer.
Like everything perfect, it consists of three
parts — a longitudinal core or central mass of
*' fillers," which are enveloped in an inner cover-
ing of " binders," and an outer robe of " wrappers."
The binder is generally of the same quality of
Tobacco as the fillers, but the wrapper is made
of the finest, silkiest, selected leaf. The Tobacco
intended for the binders and wrappers is moistened
in clear water until it becomes flexible. After
twenty-four hours the leaves are given to the
" strippers " — generally women — who strip the
fine texture from the midrib or " stem," smooth
the halves, and lay them out one upon the
other. The fillers are worked in a dry state.
The mechanic takes a small quantity into his
hand, forms them into the shape desired for
the cigar, and breaks them into the j^roper length.

---I"

,1

18

They are then rolled successively into the bin-
der and the wrapper ; one end of the cylinder
is twisted into a tapering point, and the other
cut off evenly. The cigar is now ready to bo
bundled with its fellows in packages of fifty,
which are turned over to the " packer," who
arranges them in their boxes. The cigars are
then seasoned by a process of drying, and are
ready for the consumer in about a week.

A GOOD cigar must have three essential virtues.
It must have a delicate flavor, it must have aii
easy, comfortable draught, and it must burn well
and evenly. We know of no method by which to
judge of these qualities before you have smoked
the cigar, except by relying upon the general in-
tuition with which a practiced smoker is endowed.
If the cigar lacks any or all of these essentials, it
should immediately be consigned to oblivion.
The flavor depends upon the brand you use.
Lack of draught is owing to the fillers havinii:
been packed too tightly or in a moist state. Th(*
combustion is a matter of study fpr the manufac-
turer. Sometimes a cigar burns fiercely in the
centre, leaving on the outside an uglv, black pali-
sade or fence. • At other times a cigar develops
luxurious, but quite unseemly " side-burns," as it
were, leaving the centre hard and black, like n
chimney in a smoking ruin. Both of these case -
are owins: to an inharmonious selection of the va-

'm

'''iii

19

loker is endowed.

lese essentials, it

led to oblivion.

brand vou use.

le fillers having

loist state. The

fpr the manufac-

s fiercely in the

uglv, black pali-

a cigar develops

lide-burns," as it

,nd black, like n

th of these case ;

ection of the va-

rious kinds of Tobacco constituting the cigar.
The fillers, binders, and wrappers must be of an
equal burning quality.

Many smokers judge of the quality of a cigar
by the whiteness and consistency of the ashes, but
this is unsafe as a general rule. The fact is that
too much snowiness of the ashes indicates only
too great a presence of saltpeter, which has been
added artificially. To the same presence is due
the sizzling and little explosions occurring in
some fiercely burning cigars. The only legitimate
color of the ashes is a clear, pearly gray. Nor is
the great consistency of the ashes an unerring in-
dication of good quality. It is sometimes pro-
duced artificially by means of gum arable. Some
of the best cigars do not hold the ashes well.

The varieties of Tobacco used for the manu-
|facture of cigars depend upon the localities of
their growth. Some Tobaccos are used for every
)art of the cigar, others are good only for one or
two of the constituent parts. German Tobacco is
[used for all purposes ; it is exceedingly mild, but
[is inferior to the American varieties. The Tobacco
[raised in the Philippine Islands is of a very deli-
cate and distinctive aroma, and is manufactured
into " ^lanilla " cheroots. Immense quantities of
'obacco are raised in Java and Sumatra, the latter
^lakinc:^ one of the most highly fippreciated kind
>f wrappers, being of fine texture and color,

-■lil

mmm

20

and rich in the pale yellowish spots now so much
sought for. Many efforts have been made to pro-
duce these spots artificially, and many theories
have been entertained as to their origin. They
are now understood to hs^^^ ^een formed by a
local burning of the leaf, t-..ough the concen-
tration of tropical sun-rays upon the transparent
globules of dewdrops, in which particles of flying
sand may have lodged

Good Cigar-Tobacco is now being grown in
Brazil, and especially in the province of Bahia,
whence great quantities are exported to Germany
and Austria. Mexican and Central American
Tobacco is becoming, better known, but is raised
mostly for the great local consumption. The pro-
duction of the United States is too well known to
require detailed description. Connecticut takes
the lead with the most excellent quality, good for
ill! purposes, but especially for the manufacture
of binders and wrappers. Pennsylvania Tobacco
is also of high grade, and useful for all parts of
the cigar. New York and Ohio Tobaccos are
used mostly for fillers. Wisconsin contributes a
good quality for binders. Florida grows a Tobac-
co, beautiful in color, resembling the product of
Sumatra, but somewhat deficient in burning
quality.

Cuba justly glories in her " Habana," without
question *he most famous cigar-tobacco in the

i I "i

rticles of flying

nt in burning

21

world. The very linerft kind has for many years
been raised in the northwestern part of the island,
especially in the districts of Vuelta Abajo, Parti-
das, and Vuelta Arriba. It is said that this pro-
duct has deteriorated somewhat in quality of late
years, owing to the exhaustion of the soil by the
constant cultivation, and the detrimental influ-
ence of the guano used in modem fertilization.
The Tobacco raised in the south of Cuba has, in
consequence, lately come into greater prominence.

The Cigar, like the cigarette and the pipe,
has its own distinctive poetry and philosophy.
Its most distinguished bard is, perhaps. Lord
Byron, who sings thus in its praise :

" Sublime Tobacco, which from East to West
Cheers the tar's labours, or the Turkoman's rest ;
Which on the Moslem's ottoman divides
His hours, and rivals opium and his brides !
Magnificent in Stambul, but less grand,
Though not less loved, in Wapping or the Strand ;
Divine in Hookahs, glorious in a pipe,
AVhen tipped with amber, mellow, rich, and ripe.
Like other charmei*s, wooing the caress,
More dazzlingly, when daring in full dress,
Yet thy true lovers more admire by far
Thy naked beauties — ^give me a cigar !"

("The Island:' Canto 11.)

Julian Hawthorne, writing in The Galaxy for

1875, though a pipe-smoker par preference, still

;recognizes " the eternal fitness of things '* in this

i*«

22

acknowledgment to the other forms of smoking :
" There are times and places tolerant only of the
cigarette, tenderly white and sweetly fragrant; a
grimy pipe is no fit sight for the dark-eyed
daughters of warm Castile. And have we dined
with delicate sumptuousness ; has each successive
viand, from pearly oyster to perfumed Stilton, at
once cunningly relieved the palate from what
went before, and subtly stimulated it for what was
to come ; in short, has the repast been an epicurean
song of finest harmony — hardly may we play the
epilogue upon a pipe. More fitting there will be
the refined Habana."

But the same profound philosopher of smoking
speaks thus in derogation of the cigar, as com-
pared with the pipe : " The cigar is a mere stranger
— a passing acquaintance; though much of the
fine geutlen xn be in him, he is dry and formal.
Beginning the conversation with airy words of
captivating savor, his language gradually grows
stronger, till at the end he sinks into rank and
bitter repinings ; now he is gone forever and for-
gotten. No romantic associations can cling to
him ; his history is comprised in a single event.
Picturesque he is not ; an attache of the fashion-
able world, it is beneath his dignity to consort
with such people as Teniers drew ; nor will he en-
roll himself among the familiar spirits of poets
and philosophers."

23

We fear this is the language of one prejudiced.
Notwithstanding all that may be said against it,
the cigar remains the proud monarch of the world
of smoking. Though his individual reign be brief,
yet the family is numerous, and the continued suc-
cession to the throne secured forever. Like other
monarchs of the world, he carij indeed, be shock-
ingly bad ; yet, on the whole, he rules by his in-
trinsic merits, as well as by popular consent.
" Twofer," " stogey," " cheroot," or " regalia," in
palace or in cottage he is ever gentlemanly, digni-
fied, and thoughtful. As to his mental influence,
hark to the following " confession " of an ancient
cigar-smoker :

" I owe to smoking, more or less,
Through life the whole of my success;
With my cigar I'm sage and wise —
Without, I'm dull as cloudy skies.
When smoking, all my ideas soar,
When not, they sink upon the floor.
Tlie greatest men have all been smokers,
And so were all the greatest jokers.
Then ye, who'd bid adieu to care,
Come here and smoke it into air."

We have yet to consider one feature of cigar-
dmoking — one that is not very popular, it is feared,
yet much to be recommended — the cigar-holder.
Though some fiery lovers of the cigar may think
that smoking thFough a tube may be compared to
kissing your sweetheart through a telephone, yet

Un:

- J■■Jt^.^'^i^^^^.. . .aAaita;

24

we would urge upon every smoker the use of the
holder. It is economical, enabling you to con-
sume the cigar to the "bitter end," which, to
many, is an especially desirable " tit bit." Then
it is of convenience, keeping the cigar at a re-
spectful distance from the lips and eyes, and, fi-
nally, it is wholesome, enabling the condensed
tobacco-oil to settle in the tube, instead of being
drawn into the mouth. Cigar-holders may be
made of meerschaum, amber, wood, and what-not,
but the longest and the cheapest are the best.

" The cigarette," according to Hawthorne, " is
the female cigar. She is the beguilement of an
indolent moment, the diversion of a mind unoc-
cupied— not a trusty friend in weariness and trou-
ble, a solid resource in winter and rough weather.
She is unworthy the understanding and strength
of the developed man, and, like a book of jests,
should only be taken up occasionally." This defi-
nition requires a certain qualification. The cigar-
ette may, indeed, belong to " the weaker vessels "
of Tobacco smoking, but to the honor of the sex
be it said that all are not mere flirts and summer-
girls, such as she.. Sweet, airy, fascinating is this
pretty little creature in the fairy garb, delightful
to play with now and then, but dangerous as a
constant companion. 'Tis whispered by some
that she uses drugs for her complexion. Others
say that her kisses are perilous from the moisture

25

the use of the
r you to con-
d," which, to
it bit." Then
cigar at a re-
i eyes, and, fi-
bhe condensed
Lstead of being
jlders may be
, and what-not,
e the best.

Hawthorne, " is

iiilement of an
a mind unoc-

•iness and trou-
rough weather.

g and strength
book of jests,
ly." Thisdefi-
on. The cigar-
weaker vessels "
onor of the sex
ts and summer-
icinating is this
garb, delightful
dangerous as a
ered by some
flexion. Others
m the moisture

of her composition, whereby the Nicotine becomes
more solvent and absorbable. Like other coquettes,
the cigarette is said to afflict her too-devoted ad-
mirers with hear trouble.

The pipe is, after all, the solid groundwork and
basis of all forms of smoking. We quote again
from Hawthorne, whose philosophy has estab-
lished the rationale of pipe smoking : " The pipe,
if brought to trial, can find a sounder plea than
mere disparagement of rivals. He takes his stand
upon his intrinsic virtues— they are undeniable,
and not few. To begin with, he has permanent
existence; again and again does he serve your
turn, and still is ready for a fresh bout ; nay, ho
gains in mellowness and beauty with each succes-
sive charge. Clear .but his throat occasionally —
anon stuff thiat ever-open mouth with a pinch of
fresh hay, and he will commune sweetly with you
all day long. Your companion by night and by
day, in merriment and in distress, he has watched
syour growth, seen your opinions change, glowed
[with your hopes, burned incense for your success,
Imourned in ashes for your disappointment. What
[other friend has been so finely sympathetic, so
mobtrusively consoling, so seldom unwelcome?"

Differing from the philosopher, quoted above,
there have been poets who have looked upon the
)ipe as of the feminine rather than the masculine

a^^*.U^l , ..^.^jft^l

'2TSSSE?5^''*«BR5'W«»*^'

26

gender. A poet of the last century thus sings to
his " clay " :

** Pretty tube of mighty power!
Charmer of an idle hour ;
Object of my hot desire,
Lip of wax, and eye of fire ;
And thy snowy taper waist,
With my fingers gently braced ;
And thy lovely swelling crest,
,With my bended stopper pressed
And the sweetest bliss of blisses,
Breathing from thy balmy kisses;
Happy thrice, and thrice again —
Happiest he of happy men !
He, who when the night returns,
When again the taper burns ;
When again the crickets play,
Little crickets, ever gay ;
Can afford his tube to feed.
With the fragrant Indian weed;
Pleasure for a nose divine.
Incense of the god of wine !
Happy thrice, and thrice again—
Happiest he of happy men I"

No LESS enthusiastic was a writer in the Gentle-
man's Magazine for 1857, who proposed to choose ^ :|
a wife by the standard of his pipe. ^

** Tube, I love thee as my life ;
By thee I mean to choose a wife.
Tube, thy color let me find,
1 In her skin and in her mind.

27

ry thus sings to

rerl

raced;
srest,
pressed
blisses,
y kisses;
again —
en!

returns,
irns ;
play,

ed,

n weed ;

le,

ne!

B again—

lenl"

•iter in the Gentle-
•oposed to choose

n

pe.

life;
36 a wife,
ind,
mind.

Let her have a shape as fine ;
Let her breath be sweet as thine :
I^t her, when her lips I kiss,
Biirn like thee, to give me bliss:
Let her in some smoke or other
All my failings kindly smother.
Often when my thoughts are low,
8end them where they ought to go :
When to study I incline.
Let her aid be such as thine ;
Such as thine her charming power,
In the vacant social hour.
Let her live to give delight,
Ever warm and ever bright :
I^t her deeds, when'er she di<^a,
Mount as incense to the skies.'*

The manufacture of Tobacco for the pipe is

an art in itself, the secrets of which we will not

etray by any description in this hasty sketch.

The varieties of this Tobacco are numbered in

yriads, and are constantly receiving new names
r new additions. Virginia, Maryland, Kentucky,
nd Ohio supply most of the American varieties
or the pipe. Venezuela boasts the production
f the " Kanaster," so highly beloved on the Conti-
ent of Europe. The Orientals point with pardon-
ble pride to the superb quality of Turkish

bbacco, and especially to the varieties produced
n Salonica, in Roumelia, and Latakia, the ancient

aodicea, in Northern Syria.

Pipes are made of all sorts of materials and in

u

i

in

all shapes and forms. There is no general rule for
judging as to their relative excellence, unless it be
their quality of absorbing the empyreumatic oil
which is produced by the burning of the Tobacco.
According to this standard the materials most
commonly used may be classified as follows : 1.
The corn-cob; 2. Soft earthen pipes; 3. Meer-
schaum ; 4. Hard earthen pipes ; 5. Wooden
pipes ; 6. Porcelain pipes ; 7. Metallic pipes.

The corn-cob, the " American pipe," which has
been immortalized as ihe favorite of General Jack-
son, takes the lead as the most wholesome of all
pipes, on account of its dryness and sponginess,
which immediately absorb the oil. It is true, it soon
becomes foul, but then, it is inexpensive, and may
be easily replaced by a new one. The democratic,
I)lain and simple clay-pipe, or " cutty," comes
next to it in absorbing quality. It is the historical
i:)ipe, its antiquity gaining it the first place in the
veneration of smokers. It is still the pipe of the
millions, and can never be replaced in the point
of cheapness, popularity, and general utility.

The meerschaum forms the aristocracy among
pipes. It is soft and light as a fleeting dream,
creamy, delicate and sweet as the complexion
of young maidenhood. It is tlie " apple of the
eye" of the refinja smoker, and though its care
may give him endless anxiety, yet there is no
other pipe that can give him equal pleasure. The

^*

29

name ' meerschaum," which means literally " sea-
foam," may have its origin in the fact that pieces
of the mineral, washed out of the sea-beach, are
occasionally found floating on the Black Sea. Or
it may be a German corruption of the word myrs&a,
which is the native name for this substance in its
Asiatic home. It is, in its original state, an earthy
mineral, composed chiefly of silica, magnesium,
carbonic acid, and water. It is soft, smooth, and
porous, and so light that it floats in water. The
greatest quantity of the mineral is found in various
parts of Asia Minor, where it is mined out of the
plains by means of pits and galleries. The centres
of the Meerschaum-pipe industry are, at present,
Vienna, and Ruhla in Thuringia. The pipe, after
being carved or turned into its proper shape, is
Tubbed with glass-paper, boiled in wax, sperm a-
iceti, or stearine, and polished with bone-ashes or
ischalk.

For " SOLID comfort," constant wear and tear,
urability, and general respectability, we know of
o pipe equal to the " Briar," which, after all, is

[DO " Briar " at all, but made from the root of the

ree-heath (Erica arborea) or the Smilax laurifoliay

hich grow in the south of Europe. Leghorn, in

taly, is the centre of the industry of briar-pipes.

he roots, taken out of their native ground, are

Jiere shaped into little blocks of various sizes,
^iiich are allowed to simmer for twelve hours in

.11

30

a liquid of special preparation, until they acquire
a fine yellowish-brown color. The blocks are then
exported to Nuremberg in Bavaria, or to St. Claude,
in the Jura region of France, where they are bored,
finished, and distributed as " French Briars." ThiB
English name is a corruption of the French word
" bruytrc,''^ which means, simply, heather or furze.

The Geuman porcelain pipe, though its mate-
rial is non-absorbent, makes up, hygienically, by
its lower receptaUe for collecting the oil, and by
the great length of the stem, through which the
smoke reaches the mouth, cool and free of im-
purities. Metallic pipes, made of silver, brass, or
iron, are now going out of fashion, but are of
national use in Thibet. They are entirely imprac-
ticable, being easily heated, non-absorbent, and
conveying the smoke hot enough to burn the
tongue.

The study of pipes, in their various forms, is
an interesting branch of the Social sciences, such
as History and Ethnology. Instructive collec-
tions have been made by many persons; the
largest ever formed — consisting of no less than
seven thousand specimens — was owned by Mr.
William Bragge, of Birmingham. It included
every imaginable variety, except one, which is
unique in kind, and known as " her Britisli
Majesty's own tobacco pipe." Lest we give too
great a shock to the fair readers — if these pages

31

til they acquire
blocks are then
orto St. Claude,
e they are bored,
ch Briars." Thii^
he French word
heather or furze.

hough its mate-
hygienically, by

the oil, and by
rough which the
and free of im-
f silver, brass, or
hion, but are of
5 entirely imprac-
n-absorbent, and

gh to burn the

various forms, is
al sciences, such
istructive collec-
ny persons; the
of no less than
owned by Mr.
m. It included
)t one, which is
as "her Britisli
Lest we give too
g_if these pages

should be honored by any such — we will hasten
to explain that luis term is popularly applied in
England to a large cylindrical kiln, m which
damaged Tobacco is burnt by the custom-house
authorities.

Yet a few words about some of the parapher-
nalia of smoking — the Tobacco-jar and the pipe-
stopper. In this country handsomt and conven-
ient Tobacco-boxes or bags^are generally supplied
by the manufacturers of tlie Tobacco. But in
Europe, where the Tobacco is more often bought
in paper packages, or loose, by the pound, much
attention is given to the ornamentation of the
home receptacles of the Tobacco. In Germany,
especially, a handsome Tobacco-pouch is a "joy
forever," and ladies spend much time and labor
in embroidering I'obacco-bags as presents to their
smoking admirers. The old Tobacco-box, of the
Elizabethan and the subsequent eras, was gener-
ally oblong, and contained all the requirements
of the smoker, including the pipe, the Tobacco,
the stopper, and the materials for lighting the
pipe. The boxes were made of silver, porcelain,
horn, glass, or tin. Wealthy or enthusiastic
smokers often had their boxes furnished with
mottoes or inscriptions. As a sample of these
latter wo reproduce the-following :

" Three hundred years ago or fob
Aue worthyc knight and gentlonianne

iMM

32

Did bring me here to charm and chere
Ye physical and mental manne.
God rest his soule who filled ye bowl
And may our blessings finde him,
That he not misse some share of blisse
Who left so much behinde him."

Tobacco-stoppers also were formerly much in
use, and were made in diverse forms and of various
materials, such as wood, bona, ivory, mother-of-
pearl, or silver. Hawthorne, our oft-quoted phil-
osopher of smoking, in describing, step by step,
the whole process of smoking a peaceful pipe,
treats of this particular subject in an exceedingly
practical manner. " But we must use our Tobacco-
stopper ! The heated embers have started up so
high as to be insecure, and require repression.
And what shall our Tobacco-stopper be? I be-
lieve such things are made of malice prepense, for
the especial purpose ; but I fancy only fine-weather
smokers use them — dilettantijWho would not scruple
to puncture the end of their cigar with a pin in-
stead of biting it off in an honest and manly way.
The name of our Tobacco-stopper is legion; a
pencil, a knife-handle, a twist of paper, the fer-
rule of a cane, the cork out of the ink-bottle, and.
most favorite of all, an old silver seal on a corne-
lian shaft. Of all, however, not one happens to be
within reach ; we will not wrong ourselves by get-
ting up from our chair to searc' but will e'en use
the top of our middle finger, which, to tell truth, has

,rm and chere
nanne.
[led ye bowl
nde him,
share of blisae
ie him."

formerly much in
orms and of various
3^ ivory, mother-of-
)ur oft-quoted phil-
bing, step by step,
ig a peaceful pipe,
3t in an exceedingly
ast use our Tobacco-
have started up so

require repression,
-stopper be? I be-
malice prepense, for
icy only fine-weather
rho would not scruple

cigar with a pin in-
nest and manly way.
itopper is legion; a
st of paper, the fer-
f the ink-bottle, and,
ilver seal on a corne-
ot one happens to be
■ong ourselves by get-
|,rc but will e'en use
hich, to tell truth, has

33

one the business innumerable times before, and
ill most likely be the chief operator in the future.

e feel the fine prick of the heat as we stamp down
e ashes, and our finger-tip is ash-coated when we
ithdraw it. But we are not disturbed ; the smoker

by nature a philosopher, and will not much re-
ine even should he find a little brown-edged hole
ii two on the knee of his broadcloth pantaloons-
aces of the burning tears of afiection which pipea
casionally shed."

Simple as nature itself is this sort of a Tobacco-
pper ; yet there are fingers not adapted for this
rpose. Isaac Newton, another famous philoso-
er, found this out to his cost. It is recorded of
|m, that on one memorable occasion, when smok-
absorbedly at the side of the intended Mrs.
iwton, and afl'ectionately holding her hand in
, he mistook her forefinger for his own, in using
stamp down the ashes in his pipe. The effect
this excusable slip was quite surprising. The
»ung lady took such exception to the act and to
e smoker himself, that the engagement was
oken. The moral lesson of this story is ob-
us.

8

r, "'ipi

III.

THE USES AND PLEASURES OF TOBACCO.

The uses, pleasures, and benefits of Tobacco,
when taken in the moderation that common sen.-?i
alone can prescribe, are many in number, degree.
and quality: positive and negative, mental and
physical. As a narcotic it absorbs and removc.<
all sorts of natural obstructions and malignities
that trouble man, and as a stimulant it is of u^a'
and delight in calling forth new forces of life an'
activity. Even the ashes of the plant can be made
of use. Mingled with camphorated chalk, thev
offer an excellent tooth-powder. Ground witli
poppy oil, they give the painter a varied series oi
delicate grays.

Beginning with the most humble of its services
to man, we find Tobacco the great friend of gar-
deners and plant-"* overs, by whom it is employe i
as the best-known exterminator of plant- verm in,
Gardeners sprinkle their crops with Tobacco-
water, to the destruction of grubs and various
other insects. Florists fumigate their hot-houses,;.
by burning Tobacco-stalks, and, presto, the lice dis- J
appear. It is on the same principle that smokei«.^
are less troubled by the attacks of fleas, bed-bugs,^

34

35

;S OF TOBACCO.

ncfits of Tobacco,!
hat common sensi
ill number, degree,
;ative, mental and
jorbs and removes
LIS and malignities
nulant it is of usef
w forces of lifo and
plant can be made
orated chalk, they
er. Ground with
r a varied series of

mble of its service-'
great friend of gar-
lom it is employe 1
^or of plant-vermin.
3ps with Tobacce-
grubs and various
,te their hot-house.>
, presto, the lice dis-
nciple that smokti^
s of fleas, bed-bugs,

jtc, than those who are not inoculated with
'obacco. Mosquitoes, also, and other cannibals,
)refer the unsmoked blood and flesh of man. It
on record that the gentle natives of Oceanica
lave refused to feast on certain sailors, whose
lesh they supposed tasted too strongly of
backy."

Medicinal virtues, real as well as imaginary,
rere discovered in Tobacco soon after its intro-
|uction into Europe. " Queens and cardinals
)wed to the dictum of physicians, who seemed
look upon the plant as a divine remedy for most
iseases, and so speedily propounded cures for all
lat ' flesh is heir to ' from various applications of
that it was also christened Herba Panacea and
lerha Santa.^^ It was supposed to " cure any
giiefe, dolour, imposture, or obstruction proceeding
fern colde or winde, especially in the head or
l:^ast. The fume taken in a pij^e is good against
tttme, catarrhs, hoarseness, ache in the head,
af|)macke, lungs, breast : also in want of meate,
^nko, sleepe, or rest." It is still regarded as an
important remedy in both the new and the old
ailiools of medicine.

Every smoker knows the benefit of Tobacco as
90^ aid to the digestion. What magic power is there
^^t in a cigar or a pipe, which, after a hearty dinner,
i^tantly dissipates every feeling of heaviness and

36

discomfort, that clears the brain, and sends a gen-
tle wave of ease and thorough comfort through
every limb ? Physicians tell us that, in taking a
post-prandial smoke, " in the first place we stimu-
late or increase the normal activity of the sympa-
thetic system of nerves, which is immediately
affected by Tobacco. By so doing we slightly in-
crease the secretion of saliva, and of the gastric,
pancreatic, and intestinal juices. We accomplisli
these all-important secretory actions with a smaller
discharge of nerve force ; we economize nerve force
in digestion, and by this we mean to say that wv
perform the work of digesting food just as well as
before, and still have more of the co-ordinating and
controlling nerve-power left, with which to per-
form the other functions of life. Thus at the out-
set Tobacco exhibits itself as an economizer of life."
{Flske.)

n

*' There are four ways," says the authority
quoted just above, " in which Tobacco may exhibit
its effects upon the nutriti >^ of the body.

" 1 . In stimulant doses, by improving nutrition,
it may increase the normal weight.

" 2. In stimulant doses, by improving nutrition,
it may cause a diminution of weight abnormally
produced.

" 3. In narcotic doses, by impairing nutrition
it may cause emaciation.

" 4. In narcotic doses, by impairing nutritioii

?.»'

M

37

L, and sends a gen-
1 comfort through
s that, in taking a
rst place we stimu-
vity of the sympa-
3h is immediately
>ing we slightly in-
and of the gastric,
s. We accomplish
tions with a smaller
onomize nerve force
lean to say that ^vl
food just as well as
le co-ordinating and
with which to per-
B. Thus at the out-
m economizer of life.''

says the authority '
robacco may exhibit

of the body,
mproving nutrition.

eight.

improving nutrition
weight abnornially

impairing nutrition

impairing nutrition,

it may aggravate obesity instead of relieving it."
[ence we may see that the good or evil of Tobacco
lepends entirely upon loko uses it and how it is
ised. It is the same with everything created.

To THE action of Tobacco in economizing the
lervous force and arresting the disintegration of
Muscular tissue is due its power of sustaining life
iluring states of weariness and even utter exhaus-
iition. It is on record that shipwrecked sailors on
i forlorn raft have outlived their horrors for a
week, subsisting on nothing but water and their
j^obacco. Many another " poor but honest " fel-
low has relieved the pangs of an empty stomach
J^ the same means. To many a worn-out man and
yoman in extreme old age the pipe has been a
def means of nutritior , a never-failing source of
Bmulus and comfort.

Next to rest itself there is no dispeller of weari-
liiss equal to Tobacco. What a blessing is it not
to the toilers of the earth ! The soldier smoking
!p his tent after the long tramp of the day , the

llor holding sweet communications with his
in the stormy watches of the night; the
lt|borer resting his weary limbs while puffing
ajte evening pipe, these can testify to the life-
^^^nomizing virtue of Tobacco, no less than the
ll^fessional man, who finds in it the best relaxa-
Ifen for the over-burdened brain.

DO

What Tobacco is to a sailor may be seen from
the following letter, written by an English " tar :"

** Dear Brother Tom :

"This comes hopein to find you in good health, as it ,|
leaves me safe anchord here yistday, arter a pleasant voy-
age tolrable short and a few squalls. — Dear Tom — hopes to
find poor old father stout, and am quite out of pig-tail.
Sights of pig-tail at Gravesend, but unfortenly not fit for
a dog to chor. Dear Tom, Captain's boy will bring you
this, and put pig-tail in his pocket when bort. Best in
London at the Black boy in 7 diles, where go acks for
best pig-tail — pound a pig-tail will do, and am short of
shirts. Dear Tom, as for shirts onv took 2 whereof one
is quite wored out and tuther most, but don't forget the
l)ig-tail, as I aint had a quid to chor never since Thurs-
day. Dear Tom, as for the shirts, your size will do, only
longer. I likes um long — get one at present ; best at
Tower-hill, and cheap, but be particler to go to 7 diles for
the pig-tail at the Black Boy, and Dear Tom, acks for
pound best pig-tail, and let it be good. Captain's boy will
put the pig-tail in his pocket, he likes pig-tail, so ty it up.
Dear Tom, shall be up about Monday there or there-
abouts. Not so perticuler for the shirt, as the present can
be washed, but dont forget the pigtail without fail, so am
your loving brother,

"J. P.

" P. S.— Don't forget the pig- tail."

Of all the benefits of Tobacco to the human
yystem, the brain, and thus the mind, receives
probably the largest share. The little papillas of
the tongue and the ramifications of the olfactory
nerves in the nostrils open their tiny mouths

3iJ

and drink in eagerly the finest essences of the
(stimulant, which are, post-haste, sent directly to
r headquarters," where, if the brain be dull and
[weary, they act as fresh fuel to a smoldering fire,
(or if it be unduly excited, they bring tranquillity,
IS oil Ui^/on troubled waters. '' The bowl that
?heereth, but inebriateth not " has been fitly inter-
)reted as meaning the pipe-bowl.

Thus sings a poet of former days:

" Blest be his shade, may laurels ever bloom,
And breathing sweets exhale around his tomb,
Whose penetrating nostrils taught mankind
First how by snuff to rouse the sleeping niind."

{Arbiickle.)

Nor do snuffers alone monopolize this benefit
^f Tobacco. Here is the experience of a solitary
loker :

f* But if you are a bachelor, like me,

And spurn all chains, even though made of roses,
I'd recommend cigars — there is a free

And happy spirit that, unseen, reposes
On the dim, shadowv clouds that hover o'er vou,
When smoking quietly, with a warm fire before you."

{Halleck.)

And Bulwer adds this contribution to the phi-
)8ophy of smoking :

'* He who doth not smoke hath either known
great griefs, or refuseth himself the softest

j^^-Si^fH-A

""t^ii i<

40

consolation next to that which comes from
heaven. *What, softer than woman?' whispers
the young reader. Young reader, woman teases as
well as consoles. Woman makes half the sorrows
which she boasts the privilege to soothe. Woman
consoles us, it is true, while we are young and
handsoiiie ; when we are old and ugly, woman
snubs and scolds us. On the whole, then, woman
in this scale, the weed in that. Jupiter, hang out
thy balance and weigh them both ; and if thou
give the .preference to woman, all I can say is,
the next time Juno ruffles thee, O Jupiter, try
the weed."

Wise is the woman who looks not upon a pipe
as the rival to her husband's love, but regards it
rather as her friend and ally in keeping her worse
half good-natured and in her subjection. Why
grudge him nis after-dinner smoke ? Then is the
time a diplomatic wife will find him most inter-
ested in the proposed new bonnet, most lenient
with the latest bargains, ai. d other little feminine
failings. Depend upon it, Tobaccc* is the great
soother of domestic differences; the pipe the
magic wand that in a whiff disperses the host of
petty cares and irritations.

A PHILOSOPHIC German poet, Friedrich Marc,
gives the following happy tribute to the grief-
dispersing, comfort-bearing virtue of the cigar :

41

m

;h comes from
,man?' whispers
woman teases as
half the sorrows
soothe. Woman
1 are young and
.nd ugly, woman
lole, then, woman
Jupiter, hang out
oth ; and if thou
all I can say is,
ee, O Jupiter, try

is not upon a pipe
ve, but regards it
keeping her wor^e
subjection. Why
oke? Then is the
\ him most inter-
net, most lenient |
iher little feminine |
[baccc^ is the great |
les; the pipe the
sperses the host of

It, Friedrich Marc,
Ibute to the grief-
lue of the cigar :

" The warmth of thy glow,
Well-lighted eigiir,
Makes happy thoughts flow,
And drives sorrow afar.

"The stronger the wind blows,
The brighter thou burnest I
The dreariest of life's woi^a
Less gloomy thou turnest.

** As I feel on my lip
Thy unselfish kiss ;
Like thy flame-coloured tip,
All is rosy-hued bliss.

" No longer does sorrow
Lay weight on my heart ;
And all fears of the morrow
In joy -dreams depart.

*' Sweet cheerer of sadness I
Soft beckoning star I
I greet thee with gladness,
My friendly cigar."

"The great Peace-maker" is, perhaps, the
proudest of Tobacco's many titles. Its beniticent
influence upon belligerent mankind has been, and
is most wonderful. Over the pipe of peace the
savage bands of our native forests settled their
bloody disputes. Over a friendly, sociable cigar
modern diplomats arbitrate international compli-
cations. Who knows but that many a war may
have been averted of late years, and millions of
human lives saved by the timely introduction oi

•.'^,\iyV^i it •■.•.'!'■ ^"T't'PSS'W

42

the cigar-box. Lord Clarendon, the famous Eng-
lish statesman, held, that " Tobacco is the key to
diplomacy." " Diplomacy is entirely a question
of the weed. I can always settle a quarrel
if I know beforehand whether the plenipoten-
tiary smokes Cavendish, Latakia, or Shag."
Prince Bismarck believes in the same policy,
which, in the common affairs of life, is confirmed
l)y the daily experience of every business man.

A SOCIABLE SMOKE opcus the flow of soul where
frozen dullness reigned before. It makes men
take larger, loftier views of principles and persons.
It induces patience and mutual forbearance, gen-
erosity and general good feeling. Yet two more
of its benefits : it develops and nourishes the
sense of humor, and, perhaps the greatest of its
blessings, it makes men more silent, compels them
to do less mischief with their tongues, and renders
them, instead, more thoughtful and deliberate.

The angler is a noble specimen of what smok-
ing does for a man. Angling without smoking is
unthinkable. The smoking fisherman is wide-
awake yet patient, eager yet quiet. Talking is a
nuisance to him. It disturbs the fish and endan-
gers the light of the pipe. Good old Izaak Walton
himself was a capital smoker, as appears from his
immortal book, The Complete Angler. His followers
have kept up the custom with pleasure and profit.
In no situation is a smoker more content than

43

i famous Eng-
is the key to
ely a question
ttie a quarrel
le plenipoten-
a, or Sliag."
i same policy,
fe, is confirmed
usiness nian.

V of soul where
It makes men
les and persons,
orhearance, gen-
Yet two more
nourishes the
greatest of its
t, compels them
;ues, and renders
d deliherate.

In of what smok-
[lout smoking is
erman is wide-
it. Talking is a

fish and endan-

►Id Izaak Walton

lappears from his

r. His followers

ixsure and profit.

,re content than

when sitting with his pipe and rod under the
shade of a tree upon the cool bank of a j)lcasant
stream, contemphiting tlie float and the ever-vary-
ing life of man, far away alike from mosquitoes
and " from the madding crowd's ignoble strife."

Smoking, no less than angling, is well termed
" the contemplative man's recreation." Most
smokery are thoughtful men, and tlie greatest
thinkers have also been smokers. Smoking, as it
were, liberates the mind from the gross material
body, and as the airy clouds and ringlets ascend
on high, the thoughts unbound by space and time
take a similar upward flight. Well has old Sir
Roljcrt Ay ton expressed this process in a sonnet:

" Forsaken of all comforts but these two,

My faggot and my pipe, I sit to muse

On all my crosses, and almost excuse
The Heavens for dealing with me as they do.
When Hope steps in, and with a smiling brow,

Such cheerful expectations doth infuse

As make me think ere long I cannot choose
But be some grancfee, whatsoe'r I'm now.
But having spent my pipe, I then perceive
That hopes and dreams are cousins — both deceive.

Then mark I this conclusion in my mind,
It's all one thing — both tend into one scope-
To live upon Tobacco and on Hope,

The one's but smoke, the other is but wind."

No LESS instructive is the following analogy be-
tween Tobacco and the life of man :

mm

mr

!

44

" Tobacco's but an Indian weed,
Grows green at morn, cut down at eve,
It shows our decay, we are but clay :
Think of this when vou smoke Tobacco.

"The pipe that is. so lily white,
Wherein so many take delight,
Is broke with a touch— man's life is such :
Think of this when you smoke Tobacco.

" The pipe that is so foul within,
Shows how man's soul is stained with sin,
And then the fire it doth require :
Think of this when you smoke Tobacco.

" The ashes Miat are left behind,
Do serve to put us p^\ in mind.
That unto dust rett a we must :
Think of this when you smoke Tobacco.

" The smoke that does so high ascend.
Shows us man's life inust have an end ;
The vapor's gone — man's life is done:
Think of this when vou smoke Tobacco."

— From ''Pills to purge Melancholy" edited by D' Urfey, in 1719.

But, aside of all these benefits and uses of To-
bacco, what use is greater than the pleasure itself
which it gives to mankind ? "All work and no
play makes Jack a dull boy." There is a positive,
a most important use in every innocent pleasure
that man is able to enjoy. What is life without
delight but a dreary waste or a lifeless mechanism ?
And every smoker who has not, by sheer excess,

45

innocent pleasure
hat is life without
•eless mechanism ?
,t, by sheer excess,

ruined his abilitj'" to enjoy Tobacco in an innocent
manner, knows that there are few, if any, physical
pleasures that are more constant, more inexpen-
sive, more delightful, and more generally helpfu^
to mind and body than the pleasure of smoking.
*' Tobacco, coffea, opium, and wine," says an epi-
curean proverb of the Turks, " are the four ele-
ments of the world of enjoyment, the four pillows
of the couch of pleasure." We would reduce
these to the two simple substances. Wine and To-
bacco, twin monarchs of the world of harmless
enjoyment, when used in the manner in which
they were intended.

The all-embracing pleasures of smoking have
been summed up thus :

" A pipe of the Nicotian leaf
Is true nepenthe balm for every grief,
While other joys one sense alone can measure,
This to all senses gives ecstatic pleasure.

" You feel the radiance of the glowing bowl,
Hear the soft murmuring of the burning coal,
Smell the sweet fragrance of the honey-dew,
Taste its strong pungency the palate through,
See the blue cloudlets circling to the dome,
Imprisoned skies, up-floating to their home."

{John Brougham.)

H'

li !i

IV.

THE HYGIENE AND ETIQUETTE OF

TOBACCO.

From the time of " sainted " King James I until
the present day the controversy on the " Tobacco
question " has raged continuously. Monarchs
have legislated against the use of the stimulant ;
doctors have held it up as the cause of nearly all
diseases that have afflicted humanity ; reformers
and " cranks " of all descriptions have proved it
to their own satisfaction the greatest of all spir-
itual, moral, and social evils. But oppression,
theorizing, ridicule, and denunciations have made
Tobacco only the more popular. Undisturbed by
the tempest on the surface, the silent substrata of
the smoking world have continued quietly but
persistently to enjoy the benefits and pleasures of
the great soothing and comforting equalizer of
human existence.

"Who shall decide, when doctors disagree?"
And never was there such a disagreement amongst
them as on the subject of Tobacco. In such a
case, what can the simple-hearted smoker do but
to accept the situation such as it is, think accord-
ing to his own judgment, and do his own sweet

46

47

pleasure, unruffled by the outcries of well-meaning
but misguided zealots who would offer him tooth-
picks and soda-water for the pipe and the flagon.

" Slowly, but surely," they tell us, " Tobacco is
undermining the physical and mental vitality of
the race, shortening the life of the individual, ruin-
ing the ners^ous system, vitiating the blood, poison-
ing the brain, inducing loss of memory, insanity,"
etc., etc. Without entering, here, upon the rationale
of the question, we would merely venture to ask for
an explanation ot the fact that the human race is
still in existence, after centuries of continuous and
universal indulgence in the " deadl}' " Tobacco
habit ; how it is that the average length of human
life is as great now as it ever was ; that men — of
whom nine out of ten arc smokers — are not less
vigorous, healthy, and long-lived than their fe-
male counterparts, who as a rule abstain from the
use of Tobacco ? Stubborn facts these, which the
theorists, in lack of more palpable materials, may
put into their pipe and smoke to aid their mental
digestion.

If Tobacco shortens the life, how is it that wo
hear almost daily of men who have lived to the
age of eighty or ninety years, or even longer, in
daily intercourse with their pipe or (jiiid ? Instances
such as these may not prove that men must
smoke, but are of at least equal weight in the
argument with those shining examples of long-

'.IM ", l,.T^"^^WT^*"«

mm^

48

lived non-smokers which the reformers hold up
before a sinful world.

" When a man begins to smoke he immediately
becomes a hog !" We must believe this profound
axiom on no less an authority than Horace Greeley.
Alas for dear old Horace I With even more reason
might he have been answered : " When a man be-
gins to vapor thus he immediately becomes an
ass !" It reminds us of a clergyman who said to
another in the same office : " Brother, is it possible
you smoke Tobacco ? Pray, give up the unseemly
practice. Even a pig would not smoke so vile a
weed." " My dear brother," was the mild reply,
" do yoio smoke ?" " Indeed not !'^ (with virtuous
horror). " Then, dear brother, who is more like
the pig — you or I ?"

" But smoking makes men selfish, and oblivious
to the comfort of others." We have known of a
few individuals of the hu'^.ian race who were selfish
even before they began the practice, and occasion-
ally a non-smoker is met with who would not be
ready to give up everything for his neighbor. On
the other hand, history tells of some smokers who
have been brave patriots, loving husbands and
fathers, steadfast friends, refined and gallant gentle-
men. Was this in spite of smoking, or on account
of smoking, or quite independently of smoking?
*' Well, but smoking certainly leads to drinking."
Yes ! in the same way that drinking leads to eating.

49

mers hold up

le immediately
e this profound
aorace Greeley.
ren more reason
^hen a man be-
jly becomes an
an who said to
ler, is it possible
ip the unseemly
smoke so vile a
the mild reply,
'^ (with virtuous
ho is more like

sh, and oblivious
lave known of a
who were selfish
ce, and occasion-
10 would not be
is neighbor. On
me smokers who
g husbands and
nd gallant gentle-
n^. or on account
itly of smoking?
ads to drinking."
Qg leads to eating.

The social glass does seem incomplete without the

cigar, and the pleasure of smoking is enhanced

by wine. We confess this awful heresy without

a blush on our brow. Both wine and Tobacco

were given by a bountiful Providence for the right

use and enjoyment of man. Like two good

friends they balance each other, and, as it ^^ere,

I rub ofif each other's corners by mutual solution

[and absorption. But, pray, distinguish between

irinking and drunkenness. Some nations, such

[as the English and German, are free drinkers

[and great smokers, but then our Teutonic and

)axon ancestors drank even more in the bar-

[barous times, when smoking was unknown. Con-

jider, on the other hand, the romanic nations —

[Italians, Spaniards, South Americans. They smoke

IS freely as other people, yet drunkenness is prac

tically uuKnown amongst them. Let our zealous

^orld-menders spend their energies in the all-

ibsorbing occupation of " minding their own af-

lirs," in combatting the real evils, of which our

md their own nature have a common share. But

this may be less attractive than to

" Compound for sins they are inclined to,
By damning those they have no mind to."

The real question at issue is not the one of use
)r no use, but of use or abuse. While Nicotine,

its essential, extracted state is admitted to be a
>oi8on — a drop of it being enough to kill a cat
4

] j|fr=

50

instantly — ihis does not make Tobacco a poison
any more than a leg of mutton is poison, even
though there is enough salt of potash in it to kill
anybody who would be foolish enough to extract
it from the meat and eat it. There is poison in
almost anything you can think of, if it be chem-
ically separated from its harmonious combination
with other substances, even as a certain amount
of self-love enters into almost every thought,
affection, or act of the man of this world Bin
this should not prevent us from enjoying the
good things of the world or from accepting un-
suspectingly the kind offices of our fellow-men.
It is not wine that makes the drunkard or gold
that makes the thief It is the blind ignorance, or
the false persuasions, or the willfully evil inten-
tions that substitute abuse for legitimate use.

" But even a moderate use of Tobacco is, at the
very outset, repugnant and immediately harmful
to human nature. Every smoker can and must
acknowledge this out of his own experience."
Even so can the sailor or the traveler bear witness
to the unpleasant effects of his first sea-voyage,
The second smoke and the second voyage is gene-
rally attended by less inconveniences. Almost
every acquired taste or habit is at first unpleasant.
Pickled olives, raw oysters, or tomatoes, and many
other things, are, in most cases, at first utterly I
repulsive, even sickening, to the foreigner. Yet

51

how soon does he not become accustomed to these
good things ? Every acquaintance is more or less
strange on the first introduction. Against some
we may even conceive a violent dislike and preju-
dice at first sight, yet in the end they may prove
themselves trustworthy and life-long friends.

The moral of our philosophy is this simple
one, that men may smoke, but should not over-
smoke. The efiects of the abuse of Tobacco are
many and serious. We cannot enter, here, upon
an enumeration of all the symptoms thus pro-
duced, but may state in general that, though even
raw excess has never been known to originate a
specific disease, still it reduces the system to a low
condition, making it unfit to fight against ailments
brought on by other causes. Children and young
people, whose systems have not yet reached matur-
ity, and whose minds have not yet developed the
rationality which can discern between use and
abuse, should be withheld, in totOj from indulgence
in Tobacco ; they have vitality enough without
the stimulant, and the premature irritation of the
tender nerves may induce permanent injury. But
probably the greatest harm of Tobacco to the
immature is that its use, like that of spirituous
liquors, introduces them prematurely into the
state of manhood. The ill effects are thus more
mental than physical, but are, in consequence, thfi
more to be avoided.

52

Members and friends of the "Anti-Tobacco
League " are freely offered whatever comfort they
may be able to derive from the following report of
a speech by Professor Huxley, delivered at a meet-
ing of the " British Association," when the subject
of smoking was under debate. " For forty years of
my life," said this great scientist, " Tobacco has
been a deadly foe to me." {Loud cheers from the
anti'tobacconists.) " In my youth, as a medical
student, I tried to smoke. In vain ! At everv
fresh attempt my insidious foe stretched me pros-
trate on the floor." (Repeated cheers.) " I entered
the navy; agnin I tried to smoke, and again met
with a defeat. I hated Tobacco. I could almost
have lent my support to any institution that had
for its object the putting of Tobacco smokers to
death." (^Vociferous applause.) "A few years
ago I was in Brittany with some friends. We
went to an inn. They began to smoke. They
looked very ii^appy, and outside it was very wet
and dismal. T thought I would try a cigar."
(Murmurs.) " i did so." {Great expectations.)
*' I smoked that cigar. It was delicious."
(Groans.) '' From that moment I was a changed
man ; and I now feel that smoking in moderation
is a comfortable and laudable pratice, and is pro-
ductive of good." (Dismay and confusion of the
anti-tobacconists. Roars of laughter from the smokers.)
" There is no more harm in a pipe than there is
in a cup of tea. You mn}'^ poison yourself by

WMMWW'M'. -

53

'Anti-Tobacco
• comfort they
►wing report of
ered at a meet-
len the subject
r forty years of
" Tobacco has
cheers from the
1, as a medical
iin! At every
itched me pros-
rs.) " I entered
, and again met

I could almost
itution that had
icco smokers to

"A few years
le friends. We
) smoke. They
it was very wet
^^ try a cigar."
>at expectations.)
Iwas delicious."

I I was a changed
Lg in moderation
,tice, and is pro-

confusion of the
from the s7}\okers.)
^e than there is
son yourselt by

drinking too much green tea, and kill your-
self by eating too many beefsteaks. For my
<jwn part, I would consider that Tobacco, in mod-
eration, is a sweetener and equaUzer of the tem-
per." (^Total rout of the anti-tobacconists, and com-
flete triumph of the smokers.)

The controversy has been well epitomized in
the following " Ode to Tobacco," which our ascetic
lirethren may hymn to the tune of " The skeleton
in armor :"

" Thou who, when fears attack,
Bids them avaunt ; and black
Care, at the horseman's back

Perching, unseatest ;
Sweet when the morn is gray ;
Sweet, when they've cleared away
Lunch ; and at close of day

Possibly sweetest :

* I have a liking old
For thee, though manifold
Stories, I know, are told,

Not to thy credit ;
How one (or two at most)
Drops make a cat a ghost—
Uselesp, except to roast —

Doctors have said it.

" How thoy wlio une fusees
All grow by hIow degrees
JiruinlcHK an chimpanzees,
^loagjv as lizards;

I

54

Go mad, and beat their wivea
Plunge (after shocking lives)
Bazors and carving knives
Into their gizzards.

" Confound such knavish tricks !
Yet know I five or six
Smokers who freely mix

Still with their neighbors ;
Jones (who, I'm glad to say,
Asked leave of Mrs. J — )
Daily absorbs a clay

After his labors.

** Cats may have had their goose
Cooked by Tobacco-juice ;
Still, why deny its use

Thoughtfully taken ? *

We're not as tabbies are :
Smith, take a fresh cigar!
Jones, the tobacco-jar !
* Cranks ' be forsaken !"

(C. S. Calverlfif).

We may now be permitted to offer our fellow-
sinners the following practical hints as to the Hy-
giene and Etiquette of smoking — the results, not
of our own unaided wisdom, but of the collective
experience of many generations.

First and last, be moderate in your use of To-
bacco as in your use of anything else. Don't ask
anybody else how much you should smoke. You
are your own and only judge. To some men onej
single cigar or pipe may be excess. To others half

55

a dozen may be moderation. Every man of com
mon sense can soon tell how much is good for him
on any particular occasion. When you feel the
least inconvenience it is the right time to stop.
If, by excess, you have entirely lost your self-con-
trol, you had better "swear off" altogether for a
time. Rest is very useful after a hard run. But
don't blame the Tobacco for your condition.
Blame yourself alone. Freedom is the most pre-
cious thing of human life. Don't permit your-
self to become a slave to Tobacco, or, to speak
more correctly, to your own blind and greedy ap-
petite. Be a man !

When you smoke, smoke good Tobacco, so as
not to give unnecessary offense to "the weaker
brethren." Be intelligent in your pleasures as
you are in your business. Make a study of To-
Ibacco in its various forms and qualities and
[brands, and find that which best suits your sys-
tem and your tastes. Treat your smoking mate-
[rials with care and consideration as you would
j'our friends. Be careful to keep your Tobacco
Iry and fresh. (Do not keep your friends dry,
[however.) In smoking dry Tobacco, the Nicotine
dmost entirely evaporates into the air, as it be-
jomes volatile at the temper of combustion. But
If the Tobacco be moist, the Nicotine is dissolved
[n the humidity, and enters with it into the sys-
jm of the smoker. For the same reason, don't

'r.'jfWWtSnsMn

56

smoke a cigar to the last end, and don't chew the
stump !

The questions of " where " and " when '■ are also
of importance to the scientific and considerate
smoker. Following the depraved instincts of
human nature, many veteran smokers prefer a
small close den in offering their incense to the
genius of Nicotiana. Yet the fact remains that
smoking is most wholesome in the open aii (when
the wind is not too high), or in a large, well-ven-
tilated room. Again, and as a general rule, don't
smoke on an empty stomach just before a meal.
The absorption of the Nicotine, under such con-
ditions, takes place more rapidly, as the absorbing
vessels on your tongue then open wide their hun-
gry little mouths. The secretion of saliva, also»
which is so necessary to the proper digestion of
food, is then unduly excited, and brings on an
equally undue stimulation of the gastric glands,
which, in consequence, pour their juice into the
empty stomach, and produce a feeling of nausea
and constriction. Smoking before the meal, there-
fore, causes a sheer waste of the alimentary forces.
But after dinner ! Then the profit and pleasure
of smoking become fully demonstrated.

How to smoke? The golden rule <ji modera-
tion involves the ^^festlna lente,^'' "hasten slowly."
The more slowly you smoke, the more gradual is

St«sflfiai««at*.»»»'» -

57

>n't chew the

ule <ji modera-

the absorption of the Nicotine, and the more pro-
longed ia'the pleasure of smoking. Be composed,
and ever under perfect self-control. Greed is at all
times unworthy of true manhood. And don't in-
dulge in the habit of swallowing or inhaling the
smoke. While it never actually enters the lungs,
as is supposed by many, yet it is apt to produce
irritation of the tender organs in the back of the
mouth and the respiratory channels. This is a
frequent cause of tiie disease known as "the
smoker's sore throat." Be cleanly in your smok-
ing. Keep your pipe clean and sweet. A dirty
pipe is one of the most offensive things under the
sun, and one of the most unwholesome. The
oftener you clean it — or, better still, replace it for
a new one — the less Nicotine will bo absorbed into
your system. And if you clean your pipe fre-
quently, why not then also your mouth which is
the continuation of your pipe? The creosote,
which is developed in the burning of the Tobacco,
settles on your teeth and mouth, and is really
more injurious than the small amount of Nicotine
which you may absorb. Remove it, and sweeten
your breath at the same time, by the application
of water. Don't chew coffee-beans, cloves, pepper-
mint, or scented pellets to neutralize the stale odor
of the Tobacco. A simple gargle of water, espe-
cially when it is heated, will do move to propitiate
your wife or sweetheart than any spices or per-
fumes.

'^ll

I I

68

By all that is wholesome, dear smoker, don't
indulge in the habit of spitting. You are wasting
one of the best and most necessary assistants to
your digestion. " Habitual spitting," says Fiske,
" incites the salivary glands to excessive secretion,
thereby weakening the system to a surprising ex-
tent, and probably lowering nutrition. Many tem-
perate smokers, who think themselves hurt by To-
bacco, are probably hurt only because, though in
all other respects gentlemen, they will persist in
the filthy habit of spitting. There is no excuse
for the habit, for with very little practice the de-
sire to get rid of the saliva entirely ceasos, and is
never felt again."

In conclusion, do not let the pleasure of smok-
ing interfere with your quality as a gentleman, as
a charitable man, and above all, as a lover and
husband. Consider that there are many to whom
the smell of your cigar or pipe is unpleasant and
even sickening. Do not insist upon smoking in
the presence of such unfortunates, even though
they should give a half-forced permission. Would
you be less charitable than they ? Life is long, and
there will be other opportunities for your enjoy-
ment. And above all, be gallant and considerate
to the gentle sex. The company of ladies is, or
ought to be, a pleasure and benefit greater even
than that of smoking. Your sweetheart or wife is
after all your best, most intimate, most dear and

Moc«^f<S0mft«^«.. ..X

r smoker, don't
fou are wasting
try assistants to
ig," says Fiske,
essive secretion,
a surprising ex-
ion. Manytem-
Ives hurt by To-
jause, though in
y will persist in
re is no excuse
practice the de-
}ly ceas>3S, ana is

59

valuable friend. If she cannot overcome her dis-
like to the smell of Tobacco upon your lips — and
remember that women cannot and ought not to
be forced — then, well, remember that water is
plentiful, and will, in most cases, remove the
obstacle that may hinder the sweet meeting of
her lips with yours.

■■! I

M

leasure of smok-
j a gentleman, as
I, as a lover and
e many to whom
8 unpleasant and
pon smoking in
,es, even though
rmission. Would
Life IS long, and
3 for your enjoy-
.t and considerate
iiy of ladies is, or
lefit greater even
eetheart or wife is
te, most dear and

. ^»»V«'ryA .^ ■

V.

THE HISTORY OF TOBACCO.

Risking the probability of being denouncea on
all hands as " unscientific," we venture to ascribe
to Tobacco-smoking an antiquity far greater than
is generally conceded. Its origin can be distinctly
traced to Olympus itself. Is it to be supposed
that Jupiter was so uninventive as not to have
known how to find peace of mind in the comfort
of a pipe, after his many domestic difficulties?
Was not the goddess of love and beauty and
pleasure born out of the foam of the sea? Do
we not here see the origin of " Meerschaum "?
Pan, the merry reveller of the woods, invented
the first pipe, as we are told. Necessitj^ the
mother of inventions, drove him to discover the
original instrument of smoking.

The monuments of Ancient Egypt clearly suj)-
j)ort our theory. Here we find depicted merry
parties of smokers, puffing over a fire through
enormous tubes. Soulless scientists claim, indeed,
that these were nothing but glass-blowers, but
this proves nothing. Do not glass-blowers even
now smoke pipes?

60

61

ceo.

lenouncea on
are to ascribe
' (greater than
1 be distinctly
► be supposed
not to have
In the comfort
c difficulties?
beauty and
the sea? Do
kleerschaum "?
)ods, invented
Necessity, the
discover the

Students of the Classics are well acquainted with
the famous stanza of old father Homer :

" 'QTiS Kivy K6?Le va<z a/ieppie ut/J ffw?.,
a 1^6 a/iippie wAJ cwA va^ ■qe,

*'He KoAkkd apop if IltVc, av6 rje Ka}<.7ih6 <pop If ^a?.,
av6 ije KoXkiS <{>op ig <j>idd?^pg d^pee."

Translated, literally, this verse reads :

" Old Kirg Cole was a merry old soul,
And a merry old soul was he ,
He called for his pipe, and he called for his bowl,
And he called for his fiddlers three."

What clearer proofs can be given to show that
pipe-smoking was well known both to the Greeks
and the ancient Britons ?

Then we have the "Fairy pipes," or "Celtic
pipes," which have been found in close proximity
to certain remains from the Roman occupation of
Ireland. One of these pipes was found in Kil-
dare, in 1784, still sticking in the mouth of a
skull of unquestioned antiquity. Again skeptical
scientists came forth to prove that the pipe was a
common clay from the Elizabethan period, which
some practical joker had stuck between the teeth
of the venerable skeleton. " Science " will next
prove that a moon is a green cheese I

Thus much for prehistoric smoking. Coming
down to cold " facts," we learn that the custom of

!<l/||tiiJ■^

I !1

ill

62

Tobacco-smoking first became known to Euro-
peans in the first week of November, of' the
memorable year 1492. The discoverers of this
universal blessing to mankind were two simple
sailors whom Columbus had sent to explore Cuba.
Returning to the ships, they reported +hat the
natives had a strange habit of carrying with them
lighted firebrands, and puffing out smoke from
their mouths and nostrils. Upon further investi-
gation they found that the " firebrands " consisted
of the dried leaves of a certain plant which were
rolled up in the leaves of the Indian corn.

In other islands the voyagers discovered an-
other method of inhaling the smoke. The Carib-
bees would scatter the dried leaves of the mys-
terious plant upon glowing embers and receive
the smoke through a hollow instrument made in
the shape of the letter Y. The upper tubes they
would thrust into their nostrils and the lower one
into the smoke. The plant was called Kohiba,
and the instrument Tobago. The Spaniards, after-
ward, came to call the plant itself Tobaco.

The first exact description of the plant and
the methods of using it was published in 1526 by
Don Gonzalo Hernandez da Oviedo, viceroy of
San Domingo. He is said to have introduced the
plant into Spain, where it was cultivated for orna-
mental purposes in gardens. Other authorities
state that a Spanish physician. Francesco Her-

63

of the plant and
lished in 1526 by
viedo, viceroy of
e introduced the

iltivated for orna-
Other authoritieB

iiandez, about the year 1560, first brought the
plant to Spain, as a present to his " Most Catli-
oHc" Majesty, Philip the Second. Would that
this surly tyrant had adopted the habit of smok-
ing, as a sweetener of his temper I

In the year 1561, Tobacco was iniroduced into
France by Jean Nicot, Lord of Villemain,
" Master of Requests of the French King's house-
hold." He had been sent to Lisbon in 1559 as
an ambassador to the Portuguese Court, and while
there he accidentally discovered the medicinal
values of the plant. Upon his return to Paris he
presented the Queen, Catharine de Medicis, with
some specimens of the wonderful herb, which, in
her honor, he named Herhe de la Reine. The
Queen being deservedly unpopular, this name
soon fell into disuse, and was replaced by the
name ui. Hiana, in honor of the original importer.
Under this designation the plant became known
to scientists in many parts of Europe, and the
name still survives in that of Nicotine, or the
essential spirit of Tobacco.

Various dates have been given for the time of
the introduction of Tobacco into England. Some
authorities give the year 1565, others 1577, and
others again 1586, but we may safely say that its
introduction took place at the period of England's
rise to the position of a first-class power. May
not this political development have been a remit

*

l\ll-KHI

I

04

of the new inspiration which Tobacco brought into
the island ? Qalen sabe !

The earliest detailed account of Tobacco in
the English language appeared in a volume trans-
lated from the Spanish and published at London,
in the year 1577, under the happy title, ^^Joyjull
newes oute of the newe founde worldey The best
authorities state that the plant itself was not
brought to England before the year 1586, and
that the original English smoker was Mr. Ralph
Lane, whom Sir Walter Raleigh had sent out as
Governor of Virginia. Sir Walter himself, how-
ever, is the hero to whom English smokers point
with pride as the one who made smoking pop-
ular. Like every benefactor of humanity, he at
first had to meet discouragement from the igno-
rant. Tradition has it that his servant, on enter-
ing the room where Raleigh was enjoying his
newly-found pipe, threw a bowlful of beer over
his master to quench the " fire " in his smoking
nose.

Sir Walter was a great favorite with Queen
Elizabeth, who — unprejudiced woman that she
was — perniiLced him to smoke his pipe in her
presence. It is even said that she went as far as
to take an occasional puff* herself out of a pipe
constructed of a walnut-shell and a straw. Once
she made a wager with her favorite that he could
not tell the exact quantity of smoke that there

65

was in a pound of Tobacco. It is said tliat Raleigh
won the wager by burning the pound of Tobacco
and then weighing the ashes, the difference in the
weight proving the weight of the smoke. The
Queen promptly paid her wager, remarking that
though she had known many who had turned
gold into smoke, he was the first she had found
who could turn smoke into gold.

After the death of this liberal-minded queen,
Sir Walter Raleigh, as well as his Tobacco, fell
into great disfavor with her successor, the stupid,
pedantic tyrant, James I. But Sir Walter re-
mained faithful to his pipe through all his adver-
sities, and took his last smoke just before going to
his execution. A contemporary historian, Aubrey,
relates that " he tooke a pipe of Tobacco a little
before he went to the scaffolde, which some female
persons were scandalized at ; but I think 'twas well
and properly donne to settle his spirits."

Ten years after its first introduction, the habit
jof smoking or " drinking " Tobacco, as it then was
[termed, was thoroughly rooted in England. Phy-
leicians everywhere extolled its many healing prop-
|<erties, and the gallants of the court, who quickly
recognized its social virtues, led the whole people
Into the fashion of smoking. The manners of that
^ay are well described by a contemporary writer,
>ekker, in The GulVs Horn-hook (1602) ; " Before
pie meat came smoking to the board, our gallant
5

gWite^;iiri1iagiM(i(y,iiyi,iiliiji(li, .,„.,.

^m

66

must draw out his Tobacco-box, tlio ladle for the
cold snuff into the nostr^ the tongs and priming-
iron ; all which artillery may be of gold or silver,
if he can reach the price of it. Then let him show
his several tricks in taking it, as the whiff, the
ring, etc., for these are compliments that gaii.
gentlemen no mean respect."

This was the golden age of Tobacco in England,
when poets sung of it and authors wrote of it,
when the clergy recommended it and doctors pre-
scribed it. The literature of the period is full ol
allusions to the all-prevailing custom. The doughty
knight of the pen, Ben Jonson, delivered himsell
thus on the subject through " Captain Bobadil " in
Evenj Man Out of His Humour (1598) : " I do hohi
it, and will affirm it before any prince in Europe,
thtit Tobacco is the most sovereign and precious
weed that ever the earth tendered to the use of
man." Noble sentiments, these, which the author
took good care not to repeat a few years later,
when a " Counterblast to Tobacco " blew from tho
English throne.

Samuel Rowlands, a poet of the Elizabethan
era, has enriched the literature of Tobacco by tin
•following quaint effusion in its praise :

" Who durst dispraise Tobacco whilst the smoke is in my

nose,
Or say biit, Fah ! my pipe dotli smell "r I would I kne\v|

but those

67

)t' the Elizabethan
of Tobacco by tlu|
praise :

St the smoke is in my
ilKi I would I knew I

Durst offer such indignity to that which I prefer,
For all the brood of blackamoora will swear I do not err.
In taking this same worthy whiff with valiant cavalier,
But that will make his nostrils smoke, at cupps of wine

or beer.
When as my purse cannot afford my stomach flesh or fish,
I sup with smoke, and feed as well and fat as one can

w?sh.
Come into any company though not a pence you have.
Yet offer them Tobacco, and their liquor you shall have.
They say old hospitalitie kept chimnies smoking still ;
Now wliat your chimnies want of that, our smoking noses

will.
'Much victuals serve for gluttony, to fatten men like

swine,
' But he's a frugal man, indeed, that with a leaf can dine,
' And needs no napkin for his hands his finger's end to

wipe,
'But keeps Iiis kitchen in a box, and roast meat in a

pipe.'

" This is the way to help down years, a meal a day's

enough ;
Take out Tobacco for the rest by pipe or else by snuff.
And you shall find it physical ; a corpulent, fat man.
Within a year shall shrink so small that one his guts

shall span.
It'« full of physic's rare effects, it worketh sundry ways.
The leaf, green, dried, steept, burnt to dust, have each

their several praise.
It makes some solder that are drunk, some drunk of sober

sense.
And all the moisture hurts the brain it fetches smoking

thence.
All the four elements unite when you Tobacco take.
For earth and water, air and fire, do a conjunction make.

68

i;"'

The pipe is earth, the fire's therein, the air the breathing

smoke ;
Grood liquor must be present, too, for fear I chance to

choke.
Here, gentlemen, a health to all, 'tis passing good and

strong.
I would speak more, but for the pipe I cannot stay so

long."

The four lines enclosed within inverted com-
mas have been often quoted as a vindication of
smoking.

It is a curious fact that Shakespeare, through-
out his many plays, is entirely silent upon the
fashion of smoking. Enthusiasts think they have
found an illusion to it in tht metaphor of Romeo,

" Love is a smoke, made with the fume of sighs ;
Being purg'd, a fire sparkling in the lover's eyes,"

but this is rather far-fetched. And yet he must
have been quite familiar with the custom, as every
gentleman of fashion smoked like a chimney dur-
ing the performance of his plays. His silence
upon this subject appears intentional. Perhaps
he was opposed to the habit, but did not wish to
offend his audience by any adverse criticism. Or
perhaps — and more likely, as he was a man of
good taste and strong common sense — he approved
of it, but was too prudent to offend " the powers
that be," by speaking in its favor.

69

air the breathing
fear 1 chance to

Having enjoyed a *• golden age" during the
reign of Queen Elizabeth, a period of trial and
tribulation now began for Tobacco and its smok-
ers, as well in England as throughout the world.
In England there reigned now —

" A gentleman called King James,
In quilted doublet and great trunk breeches,
Who held in abhorrence Tobacco and witches."

No sooner had he ascended the throne than he
" commanded or compelled " some unknown au-
thor to write a furious tirade against Tobacco,
which was published under the suggestive title :
Work for Chimney Sweepers. This brochure was
answered at once by A Defence of Tobacco^ which
caused the royal zealot to take up the cudgel him-
self, and to send foilih, in 1604, his famous, not to
say notorious, Counterblast to Tobacco ^ by which he
hoped to drive from his kingdom the fume that
cheered and ascended from every home.

We quote the following as a specimen puff of
his violent tornado: "Surely smoke becomes a
kitchen far better than a dining-chamber ; and yet
it makes a kitchen oftentimes in the inward parts
of men, soyling and infecting with an unctuous
and oyly kind of soote as hath been found in some
great Tobacco takers, that after death were opened.
A custom loathsome to the eye, harm full to the
braine, dangerous to the lungs, and in the black,

liPW*l|»H^^*V"'W-*i'^f

70

stinking fume thereof, nearest resembling the hor-
rible Stygian smoke of the pit that is bottomless."

The " LITERATI " of the court now attuned their
harps in harmony with the royal pitch. Ben Jon-
son, in a play that was acted three times before
the king, wished his majesty's nose protected
especially

" From Tobacco, with the type
Of the devil's glyster pipe."

Joshua Sylvester, a court poet, gratified "the
Scottish Solomon " by a lengthy poem with the
bombastic title : ^^ Tobacco battered^ and the pipes
shattered (about their eares that idely Idolize so base
and barbarous a weed; or at leastwise ovcrlove so
loathsome a vanitie) by a volley of holy shot, thun-
dered from Mount Helicon^ We will not weary the
reader by quoting from this stupid production more
than the following invective against Tobacco :

" That Indian tyrant, England's only [!] shame.
'' Thousands of ours he here hath captive taken,
Of all degrees, kept under slavish yoak.
Their God, their good, king, country, friends forsaken,
To follow FoUie, and to feed on smoake."

The initiative of James seems to have been
followed by a wave of cruel persecutions against
smokers in every land. Pope Urban VIII, with
all the awful pomp of the Vatican, solemnly excom-
municated every soul who in any shape or form

71

mibling the hor-
,t is bottomless."

brought the awful thing, Tobacco, into a church,
and Pope Innocent XII issued a further " bull "
against it. In Switzerland the act of smoking was
legally declared an offense, ranging in the table of
crimes next to that of adultery. In Rrssia smok-
ers were publicly knouted for the first ofTense and
put to death for the second. Snuffers were treated
more mildly — they only had their nostrils slit
open. Sultan Amurath IV, surnamed " the Terri-
ble," forbade the use of Tobacco in Turkey, where
it had been introduced bv the Dutch in 1605. The
Mufti (the priests) joined in the persecution, d<^.-
daring that the Koran contained a distinct proph-
ecy against Tobacco ! Some of the votaries of the
})lant were strangled, others were conducted in
ridicule through the streets of Constantinople,
seated backwards on an ass and with a pipe
thrust through the nose. A popular insurrection,
in which tl -- troops, the janizaries, and even the
officers of the seraglio took part, soon put an end
to the persecution, and the Turks couid hence-
forth freely abandon themselves to the luxury of
the pipe. In Persia, where Tobacco had been
introduced previous to 1590, Shah Abbas the
Great forbade his army the use of Tobacco, under
the penalty of having the nostrils slit and the
lips cut off". The offenders, however, became so
numerous that the edict had to be annulled, and
the Shah himself finallv succumbed to the bland-
ishment of the narcotic.

72

Tobacco soon proved itself mightier than pope,
king, czar, sultan, or shah. James I, '' the wisest
fool in Christendom," forbade the cultivation of
Tobacco in England, and raised its import duty to
the monstrous sum of six shillings and ten pence per
pound, but he took good care not to prohibit the
use of the plant which brought his treasury such a
royal income. Charles I, Cromwell, and Charles II
entertained a similar dislike to the article and a
similar affection for the revenue. The popularity
of Tobacco increased greatly during the great
plague that visited London in 1765, when it was
everywhere reported that no tobacconists or their
households were afflicted with the scourge. Phy-
sicians on their visits to the sick used it freely as
a preservative, and the men who went about with
the dead-carts had their pipes continually alight.
The outcry against Tobacco gradually ceased, and
the taxes were to some degree lightened. Finally,
during the reign of the Dutchman, William III,
the patrona,ge of Tobacco became almost universal,
and all England henceforth smoked in security and
peace. On the continent of Europe Tobacco had,
in the meanwhile, achieved a gradual but com-
plete victory. Governmental resistance to its con-
quests proved futile everywhere.

er than pope,
[, •' the wisest
ultivation of
Tiport duty to
i ten pence per
3 prohibit the
•easury such a
md Charles II
article and a
he popularity
ing the great
3, when it was
onists or their
courge. Phy-
ed it freely as
3nt about with
inually alight,
ly ceased, and
med. Finally,
, William III,
ost universal,
n security and
Tobacco had,
ual but com-
[nce to its con-

VI.

THE ETHNOLOGY OF TOBACCO.

The universal extension ot the smoking habit
over the face of the globe is one of the most sur-
prising features in the history of our race. From
the highest pinnacled of civilization to the lowest
depth of savage barbarism there is not a nation or
a tribe independent of that delightful bond wliich
unites all humanity into one vast brotherhood
of smokers. How swift the triumphal progres'3
of the all-conquering weed ! A few centuries
since its dominion was confined to a few savage
or half-civilized tribes in an unknown region of
the world. Now its empire encircles the globe !
Where find a parallel to such victories ?

Statistics present the following figures of the
average consumption of Tobacco by each inhab-
itant— ^male or female — of the principal nations
of the civilized world :

Holland, 7.0 pounds.

United StatcH, 4.5

Austria, 3.8

Denmark, 3.7

Switzerland, 3.3

Belgium 3.2

73

74

Germany, . 6.0 pounds.

Norway, 2.3

France, 2.1 "

Sweden, 2.0

Spain, 1.7

Great Britain 1.34 "

Italy 1.25 *

Russia, • ... 1.2

Taking a still more general average, it has been
computed that t ^ougliout the whole of Europe
each smoker is re. nj^^le for the consumption of
ten ounces per i. .^nih, and each inhabitant,
whether man, woman, or oiiild, for three ounces
of Tobacco per month, or two and one-half pounds
per year.

These figures represent the weight of the To-
bacco consumed, but do not represent the actual
amount of smoking done in the various nations.
Holland and the United States, for instance, con-
sume the greatest amount of cigars, while Ger-
many and England are confined more to the pipe,
which in the bulk of the Tobacco consumed and
in the volume of smoke produced makes up for
the greater weight of the cigar.

The original smoker is to be found, unques-
tionably, among the American Indians, or among
their ancestors or predecessors, the Mound build-
ers, who in their graves along the Ohio Valley
have left numerous and unmistakable evidences

i\ 'i

75

01 their addiction to the fragrant leaf. While no
cigar-stumps have been discovered among their
remains, yet the art of pipe-making, and, of
course, pipe-smoking was developed among them
to an astonishing degree of variety and perfec.ion.
Their pipes were carved with great skill into
images of men and animals of every species and
in all sorts ot positions, solemn as well as ludi-
crous. Even the elephant — or mastodon — long
since extinct on this continent, has been found
carved upon their pipes of stone.

From the mound builders the Indians, properly
so-called, inherited the precious treasures of the
pipe and the Tobacco. A boon, indeed, did j.:
become to them. "There is no custom," says
Catlin, "more uniformly in constant use among
the poor Indians than that of smoking, nor . ay
more highly valued. His pipe is his constant
companion through life — his messenger of peace ;
he pledges his friends through its stem and its
bowl, and when its care-drowning fumes cease to
flow, it takes a place with him in his solitary
grave with his tomahawk and war-club, compan-
ions to his long-fancied ' mild and beautiful hunt-
ing-grounds.* "

" The use of Tobacco was known to nearly all
the American nations, and the pipe was their
grand diplomatist. In making war and in con-
cluding peace it performed an important part.

76

Their (ieliberatiuns, duinedtic a3 well as public,
were conducted under its influences; and no
treaty was ever made unsignalized by the passage
of the calumet. The transfer of the pipe from
the lips of one individual to those of another was
the token of amity and friendship, a gage of
honor with the chivalry of the forest which was
seldom violated."

Tobacco was considered by them a gift from
the Great Spirit for their special enjoyment — one
that he himself delighted in, who-?e great and
ever-smoking pipes were the volcanoes of the
Andes and Cordilleras. Hence the pipe was not
only a plaything, but a sacred object, and smok-
ing not only a pleasant pastime, but a solemn act
of worship. May it not have had the same sym-
bolic, representative origin as the altar of incense
among other nations?

Numerous are the evidences of the use of
Tobacco as a religious emblem among the origi-
nal Americans. At first its use was, perhaps, con-
fined to the priest, the medicine man, or sorcerer,
as a means of communication between savage
man and the unseen, over-ruling world of spirits.
Thus, among the ancient Peruvians, Tobacco-
smoking was used as a means of oracle. The
priest would inhale the smoke in a peculiar man-
ner, so as to produce a trance-like state of insen-
sibility, and upon awakening deliver enigmatical

I i

answers from the gods to questions addressed to
them. Does not this call to mind the t'amous oracle
of Delphi, and the Pythia inlialinj: the smoke that
issued out of a fissure in tlie eartli ?

Among many of the triV)es, Tobacco was and
is still used as a sacritice and ofiering to the
spirits above them. The Dakotas, in making
their buffalo-medicine, were accustomed to burn
Tobacco as a means of bringin;^ the coveted herds.
The Cohuilla Indians of California, when they
are troubled by insomnia, burn incense of Tobacco
to a class of evil spirits called Sespes, who are sup-
posed to withhold sleep. This use of smoking is
not, however, confined to " the heathen " alone.
Many a good Christian has propitated Morpheus
by a midnight pipe.

The following sacrificial prayer was in use
among the Iroquois as late as 1882 : " Bless thy
grandchildren. Protect and strengthen them. By
this Tobacco we give thee a sweet-smelling sacrifice,
and ask thy care to keep us from sickness and
famine."

Some of the tribes had a curious custom of en-
treating the pardon of a bear whom they had
killed. They would place a lighted pipe of peace
in the mouth of the late bruin and blow the smoke
down its throat, at the same time asking its spirit
not to take revenge for its murder

t

•8

The Pipe of Peace, or calumet, so called by tlit
Spaniards, from the Latin calamus^ a reed, is the
inseparable, hereditary altar of every Indian tribe.
It is richly ornamented with the quills of the war-
eagle, and never allowed to be used on any other
occasion than that of peace-making, when the
chief brings it into treaty. When the terms have
been agreed upon, the sacred stem is passed to
every chief, who draws through it one single
breath of smoke. The pipe is then again carefully
folded in its covering of wild-cat's skin and stowed
away in the chief's lodge until a similar occasion
calls it forth. Among the Pawnees, if a stoppage
occurs during the smoking of this pipe, the bearer
was apt to lose his life. To prevent such a calamity
the perforation of the stem was made quite large.

The war pipe, which is passed around between
allied chiefs when war is to be declared, is a true
tomahawk. The Tobacco is placed in a small re-
ceptacle above the hatchet, which is perforated so
as to allow the smoke to be drawn through the
hollow reed handle. All other Indian pipes have
their bowl made out of a solid stone, which is
shaped into form with nothing but a knife. The
hole is made by drilling with a hard stick together
with some sharp sand and water. Who but the
original smoker would have such patience ?

The use of Tobacco seems to have been known
throughout the American continent at the time

79

of its discovery. Columbus, as we have seen,
found it among the natives of Cuba and the West
Indies. The followers of Cortez tell us of smoking
as an established custom in ancient Mexico. Mon-
tezuma, it is said, had his pipe brought to him with
much ceremony by the chief ladies of his court,
when, after dining, he had washed his mouth with
scented water. The " exquisites " of his court had
their clay tobacco-pipes molded into various far-
ciful forms, and ornamented with precious stones.
Cabral, in 1515, observed the practice of chewing
Tobacco, in Brazil, and found a great abundance
of small stone mortars, which were used to grind
the leaves into snuff. When Paraguay was dis-
covered by the Spaniards in 1503 the natives tried
to drive them away by spitting Tobacco-juice at
them. SanCta simpUcitas I

From " Greenland's icy mountains " to Terra del
Fuego's snows, America is still the proud home of
Tobacco and its lovers. Most radical among all
its American devotees are the Esquimaux of Green-
land, who supplement smoking and chewing with
the habit of drinking the juice of the pipe. It is
said, in fact, that the Greenlander smokes princi-
pally to enjoy afterwards that residuum which to
people of other zones is bitter death. Arctic trav-
elers, it is said, have gained the favor of many a
native by pen litting him to clean his pipe and
devour its empyreumatic oil I

'11

80

Of the position of the United States in the
world of Tobacco, modesty forbids us to speak
much. Enough that our country produces the
best and largest Tobacco-crop in the world, as well
as the noblest, most aristocratic crop of smokers.
Leaving the palm of pipe-smoking to other, poorer
nations, our citizens take the prize as smokers of
the proud, self-sufficient, sovereign cigar. The
rollicking, time-saving " quid " is also cliaracter-
istic of our cheery but busy compatriots. Time
was when stuffing or " plugging " Tobacco into the
nostrils disfigured the manly features of our ances-
tors, but we have outgrown this habit, and have also
left snuffing to the *' effete " civilizations of tlie old
world. The beak of the American eagle is too re-
fined for such coarse manners. The pipe, however,
is still cherished by the side of the cigar, and justly
HO. We can even claim a national. })ipe. L<^t
•Austria boant her meerschaum, France lier briar,
and H-^lland tier clay ! Where could tlie sweet,
absorbent, inexpensive coru-ro^; have been invented
but in practical, ingenious America?

Going further South, to Mexico and Spanish
A.norica, we find smoking even more universal.
Heiw everybody smokes at all times, the proud-
senior, the dark-eyed sonorita, tlie children even,
before their 'teens. Swinging hizily in their han)-
mocks under the shade of the banana tree which
gives them their daily bread, what have thu de-

in the
speak
es the
IS well
lokers.
poorer
:ers of
. The
.racter-
Tinie
ito the
' ances-
,vc also
tlie old
too re-
)wever,
I iustlv
, Lot
hriar,
sweet,
vented

panish
ivorsal.

])r()iuU
1 even,
r hani-

which
lio de-

81

Bcendants of Castilian and Aztec ancestors to do
out to dream their life away in the fragrance of
their dgarros and papelotos, which they so deftly
roll? 'Tis true, revolutions form an important
element of their daily life, and the introduction
of the quieting pipe might give more stahility to
their political institutions, but imagine the an-
archy there would be if this fiery people had no
Tobacco I

" In Paraguay," writes Lieutenant Page, " the
hospitalit}' of Tobacco is offered in every house,
however humble its pretensions in other respects,
and all men, women, and children — delicate refined
girls and young masters who would not with us
be promoted to the dignity of pantaloons — smoke
with a gravity and gusto that is irresistibly ludi-
crous to a foreigner. My son sometimes accom-
panied me in these visits, and was always greatly
embarrassed by the pressing offer of cigars. I made
his excuse by saying ' smoking is a practice we
consider injurious to children.' * Si Seflor,' the
Paraguayan would reply, * with all other Tobacco,
but not with that of Paraguay.' "

Passing over to Europe, wc find our nearest
neighbors, the Irish, as devoted to the delightful
leaf^as we ourselves. From the poorest bog-trotter
to the prieste and members of Parliament, all
smoke the pipe. Who can imagine the typical
Irishman without the short-stemmed, black " dud^
G

II

I

82

heen" in loving contact witli his lips or stuck in the
l.>and of his hat ? It has become almost as much
of a national emblem as the Shamrock and the
Shillalah. Consider the benefit of the pipe upon
the Irish character I It alone has made him the
quiet, meditative creature that he is. What a
consolation it has been to him during these cen-
turies of misery and oppression !

In England the noble art of smoking has
reached a high degree of development, in spite of
long ages of governmental restrictions upon the
growing a?id importing of Tobacco. TY.e enor-
mous consumption of Tobacco in Enj^land, in
spite of the outrageous taxation, is evident from
the revenue, which in 1891 amounted to close upon
ten million pounds sterling, or nearly one-half oi
the whole revenue of the customs de])artment.
The true Englishman is as wedded to his pipe ae
to his beefsteak and his ale, and is a sturdy, per-
sistent, courageous smoker, to whom high prices
and possible adulterations present small terrors
Yet, in view of these legal discouragements, who
can blame the English f<>r emigrating to other
regions of the earth, where they may spread the
blessings of civilization, and at the same time
gain greater liberties for their fumiferous pro-
clivities ?

The Scandinavians are good, steady servants
of ** our lady Nicotine," sacrificing u[)on lier

83

altars every form of Tobacco without any special
fears or favors. Smoking has cooled their hot
Viking blood and reduced them to quiet, orderly
citizens, who have enriched the whole smoking
world by the invention of their safety-matches.
They are a cosmopolitan people, easily absorbing
all foreign uses of the leaf, but they have not
developed any national characteristics in this
particular field.

The Dutch I Ah, now we have come to the very
focus and capital of the tobacconing comnmn-
ity of nations. This is, jmr excellence, the land of
smoke. " The pipe is never from the mouth of
the true-bom Netherlander. It is his occupation
in solitude, the relaxation of his gayer hours —
his counsellor, his consoler, his joy, his pride ; in
a word, he seems to think and breathe through
his pipe." Thus Washington Irving.

ill

r

Tobacco, in Holland, is cheaper and more
used than bread. It is raised, mostly, in Java,
Borneo, and Sumatra, and is light in color, mild
in flavor, and harmless in quality. Henc^e tlio
Dutch can smoke enormous (piantities with im-
punity. Every male smokes, from the totter-
ing grayhead to the lisping infant of five or six,
who, with a pij)eas long as himself, comes gravely
up to you and u<:k8 for a light. In their
Bchools, a temporary injunction from smoking is

84

a common form of punishment of naughty little
Dutch boys I

Vhy have the liutch taken so kindly to smok-
ir c^ 9 V/hiit " long-felt want " was there for it in the
nauonal cliaracter ? Were they not pkcid enough
before they knew it ? Or was it a case of pure alhn-
ity, such as the fish has for the water? Who
knows ? It is certair^ that the Dutchman was not a
complete creation until he was provided with Jiis
long-stemmed, clean4ooking, cool and comfort-
able pipe of snowy clay, white as his wife's apron-
strings, sweet as the brow of the Dutch maiden.
Then, behold our friend in the breeches of ample
proportions, viewing placidly through the smoke
the mad onward rush of the modern world. Ho
does not seem to have its wings, and yet }>e " gets
there " all the same. His motto is " hasten
slowly," and " keep your pipe lit."

What a contrast to him is not his southern
neighbor, our fussy, frivolous friend, the P>ench~
man. His method of smoking is said to be fast
and furious. Though the i)ipe is q^r a la mode
among the hourgome, yet the cigare . seems to
roacli his heart the quicker. He is conventionally
supposed to suioke not for rest and comfort, })ut
for excitement and in8|)iration. But perhaps we
arc yielding to popular prejudices, and douig our
worthy friends of Gaul an injustice. How mu(;h
do we not owe to Tobacco, as consumed in the

hty little

to smok-
r it in the
i enough
ure atftn-
? Who
was not a
with liis
comfort-
}'s apron-
maiden,
of ain[)le
10 smoke
)rld. Ho
}»o "gets
" hasten

southern
Frencli-
a bo last
la mode
seems to
itionally
fort, hut
.'haps we
omg our
w much
d in the

85

way that suilj Iheiii best, for the beautiful, elei^ant
md pleasant things which their :ai and Uiste pro-
vide for the rest of a duller, even if more sobev
world ?

(jtermany! Here we strike terra firma. No
f jolishness or frivolity clings to Teutonic smoking.
The German pipe is the beacor^light of civilization.
It breathes forth science, philosophy, and culture
in one whiflf. What if it is " almost the only me-
dium through which a German introduces the
external air into his breathing-apparatus !" What
though an English pcct has vapored his shallow
wit about

"A certain Count Herman,
A highly respectable man as a German,
Who smoked like a chimney and drank like a mer-
man !"

German Taback, German Bier, German learning
and solidity go hand in hand, conquering where
their swords cannot reach. Let the French keep
to their absinthe and cigarette. A German sings
lustily :

"Ein tlarkefi Bitr^ ein Imzender TiOtnclc,
Und eine Magd in PtUz, nun dun iat nwin fiiHchmack"

The German i)ipo is a thing by itself, worthy
of profound .study and diligent reHoarches. We
intend visiting all the German universities to

f

86

gather materials for an exhaustive work in thir-
teen volumes, with several appendices, treating of
thifi subject alone. In the meantime let it be
known tliat a German pipe consists of four parts :
(1) The A'o/)/, or bowl, to hold about a pound of the
leaf; (2) the Abguss, or lower receptacle, to catch
the pernicious oil, which is afterward collected by
religious societies and exported to the benighted
heathen in Greenland ; (3) the Rohr, or stem, which
is also used for educational purposes by German
parents, and (4) the Mundstuck^ or mouthpiece,
which is removed from the lips on rare occasions
and when eating and drinking.

Passing "Russia, where cigarette-smoking is uni-
versal, and the other European nations, we come
to the territory of the terrible Turks. This is the
Sybaris of smoker?,, where the art has reached its
highest, most luxurious development. Nobody
but a true Moslem knows how to smoke. The
" infidels " of the rest of the world are mere ])uff-
ers in comparison with the followers of the hoi*se-
tail and the half-moon Cigars, cigarettes, meer-
schaums— all sink into insignificance before that
one and only sublime instrument of pleasure called
the " Hookah " or " hubble-bubble.''

What is this w^mderTul im parte* of 1)li3s para-
disiacal? It is a ^yjitor-pipe, consiriting of a cup
for the Tobacco, with .« (n».m passing perpendicu-
larly into a cl()so<l vo-jsel, hulf-full ol' water, having

I

V in thir-
sating of
let it be
ur parts :
nd of the

to catch
lected by
enighted
m, which

German
nthpiece,
)ccasions

ig IS um-
we come
iis is the
iched its
Nobody
:e. The
ire puff-
le hoi'se-
58, meer-
bre that
re called

3s jiara-
)f a cup
xmdicu-
, having

a flexible tube ' attached. By drawing the air
above the water through this tube a vacuum is
created in the vessel, which is replenished through
the pipe with its lighted Tobacco. In this man-
ner the smoke must needs pass throu'::!! the water,
which cools it, and, besides, absorbs the solvent
Nicotine. A more delicious jis well as harmless
smoke cannot be imagined. The nectar and am-
brosia of Olympus are coarse beside it It is like
ice to champagne. It is the acme, the eulminatiun-
I)oint of Tobacco-smoking.

" Ah, well," some disappointed Western ama-
teur may exclaim, " I have tried it, too, and the
first few smokes were certainly beyond deserip-
tion, but the blessed thing within a short time
began to have a most disgusting odor." My friend,
you should, like the Turkish connoisseur, have a
troop of slaves, devoted to the single use of at-
tending to the Hookah, to keep the tuV>e and pipe
scrupulously clean, to fill the wuter-bowl with
scented, alcoholic water, to guard the dryness and
freshness of the Tobacco. Unfortunate ])uffer, the
Hookah is not for thy infidel soul, but for the
Sultan or the Pascha alone. Thou cans't com-
mand neither liiluli (the fillers of the l>owl), or the
talumji (the servants of the Tobacco), or the tchi-
Ifiugl (the guardians of the pil)e). What wouldst
thou do without all these?

What dofs not lllurope owe to the invention of

Hi

!|

88

the Hookah' Had it not been iiftroduced in tlie
nick of time, the Turks would certainly have over-
run the continent, and we ourselves might now
have been followers of the false prophet. Thanks
to the quieting influences of the " Hubble-bubble "
the Turks have sunk into luxurious even if inglo-
rious inactivity and ease, preferring the loss of
provinces to the loss of time for smoking.

Let it not be imagined that smoking among the
Moslem is confined to the Turks alone. Exactlv
suited to tlie dreamy, contemplative Oriental
mind. Tobacco reigns throughout the Mohamme-
dan world. The prophet himself, it is true, was
not a smoker, being born, unfortunately for him-
self, in a pre-Tobacco age. But from the coast of
Morocco to the mountains of Persia, there is no
worshiper of Allah who swears not by his beard,
his horse, his scimitar, and his pipe. In the soli-
tude of Sahara, By the hoary banks of the Nile,
in the tent of the Bedouin or the palace of the
Shah or the Raj vh, the pipe is equally indispensa-
ble, the cheering, over-burning star of Oriental life.

Thk Hookah was originally invented in Persia,
and spread thence throughout the Mohammedan
world. It is made of glass or earthenware or
precious metals, and is always richly gilded and
decorated. Some of the Maharajahs of India have
State-Hookahs, made of solid silver, and reaching
the height of three feet or more. The smoking-

in the
3 over-
t now
'hanks
ibble "
inglo-
088 of

>ng the
Ixactlv

•

riental
anime-
le, was
r him-
sast of
i8 no
beard,
le soli-
Nile,
of the
pensa-
a\ life.

Persia,
Tiedan
are or
}d and
1 have
iching
oking-

89

tubes are made of leather, covered with velvet and
entwined with gold or silver wire. The length
varies from five to ten yards. All water-pipes are
called " Hookahs," when they have a flat bottom.
When they have a rounded bottom and cannot
stand erect, but must be carried in the hand, thev
are called " Narghileh," which means " cocoa-nut,"
the shell of this fruit, richly mounted in silver,
being often employed as the water-bowl of the
pipe. The '* Tchibouk " is the pipe of the com-
mon people. It consists of an ordinary pipe-bowl,
' made of terra-cotta, with a very long stem.

Through the Arab traders, probably, the pipe
has become known to the most benighted tribes
of " darkest Africa." Some peculiar forms of
smoking have been developed here. Thus the
Bechuanas, of South Africa, have reduced the art
to its simplest formula. They bury a limber twig
in the mud of mother earth, then pound the mass
vigorously, draw out the twig, put some Tobacco
and a glowing coal at one end of the underground
tube thus made, and suck at the other end. It is
simplicity itself. The Hottentots are so fond of
Tobacco that they will barter their wives for it —
especially such, we suppose, as raise a rumpus
about smoking in the parlor — but when the real
article cannot be obtained even by this means,
they content themselves with a substitute made
out of the dried excrements of the elephant or

90

the rhinoceros. Some '' civilized " forms of adul-
terating Tobacco are scarcely less inviting.

The smoking luxuries of the Kaffirs have been
described as follows : "A i)arty of warriors, seated
cross-legged in their tents, ceremoniously smoked
the daghapipe, a kind of Hookah, made of bul-
lock's horn, its downward point filled with water,
and a reed stem let into its side, surmounted by
a rough bowl of stone, wliich is filled with tlio
dnghay a species of hemp. Each individual
receives it in turn, opening his jaws to tlicir full
extent, and placing his lips to the wide mouth of
the horn, takes a few pulls and passes it on.
Retaining the last draught of smoke in his mouth,
which he fills with a decoction of bark and water,
he squirts it on the ground by his side through a
long ornamented tube in his left hand, com])la-
cently regarding the soap-like bubbles, tlie joint
production of himself and neighbor. It appeared
to be a lign of special friendliness to squirt into
the same hole." A most original, as well as sim-
ple pipe is the one in use among the "Areweni "
and "Ituri," the savage dwarf dwellers whom
Stanley met in the equatorial forests of " Darkest
Africa." Surgeon Parke reports that this curious
people make their pipe-stems by pushing a reed
down the thick, cellular midrib of the banana
leaf. This stem they insert into a piece of banana
leaf rolled up into a cone, like a grocer's paper.

i)l

The Chinesk, who cluim to have invented
Tobacco-smoking in the tliirteenth century, even
as they claim the invention of everything else, are
veteran smokers, not only of the soul-destrovin"
opium, but also of the liarmless Tobacco, the
latter being especially in favor among the fair,
small-footed sex. No lady's dress is considered
perfect without a pocket in which to carry the
pipe, and ladies, as well as {gentlemen, wear at the
girdles brilliantly embroidered silken lumches for
the Tobacco. Some of the Chinese pipes resem-
])le those used in Turkey. One spccii^s has a long
straight ))aml)oo stem, highly ornamented wiUi
silken tassels. Another kind is constructed on
the principle of the " Hookah." In all cases the
bowl is very small; the Tobacco is cut into fine
shreds, and only a few whifls are taken sit a time.
Have you ever tried Chinese Tobacco, dear reader?
A daring friend of ours once made the experi-
ment, but is not communicative on the subject.
Perhaps he made use of his ordinary, Western
pipe.

We m.vy yet add a few fragments to this brief
ethnological study. The inhabitants of the high-
lands of Himalaya secure a cool smoke by
making a tube in the compact, never-m (biting
snow, placing Tobacco and a lighted coal at one
end, and smoking through the other. The Hur-
mese are said to be brought up to smoking as

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92

soon as they are weaned from the mother's milk.
The Kookie tribe in Manipur construct theit
pipes with a reservoir for collecting the oil, which
is afterward drank by them, as by the Green-
landers, as a special delicacy. Among the Caribs
of the West Indies one must learn to drink
Tobacco-juice before he ca,n become a priest.
The Negritos of Luzon, one of the Philippine
islands, scarcely ever stop smoking their home-
made cigars, which they puff with the lighted end
in the mouth ! But space forbids further pursuit
of this subject. Enough has been said to show
that the sun never sets over the empire of Tobacco.

«-\l

milk.

theit
jvhich
Jreen-
[jaribs

drink
priest,
ippine
home-
ed end
pursuit
) show
)bacco.

93

APPENDIX.

For the use of students and other lovers of a
combination of smoke with music, we publish the
following smoking-songs, which, though not very
new, yet are but little known.

The Glamour op Smoking.

Air — " Sparkling and Bright."

" Floating away like the fountain's spray
On the snow-white plume on a maiden,
The smoke-wreaths rise to the star-lit skies,
With a blissful fragrance laden.

Chorus.

" Then smoke away till a golden ray
Lights up the dawn of the morrow ;
For a gleaming cigar like a shield will bar
The blows of care and sorrow.

" Tlie leaf burns briglit like gems of li^ht
That flash from the braids of beauty ;
It nerves each heart for a hero's part
On the battle-field of duty. — Chorus.

" In the thoughtful gloom of his darkened room
Sits a child of song and story,
But his heart is light, for his pipe burns bright.
And his dreams are all of glory. — Chorus.

" In the forest grand of our native land,
When the savage conflict ended,
The pipe of peace brought sweet release
From toils and terrors blended. — Chorus.

" The dark eyed train of the maids of Spain
'Neath their arbor shades trip lightly,
While a gleaming ci^r, like a new-born star,
In the clasp of their lips burns brightly."

—Chorus.

94

%aHU=&iti.

1. ^f)v fieutd^en feib mir aU' roiUsf omm unb f e^t eu(^ um ben

iL^:^^^^^^l5l5fEil

»-»-'-•

J-

5=Jzi*zbp»=:f=izig:

S^ifd^ l^erum, unb trinit mit mir ein gut (SIa3 ^ier unb raud^t taju ^as

It:

E

iS>-

-H-

i.-z=a=D

i

■—#—#- -*.

-#— #

=f

t--=f;

t&t

«4Eii

-f-r

t-t---

bal, Xa i bal, bal, 6a{, Xabat, bat, l&a{, unb raud^t baju ^a*

■^Siiigigi^

6ot— 2;abal, baf, bal, Xobaf, baf , ba!, unb raucf)t baju 2;abaf.

g^^JIggig^mifl^^a

■MMi

y5

urn ocn

11

2» !Der (©tubcnt fanit c(|cr otjn' Cateia
91!^ o^ne lange 5)fcife fetn ;
^anon' unb ^(aug fe^j'ii nobc( au«
S3ei etncr 5)f"f Sabaf.

3» Der Slcfcr^mann mtt frotjem 5Wut^
©tctft ftc^ [cin 5)feif4>ert on ben ^iit
Unb fiopft fic^ fd(>on, tt>eim btc Oc^ifcn ftcljn,
(Jtnc frtfc^e ^feif Xabaf.

4« Der ©olbot im SStmuatf

fRau^t rtuc^ fcin ^fetftiicn mtt ©efdfimarf,

3fl bcr Sabaf nidjt t^cucr, fauft cr fiir 'nen Xxtitt

S3om fblen S^auc^tabaf.

5.

5aju 2;o»

^^^^^-

I

•I—

abol.

:^g

6.

7.

9lug frb'ner ^fcife rauc^t OTvntjecr,
T)tx tto^lgencibrte ^oUanber,
Slauf^t 5JJar9lanb oug erjtcr ^anb,
IDcn cbcljhn Sabaf.

3^r fetit ai»d) rnudben ben granjo^,
(£t bamvft cin flcin St^arr'cbcn blo« ;
(Sr ^at gan) rec!^t, ed n>trb t^m fc^lec^t
SBct cincr 9)fcif' Zabal

Unb tt)cr tm S'tauc^cn rcc^t crfa^r'n
X)er rauc^e ^asanna-Sigarr'n,
$at am Sabaf bann bo^^pelt (3t\(lsmad,
9t font unb rnuftt Xabat,