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32X

TRESH WATEH SPOSGKS UF NOVA .0)TIA — MACKAY

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Art. IX. — Notes on the Fricsh Water Si'ONfnx ov Nova
ScoTiA. Bv A. H. MacKav, 11 A., B. Sc

When exainliiin^ the diatoniacoous deposits of our lakes, we
always found present in t^'resiter or less altundance the silieious
3picule.s of fresh water sponj^es. In some of the material rxam-
ined there appeared to be even a <jjreater amount of silica deposit-
ed as spon^'e spicules than as diatom cells. A search for the
oi'i^^in of this spicular deposit, has revealed, up to date, the exist-
ence of four genera containing 7n ue species of fresh water
sponges, which form a ])art of the living fauna of Nova Scotia.
In the summer of ]8(S4>, in company with Ht?ctor Mclnnt's. Escp,
of the Pictou Academy, and John H. MacKay, Esq., Pi-incipal of
the River John High School, we ma<le a most enjoyahle e.xplora-
tion of the physical and natural history characters of tht? lakes
in the basin of the East Biver of Pictou aiid beyond tlu; water-
shed of the Province on the upper sources of the St. ^lary'.s on
the Atlantic slope. We constructed rafts when necessary, so as
to be able to take soundings of their depths, and dredgings from
various parts of their bi)ttoms. This paper is simply an outline
and classification of the species of tipomjilllim found on this
expedition.

Fresh water sponges are generally rather inconspicuous

objects. The Hrst reference to tit em in a piinted work appears

to have been made in !()!)(). Linnjeas described two speciiis in

1745, under the names SpoiKjid IdcuHtris a.xu\ S. tf(f'''(ift/i^. In

1816 the nanie spongilht was given the genus by Lamarck. Jn

1839, Meyen pointed out the peculiar spiculation surrounding

»the "seed-like" Viodies off one (jf these two .species (our

Mojenhi Jivvioflli/i, see slides 20 and 27J. In 1840 Hogg

■ demonstrated that these " .seed-like bodies"' germinated and re-

"produced the spongilla. In 1807 Carter estaldished the

' " animality^' of these sponges. Lieberkuhn and Bowerbank, by

aneans of the spiculation of what the latter called "ovaries "

I

. A I 3

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2M4 FiMNrr uatkii sponcks or \ova sc-otfa — MArKAr.

•k'fiiiitely (listin^uisl)c(l l){"t\vt>(.'M tlir two kiiowji i'ui'ins at time
time, nfviMin<f tliein I'cspcctivcly S/xnu/i/ht /dcusfrls and finria-^
/"'V/'.s (HOW, Mcf/ii !(f fin ritif!/l<i). '['}]{' inacjoscopio chai'actc'i.s oi
fresh water s|)()nij;es are often so \-ai'ial>le or il)-il<ifincd tliat a
microscopic examination of the <,'en('ral striictuie of tlie repro-
(hictive <,a;inmule wliich Carter <liMiominatt!S a " statohlast," is
necessary to mak(^ sure of its identity. Accoi-(h*nf,dy, Carter, in
ISSI , dividtid tlii^ fresh watt^' spon<4es tlien Rikjwii to science
into five y-enera, each of which is distinctly characterized by the-
spiculation.

Tn Canada, Sir William Dawson, r.f McCill, in 18(J.S, sent a
specimen of freshwater spongt^ to f^)Ovverhaid<, wlio described it
under the name of S. IhnrKim'i. In 1(S75, CJeor^e M. Dawson,
son. of Hir William, described four additior il spono-(>s as n(!W to
Canada and science. Altliouu'h these are not likely to laidc as
species in the future system of classification, they mark a i^ood
step in the advance of our knowledge of these or^'anisms by one
whose energy and encyclopjedic knowledge of Canadian Natural
History have done mu.^h, and piomisc; to do still more, in bring-
inii our Dounnion under the notice o-f the scientific world.

Our freshwater sponges are, so far as observed, generally
greenish, poi-ifei-ous or variously channelled ntasses, of a rather
soft,br.t not fiuid sarcode, supported liy a skeleton of silicious spi-
cules, or needles, approxiurating the one hundredth of an incli in
length, variously condtined to foi'in a mesh-work structure, wdiich
may assume the contour of thin or thick encrusting layers, even
or lobed, in soi.ie species branching erect, or creeping in slender
filaments. The statoblasts which appear to mature before win-
ter, con.monly in the basal portion of the sponge, are more or less
spheiical, sr/aller than the hea<l of a pin, variable as to size and
mode of aggregation, and contain a mass of free cellular germinal
matter, which is enclosed by a strong chitinous memltrane, with
a small vaiiously foi-iiied and directed apeituie. The chitinous
coat is surrounded by an outer structure, generally densely
char<red with a reo-ularly arran<>ed investini>' layer of character-
istic splenitis, in most species beaiing no resend)lanee either in.
foi'in or size to the skeletal, spicules..

FRESH WATHll SP(>N(;i;s OF NOVA SCoTlA — >lAt KAV

2:{:)

It is upon tliL' distinct and invariable cliaracUjrs of this stato-
V)last spifulation tliat the modern genera are based. Some
spon|L,^os liave a tliird class of spicules on the suiface 'ind in the
interstitial spaces or Hesh. They are always slendei-, and very
much smaller than th(; skeletal spicules. Nearly all the sponyes
taken in Nova Scotia have been of some shu;le of green when
living and exposed to the intluence of light. / When attachttl to
the under side of stones so as to be excludrn] from the light, tlu-y
become whitish. When tlried i-apidly, n/ost of the sponges
shi'ink considerably, yet preset ve their approximatt; foi'ui and
coloiii' without decomposition. Ex{)osure to light, howi'vei-,
soon destroys the green of the dried sptmge. Th.e great bidk of
the specimens .secured hav(t been taken from water vai'ying from
a fev. iih'htjx to .s('\e!i or eight fett. Specimens ha\"e been t.ikon
from between thiity and foity feet of water by the diedge.
They grow attached to submergeil pieces of wood, bark, weeds,
stones, gravel, an<l even on ferruginous concretions. Water liable
to become turbid is unfavourable to theii- dev(dopment. The
largest specimen was one of McijenUi jlar'nitUis, taken from a
depth of ."-even or eight feet, in tlie Garden of Kden Lake, Pictou
Connty, on the 1st of August. It was encrusting a sn)all branch
of about one inch in thickness, which was projecting from a
submerged tree. It was fusiform in contour, — the greatest
diameter being four inches, and its length twenty-seven inches.
During winter these sponges generally die, and the most of their
spicules are scattered in the neighboring deposits. The stato-
blasts are also often ilrifted about, and germinate the following
spi-ing when a congenial environment is found.

We give the following systematic outline descripti(jns of the
ftpecies collected ;

Genus I. SroNCJiLLA.

Statohlasts, more or less spherical, single or aggregated in
larger masses about the size of a head of a pin, invested with
linear spicules, straight or curve<l, cylindrical or acerate, more or
less spined and arranged tangentially to the chitinous coat of the.
stii-toblast,

•'/

230 FHKSrr WATER SPDN'OKS OF XOV\ SCOTIA — MAf'K AY.

I. *S'. fragills. Leidy.

Sessile, encnistiii<j^. Statoblasts in extensive basal layers,
with apertures extended into generally curved tubules, directed
outwards, or ag,o-r«gated into compound spherules of three or
foul or more single statolilasts in a common cellular investnient
with spicules^ cylindrical, I'oyndish truncate, spined and generally
slightly curved.

Descnbed first by Leidy, 18.51 ; by Bo\verl>ank as 8. Lord'ii
from British Columbia in 1863; by Dybowski as >S'. Siheriva
in Russia. The varying forms with aggregated or compound
statoblasts, were described as Var. ^cgrojaht, by Potts ; but he
says a wider experience has induced him to give it up. It is
this form which has been described from the Ottawa, by Dr. G.
M. I)aw.son, in 187'?, as S. Oft anu re us is. His " large irregular
ovaria" are the compound statoblasts to the structure of which
he does not allude. These fornvs arc fre(\«ently found encrust-
ing submerged twigs, stones, &c., in the lakes of Nova Scotia.
(See slides 20 and 21.)

2. S. lacitstrts Var. Ddwsoni, Bk.

Generally branching. Besides the skeletal spicules there are
present minute, spined, fusiform dermal arcuates. Statoblast
spicules, cylindrical, spined and more or le^s ;urved.

This is a variety of the European ^'. IdCit.stris: The first
CanacMan species was described by Bov/erbank in 1803
as aS. Daiusoni. Next we find S. lacihstroides. Then as its
sp'?cific identity with the European form become apparent, we
find S. hicusfris var. laciistroidcs Potts, and S. Idcastris var.
Amerieana Carter. We suggest the propriety of retaining
Bowerbank's specific as the varietal name. We liave a specimen
from Sir William Dawson, collected by H. M. Ami in the Ottawa,
which is nearly identical witli the European S. Idcuatris.

One of the most common of Nova Sootian fresh water sponges.

(See slides 22 and 23.)

FRESH WATER SROXfJES <)F NOVA SCOTIA — MACKAV.

287

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3. >S'. Macl'dii'i, (.'arter.

fiessjle, encni.stiii<;, with many lar^a; compound .statol)last!>
promiiu'nt througli the thin layer uf fi<'sh. lyurge gTnnnuIe.s
,o inch in diajncter consistin;^ of ahoiit 10 statobhists, apei'tures
turned inwaid, supported hy a mass of heavily spined acerato
spicules of various sizes, intercrossing^'. Spines sonietiiu,es im
\ou\f as the spicule is ;b road, vei-y irre;4ular in size and situation,
skeletal spicules longer and all parts more slendei". Described
by Carter, in the " Annals and Ma^'azine of Natiiral 'listory."
London, January, 18(So. The species is not uncommon in Nova
Scotia lakes. Its spicules appear to exist in the diatomaceous
deposits of the Ifikes which .supply the water system of Halifax ;
.specimen,s of which we have received from Professor Lawson of
Dalhousie College. Carter has desciibed sinular spicules p,s
abundant in the diluvial deposits of the Alttiiiihl Valley in
Bavaria. (See .slides 24 and 25.) It i,s very near S. IfjIoiforuHii
of Potts.

Genus II.— Mkyenia.

Statoblasts sun-ounded by minute h'uvti/Iate spicides.

4. M. flu rial ills, C(iyti.'y.

Massive encrusting, sometimes extensively lobular. Birotulaten
small and star-like, the shaft connecting the rayed .discs about
equal to diameter of rays.

"Varieties of this species (vvith some adventitious spicules)
"have been desso'ibed b}' Di". G. M. Dawson in the Canadian
Naturalist of Sept., 187-', as S. Kf(i(}nalh and *S'. asprr-
rima. This species, like its old European comrade, H. lacustris,
is one of our most common spo)ig-s. (See slides 2G and 27).

5. il/. Everett i, Mills.
Sessile, encrustine;. Statoblast birotules 3 to 4 times lonuer
axially than those of 3f. jiuviatUis, with the more numerous
Ff^ys incurved. Flesh spicules piesent as nnnute slender biro-
tules with incurved barb-like rays. Discovered for the second
time in the lakes of Pictou County. The only habitat previoui^-

2.S.S KitKSH \VATi;U SI'OXOES OF NOVA SCOTIA — M.\( KAV.

ly known is a lak(! on Mount Everett, Berk.-sliii-.' Co., Mass.,
U. S, A., IcSOO or 2000 feet ul.ove tlie sea. The tle^li spiouli-'s of
tliis .speei((s liave been ohserviMJ in the diatoniaceous deposits of
the hikes which supply the city of Halifax with watei'. (See
slides 2cS, 29 and l]{)).

(!enus I IT. — Hkthhomkvuni.v.

Statoblast bii'otule.s of two oiders, one Ion*,', the other .shoit.

0. H. Rijihr',, Potts.

Rather nia.ssive with lol)idar protuberances. Lon^' birotules,
with scattered spines on shaft and f»nv incurved, neatly barb-
like, rays. Short birotules, with small shaft enlariririi; towards
the lar^je Hnely-toothed discs, i^h'ov sti'ucture and spieuiation
see .slides 31, \V1 and IV.l). Very abundant in xMacKay s Lake,
Pictou (Jo.

7. //. ((tyi/r(»ij)('rni(i, PoTTs.

Sessile, encrusting. Lari(e birotules nior.i than twice the size
of tliose of //. R>j<lerl, rays more hook-like. Small birotules
about half the length ; few rays irregukuly hooked ; shaft with
stout scattered spines. In Garden of Eden Lake, Pictou Co.,
and adjacent lakes.

8. //. PI of ovens is, Potts.

Sponge light green, massive, encrusting; textui'e. very com-
pact; spicules non-fasciculated, ptM-sistent; surface mostly smooth
and firm to the touch. Statoblasts very scarce, spherical; crust
thick.

Skeleton spicules cylindrical, short, robust, rounded or abruptly
terminated; entirely spined, — spines conical at the centre of the
spicule, elsewheio generally curving tnvards each extremity;
rounded terininations of spicules covered with sh>)rt spines,
though freijuently a single large spine or acute termination is
seen at one or both extremities.

Birotulates of the lono-er class surroundinrj the statoblasts,
ratlier numerous, one-half longer than the others; shafts coa-

<>

KUKsir WAIKU si'()N(;i;s of nu\ .\ sconA — m.\< kav. 2.'V>

i^

spiciioiisly fusit'oriM or larLft'^t at the ct'iitrc, whoi'o are fon.id ono
01' iiioic lorijif spitics. Tht'ir lotuK's consist of tluvt>tf)six iircifii-
I'aily placed inys. rcciirvt'd at the cxticiiiiHt'<,

Hirotiilcs of tlie sliortef class ahiiMdaiit. arnl compactly placed
around tlie statohlasts; shafts mostly smooth, thoiiLfh sometimes
hoariny' a siii<^l<! s])ine; inf;;-nlarly cymliical, Imt lapidly widen-
in<^' to siippdit the rotules, which aic laree, umhonate, nearly tiat,
and liiielv laeinulatc; at their marifins; occasionali\' hearing;
.spin(;s.

jVf'»«.*i*nY'm^'u/.s— Skeleton spicules O.OO?.' inch lon^-, hy O.OOO?.").
indi thick; len^tli o*' lon^' liirotidates ().()()2I in"h; of short hi-
I'otnlatt's 0.0012 inch ; dianK'ter of disc of latter, O.OiX)!! inch.

The al)o\H> desci'iption is suV)stantially that of Mr. Potts, who
d'.'scrihcd the species hcfore the Philad"lp)iia .A(;:driM\' of N'afui'al
Sciences, nt its n»eetitiL,' of Fel)ruary 2-^<th, ISH.').

This most heaiitiful of all our sponges was original 1_\ found in
the lakes of the watci'sjieij of the Pnn'ince, hotween Pictou,
Guyshoro' and Antigonish, August, 1.S.S4. It has since Ueoi\
uUserved in th^. lakes and streams of Haiifa.v Comity.

Heteromeynia Pictovensis, Potts.
A. — Skeleton spicules.
B. — Long birotulate.
C.— Short hii-otulatQ..

24-0 FIU:s|l WATK.Il SPON'(JKS OF NoVA SCOTIA — MA< KAY.

Ot'iiiis IV. — TrnKr.LA.

StatoUlast spioulus with a rotiilc im «»»(• iMid only of the shaft,
or inequirotuhat'j.

!). T. Pemtsi/fiui II ii'tid, Putts.
Tliin encnistin;;^ rotuhi a vc.iy small cireuhir ontii-e diisc, with
the short central shaft attached on om- side. Hare. Found in
two laktvs in the Kast River hasin.

Note. — Diiriiiif tlie Siirninci' IH8."., tliL- nutliofcxtfiided the kiiuwii raiiKe of Ihe most of tlicse
t.|«'fit-s til till' Jakes, of Halifax County, ^'ova SinJia, and to tht; lakes of tliL' IsluliU of A'cwfumiJ

t.

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