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Elootrotypea and TriuttJ l.y 11. 0 lloukthton A Co. .^ To HORATIO HOLLIS HUNNEWELL, A TKUE I.OVElt OF TKF.E8, AND A WISE AND OENEROUa PATRON OF THE ARTS AND SCIENCES, THIS FOURTH VOLUME OP THE SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA 18 DEDICATED I SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS OF PLANTS CONTAINED IN VOLUME IV. THE SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. OF (LANS I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Stems increasing iii diameter by tlie annual ailditiun of a layer of wood inside the bark. Lflaves netted-veined. Embryo witli a pair of opposite cotyledons. Suii-C r AS I. AngiOSpermJB. Pistil, a elo»eATA . PrI'NUS UMIIKLLATA Pri'nus Pknnsvlvanica PrUNUS EMAKIiINATA . PrL'NUS VlHIilNIANA . Prunus kerotixa . Pkunus Caroliniana Pkunus srii.EKocARrA . PhUNUS lliriFOHA . Vauquelinia Calieorxka CeRCIKARI'US LEDlFdLIUS Ckkcocari'Us tarvifolius pvhus ((ikiixaria Pyuus anoustifolia Pyrus RIVUr-ARIS Pyrus Americana pvri's samih'cifoi.ia CKAT.»;(iUS DOUULASII C'KAT.EdUS mUCIlYAI'ANTlIA CRAT.KIIUS CKUS-r a long time from the inlluenee uf .salt water, hanil, the fad that the Freni'li in Seni');al eall it Prune d'Aineriipie and as tlic s|iicies inlialiils the shorcii of the ocean the seed waslied np nnj;lit imlieale that it had lirst heen eanied to .\friea by man, and oil siuh shores would lind suitable eondilions for germinal imi. The then, liavir]'; become naturalized, had gradually spread along the Cocoa riuin, moreover, grows s|iunlane lusly in .\frica (udy on the eoa.st. west coa.st, or iippci:,ite America, while in the \ew World it is as ' .Yoe. /'/. Am. (Jm. ■!;), t. 5. KOSACEiE. SUVA OF NOIITU AMERICA. :4 OF-.YSOBALANUS IGACO. Cocoa Plum. Stamens indefinite. Stone 5 or 6-anglccl, imperfectly 5 or 6-valvc(l. broadly elliptical or round-obovatc. Leaves Chrysobalanu8 Icaoo, LiniiiEus, Sjier. 513 (excl. vars.'). — Jiie(iuiii, Kiium. I'l. Curth. L'.'i ; .SViV//. Am. 154. t. 94; SeU'-t. St'trii. Am. Hint. ".">, t. Ml. — Ii'oii. Am. Geinich. ii. HC, t. l.")". — Aubk't, J^l. (iiiUtn. i. ,513. — llouttuyn, Syst. i. 7,".ti, t. 11. f. 2. — Lamarck, Diet. iii. L'L'4 : III. ii. 542, t. 428. — Will.loiiou-, ,SV»'c. ii. pt, ii. 'J'J.S. — IVrsoon, Sijii. \\. 3f!. — Rees, Ci/r/n/imlia, viii. — Puirut, Lnm. Dift. Suppl. Hi. 13."). — Luimn, I[(irt. -lim. i, 211 Huniljoliit, Ucinpland & Kunili, Xoi: Gen. et Sj>er. vi. 244. — Kuiitli, .S';/«. I'l. .E'jiiln. iii. 483. — De Cnnilolb, Prodr. ii. iy2o.—I)kt. Scl. Nat. xxii, 430, t. 236.— SpreiiKel, Sijst. ii, 478. — Tiissac, Fl. Ant III. W. 91, t. 31. — May- cook, /■/. liar'i. 215.— Don, 6Vh. Synt. ii, 477, — Spafli, Illst. Vi'j. i. 309, t. 5, f. 4. — Torrey & Gray, I'l. X. A m. i. 401). — Dietrich, Si/n. iii, 40, — Walpers, Hep. ii. 1; Ann. iv, 042, — licnlliam. Hot. T'oy. Siiljihur, 91. — Blunie, Mk.i. Hot. Lmjil. Ihit. ii. 90.— Uicharil, Fl. Coh. ii, 237, — Chapman, /■/, 1 1 9. — Grisebach, Fl. Belt. (P. //((/. 229. — Sclmizlfin, leon. t. 274. — liaillon, .l.A;«.«- Ji/o, vii. 221; llUt. Fl. i. 427, f. 4,S0. 4,S7. — IlooUer f. Martins Fl. Bras'il. xiv. pt. ii. 7. — Heni>ley. IM. IHol. Am. Cent. i. 305, — Kggcrs, Bull, f '. .S'. Sat. .]f(i.i. No. 1.'!, 50. — Sargent, Forest Trees 2\'. Am. lOtli Census F. ,S. ix. 04. Chrysobalanus Icaco, /3. purpureus, Persoon, Syn. ii. 36. A tree, twenty-five to thirty feet in Iiei<;lit. witli a long straiirlit trunk occasionally a foot in diameter, or more often a tall In-oiul bush with many uprij^lit viri;ate branches, or often, in ex|)oseil situations, a semipro.strato shrub a foot or two lii<)h. The bark of the trunk is an eighth of an inch tiiick, with a light gray surface tinged witii red which separates into long thin .scales. The branches, wlien they first appear, are glabrous or sometimes slightly pilose aiul dark reddish brown ; they are soon marked with eonspieiioiis pale lenticels, and in their second year are brown or gray-brown. The leaves are broadly ellijjtical or round-obovate, rounded or .slightly emarginate at the apex, atid wedge- shaped at the base; they are borne on short stout petioles, and are glabrous, coriaceous, obscurely reticulate-veined, dark green and lustrous on the upper, aiul light yel' jw-grecn (ui the lower surface, with broad consiiictious midri])s roiiiuled on the upper side, and tliin p .mary veins ; they vary from an inch to three inches and a Iiidf in length, and from an inch to two inches and a half in width, and, standing on the branches at an acute angle, seem to be pressed against them. The stipules are acumi- nate, an eighth of an inch in length, aiul early deciduous. The flowers are jiroduced in cymes one to two inches in length, which in Florida ap))ear eontinuoii.sly on the growing branches dnriiig the spring and sununer months ; they are boriu' on short thick cbd)-sliaped pedicels which, like the acute deciduous bracts aiul bractlets, and the outer surface of the calyx, .are covered ,ith thick hoary tonu'u- luni. The calyx-lobes are nearly tri;ingiilar, ;icute, more or less pubescent on the inner surface, and half the length of the narrow spiitid.ite white [letals. The stamens are oxserted, with slender hairy filaments, and lU'e sometiiaes abortive on one side of the flower by the suppression of some of the anthers. The ov;iry is covered with hoary pubescence, and from its base rises the long slender sty!e, clothed nearly to the apex with pale hairs. The fruits, of which one o'- two only develop from an iniioicscence. are nearly spherical. (U' often slightly ovoid, and from two thirds of an inch to an inch iiiid a half in diameter ; the skin is smooth, bright jiiiik. yellow, purjile, creamy white, or sometimes nearly black ; the flesh is white, sweet, and juicy, often a (piarter of an inch thick, and more or less adherent to the stone. This is pointed at b<-th ends, five or six-augled, especially below the middle, half an inch to an inch and a iiuarter in length and twice as hiiig as broad, iiidehiscent, or linally deiiiscent into five or sis valves ; the wall is ('ouiposed of a thin red-brown drv outer laver, and a thick srLVA OF xonrii ameiuca. ROSACEA. interior layer of hard woody fd)re, or in the l)lac'k-fruited form is thin and soft. The testii of the seed is thin and ]).'ii)i'ry. liijlit rcd-hrown, and lined with a thick white reticulated lihrous coati C/iri/ni)bii/iiiiii.i Ictiri) tjrows in Florida from Cape Canaveral to the shores of Bay Biseayne, and on the west eoast from Caxind)as Bay to the southern keys. It is common on the shores of the Antilles and on those of southern Mexico and Central America; it is found on the northern i''ul eastern coasts of South America, where it extends as far south as southern Brazil, and occurs on the west coast of Africa from Si'uejifamliia to the Congo country.' In Florida the Cocoa Plum is usually shrubhy, and attains the size and hahit of a tree only on the shores of the islands of the Everglades, in the neighbor- hood of Bay Biseayne, and on the hanks of the Miami Hiver above the inHuence of tide-water, where it sometimes forms dense impenetrable thickets of considerabh? extent. The wood of (Viri/stimes by whites, both fresh iind preserved in sugar. The seeds when fresh have an agreeable odor, although they soon become rancid, .ind are considered a delicacy in the AVest Indies; tlicy contain a considerable (piantity of oil, and under the name of varaeh .seeds are sometimes sent to Kngland from tropical Africa ; strung on sticks, they are used instead of candles by the natives.* The ^ tliiillcniin, IVrrottrt & A. Rk-hard, /7. S.^neg. Tent. i. 'l~'l.— IIookiT f. & li.'iitluiin, Uoiikn Niger 7'V. ;i;Mi. — Oliver, /•'/. Trop. Afr. ii. ;wir». ■■' la Florida Chri/.-tobalauun fmro var'w* I'ut little in the size and sliapc of tlip leaves, or in the form of tlif fruit. This is usually pink, i)r (M'('ftsii)iially nrarly white ; on soino individuals, however, it is Itlaek. aud then is smaller and inoif? or less ovate, with narrower and rather softer stones than occur in the more spherieal pink or white-skiiineil fruit, the two forms apparently never prowin^' on the same plant. Within the tropiivs it shows a greatiT tendency to va- riation. Honker f. (Miirtius /•'/. lirasil, xiv. pt. ii. 7) considered the Anieriean and Afrlean plants specitioally identical, and proposed these varieties : — a. gfnuitiuit: loaves hroadly oliovate, olH'ordato, or orliieulnte ; drupe lleshy, ovnitl or ohovoiil, olitusely riblied. 0. ptlliicnrptis: leaves as in the variety a, althouph ()ften smaller ; drupe oltov.iid, narrowed at the ba.se, snhaeutely rilihed ; flesh thin. Cfiri/*nh(tl f luua pfllornrpuA, Mcyvr, Prim. Fl. ^y>Yy. I'.Ki. — lien- tluim, Unakpr Jour. lint. ii. *JM. — (Jriseba-'i, /■"/. lint. W. Iwl. 'Jt*9. C/irysitfmlatiti.'i leant, var. p. pellocarpits, Do Candolle, ProJr. ii. C25. (luiana. 7. 'llifitiiiis: leaves elliptieal-iililonp. (.elite or snhaeute at the two extremities ; drupe as in variety o, but stnalliT. (^hr>i*i>}mltinus el!i/)tiftut, Saliine, Trnnn. llort. Sor. f.otul, v. I.-jM. -De Candolle, Pro'lr. ii. 520. — Hooker f. & Henthani, /. c. — Oliver, /. r. (?) Chrt/.mhfihnm lulriut, Salnne, /. r. — l)e Candolle, I. c. I'pp'T ''i"d I.ower (ininea. To this form, ton, should perhaps be referred the African Chrif.'^o- hnlnuHM orAini/rtri>, Sehuimir-her JtTlionninp, K-mgl. Ihtnxk: Videtisk. Sthk: A/h. iv. « ; /V. fj'uin. ii, 5. — WaliK-ni, lUp. ii. IKJ7. • Dp los nrholes <■ fructas Uamados hicaco.'t, Oviedo, Hist. Nat. Oru. Ind. lib. viii. cap. 9. '* La Krutii de Cueseo son Hobos. Hlcaeos, Maeaptias, Cuiabaras, i Mameis, upp<^ Despcrtes, Hi.'doire des Maladies de S. Domtngue, iii. 'J44. * Spons, Kncydopmiia of the Industrial Arts, Manufactures, and Haw Commercial Products, ii. 1414. — Tussac, Fl. Antili iv. OL*. ^ nOSACE^E. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. bark, leaves, and roots are astringent, and have been employed in tropical America in the treatment of diarrlui'a, leucorrhcea, and hemorrhages.' The earliest mention - of Cliri/sohfihmufi Icaco as an inhabitant of Florida appears in A Concise Natural Jllstori/ of East and West Florida, written by tae distinguished engineer Bernard Romans,'' rnd published in New York in 1775. Chrijsohalamts Icaco was introduced into the Phys'c Garden at Chelsea in England by Philip Miller * in 1752,' and is occasionally cultivated in tropical n gions of the Old World." Icaco, the specific name, is probably of Carib origin.' The • Si % 'S>' ' Tussac, Fl. Aniitl. iv. 92. — Kndliilicr, Enchirid. Dot. 6G5. — Trensunj i.f ISolanij, i. 278. — Muitius, /•'/. JJrasil. %iv. pt. ii. 73. — Bnilloii, //.»(. ;•;. i. 459. ' " A fi!W siiots of hammnrk, or iiiilaiul, nrc found on lliis island ; these produce tlie znnlori/lum, fious citri-folio, Coccoloba, Mastie, Ilorassus, and a few trees of the live oak and willow oak, tlie Chry- sohalanus, & tlie Cerem Triatigulam, aud with these that kind of Caclm coniniouly eallcd Opuntin,' ' 283. • Ilernard Romans, r. native of Holland, received in Kngland tlio education of an engineer, and was afterwards employed by the Knglish government as a surveyor in the southern colonies of North America. He appears to Iiave lived from 17(>3 to 1771 in Florida, where he paid some attention to natural history, enjoying a salary of fifty pounds a year as King's Rotanist. During his residence in New York Romans became imbued with the revolu- tionary spirit and was engaged hy the Committee of Safety to pre- pare a scheme for tiic defense of the Highlands ; but his relations with tlie connnittee were unsatisfactory, his plans were not adopted, aiul he was relieved from duty. In 177C he was commissioned captain of a company of Pennsylvania artillery. Charges of mis- conduct were soon preferred against him, hut ho was probably acquitted, as not long afterwards he was deputed by General Gage to inspect the works at Fort Ann and Skenesborough, and in 1780 was ordered to South Carolina to join the Southern Army. IXo- mans sailed from New Haven or New London in a vessel which was captured by the Rritisb and taken to Jamaica, where he was held as a prisoner until the end of the war in 1783, when he was put on board of a ship bound for the United States. He died on the voyage, his friends believed a violent death (see Munsell's Historic Series, No. 5, Obstructions to the Navigation of Hudson's Kiver, by K. M. Ruttcnber, Introduction, 9). In addition to the work on Florida, of which only the first volume appeared, aud which is now an citremely rare book, as the largest part of the edition was destroyed by fire in New York, Romans, who was a member of the American Philosophical Society, printed in 1773, in its Trans- actions, a paper on The Murine Compass; in 1775 he published A Map of the Civil War in America; in 1778, at Hartford, Connec- ticut, the first volume of his Annals of the Troubles in the Nether- lands, the second volume of which appeared four years later, and in 1779, with ,1. f!. W. de liraham, .1 Complete Pilot for the Gulf Passage. The History of Fast and West Florida is a work of no little interest to botanists, as Romans wiis the first person with any knowledge of plants who visited tlie coasts and islands of southern Florida ; it gives the earliest account of the Ogeechee Lime, and of the Florida Fig, Ficus aurea, and first makes known the fact that several West India trees are found on the Florida coast. * See i. 38. » Alton, Hort. Kew. ii. 106. ' Voigt, Hort. Sub. Calculi. 205. — Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. ii. 307. — Naudiu, Manuel de VAcclimateur, 201. ' Ilicacos was first used by Oviedo y Valdes {Hist. Nat. Gen. Ind. lib. viii. cap. 9), who landed in San Domingo in 1514, to describe the fruit of this plant, which has given its name to numerous capes and points of laud on the coast of the West Indies and Central America. EXPLANATION OF THE I'LATR PlATK CXLVIH. ClIKVSOIlAI^NUS ICACO. 1. A Oowcriii); branch, natural sine. 2. I)ia);rani of a tlmver. 3. A flower, pnlarj;f(l. 4. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. ,'>. Front anil rear views of a stamen, enlarged. C. A pistil, a vertical section of tliu ovary rciuuveil, enlarged. 7. An ovule, much magnified. 8. A fruiting branch, natural size. 9. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. 10. A stone, natural si/e. 11. An ciubrjo. natural si/.e. M. 1 ii m \ \ I X '■■: .'JSS^«'"' v/ r^, 1. j^ .# i I i\ri.\N\iuiN "K iHK i: mk Vl.ATK \ M.Vni L'.ilJV - 'llAUAt* I ■■ A Hinrtriu'; bi inili, imtuntl «lie. Diagram ui a flnwer. A tiowcr, ffiiiargtf 1. Verticil .lei-lior, <.•{ a tlowi-r, i-nlArr'*!. Kroiit aiii rear yiei'!! of a utan-.-ii. wiiv »?<< A piBtil, a vnrtlful «p»'i(»n "f l)ic uvti * tis n>v*'ii enlafi^iM An i>vuU-. inufh ujigrufipil. A fruiting brai-fh. natural ?i/e. Wr'.ical spot' m •.( a fruit. natuiHl size. A atoni', nutaral t'ue Au imhr-, 1 i;iural "iiie. I m Siiva o: Horih America T.ib CXLVIii It: }):.!,■ CHRYrOBAI.ANUn ICACO.;, A Hs.nT,',,.: .in:; ^^v : . ..v.'#vir .',tfi. nOSACEvE. SUVA OF NOIiTII AMERICA. PRUNUS. Fl'^wers perfect, or rarely polygamo-dia-eious by abortion ; calyx 5-lobcd, the lobes imbiicatcd in oostivation; petals o, imbricated in aestivation, rarely wanting; stamens 15 to .30; pistil 1, rarely 2 or more; ovules 2, suspended. Fruit a more or less fleshy drupe, 1-seeded. Leaves alternate. Prunus, nentliam & I looker, G'.n. i. COO. — Baillon, IlUt. I'l. i. 478. Amygdnlus, Linnxiis, Oen. 111.- Ail,iii.i)n, F(im. PL ii. HO.'i. — A. L. do .lussieii, (Jen, 941. — Meiuiier, (icii. 10'.'. — Ki. iUolicr, Gen. I'r.O. Prunus, Liiiniims, Geyi. Ml. — AiUinson, F(tm. PI. ii. ;i()."). — A. L. following sections, which hy many authors liave iK'en cunsiilered f^cnci-ji ; — AMYUDAi.rs {iiu'liuliii^ Aniy^ilalophora, 'rrichocjvrpua, Persioa, and Aniyydalojisis). Klo\v<'r.s solitary or geminate, suhsesslle, oi'teii precoeiuiis. I'riiit velutinous or rarely smooth ; the Uesh dry and late, appearing with the leaves. Frnit velutinous, with thin dry fh'sh, anil a smooth or slightly rugose stone. Leaves eouduplieate in vernation. Akmkxi.V( v. Flowers solitary or geminate, suhscssilo or short- pediuellati', precoeious. Fruit pubescent, or in cultivation rarelv nienihranaeeous and splitting irregularly, or thick and succulent j suuwth, with succulent tlesh, anil a thick-walled conspicnousli" wiin'- the stone compressed, generally thick-walled, rugose and deeply margined snu>oth or pilteil stone. Leaves convolute in vernation, pitted. Leaves couduplicate in vernation. I'liiNrs ( imludiug rruu..phora). Flowers pedicellate in fascicled EMi'LECTOCL.vuts. Flowers solitary or geminate, short-pe.lieel- mnbels, preuoeious or coetaucous with the leaves. Fruit more or SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROHACEA Of the Ronus Prunus, n<>\r cxtoiuloil to inclmlo the l*IiiinH, AlmoiulH, Peiicht's, Aprii-otn, ami riunrit's, iilunU oiio liumlml ;t.ul twonty Hpci'lt's aro (li.stiii;;iiisl:iMl. Tlu'y uro p'lu'rally ilistiHuitt'd over tln' ti'in|ii'raty rt'^ions ok' >lie Nortlirni Ili'inisuhert*, uspeiially in eastern Asia/ in vvfstt'rii and central Asia,' Envupe,^ and North Anu'rira.* Tho jjonuH m rt'pn^si'f* - 'n tropiial America by nninc'rouB HptnicH,* and (K'l' rs in sontli'iii Asia.*^ It lias no rcprrscntat. ^tiral and sontluMii Africa, in Australia, Polvnesia, or tliC st)ntlu'rn conntiics of Soutli Anu'ru-.i. in North Anu'rita the jjcnus is wpread from f'n» siion^s of tlio Atlantic to those of tlic !*acilh', and from near the r.orthern limits of tree-f;rowth to HI >:ihern Mc\ict». The ti'rritory of the United States contains at least twenty-five indij^enous species, of which fourteen attain arhorcM'cnt halnt, and one is a lar^e and important forest tree.^ li'SH RiiciuUiit, ufton covrnMl with n t;1auoous bUwin ; ntoiu' coin- |)ri'SH(tl, siiUHith or sli^'litly riij,M»sr, aciitt' iimrj;iiu'(l alniij; tlii' vrn- ttiil sutiirt', j;rnuveii uu tlio other. Lcuvrs coiulupiiiato ur i-imvo- lutti in vt-miitioii. ('Kit.vsi's I iiii'liiiliii^ ('t'Disnphoru, ('i>riis(.'i(iii4, ;uiil .Mii'nxii'ru.iUA). Kliiwcr-* |)nlifi'lli»tt', t'u.Hrifli'il, nr t'iinuil»tHt', pri'iMK'iiMiH or i'i«-Ui- nt'iMi.'i vsilli tlu' li'iivct. Kruit ?tiiuHith nr niitlv |mI(i.m', \^itli sunn- It-iit |Ii>h1i ; Mtuiif MiiiiHilli ur ^liglitlv rii^uM>, riiigtMl uii the \<-iitrul 8iituri>. Lt'KVi'M i-uiiiliiplu'ati' in vfrimliou. I'aiM'a. FIitwtTH ill hIi'IhUt tcniiiiiiil niiTiiics, uii Intrnil Iciify or loiitli'NM limiR'lifH uf tlio yi'ur. Fruit ttub^luliitsc, HuiiHitlt, w-.U sui-- c'uli'iit Hcith ; stunc turgid, uvate ur tibuvute, tliifk-iiiar};inf(l on tliu vi'iitral sutupi'. I-cavi's foiuliiplicati' in vcniatinn. I.AritiHH(.\Mrf*. Flowers in ract'im-fi fruni tin- axils of tl.( leaves of the previnui* year. Fruit sinuiitli ur rarely cuveretl wilh a waxy M.ioiu ; tiesh U!*iiaUy thin ami siiIiHiu'eiileiit ; stoiH' sntuoth, i.i^'<»se, or e(>ii<«|>i('Uou<<1y reticiilate-veiiK'*!, otiHi'urt'ly margined un the ven- tral suture. Leaves eondu|ilieate in vernation. ' Maxiinowiez, liiU. Arad. Set. St. P> hnihourfr, xxlx. 71 (At' I. lii.-l x\. (l."»7). — Frar-het, PI. David, i. W,\ ; PL />r!fU-o;/ijww, i. UU. 3 Hoissier, Fl. Orient, ii. C>\0. — Aitehison, Jour. I.tun. Soc, xviii. 50. — Fmnehet, /*/. */k Turkr.iMn, o7. • Nyinan, Votifjiect. Fl. Eurnp. 'Jli*. « Torrey & dray. Fl. S. Am. \. 40<». —Chapman, Fl. 119.— Brewer Si. Watson, Hot. Cker f. Marlitis FL iirii.-nL xiv. pt. ii. .Vi. — Hi'inslcy, Hot. Pifl. Am. Cent. i. [MM. « Miquel, 7-7. I'iii. Hat. i. pt. i. IKLI. — Rrandis. Forent Fl. Brit. Ind. UK). — Hujker f. FL Hrlt, Ind. ii. M'l. ' Of the sections of tho genus, Amygdalus is -'onfined to eastern Asia, which is helievetl to he the hiuiie of the triM- from which the (iiUi\ated IVach {Prnnus Pemim, Hentham & Hooker, Oen.'\.i\W) lia.s bien drriveci (A. de C'auilollc, Oriijme dn< Planter CuUivt'v.if \'i\. — Itret-^chneiiler, On th" Study and Value nf Chinese H»tan\cal Wiirks, 10), and to southeastern Asia, where numy species are found, particularly in IN-r.sia, Aru-'ia, tlie Traiiscaucasian lU'ovinees, and Tiirkcslan. Prnnux .Xmjiijdiilm^ \.\\i\ origin of the eultivatid ^Vliiiond, Wiis i/i-lifVfd liy lioissicr (/■'/. Orient, ii. (tl'J) tc ^--^^ '"• the Anti'Lehanon, in Turkestan nnd Mesopotamia, and on some of the mt^untain ninjjes of Persia. Uy cultivation this tree Ims spread tlirouf^h the Mediterranean Imsin, and now grows spontjmeously iu many of the soulhern countries of F.uroiH' and in northern Africa, where perhaps it is really indigenous (Cos.son, Ann. Sei. Xat. xix. 421t. — A. de Candoll", (;,';i]rn;.hie Holani'iue, ii. HK7). F.uiplectoeladus is cuntiued to the dry tuleriur regions of Pacific Nurtli America, wliero two small shrubby siMcics aro recognized (fJray, Pror. Am. Arail. x. 70). Aruieniaca is Asiatic ; two species are now recognized. Pruuus Armeniaeit, l.imueus {Spec. 174), the Apricot, is prohubly a native of northern China anil Mongolia, whence it was carried into north- ern India, Persia, Armenia, and other countries of southwestern Asia, where it has long been naturati/eil (.\. de (.'iiridulle, Oriijine de.1 Pi'antrs ('ultiv'iH, 171). The second species, Prniiu.i Mume (Siebold & Xuccarini, FL Jap. i. li'.^ t. 11), is a native of Japan. IVunns, the true Plutn, of which about twenty species are dis- tinguished, is generally distributed in thu tcmpomto regions of North America and eiutern and western Aftia. The native country of Priimut dnmestiea, Linna-us {Sftee. 47")), the original of many of the races of the ciiltivaletl Plums tif the Old World and the most important species of this section of the genus, is stilt undetermined. Many authors believe that it is a native of Anatolia and northern l*iT'-ia. and that it was brought intti Kurope, where it is now widely iiaturali/fd, not more than two thuu.s;itid years ago (A. de Candiille, /■(-.). It has bei>n cultivated in northern China and dapan from immemorial times, and now grows spontaneously on the mountains near iVkin and on those of Shensi and Kansuh (Itretsclineider, Farht Fnrnpean HenearrheA into the Flnra uj China, 111). — Forbes & llemsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiii. IflH), Cenusus belongs to the cold and tcmpernte parts of N'orth Amer- ica, F.uro|H', and .\sia ; nearly forty species are now recognized, of which a larger number grow in China and Japan than in any other geographieo-botanical region. The two most important species aro Pruuu.i AriuiUt Linnjeus (/■'/. Sree. ed. 2, UJ."!), ami Prunti.i Cerasu.*, LimiuMis (.S'/i''('. 471), from which are derived the two races of garden Cherrii'S (A. de Candcdlo, /. c. l(>it). 'J'lie former, believed to be a native «)f the region bordering on the Caspian, has become natural- izeil ami now gmws spontaneously in southern Kurope as far north at least as central France. The latter inhabits the forests of norlhem Persia, Armenia, and the Caucasus ; tt grows in Algiers, and in F.urope is distributed through southern Russia and the mountainous regions of (Ireece, Italy, and Spain to Scandinavia ; it has lu-come naturalized in northern India (Hooker f. FL HrA. Ind. ii. iilll) and Madeira (Lowe, Man. FL .Mad. 2'X>), and occasionally in the east- ern part of the Cnited States (Darlingttm, Fl. Ci'.ifr. ed. Ii, "it). Padus, with twelve or f«)urtecn species, occurs in the temperate and subtemperate regions of the two beuiisphercs, with its centro of di.stribution in China and Japan. The type of this section, PrU' UFj.* Padus, Limueus (.Sprr. 47M), is the nmst widely distributed of the j»eims, growing naturally in nearly every part of northern ami central F.urope, an)y n imtive H i'iirri«'(l into imrtli- rifs uf snutliwcstcni iK' Cuiiilitllt', Oriijine ii'iea, Prnnun Mume native of .lupiin. iity Hpci'ii'i iiro il'S- .•nipiTJito ri'ljitiiiH of The nutivt^ vouiitry ori^nnal of iiiuiiy uf A'ltrld ami tho iiio^t H Htill uiiili'tfriiiirii-il. liitoliii uml nortlicTii liere it \a now wiilrty ai^o (A. (If C'iindollr, ina and Japan fmni ly on the nmiMitains suh (Urctsi-linciiler, 'hiunt Hi). — Korhi'it irtR of N'oilh Anicr- } now nH'iijjnizt'il, of in than in any other mpctitant speeit-s are and I*ntnu.i Or^srj.', ' two riiees of fr-^rden iier, helievt'd to be n has become nutnral- iirope as far north at I' forests of norlhirn I in Algiers, and in md ttie nionntiiinons uia ; it lias become U. luil. ii. 'MW) and siunally in the east- Ci.^tr. ed. ;», 7:()- rs in the tem|)crato I'n's, with its eentro f this seetion, Vnt- ntlely distributed of irt t>f northern and lia, northern Cliina, the most p'liendly unber t»f the species licid AiULriea ; the Few ponora of plants are tnoro iiscftil t(» man. Many of tin* species contain in the Hceds and leaves considerable cpiantilics of hydrocyanic acid, to wliirli is dih> tlirir pecniiar odor.' Some licar delirious fruits, uhicli, I'lcsh and diii-d, arc important artitlcs of human f I, and others, espe- cially the Almond, produce valual»lt' hceds." The dried fruit of the Old Wtuld I'Inm l»as laxative other!! nro fonnd in sniithern Chinn, daimn, India, and the Ciincii- sian provineeA, in Hon th went crn I'.niopr and the north Atlantii- African inlands, and in the soiithtrn part of the rmtcil Ntatei,('ab< fornin, and Mexico. 1 IhiUhin. Hist. /'/. i, I.".'!. — I-e Mainit & Deeaisne. TrmU doi. lint. Yax^UsU ed. nss. The hnvcs ami ymin^j branehe» of nuuio Bpceic* of Kanroecrasnn at the pcriiHl of active vi-^etation contain Bach (jnantities uf h}iIroeyanie acid as to lie dan|;erous to animals browsing on tlieni. A eity onlinatiee of Mobih; prohibits throwiii;; the triuiiiiirifjs of /VuNfW <'iir»(inliiti'i,ii favorite heil;;e pl.itit in that city, into the streets where they inii,'ht he eaten by e.ittle. * Mure than three hundred varieties of jihinis are n'>w reeuj;. nizcd in the coUections of Knrnpi', where this tree lias Iteen enlli- vated from tlie tinu' of ttie ancients. The ori^'in of tin- ditfcrrnt races of tlie eulti\ateil Old Wuihl I'lums is obscure ; they are now pcncrally supposed to have been derivei! from the erossinj; of dif- ferent species, partii-idarly I'ruuiu rtomrslira and Pruutut insilitlHf Linnaius {S/irc. cd. -', i. (WO), or of the ditl'erent varieties of the fornuT which many antliorities hive considered species ([^neati, Kit\ltitHU(j in thu Stiuiium drr Pomnlotfi*; Introdnctimi. — Peeaisne, f.r Jitnlin Fruiti'T, viii. Prtiutir, II). The cultivation of (lie riuni on a lar^e fteale is principally connued to the valley of the Loire and to the department of I.ot-et-tlaronne in France, to central (ierniany, and tu Hosuia, Scrvia, Croatia, and California. In the valley of the Loire, vvhicb is one of the ^reat sources of supply of the ludi- nary prunes of eounneree, the variety principally ^rown is the Prnnier de St. .InI.en (Pniuus thimstirit, var. Jnlmtui, Ih' Catidnlle, Protlr. ii. 531). The best rreneh prunes are produced in the re- gions lyinj; about the town of Clariae in the valley of the Lot, from a variety known as Prnnier d'Knte, which has been prown for at least a century in tins region, where the cultivation of the trees and the harvesting and dryin*; of the fruit is mana;;ed with the greatest care and skill. (For aecoiints of tlie production of prunes in France, see V. S. Consular l!rports,Sv\)t. ISHS^Ul. — Kur I'ull. Mi.ti'fUanro>is Ifi/nrnmtiim, Pec. lSt»e, 'JtJa.) The (ierman prnnes are principally the product of a tree considered by Ih' Candolte ti) be a variety of l^rtinu.^ ttitimstlrn (var. Prumnulin'Hi, I. c. .~IU), and by Koch (Ihinlr. i. ill) a species, i'runus aan\wn'un of ncukhauscn (I/au'lh. Fnrsthof. .i. 1(01). The IVssavina district of northern Hosnia is now the most impor- tant prune-prodncin}» region iif southeastern Knrope, the iM'st fruit being grown on the sides of the lulls descending into tin' plains of Tossavina. The methods of enltivatiug and dryit g tie fruit are rnde and primitive, and the product is inferior to the I -st French and (ierman prunes. The prunes grown in Hosiiia an(' Scrvia are, however. largely exported to the I'nlted States, (i'-rmany, and Hungary (Spous, I\iiri/r!op,r'li'i of lh<' Inilu^trinl Arl->, Aftiwifdrturfs, and liaiv Comnnrriol Pmiiurts, i. I():j7. — Kiic Ihdl. Mi«>tiliintou,d in the place of almonds ( Itrctsrhmider, On ifif Stndif und \''tlnf iif (.^fiitir.ir lUiUiHifnl Wurku, lO ; lutrli/ EnrujM-nn Jitsiiirrhr.i iu(o the Fhm of Chhuu I lU. — Kranehet, PI. Ihnd. i. lul). In •lapan the Apricot is occasionally cultivatnl, although the climate dies not appear to suit it. The flapani'se sprcics, J'rnnu.i .I/kjh*', produces a small hard siuir fruit uliich is sometimes eaten suited or dried, and is made into viuf^.ir (Ibin, Jitpnn mirh liti.ifn uud Sfu~ di'H im .\>if'tnn/i- ili-r K'Hi'ili'f* PriuAMitrfirn ti»i/iirnii(f, ii. Ut'2). The .Mmond is the nio^t important plant of the (rcnus. Hitler ami sweet ainunids are produced from Incs which Imtanists re;;;trd as varieties of oru* specii-s, ami which have been cultivated in the Orient from very early times. (M. Poreitis Cato, /V AV Hustirat cap.H. — Harris Xnt. i/ist. P.d.tr, (J.) In the beginning of the four- teenth century alnuuids had lK>coine an important urlhde of com- iiHTce ill Venice, and tlu'lr eonsnmption in incdiieval Kurope wan enormons. Sweet almonds are priMlnced in great ipiantities in Italy, Portugal, the Canary Islands, and the countries which surnaind the (iiilf of Persia (Spuns, /. r. i. HcjJ), and in California. vvImtc llie cultivation of the Almond has recently assunuMl importance ( Wick- son, Thf Ciili/oniin Frm'ts nnd How to finm 77i/7/i, ed. L', ."il'J. — C. II. Sliinu, O'unltn and Forrst, iv. 'Iiri); the best are now iai>ed in Spain, and are known as the Jordan almonds. Hitter almonds are grnwn jirim ipally in the re;;iiuis bordering ou the Medit'Tratican, the best being jtroduced in France and Sicily. The chief value of the Almond is in the oil which is pressed from the seeds ; it is of two kinds, a tlxed or fatty oil, and a vohitile oil. The first is obtained from the fresh fruit of the bitter and i>f thn sweet almond, and i- ■ nufaetured in southern France, Italy, and Spain, the best (piality 1 "ng iiiailc in Majorca. The bitter almonds are lirst peeled in order to free them of the essential or vohitile oil, and are then crushed; the sweet almonds are erii>hecl without pcl- in;,', and the oil is then pressed from the crushed seeds. It is of a dear yillow color and possesses an a^'rceable tlavor, and is jiriuci- pally used by perfumers ami, puriti. d of its hydroi-yaiiie acid, in medicine (Fllickiger i\: Ilaidinry, Phannacoijraphia, 'JllJ, 'JIO. — Spoils,/, c. ii. 1:177, 111*'). The Peach has been enliivated in n(irthern China from time im- memorial ; it is also commonly grown in Mongolia and Cochin China (Lonreiro, 77. Cmhiu. 31."i), in Japan, wlicre it is the mo^t abundant of the .stone-fruits (Kcin, /. c. lUli, in northern India, ami in central and western Kurope, where it appears to have been brMtii;ht fnnii Persia at the be<:itinin;; of the Cliri>tian era (lirandis, Fnnst FL lirit. lud. P.U.— lialfour, /. c. ItMi). It llourishes in the southern and cetitral portimis (tf Ntirth America ; nnd in some I:arts of the miildle .\tlantic and P;'cilic states the cultivation of the Peach is an important agricultural iiubistry (Wickson, /. c. The Cherry, as a cultivated fruit-tree, has been known In Europe for at lea.st two centuries, and innumerable varieties have been raised there and in the Cnited States. These are of two races, the Hiijarrean and Heart Cherriei, with hirge, sweet, or slightly bitter fruit, derived from Prmu^t Avi'nn, and the Mordlo and Duke Cherries, with snuiUer and often astringent fruit, ilerivcd from 10 sii.vA or xoiiTii AMi:ni('.i. KOSACR.V.. Iiritpcitit's; and the l>:irk of many N|i i'rM.t>cil iiiiii rcci'tHHi.il ill tltt'ir |iriHlii('tion. * l.inim'Us, SjHV, lia. — Kwli, tffmlr. i. I'JO. — !tr:iiiili'«. V'lnst Fl. r.r.l. Iml. tin— lIookiT f. fV. Ilril. Ihil. ii. :il.-i. .M;i\iiii.^ *- Kirsi'tiwuMscr U princiiKiIIy jirndiiccil in tlio vjilloy of tlio liliiiit' in (ifriiiiiny. Kraiu-i', iind Swit^frlinil. .\ \vitl;irk'friiit(>il viirifty of /'ntutii .ii'iitm (vrtr. marrwiqia, I)e CaiiiUtlle, Vrmlr. ii. .''>:l.'i) is th.'0. (hat Hr|iarati' llii' inilp anil Htoiu's from tlio jnii'i', wlili'li is allowed <'«m.<'/jt PtlituA, IN' Caiulollf, Fl. . rmu: nl. It, iv. 180 ; l'nntr. ii. to tlow into I.-irp* talis ; tlio stones aro tiii'll i-oUfi'lfit anil atlilcii to ThW). — A''"('''fC( Ihifiiimilt V. 'J, t. 1. — Itoissicr, /■'/. Orlfut. ii. tl."iO. tli*. jiiiro wliirli is fcrniriiti'il in li;;Iitly rovi'ml vats, anil at tin' fiiil ■' B. .»*. Itarton, ('nil cil. .1, i. 11. — .\. Kirlianl, llim. Snl. Mr,l. of four or the ilays is ilniwn olT uml ilistilliil. Kiisilnvassir of an I'll. It. iii. tia'J. — Kntllirllrr, Kurhiritt, Cil'.'l. — Itoscntlial, .''V'l. /'/. infrritir i|tiality is tnailo from i-la-rrii-s sliakrn from tlio triTs anil hifti'hiir. '■MA. — I'orrlnT, I'fsouri'tn nf South, rn Fitlih tnul Ffirr^h, thrown into o|ii'U ho|;shL'ails, in whii-li thi' rip*', half ripi', aliil rotlfii lliit. — (iiiilKiiirt, Hill. Ilroij. I'll. 7, iii. 1117. — Ifaill Ihfl. I'!, i. fruit is all iiinhiil tupthir ami alloweil to I'lTini'iit. At Ihi' cnil ■l.M. — I'. S. Iii'iirti.t. I'll. II, "10, — StiUi' & .Muisi'h, .Viif. IhsiHii.*. of Iwinty or thirty ilays, whin firtnrntation is i'oni|ili'tr, tin- whole I'll. -, 1177. — Khifki^iT & Hanhury, /Vifir»i(i'-i"/r«(/*/(iii, 'I'SX mass is ilistillt'il over nn oprti tire. Mailo in this way, kirschwassiT ■ IJnuit'iis, .S'/ifc, 471. — Kofh, /''ii'/r, i. l"J."i. has a stron;; anil ili-sa^^rrealtle llavor. ilui* to the nionhl ih-vi'lnpi'il Vrrmuii /.ai'riK'fmjow, Kiiisfh'ur, .Vii'o'"iii Ihihaiiul, v. tl. — I)l' ilui-in^ the proi'i'ss of frrini'iitation. funiliille, Pru'lr. ii. .">10. — lioissier, Fl. Oruiit. ii. (IV). Mamsehino is maile from the .Murasea Cherry, a variety of I'm- « l.inillev, Fl. Mril. I'aL'. — A. Kieharil, /. c. tia'.'. Knsenllial, »,„,< .Ir/um with small ueiil fruit (.V«iirmri /Wmnn/, v. •Jli, liy a pro- /. c — Itaillon, /. r. -I.^a. — Klrnkijjer v"i; Iluuhury, /. r. -lit", (itii- liourt, (, <■, aiS, f, 078, — ilaeksun, Cummin:' I lion, ,lrft. Brit. ii. 708, " l.e Maoiit & Uecuisni;, Traitii GCn- Hot. EiiylisU eil. 3S8. — Guibourt, /. c. 310. eess similar to that liy wliieli kirseluvasser is prepareil. exeept that hone V or slipir is ailileil to the liquor after it is ilistilleil. .Murii- si'hiuo is prineipally inamifaetiireil in Kulinatia. that liiaile in thu neifilihiirhooil of Zarals'inKeonsiilereil the lii'st ( l.ouilon,/. e. 1107. — Spoils, Ki,iTiliil of the IniluMriiil Arts, .Miliiufili-tiin), iiiiil llnw ('luiiiti' rriat I'nKlin'tf, i. --1). " l.ouiliui, /. e. (100. " l.e Maoiit it Deeaisne. /. c. .'ISS. In Iniliii, oil presseil from the seeils of the .Vprii'ot uml the reach is u.seil for illuminatin;;, in ei«ikery, anil on the hiiinun huir (Hnimlis, /. c I'.fJ. — lialfour, f>'/ii/»r(/M of Imlia, eil. a, iii. 1(1(1). Cherry-oil is now manufaetureil in Kni;laml from the seeils of I'rn- iMt sirnlina, importeil from the fniteil Stales (Spons, /. e.). '5 See Tri'i'iil, .Miilil'lii- ilf lo (/'imiiie clir: /f.i Ciri. in from tliciii is ' Cordials or ' SI't'lJH of tlio icny. I'niiiiiH lis, /wctM'iicii- u KiiroiM' and 1 scenic from ill Fiance in till" VIllll'V of tlio , wil.l lili..k-friiitcil CiuuliiUe, I'rwir. ii. liii'li in iiiaili' from IT wiiktT sliiiincMS ■1', wliiili H ullowi'tl Ici'ti'il and aililril to Viits. ami at llii> I'liil Kiisrliwas-icl" lit' all fiipiii till' IniM iiiiil lalf liiic, anil r..lliii II t. At the I'lul in|ili'lc. till' wliolo » way, kirjn-liwiiHscr 1- |]iiMilil ili'vclii|n'(l , a varii'ty "f I'm- 1:1, V. 'Jli. li\ a liriw pari'd. cxripl lliat s ili-lilUM. Mara- tliat iiiaili' ill lliu I..Mi,l..n,/.iMW". — rui/ilr/iircjl, und liilir ■ Apr'u'nt anil the on llio Itnniaii hair „/,„, ,.,!. :!, iii. mil). n thi' sfi'ils of I'nt- Spons. /. '•). rment, tti / 'rfiii iVr*, !./. .SV;. li.O'Jl ; I'rit- miiu'lii-r, I'Ahriivlur •uniu, kiiowii peniT. wattr, with which it BO.SACK.K. sn.vA OF xoirrir a Mimic a. 11 Till! wood of rnmuH ix closc-Kraim'd, solid, and dnraltli-, and is Uhiially li^^lit liiown, iiioro or Ichh tiiijjed witii red. Till) most valiialile tiiiilier tree of the j,'elius is the North Anieriiaii I'miiiin mrotiiiit. The wood of I'miiim iluniixliiii and of I'niiiiin Ariiiiii is iiiiich esteemud in Kiiropu \>y iiiakcrs of fiirnitiiie and ninsieal instruments, and Ity turners.' The wood of J'niiiiiH Mnhn/rh m hard, dark- colored, and fra^jraiit ; known in Frame as hois tlo St. Lufie, it in valued hy eahinet-niakers, nnd is eiiiploved in the manufacture of tohaceo iiipcs and of many small artities.' The s|iiny stems of I'rmiiis niiiiiiixii are used fur eaiies, and for the hamlles of a<;riciiltiiral imiilemcnts and other tools,' In India the wood of tho I*eaeh-treo is utilized in hiiildiii);, and that of the Apricot for many domestic purjioses;* and in .lanan the wood of I'niim.i I'xiiiil't-l.'irdnuit'' and of I'niniix Minni' for enjjraviiig and for the hlocks used in print iiig doth and wall-paper," I'miins contains many plants valued in gardens for the heauty of their flowers and foliage. Vari- ous forms of the Cherry, the Peach, and the IMum, with douhle flowers, or of aluiormal lialiit, have long been cultivated. The parks and gardens of temperate Kiirojio are enlivened liy the evergreen foliage of /'riiiiiin I,iiiiriir( rasas, the so-called Knglish Laurel, a native of the Orient, and of I'niniis Liisi- tdiiicn,'' tho Portugal Laurel, which are rejilaeed in those of the southern part of the I'uited States liv I'riiiiiis ('iiri)l'iii'iiiiin ; in Japan I'riiinis .Miniit and I'nniiis J's< iii/i,-f'i rasns huld the first place among flowering plants in the afl'ections of the people, and no .lapaiicse home is withiiiit tlieiii. The first, when its leafless hranehes are covered with white or red flowers, announces the arrival of spring and a time of rejoicing, while the lilossoiiis of the seecuid invite the people to another festival.^ Numerous insects'* prey upon the different sjieeies of Priiniis, which are also siiiijcct to serious funi;al diseases,'" inakc9 a thick mucilaf^e, the Insuliilte |iiirtion, to uhiili the nnmo of Cerisin is Kiven, ineri-l) Mwellinj; in water. It is brittle, with au iiniipiil, sweet, or uMtringeiit llavor, ami i.H at first liiiuid and colur- les!!, luit with expostire to thu air hardeiiH anil growH ilarker: in culnineree C'herry-^^nin appears in the form of larj^e, irregular shaped pleees, and is lastrotis and transparent, var\ rif; in color from pale yellow to brown, that proiluceil hy the Cherry-tree beiii|» uf a darker color than the j;um of the IMiim-tree. t'lriyin is eolorlesji, transparent, odorless, and tasteUss (Henry Watts, liicliowir;/ n/ Cfiemisfri/. — Spons, Km'yduj'itiiiit nf thf ItnliLilritU .IrAv, Mtiiiti/ur- tfirrs, anil Utiw Commercial Prixluctii, ii. ltl3S. — (inihourt, Ili-^t. Ikoii. ed. 7, iii. 318). ' London, Arb. llril. ii COS. — .Mallliien, Fl. Foremi'.yf, ed. 3, 1^5, r.i9. » London, /. c. "08. — Brandis, Foml Fl. llril. Iml. 10.'). — Mat- thicu, /. c. \S1. ■ The eominon Blackthorn canes of northern Europe are ent from the stems of Prunus ^pinosa. — Loudon, /. c. OSO. — Matlliieii, /, c. 130. • Brandis, I. c. 101. • Limllcy. Tray]:*. Ilort. Soc. I.oml. vi. OO. • Hein, ./(/;»(n rtdf'^ liii.^i'it unj Stwlitti im .lu/irage lUr Ki'tiif/Iich Prrm.ii.'Veb-worms also feed on the trees of this genus. Larva' of I'la- tfjMvnia Cecropia (l.iniueus) and other large moths of tin' Silkworm family are found on the Plum and the Cherry ; and the eater|iiU lars of Siihinj: dritpi/erarum, .Uibot & Smith, occasion;illy defoliate their branches (.Saunilers, In.sect.i Injurion.i to Fruits, lli'J). Tho leaves also are affected by sevend species of Icaf-mulhs. The Cherry-slug (Srlandia Ceraii, Peek) nnd one or two other Saw-Hies feed on the Wild Cherry. A sniall Curcniio {.Inthono- mux ijuadriijihhus, Say) is often abundant in the seeds of Prf*'-is serotina. The fruit of the Wiltl Plum is destroyed by the i .i.m- cuTciiVio (Cnnotrachflii.1 A'('ni//''i'Jr, [llerbst]), whose nivages seri- ously interfere with the cultivation in the United .states of tho Kuropeau and native plinus. The Plum-tree has been found to be the food-plant of the Hop- nphis (Phi>r'Hl>in Ititmnli, Scbrank) during certain pi-riods of the year, and the destruction of Pbun-trees in the vicinity of llo[)-tieldi is recomincmlcd by C. V. Uiley {Instct /.//'.', i. 133). *° The number of described .species of fungi which infest arbores- 12 SILVA OF yORTII AMERICA. KOSACi:-E. Prnnua, tlio t'lassiral name of the Phini-trce, was aJopteil hy Linnicus for a section of the genus MS now cxtentleil. cent IiDS'irar is very proat, ami na tlio fruit-trops of tho tompprato zoiios ln'loiiir to tlli^ luuiily, tlii'V liiivc luM II imiro iMn-tuIiy >imlic.l than those affpothig any other family, with the cxet'jition of IVmrcir. Of the fun-;! whii-h .Utai'k the N'oith Aiiu'rii-au MiH-oifa of PruriiiH, oiu' of tlif most strikiiij; Is Plotvrii/htia niorhomj Sai'i'imlo {Sphfrrin tmtrl'osit, Sciiwt'iiiit/.), whiih prodin'i-s the warty fXiTcscenpi's known ns Black Knot. Tln'se witp furnicrly supposed to l)i' ilni' to tlip nttai-kA of insocts, hut (heir fiin/!ntnli'n, l^nmua st'riitiiin,ni\d Pruuiut IVr- ijininnti. The nj.'ly hhiek kntits whieh often eover the hramlu-s of these phutts are familiar ; there are tw(» forms of frnetilica- tion, one ealled the conitlial stage found in early summer win n the surfai'p of tlio knots is dark ^^reen, and the oihrr lipruin^ in midwinter or early sprin;^ when the knots iM'jjin to hreak up. Ilor- ticnltnrally considered, the Ulaek Knot is a serious iicst,as it passes fnnti our native species of Pruinis to the cultivated Plums and Cherruvi of Old World orij^in. The cultivation of I'lnms has been ahandoiu'il in some of the ea.'.tcrn ^tate«, owiuj; to the ravai^es t»f this fungu'* ; and in some parts of the country, varieties of eullivatcd Cherries are also badly diseased. The disease has been known fnr many yoars in the eastern states, but has in)t developed on the cul- tivated I'luniA and Cherries of California, alMiou<;h, as the fungus is cndeuiie on the native species ui the Pacific coast, it may be ex- pected to spreatl sooner or later to tho fniit-growing regions of the coar*t. In Knropp no native disease corresponds to Hhick Knot, tthicli has not yet been imported from America. Next in seriousm'ss among the diseases which afTeet our spe- cies of Prunns are the prominent deftmnities caused by species of Tapbri.ia, which priHluci- Leaf-curl. The most striking of these is Tiij'hrina ilrformnus, Tuhusne, whieh causes the leaves of Peach-tm s to become thickened, curled, and wrinkled, doing, however, less reul injury than the disease called The Vell.nvs, the ori-in of wluih is not yet satisfactorily determined. The plant whieh b\ some authori- ties is considered a variety of Taphrma UeJ'ormans (var. Wit-sncrif Ratliny) is ooensionally seen on Pruntr nrrotiua, although the exact dt'lermiiiiition of the s|>ecies is not beyond ipicstion. A simitar diii- ease, Taphrimi /V((Ni,Tulasne, causes the dislm-tion known as IMnm- pockets on cultivated Plums, and on the fruits of our native Prumis st'rotimi and Prnnm marittma, and of a few other sjiecies. The ])Ock- ets are best .seen in the cultivated Plums, which are attacked in early sunnner sotui after the fruit sets ; the young ovaries swell, often alnmst to the si/e of full-grown plums, by the latter part of dune, when they are hollow with the exception of a few tilu-nus bauils, and are white and powilery. Similar, altlnuigh smaller, pock- ets are sometimes fouutl on wild Pbim-trees, unil it is probable that the disease is a native of AnuTica as well as of Kurope, where it is common. It should not 1h' eunfomuled with }fiinili(i /nictiijeiia, Pcrsoon, a moulddike fungus which attacks cherries, plums, and peaches as they ripen, covering them with a grayish powder without, however, causing them to become hoUow. The leaves of the dilTerent spei-ies of Prunus are attacked by a nundier of snnill fungi, some of which are d(>strnctive. The Rust, Pucriuin Pruul-,tpinosn\ Persoon, causes small yellow or brownish yellow spots to appear on the under surface, with accon^panying iuiri)lish-red sjiots on the uppc. surface, of the leaves «»f Pnmtt.s sirofinii, Pnmus Vinjiniiinn, and other species, as well lu* on those of the Peach and the Ahnond. In the southern states, especially, this Uiist is e-sbaped bunches on the bark of Peach-trees ; and the cinnabar-eelipred Punk-fungus, PohfporuA rinnabnrinuSt Fries, common on the native Wild Cherries used for fencing. UOSACE^. n of the genus f, !ilthoiij;Ii tho pxnct ilioii. A siniilitr ditt- tiiin known us riiini- uf uiir iiativt; Prutvut r siH'L'ics. Tlio pnfk- liioli iire iitt:u'kt'il in you lit; ovfttiea swell, by tlic lutttT pjirt of ion of ii few tibroiis llioujjli sin:iller. pick- ikI it is prcibiiMi- that of I-'iin)pe, wlicre it ;li Monilia/riirtiijnia, clicrrifs, plums, iuid \i->li jHiwiler without, us aro att.ifkcil hy a triK'tivc. TJu' Uiist, , yeliuw or lirinvnish , witli accompiinyiiig ho leaves of Prumis , us well as on those ■rn Htatcs, csperiuUy, I'll uccouipuiiied by a nh>). Hary, Is widely rth ; they are pidterandions, and are proihiccd in three or four-tlowcrcd umbels, with short thick pedu '.s conspicu- ously marked iiy the scats left by the falling of the biid-scales, which when fidly grown ck one third of an inch long, pale green tinged with piidc, and usually persistent until the expansion of the flowers. These are borne on slender glabrons dark red pedicels which vary from one half to two thirds of an inch in length. The calyx-tidie is broadly obcouie, dark red on the outer, and bright red on the inner snrface, with narrow acute glambdar lobes, glabrous or occasionally pubescent on the outer surface, and reflexcd after anthesis. The petals, which are white, turn pink in fading, and are broadly ovate, rounded at the ajiex, with more or less erose niaigins, and contracted at the base into short claws. IG siLVA OF Nonrn America. ROSACEA. The fruit, which ripens between the mithlle and the end of August, is oWonjr-oval, and an inch to an inch and a (luarter h>nj^. with a t()U»;h tliick orauire-nHl sJiin nearly destitute of hlooni, and yellow rather austere llesh adhesive to the stone, which is nearly oval, compressed, an inch in length, two thirds of an ineh in breadth, thick-walled, and acutely ridjjjed alonjif the ventral, and Kli<;'htly j^nrnved on the dorsal suture. The seed is ovate and compressed, with a thin brown testa a^d a short exserted radicle. J'rintus ut(jrn is distributed from Newfoundland' throu<;h the valley of the St. Lawrence, and westward to the valleys of the Rainy and Assiniboiue Kivers and the southern shores oF Lak(! ^blni- toba.' It is fuund in tiu^ neighborhood of streams in rich alluvial soil, or jvrows on low limestone hills in open jj^lades with nawtlu>rns and Viburnums, or alon;^ the b(U*ders of the forest.* The wooii of l*nunffi jtifjrd is heavy, hard, stron*:;", and close-drained; it is rich brinht red-brown, with a lustrous surface and thin Ii<;hter colored siipwood, and contains many thin medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is ().(>01S, a cubic foot weighing 415.17 pouiuls. JatMpU's ('artier, on his second voyage to North America, landed in Septend>er, l-lIM, on the banks of the St. Lawrence, near the island o*' Orleans, which he named Isle de Bacchus, ort account of the wild grapes which he found growing in the woods, and was there the first European to see the Canada rimu-trce ;^ its dried fruit he bad already seen in the canoes of a tribe of Indians whom he had met during the previous season in the Bay of Chaleur.'' J*rt(/itfs nlrjrn Avas introdiu'cd into English gardens in 177»J" by Lee & Kennedy,' nnrservni(*n at Hammersmith near London ; and the earliest botanical description was drawn up from tlu' cultivated tree. J*nnii(s iiif/ra is often planted in Canadian gardens, and occasionally in those of the northern states, for its fruit or for the beauty of its large slightly fragrant ilowers.'* » Testf Hooker, /7. Ii»r.-Am. i. ICT. 3 Hii-lianlsoii, Arclic Sxtrrhimj Fxprd. ii. 288. — nrmict, C^V. Vt'ij. Liff. Cfin. 'jn. — lii'll, flf'/t. (ifoloij. Surr. Can. ISli" (iH, Appi'mlix, « {PL ^fanilut^lm hlnnds) ; 187l>-Se, ."iT. — Macouii, Cftt. Citu. IH, i. Vl\. Tin' raiijji' of the Caimdii Plum lias been nnicli cxtnuli'il through cuUivatinn, ami it is nuw iiatiiraLznl ami f^mws spniilaiiruusly in thi' m-ighlmrlionil of lumscs and almig tlio Itoi-ilers of highways in northorii Ni'w Knglaml ami \cw York in tlif tt-rritory mljiicont to the raiiailiaii hoiniilary, aiul in eastern Massacliiisotts. It 'h to ho ionkfil fur ^ruwiiii; imlij^cmnisly in iiorthrrii Minnesnta, nnil is proltai'ly )iatiirali/<'artm-i'sliip with I.ouis Kennedy, he estalt- Ii>lieil a nnrsery at llananersinilh, wliieh soon heeanie fanH)US and for many years was eonsiilered the nutst important in the world. Lee was a eorrespuudent t»f Liniueus, who dedieateil to him a genus of Old World tropieal idants related to the (irape Vine {Li:m) ; ho was the author of an Introdnciion to Jijtaut/, arranged aceording tu the Kinniean system, which passed through several editions and was long held in high repute, and in 1771 he published a catalogue of the plants and seeds grown in his garden. Louis Kennedy { I77."i-1818) made many contributions to horti- vMiltural literature toward the end of the last eentury, and artielcs from his pen are found in tin' li'ittiu-m! lirjiosifurij (l7tH»-lStU). Kantnlim, a genus of Australian leguminous plants, well known in gardens, was dedieated \o him by the I'reneh botanist Ventenat. Lee & KetU'edy were exeeedingly aetive and sueeessful in in- triHlueing new plants, and nniintained eolleetors in North and South Anu'riea, ami, in partnership with the empress i)ose|ihini!, ked, and is made Into preserv(>s and jellies. I-ike the fruit of alt Plum-trees, it varies in sl/o and sliape, in tlie tliirknes?^ ami color of the skin, and in the flavor ami jiiieiness of the flesh ; ami sonu- atlentimi has bi'en paid in Canada tci seteeting tlie best wild varieties for eultivatioii. Varieties of this R|>euies are jmtjnignted and sold liy nurserymen in sotm* of the western states, and to it can Im' n-ferred the well known Purple Yosemite, (Quaker, and Weaver I'lunis, nOSACEJE. nd an inch to an , and yellow rather i^th, two thirds of \y jri'ooved on the rt exserted radicle. St. Lawrence, and res of Lakn Mani- low limestone hills l)i'ii;ht red-brown, lullary rays. The iinds. 15I>.">, on the hanks jn account of the to see the Canada whom he hud met ily,* nurserymen at ■om till' cultivated e of the nortiiern of tlic Duko )if Arijyil Liiiiis Ki'Mnfily, In? estalH noii bcL'iiMit.' fiutioiis and important in tlu^ wui-lil. itcdicatiMi to him a ;;('niis tilt' (irapo Vine {Lam) ; 'ani/, arranged according i^!i several editions and !u' pniilislied ii catalogne n. y contrilnitions to Iinrti- ast crntury, and artiL-les li'rpasihin/ (I7i»!»-1H01). iH plants, well known in ii'h botanist Ventenat. vo and snnrs'ifnl in in- ■olli-ctors in North luid the (Mnpri'K.s iTosepliinUf ^atfil in Kn^hind Kuverat 'liiiiii !{oso and Fitrhsia itrodnced into i;ardi>ns, ir^e (piantitic.H in ('ana* id irt math' into pri'scrvcs i-<>s, it varies in sl/.o and in, and in tlu; flavor and has lieen paid in Canada iiltivation. Varieties of rtterynien in Konio nF the the well known l*nrp!o EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Pi^TE CXLIX. Pru.nl's nigra. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. 2. I )iagram of a flower. 3. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. 4. A pistil, witli a vertical section of the ovary removed, enlarged. 6. Cross section of pn ovary, enlarged. 6. An ovule, much magnified. 7. A fruiting branch, natural size. 8. Cross section of a fruit, natural size. 9. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. 10. A stone, natural size. 11. A seed, natural siie. 12. An embryo, enlarged. 13. A winter branehlet, natural size. 14. Part of a U-af, with stipules, natural size. '^tt I rf ■ ,, i\ 'mitt •■^ KXl'UNATlON OV rilK VLxri ■i. 4 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 II. 1-.' IH 14. I'laTB CXUX. I'KINL'?! JIKiHt Diagraii. .'J it tinwer. \'er1 (in part). — C'nultL'r, Cmitrih. V. S. Xtit. Ih'rh. ii. 102 {Man. I'l. IC. Trx^in). ? Prunua Miaaiasippi. Mai«liall, Arbiist. Am. 11'.'. Prunus apinoaa?, Waller, Fl. Cur. 14(1 (nut I.innnMi.i). Prunua hiemalis, Midiaux, Fl. llor.-Am. i. 284 (in part). — Desfontaines, ]li.it, Arb. ii. L'OG (in part) IJu Slmit do Coiimot, Hot. Cull. eil. 2, v. .l.'iO. — Poirct, Lnm. Dirt. V. 079 (in part). — I'crnoon, Syn. ii. 'A'>. — Xniwean Dii- hiimel, V. 184 (in jiart). — Klliiitt, SI;, i. ,"4'-'. — Sclimiclt, Oentr. liiiiimx.W. IS, t. 2.'il. — Spiicli, Hint. fVy. i. ;iU8. — Uoonier, Fum. Xnt. .S'.vh. iii. ."',) (in part). Prunua nigra. Mntlilcnberg, Cut. I'l. Am. Si'jjf. cj. 2, 49 (nut Altiiii). Ceraaua hiemahs, De CamloUc, I'nulr. ii, 5HS (in part). — Ildiikir. Fl. I: /'.-.(;«. i. 108 (in p.ait). — Dcin, (irn. Si/.st. ii. .'>14 (in pan Lnuildii, Arti, Jlrit. ii. "04 (in part). Ceraaua ni^a, lli.uker, Cumjuin. Hut. Mmj. i. 24 (not KoiHt'lcur I. Ceraaua Americana, Hooker, Compan, Hot. Mn'j. i. 24. A trco, twenty to tliirty-tivo fei't in lieiffht, with ii trunk which rart'ly exewils a foot in dianieter and divides, iisiiidly four or five feet from the jjround, into many spreading hranclies, often pendulous toward tlie extremities, which form a hroad }i;ra('eful iiead, and are funiislied with lonj^ .sU'iider remote sometimes spineseent lateral .spur-like hraneldets. The hark of the trunk is half an inch thick and dark hrown tin}i;ed with red, tlie outer layers se])aratinj^ into larije thin persistent plates. The hraneldets, when tiiey fir.st appear, are light green and glahrous or puheruloiis, or coated with dense pale tomentiim ; they are light orange-hrown during their first winter, and in their second year are darker, often tinged with red, and marked with minute circular excrescences. The wintcr-lmds are covered with ehe.stnut- hrown triangular scales with more or less erose margins ; the inner .scales when fully grown are folia- ceous, half an inch long, ohloiig, acute, remotely serrate, furnished below the middle with two narrow acuminate lohes, and fall after the small colorless scales of the outer rows. The leaves are oval or slightly ohovate, acuminate, narrowed and occasionally rounded at the base, sharply and often doubly serrate ; when they unfold they are sometimes nearly glabrous, or are furnished on the lower surface with eonspicuous tufts of pale hairs, or are pubescent or densely coated below with thick jiale tomentiim ; at maturity they are rather coriaceous, more or less rugose, dark green on the ujjper, and paler on the lower surt'aie, and glabrous or coated below with jjale or rufous pubescence or tomentuni ; they are tiiree or four inches long and an inch and a hidf broad, with slender midribs grooved on the upper side and narrow primary veins, and are borne on slender petioles one half to two thirds of an inch in length and usually destitute of glands.' The stiiuilos are linear or often tliree-lobed, .sharply .serrate, 1 Tlio aiiKHiiit ami I'lmrai'ter uf tiie piiIu'sciMU'o on tin* It^avcs ntid tlio leaves, niul Die petioles are eoateil with pale toiiieiitiiiii, 'I'his shoots of Pntnux Amerirana vary eoiisiilerahly on diiTereiit iiuli- form whieh gradually pusses into the smooth form uf the east and viitiiats and in ditfereiit parts of the euuiitry ; in the eastern and of the Iloeky Mountains is southern states the leaves are either plahrous or sli^jhtly pnlieseeut \*iir. mollit, Turrey \: dray, Fl. .V. Am. i. 407. — .Sarj^ent, Ft>rt\it on the loner surfaee along the niidrihs and priiiiavy veins ; in tho Treat X. Am. UUh Cni^u^ V. S. ix. ii.". — llavard, Pror. ('. S, valley of the Mississippi the lower surfaee is often covered with Xal. Mu.i. viii. fil'.'. — Coulter, Conlrih. U. S. Xnt. Herb. ii. 102 puboseenee ; and from Missouri to northern Mexieo, espeeially (Man. I'l. U'. Texas). ioutli of the lied Uiver, the young hniiiehes, the lower surfaee of -■w 20 >//, r.l or XoIiTIl A.Wh'h'/C'A. UOHACE^. one liiilf to lliici- (|iiai'ti'rs ol' an iiicli lorif^. and laily (Ii'i'itluoiis. Tlip flowcrM, which apppiir in Tpxhh I'iirlv in Marcli, iirid in I't-nnsylvania twd nioiiths hitcr, wlii'ii the li>avcH arc half prown, arc priHliiccil in t\M( to livc-llmvcrfil iinilicls. anil arc hornc on slcmlcr j^ialirons (;rccn |iciliccls wliich vary from one tliird to two lliirds of an iiiili in h'nj^^tii ; on sonic iniii\ iiliials tiicy arc nniscvnal iiy the ahortion of the i)islilH, and arc. when e\| is aentelv ohconic, li^ht red, olahrons or |iidicrnlons, and ;;rccn on tiic inside, with acuminate lohes, rcllcxcd after antiu'sis. and sli;;htly puhescent on tlic outer, and pilose on tiie iniuT surface. The pctiils are pure wliite, iialf an inch loii'; and a ipiarter of an incii liroad, rounded and irrc;^ularly laciniatu at till' apex, and cniitracted liidow into ionp; narrow (dans which arc liri<;ht red at the hfiNU. The fruit, which ripens in .Inne at tlie south, and from the end of Auiriist to early Oetuher at tht> north, is suii^lo- liosc (ir rarciv slinhtly elongated, ami usually rather less tli in an incii in diameter ; in ripeninj^ it turns from j;rcen to oraii;^e, often with a red checli, and when fully ri|ie is hripfht red, usually destitute of Moiiin, and more or less conspicuously marked with pale spots; the skin is toiiirh, thick, acerh, and easily separated from the lui^ht yellow succuicnt riither juicy acid llcsh which adheres to the oval Ktone ; this is sli;;litly rujjosc. pointed at the apex, more or less contracted at the hasc, tur<;id, often nearlv as thick as it is hruad. and slij;htly and acutely ridjjcd on the ventral, and ohsciircly grooved on the dorsal suture. /'/■loiirx Aim ririiiiii is distrihutcd from middle and northern New .lersey' and central New York ■ to Neliraska,' the valley of the upper Missouri Kiver in .Montana,' the eastern .slopes of the Koeky .Mountains of CoiiPiado,' tile Ciiattalioochee rej;ion of western Florida, the valley of the Itio (iranilc in Miiitlicin New .Mexico, anil the mountains of northeastern .Mexico. In the middle and northern states it is foiiiid ill rich soil, jjrowinfj; alonj; the liordcrs of slre.inis and swamps, where it often forms thickets of consideialile extent; in the southern Atlantic states it sometimes iidiahits river-swamp.--, which are sulimeri;i'd diirinij; .several months of e.ich year, and west IIi, a eidiie fool uei;;hin^ MJ.'.tfi pounds. The fruit is sometinu's used in the preparation of jelli's and preserves, and is eaten raw or cooked." J'fiimin Aimric'DKl was (irst dcscrilied hy Ilnmplirvy Marshall, in \\U Arhiialiiiii Aiiuriciliiinii, puhlished in VlS^i ; and in most siihsccpieiit works it has lieen eonfuunded with /'riiniis n'njrn of Alton, piililislied four years later.' As an ornamental plant /'nniiis Aim ririnin has real value; the lonij wand-like hranches form a wide jfracefiil head, wliich is haiidsoiiie in winter, and in sprinij is covered with masses of pure white flowers, folltiwcd tiy ample hrij^ht foliage and ahundant showy fruit." ' lirilli.n, Cn!. I'l. \. ,/. HI. • l>iull('y, Hull. Citriifll l.'itif. ii. \i7 (Caifutfti Fl.). • llcsM'V, Hull. At/rir. Exjier. SUtt. Xrltrfisla, iv. nrt. iv. Ifi. * WliiTL' it will I'ollL'i'tcd 1)\ Lotrr K. Wurd, wlinsc siH-ciiiiciirt arc jiri'siTVi'd in lln» l'. .*^. Nut. Ilrrli. ' CniilliT, Mini. Itnitij Ml. IM. 70. * MiH-li iittriitinii Iijis lii'fii j^ivcii in lato yrapi hy Amcririin |n>- ninlii;,n>ls to tlif scli'i'titin juid cultivutit'ii iif tlir In'st fruiti'il Viiiic- tioH nf Pruiiu.'i AiwririiJKt, nmi tlirir lists now <-ontuin tin* nanii's uf niiiny IMnni-trci'S wliieli are st'k'cti'il wild forni.s of tliis Hpocioa. Of tlifso perhaps tlio lii'dt known and tlie nio^t ^cnrrally cHtfCined are I>e Soto, ItuHlta, Forest (tarden, Louisa, Miniietonka, t'liency, Ui-fp Cifik, Kii-kapou, Forest Uuse, and Miner. ' III the l.lniia'an HiThariuni tlu-re is an unnamed speeiineu of Pniitu^ .lin'riiii'iii willmiit li.iwers or linit, and witlioiit Im-alily, from Kaliii tlie .Swedish traveler, wh-i iiu-liided in his list of trees Rrowin;; in the woimIs ni-iir I'hiladelphia. in 1718, the \\'ild I'liini- tree and the .slue-.Shriih. which lu: ta'lcd Prunttn ilnmeMii'il and /V'l'i'i.* nfHiiiifii { Triifili, I-!n;^lish ed. ' w7, fiH). " .As an ornainciilal plant I'riiuuii .A iiifricfina is not so often seen in the (gardens of the ca-steru and northern states as /'niriii., niijra^ which is n less licautiful plant although its llowers are earlier and considerably larger. It is well established in tlie Arnold Arboretmu, where it (lowers and fruits abundantly every year, and has proved tu be one of the must beautifid plants uf the genus. liicli apppiir ill Tcxaw iwn, itrc |ir<>(liic'iMl in iliicli vary from one the iiliortion of tlio Tho fitlyx-tulio in itii aciMiiiiiatd IoIich, siirfaci,'. Tilt' |i('tal« ro};ularly laeiniiitu at lie Iiaso. Tlu' fruit, tlie iiortli, is siilifjio- iii ri|)('iiiii<{ it turns , usually (li'stitute of 'j;h. thick, acorlt, ami aillicrcs to tlio oval u' liase, tiiri^id, often )bst'urt'ly grooved on 1 central Now York^ slopes of the Koeky f the l!i() tirande in c and northern slates often forms thickets er-swaiu]).--, which are r it grows on hottoni- ■e is rart'ly more than it attains its greatest I'.as .1 lustrous surface many medullary rays. ).!t5 pounds, eaten raw or cooked.'' iLstiiin Ainericaniiiii, iiiiii.i iilijrtt of Alton, like hranclies form a masses of pure white is nil tmnamcil specimen of liiiit, niid witliuiit Im'ulity, iru-liulfLAN.\l!(l.\ OK TlIF, VLATE. VhXnr CL. t'ltVNl* V%II!RII*A.VA. I \ fi.'WeMii;.' ")r»mii. tinuiiai *'5« .V A fnitin^ hmndi roiura' >ii«. 4. ^'f-tiral »».<«. ". An (iinl'rvo. enlr-rgad. 8. A winlir trunfliWt, Uitui-al »!». ■ iivu ')■' fluilh AitiCMo ' A l'il.1,1'! ./,■( FHIJNUS AMERICANA, MA:sn. -'/ h'uti'it'tut Jirt'.i .7y I ..inn,- . \t/„i ROSACEA SJLVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 23 PRUNUS HORTULANA. Wild Plum. Calyx-lobes glandular-serrate, pubescent on both surfaces. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, long pointed : petioles glandular. Stone turgid, compressed at the two ends, conspicu- ously rugose and pitted. Prunus hortulana, L. H. Bailey, Garden and Forest, v. Prunus Chicasa, Watson & Coulter, Gray's Jfan. ed. (i, 'M. icy (iu part). Prunus Americana, var. (!'), Patterson, Lint I'l. Oquawka, A tree, twenty to thirty feet in height, witli a slender often inclining trunk frequently five or six or occasionally ten or twelve inches in diameter, dividing, usually several feet from tiie ground, into stout spreading branches ; or often a slinib with many upright stems, forming tiiicket-like clumps. Tlie bark of the trunk is tliin and dark brown, and separates into large thin persistent plates whicii in exfo- liating display tiie light red-brown inner layers. The bnuicht's are stout, rigid, marked with minute pale lenticels, glabrous or sometimes pid)erulous during their first summer, rcther dark brown wiien tlie tree grows in tlie shade of the forest, and usually unarmed ; or on vigorous trees grown in the open ground tliey are sometimes bright red or red-brown in tlieir first year, and darker brown in their second, and are tiien often armed with stout spinescent spur-like branchlets. The winter-buds are minute and obtuse, and are covered by chestnut-brown scales with slightly ciliate margins, those of the inner ranks accrescent witii the growing shoots, ol)long-lanceolate, acute, glandular-serrate, and sometimes half an indi long at maturity. The leaves are ovate-lanceolate, contracted at the apex into long slender pt>ints, wedge-shaped or more or less rounded at the narrow base, and finely serrate witli incurved lanceolate glandidar teeth ; wlien they unfold they are pilose with slender white hairs, and at maturity are gla- bro\is with tiie exception of the hairs wiiich are gathered on the under surface in the axils of the primary veins or are scattered along the midribs ; they are rather thick ivu\ firm, dark green and lustrous on the upper, and paler on the lower surface, and four to six inches long and an inch to an inch and a half broad, with broad conspicuous midribs orange-colored on the under, and slightly groov.'d on the upper surface, conspicuous OK'.nge-colored veins connected near tke margin of the leaf, and prominent reticulate veiidets ; they are borne on slender orange-colored peti(des which vary from an inch to an inch and a half in length, .ind arc furnished above the middle with ninnerous small scattered dark glands ; and on vigorous shoots stand nearly at right angles with the stems. The stipules are lanceolate-acuminate, glandular-serrate, and early deciduous. The flowers, which in the neigliborhood of St. Louis appear by the end of A[)ril or early in May with the unfolding of the leaves, vary from two thirds of an inch to an incli in diameter, and are produced in two to four-flowered subsessile umbels, on slender ])ubcrulous pedicels half an inch in length. The calyx-tul)e is narrowly obconic, puberulous on the outer surface, with ovate glandidar-serrate lobes acute or rounded at the apex, pubescent on the (Hiter, and pubescent or tomentose on the inner surface, and reftoxed after the unfolding of the petals ; these are narrowly obovate, rounded and occasionally cniarginate at the apex and contracted below into long narrow claws, entire, erose, or occasionally serrate, anil pure white, or often marked toward the base with orange. The stamens are as long as the petals or sometimes rather longer, with slender glal)rous filaments and minute oranjre-eolored anthers. The pistil is glabrous, with a slender style crowned by a thick truncate stigma. The fruit, which ripens in the neighborhood of St. Louis 24 SILVA OF NOUTH AMERICA. UOSACEiE. ill Septenibei' and October, is borne on stout stems, and is j;lob()se or oblonp^ and two thirds of an inch to an iiicli in dianu'tcr, with thick acerb deep red or sometinies yeHow skin, and hard and austere thin tiesh, which adheres to the tnr^id .stone; this is acnte and compressed at tlie two ends, conspicuously rid^e-mar^ined on tlie ventral, and broadly and deeply grooved on the dorsal suture, thick-walled, rugose, and deeply pitted. Pnnnis /torhtld/ia iniiabits the banks of the Mississippi Iliver near Oipiawka, Illinois, and St. Louis^ Missoiu'i ; it is connnon on the banks of the Maranu'c Kiver in Missouri, ami will probably be found wild in southern Illinois and Indiana, in western Kentucky '.ind Tennessee, and ranging through Arkansas to eastern Texas. It grows on the low baidvs of streams in rich moist soil, overllowed every winter and spring for several weeks, in foit^ts of the llackberry, the Honey Locust, the Sycanu)re, the Big-nut Hickory, the Swamp White Oak, the Pin Oak, the Green Ash, the Box Elder, and the Ked Birch, with the Ked Bud, the Silky Cornel, the Pawpaw, dwarf Willows, the Burning Bush, and the decidiu)us-leaved Holly. For many years Pnimf.'i hortuhtuit was confounded with Pnoiuti angitstlfalid^ the Chickasiiw Phnn, to \»hich numenuis cultivated Plum-trees that luive been derived from it liave been referred by pomologists. Mr. Harry N. Patterson ' nuuiy years ago noticed its peculiarities, and Prof. L. H. Bailey" has recently pointed 4)ut its true characters. The fruit of tiie wi!i trees is gathered in large quantities, .ind for years has been sold in the markets (»f St. Louis, and useil for jellies and preserves ; selected varieties scunetimes pn>dnce excellent fruit, aiul have been largely cultivated, in the western states especially, for nuiny years.^ ' IlaiTv Nnrtnn I'littorscm war horn hi IHoW '- .{uiiwkn, Illinois, wiiiTf hv WHS I'tliKMti'tl, iuul wlierp fnnii eurlv vnnlli ho li;is hcoii cinployfMl in printing. An oarly aequiri'd love nf tiotiiny led Iiiiii to stiuly tlio flora of tt)t> neiglil>urlioort, gratluated at the AgriciiUnral College of liis native state in ISS- , and then, having studied botany with iVofessor Asa (Jniy at Cambridge during two years, was appiiiiited in 1M88 priifess()r of horlitiiltnro and landscape gardening in the Michigan Agricul- tural Cullego. This position ho soon left to accept the ehair of liorticulturo in Cornell Cinvcrsity, which ho still tills. Professor Bailey is the author of two important papers un North American Cariees, three annual volumes of the .1 nnaU of Horticulture in North America, The Ifortiailturist's Rule Book, The Xursenf Book, and Field Xotes on Apple Culture, and of many horticultural and botiui- ieal articles. Ho has d"Voted special attention to the study of Anu'riean fruit-trees, and our nresent knowledge of the history and distinctive chametcrs nf tlie various races of enhivated Ameri- can Plum-trees is due to bis long and careful study of this di lieult and interesting subject. * The first variety of this species whidi attracted attention, the now well-known \\'ild Cioose Plum, believed to have been a native of Kentucky, where it originated about forty years ago, is now a valuable frnil-tre" in some parts of the country ; it is esteemed for its rapid growth and the excellence of its large juicy fruit, and is motv largi'ly cultivated than any otlier native Plum. Other varie- ties of /VfjN'i.f fiortuliinti well known to ponu)logist!: are Cumber- land, Iiulian Chief, (lartlcld, Sucker City, Mis.souri Apricot (Honey Drop), Wayland, Indiana Hed, Gulden Iteauty, Indiana Chief, Forest Pose, Parsons, and Miner (L. H. Bailey, fiull. Conull Univ. Affric. Erpcr. Slot. No. [\H). A sterile tree, known as the Bincknmn Plum, believed to be a natural hybrid between the Peach and the Wild (loose Plum, ap- peared in Tennessee many years ago (Hep. V. S, Dept. Arjric. 1880, 261 ; 1887, (>30) ; and Professor Bailey report* another hybrid of similar origin. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Plate CLL 1. A flowering branch, natural size. 2. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. '6. Interiitr face of a calyx-lobe, enlarged. 4. A petal, enlarged. r>. A fruiting brancb. natural size. 6. A fruit cut transversely, natural size. PbUNUS UORTt'LANA. 7, 8, and 9. Stones, natural size. 10. A seed, natural ki/c. 11. An end)ry(>. natural size. 12. A Kterilu braneb, natural nize. 13. A winter branchlet, natural size. UOSACEjE. two tliirds of an inch hard and austfru thin ivo enscU lit tlif tw.) t'Ki'.s, conspicuuii.^l ''"!''> tyriioved en iln' il'usil suture. tliick-Hiilli ' ttio Mi-isissijijii IJivcr iif.ir 0(|u:ivvl;:i, Illinois, iiiid S tlic MiiriiiuT llivir in Missouri, uiul Mill jiioliably V" i.i wf.stiTii Ktiulufky ami TtMiiiu'-jti-**, uj>d iiiiij;i!ili, and l' nii!iiift WHS f('iifiiiimli-'l with J'lU'iu* niiijmlifiiliii, tlic C.'Iiick.isv! • d riiiiii-tit'fs !.Ii,it li.iM litfU d»riM' 111 |H'h: til t ti|iiMwkii, llUniiut, • r* lr4>in I'urtv ^tith hi* hn« U'i*u ' tci,i>trfd l»ivc .»(' Imiihii^- Ifd titni ti'MMl 4»f Sis iMtiTi' |iliicp, Ami ha.4 »»iuitN ivt t''>lurudo, "'licrc b« b.ui •uinincr*. nitd \vts wvaAv vi'Vrral Ml' rtUi*^nu>n t» llir ftiithor of tV'ir4i/w of' OifHtviti, p«ltlMht*(l in * •*/* A'iiftfMji, ttiiUiiiiliHd in Is70, umt ni in Stttith H.'iven, Mu-hi^^mi, in r ittlan) With TrofeMor A»ft Gray •. 'raa a{>|>iiii)Lril in 188H pnif^tiat.r rji'uiujj in t'.v Mu-higrm A;{rit'»iU (MH-n It'fl to (U'ccpt thi* ilirtir nt ■ fy. wbu'h he ftUl 61lii- VnjfeMor .■jMjrtftnt. )>atH>r8 on N»)rtU AtimricHn ^ ■ tf Jif .\nfi'i.\t oj Ilii ti^ilf trr IU .Xirth ,!:■■ i KtJv /ffx t, r\p Xur'ttru lihtt, onij Ci^f-r*^ kimI uf iiuiuy hortieultuml um\ t>utAi)- i«^il artulof*. Ho Ijii* i) v ■■ I sj-n-lal ntUntiin to th** stii()y Atn»»ncan ftu'l-tii-cft, - kno«\leiigo uf iho hi»(-. luii! ili*tnH'(iir*» chnrHi-r. • '.* r:i. . ^ ..f fiUivnU*'! Ann cf»n PIhmi-Lkm'B m duw U' f'.» li»n(j tin4 t'ap<'ful stiuiy of this (iinU'u ami inttirvUin)( nna-^^t. ' nit* iir»t Tjirts'tv of tliw s|»p<*it»?i wtnoh littritctod ftttentton, ' now ni>ll-kiu)«i> W IJ GtMtKf I'lnin, Iwlii'Tid it» liavc W-en n nai* 111 KiMitii»kv. .^hi'fo il nnjfinnttMl iih Mit fi>rty years agr". is mot vuItiftbJc Cruti-tn'C in wmn* luuts of the I'ountry ; it is e.itcvniyil f iLi riput i.powth and tin- pxarlK'ni'o of it** largts jiiiey fruit, uml Uturr turjc'^* oiillivj.tt^i ihun nuy othor iiatlvr I'luui. Other vari ticA of /'r mw finrhtlfiwi v,<,A\ knttwit tu jxmniiopits »«■ Cnnib«> Utfcti, IntltRM Chj(;f, f Jarliyid, Siii'kiT Citv-, ^^'•nmlrt Apri.:i)t (llnUf; Jt-^'jO. Wnyhi»J,Inihau:i Url. tioM»tn h.'inly, In<>liaiaC}>t<>f, Rm*^ U''o, I'liriHtiiv nnil Mim*r (L 11. lVti)i>v, /<<»/■' Corti^ Uuiv. Aifrn Krp^ Sutf. No :W). A flliriW tnw, known m tho Mat Iniuu. Hum. tti'lioieU to U- untnral iiybrid U'twuen tb«» lv*rh aiui Of WibI iitiosi" Plum, tt^ jM-iiriMl It! TcriiiosHrf ninny yrar* fgi i H-cp ( S. Ihpt. Afjnc. \^^i\ litil : tH87, (iiUi) ; iiimI Pr ift^wn? IWcy -^^txirtA luuHhi^r bybrij n fttniilnr origin. EXPL/VNATION OK THK I'LATM r-jin: CLI .k jn of 4 *'"Mir, cnlar^fd, *' of ft i-ni/v i ^'■, milar^eil. • «' (»h. iiat>irAi »it* T. M, and '>. Su»m?«, liftturtkl sir.e. 10. A sHcit. naliiral ^i-^.r. 11. An cnibry'i, nafiirai ci/e. 12. A ?tpHle biuifb. n;(tiiral nize. I'J. A winter branolilet, natural i»i/.e. JH>8A( r..» iMtil tw.i tliii-.Is of •■m ii., . -.uh] hi'nl ari.l austi;ri! th, N)u t«.) iMii'.s, ti)ns|)i(Mioii.-ii • lors.l Mituie, tliick-wnlli ' CiitiauK:,, lllu.ois, juid M Mm, uii.l ».ill |)i(»li;vbly '- 'wi'«, mul riiiigiujj tliroii).. miist .soil. uvcrHowod m > L.X'iist, t!it' .Syi'iitmiro, t •i- Kl.lcr. aiul tl.f li '<• Itiiiiiiiijj;- liti.-h, aii.l ■, rjnxlifiilin, ti.o f'Iii,k,|., It li:i\.' Ip(.(>ii ivfrin-.! S ;iiul i'jof, L. il. l;a,l. •.us l)a.-i l)r(.|i sdIiI ill u iiictimcs j)ii)(lii,t' i»xi.fllpt. liV yem-s.' ppci«] attemi.n to Ihi- stiidv »■«.■«. ku,..Nlc,!go „f (|,u |,j,| I" a.. T-,.•■^,.| .■jltivatf.l Am, anrf careful «|„Jy of tliis difiic-,. M wiiiph .ut,-act,.Ui..r iintivc I'll,,,,. Oihurvni,. Wll tu polUulll);i:itS ««■ Cuillbfi r City, .MiKsouri Apricot !H,,|„ , \en K,.au(y, Imliana Cliief, Kirw^ lailoy, «iii'. (ViitU £/hii). yly..,, wlnoAii t'lum, lnliPieil to bi- * ami til KM Cwsi; riimi. »j, ., (A'-js f .V. riept. At/rk. lSH,i iwJer wpiH* lUiotllBr (lyjirid n; /"^^ N /.'{ »i?.e. PRUNUS HORTULANA ; .'.;,., /,v,.r ,:V. ,'";/' /V "itfithr '',tr:. ROSACKii:. SUVA OF iXORTII AMKlilCA. 25 PRUNUS ANQUSTIFOLIA. Chickasaw Plum. Oai.yx-i.oiii's {fliihrnus, jflMixluliir-ciliiitf. Stoiu' tiirfi;i(l. obloiif^-laiu'colatc, tlriii iiiid lustrous ; jK'tiolt's ])ij;l.iiHlular. Leaves lanceolate to Prunus nnguatifolia, Marsliall, Arlmst. Am. III. — Kocli, Ihiflr. i. 103. — SiU),'ont, I'urcat IWes X. Am. Wt/i Cvn- suh U. S. ix. (Id. Prunus Chicnsa, Mieliiuix, Fl. Itor.-Am. i. 2Sl. — I)u .Mojil ilu Coiirsi't, Jliif. Cult. I'd. '.', v. 540. — I'oirct, Lkm. />irt. V. : 1.St;0. iii. ,'0. — Uiilffway, l'ru>: i: S. y,it. Mils. 1S8J, 0."). — AVatsdri & Cmiltur, Gruy's M'lii. td. 0, 15'J (in |)art). — Oray, Foreit Trees N. Am. t. 17. Prunus insititia. Walter, Fl. Cur. lit! (not Linna'iisi. — AUIiiit, lii.^.rts „f (Irniylii, ii. t. 00. Cerosua Cbicasa, SiTingi-, Dc Cmiil'illr I'nulr. ii. ."3S, — Hooker. /■'/. ISur.-Am. i. lt)8 \ Comjinn. Hot. Jlmj. i. L'l Don, Gen, Syst. ii. r>H. A sniiill tree, tlt'teeii to tweiity-livL' fuet in liuight, witli a trunk nu't'ly oxccodinfj i'i<;;lit indies in iliiinu'tiT, and slundur spri'udinj;' virffiitu branclius often armed witii lonjj thin spineseent lateral i)ianeh- lets ; or more often a shrub five or six feet hi<.fh, with many stems, forminj;- hroad thiekets. The bark of the trunk is an eij;htli of an inch tiiiek, dark red-brown and .sliniitly furrowed, the surface broken into loiij^ thick appressed scales. The hranchlets, when they iirst appear, are j;'labrous or covered with short caducous hair.s, and are briy;ht red and lustrous ; in their second year they lose their lustre and y;rt>w darker, and are then often brown marked with occasional horizontal oranofe-colored lenticels. The winter-huds are acuminate and a sixteenth of an inch in length, and covered with chestnut-brown scales. The leaves are lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed at the two ends, apiculate, and sharply serrate with niiimte glandular teeth ; they are glabrous or, while young, are sometimes furnished on the lower sinface with tufts of long pale hairs in the axils of the primary veins, bright green and lustrous on the upper, and paler and rather dull on the lower surface, one to two inches long and a third to two thirds of an inch broad, and are borne on slender glabrous or puberulous bright red petioles, from a (piarter to a half of an inch in length, and furnished near the apex with two conspicuous red glands. The stipules are hnear or lolied, glandulai^serrate, and half an inch long. The Howers, which appear before the leaves from the beginning of March in the extreme southern states until the middle of April at the north, and which are one third of an inch across, are produced in subsessile two to four-Howered umbels, and are borne on slender glabrous pedicels which vary from one fourth to one half of an inch in length. The calyx-tube is glabrous and campanulate, with oblong obtuse lobe.s, reflexed at maturity, ciliate on the margins with slender hairs, and covered ou the inner surface with pale pubescence. The petals are white or creamy white, obovate, rounded at the apex, and contracted at the base into short broad claws. The filaments and pistil are glabrous. The fruit, which ripens between the end of May and the end of July, is globose or subglobose, half an inch in diameter, bright red, rather lustrous, and nearly destitute of bloom, with a thin skin, and tender juicy subacid yellow flesh adherent to the turgid stone, which is more or less thick-margined on the ventral, and conspicuously grooved on the dorsal suture. Pnmus anrjustlfolia is widely naturalized, especially in the southern Atlantic and Gidf states, in all the region from southern Delaware and Kentucky to central Florida, eastern Kansas and eastern Texas. Occupying the margins of fields and other waste places near human habitations, usually in rich soil, it 26 SILl'A OF XOUTII AMEIUCA. nOHACKiK ii|i|ii'ars liki> an vscapv fruiu cultivation latluT tiiaii an innoii)) plant ; and its orijrin and true home art' still unrtTtain.' The wood of I'niHKn iDnjHsti/o/in in heavy, altlioujjh rather soft anil not stron};; it is lijjht lirown or red, with lij{hter eolored sapwood and many thin medullary rays. The speeille jjravity of the ahso- liitelv dry wood is) ((.G88-I, a euhie foot wei;;hinfr I'J.iMf poinids. The fruit, whiih varies j!;reatly in ipiality, like that of all I'lum-trees, is often sold in the nuirkets of the miildle and southern states, and it is eaten raw and eookiHl, and used for jellies and preserves.*' William Straehey, who ai'eomi)anied Admiral Sir Ueorf^e SomerH to •lumuKtown, Virjjinia, where he landed in May. l(tl(*, and afterward pulilislied an account of the colony, is proliahly the lirst author to nu'iition the Chickasaw I'luni,'' which was not described by any botanist until a hinidrcd and seventy- five vear.s later, in 1785, when it was included in the Arhuxlinii Aim riciiiiKin by Humphrey ISIarshall.' * T!if Cliickiw.iw riiiui li.'is hci'ii cM'i'.isioiiiilIy cultivatftl ii littli- t(i the iiiii'tli icil li)- the 'I'uxo- (liiiin iiiid si'vi'ral olhiT southi'rn trci'S. This fait nei'ins to indiiato a Huuthcrn origin, an a plant of hui'Ii pei'uliarly donicstiu liahitft, able to follow man fviTywhtTc in ttit* sunth, and to hold its own a^'aiu.st till' natiu' inhahilants of the soil, wonid h.ivo .iprcad thnMi;;h the north if it liatl i-ttin,' oii;;inally from a fohl n';;ion. Tlir sliruliby rium of the high plateau east of the Umky .Mountains, wliieh trav- elers have iH'lieved ti> lie the orif;inal of the Chiekasavv I'lnm, is prohalily di.stinet from this speiies, and it is not iniproliahte that its natural homo lunst lie lookeil for south of the liouinlary of the I'nited .'states. The faet that when the euuntry was tirst visited liy KuroiH-ans the C'hiekasaw 1'luni was always found in the lUMgli- borhood of Indian settlements in the south, seems tu eonlirm the early Indian tradition that the tree li;ul been bronchi by their an- cestors from the re^'ion beyond the Mississippi Hiver. It is inter- estinj! to note that the elder .Miehanx, who resided for several years in .South Carolina toward llie end of the last eentury, was told tlii're tli.at the ('liieka.saw I'lnm had been brought fj-om the West Indies (1-1. /.or.-.lm. i. -JS.")). '* The fruit of /Vrooj.i itngitntifnliit is sold in early stiininer in the markets of some of the cities of the middle states, under the luinie of " Mountain Cherry." Varieties of this tree, seleetml for the exeellenee of their fruit, are enltiv '.led in the southern states. Of these, the best known to piiiiHiloffints are I'oltawattainir, ilennii' l.ueas, Marly Ki'il, Caddo Chut. Transparent, and Colleta, although many others are in enltivation. '' " They have elierries, nnu'h like a l)amoi/.in, but for their taste and enllour we called them cherries ; anil a plumb there is, som- wli.'it fairer then a eberrie, of the same relish, then which are sel- dome a better eaten." ( ///.i/nric a/ Truftiih: iitio Virijinin Ilritanntii, ed. Major, IIH.) * Accordinj» to I^ondon, Prwiim nugustifilin was introduced into Kuro|H>an gardens in 1H(M> (Arb. Brit. ii. TOo). In eastern New l'.n).'land it is barely hardy, sclduni llowerinij and never proibninj; fruit. EXPLANATION OV TIIK PKATK. I'L.VTK C'I.II. I'lllNIs AN(iCsTIFULI.\. 1. A ilowerinf; lirancli, nntiiral size. 'J. Vei'tical section of a llower. enlai'fjed. ■'!. A fniitiiit; brancli. natural size. 4. Vertii'al section of ii fruit, natural si/.e. Ti. A stone, cut transversely, initiirul site. fi. All embryo, ii.itural si/e. 7. 'I'lu' end of a youni,' leafy shoot, natural si/.e. 8. A wiiittf braiahlet, natural siie .% ; 1 UORACKii: origin and true lioiiu* >n^ ; it is li^lit brown if gravity ol' the ahso- KoM in tlie niiirkets of i iiml pri'st'rves." town, Virginia, wliere iliaMy titi' lirst author hnn(ht'(l and si'venty- Iluniphrey Marshall.* the l;ist cciitiiry, waa tiilii n'fii linmglil fniiii llu' Wost % NuUl in onrly Huinmer in tlu* iildio stiitcH, iiniU-r tliu iianiL' ; tliii* tree, splcrtiMl fur tin' d ill till' snutluTii states. Of 1 ftfp I'uttiiwattaniii', Jriiriii [tart-ul, ami ('i>Ili't:i, iiIiIkhi^Ii I)aiiiipi/in, liiit for tlii-ir ta.stt' mill a plnnib tlurc is, tinni- ng ri-lisl), tlion \vliicli are ki-1- trttili: ihto ['irylniti Unlaunut, r^itsti/iiliii wan introduced into f. ii. 705). In euateni New iiwcrinj and never producinj; '7/, r.-l OF SOHTfl iMf.liO A. uosack» •; . ' I rnthfr rlwn un .nilijfi'iums pluiit , and its i)ri>^;n and tnio In ilrhounjh nitlu'f suit uiui nut stroiij?; it is li^lit l>ii. .apwrmii Mid Pi.< .^ rhiii iiictluliary rayn. Tlio specific gravily of tlie ah?. , uhif fru ; . 4lJ.'.H> |i.)iiiid.-. ^'T-nt's I' hlci- that of all I'liim-irccs, i.i nt'ifii j>o!d in llic uiaikoU ■ ■ ' ' 11 raw and vi)iil;ed, mil nstd fur jfllit's md jU'fservcs.'' ■ (Iniiial Sir tii'iirjje ISonicrs to Jaiiu'stown, Viigiuia, wLt- ii..iiii>lit:'d ,in .".oeouiit of tlu- colony, is lutihalily tin.' first auti' •1 nas not dcsisrihcd \>y any botani.tt until a hiuidicd and scmmi; i~ included in tiio Arbii-tfiini Auuricatiuiii Ly llinn|)hrfy Marshal' i!, 'uliivnU'J n liltlo w;iu> UAluruiittHl, Nut ■<■' 'hi* iiftrthrrt. tiimtn iN-ttfuui) l*y thr 1'itxt*- f:ut j.fm* til iiidiuUi' 1, itoMiM4in hubtU, itbli' .' u iif lioht it.1 uun nt^niiifit ijflvt hjir<-'ul itirtxigU tlio ■..1.1 ngiK! Till, slinililiy 'I'kv Mi.uiitittiut, xfhi.'li trav- . uinl«ry of the •!.«*B »hi. lonntry w;i6 limt vwil'.'(l .( u«> alw-.iy!) I'diind ia ttu* ni'i^ti- 1 *Jit. Auutb. RcC'itiii tu citunrtii too . *i liAd liren linnij^lit by tbcir nn- (u- \li&si»Mi|>j.i Hivur. It is iiilcr- Aux, wliu ribiiltii (wr several ,».--attj ill S.iulh C'.iroliiia tnwanl tl...> I'liil t.( tl.i' lust < I'litiiiy, wiia tlii.iv tliiil ilio (.'liickiuitw I'luiii hnil Uku I)ViMij;lit finm tli.. W Imli|.« (II- /i"r.-.lm. i, ;;S5). - Till, fniit of PntntiS 'mf/tinti/fitiii is wiifl in Parly Kiimmcr iti . tuiirkrU ursuiiie ot tho i:itin iif tho ntiiiil!" sLitin, under the iinii. uf " .Mtuuiuiii Clwrry." Vnrivtica ut llii» Irt'f, wlei'ti'il fur ,1 I'lcclldiiix' of their fruit, arc ciilliratol in Ihn ».j'ilh(iru '•;fit<". i tlir.41-, ttitt Wfit kuuwn to }K)iii.iIiigi&t5 an! ruttu.irntiai lic, Jt u. I.ucan, Kiirly lird, I'mlilu I'hiif, 'fruiiJiiiui'iil. am! dilli'lii, alili. . iiijiiiy iitliers an* in fiihivutiim. * "Till.;. Imv.? liirnii.K, iiitifh like a l>iini'iuin«biil for tliuir t-» and rtitliiur »*« failed them olii'rries ; iiml a pl«"ub tliero is, S'^^ what fnmr tin u a cherrie, i>f tho »«i>io relish, then which aro ^ donR. a hctti-r intcn." (lii**>rir ./* Trw'Uxt^ ^ntti I'irf/iniVi Ihi!ti\ .'d. .Major, U.S.) * ,\ ^eiirdinif t*i Ia>iu1.iu, I'rini*^ vug*M■^ii/<*iia was i.itrndupi'd ir Ktiro|ifa)i gardtiini in ISOO {Arh. Brit, ii. TiWV In easterit N, Kii|,-land it is li«r«lj hardy, scUloiii Ihiwcnu;; and nrrer iirodin fmil LI'IANATIUN OK UIK I'LA TK. P:.Arp ri.il. I'luKis .\xi.i>Tipiii..A. 1, A (hiwcrinij; bi-ancli, nniitral nix. -'. Virtirn! sci'tioii wl a tioivcr. eiil,ii'i;«(l • i. A fniitmg liraiirh, ti(itiir.d file. 1. Wrtii-ul itfctioii of n friiit, iintnral site i"i. A stone, ent Irnusverwlj, riatiiriU sij.i 0. \n uniliryu, natural ni/e. r Hm I'lul of a .V'ling leily shoot. untiiiMl «/• ■*<. A niiitei l.raii . Silv. 1 U-Mi <1 ith origin and true Ih : stroii;;; it is light bn. p.'i'iiic gravity of the nh: hi'u .sol.l iji the nwrkots . I'Uios ;in(l ])rfst'rvcs.''' iiui'stowii, Viigiuia, vL, s ])rohahK- tlle first .iiitf til H hiimiri-d and .scvch, t hy ihiiinilircy Mar.shii 1(1 (>( t?ii' l.nt ifntuij-, wiia I mil l!.,'iu Iirimglit from tliu H 'Jia is wild ill nnrli' mimuur m K" iiiiil siimc filisli, then wliich an^ 1 I' Jr/mhlr l'il,i I ir^inw I}ritait I ii'iyiM/i/W/n was i;ilroducod im iJc!, ii. 70,5). lu eiislorii N. Ill tlowcnug .tnil noriT prmlin PRUNUS ANCUSTl FOLIA :,;„,■■ nOSACE iisnall Leave: Primus Mini. A times si (iften a incli thi are coa rather 1 stout Sj buds ai ()l)l()n-ai>i)lo, tlu' Sraiict Haw, the IJear Oak, the Hlaek Oak, the l*ii;-nnt, anil the Ketl Cetlar, leaehiiij; its largest size on tlie limestone liluiTs north of the Little Juniata River.* The wood i)f Pr'n)ifs A/'t'(jh(Hiii nsis is heavy, hard, and elost^jvrained, with many thin niodullary ravs ; it is hrown tinged with red, with thin ;>ale sapwood eoniposed oi' ten or twelve layers of annual (••rowth ; when absolutely dry the speeiiic gravity is 0.70715, ii euhie foot weighing W.Vl pounreserves, jellies, and jams, which have a eonsitlerahle loial consuniittion. rrtants Alhyli'tnii/isrs was first distinguished by Mr. J. R. Lowrie^ of Warriorsnuuk, Pennsyl- vania, in 185!); and the iirst aeeount of it was pul- i hed by Professor Thomas 0. Porter* in 1S77. It was introduced into the gardens of Lifayette College at Kaston, Pennsylvania, ' bSS,"}, by Professor Porter, through whoso agency it has now become an inhabitant of the Arnold Arboretum. As an ornamental shrub or small tree, Prtnuttt AUvt/hdulensiti deserves a place in the garden for its abundant llowers and handsome fruit ; this also possesses eonsiderable culinary value, and, like that dt* other Plum-trees, will probably be improveil by selection and cultivation. ' Tlio inline "liarriMis" is plvoii tn n jilntenit Sdine twclvr Iiiin- ilri'il fiH't iihove titU'-walor. It is ten or twi'Ki* tuilfs liroad and lies north of the Little Juniata Uiver U'twtvn Tu-isey's Mountain on the east ami Hahl Kn^'le ^loiniiain on tlu west. The soil is sandy an.l itudeihiid by linn tone whieli cr p. t^iit m many jihie'S, with inaiiy exten^iv^' bed- of i.-on on* in the imufjlis ol the litnestoin-. The soil, however, is hy no means >terile, anil when properly enlti- vatt'd yields goml erops. • Tliero is preserved iti tho Ilerhariuin of Cohnnhia Colh-i^e a spoeinieii of a rrunus eolteeted in Alahanni many years ugt) hy Mr. S. 11. Iluckley, uiul roferred by 'Porrcj' & (iray (/'V, A'. Am. i, -MW) tt> their var. $. of Vruniu< mnritima, nnd, in tlie samo eollertion, a speeimeu of what is described as *'a small tree ten to tifteeii feet hii;h ; fruit oval, small, bhn', f^Ianeuns, very anstere to the taste," and whieh wa> seen many years ap) in l.ineoln County, North C'aro- Inia, by Mr M. A. Curtis, who mentions it iu his report of the trees of tlmt slate (/t**/i. 6V(»/-.y. Surr. X. ( \ir. \Si',{), iii. ,">*)). It is possible, as Professor Hritton is ineliued to believe, that these specimens represent a southern form i>f i'ninns AHf^h'niiot.tis ; but they are without llowers, and hardly snftiee to justit'y the extension of tho range of the sjieeies, of which no other traee has Wen found in thu now well exploi-ed region of tho southern iVIiegliaiiy Mountain!;. " ■bmnthnn Uoberts Lowrie (IS'J.VlKSri) ; n native of Ihitler, Pennsylvania, nnd tho son of Walter Ix)wrie, ti senator of the United States from I\ inisylvania, graduated Trom .leJTersori Col- lego in isn and devoted himself to the study of law, Iirst prae- ticing Ills profession at Ilollidaysburg in IHair County, and then at Warriorsniark in Huntingdon County, at tlie foot oi the eastern slope of the AUegh.iny Mountains. Here he passed the remainder of his Itfe, oecupieil in the management of large business interests, whieh, however, left him leisure to devipte himself to a eritieal study of the local llora. Lowric's luve of trees and shrubs, which is haid to have amounted to a passion, led him to establish a larj and interesting arboretum ii his park at Warriorsinark, wliei. many noble trees bear witness to his knowledge and skill. * Thomas Conrad Porter, 1). 1)., 1,1.. !>., was lutrn at Alexandria, lluntingdtut County, Peinisylvania, January \1'J, IS'JL', and gradnateil from Lafayelte College in IS 10, and from Princi'ton Theological Semitiary in \H\',\. His father was a Preshytorian idder of more than tifty years standing, a man of inllnenee and no'e, whose father eaino to Pinnsylvaiiia from Oonaehedy, Ireland, late in the last eentnry. His maternal great-grandfather, didin Conrad Mneher, of n (lernian-Swiss family fnun tlio eanton of SehafThanseii and a minister of the Ueformed Clnireh, .^migrated to Ameriea in IT."*.** and died in I7H0, the pastor anon, l*enn- sylvania. Thonuis C. Porter si-rved a niissiou-elnireh in Montieello, Alabama, for otu- year, ami for another year was pastor <»f the St'iond Reformed Chureli of Keadiiig, Pennsylvania. He then beoann' sneeessively professor of natural seienee iu Marshall Col- li'ge, in Kranklin and Marshall College, a*id in Lafayette Colh-i;,', where he has m-eupi'd the eliair of botany sinee lS(Ui. For nearly forty years Pn)f('ssor Porter ha.s devoted partieidar attention to thi< flora of Ins native state, and he has built up thu great eoUee- tion of Pennsylvauian plants now preserved in tlm Herbarium of I-afayette College. He is the author of many papers relating to botany, inelnding .-1 CnUtlogiie of the Plants tif Lnnaister Coiinttf, I'fhit.itjlrttniit, published in Momlrert's bist*try of the eounty in IHtil* ; .1 Slftch fif the liolnntf of Peuusiilvnuin^ in Walling iV Cray's Topi»graphieal Atlas, published iu 1H7'J ; ,1 Shu-h of thr /lihitii/ of the Vuitrd Stiitcs^ in (Iray's ,\tlas, published in IST.'l ; A /,(',s7 of' the Cnrire.H if Pentisiflfiinai, published in the Pr'H'tfiUnijsif th<- Aciiilan'f if N'lliirHl Sri, turn of Philiuhlph't'i in IH87 ; and of vari- ous papers relating to tlie Ibira of Colorado and other western ter- ritories, included in the r.'ports of government surveys. U()SA('i:-'E. le habit of t Oak, the tie Juniata niedullavv of annual uls. , and jams, li, IVnnsyl- 1877. It ^ Professor njavdcn for d, like that Lnblitth a liir^ rsiniirk, \vlit>i. skill. at Alcxamlriii. iiiul ^nuluatol im TlK'nltif^ieal cUlrr of more i\ im't', wliuHi' nd, lali' ill tilt' 'oiinifl iiui'IuT, tYliaiisiMi ami a iiH'i'ii'a in 17."» ,('l):uu)n, IN'iui- I ill Moiitict'llo, I pastor of the Ilia. !Io thiM) » Marslm\l Col- "ayotto I'ulli-p', U>. For nearly nr attention to he great t'lilloc- ' Ilcrliariuiu of ters roliitiiiu; ti> \nc(ister (.\iunlt/, the county i» in Walling iV .1 Sh-lch of thr lod ill 1873 ; A '*riH-etnUnf)sof thr 17 ; aiul of vari- iier western ter- evs. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Platk CLIIL Piu-nts Ali.f.oiianiexsis. 1. A flowi'iiiig branch, natural sue. 2. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged, y. A fruiting branch, natural size. ■I. A fruit. n.atur.il she. 5. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. (!. A stone cut transversely, enlarged. 7. An eniliryo, enlarged. .S. A winter branchlet, natural size- 1^ %ii iw.; > ry ^ 1 t^' w / ??#' I"\, % ii -is \l.LrjlH.iiXIF^.-»ln ■ -aiif i.. natural i'f ■Ml ui Ik Hottf. lulargeil. • r*u.rli. liftturM site. iritl >i'V • liuii of a friiit. iiatiii';vl 'iw I traiiivi-twlj. iiilaryi*''' , tiilnryitl- l>r.nicblf». iiwural size Hi'' PRUNUS AI.LEGHANIENSIS Fierier .i :\uh itt, r i/^/. /''//' /7 inUi't4t /',{■■ K{)^*A(■Ei^c. .SJLVA OF NORTH AMKUIVA. :n PRUNUS SUBCORDATA. Wild Plum. CALYX-i.()ni;s pubcscfiit or pulx-nilous. Stone flattened or turgid, pointed at tlie two ends. Leaves broadly ovate to orbieidar. Prunua subcordnta, Ikiitliam, I'l. J/nrfirri/, 'MH Will- pern, Ann. ii. KlI. — 'I'lirrcy, I'ltrljic 11. It. He/i. iv. H'J. — Newberry, I'lirijir It. /,'. /i',y,, vi. 7;i. — Ilruwir & WaUun, Hot. Oil. i. 107 (ill |iart). — J. G. Lenmioii, I'iWmvi, ii. CS. — Greene, Fl. Francia. 4'J ; Garden and Forest, iv. \ siiiiill trw, twenty to twonty-five feet in lieijjlit, will: ;<. ^I'unk sometimes ii foot in diameter, (livid in;;-, six or ei<;'if feet from the ground, into stout almost horizontal liiani'lies ; or often a sliiuli, with stout ascending stems ten or twelve feet tall, or a low seni^^y nuicli liranclied Imsli. The hark of the tnnik is a (juarter of an ineh thick, fjray-brown, deeply fissured, and divideil into lon^ thick plates, their surface iiroken into minut(^ persistent scales. Tin.' youn^ hranchlets are ^lahious or puheseeiit, and are eoveretl with bright red bark maiked by occasional minute |iale lentieels, and in their si'cond year become darker red or piu'ple, ultimately turnin;^ dark brown or iishy ^ray. The winter-buds are acute and an eighth of an inch loner, and are covered with chestnut-brown scales with scarious marjjins, those of the inner rows accrescent with the youn^ shoots and at maturity a (piarter of an inch in lenj^th, oblong, acute, and generally hri^ht red. The leaves are broadly ovate or orbicular, usually cordate, .sometimes truncate, or rarely cuneate at the base, and are sharply and often doubly serrate ; when they unfold they are puherulous on the upjier, and pubescent on the under surface, and at maturity they are ^hibrous or more or less puherulous below, an inch to three inches lon^, half an ineh to two inches broad, slijjhtly coriaceous, dark ^reen on the upper, and pale on the lower surface, with broad midribs, •i-rooved on the up[)er side, and conspicuous veins. The stipules arc lanceolate, acute, glandular-serrate, ami caducous. In autumn at the north the leaves assume, before falling, hrilliant .scarlet and oranife or red and yellow colors.' The (lowers, which appear before the leaves in March or Ajiril, are two thirds of an inch across and are produced in subsessile two to four-llowered umbels on slender glabrous or pubescent pedicels which vary from a (piarter to one half of an inch in length. The calyx is canipanu- late and glabrous or pnberulous, with oblong-obovate lobes rounded at the apex, pubescent on the outer, and more lie.s {Ptttimiii, ii. 07) as variety Killnggiiy ovate juiey fruit an inch or imire in Ieiij;tli. (See Ilittcbiii(j\.i Ma;t- a fonn of I'ntiiu^ mbcimlnlit first iioticeil many years ago by Dr. tiziiu\ v. 7. — Wickson, Ctilitornin Frultit (Utit liow to Gniiv Thf-m, Albert Kellogg, ami e//, iM or xoirrii amkiuca. ROHAi'E.E. sdutlu'rn Ori';;oii to crntral ('iilitoriii:i. It is I'imiikI in tlic ntif^Iilioiliood of streams, somctimos foriuiiij; tliiilii'ts oF t'oiisiileralilc extent, on dry rocliv liills and in open woods, and is most eonnuon in sontliern (deijiin and northern Calilornia, and there |irow; * III titii'tliiTii t'itiifnruia, wlifH' for srver.il yr.irn siuiio atti'iition It lm.s ulsii Iit'i'ii foitiiil iisofiil an .slwk u;Mm wliii-h to graft varieties has Ini'ii jiai.l to iln|>ruriiig it, I'runit.t .•uhninliitn |>ri>iliK't'H ill cillli- nf tlii' Kiir'.«■, IH,W, IS,'). — Viitii'ii more abuiiiliiiit erii|is nf larger t'niit tiiaii are liuriie on tiio I'tu-i/K' iiunil I'n^^, iv. Uh\, IDH. — Wicksoii, Cult/nrnut Fruit:* unit wild trees* ; ami liie ijuallty of tlie fruit of seleeted .HeetiliilgH ^llowrt ll"ir to ftmtf 'I%m, eti. -, 5-.) that valuable garden varieties eau be ubtaiiied from tliid sjH.-eies. ' Sec ii. ^t. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. 1'l.VTK C'LIV. PuUSUS SClltOKDAT.\. i. A lloHering liraiuli. iiatur.il :-\/.v. '.'. Vertieal seetluu of a flower, enlarged. ii. A fniitint; braiieli, natural nue. 4. Vertieal section of a fruit, natural size. C, 0. and 7. .Stonesi, natural uizu. 8. An einliryo, enlarged. U. Winter liranchlet, natural size. ,.//. r.l vF SOUTH AMinucA. UOSACE-K. -..i CalUV.rnia. ft ih fou."! in tho ncijjlilH.rhood of strciims. somi'timos fonniiig -?i.ut, oil 'Irv rocky lult« iitui in ojwn wiH)d«, ami is nxpst .ot.iiuoii in soutlieni ilii^aiulthtTf prolucjis thp tuwt iiml numt iibu.ulaiit fruit, rcaeliinj;- its noil railitr inai-st soil, whine it (.jiows with thu' Uiv'^mu .... (i,,» ('rf.-.iii Hii*thifrH. t\if Ciab-ainik', and varioiw species of Cornel. iifoi'i i* romnKin on the foolliilLs of tin- c'0.'>i>t riiiigos, an;ra\ity .-' "ig -in. 01 pounds. t •regiiu aiul northern Caiifwui.i. and i.-s (■onsiiinud ti.i pr<'serve5 atid jellie.n.' ■ (Sltoriiia failed to notiee tlu- Wild I'luin, and it r!vvi'>""■ li'Sfi, |S3. - 1 tlw PMilii- Kuml P'r.ji, iv. IftJ, 1«8 — Wiokaon, CaU/'Tnia Frmi.^ nut A HON OK rilL n..VTK. (.1.IV i'm.'KUa ."iBiuKDUA. Aiwmiii' luauili, natural »'t.e- nii'sl S!.i'timi ol (ifloWtT. piilargnd. irviilitii; (.K.ricii. ii«luiiil MiC. . r-,c:ii Mci.on ul a fruil. natural me. mA 7. »ioin'«, natural sue. ■nilryi, t-nlargi'd. • . u-r braniJuijl. natural »ij •■ KOSACE-K. tinu^s foruiiiip; 1)11 in soutliern liiiig its jrreat- illi tliL' Urt-^nm ;ies of Conii-l. ;'!>t l-illlffOS, :lll «(lS(!C[ltiljIo of livi' or i^ix ^pci'ilic ".n'livity il is (•onsaminl 1 I'luiii, and it )■ vill.v' ol' tlie •h to grail viitictios r. StK. 1S58, )S3. - 'Uitf'tmiill /■>?.(/.< II ui f .■'I .--7 III i '( ■/(.',/ I .inn PRUNU5 SUB COR DATA H-:,.h '7' -i' .'',1/U'ur ',!>•/.• IIOSACK^. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 33 PRUNUS UMBELLATA. Sloe. Black Sloe. Calyx-lobks entire, glabrous or pubescent on tlie outer, tomcntose on the inner surface. Fruit black covered witli bloom. Leaves obovate-lanceolate to oblong. h Prunua umbellata, Klliott, .S7>-. i. oil. — Diotiich, Sijn. iii. ? Prunus pumila, Walter, Ft Cur. 1 10 (not LiniiiFus). 41. — Cli.-ipmaii, /'V. 119. — Sargent, Forest Trees S. Am. Ceraaus umbellata, Turrey it Gray. Fl. X Am. i. 4(J9. — 10/A Census r. f the forests of Lons-leavcd Pine, wliicli it enlivens in the early clays of spring with its piofui-ion of pure white llowers. The wood of J'ninus nmhilhita is heavy, hard, and close-grained, with many thin medullary rays ; it is dark red-brown, with thick lisrhter colored sapwood composed of about thirty layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.8202, a cubic foot weighing 51.11 pounds. The fruit is gathered in large cpiantities and is used in making jellies and jams. I'runug initbcUata appears to have escaped the notice of the botanists who explored the flora of the southern states during the last century, and was iirst distinguished by Stephen Elliott, who pub- lished the earliest account of it iu his Skelc/i of tin Botany of South Carolina and Gcorijia.' I It is icniarkiible that this very ilistinct and common iiluiil, this region and who traveled several times through a portion of it whifh in e;irlv SMiinn- ia a most attractive and conspicuous teatnre at least. KUiott cji.sidercd the /Viiniu pumila of Walter (R C'«r. of the coast rc!;i,in of (leorgia and northern Florida, should have Uli) identical with his I'rmua mihdhiln, but Walter's description is been overlooked by such keen observers as Calesby, John and Wil- so meagre md va n -Jil'J. a i'ubio foot weiyliiiijj Till I lummk I .i IS iistti ill liiakiiiu; jirll'uw ami jams. • j.'ii lliis iiul'u'w 111' till- liolaiiislM wild I'viiliiicil tilt tli>r:i of , and w«>i lira tlistin),'ui.shi'(l liy Stej'lu-n Kliiotl. wiio i«al>- . /■ tht lt-ifi»iii of South CitnifiiKi iiiul > UU'uti.Ml with liiii t'mtw iml>.-li,Ua, but ^VKltcrV .l.ntripd.ii ia '.'in »ml W :i- "■ amngrt! iiuil v.ij:ue that tlio iilcutit.v of his l'"lii I'll . M'LANAl lUN <'K llU'. l'I,AiK ri.lll! C'l >■ !'Kl'Nl;!» (1SIHR1.1 .414 V llowiitin^ ; • •ill. iinturol «i't. V'(MtiC4il M. -i..'!! il \ IWwer, oiilnrKml . \ frnitinif lirtuulj, n»Uira! niiv. ♦ ViTli.'iil ««. 111,11 r..f a friiiU p.irt of tlic iU'sli reiiiovul. nulural siic • Vi'rtua! jt.i tfti .>f RStone, eular^'cii. ;• All > mi' y nlargiij. A »l'.iR. .--•ur.U "iw. S Part ui i mfj young braiiclUel "iili »liiulu< natutil niic UOHACR.H, priiif; willi its I'.iiillaiy riiy?4 ; iiiiual >>;rowtll. I'll tlu t!i>r:i iif lllll. wlllj [lill)- i;h li |M)rtioii of it )f Wiillnr ( l-'l. i 'iir. Ui'I-'h ili'urriptUm U at I* vrr^ itoiititfitl. ilvi I M.iU. A: :,.(, CI,./ i IS 4 4 !fi ' I PRUNUS ;1WBKL;.ATA L HDSACE^. C.VI. pointed. Primus Pi It'.tL'; K I'diiot, Pui'sli, J S|)ruii(,'i' trioli, .S'; Gi'oloij, 117.— Jinan, ei Cetisiis 77. — V Prunus-Ce Prunus la Cerasus b retiu D 159, t. A tr twelve or heiid iLsiui raiii^e, oft tliicknt'SH, iiiarkc'cl w branches appear, i«i winter ar lateral n\) marked 1) leaves are incurved green, pil maturity a half in slender g and are i deeiduous which ap] tions as pedicels r two or til tube is a IK IHACEyt, SILVA OF NORTH AMEllICA. 35 CAi.YX-LOitKs obtuse, entire pointed. Prunus Penneylvanioa, Liminjus f. .S//.<^ cil. Hi. ^\\\i\)\. -■">-. — Willili'iiiiw, /■'//■/. Iliiiimz. 24S J Sin'r. ii. i>t. ii. '.•','-; Kiiiim. olcS. — Abbot, Iiisei'tn of Gviirr/id, i. t. 45. — I'dirot, Lmii, l>ii't. V. . — Piirsli, fV. Am. Stj.t. i. ii;U. — Niittall, Gen. i. 302.— Sprenfji'l, .S'y,'^^ ii. .177. — Iliiyne, Diiuh. Fl. TA. — Uic- tricli, .S'l/H. iii. 42. — C'lm|inmii, /'/. 120. — Curtis, Jieji. Gcoldij. Siirr. y. Cm: IHtid, iii. r>7. — Koi'li, Vinilr. i. 117 liruiK't, Cat. Vi'ij. I/iij. Ciiii. 21. — KiiiiTsoii, IVcf.s .}fit.i.i. 0(1. 2, ii. 513. — Sargent, Forest Trees X. A in. 10th Cemiis U. S. ix. GO Coulter, Man. Kockij Mt. Hot. 77. — Watson & Coulti'r, Gnii/'s Man. cil. G, 152. Prunus-Ceroaus montana, Marslmll, Ar/nt.if. Am. 113. Prunus lanceolata. AVilldcnow, /.'<• ■/. /fciwHi-. 24(1, t. .'!. f. 3. Cerasus borealis, Micliaiix, F'l. JSor.-Ain. i. 2HG. — A'wh- reiiii Dii/iamvl, \. ii-. — Slicliaiix f. Jfi.'it. Arh. Am. iii. 159, t. 8. -De Cindollo, I'rodr. ii. 538. — Don, Gen. PRUNUS PENNSYLVANICA. Wild Red Cherry. Bird Cherry. Stone oblong. Leaves ol)long-liinceobitc, long- .S>7. ii. 513. — Loudon. Arh. lUlt. ii. 7<«. f. 410.— HuenuT, Fam. Sat. Sijn. iii. 78. Prunus borealis. I'oirit, l.mn. Jiirt. v. (','1. — l>ursli, /■'/. .I//I. .S',y//. i. ;i;iO. — W. 1'. C. limtoii. VomiH'nd. Fl. fhd. i. 223. — Nuttall. Gen. i. .302. — l.oddiijcs. AW. Cah. t. 1,V.».S. _]ii^,,.U,„-. Fl. ;,Wo;.. ed. 2, ]it3. Prunus persiclfolia, IVsfoiitaincs. Hist. Arh. ii. 205. Corasua Pennsylvanica. Loiscluur, Xonveaii Dnliamel. V. It. — l)e Ciinil.ille. J'rni/r. ii. 5;ii|. — Hooker. /'/. J{„r.- Ani. i. 1G8. — Don, Gen. ': ii. 514. — Torrev & Gray, i'V. .V. Am. i. 409. —Gra For^ ■ Trees N. Am. t. 48. Cerasus persicifolia, Loisuleai', A van Dnliamel, v. 9. — Du Mont (le Courset. .' Cult. • d. 2, v. ,5.30. — De Can- dolle, I'ratlr. ii. 537. — l.'oii. Gen. Si/st. ii. 513. — Spacli, //;.sV. V'i'y. i. 411. — Koi-nicr. Fam. Xal. iii/n. iii, 81. — Cavriiic, liee. liorl. 18()9 72, f. 03. A tree, with bitter aroniiitiL- bark and loavt's, thirty to forty fue. ..i iieight, with a trunk often tweh'e or cifflitcen incites in diameter, and ivf;ular slender horizontal branches which form a narrow head irsually more or less rounded at the sunniiit ; or, at the extreme northern and western limits of its lani^e, often a low shiiib. The bark of the trunk, which varies from one tliiid to one half of an inch in thickness, separates horizontally into broad persistent [japery plates with a dark red-brown surface marked with irregular horizontal bands of orange-colored lenticels, and is smooth on young stems or branches but on old trees is broken into minute persistent .scales. The biaiK'hes, when they iirst api)ear, are light red and sometimes slightly puberulous ; they soon beccmie glabrous, and in their iirst winter are liright red, lustrous, and covered with pale excrescences ; in their second year slnu't thick lateral .spur-like branchlets are developed, and the outer bark, which has now lost its bistre and is marked by bright orange-colored lenticels, is easily separable from the brilliant green inner bark. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, scnnetimes slightly falcate, long pointed and tinely and sharply serrate with incurved teeth often tipped with minute glands; for a short time after they first unfold they are bronze- green, pilose on the lower surface and slightly viscid ; they soon become green and glabrous, and at maturity are bright and lustrous on tlie upper, and rather paler on the lower surface, three to four and a half inches long and three (piarters of an inch to an inch and a ((uarter broad, and are borne on slender glabrous or slightly pilose petioles which vary from half an inch to nearly an inch in length, and are often glandular above the middle. The stipules are aeinuinate, glandtilar-.serrate, and early deciduous. The leaves in autuiini turn a bright clear yellow some time before falling. The Howers, which appear in early May when the leaves are half grown, or at the extreme north and at high eleva- tions as late as the first of .Inly, are half an inch across when expanded, and are borne on sleiuler pedicels nearly an inch in length collected in four or iive-Howered umbels, which are generally cbi.stered two or three together ami are subsessile when the Howers expand, but ultimately stalked. The cal^Ti- tube is glabrous, broadly obconic with obtuse lobes tipped with red and retlexed at niiiturity, and is I if! :)() SILVA UF iXOirni AMKIUCA. HOSACE.IC. iii;iili('il in tlu' inoutli of tlu> throat witli a coiisiiiciums liirlit oianj^i-ooloivd hand. Tlit' jx'tals arc fri'ainv white, a (juartt'r of an inch hinj;'. nearly (irl)iciilar, and cnntractcd at tlie liaso into short daws. The lilanii'iit.s and pistil aru frla!>rous. The fruit, whiuli ri|U'ns lietwccn the tirst (if .Inly alid tlic lirst of SuptiMnlier, is j^lohular, a (|iiarti'r of an inch in diamt'tcr, liiipcd with the renuiant of the styk', and li};ht red with a thiek skin, thin sour ilesli, and an olilon;; .stone whieh has thin hrittle walls and is ri(l);'ed on till' ventral margin. J'nniiiH I'duiKi/Zraiiirn is distrihuted from Newfoundland to the sliores of Hudson's Bay and west to the eastern slopes of the eoast rani;e of Uritish Coluiiihia in the valley of tlie Frazer Kiver,' and south through tlie northern states to IVnn.sylvania, central Michijjaii, northern Illinois, and ei'iitra! Iowa. It is coiniuon on the hif;h mountains of North Canilina, on the eastern Klopes of the Rocky .Mountains of tNihu'ado. and in all thu forest rejifions of the extreme northern states, iijrowinfj; in moist ratiier rich soil, reachinji; its jjreatest si/u on the western slopes of the IJijj Smoky Mountains in Tennes- sei'. and often oceujiyinj;, to the exclusion of other trees, larjje areas cleared hy fire of their orij^inal forest eoverini^.-' The wood of Prunes I'l iiiisi/lrini'icd i.s lijiht, soft, and close-jirained, with numerous medullary rays. It is Ii};ht liniwn, with thin yellow sapwood, and when alp.soliitely dry has a .specilic gravity of O.ijOlJIJ, a cuhie foot weifjliiu}!; IJl.IiO pounils. The fruit is often used domestically and liy herhalists in the preparation of conjjli-mixtures. J'niHiis J'l /iKsi/lriDilni'' was (irst introduced into Enj;lish jjardens in ITTI5 ' liy Lee & Kennedy, nurserymen at Ilanunersmith, altlioui;'h it was not desurilied until eif;ht years later ; and it was estab- lished in the Hotanical Gardens of Berlin toward the end of the last century.'' It <;rows rapidly in cultivation, and is a handsoi'ie and shapely alth(iuf the forosta. ^ IVlacotiii, ( lit. Lait. I'l. I. i\lii. iinptirtaiu part in the reproduction and prcscrration i>i tlic torosta. * Tilt' CISC' with wliich tlie seeds of }^rumts Pomnylvnitint iim (See Miehaiix f. //t>7. Arli. Am. iii. lliO. — liubert llouyhis, - -" » ■stroyed hy fin', and the raitiil growth of the youiij; plants, Viii Cherry and I'iyeon Cherry. noon form a eoverin;; ftir lorij^er livetl trees, eonstitute tlu; * Aitoii. llnrt. Ktir. ed. 'J, iii. power of giTiiiiiiatioii in soil where the upper l.iyers of humus have * In stniie parts of the eoiiiitry /Vufow Pittu.^ylvanica ia also called I'eell destro wlliidl ft „ ., ..... .... - eiiief value and interest of tiiis plant, whieh, in the northern part '' Willdenow, Btrl. llitiimz. 'J|8, uf the country cast of the inid-contiiieiital plateau, luis played an EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Plate CLVI. Prcm-s Pexnsvi,vaxica. 1 . A flowering branch, naturul size. 'J. \'ert ieal Hection of a flower, enlarged. .'I. A fruiting linmeli, natural sir.e. 4. \'ertieal section of a fruit, enlarged. .^1. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. • '). An embryo, enlarged. 7. Portion of a leaf with stipules, natural aizc. 5. A winter bianchlet. natural size. % 1 ^J 1 k f)-y^ 1 , 1 ■ i 1 IS 1 !l i I 1 / I >ty SOUTH AMhif/r. H(lSAn-.,t .Mil I < I- ■'n- ^ liirtit iir-anjjtp-i'olori'il li.iml. Tin' pttulH (in- ' ' ular. ,111(1 i'( liiiM' iutii|r stiiiic wliii'li li.i.s lliiii liriltlr vails iiiid is riil^i'>l ■ .''«i»4hI from Newfoiiii'll iml ti> tlic slmri* of Hiiit.soii'H I'uy aiiil wi-st ' luijfi' of Ki'itiitli ('(iliiiii!)i:i in the valley of tii* Ki-:t»!r Jiivor,' iiml ii'v ('» f'i'iiii.'-ylviinii, Cfiitial Miii.i;{iiii, itiirtlii'iii Illinois, mil ci'iitr.il .ii;;li iniMiutaiii^ of Nortli Cantliiui, on t\w i"isti>rii ).lo|n'.- nf tlii! IJofky M -1 ill .ill the forest rogioim of tlio i-xtruuie iiurtiK'rn htntfK, g^»win); in moiht ^ ^rcat(<.-ft, aii'l i lo.«-orrH iiMfl, with 'iiimcrouH iiUMlnllary rays. iifh tliiii yi'llow N.ipwoiid. iimI wlion al'foliiipl) «lry lia» « spi-cilio ^i^rasity of O.riU^'l, a .1^ ;1I..'M IMIIMIiIh. i- ofion ii->t-il tloinc'stii ally and liy hfriuilintM in the |ii'i'|>.'ir.iti >i. <.f e«iu;{li-iiy Lot- iV Kt'inicdy, . U ItanimcrHinitli, aUliou;>'li it was iiol di'wiiluti! ii>nil cij^rlit year- ' it^rr ; and it wa." ('.-.tab- ilit> )l.;iiiiii(';tl (iardeuH of n»'fliu towanl tlio pnd of tin? l.i»t n-ntury.' It ;;ro\vs rajiidly in ;>n. ir.i' !.* a liandsomp and '■li.ipi'ly altiioii^h 4iort-livt'il tm', and in f.irly ;»|)nii(j i^ toiispii'iious i{real <(Uiiutity of fiij»vvrs wliii'li cuvcr its lii-ani 1ii!H. .il-U'Mu*j, ( n* t'nii. I*t, 1. IIW. iiitportAni jwrt in ibe wiiruilurtidi- anil iirtiM-rtHtiun of the foro^K llii «.i«- •!* •hioli ihc '"•••il» of /'njniu P.'^iu/ylm'iifn arv (Sitt Miulwiit t. /fi./. Arh. Am in. 10". — Robirt l>iiin;lii.<, Hnr-ln .iM'iK 'iit> I l.v kinl* oiiil itiouiiUuu Ktriuiu'. >liui u.i/ Kifi', ii.'^KS ) ' iwr li \' rtiiiiittUiiii a. 9. .1 whiirtt tlio up|H?r layer* of faunniH hiii« ' In aimu' [iiirM ui thi* c.tiintrx l^ruiiits Pi;ni.Ayttiauwa ia aUu dUlcd .11 11 I . rU b; llrv. mill lli« ra|ii<< Kmwtli »( tho yimiii; pliuita, Pin (lurry nnil Pigi.uu t.'lierr^'. * ill. li •■! fi-rm n fOViTiiiji fur iung^'r iivwl ireni| t^iiuiiliiul/i Ujp ' ^''.".//iW AVk*. t>il, 2, iii. 11*8. o.mi'l !■• mill ;iiU'l»'-. » i...r',l.-r'i |uin ' .iimm, Zf«T/. Aiumi. 2IS. rrv ivl .if the niit«I pUtcaiti, (k>> )iUyornin'h, tinturul »ir.p. 4. Viitical mjctioii of i fniil, ciilargL'il Ti (.nww section of u fniil. r.-nliir;.'i:il. I'.. All imibn'i). cnliirgoil. T. i'.jitiiin uf a 1. if "lili «tipuU*«, nataral 'i'l .'^. A niuter tiranililft. iiatunil »!««. I 1 ■i ii J ': I ■ f\u.'i M PH LINUS PhNN SYLVAN ;CA A Hu'.-r„,j Ji,-,M- ' Vy> .t' .tirft..' .'■.:. \ I ' uosAciwi;. ;SILVA OF yORTU AMEUICA, 37 PRUNUS EMARGINATA. Wild Cherry. Calyx-i.ores rounded or sometimes emarginate. Stone ovoid, pointed at the two ends. Leaves oblong-obovate to oblanceolate, usually rounded at the apex. Prunus emarginatc, Wiilpcrs, Heii. ii. 9. — Dietiioh, Sijn. 714. — Torrcy & Gray, Fl. X. Am. i. 410. — Rocmer. iii. 41!. — Watson. Kiiiyx h'rji. v. 71). — TdiTL'y. Il"t. I'dm. Snt. Syii. iii. 7'.t. — Torrey. l''irific 11. li. lieji. iv. U'ilkes h'rplor. JCrpeil. 'J84. — Brewer & Watnoii, lint. F.i. — liolamler, J'rui: Cul. Arml. iii. 79. Cal. i. 107. — S.irgent, Furest Trees X. Am. \Wh Cenniis Ceraaus erecta. IVesl, Epimel. lint. 194. U. S. ix. (i7. Prunus erecta. Walpers, Ann. iii. 8.54. Ceraaus emartjinata. DoufjUs; Hooker, /'"/. lior.-Am. i. Cerasus Pattoniana, Carriire, /iVv. //x/f. 1872. 13.">, f. 17. 109 — Don, Gen. Si/nt. ii. ."il"). — Louilon. AHi. Jli-it. ii. Ceraaus glanduloaa. Kellogg, I'rm: Cal. Ar.nl. i. ,")9. A tree, ■with oxcct'ilinj^Iy liittur liark and loaves, tiiirty to forty tWt in lit'i<;ht, with a trunk twulve to fourteen ineiies in diameter, dividinjr into a number of slender rather upright hranclios whieh form a synnnetrieal ohlon<^ head ; or often a shrub with spreading stems three to ten feet tall. The bark of tlie trunk is a (]uarter of an ineh thick, with a generally smooth dark brown surface marked by horizon- tal light gray intermitted Itands, and by rows of oblong orange-colored lenticular excrescences. The brandies, when tiiey first appear, are coated witii pale pubescence, and are slender and flexible ; in tiair fir.st winter they are covereil with dark red-brown bark marked by many minute dots, and in their second season, when thcv develop short Literal branchlets, with bright red bark eonspicuou.sly marked by large ])ale lenticels. 'I'he winter-buds are acute, an eighth of an inch long, and covered with ehestnut-brown scales often slightly scarious on the margins ; tho.se of the inner ranks are acuminate at maturity, glandular- serrate above the midiUe, scarious, and nearly half an inch in length, with bright red tips. Tlie li'aves are oblong-obovate to oblanceolate, rounded, and usually obtuse or sometimes acute at tiie ajiex, the two forms appearing occasionally on the same branch ; they are narrowed at tiie base, which is generally furnished with one or two and sometimes three or four large dark glands, and are serrate, the minute teeth tipped with short subulate glandular points; when they unfold they are puberulous or pubescent on tlie lower surface and slightly viscid, and when fully grown are glabrous or pubescent on the lower surface, one to three inches long and from one third of an inch to one and a half inciies broad, dark green above, paler below, and liorne on siiort stout grooved and usually puliescent petiok's. Tiie stijiules are ianceol^ite-acuminate, glandular-serrate, and early deciduous. Tiie llowers. which appear when the leaves are about half grown, at the end of .\pril at the level of the ocean or as late as the end of June at high elevations, and which wiien expanded vary from one third to one half of an inch in diameter, are luodiiced in six to twelve-llowered glabrous or pubescent corymhs an inch to an inch and a half in length, on slender pedicels from the axils of foliaeeous glaltrous glandular-serrate bracts. The calyx-tube is ohconic, glabrous, or puberulous on the outer surface, and bright (U'ango-colored in the tlivoat, with short lobes rounded or emarginate or somewhat cleft at the apex, sometimes slightly glandular on the margins, and relh'xed at maturity. The petals are white faintly tinged with green, obovate, rounded or emarginate at the apex, and contracted heiow into short claws. The ovary' and I'Liments are glabrous, and the .stvle, which enlarges into a .stout elavate stigma, is .sometimes slightly glandular. The fruit, which ripens from .Itine to August, is globose, from one fourth to one half of an inch ill diameter, and more or less translucent, and when first fully grown is bright red, becoming ' In northeastern Iilaho I'riilVssor < I reeiie fountl bipistillate llowers of tliitt Hpeeii's, witii two ilnipos from each llower {(jitnl-i- iiH'! Fonst, iv. ■2i.\). ■i . ' 38 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ROSACEJE. darker ami almost Mni'k when ripe ; the flesh is thin, hitter, and astrinfijent ; the stone is ovoid and pointed at hoth ends, with a prominent fjrooved vu\^o on the ventral mar<>;in, and is rounded and sli<;htlv grooved on tile other, with thiek hrittle and slightly pitted walls.' I'ninus ( iiKirijinatit is distrihiiteil from the valley of the upper Joeko River in Montana" along the mountain ran<;es of Idaho and Washington and of southern British Cohnnhia to Vaneouver Island,^ and through western Oregon and northern California and along the eoast ranges to the neighbor- hood of the Bay of Sn, with paler sapwood composed of eight or ten layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.-liJ02, a cubic foot weighing 28.0G pounds. The fruit is said to have been eaten by the Indians of the northwestern coast.' I'nnnis iiiiiirijliiatu was discovered in the valley of the Columbia River in 1825 by David Doug- las." It is eidtivated as a shade tree in the streets of Portland, Oregon, where it atbiins the heiglit of forty feet, and assumes the habit of the connuon European Cherry-tree;'" in LS81 it was introduced from Oregon into the Arnold Arboretum, where it is perfectly hardy, flowering and ripening its fruit every vear." 1 ^ri ■:■..* • utrffinaln vnTics in tlu' amount nf |mbcsooncc wliuh clu;a<-'' It' yuiing sliouts, the lower surfnco at the fuliage, and the inHorescencc. At the north it is more often ['ubeseent than ghi- lirons, and the pnheseent form is nut nneoinmun on tlie mountains of soutlieru California. It has heen distinguished ;.« — Var. mi'UU, Brewer & Watstui, Viitt. ('nl. i. KIT. — Sargent, Fur- fsl Tnf .V. Am. IWh Cimu.^ U. S. ix. (i7. — Maionn, Cut. ('on, Gru. Stfst. ii. TA'i. — Torrey t't Oray, /v. X. Aui. i. 11(1. — London, Arh. /M. ii. 71 1. — Nuttall, Sijlva, ii. 1-1, t. -Id. — Hoemer, F^im. Sut. St/it. iii. 71*. — Cooper, I'lieijic R. R. Rip. xii. \n. ii. 2!), o'J ; Am. ym. iii. KHi. — I.yall, Jn'tr. Linn. Soc. vii. l.'U. i'niiiu.i mnilin, Waljier.'f, U* ji. ii. 0. — I'iclrieli, Sijh. iii. VI. — Tor- rey, liiil. Wilhs Fj/iIit. Eii'"I. i;S|. — Maei.un, /.'.;). Onili://. Sun: Can. 1H7.V7I;, 1!U. • Here it was found in 188.3 liy Canhy and .Sargent. ' Maeoun, /. .-. ."•illl. * Tlie [luliesceut form of Pntu'i.^ imtiri/iuiita was discovered in Ucar Valley in .June, 1885, by .Mr. iS. U. I'arish. ■'' Here it was eoUeeted in 18(>4 by Dr. C. L. Ander.son. * Teste Watson, A'oiyN Rtfi. v. 7i*. ' The shrubby glabrous Cherry-tree of eentral California is con- sidered by Trofessor (Jreene a speeies, to wliieh he has given the name of Cfnim.t Culijnrniftt (Fl. Fniiirit. i. ,50. — fianhn and For' (>7, iv. *J43). Numerous forms appear u) conneet this plant with the arboreseent form of the north and of the Santa Lueia Mountains in the south, and its shrubby habit, snuill leaves, and more astiiugent fruit art> perhaps tiie result of the peculiar elinuUic eunditions to which it has bei'U subjected. •• K. lirown (Campst.), 7Viiii.<. Ilnl. S ii\ Eiiiiihurijh, ii. iW.'l. » See ii. IM. '" (ireene, Ganleu and Fnrestt iv. 114.1. '• I*rwitv< nnartjintita was probably intriKlueed into Seotuh gar- tlens by the Seoteh etdlector .John .Jeffrey in 18ijl or 185ii, as ut that time he sent the seeds of nuiny of the plants of tuir northwest- I'rn eoast to the members of the so-eallcti ( )i- tm Kxpedition, whose agent he was. It wiis sent from the Milinburgh Botanic (iarden to the Musf^um li'llistoire Nalurcllc in I'aris in 18ti.~), as Pni'm.i Pitttih. nitina, n name which does not appci,.- *<> '..ve been published (Car- ri6rc, Rev. Hurl. 187'.', l'.io) SACEiE id UU(1 ;d aiid iiig the ighboi-- I'ltai'i':, '; it is sloi.es ' and it inks of leouver lere, at on the live to 1-: tv us thill 1 layers eighin*^ [ Doug- ( height i'othiced its fruit iia IS con- given tho I and For- plaiit witli Mouiitiiins iistiingent ulitiuius to L!Otch g!tr- HoL', us at northwe;it- :ion, wtxme (ianU'ii tu tUIItt I'lllfli- sliod (Car' EXPLANATION OF TMK I'LATE. Plate CLVII. Prunis KMAiwiisATA. 1. A Howering branch, natural size. •J. Vertical section of a fluwor, enlarged. ;?. A friiitini,' branch, natural size. 4. Vertical section of a fruit, eulargeil. 5. A 8tone. enlarged. fi. Part of a leafy branch showing stipules, natural size. 7. A winter branchkt. natural size. ii: •^": KXI'TANAIK'N Ob TIIR in.ATK. 1 . A Hi)wcriiii» braniih, luitunil si/e. ■J. Vtiiic.al sretion of a rtowcM-, eiikrypil. 3. A fniitlnc: branch, natiinil ai;<> 1. Vi'Hialt' ('lies iiiiUT ran luilt' an ii al)riiiitly often (lee 1 The 8tri of tUiH spec wuitf'i* from \^ UdSACE.K. SILl'A OF SOUTH AMKllICA. 41 PRUNUS VIRGINIANA. Choke Cherry. Wild Cherry. f'Ai.YX-i.onF.s (li'cidiious. Stone <)l)l()iig-nviitc, pniiitcd. Leaves broatlly oval to <)l)loiijj;-ol)ovatc, usually al)rii|)tly aciiminato. I Prunua Virginiana, Liriiiii'iis, .S'/icc tT.'! (excl. syn. ). — WiUilciiow, Itirl. Iliiinii.--. 'J.'I8, t. ">, f. 1 •, S/nv. li, pt. ii. !t85; yi'/iKOT. 017. — Dfsfiintuiiiei, I/i.it. Arh. ii. L'O;!. — I'ersuuii, Sijii, ii. .'54. — llayiic, Dmilr. h'l. "0. — ( iiiiiiiinO, Otto & Hayiio, AMilld. lloh. l.i. I. M>. — S|irenj!el, Sy.'. Cerasus Virginiana, Loiseleur, Nourrau Duhamrl, v. .'! (cxcl. syn. .Michnux). — Uc Candolle, Frmli: ii. ii'.V.). — Spacli, Hist. l'i';/.\. 414. — Torrey & Gray. FL X. .iiii. i. 410. — Torrey, /'/. X. Y. i. 1%; Xirullefs J{,/,. 119; Fri'mont's lie.)!. 89 ; Fmorij's Rep, 408 ; Paeijic H Ii- Rrp- iv. .*• i. • - Kmcrson, Trem .V",«.«. 4.">r). — Gray. .lA'ni. 11."); Fiicljii: Ii. Ji. J.'r/,. xii. pt. ii. 42. — Darlln^iton. F/. Ccstr. od. 3, 74. — Cojpur, Fiuijk li. Ji. Jicji. xii. |il. ii. :«); Am. X"t. iii. 400. Prunus hirsuta, Klliott, Sk. i. ."41. Prunua obovata. Uitjeiow, /•'/. lUistun. ed. '_', 192. Cerasus serotina, Hooker, Fl. Jinr.-.tm. i. 109 (ixel. syn.; not Loisileiir). — Don, (Jen. Si/sl, ii. 51."). Cerasua obovata, Htck, Rut. 97. — Katon & Wright, Jlnt. 189. Ceraaua micrantha, Siacli, ^fi.^l. f'l'ij. i.414. Cerasus doiisiflora, Spatli, Jli.it. Vi'-'j. i. 415. Ceraaua flmbriata. Spach, J/i.tt. Vnj. i. 410. Ceraaua hirauta, Spach, Hint. \'eij. i. 417. — Eaton & Wright. Hoi. 190. Cerasus Virginiana. var. ,i. Torrey & firay, Fl. i. 410. Cerasus Duerinckii. Martens, 6V/. .Sew. Jl^nt. /.ucu/i. 1840; Jiiill. IM. Sn,: Hriu. viii. 08. Prunus Duerinckii. V.'alpers, Rep. ii. 10. Padua flmbriata, Kjenier, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 84. Padus densiflora, Rocnier, J'um. Xut. Si/ti. iii. 84. Padus micrantha. Hoenier, Fum. Xut. .Si/ii. iii, 84. Padus obovat'i, Koenier, Fam. Xut. Si/>i. iii. 80. Padua hireula, Koemer, Fum. Xut. ,Syn. iii. 87. A tree, with stroiip-sceiited bark ' .ind leaves, rarely thirty to thirty-five feet in luM(>ht, with a .short and often crooked or incliniuir trunk sometiincs a foot in diameter, small erect or horizontal branche.s, and stout hranclilets which form a narrow irrcoiilar head ; or more often a low shruh. The hark of the trinik is an eighth of an inch thick, sli>>htly and irregularly fissured, hroken on the surface into small ])ersistent .scales, and often marked by irregidar pale e.xcrescences. The branches, when they first a|>i)car, are light brown, or bronze-green, and glabrous, pidierulous, or sometimes pubescent, and in their first winter are light brown or brown tinged with red and marked with large oblong lenticels j in their .second year they become darker brown, and the tough outer layer of bark is easily separable in horizon- tal strifis from the bright green ;nner hiyers. The winter-buds are acute or obtuse and are covered by jiale cliestnut-brown scales, more or less scarions on the margins and rounded at the apex, those of the inner rank accrescent, lanceolate or ligulate, sharply and often glandular-serrate, cliartaceous, and from half an inch to an inch in length. The leaves are broadly oval or more or less oblong-obovate, usually alirnptly acuminate at the apex, wedge-shaped, rounded or subcoi//, r.i or xoirrii amkhica. UlWAlKA: tiiiii ipf loii^iiii'iiiMiN tufts (if |Kilt' liaiis in tin- axils of tlic |iriiici|)al vciiiN on tin- lower surfac»'. or aif piilicniloii^ or |ml>('M'('iit ; at iiiatnrity they arr inci liriiiiact'oiis. lM'i;;lit <;'r(>i'n aliovi>, paler atul soiiU'tilui'N |iiilM'->('i'iit lii'Idw, t\M) t liinlandnlar mai tlir apex, or somctinii's, ('S|ic('ially on vigorous Klumts, nianv-^t'landnlar. 'I'lic .>ti|uili's arc laiucolatf. aciitf. ;;lan(lular-si'iratc. half an inch lonn', ami early dci iiluons. Tlic leavi-. turn yi How in the autumn miuu' tiiiif lufoiv fallin;;. The llinvcis. wliicli are from one third to one half of an iiicli in diameter, appear from tlie llrst I'l April in the south to the end of .lune at thu I'Xtreine north; they are home lui >leniler f^lahrous or pulieridous pedieels proilueed from the axils of searinus eadueous hraets in slender niany-llowered erect oi r.oddinjr racemes three to six inches lonj>'. The caKx-tuhe is eup-sliaped, ulahrous or rarely pulieridous. with short liroad ohtnsc retiexed deciduous liihes, laeiniate or more or less ulandnlar on the niarjijins. The petals are pure while, lulpicular, and eontractcil helnw into short claws. 'l"he tilanients and pistil are ulaluons, ami the short thick style is al>ruptl\ I nlari^ed into a hroad orliicular stijinia. The fiuil, which \,irics fconi one fourth to one third of all incii in { J'liiiiiis I'injiiiiiiiiii \^ lu'iwy. hard, and close-grained, although not .strong; it con- tains numerous conspicuous medidlary rays, and is light hrown, with thick lighter colored sapwood composed of fifteen to twenty layers of ainiual growtii. The siiecilic gravity of the ahsolutely dry wood is O.ti'. (.")!. a cuhiu foot weighing i'6M'2 |iounils. ' \ Mlliiw-fiuittil furm lit I'ruiiHs VinjiuMnn (v;ir. /.iiiv. .i,y»i, Iicntli:iiii, /'/. llnrtinij. IK)". — Torri'\ , />'.i(. Mijt. Iloiiin!. Sun-. \\':a^:i[i, IJiil. G'izilli; iiii. -'.'U) was fouml in Dodli.-Jiii, Massiidm- fi.'l, — Watson, Kimfi Hip. v. 80. — Kotlirock, Pt. M'hetler,3T. — scttf. a fi'W ji-ars ago ; anil [ilants witli li^jlit-iiilurccl fruit an- Itiiwir A; Wat.son, Hot. Ciil. i. 107. — Klaouun, Ciil. Cim. I'l. i. siiiiu'linic'S cultivated in Cunailian (,'aiilius, , and in ilioso of luiithiTn l'i"i. — Snrgont, l-'nrnl Tm:i N.Am. Wih Cnwui U.S. ix. 09.— (iriTue, /v. FriiurU. 51. — T. S. lirandcgct', Zm , ii. 157. — Ik's-sey. liiilt. Aqric. Kiprr. Stat. A'(/im.ijtv/, iv. art. iv. IS. Cirii.^u.\ seritliiHi, liooki-r, /•'/. /!t>r-.\in. i. 1(11) (in part). Cir(t.-»/. U'/VXi.s ICrjii.ir. Knidpe (.1. G. .lack, G.inl.u nml I'.,i-isl, v lli,'.). - Tilt' western Choke C'lu-rry has nsnally lieeii eoiisiilercd a siie- fies. Kxtrt-nie fmnis, i'.H|uTialIy tllose of tlie iiiid-eontiiiental re- gions, vary .^iiglltly from the eastern plant in tin- shape of their leavis, whieh are more often rnuniled or .snlx-ordate than eiineate at the hase, .'ind are s'lmetiines pale on the lower snrfaee, in their more ahundant and per>islent pnlM'Seenee, and their greater thiek- iiess and eonsiatency. It is not eitsy, however, tu find stahle ehar- actcrs U|iun whieh to estahlish even n geographieal variety ; for KtjuiI '.'.SI. — (iray, I'nic. ,1m. Afwl. viii. 3H1. the extreme fnrnis pass insensihly one into ih.- other, showing tlie ' Hooker f. Tnim. I.imi. S,„: xxiii. 2'M (Distrihulinii Arctic PI. i. gradual intliunie of a dry climate in im-rea.sing the thiekness and * Macoun, Cut. Citn. PI. i. 12.5. the hairy envciing of leave.s. The synonymy of the western phinl ' llemsley, lint. liinl. Am. dni. i. 30H. is as follows : — ^' The speeimcii of wood tested in the United .States Census in- I'nini, 'I: III. "II. Walpirs, Itip ii. II). — Dietrieh, Sipi. iii. i;i. — vcstigation was taken from a tree grown iu muihern Oregon, UdSACK.K SILVA OF MJirril AMKIUCA. In Ciiniulii t!u> fniit, wliiili is ;;:itli('ri'(l in njivat ,|ii:intitits and is s orchards of cultivated I'lum-trei'S. ' Itidiai-iNciii, Arrlle Seiirrliin;i Ktiifl. ii. UK). tlinmti' wnx linrio with sw-illcuviiiR thcHc re.) Iliitlios (.19 I may I'iill ' •■TliuClu-rrii' trfoayi'fid t,Tt'-it s'""' "f Clierrii's, whkli !;ro\v tli I. lu'ini; linl.- lu'ttor in ta»li'. r.ii«li^li orcteiiiit! limy luiuu on cliHtcrs like f^a\v» ; tlu'y Iw niiiili ,inallfP tliaii uiir Ki„jl,sh tliiin u, \k ,m Dullish I'luTrif, Imt yi't th.^y iiro n,s wililc as ilif CliiTiii', TiutliiiiK lu'are so roihI it tlu'V '"' »"' '■")' f'!"" '• 'I"')' *" l"iliiHi.i." (Wood, .Vnc Emjinwt'.i I'msjuri, [it. i. cliai). .5, IS.) fiinc tlio inoulli that the toii({Uf will clcavu to tin- roolV, anil the : f I IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) . ^0 A f/, V ,^ 1.0 If 1^ iii I.I M 2.2 1^ 1^ !r 1^ 12.0 1.8 L25 11.4 II11II.6 V] <^i^ Av r /J 'm ^ " .V ^ .^ *# ^'^ .^/ /s^ Photographic Sciences Corporation ^■^ v <^ fv 23 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (716)872-4303 ■4^:%_ 6^ EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Plate CLVin. Prunus VimiixiAXA (fbom Oreo(in). 1. A floworiiif; brancli, natural size. 2. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. .'{. A fruitinj:; liranch. natural size. 4. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. 5. A stone, enlarged. 6. Part of a leafy liranch with stipules, natural size. 7. A winter branchlet, natural size. j- : N I i r. ! 1 r I iil ;', I j I ,1' K\ri.AN.\'i:.'N or ikk Al" PlaTK T'LVIll. rit!.Vl"« VlROIVUNA (FROM ORF't v 1. A ll"\v<'rin;:; trmni-li. nalnial mif !J. Vt Ttii'al >iection of a (Ii^wtr. I'lilarged. ."'. A fruiliii(; t»ra)irii. natural si/^?. •). Vertipni sicliun 01 a fiuit, piilaruoil. 5. A «t>int.'. ciiiarjfcil. 6. I'n: iif ;i Itafv bramli with '■lipiilcn, natural sizi". r. A uintpr l-raiii'Iilct. natural «iv /, PRUNUS VIRGINIAN A, i a i ? liUtsACEiE. SUVA OF AOltTU AMERICA. PRUNUS SEROTINA. Rum Cherry. Wild Black Cherry. 45 C.vi.Y.x-i.OBrs persistent. Stone oblong-obovate. lonjf, usually gradually acuminate. Leaves oblong to lanccolate-ob- Prunua serotina, Kliilinrt, Beitr. iii. 20. — Willdcnow, hed. Ilaiimr.. Zi'J, t. 5, f. 2 ; Spec. ii. \,t. ii. 'JSO ; Kiium. ni;. — Dii Mont lie Couract, IM. Cult. ed. 2, v. 5:U.— I'oisooii, .fi/M. il. .'it. — Di'sfunlaines, JIi.it. Arli. il. 204. — Nuttiill, (If II. i. .'i02. — W. 1*. C. IJarton, Conijieiii/. /•'/. Phil. i. 222. — (Jiiimpel. Otti) & Uiiyi\:<, t. — Kiilnway, yVoc. U. S. Xnt. .Vu.i. 1K82, (ill. — Sar^i nt. Forest Trees N.Am. Wth Census U. S. ix. CS. — Wat- son & Couiler, Gray's Man. ed. (i, l.">2. Prunus Virginiana, Miller, Diet. ed. 8, No. 3 (not Lin- naeus). — Dii Kui, Olis. lint. 12 ; lliirhk. Baumx. ii. 101. — Wangenhcini, .Yon/iim. Huh.. 34, t. 14. — Medicos, But. Beoh. 1782, 34,"). — Marsh.ill, Arbiist. Am. 112. — Alton, ir,rt. Kew. ii. 103. — Walter, Fl. Car. 140. — Poiret, Liir«li, Fl. Aw. Sept. i. ,329. — Dig- elow, Fl. Boston. 118. — Klliott, SI.: i. ,J40. — Torrey./Y. r. S. 407. Cerasus Virginiana, Micliaux, Fl. /lor.- Am. i. 28.5. — Michaux f. J/!.tl. Aril. A^.i. iii. 1.51, t. 0. — Darling- ton,/Y. fV.s7r. 01. — Hooker, F'/. Bor.-Aiii.i. 100 (excl. syn.). — Dun, Gen. Sy.it. ii. r)l>") Luudon, Ar/i. Brit. ii. 710, f. 418. Cerasus serotina. Loiseleur, yonecaa Diihainel, v. 3. — I)e Candoll..'. J'rmlr. ii. '.40. — Spaeli, Hist. Vey. i. 41(1. — Torriy & liray. Fl. X .iin. i. 410. — Loudun, A eh. Beit. ii. 712. f. 410. — Torrey, Fl. X. Y. i. 10(1. — Knievson, Trees Mass. A'lA. — Gray, Man. W>\ Forest Trees N. Am. t. .TO. — Darlington, Fl. Cestr. eil. .3, 7."i. Prunus cartilaginea, Lelunann. Iml. Sew. llunili. 1833. Padus serotina, Agardli. Tlieor. Syst. J'l. t. 14, f. 8. Padus Virginiana, Roenier. Fam. Xnt. Syn. iii. 80. Padus cartilaginea, Koenier, Fam. Xut. Syn. iii. 8(5. A *rce, with bitter aromatic bark and leaves, sometimes attuning a lieiglit of one hiuulred feet. with a .stout straight tnnik four to five feet in diameter, and small horizontal branehes whit'li form a narrow obhjng iiead ; usually much Rmidler and occasionally, tow.ard the northern limit of its range, of shrub-like habit. On fully grown trunks the bark varies from one half to three (juarters of iin inch in thickness and is broken by reticulated fissures into small irregular plates, the surface of which splits into thin persistent scales ; it is dark red-brown, or in southern Florida and the coast region of the Gulf states is light gray. The branches are .slender and rather rigid, .'ind at first are pale green or bronze- green and glabrous ; they soon turn bright red or dark brown tinged with red, and in their first winter are red-brown or gray-brown and marked by minute pale lenticels. In the second year the thin tougii layer of outer bark is bright red and more conspicuously marked, and may be separated readily in hori- zontal bands from the brilliant green inner layer. The winter buds are obtuse or on sterile shoots acute, and are covered with bright chestnut-brown broadly ovate scales keeled on the back and apiculate at the apex ; those of the inner ranks are persistent on the growing shoots scarious at maturity, acumi- nate, and from one half to two thirds of an inch in length. The leaves are oval, oblong, or lanceolate- oblong, gradually or sometimes abruptly acuminate, or rarely rounded at the apex, wedge-shaped, or occasionally roimded at the base, finely serrate with appressed incurved callose teeth, and furnished at the very base of tiie Made or at the apex of the slender terete petioles with one or more dark red con- spicuous glands ; while young they are slightly bearded idong the midril)s on the lower surface, and are often l)ron7.e-greeii, and at maturity they are glabrous, subcoriaceous, dark green, and lustrous on the upper, and paler on the lower surface, two to five inches-, long, and an inch to an inch and half broad, with narrow conspicuous midribs deeply gnioved on tiie upper side, and slender veins. The stipules are lanceolate, acuminate, glandidar-serrate, from one half to tliree fourtlis of an inch in Icngtli. and earlv deciduous. In autumn tlie leaves turn clear l.riglit yellow before falling. The tlowers, which are ill , f i: t , ii; .s//j'.i Of xoirrii AMi:in<\\. KOSAl r.K |iicii1ii(im1 on sli'lidtT •;I,il)i'mis or ]iiilM'niloiis ]ii'(li('i'ls ili'Vcloiicd t'loiii tlic Mxils of ininiiti> sriiriou.s iMtlii- (■( lis l>nirts. ;iri' lioiiic in cicrt or iilliinatclv sprcadiiii;' iimiiciw iiiiiiiv-IIowciimI ract'iiii'^, tcmr to six iiiclit's ill li'iiii'th. ami ii]p|iiMi u lull the Icavis aic aliont hall l;i(i\mi. Ii-oiii tlii' tiiil ol Mairli in Ti'xas anil l.oiii-iaiia to till' lii-i uiM'li ol' .linir in tlii' \alli'y ol llir St. I-awrtnic l!i\cr. 'I'lirv arc u i|iiaitci' ol' an null across when t xpaiulcd. with a ciip-shapcd n'lahioiis or luihcniloiis calw-tuhc and shoi't o\atc-oh', in;;' iilitiisc lohcs, >linliily iacinialt on the iiiai'L;'ins, rcllcMi' at nialiiritv, and persistent with the stamens iinlil atlei- the lalliiiLC ol' the t'liiil. pine w liilc, hiciadlv ohovalc petals, ^lalii-oii> lilaiuents and pistil, and a thiiiv chili-sliaped sii:;iiii. The I'liiit, which ri[iens Troiii .iiine to Ocloher, is depicssed-;;lolnilaf, -lightly lolled, (roiii one third to one hall ol' an inch in diameter, dark red wiieii liist I'nilv i;iowii and ilnio-.t lilai'h wjicii ripi'. with a thieh skin, dark purple jiiicv lle>li ol' a plea .ant vinous ll.ivor, and olilon;;-olio\ate pointed tliin-wallcd stones liroadly ridded on the vcnliai maii;in and acute on the oilier. I'l-ihiiix ^, riil'iiiii is distrihnted I'loin Nova Scotia westward thron^n the Canadian Provinces to the valley of the Kaministi'piia liiver,' southward through the eastern states to the slmres of Matanzas Inlet and Tampa liay. Florida, and westward to the valley of the Mis>onri liiver in Dakota, i^'.-tcrn Nehraska and K insa>, the liuli in Ti'iritory and eastern Texas, aloiii;' the mountain ranees of western Texas. Miiitli- ern Niw .Alexico, and .\ri/ona, and on tliosi' of .Mexico and the I'acitic regions of Central Amer Ca. Co- lomliia. and I'laii. In the I nited Stales I'l-nnns si i-niiini erows ns4iallv in rich moist soil, and was om e common in all the .\jipalachian reeion. where, associ.ited with the While Oak, the White Ash, the 151iie Ash. the Siiear .Maple, the Yellow !5uckeye, the iiiikorii's, and the Black Ifircli. it v,as an important element of the forest, reacliiie^' its greatest size and lieanty on the slopes of the liin'h Alleeliany .Moun- tains from West \ iri;iiiia to (ieorei.i and Alahania ; sometimes it yrows on li^lit sandy soil, and it iiiav he loiiiid on the rocky i lilfs of the New Kneland ■.oast \vitlii'~ r"acli of the spray of the ocean ; in the coast rei;ion id the soiithern states it is nowhere common, and dues not attain a lari;e size; and in the southwest it is conliiied to the ho'toiiis of mountain canons, at elevations hetweeii live thousand and seven thousand feet ahoiit thi' levid of the sea, and rarely i;rows to a j;reater height than twenty or tliirty feet.- I'rihiii.i .11 riit'i.iii \^ tnw {)i the most valnalde timher trees of the .Vmerican forests. The wood is lii^ht. strong', and rather hard, with a close strai;;lit i;raiii and a satiny surface siisceptihle of receiving;' a lieaiitifiil oolisli ; it is li;;ht hrown or red. with thin vellow sapwuod composed of ten or twelve layers of ' liniiii't, (.'tit. 1'!. Cm. Hi. — I'llaiiKirr, Itenaulcl & Canlut, I'i. Mi'j'i'lr.u. IS — .MuiHiiiM, C'li. Cm. i't. i. l:;(i, ."il.'t. - iiiitiuiist!) luivu il^iitaliy fOiiH-.it'rril tlie .Mfxi(.-an C'lii-rry-trcc .1 iliHliiu-t >in'oifH, Imt it i.s iin[)n>siifli> to tiiid I'ssrutiiil dmnu-tiTs to (li>tiii^'iii>Ii it fruiii the liol-tiiiTli spi'L'ie.s with wliich it i.s i-niiiK-i-tfil Prnn'is C'li'uli, Ciivaiiilli's ; .Sjii'ef^^cl, .s'l/s/. ii. 477. — Selilt'chtt'ii- ilal, l.mMni, xiii. W), KM. — Koch, /»..,.//•. i. I'j;i. — llcmsW, I!t,i. Iii"l. Am. Critt. i. ',Wu. — Watson, /Viw. .{m. .\fnil. xvii. 'Xt'2. Pnuiiis Cijmliii, Zuc'i'ariiii; Ah/mu'l. .ihtil. Miiiti/i. ii. 'M^t, t.^. — UttcirtT, F'liii. .V«I^ Sf/n. lii. H7. — Torrov, Ili>t. Mix. lUntml. Snrv. raiihii'ally tlirough .\rizona, Xuw Mciico, and Toxa.s. Thf (i'_*. — Itiishy, /jW/. 7'.)rf. ;//«.(. fVi/^, ix. ."ill. Iiavi'.'i of tlie Mt'xiiaii tree are often narrowly huiccolato anil ain- iiiinatc, tint thi.s i-liar.u-ter -s hy no means eon.staiit, and h'ave.s of a similar form are nut niinnnn. 'ii on northern trees. The persi-stent talyx-lohes whifh distinj^nish I'ruiiu.^ sinitiim from the tither sin-eies of the seelion I'ailus are fonnd on the southern a.s well as on the northern trees. The synonymy of the Meviean Cherry-tree is as fol- lows ; — Pr'iiiu:: iiiliii/'fliii, lliinihiihll, lIon]iland & Knnth, .V"f. '/. >i. <' /*n 'ow Citiiiuh-n.^i.i, Moeino & .Scsse, /V. .Mfx. lam. incd, LnuriMrritsit.i ^itlii't/iitiii, Itoemer Fum. Sut. Si/n. lii. HI). Prunm italiri/nUii, var. (if»/i/<»/(((, Watson, /'/■'«'. Am. .I'-ii'l. xxii. til. As Is jjener.llly the ease with inilividual tree.s ^rown in dry eli- mates, the woimI of the New Mexieaii Cherry is eonsidenihly heavier than the aveni^e of several .speeiniens from trees whieh had grown in other partf-. of the I'nited States, the speeilie gravity of the ahsolntely dry woot, . .'ing 11.78711, and a cnhie ftMit weighing ttl.H) .s'/rff. vi. till, t. uiJIt. — Kniitii, .s"'//*. /v. ./w/'io*. iii. IHl. — .Sprengel, pounds. The Mexican Cherry is supposed to he .in iuhaliitant of .•e Caiuh.lle. /'.-"■//■. ii. ."jTO. — I)i>n, C'H. S./si. li. .jl.'i. —London, .tr'.. /,V.>. ii. 71.'!, ll). — .Spacii, lli.e Candolle, /V-z-Zr. ii, -"It, — lion, 'fVri. .Sy-7. ii. .-jII!. — .Spaeh, // /. I' -;. i. I'J'J. I'rench gardens (/.' <».."'S"-lli. il culpic foot \vcii;irni,n- •'JH.'^S ipoimds ; tlic w 1 of no otlicl- North Aliiclicali tier i> lifttcr coloivd or i.ioif valualdr foi' .■ahiiict-inakino' and tlic liiii' iiitciioi' liiii>li id' I m'>. and tla^ ;;ivat dcniaiiil for it for tlii'sc purposes lias caused tlif dcstrut'tion of tlie lai^cst ami best tive> in all parts cd the countrv. Till' liaik of the Willi Chom-. "lileh contains the hitter jiiinciple ' peculiar to \A-m\U of thi> yenu-. yicdds hydrocyanic acid when steeped in cold water, an : and it- hardiness and ahility to thrive umh'r varied climatic conditions and in dilferent soils, its raiml growth. and the value of the timher it [iroduces. commend it to the attention of the planters of forests.' ' I'riH'ti'r, .!/». J't'ir. I'iNirw. iv. 1!I7. — I'll'ol. Am. J^.ur. I'li'iriii. XX iv. T.'iO. J II. S. liart ("..//. cil. ;), 11. pt. .i .-.1, — <;rinilli, .t/../. /.'"/. 28S. — Cars, 1/../. /;..r i. II. t, :i.'). — llciilli'v, I'h'irm. ,/."»-. v. 1)7. _(;„jU.v, J„ur. I'liiinii. il Cliim. sv. 10. — (luilMiurt, Hisl. Drnii. cm!. 7. iii. M17. — Klik-kij^tT ,V llnn1)iiry, V>iai'inn'-"f/r'ii'lii'i, 'J'.'l.— r. .S'. /%«N». I'll. 11, 7111 — .V.lf, l),.y:,us. cil. L', 1177. — li.'hlli'y iV 'riiiiKMi, Mill. I'l. ii. il", t, '.17. — l.iiiiriMic .Inhnscm, M„i,. M..I. Il<'l. -V. .1. K!.-,, f. 1;JL', — XIaisi'li, 0;;/'/mV.l/.i(. .l/.'/.fil. ■I. ISl. •' llamclin, /.'.'■. //.»■' ISSl, 111. ♦ " It iiatiualh- ycilds nmlln'in-trces, iherry-tri'cs, viiie.s nliiiun- ilam*e ; gocslicrvt's, strawln-ryt's, Imrtlcln'rycs, retipcsscs." (.1 /,'- Inli/'m nf Ihi' ilinrinrri/ i>f our rift r f'nuu Jaiinx Fnrte intn lln Mitiin ; mit'li- l'*t Ca/it. Chmt'>it'it r Ni't'p'irt, iihtl stircnhf written >vt.r Cfnnlilfii of III! sriim. Kiigli.sli I'd. Henry C. Miirpliy, l-"..) " IIV;./ r/i.rrv, tlicy jTiiw in t'liisliTs liki' (ii-apcs, uf tlii> sniiif liiKiU'ss, lilackisli ri'd wlii'ii ripe, anil vi a liar^li taste." (.losselyn. Xftr ICnqhliiil'ii fiiiriliif, 111.) '■ Livirni C'-rn.-oi^, ain 'nnnt^ Virijititoun, tlie Virginian Hay ur Cherry Hny, Tm, I., f. tl. Crrfl.-ii., rwi>ti'>.-tit,j'"iiis AiwjtJ'l'llinis, AiU'rifthu, I'liilitiiet. /Vc/f. t. l.'S, f. I ; Aim. r,o!.i}r,. Cirnnus sittrnttri.^^ friirtu lii'/ru-fintf- iti rnrniii.t Inntfis /» f/'in., I'fift'"- liirrit iimtiir r'"m/(.i(w, Clayton, /'/. Viriiiii. 51. — lioyen, /■7, i. //>/ /V.«/r. ."37. — Huhaniel, Troit.'ihs Arhnx, i. 1 IS. " .Sargent, /i'y. .S'. r. lionr^l .l;/nV. .V(i.«. x.sv. 'JlW. — NaniUn. .!/•.".- tiel df rAcrliiii'tt'iir. lOS. i\u I t .j£«ui_ /^^--yx 1 ■ 'l EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Pl.ATK CLIX. PhI'M-.S SEUOTINA. t. A HowiTiin; branch, natural »hv. L'. Vertical section of a Howcr. enlargoil. 3. A friiitin); l:rancli, natural si/c. 4. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. .">. Cross section of a fruit, enlargeil. 6. A stone, enlarj^ed. 7. Portion of a leafy branch showing stipules, natural size. 8. A winter branchlet. natural size. w & -O-- ^ -/ r" 1 i 1 ii i li KXriANATH N i)F niK I'l.ATK l':.Ari-- CTIV. I'ju'nc* ??B(»mA I. \ iWi-riilg lnani'h. mitwril »!/•■ ,'. Vi'HiPiiI sectiiin of A (I'lWpr. culargnl .'.<. A liuit.iij,' l>ian!-li, mtiural aiie. I. Veiti.'iil «•< liuu (if a fruit, eiilar-^'i'il. r, (Viiwr of !i fruit. ''iilarf;!''!- (5. A ttoiir. I'liiifij' " 7. I'uiii>m ut u U:at\ t>riu»'li ^huAniig iitipule>. nntural nizc. S" \ «ii.ict linm'lil.'i. naturij ii/c. ;^ p !'JU;KUS ^r,RpT;NA < ■% W ! H i 4 1. KOSAfKJ eyliiuli Pruims IIDW, I'cls,,. Nutt:i S:/s>. .■i.|(i.- /■v. i; .* 1 . — .1/-'. Padu3 ( Padus C Prunus- PruuuB iiiclu'.s liiiiailly l\ ai wliiili i niiR'niii tlll'V \\x uppiT ! Iiair iiK l)i'oa(l ( (let'iduii than tl bracts ; have a and ri'l hi'ons I till' a.M is iilllnl and a I niai'L;in cdtylfd /• KOSAfK-E. ,s7/.I'J OF ynUTJI AMEIUCA. 49 PRUNUS OAROLINIANA. Wild Orange. Mock Orange. C.VLYX-l.onF.s rounded at the ajicx, with uiuUiiiite margins. Stone broadly ovate, eylindrieal. Leaves ohlong-lanceolate, entire or rarely remotely spinulose-serrate. Pruiuis Caroliniana. Aitmi, Hurt. Keir. ii. W,i. — WilMe- Primus Lusitanioa. var. serrntilolia. Castiglioni. f'!";/- iiDW. Sjirr. Ii. |it. ii. >.I,S7. — I'uil'ct, Lmn. Dirt. v. (ill". — unit! Stntl I'liili. ii. I!KI. I'l rsddii, .s''//<. ii. •11. — Dc.sl'iiiitiiiiies. //(V. .Irf. ii. '.'•!:•. — Cerasus Caroliniana, Mioli:in\. I-l. /In,:-.lm. i. -S,"). — Nuttall. (irii. i. :'iOL'. — Sprentjel, X".' /Cnfi!. i. :!0t; Dii llimt ile Courset, /^•^ '»/'. id. L'. v. .")ai.'. — .V.. ///•/•,),/ Si/.it. ii. I7.S. — Ilayno. /iri„/r. Ft. 71. — Klliutt, .S7.-. i. /»i/iiniiil, v. .5. — Jlifliiiiix. Hi'.i/. Aiii. Am. iii. l."i('.. ,-,.1(1, _ .\ii(liilioii, Hinls, t, l,"i'.t, lllO, — Sc'lili'flitfiidal, t. 7, — l)e Caiiilolle, /'<•...//•, ii, .■.lo, — Mow. Gen. Si/st. IJinni.i. xiii, H'.l. — Diitrii'li, Sijn. iii. |:i. — Cliapinan. ii. ."iH). — Spai'li. ///, — I.oiuIdii, . I /•'». />'/■''', /■v. I'jii, C'\irli<, li'i'. '/."A/./. Siii-f. .V. r,/,-, ISlUi, iii, ii. 7'.'il. f, I'.'J, — TcnTi'v it Clray. /-V, .V, .Iw. i, tU. ,-,7, Km'li, Ihiiiir. i. r.'l. — Sar->'iit, /'"/v ■■;/ TmsS. Prunus sempervirens, WiUileiMjw, A'»"//i, Suppl. ■'!.'), .1;//. lo^A (',i,.-iii.< r. .s'. is, i'>'.i. ? Bumelia serrata. I'lii-li. /•'/, .in,, .s'./,', I, Lw, — Hin'mer Padus Caroliniana, MilU-r, />!<■>. o,l, S, N„. il. .>c Si-luiltu-, .s>C. iv. I'.IS. Padus Carolina. Dii Uni, //.//•'./■, Ilnmr.. ii. I'.IS. ? Acliras serrata. I'dirot, /,■"«, /'/.■'', Suppl, v, ,')0, Prunus-Lauro-Cerasus serratifolia. Maisliall, .Irbi'sf. Claimanthus amysdalina, liafmc-siiiii', Fl. Lmlu,-;,: L'C.. (,„, 1 ] I, Laurooerasus Caroliniana, liuuimr, /•'<;/«. .V'/. .S'v/(, iii. Pruuua Lusitanioa. Walti-r. /■''. (nr. llli (nut I.liiiiaMi-) '.'0, ,\ tr.'f. tliirty to forty J'l'i't in lifiijht, with a straight or iiiclinin'^' trunk -omt'tinu-s tin or twelve inelies in diametev. and small horizontal liianeiies foniiiii'^ a r.itJK'r narrow ohlon;;- oi voinetinies a liroadlv spreadinji' head. The liarlc of the trunk is an eiL^lith of an ineii tiiiek. and snnMitli or .sliolitly ronuiieued by narrow loniiitndinal ridi;vs, and is -jray, with lari>o irregular dark liloteiie^. The liranihes are "labrous and marked hy oeeasional i)ale lentieels, slio'htly ani;ied. at tirst lyht <;-r(en. then lirii;lit red. and in their seeond season Ijolit brown or "ivay. The buds are .icnniinate. an eighth of an inih lon<>\ and covered with narrow-pointed dark ehestnut-brown seales rounded on the liaik. The leaves, whieh are pn'sistent on the luaiuhes luitil their seeond year, are ol)hini;--hun('olate. aeuniinate and auR'ninate. with entire thiekened slightly revohite niarj^ins, ( are rarely remotely sfiinnlose-sorrate ; thev are !;ialiious. eoriaeeons. and ohseurely veined, with narrow [lale niidiihs deeply grooved on the npiier side, dark ^reen and lustrous on the upper, and paler on the lower surface, two to four and a half inches lonn', ami three (juarters of an ineli to an inch and a half broad, and are home on stout broad oran//, IM OF yollTII AMi:ilICA. Hi isACr.-K. Vw^v Fear Iiivcr tii tlu' sIkucs hI' Bay HiscMync anil the valley of tin- Kissimmct' Ivivcr in Florida, and thi(iu!;li Minllu'iM Alaliania. MisMmii. and Louisiana to the valloy of the (iiiadalonpi' IJivcr in Texas. It •i'l'ow.s in dee|i riiii luniiid l)ottoMi-land>. reacliini;' its [greatest size in tlie valle\s of eastern 'JVxas. where it often forms nearly ini]ienetralple tliiekets of eonsiderahle size; in the eastein (Inlf and Atlantic states it is nowhere ( (Minnon and is eonlined to the islands and the innnediate neinhliorliood td' the sea. rarely jienetratiny' inl.nnl more than lifteen or twenty miles. The wood of I'l-nmis C'liroliiiinii'i is heavy, liard, stront;', an. i. .MO. - Liff't.ftriim Ln'in/olii),f'ructu rmlftrn). i. Ill, t. (U. I'tiiltis /nUis Id'u-tuialL-' arit!> iltiiltcuiali.-i .•ran|;i' ; the t'l-iiit of this sttH>|)ril in hrandy makes n tino tlavuiiriMl ratatie." (St, rk. .1/1 Amnmt 11/ Eosl Flm-i:lii, Htirlriiin's .InnrMih !', niiti'.) •' I'ori'her, titsiinrt'f\^ 'If' Sit'iflitni Fithls iiitit i-'oro/.*, 171. — Naii- ' " There is un evergreen sort of this Ilird or Cluster-cherry din, Miniiul de I'Acclimuliur, 1U7. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE 8. 9. 10. PLAII: CLX. PUIXIS C.MiOI.IM.VN.V. A flciweriiif; and fruiting liraiicli. natural si/.e. A Hower, enlarged. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. Cross sei'tion of a fruit, natural size. " An einljryo, enlarged. Vertical section of a portion of the emliryo. showiiij; the radicle, enlarged A stone, enlarged. The inflorescence hefore anthesis, showing the bracts, natural size. A (.pimdose-toothed leaf, natural si/,e. i*. ^Acr..i;. !| t >7/j'-i '>/■ ytiiri'ii \.Mi:i:ii' i;n->.\rF..r.. i :! • 1 ', • Kr.ii ID till? «! "fi'f III li.tv Bii"Tiviic anil till' viiUev oillic Ki-simiiice l»iv(r 111 Fliiriil. I, 111(1 . i.iD'^h mhuIkii' Al.il'iUiii». Mi-.Miii!i til. I !.Hiiisi,iiiit tu tlic viilloy of tlii; <- Itivrt in Texas. It _i .^\- 11 <1h'|i nch liliiiii'l l'< !! M-.i-Liii-ls. iisii'liiiis; its ijrwiti'sl m/u in tlic valley- nC ea-.teiii Texa-, vvlieie r "tun loi'u.N iieail_\ iii>|M in't'"!!'!*- itei-iveis of eonsidi'ialilo size; in the eastern (iiilf ami AiLmtie .--tate-" ik \* nowlun e4iiuir,"ii ai;(i is r.inlineil to the islands aiul ilio irinn'iliate neii;lil>orluio'l ol tlie -.ea. nii'elv ji- iittra{iii>;' inl.iii ; v." t> than fiftc'ti or twenty miles. The "iio'l "' !'■ '■!>< < ''ir'^lrciii'i'i is lii-;iv\. hard. >ii(m;^. and elose-jjrallied . it i>. li;rlit ie(!-hi<>\ni 01' »oiiieliiiie-,u. 11 dark ijiiiM 11, with tlmi^ lii>iit.'r rohirtil sa)i\\oiHl. a satiny siulaee rfiisoe|)lil)le (it leeciv- iii'4' a l>f'.iiit;!i,» j«,tli-ti, and iii.inv tiiiu inedidl ii-y rays. The s|iecille j;ia\ity ol thi' ahsolntelv dr\ wood i, It.SriS'S. 1 iuliiv loot weii-hii'^' "'(.I \ JMMiiids. • Ciii'iiliitiiiii'i fdiitains h\di(i( yanic uiid in eonsideralile .jiiartiiies. and the partialh with- eiiii i-i.i.- and yoiiii^'- hraiiches have ju'ovi d fatal to animals Inowsiuj; iijion them.' /''V'/j,'/.v (.III (,l\,i:iH(i was lirst d^'serihed hy .Mark f'lteshv in his .Xtihiroi //islnni uf f 'fii''>'ii"i.' jmhh-iietl ill 1731, and was first enltiviited in Kiirojie in the I'hy^ie darden at Ciielsea hv I'hiliji .Miller. ■"ho reeeived it from Cntt-shy in ^T.")'.'.' The l>ea:ir\ d' tiie foliage' ol 'he Moelj Onin^i . it' early ui^d .thniiilant iluwers. and the rapidity if 11' •"•lowih. make it a favorite •^rud 'ii )■!.' it in the southern staie>, when it has heeii n--CMi from eiiily times to dei oratt tlie (itijrhliorlio').l of dwelUniii, and 'o I'orni hed;.,'es. ior whieli j!iir|)ose it is well .idajited liy its ii;;i(l leave- ami its jm, .i of withstandu.:: tie. ''ifei'ts of .uiniial iniiuings. ■ Kliion. S'i- i. .'itu will' h j;i»'*-» ii>.=:il Jo e«-i hii^ti tti .S. Ciirnhim, iiiiil l'r<»Mi (lit - /.if/(i.ri"ii'i /.Mc.y h'<( , A''i«"Mi ■'('»('^'"^ J- iii» '. *U. tf;:uly (»f iU »'V'ir;fr-'Mi shriiriis It iivt*' 1^ catlfri tlie AKx^li-«imnjjt' ; / li'i'a f'''it* h; .. <■■ .'.lit' '.- '!'■ t;r:,'.H!ii'lr* tf'wi..*-. viivittitms^ MiUi-r, I hi- fniil of luL* ^u-vi'*-!! in I'ruiiilv iii;iiv''» a liiii- Mavuurvil riitullf " Y/k-f I'll. 7, Ni» t» t.Sturk. Ill .l«vv.-j',; ,.//,'.»«; >V.ir»'ti. /.'u'l'-fim'.* 7."iri''<'. t), mitf.) ^ iViliMi. //"■.' Ar"- ii. Ilia •'■ i^ii-i=^ivr. ii'.M'ur,:t/i '^f' Smttfirrii Fii-UU artd Fort}!i'ii, ITl. — N'uii- * *■ TiiiTt- i« au ivcfjjrt-.ii -^irt of tbii ttifci or Cln^^tfi^iitjrry iliii, .!/■''. .^r./r /'.tt'c/ij/iiii^t/i, 107 i:xri,.vN'.\Ti'iN 111- iTiK ri..\rK h 1". Vwre <"I.X i'lii vt « tAi..it,iM.vSA, .i, '(.nvtrmj; (i:.I r.:'Mti.ij; liriiarli. niiliiral size A 11 "•r. ,?I'U>V!' I V»-rts";.i <.retimi i>t (« d.v.vtJ ciil.iri;i!it. Vertiiai ..I'fiiiiii III u sruii, iiiiluml si/.e Cnmi nei^i.ia of a fniii, iiulural »ii'.f. * All fralirj... cuiiirt'f't- Vptii-'al -.vrtiim ol a eiiitiiii uf tliu embryo, showing tlie lailiele. enlnrcvil. A stoiie. ciili»rg7Z,iM or xmrrn .\mi:i:iia. PRUNUS SPH^ROCARPA. 81 ('aiax-i.oiu'.s iK'Ute, with laciniuto lUMrgins. Stoac jilobosc. Loaves clliijtical to oI)lon"'-o\atc', entire. Prunua sphierocarpa. SH-artz, rrmlr. SI ; I'l. I ml. Ore. ii. '.(-7. — WilliluiKiw. Sjii r. ii. |it. ii. Its". — I'oii'i't, Luin. Ilii't, V. tiCiCi. — IVr-cKin, S^ii. ii. .'It. — I,un:iii, ll'n-t. Jinn. ii. '.'7(1. — Dun, (Ifii. Si/st. ii. ."illl. — Dictiicli, Si/ii. iii. i;!. — Spreiifjt'l, .Si/xt. ii, 17^; iv. jit. ii. 4Ui). ^ ISclilct'Iitoiuliil. Lin nil II, xiii. S7. — Walpci's, lieji. ii. 10. — Giisebaeli. Ft. llr'il. \V. Iml. L'.il, — Ilooktr f. Mm-t'iiia ft. lu-iiKil. xiv. ]it. ii. .">.">, t. !'.». — Sauv.ille, Fl. Cn/i. •>fi. — Cliapjiian, /■'/. I'd. 'J, Suppl. (i'JO. — Sargent, Fvrat Treen .V. .Im. Mth Ceihsii.i I'. S. ix, 70, Cerasua sphserocarpa, Loiscleur, Xonvemi Vnlfiuul. v. 4. — Do CaiiduUe, I'rwh: ii, 540, ^ C'Imniissu A; .Selilt'clit- ciiilal, Li'iiiiiiii, ii. r)42. — Loiuloii. .Irli. lint. ii. 721 lint. Mti-j. t. ;UU. — Spaoli, Ifilt. [V;/, i. 421. Primus Brasiliensis, Miinkl. .V"/«. Ilnf. Ceraaus Brasiliensis, C'hainisso iV Sehliclitenilal, Linnua, ii. .■.10, Cerasus reflexa, Gardiiur, LmiJ. .f,,,!,: lint, ii, 342. Laurocerasus sphferocarpa. KofimT, Fum. Stit. Si/n. iii. S9. Laurocerasus spheerocarpa. /i. Brasiliensis. Koeniur, F'lin. A'/^ .^7/". '*'• '^'*- Pruaus pleuradenia, Ciisebaoli. Fl. Ilrif. W. Iml. 231. A small filalirous tree, in Florida raivly ('xcci'iliiii;' twi'Uty-five to thirty tVi't in lu'i<;iit. with a trunk live or six nicht'.s in diaincter covereil with thin smooth or slightly ri'ticulatc-tissnrcd li^lit hrown hark tinj^ed with red, and sk'ndfi' upiinht Ijninchus and hranchlcts. Tlu'sc. wluii tlicy lirst a|)[iL'ar. art' orannt'-hrown hut hcioiuc ashy i;iay or li;;lit hrown tinned witli riMl, ami aic covcrfd with small cirt'iilar (lale k-nticfls. The leaves are elliptieal to ohloni;-ovate. n'ladiiajiy or ahrnjitly eontiacted into liroad ohtii.se points or less eommonly rounded or rarely emarninate at the apex. \vedi;e->lia|ieil at the hase, entire, with slightly thiekenecl unduhite m;u'j;ins. ei;iandular, olisiurely veined, witii narrow miile stone which is ohsciuvly ridded on the ventral edi;'e. The seed is [loiiited at the a])ex, with a thin dark crani^e-colored testa and thick cotyledons inclosini;' ('.SACE.f:. oil low groiiiul near the Ijorders of small streams ami jkhuIs. It is not rare in the West Indies, and is widely distu.inted throujjh Urazil. The '.vood of I'niiiiis xji/ki ro'drjid is heavy, hard, and c'lose-j "lO.lW pounds. The fruit is used in the West Indies in the preparation if a cordial.' J'ndiiis sjilatrmiirjiit was liist f'uui' in Florida in 1877 hy Dr. A. P. Garber.- /;,i(. M,i,j. t. 3111. — RosciitliH, .S.'/n. PI Puiphor. 070, ^ See i. Co. v:vl'LAXAriON OK TlIK PLATK. I'i..vTi: CI. XI. I'm-Ms si'iLKUM. .mha. 1. A lluweviiii; lirani'li, luiUiral siie. '.'. Vfi'tk-!il secliuii iif n lluwcr juat uxiandi'd, enlari;eil. ".. A fniitiiii,' Iji'ancli, iiatiir '.! iii/.e. 4. Veitiial sediun ni a fiuit, eiilargcJ. ."i. A sei'il. i'hlari,'i'il. G. I'art iif a V"iiiii,' Ifafy sIidoI allowing -tiiiuliv. natural she. X Y -W / . oN'^' ^' ,X o -J ; t I , i 11 H' >•/; . SOHTH AMF.IiliA ii..s.v.K.«:, ■ {rrtMiivl n i.iU tttriaiiis iintl puiulH. li is not ntio in tht,' Went Iiiilii»H, iitnl i» ^'\vi\ fii iliictH, mid U lij^ht cltNir r»'(l. with thick \m\i> «i|iw(iihI. Tin- sjttM'ilic j^ravity of llje ah*' • vviwil i» O.HiK'tiS, a culiu' loot "vciijhiiijj "jli.OS jnKiiiiis. The Iniit it usid in fljc \\ i'*t III' '•■ iitfjiaratiim of a oiiriliiil.' r , ii'inii ii-jiii «.is lir^t fouiiil ill Floiiila in 1877 l»y I'r. A. 1'. (iurhor.' .Wi., t MW - U.'wutlial. >:, . /'/ l>»ijiSi:rk. I . A HowiriiiK hniiu'b, imtarnl ai/.n. - Wrtlf*! iBtt'^ni iif a llowoi' jiwt (.'X|jiti.'iiu Miir„-i' I "'. A frtiitiiii; liriuii'li, iiaturul ru«». j. Vrrtii'uS tie>".i>iii >if u fruit. ciJa)ut' nosACC/E aiLi'A OF xnirni amkuka. PRUNUS ILICIFOLIA Islay. :,:\ C.vi.vx-i.oiti'.s iiciiti', entire'. Stone oMitc, slij^litly coniprtHM'd. laniToliitr-aenniinati', coiirx'ly -|)ino»ily toothed or rarely entire. Lea\('x nvati' to PrunuH ilicifolitt, Wal|ii'r», /.'./■. ii. In. — Hiitrich. Sijn. hi. I.'t. — Torivy, lint. Mix. Il<>,i„'l. Sn,;: r.;i ; Ihl. \S':il;e» Exiil"i: AV/'"/. '.'•"*.">. — Micwcr iV \ViiI.h.)|i. lUt. Cnl. i. 1(W ; ii. I m. — SaiKi'llt, F"n.il 7W.:i .V. Am. \Wli CriiMiiM t'..S, ix. "o. — < irt' I'lif. /'7. t't'inifix. .*»<►. Ceraaus ilicifolia. .Nuiiall : llonliiT \ Aiiintt. /;■./. C"/. It>,,hrii. ;i |( I, t. 8:1. — TniiTy \ ( iray. fl. .V. ,| /». i. 411 . — Nuttiill. Sijh-'u ii. I"'. I. 17. — 'rorri'V. Emnrji'ii /If/: i;i'.l: /'./iiV'V /.'. Jl. lirj,. iv. N.'i. — Wal]iiT«, Am,, iv. ().'4 Ki'll(i>;i.'. /'/■-.■. fill. Aiii'l. ii. L".'. — Il.ilnmli'r. /'/•..-•, Vil. A /. iii. :■.!; iv. "JL'. — ri,'- ilii,;lrn. lij. 1;il. f. LnurocernMUs ilicifolia. Il.iciiii'i-. Enn. .V.''. .S/i. iii. !i2. A nl.iliniii^ trie, twenty tn tliiily IVcl in lici'^lit. will) ;i >liijrt tiiuili imii l\ att.iiiriii'.; m iliiiiictiT of two feet or li-ihi;' to w '^\k:\\vv lii'inlit tli;ili trii 01 twelve tict. Mini ^tcuit s|ili',iiliin; lii.iliclii^ loiiiiiiin a ili'iiM' ('(ini|iM('t licnl : ii>iimIIv niuili mmmIIim'. mihI olti'ij m -.IiiiiIi with stl'lM^ ^(lllll'tiMll'> i>nl\ a luni cir two in Icii^'tli. The li:irlv ol' tlif tiiink. wliirli varies irom out' tliini to one lialt of an iinli in tliielvUHHs, is tlark feil-lnown. its sinfaee iliviiled liy ale at liist yellow-^ret'ii or ()i'an;j;e-e(iloieil Init soon lieconn' "lay of ieil(|i>li In-own. ami are nmre or le>s eon- s|iieiionsly niarkecl h\ niinnte jpali' lentieejs. anil, in tin ir ^econil or tliinl year. Ii\ the hni;f le,if->eais li'ft hy the fallin;; of the leaves. The liUiU are aeinninate. witii narrow ilarl; red >eale> eonlraeti'il into Ion;;' blender iioints, thoM' of the inner ranks heinij aeirexent and |ier>i^tent on the youni; .shoot-, until theM' have ohtaini'il a length of several inehes. The leavis are o\ate to o\ate-laneeolate. acute, rounded ,ely tootiied. the .stout teeth near tiie lia>e id' the le.if often ti|>iieil with larn'e dark tjlands : they are thick and coriaceous, dark i^reen and lustrous 011 the upiier, and paler and yciloH-;freeii on the lower sU'face. an inidi to twn and a half inche- lonn. ami an inch to an incii and a iiaU liroad, with slemler \eilow uiiilrihs i;'rooveil on the up]>cr side; lliev are home on liroad channeleil [letioles fnuu one eii;hth to one half of an inch in Icunlh. and fail duriii;;' their sec(Uid suuuiu'r. The stipules are acuminate, ohscurely denticulate, a ipiarter of an inch Iom'^. and earlv deciduous. 'J'he llowfrs, which are proiluced in slender racemes an inch ami a half to three inches in len<:;th, on short slemler pedicels de\eloped from the axils of aeiiniinate scarious liracts a <|Uarter of an ill! li in lenifth ami nuistly deciduous before the openini;' of the tlowel-huds. are ii thiid of an inch across and appear from March to May. The ealy.x-tuhi' is cup-shaped ami oraULic-hrown. with minute acuminate deciducuis lohcs reilexed at matuiity and ahout (Uie third as lonn' as the ohovate white petals whii h are rounded aliove and narrowed helow into short claws. The stamens are sliohtly exserti'd, with slemler incurved lilauu'Uts \vhiiiit';ici'. Tilt' x'i'il ciMt is llii.i .iiid ]i;i|)i'iv, lij;lit liriiwii. Miiil coiisjiii'iKiiisly iiuirkiMl witli liroail ilarkcr i(ili)it(l veins ; tlu' ciitvlcddiis aie ((raiii;t-liii)wii and in^•lll^^' tlic slioit ladiclc. A torni. I'riiiiiis i/irii'dl'm, var. l/iti ijrijn/i".' vvnumm on ■.nini' of tlic i>lands nil' tin- cnast oF Cali- tiiiiii.i and not raic nn tin- laainliind. lias entire or ini-a^idiially spiiKise-serrate ovate-aeuminate iir laneecilate-aiiiiiiiiiate, or soiiietiiues liroadly ovate and alpiuptly aeute leaves, aiiiciilate at the apex, \ve(l;;('- sliaiied. idiindeil, or tniiieate at the liase, two to three inches loii^'. and Ironi hall' an inch to two and a hair inclie-. Innad.and [iinduces rather lar<;er fruit than the more eoinnion form with spinosely toothed h'aves. /'ri'iiiis i/icif(i/lii is (listriluited from the shores of the Hay of San Franeisco soutliward tliroiiirh the I (last raiiijes to the San Julio canon in I-ower California,- and it occurs on the western slopes and foolliills of the San Ijernardino, and on Santa Cruz ami Santa l!osa Islands. It <;-rows as a low sliruh on dry hillsides and mesas, or as a tree near streams in the liottoiiis of canons in moist sandy soil, reacliinn' its j;reatest size in tho>e of the Santa Inez Mountains near Santa Harhara, on the islands, and in Lower California. The wood of J'n/niis i/ifi/'n/lu is heavy, hard, stronj;', and elose-ijrained, with a satiny surface susceptilile of receivinjjf a lieaiitifiil polish. It contains numerous medullary rays and many regularly ilistriiiuteil small open duets, and is liu'lit red-hrown, with thin lii;hter colored sapwood c(uiiiiosed of ei<;ht or ten layers of annual i^rowth. The specific n'lavity of the ahsolntely dry wood is O.'.ISOI}, a cuhie foot weiii'liiiii;- (il.dlt pounds,' It is sometimes used for fuel, and iiiinht lie employeil in cahinet-makinjf. I'riiiins 'il'ir'ifiilhi ajipears to have heen lirst noticed liv David I)oni;ias ' who discovered it on the mountain-- near Monterey ; it was next found liy Thomas Nnttall,' whose description is the earliest that was puMished. It was introduced into Knro|ie many years a^d. and is now occasionally seen in the Hardens of southern EiU'ope,'' where it llowers and proiluces fruit ahundantly, and in California is some- times cultivated as an ornamental plant and for hedges. ' Few of the hrciad-leavcd cverHiceus of North America are more iieautifnl than the Islay," or are lietter >uited to adorn a garden in those parts of the world where the climate permits it to display all the lieautii's of its aiinndant lustrous folia'^e. its n1io\vv racemes tif llowers, and its handsome fruit. Its rapid i;'inwth «hcu planted in i^mid >(iil.' the vi'^-or which eiiahles it to withstand the ell'ects of annual cuttiiit^', and it> spiiiesceiit ri^id tolia;^e, make it a useful and interestini;- hedj;-e jilant.'" ' I'rwiiii tlictflud^ v.ir. i;o in a tm'-litii> fiTiu uitli trinik.s nnTi- tli.iii .i tout in ilianiftiT (/. c. ii. I'Jl 'J'L l','ij,i Cnl.'). ^ Tin- al'xtltiti'ly ilry witutl (if a liij.j (if tlic entire I-'avcd tnrni in tlie .Irsiip C'lilleetion cf North .Vnieriean Woods in the .\nieriean .Mn-einn of .Vatnnil History in New York, collceled liy Mr. T. S. Uratide*;ee on .Santa t'rn/ Ishdid, lias a sjieeitie ^.'ravity of 11.711117. a enhic foot wcioliiii^' lllSl |i.d in tlie list (if |ilants whieh perished in the garden of the Mnst'iiin d'llistoire Natiirelje in I'aris during the severe winter of ls,M-.Vi (/.'Hi. tltH'l. f. 4IIII, .\. (aa C'lriKii,"). — Nandiii. MiVihd (/( r.l(W/m«(tiir, Ho (as I'ljijnm). Niiiiiliii. i . '\ A '. -M KXl'LANATIdX dK TIIK I'LATKS. r[..Mi: CI. XII. I'HINIS II.Ii IFCI.H. 1. .V ilowt'i'iiiLC l»raiu*h, iiatuiul >i/o, '.'. ViTiiiNil si'.'liun ,if :i llowri' jvi^t rNiiamleil, I'lilaryeil. ;'». A t'niitinj; I'laiuli, natural >i/.L'. t. Vertii'al swtiuii uf a fniit. iiatma! i>ize. •'». A ^toik'. natural --i/t'. '1. An iinltrv". natural ^i/v. I'l.vti: t'l.XIII. ruiNi-i nil uoi.iA. i-'n: ixti:i.hii'iili.v. 1. X liowi'rin:; hrnnrli. luttural si> Vi'rtlcal -I'diiin of a tti wrr. cnlarj^ larL'i'il. ^!. .V fuiilin;; liraui'li. n.ilural >l/i'. I. Vurtioal st'cliun of a fruit, luttural >i/.e. •") ami I). Liavt's, slmwinL' varialinu. \f D : i I 'i J ii I I I.XrLANATi'ON OF T!1K n.AJKS !"i.-. .1: ( I.Xn. I'm M - If,. in-f.A. 1 A liiiu'Tju.; 't intli, natuiii! -i/e ■J, Viiticai ■.i-,li.)i. .,1 ;i liuHir in.i (>\|.iii„KJ. r!iiurt,»«l ii. A I'niiTnii; liiicii'li, iLiiiil'iii •.!•! 1- Wrtii'jil uH'ti";-'! Itrll'Llv. r,:i: IM-BiKIFOLl.i. 1,. iV 1! i\,riui^ lirAurh. iwuiiiil - .' A itulMifi l>miri!!, nut;ir.vl 'i'l'. 1 \ :,i:'.I ■■cii '!) fif a fi-iii. »at".rn! -i/t. '1 11 ■,;' : .• 1 1 ■■ -h"-.ri.i;; »jiiia(ioii. I A M mt w PRIINUS Il.iriFni.lA A .1. / .■/,'. .■'*^/ .t,'f>:! li 'i: i 1 ^... ^ * \ i ■i ir I 'i. .■\;.,> ; . PHUNUS ;;,.C;:m3:.;A .:: INTKGRiFOLlA - ! I * '1 ^ i i : noHAci iiiibii ()\ uU Vnuqv 1. 1 ( Aiizc cori/i Chill I ill ill Lowi Nic'o llunil Si/n- 1 Maxir lleui^ (.liiiiil, /'/. JC'/nin. 1. 1 Id. — .M.i»mT. din. 1(1.1. — KiidlicluT, dfii. I'-'lIt. — H.Mitliiiiii i\c ll.iDkcT, '»i/(. i. (>l"i. — Ilallloii, /llxf. /'/. i, ■WJ. Sinali tri'cs or KJirahs, witii Hlfiidcr tcri'ti' liraiielics ami scaly liark. Lcavt's alternate or rarely ()|)|i(isitc, lanci'olati', scrratf, lon<^-|iL'tit)latc', rt'ticulate-vcint'd, eoriaeeous, persistent; stipules minute deciduous. Flowers white, in compound terminal corymlts, tiie lower brandies of the intlorescence from the axils of leaves, the upper from those of minute deciduous liracts. Pedicels sleniler, Iiiliracteo- late. Calyx shortly turliinate, coriaceous, persistent, tive-lohcd, the lohes ovate, olituse or acute, erect. Oi.sU coiaiate tu and lining the tulie of the calyx, glandular. Petals five, inserted in the iiioiitii of the calyx, orhicular or ohlonj^, reflexed at maturity, persistent. Stamens fifteen to twenty-live, inserted on the margin of the disk in three or four proximate rows, e(iual or suhcipial, tho.se of the outer row para- petalous, those of the next alternate with them and with those of the other rows; filaments suliulate, those of the outer row rather thicker at the l)a.se than the others, exserted, persistent ; anthers attached on the hack near the middle, versatile, cxtror.se, two-ccUcd, the cells opening lonj;itudinally. Carpels live, ojijiosite the .sepals, inserted on the thickened hase of the calyx-tuhe, united helow into a tive-ccUed ovoid ovary coated with tomentum and crowned liy tive slant spreadiuj; styles with dilated capitate stif^mas ; ovules two in each cell, suhhasilar, asccndinj.;, lollatcral, anatropous, two-clilt & Hniiplaiul, /'/. .E'piin. i. 110, t. Ill- — ubtaiiieil tlii' imsition of inspector of iiiiiu'.s luul profrssorsliips in Ilunibolilt, ISoii|>l:inil \' Kunlli, Sur. (iin. tt S/xc vi. 'SM. — Kuntli, rKeoIo ili's .Mini's, in I'fioolf I'olyti'thniiiiu', iinii in tlu' eiilli'i;c> ilo A'vii./V. .;;.;u/N. i.i. »7!). — Ikillon, //i.<(, /V. i. 3!W, f. l.VJ-l,-.,-.. — Maxiiiiowioz, .1(7. Jlort. Prtrop. vi. *JIU» (Ailti'it. Sfiirtr'trtii, \:V1). — Heinsley, lii't. liu'l. Am. (.Vn(. i. 370. — I'ringle, tjiirj. iiiinowly l;iii(i(»lati', (- liiiwci- \ WiitMiii. It'll, ('ill. i. ItiO. — Muxiiiiiiwic/. .!'■'. Bpim-a Ciilifornica. Tcirrey. KmnnjA lii'/i. ItH. Il"i-i. I'ltriiji. vi. '.'.'it l.l'li'oi. ,s'/,;,-,j,i,,','*, l.'i.ti, — IIciii- Vnuquuliniii corymbosa. 'rnrrcy, /tal. Mir. Ilinniil. .Snri; liy. //"'. /.'/ |ilatc-likc persistent scales. The hranches are at lirst hrii^ht reihiish lirown ami more w less thickly covered with pale tiimentnni ; and in their seciuid year are iijjlit lirown or fjray and markeil with lar;;;e elevated leaf- sears. The leaves are narrowly laneeuhite, acuminate or rarely rounded at the a|ie\. olilii|Uely wedfje- shapcd or slitfhtly rounded at the hase, and remotely serrate with minute ;;landular teeth; when tliev unfold they are |iuliernlous on the u|i|ier, and ileuselv tomeutose on tiie lower surface, anci at maturitv are coriaceous, hri;;ht yelKiw-^reeii ami j|lahrous on the u|)|ier, and touuntose, or late in the season |iuherulous, lielow ; they are from an inch and a half to three inches lon<{', anil fi'om one i|uarter to one half of an inch hniad, with thick conspicuous midrilis jKil/idii, Fiiidhrii nijiliii/ii, Ftiiiijiiiii'iii .■ in order to practice civil engineerinj;, but two years later was reap- pointed with the pr.idc of first lieutenant of topojjraphical engi- neers. Kuuiry serveii with distinetion in California aiul in the Mexican War, aiul on the conclusion of peace wu-s naini-d astronomer to the commission for establishing the boundary between the L'nited .**tatcs and Mexico, ami afterwards becanu' a member of this com- mission. He fought gallantly in the War of the Ucbcllion and ob- tained the rank of major-general of volunteers. He is the author of Sntiit n/ n Mildiirif lifronnuissniit't from Furl Ltarrnworth in Mil- .louri to Sim Difgo in Ctili/nrnia, published in Washington iu 18-18 ; of Xolfs of Trai'd in Ctiliforjua, published in New York iu 1848, and of the Report of the United Statci ami Meiinm bounJarij Commis- nion, published in Washington in 18.")7. Emorijit, a shrub t>f New Mexico and .\rizona, dedicateil to him by Torrey, comnu'morates (ieneral Kuu)ry's active and intelligent interest in increasiiig the knowledge of plants, and connects his name with the scenes of his scieutitic labors. KXPLANATION OK TFIF- I'L.XTR I'l.mi: CI.XIV. V.viijrr.i.i-viA C'.^i.ikuun'K .\. 1. A rioweriiig liraneh. natural size. 'J. Diagram of a flower .'>. A flower, eldar;;ed. ■I. Vertical section of a tlower, eularged. Ti. A stamen, enlarged, ti. \ pistil, eidargcil. 7. An ovule, much iiiagnilied. 8. A fruiting branch, natural 8i?.e. '.'. A fruit, cidarged. 111. .\ fruit, after the splitting open of the carpels, enlarged. 11. \'ertical section of a fruit, eidarged. 1-. A seeil. eidarged. 13. An embryo, magnified. i r -r A !\ • -I . i i i siri'j or XiyhTH amijuk a^ luisACKvi; . !ul (•[ (.'olruu'i W'llni!. {I [■',»;». »n,' «>u oih» of tht- mouiuaiii ranp^s ikmi the lic'-l-vatcin of f '/t ,itt*i" ^'i'-'j .mr;utiv»i ami I)t-aiitit'tii jilaiit '.vt-Il wniili .i i-hi-v in i\\\' ^uanh-n«) <.i' all Aw NVi )iam He (» l- ■ I M»MF>' ( lMtl-l!i'*7l was Iwm in Quoyn . lU; tmrnU- ^l* ti.mi, au*3t, wbcii li« Hits appitititr-d & ^ucond .•'. t. . r..(i..r( Iff ).-»ignr-,i from tht? army iii X>h\\ Vorl LetU'-mntfth f*t Mm- nmn M i^*\n Jftegoi'i ('ah/omlii, [uililisl...! hi Waslungtan in l.+M ; (if Sot&s o/ Traill u. ('dlifonuti, puliliKlx'il iti Nyw Y nrL c IM4^, iinil of tbo Hcport of' thf^ I'n'ttiil Slalrs nwl Mt-jroytu Hccifi'Uiiy C^nwiui'- jm, |iiihUshef Nftv Mcxicu ntul ArizuuH. Uffli-ikieH to hiiu by Torn';., I'oimuemuriifH timieril Ktiiory's activf tin. I iiit. ll'ijyijt inttTVit ill iiiorfiwHij^ il 'i kiiciwloilj^o ..f pbiuttt, ftn. A riuvvL'!\ piilarginl. 1. Viilicil .-oinidn oi' « Huwpr, cnlar^^wl. ;", A •Ultien, mUrgi"!- 0. A |»u«tll, tfftb4ty(^l■ -* All (iMiif, mtnh II .,'(i'li«ii. !S. A (niitini; •iran.ii. i : ' miJ si/c A tiiiii, i-nlarr \ il . Il.-V I! r.. , I N rtl ;-ri' i ... §1^^ Vi / ,',).;. . ./,•/ VALIQUF.I.INIA CAI.IFORNICA ,1 /•'(.„ '.'....• /.•..( i M ! i I I )i I 1 I uosacea;. siLVA OF xonni amhiuca. 31 CERCOCARPUS. Flowers perfect ; calyx o-lobcd, the lobes iinbriciited in a;-lilt, lionphiul & Kiiiilli, .V')c. Gen. et Sjii'i: vi. L'31.'. — Meisnur, (icii. 111."). — KiuUifher, Gev. r«'l."i. — Hentliam it Hooker, Gen. i. (118. rt. i. -KiS. • Baillon, HUt. Trees or sJiniliS: witli sculy bark, rii;;i(l terete braiielies, sliort lateral .spur-like branehlets, and bard heavy dark-colored wood. IJuds iiiimite, the stales of the inner rows acereseent on the growing' shoots, often colored. Leaves alternate, simple, entire or serrate, eoriaeeoiis, straight-veined, sbort-petiolate, l)ersistent ; stipules minute, adnate to the base of the |)etiole, deciduous. Flowers sessile or sh(Ut- pedicellate, solitary or fa^cicleil, axillary or terminal. Calyx-tube eylindrical, long and pedicellil'orm, aluuptly expanded at the apex into a cup-shaped tive-lobed deciduous limb. Disk thin, slightly glandu- lar, adnate to the tuhe of the calyx. Stamens inserted in two or three rows on the lindi of the calyx, those of the outer row para.sepalous and alternate uith those of the inner rows; iilanients incurved in the bud, free, short, terete; anthers oblong, usually pulieseent, attached on the back, introrse, twii- celled, the cells opening hnigitudinally, distinct, united by a broad connective. Ovary composed of a single carpel, inserted in the liottom and included in the tube of the calyx, acute, terete, smooth, striate or sulcat", sericeo\is ; or rarely liicarpellate ; style terminal, filiform, villose, or glabrate, crowned with a minute obtuse stigma; ovules solitary, subbasilar, ascending, anatropous ; ra[ihe dorsal, the microi>yle inferior. Akene linear-oblong, coriaceous, slightly ridged, angled, or sulcate, included in the peisistent tube of the calyx and surmounted by the long persistent plumose style, which in enlarging and lengtli- enin"'- raises the lind) of the calyx now separated near the apex of the tube by a eireumscissile line. Seeds solitary, linear-acute, erect, exalbuminous, the conspicuous hilum lateral above the obliipu' base; testa meiidiranaceous. Embryo Idling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons ovate-ohlnng. elongated, fleshy ; radicle inferior. Cercijcarpus is conlin''il to the dry interior and mountainous regions of North Anu'rica. Three species can lie distiuguisiicd. Th" type of the genus, Ci rriinirjiK.^i fitl/u ryil/oiih ■•<.^ inhabits the moun- tains of southern ^b■xieo ; the others are small shrubby trees of the central and western parts of the I'nited States and of northern Mexico. The wood of all tiie species makes valuable fuel, and is occasionally useil in the nianufacturi> of many small objects for domestic and industrial use. The generic name, from xi'j)xo,- and xapno;, refers to the pecubar long-tailed fruit. Huiiiliulill, Honplaiid & Kuiilh. .V.n vi. -JX?, t. .WD. — liiiillaii, Hist. VI. i. ;!S1. t. 4;il), 437. — IIciiLsli-y, Ihl. B,-i. .Jo'J. — Kiinlh, Si/it. I'l. .t\Nm. iii. 17."p. — Di' Ciiiulollt. I'nulr. ii. .Im. Ctiil. i. 373. — Kiigler & Traatl, I'jhin:i:tifiim. iii. 39, f. 17. CONSl'KCTUS OK THK NOIMII AMKIUCAN .SPECIES. r,pavcs narrowly linear, entire I.eave.i ciineatu-obovate, coarsely glandular-serrate abovi' the inidiUe 1. C. i.Ki>iK(n.U's. 1'. C. C.VKVIFOLU'S. ' "J I I ' |i HO^ACL^K S/IA'A OF XOliTIl AMHUK'A. o:j CERCOCARPUS LEDIFOLIUS. Mountain Mahogany. Lkaves narrowly lanceolate, entire. Cercocorpus ledifolius, Nuttall ; Toiruy iV Ciiay. Ft. X. Am. i. 4'J7; .'ii/lra, li. 28, t. 51. — Hooker, leon. iv. t. 3L'4. — Walpurs, hi/,, ii. 4C>. — Dietrich, Si/ii. iii. 119.— Wat'oii. Siii'/s A'./'. V. S:!, IJO. — rarry. Am. X'lt. ix. 201, 270; I'nir. Il,:rfiij>"rt 'rnd. i. Mil. — Urower & Watson, fio^ C'al.'u 171. — Untlinick, KVuvicr's ficy. vi. 43, 111, 3(i0. — Sargent, /■'..rr,«/ 7'/vr.« .V. .I«i. lOM C'ci- siis U. S. ix. 71. — Coulter, ilan. liw:/;;/ Mt. Bot. 80. — M. E. Jone.i, /f'/«-, ii. 211. A resinous ami slii^lulj iromatio tree, rarely attaining a height of forty feet, with a short stout trunk occasionally two and a half feet in diameter, and stout spreading usually contorted liranches forming a round compact head ; generally nuieli smaller, or td'ten a low intricately liranciied shriil). Tlie liarli of the trunk of idd individuals is an inch thick and is divided hy deep hroiid furrows, the red-lirown surface licing hroken into thin persistent plate-like scales. The hranchlcts :iie red-hrown at first and coated with i)ali' puhescence. Imt soon lieconie glahroiis and sometimes covered with a glaiu'ous hloom, and in their second season are silver gray oi' dark Iniiwn. and for many years are marked hy the conspicuous elevated leaf-scars which give a moniliform appearance to the liranchi's of slow-grown stunted individuals. The leaves, whicii remain on the hramdies until the end of their second summer, are crowded, narrowly lanceolate, acute at hoth ends, apiculate, and entire, witii tiiick revolute m.irgins; they are thick and coriaceous retieulate-\eined, with hroad thick mid-ihs deeply grooved on the upi)er side, and ohscure primary veins, leualiy puheridous when young hut at maturity glahroiis on the upper surface, and more or less coated with pale or rufous imhescenee on the lower surface, and aw resinous, half an inch to an inch in length, a thinl to two thinls of an inch in width, and are liorne on -liort hroad jjctioles. The sti|)ules are minute, nearly triangular, and cailucous. The tlowers are solitary, sessile in the axils of liie clustered leaves, two thirds of an inch long, the calyx with acute hdies covered with pale tomentum. The enlarged calyx-tulie of the fruit is almost half an inch long, nearly cyliu- drical hut rather larger ah.)ve than helow. ten-rihhed. oii>,cuii'l ,• ten-angled, slightly cleft at the apex. and coated with pale tomentum. The akene is eliestnut-hrown. pointed at the two ends, ohs, nrely angled, a ipiaiter of an incii l' i* (34 SILVA OF XdUTIl AMKUKA. KdSACK.V:. Tilt' wood of f'l rriirar/iKs /nlifn/iKs is vcrv licavy, IimiiI, mid I'losp-jjriiiiii'd. iiIt]loU}j;ll tirittli' and I'Xtrt'iiuly dillii'ult to work. It coiitMins mmu'rous thin nii'dnllaiy imvs, iind is liiii;lit clcai' ivd or ol'ti'ii riili dark lirowii, v itli tiiin yi'liow sapwooil fomposi'd ot lil'tccn or twenty layiTs ot annual j;'rmvtli, and is siisri'iitilile of .I'Cfivint;- a licaiililnl |iolisli. Tlii' sin'cilic j^ravity oF tliu alisoluti'ly dry wood is 1. 1)7151, a iiiliic foot W( if;'liiiii,'' (1(1. SS jionnds. It fiirnislus the most valnaliic fiii'l iirodnct'd in tlic rcj^ion tliat it inhaliits, and in tlii' Gri'at Hasiii is lar;.';fly iiiaiud'actnred into clia'coal used in snicltini^ silver ore. A variety of this plant, Ci rninirjuis /i ilij'is was discovered in IS.'M liy Tlioi as Nnttall' in the valley of the upper Snake liiver in western Wyiniiing. Few other trees produce iiuire valualile fuel than Ci rciicdr/iiis li f/i/'dh'iifi ; this fact, and its ahility to thrive inider the most severe climatic conditions and to clothe and [irotect exposed mountain slopes w'.iere few other trees coidd maintain themselves and where no other hard-wood tree is found, make it ( ne of the most valuable trees of the North American forests ' in spit .■ of its small size and its slow rate of growth.' ' M. !•:. Jones, Zo,, ii. 244. CVrcordr/)!!,* iutricatft.^, Watson, Proc. Am. A mil. x. 3-10. — .^^.ir- gent, FonM Trres *V. Am. Ul/A Census l'. .s'. ix. 71. CtrnH-arimn hrrvifoUun, Watson, Kmij's It, p. v. S3 (not tiray). Ctrci'ctirpit.'i Arizituicu^t, M. K. .Itint's, /^(,. , ii. 14. ^ I'arry, Pmc. Davenpnrt .iniR|TS LEDIFOLIUS. 1. A tlowerini; braneli. natural size. -. Diai^raiii nf a liiiwer. .'i. A flower, enlarged. 4. Vertieal seetion of a flower, enlarj^ed. ."i. All ovule, iiiueli inai,'iiiliei|. Ii. A fruilini; braneli, natural size. 7. A fruit ineldseil in the tube of the calyx, enlarged. 5. All akeiie diviiled transversely, enlarged. '.). Vertieal section of a fruit, enlarged. 10. An embryo, iiiueli magnified. 11. A leaf willi stipules, enlarged. he iijipt'i' y A . a 'I i I i ' ( /.'/// AMKUK A. v.'i^.vy.y.. \vx\ licavy. \\A\A, anil closi'-^raiiii'il. iiltlunijfli Urittic im 1 . ,r I. iiiij. ihm uinliillaiy rays. jiikI i> (irij.;lit i Icur rwl oi- ofluri . I 'hsii. Tluj .t|ii'tiliu gravity of the alisul'itoly "!i'\ \>ii..ii ii ],(.l7Ii1. \ ' '• |i< uiid .. Il tuiliislu'8 tile i!io-*t valiiahli' Fiu-1 |>i'<)iiii ift laip'ly liiaiiiifai'tiii'o<| imo cliaiTnal il"!-!! in s)ii»ltlii;,' nilyi i- (>ry. I, I ') rrnoii-jnin iKii/i'Un.'', var, i/iir!fitt»^,* a low muiialcly litaiii lii'if\ati'iMS, it .sumotiiat'M oovcrs dill's anil rocky nioiititain ' i«cr cli'vatiiiiH •gradually auil by iiiatiy inti'rnu'ili.itt> fonas iMsses iiuu llu' lar^jt-loavrcl ■•-.t'ciit tortii.' I ■. ..firy.H.s /iilij'n/ii/>i w.iH iliaiiivurt'i.l in ISIt !i\ Thonia.-i Nuttall ' in tin' vall"-y i>f tlit ujijier , . • It;-. tT in wi'stern Wsoniinaf. Few ollitT tret's iirmlnfc nmn- valnablf fuil tlian f '> ••ri)riir/i)ix I, ilU'olnix ; tlii.-i fai't, an^i !^": ibility 1' Thri\t* iUHl<*r tlie most s» vrn- iliniatic iiinilition«, ami to * lotin' ai.il pidttit pxposti) mount iin >.I(ijh.-s «!i»Tt' t't'w other tn-tK .oiiM niaint.iin thiMiis'-lvos anii wlnTi' no ulliei liaril-\vo"(l triii; is IVuinil, niak** it ont- of tin most vaiiialile trui's of tin,- Nortli Auiorican forusth ' in i>|)ito of lis small size aru! it.- -low rate of irro\\tli. ' M. K. Jims, /T./., II. 2+t. Uiiikal e^f.-iWUlisinu!.! of Kun^jii! fiwn Uii' .Vrnulil Atiii rtiiMu lu ( V.' '.((-/■•« m/n.ii '' J, \V7i.>ij.< r V. it. 71. it iiiny t- i'xpi-iti'! jh » i,f Ctrc'Htirp'u '"eri/.i/irj, Wakvin, A"i;;./. /i'.;>. v. M ii.ul (IruV). (umilii'i' Kiin)|..' uml t^nrthcai Africa, unil in i>onie )nir'> i liulia. ' ■' ',■■■ «(j.:u .ih!mi,-ut, XI I ,Iiiiu'«, y..,! , il U. » .\ ,<|.toiii .11 m the .K«iip {'uilm:t|.in o( N'urtli .Vii»"i i" WikiU ' rcc li .H i.ni' ImwirKl niiil vit'lii liiv'"< >,i .tiuiuitl gr-j'Vib, aui! (iisnt'. (lie bark • Sccil' i»f Cr.":'i\'i^)'M :nl\i w^ ii'fTf scut to the iimiLipitl t..v- i» ■ulv thirleru iiiiUit-j 11 iliaiuitir. KXPLAN.UT'i.S it THK I'LATK I... < I \s'. lyi •>• t«o'r> LKiiiyoLirs, • ■ '.f .liili. i:ali!ral .-iie. l^.«-•r : . tl'iHt-r, I'lilargt'ij. it'h iiirt^tlfioil, '■ . .4, . . aiicli, iialiiral size. '! .< ■■.■■•. air!ii»('il in tlir tii! o of tiii> laiyx. ttilargcd. ■* A no iliiiM.v! (r.^n-vcT'i ly, fniurgiMl V V'.n, ij •Hc'if.n .'t ji fiuil, ciibirgfil. )' All rl.'il rl. Riticll Jh.a^fiiU'wil. 1 i A icai it! . 'lulfs, eiiUrj;i"l i '-( . ' ;i I'lli i ■I rKRcofARiMis : KJii-\:i i . i UO.SAC'K.F.. .s/A iM or xoirni A.Mt:i:ic.{. 60 CERCOCARPUS PARVIFOLIUS, Mountiiiu Mahogany. Li'.AVi.s ciint'iitc-dlioMifc, coiirNcIs nl-mdiiliii'-scriMtc mIionc tlic iiiiildlc vi. III. .'t,"i9. — Hii'Hit it Wat»/. (■",'/. ItiK-luj. .i.'lT. — TiiiiTy di 'iriiy, fl. S. .tm. i. -l'.'; ; I'ifijii' It. It. Iti/i.'\\. Itil. — Itoutivr. Jiiiit. w.l.'M'.i. — WiiliHTH, //./'. ii. 4."). — 'I'orrey, t'nminit'a Jlfji. Hi) ; A' III I If I/'.* Iti/i. III'.I; .Silijrrni'mi' h'f/i. ITiMj /'arijii^ It. A". Jti/i. iv. H:!; H,it. Mix It.iiniil. .Sun: (Hi i lint. l)',7/..r h'x/i/ni: Kxjii'il. -'M7. — Dii'trieli, .S>i. iii. II'.'. — (iniy. SmUliminiiiu Vmitrili. iii. li.S ; v. ."•! ( /'/. tfrhjlit. i., ii.). — Wat.. /.■/■'.< A'./'. A liiisliv true, with Mromutii' ItMVi's ainl lirancln's, soinctinit's twenty tn thirty fi'tt in lifij-ht. witli a trunk wliidi rarely attains a <;reater ili.muter than ten inehes, and hU'nder ri^id niiri:;ht hranche.s ; or more often ii small or tall shrid) hraneliinj; t'roni a thiL'keneplv cleft at the apex, and from one half to three ipuutcrs of an inch \n\vr. Tiu! akene is more or less eonspicnonsly sulcate on the hack and is covered, like the jiersisteut tail-like stvl(! which is often four or live inches in length, with long white hairs. (', rniriir/ii's jiiirrii'dliiis is widely ami generally distrihuted on the mountain ranges of the arid portions of western North America from western Nehraska ' to the northern .slojies of the Siskiyou .Maintains in Oregon" on the north, and to western Texas ^ an 66 Sn.VA OF NOliTir AMEIilCA. IH)SACr>K. TIic wood i>f r'l rcnciirjiti^ jmrrij'd/iiis is lit';i\ v. hard, and closo-jjraiiu'd and difTicult to season and work ; it contains nnnicrons tliin nit'ilullaiy rays, and is hri^'Iit rcd-hrown, with thin lijjht brown sap- wood coniiiosi'd of twtMity layt'is of annual f^rowth. 'I lu' spt'cilic' fjravitv of tlic ahsoltiti'lv (hy wood is ().iloii.">. a (iil)i(' foot wi'ii;hiMf;- ."iS.liC) ponnds. It makos I'xci'llt'nt fnt'I, and is sonu'timi's used 1)V tnrners for hoxi's and other small oiijccts. The shoots and leaves, whieh possess a hireh-like flavor, are relished liy cattle, which hrowse upon them in late summer and autumn after the annual grasses have disap- peared.' ('i rcinir/D's /Kirrij'nliiiK varies in the si/e and shape of its leaves and in the amount of their piiliescence in dilVerent parts of t!u' territory it iidialiits ; in the ("alifornia coast raii<;es it frei|iu'ntly produces larger fruit than is developed in the dry interior ]iarts of the eountrv, and larger and propor- tionately liroader leaves which are often cpiite glahrous,- while lU'ar the sonlhern Iioundarv (tf the I'nited States the leaves are souu'tinu's much reduced in si/e^ and are entire or si)aritigly toothed.' Ci r((ir(ir/ii'!< /I'irrij'o/iiis was discovered in the Kocky Mountains on the head-waters of the I'latte IJIvcr in IS"_'I) i)y Dr. Kdwin 1'. .lames,'' the naturalist of Long's exiiedition. In California it was tir.st noticed a few years later liy David D(uiglas.'' Ci rionir/.ii.i parri/olliis is sometimes seen in the liotanic gardens of Furope, where it occasionally tlowers and produces its fruit. * (irroiio, fianlm ami FnrrsI, ii. 470. '^ ('rri'iicttrjuts ptirvif'iiliu.^, v;ir. futiilniiitw. Vtrr.inirpiis hrliilnnlfs. N'litlall ; ■r..rn'i .t (ir:iy, II. S . Am. i. I"". — Hunker, Limit. Jour. llni. vi. l!S. ('. reiiiiirims lii'lulir/olin.'. Nutlall ; lliiokiT, Iron. iv. t. It'J'J. — Wiil- prrs, Jlip. ii. Iti. — Cri'i'lii'. Ihul. Ciil. .Icii.l. ii. ;ilKi ; liitnlm mid Ftirt.it. I. f. , /v. rriiiit-i.t. i. .">'.>. ('irfiiriir/iii.i jHim/tiliti.1, \ar. ijltihfr, lircwiT & Wutson, llui. Ctil. i. t".". — Sarjicnt, l-'orf.il Trns X. .Im. \Olh Cifi.vtn I'. S. h. 71. I'nifi'ssiir K. I,, flrcpiii', whoso (ip]ioi'tniiitii's for stiiilviiif; tin- trci'9 lit wi'stiTii America in tlieir iiiUive forests hiive lieeii f;reiil, believes {fitmlni timl I'i,rt.it, I. r.) tliiit the Califiiriiia eoast plant is speeilieally ilisliiiet from the plant of the ilrv iiiti'iior part of tlie eonntry on aeeount of -a oertain eonstant i! iVerelleo in thi' pinTal liearini; or lialiit e.isily .scon at a jjlanee Ijut not easily clelinecl," and of the eharaeter of llie liark, which on tile l■..a^t plant is smooth ami ;;ray, *' tlie outer layer ileeiilnons .ami falling: away in irreenl.ar Hakes in the early autiinni," while on the Koeky .Monntain plant it is " ilark-eoloretl, thick, persistent, ami fissnred;" but these differ- onees, likt" the more arimrescent habit, the better developed leaves, and tlie absence of piibesccnec, are perhaps due to the nnire favor- able elimatie eonditiinis amid which the coast plants li.ive grown. ■^ Cirnirtirjiit.^ luin-l/nliti.i, var. lurfi/oliti.*, M. K. .lones, /{m, ii. ■.it,-., I'lri'orarpint hrfl'ifnlinii, dr.iy, .'t (/7. Wright, ii.). — Walpers, .Inn. iv. (itio. * (Wt^ttrijrpn.^ parfir'iiliii.t, var. pniifitlt'utiit'utt Wnt^ttu, i'nic. Am Ai-ifl. xvii. lU'!. — .Sargent, I'nnst Trent -V. Am. Wlh Vntstis U. S. i.\. 71. This fortn, which is mit ntuM>innn>n in northern Mexico and ill the numntains of southern .Vrizon.a, is eoniu'ctcd by inanv intermediate forms with that of the Colorado inoiiTitains, which has larj^o and coarsely serrate leaves, just as the last-mumal p.asses imperceptibly into the still larjjer-leaved plant of the California coast. ' See ii. '.)li. « See ii. W. r.XI'I,.\NATI()N OK TIIK I'l-VTE. I'l.ATI^ CI.XVI. Cl-IU 0<'.MirtS I'.MtVTI'OI.If.S. 1. A (loworini; liraiieli. natnral si/o. -. A tloner, enlnr};ed. tS. \'er(ieal section of a ilower. enlarf;eil. •1. I'"rn;,' ami rear views of a staiiieii, eiilargcil •'">. A pistil, eidari;eil. (i. A fruit in'.; bramli, natural size. 7. A fruit. iiudoM i| in the tube uf the ealj'X, ciilurguil, '^. .\ri aketie, eidar^^'eil. '.'. Vertical section of an alieiie, eiilaijjed. 1(1. A see,!, .-idar-ial. 11. All embryo, mueli iiiagiiiliej. ' 1 IJ ) Ill' III 'i ■' I Til' wr»!ii I • « ! I) ' . ! .4 ny yoUTll AMElUi A. liojs.VCK.V liiiivy, li.Hiil, ami i.'l(tse-;i;r.iii.eil jinrl dlfli'iilf to season aii'l . r\ lays, ;inil is Iirijilil rt'il-limwii, with tliiii H.^lit lirtiwii sitj*- -.1 j^rowlli. 'I'ljf s]i(>('ili(! }jfi-;ivil_v of ihc iibsiJuttily dry vvuixl it. imiuiils. It m,ik(!s ('xwlloiit fiiol, and is soniftiiiiL'ti used hv iinii-i. ,. i>. Till' slxint.s iind loMvcs, whicli jiossoss a hiicli-liki' llavor, aro H'li.slu'd .jMiii ilu'in in hito siinniii'i- and anliimn al'tfr the annual gra.s.s(.'-< liavo disaji I :/<./, 11,1 \:\rw> in tin? siz(> and sliai)o of its li'avos and in tiu> anuuuit nf llicn- .1 Mill parts of the lorriun-y il inliatiits ; in the ''alifmnia coast ran^^^e.s it. frc'incnllv ■ i fiuit than is dovi'ldjH'd in thi- dry iiittiior ])att,s of tiu I'onntrv, :ind lariA, ar,' ul'lcn (jiiite f;-|ahi's )niu-h ri'dui;cd in ^i/c^ anil aic cntiif m- s]Miin|^lv lnoflii'd.' '.'■'ir/i''s ji'iri^ij'iilins was di-iriivorcd in llu'-Uotdvy M(jinitains on tli" licai.l-\(ati fs vi'l..pi't| leiivf^, uikI ihi' jiti--viivi. t.{ puln.NffiK'«, 111!.= |n.rh«j.t ttue to thf- luoiv favor- liltlc ri^lMi'.it. .'Uiiiljtii-.IIH iitilid wliit'h lll'?,Ci»nst plir'ln liiivc gniwil. * '(.■■■'.■ ur^'iM f)itri,tjtihux^ viir f>rfi^jiliw>, M. K. Junes. /'^ ^ li- -t" ' -• '•ouiilrv lu'ftr.ii^ ..I .1... ■■ .■ ii -111 - ( n-iMii>. /!u.;. I u.'. .^(M.^ li. ;!'.Ki ; Gar'lin •iml -la J'". A.'"..v<. i. .W. iVivtnwj.in lirmji'liii, (;rn», S-nilhionian Cfilrili. v, .>l (!'i. ,:-p'.' p.'n'i/i.yii.<, v.ir (;.',i,V.-, I'ri'vviT it Waliini', till Cnl. H'ri','4(. il.). — Wulpon, .•(nn. iv. tilWi s.T-,'! 111. I-nrni VV.r. ,V. .!.«. )ii(« i •«„,„,. r. s. -s.. 71. * f •r.-n.-nr/TO , ,j-i.;/;.,'iii., \",\r p,vi,!,lfn(,iit./, Wiii«.ni. Pm: Im. r.'i- K i.. Iln-i'ii", wliiwK iijip,irti>iii'.:i'n fiT stiiciviiii: tho .!•'«'/ xiii .T<3, — .SurnriK, /■',.n-'i< '/Vls .V. .Im. 10,'* ((<.«'« /,' .S'. svi'nti "1 \n.f'. .;» in lliti.- tiuiiVi' fur»-:*i« IniM- ln-i-n jrfat, i* Tl l\i'n fori'i, tthifu li iiui uitcotiminn in iiuriiu'in Mf.xii>o '.'1 .',>( iff' .' -^-^v. (■ 1 il,,it till! t',ilil' ('Mliiniiiu m'»iiil:iiiH,'wliicli lias U ri' H'i |~Al^^■'l.v siTra'i' li'ri\i'«, iii>^ 11-1 tii« lii.<:-ii;viii**ii n:i>i\rs ■>v ..iiMy iatu tho still l^irgcr-ltavcl plBut uf llio t-'aliforiii.. Iinlii J riiiii 1 pi i'ii.|.|..l it l,.iji,t 0)»j^' -Hvii u' i ,'lrtnv* Iput not < •' • ', •'• :,,.'■'( ani-i.T "f r "i.fk.-.v'i ; n liu> ,.Bl^t , ;i ,.lrl' I-tw :' 1 . ■ . Iluki:^ in till '";«' 1^ .lilt 11 !H;. .1 *f. * '!,.«,. N Ml'.'N 0I-' Till-; ri..VIK ■ '. !. Oll-'.i tKf'-s J',UtVlKlll,lI--i '•■•ir.rl. iialiirul mhi. '■.met, i>isIarr.iMl, if n slami'n. ciiIui'U'mI '' ■ I vl ••he. 1 ' III L'u tul* uf Ihii IMly.X. (;i.Ul*Unl. >*■ •■ ■ ■ lll.'<"l. '.t. \. riii'1.1 !,.Mii..ii nf an akene, inLiryt'iI. !'». A ..-III, ,.nl:irt,-il. U. All uiiil.iyi, lu-ji.l, inagiiilii .! iVsi I'l Inrti: Am ])ri)|i(»i- ] 5 ; 1 V ctRcnrARPus I'AiV;;!' HI it ■ '''^?^*'SP^^^|PP^»ffiWW|r^WP'*?'^W KOSACKiK. iSILVA OF NOUTII AMKUICA. 07 ]»VRUS. Flowkus iH'rfcct or rarely ])()lyji;iiiii()-(li(i'(i()us hy ahortion, rii^uliir ; calyx O-lohcd, the l()I)L's iiiihricatctl in u'stivatioii ; petals 5, iinliricatcd in a'>tivati()n ; stamens usually '..'(), or inileliuite ; ovary '2 to ."i-eelled ; ovules 'J in eaeli ci'll, asei'udini;-. Fruit a pome. Leaves alti'rnate, sinij)le or ])iiniate, deciduous. Pyrus, l.iiiiinMi'i. 'iV./. 1 l,"i (rvil. <.' {'onneil tiio previons year. JJr.iets anil l)raetlels snl>niate or roiiaieons. deciilnons. (,'alv\-lnlie areeolate or rarely turliinate, ailnate to tlie iivary anil iiesliy at maturity, the livi-loheil limh widi aemiiinate reliexeil lolies ])ersistent, or ileeiihions with the apex of the rereptaele. Oisii liriini;- the tuhe ol' the ealvx, more or less thlikeneil over the ovary. I'etals white, |)iid{, or reil, suhorliienlar. unsiiuenlate, inserted on tliu sliojitiv tiiiikeneil honler ol' the disk. Stamens nsnally twenty, in.serted in three rows, those of the onter row ol' ten parapetalons, those ol' the otiier rows alternate with them ;inil wilii each otiier ; lilameiits snhu- late, free or slin'htly connate at the hase ; antiicrs oiiloni;-, pale, reij. ov pnrple. altaiiied on the hack, t" • celled, tile cells opernnj;' lonuitndinally. (.'arpejs live, alternate with the pct.ils. or two to fonr. inserli'd in the hotlom of the calyx-tnlic and united into an inl'erioi- ovary ; sl\lis terminal, free, or united helow; .stigmas capitate, trencate ; ovules two in each cell. a-.i-eniliii^. cnllaleral. anatropous. the raphe dorsal, the micropyle inferior. Frnit an ovoid i;lohose or pyriform pome fnriiud liy the thickeliinj;' of the walls of the calyx-tuhe and its consoliilatiou with tl vaiy ; niesocarp more or less ileshv, the llesli iiomoo-ei'cous or eranular, adherent to the one to live-celled endocarp, the cells crustaceons m cartilaj^i- nims, usM.illy two-v,ilved. Scc'ls two or hy ahortion one iii eaih cell, ovate, acute, erect, e\.dl)nminoiis ; testa usually fartilai;inous, chestuntd)rown and hi^tinus, sliohtly uuiciki-inoiis on the outer surface. Kmhryo erect; cotyleilons plano-convex, lleshy ; railicle short, inierior." ' ■I'hr ^iMiu- ;■; nis ninv !..■ .lijiilnl iiilu lli,. roUnwiiif; scrliuns ,„• sMl.;4lnl,usi', tapi'iiiig at tin' liasi', tho llesli gnmilar. Ia'uvcs wliirli siiiiii' anil, Ills i-i.iislili'i' iiiiiil,.,! 1,1 ilii- rank uf j;i'mTa : — 8iiii|ili'. JI.M.rs. Ili.iM'is fiisiiil.'il .11- sill I.ilhile nil sliiirt sp,ir.|il;(. .\i:iA. KIhwits in I'oiviuliosiM'yini's ; nvary '_' to ."i-iTllisl ; styles liiteml liniiiililils ; ovan ;i In .Vfille.l ; sliles iiiui'i' ur le^s iiiiitr.i I'lvi- Kniit |n liliinii ur gliiliiisi) j llosli gniniilar. Leaven elitin' lieliiw. t;li!t fjlilbe ,', llllllillieate lir niululeil at the Imse ; (lie llesli »r lulieil, hollliiKeiiei.iis. 1.1 ,\es eiiliie, nr laeiniate oil viijiinius sliiiuls. .\liiixiA. I'luweis ill eoni|iiMiiiil e.iiyiiil.s ; ovary 1 or ."i-eelleil ; I'vilis. I'lower.^ ill IV«-llo\vereil eoiyiiilis on short s|iiir-lik'i styles iiiiileil at the liase. Fruit herry-like, iivrirnrni or .siih^'lohosc. lateral braiielilets ; oviiry o-eellcil ; .styles free, l-'ruit iiyrifonu Leaves siiniilo, their miilrilis glaiiiliilar on lliu upper siile. ' ! 08 Sn.VA OF XOllTII AMEIUCA. ItiiSACK^K. 'I'lii' ijcinis T'vnis is wiilclv iiml i;i'ii('riillv (li>lriliiilcil tlirmmli the l('iii|i('i-,il(' |i:irts (if (lie iiiiiilii'i-ii lii'iiii-iiluTi' ; In/Ill tliiilv Ik I'oiIv s|ii'i'ics iiiny lie ili>lirii;iii>lu'il. tlir Lirp'st iiiiiiilii'r iiiliiilpilint;- sdutli- cciidal and iM>t('rn Asia. In Ndilli Aiiiciica the yiiiiis is icincsciitid \t\ seven s|ieeies, ol' wliicli (jvt? an' sniill tre/s ami two are --liinli^ (iT the eastern stales;' in Knr(i|ie. ulieie llie eenns is ilisi lilmleil I'loin (iicil Iiiitain ami S(ani;iiize(l.'" I'yriis is spreail ihniiieh llie nimnitain i-ei;i()ns of the Orient.' and ahonnds in the Himalayas with twenty-two speeies,' and in China and .lapaii,' where hotanisls recoj;ni/.e fourteen or 111 teen species.' I'yriis is chielly valiiahle to man for the fruits of /'i/ni.i .)/ii/itM.' the A|i|ile. ami of /'i/riis lutii- iiiniiis.' the IVar, wliieli sii[iply him with important articles of food, and with alcidiolie licinor.s." MlcKeMKt.K^. Klitwrrrt ill cyiiHi-ic ciiryiiilis ; tMlyx-lnlx's ilrciilti- Itif sniitlii'rn slmrrs i(f tlic Itimk Si-a, it fin-iii^ fiin'>ts tril I'itlMT ill 11 wil.l (ir ciiltiviiti-il stalt* sim*i' |irt'lij.<.ltiri(' tillH'H .**ii|iiu's. KIuwiTs ill iiliipl<>t-t)iiiiit)ini(t fyiin'^ ; ovary - tii I, u.>ii:UIy (A. ili* ( 'aintiilli', (Iriijiuf ihn i'l'iinln ('itltin «.<, ISlii ; jnid in sinm' ;U*i'!li'tI : >tylfH .'t. Finit hulij;hilni>c, linrry-like, crowlioii uitli lla- paits nf tlif rastrni I'liili'd Mates it ali-t'aIv tliifkfiird ami iiftcii iiu'iirvcd iii'r>istfiit calyx-lolu?-*. LcavcH tin- (lliillon. f Vi/. /V. .V. ./. *.lll). iMjiialty piiinan', tin' K'atlets I'tnnliijili.atf in vrniatiun. i'l/rw Millim lias Ih-ch cultivatcit in I-airniu' Awvv lln- ilavs mI' iIu' * Tin's., li.ttli hrlini;^ to til" sci'tiiHi Ai-iinia and art' distril'ntcd atifimts, niitl fittin time iniini-ni'iiiai in Iinlia. ('a>liinfn'. ainl m.rlli- tlinini^ii all tin' (•Miiilry t'a^t itf tin' iniii-fontint-ntal plateau fl-tnil ern t'liina. It i^ tin' njf^l talnaMe I'lnit-tree t>i' the tt-iii|i('i:ite N'ltva >ctitia ti> I'litrida anil l.tmisiana. Tln-y are : — z<'nt s. anil tlnmsiinds of \atntifs have lieeii iilitained rriiiii it Ity /*'/r'i>' iir'i'ili/itli't. I.iniia'iis f. .S'v.v/. ed. l;i. Snjipl. '-'."trt. — /?'./. M'i>/. seln-lnm anil rnllivatiitn, or li\ tinssin;; its eiiltivated varielii-H ttitli t. Itiliis. — Tiirrey .V Cray, /-V. .V. .I.;i. i. 171. — Cliiipman, I'l. /'/;r'i.« /.nit.i^i/i.i (Wili.leiinw. .>>/».■. li. pt. ii. HUH — l)e Cainliille, I'JS. _ Watson .vroiilter, Ura'/'s M'lti. i.l. 11. ll'tl. — Sarj;i'nt. '>'ilr- I'rulr. ii. tiao) itr periiaps wilh \ariilies ltitf l.inna'iis, S[»i\ I7H. apples have Iiieii ohtained. Pf/nn ui;fni, Sar^jfellt, Giinlrn iiii'l /■''/■i". iii. lltl. f laninens, /. c, 1711. — I)e t'anilolle. /. e. i\'X\. — li.u>>ier, /. c. I''ir'n iirhiiiiiUiiii, var. lo'.'/ni, Willdeiiovv S/,,.-. ii, pt. ii, liii:!. (l,-.,'l. lirandis. I. .-. 'Jdl!. — IlooK r f. /. r. ;i7l. .1/ ../.i/'LV iir'"iti/r.-.\in. i. /'v;-'/..- miiiiiiun'-i grows naturally in nearly .all the eh-vatnl rei,nuns U'.IJ. of Fiii'i.j'e and in western .\>i:(, espeeiall\ in .\Matoli:i. tlie ^ontlieril f'/r'tA itr'i>thl'i:iil, var. iifhiivh-nrpn, Hiinkef. 11. /'.■'i-.-.i'ii. i. (■am-asiaii pro\ inees, and imitliern I'elNia ; it ^'ln\^^ -ponlaliioiisly 'jal. — Torrey .S; (iray. /. '•. — ("hapiiian. /. -■. IJ'.K -- Watson .>c in iioitlnrn and iiortlieastern I-!iirope ami perhaps nalnially in Coulter. /. .'. Caslitneif and the nitrtliwesterii lliinalayas (.\. tie CaiidollOf = N'yilian, C.iny/,,,1. I'l. Knrni,. -JIO. /. (', |s:ll. 3 Itiiissiep, F!. Onmt. ii. ImK. The Ptar-trtf. whiili has hreii enllivatid in I'.nrope fnun aneielit * Hooker f. ri, liril. Iii'l. ii. 117'J. times, has j^'iven rise fo iminnierahle varieties, many of wliirh were ^ l-'ran.'het & .Savatier, F'i'ini. 1*1. Jnp. i. l:tS. — Ma'cimowie/, /.'(,7, knouii to the Koinaiis in the time of Pliny, and the lists of poinol. .\"i t. .v./. .s''. P'trrn'in'tr;/, xiv ll'tit ( .1/, 7. /.'ei/. i.\. U>\). — l-'orlns tV oi^i.ts now I'ontaiil the lialiies of liiilnlrrils of eiiltivated I'earM lleinsjey. J" i-'ruiU ' l)f tlie ililfiTeiit seetion- of III.' pMiii-., Milus is eastern and i/n./ /Vior- 7Vm.. o/' .1 iie rim, ed. '_',(l:i!l) whieli have lieeli deri\eil lioni western Norlli Ane-ileaii. European, and ,\~i.ilii-, otie spieies luint^ l*>ir'ts ronnii'tui^, and from Viirn* ninili^i (.laeipiin, '7. .1 »is/r, ii. t, now, tlipHi-h eillliv.ili wid.ly llatnrali/.ed hei 1 its ori;;inal t. Ill7. Ile.aisiie. /. <■. .'fjl'i, t. 'Jl). fr whieh is .; i\i'd the lai'i! Il till". I'uas is s'tiitiiiiii llurope.iii, western .\si.itie, and eastern of I'.ars wilh hard aiiii fruit eiiltivateil for elder t.\. de Callilitlle, ,\sialie. /, .-, Is".), or tiiiin the iliterentssint; of tlie ditVerellt speeies of tlio .\ii.i is northern I'airopeaa, western .\siatie, Ilimalayan, and seelion I'vin-, wjiieli are sonielimes helieved to represent K'"'** ea-t.-i II .\siatie. .Xroiiia is eastern Xortli .Xmerieail. Mieronietes f.'rapliieal raees of one widely distrilintetl polyiintrphitiis s|ei'ie9 is llim.ilav.in. Sorlins, the iint^t wiilely ilistrilmled of the seel ions (Hi . .,;-iie, .'. ■■ l:l'J). into wliii-li til.' melius is divided, is spivad over the Itoreal and ele- '■' (nhr, whiili eontain, from four to ten pereeiit, of alioliol. is vateil portions of the tlirett eo,,tint'..:s. inaile from tlie jiiiee of the ripe fruit of the .\pple, whieli is pressed ' l.iiiiia'as, .\',.,.e. 17!». — II.. Caiidoll.', I'r,„lr. ii, I'.:!.".. — .Mavinio- fi i the pulp .iiiil allowed to ferment in open easks ; at the end o( wii'Z, /. e. Ili.".. — lirandis, I-:,n.'l I'l. r.rit. Iwl. i;il."t. — Hook, r f. tw • three ,la>s tlie Ii, pi,, r is drawn i. IV. pal iiilo fresh ea.sks, ami /. e. allowed to settle ill a low ri".;nlar lempelatiire tor thirty or forty M'dni e ,„ririiiiV, Hesfonlaine-, llitt. .Ir'.. ii. 1 In. — Itoissier, /. .'. dins wlnii the prori-s is i phle. Cider is of tiiiei' ipndilies, Ouii. — Deeaisiie, .Y.eii'. .IreA. .l/ii,«. x. la."). liiiit;li, sweet, ami hitler. The lirst is made hy firindiiif,' unripe or Till' liativi; country of /'-/r'" .l/ii/r/,« is iiiieerlain ; it is lielieved to carelessly selected fruit, the jiiiee Itciiijj allowed full ferliM'iilation, he iiiilii;eiiiins 111 the iiortliwesteni Himalayas, where it aseemls to and the seeoiid is made from fully ripe sweet apples, the process an el.'vation of niiie thousand feet ahove the level of the oeeaii and of feriiienlatioii lieiii),' cheeked Iiefore emnpleti'n. Hitter cider of eh'ven thoiisaliil four hundred feet ill western Thihet ( Hooker f. owes its peculiarities uf llavor lit the eharaeler of the fruit from /. I'.), iiiiil ill -Anatolia, where, on tliu iiiuiiiitaiiis of I'lcliizoinl along which it in made. Cidcrkiii ia niiuli.' It} infusing with hoilinj; water Ihr h lillj poil the A.. . 'W''<'fvfiiim'^'mf*mmmm mmini^m§M0 ic iKirtlii'rii itiiij; .simtli- wliicli five iliulcil IVoiii I IlKIIIV IKlt- iiil alidiinds i/.c romtccii ''i/riis fiiiii- lic lii|iiiirs.'' ts of cnllsiiliTil- l'jiri>)i<' il lias t'lil>t.ilit' tillicrt ; ini spiinlaiictiu^Iy tlu> (]:ivs nf tho iifi-(\aml iini-th- llu" ti'iii[u'riUc iH'd fniiii il liy il \;uirti(S with - II.' fMlliliilli', !nn:'llil. It is ■lilt. Villi. 1 C'nili- - l!..i"i,'i-, /. c. rlvMilril ri'cjiima lia, the soiitlitTli s spiiiitaiu'dtisly (IS iiatiiiallv ill . (If Caniliill.', ipr l^'MIll alicirllt 1 111' ullifll WlTt' ■ li-N III' |ii.Mliil- iiltivatrtl I'rars llill^', 'I'lir I-'niitH ■I'll ilfii\i'ii I'liiin ■','. A'l.-lr. ii. I, i; ivi'il till' rai'o A. ill' Ciiiiiliilli', t vpi'iii'S III' till! ll'pll's.lll ),'l'l>- tiipljuiis s] c.'ies M.iif ali'i'liiil. is whi. li i> pil'-I'll ~ ; at till' (liil ts in tlic I'liited States anil Kiirope.' Tiie fruit of most of tlio speeies, es|ieeiallv of tliosu of the section Soi- hiis, contains niaiie and tartarie aciiis,'' and the iinri[ie fitiit and iiark of these plants are astiiiii;t'iit ami are sometimes em|iloveil medieinailv.'' The wood of rvriis is hard, heavy, and close-c-raiiied. and that of sevt^ral of the speeies is otiiiiud hy mill\vrij;lits, turners, and enoiaveis. and makes excellent fuel. le licanty and ahiimlance oi llicir (lowers and fruit, their excellent hahit, and their hardiness, make manv of the speeies valnalde j;ai'deii plants, |)articiilarly the Asiatic /'///■/^^• Ixunild' with its niimerons varieties, i'//;'wx 'J'urhi;/'!," /'//rus spicliihilU;'' J'yriis 8(ilicijh/l(i,"' the various Nortii Anierieiin .species, and tho speeies of Sorbiis" and Aria.'^ the marc or ri'fiisc h'ft aftiT tin* jiiioc has lu'i-ii fxlnirti'il frnm tho fruit fur I'iiK'i', Ihu mass lii'ini; a^'iiiri siihji'i'tiil In pri'ssiiri'. Ciihr is maimfai'tiirnl priiiiipally in llii; easltrii I'liiti'il Stati's, in si'Mial Kii!,'li»li ciinntii's, prinripully lli'i'i'l'or(l-.liiri', Hcviin-'liiri', aiul .SiiiiiiT- Hcl, in Niinnanily iiriil ISrillany in Kraui'i*. anil in niirlhcrn ticrinatiy. \'iii('j;ar is smni'tinn'S iiiaih' fnun ciiirr uliii-h lias scniri'il owiiij; tii a ili'lh'ioiu'y nf alrnliul, Iiy cxpnsnri' In spiintanrnns ai'i'tilii'atiini. I'crry, whn-li rt'scinhlrs i-iilcr, is madi" hy the sami' prlll■l'^s from varirlii's of thi' pt'ar si'h'i'ti'il on ai'cunnl of thi'ir aiisti'ri' jiiii'i'. It is priniipally proilni'i'il in sonth.'rn KnKlanil anil in wi'stcrn KlaiU'C, wlit'ro IV'ar-lri't's aro cnltivatril on a larj;;' si-ali' for tliis pinposo (1 1 trh. Ilril. ii. SSI. — Spons, EnriirUtpivim nf llir liirliislriill Ail^,Mniiuui,liirr3,iiml . ' ,' Ccmiiiu rriiil I'nifliuii, i. Ill, |'J|). ' l.inilli'y. ■/'riiii..'. I/ml. S.i.; I.„u,l. vi. lilHi ; l\„t. I;, .j. t. I'JIS. _ Di'caisno. Lc Jiinlin I-'ntin'r, i. I'mri' r, 'SM, t. 'i. — M.iximowii-/, Hull, .trail. StI. Si. I'.trrslninni, six. 1 7'J (.!/./. Ikiil. ix. IIIS). — Korln'S & llt'lusli'v, ,/oi/r. Liitn. Sitr. .xxiii. -'tl. l'iint.< ivinmuni^t Tlnnihcrj;, Fl. Jiiji. lid" (imt I.inna'ns). I*i/rns f/.wiir/cn.s'/.'i, Maxiniowii'/., /'rim. I'l..\inur. UrJ. '' l.oiiriii'O. /•■;. CiK-lilii. It'Jl. — liri'tsiliin'iiK'r, l:,irl;/ /•.'i/r.i/jniii lie- Sfiiriiu'.i tiili) the Fhrfi nf' Cliiiiii, I."i0, • With thi'oxci'ptiimof the IVrsiiiimon lln' I'i'ar is the iiiiisl lom- mon frnit-ll'i'o of Japan, wlu'l-i' it was early inlrmlui'i'il from iinrlhi'rn {'hina. .Sovoral varirlii's havi' I n ili'vilopi'il in .lapani'M' (.'itnli'iis, hill till y ililVrr li'-;s from cai-h otiu'r than llii' pears of I'airopcali orif;in,alllioiif,'h some ripen in lliesnmmer anil otliersin llio anlniiin. In tin- neielihorhooil of laree eities there are I'ear-iiri'harils in wliieh the trees are earefnlly enlliv.'iteil anil mannreil ; the tops are Iraiiieil over llamhoo frames, anil too \ie;orons shools are removeil to insure Mil' proilnelion of lar^e erops of fruit. The trees are ]iro|ia!;ati'il liy ^n-aflinj^ seleeteil varieties on I'l^edlinij stoeks, and often hv eiit- tin^swhieh are maile In Mareh from stont yearlinj; shoots ; these are pointed, their ends are eh irreil. and they are then set in rows in deep rieh .soil, and ai the '.lid of a few years are Iraiisplanli d iiilo the orehards (Itein, Jfi/mit itnrh liiimn uml .Sniili'tt ini .lur'lri'/' ihr Kimitjlii'h /Ve'u.i.vwcA'n Iir'/iir'nif/, ii. Oil), * Downinj;, Thr Fnill.i ami Fruil-Trns of .Imrrirri. ed. '.', .S.11. _ (,'itril. ( 'lirnn. n. ser. iv. I.'ili, f. !l,"i ; ser. It, i.v. Ill, f. 'M. — Ilci; Hurl. 1S7S, aiO, t. ; l.s,s.-,, •_'«(•,, f. 1!). ' liaillon, Ttvil,' l!„l. .l/< ./. .".O. » I.imuens, .1/,,/. .1/m/. 81. _ ,^lilh< ,S: Maiseh, Xnl. /K-'/i.ii.n'. lilUl. ' I.iniaens. .1/,nl^ 7."i Do Candolle, I'rn.lr. ii. lilt.".. — Maxinn.- wiez, /. .-. liili.— ll..oker f. Fl. lint. In,l. ii. iiTlt. — l-'orhis \; llems- ley. /. .'. L'.Vi. /'//n/.« /.oe.ijM, whiili is wi.lely distriliiiteil in Sih.'ria. in tlii' Hima- layas, an.l i rlh.'rn I'hina anil .lapan, has li.'i'n .'ullivaled as a (,'ar.U'n oniana'iit hy the Chinese ami .lapaiieae from very ly times, and many forms havi' lieeii devihipi'il in tliiir stirili iis ilif- feriof; in the hahit of the plants, in the size and eharaeler of the trail, and in the eolor of the tlowers, whieh are som.'times semi- iliiiilile; ..nn.rij; Ih.'s.i varieties are some i-" thi' nn.sl heanlifid of all IhiH-eriii^' trees, and th.ir free-tl.iwerind hahit. Iialiliness. and iln- mniiily from tlisease and the attaeks «i iuM'its .'himiih ml tin in to the alteiition of f;ard.'ners (AV. ./<.« Strrea, \\. llii. I. l.".s.".. l.'i.sli. I-'iS*. — Carrit're. Funimi'ry .t/i.'/'oc'fr/.'.s', tJS. — (_itint>ii iiii'l J'nnft, ii. ;;i:ii, .vjo, f. i;i!i). " Si.'h.ild, Cit. /,'o,'.<. i. 1.— Koeh, Jl.n.lr. i. '.'l'.'. — Maxi.no- wii'Z, /. r. 111". P'/rit.i .Siilinltlii, Ivi'pf.'l, fi'itrt'iiflnni, viii. S'J. .M'tliK '/''»;-0(./'.. Cal li.ri', /.'. .'. Ili'rf. 1S7l', 'JIO, f. 'J.",; Pniniiiif r^ .M,m«,:ri„,, 111, f. II. '■' .\it.in, //or/. A'( '('. ii. 17.'. — .Yo'/i''.0( ll'tluini'!, vi. Ill, t. t'J. f. •_'. — Wals.in, Iiit.ilr. Ilril. i. .".0, t. "lO. — Koeh, /. c. 'JO;!. — .Maxi- inowiez. /. i: lllli. — Kiirhes & Ilenish'y, /. .'. 'J."iS. This tree, whieh is h.'liev.'.l 1.) h.- a naliv.' of mirth. tii rliina and is known in eultivalton only in a form with semidoiihh' th.w'ers, is on.' of the liainlsom.'st of the small-frnited Ap}>le-trees, appear- in;; in eariliiis as a tree-like .sliiiih with er.'et sliy:htly spreadinjf hranchts, whi. h are iiui r.'.l ev.'iy s]iriii,i,' with masses of fra[,'rant pink or r,i>i' eiihir.'.l thiwiTs (Cunhii ,iiul /'./.■..: v. .Mil. 1, 11. f. I. —.Y.i'oi'im /lii/i.u/i.', vi. I.SII, t, .■.!;. — /;..f. I!,,/. 1. .M 1. - Deeaisiie, /. ,'. Mil), t. I".;. — Ko, h, /. c. ■J IS. " Till' DM World S.irlins ( /'i/™.* iiui-'ipnrln, lla-rtner. Frurl. ii. hi. t. liiii.s of thi' .\tlanli.' I Lean l.i .lapan, eMen.lini; molli to the .'irilii' eir.h'. wlit're it is redi d to a stiint.'d sliriih. I'or eenturie^ it has he.'ii a fa\oiite tree with planters, and varletii-s with yellnw and witli iiran','i'-i'i loreil fruit and with p.'li.lnlons hranehes liavi' appean d. (See fiilp'.n, I-WmI ><,;mrii. od. '-', HIS. — London. /. ■. lUcl.) The frnil of the I'.iwan-tree Is (;rpeilily dev.inred hy liirds. and it is ofl.'n plant.'. 1 t.i supply th.'ln with fo.i.l. The fruit is som.'times made info lloiir. or is eat.'ii imi'ooked In northern Knrope and iu Silieiia : infns.'d with water it prodnees a pleasant snhaeid hever- au'i'. i.nil hy distillation a imwecfnl spirit. The wood, whieh is hard and eh.s.'-^nain.'.l. is .iflen used for th.' li.'inille,. of tools an.l Hi.' .'o.^s of wh.'i'Is. and hy wh.'.'lwi .^dl^s an.l turners (|]v.-I\n, .s'.i'ra. e.l. lliiiiler, i. -Jl 1, - Malhien, Flore Fnrf.tlilre, ed. 'J. I;'>l 1, '- I'l/rus .Ir.o (l.hiharl, lliilr. iv. '.'O), the White lieaia-tree, i.s distrihnteil from western Kiirope to Japan, and is eommon in tho J I I 1 I' 70 >//.['.! nr xo/rn/ amkhka. UOSACK.K. M.uiv iiisicts' i'tTil iipoii tilt' (lillViciit s|n'(i*'s of Pvrus, which art' iilso Huhji 't to st'iious i'lmj^iil (liM'a.si*>,- Pinis. the rlasNical iiaiiu' nl' the IN*ar-tif*', was rhaii;;i'il to Pynis liy 'I'ounu'rort,' iiml then adopted i»\ laiiiia-ii^. who. in i-,stahli>hirii; his i;rims, miitctl with ISrus the CvUoiiia ' anil Mains'"' of Touniot'ort. f.'i't'sis lit' iinrthfiti l''iirn|it' aiitl A 1:1, in llii' iiKMintaiiiKits ri'^'jotts nf (iiilral iiuil -nut linn Kiimin'. iiiul of ri'iitial, ■•niitln'm, anil wi-stt-rn A.sia. It i-* \iihu'il Ity iiliiiUri> ftir tlir ln'iiiit_v of it- cntiiv or vari- im-ly (livhliil aiii|i!e U'uvps, wliirli an' |t;ili- or scttrntiinos nt'iit-ly \\)ii(i> on till' lower surface, aiul tor its Mibarilrin<;LMit fruit, wliu It ii a favorite food <»f liirils, ami Ih mituftinicH niaili- into tionr atnl ofii'ii I'l ruiciiti'tl into a kind of ln-cr tir ili..tilK»i into a [lowc rful siiii'il. Till' wiuul of the White liiain-lrec is hard, stronj;, ami ilnrahh', ami \y lari;ely employeil for tht> liandli-^ of tools ami the hearings of tnaehinerv, ami hy \vla'elwn;;hts ami turners (l.oailou, Arh. lini. ii. lUO. — -MathiiMi. I'Inrr I'nnsti'.re, ed. '_', \'i:\), * Many of the inseels which injure the dilTerenl species nf Prn- nns in America alsti attack tho native Apples, and Mountain A>lies are sometimes Roriously injured hv tlnni. 'ri-nt-i-atiipillai"s and the larva,' of Tiivsnck-niotlis art- often aluindant on the Apple, and the Mountain Avh sutlers irom allacks of tlie I'all Weh-utuni (If't/'hiU'fri-i c'r,tn, Ih'ui'\). Ihtfn'ni wiiii-Umnstn mt,- ciN'cf. Smith tS: \hhot. eoimnits .similar depri-datinns. (Inat destrne- tioii aimmjj the trees of this j^enus, and often their deatli. is eanseil lst destnii'tive to the Apple and the Mountain Ash. Several Seale-in- seel' alVect the hark and branches, the most harmful beinjj the Scurfy Hark louse {Chiouaspis jiir/'nrun, Fiteli) and .\fiftil(t.tfti.t ftmi' rorl'-'is, Kilcy. Tho folia«;o is also injured liy Aphids, and the fniit of ilie Willi Apple by the nivuges of tje C'odlin-moth and a (ur- culio ( . I riihit'iomns tpuhlri;iil'htis. Say ). No less than eij^hty-one species of insects which attack the cultivated Apple in America are etnimerated by Saunders ( insids iiijitrionn to /'r-if/v, 111), ai'd most of tliem may be discovered on the wild species alnu. - Of the l'nn;;i wliirh attaek the North Anii-riiau speeii-i of Pyrus, the most intcrestinjj are the dilYcrent liuslvfiit, foiiml mi the leaves and less frecpu'nlly ini tho fruit and yonnjf stems of mot of the species. The A'^^f'/cr, eoimnoiily called I'luster-cnps, belou)^ to the order / 'rrtlinnr or Ku^sts, a ^roiip of plants whieh |tass throue;h several dilVerent stap'S in their development, in some id" the sta^^i'S appearinjj as parasites on certain gem-ra of llowerinj; plants, whih- in others the; may be pai-asiiic on entirely dilYerenl p-nera. In the most hie;bly ditVerenliated Itusts there uuiy he as many as four dif- ft-rent staj,'es ilnrin^' their developnu'nt. The most destructive of these plants to our Wild Apples is liu.-it' Hit fn/ratit, Thaxter, a I'lns- tir-eep which usually j^rows in dense riny;s on the umhr side of the leaves td* /'i/rus cnriniiirittt and sometimes on those of I'lfru.i aii;/>is- ti/i>l(ii and several of the native spceies of Cmt!ej;us, and in 11 less striking form on the leaves of the cultivated Apple-tree. This spei-ies is peculiar to North America, ami its teleutosporie stage is reached in the large yellow gelatinous nnisses common vn tlie young luancbes of the Ked Cedar in May. In the northern part of the eountr\ the leaves of the Mountain Ash, J\i/rns A nirrinina, vxhiUil lar^e yellow spots, and on their under sniface bear groups of long nairow Cluster-eups which appear identical with those of the lairo- peau /iiistiliii riTiiutit. Krles, althoui^h as yet the teleutosporie stage of this phtnt has not Ih-cu detected in North .\merica. Other fungi which attack the .Xnu'riean species of I'yrus are I'.ntnmosporinm muciiltttitm, LLV(*ilIiS with curious ciliated spores, found eouununly in\ the leaves of (Quinces, Pears, and A|)ple-trees, as well as on Amo lanehier and several species of Cratiegns ; and ynmmiilariii tlisrnt'i^ Tnlasue, niip>t commoji on the branches of the Apple-tree, but sometimes seen on those of I*ifr\u< Anuricdna. a Inst. (VJS, t. lOl. * h,st. wwi, t. lo"*. ^ lust. o;u, t. lOli. CONSPKCTUS OF TIIK NOKTil AMKKICAN AHHOUFSCKNT SPIXTKS. ^Iai.Is, l-"Iowers in siniide iitnltellate or racemose cyiiies 011 spin-like lateral branches; styles ;; to ."1. more or less united below. Trees wiili .Kiiiall winter-buds, .scaly bark, and simple leaves, involute in vernation. Calyx-lobes persistent; fruit depress,.,! at the base. Leaves ovate, tniiu'ate or subcnrdale at the base, iiieisely serrate, often lolied. tnoiid)ra- naceous LP. roitovAitiA. Leaves lanceolaU-oblonl,^ aeiit<- at tlie base, erenulale-serrate, or nearly eiuire. sub- coriaceous 2. P. AN'ilS-l nnl. lA. Calyx-lobes ileciduous ; fruit tnit depressed at the ba>e. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrulate, ofteti :;dol>ed '^- V. iiIVlI.AIU.s. Siiiiiifs. Flowers in compound leafy cymes: styles usnaliy .'i, free, 'frees willi large winter- bnds, snioolb afoniatic bark, and odd-j)inuate leavi's, the leaflets eonduplicute in vernation. Leallets lanceolate, acuminate LI'. AMI-HIfAVA. Leiillets oblong-oval to lance-ovate, mostly obtuse T). P. hamiil*( iroLiA. ^■mm^armm. W Uos.\ri..v„ SILVA OF MtUrn AMHlllCA. PYRUS CORONARIA. Crab Apple. Fragrant Crab. LKAvr.s ovato. tniiu-ato or siiljconlatc at the liasi-, iiicist'lv serrate, often lolied. ,ii;lal)roiis to tuineiitose on tlie lower surfaee. Pyrua coronaria. I.innii'us. .S'/.-v. .(SO. — Dii Uui, //./,■/./,-. ISS'.'. fiC. — S:ir;;cnt. I'irrrsf T,'m- X. Am. 10//, C>-,isiis ll'iiiin.~.\\. rj'.l. — .M:,i«hiill. Ai'hisl. .1/,.. IIH. — C:isli-li- C. S. k. VJ. — Wats,,,, ^v C.hiIici-. ^'m-A M.,n. cl. (I, oni. 17.,;/. iii-./li St.iti i;ull. ii. ;;i I. — WilMcndw. /;,■,■/. 1i;|._ l,. II. li;,il,.y, .1„,. (l,,,-,/,,,. sii. 171.'. — (iiav, /■■",•■ »7 y.'iiHw.v. '_'(;."! ; S/;;: ii. |,t, ii. KIIK; A'/im/h. oL'T. — I'l r- 7'/-.v.< .V. .(»,. t. ."L!. Boon. .V//». ii. III. — I'lHsli. /■'/. .till. S, v. I'J7. — A""'-..m/ •». xix. 100. t. L'SO. — Uiil^'way. /•/■,»•. T. .S'. .S,it. .Viis. r,,,-/.,:^. I;i.!, f. 17; Jt'ir. Hurt. 1,SS4. 1(1-1. f. L'4. A tr.'c. twenty-live to tliirty tVrt in licinlit. witii a tranl; twelve or I'nni-teeii i,: 'les in di.iuHter. (iiviiliiii;-. eit;iit or ti^n feet aliove the eronncl. into seveial ^.l.ait s]iie;i(iiuL^ Invinelie^ which Innn ,i wi.h' open head ; or nsnally tinii'h smaller and .sonKlinits haicly more than a iuishv >hnili with rii;id con- torted hraiiehe.s. The hark of the trnidv is one third ol' an inch tliicli. and lonnitadinallv ilssiired. the outer layer ,se|)Mralin!;- into loni;' narrow persistent red-hrown scales. The liranchlets are at lirst coated with thick white tonientuin whii-h .soon (lisappears, and in their first winter arc '^iiliron^ or sli-hlly pniiescent and covered with hri;;ht red-hrown hark marked hy occasional small pah' lenticels ; in their second ye.ir they develop lone- stont spur-like and s ewhat spinescent lateral hranches. and are then liu'lit hrown. The winter-huds are minute, olituse, and |irotectcd hy liri^ht red scales with dark seari- ous eiliate mareins ; those of the inner raidis enlare'e with the i^rowin^- shoots and at niaturitv are from ono third to one half of an inch in lene'th, (diloiie-, acute, hrin-lil red. and niandnlar-serrate. The leaves are ovate or sometimes almost triannidar. usually acute at the ;ipo\. often truncate or suheordate, and occasionally acute at the hase, iucisely serrate with •jiandiil.ir teeth, and often threc-lohed. es|ieci,illv on vi'.;oious shoots; when they unfold they are red-hron/.e. coated on the lower surface with [lale tomeiitum, and pilo.se on the upper surface; at maturity they are memliranaceous, hii^ht ui'eeii aliove. and paler, elahrons. or sonu'times slii^htly pilose helow. thrir (U' four inches loiiM'. and an inch aie! a half to two niches anil a half liroad, with hroad midrihs and |)riniary veins i;rooved on the upper side, and con^-picu- ous veinlets. and are home on slender petioles an inch and a half to two inclu's in leiieth. toiiicnlose lu- puhescent at lirst hut ullimately ;;laliroiis and often furnished near the middle with two daik i;lands. The stipules are liliform. aeumin.ile, half an inch Ion;,', and early d.^ciduous. The lloweis. which appear when the leaves are almost fully erown. are produced in live (U' si\-llowered umliels on slemh'r pedicels an inch and a half to two inches in length, and are an inch and a half to nearly two inches across when expanded, and very fra;,n'ant. The calyx-tnlie is oIk ie. and puhescent or coated v.ith thick white tonientnm ; this also covers the inner surface of the lone- .leute lohes which etid in ri^'id sulmlate jioints. The petals, which ar inserted remotely one from another, are white or rosi-eolored, ohovate, rounded ' I '! ,s7/. I'.i or Murrii amehka. I!()SAI-I',.V.. I iiliiivc, ciiiitiarlid lii'lnw into loiis^ liMiiiiw daws, (il'tcii crciiulalclv senate or iitiilillate ami soiiu'tiliics iiTcijiilarly ami iim'i|iially dentate near the hase of the hlaile. The stamens are shorter than the jietals anil tor one thini of their leni,fth. Iiy a partial t\vi>t of the lilanients at the liase, form a tiilie narn>«e(l ill the micltlle ami enJaii^fil ahove. The ovary ami the lower jiart of the styles are coiteil with Ioiil;' I'lle hairs. 'I'lie fruit, which ripens late in tlie aiitiimii. is siispemhil on sli-mler stems ami is (lepre-->ei!-L;lohose. ami an inch to an inch ami a half in diameter. It is f^reeii when .rst fiillv ^lowii and when ripe is yeilow-fjrirli, .soiiiewhat traiisluieiit, (leliciously fra};raiit, ami covfied with a waxy eMidalion. /'///'((>• (((/'((//((c/'r is distriliiited in Canada from the valley of the lliiiiilier Itiver westward aloiiuf the shores of Lake Krie ; ' it ranijes scjiitliwanl throiiifli western New York and I'eiinsvlvaiiia to the District of Coliimiiia. and aloiij;; the .Mle;^haiiy .Moiiiilaiiis to central Alaliama, and westward to southern Minnesota, eastern Neliraska," eastern Kansas, the Indian 'i'erritorv, mirlhern Louisiana, ami eastern Texas.' it iisiiallv <;rows in rich rather moist soil in forest <;lades where it sometimes forms consider- altle thickets, or less coiiimonly on dry limestone hills, and reaches its jjreatest size in the valleys of the lower Ohio liasiii a;id in the states west of the Mississippi Hiver. The wood of /'i/nix ciiriiiiKrin is heavy and close-cfr .'.ned. lint not hard or strong) it coiitaiiis niimerous oliseiire medullary rays, and is lirown ;o lij;ht red. with thick yellow sapwood eoiiiposed of eighteen or twenty layers of annual ularly ohtusely toothed, and while younji; densely coated on the lower surface, like the yoiiiij^ shoots, with thick white tonientiiin, and liv its larijer fruit which is somi'times two inches in diameter. This is the common form of the Crah- a[iple of the .Mississippi valley. J'l/nis furiiiHiriii did not attract the attention of earlv travelers in America; it a]ipears. however, to have heeii introduced into Knulish tjardens as early as \~-\.' and was desirilicd Uy I'hilip Miller in the first edition of the (innh m / :< /Jicliti/inri/ jiiihlished in I7^>1.' As an ornamental plant the American Crah-applc has many .ittrai tions ; its small size and excellent lialiit render it useful in shruhheries and small j;ardens ; its llowers. which do not appear until after those of other Apple-trees have fallen, are larj;e and sweet, and the fraj-rant fruit. liaiii;in^ ijracefiilly on its lon;;r stems and remaininn' on the liranclies until .•'Iter the leaves have droppeil. make it iuterestini'' late in the autumn. Its horticultural value was early appreciated hy the settlers of the niidille and ' Iiniuct, Cat. !*'(/. I, iff. (\in. *J(i. — ^tal'(tllll, (\i(. Cfiti. J'l. i. 1 in. '' lli—.i'y, /I'dl. Aijrii: EriKr. Slat. XilTiishi, iv. iirl. iv. 'JO. = ('(.iiltiT, Cmfrih. V. S. S'ltl. Herb. ii. lIMi ( .l/.i/i. /'/. If. 7Vj-ii.«). » Wodil, VI. lUml.-, H'V. im1. w.'a. /'ifrn.i. This forin, which is not ciuiuiion in a wild state, appears to hc' distrihutcd from Miiuiesota to Texas { L. II. Ilailey, /. c.). ' Ait Ilorl. Km: ii. 17li. - London, Arh. I'.ril. ii. IKW. '' Mittii.1 ; siflff.ilrii, Vinjiuiiiua, Jhirilmx tultimti-i, Xo. .1. Maltui .tifUrstritfJiiinltu^ uiUirutit, (.'Jayton, /•'/. Virijin. 5.*5. ■.«*'5?.nr'fW«:„ W niisAi i;.i-: ,S7A(M OF ^Oirni AMEIilCA. 73 cMstiTii states,' and for iiioic tliaii a iMiitiiiT it has lici'ii a I'avoiitc f;arilcii plant in Anicrii'fi und Kiiniiii'.' I "('riili-Trco« nro n »pof io» of wiM nii|iU'-trei'!<, wliii'li (jmw in s II (lislinjjiiUlicH llinn |iliiinh ; fnr llif wiM lives liAvn ii very III!' «iHj(U mill ({'i''lt'»i 1'"' t'»|)i'i.'iully ull lillli! liilliH'ks, liciir rivers. |.lra,*iiil simll, mpiiiihIihI like (lie lii»|i-|]eii y. Tlii' iipipli*, cir enilis. In iVivi' yri'jiei/ tlici tree in miller miiree ; lint in l'iiiiiai)lriiiiiii il is are .iiimll, »onr, anil unlit fur anjtlciii'f lint tu make vinejjar cif. lileiitifiil. Some (leiiple liail |ilanleil a single ti if this kinil near They lie niiiliT the lieei all llie wiiiliT, anil aei|i;irt' a yellmv enlnnr. Ilieir farms, iin ai 'oniit nf the line »inells whieh its llowerH alVcml. It hail hei;uii t. CrosM section of ii fruii , niiuiral size. 7. Vortical section of a f uit, natural size. H. A sei'd. nntunil size. 0. V'-Ttical section of :v sccil. enlarged. 1(>. An cniliryo, nnicli nmgnilied. 11. The liase of a leaf showing stijiulcs. natural size. 12. AVintei-liuds, n.itural size. Plate CLXVIII. I'viiis iokonauia. rur. IdKssis. 1. A tlowerin^ branch, natural si/.e. 'J. X'lrtlcal section of a llowcr. tlie petals removed, enlarged. 3. A frnitini; l)rancli. natural si/.e. •1. ViTtioal section of a fniit. natur.al size. Ti. A seed. enlar(;ed. 0. An cnihryo, ina^nilied. 7. A vigorous leafy sh.ot, natural size. I % 4^f:ir. H r'^ ' "^-,' n *,.tj ^ I f i ' , i I KX]'r.AN.\riO.N OF TIIK I'lwVlES. I'HTK Cl.XVn. I'Milri CUllONAiil A. 1 . A !l..niTir.g iuancli. iiMural mri'. ''., l)Ll)fPIUIl of :l lIllWiT. \'. r'l' tl ^iTtiuii "if II llowi-r. parU of llic [U'lals i<>!ao\i>. , . Vortii-al dfiUtin of n fru'.t, nalnral "iti:. '<. A js.'mI, natiiinl di/e. 'J, \ (Ttii'.il sBolimi ..f a sP't!. enlnrjje.i. ''1. An nibryu, mu"!! iimsiiijjcil. ' ' II. hii«- i.f a li?»( ?liiiwii;!j nijnilis. natural iize. 'XVltl. I'Aiirji 'iiu.iSAiUA. !<;■. liiRNsls. ■ -.^ !'rani;li, natural M/f •Mt.ii uf n t'.ivwer. tin; jiotAls rtmovwl, iiiLirgiKl. 11. lit brjiidi iiaturnl si/i'. ■I *'i'tU>ri of n fiiiiti iijitural size- •■. T.vpiafi,-.!. .5 ti'iSv Ji'iut. naturnl hnv .■,..;- «r.#:*-5iCfl|P|JP(l^?'^3»^-lilSB«»>*^^ \~ PYHUS^ CORONA! I ■\: i \ 1 ! - t I '1 ( PYhUS C OHO mar: 'X i i h II L ^ a I i 'ilv« oi Noflh Anicrica > MM»»i- ■ •rmm-'m'' T, -*-/ t I / r f-it.wt 'h-t PYRU5 CORONARIA ^ lOtNSIS / Hu>'fr'iU t.'iff.l ■' A-.y .V /'iwruf i \iru- i ItOSA siibc IS Pyrui no IV Ki do i:i T.I j>' sin IC p. CO (11, ami s til a I narro iive c and c spine; Tho ' sligl.t liairs, are In late-s witli ciiiiai Mi()i,\ l(ini;' iml)i'i I'olon very are pi near Gulf outer with white «.. -\^-ifm:^m^am'>m^^m%mm'm^*imii*>'rmmii>m. IIOSACK.K. SILVA OF NOirril AMEIUCA. 75 PYRUS ANGUSTIFOLIA. Crab Apple. Li;avi:s laiiccolatc-oblong, acute at the base, creiuilatf-scrrato or nearly intirr, siibcoriaceous. Pyrus anguatifolia. Ailon, lhir. ii. |ii. ii. lllL'O. — I'uiift. him. l>iit. V. I."i."i. — IVrsodii, Si/.i. ii. Id. — I'lirsli. /•'/. ,\m. Sqit. i. ;Mii. _ Kili(iti, .S7.-. i. .Vi'.l. — S|m'ii','cl, .S^/.■^^ ii. ,")()'.). — \)e Caii- ilollc. I'rmlr. ii. II.!."). — Wiitson, Ihnilr. ISrit. ii. l.TJ, t. VA'1. — Iti. (li'ninij. Siirr. y. ('7. .!/■//. ii. Ml. — Dii .M.Mit .1,. CuiiiM'i. /.^.^ r»/^ e.l. 2. v. .I'.'S. — .v„»,-../,/ />ii/rimi/. vi. l.'iH. t. -i;!, f. 1. — I'uiri't. y,'(m. />!if. Suppl. iv. ,"i'_'l. — .S|iacli. Hint. I'l;/. ii. i;!."i. t. N. — Loiscli'iir, llirli.Aiii'it. iii. I. l")l. — liiii'niiT, J'niii. .\iit. Si/ii. iii. l',)l. P. coronaria. var. angustilolia. Wwizi^', l.imi'i'i, xxxviii. II. Chloromeles serupervirens. Deruisne. /'/. (As .SV/vis. xxiii. l.-.(l. Mains uiicrocarpa. sempervirens. Cairiire. Vinninifi-.-i .]/ ;■■,■,„■„, ■!,.:<, V.K. !. 1. IS. A tree, riircly attuiiiiiijj; tliu lioioht of tliiity iWt. with a sIkhI trunk ii;;lit or tin inelit's in iliiunetcr, ami spruailiiij^ ri^iil liranclit'.s which Form a wide open Insul. The bark of the trunk is from an liglitli to a (piarter of an inch in tiiickncs.s, dark ruildish lirown. aTid divided by dee|) lounitudinal fissures into narrow ri(i;;es, tlie surface of which is l)roker into small piMsistcnt plate-like scales. The youni^' branches a-e clothed at iirst with pale pubescence ',\'u 'i soon disappears; in then' first winter they are slender and covered with smooth brown bark slijrhtly tiri<;ed with red, and in their seciind year produce slender s|iinesient lateral brancblets, and are lii;Iit brown and marked by occasional orann'c-iiilored lenticels. The winter-buds are obtuse, and one sixteenth of an inch loiii;', their outer scales chestnut-brown and slijrhtly pubescent, with ciliate scarious marjiins, the iniu'r ones oblonj;-. acute, coated with long pale hairs, accrescent with the young shoots, and a (piarter of an inch long when fully grown. The leaves are lanceolate-oblong, acute or rounded and apicnlate at the apex, acute at the base, and coarsely crenu- late-serrati! above the middle or sonu'tinu's almost entire ; when thev appear thev are more or less coated with pale tonieutnm on the lower surface, and are ]iil()se on the upjier surface, and at maturity are sid)- coriaceous, dark green and lu.strous above, pali-r below, and glabrous or nearly so, with slender midribs grooved on the u|ii)cr side and obscure |)rimarv veins; tlii'v arc then an inch and a half to three inches long ami one half of an inch to an inch and a half broad, and are borne on slender rigid glabrous or ]iuberulous petioles from three (piarters of an inch to an inch in length. The sti]udes are filiform, rose- colored, half an inch long, and ead.ncous. The flowers, which are an inch across when exi)anded, and very fragrant, appear from the end of March in Louisiana to the middle of May in Pennsylvania, and are produced in few-flowered .udicls on slender pcilicels an inch to an inch and a half in length, furnished near the middle with oiu' or more inconspicuous glands, and are glabrous or sometimes, especially in the Gulf states, covered with pale tomentnm. The calyx-tube i.s glabntus, pubescent, or tomentose on the outer surface, with narrow acuminate lobes, terminating in rigid points, and clothed on the inner surface with pale tomentnm. The petals are distant, narrowly obovate, rounded above, contracted below into long slender claws, undulate ami .s(unetimes irregularly denticulate-.serrate at the base of the blade, and white, pink, or rose-colureil. The o\ary and the lower part of the styles are densely clothed with })ale 1 i- 11 76 Slf.r.l OF NOliTlI AMKIUCA. IIOSACK.K. tdiiu'titiiiii. Tlic fiuit is (li'prcsscd-^ldbosc or snnu'tiiiu's slijjlitly pyrifDrin, ;in(l is from tlirco iiiiiirtors of ail iiuli to M\ inch in (lianictcr, pale yi'llow-i^rct'ii, and very frai^raiit wliiMi fully ripe, with hard acid llcsli, I'tiric* iiiniiistil'iiliii is distriliutcd from .\llc;,dicny County. I'cnnsylvania,' ami southern Delaware tliroiit;h the coast rcj;ion of the southern Atlantic stales to the valley of the Chattahoochee in western Kloiiila, and tiirou^rh the (iiilf states to the valley of the lied Uiver in F.onisiana, anil northward to iniiliiie 'rennes^ee. In the Atlantic states, where it is more common than in the country west of the AUenhanv Mountains, /'///•»< (iin/iis/il'ii/id usually throws in open forest i;ladcs in stilf clay soil near streaius. and in the (iulf states in tiie sandy soil of ilry depressions in rolling- I'ine-covired uplands. The wood of Piiridt diK/nslit'ii/in is heavy, hard, and close-drained ; it is liMht lirown tiufred with red. with thick yellow sapwi.od and many i)lis( ure medullaiy rays. The specilic -gravity of the ahso- lutclv dry wood is (UiSit.'), a euhie foot weijihinj; I'J.'.lT jiounds. It is occasionally employed for levers, the hauillcs of tools, and other small ohjects. The fniit is used for preserves and is occasionally made into cider. It was this trci'. no ilouhl. that William .'^Irachey found on the .lames Kiver in lOlO," althouf;[li it was not rceonni/.i'il l>v hotauisls until nearly the end of the ni'\t century, the earliest description havinij heen drawn m) fiimi trees cultivated in England, whero it was introduced in IT.'iD ' hy Christopher Gray.' The southern Cral)-ap]ile is occasionally <'ultivated in the fjardeiis of Europe. When in ih)wer it is not SLir[iassed in licauty liy anv of the small trees iilir<) in iinliT li> fiinii^li llii' Ciiriuus willi wliiit tlii'V ■' ••('nilil> rri'i'S thrn- !»•, Imt tin- fruirt siiiiill ;ilcil ImU.t, Imwliril, wiiiit ;" nml (lint, "lliniii;;li liis imlustry iiiul sliill ii ),'r.MitiT valicly iH-in;,' ;;l\il!\il up simiiio liiixlit «■■• liiivi' vt mir mvin- n;>\'\i-> uf nf Aincriran fiirost-lriM's iinil slinilis muv \k sri'ii in liis );;irilcMS, ally liiiiil. |ii'iin'>i. !i"'l «lint ills." (Ilnlnm cf I'riii'atlv ihio I'lr- tliun in any iillicr pliu'c in Kn^'laml." Accnrcliiii,' 1" I.iumIiiii, tlin giiiui llrilttunni, I'll. Maj..r, i:iO.) lirsl plaiil iif Mn;iwd,it f,il„l,i wliiili was lirnuf,'lil I" i'.nijlarnl was • All. Ml, 1I:tI. Krir. ii. 17(1, — l...iii|,in, .lr'<. Itnl. ii. '.Hi!!, t. iilaiiliil in (iray'.s nnrscry ; it ilii'il in ISKI, wlirn it hail fiiriin'il a ' (.'liiisdiplur Cray i slahlisluil a iiursi i-y-i,'arilin at Kalliain rarly liiail twi-iity fi'i't in iliami'li'r anil a trunk nearly livf ffi't in I'ir- in thi- i-i),'liliinlh ii'iitiiry. anil appears tii have li.-iii .-iitive in intr.i- eiiinfi leiiee (.lr/<. /.'n>. i. 7('0. (Ineinc X.irth Aineriean plants, fur .Mark Calesliy. in (he prefae- (.. In ir..-|(iray pulilislieil a e.at,ilii(;no iif (he p!an(s eultivateil in the llurUi.1 l!nlmin„-Aniinmi,us. pnhlishecl in 17(i7. remarks (liat his garden, whieli is snppiiseil to have laeli written hy I'hillp ".Mr. lirav at Fulhain liius for many years maile it his hasiness to Miller. KXI'!..\N.\1K)N or TIIK I'L.VIK. ri.Vri-. CI, XIX. I'VICCS AM.CSTIKCl.lA. 1, A llowpclii;; liramli, naliiral si/e. 2. Vertieal seetimi ..{ a (lower, parts of tlio studiciis lUi.l petiils rfiiiovcil, eiilargeil, ,'i. A fniiliiii; hiaiieti. iiadiral size, •t. Verlieal see(ion of a frui(. nadiral si/.e. 5, A winter briiiielik't, imtunil s'ui:. fW.'- i M'.'fMmmk^mm^i^^^sm^>iBf»^- PYRUS AriCuSTlFO; :A i :l| :i I II ''I nosACGii>:. s//.r.\ or xoirni a. ]//:/:/( a. PYRUS RIVULARIS. Oregon Crab Apple. Lr.Avr.s (.vntc-limccolatc. serrulate, oCleii ii-lolxd, pulxsccnt dn tlie lowei' Mirfaee. Pyrua rivularia, D.mi-Ius ; ll.«,k,T, AV, /;,.,•...(/». i. L'(i:;. i, Pyrus fUHcii. l!.iii,u,s,|iiM. .1/,./. /■■/. ii. '.'.".I. (W. — D.in. tii-ii, Si/.'th. with thin dry llesh and larsic seeds; ciii, r„„„..,„ii .V,i/. n. ser. W. IWU. t i I 7t< si/.i'.i OF yoirnr amk/hca. hosack.v. ('..iintifs. California.' It ^iowh hsimIIv in (iic|i ricii soil in tlii' ncifililniriiiHiil of strrainn, oftiMi fminin;;' almost iin|ii'nrtralili' ihicki'ts of iM.nsi.li'ialilf fxti'nt. ami attains its ^mitust size in tlio vallvVH of Wasli- inn'ton ami ( >ii';;on. Tlic wood of i'l/ni.i ririiliirirt is licavv, lianl, ami v.tv (•losi"«;iaiiirii. with a satiny snrfaci' snsc('|i- lilil.' of receiving a lioaiitifnl polish ; it contains numcidus ohscuiv nuihiliaiy lavs, and is li;;ht l)ro\vn tinmd «ilh led. with thick liy;htiT coloii'd saiiwood coiniioscd of twrnlv-livr to thiitv lavfis of annual ^mutli. The siMcilic ^navitv of tiio alisolutilv div wood is O.S;!lt), a ciiiiif foot wcijrjiinj; ill.SIJ jioiinds. Il i> iiii|iloycd for nialli'ts, malls, the handler of tools, and thr hoariii^ of inaehinm. Till' fruit, which has a pleasant suliacid flavor when fnlk ii|ic, is j;athcicd and consumed hy the Indians.' Archihald Mcn/.ics.' who saili'd with Vancouver as surgeon and naturalist late in the last century, Mliiiears to iiave lieeri the lirst hotaiiist to notice J''/riin rlnilnri.-', altliouf;h its character was not distin- ^uisheil until tifty years later.' In lS.Sli it was introduced from l)rej;on into the Ariuild Arhoretum, wluTc it is perfectly hardy and ilowers ahundantly every year.'' i linvw, n. rrilmii. I M. fl,,.;,ri,i'liifrh-l'lii/sil,nlUrhr wul Siilurhiilnmrhr Ih'frhreilmmi (I,h • •• I'lu- fruit of till' Cral.-iipi)lo (Pijrru rinitaru) is iiropurcd for Uimisrhrn lt,i,h> ((it. iii. iv. lOl,"), l.lll.li^ll(Ml iii 1K(K1, where llie l.,.il by lieiiiR wmpt in leaves nml preserved ill liiiip nil winter. wild Apidc-tr.e men liy S, heleeluiw »n tli.' .Meiiliiin IshiniU is When llie iipples hiive liecoine sweet, lliey lire eiiuked liy dicKiiiK a inenlioiied, l.nl is reKunled us ii »iiiiety uf the luiiimun .XppU- luile in the t;riiunil, eoveriiif; it over thiekly with fjreen lenvi'S and tree. a layer of earth or sand, and thi'ii kindling a lire above them." '■ /'yrii,. rin,!,irh is exeeediiiKly rare in I'.nropean gardens, and (U. lirown (Campst.), 7>,i,„. I:„i. .sV». l-:.lw> ustwllv ii> (i-fp rich M'il in the utiglii.i.rh.io.l oi streams, ofuni fi)nuitii^ u.i-.Mst ini|..'n, tr!it'l»> llii.I;. * ■' MM.Ifcf.jiiti rsteiit, >iml iitUuiis its jrroatoM >iz>- in l'.'' vijli ys of W.ish- i;ii;ti'U -I'.kI • •n";;<-M 'I'll,, u 'ir).vis heavy, hard, ami vi'i-y clutie-gnnrii'il, wuli ;i siitiny siiil'ai'e .^iisi-i'iv- lit,],, ,,i ul polish; it toiitaiiis mmuTous (ibacure iii>>(lullarY i-ay«, "'itl is liirlit iirown ,;.,,, i, li iiijIiliT tt.loiid siiiiwotnl (■iiiiiposcil of tWfiiiy-tivc to tliirh hxycis of jiiimial ■Cilii' (.(ravitv of t!u> ul'solutil_\ liiy \mioiI i, O.SliK;. :i ( uliio foot wi-iirhinjr .■)1.S3 iKmmLs. ti l«/f tuullets. ivialN. tlif liaii.jli-s of iools. ami tlii> boariiij;-.* of inat'ltiiil-iy. L. «hifh h;ks a ple.iisUit Milnieid Havor wIht fultv riiR', is gatlu'ivd and (.in.su'ni'd liy tlii' , i \rfni'.ii!s.%-lui .N.'iik'd siitl> VaiU'oiuer IS »iiv^'i))i and iialitiali.^t late in the last ctMitury, . . i.s to havf lu'tu tlu« lii^t Itotani.-^t (o iiotioc I'ljrKx nciil'U-iK, altliouj^h it.i i liaructci- wa.s iiol distin- „,i-litd isittil tiftv years later.' In 1>S'J it was intro.liuvd from Oroj;on nito lli<" .\niola AToon turn, wlvrc it is iiL-rffvtiy liarilv and iIow.ts .ihundantly i;\cry year.'' ■ 1 o, /■/. f OT'p.-w i. .'A lU^ymphiith-rhpikaisehf md >«(iir»ufi.n.<. Af Bochrtib-aiij ■. trail of ilii> Cral>-,i).vli- ( ." "■« r.i'i...ir« i ;.-- vrepi.ml fi-r Ji:..,»t,^n }M i,s (|.l. iii, i», Wi:.\, (.ul,!i-ih.Ml in 1*K., wl.L-re .)•. . i.iiig wmpi in ).-L.n» Mil ])r"wrT.'- \\ I,. .. I'l.. ui'l'l«» ••'>" l»>.-pau! twfct, th-y Htr .•.loktnl liv iliijs"';; " im'!itl....ta, but i« iTi:»i.t....l lu a .«iiety ul Uu- . ..imuon AiniL- h .U' m lIi'i ^r-iiTMl. ■•'ivenjiw it ovt-r UwV.y wan i;rt---u Icavi-i :»Hil lrt^(v ii.,.r ..( cMti. .r Mii..i, ,w.i th..!> k^milini » :.p aUovc il,..|i; ' '' /'jin.* ri^/iiiu. .a ex.-eeiSingly raw in i:im.|>™i >ri[r.l«us. . ii.l >i;. llr.>«-ntCainpsl, I. 2'.-.i/-, /(. . .V,. /;, ,.,/.,.r,;/., ;j '-^ do.-. >h.t sppMr r<. t«i« iiiir.i.-tMil (lii> ii£i.'nli..n »f K.rr..i«an lu-r,.- ' Sv li !«i. i'iill,iri!.l«' II is oiiltuatf'i, lun<-..>v.'i-, in tlw pii.liT) uf tliu K'res! ■ ri-'ali'>lh''Ouili.-lpriiiUi.ceu. ll.i>lr-,M^;t ' ' ■ \^ .mJ,.),. kSitb iUio»m &U(1 i)ro.liu-i frua. KXl'f,AN.\ I ; A ()K TIIK '■■i..V!L r, vrr •■ t» Rivri.Aitii. 1. A t)' "irrin;; vrCi rytt. •J. t'.j'ii-a; ti-r. ■ ii. lli<^ i>i'iii!» U'tnoM-d. enlargfil. ; , ■ .1 ; .isi-v, .-iilar),'i-,l. .!. ' ,' i.i'tiirai Hi/f. ■ • I r~" iy , f'liUri^cil. (■ , -r ti.i..i.;i'.-i. imtiirai atM. ^i;^'^^'j^-si:m't^mvmvmviH^^r*w^!»^'f>^^ ; TYPHG p;v;!!.APis 1 ,1 i \ UOSA( PyruE Ve Fl. T.I tal Ln i. '. iV. 18' ix. Sorbi uu sprea up 111 li-lit Cliltlli tiii<;i" ered liiytT are ii nate S(•al('^ fallin witli the 1 at'uK' al)(iv( some tin. 1. j)ali' Jll'OllI IlLVlll Till' the II anil i and short cruai >mmi^fm^>m^mmm^^^«'^!'^^mm* liOSACEvE. JSILVA OF ^URTII AMERICA. PYRUS AMERICANA. Mountain Ash. Leaflets lanceolate, acuminate. Pyrus Americana, n<' Ciuulolle, I'milr. ii. (iliT. — AVatson, Demlr. Jlrif. i. 51. t. .")l. — Spi-eiif;el. Si/s'. ii. oil . — HuokiT, F/. lior.-Am. i. L'04. — Don, (.Sen. Sunt. ii. CtX. — Aiulii- lion, ISinl.i, t. .'i(i;5. — Torroy & Gray, t'l. .V. .1 ni. i. 17!.'. — Torri'y, I'l. .V. )'. i. -"-I. — DiL-trii-Ii, Sijn. iii. 1 "m. — Nut- tall, Si/h-ii. ii. '_".">. t. ."iO. — iMuursoii. Trtv.i Mn.i.i. 4.')',>. — Lmn. Dirt. Siippl. v. Ifi-t. — Niittall, Coi. i. .W.". — Hayne, Dfivlr. Ft. ".">. — Siiacli, //l.^■^ Vrtj, ii. ',).">. — l>ij,'elinv. Fl. Boston, ed. 'i. -07. — HocnitT. Fam. Xat. Sijii. iii. I^IS. — Kiich. Datdr. i. WO. — Maxiinowioz. /,'«//. .('■./■/. Sri St. I'rlrrsiriani. six. 174 (Mrl. JU'il. ix. 171 ). — Wi-nzig. I.iii- IV't, xxxviii,71. — Dc'caisne, Smir. .trr/i. Mii.^. \. loS. Laiige, I'l.GriPiit. IIU. — I'rovanclit'r, Flon: C^niadlriihr, Sorbus nucuparia. I'ciirel. Lmn. Oirt.xW. 2ol (in pail). — i. 209. — Cliapinan, Fl. I'Jl). — Curtis. Rr/i. GcoI'HJ. Siirr. l'ii;;-7 (iJi-itri/mtioii Arcti- J'l.).m part. A tiTC, twenty to tliiity ft'i't in luinlit, with ;i trunk wliicli niicly oxcocd.s a foot in diunutcr, sl)r(>mlinij slender hninelies, and stout liraneldets ; or more ol'ten a t,dl or sometimes a low slii'ul) sending' tin many stems from the "'round. The liaik of the trunk is an eiL;litii of an inch thiek, with a smooth lioht "-ray surface irre^'ularlv lu'oken l)y sntail apfu'essed plate-like scales. The l)ranchlets are slinlilly clothed lit first with line jiui)escenee, hut soon heconie olal)rous. and in their iirst winter are lirowu tino'cd with red, marked liy tlie hu'H'e leaf-.sears and renuite pale ohlono- lenticidar spots, and ol'leii cov- ered witii a faint i;'lancous hloom ; in their second year they hecome darker, aiul the tliin pa]iery outer layer of hark is easily separahh' from the I'rioht "reeu and frai;rant iinu'r layers. The winter-huds are acute, Irom one ipiaiter to three (piarters of an inch lono-. and protecteil hy dark vinous red actnui- nate scales rounded on the hack, more or less [lilose, and covered with a <;'uiinny exudation ; the inner scales are coated in the hud with thick [)ali' lonu'iitum and enlaroe with the o'rowinj^ shoots which, in fallins across. The hracts and hractlets are acute, minute, and caducous. The calyx is hroadly ohconic and pnhernlous, with short nearly triangular lohes tipped with minute glands, and hall the length of the nearly (uhicular creamy white petals which are contracted helow into short claws. The fruit is a (piarter of an inch 4-- . 80 .v/ZT 1 (>y ^ollTII AMHRICA. lidhACK.l;. acvdh.;, stilijjloboso f slii;'lilly jiyr.!'. .Jii, ;inil l)ii;;lit ivil, witli tliiii acid lli'sli, a tliii'k rather wooi!}- cndo- carp. nii(! linlit clics iuit-C(ii'il si'cds yoiiiidcil at tliu ajicx, acute at tlit' liasc. jmw or less ilatti'iicil liy mutual [ icssiirc. aiw' liiu' cii-litli of an iiicli loiiy;. It ripi'iis late in tlii' autuinii, ami. iiiik'ss eaten by iiird-i, ivM.iiiis 111 I lie tif" until liu' end iii' wintei'. when it separates i'rdui the stems, whieh "t'ten I'eniaiii (in the hraiiehes until the leat'-lmds ii|ieii in tlie spiin;;-. /'i/i'i'.t AiKi (•'((■ iiKt is distiilinti'd liom Newldnuilland to Maiutcilia.' and extends sunthward thi(Mii;li the inaiitiine |)i'(i\ inces iil' Canada, (^hieliee, and < >ntaiiii, the i levated [mrtiiius ol' tin' noithea>leiii I'nited State-, tile itniiin o'' the Cu'eat I.aices. and the hij;h nicunitain lances ol' Viij^inia and North Canilina. It is aliinidant in ail the easteiii [iioviuces ol" Canada, where it <;'rows in rieh rather moist soil aloiii;- i\w. horders of swan'jis and on roeky hillsides, ami [irohahly attains its larijest size on the northern shores of Lakes llnron . id Superior; in the I'nited Stales, except in noithern \e\v Kni;land. it is nnue ol'teii a shruli than a tree, urowinj;' usually on the AllcL;hany .Mountains in the form of a low hush with narinwcr foliai;'e and smaller fruit than the tier hears at the north." Till' u 1 of /'i/ri's Ann rirdiiu is elose-^fained. hut lin'ht, soft, and weak; it is pale hrown. with jiale lighter colored sapwood composed of lifteen to twenty layers of annual growth, and contains numeiou> ohscure medullary rays. The specilie gravity of the ahsoliitely dvy wood is O.'yl'tl, a eidiic loot weighing oil. 07 pounds. 'I'lie linit of the American Mount:dn Ash is as astringent as that of the Old World specie.s, contains the same priueiph's, an-. higlilv colored tlian that of the second North American and of the Kiiropean species. •' linnivt. Cut. 1' ./. r.iil. f.lii. '.if). ~ Hi'll. /.'.//. I,\iil'«j. Sun: Ctlii. IS'.il-.SO, .•il. — .Maf.iiin, Cat. Ciiii. Pl.i. 1 Hi. ^ P;ir ,< \ni'ririinii, Viir. mirnn-ar/ui^ 'Viirvi-y ^ (iray. /V. .V. Am. i. IT'.'. - s.irp'nl. /'.>-. <^ 7'm.« .V. Am. KIM ('. ■isu.i I', .s'. i\. 71. Hur'^'U-: i,'t'->ijnlri'i, v;ir. a., .Mirliaiix. Fl. r>iir.-.\nl. i. -W. Snrh'i- iiiirr'fiirjt'i, riir^li, Fl. .\tii. S>f,t. i. lUl. — I'uirft, f.'tm. Dirt. Siip|il. V. li;i.— Klliiitl, M-. 1. ,V,."i. — Spiuli, Ili.^l. I'.y. ii. 1)5. — K". iiHT, Fruit. .\ri'. Sifit. iii. las. Pijr>is Hh'Tiiriirpii, .**|>ri'llj;oI, Slf.it. ii. ."•11. — Vc Cillulnllc, I*nylr. ii. yVM. — \)m\, dm. Si/fl. ii. (il.S, — l.,iucl.iM, .trh. nnl.il'Ml.— Sarjyt'iit, F.'fr.^t Trim .V. .Am. lo/A Crmm f. .s'. ix. 71. Horhiui Amirieamt, var. iiuirurttrjHif Weazig, Liniiitii^ xxsviii. 73. Siirf'H.i rij'iiritt, llaiilii'siiuc, Siir Fl. iii. l.~). « HaliiMMiiu., M.,l. Fl. ii. 'Jti."). — StilU' \ Maisfli, .YrU. Difprm. ed. •-', l.'Sait. < .Millv|iaUf,'li, Am. Mnl. Fl. in Itirn'mltillliic Unlinli'S, i. ,"it!, t. itl'i. ^ .luliii .los.sclyii iiit'liiili'S ill liis list iif plants liiciitiiincd in Xi'w /;M;/,ei>/'.< A'l.n/i... tlii' " tjiiicli Ik'uni or Wild Asli." Tliis lia.s lici'ii su|iposril III lie lln' ,\iiii'lii'an Moiinlaiii .\sli (sw ml. Tui'kiTnian, !IS), anil. allliiiiiKli .lo^silvn |inilialily iu'vit viMti'il tlii' inirt i.f Ni'w Kiifiland wIht.' thin tree ^niws naturally, lie may well llavi' Ii'arncd iif itii o.\istL'neL> frinn tlii' tndian>«, uliu duubtlcss made usii iif till' fniii. 0 l.uudon, Aril. F,nt. ii. ll'-O, t. KXri.ANA'nON OK TIIK I'l.ATKS. Pi..vrK f'l.XXI. Pviics AMniM.w.A. 1. A Hiiwcrilm Iiranrh. natural si/c. L'. \'crti<'al st'ciiuii nf ii Mower, t'lilarfjcil. .'J. An ovary tlividi-d 1raii.~\ i r.si'I} . cnlarfjod. 4. I'urlioii of a young briuii-h allowing stijuiles, natural siie. ri.ATK CI, XXII. PVIU'S AMia!lr.\NA. 1. A fiuitiii;; liranch, natural si/.c. 'J. Vertical si'i'tion nf a fruit, cnlar^ji'd. Ii. CriiKs si'ctiiiii (it a fruit, cnlarm'il. 4. \\'rtit'ul sectiiiii (if a Heed, enlarged. 5. An cniliryd. niueli nia);iiilieil. (i. A wlntor-buil, natur.il .'si/.e. .■.^:-,^'^i^m£i. ■,^4#- ' ,.t ^ ■» '.V # ! ! y* N) ;./ SO nil I AMKIilf \ UOSAl'K.IC ., I liluiiii. iuiil lirii^'lit ri'd, with tliiii i\'W llc^h, ■.\ tliu Iv rutin r wniidy cnilii- ..mii'il HiiK 'ouii'li'd at tlic iipix, afuti- at llii- luisc more or Jcsm llatti'litnl liy ■,!.! mil' I'iiilitli of an imli lutisj. If l'i|M!iis late in tlic aiiliiiiiii, and, iink'ts ciiti'ii liy •ii till) tlt'c iiiidi till liid of wiiitiT, wli.'ii it ■:; jiaiatos liiiii tiu! stems, wlltidi oftiill leinaiii . Ii'i.- lutil the It :if-!)iiils "I'i'ii ill the spniii;-. \iHi rii <>(i.i is di.stiilmlol from .\e\< fomidlaiid to MiUiit.iha.' and eMends southward through .iiliine j.r ivincii of Can.i ia. (,>iudiee. uiid (•nt.irio, ihi tii\alid jioitiou-, ol ihi noiiheastern Uiiitod vi'"' "f 'h ■ *!re;tt Lakes, and tlie hij^h miiuiilaiii ranges of Virt^iiiia and Noifh ('arolina. I it ill ail till' eastern |n"wiiies ni Canada, whi'ie it •;rows iii rieh rather nmi^t sod aloiii; the ^« iiii|ts and oil rocky hill^idis, and jiroiialily iiILiius its largest size on tlie iiorlhei'ti sliures > lliiimi and r^t^ierior; iu the I lUted States, exeei't in northern New Knulaiid. il l-i more often ■ .'. llim .1 tree, ijrowiiiir iisnallv on 'he Arie^haiiy ^loiintains iu the lonii iif ,i Imv litish with ri.i". ■ *'ii'i,iir,. :i;,,! smaller fruil. lh:ai till tree iliar.s .-'.t the nei-ili •■ Til ',>• Aimrii'ii!,)' i.s ci«»e-jjr.iiiied, l.iil li:^ht, Mift, and weak; il is pale lirown, with j>aa li_.ii. 1 I .iwu d sa|i\\.>iid rsiinjiosei of (illeeli to twenty layers id aiisiual eiowth, and enn'-iins niimeidii- iiliMure nieduUarv ia\^. 'I he spceilii- j;ra\ily of tin ai -nliiliOv ilry x^hkA i.s 0. ,">(,"> 1 . a cnhie foot «e,i^ iiii'4' ^'Ii.'.'T [loniids. Tlic' fiMl! :ii tile Aimri'' 111 Vloiititaifi Ash i.s a< iustrilljjelit 113 tli-iL I.I lie- (Md U oild sjK'ciw, I ont.iin.-- (i;e hiine j'iimi[d->, .iiid . .in he used for the wine ](iir(«ises; in th ■ I iiited States it ts some- tiu'.'-- i»ii|i'o\el tlniiii'sti all\ in infu-ions .ml dei oi-tioht*,^ ,unl in homo niiatiue remedies,' /' .:, Mo was ttr-! distini.;iii-lied l.\ Iliini|'hrey M ir .1, dl. the Teiiiisy U.ini.i iMitaiiisl. who di-';iiiif! r \\: \\\-: Ailiil^hiiii An', ,-'f-ti'il in in 17.-."'. ,lhhoil;.'!i i! Is .■siild to il.ne heeii introdm ed into Kn','li-.h ;;iidi'ns llit-ee years earlier." If is wniu liiiie', pluOid in ('.iimdu .iiid in the northern I'nited Slati s 111 tin iiee.;hh(>lhood id' houses on aei .niiif of thr V.. .,,lv iif ils fruit. 'IT. is, however, i.s sinall(?r lUnl h •> liijlii'. •loied iliiui that of tin -eeend ,Noi;h \ li. raan and nf the Kiiiojieail [leeies. tll-Uhi-l. ' i( /.'•;. vsxvi.i. 73. '-■. ila'iii'*. ■ \[.-\.:., :^w, .1/../. /•■(. il. ■J()5. — ^elll! ,<: Mai.-ili, .V.i(, //.,;,.■•«. . -J. l:i:ll * M,;ir.jii.iii»li. Iri, Mrd. H. i\ llim'iirjwihk H-'i-^ih". i. .'Vi. t .'i'». ' fiitiii .t't^H,'!))! incliKli'.H iu III, !(.,t t'f (lUnts i»«»itti'»in il m .V.w: /■.'».*/''fei.-/*s li^tnttt^' till- " t^'in'lt IU .Liii nr \ViM A^li.'' 'I'Uiit li'M* t't-t^i SM(>|'r,si>.i ti. !•,' lliL' /\l!H.'rti;4i\ .Mninaaui Anh {svv 'hI, I'll. kiTiniin, tt-*>, iii'ti, hliltoti^li .ltwsl!^Jl jiriibAitlv hhvit vwittsl ttic [mti rt' .VtMv Mii;;l*4it'l wts .--i' tiii-H thri' ^n.ws iiHl!ittilIy, tic may well iutvB IrtlfmHl of itfl i:Jlitittfllct> tVlMIl tilt' Ilsil.iUfl, VviuJ (loutjtU'Sll Itliulu IIMI e' t!»- Fruil ' Uudim. .lilr UrU. ii. V»U(I, I. f.Xl'f..\.\A'riO.\ (JK TUK rLAlK.S. I'l.ATK ( I.-XM IVki ■• .\Mri,iiANA. t- A ti."*' ■ ■ '.Hlarui m/j-. 'J \'"l-';i',. I r!■», /'i-j"'"t<. h'). i. r."!. t .■>». Iitiolit ,i ill iV-^w.' 'i'liiit h'lJ* li.-ttii •>fi, Tiii kcrinnii, I'll till- jwrt it' iiuiy well hiivB tHti'im Itliulu IIMI i: 'f : :a';a i -V. .t3imm-''*i^ '■jt^-:i':m. '■im:^im^¥¥W'> ..AV J <>.a-. .-^ -^-H^^' K-.-. ^^a: 1 ^M, ~s. }- / >• 4 i 0 I i ^ \ ^*«'.«-- MSirn'mmmmm^'^^ mf'^ . 1 ,1" ;. I'll. Ari:-:' , PYF^US AMERICANA I I IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 4 ^ .5^^. id. 1.0 I.I 1.25 ■^ !■■ mil 2 2 ^ 1^ 112.0 1.8 U 111.6 V] <^ /] ^^? ^^V'^ '> / '/ -<^ Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SS0 (716) •72-4503 ^Lo & % tA ^ '■! ;^i.^^t^:m-'Mms^^mr:^wm^wm ( KOSACE.E. SILVA OF NORTH AMEIIICA. 81 PYRUS SAMBUCIFOLIA. Mountain Ash. Leaflets oblong-ovatc to lancc-ovatc, mostly obtuse. Pyrua sambucifolja, Clmniisso & Sclilechtendal, Liiimra, Pyrus Americana, Newl)erry, Pacific R. R. Jlep. vi. 7,'5 ii. 36. — Don, Gen. Si/.it. ii. fits. — Torrey & Gray. Fl. K. Am. i. 472. — Waliiers, lie/i, ii. 5.'5 Diutricli, Sijn. iii. 155. — Watson, King's Rep. v. 92. — Hrcwer & Wat- son, Rot. Cut. i. 189. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. \Oth Ccmnis U. S. ix. 74. — Watson & Coulter, Grtitfs Mini. ed. fi, KU. Sorbus aucuparia, var. p., Micliaux, /7. Hor.-Am. i. 290. Sorbus aucuparia, Sclirank, Pjl. Lab. '!'< (in part ; not Lin- nxus). (not DcC'aniloUe). — Cooper, Piicifie R. R. Re/i. xii. pt ii. (10. — Torrey, Rot. H'il/.es Kxjilor. Kjcped. 292. Pyrus aucuparia, Meyer, PI. Lab. 81 (in part). — Sclilecht- cnear in the early part of July, are produced in small dense pubescent cymes two to three inches across f they are a (piarter of an inch in diameter when fully expanded, and are borne (m slender clavate pedicels twice the length of the obconic calyx ; this is glabrous or puberulous on the outer surface with narrow acute rigidly jwinted lobes ciliate on the margins and much sliortcr than the obovate petids which are rounded above and contracted below into short claws. The fruit is subglobose, bright scarlet, and sometimes nearly half au inch in diameter, and is produced in dense red-branched clusters. I'l/rus Knmhurifolln is distributed from southern Greenland ' to Labmdor- and the high moun- tiiins of northern New Englaiul, aiul ranges westward along the northern .shores of the Great Lakes to those of Little Slave Lake, through the Rocky Mountains to Alaska ^ and Kam.schatka,^ and through ' Hooker f. Trans. Linn. Soc, xxiii. 200, 3'J7 {Dialrihution .irclic Uothnick, .VmiV/isimiiiti Hep. 1807, 440 {Fl. Alash)). — Macoun, Cat, ri. ii.). Can. PI. i. 1 Hi. ' Meyer, /'/. Lali. 81. < Ledebour, Fl. lions, ii. 99. • Itongard, .Wim. .lair/. iSVi. St. I'tterabourg, scr. C, ii. 133. — r II M I 82 SILVA OF NOIiTII AiMEltlCA. UOSACE.«. northeastern Asia' anil the Kurilo Islands - to Japan,' cxten(linulter, M!]), but intermediate forms apjwar to con- nect it with the northern and eastern tree, and it is perhaps bettor to consider it a variety of that species (var. pumila) until the American Mountain Ashes, which slioiild perhaps be considered geographical varieties of one wiiii-ly distributed species, arc Ijetter understood than they arc at present. ^ Pyrm mmiuri/oliti rerpiircs a northern climate with long cold winters to develop all its beauties, and it docs not Hourish even in eastern New Kngland, where it is a less beautiful plant than the Old World Mountain Ash. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Plate CLXXIIL Pvkus SAMnuciFOLiA. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. 2. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. 3. An ovary divided transversely, enlarged. 4. Portion of a young branch showing stipules, natural size. Plate CLXXIV. Ptbus bambucifulia. 1. A fruiting branch, natural size. 2. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. .*!. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. 4. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 5. An embryo, much magnified. 6. Winter-buds, natural size. ^«,- rMmi%-'>f-*i*-'' to Jaiaii,' fxliiulm;^ »iiiifli in vvi'st<;rn Aiiii'ricii aloii;^ all ' !iii, uiid "> ilie neijrli'Hitn (I'll i»l tin.' Y.).sii iiiiim-diiiti'lv north and \vo»t of Lake Su|ii'rii>i'. riiv >vi)oil of J'l/nin .■'fuitbi'cil'uli't is (■Io 0.ui)28, a cnhic fcuit weighing oCt.'.H iiuiiiids, /'(//■'"« S'linhurifiili'i w;ts lirst distinguished l»y the French hotaiiist Miehaiix, wlio found it in Caiiadii late in the litst century. In cultivation it lia.s heen usually loiifoiitided with I'i/ni!< A.iiirir'iuii, Inmi which it is best distinguished hy its smaller cviiies, i's larger and later ihiweM and much larger fruit, uiil its usually more obtuse and broader leallet.s. Tlu' I.irgc and brilliant fruit of this tii-e make-' it the handsdiiiest ' *" all the Mountain Afhes, and it i.- a coniiuon ornaiuent of gardens in northern Vermont and New ilanipshire and in northern Michigan. Wisconsin, and MinncMita, where it often grows to a large si/.e and during th.- autumn and early winter i.s a coiisjiii uoiis ami beautiful object." ' Mattmuwiez, Prim. /•'/. >.l.' (F!. hui-.tr tiiamlf). _ 140. — AtiuirtH'Wirt, ' Triiitvctter .t Mu.-or, F! ij.>vtilt*.lfttf- It'ta umuiiU wrrab- ouU -.'wani." the apt^x, hva ^H^n rpunrtleil m a dutmct »iM.ciei (.^'T.^uJ j;>uj*;4/.'1II. I'VKCS !<\MliL'( If-HLIA. 1. A i iicering ir.Miidi, natural site. K. iVriscal dcclion uf a flower, onlnriji'il. ■1. An ■ vsi-y ilnidcd tninsver^ely, eii'.aiijeJ. i. i'uftAim of a young Virancli showing itiiiulcs, natural k:zo. Pl-ATT n.y.'CtV. }'VKCS SAMUC'trDMA. 1. A rruilin.,' hranoh, natural jite. '2. Vurtiv il wlion ol a f ruit enlarj;'>riif»l section of a sevl, enlarged. i" An Kml'iTo, mnrh mi>);niticj. 6. WiDter-kuiln. iiatuial sue. imwntmm'sm:' K^mn^hJias iNaii UOSACI-.K. ;'ii aloiii; all Mexico, ami lit' I'iilil wet irtliciii Xi'w <>ric'lii'i, anil liiuwii, "itli isiiliilcly iliy 1(11111(1 it in A.^Hriv'tiiii, niiii'h iai'pu' s tii;e make^! in northern lere it often 1 ohJL'Ct." irbuK M-i-vieMall; IS appcur to cu'l- i.H jii'rhaps lK?U<:r >imi/(i) tiiitil ttte |Ki U.- t'Usidorptl p«cin5t ftio b-'lter to Willi U'lig cold . (iotiri»!i «'i'rn in \\ plant tl Hu the Gilva ol' North Ainencj Tab CIX. ^ ^ * ' * >v I I :u tFy.,.r."i M PYRL'S SAMBUCIFOLIA , :nji:n :ni:?ch^ t.Ji'ujrrt<^f I,';.-..;- ' > II 1| i I turn \ 1, — 1 1 ii i 4 i ) '^^mMi!^A^ PYRU3 S AM BU CI FOLIA A SuhreiiA I ■I ! ■'*Kf^i.m^'€^:'^^?r^^^/'^w; nOHACEA. >7/, IM OF yORTIl AMimiCA. h:j CIlATKOrS. Fl.oWKRS rcmilar, perfect; ciilyx .'i-lolu'd, the lobes inibrieiitcd in lostivation ; petals 5, imbricated in ojstivation ; stamens usually 10 to l20 ; ovary I to .j-celli'd ; ovules 2 in each cell, ascendinj^. Fruit a drupaceous ponu' with bony nutlets. Leaves alternate, simple, lobed or pinnatitid. CratffiBUB. I.innaMis, Cm. \Vi. — Adnnmiii, Fum. I'l. ii. Halinia. Kocincr. /■'»/«. .V.l^ .S'l/n. ili. 101, '.•lie. A. L. ilii .riisniiMi. (li'ii. 3.'W">. — Mi'innor, (!nt. lot!. — Anthoraeloa. Uiiiinir, F'im. Xnt. Sijn. iii. lOli. KnilllihiT. dill. r.'.'l'.K — Hi'iitliuni & Ilookir, (Ifti. i. Phwnopyrum, Knenii'i, /■'■;«/. .V"^ A'//", iii. 101). (;'_>(■,. — Huilloii, //M^ /'/. i. 17.". Pholacros, Wun/.iy, LiniMii, xxxviii. lt')4. Oxyncantha. UuiipiiiH. t'l. ■Iin. eil. .% 130. — Mcilifii», I'/iil. IM. i. \M. Trci's or slinilis, with scaly li.i-k, ri^id tcri'tf and usually arnii'd liranclics, sinali wiiitci-liuds cov- ered by iiidiricated scales, those of tlie iiuicr rows act'iesceut and often colored, and lilirous roots. Leaves alternate, jietiolatc, conduidicate in vernation, simple, and generally serrate or more or less lohcd or iiinnatiHd, incniliraniicecius or coriaceous, commonly deciduous ; stipules often j>landnlar-Her- rate, deciduous, lanceolate, acuminate, minute, or, on vijronuis siioots. ample, foliaccous, usually lunate and stalked. Flowers pedicellate, in cynu>se paniclcd or slij^htiy racemose corynd's. terminal on leafy lateral hranclies developed from tiie axils of leaves of the previous year. Hracts and hnicth'ts linear, caducous, often c(»Iored, in fallin;; markinj; the slender branches of the intlorescence and the ped- icels with jiersistent j;land-like sears. Calyx-tube nrceolate or camiianulate, five-lohed or divided, the lobes reflexed after anthesis, entire or j^landular-serritc, persiste. (ubicular. spreadinj^, entire or sinuate niarj^ined, white or rose-colored. Stanu'us ten to twenty, or indefinite, inserted with the petals in one to three rows ; lilaments filiform, subulate, inciU'ved, often persistent on the ri|)e fruit; anthers oblonji;, attached on the bark below the middle, introrse, two-celled, the cells openinjj longituped in cultivation, has been for centuries a favorite park and hedge plant in Europe/" The American species of Crataegus are preyed upon by numeious insects," and are often injured by serious fungal diseases/* The geni'ric name, from xparo;, refers to the strength of the wood produced by the dilTerent species. * CVa/'rt/iw sfipulosa, StemU'I, \<»0. * II.H>kerf Fl. Itrit. A./ li. 383. * Kraiu-hHt .*?- Suvalier, Ennm. PI. Jap. i. 1 10. — Maxiinowicz, Hull. /.r,'eiin Itrsnirrhea into the hlorn of Chifut, \27. * I.iMiia'iis, .Sywf. 477. — Ho Candolle, /Vof/r. ii. i}'2S. — Ituissier, I. r. (UVl. -- II.M.kiT f. '. c »« ItraiHlis, Forest Fl. lirlt. hut. ii07. " Li.ii.b.n, .InV Hnl. ii. 837. 1^ i'niheipiji <)riiariinth(t is wiiiely and generally distributed through the forests nf Fun)!)** and eeiitnil Asia ; for many eentu- ries it has Iwvn cultivated in Kurojw a.s u hedge plant, for \«-hieh purpose it is fitted by its rigid and well-armed bnineheH, and Haw- th ini hedges are ooniMuui in all parts of fireat nritain, where, t(H>, this tree is a conspieuoiis and iH'autiful feature in all parks and many gardens. (See Luuduu, /. r.) The Huwtliuru was early in- troduced into the Cnitcd Slates, but the heat and dryness of our suuuners eausc the growth uf many fungal cucniies uu its foliage aud fruit, and its beauty is thus destniyed early in the season. >^ Anu'riean Hawthorns are attaeked by many insects whieh prey partieulaily on tlieir foliage. Packard (.VA Hep. IJ. S. Entomolog. i\inim. 1S8, .'>3'J) enunienUes forty-six species which afllict the trees nf this genus In the I'nited States ; these have been noted ehielly in tlio eastern part of the eontincMt. Tent-eaterpillars, Fall \Ve1>-worms, and (.'aiiker-wornis sometimes infest our Haw- t'lorns to Mut-h an extent as to make thiriirhiln-'< pn.iti<-iitn!i. Say, live within the fru't. >* l>ifTercnt Uie.steli(t occur on the fniit and young branches of most nf the .Vmericau species of Crataegus as well as i>n Pyrus and Anielanchier, and a Cluster Cup, IliCtteliti pyratii, Tliaxter, makes rings on the under S'lrfaoe nf the leaves nf several species. Among other fmigi which attack Crata'gus are Entomosporium ntanilalum, Levt. ■M::jM!MmmiM^A w;.v*: ./«•»"■ liUSACEiE. any member of ill to tlie shores ;t'iit'i';illy recog- ;i()iis of central lul solid, and is States the fniit it of CriitiKjm 8 on its foliage \y in the season, iiy insects whtuli prey *fp. (J. S. EtUnmnlof). Bpecies which aflliet liese have been noted t. Tent-oatcrpillars, ines infest our Haw- imger to neighboring in I'runus and Pyrus peeies whicli are [le- vies of Cfttoenla have s a number of leaf- liella, t'leniens, OmU , Clemens, and otlicrs. the trunks arc often lies of Cureulio, liko MO, Lcconte, and Co- b. id Toung branches of I well afl on Pyrua anil i/rnM, Tha'cter, makes feral spe^'ics. Among moxpuriwn vmculatum, most of iiio a|ieciea leguk. KOSACEiE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. m CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES. Flowers in ample many-flowered corymbs. Fruit Hubglobose, blaek or blue. Leaves broadly obovate to oblong-ovato ... ]. C. DocaLA.sii. Leaves lanceolate-oblong to ovate 2. C. hkachvacantha. Fruit large, subglobose or 'pyrifonn, scarlet or rarely yellow. Leaves subcoriacoous, obovate-cunoiforni to broadly ovate or linear-oblong .... 3. C. Cki's-oalli. Leaves membranaceous, round-ovate, acutely incised, usually glabrous 4. C. coci INKA. Leaves membranaceous, broadly ovate, acutely incised, pubescent on the lower sur- face 5. C. MOLLIS. Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong (i. C. tomkntosa. Leaves wedgiM)bovatc, prominently vtined 7. C. tunctata. Fruit small, deprcsseJ-globose, scarlet. Loaves subuicnibraiiaceous, spatulate or obla iceolate 8. C. spathulata. Leaves broadly ovate or triangular 9. C. cnunATA. Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong or oblong-obovato 10. C. viridis. Leaves orbicular to broadly ovate, pinnately <> to 7-cIott 11. C. AI'IIFOLIA. Flo'.fcr8 in simple few-flowered ooryiubs. Fruit pyriform or subglobose, red or greenish yellow. Leaves cuneatc-obovate or rhombic-obovato 12. C. klava. Leaves obovate, spatulate 13. C. unifloha. Fruit red, globose. Leaves elliptical to oblong-cuneiform 14. C. .esiivalls. M I lis 86 SUVA OF NORTH AMERICA. HOSACE^. CRATiEOUS DOUGLASII. Haw. FuriT Wack. Leaves broadlv oliovate to oblong-ovate. Crataegus Douglasii. I-iinlli'v. Hnt. lifj. I. 1SI0. — Kocli, llfiiilr. i. 117. — K:ili'iiiizi'nko, Hull. .)fisi: xlviii. ]it. ii. '.'6. — Hrcwer & W:it-iiii. lli't. Oil. i. IH',). — Knpilmann, Hot. Gii.-:ette. vii. I'.'S. — Siirtjciit. Fnir.if Trees X. .(m. iOlh Ceii.ii{.i r. S. ix. "">. — (iroi'iic. /•'/. /■'ranei.i. i. !>',). iii. 1()0. — Weniip. J.iiinnn, xzxviii. 1.35. — Torroy. Hot. I(V«-,'.« Kjrphr. Kj-j, I. '202. — Regi'], Art. Ilort. J'elroji. i. 11l>. Crattegua sanguinea. Nultall, Si/lm. Ii. C, t. 44 (not PaW l:i>). — ('iMi]ier, Am. Xat. iii, 4(1". Crataegus punctata, var, brevispina, Douglas; Hooker, Anthomeles Douglasii, Hoeiner, Fa> mmmmm hosacea;. — Torrcy, Hot. t. Ifort. I'elroji. t. 44 (not PaW '. Si/n. iii. 140. Hot. Cal. i. 189 3. 1 two feet in (1 braiiclilets ; > continent, a ()n<;itn(linally irk red-hrown and lustrons, lit straiglit or ch are bright s ari> obtnse, ■ back, a])it'n- idly ovate to Knely serrate more or less surfaces, and ve, and pak'r Tiie stijndes re foliaceous, produced in IS In'aets and tliird to one ly as lonj; as ir finely glan- adly oliovate, taniens which ■ from two to lis as soon as lustrous, with ih Columbia ' KOSACK.K. SILVA OF NOIiTJI AMERICA. throujrh Washington and Oregon to the valley of the Pitt Iliver in California, and ranges southward through Idaho and Montana to the valley of the Flat Head Uivcr at th': western l)ase of the Rocky Mountains. It is found in wet sanily soil in the neighliorhood of stream;, where it often forms imjjene- truble thickets of considerable extent, and is most abundant and attahis ' ts greatest size in the valleys of western Oregon and northern California. The wocl. of Cnilc&jit.f JJdinjlii.iii is heavy, hard, tough, : tUsli removinl. «li4i«'ing Uie ntiUi'ts, oiilargnil. «. A niilli>l iintursi ni/e. 9. A !iiiOet •li.*iJ-il iraii«vtrm?ly. enlftrpwl. 10. Vcrtii-al wMUioii of » huUpI. "oUrifPit 11. A lii'ci! ciilar)'> il. 1«'. An embryo, mucli nmgi.'tliil. i;' A liaf fTom a yount; (.liool willi 8ti(m!c8. nafaral ahe. 14. Wiuttr-buiU. natural «ir,e. l';.AiB CLXKVI. CkaT/k.u.-' DoLoi-Ajin, t-ui. uivvi..\uis. 1. A ftoireriiii» branch, r.,itural ai. ->. 2. ViTticiU wctioii of It tliiwcr, CTilirgeil. ^ A fniilin;; braueh. natural *i?.e. . Ooiw Motion of a fruit, enlargetl .A natli t iiaturil liie. .\ nutlet iliviiiwl irftjisverscly. eulargp.l. *:t**/-Sv. i^WMU:mmm§^ CRAT.t-:GUS DOUGLASIl w< .^ V ^i y •K / \ / / \ X \ ■""'-^. ,1^' -^ A •if- 0 •,^ i \ % t : \ ! / /,,.,.-'; ./,■/ GHAT.'Er.Uri DOL'CLAoH , ■■ RlVULARiS ,i Hi.-'rtit.r Jiti\r ' 'f ( ) UlinACKA. SllJA Ut' yoinil AMKIULA. 80 CRAT^QUS BRACHYACANTHA. Pomette Bleue. Hog's Haw. KlMTi luifilit l)lui'. litiivi's liiticc'olatc-iilflonjj; to ovate. Crntivvua brnchyHcantba, Sai'iiciit \ Kiii;rliuniin ; Kiii;i'l- Cratii'BUs spnthulnta. Ilunkvr, 1''>mi/<'//i. />' uuiiiii. Ili'l. Ilitxillf, y\\, I'JH. — Sui^Jiiit. /■'■'i-int Trim ,V. (Hot .Mii'lmiix). .Iw. \i>l/i I'liiHKi V, S, ix. ".">. — Kllu KiiiilJi', 7i'ei'. Ui-n, I'l. i. '.'ir.. A tri'i', torty ti( lil'ty tVct in lici;j;lit, with a >.traij;lit trunk cijihti'tMi or twoiity inclicn in (lianii'tcr. (liviilin^, live or ten tVct finin tlit' ^inniid, iiitu stout s[ireailiii;^ ''n''* n'''',V '"anchcs wliirli I'onu a lu-oail conipai't rounil IiimiI. TIu.' I>ai'k ut' the tnnik is a (|Uat'ti'i' of an ituli tliick, Jark lirown, rous and pale red-lirown, and in their Hecoud year are stout, more or less zifjzaj;, aiul ashy jjray ; tlu-y are armed with numerous short stout jjenerally curved or sometimes straight and slender sjiines, from one tliird to two thinis of an inch in length, which often terminate lateral hranehlets on vijjorous hlioots. The winter-hnds are ohtuse, nearly jjlolioso, one sixteenth of an inch across, and protected iiy ehcstnut-lirowu sidiorliicular scales ciliate on the niarj-ins and rounded on the hack, those of the inner ranks iieinjj accrescent with the younj; shoots, and at maturity foliaeeous, ohovate, rounded above, nearly entire, and from one third of an inch to nearly an inch iii lcn;;th. The leaves are deciduous, and are lanceolate-oidonjr to ovate or rhomliic, acute or rounded at the a|)e.\, fjrad- ually contracted into short broad petioles, and crenulate-scrrate with minute apprcsscd apiculate teeth; when they unfold they are sliirhtly pulierulous on the upper, and glabrous on the umlcr surfac(>. and at maturity are thick, subeoriaceous, dark <;rccii, and lustrous, with thin inconspicuous niiihibs and veins, and are oni- inch to two inches in len;;'th and h.ilt in inch to nearly an iucii in l)rcapear toward the end of April and early in May, when the leaves are nearly fidly le of receiving a beautiful jmlish ; it contiiins numerous very obscure medullary rays and is light brown tinged with rose, the thin sapwood, composed of ten or twelve layers of annual growth, being lighter colored. The speciKc gravity of the absohitely dry wood is ().G793, a cubic foot weighing ■ll!.l5;{ pounds. Cm fay IIS hrnchidciinthn was first collected, without flowers or fruit, by the Scotch botani.st Thomas Drummond,' l)ut its true character was only made known fifty years later, when it was rediscov- ered by Dr. Charles Mohr' near Minden in Louisiana in November. 18iS(). Criitiiijiis hrdclii/iiriiiith'i is the least widely distributed, and one of the largest and most beautiful representatives of the genus in North America. As it grows on the prairies of western Louisiana it is a striking and very attractive object, and its size, its compact well-shaped bead, its lustrous foliage, its abundant flowers, and the color of its fruit, which is unlike that of any other Hawthorn, will make the Pomi'tte Bleiu". as it is called by the French Acadians of Louisiana, a valuable ornament of gardens and parks where the chmatc is sutliciently temperate for its full development.' 1 i * St'c ii. -.J. ■^ Cliarlcs Mi)hr wn.« itorii in ICsslin^.'ii. WiirtfrnlttT^. l>i'i't'iiil»T *_'^^, 1S'_*1. unil I'Jirly imhilH'fl ii tiistc fur natural lii^tin-v aiitl tlie wi»nls from i\ relativf cniiiloycil in the i'nrt'st .scrvii-t' of Wurteiiibcrp, wli" innite the hoy his ooinp.iiiioii. In ISl'J lie ontercil the poty- toehiiieal scltool at Stuttgart, where he remniiied for three years, when, having made the aequaintaiiee of tlie naturalist Kappler, an employee in the colonial service of Holland, he aecouipauied him as as.si.stant to Dutch (luiana. Here, however, Mohr's stay was sliort, owinj; to re|wated attacks of malarial fever; and, after the chemical works at Urunin in Moravia, wherr he next found employ- ment, were closed in conscipieni'c of the political agiUitions of the year l^ilH. he sought a home in Kortli Anu'rica. The spring of 1H49 found him crossing the plains to California, where he arrived on foot, after a journe} oi one hundred ;uid seven days from the Missouri Kiver. In California he made a collection of all the plants he could tint! in tiower on the foothills of the Ynhii valley and iu the neighborhood of Saoramento. Unfortunately this collec- tion, which doubtless contained a number of undeserihed species, as Dr. Molir was among the earliest botanists to explore central Califorma, was lost during his return jiMirucy across the Isthmus of I'anama. On reaching the east. Dr. M<)!ir first settled in I.tmisville, Kentuiky, ami, after a journey m MexiiMi, where he thought of establishing hini*clf. and where In- colU-cted Mosst'S especially, and among tlicm several new species afterwards desiTibcil by I'mfcssor Karl Mueller uf Halle, he made his home at Mobile, Alabama. Ht-re for many years he has been a successful ninnnfacturing drug- gist, and has devoted his spare time to the study of the Horn and the natural resiuirces of the state. Heing appoi 'd, in 1H80, an agent oi the Forestry I>ivision of the Idth Census of the I'nited States to investigate the forest resources of the (Julf states, he prosecuted this task during several years with great vigor and in- telligence, tniveling through all parts of the Gulf region west of the Appalaehicola Kiver, and obtaining the first accurate informa- tion about the composition and distribution of the soutliern forests, besides adtliug much to (Uir knowledge of the range and life-his- tories of the trees which eonrtose them. Later, as an agent for the .\merican Museum of Natural History in New York, he again explored the southern t'o[ists to collect specimens for the .Icsup CollectiiHi of North Anu'rican Woods. He made a collection t»f southern woods under the auspi('<>s of the l,ouisvilh> and Nashvilh' lljiilr«iad Company for the New Orleans Kxposition, and is now engaged, under the iMtrestry Piviaion of the Department of Agri- culture, in studying some uf the most important timbcr-trccs of the simth. Dr. Mohr is the author of immerons papers upon the botany and getdogy of the southern states publi.shcd in the reports of scientilie societies or in mon^ popular form. (See I'hiirmiirfu- tUirh,' liumlsrha't. v. No. ■_>, 1 ) '■' Set'ils of Criittr>/its hnu'/iifiirnnthn v»*ere di-.tributcfl by the Ar- nold Arboretum, in 1 HH.'i, to the principal botanical establislimenls of Kurope. In eastern Massacliusetts the :Iimatc has proved tt)o severe for it, and the young plants have all perished. KXPLANATION OF TIIK I'KATK- Pl.ATK CLXXVII. CKAT.K'ilS lUtACll VA' ANTM A. 1. A tlovvering branch, natural si/.e. 2. \"crtlcal section of a flower, enlarged. .'>. A fruiting brineh, natural si/e. 4. A fruit with a part of tlio tle>Ii removed, showing the nutlets, natural si/e. r». A nutlet, natural si/i'. (>. A nutlet divided transvcr-ely, enlarged. 7. A vigorous shoot with stipules, natural si/.e. 8. A b)bed leaf, natural si/.c. KOSACK.E. V wt't juairit's and beautiful satiny surface y rayh and is imial growth, foot weighing •otch botanist ; was rediscov- niost beautiful jonisiana it is uis foHa^e, its will make the if gardens and [inufaeiiirinj* driij;- ly uf tli(> lloi'ii iiiid ji 'd, in 1H80, an isua of tlio I'nitcd lie Gulf states, ho fi'eat vigor ami in- uU region west of aecnrate inforina- H' soutlirrn forests, riuige ami life-liis- T, lis an agent for it'w York, he ngiiiii tens fur the rlesup L(le a collertion of ville and Nashville isition, and is uuw part Hunt of Agn- lUit timber-trees of iH papers u])ou the died in the reports (See i'fiiirmiiiru- i-ilmted hv the Ar- IlmI esta))lislinient8 ,tt.' has proved ttio died. il hi/e. ■^ ; i A > ^ \ ■ ■ i ell i.lj! '/•' \'>ini; AMi:ixi<'A. ii. ids witll ii, IT p-iirroiiiid • Mi'sterii !. .1 f'-w inilt's west of Opi'liiiisas, it is tlic most foM^jiiiiiuus iiiid l».';iiitiful H-'.itiiro ' ' • I - I'lit vcijctatinii. ■A < iiiliis \i'\\ M.'un! uicdiillarv r;iys and is > II tiiitjtMl with rcsf. till' thin sapw 1, conipusi'd id tcii or twi'lvt' Lijt'i-s of anuiiid jijioAih, lijjhtcr tiihircd. The specilio gravity "f the absidiitfly Jry wood is ().(>7'.)ii, a cuhic toot w^ghiiij; i ...i;5 pounds. ('riitiKiwt lirni'fn/nrnntlft w.is first colledteil, wiiluint tiowors or fruit, liy tlic Scotch luitanist Thcinuis Drumniiiid.' hut its trin' character wunonly iiias Mohr ' near Minden in Lonisiani in Novcudn'r, l^SO. Pr,'f(e,/)i- hritihij'iriiiithil is tho loast wi.lrly ilistriijtited, and oiii' of the hnv,ot and luip'-t luMutifiil rc[iri.'s(Mitativr>s of tlio goiius iu North America. As it j^rows on ihi- juiiiiis of \v(~tirn Lniii,,i,iii.i it is a strikiiij^ ami very attractive ohjcft, and its size, its com|)ai't weli-sha[ieii licad, its lustrou.s fi.Iiaije, its aluiiidant thiwers, and iho color td' its fruit, which is mdike that of any other HaHtliorn, will malic the T'nmette Mh'tie. ;(s it is caUcd hv the FrtJiili Acadians id' liouisiaiia. a \a!iialje oruaiiient of fjardeiis and [i.nlo wliere tho oiim.ite is sufkicieiitiy tt-miicriti' fur its tiill ileM'lo|iiiiiiil.' ' I rifvfto'. Al.-t.r ^.^^ t-irn in Kiirtliiii't •2S. IS'Jl. -.11, i ■! a uu-U (• frtmi II n l.i!.. ; ■ "•"' ' wfii- maiio tin' Ivjv tii.i » ■ U'l'llliioal -.'rluHil lit Xuft!.' . »[iti-' t IliT" fur uiiUiv jeiir.i III) im* iM't'ii a snioessfiil inamifiwtiiriiig ilr'iu- ^\*urtt'ii.lM'rx»i I'l^L'MiilKr guil. aiui tiaft di'voti'il ttia «pat-t- liiiio to tlie >l»iti, of Uic li>ira mid •' Tji Anu tlip w(K3itii ttie iiHtumi n^souri'-t^s rtf lli« stiitt^ Uimii^ a{>|iutut<-(l. jn isso, nu . . ..f Wiirtou.lK'rg. agiMit f fi?.. I .-^irv llivWioii of Urn lOtli tunsiis r.l llic I hIIimI lio «niiTi"il tbc \kAj- Mai' . av tlii> fotoul rescmrtcs ci tli" liiilf ntittes, he iuuir..il for tni»" i"i.r", )!•.« . . u i..^ iiuk iIiiriiiR ».'Vi ral yt'rirs with gtvtti vigor .iiKt in- wlii'ii, h.iviKK ii.aii- till' aiipMutiui.'.' It llii' ii.iiiiralKt Kni'i'ior, .lU li'ihgi'ncc, Imrclinit tbroui;h nil (mits of llip Ijiilf r"Kir, Mohr's stsf win tinn ntwul ihp i'oui|iiMiti.m atul iliiilnliution of Ihn mmtherii fori'stii, short, owing to ^'pen'.-l a!t„cka of lUiUarial f.vir ; ;iuil, afti'r the tnuiet b<1iIiii({ luuch to ..ur knowlc.lj,'!' nt tlio raii;;i' anil lifc-his- chBUi'.^al woiKs at bniniu iii Moravu. where li. iiem lour.il puiiiioy- lorii-* of ItiK 'H'1'.i which ouunioso thuiii. Ijiloi. aa .lu aijiMit for nii.iit, vnvf vU-m^ n >'ot.!..-.(.it'U. (• of the jmlliiv'al agitalious i>t the tbi- AmBricaii Museum of S.itural History in Ni'W Y'orit, he apuii loHiii' 111 NiMth A c 'n.a. TIib fpnai; of fi|ilorH, iiinl ia now ' ' ■'. ' V it>.i vall.'V cngai-.Ml, uudi-rth.' Fon-siry J vision of iho Dciiailmunt of Agn- i 111* i.ollm - cultun , ill sliutvin^ wjun; ot llif iiiiKt ii«|il.ir,' wnlral boliuv.v ami i,''i.'"logj' of ihu soiitl,.>tii states (luliliiliril ill llii' n'ii.oto' Isthmtii of of .ic'ieittitk* ;«>oi*'tii»4 or iu iinjr*i popular f*>rui. ^S4'o I'k'Vni'itru- l.ouijrillo, 'iVi'Af llHnii.'rh'tiiiti, in IHS;), to tiio priB.ipal ''otam.tal rstalilislmiiiiria ■ I'rofowior of Kuropf. In padtcii Mtia-Havliiisi-ttn thr fliHiat'' has pi^jvyil too L ■• \l)i..!..;i N.'v.',.' for ,f, anil tile yotiiH' ptitittt havs* all pt^n^hrtl. _n..ir 1^.~ I lu'ir M,.,. 01, i: tii:in'" h. I ami iU the o tioi;, whl'f. (w V'r. .Viol t'aliforlilx y\ ^i ..«! .ijT i'aii.iriia. '"'11 ri'a,tin ; W< ..It ki". ir;,t i' .-l.llv!,.|ull„'ll o.- 1 . .im.'i.jf lli.MB .if I, .fa! U' K,.l \t',..ii. •• . I li.'i. KXPLAN-VTHlN OF TIIK ri.ATK • - 1'laik Cl.XXVtl. ('n.in^'iit imAiaiv.u'.^.vrHA 1 A tl.jwoniii; Inaiich. iiaUiral ni'.e. J S'oi-tii'ai sfi'lioii nf a flower. ei\liiri;t>il. ! A frtiiiiiifj hraiirli, iiuturiil tiir. I A fniit with a part of the fli'sh reinovi:il. showing llio nullut'!. natural sif.vi .5. A iiillUt. iiuhirul M/i'. <> .\ imtlot iliviiinl ii'oinvor<(ily, I'lilarseil. 7. A vignroiii »ln>iit (villi «tipiil('«. natural size >i. A lulii'il lent, lutural nit.o, ■ftsr" lill.v.U K..K wet jiriiirii's 11(1 b'.'uutifiil r;i\s ami is lllili ^IDAlll, not vigliiug i((.'li liotanist was rt'iii.soov- Kist Ixautit'iil iiii.^iaii.i it is us I'lilia^;!', its ivill niiikr the ' mmlinis ami rtiifftctiiriiig (Ipijj- ' of Ihe ll'ira itiitl ntri\, 'm Kso, uii us of (he l'iii(t'ti VfCBt of aiTumte infurriiu' • Btmtliern fori-sli*, in^T and liff-his- , itrt iiu nt;iMit ioi ;w Yiirk, be npiiii !US ftU- till* Jl'Slljt l»> .1 collei'ti-'i) »:F illi' au'l Nii'hiilU litMt). :imt b now »nj-tiiiviit u( Agn- rtt liiiilwr-trecs oi i pullers upon the ifil HI (lip rv]t.ul(»* (Sev- I'kivm'irfii- liutwl Ijv the Ar- rul c^tutilistiuteiiKt . — MiUiT, D'ul. eil. 8, No. "). — Mediciis, IM. Heoh. IT.S'J, ."44. — Moi-nch, Bdume Weiss. '.'8. — Walter, Fl. Cur. 147. — WilUlcnuw. lierl. Baumz. H7 ; Sjite. ii. jit. ii. 1004. — Mii'lmus, /'/. Bor.-Am. i. '-'88. — l)u Mont ile Courset. But. Cr.lt. cd. J, v. 448. — IVrsoon. .Syii. ii. Ii". — riirsli, Fl. Ai/i. Sejit. i. 338. — Nuttall. Oen. i. 30.5. — Klliott, .S7,-. i. .".48. — liigt- low, Fl. Boston, lis. —Watson, Ihmlr. l!,-it. i. ."10, t. ."id. — De CaniloUe. I'rui/r. ii. G2G. — Hooker, .7. B'jr.-Am. i. 200. — Don. Gen. Si/st. ii. o9.S. — Torrey & Gray. Fl. .V. Am. i. 463.— Dietricli, .S';/h. iii. 1,"S. — T<,rm-, Ft. X. Y. i. 221. — Itoemer, Fam. X'lt. .S'y«. iii. 117. — Darliufjton, /7. Cesfr. ed. .3. 83. — Chapman , Fl. 127. — Curlis. Yi'ey/. Geoloy. Surr. X C'cir. 1800, iii. 83. — Kegel. Art. I[iii. Fetrop. i. 108. — Wenzig, Liiinini, xxxviii. 137. — Kale- niczenko, Hull. Moxr. xlviii. [it. ii. 19. — Kmerson. Treex J/(is.s-. ed. 2, ii. 492, t. — Kidgway, Fmc. F. .s'. \<,t. J/».<. 1882, GO. — Sargent, Forest Trees A'. Am. lOth Cen.ins U. S. ix. 70. — Watson & Coulter, Gnn/'s Mnn. ed. 0, 106. — Coulter, C(»!^ri7). C. H. Sut. J/erk ii. 107 (.!/.(». PI. ir. Texas). Crutfflgus lucida. Miller, Viet. cd. 8, No. 6. — Moenoh. Jl.iiiini l(V,'.«. 2.S. — Du Roi, 0/m. Hot. 13. — Wungen- lieini. Xordoni. Ilnl-. ','.'<, t. 17. f. 42. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. ".00. — De CandoUe. Frvl,: ii. iVJ'J. — Dcjn. Gen. Syst. ii. .-.99. Mespilus Crus-gnlli. Mavsliall. .Irlm.it. .int. .S8, — Casligli- oni. ('(■";/. nr./li .■stttti I'niti. ii. 294. — I'oiret, Lnni. iJi-t. iv. 441. — Desl'ontaines, Hint. A rli. ii. 1."". — Xuneenn iJii- liiimel, iv. 149. — Willdenow. Kniim. 522: Berl. Bniiniz. ed. 2, 244. — Hayne. Demlr. Fl. 80. — Kocli, Dent/r. i. 142. Mespilus lucida. Klirhart. Beitr. iv. 17. — Moench, .\/e>/i. (•,8,"i. — Du Mont de Courset. But. Cult. ed. 2, v. 448. — Spacli, JIi.it. fell. ii. 57. Cratfegtis laurifolia. Medious, Gese/i. But. 84. Mespilus cuneifolia. Moench. Jlet/i. 084. Cratfegus Crus galli. var. splendena, Alton. Ilort. Keu: ed. 2, iii. 202. Mespilus Watsoniana. Sjiach. IHst. Veg. ii. 57. Crataegus Watsoniana, Roenier, Fam. Xat. Syn. iii. 117. Crataegus Carrierei. Carriere. Bei: Hort. 1883, 108, t, Crataegus Lavallei, Hort. Paris. A tree, twenty to thirty feet in lieiolit, with a trunk four to six ffot tall and sometimes a foot in diameter, covered, like tlie stout rij^id sjueadinj;- brunches which form a broad Hat or round head, with lif^ht red-brown or ashy gray scaly bark, and usually armed with long stout often branched spines. The branchlets are glabrous, and at first green but soon become light brown or gray tinged with brown, or sometimes, in tlie southern states, bright red aiul lustrous ; they are stout, usually more or less zigzag, light brown to ashy gray in tlieir second year, and armed with stout straight or slightly curved sharp- pointed chestnut-brown or asiiy gr.iy spines from one to four inches in lengtli. wliich continue to enlarge for many years and eventually often become many branched and six or eigiit inches long, Tiie winter- buds are obtuse, an eighth of an incii long, and covered by cliestnut-brown lustrous ajiicidate scale.-> rounded on the back and scarions on the margins, those of the inner raidis being at matuiity lanceolate, acute, finely glandular-serrate, from one half of an indi to an iiu'h in lengtli. sometimes bright red and caducous. Tiie leaves are obovate, cuneiform to broadly ovate or linear-oblong, acute or rounded at the apex, gradually contracted below nito short broad petioles, sharply .serrate excejit towards the base with minute appressed usually glandular-tipped teeth, and rarely slightly three-lobed ; they are glabrous or occasionally ptdierulous on the lower surface, thick and coriaceous, dark green and lustrous above, and pale below, reticulate-veined, with narrow midribs and primary veins, an inch to live inches long, and from one ijuarter of an inch to an inch and a half wide. The stipules are linear-acute to ligulate, minutely glandular ■:;irratc, from one (piarter to one half of an incii in length, and caducous ; or. on vigorous shoots, they are foliaceous, obliipiely ovate, stalked, coarsely glandular-serrate, aiul sometimes half an iiu'b broad. In the autttmn before falling tlie leaves tur\i bright orange and scarlet. The tlowers. whieii appear after the leaves are fully grown from the middle of April in Texas to the middle of June 92 >7/JM OF XOIITII AMi:ill(A. KOSACKiE. in New Kiijil.inil, ;ii'f pniiluccd in inany-tlowfivd {rlahrous (ir soiiu'timos pnlx'nilmis tliin-hraiiclu'il cloiifjati'd rai'i'iiiosf corvnilis, tlio lownr l)raiu'lii's from the axils of leaves. Tlie liruets anil hractlots arc lineai'-spatulate. acute, finely iflandiilar-seinite, half an ineli to an ineh in leniftli. usually tinned with red. and cadneous. The flowers are two thirds of an ineh across ami are home on slender pedicels one half of an inch to nearly an nich in len^^th ; the calyx is narrow, oheonic. antribnteil but nowhere very common in the northern and eastern states, and is abundant and attains its larijest size in southern Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas. The wood of ( 'riit,ii/iis ( 'rutt-ijul/i is heavy, hard, and elosi-ivrained. with a satinv surface, and contains many obscure niedidiary rays. It is brown tinned with red. with thin lij^htcr cohu-ed .sapwood. The .specific jjravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.711)4, a cidiic foot weiyhinjj; 4LS3 pounds. ^ Tlio lo.-ivps of Cnif'tijus Cnis-tfiilli, nltliiiugli easily ret'oRiiizt'iI l)y tiieir toxtiire and lustrous u|>i»'r surfai-i*. vary oorisidcriiMy in form on tlifftTont initiviiluals anil stinietinius on tiie sanu' individual. Itotaiiists liavf t'nilt'avortMl to establish varifties based on sonio of thesi' ditftTont loaf-forms, altliou^li such charactors liavo little value in Cratiegus and are not at all etuistant or to lie depemleil upon. These varieties arc : — Var. pyraoviihifnliii^ .\iton, Ilort. Ken-, -i, 170. — I)e t'andoUe, /'nnir. ii. IjoC. — Torrey & (iray, Fl. A'. Am. i. Hi I. — London, Art,, lint. ii. 8'JI), t. I'JS, f. .VfO. — Kegel, Ail. Hurl, /'ilri.j,. i. 109 (in part). — Sargent, Furr^t Tnti S.Am. Uith Cfnut.'i L\ S. ix. 7(J. f'nl'irfjH.i ialicifitlint Meilieus. fl.-r. /.'. n'l. K-So, ;U.-k - - Itoi'iner, Fam. ,V'^^ .S'yn, iii. 117. Criiiifil'i* Cr>i.'<-tfii!li, \nr.!"ilirif'/>tifi, .\iton. //"r/. A'''/', ii. 170. — I»e C'andolle, I'mlr. ii. (VJ(i. — I.oudon, Arb. liril. ii. S-.MI, f. .V)l-.">.">:l, ."i7S, t. — Kegel, Act. Hurl. I'tlrnp. i. 110. — Wen^ig, L'liium, zxxviii. 1.19. .1/m/ii7i« f Viu-r/ii/Zi, var. .inliriliilln, llayne, Dfulr. Fl. SO. — Wilhlenow, Bt-r/. Ilivim:. eil. 'J. 2H. Misiiilm Cnu-ijiiUi, var. injniniullii/iilia, Ilayne, Dmiir. Fl. SO. Mffpihts niiHrifi'lia^ Koeli, /V'c/r. i. 1 14. (Wiit'trjnn Cnttr.^i-liinin, Koemer, F'im. \iii. Sipi. iii. 117. Vur. ,'nili/nl„l, It'll, lliij. t. ISCO. — Torrey & firay, Fl. .V. .4m. i. 4tH. — Dietrieh, Si/ri. iii. l.V,). — Loudon, .irh. Ilril. ii. S'.'l, f, 579, t. — Kegel, .4r(. Unrl. I'l'lni/i. i. lO'.l. — Wenzig, Liiiiuril, iixviii. i;)'J. — Sargent, Firi.^i Tnn .Y. .im. 10/4 Ciii.runellifiiliiif INiiret, him. liirl. Suppl. iv. 7"J. (ynlai/u.^ iiriili/iiliii, l)e (.'andolle, I'nulr. ii. (i^7. — Don, Gen. .<;/.8. Var. Uueitri.-i, l)e C'andidle, Fnulr. ii. 020. — Torrey & (iray, /•'/. .V. .I)/i. i. 4*»4. — I)ietrieh, .Vyn. iii. l.'iy. — Louilon, Arh. liril.W. K21, f. .J77. — Kegel, .Ul. Hurl. I'rlnip. i. 110. — Wenzig, I.iiman, xxxviii. 14<). — Sargent, Fiirful Trn-a X. Am. lOM Ceti.'«/. I'nli. ed. 'J, V. 4 IS. — .Spaeh, Hi.ll. Vij. ii. ."p7. This is the most tlistinet of all the forms of Cnilin/u.^ I'rii.i-f]illlt. It is not known to me in a wild state, and is believed to have origi- natei) in Kurope prid)a))ly in Kranee, where it appears to be more often cultivated than the other forms of the speeies. Var. pntuif'nliii, Torrey & (iray, Ft. JV. Am. i. 404. — Dietrieh, Si/ii. iii. 1.19. — London, Arh. Ilril. ii. «'J1, f. r>'l\, t. — Kegel, Acl. Hurt. Pelrini. i. 110. — Wenzig, Liiinirn, xxxviii. 140. — .Sargent, Fiireil Trrts S. Am. VMh (Vh.iili I'. S. ix. 77. .Mf.ipil'i.^ pruntf'iiliii f Marshall, .\rhu.^ ii. .".OH. — /i,./. lifij. t. 1808. Var. Fimlimexiann, Wenzig, l.inmrii, xxxviii. 111. Mi'.tpilus Fimlime.iiimi, Spaeh, Hifl. 1' //. ii. 58, t. 10, f. K. Afenpilwi /i.-ijfrtfinrt, Spaeh, Hiil. V'lf. ii. .W. Crnlirfjfa hniliiilii, Kos*-, Ximr. i^imm iVAtjric ii. li*J4, 11, 58. Crnliri/ns /tii^niinii, Koemer, Finn. Xnt. Syii. iii. 118. » Brunet, C(i(. r. y. LuJ. Oin. UO. — .Macoun. dil. ('nu. I'l.i. 117. UnSACE^. tliin-briiiichcd il l)r;u'tli'ts iiro ly tiii<;i'(l witli !• llt'lUl'l'ls (1110 I- {liluse un the rather sliortcr tut'ts of pale a (leep cavity •y niL'aly Hosli. il on tliu hack, of an inch in lern slioros of cr ill western {jrows ill rich o(l of streams ; ul is ahiiiidant y surface, and ored sapwood. II lids. i. tl-7. — Don, Gen. 17. , AhbihI. Iltitz. 170, «>8. Forrcy & ^iriiy, Fl. mihm, Arh. Itril. ii. — Weiizig, LiniKtit, (>. — INiiret, si-l, /;./(. Cidl. oil. 'J, Cnilti I/Its t y>ts-f/itlli. it'vt'ti t«j Imvt' (iri^i- ip|HMrs to Ite moru IMPS. . !. 4(H. — Diotrirh, 7rows witli it. The specific gravity of the ahsolutely dry wood of ('rntinji/.i Ci'iis-(jiiiri, var. bi rhirifoHn, is O.Gl'Jfi, a cubic foot weijiliiiin' I5S.17 pounds.^ It was discovered many years u^o iii'ir ( )peloiisas'' in Louisiana, by Professor William M. Carpenter.'' ('I'dldi/ii.i ( 'rii.-<-i/(i/ll lias been iiioie <;enerallv cultivated in the I'liited States and in Europe tiian any other .American Hawthorn, and as a cultivated [ilaiit it is ])arti(iilarly beautitiil. It flowers later than most trees, and after its larj^e and lieaiitifuUy lustrous leaves are fully developed. Its habit is alwavs irood and often strikini,'' ; its folia<^e is less subject to f uiii^al diseases than that of the other American species ; and its fruit, which birds do not devour, covers the branches until the .spriiiij without losinji; color. It is the best of the American Hawthorns to plant in hedi;'es," and for more than a century has been used in .some parts of the eastern states for this purpose.'* > Aiton, ll'irt. Kew. ii. 170. — Louilon, .Ir/i. /in(. ii. S'JO, f. .j"l, 575, t. ^ M' i!t nculeflta PijrifnUu ilenfirultttn :tpleuiltjii.i, fnirfit in.tii/ni rulilii Vir'jinimni.1, t. 10, t. \; .llm. I'.nl. L't!). — Miller, l)i:l. No. 0. M'^pituA; ^tpiu'im, sift* Oxtitvnnthil Vin/iniatta. The (.'ooks|uir t)r Viri^illi.in llawtlmrn. Miliar, Dirt. No. 8. Mfspilit.*! fiittii hinrfidntii .terrttti.i, sinui.^ roliU!iimriliu.i, jlnrili'is roiiiml">.v!i, MilliT, JJirl. liim. ll'.>, t. 178, f. •_'. ^ Sjirgt-'iit, GunUn ami Forest, ii. 4tU, Cmt. ii. 5(1. — Roeiner, Finn. A'«/. SjH. iii. 115. — Kegel, .let. Hurl. Pitrop. i. VS'A. — Kiij,'cl- niaiin, IM. Gti:rii', vii. IL'8. — Siirgeiit, Forest Trers .V. .Im. loM Census ('. S. ix. 8:!. Mespilns berberi/'iliii, Weiizig, LinufTu, !:.\xviii. 1-5. * Gariin ami /-on../, iii. 341. * This tree i.s eoniiiinii l\mr miles west of Opt'lous.is, I.oiiisiivii.i, ,m l;iml inljniiiing the pliiotatioii of Moiisieiir rierre I'oinpon retre, in an open grove of (taks anil I lii'kories, growing on low moist ground with the llonibeain, the Flowering Dogwooil, am) the Parsley Haw, elose to the lionler of u prairie surroimdeil hy broail masses of Crttttrtfns bnirhyaritttt^c. " William M. rarpenter (1811-1818) was horn in .St. Kr.aneisville in the parish of West Feliciana, Louisiana. In 18:;'J he entered the military aeailemy at West I'oint. hut two years later dclieate health ooinpelled liim to resign, and lie left the aeailemy before graduation and began the study of nieilieinc in tlif Louisiana Meilieal College, fr-'in whioh be was graduated in 1831 hen he was called to the chair of natural history and chemistry iii the Louisiana ."State (.'ol- lege at .lacksou in his native parish. In the six years during « liioli Professor Carpenter was eouiiei-tcd with this institution he devoted himself assiduously to studying the tlora of Loiiisia! .'., commnnioat- iug the results of his observations to the authors of the Flora of yorif) .Inieriea. In 184- be was made professor of materia med- ica and tbempentics in the Louisiana State College, a position wliicb be held until bis death, six years later. Car/ieuteria, a genus with a single species, a lovely wbite-tlowered shrub of the Califor- nia ."Sierras, was dedicated to his nienmry by bis friend Torrey. " " The \'ir. A nutlet ilivideil transversely, enlargiil. 7. Winter-lmds, natural size. 8. A leaf from a vii,'or.)Us shoot with stijiules. natural size, y. A leaf of the linear-lanceolate form, natural size. I'LATK CLXXIX. CRAT.Hr.US CKtS-iiAI.I-I. 1. A Howerinn liranch, natural size. L'. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. ;V A fruiting hranch, natural size. 4. Cross section of a fruit, natural size. r>. A nutlet, natural size. (■>. .\ nutlet divided transversely, eidargcd. r'.i.wii .• »ht> iiullpf". rialmal ai;- .-, \ f Mill tiiu'U iif u ijiillot. |itlcir«l f ■ > , »iilArj{fl willi «tii>iilM. natural si/c y. A WaI "if the linear-lKUtPi'l It • f'l"' 'kiMvjI lui- i'l-ATF CLXXIX. riUT.WiVH Cifl'S-iAI.I.I. "(ir. lit-RliEKIWll-IA. 1. A (!(>wcinii(( lirani'li. nntur^vJ "ijo. 2. Veitio.'U »<(CU»n of II flower. enliir)>i.- CRUS ■ GALi.I HKi^BKRl KOLIA f 1 i \m \}i4 > \ ' i > UOSACK/K. SILVA OF NOUTU AMERICA. 95 CRAT^GUS COCCINEA. Scarlet Haw. White Thorn. Leaves membranaceous, round-ovate, acutely incised. Crataegus coccinea, Limin-us, .Sy/iv. 470. — MilUr. 7'"'. CratEegua rotundifolin, Moencli. /?•'»»('■ UViss. '.'0, t. 1 . id. S, No. 4. — Dii U(ii. Ilarhl;. liniini::. i. I'.K!. — Moi'in'li, Meapilus rotundifolia. Eliiliart, lintr. iii. '.'(1. — Weudlauil. Iliiume IIVw.s-. 'JS. — Walter, Fl. Car. 147. — Wilkleiiow, /In-/. Baums. «1 ; Sfvr. ii. p' . ii. lOlM) (exd. syn.). — .Mielianx. /'/. Unr.-Aiii. i. J",.. — I'ersoon. .S';/«. ii. 'M'>. — I'lu-sh. F!. Am. ,Scj>t. i. :i.'i7. — Nultall. Oeii. i. ;!0,-,. — Schrank, 1'/. l."!.. '.'(>. — Elliott, Sk: i. :>.")."). — Tuiwy, /•v. X y. i. ■JJl.— Do Camlcille. Fn«li: ii. i;'.'7.— Ilouker, Fl. Itm-.-Am. i. 'JOl ; Itot. .Mrj. t. ;U:!'.'. — Don, I,', n. .S^/,<^ ii. .">'.>'.(. — Jiut. h'i'j. t. 19.">7. — Tuiifv it Or.'iy, /■•/. X. Am. i. 4(i,"). — liiijelow, F/. llo.-. — Emerson, Trcea M'l.i.i. ed, 2, ii. l'.)3. t. — Riilg- way, I'ruf. ('. S. Xat. Miis. 18.S2, Oti. — Sargent, F'rrgt Trees X. Am. lO^/i Ceiisa.t I'. S. ix, 77. — Watson iV; Coulter. (irin/','< Mnn. ed. t>, lti."i. Mespilus cocrinea. Marshall, Arlnist. Am. .S7. — Casti- glioni, l"i."/. nriili Stdti I'liU:. ii, 21)3. — Moeiieh, Mi/li. 084. — I'oiret, Lmii. Diet, iv, 442. — Desfontaines. ///.-V. .Ir/i. ii. 1 ' ^ Wilklenow, /','«« m. ,")23 ; lit rl. Jliiiiiii.-:. ci\. 2. 238. — 1 '11 Mont de Courset, Hot. ( ■nil. ed. 2. v. 4.M . — Ilayne, />.«.//•. /V. 77. — Wendland. /te./.nxl,. Fl-'ni. 1823. 01)0. — Sprengel, .9//.s^ ii. ,")07. — .Spacli. Hist. )V;/. ii. 04. /leii'le. i. \IX. CratEegua coccinea, var. oligandra, Torrey A Gray, Fl. X. A III. i. 4().j, — Sargent, Fure.it I'ree.-i X. Am. Mlh Cen- xii.t r. .s', ix. 78. Crataegus coccinea. v.ir. viridis. Torrey I't Gray. Fl. X. Am. i. t05. — .Sargent, Fore.it Treiii X. Am. U)th Ceiisii.t I : .s. ix, 78. Hfdmia flabellata, Roenier, Fun. Xnt. .S'//», iii. 130. Anthcmeles rotundifolia. Roomer, Fun. Xnt. .S'//h. iii. 140. Pluvnopyrum coccineum. Roomer, Fdin.Xat. .SyH.iii. l."0. PhcPnopyrum Wendlandii. Roemer, Fmn. Xat. .S'//h. iii. I.'.ii. Crativgus glandulosa. var. rotundifolia, Rogel, Aet. Il;rt. retr.,i,. i, 120. A liushv intricately hniiieliod tree, rarely twenty foot in height, with a short trunk soiui'tiines a foot in (lianieter, and stout spreailing hranelies whieli f'unn a namiw head ; or ntore ot'ten a tall nr low shnd). The bark of the tnuik is lioht hrown or ashy gray and is slightly iissured. the surface heing broken into small piasistent platedike scales. The braiiehlets, which are at lir.st light green and glahioiis or pidiescent. In their first winter are usually zigzjig, bright red and lustrous or sometimes light brown or gray, and marked by many small pale lentieels, and in their second year become light brown or ashy gray, their bark ultimately sejiarating. like that of the tniidv. into persistent scales ; they are armed with slender straight or slightly curved chestnut-brown or sometimes gray persistent spines an uich to two inches in length. The winter-buds are nearly globidar, one sixteenth of an inch across, and covered with bright chestnut-brown scales, .scarioiis on the margins and rounded on the back ; at maturity the scales of the inner rows are from half an inch to an inch in length and are lanceolate, ligiilate, or broadly obovate, glaiidiilai-serratcand usually more or less tinged with red. The leaves are round-ovate, acute, wedge-shaped, romided, truncate, or, on vigorous shoots, often suhcordate at the liase. acutely incised, or slighttv live to niiie-lobed. and shari)ly and irregidarly serrate cxcejit at the iiase with acute glandular teeth ; they are very thin and membranaceous, at liist glabrous or puberidous on the upper, and pubescent on the lower surfai'e, and glabrous at maturity or soiiu'times pulierulons below, and are borne a. \ i: I ) 96 SII.WI OF XOUTII AMKIUCA. ItdSAflwK (III slt'iuliT jjlalirous or |iulii'sc'iMit lu'tiiili's often an incli to an ini'li and a (juarter lonjj, and vary iiom an inili to tour iiiclius in li'nj;tli and from an inch to two and a lialf inclii's in lireadtli. Tile stiimlos are <;landular-.st'rrati', cadiicoiis, linear, acute, or. on vi^'orous shoots, foliaeeous, liroadly ovate, and stalked. Tiif lloweis, wliiiii apiu'ar when the leaves are nearly fully jjrowii, are j)roduce' hrauches, and by the broadly ohovate hvives ; these are acute at the ajiex, wc('",e-shaped, and eoiitracted below into broad stout petioles, sharply and often doubly serrate with acute i;landular-tipped teeth except at the hase. sonietimes three-lobed. coriaceous, dark j;'i'een and j;labrous on the upper, and paler on the lower surface, with a few p;ilc hairs ahpNi^ the [irominent luiilrihs and primary veins, three ov four inches lonjj, and two to two and a half inches broad. The llowcrs are smaller than those of the more conuuou ('rutiiijiis t-tni-i ■m. with narrow pectinatelv <^landidar calyx-lobes, and are [iroduced in broader looser pilose tty imbescent coryml . The fruit is oblong, or subglobose, smaller and less tleshy, with larii'er millets. ' Meyer, /'/. A.i'-. S'J. — M.iciiun, Cil. I '.ii,. I'i. i. 1 17. ^ Iliitlley, H'lll. C'TU'il /'-.('■. ii. aa (''./'/'('/I/ F^'ri). — .Sarijent, H'lnl'ti III,,/ I'.iri.'l, ii. IVJ. — \V;itsi)ii ,>;: CiMllter, i;n}'i's .l/iiii. I'll. (5, lOu. > Cmlitirif ;l!'in:liil;sti, M.ieiioli, Il.iniif U', i..«-. :tl. » I'l/rtis 'I'liliiilHtunl, Miiellell, M'th. IISO. Vmlaijus ijInniluhMi, Willileiiow, lin-l. /;.p,/ii;. HI (imt .Vitoiil ; Sj-r. ii. KWJ (exel. syii.). — I'uisll, I'I. .\m. S,/.l. i. ;i;l" (in imrt ). — I)i' (■uiiil„lle. /Vu./r. ii. (I'.'T. — I.mMifjes, l!„i. Oil,, t. lUlL'. — Ilduker, K. /;.lr..,lm. i. L'nl.— Poll, I,: 11. .s>v. ii..".!«l. — Lomlnii, .1,;,. /inl. ii.HlT. f. .ViO. ."llT. ."Mi.S, t. — Itefjel, .1.7. // .rf. /'••'•"/•. i, iL'd. M"-/.iui.t >utiipiii,,'l, I 111 .Muiit cl.' luuiset, /.'..(. ('nil. ed. ^', v. l.VJ (exel. syii.). .Ue-'/d/ui ,/!,iitiIt,i',;iii, Wilhleiiow, /iMim. .VJ3. — .^preii^el, .Si/.^t. ii. .".(•". — Watson, iJrnitr. Unl. i. jH, t. o.-*. — Selmiiill, Utalr. lliiiim:. iv. :13, t. 'Jl;l. — Spaeli, Ilift. \' 7. ii. C'J. — Kiicli, fhmlr. i. 1 1.-). ('r.llir'i"--' mnrriictlntful, Lii(lili;;e3 ; I.ihkUhi, .Ir/-. Urit. ii. 811), f. ."i7^, ii";i, t. Cnitiripix ix oii-riwn, var. (-(rM/iV, Tiirrey, I'licirii- Ji Ii Jitf'.'iv. «(> (nut Turrey & Cray). ('nlt'r>fH!t mrriwil/Y. .S. Hranile};ei', Ji>/>. t'h't^l Kntjiur. f U. A'. .1. .\|i|is. S. ISII (not [.iiinii'iia) ; lUili V. S. (Vc../..;/. .V tiin;/. Sun: Tirr. ii. -Jlk! (i'i Sh'iDm-vsI Cdnmih). — t'niilter, .Uciii. liini;/ .'ill. 11:1. IK). ( 'i'itit;/ns Vtnii/lnsii, Maooiin, Cni C'ln. I'i i. ."'J'J (nnt I.iiul- ley). liHSAl'KyK. J vary from an 'lie .-stiimlus aru e, ami stalked, r-tlowered eloii- r-senate cailii- li to nearly an late (Icntieulate which arc croae it the hasc hy ,• liancs on the in, bright scar- ; hy the jiersis- .' at both ends, ' seed is acnte, <;\\ the maritime irly to the east- ■rn Florida and in open npland nid is common Kiver, hnt com- niednliary rays ; the absohitely )e distinj^nished ;jj;ling branches, )ntraetcd below teeth except at 111 paler on the , three or four ise o( the more need in broader less Heshy, with . O'J. — Kuoh, Dtmlr. n, .Ir/.. lirii. ii. SIO, .inilloy, /.■(.(. Rt>/. t. .V. Am. i. It>l (I'Sfl. 'urific Jl. I!. A'l/i. iv. /.;,/l;„;,n>r.r U.S.A. (it"!(,q. iV (innj. Surv. AUv,Mwi.VmIiiMi. I'l. i. :<•>•> (licit l.iiul- UOSACKiE. SILVA OF NORTH AMEIilCA. 97 Crdtn-ijiis vorc'iiicn, var. xiiwvitcdiilliii, is eoninion in eastern Massaehnsetts, where it »' var. tjFimdulo^n. Hut the identity of Moeiich';- philit is so (hiulitfiil that it is better to pass over this iiaiiio nml take up the niiieli later one of LtnUli^es ami Loudon, nltlioii^h it is in part tlie I'mlirijus ijUinilulum of Willih'Uow, wliose name, however, was pnblisiied hitur than tlie CrtiUrtjuH ijlundulosa MespUuf piipulifiili'i, I'oiiet, Lwn. Dirt. iv. 117. P/i(tnnptjrnm jnipiiUfiAinm^ Uociner, Fum. Sat. Sijn. iii. l."3. Cratfrfitia cocriimt, var. tiipini, Hefjel, Art. Ifnrt. Pelrnp. i. I'Jl. ■* The eoiifusion in the pre-Linniuan descriptions of tlie American Ilawlhorns makes it i' _ iissilile in some eases to determine whieli species iliffercnt autliors iutended to descrilic ; hut it is apparent that some of tlie deseripl ions which have osu.ally been tbou);ht to refer to CratiV'pis ivrntira relate rather to Cmtirijns iwitli.t, wliicli wasi well of Alton, which is the Cmlmins jlwn of this author. Tlie ii),'iire in figured by I'iuki t. Watson's DmdwUujia ISritmmml was made from this variety, which f .Ur.y.lh^ llr^inhtn., -,r..«„/,inVr /.././.syWic/ii n,W„ mm,,,:; [Im. is admirably portraved by Schmidt. '>•■'■ - 'i' (c^^''- »>"• liimister). » Torrey & (iray, Fl. S. Am. i. .If.,-.. - Sargent, r„resl Tr,,.^ .V. Cr„t,T;r,.i /„lii.^ "n,(,s r,p.iu,.lo.nn,j,ihili^ s,r,;,tU, I.imi.Tus, Ilnri. Am. Wlh Cen>w, U. S. h. 78. f'l'/f. 1S7 ; lUt. Vp^. 1-0. - Clayton, /■■/. V,r,,u: it. - Itoycu, Fl. CrntoirM /mpidifolUi, Klliott, .ST. i. ."a (not Walter). — Nut- It'l/d. I'mlr. 21:1. tall, '.Viri. :)ll.">. IV II EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Plate CLXXX. CuAT.r.dVs coccinea. 1. A flowering branch, imtunil si/.e. 2. Vertical section of a ilower. cnlarjjcd. !!. A fruitnig branch, natural si/.e. 4. A fruit with pi rt of tlio tlesh removed, showing the nutlets, natural size, ."i. View of the snie of a nutlet, natural size. f>. A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged. 7. 'l"he end of a vigorous leafy shoot with stiiiules, natural nhe. 8. A winter branclilet, natur- -e. Pi.ATK CI.XXXI. CiiAT.Kiii-s rorriNEA, var. macracantiia. 1. A (lowering branch, natural si/.e. 2. Vortical section of a flower, enlar -od. .'!. A fruiting branch, natural size. 4. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. ,"). A nutlet, natural she. f). A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged. 7. Portion of a young branchlet with Btipules, natural size. ^ ^ ■■^.1 ;f^. ^k. ^^ r<' <^:.. ■■.I .: r I ^' / / \. ^M !l] If fXrUANMIiiN "I" I'l'l" I'I"VTKS- I'LATK CLXXX. ('EATWltH «0.!ilW. 1. A liow-rliii; lir»Iirh. iittlitnil mm. 'J Vofticivl !.i'.-liiiii of a tliiwi'r. ciihuui-d. i< A truiHKir brai.^-li. inUnriU mi<: ■I \ fiuil witl. |M.rt nl tlio IImIi n-mov.< View lit ill" - !i ' n "iitlft, iinUinil ni/c. I-. i*.imtU.l.l v.irsily. enlnrKwt. 111.' ui"l '.' ,,,...•. i^i l.!.(y sliiiiil V'lli Mi|iiiK'». '">'<"■"' "'"'■ 8. A wiiUnr I'.iilu'lilot imliitiil (.i'9 I'l.ATR ( [.XKXl. Civ.vrwfS mrriSKA, ';u: ma. i: \< AUriu. ' A tlowciiiiK bniucU, natural »i«» •_'. Veiii.'iil M'fiiiin of « ftuwer, eiilarijcil. ;t A (luitiiig braiifli, raiiirsl cifp I CrrMs iMWtioii of It f'liit. LMilMiTi'tl. .■'. A ni!t!pt, namr.il si?.P. I). A nuUot iliviilmJ iran^vprm-lv, pnlar^'d- ;. I'lirtii.ii of .1 joHiijj liranchlel willi sliimlca. n.iliiral file. if I CRAT..£C.'J3 COCCINEA .'>>>' A ,;rs^arr--T r'4l <> \ / \ ./' '^'-^'n-4-^y^ t^"^ 11 i'l A~' v/ / \ ■^; .r^ V^>^' i I I ■ 71 1 l! «P ^'"v"' s'''^'.*«^-i,rrate, decitluous, foliaeeous, acute, or lunate, and sometimes an inch hroad on vigorous shoots. 'J'he flowers, which are from an inch to an inch and a ipiarter across when expamled. are |U(iduccil !n hroad puhescent or tomentoso stoiit-braiU'hcd corymhs, with large spatulate glandidai-serrate deciduous or occasionallv persistent hracts ami hractlets, and ap]iear several days earlier than those of < 'ni/di/i/s rucciiiin, when the leaves lire half grown, which in Texas is in March ami in New Kngland from the middle to the end of .May. The calyx is oheoiiit. coated with toimntuiii rt en disk ; the lohcs are acute, glamlnlar-serratc, anil persistent. The ovaries are puhescent or puheiulons, and aro surrounded at the hase with tufts of pale hairs. The fruit, which ripens ami falls in Septemher (U- early in Octoher, is siihgiohose or pyriform, with a shallow cavity surnnimled hy the remnants of the I 1 :'£. l( ' 100 SILVA OF NOliTlI AMKRICA. uoaxcv.x.. ciilyx-ldbcs and filaments; it is often piilH'scciit wliilt' youiijj, and at maturity i.s an inch to an inch and a (|iiarti'r in (liaMictcr. luijjht oranfjfc-scai'Ii't, and covcri'd with a glancous hh)oni ; tlie th'sli is (liin and mealy liut sweet and eiiible ; the nntlets are pointed at hotii ends, Innate, rounded on the hack, with a sinu'le hroad deep or s(m>etinies HJiallow groove down the middle, thin brittle walls, and a lari^-e seed covered with a pale brown coat. ('niln'(/iis iniillis is distributed from the shores of Massachusetts Bay to northern New England and the ])roviiice of Quebec,' and ranges westwar'{, a cubic foot weighing •Ut.."')(i poinids. Cnildi/iis iikiIIIk, although it was long confoinided with ('raf(r(ju!^ rovvinca, was introduced into European gardens and was described and iignred before the end of the sevciiteenth century," and it is no doubt this siiecies which is calle(l the White Thorn in early accounts of N w England.'' It is the largest and bandsonu'st of the Scarlet Hawthorns of North America, and its rapid growth, tree-like habit, ample foliage, ami large and abundant flowers, as well as its brilliant fruit which, how- ever, has the (li:..idvaiitage of falling as loon as it vipens, commend it to the attention of planters. ' Hninct, Cut. Vi'if, l.iij. Ciln. 'Si. — M:icimll, Cut. Ciw. I'l. i. 1 1". ■ *' Alsi>, nnillMTi-ii'S, iiliiins, msplHTrii'S, corriiiu'c, clieslnutt*. fil- ^ .\f< •'jiii'iji .-ipii /oliii Vtrginiiimi .«/»(n/.t hnrri'fit, f'ntctn amptn <''»■- hrnls, walnuts, siiialiiuts, liurtlcbericfl, ami liawes of wliitotliomo rirwn, IMiikenet, Phi/t. t. 4iuii..in, si'r (hiiti'iirilhn mnrnim I'trt/iuiiimi, Ilcrinann, Iifrc." (lli^f^insou, AVir I'luyhitiiVs lUautattim [Coll. .Ua-vit. IlUt. ('ill. l.ngil. It'll. 4-j;l. — liiKThajive, l.'ut. I.mjii. Dili. ii. 'Sil. — Cut. Snr. i. 111!].) /•/. Inriil. p. 49. .\fi"ijiihi.i niiiletitn jti/rit''iliil tlfntifulnta t/il.'nilrn.< I'mrtu I'liXM/tit rutit'' rirjimwww, Cut. I'l. Lanit. t. l.'i, f. 'J (n.it I'lukiMU't )• Att'upiliLi Civnvlt'nith, S'lrln tormiiuilU Jui'it, 'ruurnufort, Insl. {'*■{'!. — DuhaiiK'l, Triiili' itc.t .irhris, ii. 10. " 'the wliiti'thorno alTttrds Imws as liigpo as an Kngli.sli C'lirrric, which is I'stceuK'd aljovp a Cliorrii' ft>r hin pmhIiu'ssc anil plrasant- nessc to the Uuili'." (WlhmI, Neic Ktiijldwrs J*ro^pei't, pt. i. chap, ii, •JO.) EXPLANATION OF TIIK I'l.ATK, Pi..vrK rt.XXXII. rKAT.i-;(a:« mollls. 1. A flowiring l)ranoli, natural si/.o. " Vertical »ection of a fluwiT. enlarged, .'i. A fniitlnp lirnnrli. natural si/.c. 4. A .sul)i,'l(ilMi«e fruit, iiatunil Hi/.«. T). A fruit, part nf the llcili removed, »liowins nutlets, onlarueil. n. A nutlet, natural fhe. 7. A nutlet ilivided traiisverscly. eulari;ed. 8. A stipule nf a yo.ing liranelilet, luitural size. 9. A winter branelilel, natural size. ROSACEA. ich to an inch ; the flush is )un(le(l on the ;le walls, and a . New Enj^land ii'i and middle ipeariiij"' on the iks of streams, irgcr size than .rkansas, where mfr ; it is light owth, and eon- ,v()()d is ().7urj:{. Introduced into tiiry,- and it is 1.=" s rapid growth, nit whicii, how- jilanters. rruncc, cliostiuita, HI- iiwes of whili'tliorno hey prow in plfiitie n [fW/. Mim. llisl. an Knj^UsIi C'luTrif, lin'ssc imil jiioasjint- nispecl, pt. i. cliiiii. Ti, ^^A. "^-^ ■. ^^^^^y^ ■v^'-'- / •^>- •'# Lf^' / / / W' -7 ^y ^^^^^'^ \ >>^-^. !l V N % \ -A^ 1 % if h 0 I 1 t ( m 1(VI ,1.1 (IF Sdi; i II .1 )//•:/: It A. KiiSACK,V.. '«'i>(i; it is iil'ii-n |>iilii'S('iMil uliiii' VDiiii;;. aii.l at iiiatiirily i< lU iiioti in mi inch ■ iMuii'U-r, l)rii;lil iir!il))j;«'Hciirlct, .iiul I'OVrTfil «itli !i pjljintnus lilooni , tho li< sli i> :. Iiiit >.ii'i't uiiil (>ililiK> ; till) nutlets ai*' ]iiiintcil .it I nlli cikI.-., luiiiito, roiimluil on the - I siiit-W' hniiiil ilf'»'|> or soilU'tiilits Hliallnw i^i'cxnc iln'vn tln' iniililic. thin lirittli; \^,ll■; ind :i ! ..i\iT<'(l with n jiah' liruwii ( nat ■,)/.» iiiiil/it^ is (li.striliiilcd fi'imi llif slmrcs nf M;is*ichus< lis 15. iv to noitliciii N«'w Knijluii'! 1 iiriivincr of (,>iii'I>0(',' aiiil riiif^i-s wcstwiitil lhiierra Mailii near Silnlln in Me\nii. It s^ruvs mi (lie iiiarj^iii-; of s\vam|>s, alonj^ the hanks o( streuHis, aiiii (Ml ]irairieH in rieh -oil ; in New Knelainl it is I'lore hti-liKe :ii ii.ihil ami allaiiis a larjrfr sizii tliaii tlie I'thiT li.itiw !I i\\ ihein-.. .mil le.uhes it> liesl ,: eliipiiMi'l ill 'I'ia.is aiiil south i AiUailM-. "vIht'- il ahiuiilijs. Till' wiioii of I'riitin/iin inolftx js lieiw. haul, .iinl elosc-ijrailieil. a'.lhmiLjh not stroii'^; it is lif^ht hrovii or I'l'il. with ihiel. siijiHnoil eiiiii|ioseil of tweiil:> •live or thirty hivi'i^ of annual jjruwth, anti |10illnls. ■. all!i()n;;h it wa< lon^ (onrniiiiieil with > 'i( lirijux luiiiinii. wa> intrclue' I iiiio Kiir. ■jasiii e.iiiii Ii, ami was ih'si viheil ami limireil I'efore llie end of the si'venteenth eeiitim .' ami it it nil iImiiIii iIi!v ..i.iciis Mliiiii ■ ■ '•■<\ ':u \\ '.n\ 'rh.ini in early aeeomit.s ef New Miielaml." li _'esi (nil ' • hawthorns of Nniih Ameiiea, ami il-i ra]ii(l powtli, . .loiti(laiit tliiwei-s, IS well .o its hrilliaiit fruit whith how- ■ 1 i nine; e -.m' h i ■ •'■ I'lji'iis. eoii'.uieinl it lo the attention of jilaniers. lrei~''ke liatol, . 1" If, has (lie i|i-;i \\ ••, litiinH'rrics, ptinns. nusplicrrii'^, furrniliT. clif.^ti.iitji, fil- < .lii'itji, ••tiinliiutn, liiirtit'hrrioA, laiil Iinwi^it of v\hii< tliitnit* ' -Ti' »s (fiiiij iw uiir t-'liiTriM ill Kti^liiml, Uw.y urow iii plcntft' I. !!■ ri-i.n... ini«." (Hi^'pii»>ii> Srw liugUtHiVt i'Ui'H.ititin [f uti Miiia. llixt. 'i'>7 < 'ill Sn: I. till, ) "Tilt- rvlitirltiuraii ulTiiril^ tiawn as IiIkjji* oj* iui Kn;;lit.h riirrrio, , m-#i(/'ii rutih wht. li IS I'Ktivctui'iI lilwvr a I'lu'irii' fnp lux j;(mh1ih',iv mid j'lra^nt- Ili'Ssi.' to tjio tiwto." (NV'uott. ^fir /iny/flii(/'jr /Vfiy;>f<-/, jit l. rtijiji h, Tt, /l|«( Cll.'. W.) i.xi'i \\.\iiiiN iiK rni, I I..MK i'i..\n: t'f. XXXII. t'KAri'.i* mi'llli. I \ ilnw.Tiu^ lirntirli, nutili-al sin;. .: V.rtlrul Kei'liuii of :« llowvr. onUrt^-oil. A friiiitiiij luuie'i, imtiiriil sisr. I. \ «iiii|;li!l>iiv Kdtflain! mi ;H>'1 lu'il'llo i|.iMniin till fl"! iikH (»f slreiWHS, UkallM-. ^vlll•^<• ori-j ; it is li<;lit w.xi'l is (i.l'Xi'.i, iiitioilue* 1 into itni v.- uiil V!ll>i(l ifiuwlli, ruit wliioli. liow- irrr.iH^v rii. H-.i.illJi, ni- w\ft n( Willi- tlioriie iIh'V ifiiiw 111 pli'iitie .m 1 ' id! Mats, l/ixl. nil Kngliiih riierrie, ulni'iistf niiii \>U':iiUnt- 'rospcnt, pi i. I'liHji B. ? ■? CF-lAT-'EGUS M0L,L1. 1 I iffl i I KOSACKJ';. SILVA OF XOllTll AMERICA. 101 CRAT-ffiGUS TOMENTOSA, Haw. Li-.AVF.s ovato to ovatc-oblonjj;, contriu'ttd into marj^incd petioles, densely coated with pubescenee on the lower suif'ace. CratcBgus tomentosa, Limia>iis. .S'//<'c. 17t'> (cxrl. sjn. Cl;iy- ti.n). — MilUr, Did. ed. S, No. ".». — Uu Koi, Iliirhl;. JImimr. i. l«:i. — Torroy & (iniy. /V. .V. Am. i. Km. — Dietrich, Si/n. iii. 100. — 'i"(im'y, /V. X. V. i. '-'L'L'. — Cliapiiiiin, Fl. IJ7. — Weii/.ig, /.iiiiinii. xxxviii. I'JK. — Kiiljjwiiy, J'l-fir. r. S. S,it. Jl(i.i. 1H8'.', CiC) — SarKcnt. Fore.'I"iit li. /•'/. Am. .-^''/'t. i. :<■>'. — Niit- t;ill, (Ifii. i. 305.— KlliotI, .SV,-. i. .5."iO. — IV Caiiclnlk-. J'l-iKlr. ii. 027. — IlimliiT, Fi. ISor.-Am. i. 201. — Dim. Gen. Si/.it. ii. 500.— IM. /;,;/. I. 1.S77.— I.niulon. .(/•'.. 7?ri7. ii. SIO. f. 571. t. — Kalonii'/.enkii, /lull. Mner. xlviii. ].t. ii. 15. <■(!. 2, 210. — Sclimiilt. (h'xtr. Hiiiim::. iv. .'U. t. 210. — S|iri'iif;pl. Si/xl. ii. 507. — Ilayne, Denih: FI. 7.S. Mespilus lobata. I'uiipt. Lnm. Diet. .Siipiil. iv. 71. Crata'RUS lobata. I )i' CaiuloUe, I'mlr. ii. 028. Halmia tomentosa. Knoiiicr. Fmn. Nnf. Syii. iii. 135. Halmia tomentosa. /J. pyrifolia. Kui'iner, Fmn. Xnt. Si/n. iii. 135. Halmia tomentosa. 6. leucophlaea. lioemer. Fiim. Xul. Si/ii. iii. I.''i5. Halmia tomentosa. t. Calpodendron. Kneincr. Fam. Nut. ,^i/n. iii. l.'>r>. Halmia lobata. Kmiiipr. Funi. Xiit. Si/ii. iii. 136. Cratifgus tomentosa. var. pyrifolia. (iray. Mnn. ed. 5. 100. A tree, fiftei'n or twenty fc t in iu-ij^lit. with a stiai^'lit trunk five or six incbes in diameter, sepa- rating,', a few feet from the ground, into s.endor liranclus whicli often spread nearly at ri.Ljbt angles and form a wide Hat liead ; or freiiuently a sluiib witli many distinet straggling stems. The bark of the trunk is an eightli of an inch thiek, ashy gray to dark brown, fissured, and broken on the surface into small persistent scales. The branchlets ,ue coated at lirst witli thick pale tonientum ; as this disappears tliey become dark orange-eolor, and in their lirst winter they are puherulons and marked by many minute dark spots, anil at tlie base by the conspicuous ring-like scars k'ft by the falling of the inner bud-scales ; they are ashy gray in their second year, and are slender, often contorted or zigzag, smooth, and usually unarmed, although sometimes furnished with slender ashy gray or very rarely chestnut-brown straiglit slender sharp spines an inch to an inch and a half in length. The wintei-buds are nearly globular, and are protected by orbicular chestnut-brown scales ciliate on the margins and apiculate at the apex. The leaves are ovate to ovate-oblong, acute or rarely riumded at the apex, gradnaby contracted below into broad winged petioles, generally incisely lolied. and siiarply and usually doubly serrate except at the base with broad .spreading teeth sometiuu's tipped towards the lower part of the blade with minute glands which occasionally appear also on the petioles; they are thin but lirm iu texture, gray-green, coated with pale persistent pubescenee ou the lower surface, puherulons and ultimately glabrous on the upper surface, conspicuously r.'ticulate-vcined, with broad midribs and primary veins, from two to live inches in length and from an inch to three inches in breadth. The stipules are linear, acute, minutely ! ■ ■'■ lO-J >•//, I'.i OF yoirrii ameuica. ROSACKW; fjIanilulMi'-scrrato. and from oiio (niartcr to one hall' of an inch hnifj. Tho leaves turn lirilliant oranjijc and scarli't in the antunin Iil'I'oil' I'aUin};. 'J'hi; Ihtwcrs ai-c prodiict'd in liroad h'afy piiltescent slundei- hranchud cynu's with hmceolatu aeutu minutely )j;Ian(liilar-serrato hracts and hractlets. Tliey are half an ineli aeros.s and iiave a stronj; disai^reeahle odor, am' in Texas open as early its the middle of March iiml at till' north in the middle of .Inne, or some two weeks later than thoso of the forms of ('riitaijits corr'iiiin with which tiiis species has often i>een confounded. The calyx is coateil with pale tomentum, and i- oliccinic with lonjr lanceolate ai'utc t:i[)er-poiiiti'd persistent lolies, which are deeply or pitinately serrate ami usually glandular, relieved after anthesis, and eipial or exceed in lenjifth the oliovale erosi' white petals, ami j;'lalirous pistils, which are two to live in nuiidter. Tiie fruit is pear-shaped or rarely sul)<;lobose and half an imdi liroad. with a shallow cavity surrounded by the renuiants of the calyx-lobes, tiiin dry tlesh, and short obtuse thick-wallcil nutlets rounded and sometimes (diseiirely two-ffrooved on the back ; it is erect and dull red, and remains on the branches with little loss of c(dor until the leaf- buds md'ojd in the foUowinji^ spriiii^. Ci-dtiKjii.i tiiiiii ntiisd is distributed from the valley of the Hudson River near Troy ' to eastern I'emisylvauia,-' and ran;^es westward thrnu^h central New York to central Michiijan, and Missouri ; it occurs on die Alli'jjhanv Moiiiitains from northern (ieoij;ia to c"iitral Tennessee, and extends throujrh Arkansas to eastern Texas.' It usually fjrows in low rich soil in the nei{;liborhood of streams and (Ui the margins of the forest, and, except in western New York and southeastern Missouri, is not known to be verv comiiion. The wood of CralnijnK tiiiuititiisd is heavy, hard, and cluse-f^rained, and contains numerous thin medullary rays; it is brijjht recldisli brown, with thick lij^htcr colored sapwood. The .specitie gravity of the absolutely drv wood is O-T.^S."!, a cubic foot weinhin;;; I7..")7 jiounds. ('riildijn.t t(niii ii/'i.N / ■/ y A \ If ; I lo-l ui'.i I (ir Moirrii .w/ /■:/>/( a. K08.VCK.K ■'i tiDtit OIK- .|.i.>rtiT t(i line }mir <>r nil iiii'li I'M');. Tlio Iimmv* turn litilliiiilt oniijjt' . iiitiitiin I" liiii Ciilliiij^. 'I'lii' fl.iw'i-. in- |irit>lii('iMl in liri);ii| l:i{y |iiiln'M'iiit Klt'inlfr- ' »itli liuicroi'itti ui'iilf miiiiittOv KliiiKlular-scrnito I'lDutM uiul brai'tli'tK. 'I'iii-y an< liiilf u>n miii liiivc n Htiiiii^ ;ili! tdiiiciituni, .111(1 i^i ni<' with I'iiii; liini hiti> lu-iitu lapiT-iioiiiti'il pirNtsii'iit h>ln's, whitii iiit> iii'i'|il_v or |iiiiiiiiii'ly HiTr iti' .lUiI iisiiiillv :jl:iiiiliiliii'. ii'tlcMil .il'tfr ,iiitlii>!iis, uiiii oi|iiiil or t'Xi cimI in jcii^^th thf oliovatf irtisi' wliitv jiot:ils, jiml ^l.i!iriiiw |ii>tils. which ;iri' two to li*o in numhi-r. 'Ihi' fruit is |«';ir-.shai>iil or ran-ly •uiiijhiboMC ami half iiii iiicli hroaij, witli a Hhallow cavity stirroumh'il hy the rcmiiuiits of tht- *-aiyx>loli«iiiil rinunijiH on tin- liraucln-- willi lilUu loss of color until iIii- leaf- hmis iinfnlil in th.- followini^ i-.|iriii';. ' 'ii»'i is (lintriiiitteil frotii iiw valhfv ui tin; Hudson Hivcr near Troy ' to ciiittcrn rcnn-yUuii! . iiml laiiij'i's wistwaid ihroiif^h ctnitral New York to central Michi','ali. and .Missouri ; it oci'iiis on the Alleijh.iMV Mountains fi'oui iioitliem (li'orsjia to central Tenm-i.si e. and e\telid.-« ihrongii Aikaiisis to ea-)lern Tex.Ls.' !t usually jjrows in low uch miiI ifi ihc nei^hhorhood of streains ami on the niai-yiiis of the fori'st, aud, except in wi'sterii New York .iiiii sontheahltfrn Missouri, is not knowii to he very common. iiaid. ami elose-jjrained, and cuntains numerous thill n thick lii;ht«T colored sapttdod. I'he ^|iecifi.* JjravitV of . ui'ir iMit weii^hinj; I7..">7 jioiimls. . iiiml in I''n;;li'h 'j i: hris, where it was intnidnccd hv Lik' & Ki n- Xranci! aiiij '. 'i i< lirilh nt color of its foliage in animnn and II Its hriiiclie- iurMj; tin; w inter constitute its chief v.ihic as an ornumental The ivood of r ■;•«('•/■(/ niediiilary r,u ^ il is hriffii tile alisohilelv di I fiitiiijii.i t nedv in .17'>,"i,' aiid in ti . pei-'L-.ti'nce of the 1: ' ; ,,,i,i. I .1-- ■ V l'n.fn*i>t II <; " It wrin f mini 11. iir ll'illiu liy Mr. .1 Iti- * Ai(<»Ti, Ihtri Kftr. ii. l(iS. - Iy\>mitir> t. l'iirti>r nil Cliestiiiit t>t\, t crt'tuiit 111 IKHl). .1-' />(.' 11 l»l'.l. f. i':xn..\NATio\ Of 'im; n.ATE. Vi.wr. ("i.XX\in ("KAi.v:.ii-s ti'MK.vt.wa. 1. A tliiWiTiiiif l>i-niii'|j, iiiitural «l*e '_'. Wilicul nectioii iif ft (InwiT. iMiluri^i-l. 'A. A fnuling liraix'ti, naturiil aiw. 4. A Hulit'liihosH fruit, iiuinrnl Aiv. ^^. t'ro.*!* .i.Mti*»n of a fruit. fiil.irpHl. 6. A fruit. It |iarl of lln' lh»!i iiitiov...!. Aimiiu: lli" iiiitlrls. irilari,-. .J. 7. A niitlrl, iiatnr.il «;'. M, A nutlet (iivlili'il ll•nll^v. r-i'i\ . inliirt;!..!. '.I. I'.irlinn of a leaf) shoot with .sti|mle.i, natural .i]>»"l or nrclv iU'x-ii'lic.s, \M. i;' IMiVTM "III • until llii' lial- iiv ' ii> I'listirii ml MmsiMiri ; it xttmds thriiiigli stirums iiml "ii s licit known til ntinierouii thin [■<.'iH«' ffr.ivitv uf liy Lot'. & Ktn- iii lUitiiinn ami ! :in uniaiui'ntal 'liim in lKrtl>- rf lirU il out. f. a,.... C R AT.-e G I ' S T O M t N T i3 S A w RosArKA;. SUA' A OF NOliTIl AMKIIICA. 100 CRAT^GUS PUNCTATA. Haw. Lf.avks w('(lm"-'il)oviitf, proiuiiR'Jitly vciiiod. Cratteffus punctnta. .Iun|iiiii, /A.r/. )'i'/»/. i. lii, i. -H, — WIlMcniiw. /(.)•/. H'lHiiis. HOi .S>lia. .Mmncliliauscn, /Immr. v. II.". — I'lilr t. {.■nil. /)/./. iv. -ttl. — Kocli, /Irii.li: i. 1:1 1. Mospilra cuneiformis. .'Marsliall, .l/■/.»,«^ Am. SS. Cratsi-Kus Crua Balli, Wanci-nhuim, Xnnliim. l/nh. ."p'J (iKit l.iiiniiMi-l. — Kii Kui. Ilnrlil;. Ilniims. i. 1'.l."i. Meapilua cuneifolia. KUiliarl. Hi!ii: iii.'.'l (nut Mciciu'li). — Siliiiiicit, Oi:^tr. Ildinm. iv. .'!!, t. L'la. — Sprfngcl, Synt. ii. r,(l(). — .S|,acli. ///.-/. IV;/. ii. (11. Meapilua punctata. LuimU'iir, .\T, t. 'u. — S|ia(li. Ilhl. VriJ. ii. til. — Wen/.ij;, J.iiiii'ia. xxsviii. I'.'S. Mespilua pyrifolia, IX'afontainea, Jllnt. Arh. ii. l.'rO (not WilliliiioH'). — Dii Moiit ill) (.'iiiir.Hi't, Ikit. Cult. cil. 'J, V. I."i'.'. — Spai'li, llhl. IVy. ii. (10. t. 10, f. ('. Crntipgua punctata, var. rubra, Aiton. Ilorl. Km: ii. 170, CrntifKUa punctata, var. aurea. Aitun, Jl'irt. Ki ir. ii. 170. Crata-Kua latifolia. l)c Cariddllr, I'lvlr. ii. ('i'.'7. Crat«'gU8 flava, DarlinK'ton, 1-1. Ci.tlr. nl. '.'. '.".('.' (not ,\i(Oll). Meapilua Trewiana. 'I'ausili, Iti-iji n.th. Fluni, IH.'iS, pt. ii. 71(1. Cratrt'gua cuneifolia. Hmiiu'r, Finn. Xni. .Vi/h. lii. ll.S. CriitfcRua obovntifolia. Hucincr, Fim. .^^/^ ,S'//». iii. IIIO. Hiilmia punctata. Itui'iiitr. Ftm. A'/^ Si/ii. iii. 1.11. Halmia cornifolia. Ucii'iiii'p, Fum. Xnt. Si/n. iii. 13."!. Phienopyrum Trewianum. Hocimr, Fum. .\iit. .Si/n. iii. I.-.I. CratitKUs tomontoaa. var. punctata. Gray. .Iran. cd. 2, rj I.— ClKipiiiaii. Fl. 1L'7. — liiiin.'t. ''•/'. I'n/. I.'nj. Can. '.'(1. — Saru'.Mit, Firi'M Tri'i.i .V. Am. UHlt C-ii.vui V. S. ix. ,sn. — Ma ri. f\il. Cm. Fl. i. 117. Crativgua tomentoaa. var. plicata. Wood. (7. Hook, [VM) ; r..'t. nii.i Fl. 111. Cratsegua punctata, var. xanthocarpa, Lavallee, Arb. Sfijirx. i. 'hS. t, 10. A tree, twenty to tliirty fi'ot in liciirlit. with a trunk occasionjilly eight or ten inclies in diamettr, and stout bninchcs spri'iiding nearly at rii^lit anjijlcs witli the stem and I'orming a liioad round or ilat- tojijied iiead. Tlie liark of the truidv is from one sixteenth to one einiith of an ineh thiek, with a dark red-brown surface broken into hing persistent jilate-like seales. The liranehlets are eoated at Inst with j)aUi jjubeseenee ; tiiis soon disappears, and in tlieir first winter tlu'v ;ue lij;lit brown and eonspieiiously marked at tiie base by the sears h'ft by the inner seales of the leaf-buds ; in their second year they are ashy gray, silvery white, or light brown, and ultimately become light brown, and are slender, rigid, armed witii straight sharp ligiit brown spines two to three inches long, or often unarmed. The winter-buds are obtuse, one eighth of iui ineh across, and covered by pale brown Instroiis orbicidar apicuhite scales. The leaves are wedge-obovate, pointed or rounded ;(t the apex, contracted below into long winged petioles, sharply and often doubly serrate above the middle with minutely ajiiculate t(>eth, entire or nearly so below, iuid sometimes, especially on vigorons shoots, more or less incisely lobed ; when they unfold they are covered on the lower surface with thick pide pubescence and are pilose on the ui)i)er surface ; at maturity they are thick and llrm, p;de gray-green and glabrous on the upper surface, the broad promi- nent midribs and principid veins, which are deeply impressed above, being more or less thickly covered with pale hairs on the lower surface, two or three inches long and three ipiarters of an inch to an inch and ii half broad. The stipules are lanceolate, acute, glandidar-serrate, and caducous. The leaves turn Jflif li 104 SILVA OF NORTH AMKIilCA. HOSACEiK. hiiglit orange or oranrjc and sciirlet in the autiiinii. The flowers are produced in I)road leafy tliiek- braiu'lied edrvnilis, eovercd witli pale tonientum or pubeseenee, and furnislied witii long hmeeulate eadu- cous l>ra('ts and bractlcts ; they are liorne on stout hairy pedicels, and o[)en from tlie middle of May at the north to tiie end of .lune on the high mountains of North Carolina, and vary from oiu; half to thveo (piarters of an inch in diameter ; the calyx is narrowly oliconic and more or less toinentose, with a dark red disk and narrow acute nearly entire or minutely glandular-serrate persistent lolies covered on the inner surfai'e with scattered pale liaiis. and nearly ;>s long as the white petals. There are from two to live styles surrounded at the hase hy conspicuous tufts of white iiairs. The fruit, which ripens and falls in the autumn, is pyriform or suliglohose, dull red or sometimes hright yi'llow, marked hy numer- ous small white spots, and three ijuarters of an inch to an inch in length, with a deep cavity surrounded hy the renniants of the ealyx-lohes and lilanuMits, thin dry ilusli, and thick-walled nutlets rounded and slightly or deeply grooved on the hack. ('rtif(i(/iis /iiiiictdtii is distrihuted from the valley of the Chateaugay llivcr in the jirovinco of Quehec, where, in the neighhorhood of Montreal, it is not uneoiumon, to the valley of the Detroit lliver in Ontario ; it is ii^ lare in nortiiern New Ilunipshire and Vernu)nt, and extends south through western Massachusetts, where it aliounds, and along the Appalachian Mountain system to northern GiMugia, ascending in North Carolina and Tennessee to an elevation of six thousand feet above the level of the .sea ; it is very connnon in northern and western New York, ranges westward along the Honthern shores of the Great Lakes, and cros.ses the Mississippi Kiver into eastern and southeastern Missouri. It usually grows in rich moist soil in forest glades, or in rocky upland pastures, where it often spreads into broad thickets. The wood of f '/•/'''/■i/Hs jiHiiildtd is heavy, hard, and close-grained, with numerous thin medullary rays, and is hright red-brown, witii thick jiale .sapwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is O.TtiSl, a cubic foot weighing 47.i^7 pounds. Cralin/iis j/iiiK liifd is said to have been introduced into English gardens in 17U) by the Duke of Argyll,' and the first description of it, published in 1770, was drawn up from plants cultivated in the Botanic Garden at ^ nna. In cultivation < 'ni/i>(/ti.t piiDctdfn is a hardy tree of good habit, especially beautiful iu the autunni, when its spreading branches are I'overed with its abundant and showy fruit. > Aitou, Hurl. Keic. ii. 109. — Loudon, Arh. Brit. ii. H18, f. 009, 670, t. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Pl.ATK CLXXXIV. Cn.\T.ficlC8 ITNCTATA. 1. A tlowerlii); limiicli, niitural xi/e. 2. A Howcr. tlii> petals removed, enlarged. !\. A fruiting; lirani'li, natural Hi/.e. 4. Croas sertion uf a fruit, natural size. r>. A nutlet, natural the. (>. A nutlet divided tranHvemcly. natural she. 7. The end of a leafy branih nliowiiig the atipulcs, natural sine. 8. A suhglolMiHe yellow fruit, natural the. 0. A winter branclJet, natural size. KOSACEiK. l)road leafy thitk- •■ liuu'folatc (.'adii- inidillc ol" .May at I one halt' to tlr.eo litose, with a dark 's covered oil the : are from two to which ripens and marked l>y nuniei- cavity surrounded itlets rounded and II tlie province of cy of tlu! Detroit ids south t'iroup;h ysteni to northern ud feet above the I'estward along the 1 and southeastern pastures, where it lus thin luediillary the absoluttly dry U! hy the Duke of s cultivated in tho ly beautiful in the ''Uk> \ ^ J s/i.VA OF sunn I ami-.uica. KiiSAlK.E. IIS uilil : Ullli'l'- i Uilli ..jilit omnifc or (irfDijji' -'ukI w.irlot in tlic atituinn. 'I'lic llnvccs iii> |iroilinT'i in liro:.'! ii'al'v ili-k- ■ luiiflu'il I'liivuili-., cdViTi'il widi piilf t'lim'iitiiiii or pulxM I'liO', .uiil furni.slied will] '"n;^ IhiktoUU' I'lidii- i'i)ii> !>r.ii.'ti* iiiul Hraitlfti ; (hoy an.- liiiriie on stout luiiry [u'llicils, ami ojicn I'nmi ihi' niiiltUo <'l M;iy at the nuiih to tlif eiul of .liiiio on tlic liifjli mountains of Noilli (.'arolina, and vary fioin oni; half lo llroe •liiartcTs of an inch in ilianii'tor ; i\w calyx is narrowly ohiDiiic ami more or less loineuU'^'', with a it irk ml ilisk anil narrow ai'Utt; nearly entiro or ininuttly glandular-serrate ju'i-sistent lohes (havi'imJ on the inner Slirfaeo with seuttercd [)ale liair>. and nearly as long as the white petals. There ar- . two to f'vo styles snrrouniled at the base hy eonsjiieuoiis tufts of wliit<' iiairs. The fruit, wliiei' falls ill the autiiinii, is |ivriforin or suliLrlohuse. dull red or sdineiiines hrifjht yyllow, inarke'. jius .^iiiall wliite spots, and tlirei' ipiarleit, of an inch I'l .in im li in len^lli. with a deej) eaviiy hy the reiununts of the ealyx-lolies and lil inienls, lliiii dry llesli, and Ihick-walled nutlets roi; sli^'litly or deeply ffrooved on the haek. ('nifififiifi jiitnc/'it'i is ilistriliuted from the \ailev id' the ("hateauj^ay River .o the pi : Quehee, where, in the neijjldxirhood of .Montreal, it is not uneoiuiuon, to the valley of tln' :>. ifnit River in Ontario ; it is not rare in nortln-rn New Hampshire and Vermont, ainl extends south t'n.itif'h western MasAiehiisetts, where it ahounds, and along the Apjiahiehi.m MoMiitain sy^ltia to nordiern (ieorijia. .■isceiii. rii Missouri, ii .;rows in rieh moist soil in forest glades, or in roeky upland pa^mrtM^. wl, u- it » 'ten spread.s in.'' 'i- >■ 1 iiiMvy, hard, and elose-gnined, with niimeroiir. ■ leu. diary thick p.'di' sji]iwood. T.he specific gravity of the ^iMtlniely dry .J, f7."-7 jii.inds. lave hei II introdiucd into Kuglisli gardens in MUi H the L>ukc uf Argsll,' and the tir-.t description of it, publish(-d in 1770. was ilnwii up from plants cu e-v.itcd ii- ii,r' Botanic Garden at Vieiiiiii. Ill cultivation I'rntit'ytiH punrtntn is a h.ari.ly tree of good hahit, especially !« uitiful ic th-; aiitiimti, when it-- s[ireading oranche.i are ccvercd vith its ahundaiit and showy fruit. The wood of ■ / ra\s. and is bright re . • Wood |> 0.7(JS1, a cube' flM (.'I'lllin/il.i /lUilt /"t.i 1.S >t, natural ti/e. t). A millil (liviili'il trmwvi'r'i'K-. niituml she. 7. Tlic cnil of n loiify Iroiuli »li()wiiij{ tlig eti|>iilL'n. iiiitiirni siui. a. A eiibg]aliii9u ^ri'ltow fruit, imtiiml t'ue. 9. A wintiT liraiu'lilct, natiinil «Iio. UOSACEjS. ro:t lii li- liiiii'oliiii' luidii- liiUUo t.f May nt ouo halt M ili-oo itesft, witli a <1 Ilk D (>•*••:■■■'! on '!'C art' I!' " fwo to wliivi' -i "•* ""<• iiaikf«1<'' "' a ciiitivatfctl b tho Iv '..t uitiful ic th«i >M ! I ! CRAT/F.GLIS PUNCTATA f. 1 UOSAt'KA'. iij/A'A or Aojy/'i/ AMjnncA. 105 CRAT^GUS SPATHULATA. Small Fruited Haw. Till.WI'.s siil)HU'iiil)niiiil<'('uiis, sj);itul;it(' or ohlimccolHtc, ci-ciiiitcly toolhcd or loIicd ii1)()V(' llu' iiiiddlc. Cratn>HruBBpatliulatn, Micli.inx. /■■/. /.'(ic.-.l;».i.'j,'S.— r,r- ('.Milt.T, '■.,»/,-,7,. I'. S. .\,il. l/n-li. ii. I07 ( .I/)/,,, yv. II. »oim, .S'//«. il. I!T. — Klliott, .S7,-. i. r>rp'J. — Loilcll^rcs, /;-/. I'liis). Cull. t. I'.'lil. — Dim, (ifii. Si/st. ii. 5'.)'.). — (liiiy, /.'■./. MoHpilu.-t Hpathulata. I'.ilivi. /,./;»./<;./. Si|p|il. iv. CiS. — 7iV(/. iiiidiT I. I'.l.'iT. — Tiirii'y & (ir:iv, !■'/. .V. .tin. i. I )(!il'i)iiluinrp(, l/l.i/. Arl: ii. I."i7. I)ii Mmil du (' ml, 4(17. — Did rich, S;/ii. iii. ICiO. — ('lia|iin:in, /V. r.'C. — /;„/. Cn/I. c-.l. 2, v. I"i.">. Sinvii.^i.l, ,V//.i-f. I'rlm/,. i. II'.'.— Kali-hi.v.i'iili... /,•"//. SiKic'li. ///n/. I V;/. ii. Hi;. _ Ku, Ii, /'.„./,-. i. |:;7. Mii.ir. xlviii. |it. ii. ;!l. — Kiil;;\vay, Am. .\nf. vi. 7-S. Cratu'nu.s iiu(;;-,)cari>:i. I.iii.ll.v, /.'>/. /,'../. t. LSIii. Siir|;(piit, I'tirrsl Tivrs S. .tin. 10/// ('/■ii.'nis I'. A', ix. Phii'iiopyrniii bpatl. latum, limuiir, /■'nw. .\'rf. Si/ii. Kl. — WiiLsim iV CouUer, dntifs .Man. vi\. (i, lCi."i. — iii, l,"!."^!. Cotonoa.stur .si)alliul:if.T. Win/ii;, l.ihii-i'i. xswiii. 'J'll. A trt'i', ('ij;lit('('ii to twenty-live feet In li('ii;lit, uilli a strMii;lit trnnk iiciMsionallv eis^lit or ten inches ill (lianietcr. and slender n|iiij;'lit, liianciies ; or more ol'len a sliiiil) with nunieidu.s .^[ncadin^ .stems. The l)aili of the trunk is <;'enei'allv smootli, Willi iiiiiiiili' icil-lnowii ;i|i|iiesscil se.iles, ami is iMirly more than a si.xteentli of an inch tliieli. The hiaiirlilets are slender, zin'/.'ii;'. and ;;lal)roiis ; dnrinj;' their lirst year tliev are lii;'ht reddish hrown ami marked with minute |i,'de lenticels, and later neeoiiie darker hrowii ; thev are unarmed ov armed with straight stmit li;;lit hrown s|iiiies an inch to an inch anil a half in leli};th. The winter-luids are one sixteenth (d' an inrh Iniii;'. ohtllse. and |irote(ted hy elii stniit-hrowii ovate apicillate sciles keeled on the hack. The leaves are s|i;itillatc or oldaiiceolatc, ciciiately serrate at the roiinded lU' aciiininate apex, on fertile hranclilets fascicled, nearly sessile, three (jnarlcrs of an iiieh to an imdi lonjf and one i|uarter of an inch liro.id, or on yonn^- sterile luanches or \ ii;(irous shoots .scattered, (d'teii deeplv three-loheij almve the middh with rounded erelialely serrate lohes deeply ami sharplv incised, eontraeted liclow into loiii;' winded petioles, and one to two iindies in length, anil an inch to an imdi and a half in hreadth ; they are dei iduous, suhcoriaceous. olahrous, d.irk j;rcen, and lustrous ahove, paler helow, and reticiilate-veined, with very ohscure midrilis and primary veins, except on those of vii^orou: shoots, which have hroad and thick niidrihs ofleii pilose aloni;- their lower surface. The stipules an; linear, .unite, iiiiiiiite, and caducous, or on \ ij;iirous shoots are folliiceons, lunate, sharjily senate, stalked, and often half an iinli hro:iil. The llowers, whidi appc.ir from March to .May alter the leaves are ea-own to their full size, are produced on loiii;' slender pedicels in f;lalirons many-ilowered narrow cymes with linear-lanceolate deciilnons hracts and hractlets ; they are half aii imdi acro,ss when ('X|ianded, with hroadlv ohconic cilvx-tulies and short iiiarlv entire per>islenl calyx-lohes, luiiiulcly n'lan- dnlai'-apiciil.ite, ami niiieli shorter than the white undul.ite-m,iri;ineil ]ietals,aiiil than the styles, which aro two to live ill iiiimher. The fruit, which ripens in Ocloher, is suliL;loliiise, crow I with the rcuniaiits (d' the calyx-lohes iiiul lilainoiifs, lustrous, hrij^lit scarlet, and one ei;4hth id' an inch in diameter, with thill dry lle.sh, nearly orhicular thin hritlle-walled iiuilets nmmlcd or slightly crooved on tlu' hack, ami iniiiiite .seeds covered with a thin hrown coat. C'rtiliiyiis .i/iii/liiil(i/ii is distrihiited throneli the coast i'Ci;ioii id' the southern Atlantic states from Koutherii Viri;inia to northern Florida, ami extends westward through the (lulf stales to the valley of the Washita Kiver in Arkansas, where it is ahundant in the iicii;hlMuliooil id' the Hot Springs, and to the vall.'y of the Colorado Kiver in Texas. It grows in rich soil, usually near the hanks of htreains or I 9 M , 1 1 lOG siLVA OF xoirrii ameuica. KOSACK^. swamps, or in low moist (li'iHvssioiis in tiic I'iiic foivsts, and attains its jjfreatest size on tlio liottoni-lanils of wi'stcrn Louisiana and I'asti'in Texas. Till' wood of Crntiii/if.f sjni/liiiliiln is heavy, liard, and cliisc-iijrai'ied, although not stronj;'; it is lii^lit liiown or red, witli tliiek li^iiter eolored siipwood, an.ij- -^0^V/7/ \Mi:uii .1 Ki'SACr/K :,v. ' ii iln' I'iiif I'oii'std, aii'ihtu\ in . (iindi'ia ■, i( wus iiitrodiu'cd into Fn-iich and Hii^lLsh jjiirdciis i ;irl_> in thu |ir«MMi( i v, hut ■./li.ildv iiij Ittii^riT iM/i Ill's ill iiilfivatidii. KXl'LAN/nON ul- nil. I'l.ATK. !' (!>.'. CltAT.KIil's sfATIlrl MA. I 'i. nnliiral f'ni>. " \ '..i! -.■Ill ' . ll.iwiT, "iilar^otl. .■ \ ffiiiiii'i; liraiich. iialiintl size. 1 1 '|. .» (rrtion of u fruit. I'lilnrgcil. "• ^ ''.I. Mfitnil »i/e. ■.I''l traili>V">r'-l_v. i'iil:iri;pil. *i I' nfy nlitt'it hl-nwiiig wtijmlt'H. I Utclilft. l>ttur^vl ^u^• *< 0 biilt'ii'i-liuiil.t t ». Meapilua cordata, MilliT, D!it. eil. 8, No. i. — Du lioi. lliirlil;. Iliiiim::. eil. 2, i. 01.". — Williliiiow, Kniiiii. 'I'So ; llrrl. Ihnm:. oil. '-', •-':«). -Ilaviio, Drwh. Ft. 77.— MeHpilus Phu'nopyrum, I-inna-iis f. Sijst. .Sii|i|,!. nl. l.'f, LVi I. — Khihai t, llvilf. i. ISJ; ii. Cm. — .M.uiuli. M,lU. OS,"). — Poirct, I.'im. Dirt. iv. I Hi. Cratit'Ku.s acerifolia. M.uncli. Iliiiiin' ((V/.«.<. .".I. Mospilus noprifoliii, Ilur;;s.liirf, Aiih'il. \\\.\\. 117. — I'oi- ri'l, l.'un. />:<■/. iv. 1 1'.'. — Xu'(i;;iii lliilcnii' I. iv. l.'il. — Spach, ///,>■'. )■.;/. ii. ('.."i. Cratii'Bua populifoliji, Walti'i-, /'/. Car. 117.— l'ur-,li. /■'/. Am. St lit. i. '.y.'u. MespiluB coralliiia, l)i>fiMitaiiH'«, Tih. Ei'i'lr llit. .1/«.«. 171. — I 111 .Mont do C'oiirM't. Hit. Cult. .il. '.', v. I.'il.— Taiisrli. Ji'iyi'iiKli. I'tuni. l.S.'iS. jit. ii. 717. Pliivnopyrum cordatum, Kniner, I-'am. X'lt, Si/n. iii. I.-.7. Phii'Dopyrum ncerifolium, Uu'iiior, I'mn. .\■'^ Sjii. iii. 1.-7. Schmidt, Oentr. Itiiimi:. iv. .11. t. '.'11 (liiimiiil. Otto & Ilayne, Ahlillil. Unlr.. 1(>7. t. 11'-'. — .''pieiigtd, Sy.'it. ii. Phalncros cordatus, Wt'ii/ig. /.I'/o/'r". xxxvili. Itil. 507. — Koch, Demlr. i. l.'.S. A tree, twenty to tliiity foot in hciijlit, with a straii;Iit tfiiiil; sninctiiius a I'ddt in diaiiu'tia'. i;c!iii- ally diviililif;', fcnii' or live IVct rniiu tiic oidiiinl, iiitd ^liiidi r ami usually iiiiiinht liiaiiclit's wliiili ioriii a liainlsdiiip olilonjr dp (pc(M>ioiially a iduml licail ; of ol'lni iiiucii Miiaili'i- ami sonu tiiut's oiilv a liroad sprfailiiiLV liiisli. 'J'lic liai'k oi' tlu' trunk is linlit lirowii ami an ('it;litli ol' an imli thick, the ^incially sinootii smfacc lii'inj^ Iirokcn into Ion;;' jii'isistciit scales. The hianchlets are slemlef. oi'teii /in'/at;', }i;laliroiis, [lale oiiiioe-lii//. II or xoirrii .\Mi:inc.\. iiosAcK.r. tlicic ,iic two to fivo Ktvlcs sunoiiiiili'il at tin' Itasc witli coiisiiiciioiis ttifts of \vA\i\ liairs. Tim fruit i'i|M'iis ill S('|>t)'nili('r ami ( >i'tolii'i', aini ri'inaiiiH on the liiaiiilicH iiiitil !ati> in tlic s|ii'in^ of tlic followiii;r vcar. a!llioiii;li it loses its color caily in tin- winter; it i.s ileiiresseil-jrloliul.ir, willi a uliallow eavity Mnronnilc'd li\ the reiiin.int-i of I lie relieved ealyx-lolit>s iiniHilainentH, ( 'raldi/ii.-i iiii'iliilii is (lislrilpuleil lioni the vallev ot' the upper Potonme Tliver in Virf^iiila,' south- ward in the t'octhill region of the Appalachian Mountains to northern (ieor;;ia and Alaltania, and wiNtwaril tinonj-h middle 'I'ennessee and Kentucky to tlie vallev "f the lower Waliasli River in IllinoiH.'' It ;,r|'ii\vs near the hanks of streams in rich moist soil, and is nowhere very ('(nnmon. Till' wooil of ( iiiliK/us fardnt'i is heavy, hard, and (dose-y;raineil ; it contains many oliscuro mrdnll.irv ravs and is hrown tini;i'd with red, with thick lighter colored sapwood. The Kpecilic "jjravity (if I lie ali>oIuiily dry wood is (•.""-".•■t, a culiie foot weii;liini; l.'>. I."» pounds. C'lifiiijiis cnri/iitii was known in Kurope hel'ore the end of tin- Neventeeiith century, and Plnkciiet ]iulilished in his /'/ii/tai/rnji/ii'i, in 1(5!'!, ' a lij;iire which well n'juesents the foliage, and which was prohahly made from a cultivated tree. As an ornamental plant ('rnln'i/iin ry fini<;al diseases, ami, late in the autumn after the leaves of manv trees have fallen, chauijes f-lonly to luilliant shades of (uauj^e and scarlet which hei;;hleii the ill'ei t ]iroduced liv the lirii;ht persistent fruit. Tile Wasliiiii^ton Thorn was once uuu'h used in the middle states fiu' hecljjfes, ami is still occasion- ally plante(l in Anu'rican e;ardens ; it is lictter known, however, in those of Kurope, and line old specinu'iis are not unconunon in Knj;land. France, and (lermaliy. * l'nit<>;/'ts nirfiil'i now ;;r"iv\H hiiontiitu'diij'lv iliiil pfrli;l|>^ ii:tlu- riilly, us I'ntfi'ssiir INirtcr lu'lifvcn, in I*.-rirvri. Li'lruion ('(uinty, I't'iinsvlviiriia. wIh'H' it was foiniil in ISiU I'V .^t[^ .1. K. Siiiall. • I'atliTsiMi, ('(II. I'l. HI. la. ' .Mi.^fiiliLt \'ir'/iriuiiiit Ajui/itlin, vith/iiri y(7.'jf,*j"* miijor, f/niiiilinri' h,.' V'l'iK, t. li;, f. ;) ; Aim. Hill. :;|U. — .MilliT, Oicl. Xo. ID. — (■(!(. /'.'. i.ou.i. lit, t. ;i, f. 1. Mi i.i wutf nrrrntu Tiimn ,«/jm.i.i.<, .\tilliT, lli'-l. Ii-nn. 110, t. 17!l. 'I'lif poitular nalin' by wliii-li i'mttrrjHA mnliUti i^ ttc^t knnw-ii. at It'a^l ill .\tniTicaii Lrardcilii, i^ saiil ti> hv ililo to tlii' fai-t tliat curly ill iln- rnil "V it was tntriHliiiM-tl from tin- iiciylilitnliiMMl of tlio city of W'asliiiif^tiHi into Clirstrr Coiinly, l*i'nii-«\lvaiiia, vvtii-ro it was al'ifrwanlH inort' K^'ni'riilly iisnl tliiiii any otliur plant fur lieilges (llarliiiKton, h'l. I'rilr. cil. ;i, »{i). KX1'I..\.\ATK)X (IF THE PLATF,. rr,.»TF. CI. XXXVI. C'itATi:iics cukdata. 1. A tloHo'.'iiif; liraiicli. iiiitiiral >\,'v. 2. Viitiial soetion iif a llowrr, ciilurgej. .'!. A fi'uitiii|{ Iiruiii'h, luitiiral .si/.c. •I. A fruit, a piirt of tlio iKsli ri'inovid, sliowiii;; mitlits. cnlarficd. ."i. A iiHtli't. nitliirnl si/.c. (i. .\ iiiitlot ilividi'il ti;insvor«(ly, onliir^i'il. 7. A loaf of a viL^oious ymin.; slioot with stiimlcs, imtural size. 8. A winter liranililit, iialiiial >i/.c. ijoH.M i;.v. . Tim fruit till! fdUowiiij; lialttiw ciivity •^illiM.' SdUtll- Ua)i:iiii;i, mill I'l' ill lUiiiois.'' iiany oli^'iirc )efllii' f^ravity and IMiikciii't ml wliicli was I'lms, ami fi'W li'Hst as New ffvows rapidly, ill tlu^ aiituinii 1 scarli't wliicli I still (M'casioii- , and lino old filihin liriilr mrniUa II U lii'*t kmiwii, at till! fiu't tlmt curly il)(irli""il of tlio city Viiciiii, where it wns er iiliiit Tur lieilju's M' Hf- 'w- 1^ ]("■ >// i I "f yoirrij AMinucA. i;os.\<"E.v. sn ! Tlin fruit iiiil Octfilift, .Micl rfi)i!iiii» on tlip litjiiii Ins uiilil lato in tln> Jijirliiy; of the l'nlliiwiii;jf liftto* il.s color (yatly in tlii' winter; it is i!(>|>n'.s.m.'il-jrli,!iiil,ir, with ii sluiUo'v cavity lio i^Miiniuits ot' thf It'll tvi'il catvx-lij'n'.s jiinl fiiii'i'.cnt-s. ■ '■•/(( is tlii,tritjtltt'r the tljilit'l' PotomiU' Rive"" ^'i''':ini,t.' M'litli- resjioii of th« Appal, iclii.iii MeuiitaiiiM to luirtliorii C.l"<>rj;;i:i ''iuii.t. nml 1 ■! thLiii-ili siiiilille Toniu'ssee iiml Kentiuky to llic valley "f the lower Wahash l.i .r in Uhnoin.'- Ii (iws near tin? haiilis of .stri'unirt in rich moist soil, .".ml is nowhere vory rominon. The wood of ( Vo^»;/K^• rofiltitii iji heavy, havil. :nul i'losi'-[;Tani(vl ; it eontaiiiit itiaiiy obsiMiro nil hilliiry rays aiicl is liri>«n tni_;ii| with n.,1, wiih thi'h li-liti-r coloreil s.ipwi'Oii. The spei iii jrravitv I I (lie ahsohiti'ly ilrv wood is (I.Tiili:!. ,i cnhii.' foot wei'^hia;; I/).!") ]Hinnds. Crifii(/its fiii'i/iit'i \v;ia known in Kmopo Iii'for«> the eiul '' • iililished in \u>i Plu/fO'/rii/ifiiii, iu IGiU,"' a fipjnro which wi-ll represents tho foliajji', .ind whiih wiis iruhahly made from a cidtivatt'd tree. As an oriianiental plant ('riif/fi/ns rnrtf'i/u i« iiif ..!' tin uio-.i >,ihiaile of the j^eiui-, ami lew siii.ill trei'.s iif the North Aiiu'rican I'oiests exceed it in hcaiitv ; it is hardy is far ii.i; lli at h'asl ;i» New Knj;l.ind, where it flowers in th" inidille (if .Inne and later than any. other Hawthorn ; li p-..w-. rupi'lly, iis liiihit is excellent, its handsoiiu' foliaj^e is -.e'dimi injared liy fiin^jal diMMscs, and, late in th- ,uiti|iiui ,dtei the leaves of iiian\ trees have f.ille!i, rhani^cs slowly to hrdliaiit shades of oraiiec and searh'! ^\hirh !iei>;hteii the ellVct priuluced hv the hri'^hl porsistcn* fruit. Tlie Washington Thorn «a.s once nuieh nsi'd In Mn' middle states for hi'dijes, and is still f'i"isioa- i>l. lilted in Aniei il^teii- tre net ilii< . Letter kniT. I, howexer, in thosu of Hnrojic, and fiiio old France, and < ler'.i inv. l'.it . /■- /.„•...•- I','. I. ;. 1. 1 Miij.r, !>„i. I.rn till, t. IT'.i. .. ,■ , .*...i iiaiuM by wiiii'h ('niutf/uti t^tr, U Miiil tu licdup to ilie tni'l ilmt tvily t.- iIi'M > - rjtrDJiU'tMl from ilio lU'ifc'iltttrl.' • ■ '. v i>f U:t- I'lu'jiii'r t'tiuniy. IViiii"vlv'*m i .> aft,'-rw;inl ■ nn'u- ;;":!,':tilty 'i*i''l thfiii liny ■»lhi;r ('liu;t wr Ju. i^--/^ (llarliiij.toii, I'l. Vntr. cut. I!, W). \:\V\ .\S\r\US ol !ll|' i'l. A IK. ri..irr < l.XXXVI. ( i ,i ul.vta. 1. A llnvt'riiiK tvrnm'li. imliini! .•■ 'i. Vcriii'iil di-ctiiJii of n fluWir, ctil.ii-^i'd. ." A fri|iliii;{ tTntii-li, niltiiril «ui. I. A fruil, "I [Mrl iif llu' llisli ii'iiiMVid, sliowin;; iiiitl 't*. i'iiliir(»i'il ,'>. A iiiitli't. iMliiml »!«.'. 'i. A niulil .liviili.l trainvfrsely, iMilarqwI. 7. A li-nf 'if .1 >i';iii»in yininj; liiirul with ttipiili'i), liutiirnl liio. K. A (Miitt-r liruiii'tili't. ruitiuul ..ite. UOSACE.K. Tim fruit ' tli<» fiillnwing siialliw eavily irijiiiia,' seiilli- Alftluim.i. fiiiil itii' ill lllmvi'*-' obstMiro i;u:' i!i ■ jfravity •. ntid riulii'ii.-' iiul wliivb WHS T(?niis, anil low t !i'.'x.Ht .'1* New giMws mpi'lty, ) ill tb" .iiihuim 111 Hcurli'l whirh Is still oc'visiou- ', luid fine olil ■rihihut ntiW Krrnlit i(n i« )i(>»t known, nt L. the faul iluvt wfljr ;1il)Drhiii)i! .' Ihfi •';iy ilv'.ma, wl.. n. i( *.ui hi'r |>liiiil fur lic'ii^vs li CRAT^'-GUS COHDATA lt"f KOSACEiE. aiLVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 1U9 CRAT^GUS VIRIDIS. Haw. Leaves ovate to ovatc-oblong or obloiig-obovate. Crataegus viridia, Liiin.-uu.s. .s'// v. 470. — AVilMenuw, Sjifi; ii. |)t. ii. 1001. — I'eisoun, Sjn. ii. 30. — Do CaiuloUo. Prodr. ii. C.iO. — Don, Oen. SijKt. ii. GUI. — S:vi;,'tnt. Garden and Forfst, ii. 411. — Watson it Cuultcr, Gnii/'s Mm. ed. fi. \CC,. Cratcegus arboresceiis, Klliott, Sk. i. "lV). — Tunoy & Chapman, Fl. 127. — Wenzig, Linn(ra, xxxviii. 203. — Engulniann, Jiidt. Turreij Bot. Cliili, ix. 4. — Sargent, Fuir-it Trees X. Am. liUh Cen.iii.s l'. S.is. ''>. — Cuulter, Coiitrib. C. ,S. \at. Herb. ii. 1(»7 (Man. VI. W. Te.r„s). Phsenopsrrum arborescens, UoemtT, Fam. Xat. ^'yii. iii. l,-.:i. Gray, Ft. X. Am. i. -UW. — Diotriili. Sjn. ili. KiO. — Crategu,9 Crusgalli, var. pyracanthlfolia, Rcgel, Act. Walters, /iV/). ii. 58. — Xiittall. Si/tci. ii. 10, t. 4.").— //w^ i't^ro^-. i. 109 (_in jiart). A trui", twenty to tliiity-fivo feet in Iicij^lit, with a sti'aii;ht often fluted trunk ei^jlit to twelve feet tall and eiii;liteen to twenty inelie.s in diameter, and slender spreadinj^ hranelies wliieli form a round rather compact head. Tliu hark of the trnnk is one cij;;hth of an inch thick and is ashy gray to hrij;lit reddish brown, and divided by shallow ri'ticidated fissures into small irrejjfular idate-like scales. Tiie branches are slender, ij^lahrous, in their first winter sometimes ashy ffray but usually lii;ht red-lirown and lustrous and marked with minute lenticels, and later pale brown, ashy <;fray, or nearly white; tliev are unarmed or occasionally are furnished with slender sharp pale spines three (piarters of an inch to an inch in lcnu;th. The winter-buds are obtuse, chestnut-brown, one sixteenth of an inch Ion;;-, and covered i)y ovate niinute aiiiculate scales sii:;htly scarious on the mari^ins ; the scales of the inner ranks are foliaceous, lanceolate to oldanceolate, and are sometimes half an inch lon^j at maturity and brinht red towards the apex. The leaves ar<' ovate to ovate-oblonjj or oblong-obovate, acute or sometimes rounded at the apex, we Ij^e-shaped and i^railually contracted at tlie base into lonjr slender petioles, shari>ly serrate except at the base with spreading; teeth often tipped with minute btrch in Texas to t'' ■ begiuning of May in Missouri when the leaves are almost fully grown, are three quarters of an incii across when ex] nded, and are ]iroducecl in many-llowereil leafy glabrous tliin-liranehed corvmbs furnisl^'d with nanow spatulate often glauilular-scrrate deciduous liiacts and liractlets ; tlie calvx is obconic and glaiirous or covered witli long pale hairs, and its lanceolate entire lolies niv sului- late at the apex, rellevced after anthesis, persistent, and much shorter than the liroadly ohovate white petals ; the styles, which vary fnini two to five in number, are surrounded at the base by conspicuous tufts of pale hairs. The fruit riitcns in the autumn and remains on the branches through the winter without ciiaiiging eohu' ; it is deiiresseil-globular, brigiit scarlet or occasionally orange, and one eiglitii of an incii in diain<'trr, with a sliallow cavity surromided by the remnants of the calyx-lobes and tila- nient-i, thin dry llesli. and tliin-walled nutlets narrowed and roiuided at the two ends, rounded and barely grooved or riijged on tlie iiaek, and liiiiiute seeds ccered with a thin pale brown coat,' 1 Wi'st of tliii Mi».sis,si|i|ii lliviT fnini .Si. Louis tu ci-iilral .\r- IIuv.its at thi~ same time, and is not to bo ilisti.iguislioil from it in kaiisaa a form with larger, rattier lliieker, niorfl histroiis Kaves and habit, larger fiuit is not nuooninion. It grows with tlie ordinary form, I : ■ ; I! 110 SILVA OF XOIITII AMFIifCA. UOSACK.r.. Ijil Cr((t(i/lii.-< ririiH>: is (u t iluitiMl in the soiitln.'rii Atliuitio states, wliere it is rare, fn>m tlio v..ili_, ^if till) Savaiiiiaii \i'\\ov in outl. I'aii.lina U> that of tlic ("liattaluiochco in western Floi'Iila, and i.i ."ni.mn-n \vost .r 1 1 e Mi.^ issi| |ii I'iver truni tie- neinlilpoiliood (if St. Louis to the valley of t!ie (Colorado .ivir ill Tex;!;-. It n'rows aloiiif the iionlers of streanis and swaiiijis in low moist .-.oi), iind in ivr>oiiri into the Arnold Arboretum, wliere it is perfci'tly hardy, and is eons]iicuous late in the autumn by the splendid color of its foliage, which at this season is unsurpassed in brilliancy by that of any other North American tree. ' Mis/iihi.1 iwrttHi. fihiin til'UmijK thft'/riA nrumirinli-t KTriili.t pttrt; tUriu'jiw viriilibtis, ciirtici- alhitwite, Fl. I'tnjin. UK?. ■' .scf i. H. EXPI..\NATION or Till-; I'L.VTE. I'l.ATK CI.XXXVII. C'KAT.Kiils VUllUW. 1. A tlowcrini^ liruncli, n.itural s'l/.v. '-. Virtical section of a IIohit, t'lilarijiMl. .1. A fniitinj; liraiii'li, nntiiriil »i/,e. I. A fruit willi part of tin' Ill's!! ri'iiuivcd. sliowiii,' tile iiiilliN, natural si/.r .'"i. A iiiitlft. natural s'wa'. t». A nutlet (lividei! transversi-ly. enlai-;;ftl. 7. A ."jiine, natural m/.v. .*<. Knd of a leafy sliool willi stipules, natural si/o. 9. A winter l>i-ani'lilet. nat'iral >i/.e. UOSACK.l'.. in tliP Viiili'_, iif ami is (.'Oiiuiiun Colorado ■mh- unci in iV( ' ' . <'ariiliiia to lli:it of thi- Cliuttiiliooi'liiH! in nvsu-ru btori i.i. aiiit is raiuiiiini • • ij'|ii liivci' from till' iu'i)j;liiMirlnn>il of St. l^fiuis to tlif vnlli'V of Mii> ('iiIumiiIo liivcr U growH uloii^ tlti* lior.ltTM of .sticuiiiH anil t<.vniii|iH in low iiiuiKt mhI. i-ml in wi^stcrn I ,1 ; ml uasliTn Ti-xas. wIhto it :i(i.iiiis its j^itiiitt .ro;ic| rivir-lMiti. Till' wooil of (r'll'i'jii.'i (•(;'iro«ii tiiijji'il with ro'l, witli tliiik i nil ■i,i|i\vooil, and contiiiis I'linii-rinis vriv .ilisctirii iiieiluUary rays. The siH'ciFic griiMrv of tlif ^o^OiUilv rliv wood i-i O.thlflT. a eiihii! fool wi-ij^hinjij l().-l."> pounds. L'ratiytjiis c/r't/iif w.is known ' In <. U^itirti,- «|io prol 'lily sent to Miummk \.\iv s]ii'iiiii(.'n u]iott wliii'h tho siircics was oKtahlislii"'. iiltliou;>ii ttir tiii' is not iiott kini«ii to j;ro«' so t.ir north as \'iry;iiii.i, the licld of ('laytmi's liotaiiicil olKcrvatiuii-- In 18Tti Cruldijim flririif was inlriiiiiici'd fn/in MisMniii iiilu tin' NiuuM Vrl^'i^tnni. \^\-:i .i is [itrffiMly hardy, and is coiisjiiriions latt' in tin' autiiinn In tin' siih'iidid .'hIoi of it-i to!i,ii;i-, whii'li i' tiii.s Miison is iiiiMir|ia.^.-N' OK Tin: vi mk I'l.VTK Cl.XXXVtl. (.'KAa-Kilf- VIKUiU- 1 \ lliiwi'iiiiij lir.Mirli, iiatHriil m/f. '-i \'iTti..iJ iiriltiin u{ n lionvr, ."ilnrjti'd. ,\ luii'ink; liriincli. nalkirpi i«i«o; t. \ fiiiit h;Ui (iurt iif til • •' -' ■ •<•■' 'inwiii|{ tlic : ' A null* 1. t..-.nii!il si'.f. (». IS. iy. vlli.iJ-^tii. rat Ml il »itii .< I .1 111 tin' Vllllr) itt' .iimI Ih ronillioil i-'oloriuli) Uivcr ' ill wi'stciii II liii'tiiiri:^ M'lfolittiuu :• '.ii is *m>- ; til. ly ! i ., J vn I.. , ,,..ii, (llDji;! •*>•• 'tw l-V.ltli I ■tllDl. ^'1" ■' ■' "* ■ •. XsliU'il l' tilts \' I '■%.. .;^^' RAT/'P.'" ' I : I ' IIOSACE^E. ili:ill, Arlmnl. Am. K'.l. — I'dint. l!cu. i. ;!(!.*>. — Klliiilt. .S/,-. i. "i.VJ. — I )u ('iindolU', /'/■'"//•. l.inn. /)!,/. Si jipl. iv. (iS, — S|)iiMi),'el, iS'//../. ii. ."illS. — ii. 2. lU'-'. — Tdiiiy it (iiay. /■'/. .V. .(//;. i. KIT. — Di.tii.li, Crata'gua Oxyncantha, viir. Amerioana, t'a>ti^'liuni, iSyn. iii. lHII. — Uooiiut, ,'im. .V'(^ .s'//". iii. I'-'l. — I'i'i;/. iifi/li .■-tdt! I'nlti, W. '.i'.V.:. f'liapnuin, /■'/. r_'7. — Kaliiiii-/,i'nki>, />'»//. Mn.ii: xlviii. Cratiegua apiifolia minor, l.diicloii. -l/A. /I'c//. ii. KL',"). |)l. ii. -1). — .SaiKiril, /'./•.,s ail inch to an inch .iiid a half in leiintii; in their lirst winter tiiey are lii;ht red or Jiale or,in;;'e-lni)wn, marked with iiiiiuite lentice!., ,ind usually puhernloiis, Init iiltiinatelv heeomc linht Inown or asliv ijray. 'J'he wiiiter-hiids are acute, one sixteeiitii of an inch long, and i overed liy lustrous chestniit-hrown ovate scales ajiiculate at th" apex and sc.irions on the inai'ii'ins. Tiie leaves are hroadly ovate to orhicul.ir, acute at the apex, truncate, slightly cord.ite or wedi^e-shape 1 at the hase, and pinnately live to seven- cleft with shallow acute or deep hroad sinuses, and iiii i>elv lolieil .scj^inents serrate t. 'wards the apex witii spreadint;' elandiilar-tippcd teeth ; when tie y nnfolil they are |iiloso on the upper surface with lonj;' pale hairs, and iisnaily ela'irous lielow, and at Maturity are tiiin and memhranaceous. I)rii;ht green and rather lustrous ahove and paler lielow, i>lalprou> or pilose on the low'r surface along the prominent midrihs and primary veins, or occasion.diy covered with piihescencu on lioth surfaces, ,iud are two thirds of an inch to an inch and a half hroad, and horii'' on slender puheseent or ultimately glaluous petioles an inch to an inch and a half in length. The stipules are linear, acute, a ([uarter of an inch long, and caducous, or on vigorous shoots are foliaceoiis, lunate, coarsely glaiidiilar-serrate, shoit-st.ilked. and sometimes half an inch in length. The iiowers, which ap]iear lati' in .March or early in April wiien the; leaves are fully grown, are half an inch across and are produced on long slender pedicels in few-tiow- ered villose-]iiihesceiit srmewhat simple corvmhs with minute lanceolate acute colored caducous liracts and hractlets; the calyx-tiilic is narrowly oliconic anil glahrous or viilosc-[iuliesceTit, with Ianceol;:te acute usually glandular-serrate lohes, often tinged with red towards the apex, retlexed after anihesi.s, anid deciduous or soinethnes ])ei'sistent. The fruit, which ripens in Octolier and remains on the hranchos until the liegiiming of winter, is oldong, from a ipiarter to a third of an inch in length, and hright scariet, with a minute cavity surrounded liy the remnants of the calyx, thin ilesh, and one to three thick- walled rugose nutlets haiely grooved on the hack. I'rfildi/ii.'f 'ipH/'oHit is distriluited through the coast region of the southern .\tlantie states from southern Virginia to centi.il Florida, and ranges westward through the Gulf region to southern Arkan- I Ih >7/,r.i (//•' yoirrir amkiuca. ItOSACIwK sas .mil till' valley of tlic Trinity iiivci' in 'i'lx.i^. It is nowlicic very ciininion, and usually ;jr(i\vs near tlu' lioi'ilcl's of stivanis anil swanijis in low rich mh . or in Floriila on linninmrks in tlir I'inc lianiiis, wln'if it attains its jrrcati'st si/.i'. Tlie wooil of i'rdliiijttx iijiiij'o/in is heavy. Iiaiil, very dose-praineil. ami siisci'|itil)li' of ici'i'ivin)^ a liiaiitiful jiolisli ; it contains many tliiii very oliM'ni'e miilnllavy rays, ami is lij;;lit Inowii tinj>'ei| with reil or lo'-e, with liniiter rolorcii sa|p«iPoil. The speiitii- j;iavity of the ali.Milntely ilry wood is ().7l."il!, a ( iiliie foot weiL;hinj;' K!.!.") iionmls. The earliest aeeomit of ('niliiijiis iijiiifn/id apjieais in the F/urii C'liruliiiiiiii'i of Walter, who mis- took it for the Kuroiiean Hawthorn. It apjiears to have lieen introiliiceil into Knijiish jjaniens ' eaily in the jireseut eentuiy, hut, althi)u;;h the form of its delieatu leaves uud the aliund.inue of its llowers make it one of tho most attractive of the American Hawthorns, it is still an extremely rare plant in cultivation. ' I.imiloll, Arfi. Ilril. ii. 8Jt. KXI'I.AN.VrroN OV Till'. I'l.ATIv I'l.ATi: CI. XXXVIII. ( i:at.kih's .miikoi.h. 1. A fliiwcviiijr liriiiirli. natiinil »i/.u. 2. A tlnWlT-Illlil, filial-, . I. ;i. Vriliral socliiin iif u lloncr. iiilai'geil. ■I. A fruitiiii; liraiiili. iialiiial si/c. Ti. A fruit nitli part of the IU'>h riinnviil, sliiiwin.; Ilii' iiullit.<. i'nlarjj;c'il. (). A iiiillol, iiatiiial sizi'. 7. A iiiilUt (liviili'il traiisvirsi'ly. ciilarfji'il. .*<. .\ Iraf friiiii a viijiiroiis .shoot with sliiuilu.s. natiiial si/.i'. '.). A wiiiti r liiaiii'lik't, iiiittiral iiiw. IlOSACKiK. illv j^iiiws near • I'illl' llMlilllS, nl' rccc'n iiijj a tiiij;iil y>\\\\ ri'il k1 is 0.7 1.");'.. a i'altcr, wild iiiis- iidiiis ' early in (■ of its tlowcrs ly laif plant in .^. i \ t t f ^ ^ >^;^ ^ -'fi ,f i 'J J IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 4 1.0 I.I V& 1 2.8 1 2.5 •^ ^ 12.2 US u WUU -lll£ 1.25 1.4 1.6 « 6" ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WnSTER.N.Y. 14SS0 (716) •72-4503 u. & i ■ < 112 SILVA OF NORTH AM Ell IC A. »09aci:a. iiai arxJ thf VftUfcy of the Trinity River in Texas. \i t« UDwhore \m\ common, .ind usually gTOv.s near tk* 'tot^i^An of utrenms nm) i^wdniiw in k<.r in Kloiti<;t mi liummucks iii the Pinu LnrrenH, iA»if it .ittiiins its jjr«itt'»t <^\ne. The ivooil of C' il rijttn iipii/olia is heavy, hard, wry ploso-grainuil, and siiseeptihie of receiving a U-rtutiful pulihh ; it coiitaiiu many thin very obscure medullary rays, and is light brown tinged with red iir rose, ^'illi lighua- colored siipwood. The spcciKc gravity of the absolutely dry wo,7'Jr)i'{, a cubic {•■A>t weighing 4G.45 pounds. The BArliost account of Cralaijus apilfoVia appears in the Flora Caroliniana of Walter, who mis- iv«)k it for the European Hawthorn, It appears to have been introduced into English gardens ' early in the present century, but, although the form of its delicate leaves and (he abundance of ifji H )wers make it one of the most attractive of the American ILiwthorns, it ib still an extremely rare plant in cultivation. > Loiuluu, Arl: llril. ii. 82 L EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Pi.att: CLXXXVIII. CbaT(K0U8 avukoma. 1. A flowering brfinrli, natiirul size. 2. A fl(i«i'r-buil, oiiliirgol. 3. '»\rti(:al section of n flower, enl.irgeil. 4. A fruiting liranch, luUnral fii/e. 5. A fruit u'itli jiai't of ilic tleali runiiircil. showing tlii? Dutlcta. enlarged. G. A nullet. n.tturat Rizc. 7. A nutlft diviiltK.! trnnsversily, enlarged. S. A leaf from n vigorou» »lii>ot vritli ati[)ide», natural flio. 0. A winter liiauchlel, natural wze. ' ' 1 ins I r UU'iACKA. u\\\ i;Tnv,s near 1^ I'iiii! tiarrL-118, tinged witli reel /.7. iv. -112. — I)cs- fontaines. Hist. Arh. ii. 15G. — Du Mont ile C'oursit. Ilil. Cult. 0(1. 2, V. 449. — Sclimidt, Oestr. ISaiimx. iv. 32, t. 212. — .Sprcngcl, Sijst. ii. 507. Crateffus CaroUniana, Pcrsoon, Syn. ii. 36. — FlUiott, Sk. i. .V.I. Mespilus flava. Willdcnow, Knum. 523. — Poirct, Lam. Dkt. Sii]>iil. iv. 70. — Si)acli, llht. Vhj. ii. .59, t. 10, f. H. Crattegus turbinata, Pur»li, Fl. Am. Se/it. ii. Suppl. 7.35. — I'oiret, Lam. Du'l. .Snppl. v. ,543.— Klliott, .SI;, i. 549.— De Canilolle, I'rmlr. ii. 027. — Don, Gen. Si/st. ii. 599. Mespilus turbinata, Sprengel, Hijst. ii. 506. — Spach, Illst. y>ij. ii. 00. CratEEgus lobata, Du Canilolle, I'riydr. ii. C2S. — Don, Gen. Sijst. ii. ,599. — Loiulon, Arh. Ilrit. ii. 824, f. .5,54, 580. Crataegus flava, var. lobata, I-indlcy, lint. Uiij. t. 19.32. Antliomeles flava, Hocnier. Fam. Nat. Si/n. iii. 142. Anthomeles glandulosa. Koenier, Fam. Xat. Syn. iii. 141. Anthomelea turbinata, Rocnier, Fam. Sat. Syn. iii. 142. Pha^nopyrum Carolinianiun, Uoeiner, Fam. Nat. Syn. iii. 1.52. Mespilus flexispina. Koch, Drmlr. i. 139 (not Moench). — Wfn/.i),', Linnaa, xxxviii. 127. A tree, twenty to twenty-five feet in lieiijlit, with a .straijifht stout trunk ten or twelve inclics in diam- eter, dividing, five or six feet froiii the ijroiind, into short spreading often jiendidous hranclies whieli form a handsome compact round head ; or often a wide mueli-braiiclied shrub only a few feet high. Tl'e bark of the trunk varies from half an inch to an inch in thickness and is dark brown tinged with red or nearly black and often deeply furrowed, the surface being broken into small scjuare persistent scales. The branchlets are at first villose-pubescent with long pale hairs, and often puberulous in their first winter but ultimately glabrof.s ; they are slender, very zigzag, unarmed, or armed with straight stout spines an inch to an inch and a half in length, and are red-brown, dark gray-brown, or nearly black. The winter-buds are globose, one si.vteenth of an inch in diameter, and covered with bright chestnut-brown orbicular scales .slightly scarious on the margins ; the scales of the inner ranks at matnrity are spatu- late, rounded at the apex, glandnlar-serrate, and often half an inch in length. The leaves are rhombic- ovate to obovate-cuneiform, three to five-ribbed, with obscure reticulated vcinlets. rounded and sometimes abruptly contracted into short points, gradually narrowed below into broad winged glandidar petioles, glandular-serrate with large dark glands, often incised and three to five-lobed on vigorous shoots ; when tliey inifold they are puberulous above and j)ubescent below, especially along the |)rinci]ial veins, and at maturity are sid)coriaee()us, yellow-green and lustrous on the iqiper, and pale and .sometimes pubescent on the lower ...irfaco, an inch to an inch and a half long, two thirds of an inch to an inch and a (piarter broad, and borne on glabrous or pid)escent petioles which vary from half an inch to an inch and a half in length. The stipules are glandular-serrate, linear, acute, pid)escent, and a ([uarter of an inch long, or on vigorous shoots are foliaceoiis, stalked, obovate or lunate, variously and irregularly lobed and incised, and sometimes nearly an inch in length. The flowers, which ai)|)ear in ^blrch and April when the leaves are almo.st fully grown, are half an inch across when expanded and are produced in simple one to four-Howered thick-branched corymbs j these, bke the obovate glandular-serrate caducous bracts and i' lit .S7/.IM OF NORTH AMElilCA. KOSACEiB. bractli'ts. the tliick jicdiccls, and tlio narrowly obfonic calyx-tubos, are coated with thick pale tomentiim or arc imbcscciit or piibcruloiis ; the cahxl()l)cs arc laiici'olatc, acute, c. iispicuously ^laiidular-st-rratc, or rarely entire and etjlandular, jmbcseent on tho outer, and usually jjhibrous on the inner surface, rcHexed after anthesis, persistent, and rather shorter than tho white petjils which are often eroso or crcnate on the ni:ir;li fjenerally distributed is nowhere very common, usually appearing singly or in groups of two or three individuals. Tho wood of Vi-iittiijii.-ijhird is heavy, hard, and dose-grained, with a satiny surface susceptible of receiving a good polish ; it is light brown tinged with red or rose-color, with thick lighter colored sapwood, and contains numerous very obscure niedidlary rays. The specific gravity of tho absolutely dry wood is O.TSC!*, a cubic foot weighing 48.(17 pounds. A variety of ('rdlnijiia Jhini'^ may be distinguished by its thicker broader leaves; these are usually rounded at the apex, miu'c unifonnly lobed and coated with pubescence while young, and at maturity are thicker and more lustrous on the upper surface; by its usually smaller ilowe--, and by its larger sul)glol)ose l)right red or yellow fruit with thicker and sweeter tlcsh. This variety, Crdtdijiixjldfn, var. elUjiticn, is geiu>rally a shrub with spreading branches, or rarely a small tree, and often forms thickets in abandoned fields in tho middle districts of tlie Carolinas and (leorgia, where it is most common, although it may be found throughout the region iidiabited by C'ra/iii/iix jliira, the two forms gradually passing one into the other. The w I of Criitiri/im jfiini, var. (I'liji/ini, is rather lighter than that of the species, although not otherwise distinguishable, the specific gravity if the absolutely dry wood being 0.70815, and a cubic foot weighing 47.88 pounds. The fruit of the Sununer Haw, as this variety is railed in South ('arolina and (leorgia, is gathered in large (piantities in those states and made into a jelly which can hardly be distinguished from that made from the West Indian Guava-trce. ('roldijiiK jhii n, acconling to .\iton,'- was intnidmn'd into English gardens by I'hilip Miller in 17.>8. and the earliest descriptions of it were drawn u[) from cultivatt'd iilaiits.'' * CnifTff'i.t /! tni, var. fHipiii'ti. ■; M,.. Mtniiihis tUipHm, Pciiri't, I.tvih l>iLt njmthuhUii, Piirsli, /■*/. Am. Srpt. i. lUG (not Mi- .■Imni).- Di- Cnnilollf, /'.-"./r. ii. (i-J7. — /.'»(. Itaj. t. ISIH). — I.iiiillt'y, /)'(>/. Itiff. uiuUt t. lU.*i7. ,\t,ipil:i.S. Cnitfrimili>, mnjur, fructu lulcn, I'rcw, /';. SvUi-l. 3, t. 17. UOSACE^. [ pale tomeutiim idiiliir-sorriite, or surfiice, rcHexod ISO or creiiatc on liich are usually pens and falls in yellow or yellow liin austere llesli, to the shores of intains of North dly grows in dry reams subject to ing singly or in ice susceptihli" of li lighter colored uf the absolutely these are usually ;, and at maturity and by its larger iranehes. or rarely tlie Carolinas and fion inhabited by 'cios, although not G8I5, and a cubic eorijiii. is gathered jjuisbed from that y rhili|> Miller in . Sfpl. i. 330 (not XI i- , — llol. Krg. t. W'JO, — riim'h, iiatiiial siu-. 'J. A Howf.'i'-lmtl, I'lilaryod. ■'{. ViTticiil 81'ctiuii of a Huuir. cnhir);erani'li. natiiiul size, i"). A fruit ilivuloil liansvi'isuly, I'lilnrged. (>. A nutlet, iiatumi s\/v. 7. A iiutU't tliviji'd traiisvfi'si'ly, culirgwl. 8. A wintiT bruuclilet, natural xizc. I'l. 1. ,3. 4. 8. 9. 10. VTK CXC. CiiAT.v:iii's ?i.AVA, rar. f.lliptica. A ilowcrhif; hrancli. natural si/.c. A flower-bud, enlarj^et'. Vertical scetiim of a fh)wor. the ])Ptal8 removed, enlarged. A friiitint; br.inrli. natural »i/.e. A »uli;;li)l)i)»e fruit, natural si/c. A fruit, part of tlie flesh removed, showing tlie nutlcn, enlargei'.. A nutlet, natural size. A nutlet diviiled transversely, enlarged. A leaf from a vigorous young shoot with stipules, natural size. A winter branchlet, natural size. V > ^ y' ^*^v '-^ V i i K\i'(,AN.\rn)N OK Tin: l-I.ArKS. 1'latk CLXXXIX. Crurvi.n klava. 1. A rtinvi ririi; ln'itiii'li, iiiinriil "i/f 'J. t\ Hi'Hci-liiiil, iiilttr;;i-il. .H. \'trlii';il Kit tioii of a riiMvtT. I'Ttlargml. ■I. A fmilin,, I'ranrh. nritiinil ->'•:■ .'i. A fniil iliri'U-il transvi'rsfly. <'iilnr){c'<|. ('•. A niiUi-t, D.itiiral »!/>'■ 7. A niiUi't ilivii'.i"! lriiiiiivi'r«i'i.v. i-nIar(*Lir.i'. A fruit. [Mirt of tin- tl'-li niiiovud. slimvinn tin' jiutU'ti, I'lilarqt'fl. A niltli-t, iiiitiirnl tiiM. A imtli't tliviilrti transroHM'ly. enlnrjjHil. A leaf from ii \i;;'iroii» yuunj; bIiooI wilb hti|'iilt'ii, iiaturii! »\ie. A wliitvr )'riui>:lUi't. natural tut:. V^i,#^"^. \ ' CRALEGUS FLAVA , I f If'' \ t «■■ 9 rm^^' mr''o \m V ■. V v^. "V. i \ I i CRAL-F-GU?. FLAVA hllPTiCA KUSACE«. SILVA OF NOETII AMKlilCA. Wi CRAT^GI/S UNIFLORA. Haw. Lkaves obovatc-spatulatc. Crataegus uniflora, Muenchliauson, I/niisi: r. 117. —Dii Koi, Il,irlil:. H.iiniiz. i. 1K4. Mespilus xanthocarpa. I,inna>ii» f. Si/nt. cd. I.'i, Siipiil. 'JM. — Khrhiiit, /{dtr. i. KS'J ; ii. 117. — Hiirt;silorf, .1 iilril. pt. ii. IKi. — Dii Uoi. Ifarbk. llaums. cd. 2, i. ()2y. — I'ui- ret, Litm. Diet. Sii|i|>l. iv. 07. — Sprengel. Syxt. ii. "idO. Mespilus flexispina, MdciicIi, liiiiime Writs. G2, t. 4; Mitli, (iH."i. — Wi'ii/.ii;, IJinHVii, xxxviii. 1-7. Mespilus Oxyacnnt ha aurea, .Miirsliall, Arbitst. Am. 80. Mespilus laciniata, WiUter, Fl. Cm. 147. — I'oiict, Lnm. Dirt. iv. 447. Cratipgus parvifolia. Aiton, Ifi^rl. Km: ii. Itii). — Will- (leniiw. Ilrrl. Ilaiiiii^. 8,"> : ,S'/;('r. ii. pt. ii. KIO'J. — I'lirsli, Fl. Am. Sept. i. iWS. — Klliott. Sk. i. .-,47.— IV Can- dollc, Proilr, ii. ()'J7. — Dun, (Irii. Si/.it. ii. .WS. — l)ar- lin);ton, Fl. Veatr. od. 2, 201. — Torri-y & Gray, Fl. .V. Am. i. 4I>0. — Dictrit'li, Sijn. iii. l.-)0. — Ciiiti!*, lirji. Geolifj. Sun: X. C-ir. IKCO, iii. o.S4. — ('lia|iiiiaii, /'V. 12H. — Watson & Conltor, (inii/'s M in. oil. (i, ItiO. Crataegus tomentosa. Mich.iux, Ft. Bor.-Am. i. 280 (not l.innoius). — Ucgel, Art. Hort. I'ctrop. i. 122 (in ]iart). Mespilus parvifolia, Willdenow, Enum. t>'S6 ; lierl. Jlaumz. ed. 2, 242. — Spacli, Iliat. V'eg. ii. 55. Meapilua axillaris, I'crsoon, Si/ti. ii. 30. — Du Mont do Cuuistt, lint. ( 'lilt. ed. 2. V. 447. Crateegua unilateralis. Pcrsoon, S;/>i. ii. .'i7, — He Can- dolle. J'niilr. ii. ()20. — Don, (Jen. Si/st. ii. 590. — Uoeiner, Film. Nat. Si/ii. iii. 110. Mespilus tomentosa. I'oiict, yoinraii Diilmmcl. iv. 153 (not Ca-'ti^dioni). Mespilus unilateralis, Poirct, Lam. Dirt, .'^iippl. iv. 73. Mespilus flexuosa. I'oirct. Lam. Dirt. Suppl. iv. 73. Crataegus flexuosa, De Camlolli'. J'ruilr. ii. 027. — Don, (irii. Si/si. ii. r,os. Phaenopyrum uniflorum. Uocmer. Fam. .Vaf. Si/n. iii. 153. Phaenopyrum parvifolium, Uoenicr, Fum. yat. Syn. iii. l,->2. Mespilus uniflora. Wen/.i''. Linnna. xxxviii. 12.'?. A low shrill), with sloiulcr .stems oiui or two fcut hif^h ; or rarely a bushy tree attaining a heif^ht of ten or twelve feet, with a siiort stout trunk ten (u- twelve inelies in diameter and eovered with thin a.sliy pray furrowed hark, the surface of which separates into small a]ijuessed seales. The hranehes, when they first appear, are eoateil with thiek pale piiijeseenee which often does not disappear until the end of their second summer ; they are slender, nearly str.iijrht or often zigztij^, bright red-brown, dark gray in their first year ami iiltiiiiately dark brown, and are armed with slender straight spinas one to two inches in length, and often furnisiied, when they first appear, with leafy sernite green or red caducous braeta. The winter-buds are small, obtuse, tnid covered by chestnut-brown scales with scarioiis margins ; the scales of the inner ranks are obovate at maturity, gland uhir-serrate, pubescent, pyriform to sub- globose, pale grceni.sh yellow, half an inch long, anil caducous. The leaves are obovate-spatulate to oblong-ciineiform. rounded at the ajiex or sometimes abruptly acute, with short broad points, and are gradually contracted below into broad petioles or are sometimes nearly sessile ; they are crenately ser- rate, the broail teeth being sometimes tipjitnl with minute dark glands, and iire occasionally incisely lobed towards the apex ; when they unfold tliey ai-c pilose on the upper surface with pale deciduous hairs and pubescent on the lower surface, and at maturity they are subcoriaceous, scabrous, dark green and lustrous above, and paler and pubescent below, especially along the midribs and primary veins, and vary from an inch to two inches in length and from half an inch to two thirds of an inch in width. The sti|)nles are ovate, acute, glandiilai-serrate, sometimes a ipiarter of tin inch h)ng, and caducous. The flowers, which are .solitary or rarely geminate iind vary from a half to three (juarters of an inch in diameter, appear from the first of .April in Florida to the middle of .Tune at the north when the leaves are fully grown ; they are borne on short stout pedicels which are furnished with lanceolate acute glan- dular-serrate caducous bractlets, which, like the calyx, are hirsute-tonientose with long pale hairs ; the calyx is narrowly obconie, with foliaceous lanceolate acute sharply incised and glandular persistent lobes m 118 SUVA OF XOIiTlI AMERICA. UOSACK.l;. covered with inile hairs on tlie iniu'r siirfaco, retlexcd after antlicsis, and loiijjer than tl>e obovato creamy white petals and than the styU's, whieli are usually five in niiinher. Tiie fruit ripens and falls in Octo- ber, and is half an inch across, with a broad deep cavity surrounded by tiie larjije and conspicuous calyx-lobes, thick dry sweet flesh, and small thin-walled nutlets acute above, rounded below, and deejay grooved on the hack. Cnitii'i/iis iinijhirn is distributed from the valley of the Delaware Ulver in New Jersey southward to Florida. Louisiana, and southern Arkansas; it f;rows \isually in sandy soil in abandoned fields or along the borders of the forest, and only on the banks of the A]>pahichicoLi Kiver in Bristcd, Florida, on the slopes of a ravine occupied by Torreya and the Florida Yew, iuis it been noticed in tree-like form. Cratmjnn unijlorn was probably detected by Banister,' who sent it, in 1713, to Rishop Conipton,- in whose garden it tirst flowered in Europe, and the earliest description was made from ])lants culti- vated in England.' It is still found in most botanic gardens, but is cultivated as a curiosity rather than for ornanuMit. It is hardy as far north its eastern Massachu.setts. ' S-e i. 0. Difl. cil. 7, No. 17). Banister's (Ipsi'rii)tion as quoted by Miller ^ See i. G. (^Oxi/nnmtha/nlio pnrvo mhrotnniio^ Jhire unicOt tlifcd fotiaret't itirltt.in • MfspiUa fittiis laneeotato-oralui ftprratis unhtun viltoni.t, jlorih^a fummiintihis ramulorum ittsideute) docs uot appear to have been solitariiSt calyi'ibus J'liiitn-eis, spitiU lonffufimtji teiiuiorifius (Miller, published. KXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Plate CXCI. Ckat.kous unikloka. 1. A flowering; liraneh, natural she. ". Vertie.il aeetion of a flower, enlarged. M. A fniitinj; braneh, natural size. 4. Vrma section of a fruit, enlarged. C. A nutlet, natural »\i.c. (>. A nutlet divided transversely, enlarged. UOSAlK.i;. obovato creamy nd falls in Octo- ;uul conspicuous bIow, and deeply lersey southward iidoncd fields or Bristol, Florida, liced in tree-like bishop Compton," roni plants culti- iosity rather than in as quoted by Miller •0, theci'l foiiareii mrlimn ttjipear to have been # t^V k "^ i» »'^^, -0%^ M^-. I A 1 Y I / 't^ \ lis S/IA'A OF XOh'T/f A.Mh'HK KOSA' V-.t cciv««nH! with |);ile hiiirs on iliii inin tvljilf JlfuJ* illl'i ' . will. ! >or, iui< .i'lJi>xiiuii thfr nbovnto ciramy ' iiniially Hvt' ill imiuiii'i-. 'I'hu Truit r |h-ii and fails in (lc-t cavitx MiiTiiiiii .tiici ('on.-*|iii'iii>H^v southward 1' Hloriila, Louisiana, and suutiirrn ArkiMiKis; il ^row.s usually in sindy soil in uliuudoii^ •'( tieldx •» •long till' Ixirdcrs nf tiiu t'ori'st, and only on the hunks of ihf Ainialacliifola River iti l!ii ilotida. on the sli>|ii's of a vaviiu' 0('iMi|i!ed hy 'J"oni'_va and Am Florid* Yew, hi.s it hciii notii('(l i: t-liku form. CriitiKjiig tin'ijhir'i was jiri halily di.'t"cti'd iiy Baiiisler,' who sont it, in li !'<, to Ilisiiop ('i>.'ri>ton,'^ in ulio.-io j^ailfii it tirst tlowi'rc'd in Knropc. and the earlit'^t desi'riptiin was made from j-lai)'' .nlti- xiii'd in Knijland.^ II. is ^till foaiid in niobt hotanie gardens, liut is cull \at«!j ii.s a furiosity iitlmi iian for oriiiiii.Mit. It i.s hardy as far i.orth as eastern M.i>isachusetLs. ' S<>« i 0. lli.-t. «ii. 7 Nil 17). liimW^T'd tiou M iiiini.-ii b^- M lli>r * S*'C i. (j. (Ort/tliftltthtl/'ilro jHtn>it g^U'n>/::<\fiu, jhrre U'tlCO, thii'} /'•*»!•''•} l'i:'-l*n ' Mnfilttt fjiiis ianctoltU't-omtut ifrrntis riht'ts riUotnif jto'iht, aummittttthti ramnk'rum f^.r.'^i.if^) dtH-d uot uppunr ui ItaTO ri'**ii io!ila'iu, eaij/cibus /oHietu, tpinit longUsima Miuionlim (Miller, (jublklifJ. KXPL\NATION or 'IHK VIATK I'L'.n: C'XC'I. Cr T.«(nT» lmkiuka. 1. A Hnwfiific Kvaiicli, *^^t^^at hi/c. 'J. Vertiiiil .twtion of ii i. •*• r, unlarjjed. '': X fraiiiiijt Irinnch. Utttiiral »iic. i, '.'r.jM .tti'tiiin of n fniit. cn!ari;ed. .'. ■\ mitlft. naluM '. ti/c. 0. A nutlet diviJcJ traiwvir'itly, t'iilar|,'iKi. t KOSA' \^V~ iil)..)Viitf> rr> imv ml iVils III I K-Ui- arid couitiiu'iunis «l4>», lud ly )ivM-v Houthwuril uili'. 1 ( tii^lils 'H IJn i'l">tiil;i. fi.cd 11 ■(-liko rimi ]>'mI1)' - . iilti- iimitv I itlii'i lai) m as quoi'-d by V !l<>r l-O, Ihrf'l ft'.W''\ ■•.-••■"'I , ;i[.lM.;u- 1'^ havo l'»-» <^Cj^^ ^ J % I F. Fii.wi Uel r R AT/E G U 5 U N I F L 0 1^ .-! Pun-rru.i ttiit>t (7.; /Vi/;i BOSACi:^. aiLVA OF AOirJ'J/ AMElilC'A. nil CRAT^QUS ^STIVALIS, May Haw. Apple Haw. Leavks elliptical to obloiifj-cuncifoiin. CratiPtrus teativolis. Tniii'y & fir.iy. AV. .V. Am. i. ICiS, — WuliHTJi, I. 'I', ii. .'iS. — Diiliirli. Siiii. ill. K'lL'. -- Nulliill, SijIm. ii. IL'. — Clia|iiimn, /'V. lliT. — K.'i;.!, .1,/. Ilmi. I'ltrii/i. i. r.'l. — Wi'ji/.i);, J.Iiiniin, xxxviii. L'O'J. — Siir- pMit, /■■./v.<^ '/Win .V. .!//(. l»t^/( Ci'HM/d r. N. ix. M'.'. Mospilus iKStiviilis, Wultur, Ft. Car. 118. — I'uiret, Lam. /Int. iv. 417 ?Cratn>gU8 lucida, Ellloll. S/:. 1. n4H (not Klirhnrt). Cnitti'gua elliptica, Klliolt, .S7,-. i. ."l;) (imt Ailcm). Crntifgua opiica, Iliiukcr & Ariiott, Cuiiijum. lint. M,ii/. i. Anthomeles lestivalla, Uuiincr. /tical to obldnj^-cuneiform or on sterile branches often obovate, aiul are acute or rounded at the ajU'x, ry fragrant, briglit red dotted witli pale spots, and half of an inch to two thirds of an inch in diameter, with a small shallow cavity surrounded by the remnants of the (mIvx-IoIics and lllaments, juicy subacid Hesli, and three to five thin-walled nutlets rounded at both ends and deeply two-grooved on the buck. <'r(if(ii/ii.-< asi'rali.'^ K distributed in the coast region from the valley of the Savannah River in South Carolina to northern Florida, and through the Gulf states to southern Arkansas and to the valley of the Sabine River in Texas ; it grows usually in moist sandy soil near the margins of streams and Pine-barren ponds, where the ground is often submerged during several weeks in winter. It is com- 120 SII.VA OF NOIiTir AMKIilCA. HOSACK.K. piirativciy rare in tlio Atlant'c states, and \* nitrnt ciininion and attainH its p^rcatcst who in woHtorn l.nii- isiana and eastern 'I'e.xaM. Tile wood of Criitiijiis ustirnfis is lieavy, liard. and i'!oH<>-}jrained, aitliou^rli not strung ; it is li(i;lit hrown or red, witli tli!el{ li^liter eolored tiaimood, and eontains numeroim ohiieuro niuduilary vnyx. Tiiu speeilie jjravity "f '.lie alisoliitely diT wood is ().(>.")(!}, a ealiie foot weij,diiiij^ M).ill |ioiinds. Tile fruit, '.vliicii is eolleeted in larjje tjuaiititieM in ail tiie rej;ioii wiiere tlio .May Haw is found, is told in tlie 'aarliets of the towns of siiutiiwe> iaiiu und in pruHerved and nuidu into jellies. ('idhiijiix astirii/ix ajijiears to have lieen ...s.. ...uieed hy Walter, who |iiilili>lied the earliest aceount of it ill his Fliira CiirnluiuiiKi : it is |irolial)ly still iiiikiiown in gardens, although one of tlie most Iieautiful trees of the ;renus. No other species produees siieli larjje (lowers or such lar}re well-tlavoreil anil valuahle fruit ; and as u fruit-tree the May Haw descrveH the attention of poiiiolo<^ists in all warm- temperate countries. EXPLANATION OK TIIK PLATE. Pl.ATK f'XCH. CkaTKiU'S .WTIVALIg. 1. A tliiwi'iiii); brniich, iiiitural »\te. '1. Vertical srotinii of n llowcr. enlarged, .'t. A fruitiii); liraneli, niitiirnl si/.e. t. C'rusa Hoetioii cif a fruit, iiittiiral iiizc. .'■. \ millet, natural Hize. t). A nutlet iliviileil transversely, enlarged. 'i. A winter branehlet, natural size. KOH.VC"K-«. ill weHti'i'ii l.oii- roii^; ; it in li^;lit ilary vnyf.. Tliu Ills. lliiw is found, in into jfllit's. .' I'lirlii'st lU'Cdiint iiiif of till' most irne \vcll-ll:ivortMl isU ill all wiiriii- 'Ofl ^ 7 ,.F / -#'/■"- / /S \ . r rf*' 1^ Jh\ I % ■^ K' II ,1 \it:iii('A. 'tat<-», dIMl M IUiaI t'llllll: .lUiiiiH iix Kn'iitmt »\i .-i.i .11 •I' I ' Wrtiry, lurJ, mill ( lrim<-};r. I, itltiii>ii);li nitt nii l>r' I. >' ' II k li^litri' I'litoivtl Mt|iwi>i)(i, uiiil ciiiiUiiitH iiiiim I ^1 uWiirf nirdull I 111! tli*Miliiirly (Irv wixhI in (•(Vilil, a 4'iii'lr t'lMit wnj^lni;.' 10'.'' |ioitiiiln ' .lit, wliii'li u« i-ij|l«'i'ti>(l ill larir<* c|iiuiititi('ri in iill tlu> ri'p'>ii wIkih tli«' M>i IIiin^ ; mil'' I till' iiiiiil«>rii uf (Im> titwiis of HiMitliwcslcrti liOuiHinii.i iiiily .still unknown in ptrili'iiN, iililioiigl h ol '<■ l>i'ui>iifiil triM • ol tliv uciiiiH \o .itlii'i' H|H rii'H |ircHliii-fH hiiili Urmi' IIowith or mirh l.i'H-' wcll-ll.. iiiiil v4liiii'iU' i'rutt , 411(1 ;u .1 fruitrlroi- tht> Mjy I law dcscrvi'i* tiit' itttculiun of |ioiiiulo^,'»t- .n all U>ni| iniduu-iu<>. I...U. 'K'l't lU , I F.XI'!,\N\TI()N (IK niK I'lA TK. i'i.-\ri; CXCIl. t'i(M»;iir' Vj«iiv.'.i,w I. A Hjwi>riii); hranrli, iiHtiiral •!■«. 12. Vt'rtii'al M-t'tiuii u{ ii flownr unlHrf^od. X A fri.itin){ limirli, imtum! ii/.i'. 4 CViioii »i'rlii>n nS n (nut, iiaUirul t'lTJ n. A iiiilli't, iiiituriil niK. 0. A tiiulei .livi,l,..l tmiWTnrwly. ei i^rgnd. 7. A (riiitiT lintiichlut, tuil'Liral iuv. it ifr iiU. ilav. into J- I ■■!ii"- K .-•■.I ». » I ...I .,it. < C R AT.'E G 'J S JF-. ST IVA LIS, I 110SAC1;-K. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 121 HETEROMELES. Flowkhs regular, perfect ; calyx o-lohed, the lobes imbricated in aestivation ; petals 5, convolute in icstivation ; stamens 10, parapetalous ; ovary 2-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell, ascending. Fruit a Heshy drupe. Leaves alternate, serrate, coriaceous, persistent. Heteromeles, Uocuier. Fam. X'lt. Si/n. iii. IdO. A siniill tieo, witli smooth pale aromatic bark, stout terete branches, pubescent or pubcrulous while younfj, and fibrous roots. Leaves alternate, oblong-lanceolate, acute at the two ends, sharply aiul remotely serrate with rigid glantbdur teeth, or rarely almost entire, dark green and lustrous on the upper, paler on the lower surface, petiolute -.Itli stout grooved glandular petioles often furnished near their apex with one or two slender glandular teeth, feather-veined, with broad midribs grooved on the upper side and conspicuous reticulated veinlets; stipules subulate, ridged, minute, early deciduous. Flowers in ample toinentose terminal corynd)oso |)anicles. their branches developed from the axils of the ui.i)er leaves or Ironi acute leafy bracts. Bractlets acute, minute, usually tipped with small glands, caducous. Pedicels stout, sliorter than the turliinate calyx-tube, tomentose below, glabrate above ; the lobes short, nearly triangular, spreading, persistent. Disk lining the tube of the calyx, cup-shaped, obscurely suleate ; petals live, inserted on the margin of the disk, flabellate, erose-dentlculate or emar- ginate ai the apex, contracted at the base into slunt broad daws, thick, glabrous, pure white. Stanu'us ten, inserted in one row with the petals on the margin of the disk in pairs opposite the lobes of the calyx ; blaments subulate, eidarged at the base, incurved, free ; anthers obl.mg-ovate, emarginate, attached on the back lielow the middle, introrse, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Carpels two, adnate to the calyx-tube, at first only (husally below the middle, and slightly united into a snli- globose tomentose nearly superior ovary ; styles terminal, distinct, slightly spreading, enlarged at the apex into broail truncate stigmas; ovules two in each cell, ascending, anatropous ; raphe dorsal ; micro- pyle inferior. Fruit an obovoi.l flcsliy drupe fornu'd by the thickening of the calyx-tube connate to their mi.l.Ue only with the mend.ranaceous cari.els which are coated above with long white hairs filbng the cavity closed by the infolding of the thickened persistent lobes, their tips erect and crowning the fruit. Seeds usually solitary in each cell by the abortion of one of the ovules, or rarely two, ovate, lenticular, obtuse, slightly ridged on the back, destitute of albumen ; testa membranaceous, puncticu- late, light brown ; hilum orbiolish ; it is dark red-hrown. with thin lighter colored sapwood composed of seven or eight layers of annual gr.)uth. The specilie gravitN of the absolutely dry wood is O.iKJlif), a suborbicular, cuhic font weighing ."iS.l'J pounds. '{'he genus is not known to possess useful properties. 'l"he generic nauu'. from 'iriyK and iir'/.oi; refers to the fact that this tree dillers from the plants of allied genera. It consists of a single species. 1 •■ ! I II KOSACE^. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 123 HETEROMELES ARBUTIFOLIA. ToUon. Toyon. Am. i. 473. — Dietrich, Sijn. iii. 1G2. — Rentliam. l>ot. Voy.Siiljihiir. 14; Fl. Ilartireg. 307. — Torrey. Eimr^fs Jiqi. 140; Hitijre'iirs' Hep. 1,")9; Pailfir I{. I{- Ke/i. iv. 8,"> , Jliit. Mcx. Jiimiul. Sun: 04 ; JIut. IVlll.-es Jirplor. Exjieil. 291. — BoK-imler, I'ror. Cat. Aeml. iii. 80.— I'lilmer. Am. Xtit. xii. 599. — Maxiinowi.-/,, Bull. Am 'I. ,Srl. .St. Petenlinurg. xix. 180 (31>l. Blot. ix. 180).— Wi'iizig, Xi'h«(''". xxxviii. 9(1. Mespilus arbutifolia. Link, ICnum. ii. 30. Photinia salicifolia, I'resl, /.V»«(t/. HjI. 204. — W.ilpers, Ann. iii. 8.")8. Heteromelea Fremontiana, Decai-sne, Kdui-. Arrli. .Uus. iii. 144. Heteromelea arbutifolia, Kocmcr, Fam. Nal. .S'y- ''■• 10,"). — Dicaisms Xuui: Arr/i. Mus. X. 144. t. 9. — Hiewer & Watwii, But. Cut. i. 188; il. 444. — Sargent, Forest Trees X. Am. 10th Ceiu^us V. S. ix. 83. —Greene, Fl. Francis, i. .'>3. Crattegus arbutifolia. Aitoii, Ihrt. Keu: ed. 2, iii. 202 (not I'liiret). — Luililiges, But. Ctb. t. 201. Aronia arbutifolia, Nnttall, den. i. 300. Photinia arbutifolia, Limlley, Tnins. Linn. Sot: xiii. 103; JSnt. Ue.j. t. 491 ; and uniler t. 19.">0. — Spreiigel, 6>7. ii. ,r,08. — I)e CimloUe, Vrmlr. ii. OMl. — Clianiisso & Selileclilendal, I.inniva, ii, r)42,— Don, Gen. Si/st. ii, 602, — Spaeh, Illst. Ve'j. ii. 80. — Hoolier & Arnott, But. Voij. Beechey, 139, 340, —Torrey & Cliay, Ft. X. A tree, sometimes thirty feet in heij-lit, with a straiglit trunk twelve to eioliteen inehes in .liameter, ilividiufr, a few feet ahove the surfaeo of the gromul, into numerous ereet branehes whieh form a liand- some narrow or round-topi.e.l head ; or more often a low mueh-branehed shrub. The bark of the trunk varies from two thirds to one half of an inch in thickness, and is light gray with a generally smooth surface broken l.v obscure retl.ulate.l ridges. The hranchlets are at first coated with j.ale pubescence which graduallv disappears, and in tb. 'ir first winter they are dark red and slightly puberulous, ultimately becomi"ig darker and glabrous. The leaves, which appear in early summer with the Howers, are three or four "inches long, an inch to an inch and a half broad, and are borne on petioles which vary from half an inch to two thirds of an inch in length and usually remain on the branches during at least two winters. The flowers, which are jiroduced from June to August in compact panicles four to six iiu'hes across, are often more or less hidden by young lateral branches which rise above them. The fruit, which is nu'aly, astringent, and acid, ripens in November and December and remains on the branches until late in the winter, ll,t,rminl>x iirhiiUfoliii is distributed through the Californian coast regions from Mendocino County to Lower California ; ' it is mo.st common, and reaches its largest size on the islands off the California coast" and exten Heteromela arbuli/olia is sonietimes alau cnlled Califoniia Holly aiii) Cbriatuios Ucrry. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Plate CXCIII. Hetkuomkles ahihtifolia. 1. A flowering branch, niitural size. 2. Diajjrani of a fluwer. H. A llowcr-biiil, cnlargeil. 4. Vertical section of n Hower, enlarged. 5. A stamen, enlargeil. 0. A jiistil, enlarged. 7. An ovule, much magnified. 3. A fruiting branch, natural size. 9. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. 10. Verticil section of a fruit, enlarged. 11. A seed diviilcd transversely, enlarged. 12 An embryo, much magnified. UOSACE.K. IS more beaut i- rardeiis of Cali- is perfectly at ^fk :^.. r \ 'A-V- W V "X ^'A''\ s I .1-. 4 liy t'- • • fi)li;ijr(., tlic 'i (ill i>ei'li.i|ij, ■' ... -.•I'^oiii mH'u . fnriiiii .-.i' ' other ji.irts of tin; world, altli>> lUny, t I I ( ! I • |llTti.'l I . EXVLANATK^X OK TUF PLATK. I'tAfR CXCUI. tivrrKHOMI-ll-Jl AKm•TH^>l,li. i. A liowfring li/«. -. Diou'rimi of iiHovir .''.. A lliiwiT-lmil, pnlirjfnil. I Vortical H'litinn of a tidwor, enUryu!. fi. A »tinm!n, t'nluj');fl *'". A [listi!. ("LliirKid T. An iiviili', iiincli iiiHKiiinvd. 6. A fnillui({ bruiti'li, naturni fire. 9 CroiB tfcii'iij of n fruit, cnkirged. 10. Vcrtirnl neclioii of n fniil. I'niari-i'J. 11. A »<>(.'tt iliviili'il irainviirMl} . t;iliir(;((l t... All cmbivo. uiucli luaKnilii'l. jiftll.-l 1. <4 '"^i^t^K ^^^ HF.TEROMF,Lt:S ARl^ : ' TIFO LI A nosACKi*;. siLVA OF xoirni AMEinCA. 125 AMKLANCIIIER. Flowers perfect, rop'lar ; ealyx ;" lobed, tlie IoIk-s imbrieated in ccstivation ; petals 5, imbricated in iustivation ; stamens usually 20; ovary inferior w partly superior, 5-celled, eaeli cell incompletely divided by a false dissepiment ; ovules 2 in each eiU, ascending. Fruit a pome. Leaves simple, alternate, deciduous. Amelanchier, Meilicus, iViiV. /Jd^ i. l.'i"), l.'ri. — l.indley, I'iriiph.jltiim). — Wi\\\\nn, Iliit. I'l. i. 47" (oxcl. J'eni- Trims. Linn. Snr. xili. 100. — McisniT, (ifii. 100. — Kiul- /Jii/.'/niii). liclicr, 6V«. I'j;i7. — Bentham & lluukiT, (Ifii. i. li'JK (cxil. Aronia, I'trsooii. .S'///(. ii. .'J'.l (in pait). Trep.s or slmil)s, with scaly liiirk, HlciidtT tcivtc Itninclilfts. jiciite buds with imbricated scale.'!, tlioso of the inner rows accrescent and hrinlit colori'd. and lilnous roots. Leaves alternate, eondiiplicate in vernation, simple, entire or serrate, pennivehieil, often lanate, iietiolatt', deeichious ; .stipules sulniiate, elongated, caducous. Flowers in erect or noddiuf? racemes, their pedici'ls slender, bihracteohite, devel- oped from the axil.s of lanceolate acuminate deciduous bracts. Calyx-tuhe can([)annlato or urceolate, the lobes acute or subulate, recurved, persistent. Disk lining the tube of the calyx, green, entire or crenulate, nectariferous. Petals white, obovato-oblong, s])atulate or ligulatc, rounded, acute or truncate at the apex, gradually contracted below into short slender claws, inserted on the thickened margin of the disk, spreading. .Stamens usually twenty, inserted with the jietals in three rows, those of the outer row of ten parai)etaloiis, those of the other rows alternate witii them and with each other ; filaments subulate, free, persistent on the fruit; anthers oblong, attached on the back near the middle, introrse, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Ovary more or less adnate to the calyx-tube, glabrous or puberulous above, two to five-celled, each cell more or less divided after the fecunda- tion of the ovules into two compartments by the development of a false partition from the back ; styles two to five, connate below, si>reading and dihited above into broad truncate s.'gmas; ovules two in each cell, erect, anatropous, the mieropyle inferior. Fruit subglobose or iiyril'orm, o[wn at the summit, the cavity .surrounded by the lobes of the calyx and the renuiants of the hlauients ; mesocarp sweet, rather juicy, red or dark purple ; endocarp membranaceous or cartilaginous, the carpels free or connate, glabrous or villose at the apex. Seeds ten or often five by the abortion of one oi the ovules in ea( h cell, ovate-elliptical, not rarely subuncinate at the base, destitute of albumen ; testa coriaceous, dark chestnut-brown, mucilaginous. Embryo filling the cavity of the seed ; cotyledons plano-convex, the radicle inferior. Amelanchier is widely distributed through the boreal and temi)erate portions of eastern and the mountainous regions of western North America, and occurs in Japan and central China, in Asia Minoi. the Caucasus, southern Europe, and northern Africa. Five or six species are distinguished ; one is European,' north African, ami Anatolian ; a second inhabits the Orient ; " and a third, perhaps not dis- tinct from the arborescent species of etistern America, is found in the forests of Japan and of central * Amelanchifr Anutanchier. Mespilus Ainflfinrhiir, Linnirtis. Sfi^c. -178. Sorbus Amelanrhierf Cmutz, .S'/(>/>. .insti: ii. .",3. I'ljrua Amelmu'hier, Liiiuieiis f. Si/xl. od. 13, Suppl. 2oC. — Willdenow, S/iec. ii. pt. ii. 101 1. Cralaijim rolumli/olia, Lniimrck, IHvl. i. 84. '■' .1 melanchier I'lili/arii, Mociich, .\ftlh. 6S'2. — De Cnudulle, Proilr. COS ii. G3-. — lioissier, H. Orient, ii. 0G7. Amthmchiir r„iimili/o!ia, Ilii Mout de Coursot, Vol. C\i!l. cd. L", V. 4.">9. CnlliT(jtis .imilnnchicr, Pe Ciuidollo, Fl. I'raiw. iv. -UK. Arouiii rittintilifiilid, Pcrsoon, Si/ti. ii. .^9. Atnilnnchier ruttiniliftilia, I>et'uisiie, Xour. .Irrh. ^fn.■'. x. Ut-l. '■* .Untlauchivr jHiri'ijiora, Buissicr, Diag. iii. U; ^'V. Orient, ii. 120 sfrr.i or xoirrii amk/uca. ROSACE.*;. China,' while two licloii}; to tiu- tlora of isistcrii ami out- to tliat of wcstorn Amorica. Two of tho AmcritMii ^iH'i'ics attain till' . size of siiiail tri'cs; tlic tliini - is a slinili of tlic iiortiicrii and alpine partH of eastern America. The Olil World speeies are shnilis. The frnit of all the spceivH is more or lesH stieenleiit ami eililile, ami the wood |iro(lueed liy the American arliorescent species in strong;, hard, and close-drained, '{'he larjjje while llowers, appearini; hefore or coetancous witli the leaves, j^ive the dill'erent species great heauty in very early sprinjf, and make theui dcsirahlu {garden plants. The .\merican s|iecies of .Vmelanehier do not siilfer serionsly from the attacks of insects,' althon^^h they are suhjeet to many of the fuii;;al diseases which all'ect I'yrus and L'rata'giis.' Tile yeiiL-rie name is derive-l from Anielaiieier, the popular name of the Kuropeuii xpeeies in Savov. 1 Amfhnrhitr A^iiiticti, Walprr^. litp. ii. .Vt. — Kin'tiuT, idin. Xiil Sim- iii. I II — Kiiih, Drwlr. i. ISO. Annwi Aiiiitfii, .*^it'ItnM & /tii-uarini, /■'.'. J>ip. i. H7, t. I-. Amtliififhti r l\viti'titi.^i.if var. Jiifmutni, Mii|(it'l, I'ntl. /"V. Jiip, 'J'-'ll. — Frniulift & SavaliiT, A'mn/ii. /'/. Jiip. i. I li'. — Maxi- iiiowirz, /I'tlL Artvt. St'i. St. Ptl'rAfmur'j, xix. 17."» (Ml. Iliot. ix. 171). ^ Amtlmchitr olnfiH'nrjHi, Um'iiu'r, fuim. Xiit. Si/n. iii. 1 t.j. — Wiilsoii. (innl'U tvi'l l-'iinst, i. lil.'>, f. \\. — WiiUnii & I'lmltiT, ^v.iv'* .1/-JN. td. ti, 1(J7. Mfi.i I ''imi'l'u.'iis, vur. nlti/orarfxi, Miehuiix, Fl. lior.-Am. i. 'JlU. Anuliitirhitr f snuffitinra, Po ('iinilnllf, I'nulr. '\'i.i\'X\ (in part). Anudinrfittr ('iuiiit' Ciiiuii'lli' ui.r Miiilli'v). * i'ln' !*;uiH' iiiHci'ts wliicli iiijiin* I'ynis in N'tirtli Atni'iii'a am niso foiiuil nil tlic (lilTtTi'ht H|H'cii'.s of Anii-liiiu'hirr ; iiml KnifiiiiiitTH likf yrfitictilti iiiiitliiinhiinllii, Clt'iiu'ii.s, and Oruii' ijnnilripntuitlh, ('Irini'iii, may lie {K-cnliar ((• lln-ni. * A utrikin;; finifjns attai'kn liic leaves ftinl ynniii; hrttiielies nf A mi'litnrhur t'aiui'ltn.'ii;! in the vnnl, and of Anulniirfihr ahujotiii in the west, eoveriii}; them at tirst with iiii olive-etdored down wliieh nfterwanU ehnitf^O!* to n hhiek erenidaled surfaee. Many leuvos nil eertaiii hraiiehe;! are nttaeked tiiinnltaneiMiHty, and tlie NOTallt'd birdViu-.tt dixtortimiH uru produced. This fun^is, ulneh Udon^H to tliL- urdur l*ynHnmij<;h':i, was first ealled S/'fuirin CnUinstt hy Srhwetnit/., and liy other authors hiiH been roferrt'd to Diiiierospu- riuiti, La.>iiis|>ha'ria, and IMuwrightia. CONSPECTUS OF TIIK NOUTII AMKUK'AN AUUOUESCKNT Sl'KCIKS. ito to ovate-oldon^ or oMmi;:; to liroadlv t-lIiptJeal or snborltieular. aiiiti' or nninded at I-eaVit tlie ajMX. cordate or rotimlcd at tbo !ta>e . . Lt'avL'.s bruuilly orbicular, ubtuso, or rurtdy acute . I. A. CWADKNSI.S. A. ALMKULIA. UnSA<'K.K Two of tlu' il alpiiii' |)ai'ts [H'lMliu'tMl hy till' >wt'rs, ;i|)|»»'arin^ ally sjniii|i^, and ist'i'ts,^ although )|H>aii s|uM>i('s hi I reft. Mu.1. X. i;Ui (not irtli AiiHTu-aftrfi ftl.io lii-r ; iiiul IjMf-niiiu'rti Oritw iiundri/iuiu'tflliif till youti^ IpraiM'lu'H of {iniliiiiiltit r altii/'oltii in i>oli)riM) down wliii-h fiuT. Miiiiy lfuvt'9 tin ly, aiul tlu> H(Hnillt>(l fuiif^iis, uliich belong 1 Si'hirriit ColltfLin by efurrctl to Uimerospo- UOHACEJC iylLVA OF SUUTIl AMKliWA. C.AV^DKNSIS. ALMKULIA. AMELANOHIER CANADENSIS. Shad Bush. Service Berry. Lkavks ovato to ovatc-ohloiifj;, aciiti', cordate or rouiKh d at the hnso. Amelnnchior Cnnadensis, Mcdirim. ttit'h. lini. T'.i. — Darliii};tuii. Fl. Cfulr. eel. 3, MO. — C'urtU, Jt'eji. flm/o:/. Sun: X. Car. 18ti(», iii. fiH. — Kocli, Deii^h. i. IHO. — Mnximowic/., Hull. Aniil. Sri. St. I'l'trrsbntiri/, xix. 17t/i CriiMiLi ('. S. ix. 81. — Wats.in & I'miltiT, (Inii/'n Man. imI. (p. Kit'.. Mespilus Canadensis. l.iniiiiMis, .s'/xc. ITS. — Mlllir. I>irt. .(1. «, No.«. — IJii Uoi, Uartik. lUiims. i. 11(1. — Wiiltcr, /•/. Car. IIS. Pyrus Botryapiiun, LinnipiiH f. S;isl. cil. l.'i, .Sii|i|il. 2.".". — Wimijciiliclm, Xonlam. Ilah. IMI, t. L*«, f. ("i. — Kliilinrt. Ileitr. i. lH.'t; ii. (W. — Willili'now, ISrrl. /laaiii-. '.TiM ; Spec. ii. pt. ii. 1013; Kniim. 52t"i. — Alton, /lart. Km: e7. ii. ,r,(|>,». _ Aiidulioii. I!inl.<, t. (id. CratEPgus racemosa. Lninunk, fHif. i. S4. — Dcsfoiitalncs, Jl;.^t. Aril. it. IIS. _ y„i,rraa Daliamrt, iv. 133. — \\,\nt. Lam. Dirt. .Sii].|il. i. '.".I'.'. Mespilus nivea, Marsluill. Arhii.it. Am. 00. Amelanchier Canadensis, var. prunifolia, Castijjliciiii. Via-j. nei/li Stat! I 'alt!, il. 2',K1. Mespilus Amelanchier. C'a-iti(;lioiii. I'lai/. luijH Stali I'liili, ii. 203 (not Llnnanis). Mespilus Canadensis, vnr. cordata, Mii'liaiix, Fl. llur,- Am. I. 2'.M. Amelanchier Botryapium, Ilurkliauscn, llamlh. Furslliot. Ii. rjOO. — Hu .Mont ill' CiMii-Mt. I!i:l. fait. v. I,"M. _ l.lnilli'V, Truiia. Linn. Stir. xiil. 10(1. — I)c Ciindiillf. I'riiilr. ii. 0.32. — llook.r, /■'/. /Inr.-Am. i. 202.— Don, Urn. Sii»t. ii. (iO-t. — Spaili. //iW. IV;/. ii. 84. — Kotnin-, Fam. .Vat. .Si/n. iii. 1 !.">. — Wuii/it;. /,/h/ii"(. xxxvlil. 110. — I)fraij*ii(<. .V'»*//*. .-irrli. Mns. x. \'.'i'\. Aronia Botryapium, l'ii> Sim- II. 3'.t. — Nnttall, tlm. i. :!(i(l. — Kllic.ll, Si: i. ."i.">7, — Darlington, Fl. Crslr. 03, Mespilus arborea, MIoliaux f. Hint. Arli. .{m. III. 08, t. II. — W. I'. ('. Itai-ton, /■•/, /'/,//. Fr.ii/r. riX Ar' nia arborea. \V. 1'. t'. Ilaiton, I'nmjirn.l. fl. /7/,7. 1. .■:'8. An.i.'lanchier snnguinea. Liiidley, /.'•/^ A'./, t. 1171 (not Di'Canilolli >. Aronia cordata. liatlni'siini'. .Mnl. Fl. il. I'.IO. Amelanchier oviilis, llook.r. Fl. F'lr.-.tm. I. 202 (in part .. Amelanchier Canadensis, var. Botryapium, Torn y i^ Gray. Fl. .V. Am. i. 473 \Val|icrs. Ilrji. il. ,Vi. — Dii- tricli. .V(/«. Hi. l.VS. — Torrc'y, Fl. -V. 1'. 1. 22."i. — C'lia|i- nian, Fl. 120, Pyrus Bartramiana. 'I'ausili. lin/nisli. Fl'ira. is;\s. ]it. II. 71.".. PjTUs Wangonheimiana. 'I'au-cli. /.'>;/'«,. Amelanchier Bartramiana, Itoemcr. Fam. \al. Si/ti. Iii. ll.-i. Amelanchier Wangenheimiana, llomur. Funi. Sat. Si)n. iii. 140. A tn^p, .sometimes forty to fifty feet in heiojlit, witli a tall trunk twelve to eio;liti't'ii inches in tliiimi'ter, and small spreadinof hranciies which form a narrow ohlonir roinul-toiijied head. The hark of the trunk is from a (jiiarter to half an inch in thickness, pale red-Iirown, and divided Iiy shallow fissures into narrow longitudinal ridges, the surface of which is hioken into small s([uare jiersistcnt seales. The hraiiehlcts are .slender and at first bright green and glahrons or slightly indieruloiis, Imt are dark red and marked with many minute pale lenticels in their first winter, and later hecome dark brown or red-brown. The winter-buds are a (juarter of an inch long and covered with pale chestmit- hrown ovate apiculate slightly pubescent scales, scarious on the margins and obscurely keeled on the back ; the scales of the inner ranks are lanceolate, acute, bright red above the middle, ciliate with silky hairs, and sometimes an inch long when fully grown, and leave wlien falling narrow ring-like scars which mark the base of the branchlets during two or three years. Tiie leaves are ovate to ovatc-oblong, acute or often tiijier-pointed at the ajiex, cordate or rounded at the base, and finely serrate with straight or incurved rigid subulate teeth ; when they unfold they are dark red-brown and pilose on both sur- faces with scattered deciduotis white Iwirs, and at maturity they are thick and firm in texture, glabrous, I'JS sn.\A oh' yoinii AMimirA. IIOSACKX il.iik •;ri'i'ii ami iliill on tlic iipiicr siirl'ai't', pale on tlii> lourr siirfaci', tliri'c or four iiirlicH loii;^ and an imlt to an inrli ami a liall liroail. witli proniinrnt iniilril)H ^roovi'il on tlit> ii|i|itT xiilf ami hlcmlcr vi'ins, ami aiv l)orni> on K^'micr clianiiricil iit'tiolcs which vary from half an inch to an inch in lcii};tli. The htipuli'M arc narrowly lamcolalc, nicinltraiiaccons, pulicsccnt, at liriit pink liut iiltiinatcly hrown, ami carlv ilcciilnoMs. 'I'lic leaves turn liri^lit clear yellow in the autumn liel'ore fallin)r. The llowerN, wliii'h appear from the emi of March at tlu> south to the eml of May at the north when the leaves are •;rnwn to hearlv one tliiicl of their si/.e, are proiluced in erect or nodding ^lal)rouH raci>nies three or fiiiii imlii'^ Ion;;;, and are li stanu'Us and styles. The petals are strap-shaped or sli;;htly o!io\ate, rounded or acute at the ajiex. jjradually contracted at the Inise, thin, pure white, half an inch to nearly an inch in length, and from a ipiarter to half an inch in width. Tlic ovaiio are ;;Ialirons. The fruit, which ripens in early summer, ix HWeut and edilile; it is dcpresseil-;;liilinlar, from a tliinl to half an inch hroad, and home on elonM;atcd slender stems conspicuoiislv marked liy tiie scars left Ity the failiMi;- id' tiie liractlets ; when lirst fully ^'rown it is liri^iit red. luit whin ripe lieciimes dirk purple and is covered with a sli<;'ht glaucous hlooui. The seeds are an eighth of an imh Ion;;', with a dark riddirnun opaipu' coat. Ann /iiiirfii( r < 'iiiiiiili iis'in is distriliuted from Newfoundland throu;;h the inaritiuu> provinces of CaMada, where it is connnon, and westward aloii^ the mirtheru shores of the Great Lakes,' and in the I'uited States ramies southwaid to Morthern Khuida and westward to Minnesota, eastern Nehruska,'-' eastern Kansas, Louisiana, and snutheni Arkansas. Aiii' /"iii/iii r ('iiiiiiili iisiri i^rows in rich snil In upland woods with Oaks, Hickories, Sujjar .Maples, and Hirrlio ; it is aliiiiidiiiil in all the iiniliiein parts of llie coiiiitiy and on the .\ll"i;hany Mountains, winie. in North Carolina and rennessee, it rraihes its nieatest si/e. In the coast re;4ion of the .\tlantic (iiiif states it is repriseiiteil oiilv liv a low sliiulihy form, while west of the AUe^lruiy MoiiiLlains it is coinmiiM in all the elevated i'ei;iiins Imt dois not extiiid into the river-hottoms, and is more alinndant at the north than at the south. The wood of Ann hiiirhii f Ciiiinili iisis is heavy, exceediui'ly hard, strong, and close-j;rained, with a satiny surface susceptilde of recciviui^ a fjood polish ; it is dark hrown often tin;;;ed with red, with thick lij^litir colored sapwood composed of forty or lifty layers nl annual fjrowth, and contains numerous oli^ciue medullary r.iys. The spccilic ^lavity of tiie alisolutely dry wood is O.TSIIS, a culiic foot weiy;h- in^ IS.S.") jioumls. It is occasionally used for the h.iinili-. of tools and other small implenunts. Ann liiiiiliii )• ( 'minili lists varies iiinsideralilv in the lorm of its leaves and in the character of the puliescence whi( h sometimes covers tlieiii. in the si/e of its flowers and fruit, and in its hahit and stature. The most distinct of these forms is Aim liiiicli'n r ('uiniili iih'ih, var. olxjralin.^ This is a tree sometimes twenty-live or thirty feet in heinht. with a sinfjle stral^^-ht stem or (d'ten with a cluster of spreadin^j stems sprinnin;^ from the L;roniid and forming; a hroad tall hush. The leaves are oiiloMi; or liroadlv elli[iti(al, acute or rounded at tiie a]iex, lonnded or snhionlate at the liase, remotely serrate ' UriUlrt, Cut. V'lf. Li't. f' (not \\'ilitltiiuw). .'lr'>fi((i iii'iiUi, 'I'urrfv, /■?. C. S. 170. Atti'lmtrhiir iritrrmf'li'it .*s|iiifli, t/i.-l. \'<''j. ii. H."». — Wcnzijj, Liiiiura, xxxviii. ll'J, AnifUinrhirr Caniiilfti.ii.'i, var. of'ttmi/ifnliii, Turri'v & (imy, /■'/. A*. .I»i. i. -il'X — \Vul|H»rs, Itffi. ii. ."». - Ilii'tiit'li. St/it. iii. 1.1S. — Tiirrcy, /•'/. .V. K. i. 'J-.'j ; yh'nllrt's Ili'ji. 1\'J.~~ 1'iini'r.xoi). Trn.i ,U.i«. I'll. •.', i'l.'M, t. — Siirj.'inl. I'„rint Tr,;» .X.Am. lOM Cniau.i r. S. ix. »l. — Wut.son S: CiMillir, f/rni/'s Afiiii. I'll. <>, lI'iT. Amtltmrhier itf'ltmtjit'ttliit, ititfinrr, I'mit. Sitt. S'lu. iii. 117. Aiiifltiiiihifr nfu'itikt, l.)ccHi.siif, Suuv. Arch. Miui. x. lit-*i, t. U, f. o (not l.iuiiarL-k). 'lu'H liiii^ unci ill' ami hli-iiiliT mil ill l<'ii<;;tli. Iv lii'owii, anil Till' lliiwcrs, the ifavcs arc ■ciiicH tliri'c or i^licil with two lii'i;;'lit-ci)li)ri'il iicfiilati' acilto III till- .staiiii'iis ijicx, ;;i-a(liiaily III a i|iiaiti'r to iiiiiii'r, is sweet iii};ati (I slender I'lillv ;;ii>\vii it IS IjIikiiu. The lie ))i'i)vin('es of ke^,' ami in the tern Nehraska,-' Siijjar Majiles, laiiy Mimiitaiiis, I of the Atlantic MiMiiitaiiis it is s niore ahiindant isc-^raiiieil. with •il with red, with intains iimiieroiis ■II hie foot weijrh- ciiuiits. cliaraiter of the in its lialiit and ' This is a tree ivitli a cluster of •aves are oliloii;; reiiiotelv serrate '- */. ii. H."». — Wcnzi^', (, Tiirri'V it (Iniy, I't. ftrii'I), Sft'i- iii. l'»H. — I'.). — ICllll-rNon, Trn.i -' .« A'. Am. IO//1 Census ^t(ln. I'll. /n. iii. 1 17. n-h. .U.w. X. 1X<, t. !), nimAcK/i;. >7/,r.t >>/• yonrii ami:i;i< .\. ]•_'!» or Noiiieliiiies nearly entire heluw the middle, eoiiid at liist on the lower Niirfiico with thick white toiiiciitiim, and at maturity pale and iiioie or less |iiilieHreiit on the lower surface. The (lowers, which are produced in shorter rarciin s on hairv pedicels, are smaller, with piilicsceiit calyees, their lolies liein^ dense'v tomcntoM- on the inner siirfare, ami narrower sliap-shaped petals usually less than half an iiirli lon^, 'i'his variety is foiiml in Nova ."seotia and New ItrinisHiek, wlieie, however, it is mil coiiimcui, and is ahiindant in (jiieliec and Ontario, extiiidiii^ northward to the valley of the .Mackcii/ie lliver in latitude (l."! ; ' it is comnion in the miitlieastern states, raii;>'iii;; southward alon^ the Alle;;haii\ .Moun- tains to Virginia and westward to .Minnesota and Missouri, and oiiasionally occurs, iiiiich reduced in si/.e, in the Kouthern coast region from liluiVtiin, South Carolina, to the shores of the Hay of .^lohile. Aiiii liiiiiliii r CiiiiikIi ii.ii.'i, var. ohnni/is, j^rows usually on the honlers of streams and swamps in low wet soil, and soiiietiines on lii^h rocky slopes and ridges, where il is often a small sliriih protliiriii^ fruit when only a foot or two lii^h. In the situations which it selects, and in the shape and coveiiiiir of its leaves, it is usually very distimt from the upland I'uriM. luit the two are connected liy intermeiliate forms irrowin;; in intermediate situations which make it dillieiill to lliid constant characters upon whiI. — Miil-diiii, Cut, Clin. I't.i. 11!). * Am. Atfrir. xxx. 111. — Iti-p. loira Iturt. Stx: xii. 'J03. — f7i,t. .Siiiipl. i. l!h!. I'l/riLi ^n■ali.^, Willilciiow, lUrt. /iatnii:. *J.*0 ; .^/tri: ii. pt. ii. 101 1. — I'lirsli, /••;. .1™. .SV/)(. i. ,'H(). Afefpiliu Camidcmit, var. rolmili/olia, Jlichaiix, IT. Il'ir.-Am. i. i!91. Amilanrhier nralif, Riirkhaii.srn, Ilandh. Fimlhni. ii. liW. — Dii .Mont lie Ciiiirsi't, lint. Cult. oil. 'J, v. l.V.). — Limlli'V, Tmm. Linn. So,: liii. 100. — Do CnniliiUp, Prmlr. ii. Kl't. — IlmikiT, IT. lUir.-Am. I. 'M'l (exi'l. var.). — Dim, Gen. Si/si. ii. (iO-l (rii'l. var.). — Spai-li, Hill. Vi'f/. ii. H.".. — I.miilon, Arh. lint. ii. S7(l, f. U;)L'. .'trf'nia fvalit, IVrsoon, Syn. ii. 40. — Kltiutt, Si: i. "mS. AmetanvhiiT CtinaitensLi, var. rorun./i/it/iii, Tonry & dray, /V. A'. Am. i. 473. — Waljwrs, Hep. ii. 55. — Uictrioh, Syn. 158. — Tiirri'v, /■■/. .V. J'. i.'J:;.-. — CliaiiniaM, IT VJ9. — AValsi.ii& ('i.iil- tir, f:riiii'.i .\fiin. iil. fi, lli7. Aiitttitncfiitr rittnuitifnlttt, UofiniT, i'um. Snt. Syn. iii. 1 lit (nut Oil MiMit tit' Ciiiirsi t). * It ua.i priil'aMy tiiif uf tlir funii!* of .'\m'ltliic/ii'r Cnuo't'Uitix wliiili .luliii Ma.iiin, writiii;; cf Ni'wfoiiiiillaiiil in ICJO, falls a I'rari' in this pa.s^a^M' : "Tlu' ('imiitrii' fniili-s wilil, an- fhiTrit'.s small, wliuli' ^niaiirs uf thi-ni. I'illuTils jjuiiil, a small pit-asalit fniili', ralli'il a Prari'. Oaina.ski' Uuses sinjjlf vt-ry swt'i't, I'xiTlIrt Straw- iH'rrii's, nnil Hartlt'lifrrii'S with aliutinilaiieo uf Hasliorricit, anil (iDusolH'rrii'A suiiu'what Iti'ttiT than onrii in Kni/ltinil, all wliii-h ri'plaiitt'il woiilil bo niiit'h inlar^nl." (.1 liriff J liifonnt' of ffi,- Si'irfnunflhmd [finijiil Lttttrs, Chnrtim^ ami TraclA rdatiug in r/if Ciiliininitiim of' \iir Si-ollantt, KiL'l lilK-S],) ^ .Uf,v/»iVii.< inrrmi^, foiuA snl'tui i/liihrii obverse orati.*. Ft. Vinjin. 51. — Oiitiaiiu'l, Tiiiit'' lUn Arhref, ii. l.'i. * .Me.ipUuit hit nut.-', folio ovato ol'lont/i.*, . ' Ailon, Ifort. Ken: ii. 173. — I.uiiiIon, Arh. Urit. ii. 871, f. (''.'7- CJl), t. 1 EXPLAXATION OF THK PLATES. I'l.ATK CXCIV. AmKLAXIHIEB C,V>ADES3I». I. A thnvcring branih, natural si?.e. '_'. Diagiam of a Hdwci-. ;>. Vertical seftiou of a lliiwcr, I'lilargeil. 4. Front ami rear views of a staiiiun, enlarged. 5. Cross section of an ovary, enlarged. 0. An ovule, niuih niagnitied. 7. A fruiting branch, natural size. 8. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. ',1. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. 10. A seed, enlarged. II. An embryo, nnicli magnified. l'_. The end of a winter branchlet, natural size. Plate CXCV. Amf.i.anmiikk Canapf.ksls, var. ouovalls. 1. A Howcring branch, natural si/.e. 'J. Vertical section of a tlower. enlarged. H. A fruiting branch, natural si/.e. 4. A fruit divided transversely, culargeil. 5. A seed, enlarged. 6. An embryo, iimeh magnified. ..#' -^ ~4^' f ,.,#- * -^S-J I v! r ¥ % ■^ J -.. ' ^-^ )) s \ -^^ w ~^i I t t 4- m I KM'LANATION OK IIIK I'l.A I ' - Pl.A(r CXCVV. AHtiLAVi'IlIKB CaSADEMIIk. !. \ linWerioR branrli, natural size. J. 1 imgRim «i .1 Hiiwnr. ;i. \ tvc.tl •Tallin of 11 llnwcr. enlarge I. I. . ir ifU'wi iif a »t:inieii. unlargsJ- ;■., -. ., ; l UMiTS .Mllii-J^l'l!. 0. Aji HSulf. snuch inn^niti' 7 \ h'u'iKng bruiii It. iiatiir vl ^i-e. f \ iTtii-i». nwti'jii ■ii a fruit, ciilaTVoi.l. ',» ( rijss •.vlii'ii I't ,1 fniiS, «;iilur({«J. 10, A s,f I. fnlaiYfi- il Au usiDrj'b, mneh niagnUioil. 1" rii( ' il u( a wiiiHT l.iaiHiilel; Mntiiral siie l»i.ATit CXC^: Amwaschieb Ca-NADrnsm, var. oiiovai.-.s. ,\ . riii^ liraiioh, itiitiiiii.1 nijt!. il i.(;'tii>ii !.f .% lii'wcr, i!iit»rgc(l. ' tinn "h,«i!fli, iifttura! size •I. A I'lit ,■ ' % ■M. % i 14 y^ «i- /^' -\-^' «.■»*' . <*9<*? "^ W- [. i Pi ifli AMELANCHIER v-^ANADENSIS . ■ CtCVALi: ROSACEwf:. SfLFA OF KOliTll AMElilCA. i:n AMELANCHIER ALNIFOLIA. Service Berry. Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular, obtuse or rarely acute. /.melanchier alnifoUa, Niittall, Jour. I'/iil. Amil. vii. 29. — I{i>eiiier, Fam. Nat. Si/it. iii. 147. — Cooper. Am. Nut. iii. 407. — W«n/.ig, Linnma, xxxviii. IIH. — I)e- caisne, Notw. Arr/i. .Mns. x. VAT>. — Ilri'wpr & Watson, But. Ciil.i. 190. — Wutson & Cmiltor, drai/'.^ Mmi. «1. 0, 1C7. — (ircene, Fl. Franrh. i. 52. Pyrua sanguinea, I'urnh, ^7. Am. Sf/it. i. 310 (in jiart). Aronia olnitoUa, Nuttall, Gen. i. 300. Pyrus alnifolia, Siirpngel, Si/.it. ii. .lOO. Mir. Ihnnut. Sun: 04 ; Hot, Wilkes Frjilor. Kxjieii. L'id. — Hooker, I.ond. Jour. Hut. vi. liSO. — (iriiy. Man. l.'iO. — Newlicrry, /"(/^//ic K. R. He/i. vi. 7.'i. — Cooper, J'arijie H. J{. Jt'eji. xii. pt. ii. 30. — Wutpon, Kiin/n AV/y. V. ."i. — Dietriili, Si/ii. iii. I."i8. Amelancbier pumila, Roemer, Fam, Xat. .S//?!. iii. 1 J,'?. AmeHnchier ovalis. vnr. semtintegrifolia, Hooker, Fl. Amelancbier Canadensis, var. oblongifolia, Ijentliuni. // ,r. Am. i. L'O'-'. — Don, (ieii. Si/.sf. ii. (iOl. J'/. Ihirtin;,. .SO',1 (not Turrey & V.vay). Ami lancbier florida, I.inilley, /i)^ /iV. ii. ;">. — Loudon, Arh. lirit. ii. 870, f. 633, . — Dietridi, Si/n, iii. 158. —Torrey. Faeijie I{. /{. Hep. W. 85; Hot. iiiniit'.t Jiej:. Hi). Amelancbier Canadensis, Anderson, Cat. Fl. Nev. lliO (not .Medioiis). ? Amelancbier glabra. Oroene, Fl. Fraiieis. i. 52. 7 Amelancbier pallida. (Jrecnc, Fl. Francis, i. 53. A ticc, ocpa.sioiiiilly forty foi't in Iieij^lit, witli a siiij^lo str.aiijlit trunk six to ton inches in iliumeter, or more often witli a cluster of slender sienis rising from the fjround ; or usnallv a shruli only a foot or two in heio;ht. The bark of the trunk is an ei<^htli of an inch thick, smooth or slightly fissured, and light hrown somewhat tinged with red. The hranches are gieeu at first and glabrous, pilose with long l>ale hairs or coated with pubescence, and in their first winter are stout, bright red or jdmn-color, gla- brous or rarely puberidous, and nuu'e or less marked by small pale lenticels. The winter-buds are acute, a (juarter of an inch long, and covered with chestnut-brown glabrous or occasionally jiilose scales ; the .scales of the inner ranks at maturity are ovate, acute, brightly colored, covered with jiale silky hairs, and from a half to three (piarters of an inch in lengtli. The leaves are broadly ovate to orbicular or occa- sionally ol)long-ovate, roinided or rarely acute at the apex, rotnided or subcordate at the base, and sharply and coarsely serrate above the middle, with incurved rigid teeth ; when they unfold they are coated on the lower sm'face with thick pale tomentnm, and are often jiilose on the upper surface ; but they soon become glabrous, and at maturity are membranaceous to subcoriaceous, dark green above and j)ale or sometimes rufous below, or, when the plants grow in the dry climate of the interior, gray-green on both surfaces and often puberulous below ; they are an inch to an inch and a half in length and in breadth, with slender midribs and veins, and are borne on slender petioles half an inch long. The stipules are linear, acute, red-brown, sometimes an inch in length, and caducous. The Howers, wliicli ai)pear from April on the shores of Paget Sound to i\w middle of ,Tuno on the high mountains of Montana, are produced in erect glabrous or pubescent racemes an inch to an inch and a half in length on short pedicels furnished near the middle with linear acute colored bractlets which in falling leave conspicuous scars. The calvx is cu])-shaped and glabrous, pilose or pubescent on the outer surface, with linear acute lobes glabrous or coated with pubescence on the inner surface. The petals are nar- rowly oblong lo obovate, rounded or acute at the apex, and from a (piarter of an inch to an inch in lengtii. The ovaries are pubescent or puberidous. The fruit ripens from June to September, and is sweet and juicy ; it is suhglobose, dark blue or almost black, with a glaucous bloom, aud from half an ir^ 132 Sl/.VA OF MH:ri[ AMi:i!l('A. Ki)SA('i:,V., incli til iiiMi'Iv ail liU'li in (liiiiiictt'r. Tliu ni'ihIs uiv an t'i<;litli ol' an iiii-li lon^r, with ii lustrous rcd-lniiwii n.at.' Ann /iiiif/iii r (i/iii/ii/iii is (listriliiitcil from tiic valley cil' tiii' Yukon Uivcr in latitude dli' IT)' north,' 8(nitli\vai'il tlirou^h the cnast i'aii<;'es of iiortlieasteni Aiiieriea and on tlu> mountain i'aii;res of tli(> western anil interior parts of the euntineiit. cNteiidiiii; in California to the southern lioiindaiy of tho state, and eastward tlii'iiMi;li Itiilish ('iiininliia, the Sa^^katihewan, and Maiiitolia, to the we>lerii shores 111' I- ike Sii|ierior,' and to northern Mieliiq;aii, Nehraska,' and the lioeky Mountains of Colorado' and New Mexico.'' 'I'he wooil iif Aim hiihhii r iiliiil'iiliit is heavy, hard, and elose-';railied ; it is lij;lit hrowii and ciiii- taiiis iniiiierous oliseiire medullary rays. The sjieeilie p'avity of tho ahsolntely dry wood is (I.JSliCi'J, a cuhie foot weij^hinjj .")!..").") |iounds. 'I'he nutritious and aluiiidant fruit of the Serviee Herry is an imjiortant artiele of food \\itli the Indians of western Aineriea, who eailicr and dry it in laif^e iiiiantities.' Anil /iiiir/iii r ii/iiii'i,llii attains its laifjest size and oeiMsionally assumes tlii' Iiahit of a tree on the inlands and rich hiitlom-lands id' the lower Coliimliia Itiver and on the small ]irairies which occur in Wa.shiiii;'ton in the iieiijhiMirhood of l'iii;et Sound, where it };rows in <;rayelly soil near the holders of small jionds. and often forms thiikets of eoiisiilerahle extent, or is associated with the ()rej;iiii Jhiw- thorii, the Crah-ajijile, and the Choke Cherry, in the interior it is eoiilined to hi<;li elevations, in Cali- fornia frei|Ueiitly ascending; ten thousand feet ahove the level of the ocean, sometimes near the horders of .streams or al|iiiie meadows, or often on hij;h hillsides where, as a low slirilh, it forms thickets which coxer areas .several hundred acres in c'xteiit. Ann Imii-liiir ii/iiil'ii/iii was noticed early in this century hy the party of explorers who, under the leader.'-hip of Lewis and Clark, first crossed .North .\iiierica;'* and it was introduced into ciillivation hy David Douijlas who. in \S\Hj, sent seeds to the London Horticultural Society. In the Arnold Arhore- tuiii it produces frint every year. t * Id iht' (lilTi'l'i'lit [t.'irt;! (if tlii' iinini'ilAO territnry over wliiili it in (li.Htriliiitcd A rntliiitffttf iihiitultii varies nut only in aizv ami liuliit, tut in tliu tt'xtiiri' anil culor uf the leaven, in tho anumnt ami ehar- aeter «f the |ml»eseeiice of the calyx, anil in the size nf thi) (lowers ; * Hessey, Hull, .tynV. Krprr. Sttit. Xiltriixlii, Iv. art. iv. 'JO. » Coulter, .Uii'i. Itinl,!/ Ml. /lot. Sil. • (iray, .l/cm. Am. Acait. n. scr. iv. 4ii (/V. Ft'iitlUr.). ' "in a j;reat iiiuntier of liH*alitieH Kerviee-berries are storeii for at lii;;)) clfvatiuus in the dry interior its foliage, liko tliat uf many winter iim' liy the Imlians. 'I'lu-y are patliereil where nui.st ahiin- {ilants in tlie.se rei^ions, is pate );reen on hotli sides, ami the hark of dant, enished and made into a paste whieli is npread out on hark the lirani'lies and stems is nineh li<;hter than on phuits whieh have ur stones in the sun until it is thoronj^hly dried, it is then put ill grown in the more humid etimate of the eoast. The extreme sacks, and during the winter serves to ;;ivo variety to their diet furilis of this sjieeies, however, are eonneeted hy interinediate wliieh otherwise eoiisists of llesli or dried tisli." ( Newberry, /'<)'»'/ fiprni>, and it is not probable that we.stern .\meriea contains more wtil Fihri' tUuiitt of' thf Sorlh .i m'riritn Iinlfuiin, I'ltfmltir Scifiicf than a siii^'le sjM'eies of .Vinelanehier. and tbi^, at tin? extreme east- Mnnthlij, xxxii. V,\. See, also, It. llruwn (C'auipst.), '1 raim. Hot. Sim-. crn limits of its rali'^e, is not alw.ays ea.sily di>liie.;uished from some F.'ltnhnrijh, ix. iJKt.) of the broad- leaved forms of .1 mtlancliitr t'tinwU lutis of the eastern " iliMnrif nf tin' ICrpnlttion iimli r th< ( \mvnimit of Capttiins LeicU states. ami i 'tark- In the S>nir>r.i of the MLssnuri, thencf iwromi thr Hm'ky MuuH' '^ Macoun, Cat. (^au, PI, i. 1 18. tains itiut iliiwn the liivir Culuitibia to the Pacific Ocean, ii. ."jOo. ■ Macoun, /. r. ,"»'j;i. EXPi.AN.\rioN ni' Tin; pi.atk. ri.ATi; CXCVI. AMia..vsiiiiiai ai,nikoi.ia. 1. A lloweriiii; brancli. natural size. 2. Veitieal siciioii of n tinner, tin; ends of tlic jielals rcnioveil, ciilurgeil. .'$. A fruitinfj branch, natural si/.e. 4. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarpd. 5. A sepil. natural nize. 6. An I'liibryo, iniieli nm^nineil. 7. A winter bnuiclilet, natural »iite. I{l)SA(l'..V. PUS 1(m1-1)1(1WI1 ItUlll- »il2 I.'.' lin miliars of iindaiv t)l' till! fi'sli'iii sliorcs loloi'iido ' ami iwii anil cciri- 1 is {).S'2C<-2, 11 FoimI with tlu> a tii'c on llio vliii'li occur in till) bonliTS of Orcjion ]Ia\v- itioiis, in (lali- ar tliu liordcr.s tliickcts which rho, uiiilcr the cultivation hy IrnolJ Aihorc- iv. iirt. iv. 20. ■mll.r:). rrhvs nrc stored fnr where im>>t iilmli- prcnil iMit 1111 Imrk II i.i then iiiit ill aricty to their diet ' (Newberry, Fotnl ins. Popular Sciftice It.), Tram, Hot. Soc. d of Cn/tttiins Leicis 'OSS Ihr Itocky Muuii- Ocean, ii. 500. \ V ^MS. A tli >'ij;litli ot itli III) I' 'i tt lu«iii>UN r»U«hrowu :• I fi'iiii ih«' viilloj (i| till* Vuk'm llivor in l.ititii:ii> r I), t!i(< fniitiiK'iii, i'\l<>uiliii^ ill <';ilifi>ritiii to the onulliitrn Ixiiiiiclir) of lliu >.^. Illitisli ('nllllillim, till' Sukk:il('ll«-»uil, iiiil Muliitol);). Ii> lilt' tvotori nlinri Miirl' iTii Mii'lii^iii, Ni'brnnkii,* :iii«l the llocfcy >Tiiuiii;»iii>« nf ('<>lorailo^ luut I J ■ v'.iii.i i>f Aiii' i'( IS lii'.uy. Ilillil, iivl I I'M- Mtiinil ; II IS li;;!ii Imwn Hiil I'liit- iiiiturt^iiH 111- :i":rn ,, 'I'l,.- t|ii'iilir ;;i.ivil_V ••! ll-i' iiliMiluti'lv i!rv wmul u (/ .'rt' l!i'l-l'y Ih .hi ir'portulil :iitu'li' nl fiunl \\ilt In- 'i"I ' .^ il' >ii •'•■'■I \i.i. li.i. u|,o j{,iiliiT .mil ilry it in !jir(^i' <|llillltilll■^ ' lUiiiif' i(H litr}fi">t si/e niul oiTii.sioii.illy H-'i<>ii«<>i tlu> iniiit (if a tri'o (ui t)ir i>itii- ;ini| iii'li iKticom'UiiiU of tlit> lowi'i I'niiimliia llivi'i' iuhI un ili' >iM.tll iir.uricH wliii-li ucciir iit N\ .i>liiiii;fim III till' iii'ifrliliorhiMul i-f I'lijjf! Soiiml, xvIhtc it jfrown in >;. '.vi''I\ hiuI near tliu lioidiM.n of ■ lii.iii (M>llil.<, :il|il nlti'll foriil> lli;' . I . iif iIkhii, (lie C'r]il<', iiiol iKv CI l'i>llli.l fltM||ii.tilIy lUNCCIulIl.t; !■ • .; ! I't' .>tif.iiiw or ;tl|ii)i<' .1 •1.: •. cvviT areas m'V'>mI I 1).M I 1 Itlilli^lllH V. Ill tUIn it pi'Uiluri'K till' • -M. » M I'l. n. i. H3. •it^iiliiiliji' I'.vtt'iit, "r in a-s"- I I I 111' iiiirriur it i* I'lii : I 1 .iliiai' (III" li'Vl"! of till' tn ■ l.l.'li ! .!l>ii|iH wlii'I'r, as :t In'. ■I iiiih till- (Jrijfiui llaw- :^'h I'levatidnK, in C«li- ■ « luai llic Ixirilcrs .!.i I llll lifts \>|lli li iy ill tliin t-cnliiry by llii- juirty "t oxiiIumtn vIio, uihIit liii' Nil, til AiiiiM'iiM ; '' .iiiii it w.v ititriKiiii'i'il into <>it!iituti- .lull i'lhlf- llll' (lii*»r« ; « IU«*."j-. liiM .l.pi, Kiprr. Slot. Nrknuh., it. «rt. it. 20. • C.i.lt.r, Man. It'--ly Ml. l!vl.H9. • (ir»>, .MriH. Am. i'lKl. a. ««r. i«. 4- (I't. Fenilltr,), ' " fii A irri'ut nuiiili"!- uf Im'Klitii'* urvici liFrriiK iirii nUirril fir lii-t <>' "OmiT winter iiaf In- tbi' Imliiiiiii. Ihiynre (piil.i'nnl Hhnn' ini>>t sbi.ti- 'f diuil, rrusbi-'ii ami nimln iiilo n jiiuti* wliicti ix sfiroail t'lit i*u tutrk i^v or ituitcH ill thi* jiiiu iiiiiil il m tlioriuifri'lv ilrivit. Il in iIil-ii put iii N.K kii, snil iltiriii^ clii' wiiiur iicrvi r Jricil fl^h.'' (Nrwbi'rry, fww/ ami Ft'ire I'lttun «»/* Ihit y^th .Xtnfricitu It'ttttns, I'npuhr A'l-inMt .V">ir4i'yi mil' I<1- %H'«, lUiv, U. Ilrutru (I'lUiiiMt ), Tram. Hul Sac. • ilulvry .»/■ rt< Exj^.itiort wuirr Ikr (. ani'ii'im/ i;l' Oiptnint l.etu iinrf Clttfk tn thf S'Ptrfru »f thr .WLi.if»iiri, Ihfncv ncroij the Hetty Jf 'luri- liUnt tmJ li'.wn tkf fUvrr ( Vui'ibui to the /*>i<-f/iV Ck'fa>. ii. .VO. ■rile I •. M.ANATKiS Ol'' IIIK I'l.ATK. r Mf \ I. 'iMl I A\' mill .VLNIKIil.IA. I. \ rii'.K" I _ branch, niitiir:il »i7i". 'J. Viriii'..l 'liiin uf a lliioer, tl-o emU nf llie ircinU riiovcl pi,i»f.n,il. ;{. .\ fr .'iin; brancli. natural nizf. 4. VfrtliMil nwlion of A fruit, piilurK'''!- 5. A iiM*.l. imtiiml «jjso. C, An ciiibrvi. inurh taaj^nifi.il. 7. A »ii:t'.i' limiii'liic't. niilural i'u\ . illliUU mU fiir ir, Hilar) ui' I lie ■ilt'iii nhiiri'H iorailo" ttiid \ [1 '.:■} iiltl- hhI with iif ;i tree , IMlllcf 11. 1' •I'.liMiijiiii liy inMil Arljiirc- . «rt- IT. 20. Mtr.). 'i» > iiri? nUir**!! f-ir hhr^rt' iii(»st mbiin- '«»» Ihcn (Hit 111 'itHy It* tiiuir tiiut (Nfwlji'rrv, Aww/ «, I'i'putar .S'l-irrir* ), '/Vana. /W. AV of Citptaini tetcii V / "^ R J > 'Atf <1 <■ r,,.r,'r: ,/r/ AMEl.ANCHIER ALNIFOLIA iiut,'. . / !lU>> fl'tU- 'lift'' "./> .! .ii'-.i'ur .' ,iru\ saxifkagac:k.i;. S/LVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 133 LYONOTHAMNUS. Flowkrs perfect ; calyx u-lobed, the lobes imbricated in aestivation, persistent ; petals 5, inibricat 'd in aestivation; stamens 15; ovaries 2, 1-eelled; ovules 4 in eiieli cell, susjjended. Fruit follicular. Letives opposite, simple or pinnately divided, per- sistent. Lyonothamnus, Oniy, Proc. Am. ArnJ. ser. 2, xii. 291. A tiiH' or shrub, with stvily biii'k exfoliating in long strips, stout terete pubescent ultimately glabrous branchlets, and scaly buds. Leaves opposite, loug-petiolate, lanceolate, acuminate, roi ndud or wedge-shaped at the base, entire or finely ereuulate-serrate or serrulate-lobulate below the niiddie, or on the same branch irregularly pinnately parted into three to eight linear lanceolate remote b/bulate segments, coriaceous, transversely many-veined, dark green on the u])per surface, paler and more or less coated with pubescence on the lower, persistent ; stipules lanceolate, acute, minute, caducous. Flowers on slender pedicels in broad ample compound teruiinal pubescent cymes. Bracts and bractlets acute, minute, persistent. Calyx-tidie hemispherical, one to three-bracteolate, tomentose on the outer surface, the lobes lu-arly triangular, slightly keeled, apiculate, jiersisteut. Disk lining the calyx-tube, lanate, the slightly thickcued margin ten-lolied. Pet;ds five, orbicular, sessile, white. Stamens fifteen, inserted with the petals on the margin of the disk in pairs opjiosite the petals and singly opposite the sepals; filaments subulate, incurved, as long as the petals; anthers oblong. att;iched ou the back below the middli', iutrorse, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Pistils two, inserted in the bottom of the calyx-tube; ovaries ovate, flattened on the inner surl'aci- by mutual pressure, glandular-setulose, contracted into thick spreading styles; stiL;iuas capitate, truiu'ate ; ovules four in each cell, oblong, suspended, auatropous ; micropvle suju'rior, the ra]ihe ventral. Fruit composed of two woodv ovate glandidar four-seeded follicles, dehiscent ou the ventral and jiartially dehiscent on the dorsal suture. Seeds ovate-oliloug, pointed at both ends ; albumen thin ; testa light brown, thin, and nu'udu'anaceous ; hibnn orbicular, apical, the raphe broad and wing-like. Cotyledons obloug-aciuiiiuate, twice the length ' f the straight radicle directed towards the hilum. The wdod of Lyonothamnus is very heavy, hard, and close-grained, with a satiny surface suscep- tible of receiving a good polish. It c(nitains nuuu'rous thin medullary rays, thi! layers of annual growth lii'ing hardly distinguishable, and is bright clear red faintly tingeil with orange. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is O.SO'Jit, a cubic foot weighing ")().(),') pounds.' Lyonothaunius was nanu'd in honor of William S. Lyon, who discovered it in July, 1884,- on the island of Santa Catalina, California. It is represented by a single siiecies. ' Gilrilm (luil I'lirrit, ill. ;H|. in 1S71, h,- was Mf nl liMiijlli fully t.i j;riilifv. In ISSl anil ISS.") '' Williaiu ScniKlmiu l.yiiii. finrstiT (if tlic Califi.riiiil Stilti' llnaril li<' ixiilurwl llir litllc kiniwii islaml nf Santa Ciitalina, uiu' of Ihi' Sail of l-'drcstry, WUH Imrn at W'liili' I'hiins, New Ynrk. in Novt'lulitT, UiTnanliim gronii, ilisfovi'riii^.'it'Vt'nil ninlfsiTilK'tl spi'i-it's of [ilaiils, IS.VJ, anil I'lluiali'il at tin' t'iillr);i' nf tin' Stati' of N.w York aiul at and niakiiij; uvfiil oliscrvations on tin' I'lianirtiT anil ilislriliiitinn .111' Massai'linsi'tt» Aurii'nltiiral Cnlli'tji'. Thi' ai'iiuainlani'C of I>r. of its pii'iiliar Hum. I'lulrr tlio title of .1 I'lnrn n/iiiir Sniilltirislirn ii<'. 2. Din{;nuu of • fiu«vr. •'< A llower, fn'argwl. 4. V«riic»l ser'iiiii of ri flower, rnlarjcil. T). A stani»ii, niilarpcil. fi A gynu'cium, eiilari^iMl. 7. All oriilc, ui4fh maifciKinl. i*. \ cluitlcr of fruii, natural >i/.o. P A 'rin;. iMilarj;fiI Ti' V .iiiul new of an opoii carptl, in! irgcil- t lion of a fruit, I'nliirmnl , .'. \ .I'll' J (iifl'tion of o fniit. rnlarjjnl. lit. V'-rticsl »ertion of a fnM?il, *J. AlMumils HitliT, 9. AliiiuniU, Swfi't. !l. Alniinitl, the. H, \l AtiictiincliiiT, l-'i. Aiiu-taiii'liii'i' aliiitnli;), \',\\. Aniflaiii-liifr Aiiit-Iancliit'rt I'Jii. AiiiflaiK-liirr A-^iatirii, l'2H. Aiiit/fttir/iiir iiif'tnimliinii, 127. Aiitflttiufiitr /it)tr>/ii/iiuiii, lii7. AuH'laiuliitr CaiiatU'ii-'M, I'J7. Amrlmnhur ( 'mm /t'HM.li'i^ I'J."), I'Jll Amtlttnrhi' r s, 127. Amflwu-hitr spiaidt, I'JS. Amt-lunrhnr I'li/tfiiris, VJ^i. Amt'ltinrhiir Witiiif'ufitimidna, V27. Amiji/dnlu/ffn'rn, 7. .1 inni/'lfiaiptii, 7. .Vniy^dultis, 7, B. A inifij'ldliLif 7. Anlhomdi.t, 83. At'^fiinH'lts 'l,s f//(ijjf/N/'W«, \\H. Atithnmfh'M rftfumli/iiiin, l*."!. Aiil/univlr.'* tiirfiiinitii, \y.\, AntlmiHinms Crata-^'i. ^ I- Antlioitoimi'i tpiatlri^iljliits, 11, TO, A/'iri>f,fiiiriiiit, (17. Applr. Ciitl.. 71.7.".. Appl.' Ilau. IP.). Appl.'-tnc lUnr, 70. Aprifot. tlh'. S, 9. Aria, (17, (W. An'tiiii'li/'ollii, VJ^i. .U\\. .Muunlaiii, 09, 79, SI. Aw'ijMirin, 07. -I can*/'*."', 07. Raili'v, MlMTty Hy.U'. 24. Iti-aiii-trcc, Whit.', 09. Ili^Mrrraii Cln-rrics, 9. Hinl t'licrry, '-I't. Mia. k Knot, 12. l-tlacktnan I'ltini, 2-1. lilai-k Slu,.. -XV iWaikMiorn, 10. Itlai'kttiorit canes, 1 1. linis (If .'^t. Linie. II. IJiircr, Appif-tif.'. 70. |{..n'r. Klal-lica.li-.l. 70. liiiiii'liii sirnidi, -19. C'a.Mo Clii.-f I'lani. 20. (';illt'i>niia il.>]ty. 12 I. Canada I'liiin. \'k Capiilinos, -IT. (■ari)c'nti-r, William M., 93. CaiprnU'iia, 93. Cntsn.io^, 7. S. t'era.-iin, 1 1. <'tnis,>fff„'rii, 7, 8. ('fra-*ns, S. ft f I -"IS, 7, S, Cfnisns Amirii'iimi, 19. (\'riisu.t liotrtili.t, 35. ('(Tf/f/i.N" lirtisilieiisis, M. Ctnisiu-i Ctilifni'iiivti, 3S, CirnsiiM CapiJhu^ ICj. i'* ni^'tK ( 'n/ni/i, 10. f'lntsft.'i t ''irti/iiilitii'f, 19. ( 'i nmiM ( '/ti'fi'it, 2.'). (^irii'iiis iluni^s'i, 12. rVm.f'W tinisiffiii-ii, tl. Ctnitii.t ihurtnrkii. It. Ci niMi^t fiwtrr/ihiilit, '.M. Ct rtuitj* irii'tii^ 37. Ct-rtisHs fimhrinfti, 11, Cmisuji fihntfiilnm, :)7. Ct'ril.titM hit null Im, 19. Ctriisus /lirsufft, 11. t\ni.'tus Hi ./, .")3. i'll-iisii.i Lilli,tiCtiUI.*HM, It). ('f-nioin Luxiffiuii'ii, 11. ('*T««.(.v .\hthnUh, 10. Ctriitii.t mirnnitfiii, 11. ('tnl■"l.^ itfliis, ;1S. (\ritsiLt uifirnt 1". 19. ( 'ara.tii.-t if/nu'iifOt 11. CVr((.'"*.< Pitiltiy, 10. C'TK.-J'M Puttonlitnii. 37. ;W. Cinisii.i Pt nu.'ii/lr'tiiirii, 3.'i. Cirii*fis iuri, 35. VtruoL-* n/itj-u, ."il. Ci r'm>i.'< sttlit'i/niin, U\. Cinitti.-i'ifrrniiiit. 11, 12. 15. Vii'tiSH.i ."phirroriirpa, 51. Cfriiiu.t uinhii!ii!ii, 33. Cirtttn.-* Vln/inifiiit!, -II. 1*. (.'trains Vir'jiu'it'in, var. /3. II. Ct'rn»iMr]ni.s 01. Ci rciM-tirji'is Ari^ohir'r.f, i\\. C(TctM'tir/>ii.'* httii!>rf'(ilius, 00, (\ rctM-iirjnis httuloiihs\ 00, Ci'tvnrtu-/>ii.t lim'ijitliii'i. 01. Oli. Ci'ivocarpns fotlicrpllniil."*, 01. C' rrnnir/uLi fttthn-ijiUni'li ^, 05. Cirr'H-tirfft-^ intrirnt'is, ill. Ccri'ocarpii-i ii-ilifolins, t'i3. PtTnH'nrpns Ifilirnliiis, var. intrieatiis, 01. Cfrcnearpua parvifnlins, 0.\ (.', ri'ortirfiiis porr'f'nh'us, var. httulniil ^. tJtJ, ('.'iHiii'atpii-4 parvit'i>Iiii-s, var. I)rt'vi folia-, 00. Vtrcin'urp'ft }'iirr[i'ii'a, 12. ('fniiu'inifi'il''''. 07. C'lu-nry I'luni, 20. ('luTrlfS, Ui^arrran, 9. (.'luM-rii'S, Ihikv. 9. C'hfrrit'S Heart, 9. Clierries, M.avlKs 9, frTO-,ti.-twv»,.-f,..:.jri" i:!s /Xlth'X. ln-rry, Hiiil. .Vi. CmlTfpiM Iierry, I'luilii'. II- i'niurr\. < 'rtitinju.t ln'in-nil, |0. l'mtH't;iis hfin, rip-on, 'Mt. ('nttinjuM lu-rn, rill, ;H(. ('rulif>;u« lirrn , Kiiin, iri. Cnttit-^M lnTr\, SiniiiUIi Will], ."t. CratifpiH iiTry-tr»'f, Mivi.aii, hi. Cialii-^ii.s licrry-lrfi'. New Mrxk-aii, W. Ciala'mH liiTi'v, Willi, ;(7, -U. I'rata'giis lurry. Wil.l HIark, l\ ".fJ. hi-rry, WiM Ui-d, 'S't. ('nithtUiun.t tllifttim.t, 4. l'nita';;iis hry> 'lmlatiii>i Icaco, ',i. Cnifinjiii hr\ M.li.il.iiMii Ii-at'tf. tt. p'nuinn-^. I. Cnit-rtiiis hiAMilialatius Ii'ju'K. 0. jH'lIiHai |'ii-*, 1. CnifTf/'w 'Arvvii'-.f/'dnrts Inini, $. /mrfiuri 11.1, li. Crata-j^us hr\si'halaiiiis h'acii, 7. ellipticus, 1. i'fithnjH.i hri/tol'iilunus lutfus, \. f 'nitiri/iit liry'*iilialaini» (ililoii^ifoliaH, 1. i'mtftju!* 'ArvM»'-;i|>iilt', 71, 7."i. Cnilinjus ialt-aji|ilr, Ort-piii, 77. Cntt-i rifu.i Am'hi'irfiicr, 1-5. Cnitirf/iii rata*;;!!'* npiifulia. 111. {.'rata'j^iis 'rut:, IKJ. Cnihrf/ti.t 'nit't;ius lio'iriiinn, 0-. CriUirfjns nitu'^iin linirliyat'aiitlia, 89. Crnftr-f/us ^rntirtjHH <'iirf>littuiruit 113. VralirtjH.* 'rn(ir>put Carriirfi, 91. CrnUrtpis ratu'jius r.M-cinca, 95. Crtitinpis ^rufifffii.i rnrririffi, [Hi. ( 'nitin/m ila-jjiis cut-iufa, var. macracantlm, 90. t'ratn'^'ii> rttrrinm, vnr. »i",7i*, \¥X i-f-riuni, var. i'n>/>iiiilni, 9."». (MH-t-iiM-a, var. |i<)|nililtilia, 97. citcrinm, VJir. hiptm, 97. (wWh/i/, var. nriUt^, 9.'», INt. conluta, 107. ninniiiri f, 71. ( 'Dursttin'iii, IM. ('riH-pilli, 91. i'ru.i-.jtiiit, m\. ('riH-pilIi, var. In-rlirrifiilia, 93. (*riu-j;ari, var. Koiitam'siaiia, IfJ. I'nis-j^alh, var. Iiiu'aris 9*-. Cru-^-jjulli, var. nvalil'olia, Vfl. C'nis-jratli, var. |iniriit'' sf us, 114. //,run.iri/o!ui, 91. L.iniUri, 91. hun.phhnu 101. liuniris. 9'J. /.-//./M. 101. 113. /urfW.f. 91, n'.» umirth'iinthn, IHJ, .UiV/i*|ru-;/. 111. 'ui'TtH-nr/Hi, 105. urnllis, int. uhi,nuif.,!in, 103. nr„!i/oltil, 9*J. Oxyaraiitha. H|. Or>,,tr.,uth'i. III. Oriinrnuih'i, var. .l//i»n'c'jr)rt, 111. Oj'/iir,infhn, \iir. aptijolitt, 111. /,arr|/;./..i, 117. |iiririati(i(la, Ht. frnpuh/nli,,, \ 7, 107. . |>rii|M'rti<>s iif. Hi. /trnritlli('tt!iii, 91!. pntrii/itUit, 92. |iunctata. 103. tmndatd^ var. nurfn, 103. p'tiirtdttif var. tirifi-'funii, HO. /niurhttfi, var. ruf-ni, lOit. fmmtiiiii, var. ntntfii»-itrjui, 103. /)>frl/„!,a, 101. nii'iiiiityii, l'J7. rirulari.-*, HG, H7. r'>tiitiiiijhlio, 95, 1U5. saliri/ttlia, IKi. snuifttltifii, Hti, 9*J. mintfuin'ti, var. DumjUim, 8G. sjiatliiilata, lU5. rr»i/.r/)(f -(/vi/A'i/dNi, H9, 111. / V«j/ »_V'(.< "putUfi, 1-9. ('ratii>;:us titi|iiilnlintf.nt, var. /»_vn/i;/(ii, lUl. t 'nthiijit.i turf'iniilii, 113. Crila-pi.i iiiiillnra, 117. l'ntt'ttj\i.i tiitilatnuli.i, 117. 1 'r,ifir;fii.-< \'iri/iinrii. III, ('rata'j;ii« viriili.H, 1(M». Cnifir'fut ririiiis, 95, II I, Cnil'rtf'i^ WiitMimiiimi, 91. ('iiiii)iii)(is[Miriiiiti iiKU'iiluttmii 70, H|. Fat P.-rk-Trr.-. 1. Klat-laad.Ml .\|>|>l.-tn>i- Hort-r, 11 Klal-lira.l.'.l H.M-.-r, 11, 70. Kiirc'st (iardrii I'luiii. 'JO. Knre.st Uihi- riimi, 'JO, Ul. Knijjraiit t'rab, 71, 75. Kiin^al 4'iiiMnicM iif .XniclancliitT, I'JU. Kmij;al I'luMiiioN of Crata-giis, HI. Kum^mI t>ii(Miii('H (ti Pt'inms, 11. b'iiii>;al t'lu'iiiit-H of l*\rii:i, 70. Oartit-M IMiiin, L'l. (lotilni [tt amy riiiiii, 21. (Jray. t'lni.stojtlii'r, 70. (iiiiii, t'lifrry, 10. Ilahriin. 07. Hulmiti, 83. Huhu.ti fnniifolin, 103. linlnmt jhifHlliitn. 95. tininm Inhntn, lOl. Ilnlmui ptitii'tiita, 103. Ualinia t>iinttit»'"i, U)\. Iltxlmia (itiufntnsfi, t. <\tlpiMirni{rnt>, 101. lliilntin tiiniifiliisn, S. hwopfilirti, lOl. Ilnlmiit tinnt-ntitsii, $. p'tn/oHn, 101. Haw, H(J. KM, 103, 109, 117. Haw, Ai-pl.'. 119. Haw. Ho^r'.s. H9. Haw. M:,v, 119. lla». I'ar.l.'v, HI. Haw. .s.Milrt,9.Mt9. Haw. Siiiall-ftiiit.-.l. 105. Haw. SuimiMT, 11.3, 114. Haw, V.Ilow, 113. Hrart CluTri.-.-*, 9. HcliTonH-K'.s I'Jl. Hi'trn Ics arlmtifulla. 123. llettnntitlis FrtmimtuvHty 123. '•I IX/JhX. 130 II n»;i lol. Il"t;'i lluw. Ha IImIIv, Ciilil'Mrniii. I'Jt. Ili>iii v-|t riiiiM. *J|. ll\|iliiiiiti'iii riiiu'ii, lU. Iran,, 1. It'iii|iif, IViii>it-r (If, -1. Ii';ii|in -4, I'niiM'.H »li', I. lriii|iiit'r, I. Iihliiiiia Cliicf riiim. '-'1. Iruliitim Kill I'liim, L'l. Iiiiliiin Cliii'f I'tiiii), - 1. liiMt'i't ciii'init's of AiiictarirliiiT, 120. IiiHcrt rrinnii'H of ( 'r:it(i'|;iis, HI, liisi-i-t 4'iK-niii'H of rriiniis, 11. Inst't't I'lU'iiiifH of I'^rus, "0. Iron \N'(Hiil, \[Wi. May. r,;t. Itaskii riiiii), *J<). tTrniiU' Lucas I'liitii, 'J(l. KmiuMly, Louis, 10. Krnni-dyn. 10. Ku-ka|too I'liiin, 'JO. KirM'liwa.s:.tT, iiiaimfactiiro uft 10. Lniiri'l, Kri^li>li. 11. Laiirt'l, I'ortii^^al. 11- LaiiriH-i-rasiH, H. I.iitiriH'rni.in.*, 7, S. J.iiurorfTdsus CarnHtiiann, 19. lAtunM'iraniA ilirifhli't, .">;(. I.fiurnirnisiiA snlirifolin, 10. J-aunM-fnuits .iji/nrntnirini, .*il. iMuriH'frtisuH njihicriicttrjHi, Q. Urii.-filietisis, ni. I.iiziintf'is, (*i7. Lrt- & Kfiiiiniy, 10. Lt'ts Jaiiic.4, 10. Lt'cn, 10. I.itliiHMillftit i-ratjr^'t'lla, 81. Loiii-a IMinn, *J(>. !ui ic, .loiiathaii UoluTts, L'8. lA'OllotllillliniH, \'X\. Li/timitfiiimnnH i\^}ihnif'"(in.<, lit'. Lyiiiiothanuiits tloiihiiniliis, VXt. Li/iitu>thnltuuilus, var. iu^plenifolim, Lyon, William Scriigbani, 133. Maliopuiy, Moimtain, G3, 05. Mains, ti7, 08. .U.(^(.^ 07. Mtilns iiinjusti/olint 75. Mulii.t niiiinnims, OH. Afttlus rnron(irifi, 71. Afiil'is ifinrsif'iilut, 77. J^fiiluA innriu-tirpii I'nnmarin, 71. Af'tlnf mirrnnirjiit vm/ifri'iVf-rw, 75. Atiilu.i nfiil(tri-<, 77. MiiluA semprrviirns, 7.'. Mains .ttthninlnttt, 77. Atalns 'fiiritifftt, (J'.t. Mjira.sca (IIhtiv, 10. ManiscJiinn, manufacture of, 10. May Haw. ll'J. Mf-ifiihti ariri/iilia, 107. MfSfiihiA tvstinilis. 111). ^f>^.'|f^illlH Aiiitlatirhirr, 125, 127. iVf'v/'iVu.v apiif'iu'ui, 111. Mtspitus arhurm, 127. Mespilug arbutij'oUa^ OtJ, 120. Mftpitun nrfiurifhUa, var. mehwtcarpn, 08. Aff^filu-^anllam. 117- Mt.i/iiliiji htrfirnfiitui, \K\. Affs/iUfi-i il'frtamt, 1(2. Mf.i/niii.i <\ll{ia>lih'irnn, !(H. Afr*ptliiM i'aniiitfii.ii.-i, l27. Ateyitiii.i <'aiiatl>n.*iM, vur vonlaUi, 127. Af*:*pilm ('aua'itnia.i, var. ulmmUt, 12H. Afr.t/iiln.i Ciiiiaili'H.iis, var. uliifiMUirfm, 120. AfrynluM Catiailrusii, var. rntuwlijatta, 129. Aff.t/tilnn Citroliniatia, M'X Affspiin.i nHYiiifO, \i\ W. Aff^^pihiA mrnnra, «. pu/>.Mrpt,.i, JtO. J\tt.tpilit.i mrnma, vai-. r/rc/i,*, 9>'i. Aftspi/uA finilliua, 107. Aff'^pilnA rnrilaM, 107. Affspiln.1 amii/alni, loj, Aft.*piluM <'nM-(pil!i, Itl. Afr.ipilu.'t t'nu'ifalli, var. pifrarnnthif'ilia, 02. Afrspilu.i Crw'-'ftil'i, var. r"ilirij',tlui, 1)2, Afi'^pilnA rmteir'-,/ia, {M, I0;t. Ai''*/iihi-t f'utfifhniiiy, \i)',\. Mr.ymtiA ..','.;''.■',, Oi*. 111. Alenpilunjhtfitlliitit, ll.'i. Aft^piliisjfam, 113. Af*:ipiliiH Jh.mpina, 113, 117. jV' •'/»(7'(.'' .//' rnosti, 117. Aff-tpilu-i luiiitatiisiima, 92. Aft'ipilim i/famtnlo.ia, INI. i1/» v/^iViM h'frmalis. III. iV' "/t^/'iv /afiniata, 117. AU^piluA lati/olia, lOl. Aff'spihiH limnns, 'J2. Af'spihuilohata, 101. AfispihiA Iw i,l,t, 91. Aft^pilnA luriifti, var. anipistifnUa, 92. Af'spilit.1 miuiina, 9.*i. Affsp.Ui Alirfni'LHi, HI. Afttpihui nil', a, 1"J7. Att'spiliiA oilnrnf'iy 9.*J. Aff-ipllfiA omli/nlia, 92. Affy>il'iA Oiiini'autha 'inna, 117. Aft'spilui pnrviihlia, 117. AfrspiliiA I'liiruiipifriim, 107. A!i''iA pnpiilif'oliii, 97. AffspiluA pr'iuilllfi)lia, 92. Afispil'iA pnuiifiiliti, 92, Af>^pihi.i p'if»s>ruA, 99. ilA ■(^(f/iw pnnrfala, 103. At' ot IMuin, 24. Mock Oraii^'C, 1" Mol.r. CliarlcH, IM). Muuilia fructigoua, 12. Mnnilia F.intiartiann, 12. MnnlloClnTry. 9, MHUiitain .\Htii(i9, 79. Hi. Mountain Clicrry, 20, Mountain Kvir^ifcn ClMrry, 5-I. Mtiuntain Ma)iof;any, 03, lh~i. M)tila^|>i-i i»unii'ortici.-«, 70, \t pticula unn-lancIiiiTi Ma. 120. Nrpticiila cnitii'iMlolJclla, Hi. Ni'wcastli' Tliorii, tU. Ni'w .Mexican (iHrry-trcc, 10. Nuniniuliii'iii Icy Haw. HI. i'arsoiH riuni, 2 1. I'attci'Hon, Harry Norton, 21. PciM'li, cullivatinn of, 9. Teach, properties of, lO. rciicll-tree Itnivr, II. rear-(rce, 08. I'erry, manufaetiire of, 09. I\rn. 97. PftiFUKpi/runi !>patfi>ila!'tiii, 105. Phiniiipf/nim suf'riil.i^-nn. W. Phituiipifrum nuiihirnin, 117. Phieuiipijrnm VinjinirHm, 1 1 1. P/iirniipi/rnin Winillaii'lii, 95. J'fialnrroA, 83. P/nilarr»-i rxnhitn^. 107. riiuroilon Hiiinuli. 11. Phiitiuia arhulifiilitit 123. Phodnia salicij'olia, 123. rij;eon C'iierry, 3i». Pin Cherry. 3(>. Pircp/i'irnw, 07. Pirns, 70. Phitysainia tVeropia. II. IMuwrightia inurbusa, 12. 110 /\/u:\. i'tni.i. lU.i.'Klii.iil, -.'I. riiiiM, ( iiiitiuMiiif. 'ju. I'liiiii, ( iiiiiiiiii. \'t. I'liiiii, ('liit'k.i'. t'lithi, (iiinlx-il.iiiil, 'J I. riuMt, hii'l. il.rk. •Zil riiiin, I>f S.il.i. 'JO. I'liiiii, Killl> \\vi\, L'li. I'liith, K..rt-*f «iiii-(ltii. 'JO. riiiiri. Inrt'^l UiMf, '.o. ::l. riitni. li.itliiltl. 'Jl. I'lilin. l.lrli lt.';iMt>,*Jl. I'litni. IiuImii rhut','-Jl. I'liiui, liiiliiiiiii (hit i, 'Jl. I'liiiri, Iiiiliikiui Unl, 'Jl. riiiiii. Itatkii. 'J(». I'liiiu, tliiuiii' l.iit'it^, 1J(I. I'liiiii, Ku'kii|)iH>, 'j(K I'liMii, Ltiiiisi. 1^0. I'liiiii, Miiii-r, 'JO, i; I. I'hiiii. MiniirttMikiu 'JO. rioiii, Mi^Miiiri AiM'irt't. 'Jt. )'Iiill)-l».i'k('ts t-J. I'luill, l'>>tl;iwalt,itiiir. 'Jli t'liiii). rui|>l*' Yo<.i'[iiiu-, lit. 1 ItiiM. t^iiikrr, lt>. riiiin, Hnl. l-V riiiiii. Siuktr I'itv, *J|. i'iiini, '1 r:iii-^p:u'i'ht, 'J(>. iM.ii.i. Wi,U;inil. 'Jl. iliilti. Wtuvtt, Hi. I'lmu. Wil.l. I'.M'.l. :tl. I'hii.i. UiUKiu...... -.1. r.M|.>^]>li;i>ni (>Yvac:tiitl)ii<. I'J. rMl\lii'nis I'iimiiliaiiuu^, I'J. Pnll.-llf IllfUf, S'.t. I'nlk-lr.*-. I'llt. t. |V.rr*-r, Thinii.is t'l'tiiail, 'JS. r.ntii-al Lairvl. 11. I'l.tlawallaiiii.' i'liiiir. 'Jti. I'niin' irAiinMiiiUf, 'J. IVuih-^, it. I'niii* - til' Icii'|iM'!», I. PiiUii.-i-irKiitr, ;». I'niiii r (l*Irai|uc, I. /V'j'-v ."m. 7. Pt-iimii, 7, H. Pr.uu., 7, I'ltiuiis Alli';;liaiiien^is, *J7. I'nimis Aimricaim. VJ. J'rittiux Anitrtntmi, l."i. yVu'i'ct Amirintint^ var. ( ?), 'JIV IViiiitio Aiiii-ncaiia, vai. iiKilljs, \\>. rniiiii" Aiiiy;;a, 10. I'rutiuA lintMiiihsii, r»l. /'riin'i.'i CiimiiitriiiH, IG, Pl-ltHth-t Cllfi'l'l, Ut. /'riihin t 'iift'iliH, 1(1. I'i'iiinis Ciirnliiiiana, tO. I'l'iiiitis L'ai'oliiiiaiia. city iir'!ii>;;iico on, 0. Prmiiis rartiihiiflufii, -lo. i'ruiMis Cfrasiis, 8, 10. J'runit.'i-Cim.i'tii ('nnnil'H.^i-. II. Pninu.i Cf.ira^ii, 'JlJ, liu. iVtiiint ilitiur^tira, >*. *.*. 'JO ridnut iliuiit'ilK II, \iU'. tliiliana, !> I'ltiiiiiH iliitiii ^tita, MIT. iVuiii auliaiia, l*. i*n >o,M Ihunn.i,'. II. iViiiMH (>iiiar){iiiiilii, ;t7. iViiiiiiN I'liiarKiihitiii )tir. mnlliii, tH. I*ruuit» rrtiin, ',VI. I'riiiitis (iiiiptl I'lii-nurt of, II. I*rufiu.* hum*ih%, I*.*, I'ruutu furmfit, II. I*I^IMI^ lidrlulaiiii, 'JX riiiiiiH ilirifdliji, .*ht. |'niiiii.<« ilii'iliilia, viir. iiito^rirttliii, '>!. l*ruttHA ih'-ififlut, var. infuhuuiln', .">!. rriniMM, illnrt-t I'llt'Ultcit iif, 11. jViiiiiit iii^itili.i, \h J*ruini.t iMihttii, 'JA. /'rtuiiit liihiriiltifii, Wi. I'l'MiiiiA l,aiir)MM'ia'.,.-v7.'. 1'.). I*ruhif.i iiio'it.'*, l.'». ;W. I'niiiiiH Miiiiit. s, t», U. I'ruiiii.'' iiiiHii, II. iViiiiU'4 iii;;ra, \'t. I'rnrtu.t u'ljrii, UK PriiniLt iilninitii, 11. Pruiiu.t orriilrHtiiliM, *»l. l*ruiiiiA itritfuiuiira, \h l'riiiiu> railiis. K. 10. I'l iiiiiis i*iiiii»\ haiiira, 'Vi, I'iiinu^ I'd-sh-a, H. Pruim* I'll ortt'h nui, -M. |*nitms, |tin|nTlir-. of. *X I'l'Ullll^ r->i'U'inu!ll, 'X\t 'M. /Vhmm ruht-ii, II. Prniim suln'ijolm, U\. PruuH.* .ttihn/iiiutt VAV. wuti/itliit, l(>. /'runtis .*( iHfit ri'in ii.<, li*. I*niini!t scrotiiia, l-~i. I'nttniM sinttiiui, II. I'nimH stTtittiia, iiroiwrtit s iif, 10. I'laiims Hpliiri'(H-ai-|>a. ~t\. rruiiiis s|tiun-.a, 10, 1 1, 'JO. I'r.iiHi^Milu-nt.tata. :tl. I'liiiiiit ^i-<>nl:ila, vai*. Krtlu^<;ii, oi. I'mniH iiiiilirlliita, 'X\. I'riMiiis \*ir;;iiiiaiia, 11. Pninun yirifitmitiii, lo. J'ruim.i \'iri/inuinit, var. tlnnism, I'J. l*iuiiii-< Vir;;iiiiaiia, var. Ifuroi-aiita, I'J. rniim> Virj;iiiiaiia, pruiHTtii-s ul, 10, I'riiiiii", untxl (if, 1 1. I'licriiiia ]'i i)iii->iMiiii^a', \'2. I'lirj-lf Vn-riiiitt' I'lmii, 10. Tu-us, (',7,08. P'fru^ului/oli.i, i;il. P'i'''"< Amtliim liiir, I*J">. V\ iii> Aiiii'rii'aiiii, 7'J. Pi/rii.i Anoriittnit, HI. Pvriis .\iiii-rM-aiia, var. Miii'ro»ar|ia, 80. I'vru-* aiiijustit'ulia. 7~». l*\ni^ arlnitif..lia, iW. i^yrns nrhutijotui, var. mfhiiiornr/Ht, 08. P^rns arhuli/hliti, vur. mi/ni, '18. I'yni* Arifi, (10. I'v riirifiiliii. 17. I'yniH, t'iiin;al t-ii<-iiiii'H tif, 70. }*iirni iHsrif, 77. Pftni* ijUittihiUt^il, 00. I'yniji, iiitri't riM'.iiirn i)f, 7l». I'l/ni* tin imin, 7'J. Vyvun MaliH, OH. pi/rui miiT(h-itrftt, HO, l'u-ni uij^ra, (iH, l'\ riiH iii\ali. I'yrii.i \Vaii}^i'iilii>iuiiaaa, 1J7. >li'lia i-ni-nuta. 70. liu'xti'liai.wala. 7)». 81. Kmnatis, Itcinaril. 5. ICu^MI.K, I. Hnu.iii-tn'i-. Sciitli^li, 00. Itiini rii.rrv. U. Uu-'ts oil i'uiiH, 70. S;t|»-f.la hivittala 70. .^AXIVUAliAl K.K, i;.:i. .Si-arlft Haw, 0.',. '.I'.i. Snirly Haik-lniM-. 70. Sflaiulia ('fra>i, 1 1. Scptoria tria>iiia. U. St rvi.f H.iry, lli7, IM. .Shall Iti.sh. i-J7. Mnr, 10. ■_7. ;'.:i. sior, Kia.k. :i:v SnialMniil.a Haw, 105. Soil.u>, 07. Surl>u.'<, 07. Sttrhiijt Atmhiiich'ur, l'J5. Snrhu.i Ann rifiiuii, 70. Snrlxi" Anui'icdnn, var. miiT»rar/hi, 80. Sorhus nui'ujmr'm, 00, 7'.!, 81. Surli'i.i tfurti/Hiric, var. o. 80. Sortnm iiuriii'iirui, var. Amiriciiitu, 70. Sitrlnu auriijHirlii, var. 3- 81. i.\ni:\'. ui S„rli '*»,« mttrttt-nrfHt, HO. im nri'iii /.MM/;., w. ,Si>rA>w fminilil, H*J, S'trlniA riimriii, HO. Siirhim mmhnithtitit^ HI. Snrhm Sitfhritst^, HI. Siiuliircl ("lull, 7'.'. Wil.Khirry.M. I'nilil I'JIl. .Slihiin (lin|iilVmruiii. 11 Sfiinrtt i '4ili/nrniiii, .V.!. SihkiT C'clv I'liiiii, -1. .siiiiiiiH'r lliiw, 1 i:i. 1 1 1. ill fnnu^in" ilrl'nrliiuiiH 'I'lilihrii 'rupliriim I'ruiii. 1-' rri. IJ ■I'll. »1" , m. TJinpn, NrwriiMllf, '.'I. 'I'lmrii, Wiii>liinKliiii, ll>". 'riHirii, Wliili', !»■>. Tiillo l'j;i. Trtfniitiii' r. •rmi'ifi''"! /,.-, tl7. (17. 'rnviill, l-Il. lit I'luni, 'M. 'rriiiiH|tJiri '/■ni/i"'"r/.">. 7. '/'ii'-.'/mi/'is 7. rriilciiiii' nil I'yrii!!, "0. ■lis, I. Illlllll< 'illll|U' •liniii Culifo .-.1), i.rviiiIiiiHll, ."'7. ;(^(..'^ llllM-lUIUl KiirvMii M>1' ,k)i, iitiiHfli'iin T'lrrn/i, \ ltUI|lll .'liti, Limiit SiiMiliw, \Vii..liiii(;t"ii 'I'liiirii, llt7 Wiijliuiil riiiin. -1 Wiiivrr I'liiiu, Hi. Wliili' Itiiiiii-lrci-, ll'.l. Whiii Willi Willi Willi Willi '1 Mini .\. 1, Ml Ill; ili ( ( h ■l-fV lirrrv, I.'. :i7, 11 I'lii , -'I Willi l)i;iiij;i', I'.l. Willi riiiiii I'.i, 'j:!, :ii. Willi Kill 111. iiy, ;»j. Y.ll"« 111*, I III. llM lli'lllV.l^ lU.