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Les diagrammes sulvants lllustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 THE SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA A DESCRIPTION OF THE TREES WHICH GROW NATURALLY IN NORTH A:MERICA EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO BY niARLES SPRAGUE SARGENT IJIKKCTOR OK TIIR ARNOLD ABIiORETUM OK HARVARD UXIVKRSITY s JUujsitratcO tjjitlj figures ana analteejs firaton from iSaturc BT CHAULES EDWARD FAXON VOLUME VI EBENA CE^—POL YGONA CE^ noSTOX AND NEW YOKK HOUGHTOiN MIFFLIN AND COMPANY MPCccxriv i;i (•IIAKL^:^ MUAort saiuikxt. Ail riijfttf r-j n« rurmolr ;;,„. (nml,n,l.„. M„„., r. .V. A. lieitrutji*,! ud l'rii.t.d by H. 0. HoukIHou aoj Cuiiipuiy. To FREDERICK LOTIIROP AMES, A I'ATUUN OK IIOUTlCLI,TL-UK AND IIOTANY, THIS SIXTH VOI.IMK OF TllK SIL\A OF NORIII AMKUK'A IS DKDICATED IN AKKECTIONATK MKMOKV TABLE OF CONTENTS. SvNoi'siM OK Orders DUISI'VKOS VlHUINIiLNA Dkwi'vros Tkxana SyMi'i.iMiw TixcroKlA MoilUdllKNMItllN CaHiiLINI'M Mdhkodksiiki.:. im-rKBiM KkAXINI-S < I '■lllDATA Kh.WINIS Dll'KTAI.A . FllAMM'S (JllKlillll Khaxisis (ji 'niuANiii'i.ArA FkAXIMS N'lllSA KitAXIM'S AMIMAI.A . KuAXINfs VKI.fllNA KuAxiM's Amkkha.va KuAXiNi-s 'ri;xi:.ssis KiiAX 1 N IS 1'kn s.svi.van k a FiiAxiNrs Hkki.aniukhiana KllAMMS ('MdM.IMANA FHAXINIS OliKliilXA (':'II)N'ANTI11S VlltciINK A . ()SMANT1H-S AMKHlrANlS CouiiiA SKiipyriNA CllItniA HdlSSIKUI . ItdlltltEllIA IIavaxknsis F.iniFTrA KI.I.IITK a CaTAI.I'A t'AT.-.M'A . C'AI'AI.I'A Sl'KCKWA Cllll.dl-SlS I.IXKAIUS . C'lUycKNTIA ( ITITKIUTINA ClTIIARKXYLOX VH,ro«UM AVMKNMA Millie IMsONlA OKTl'SATA ClH'CIILOIlI.S I'VIKKRA CocCOI.dllls I,AI'II1F()I.1A I'latca rclii., ecliii. . Plate ccliv. . I'hitcs c .'v., colvi. . I'liites n Ivii.. cclviii. . Platu cclix. I'liUe I'dx. . Plate cclxi. Plate eplxii. Plate (M'lxiii. . Plates I'l'lxiv., iilxv. IMate eclxvi. . Plate cclxvil. Plates eolxviii.. cclxix. Plate eilxx. Plates erlxxi., cclxxii. IMate relxxiii. Plates celxxiv.. eilxxv. Plate eilxxvi. Plates ('(Ixxvii.. eclxxviii. i'lates eilxxix., eelxxx. Plates eelxxxi.. eelxxxii. . Plates eelxxxili.. "elxxxiv. Plates I'clxxxv.. eelxxxvi. Plate eelxxxvii. IMates eelxxxviii., eelxxxix. Plates eexe.. eexei. Plate cexeii. Plates I'exeiii.. cexeiv. . Plate eexcv. Plate ecxevi. Plato eexevii. . Plates eexeviii.. c.'Xeix. Plato oee. vii 7 U ir. 21 23 29 ;ii 33 3,". 37 3'.» 41 4:! 47 41» ill GO cr. SI so 8;t it," •ji) 103 1(17 111 115 119 ^ S SYNOrsiS ()I< THE OUDKUS OF TLANTS CONTAINED IN VOLrME VI. OF THE SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. riw>« r. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOOENOUS PLANTS. SictiiM iiiiri'iixinj; in (liiiiiiiti'i' by the iiniiiiiil mlclitii)ii of ii liijiT cif wciiid insiilo the burk. I^avcn iiotted-voineil. Enihiyo *ilh II |iiiii' of ci|i|i(ih'iI< tyh'ihiiiH. H(ili-('i.,»»s I. AnffiOSpormiB. I'islil, a olo»cil ovary coiitnininj; tlio ovulus anil ilcvcloping into tlii' fruit. lllvmroN II. GamopetalSB. lVt«l!i usually nnilcd. Stamunn iiiserted on the corolla alturnate with or opposite its loins, or free from Iho curulla. Ovary inferior or superior. 'M'; KbuuaueiH. Flowers iliiecious or rarely perfect, re^'ular. Slanu'us usually free from the corolla, as many an its lolies. or Iwire us many, or indelinite. Ovary superior, '«' to 8-eelled. Ovule solitary, anatropous. Seeds nlliiiniinons. I^eavcs alternate or rarely opposite, exstipulati'. 'M. StyraceBB. Flowers perfect or rarely polyfjanio-diieeious, legidar. Stamens inserted on the corolla and twice as many as its lobes, or iadelinite. Ovary usually inferior or partly interior, 2 to .l-eelled. Ovule usually nolllary, analropouH. Sieils albuminous. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. .'IH. OloHuute. Flowers perfect or rarely dimc'ious, or polyganio-diaM'ious. regular. Stamens usually 2. inserted on tile e(U()lla, or liypof;yiious. Ovary superior. •J-i'elled. Ovules usually in pairs, rarely solitary or 4 to 8, anatroiious or nmphitrcipoiiH. .See, albuminous or exaUiutninoiis. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate or vertieiUate. exstipulate. .'lit. BorraKlnaceip. Flowers perfect or ranly polygamous, regular. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, iiHirlcil on it. Ovary superior. L'-, rarely fewer or many, inserted on tlie calyx. Ovary superior. 1-cellcd. Ovule ereit. solitary, orthotropous. Li'aves alternate or rarely oi)posile, •lipulato, the stipules sheathing the stem. tl ri ri L Pi D E: Ci h ill fi lo Ol f.; re v\ ll> til l" Si st SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. DIOSPYROS. Fi.owKiis ditvi'ious or rarely polvgiinious ; calyx usually l-lobod, accrescent under the fruit; corolla f^auujpctalous, usually t-lol)cd, the lobes sinistrorscly contorted or rarely irrcjrularly imbricated in aestivation ; stamens usually 1(5; disk 0; ovary supe- rior, 1 or rarely S-celled ; ovules suspended. Fruit baccate, juicy, 1 to lO-seeded. Leaves alternate or rarely subopposite, entire, destitute ot stij)ules. Diospyros. I.iniiniH. '/»■». 1 l.'t (17,17). — AilaiiHini, lunn. Ji. ii. U).">. — A. I-. ill' .Ici'^wiiu, (ien. lad. — Mi'Uiicr. (Ifii. 'J.Ml. — Kiiillirlicr, tifii, 71'-'. — lli'iitliaiii iV IIiHikfr, (leii. il. fit'>."i. — (iiU'ki>, h'.iiijler A J'runtl I'tl'iiir.riij'fiiii. iv. |)t. i. till.-. H;iill„n, y//.s^ /'/. X.. li'.'7. Pnrnlen. AiiMi't. /'/. (luimi. i. .">7r> (177."i). — Mfisnci', Gen. '.'.")(! . Diictylus. Kiiiskill, /•'/. .Ki/i/iit.-.inili. \i. xxwi. (177.">). Knibryopteris, (JiiMtiii'i-, Fmrt. i. 1 ir> (17NS). Cnvauillua, Ue»roii.s«eaii.\, Lum. Vict. iii. GC3 (1789). CiirBillia, U. Unmii. I'mh. Fl. \or. llnll. .V.'O (1«10). _ .MiiMier. (it'll. L'.")0. — K.nillii'lii'r. di'ii. 71'.'. Loucoxyluin, liliiim>. IHjtli: /•'/. Afl. Ind. lld'.t (18'-'()). — M.'isiiiT, (h-ii. '.'.")l>. Noltin, .S,.l,miiiii'licp. Ihinsh. Vuli'iisl;. Srlsh. Sl;r:fl. ili. 1«'J (liuiiiii. I'l.) (181.'S). — Mfisiicr. (!i'n. \M. — Kiullielicr, ■„. l.'i.iO. Mabola. Uiiliiii'sciuc ^V" TMnr. 11 (18.'«). PerHimon. U.-itiiicaiiiu'. .S'///im Telliir. IG4 (1HH8). OuniHiinthus. A. -lv introduced hv man from the niigliiiuring continent. Fossil remains found in the niiiu .'ni> rocks of (Jreenland," central ^'iid southern Kurope,' and Alaska.'' and in the cretacetms formation of Neliraska.' indicate that Diospvros or some closely related genus once iidiabited regions from which the family to which it behmgs has now disappeared. Diospvros produces hard close-grained valuable wood with small ])ores. often in radial lines, and lunneroiis thin eipiidistant uniform medullary rays, very thick pale usually soft sapwood, and dark often black hcartwood, which is formed only in old individuals. The ebony of conuiierce is |)artly derived from diiVerent tropical species of Diospyros," especially from Jfiosjii/ros FJn mini'-' and J>ii)Kjii/n>.s ' Itv HiiTii (Trttm. Cnmh. t'fiil. Sor. xii. pt. i. 1 1«>) tin' R|KM'ifS nf l>iu>pyriiM are jfrmiju'tt in tiftrcii M-rtioiis, |iriii(-ip;iltv distin- f;iit>hi-il \}y the rununali- or iiiiif.'rin iillMiiiit-n i»f tlii> si'»<;. .Im. Cm. ii. ;HK). - C. H. Clalko. Ihmlcfr f. Fl. lint. Inil. iii. ."i.j^i. — Fnrlics \: Ili'tn.^lcy, .lonr. Linit. .S'nc xxvi. til*. » l-iniiffiiis, Sprr. l(l.")7 (17.-1:1). - l'alla.s, Fl, l!oa.i. i. (it. ii. 'M, I, ns, r,<.t. — \,mveau Ihihnmrl, \\. K\. t, 'Jli. — \. clc Caiidnll,., / r. '.".'K. — IlilTll, /. r. •'••W. ~ llatico, .linir. I.iim. Six: xiii. S.'l. - ('. It. I'liirke, /. c. iV).-i. — Kraiiiliit iS; Savaticr, Emm. I'l. Jiip. i. 303.— Naiidiii, Ntiun. Arch. .t/iw. K(5r. 'J, iii. --0. — Carucl, J'urlnlnrr Fl. Iliil. viii. liHK. — I'nrliOK & Ilciiwli y, /. r. 70. Diirtifl'Li Trapezuntiu'Ls, Forskal, Fl. .Ft/i/pl.-Anih. p. xxxvi. (17-.-.). fho^pyrnn Kftk-i, var. p, 'I'liuiilicrf,', /■'/. J'lf. l.-»H (17HI). I hiis/n/rtis mitriiriirf Id. S'w\i(i\t\, .ifin. .Sor. Ilitrt. I'nifs Ita.f, lS-14, 'JH. IHo^piirm .ffiptntirn, .sii'lmld & Ziicciiriin, .■Mthnuil. Akuil. Munrh. iv. pt. iii. l.'M'i (IHKi). thnspifron I'urutlli'LDlUH. Nalldill, /. c. (IHHO). hiii!ifii/r'>.t l.ntu.* is iH'lii'Vi'il tn 1m' a nativi* nf iiorllirrn I'crsia alul .'\liatnlia, \vlit>ii(<> it wa.s carrird liy tlir aiicit-iit.^ ititn tlic (.'nunlrii's bonlfrini;- thi- .Mnlitcrraiiraii ; it i.n pmlialily indij;('tinu.s in sonto p.'irt-^ nf niirtlitTii India, wliiTi- it lias alsn tnn^ la'i'ii cidtivati'd, in Af^^lianistan. and nnrllin-a China, wlnTr this triT is said tn la- rntn- tnnti in th,' innuntain fnnvsts lu'ar I'ckiii;^' It is nfti'U cnltivatrd in .l.lpan. ^^ln•I■^■ it appeal^ tn liavf \uru intrndni-t-d frnin China in farly times. The small frnit, wln'ii fully lipn, has a swft'tish flavor, and i.s rnnsnini'il in lar^n ipiantiti<>s fri'sit ami drit-d hy smni' nativn tril«'» nf India (Itralidis, /'.r.,«( /•'/. Ilril. Inil. '.".IS) < lliir, Fl. /•■.«.. Am. IIS, I. 7, f. 7, l>, <•, f. H ; t. 17. f. «. '' Sapnrta, Ihiifiiif I'ltliimtuhnjufHi' iltn .\rl'rt.i, I'll. — /ittpl, llmilli. I'ltlitimliilmi. ii. 7l.-i, f. ilSI-ltSli. " .ShiiapiT, I'liliimtiiliii/. IV;/. ii. 'MO. ' II..I-, /'/„///. Cnl. \,hr. Ill, I. 1, f. ti, 7. * riiarrnpin. Ftmli' .(().v/*//r'w militnori/l'in, Willili'tmw, Spi\: iv. 110!) (not Kox- l.iiruh) (ISO.-,). Itinxpijn>.i FhiiHViter, Uiixl)nl'i;l>, /■"/. Iml. cd. 'J, ii. |-|'J9 (not Uct- liuB) (18;W). — .Spaih, llifl. Ill/, ix. 107, t. 13."). EBKNACEii EBENACEiE. SILVA OF NORTH AMKIUCA. , false lon}>itu(liniil obsolete ; stigmas erior angle, peiidu- coiiiciil, glabrous, ■iisti'iit ealvx olteii foliai'uous. Seeds lustrous. Embryo yletlous foliaeeous, ul in tropical Asia ilailagascar, Brazil, , on the .Masearene th Anu'rica, where iie Andean region, il northern Africa, iia, and China, has liere two or three /I'd, the genus was 1(1 in the nii4)(.'ne ■eons formation of ins from whieli the n radial lines, and xl, and dark Uiu^ Ii4 trr,' i> >;iiil t" lit- c.im- ll is nitc'li cidliviltril intr>i/loii ' of India, Biofipi/ro.-^ Doido " of western tropieal Africa, JJlospi/ros Elimnnltr ^ of Malaya, and Bionjii/roti hssiltaria^ of Mauritius. The b-jautifuUy variegated and valuable calamander or coromandel wood is produced by JJioi^jiyroii f/miKila '' and Diospijro.f ojijiositijhlia '' of Ceylon. In the Phillipine Islands the leaves and fruit of Bio.yii/roa Ciuuilon ' are used to dye cloth black." A decoction of the bark of t).ij)!/r()S Farulea " is ii.sed as a febrifuge in French Guiana,'" and that of the North American i^/'o,'iosj)i/rofi vuldiioxi/loii is astringent and tonic, and is employed in India in decoction, in the tieat- ment of diarrluea and diseases of debility." The fruit of Lfioxjii/nix to.rlmrlu '- is said to poison birds in Madagascar, and the unripe fruit.^ of several .species are used in the tropics to kill fish.'-' In India the glutinous pulp of I)ioxjii/i-o^ jHi-ci/riiia," which is rich in tannic acid, is employed in tilling the seams of iishing boats, for preserving lishing nets and lines, and in book-binding ; '■' and the oil obtained by boilino- the seeds, bark, and leaves is used in native medicines.'" The fruit of several species is edible. Dhspyrot nigricans, Dahell, Hooker Jour. Hot. unil Kfw (lard. Misc. iv. 110 (not A. de Candolle) (18,-)2). Thu best Indian elpoiiy is |inidiii'ed liy tliis tree, wliieh is iiiiu- nion in the monntain forests of ■southern India and of Ce.vlon, anil ranges eastward to .^iiinatra and the Moi.ieea Islands. The heart- wood is bhiek, soiiietinies streaked with yellow or lirown, anil is very heavy and elose-Rraiiied. 'the sapwood, wl ii is white or (,'ray, is hard and stroii);, altlii)ii),'li not diiraMe ( Hraiidis, I'orcft Ft. Hril. lull. li'.H). — (iaiiihle, ,l/(lii. Inilkm Timhrrs, 'J.")l). 1 Ko.xliniKh, n. I'orom. i. ;«>, t. 40 (17(1.")) ; I'l. 1ml. ed. '_', ii. .filiO. — Willdenow, Spec. iv. 1101). — A. de Caiidolle. I'rodr. viii, '.'Jl. — lliern, Trans. Camh. Phil. So<: xii. [it. i. l.V.> (in part). — Hraiidis, /. c. 'J!H (in part). — C. H. Clarke, Ihnhrf. Ft. Hril. /wl. iii. .">(H. Dio-i/ii/ros Wiiihliunn, A. de Camlolle, /. c. 'J'j;J (1811). — lied- donie, Fl. Si/lr. S. Iml. i. t. (i7. moapiiriis ftuhia, A. de Candolle, /. e. (ISl-t). Dioypi/riis mrUiuoryion is eoninion in the forests of the Peoean lieninsnla and of Ceylon, wheri^ it .someliines attains the hei);ht of i'i;;hty feet. The heartwood is lilaek, .soiiietinies streaked with purple, and is hard and heavy. The thiek sapwood is li^dit pink, soft, and soon deeays ; hut it is iiseil in liiiildin(j and for many doinestie purposes ((lanihle, /. c. lilH). ^ Ilieni, /. c. 19."., t. 10; Oliver Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. 'flX » Itet/iiis, Oh.i. Hot. v. 31 (1708). — A. do Candolle, /. c. Ii3.".. — Uiern, /. c. 'J44. Diospyros difjyuat .laeipiiil, llort. Sihi.enbr. iii. 3,^, t. 313 (17S!I). — A. de Candolle, /. r. '.'38. I Hospiinis rnvlula, I'oiret, Lam. lUrl. v. 135 (IHO-l).— .\. do Camlolle, /. c. 231. /h<'^pi/riu ofttmti/olin^ Willdenow, .*:i IfU.rif'itlia, A. Kiehard, /■". Ctih. iii. 80, t. ijTt (181,5). Hio^pyro^t Hrasiiiensis, Miqiiol, .Martiit.^ Fl. Hrasil. vii. .5, t. 2, f. 2 (1850). Diospyros Kbenasler is carefully cultivated in the I'hillipiiio I.s- lands as a tiinlipr-troo, and appears to have boon early introdiieed into tro;iical America, wlioro it has now become occxsionally natu- ralized. The fruit, although of poor ipiality, is cateii, and is said to be used before it is ripe to poison lisli. The leaves possess caus- tic properties (lilaneo, /. e.). * I'oiret, Lnm. Did. v. 430 (180-1). — A. de Candolle, /. c. 225. — Iliern, /. c. 170. Diiispyro.^ Kk-imm, I'oiret, I. c. 420 (not Koeiiig) (1801). Diospyrui reticulata, Willdenow, /. c. 1100 (1805). —A. de Candolle, /. c. (cxel. var. Tiowriami). ' Thwaites, Enum. PI. Zfijlan. 170 (18G0). — Iliern, /. c. 174. — C. Ii. Clarke, (. c. mO. « Thwaites, I.e. 181 (1800). — Iliern, I c. 157. — C. U.Clarke, /. c. 505. ' A. de Candolle, /. c 237 (1844). — Iliern, /. .-. 107. " Blanco, /. <■. 301. » ."^teudel, A'oiiifii. Hoi. ed. 2, i. 514 (1810). — A. de Camlolle, /. r. 224. — Mi piel, t. c. 0, t. 3. — Iliern, /. c. 240. Paritlta fritiaitensi^, .Viiblet, /'/. Gttian. i. 570, t. 231 (1775). hi".inspyros pcrt'jrina. Ftnhrynpifri.< pertijrina, Givrtner, Fruct. i. 115, t. 20 (1788). (larcinia .\talaharica, Dcsroiisseaux, Lam. Diet. iii. 701 (1789). FMiryoptcris ijbiliiii/era, Hoxliiirgh, PI. Coram, i. 49, t. 70 (17',15). — \Vit;lil, /V'.o. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 843, 844. lUnspyro.^ Fml'rii'>plrris, I'ersoon, Syn. ii. (124 (1S07). — A. de Caiulolle, /. c. 235. — Jliipiel, Fl. .\(d. Ind. Hat. ii. KHS. — Thwaites, /. c. 178. — lieddoiiie. I.e. t. 00. — C. It. Clarke, /. c. .5.-.I!. Pi'tnpyro^i fjlulinnsa, Koxbnrgh, Fl. Ind. ed. 2, ii. 533 (1837). /)io.«/)yri).« Matalmrica, Kosteletzky, Med. Phnrin. Fl. iii. 1009 (1,831). Fmhryopi, ri.i i/i/ii/im/fm. Hon, 'I'l'ii. Sysl. iv. 41 (1837). '■'' Hraiidis. /. c. 2'.IS. — Haltonr. Cyelopo'dia of India, ed. 3, i. 951. '" Hrnijal Di.ipen.':. 1812, 428. — Kliickiger & Ilaiibiiry, P/tanmi- copwa, 300. )r~ siLVA OF Noirni AMinUCA. EBKNACEJE. The most valuable is that of J)i(t,yt//)'os Kukt^^ which is cultivated as a fruit-tree in some parts of China and Japan, in California,- the southern United States,^ and in southern Europe.* In the United States Diospyros is not seriously injured hy insects ° or funjjjal diseases.** The jj^enirie name, from Su'k and nv{)iKj in allusion to the life-givinjj; prctperties of the fruit, was established by Linnanis. wh(» discarded the Guaiacana of Tournefort.^ » Lnina-iis f. Nd/.y./. \\V^ (17S1 ). - - 'rininl.rr^'. /■?. Jn}>. Vu (i-xt-I. var. ,i). — niiiiiu', Uij»lr. i'l. A%//. Imi tlClt. — Wi^'Iil, Inm. VI. Itul. Oritnt. t. 415. — A. dv CaiHliilIe, I'nuir, viii. *J-it (vxv\. var. glohro). — C. \\. Vlirkc. lloiikrr ''. J-'l. Ilrit. liul. iii. ."m. — Ilicrn, Tmns. Cnmfh I'hil. Sor. xii. |tt. i. *J'J7, f. — lirv. Uort. 1S87, IMS, t. — Friuuliet iS; Savaticr, Kunm. PL Jap. i. IKHi. — KofIm's & UiMHsIfy, Jour. Lint). Sm'. xxvi. (ill. f IHospt/nm Chinrnsis, Uliimo, Cat. Uort. Utiilenz. 110 (IH'JIt). f Diit.tpi/ros Srhi-Tsf, Hiinps .Mim. Snr. ^tr. St. Ptter»bourg, ii. no {Enum. PI. Chin. linr.) i\SM). — }it\mVu\, \ouv. Arch. Mu.^. s6r. *J, iii. 'J2*J. Emlirf/opttrit Kaki, Utm, Gat. Sijst. iv. 41 (I8;i7). f Ihospijiox ro.;i, f. 28, 29. Diospi/rtu .\fu:ih, (.'arrit'rt', /. r. 1874, 7U, t. f Ihospyrm Simmi.t, Nautliri, /. r. 'Jill (1880). ? l)innpi/rni KirmpfWi. Namlin, /. c. 'J'Jfl (1880). T1h> origin uf the cultivati'il KakiH ia uiieurtaiii, .viid llii> lionip of tlie wiltl tviw.H fniiii wtiii'li tlii'v Iiavc been dfveloped is mit well t'stalilishiMl. Niiiiilin's view, ba.setl upon plaiitH introdiu-iMl frotn ilapaii into the pinlcns of scmtluTii Kuropo (.'. ('. 'J'Jti), tliat llircp spci'ii's are t'liltivati'il uihIlt tli(> gral nanii' nf Kaki, i> prrhapH tlu' i-orri'i't oiU' ; and tlu' v:wii'tifs wliirh arc iliii'llv I'liltivati'd hy tilt' .lapant-sc, and mIiIiIi have hc^-n iiitroihiitMl In t'on.Hi< Kitki hut from Ihnspjirns Schi-Tsr, w native, it is .supposed, of northern China. The IMo>pyros eom- moiily eultivated in eentriil and northern Japan prodnees Iarj;e thiek- skiinied (jr:inge fully ripe, and is eaten while it is still hard and astringent, or, carefully packed in old saki^ tubs, it la allowed to mellow gradually and to collect - flavor and perfume of the saki^ It is also dried in the sun, prt ssed tlat, and packed in boxes for export or winter use. From the green fruit, shibu, an astringent tluid rich in tannin aiul employed in several indus- trie.s, is pressed. It is made in early sunnner by pnnnding the young fruit in iiiui nutrtars into pulp, which is covered with water in wooden tubs and allowed to soak for live or six liour.s, when it is put into bags made of straw rope and made to yield by pre.ssun* a milky juice, which soon hec(Mnea darker un exposure to tho air. This juice is shihu of the hest quality ; a seetuul tpiatity is ohtained by resoakiug md repressing the refuse pulp. ShIhu, as it appears in eonnueree. is a light gray tluitl containing numerous tine hard particles ; it is employed to toughen wootl, paper, mul flHhing nets, and is used in one of the prwesses of lac(piering, in the prep- aration of saki*, and in dyeing (Kein, Indii.-t). In central riiina oil obtained from the nnrijie fruit is used to make hats and umbrellas impervious to water (Forbes & Ilemsley, /. c. 70) ; and the fruit is used in medicine (Smith, Chi- Nc,*f .Mat. Mfd. 87). The wood ipf the IMnspyros cultivated in eentral Japan is heavy and hanl, but not particularly strong, with a thick dark gray sajH wood more nianufai'tnre of small hoxes. ■^ \\'iekson, Cali/orttia Fntit.^ and Now to (Irow Thrm, ed. U, 484. ■ .\tn. .i'/ric. xxxvi. 'J'J'J, f. — PrtH\ Am. Pomol. Soc. 17th .Se.t- hion. 1880, 40 ; lOth Session, 1884, 1 10 ; 'J'Jd Seshion. 188'.», lOl. — /'. .S'. Ihpt. Aijnr. iUr. Pomol. Hull. No. 1, G, t. *-', M. * Naudin, Manurl de t' Acdtm>Ucur, 'J48. ^ Few iuseits are reported as feeding .ipon Diospyros in Amer- ica, although little is known of the wotMl-lHtrers which attack it. The leaves of /iioy/ii/nw I'irifiniaufi are (K'easlonally injured hy a nunilier of general foliage-eating lepidopterous larvie, and a leaf- miner, .{ypidisiii din^ipt/riflla, CliamlKTs, lives within their paren- chyma. On this tree were llr»t (leteeted .iphis />((W/>vri, Thomas (Hih lit'p. Imrrt.i of Illinois, \C>), and Paylla Dionpyrif Ashmead {Canadian Entumologixt, 1881, li'JL'). * jSolrifOsphtrria Pfr.timmon.tt .Saeeurdo, and I 'aluaria lUnspjfn, l)e Notarifl, are peculiar to Diofpifros I'irtjinttoiat pro«lueiug snuill swellings on the hark, which, ko far us is known, an' not followed hy any serious disea.se of the tree. On the leaves of this tree, Cen'ospora />i(>.''/n/ri,C'ooke, and i\'rco,*pora fuliifiiiu.ia, Kllis & Kel- lenuan, eau.so spot.s, from which a white gn»wth protrudes ou their lower surface. A third species rf Cercospora, ('. KaU, Kllis & Kvans, has been found in lA>nlsiaQa on the leaves of the eultivuted Japanese Diospyros. ' /n.*MJOO,t. ;i71. 1 ^ EBENACE^. EBENACE^. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ie ill some parts of 3.4 senses." t's of the fruit, was Iri'd varieties nro dlstin- Iir(i|mi,'ut(! them liv gnift- A'd/cv nlatiirn aitj- Kiikul iliipiirlaiit iii'lii'lc i)f food, ia catcii wliilu it is still il in ulil sakd tubs, it is !t tlii' tlavor aiul pcrfiiino pnssi'd tint, and paikcd II till' (jri'iMi fruit, sliilm, ployi'd ill si'vi'riil iiuliis- iiniiiHT by pdiiiidiiig tbe ■li is ciivi'ri'd with whHt 'f or six Iiunrs, when it is lie to yield by pressiin- n on exposure to the nir. eeond ipiitlity is obtained Ip. Sliibii, as it appears iiiff numerous tino hard o l/)Ai.< l>in.yir/ri, 'I'll. Unas ilia Diospyri, Ashnieail Liul Vatsariti Ditt.ipyri^ Niafj«, proilueiiip siiiall lown, an' not f.illoHed III' leaves of this tree, I'uliijinum, Kills & Kcl- wth protrudes on their "ira, C. Kuki, Kllis & -■nvea of the enltivated % EUEMACE^. SIjLVA of NOliTlI AMElilCA. DIOSPYROS VIRGINIANA. Persimmon. Staminate flowers in U-flowcrcd fascicles; anthers opening longitudinally almost throughout their entire length ; pistillate flowers with S staminodia ; ovary nearly glabrous. Leaves oval. Diospyros Virginiana, Linnoius, Spec. 1057 (1753). — Jlillui', hii't. ed. S, No. 2. — Mueiicli, Jiiiiune U'lixs. 3i). — Waiigeiilieiiii, lii'sehr. Sonlam. llohi. I'Ji); Nonl- um. J/uh. H4. t. '.'S. f. 58. — Marsliiill. Arhiisf. Aih. 40. — C'astiglii>iii. I'iiii/. neijli Stuti Unit!, ii. 'SXi. — Walter, /■/. Cur. 253. — Ailon, Hurt. Krii: iii. 44(). — AVilldcuDW. IWrl. liuiimx. 101; .S'/«r. iv. 1107: luniiii. 1001, — Abbot. Inaerts of Gfori/ln, ii. t. (>!, 74. — Klichaux. /''/. lior.-Am. ii. 2.-)iS. — Hoililiauscn, IIhih/Ii. For.sf/iof. ii. 1S()3. — (Jii'i'tnuv, f. Friirf. iii. lli.S, t. 207. — I'uiit't, J.diii. Diet. V. 42>S. — IVrsoon. .S'/y». ii. 024. — Diiliaiiu'l. Traill' ilc.i Arliri'.^ Fruit if r.i, iiouv. (d. i. t. 37. — Di'sfontaiiics. Ifl.it. Arli. i. 20S. — Dii Mont de Coui- 801, /tot. Cult. «1. 2, iii. 312. — Titfonl. Hirt. lint. Am. 100. — Micliaux f. Hist. Arh. Am. ii. 1<.).5, t. 12.— I'msli. /■'/. Am. Sejit. ii. 205. — Noiireau Vuhumel, vi. 84.— Niittall. den. ii. 240. — U.iyiie, Di'mlr. Ft. 228. — Klliott. !^ ii. 202. -Watson, Ihmlr. lirit. W. 14t), t. 140.— Don, Ueii. iSi/.it. iv. ,'!',». — Loudon, Arh. Ilrit. ii. 1195. t. 200. 201. — .Spach, Uiat. (Vy. is. 405. —A. .le Candolle, I'riiilr. iv. 228. — Dit'ti'ii'b, Sijn. \. 4.'i7. — Itt'l'J. Iloit. iv. 118, t. — Darlin^'ton. F/. Ci'xtr. wl. ,3, 170. — Chap- man, /■v. 27,3. — Curtix, Ji'/i. (li-nlnij. Sun: A. Cur. 1800, iii. 70. — Koch. /Iniilr. ii. 204. — Ilimi. Truii.i. Cuiiili. Fliil. Sov. xii. pt. i. 221. — Cliarropin, fUuile nur If I'/u./ui'miiiier, 20. — (iray, Si/ii. F/. X. .tm. ii. pt. i. 6i) Lauclie, Deutsclie Dendr. ed. 2, 215. — Sargent, Forest Trees, X Am. UUh Census, V. S. i.\. 104. — Uicz, liei/e/ishunj Flora, 1887, 535. — WaLsan & Coulter, Griii/'s Man. ed. C, 333. — Gurke, Fmjler & I'ruiitl l'jlan::enfam. iv. pt. i. f. 80, K. — Hailloii. Jlist. I'l. xi. f. 218-222. — Coulter, Contrih. V. S. Sat. Idrli. ii. 257 (Man. PI. \y. rcjws). — Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 483, f. 70, A-.I. Diospyros Guajacana. Romans. Xat. /list. Florida, 20 (1775). — Uoliin. I'lii/ai/fs. iii. 417. Diospyros concolor, Moench, Meth. 471 (1794). Diospyros pubescens, I'ursh, Ft. Am. Sejit. i. 205 (not I'ersoon) (1814). — Uatlnesi|ue, ^V. /.((rfoiuV. 139. — Don, den. Si/.-it. iv. 38. — Loudon, .1)*. Hi-it. ii. 1190. Diospyros Caroliniana. Hatincsque, /'/. Luduric. 139 (1817). Diospyros Virginiana, var. puoescens, Nuttall. Gin. ii. 2411 (1818). — Klliott, .S'X-. ii. 713. Diospyros Virginiana. var. microoarpa, liafinesque, .Med. Fl. i. 1,"m (1.S2S). Diospyros Virginiana, var. concolor. Rafinesque, Med. F!. i. 1.-.5 (1828). Diospyros Virginiana. var. maorocarpa, Ralinesipie, Med. Fl. i. l.V. (1.S28). Diospyros Porsimon. Wikstriim, .lain: Selured. 18,30, 92 (1834). Diospyros ciliata. Ralinesqui.', Xeie Fl. iii. 25 (not A. de Candollo) (1830). A tree, with tliick fleshy black stoloiiiferoiis roots, ii.siiiilly thirty to fifty feet in heiolit, with a short trunk rarely more than twelve inches in diameter, anil spreading often pendulous branches which form a broad or narrow romid-topped head ; or, whe.i growiiij;- in the primeval forest under the most favorable conditions, .sometimes a hundred to a hundred and fifteen feet high, with a l.aig slender truidc free from branches for .seventy or eighty feet, and rarely exceeding two feet in diameter. The bark of the trunk is three iiuarters of an inch to an inch in thickness, dark brown tinged with red, or dark gray, and ileeplv divided into thick s(|uare plates, their surface being broken into thin persistent scales. The braiichlets are terete, slender, with a thick pith, ov jiitb cavity,' slightly zib^-iig by the death of the tip during the summer,' light reddish brown and more or less coated, when they first appear, with pale ' 'I'lu' lirnnehlcts of /JiVisyii/nw Viriiiiiiami souii'tinics fontiiiii no innncdiati'ly bi'low tlu' upper axillary liuds wliiih tlif followiiii; pith mid are then hoUow (V sle, Hnl. (!a:elte, xvii. ISCi). spriiif; prol.injr llic lniuu'lu's (Henry, Sue. Aet. SiU. Cur. xxii. :.';i!l, » The ends of the hnuu'hlels of Diitsjufrus ]'iriiimmm die and I. 'Jl, f. 7. — llrendi'l. lllintiit .M11.1. Xal. //(■.<(. Hull. Xo. 1, t. 3, f. shrivel up in early sunniier hi'fore tlie fnrnialiun of llie terniinal "0. — Koerste, /. <■. 1H4 ; ISnll. Torre;/ liol. Club, xix. :!0S, t. 13L', f. buds, and iluriui; the winter appear as small dark-eolored stubs il ; xx. 1C2). « siLi'A OF xoirni AMi:iUCA. KIlKNACEyK, piibnsccnco. Diiriiifj their first winter tiicv aro iniliest'ent or jflabroiis, lijriit brown to asiiy gray, and marked witii occasioniti small oranjjt-colori'd Icntici'ls and uievated sEiiiicirciilar {(aJ'-st-ars with (h'l'i) bori/ontal lunate depressions in wliieli a|)|»'ar the ends of the erowded fibro-vasenlar bun lies ; later they are reddish brown and are eovered with thin bark often somewhat broken by lon<>;itn(iinal lissinvs. The winter-buds are broadly ovate, acute, an eij^hth of an ineh long, and covered with thick imbricated dark i..I-ipiiAvii or |)ur|>le lustrous scales which often remain at the base of the young branchlets during tlie season. The leaves are alternate, revobite in vernation, oval, shortly acuminate at the apex, and aiirnptlv or uniilually narrowed, or rounded or often cordate at the base ; to three-llowered pubescent pedunculate cymes, their pedicels in tiie axils of niiniite lanceolate acute eadiieoiis bracts, and furnished near the middle with two niiiiiite (Mcliicoiis bractle's. the females solitary, on sepiirate trees, their short recurved pedicels covered bv two riinspiciiims acute bractlets ciliate on the margins, and often a ipiarter of an inch long. The corolla of the staminate ilower is tubular, a third of an in.li long, slightly contracted below the short acute retlexed lobes which before expansion form a pointed foui^anglvd bud not inclosed in and rather longer than the broadly ovate acute foliaceoiis ciliate ealvx-lobes with inllexed margins. There are sixteen stamens with short slightly hairy free fi! 'iiients inserted in the bottom of the corolla in two row> and in piirs, those of the outer row being rat:.er longer and opposite those of the inner row, and linear lanceolate anthers opening throiighout tlicii' I.'Ugtb. '("lie ovary is rudimentary or wanting. The jiistiilate Ilower is three (piarters of an inch long, with a greenish yellow en" creamy white corolla nearly half an inch broad when fully expanded ; in this, below the middle, are inserted in one row eight small stamens with short filaments and sagittate abortive or sometimes fertile anthers." The ovary is conical. |)ilose toward the ajiex, ultimately eight-celled by the development of a false partition from the face of each of the original four cells, with a solitary ovule in each cell, and gradually narrowed into tile four slender spreading styles which are slightly two-lobed at the apex a. id hairy at the base. The fruit, which contains one to eight seeds or is soiiietiines seedless, is borne on a short thick woody stem often persistent on the branches during the winter, and ripens at midsummer at the south and late in the autumn at the north, where it hangs on the lealless branches until the beginning of winter; it is crowned with the remnants of the stvie, and is usually depressed-globose or slightly obovate-oblong, and an inch to an inch and a half in diameter, although it varies in dill'erent parts of the country and on lilfereiit individuals in size, shajie, and (piality ; it is jiale .irango-color, often with a bright red elieek. covered with a slight glaucous bloom, and turns yellowish brown when jiartly decayed by freez- ing; tile ilesli, which is exceedingly austere while green, is yellowish browi, sweet, and luscious when iiillv lipe, although, except in the extreme southern parts of the country, it recpiires the action of frost to make it edible; the fruiting calyx is spreading, an inch to an inch and a half across, with broadly ovate poiiiteil or rounded spreading lobes recurved on the margins. The seeds are oblong, much flattened, iiali' an inch long, a third of an inch broad, with a thick hard lustrous brown pitted testa, a conspii'iioiis triincatu hiluni. and a slender raphe. The most northern ]iliicu where /JinKpi/rns I'iri/liildiiit is known to grow naturally is Lightlionse Point in New Haven, Connecticut. It is not uncommon on Ijung I.sland, and is abundant in all the ' It i^ iiol niLii'.iuil t'l liiiil iiliiinchiiit I nips (if fruit mi isuluUil [listilliiti' trve.i, niid siicli fruits uftuii cuiitiiiii sot'ilH with wi'11-rii Ohio to southeastern Towa, southern Missouri, Arkan- sas, Louisiana, eastern Kansas, the Indian Territory, and the valley of the Colorado Kiver in Texas. The I'eisimmon usually heil at Kvora in I't-'il ;'' and in the next century the fruit was admirably described hy Jan de Laet in his account of Virginia," and by William Stracliey.- The date of the first introduction of the tree into F]uropean gardens is uncertain ; it was carried. ' Uiiltiwuy, I'm,: U. S. Xnl. Mus. ISSJ, CiS. - Itiiliiifsiiui', M,,l. !■•(. i. ir,:\ t. ;ii. — li. K. Smith, Am. Jour. P/i(inn. xviii. UJl. — .J. K. llr>tiii, Am. Jour. I'/ianu. xxxii. -l."i. ' I'.ii'fliiT, llisourcen of Soullurn Firhls ouil Fonsl.f, IW,"). * U'diitlhoiist', l>u thr Cfiiiiiu'dl lUiii Me'tii'ol Pmprrtir.i of tht^ JW- simmini Tr(t and the Aualym of' .liitrinfirnt VrijititltU-n. — Itiirttiii, Coll. I'll. '-', i. tl, I'l ; ii. ,■■:;. -(Jiillitli, MM. Ilol. l:i,-,, f, UK!.— Itus.'titliii), ^'//'i. /v. IHiii'hor. 'il'l. — Mt'ttaiuM-, liostou M,ii. unit Sorij. Jour. Ixxvii. 1S8. — Sill. DUprti.-'. P(l. '1, ,"il 1. — liaill Triiil! Ilol. .\i:,l. l;ill. — .lohnsiin, .Mao. .M,,l. Ilol. .V, Am. I'.ni. — /'. A". i)i.iprii.<. 111. k;, nsa. ' .Mill, iiuil Suri/. Kepnrirr, IS";), |;17. • "i'lu-rt? WIT.' many irmllH'rrii' ti s anil phiiii tri-i-s, whirh liapc ri'il plums likr thnsi' of Spaiiii', ami ntiiiT f,Ti\\^ snmrwliat ililVorin^, lint fari'i' Iti'tti'r.'* (Thi- IH.1.) " 'I'hi'y ti'uvi'lji'il M'vi'ii ilaii"< jimrnii' tlii'im^li a ih'si'rt, ami ro- tui-nril vi'rio wi'arit', eating j;i'i'i'iu' plmiis ami stalki's uf iiiais." (Chap. xxiv. KVJ.) "Camii's liiili'ii with maiz, l''ri'iii'h hrani'^, prtiiirs, ami many loavt'.-* imide of the i^uhstance uf pruni's," (Chap. xxix. 111).) ■♦Thf pliimmi's ari' of two kimli's, ri'il anil j;ray, of tin- making; anil hij;m'>si' of nuts, ami liavi' throo or fouro stoiif> in thrm." (Chap. xliv. Ki',!.) ' " I'l-unoi'um spi'uii'S hit' tri's ohservata', quaruni illla' ipiic itihi'a atqui' alha I^riina fornnt, jirhutis siniilos ; tt'i-tia' vrro frurtiis a]iprl- lant liarhari f'utcltitmin.^^ ha>i' in I'alnia' altiliiiliuL'm ailoli'M-il, \- frui'tiiin fi'i't mi'sjiihi mui ahsimilt'iu piinio viiiiloni. ili-inili- sutitla- vum, uhi pli'ito matnrui'ril, rnliiruniKim : imniatiirus au-iti'lioi- i>t & si mastii'i'tnr, us rum u\i|uisito iloluri' astringit, maturns gratis- simi I'st .suporis & pra'cucihns unmino similis." (A'or. Orb. 80.) ^ "They have a plumb whieh they call pessemniins, like to a nu'iller, in Knglanil, but of u ileeper tawnie enlluiir ; tlir> i,mow on a most hif^li tree. When they are not fully ripe, they are hai-sli anil ehoakie. anil fin-re in a man's mouth like allam. howheit, bi'iM;r taken fully ripe, yt is a reasonable jileasant fni'i*. somewhat hishious. I have seeno our people put them into tlu'ir bakeil ami soililen puililitif^s : there be whose fast aliowes them to he as pre- tious as the Kiiglisli aprii'iH'k ; I eonfesse it is a gooil kinit of liorsn plumb.'' {Tlir IlUtorii' of '/'raruiVt' into Viryiniii llritaiinin, eil. Ma- jor, 118.) m fr* 10 SUA' A OF xnirni amhuica. kuknacka:. however, to Eiii^limd liofort- l(i'J!>, wlu-n an account of a cultivated tree appeared in Parkinson's I'ai'Kd'isi in nol( I'linii/i.iiiK Irrnslris,^ ])nldisiu'il in that year. As an ornainental tree Diasjii/rns I'iri/iiiiaii'i is made valualtle by ''s hardiness, its power of ada])tinir itself to a fjreat variety of soils and climates, its {^ood haliit, its larfje and lustrous leaves, its aliunda'it crops of handsome fruit, and hy its immunity from disease and the serious atttieks of disti^^ur- injr insei ts. T'u- . A^'cllent ipiality and flavor of the fruit of some uncultivated trees, and fts tendency to vary.' in, t. f. (i. Pu^hiimin Virtjiuiit'inm. 'Vh> Virijinui Ihitf IHitmmr or l^iihnmitt, rarkinsdii, Thmtr. \T\'S,\, f. f/rns folu.i 'ttnmpie nmrnlnriliun, l.innfiMiM, llmt. i'U*'. \V^. — Cli.vtni., /v. Viriim. 13. — lloyvii, Fl. Lr;,,l. I'rmlr. i'.:. ^ 111 .Nizi' the fiiiit (if tUmtpftritA \'irf/intiimi viirii'i from flint of a stniill clicrry tii tliiit uf ii lurf;i' iliiiii. On sniiui triH'H it iH'cunieii sti .stift wlicii fully ri|H> tliiit in fullifi ^ tii the ground it in cnulieil liy it.4 4IWII wt'i^ltt, wliilc on (iIIh r (r(-i>!« ^rtiwiiii^ iiiuli'r iilt-nticnl (MiiulititiriH it rniiiiiiH lu'iirly im liiinl nn Atone ufti'r Hcvcn- frre/iiif;. Sinx' trt-i'H ill tin* Hditlli priKliico fruit wliii'li is swiM't and Insriiiiiii HucjaaiMf I'Uhamin Viri/iiiiaiium, UihtIiiuivc, liul. All. ii. willimit llii' actinii uf fnisl. ' ml mii niljoiniii),- tnrs it prrscrvi's it.i 820. iii'iilit\ wlu'ii iinirly rtit;. ■ vcr U'cuiiiiii^ tulilile. * (itirdfH aitil Fortst, i, Tilt. KXPLANATION OK TlIK I'LATKS. Pi.ATK CC'I.II. Okwcvros Vik<:ini.\na. 1. A tlnwcrin^ liranch . Vertical sectimi of a Htaiiiiiiali' ^lnwer, onlarKed. fl. A pair of Ktaiiienfi, enlart;i'd. 7. Vertiial section iif a |ii.itillatu lliiwer, enlarged. H. Ci'(is'< .'section of an ovary, enlarged. 9. An ovule, niiicli niagnilied. ](>. A winter liranclilet, iiatii.tl size. I'l„\TK m.III. DlOSl'Vltos ViKOlNIANA. 1. A fruiting liraneli, natural Bize. ;?. All (ililong fruit, n.itural size. 3 Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. 4. Cross section of a fruit, natural siz.c. 5. A seed, natural size. (>. Vn embryo, enlarged, T wKm — KBENACKyl':. ?iirc(l ill I'iirkiiiHon's •(liiii'ss, its [lower of (I lustrous U'iivi's, its s attackM oi' dislif^iir- LHis, and fts tcmlfiic'v tivatioii, anil tliat in flavor.' )y stoluim, wliii'h are .hinn'us, lln.l Ciii'. 11!).— ■ Il'l. l'r:oir. v.:. liana vnt'wt* from ^hiit of » On sniiu' tn't'H it Ihtoiiii'h [u thr );rouliil it is (TiisIumI ■s j^riiwin^ unilir iiicntii'iil rttoiu* iifttT si'vrrr frtT/.iiij;. ivliifli is HW(M>t itlhl lilsi'ioiM liiiiiij^ tri't'H it pri'servi'H itn iii|; tulililu. . •^- r"- i i ,^L O ' wr ^ /;/;/././'. ///'/ //i/'ifi'o DIOSPYROS VIRGINIANA ••'/. }fit>tt,>iu tUrr.i' ' /«//», /(', huu'ttl /\l/i.\ \ Siiva of North Anierica /■: f „..■.;■ Jrl niOSPYROS VIRGIN lANA 1, .■/ :>u; ',;..!■ .,;.',:, .'n/j /? Try tree, occasionally forty to fifty feet in heif>lit, with a tnnik eifjhteen to twenty inches in diameter, divi(lin:\. " 'J'r.'tr IliiTii, Tran.i. Camh. Phil. Sue. lii. yi. i. 'J.Ta. * See i. 82. ' .Sic i. 7». * Till' l)lin-k rolorinp iniittcr is so almndiiiit in tin* fruit of tli«' ('liH|)(iti' (li:it it (liscuiors tlif hiiliils, lips. lUiil ti'ftli of n person ciitiiig it, iiii.l HO lcs.sciis its valui' for ttiL* tublo. EXPL.VNATION OK TIIK PLATK. I'l.ATK CCLIV. Diiisi'VKiis Tkxana. 1. A llowcring lir.incli of a stainin:.t" trci', imtur.il si/.c. '•'. A HoHPrinf,' bnincli of a pistillate tr.'c, natural size, .'i. A staminatf flower, ftilarf^cil. 4. Vortical si'dioii of a staiiiiiiato fluwor, eiilar),'etl. 5. A Ktanicii, i'iihuf,'iil. C. A pistillate flower, ('fil;;i'(»i'd. 7. Vertical section of a pistillate flower, cnlarf^ed. 8. A jtis' ,1 rut transversely, enlarged. '.K A fruitin<; l>rancli, natural si/e. 10. Cross Hcrtion of ii fruit, natural siie. 11. A seed, natural size. 1'.'. Vertical seotiim of a seed, natural size. 1.'5. An endiryo, eidurged. :.^V-ftsMHiMMM EBENACE^. to an inch in iliiinie- ' the large thickened it is covered with ii iitains three to eif^ht , a third of an inch t red pitted coat. u Hivers in Texas to L'oast, the borders of le Guadalonpe more lesas and in isolated sico in Nuevo Leon, I satiny surface sus- lucts and many thin often streaked with dry wood is O.SKK), , etc.. and has been liich is excee(linj>lv ial properties ; it is ins.-' 10 Jk'ljjian botiinist ottoni-lands west of might well find a no doubt could bo iiliUit ill thr fruit of tlni 1111(1 ti'tth of 11 person ibli'. '•■ff ^. //; [\ niOSPYROS TEXAN A A lii.'.rri,,.- ,.',.-,.i ■'■•;/• .':»:,i,r ,",in< '"■."'^'''"^•'■" '''^••'"'^S^ffiiii&iiV?' ■ ■-' • ■'- ^,.^., ^„ styuacka:. aiLVA OF NOltTll AMEltlCA. is SYMPLOCOS. Flowf.us regular, perfect, or rarely polygamous ; calyx 5-lohccl, the lohes imbricated in jcstivatioii ; corolla gaiaopetalous, the lohes iml)ricatecl in lustivatiou ; stamens indefi- nite, in several series ; antiiers innate : disk 0 ; ovary inferior or partly superior, 2 to fi-celled ; ovules 2 or rarely t in each cell. PVuit drupaceous or baccate. Leaves alternate, simple, di stitute of stipides. Symplocoa. I/Ilriitior, Tntmt. Linn. Sm: i. 174 (1"!)1). — iteitthain, Tr'nm. thai. Sof. wi'i. 225, — Meisiiur, ^/f'». 2.'i0. — Knillirlicr, (Ivii. 711. — lit'iitliniii iV; llimkcr, den. ii. (i(!H. — Kii(,'lpr & I'laiitl, Pj/dnsfnjUni. iv. |)t. i. I('i8. — liiiillnn. ///.^■^ /■/. xi. tl'.l. Eugenioides. Liiimuiis, /•?. Xn/lnn. I'.t2 (1717). Symplocos. .liiniuin. Ilist. filirp. Am. IGO {I7('il'>)- — I.in- iiH'iis. tlni. C(l. (i, 272. — A. L. (U- Jiissicu, (len. ir)7. Bobu. Ailaiisiin, l-'uni. /'/. il. HS {17(i;i). Hopea. Liniiii'iirt. Mtuit. 11 (1707). — A. L. l. K/iinK/. Hot. 210 (18,")li). Hypopogon, Tinrzaiiinuw. /lull. j7(/.. Calyx I'ampanulate. live-lobed. open in the bud. the tube adnate to the ovary, eidarging after anthesis, (Jorolia divided nearly or tpiite to the base, or with the divisions sonietiiiies more or less united into a tube. Stamens numerous, in many .series, inserted on the base of the corolla, er adnate to its tube; filaments liliform or tlattened towards the base. free, or more triliuteil from the Himalayas to .lapan, and the leaves of Si/mji/uids /i/ii//h)rii/i/j-" are fjatliered liy the inhaliitants (d' the Sikkim Himalaya anil sent to Thiliel. where they are tised to 4 f. .Vii/)/)/. 'JiJl ( 17S1 ) >- l.,iMiitrt k, Jh.!. 1. !P.l .Si/mi'1'h-in .\l.ihniiii. I.'IIt*rititT, Triln^. Linu. .SVw. i. 17li ll7'.il). — Willil.'iHiw, .S'/H'r. iii. li:m. - lliinilKilcIt iV: lliit>|ili>iHl, I. .: ISl, I. l.-.l. lluinlK.Mt. II.MiplMna \' Kiiiilh, .V.m'. (iru. ,1 .S/..r. iii. S,-. — Kinilli. /. .■ .\. .!!• Ciinil.ill.', /. r. 'JW. Fnralit'miit tf,.,r[',inni.^t Mirr^, .fnur. I.unt. Sn.\ ivii. 'Jill (ISSO). ' M.irtiiw, M,il. Mfil. Ilra.til. IS : Fl. Ilni.til \i\. :(.">. ' l!..\l.uri;h, Fl. Iml. .•(!. •-', ii. .Ml (Isaj). - Km/, /. .• Uli. — f. 11. chiik,., /, ,-. ."a. .s>„,y,/,„„,, /,„/,„, I). I) /v,„/r. /■•/. ,V,/,„/. Ill (18;;,'i). -,\. ■li'Cunilollt', /. .'. uhifin i>tih/rfirfil. .\. (if l"iimi"ll«' >.V"i/ /. .-. « liriuiilis, /■■.■r«/ /•■/. Ilnl. In.l. Tinitftr.i. 'j.'hi. IKK! /. i: 'J.",.". ( lull). - Kur?, — (iiinil)li', .Mutt, hiittiiu ' liiiil.iirnli. /. c. .Vl'.t (isa'.')— Kiir/, /. ,• 111 1 II n.iii.', /. 1-. TtH\. - I'lirlpis £: ili'iii.sliv. /. r 71 S^mpliH'ox lltimilttthuiutt. .\. lie Ctlitloltc, l.r. 'J.'d (ls||) llmiiili.^ /, ('. :ioi. SijmfiliH-iix nirrnfit. .\. lir CiHliloIli', /. c. 'J.'»lt (Mot \\'l^ll(), (ISII). .Si/iiifiliH'its itn>iiiii'['tit. Iljuict'. .fimr I'.tit. vi. .'VJ',1 (IHOH), • llalfoiir, Ciiilo/Hfliii III' liiiliii. 111. a, iii. 71H. » Ilnnulis, /. r •-'!•<.), '" It. Iliill, /. <• II.". (IS.',-.). - A. ill' ClllHlnllf, / r '.',W - Kniiirh.l «( .SiHMli. r, / .- lies. _ Kurz, /. r. 117 — (' 11 Clurlii', /, .■ .■.7a Kurl..- .V ll.'in.'.l.'y, / .', 7l'. Iiiilhrii iTiiliniiiiilis, Di'i'ui.silr, .lii^-ijiirmiti,! Vuij. iv. Ilia, 1 I III (ISIU 111 .litpiin Siimi'liirm rriltirijiii'li'^ U nru' of (ht Tlinioli hlii'ol.r. i,\ till' tnoinitaiii rf;;iori.i of llomlo ; iiiiil in our ^aril.-iiH Ilic ilapuni ».' form is 'I ili^tilict mill viiliialili' ornain.'iital pliillt, roiinpii ii>mi-. hi till' aiitiinni, wlpii it is I'liviTiil with its lin^ht l.luu llinliy friiiU (i;ilr,l.ii mill Fiir.il. iii. .■.'.".I; v. '.HI, f. l,".). 'I (• Ii flarki', A <•. 57.-. (ISS'J). 1- llotikt-r f. Itimiiliii/ati ./dunutU, ii. IkI, " .\ il.'f.iriiiity of till' Iravi'H of Si/mfiloros litwtiiria ii, laiini.l li> till' |;i-owlli of Frnlifiniilium .S'ym;./o.'i, Kllii & Muiiiii, a |{i-iiii.-. Usually fouiiil on .Vnitrotiit'da, Ulioilmlcnilroti, anil ntlii'i' iiiciiil.i it of till' lliatli family. .V fiw .iliiall anil iliii^'liitli'iuit faji|;i, Ilk. .Siinilt'tm .s'v"J/'/o<'', Cooki', anil Sfptoria Sympih'i, Kllm ,& .Mu|-liii, form small .sput.i on the Icavu.s. HI'VHAI'K.1': liy iilliiiiiuMi, tim ('otyli- I'lious hiliiin. lift V Njircii's arc rcni^c- M'cics iM'ciiiriii)! ill ||||. ratidpiciil SiHilh Aiiii'i- 111(1 ill tli(> rocks til' (III u' .s|iccii's liim- iiicilii'iil IS l/mr/'iinulH^ In iini-iI Ml' Kr.i/iliati KpiiirH U s]i('cii's arc now icroj^- III I'liildrt'ii to waul oil iclils a nil ilyc ami a tcil I'rom till' iiarli ami I Iliiiialayas to .lapaii, till' Sikkiiii Himalaya or fungal iliscawH." OIUl! of tllU h|U'ril'H. »r/. /. . Ill I II (lull.,., n 1\iihIi.1Ii', / . •.'■■, I (lni\) •111', /. r. ■-',".11 I Milt W'l^lil ), . Ilol. vi. .T.'!! (imiH). ■■1, ill. "in. . ll.' Ciinilnlli', / ,• ■_',',« _ ir/, .' r. lir -(• h ( l.iii,, ■ijHrminil r./j(, iv. lli:), I 111) ■I' »f th iiniiiiin klinilm i:| in iiiir Kiinli'iin llii> ,lii|iiini m' nii'iitui pluiit, I'liiinpii'iinii.. in itH hriKlit hliii' IIibIij |>iiii.i 1,-.). i::i. n/'liicoa tinelnrin i» raiiHi'i! liy Klli.^ & Miirtin, ii i;i'nu» I'liili'in I iiihi r nil inl» m mil in.ii^'iiitii-unt fiiii^'i, liln 3 Sympth-i, Kllin 4; Murtni, ftryiiAikiK. aiiA'A OF Aujirn amkujla. 15 SYMPL0003 TINOTORIA. Sweet Leaf. Horse Sugar. 1''l.o\vi;UH in mnny-flowcrcd axilljiry Ciisciilcs ; corolla divided nearly to the base ; Hfnmcii'* united in five clusters: ovary •'{-celled, vvitli a pair of ovules in each cell. Kniit drupaceous, 1-seeded. ByiiipliKiim tiiictorid, I/IIi'iilii-r, Tniii.i. f.inn. Snr. I. I'O ( IVlll ). — Williliniiw, .S'//c/'. iii. 14.!l'. — S|iii'n(ji'l, Si/s>. lli. ;i;Ht. — I) t/ni. S;i!it. iv. •_'. — A. il.' ra.nliillc. I'linh. vili. '.'"il. — ('liii|iiii.in, I'l. '.'"'J. — Ciiili.s, /I'l/;. Ui'iilnij. Stiff. .V. fill'. ISllo, lli. It."i. — (ii'ay. Sf/u. /'/. .V. Am, II. |il. I. 7a. — Siirnriil, loriHt Trirx, .V. .!/«. \<>th Biiiiii, Si/ii, ii, 7U. — l)e»fontaim'«, /flu/. ,irli, i. L'l". — Dii Mi.iit do Coiir-wt, Jht. Cult. eil. -', iii. ;Wl. — Uitit- iiiM f. rriiit. iii. I III. t. L'lMI. — Roliiii, ro(/./y<'.i. iii. 41!'.— .MiiliiiMX I. //M^ Aril. .tin. iii. Iii. t. '.». — I'lirsli. /V. yi III. S.'/.t. ii. I.".!. — Niittall, den. ii. Kt. — KUiott, Sk: ii. IT^t. — S|iiicli, /li.il. i'l'ij. ix. t'-'O. I 'riimiii, r. ,S'. ix. |(l."i. — WuisDii & C'miltir. (Inii/'.i .Man. Protohopoii tinctoria, MiiTs, Junr. Linn. Sue. xvii. L'UO I'll. (1. ,">,'i.->. (1S7'.' . llopoik liniitoriu. Linim'ii.s. Mimt. 105 (17(17). — Walur, Eugonii ides tinctorium. Ottn Kun/.c, tUi: (li'ii //, r,ii: IS'.I. — Miiliaiix. /7. /;..)'...1hi. ii. f.'. — IVr- '.t7(i (^ •<'.•! i. /•/. A tree, occasionally tiiirty to thirty-live (Vet in iicinht, with a short trunk rarely exceeilinij six or ci^lit inches in liiaineter, ami slemler ii|iri^'lit lii'.'ini'hes which t'orm an ii|ien head; or inoie often a nIhiiIi. 'I'lic iiai'k of the trunk varies from a thiid to half an inch in thickness, and is iisliy gray, nli(;litly liri;^ed with red, divided liy occasional narrow lissiiies. and riiiif;liened with wart-like excres- cences. The hranchlets are terete, stout, and jiithy, and when they liist appear are lif^lit j;ieen, and ciiatcd with riifnuH or pale tomentiiin. or are sonietiines }i;laliroiis or covered with scattered white hairs ; (liev are reddish hrowii to ashy j;ray, tinj^ed with red, and usually more or less pulicscelit, or often ciivercd wilh a ^daucous liliiom duriiiL;- their lirst and second years, later j;rowinir darker, and liecoiniiifj roiijjiiciicil with occasional small elevated lenticels. The wintei-liuds are ovate, acute, and covered with liroiidly ovate, nearly trianj;ular acute scales; those of the inner rows are accrescent on the youiiLJ ulioots. and at maturity are ohloni^-, ohovate, roiuiiled. and often apiculate at the a|)ex, li^ht ^' Noirrif amfjuca. «tviiacka: liiiil II ihiril loiijfcr tliiiii tliii two liittTul briu-tH. Tin- calyx is olilonj;, ciip-Hlmpcil, tlurk jjrepn and |>iiln'iu- liMiN, with MiiiMilf ovati' scariiiiiH lolxw nuiiicli'il at tlic Mpcx. The corolla i« creamy white, a (|uartcr r)t' nil inch hilin. anil iliviilnl nearly to the liahc into live lolies roiimleil at the apex. The Ntiiinens with nil mliT lililiirni Ulaiiieiits nniteil at the liase into live i-luMters, ami oran^re-coliireil anthers, are exs(>rteil. 'I'lit' Ihrei-celleil oviirv is fnrnisheii on the top with livu dark nectaiil'eroiis glands placed opposite the loiic^ of ll alvx. iiiiil is ;iliniptly contracted into a slender style, gradually thickened towards the apex, and liili((er than the corolla. Tile i'riiit ripens in the siiiiinier or early aiitnnin, and is an ovale niit-likc drupe, a third of an iiicli loii^, dark oi'aii;;e-colored or lirowii, tipped with the persistent calyx-lolies and the I'l'iiiiiaiits of the stvie, and consists of a thin dry outer coverinir and a thick-walled lioiiy .stone loiil.iinilHf a single ovate pointed seed covered with a thin papery cliestliiit-hrown coat. On the Atlantic sealioard >'//i///(/oco.s /f'/ic'o/'i'i is foiiiiil frnni thu Deliiwarii peninsula to northern Klorida, and from the coast to the Hliio l!iilf;e, on which it asceiids, in the CaroliiiaH, to an elevation of Ileal Iv three thiiiisand feet : and throii;;h the (iiilf states ran^rc.s west to western Louisiana and southern AlkiliKan. It is an inli.iliitant of moist rich soil in (lie shade of dense forests, or in thu Gulf stiites iifleii oi'i'iipies the liorders of Oypress swamps. The wiioil of S>iiii/i/iiri>s I'nirlnriii is li^ht, soft, and close-;;i'ained, .and contains numerous thin tiirdiill.iry ravs ; it is li;rht red or lirown, with thick lighter colored, often nearly white sapwood, I'liiiipoiH'd of eighteen or twenty layers of annual frrowth. The specific gravity uf thu alisolutely dry WKiiij is (l.,'».'L'."i, ii I nliii- foot weif^hini^ Kit.l'.t pounds. The leaves, hImcIi are sweet to the taste, are devoureil in the aiitinnn liy c.itlle and horses, and, like the hark, yield a yellow dye, occasiniially Used domestically.' The hitter and aromatic roots have heeii used as a toliic.' ,'^i/iii/i/iiiin liiiilnrlii appears to have heen discovered liy Mark ('ateshy ' in the coast rej;ion of Siiiltli ( 'arohiia, and the first description and liijnre of this plant is found in his Xafiinil //Is/or;/ a/' < '•irnliiiii,' piililished in \l'.i\. In Kn^laiid the Sweet Leaf was cultivated heforu 17S() hy Dr. Kother- \(i\\ in his jraiden at I'pton House, nuar Stratford in K«.sex.'' It is prohalily no lon^jer cultivated e*repl in a lew liofanic fjardens. ' ('•ifiliir. Il"nnr,,i „f Simlhmi Fiil.Udwl hWfil), 388. » i.Mliiili, Mr,l. r,"i l:i7. ■ .Mmli < .itfl't llrjil nr lllso 171!)), n niitivr ipf Siidwurth in hilltiilli, ,i)i(M')ir« lr hcvrii vt-iirs *lutl)jfiK lit'- iitilnriil ri'-i'itin-fH of titp tsMiiiirv. and i-tdti-i-titi^ Mp*M-i- ihi-na Iff tiiniiiiiU iind plnnN. Aftt-r rrtiirnin^ In Kn^Iiind lie Ih>- • iiiiM knimii, llirmiKli lii> i iilirctiiini, ti> ^ir IIuiih .siniiiii' ami ollirr I Kijlulf iiiil'irtili^N, wli.t t-iiret i.f ili'^triliinj; lln* citrniin and )ril)Tr.^tin); idtjrrN uf naluri-. Ill' Ml t.iiKlxiid III I7'^lii'd hiniAi'lf in Charli-tun, N.ufh I .iiidilia, will M' 111. diviilid Konii' liini' In i}i|il.ilin(; llii- nia.-.t UK'"". |i(iil'iilil> (iiiiilriilintt III ll iiHiPrn liasc iif the lllni' llidnc mill iilli iitiird.i I'llcnilinii lii< Imndi thriMif;li (ii'iir^ia into niirlh- cili t'liifidu. Ilii*i-i(( «|ii Til Miarlv llirrc yiarn iin tin- I'lintiiifnt, ('iil<«liv .(iilcil f.,r llii. Iliihaiiia Maiidi, \%liirli In- was tlif llr»t liutii- Inal III »i«il, and »liiM. he niiiai I fur a vrar, linallv nturnin;; tn l:iiKl.ilid 111 ITlWl. Ilavini,' l.arnid Ilii- art i>f ililiin^', Calinliy d«- *"l''l I " " I'l llii' jTi |paraliiinijf his Sulurdl lli.'liirii af Carmiuu, I'lnruhi, ii; Mliiili'nt uf Ann'rirHii IniI.uiv il iH ^till itidi..ipi'nsaMi', a.i it I'laituins ihv rarlii'Mt d('s('ri|»- tiiin.i mid lt;;nri-H nf a nniiiln'r nf inipnrliint phtitlH, with many t'liri- oiiH uihl iiitfri'ntinf; initi'fl ii|Hin thi-ir prn|H>rtii'ii and \\m'%. Ill 17li^t will* piihliithi'd Cati'Nhy'M llnrttiA Untitntut-AmrrifiviHn, ',\ di'Hcriptinn of li niinilH'r of Aiiu'ricaii tns-ii and Klirulm adiipti-il to Ihe t^nil and idiniatr of Kli^laiut, with illustrations printrd from roppiT pliiti-s. Ctih.^furttt a }^riiiiH uf IropinU .\iiu'rii-an slirulis, was di-dicati'd to him liy (irunnvinti. * ,lr/i.»r lii'in liHiii, fti>nfni.t fr fittuirtini itliit pt^itrtiit^lnlt-^t jiiunhnx ^tiimimhtti itiiiHttti, i. ."»t, t. .VI. * .Inhn l-'olhir(fill ( 171'-'-17SI)), ii natiM' of Wiiishylah' in Yorkshiri', and a distin^uislird physician in l.nndnn, wlit-rt' In- livid finin 1710 tdl his diath. In 170'.' Dr. Fnthi'iKill planti'd nn his cstiiti- in Kssi'x n i-nlli'i-tinn nf lrtH*s and shrnhs whii-li was at that tiini* I'onsidrrcd one of tlir most important in Kn^land. A rorn-'.pondi'iu'i' with lliittiplin-y .Marhliall, tin- I'lMiiisxIvaiiia hot,i. ■list and ihr aiilhnr nf tho .1 r/"i.4/'im .lirn ri"iri'o/i, whosr acipiaiiil- ani'i- 111' tnado tliroiii;)i his friend lli'tijainin i'Vankliii, .-nalilrd III Knlhrr^nll lo introdnrn a nunilirr of .Xiiiriiran tri'cs and shriihs into I ji^danil. (S-c llarlin^ton, Mnuiirinl nf lUtrtritm nwl Mnr^htiH, to.*.) rothrrfiitla, a nionntypii- shrnli of the Hontli Atlantii' i-nast ri'^^inn of North AiniTiva drdii'iili'd to liini hy l.innii'ns, imsociati's Kother^iirs niimi* with .Vincriran iNituny. » l.i'ltsoni, llorl. L'liloii. :t(l, — Aitnn, //id bony Htono I coat. II |K'ninsuIa to nurthiTii iiiaH, to an I'Icvation of I^ouiHiaiia and soutliiTii , or in tlio Gulf Ktuti'.s ontains niinicroiH tliin nearly wiiiti' sa|)wo(iil, y of tlio absolutely dry eattie and liorses, and, d aroinatii' rootM iiave in tlie coast re;;ion of lis Xiiluriil Hixlin'ji of ro 178() by Dr. Fotlier- V no lonifcr cultivated IMiptllnUH Wnt'k nil liutlir.ll lliv To l)it> Hti((li-ii( f)f AiihTii-iiii I'liittaiii.H the curlii'Ht drH('ri|H iiirtitiit pluiitH, with iiiiiiiy ciiri- |l|-it|UTtirH llllll IIHCil. Iliirf iLi tlntiirifttt-AiiifTiriinmi, n III trrt'M ami ttliruliri iulii|i(«-il to it)i illunti-iitiniiH |iriiitt'il rrotii of lni|iii-iil Allu'rinili Nhriili'*, "rum ittit, iitiitttprtnlii, pltirt/n/.i n liutiii' of Wirisliwlalr in ksii-iaii ill Loniloii, whiTc In- 7(i'.* Dr. Fothei);ill |ilauliMl on rei'ii and Hhriitis wliirti was iit tst iiiipoi-taiit ill Kii^lahil. A rNhall, llio I*('iili>> Ivaiiia }io(,i- I Amirmiti'iin, who^f ai'i|iiailit- 'MJatniii Franklin, t'lialili'il l>r. f Anit-i'i<-an troi-M anit .shnilH utritil fif Iktrlntm tiuii MnnhiiH, \\i of tilt' Hontli Atlantic i-oaHt to liiiu liy Linnii'ii-s, lusNoriatcs any. Ill, Hurt. Kiif. .'(I. '.', iv. IK). i KXPLAXATION OK TIIK I'l.ATKS. I'l-.MK ('('l.\'. SVMIl.lirds IlNiTHHIA. 1. A llinv.iin^; l.iaiii'li. iialuial ml: 2. I)iaj,'iaiii iif a tlinv.i. .')• A tli.w.T-liuil Mill, liiaits. ciilaimd. ■). A tlinvcr. I'lilaiijcd. • '. \ cilical section nf a tlmvcr, enlarged. VMIl,(,Mis TIN(T()KIA. 1 A frnitini,' liraneli. natural si/.e. -■ A fniit. eiilar),'ed. .'t. C'riiMS seetiiin of a fruil, enlarged. •I. Vertical section of a fruil, enlar),'ed. T). An einliryci. eidargud. ^^n -. ^ ■. '.r..lfiygt '.;,'"•;;:■' ■":'! il -ii Silva M / /,(..•,./.• .!,'/ ! ,;',-n.l,t! SYMPLOCOS TINCTORIA, 1 ./ h'iihftm.i 'fin.ff /rt/>. . K ViUUHa /'t/ti.i. ::? t I '•/:.i..,„ ,/... I .* .'.7.;i SYMPLOCOS TINCTORIA .-/,.',V,-,,-,v...- ..v.,'./ ' f I STVIlACK^f; SUVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 19 MOIIRODENDRON. Fi,()\vi;i{s ii'S"liir. porfcet ; calyx t-tootlicd, the teeth not eh).sed in (estivation ; fioroUa gamopetalous, J-lolu'd or divided nearly to the base, the lobes convolute or imbricated in icstivation ; stamens definite, in a single series ; anthers adnate ; disk 0 ; ovary n.ostly inlerior. 2 to l-celled ; ovules 4 in each cell. Fruit drupaceous, 2 to 4-winj>'d. Leaves alternate, inend)rauaceous, denticulate, destitute of stipules. Mohroclondron, liiitton. Ourde.t and Forf.r.t, vi. lOli (K\e\.l'tvriistijriix). — V.n^\n&.VrM\\.\.]'jlini::fi)fnm.\\: (IH'.Ki). pt. i. 177 (I'Xfl. J'teivsti/nu). — lUilloii, Jl(sf. I'l, xi. HW Halesia, Liima'iis, Si/st. .\ht to sixteen ; tilaments inserted on and slightly attacheil to the base of the corolla or sometimes free, flattened below, (glabrous or tomentose ; anthers oblonyf, adnate or free at the very base, introrse. two-celled, the cells openinif lonijfitudinally. Ovary two to four-celled, i>radually contracted into an donjjated jrlabrous or tomentose simple stylo stij^niatie at the apex ; ovides four in each cell, attached by elonj>ated funiculi at the middle of the axis, the two upper a.scendiniif, the two b)wer pendulous, anatropous ; raphe dorsal ; micropyle inferior and superior. Fruit drupaceous, indehiscent, elongated, obovate, gradually narrowed at the base, crowned with the calyx-lind) and the thickened persistent style; epicarp tough, separable, light green and lustrous, turning reddish brown late in the autumn ; eudocarp thick and tlesliy, becoming dry and corky at maturity, producei. ii. 4. — I'lirsli, /•'/. .Ira. .SV;)(. ii. 4.W.— NutUill, OVii. ii. 8;t. — Don, Gen. .S>«. iv. U. — Limilun, .Irli. llril. ii. IISK) (uxi'l. Hot. Itfii. si. t. IWli). — A. lie Caiiilolle, I'rixir. viii. •-'70.— Clinpmiui, /•■/. •J7-'. - Sliers, Conlrih. i. 194. — nmy, .S>m. Fl. X. Am. ii. pt. i. 71. .Mohriit /mrri/lnra, Hrilton, /. .■, l;U (1803). Carluinoliriil jiilriijhmi, (a-eelie, Frijllim, i. [lid (189;)). * 20 ,s//J'J OF K(H:Tll AMEUICA. HTYUACI/I Miilit'fulciulioii jn'oduccs li<;lit closo-fjraiiu'd wooil, Imt is not known to pnsscsH nwfnl |ii'o|)i'rlii' Tliiii' Idvi'lv llowt'i's Mfiil tlii'lr iniMiiuiitv I'loiii the attacks of insects' anil l'nn "I'"v«ti' L'. M. iiierKiicM, HTVUAf I ,1 pnsNCHs iiRcfnl iiroiii-i'tii'-i [;;il (liscasi's - iiialic all tin vi> iii'lHiri'Nri'iit N|ii'i'ii'ii III! inc (iry, ilit nut ;ri'niiiii;iii I ill wi'll-drMiiicij I'ii'li Miil iii'ios Molir.' II ii|i|ii'nr to Ih> iiiiiiHiiully i>iii'iii|i> iiriH llitlriiir, Kii'kcli'f Hi ('iirli», I'll (IcHi'l-ibcd ilH f^niwili^ nil Mnhr ll Sluti't, 'I'liis I'uu^rltt wilt itM|> •^rrilli'il it. til III' |ii'rllll.ir til Mulil ini'iit wi-ttiTs liuM' i'k|iri-Niicil III. of tile iiIiIlt PitlyiHiruu ttmiiifilmt, riVHACl:*. )KNI)1{()N. I M C'tiimiM M L'. M. nii'iKUl'M, i^ .V"'. i.l. lo. lull (ITni)). HnltiHJ'i t.iitrivptorn. KIIIm. I'hU. Tmns. li. '.KtL'. t. '.".'. f. A (IVIil(. MiiiiHils, S/ifi: I'll. '_', (i.'ili. — Mni'iiili, y.'.niHii' MV/M. 17: iWi'M. TiltT. — .MiirnlKill, .Irhnst. Am. ,"7. — C'llnliKliiilii. )'/'/;/. iiiyli Slnti I'liSti, ii. '.'."i7. — ( ia'tliiiT, Friiil. I. Kid. t. '.Vi. — Lnniiirek, H'n-t. lii. f.li : ///. ii. iVJI, I. KU. f. I. — Dii Uiii. lliiiU: Hhiiiiix. eil. •.'. i. Il'.t. — Aliliiit, liiiivrl» nf (,'i'nr;/l'i, i. t. Ki. — WiUiliiioH', Hirt. tliiiiiii,-:. lliH; S/irr. ii. Xl'.t; Eiiiiiii. •lllli. — (.'avaiiillis, Hi,,, vi. ;i;!,S. t. INO. — .Mieluiiix, /■'/. /!',r.-.l„i. ii. III. — I'lTniiiili, S;iii. ii. I. — Di'sfimtiiliieii. //is>. Arli. i. L'lti. — l)ii Mmit ill' ('i)iiriii't, /^/^ I'lill. c(l. '.', iii. .".IS. — .V""- lu'iiii Ihilniinil, V. Ill) (I'Xi'l. syii. MiiOiiiiiK), t. l.'!. — riirnli. /••/. Am. S,;,t. ii. It;). — Niillall, (l.;i. ii. «'.'.— ll;/. .l/<(7, xxxiii. t. '.no. — Klliiill. ,S7,-. i. 'ill". — llajiu', /)riii/r. /■'/. (17. — .Si'liiniilt. Oixtf. IliKiii-.. iv. MT, t. L'L'O. — (1. Fruit l-wiiiKcd. Leaves oval or ovalc- I.oililiiji'H. lint. C'lli. xii. t. 117^. — .launio Si. Ililaire. TniUr lira .\rlirii.wiiiij; i. t. US. — .S|)ii'iijri'|, .S'(/,s•^ iii. SI. — (iiiiinpul, Otto iSc liayiie, .l/-'-<7i/. //i./.v. ll', t. ;!.'i. — Don, (,'rii. .S^/.^^ iv. i' feet In tliaiiii'liT, anil sliort stout braiiclii's wliicii t'linii a narrow ln'ail ; or usually luucli siualli'r and often a •hntli witli iiiaiiy stout wiili'-sproailini;' stctiis. Tlii' liark oi' tlic trunk is iialt' an iiirli tliii'k. liriu'lit ri'cl- bfown anil liroailly riil(l, tlii' surt'ati' of tlii' r'aiuili'il riders si'iiaiatiiii;' into tliin j)a]ii'iy scalt's. The bniiiclili'ts, wlii'ii tlicy first a]i|u>ar, arc coati'd with thick pale toiuciituiii. which soon disappears, and duriiijf (heir lirst Hiniiiiier they are lii;ht reddish hrowii, i;lal)ri)us or pulicsceut, and often covered with a flniieoiiH hloiMii ; ilurinj^ their first winter they are lustrous, reddish lirowii or oranijc-coliir. and marked by the lar^c olicordatc leaf-scars. In the .second year the thin hark j^rows darker, sometiiues se|iaratos in tlireiiiMikd scales, and hetjins to display the pale shallow loni^itiidinal lissures which mark tiie older bfdliehi's and yoiiiij; trunks. The winter-liuils are an ein'lith of an inch loiiy;, and obtuse, with thick broadly ovate dark red scales rounded on thi' hack and covered, especially at the hase and ahove the liiiildle, with pale hairs; those of the inner rows li'ni;theii with the hraneidets. and when fully grown are Ktra|i-shaped, rounded at tlu? a|iex, lii;ht lirifj;lit yellow, and sometimes lialf an inch loiij;'. Till' leaves are oval or ovate-ohlonij, irradiially or rather ahruptly eontracted into loiiy; points acute or ftllllideil at the apex, wedjje-sliapi I or roumled at the hase, and finely serrate with remote callous teeth; wIh'Ii ihey nnfolil they are eiliate on the marj^ins, coated on the lower surface and on the [letioles with doilHC pale lomentuiu, aiul hron/.e-red, "lahrous or ])ilose on the upper surface ; at maturity thev are four to six inches lono-, two to three inches wide, thin and firm, li,i;ht hrisjjht i;rceu and puheruloiis lliove, paler and more or less pubescent below, especially aloni; the .slender midribs and the primary Veins which are arcuate near the niarj;ins and connected by renuite reticulated veinlets. They are borne on stout petioles two thirds of an inch loajj, and, havini;' tinned liirjit yellow late in the autumn, fitll toward the bef^inninfj of winter. The tiowt-rs, which appear when the leaves are about one third Kt'owii, from the end of March at the south to the end of May at the north or on high elevations above it3 sriJ'A OF xoirni amk/:ica. «'rYUACK..U tlif level III the (ireaii, are i>iiic|iueil in criiwdeil I'aHtieles or h\u»1 few-llowered riireiiieH, on Klomler (J'J8, a euliie foot wei)j[hinjj !J."».(I7 pounds, The earliest description of Miihrnthuilroii fiii'iiliniiiii was puhlished hy Mark Catesliy in tiir .Snhiriil J/i'thiri/ 11/ ( '(irnliiin in IT-!!.' Introduced into gardens a few years Inter,' it is valued ami often planted for the heanty of its aliundant tlowers, which every year cover the liranehes with wreathe of ilioopiiijf snow-white licils. Muliiiiili iiilidii t'liriiliiiiiiii is hardy in the United Slates as far north as eastern Mas.siichnsotts, where, however, it rarely loses its shruldiy haliit, ami in central and northern Kurope.' ' I'mlrt, l*ttitt fntit* uim nrrriiti^, jinnh-tx mniui^trtiiU^ u/Ai.-t, oihi- ttfni/ittnt Mithum^ tittrilru awt Forml^v. CM, f. 01; Hit), wlii< !i iuttii't"rmiftii<, frurlii rntt^it Irlnit/iirio, i. tVl. t. t'A. iirif^iiuat-il II fi-w yi'iir* api in tlit« iiurMTv nf TliiMtiiiH .Mi'dmii \ ' AftMii, //'T'. h'-w, ii. I'J.'j. — l.uuiluii, Arh. lint. li. I I'.MI, f. nil'.', Sons of (iiTiuHntowii, ri-iiiiNvlviiiiiu, i» Uistin^ui.slicil t>) «miill Hiiwit^ I IfN^ l!i7 with ..tlitirt pfilifi-U anil <'ii|v-slia|H' |iiirt4 of tlif riiiiiitry .U"Arfi'/''N'/r(>N f 'iiri'/tfiiim ^H ralli'd Iimvoh cuiiiiiiii-utmHly ^Iiimlulur-Nrrruto uii ytiiiiig iiiiit vi^^uroiii lliillli' Min, ( iilico WikkI, mill .Sniiwilni|i-lni'. |ilant3. • i\ I'liiiiiiii tiiilliii); fiiriii 1)1' Mi'hrtKlnulrnn VamUimm (Ilalnui EXPLANATION OK THE I'LATES. I'l.ATK CC'I.VII. MlllOiDllKMilliiN CaUiiMNCM. I, A (I'lV'Tini; firnnrli, imturul size. •'i. .Side ami fnuit nii-wh of n Mtaiiii'ii, t'lilari^ed. '.' A (liiwi'ijni; lirarirli liifoic ilic iiponiii^' of tlic tluwurx, iiat- •!. A tlowi'r. tin' I'lirolla ami ntanii'iH rcniiivi'd. oiilarged, iil-fil •i/,1'. 7. \'i-rtiral si-rtinii of an ovary. riilar^;eil. 1 Uiiii/iiin of a llowiT. >*. All ovule, iniii-li iiia);iiitii A sicd. i iilarj,'cd. «i/f. 0. Vertiral section of a seed, enlarged. •'I. (!rin» section of a fruit with une aeed duveloiied, natural size. 7. An embryo, enlarged. MTVIIACi:.!.. ivTi'd rnroinps, on hU'imIii' ate _V''ll'>"->i'''i'" <'ii(lii('(nis HO thirds ol' an inrli Icml;-, Vlicn I'lilly i'N|ian(l('il tlic ■ilioi't tiilio iit tlic liUNC ami Till* Iriiit, wliirli i'i|M'ii-, 4 ('lli|>Hoiilal, (tts, Jurojie.' 'orml, V. r>;M, f. 01 ; Oil), wlii. Ii e iiupwry iif 'riii)in]i.s Mci>)itui \ I, IN ilistiii^ili.Hhctl 1)^ tiluiill t!owt'i'> I'd i-nnilliiH, and liy tliirk rn^ii-'r si-rniti) till )i)iiiig and vi^umiH mi'ii, I'lilarued. mens I'cnMivfd, oiilargixi. ciilar^jed. larged. .X i: 1 ' ( //,;.(-,■•( .1,^ MOHRODENDRON CAROLINUM, ./ /tVi't/VVr.' .///■(■..' ' -i ' 1 P M . ' I :l *: \ ^. .!■: \ 5 !l II I I Silv.i .rt" Niil.h Aiiifrli-a Tab "C1.7III t : /■ /;i lUiiu-l,, MOHRODENDRON CAROLINLIM, Bi.ti .■/. /\'Wi-t fU.I Jil t.l Itfif 'l WsfU'iit ,'\ui. it I t f JT STYliACKiE. SILVA OF NOirni AMEJUCA. MOHRODENDRON DIPTERUM. Snowdrop Tree. Silver Bell Tree. Corolla divided noiirly to tho Inisc ; ovary usually 2-ccllcd. Fruit '2-winged. Leaves ovate or sometimes .slightly ohovate. Mohrodendron dipterum. Uiitton, (lnnUn ami Foirst, vi. uv.\ (i,s'.»;i). Halosia diptera. Kllis. I'/,!/. Trims. II. li:V.'. i. 21', f. It (17(11). — Linnii'iis, .S/,«\ (.(I. 2, (i.W;. _ Miiisliiill, Arlnist. Am. Th. — Lniimi'ck, hit, iii. (Iti. — Willilciiow, livrl. llntniir.. l;iS; ,S>,7-. ii. KID; luiiim. I'.Ml. — CiiviUiillt», /)/.«. vi. ;i;t8, t. 1.S7. — Micliaux. /•■/. Hm-.-Am. ii. M).— PorHonit. Sipi. ii. -1. — Xniirr'tii Ihihnntt'l, \. l-t 1. — I*nrttli, Fl. Am. Si'iit. ii. .I.JO. — XiilUill, (lin. ii. .H.i. — Kllidit. SI;, i. "idH. — Hiiynp, Drmh. h'l. (i(i. — L»,l,|iiros. IM. Cull. xii. I. 1172. — Spreiini-I, .S'7.<^ iii. ,St. — Don. (Icii. .S7/.^^ iv. 7. — Sptifh. ffUt. Vi'ij. ix. 420). — A. <1p CandoUp. I'l-mlr. viii. 270. — yVwT*. Cmiti-ih. i. HKi. — I'aycr. Oni'iii. V'lmjit. W.M. t. 12(>. f. 2U-2S. — thaimmii. /•''. 271.— Koch, DiihIi: ii. 201. — Laiiohe, Deiit.ir/ie Ihmli: imI. 2. 220. — Gray. Sijii. I'l. .V. Am. ii. pt. i. 71. — Sari;int. I'i,ri:it Tires .V. Am. \Otfi Census I'. .S. ix. |0,">. — KiK'linc. Ih'ntsrhi' /h'lnh: -ISd. Halesin reticulata. Iluckli-y. I'n'i: I'hU. Aniil. 18(iO. III. Mohrin diptera. Hiitton, d'unlfn iiml /■'nirsf. vi. liM (ISlKi). Carlomohria diptera. (iici'iic. /•:ri/t/iia. i. 24(i (LSiKi). A trciN riiri'ly thirty fwt in licifflit, with ji short trunk occasioniilly cij«;ht or ti'ii niches in ''i.mipter, and liorizontal hrinichts which I'orni a hiw hroad head ; ' or niori' (il'tcn a shrul) scndinj;' n|i t'loiu tlic fjround nuniiToiis stout spivadiiifi; stems. The hark ol' the trunk, whieli varies from a tiiird to hall' an ineli in tliickness, is hrown tinged witii red, and ilivided liy irroijuhir longitndinal often hroad lissnres, the surface exfoliatinijf into small thin aiiprissed scales. The hranchlct.;, when they lirst ajiiiear. are linht {jreen and more or less coated willi jiale puhescence, which geiu'rallv disajipcirs during the sinnmer ; in their lirst winter they are usually ;;lahroiis, oranije-color or reddish hrown, lustrous and marked with the large elevated oheordate leaf-scars; in their second year the hark iiecomes dark red-hrown, often sejiaratiii^ into thread-like scales, and durinfr the foUowiuir season hei;ins to divide into irregular ]iale longitudinal lissures. The winter-huds are a.xillary, a sixteenth of an inch Ioul;;. ovate, and ohtuse, with hroadly ovate acute light red puherulons .scales ; at maturity those of the inner ranks are strap- shaped, scarious. and a (|uarter of an inch long. The end of the hranch dies hefore a terminal hud is formed and remains durinj;' the winter as a dark withered stuh at the side of the upper axillary hud which the following s[)rin enil of April, are produced in fascicles or sluut racemes, and are home on slender ju'diccls an incii and a half or two inches long, and developed in the axils of ohovate or acnt(! puherulons caducous hracts often a (piartei of an inch long. The calyx is inversely pyramid.il. with minute triann'ular teeth. The corolla is nearly an inch long, puherulons on the outer surface, and divided nearly to the ha.se into slightly ohovate spreai'ini;' divisions ahout as long as the stamens, which are usually eight, although they vary in nuniher from eight to sixteen ; the iilaments are covered with pale hairs, ami are sometimes free from the corolla. The o\arv is usually two. rarely four-celled, and, like the exserted stigma, is coated with pale tomentum. The fruit is ohloiif;', com- pressed, an inch aud a half to two inches long anil often lu'arly an inch wide, with two hroad wings. ' W. IliiitiiiiM, Tnmls.nu. )■ m r !*' I i!l {•\ 24 SILVA OF NOJlTll AMEIUCA. STYUACKiG. and fiequt'iitly witli two or soinetiiiips tliici' niiriow suppli'incntiiiv wiiipfs Iwtwcen thi'iii ; the stone is niiiTowly (iliovate. coiispieuously Milfato, with alumt i'i(;lit daik iiilj;L's, and is contracted uito a slender stipe soiiK'tinies an inch in lcn}. .")."» pounds. Mdhriiddiilriiii (lijiliniiii was introducecl into Knjjlish jjardens in IT.'fS' by .Mr. .lolin fjllis,- to whom it had liccn sent hy Dr. Alexander (Jardeii' of South Carolina. In early spriiii;' the i;'raccful pure whiti' llowcrs which cover the hranehes of the southern Silver Hell Tree staiiilini;- liy the dirk waters of some impenetrahle swam|i in the midst of a M.ATK. I'l.ATK C'Cl.IX. .MiiHUHiiKMiii.i.s iiiniaaM. 1. A tloHi'i'lii;,' liiaiicli, iialiinil >\if. '2. A tloHor. till' rorolhi ill>|ilavt'il. ciilar^'cil ;i. .\ii iivaiv lilt tiaiisviTsrlv, I'lilui^'t'il. 4. A friiitiiii,' liruiii'li. imtiiral hi/c. ."i. Virtical swtiim of ii fruit willi (iiie upcil ioiis iii(liipli( ate or valvato in icstivatioii, or 0 ; stamens usually -; disk 0; ovary superior. '1 or rarely .'{ or l-celled ; ovules usually 2 in each eell, suspended. Fruit a 1 or rarely '_' or .'{-seeded and «in^ed samara. I^eaves uue([ually pinnate or rarely rediu'ed to a single leaflet, destitute of stipules, dieiduous. Fnixinua, l.iiinn'ii-i, '»'(■«., 'US (1T.'I7 1. — Ailuiwiii, /■'.(»(. /V. Miinniiphorus, I{aliiic'. — llciilliani \ llncikfi. S3I}), (ilal)ri>us or |iul)('.s('<'nt tii'cs or slinihs. willi colorlc s watcrv jiiirt's. li;;lit t(nii;li wnod, thick I'iu'I'dwimI or rarely lliiii ami ^c.ily li.irk. usually asli-colori'il liraiiilili'ts with thick |iith, Icai-hiids with few thick accrcsi'cnt scales markiii'^' in I'.illiiij;' thi^ hase of tlu' luanche.s with riu>r-lik(' [ler.sistcnt scars, aixi lihi'oas roots, l.cavis oii|Hi>itc, pelioiute, iiiiei|iiallv pimiati.' or rarely reduced to a sinjfh' leatlet, de.-.titute ot sti|MdeM ; leallels coudujilicate in vernation, niendpraiiucuous or siiheoriaceous, usually serrate, petiolulate cu' sessile. Flowers produced in early sprinjf in (ipen or compact slender-lpranched panicles terminal on leafy shoots of the yisir, or deveh)|)ed from the axils of new leaves, or from separate Ituds in the axils of leaves of the previous vear or at the liase of youiii;' hrancldi'ts and covered with two ovate scales.' IJracts ohovate, linear (U' lanceolate, caducous. Pedicels slender, elongated, ehiacteolate. Calvx iMmpauulate, foiir-lohed, deciduous or persistent undi'r the fruit, or wantini^. (^'orolla composed of two or four or rarely of live or six" petals free or united in [lairs al the hase, nr wanting;. Stamens usually two or simietiiues three or four, attached to the hase of the petals or hypojrynous; rudimentary or wanting- in unisexual pistillate llowers ; tilameuts terete, ahhreviated or elon^jated ; antheis ovate or liuear-ohlonn'. apiculate or nuitictms. introrse. attached on tlie hack near the hase. tw(i-cellecl. the cells openire.;' loii!;iludinallv liv lateral .slits. Ovary superior, two or rarely three-celled, contracted into a short or eli)ui;ated stvie crowruMi with a two-lohed stij^ma ; rudimentary or wantini; in unisexual staminate Mowers ; ovules two in each lell. suspeudc surrounded (i N ■ f 11 ■ J I L'd SIU'A OF NOirni AMEIUCA. OI.K.ACK.i:. (.!■ M,„i, times two ov iIiivc-cHimI miuI wi.itj.Ml. Seel solitary l.v al.oili.m in eaeli eell. oblong, eonij.ressed. siispeiiiled. tiilinu tlie eavity of the I'niil : testa thin. ( hestnut-brown. Enibno eieet in eo|)i()ns ileshy albuiiieii; eotvh'doiis flat ; lailieK' terete, abl.ieviated. siii.eiior. turned towards the minute bilinu.' Ki-axiniis is wiihly distriliuled in the teiii|ierate re,i;ions of the noithi'iii hennsplieie, and within the tr()])i(s oceurs on the island of Cuba." Of the tliiil.v species which are now distiuy;uished. nearly one half inhabit North Aineriea.' The genus is well re|iresented in eastern Asia.' \\\wv ten or twelve species are recounized ; it appears on the I linialayas.' in central A>ia.' the Orient.' Kurope." and norllicrn Airica.' Kxcept in llie extreme north. Kraxinus is found in all |iarls of North America, the lar'.;(>l niiinber tif species occurring in the eastern part of the continent, where they are often important elcmcMis ol' the forest." The type is an ancient one, and during the tertiary epoch Kraxinus inhabited thi' Arctic Circle, from which it graduallN spread southward." Kraxinus produces tough straight-grained valuable w 1. and several of the North Aniorican siii'cies. the Kurm in and Asiatic /■'rn.iiiDis i .in /s/o/-.'-' and the Manchurian and .lapanese Frii.iiniis J/iiiiilK/iiirii'i.'" are large and important timber-trees. The sacidiarine exudation from the truidi and leaves of Fnixiims 0//r(/>," of Miiitlierii Kuroiie and .Asia Minor, fiirnislies the manna'' of eonimerce, wiiicdi is used in medicine as a gentle laxative; and from the iuamhes id Fnijiiiiis Clniit nsis'"' and of Fni.riiiiis r/ii/ii(:'ii>ji/ii///ii^^ the Chinese white wax i.s obt. lined.'" Several species of Kraxinus are planted ^ liu- {,'rnil> I'lMXlim^ 1^ iIm liii'ii illtu t«n ;irt'(i'His : — (l|{\rs. l*aiiit'li'> tcrniin.il uii leafy slitiuts or axillarv nti tiram-lirs i.f tin- y.ir iir tif the pn-viims vi-ar. Klnwcrs imlv^'aimMi'i or |M-it'-"t. Willi two ,pr fi>ur ov ran-lv with livi- ur >i\ jn-tals. FlllMN \>IKI M. I'ani.'Ics I'rniii .sf|iaratt' IxiiU il<'Vi'ln)H>. - Cri.i-l.ai-h, Cat I'l. f\l: 170. ' (iray. Sifri. I \. Am. ii. |tt. i. Ta. — Ht'ni.-.Iry, /»'"/. htol. .\m. Ctii. li. -.m. * Kram-lifl & .Sivalii-r. ICmrii. I'l. J.i/i. i. .llil ; ii. I.M. - Kran- ihct, /'/. Ihii;,l. i. 'je:!. — I'oiIk.- & ll.iii>l.'V. .I.,;r. I.iuu. .s',»-. xxvi S-). » ('. H. Clarke-, llii„hrf. I'i Uril. Itid. iii. (j<).'>. '■ Ki'in'l, An. ll.Tt. I'ifn,/,. viii. tW."), t. !•-'. " HiiT. /■■' On, III. i\. :i'.i. ' .Nyinaii, C'lu^pict. FL I'.iriip. Ul-*i. » Ciwsiin *: Kurioii, Itull. S.k: llul. l-'riim-r, ii. HilT. ''' Aiithur* have iiiiiu'ci.'sxMrlIy iinilti|ihi'il lIn- imnilHT nf Nnrth Aiiipricnii >|n'<-it'^ of Knixinii.s, *'Kj»rciaII> Hnsi- in l-'raiici' (.t/-i?i. Ii,.lii>il hy tin- ih-siTip- liiins. Till' t'uUi.wiii;; s|it'rif.s iif Ho.sr, iiidstly foiinih'i) n[iiiii the fiilia^ji' of i-iillivati'il lii'i'^. raliiiiit lie salVjy rrlVrml In our .H|M'rirs .■ A'.»ir.,iii Ihihiimil. w. I'll,!. 1.". - Di' Caiiilollr, /. ,-. 'J7J.— Walsnn. Ilitiitr. r.rit. li. 1117. 1 1117. Koih, /. .-, 'SXi. - Wi'li/ii;, /. r-. ItW. — K.kIiiii'. /. . ."illH. /■Viiri'i'w roiuiiiliinliii, llii Kiii, llurhl. Hiiiim:. i. L'SiJ (1771). — l.ainank, I in I. ii. .Mil.- Williliiiow, Jlirl. Ilnnm:. 11(1, t. (1, f. 1 — \'alil, i:ii:m. i. I'.l. — l".' Caiulolli'. ,'. ■■. - Ko. h. l.r.'SS'.— Koihlli'. /. .-. ."M)S. i'mxinuxjUmfirii, Sroiioli, /■'/. I'nni. nl. 'J, ii. 'J.S'J (I77'J). (triiiiit Kurii/nril, IVrMKin. Sijn. i. '.t ( IHll.",). jlaym-, /. r. 1. 11. <>r'iii.* niliiiiilifi'liil, IVrsiHiii, /. c. u. llll,", (lsil7l. llayiii', /. I-. I. IJ. '' Till- lliciliral liialilia of rouilluTi'i- is liu» pioiluiTil in Sitily from trl■('^ )ilaiiti>il for the ptirpo.'.i', tin- prin. ipat plantation.i Imiii); cstalillshcil llr.ar llii' ^llon-!* of tin* (tlllf of ("a-'ti'IIamarr ami in Ilio tii>lri('t of Ccfalii. Till' trt-i'S, wlii, h aro plaiiti-il in rows, statiil aliout M'vi'ii fi>i't apart, ami arr oarrfiilly rultivatoil ami inannrt'il. When llii- trunk ha.s attaint-d a iliaim-lcr of tliriH' im hi>s ttii' liar- vi'slin^of till- niaiina iH'^'ins, ami may be (-(intimu'd (luring ti-n ur twi-Ivi' _\rar.s. wlnn ilir tri'o i^ iLsmilly cut ilown ttnil n-plnrnl hy a .shoot fhiiii till' old rooi.s. l>r\ wi'iithor in pssoiitiiil for thr 'low of nianiia. and tin' imi!«t favoralilf iiionths for its prodiiction art> .luly and .Vii^oisl. It iK ohtaini'il hy lmlkiIl^' traliitvi'rsi' im'iNioii', in tlip hark. Ii('f;tniiiiii; at thr hottuin of Itm trt'o, till' juii'i' whii'li flows from till' wtHiiiils III iIm' hark In'iiij; I'olh'i-ti'd on tlio siirtai-i' or on stii'ks and straws iii^t'itrd in tlir riit.s, or on pipfcs of lilo. After I'mriiiiii itlhiit /•'. riiiirfii, /•'. rtlifitini^ !•'. /nsni, !■'. iiiirtii, !■'. tit'.rit, it is rcmovt'd from tlio Irri-s the inaiina is allowi'd to dry and /■'. M''i^i, /•'. /)flm(0.v(i, /•'. fiitiirriiUiitii, F. liuhnrili, i\ ruhirntnlii, and liardrn ht-fori- it is parked. (.Sro llooki'r Jour, liiit. i. KUI. • StcU- /■- r:,„. " Sapi.rla. Iliiijiiu yVi/. oii/../.../../r„ ,/, < .IrAr..,, 'Jill, f. li'.l. — /it- til, lliiiiill: I'lilirmlolng. ii. 7il(l, f. liS'.l. ado, " l,iiiii,:'iis, S/iri: 1(1." (I7."i;i). — /v. /I.ei. vi. t. IKl'.l. - llaym'. Arzii. \iii. 1. 10 — !>(' ('andollr, t'nutr. \iii. 'J7li. — ItoissiiT, /. c. — Ki»h, lliiiilr. it. 'Jin. — \Vi'n?.ij;. llnl. Jiihrh. iv. 1711. C H Clarki', /. '•. — Korlim-, ll'iil.srlip Drtiilr. ."ilK. " Kiipri'i'ht, /Sill. I'hijx. Mat. Ariiil. Sn. Si. I'l'ierxlnmrt). xv. ,'t71 (lM."i7). — Iti'Kol, Mi'm. Amil. Sri. Si. I'l'liTslmurt/, iv. 101 (T,ni. I'l. r,<.), — .Maximottii'Z, I'rim. /•'/. .I;:iiir. I'.U ; Hull. Avnil. Sri. Si. /'■'irrilimni, \x. \:V2 (.Mil. Ilinl. ix. atl.1). — Fraiii'lii'l & .Siva- ti.r. /. .', ii. la.'i — Wi'iizii.'. /. ■■ IT'.l. — I'orhi's & lli'nish'v, /. .■. H(l. " l.iiina'iis, .S-,,,.-. /, , . ( 17.":i). — .Sihthorp. /■'/. firirr. i. I, t. I. ^-^ nor, .Irrliir. itrr Pliiirm. iii. VM. — ('Ir^'liorii, Trims. Jlul. Sur. hUltu- linnjli, X. llt'J. — l-'hii-ki^or & liaiihiiry, I'hurmtiruijrniilitit, atki.) i« ItoxhiirKh. /••/. Iwl. i. l,->0 (IHL'O). — Do Cnmlolle, /. r. ■-•77.— Ilaiui', .lirir. Ilni. xx\. '.Vl,\. — {'"orhi's & lli-iiisli'v, /. <•. H,"). I' Hume. /. r. vii. 1(1-1 (IH(li)) ; xiii. i:U. — Kramlul, /. r. 'im, t. 17; Miin. Siir. Sn. \iil. I '/irrhnuri/, xxiv. 'I'M*. — .Sargont, (innten will I'limil, vi. 48-1, f. 70. I'ritsinns I'liiui lists var. rhynrhufhuilii^ Forhrs ,V lleliisloy, /. r. Mil (ISHll). '" 'I'hc ('liilte.si> white wax is principally prodn I in the provitioe of S/i'-eli'iirn. and is ohtitined hy allowing an insert, Ciwiiix Vr-lu^ W'estwood (liiiril. I'hrim. IH.-ht, .*k1J. f.), to piiiicturo tlio yiniiig hraliehes of .\sh-trees. The in.seets ari' iiirefnily hred, ill distriets OLKACK.K. SILVA OF NOUTIl AM/JIUCA. 27 to (It'coriite parks aiul «^aMl('ns, especially Fra.iini/ti ^Ihtu'lcfmn in the United States, FrffxJnKs *.*'rn trcis 111' Lnf'tstrum lucuium, Aitmi, jilantftl Un- tin; |iurj)wst< ; aiu) (liinii;; tin- iiiiintli of April the • ih'ihuh :irt; carritMi l»y tniiiis nf porti-rs, wliii truvt'l Diilv :il iiij^lit tluit tlif lu-at of tin* sun iiiuy nut caii.si' the cufooii.-i to hati'Ii pn-uiaturrly. Arrivcil at tlii-ir licsliiiatinn, tlu' (■oct>oiiH arc plart'il on the youti^ sluHit.s of tin- Asli-(ri><-s pluiitcil (iKm;; till' bonliTS tif caitaU and irri^atiiii; \x c.r si-vi-n Uvi. At tin- nid (tf a iVw days the instM-t.s bc^^iii t" appear and spread uvrr the liramlu's, whirh are fjradnaHy fnvcri'd with a while waxy snh- stanoe. 'I'uward the mil uf An<,nist the innii^Ird hraiuln-s are rnt till' and )H)ih-d in wat*-r, whi-ii the wa\ ii>e> tn the sntfarf ; it is tlieii niolteil, poured into ihcp p.m^, and aUowt-d to harden. when it is ready for shipnu-nt. Chine-se whitt* w.w is rhictly n^ed to imrr eiiridii-s made of ve|;e- tahlc or animal tallow, to etiat pill> and l«d'iws in ordrr to preserve them, anil to ^'ive a kI'*''**^ !*nrfaie to papi-r. eotton eloth, the noles of shot"*, anti titlnT artieles. (See Martini, A'c<\ i. '2l\) ils:U). - Luudon, /. r. V,ra f. 1J7U l/riifis urophi/llii, I>oi), f,'in. Si/st. iv. "h {1S;17). t'rtuinns Xkrophiilla, l>e ("andoUe. /. >\ (ISII). ' Mori' than a hnmlreil .spei'ir> tif insi'fts are reroriletl asattaok- inp I-Vavinns in Anu-riea and Kunipe, allhou^'li tew of them appear peculiar to the pd as a rout Ixirt-r on yoim^ trtM>s (^rowin^; in nwauipy proitiid. liark heetles uf the j;enus Hylesinns iittiiek the dead wutxl. There are few fulia(;o destroyers found on Ash-trees in the I'nited States whieh du not also injure the leaves of other trees. Ainoiij; till' lepidtiptt-rous larMe wliieh live npuii the A-shes several spi'tirs of Iar1). Till' fruit is Mometinu'S infested by little larva' belonj^^ini; to the (''imilioui'l'i-t ami seale-inseets are sunietimes troubltsitiiie. An apliis, l*emphirj\i.< /rajiui/oHi, Thomas, dLsturts the leaves ; and pall miti'S like I*hi/lti{>t'Li /-'mj-t/u, (iurmaii, make minute palls on the lr;nis tir oeeasioually di.sttjrt them as well as the twigs iind tlowers. riie eouspieiious dark tli>torted prowths whieh tifteii remain on the tri'fs in winter are panieles injurcil probably by mites ((larnian, 1-J!li Ilq: Illinois Slair EuhmoiUui'st, ISSJ, VM). * Many parasitie funpi attaek the dilVereiit speeies of Fraxinus in the Itiited States. Ainonp them several are abuntlant and .striking in appcaraniv even tti the naked eye. Of the?.e the Ash-leaf Kust, .Kculinm i'mxini^ Sehweinitz, is perhaps the must eou^picuous. It appears in early summer on the leaves antl Mune- tinii's on the yiiunp twigs of f'rttrinu.i Ann rirana, FniTitiUs nii/rn, and other spei-its ; antl although it is peculiar to Ameriea, and has not ln't II (ilist-rvt'd in Kurope, it attacks the Kuropean speeies when cuhivatcd in this lonntry. 'Ibis fungus appears most frciph'Utly on the under side of tlu- leaves in the form of numerous small tubt'S or I ylindiTs of an i»range-red eolor, wbiidi beeonie whitt' aftrr tlu' dis( hargi' of the spores. In some years the Ash-h'af Uusl, pi-in (huTS a witlfspread I'pideniie, while in others it is extreiiuly Marrt'. A rrmarkabh' fpidi-mie oeeurred in !SS."(. when tliis fuii;;us ap|iean'd in immense tpiantitifs all over (he I'niteil Slates, attaek- ing till' trees in large eities as well as tho>e gniwing spontaneously in llu' fort'st, Sini'i' ISS."), althtuigh oeeasiunatly mild epidcmies havi' appeari'il. the A.sh-leaf Kust has not lieen eonimoit. .'fi'rronema Spina, Berkeley Jt Kavenel, often attaeks our native sjitiii's, fspeeially I'ritiinus .1 mrrcfind. It is t'ound on the snialU'r brauchi's. whiTr it appears in the form tif sharp projceting blaek spiru-s about an eighth of an ineh in b'ngth. A number of speties bt'Itinging to tin- gi'uera Siploria. Spha-ropsi.-;, Cylinilrosporiuni, (iheosporiuni, ete., proiluee >pols on the leaves of our .\sb-trees, .stiiiie tif Ibem eausing t-onsidi-rable injury ; and a number of I'yre- nmnyeeles attatk the bark. In spite tif the large number of para- sites whirl) attaek the Ash in North Ameriea, it i'>, so far us iliseases e;iuseil by fungi are eoneeiiu'd, a eomparLitively lu'altby tree, j !' ' I 4 < ;l !. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. OLEACi;^ coNSPKcrrs ok •niK NOKTU AMKKICAN Sl'KCIKS. l)liNl-,>i. tiTiiiin: Flowers with ". - to l-l>:irt' ,1 .-orcUii. imlyu'iunou. or often pCTfeet ; i.ai.icles loose il or axillary Inaiiilies of tlie yeiir, or Iroiii tlie axils of lea\C8 of the ]>re\"iinis ye;ir. Divisions ot t 1,1' corolla. I ; loallels 7 ; la i>late or ovate-laneeolatc. Rradimlly narrowe il into en-piilate lips. snar|' harplv serrate or enlii Divisions i>l f the cor ilia. '.' : leaflets ;! to 0. oval or olilou};. olitiise or aeute, coarsi Iv serrate aliove llie nii Loatlets ;i to 7. tisnally UUe or 7. narrowly sj Iv spatulate to ol.lun),Miliov.it.'. ol>tus. I'UAXlN.isr (letioles wintJ-niaruii MM. Flowers ape .,1 . . . aloiis. >ll< |>ol\ i^atnnu... or rar ■ly [lerfei't ; p! onipaot. .levelope.l from separat. Flowers perfect. \n\i\> in till' axiN of leaves of tlie previous yei 1.. ti> ;'. nsiially oMoni; to laneeolate. aente. (narsely serrate liranelil.ls .[iiailranicnlar Flowers (lolyijanio Leaflets 7 to 1 1. ..I.lon- laneeolate. -radnally aeuniinati Leaflets nni-tly reilucei! to a sini] the lateral sessile lie leaflet or rari'ly L' or ."-1 lU.ilate 1. F. ri'sfii).VT.\. '_'. F. iniT.TM.A. ;!. F. (Jni-.iiiiii. ■t. F. l}UAllH.\N(a-I,AT.\. Flower- l,n loll^ : i.l Ivx of the ffaniinate flow.'r nnnale or w.antnn;; e ilvx of the pistil- late flower |.ersisllMlt. Anther.. liiiear-i>hlo Leaflets :; t. ',1. laiiei-olate to ov.al. entire or serra the lateral ~hort pefiohilafi' or Ti, F. MiillA. (■). F. AMlVAl.A. F. VlIfTINA. suhses^ih' Uaflets ."« to to ohlong-lanrei ilate. mostly aente. pale on thi lo l.eall. t-s ii-naffy surface llv to hroailly oval, nmni leil or sli;;lilly acute at the ape .lie on the lower -urfa ^•allets. 7 to '••. ohlonn-laneeolale to ovate, no lower surface with \elvety iiuhescenee or Leaflet-. :i lo ."i. oi.lon'.;-lanceolate. acute or i slly eoar>ely serrate. eli>the.l on the nmelimes. in var. /.i/ic. »^l^^ ijlahrruis lunileil at the' aiiex. entire or c.iarsely 8. F. AmIIIIi ANA. '.I. F. TlNKNSIS H», F. I'l XSsVlVANIi A. serrate Leaflets ."• to 7. ovate or e ihlcuii;, acute harplv serrate or entire, i,' lahro llhe«c.Til Anth.-r- -horl-oMoni;. Leatlct- .". t. „hlon;,'-hineeolate to oval, acute, nsu: illy vill.Mis-iiuhescent while 11. F. Ili:ii1,\siiu III \> VI. V. Cauoi.iman i;!. F. OlwaiNA. I I . ULKACEili;. SILVA OF NOliTII AMEUICA. 29 « J U: FRAXINUS 0U8PIDATA. Ash. Panicl.;s usually tonninal on short leafy lateral branehes of the year. Flowers perfeet ; eorolla (lee])ly l-parted. Leaflets ;{ to 7, lanceolate or ovate-lauceohite, long- pointed, sharj)ly serrate or entire. Friixinua cuspidatn. 'rinii'v. II, i. M,.r. /;.»/«/. Siin\ ICiCi (18."ii»).— Cray. Si/,i. AV. .V. Aw. ii, pt. i, 71. — Il.inslcy. IM. iiioi. Am. r,;it. ii. :;(i.|. _ \v,.|i/ijr. i:„t.,/,i/,,-/i.h. 171. — Iliivniil. /v.-.'. v. S. .V-/^ .1/-/.S-. viii. .-ilil. — I'lji,. (jlc, fliirih'ii inn) Forest, i. 142. — Suvj^i'M, friinlni and I-\„;:il. ii. 117. — CiMiltLM-, Ciiiitnh. V. S. Nut. llefh.W. •J."p'. •(-'/""• /'/. If. Tcja.^i). — Wosmacl. Hull. Hot. Sw: /.>/;/. xsx. m. A tri'i', rarely twenty feet in lieij;lit. wiili a sliiiit tiiink six to ein'Iit inclie.s in diameter; or more ilten a slirul) senilinn' up inini the i^imiMil a nuniiier of slender spreadin;;- stems six (ir eii;'ht feet UiW. Tl... 1. )ranelies aie slender ami terete, anil wIk ii tiiev lirst appear are lij^iit red-brown, soon beeoniinj^ darker and marked witii scattered p.ile leiitieels; in tlieir second year they are ashy jjray and ron;;h- eiieil l)v the dark ele\,itecl luiial" leaf-sears. The >vinter-biids are aente and nearly half an ineh lonij, to seven iiiehes lonu, an Mil h and a half to tw () un nearlv an nii li wide itl e, with pale mi wliieli are sometniies nearlv an inch ni leULi'th. di'ilr h ,h hes 1(1 le oni>' and a (iiiarter ot an nieli to mil oliseure Veins, anil are sessile or home on sleniler j lie ctiolulc TI winch are e xtreniely fragrant, appea r in iril am are U'lM hiced in oiien ■lal nous panicles tliii or four inches loii"' and broad, terminatin>. lateral leafv branchlel s in velopei I fl >r le eaves ot the previous ve Till le ealyx is eiip- sh.iped, and a sixteenth of an inch lone', with aente a]>iciilate teeth. The corolla is two thirds of ai iildle into four liiiear-ohloni;- lobes pointed .it tin inch loni^, thin and white, and ili\iiled In lulnw the apex and much loiieer tliiii the nearlv sessile olili thick two-lohed nearlv sessile sli'-iiia. 'i'lie fruit anthers. will TI latlllate-o le ovarv is two-celled and crowned iilii;- or oliovate-oliioni. I'll loiii;iiii'h. imtural siic. •J. l)i:ii;r:im nf ;i tlowiT. ;i. A llo'vcr. the rdiulhi rpinoviil, iMilarpiMl. 1. A lliiwiT, tlic I'orulhi ilisplujfil. eiilar^jwl. :,. V.'ilical MTti.iii of a iii»til. enlarged. (■). All iiviilo. iiuK'li iiiaKiiitietl. 7. A fniitint,' liraiich, natural siic. «. Virtual siotion of a fruit, natural size. ',•. A soi'il, natural *'iir. 10. All finluyu. enlarged. il I (! I I I ' ! ! 1^ ■A V tlv.i of Nt'rtli Aiii"! II .1. / /■ /■,;.;,"/ ,/•, FRAXINUS CUSPIDATA .7 Hii'rft'ti.v ,/{fi\i ' i 'l W \ y ill OLKACEi*;. tilLVA OF NOirni AMEUICA. :5i FRAXINUS DIPETALA. Fringe-flowered Ash. 1*axi(m:s c'liistorcd, ol'tfii on short lutcral l)riin( lies, in tlic axils of leaves ot the previous year. Flowers mostly i)ert'o(t, corolla 'J-iJarted to the base. Leaflets 3 to }), oval or ohloiiu', ()l)tll^e or acute, coarselv serrate ahovc the uiicltUe. \ Fraxinua lUpHtfilii. IlcmkiT A: Arimlt, />'•<^ \'i>:i. liiirliri/. liiiit.irhc Jliinl,: .Mill. — Covilli'. fmitn'/'. I'. S. .\•(^ 'M2. I. H7 (IHIll), — (jiuy. lininr .t Wiitx^m ISul. Ctil. Iliih. iv. ll.S il;„l. U^.tth ViiUiij Kximl.). i. 471!; .S';/«. /■'/. ,V. Am. ii. |)t. i. 7.'!. — llfiii>l( y. li'il- Ornua dipctalii. Niiltall. Sijlrn. ill. tK), t. lol (1H4!»). Jliii/, Am. Cent. ii.'M)r<. — Wcii/ij;. /^/^.A(///■A. iv. 17.'i. — Chionuuthua traxinitolia. Kelloyg. I'ruc. Ca'.. Ac(ti/. v. \V.-iriu,l. /111//. S'li: liiil. IW/ij. \\\. 7'.l. — Kueliiio. I.S(I,S7;)). A slinili, witli many s|irt'iuliii;', clusti'ied in the axils of leaves of tla; previous year, and often on siiort lateral spur-like hrauches naked or ruruisiied with one lU' two leaves, 'i'he calyx is pulicrulous on the outer surf ice, cup-shaped, a sixtt.ntli of ail inch lonj;-, and >linlilly four-toothed, or occasionallv almost entire. The corolla is a third of an iiudi lonj;, thin, creamy wiiite, and dividcil into two hroadly ovate ]ietals rounded at the apex, ahriiptly narrowed at the liase into slender claws, and as hmj;' as the staineiis, which are coiniMi.sed of slender lilameiits and eloujifated linear anthers. The ovary is ovate and <;;raduallv contracted into a style sli;;litlv lolled at the apex. The fruit is linear-ohiont;" or spatiilate-oliIon<;', with a hroad terminal winjj; rounded and apiculate or often emurniiiate at the apex and ahoiit as long as the flat sharp-cdj^'cd liody several-nerved on holh surfaces.' Frnxi lilts ilijii tiilii is a common shruli in the coast reniiui and on the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada of (Jalifoniia, j;rowinf;' near the hanks of streams on dry rocky slopes and ranginii' southward into Lower (,'alifornia.' Fr. A fniitiiin I'l'^uH'li. iiauiiiil >i/i'- 0. Verticiil Koctiiin uf a fniil. ii:il"i:il si/c. 7. A st'iil. natural si/c H, An fniliryii, i'nlai-),'fil. 'J, A U'af. niiliiiul "i'.c. KmW)' ^ t t '<■ ''II ■«■? ■;'.ilvi of N^T'h AiiF'ti FRAXINUS DIPRTAI.A. !!., .U e. Am ) .) I I W \\ I k > I I I OLKACK^K. aiLVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 3:5 FRAXINUS GREGGII. Ash. I'axicm:s axilliirv on bnmclu's of tlio yciir or of the previous year. Leaflets 3 to 7, Hill rowly spatulate to obloiig-obovate, obtuse ; peti(>ies wing-margined. Fraxinus Greggii. (Jniy. /';■.«■. Am. Annl. xii. (!.'! (ISTO); lifii uml Fnivst, iv. .'WS. 802. — CoultiT. Contrib. C S. Si/ii. /■'/. .V. Am. ii. |>t. i. 71. — llfiiisley. />V^ Ui'il. Am. ynt. llerh. ii. '_'.")',l (Mun. J'l. IC. 7i-./«.s). — Wisiiiad, Ci'iit. ii. ;!().">. — .S:ii(,',.nt. Foir.'if Tms \. Am. U^llt Ceii- Hidl. Sm: l',„t. Itibj. xxx. iDli. SIM I'.S. ix. mU; Garden nml /■'inr.it. ii. 1)7. f. lliS Fraxinus Schiedeana. viir. parvifolia. Tmiey. Hut. Mij: lliivard, I'rnc C. S. Sat. Mit.i. viii. ."ilO. — rriiigli'. G'lr- Jluiiml. ,Siii-i: l(i!S (18o!»). A tree, nircly twenty to twenty-live feet in height, witli ;i trunk ei}"lit or ten feet long and oeca.sionally ciglit Indies in iliaineter ; or more often a .shrub seniling u]> from a single crown many slender erect stems four to twelve feet in lengtii. Tile bark of the trunk is thin, gray, or light brown tinged with red, and separates on the surface in large ])aj)ery scales. ']'he branchlets are slender and terete, anil are dark green and puherulous when they lirst appear, soon becoming ashy gray; they are rougliened with many minute pale elevated Icnticels, and in their seciuid or third years gradually turn dark grav or brown. 'J'he winter-huds are ahuut an eighth of an inch long, .and ol)tuse, with thick ovate iighl brown puiicscent scales rounded on the back. The leaves are an inch and a half to three inches long, with wingi'd petioles and three to seven Icallets ; these are narrowly spatulate or olilong-obovate, and entire or occasionally coarselv serrate .iliove the middle with remote lihirit teeth, slender midribs, and obscure reticulate veins ; thev are thick and c(Miaccous, dark green on the upper surface, rather paler and covered with small black spots on the lower surface, half an inch to an inch long, an eighth to a ([uarter of an inch wide, and nearly sessile. The llowers ,ire unknown. The fruit is oblong-linear or obovate, and a half to two thirds of an inch lon<;' ; the thin wiriif is dcciirrent on the short terete body, and is roundi'd and emarninate at tlu' apex, which is tijiped with the elongateil persistent conspicuous style.' Frd.ri/iii.t (irnjijii is scattercil along the valley of the l!io(irande in western Texas from the month of the .'>an I'edro to tli.it of the I'ecos River, and ranges southward on the monntaiiis of Niiivo Ia'oii, Cohahiiila, ami ('hihiiahiia. It ijrows on dry limestone clilVs and leilges. and appears to be most conunon and to attain its greatest si/.e on the Sierra Nevada of Niievo Leon, where it occasionally appears as a small tree. The wood of h'r Im' imitiilinli'il a >ii'i,< ol' UiIits on tlu' lii>liii-y iiiiil cincliiiuu ill tlio stall' of t'liliiiliiiila mi Sr|itiMiilii'r lit, ISiMl, tin- wiiiK't "f tin' nl' llii' S;iiit;i l-'e Iraili' In llic ii'dlirilon .li/rcrtwr anil llir .li<.ii,.<,/.< ripi' fruit arc ruiiinii'il niiil sntnt'tinii's apii'iil;ili' al llui iiprx, ami i,.' Iliii'furf : ami in ISll appi'aml Thf Cnmmtrci •>/ t/w Proirit.t^ slmw mi li-a.T nf llu' styli'H, wliii'li ari' vrry ^^lIl^pil■lMllls on tin- full a inurnal nl" a .Satila I't* Iraili'r iliiriiifi; oiglit jiiiinioys across the ^riiwii fniil wliii'h 1 ^allirriMl on lln' inoiiiitains nrar .Muntrri'v in (xri'at wi'.sli'rn prairios ami a ri'siilt'iict' of nearly iiiiu' years in Niii'Vii l.ciin in April, I.S,S7. iinrllii'm Mi'xiiii. In preparing liis niili-s fur this piiMicatinn ho • l.illli' is iilHiwii iif llii' i-arly life uf ,Iii>iah lire};);. Hiiiken «a-^ assisleil liy Mr. .Iiilin ltii;eliiw, whn lestilles tii Ihe |iiiril\, healllilirsi inaile liiiii a traveler on Ihe prairies, whieh he after- nniilesly. ami general elevalieii of (ire);)j'i' eharaeter, ami In his warils eriisseil several times as a trailer llliiler the patriinafje nf eonsfii-nliniistiess. whieh iiiaile it itupnssilile fur him le slate anv- Mr. riiiiiniu: (J. Knekhill, a riiilailelpliia inereliaiit. In LS^Il anil tliiii}; nhieh he iliil not kmiw personally, ur to make an overstate- Mil 'I I !; 1 i . .J ! I i 84 ,„ei.t ..r a.. u.Hl..rstut.M.u.nt. Tl.o prooiso recr.ls ..f l.is .n>rmo«s are t\K'n-U„v vul.ml.l.sun.l in Tl,,- Cmwurr. „/,!>,■ I'rmn.s ,s l.,uml ,1,, „„„, „„st.vurtl,yrecoMl of II... eou,l,.iun of .■m.nu.Tc.. .a ,taav an>l .li-^covrcal a number of undo^fr.be.i plants. SILVA OF NOirni AMKUICA. ()i.KAri;^K. (i,r,,niii. a Koinis of Silva ol No:Mi ATue.ric.i ! ; ! ) I : >| I , FHAXINUS OR EGG 1 1, A. V,-- '>■„..■■ ^io,:^ ■' .'■'ir-J .'.V'.vv." J'tir:. !i ! I OLKACEi*;. SILVA OF NORTH AM Kit IC A. 35 PRAXINUS QUADRANGULATA. Blue Ash. Flowf.ks pcrf(>(t. Leaflets 5 to 9, usiinlly 7, ovatc-oblonp; to lanceolate, acute, coarsely serrate. IJranelilets (luadraiifiular. Fraxlnus ^uadrannulatn. Michaux. /•'/. /Mr.-. I hi. ii. '.'."> (tKO;i). _ \,.l,|. /■;„«,«. i, ,-.((. — WilldiMiiw, Si.>;: iv. 1102. — INtsihiii. S>nt. ii. TiO,"). — Suiu'i'itH Ihilnimtl/w. G4. — Di'sfiiiitaini's. Iliit. Arh. i. IIK!. — lidsr. M,'m. 0."). — Sai'gont. Forest Treea X. Am. lOM Cen.vis f. S, i.\. 1 111. _ Wcii/ij;, Hot. Juhrh. iv. 185. — Watson & Coiil- tiT. (Inii/'n Mitn. I'll. 0. 3.'U). — WcHiiiai'l. Hull. Sor. Jlot. Ilrl,,. x\x. 11 1. — Koflinc. Iii-iiturli,' lhn,lr.nV.>,. f. 110. .M. 'n»t. ix. -11. — .Miiliaux 1. Ilitt. .Irl,. Am. iii. US, Fraxinus tetraBona, l)u .Mont de Cmiisct. />'o^ ('«/^ cil. '.', t. U. — I'Din't, l.iuii. hilt. .Sm|i|i1. ii. (171. — I'lii-li. /V. ii. ,'i»;i (ISll )._ Muse, Soiic. Ci>iii:-s ilWr/ri': vii. 7:i. Am. Sr/jf. i. .s. — ItociinT .v Silnilli-, S;/st. i. L'TS, — Fraxinus quadrangulata. var. nervosa. Ldiidon, Arli. Niiltall. '.'-■//. ii.'.'.'il.— I l.iyiii'. /»•■"•//•. /■'I.TS.'k — Spririijcl. /I'/vV. ii. VSX) (lK;i,S). Si/nl. i. '.Hi. — Dili], (,(■(/. .s'//«^ iv. ."."i. — .Spaili, Jli.it. Fraxinus Americana, var. qu. "^.rangulata. i). . I. Hnnvrii', )V;/. viii. '.".Hi. — De C'an.lnlU'. /'/■.»/(■. \iii. '.'7S, — Chait- '/',.,,< ,,;' . I ,„,,■/,■,(, ;;'.I7 ilSli;). man. /•'/. .'!7o. — Km li. /Vjn/r. ii. 'J.VJ. — (;ra\. .s';/»i. /•'/. Fraxinus Americana, var. quadranfculata nervosa, .V. .Im. ii. |it. i. 7.'i. — haiicln', I>i-iilsi'lir Ihinlr. I'A. 'J. ICil. !)..!. lirmuif. 'I'ri.s nf Ameririi. '.i'.l' (ISlti). f. "i.'i. — Kiim'linaiiri. Il',t. niacI. r. .S'. S.il. Miis. l.S.S-.'. (•)'.•.- Hull,"'". I'"'. (iiir.,lt,: \n. Hull. .S.,r. Hot. JlJj. \\\. IM (ISHL'). A slender tree, soip.etiines diii' Inimlred :iiiil tweiilv t'cet in lieij^lit, with :i trunk two or tliree feet ill (li.inieter, allliou^li j;eiierilly iiiuili ^nlall^•r mikI iisuiillv not more tli;in .sixty or seventy IVet tall. The li:irli ol' the trunk varies iroin n hall' to two think of an inch in thickness ami is irrenukirlv divitk'd into laree jilate-like scales, the lii;'ht icrnv snrl.ice, which is sliMlitlv tiuijed with red, seiiaratinn' 'o*" ''''" iiiiiinti' >cale^. The hranclilets are stout, t'onr-;ini;led. and more or le>s ionr-w in^cd hetwi'cn the nodi^s, and when thev lirst a|i|ie.ir ate d.irk orani;e-eolor and covered with short rnliiiis ]uil>escence ; in their second year they are ijray tinned with red, .ind niarkeil with scattered pale lentieeK and with the laii^'e elevated ohcordate lear".ears in which are a Innate row ol' liliro-vax'ular hnndle-scars ; in their tliii'd year thev are li^ht lirowii or ashy j^ray. and ei-.idnally lucoiiu' terete. The terminal Imd is ahout a (|iiarler of an inch loiij;;, with three pairs of scale-> ; those of the oiitei' row, which are thick, roninled on the hack, nsnallv ohsciirely pinnate toward the a|)e\. dark reddish hrown ami slit;htly puhcM^ent, or often coated with pale tomentinu, partlv cover the hiid ; the scales of the inner row>. which are stia[)- shajied. coated with lii;ht hrown tomentnni and id'ten |iiiMi,ite, leiie'then with thi' yonn<;' shoot, and at niatiiritv are an inidi to an inch and a half in lcni;th. The leaves arc ei;;ht to twelve inclu's lonj;-, with slender |ietioles <;lahrons or pntierulous toward the hase, and li\e to nine leaflets : tlic.M' are ovate- ohloii"' to lanceolate, loiii^-pointed, unei|iiallv rounded or wedi;e-sliaped at the hase. and serrate aliove with iiienrved ti'eth ; when they unfold they are coated on the lower surface with thick lirowii tomeii- liliii, and at inalnritv thev are thick and linn, yellow-<;recn and , ihroiis aliovc, pale ami el.ihrous, lU' .sonietiines furnished with tufts of pale hairs alonij the hase of the conspicuous midrihs helow, three to live inches lone-, and an inch to two inches wide, with short hroad pctiolnles orooved mi the upper side, and eieht to twelve pairs of veins arcuati- near the inarj;ins. Il.ivine turned to a pale yellow color, the leaves f.ill early in the autumn. The llowcrs, which appc.ir as the teriuin.il huds lien'in to expand, are home in loosed)ranclied paincles from small olilnse lunls devclopeil iu the axils of leaves of the previous year and protc<'ted hv hroadlv ovate scales kcele', 'M\ SII.VA or MUITU AMi:iil<.\. oi.r.Ai r..i:. tlirt'c or I'Miclv two or I'oiir-llowiTcil, the |ii'(li(cU of tlii' liiti'ial llowcrs l)cinjj jiroducod from tin- ;ixils of liiusir acuti' cailucoiis pule pink bracts an i'ij;ii.tli to a (|uarti'r of an inch in Icnj^lli. 'I'lic llowcrs arc Iioriic on slender jii'dicels and are etainens with hroad connectives and dark pnr|ile ohlonff olitnse anthers, anil an ohionjj-ovate ovary fi-radnallv narrowed into a short style divided at the apex into two lif;ht pnrple stifjmatic hdies which <,fencrallv niatnrc and wither liei'ore the anthers open. Tin frnit !■< linear-ol)l. ami reaching' it^ ^leatest si/e in the hasin of the lower \Valpa.>li liiwr in llliiini^ and on the western slopes (d' the l>i'4' ."^nioky Mountains in Tennessee. The wood of /■'rn.ri, 111.1 ijiiiiilriiiniiiliitii is heavv. hard, close-ir|-,iined, and rather hritlle, with numerous ohscure medullary ravs and hands of three rows of larjie open ducts marking; the layers of annual ;;ro\vtli. It is linht yellow streiked with hrowii. with thick lighter colored sapwood sometimes eoMiposed of eiijhty or ninetv layers id' annual irrowth. The s])e(iiic <^r,ivitv (d' tlu' ahsolntclv dry wood is (I.7IS1. a cuhic foot weii^'hin;^' I 1.77 pcunids. It is larfj^elv n>eil for tliKuini;' ami in carriaijc-linildiiifi', ami prohaiilv is not often distiriL;'uiNheil connucrriallv from that id' the other species of the northern and middle stall's. A Mill' live mav 111' olitaini'il hv miner atiui;' the inner hark in water. The liiue .\sh was discovered in 17'.l."> hv the French hoti.nist .Michaiix' durin'4 his journcv west of the Alleehanv Mount.iins, and hv him was introduced into Kurojican gardens. The excellent liahit of this tree, its hanliness, ra]iiilitv id i;rowtli. ;ui'l fjeedom from disease and the attacks of insects make it a desiralile irihiliitant id |iarks, where. Iiowcm'L-. it is less eommonlv cidtivated than the \\ lute Asli or the ( ireeli Ash. ' S.'.' i, ."A F.xi"t..\.N.\ri(»N (IK Till-; i'i..\ii'; J'l.ATi; ('CI.XIII. l''i:v\iM^ .jr M'l; vs.,1 i.AIA. 1. A IliiWf'i-iiiir Itnilirli. natural ^i/c. 'J. .\ tldwer. i'nl:ir;;i'il. .'t. .\ staiiicK. ciilar^i'il. ■I. A |ii-lil I'Ut IraiisviTsi'ly. i'iilar;,'i'il. •'>. A I'rtiiliiit; liratirli. luitni'.-il si/i-. (>. V'rrticiil ht'rtinn uf a finit. iiatUMil si/.c. 7. A sci'fl. natural •.i/i-. ^. An I'Mil'i-yii. "-liirliily riilar^i'il. '.I. A wiiitui' Iji-atii'lilt't. natural sxm. II i, ^ ^' i i' I 1 j i ; \ i: r -'^^^fS. J I , \ dk^ i^ >. E h'liAtm tit'i FRAXINUS OUADRANGULATA I < Ml ■! !; ■! A!h,:,',-<'-t ,/uY ■'r-yp^ssss^'^ 'J - -,<• . IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) m 2) 3'.'('). — Kciclinc. Dfiilsrhe Di'mli: 5rj. Fraxinus Novie-Angliaj, Dii Itui, Ihirhk. linum::. ud. 1, i- •J'.K) (not llillui-) (1771). — ■\ViUif;i'"liiiiiii. .\"rilitm. Ih'l:.. 'A. Fraxinus sambucifolia, Laniarrk, DUt. ii. .'il'.' (17H(i). — Miiclilfiili.'rn cV WiililoiiDW, Si'iif Sr/iriff. '/.■.<"«. .\^/^ /•>. lii'i-liii. iii. ;i'.i:i. — Itdikhansen, HniM. I'unt. IM. f. nil/. .)/■/', ,I/H, Hi. 1'."-'. I, 1'.'. — I'uisli, F/. Am. Sept. i. M. — Unriiii'i' i^ Si'liidldH. Si/H/, i. L'7',t. — Niitlall, Gen. ii. '.'.'II. — D.ih, Urn, SijHt. iv. Til. — Spacli, llisl. (V;/. viii. 'J'.tlt. - lliiiilti'i'i A'/, llni>. ,\iii, ii. ."id. — III' ' '.iiidoUt', /')•(«//'. viii. 'J7H. Iliii'liii|{l(iii. /'/. Crslr. fd. ^'l, l-'liO. — Kiiii'i^nri. 7'i'. (,i .1/i/««. I'd. 'J, ."iHI, I (iniy. Si/ii. /■'/. X. Am. ii. |il. i. 711. liiiluway. I'mr. f. S. X'l/. Miis. 18,S'.'. till. — Salami. I''<;rriil Tciin ,\'.Aiii. Wtli Crnxiin ('. S. is. 111.— Wi'ii/.i^. /W. ./ii». Willdeniiw, /I'r/V. Ilaiim:. I'.'l i .S'/ici'. iv. lOU'J : Fraxiuurt Aimiliiiii.1111, vur. Hiinibucifolia. I). .1. liiowne, h'tiiim. UVt'.). — Valil, ICiinm. i. ."il. — I'ersooii. .S'//H. ii. '/'(■'■/■.•i i./' .1 h/i ;'/'i'/, ;i'.Mi ( 181(1). (i05. lio.sc, ,I/i'»/. Just. ix. '211. — Sniirviiii Ihihtimrl. FraxinUH iimni. »iiIin|ii'|'. iil^ra. WoKniai'l, /.'«//. //■//. Hihj. iv. CO. — Dosfontaiiii'.^. //l'.■^^ Arh. i. KKi. — Mii'liaux x\\. II'.' (IH'.)'.'), A tree, occa.sioniilly li^i'^v to ninety tV'ct in lici^lil, willi u lull li'tinlt rnri'ly cxt'ccdinir twenty inches in diaini'ter, and .slender mostly npii^lit hianelies which ronn ll liai'low he.id ; or usually nnicli smaller. Tlie hark of the truidi, whieii varies froiii a tiiird to ii li.'df of an inch in tiiichness. is divided into larire irrej^ular [)lates. i\w '; the scales of the two inni'r nms art' coated on the outer surface with rufous puhescence anil lenj;thcn with the yoinii;' hraiich ; at matiirily llic scales of the secoml pair. which are thickened at the hase, are strap-shaped, an inch loii);'. a third of an inch wide, and ahoiit half the leni'th of those of the inner pair, which are pinnate and i.siiidly foliai s. with a hroad stalk. The leaves are twelve to sixteen inches lim<^, with stout pale petioles and hcmii to eleven leaflets ; these are sessile, with the exception of the terminal one. which is hori i a Innn' or short petiolule. ohlon--pointed at the apex, niieipially wednc-sli'ipcd or sometimes roniided at the hase, and remotely serrate with small incurved teeth; when llicy unfold they are covered, especially on the lower sui'face, with rufous hairs, and at maturity they arc thin and lirm. dark ^I'een ahove, jtaler heh)w, ghihrous, with the exception of occasional tufts of riifons ii.iirs aloii;;- the under side of the hroad pale midrihs, fimr lU' live inches lon<,^ and an im'h to t«o iiiclicH wide, with many conspicuous l)rimary veins arcuate near the mari;ins, and ohscure reticulate veiidctn. The leaves, which usually do not unfold in New Enjrhuul until after the middle of May, or until the hcKininnjr id' .Inne at the north, turn rusty brown, and fall early in the autinun. The llowers ajipeur hcfoic the leaves in compact or 1' ' ■ i J i ! 1 • 1 i ! I 38 SILVA OF NOIiTlI AMEUICA. oi.v.\rv.j?.. uUimiitely elonnjated panicles fimr or five iiiclies l()iiitted oblong dark purple anthers attached on the back to short broad filaments; the ]>istillate flower of an ovary gradually narrowed into a long slender style deeply divided at the a|)ex into two broad purple stigmas, and often accompanied by one or by two perfect, or globose rudimentary ])ink anthers, which are sessile or borne on long or short lilanients. The fruit, which is borne in open (lanicles eight or ten inches in length, is laiucolate-oblong or linear-oblong, and an inch or an inch and a half long, with a broad thin wing which surrounds the short liat faintly nerved body, and is conspicuously emarginate at the apex. Frcilmis iilijru inhabits deep cold swamps and the low banks of streams and lakes, and is dis- tributed from southern Newioundland and the northern shores of the Gulf of .St. Lawrence to Lake Winni]ieg. and southward through the northern states to Newcastle County, Delaware, the mountains of Virginia, southern Illinois, central Missouri, and northwestern Arkansas. The wood of Fru.riiiiis iiiijrd is heavy, rather soft, not strong, tough, coarse-grained, durable in contact with the soil, and easily separable into thin layers; it contains numerous thin nu'dullary rays and bands of large open ducts marking the layers of annual growth, and is dark brown, with thin light brown or often nearly white sapwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is O.filHH, a cubic foot weighing '.V.).'M ])ounds. It is largely used in the interior finish of houses and cabinet- making, and for fences, l)arrel-hoo])s, and in the manufacture of baskets. According to I .marek ' the Black Ash was cultivated in the King's Garden at Paris in 17S(>. Transplanted from its native swamps it is a short-lived tree," and in cultivation one of the least beautiful and satisfactory of the Ash- trees of the Atlantic states. ' l>u-l. ii. .")1'). 11u> Fmrih'ts rr Xorn ArujlUit pinni^ f'tUnrum in murrnnfm prty- iturliorilnt,i of .MilliT {IHfl. X.i. .">. — DiiIkuir'I, Trnil,' ilr.< Arlms, i. -IS) iiiiiy Ikivi' been tliis s|HM'iis. ■ Tli(> increase ill the tliaiiiptor of tho trunk of thf Hlin-k Asii is uonietinit-.s rcnmrkably slow i.i the ease of a tree j^rowinj; in rii-h moist Mtil, wliifli nsii:illy proilnces r;i|iilor_v in New York is twenty-two iiu-hes in (lianu-ter insiile tlie hark, anil hiys two linintreil anil thirty-fonr layers (*f annnal ^routli. the |mt1. A leaf, natural size. C, A winter braiichlct, natural size. t : ii m: ■ n " ( SiW l)iii;r-shapeil or lanceolate, acute, half an iiu-h loii<;, and coated with thick hrowii tomentnm. The flowers are sometimes perfect and sometimes tniisexual hy the ahortion of the stanuMis. the two fiu'ins occurrinjj in the sanu! panicle. The calyx is cup-shaped analll'l>^tlllo^y in lln^ .Scluinl uf Mines at Culnniljia (.'(illi'jjc, was iloratkms omi Surr,,i< to ascrtilin the muft I'nirtii-a! . iV \'ertieal seetioii of a fruit, natural size. ID. Vertieal seetion of a seeil, enlarged. II. An embryo, enlarjjed. \'2. A braiieli with pinnate braves, natural size. lu. A winter luanelilel. n.atural si/.e. %,. i I i 1 i i ' If 11 1 1 '. II 11 '! Si Siiv a. of oorih A:ne:'.ca /" / ^lUt'fi liti I?4)f.tU FRAXINUG ANOMAl.A i \ 1 H A •fa'tfrtt.r JiifW ' hifi . f Tlififuf /' * I'i I-' OLEACEj' Li or s Fraxinu Siulwi Fraxinu r.'H ( r,in-r Cent. WiiLs. Tm:i Fraxinu A stout ol trunk-, ' (U'cply braucltl tliiik w ol'tlMl I slifrhtlv TIr- le;i wliieh i fully ff iuclies l(Mllfts at the I'ounilf wlu'u • ispcoia yi'Uow- Iwiirs a iiiMily rcticuh leaves, butls 11 t'oatctl in tlio sK'iiilei li)l)es. lo'ii? ; of an eniarj;' elavati OLKACE^. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 41 FRAXINUS VELUTINA. Ash. Leaflets 3 to 1), lanceolutc to oval, entire or serrate, the lateral short-petiolulate or subsessile. Fraxinus velutina, Torii'v. lumnj^ l!>i'- MO (ISIS).— ( IST,"). _ Rothrock. Wheeler's Hep. vl. 185, t. 1^2.— Siulw.irth. Hn'- !<'■<■■ 'I;/'-'-'. IS'.fJ. .VM. C.villf, Cmtrih. V. S. \at. Herb. iv. J4S {Hut. Death Fraxinus piataciaefolia. 'I'micv, J'^ici'/ii' I!. U. Jie/i. iv. I''ille,i Kj-i„il.). IL'SflSjti); /int. Me.r. Hull ii'l. Sun: W). — iinxhy. Jiiill. Fraxinus piataciEufolia. var. coriacea. (iiiiy. Si/n. Fl. Tiirrnj lint. Vlnli. \\. ."i I. — Iltin^lcy. Hut. Ilinl. A Cent. ii. .'ill.">. — (ir;iv. .Si/ii. fl. .V. .!'». li. jit. i. 71 .V. -Iw. ii. lit. i. 71 (1S7S). — Wcn/ig. But. Jahrb. iv. l.s-j. Wal.soii, I'roi-. Am. .Intil. xviii. 111!. — .Sarjjciit, forest 'Fraxinus Americana, var. pistnoiaefolia. Wiiizit;. Hot. Trrrs .V. .till. Wh Ceii.tiiK C. .S'. ix. lOti. Fraxinus coriacoa. W.itson. .Iw. .V'(/. vii. oD'J (in part) .l.i/ii-l,. iv. ISL' (lSS;i). — Wesmail. J!iill. iW. Hot. Uelij. xsx. KIS. A trco. tliirty to forty IVct in licif^lit, with ;i trunk rarely exccfiliiii;' uij;lit incites in (lianiptor, and stont ol'tfii sprcadiiifj iiraiR'lics wliii'h usually form a rouiul-toiiiicil liandsoiin- liuad. Tito l)urk of uie trunk, wliifli varies from a tliitd to a half of an ineh in thifkness, is j;tay sliohtly tinj^iMl with red, and deeply divided into hroad Hat hrokoii ridi-vs separatinj; on tiie surface into small tiiin scales. The hraiu'hlets tire slender and terete, ;iud are coated, when they iir>t appear, with pale puhesceiice or with thick white tomentuni ; and in their iirst winter they are red-hrown or ashy i;iay. >;lal)ioiis or tonientose, often covered with a j;laucoiis hloom, anil marked with small pale lenticels and with seiuiorhicular slijjhtly ohcordate leaf-scars, in the middle of which appears a Innate row of lihro-vascular huiidle-.scars. The leaf-liiids are acute, and an eij;hth of an inch loii;^, with three pairs of hroaUy ovate pointed scales which are coateil with thick ritfous tomentiim ; tlie inner scales lenntheii on the yoiin^' shoot, and when fully f^rown are half an inch Ion;;, strap-shaped, and rounded :it the apex. The leaves are three to six inches loiiij, with stont <;rooved petioles, and from three to nine ^talked or sometimes nearly sessile leallets ; these are lanceolate or rarely ohovate, occasionally falcate, lon^r-pointed and ticiite or rounded at the apex, or sometimes nearly oval, wedLTi-shaped and often deeurrent on the petiolule or une SILVA OF yoliTIl AM FEW A 01.KACEVE. Frar-.nu. velutlna rangos from the n,ountai„s of wesf^rn Texas through southern New Mexico .n.l Ci on to southern Nefada and the Punan.int Mountains and .l.e sh-,.. of Oweu s Lake .n south- 1^ C^ fo n^ • it is conunon and .idely distrihnted in nouhern Mexi.. an., occurs u. Lower ilLfl is usuallv found ,ro.in, in the nei.hhorhood of streau.. n. elevated canon, and occlsilnallv on dry me.., when the leaves are thick and coriaceous and aro sometnnes coated ..th '^"^^n'^inr"::^... ./.... is ..avy, r^her soft, not stron,. ..nd close-.rained ; H contains fl,;,, n,e.lullirv nvs and is li-ht brown, with thick li-hter c-.lored sapwood. Ihe speciht ::r:.f .' ;: ::::«* ir-'-i i» "■«»'». » ™^>« '- -'^^^ ^"' '"'"■"- ■• •- '-'■ '"""" for ixi-iiandK s and in tlie manufacture of wagons. ;v;l».s. r,l.nu, was discovered in New Mexico in lS4.i by Colo.-.l Wuham IL Lmory' whde i„ the conunuml of a military reconnaissance from Fort Leavenworth n. Missouri to ban D.ego n> ^'"^'^InlL towns of southern Arizona and northern Mexico Fnuunns r.Mhn, is often planted in the streets and on the borders of irripitins ditches for the shade alVorded by its abundant fohaRe. , CoviUo, C„.n. U. S. Xa. >!.„. iv. 148 (... I>c.U^ V„.y ^ T, S. „n..„.....e, /V,.. C... Aea^. »er. .. il. 1«. U'l. ,aja O..). • See iv. tiO. Expefl.). I' EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Plai.' CCLXVII. FuAxisrs vki.utixa. 1. A tlMWoriin; Wuiwh i.f tli.' stiuiiinntp trof, n.ilurttl size. 2. A tiowMini; Lranch of tlic i.istiUatc trpo. natural siio, 3. A -itaininatp flowor, ciilarKcd. 4. A iiislillate IIowit. enlar|;pil. 5. A fruitini; liraiii'h. iial:iial nhe. 6. Fruits of (liffcriMit forms, natural she. 7. Vertical >ccti(in "f a fruit, soiiuwh' ■. cnlarRcd. 8. A seed. ciilarRi'il. 0. An I'lnliryo, culargi'd. I i t i 1 n' 'i'H n is llj: Ml \ I I Silvfl 'M Hon): AtiU'Uv-i II , 1- J it 1 i /:,.,-.'': 'HAXINUS VEI.UTINA Ton .'/ Iiiii OLEACKA BILVA OF NORTH AMElilCA. FRAXINUS AMERICANA. White Ash. 13 Leaflets 5 to 9, usually 7, ovate to oblong-lanccolato, mostly acute, pale on their lower surface. f A Frazinus Americana, Linna>iia, Spec 1075 (1753). — (,'u»ti(;lioiii, Vimj. neijli Sidti I'mti, ii. '.'44. — Wulter, /■'/. ('(ir. '.'54. — Willili-now. Herl. Jiditmx. IK); .S'/wc. iv. llO'Jj Ennm, 1000. — MmlilciilierK & Willdrnow. Seiie ScliftJ'l. (ifHell. Xiit. Fr. Jlerlin, iii. Itld't. — N'alil, Knum. i. 4'.l. — IVniooii. Sijn. ii. C04. — Soiii'mii Ihihiiinel, iv. ('),'(. — DfHfiintaiiu's, lli»t. Arli. i. Wi, — l)ii .Mdiit , I'roilr. viii. J77. — DiirliiiK- iipti, ^V. ( 'mtr. I'll. 3, '.'.18. — ( 'liapnmii, Fl. 'MV.^. — I'lirtid, Ti'c/j. (teolnij. Sun: y. Car. 1800, iii. 54. — Kim'Ii, Demlr. ii. '-'52. — Lauolii'. Deiilnr/ir Dimlr. cil. 2, IfiJV — (iray, .S'l/H. ^Y. X. Am. ii. |it. i. 71. — .Sarj{ent, Furest Trent A'. Am. lO/Zi CniMn I'. S. ix. I(t7. — WViinn. /Inl. Jnhrli. iv. 180. — Walmin iV CiiiilliT, (inii/'n .)/ni,lr. Fl. '.".';t. Fraxinua acuminate, Lamarck, Pirf. ii 7 (I78C). — lldrkliaiiKcn, llninlli. Fursf. Hut. i. 8'_'l. - Hhhc, .Mini. Inst. ix. '.'05. — Uii Mont (In CourHct, Itnt. Cult. cd. '.', ii. .580. — l»iir»li, Fl. Am. S,/,t. i. 9. — Niittall. ^V/,. ii. '.'31 ; Si/lca, iii. 04. — llayius Dt-mlr. Fl. '.".'0. — Klliott, Sk. II, 672, — Roemcr & Sohultci. Si/it. i, 277. — Sprenj;!'!, Si/sl. i. 95. — Darliiij^oii, Fl. Cr.itr. e<\. '.', 8. — Don, tieii. Si/Ht, iv. 50. — Kinerson, Tren Mans. od. 2, ii. 370, t. 7 Frazinus Juglandifolia, Lamarck, Diet. ii. 548 (1780). — Hiwc, Mim. luxl. ix. '.'09. Frazinus Caroliniensis, Wangenlicini, yimlam. IMx. 81 (1787). Frazinus Canadensis, Ga-itncr, Frmt. i. 222, t. 49 (1788,. Frazinus epiptera, .Michaux, Fl. Ihr.-A m. ii. 250 (180,3). — Valil, Fuum. i. 50. — Willdi'now, Spn: iv. 1102: Jii-rl. Itiiitms. I'd. 2, 147. — I'tTHoon, Sijn. ii. ()II5. — DeKfim- taiiii's. Hint. Aril. i. 103. — Poiret, Lam, Diet. Suppl. ii. C71. — Nuttall, Oen. ii. '.'31. — l'nr»h. /'/. Am. Se;,t. i. 8, — Klliott, SI,: ii. G72. — Hocmcr & Sclmltcs, Synt. I. 278 SpicnKcl. Sjt.it. i. 90. — Don, Oeu. Si/st. iv. ,5,5. — London, .irl'. liril. ii. r.'37. — llookcr, Fl. linr.-Aiu. ii, 50. — Dc Caiiilollt', I'ni'lr, viii. 277. Frazinus Americana, var. latifolia, London, Arli. lirit. ii. 1232 (18.38). — I). ,L Hrownc, Tree-t of Amerirn. 395. Frazinus Americana, var. normale, Wcsniacl. JIull. Sne. IM. lt,l.f. XXX. 107 (1892). Frazinus Americana, var. acuminata, Wcsniad. Hull. So,: Hot. 11,1,1. XXX. 107 (1892). Frazinus Americana, var. epiptera, Wcsniael, Jlull. Soe. IM. IM.j. XXX. 107 (18'.t2). I 1 A tree, somctinips ono liiiiidri'd and twenty fwt in licifjlit. witli a tall massive trunk five or six feet in iliaiiieter, altlii)uriin a line of conspieiioiia fibro-vaseidar bmidli-scars ; later the branches iilii'^i'('iii't>; tilt' Ncali'M of tlu> iiiiuT row arc aUii acrrcHt't'iit, ami wIiimi I'lilly ^ihwimiii' Itvn tliiir an inch lon^', ovate, pointed, keelcil, NonietimeM NJi^rlilly piiinalitiil, prieen, tiii^eil with liioivit tow, Mil the .i|ii'\. roNeri'ii with pelhiiid spots, anil vei'v lilHttiiiiH. The leaven itre ei^hl In twelve iMrhex ion;;;, with stunt ^jtoipmiI |M'licih'H anil tiu' to nine Ktiilkeil lealletn ; theie ari' ovate to iihion^'iaii j.ite, ^rrnei'allv taliati', lon;;-poiiiteil, iine(|ually Wetl^re-Hliapeij or oi'trn ninnileil at lliii liaiut, itinl eiiliie or reniiitelv anil olisi'iirely eieiiniale-serrate ; when they iitil'olil they are thin anil (rIahroUM, or hoiiieliiMi'it pnhoeent on till' lower siirl'aee. anil at maturity they are thiek anil lirni, oi Nulicoriaeeoun, ilaili ^riell iinil iit'ten histrons ahove, pule, I'reipiently Hilvery white, and frlaliroiiH or pulieNeeiit helow, three to live ineileH Inn;; and an inrh and a hall' to three inches wide, with liroad pale niidrilm eonipri'xHed ahove, and many eonspienons veins arenate near the mar;;ins. The leaves appear late in the xprin^, and I'all eurlv in the autumn alter turnin;^ on some individuals deep purple and mi others clear liri){hl yellow, j'lie llowors o|ieii hel'ore the leaves, and are produced, the iiiaies ;iiid females on separnte planiM, in compacl or ultimately elongated glahroiis panicles from liiids covered with dark ovate scales ronnded itl the aped and sli;;lilly keeled on the li.ick. The lower hracts are olilon;i;-ovate, narrowed at the ape«, li^hl ((leeii and rather loii^^er than those at the hase of the lateral Howers of the ultimate divinioiis of lhi> liillit- resceiiee, which are liiu>ar, one third of an inch in len;rtli, and caducous. The calyr liefore the anthers of tree^ in (he n<>!"hliorhoiid shed their pollen. The fruit, which varies from an inch to nearly two iiicln's in len|{lh, or sometimes, on trees in the (iiilf states, is less than half an inch Ion;;,' is produced in crowded chl«|er>i six or ein^ht inches Ion;;, and lian;;H un the leallesH hranehes until midwinter ; it is lanceolate or oldonUi and surrounded at the hase l)y the persistent c.ilyx, with a short terete ohion;; mar;;inleNs eoniipieiioil«lv many-rayed hody much shorter than the thin terminal win<; which is pointed or emar;;inale at the aped, Frn.i'iniin Ann riraiin, which is oik- of the most valuahle timher-trecs of eastern North Aliieijeai ii« distrihuted from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, ami southern Ontario'' to northern MiniieNola ; it I'linue* Honth to northern Florida, central Alahama and Mississippi, and west in the I'nilcd iSlalen to eiinlern Neliraska ' and Kansas, the Indian Territory, and to the valley of the Trinity Itiver in TenaH, In hllich of this ;;reat re;;ion it is a common inhahitint of the forest, ;;rowin;; in rich rather iniii«l noil on low hills or often in the nei;;lihorhi)od of streams, and attainin;; its ;;reatest size on the fertile lioDoiri lands of the hasin of the lower Ohio Uivcr. In the south, and west of the .Mississippi Kiver, ihe While Ash is less common and of smaller sl/.e, and produces le.ss valuahle wood, than in the nortlieatilern and central states. The w 1 of Frii.ihiiiK Aim rlninn is heavy, hard, stronp;, eoarse-;;rained, and loii^h, Mlllion(tli ultimately hrittle ; it contains numerous ohscure medullary rays and rows of lar;;i' open iIiicId cleiilly markin;; the layers of annual ;;rowth, and in slowly f;rowii specimeiiH often occiipyiii); nearly llie (illfilii width of the annual rin;;s. It is hrown, with thick li;;liter colored wipwood. The hpecillc ^ravily of I he ahsolutely dry wood is ().i ' Tim siimll-fniiteil varii'ty, llrst noticed in northern Kloriiln, wiu Fmximu Curtissii, Viimiy, Ciil, Fiirril Trrrt If S. W ( MTrt), clpHiTibed !))■ (imy n« ; — 'Hie fruit of all tlio Aini'rinin Aah-lri'i'ii, liowiifur, vkHhk Hi piI/ii, I'ratium Amrrimna, vnr. micrncnrjia, Si/ii. Fl. N. Am. ii. pt. i. 75 (inil it is not iiniomiiion lo lliiil the liirifiHl miil aiiMilli'al tniM* "I (1S78). — S,ir(;piit, FiirnI Trrm .V. Am. Wth Cmaua U. S. \t. /•'mrinii.i /lm,TiV(iii(i niiii'il tonclliiir on ii iiiii|[lii lifmiili lew. — Mohr, (limlm awl Fuml, v. ,W8. '' lininit, dil. I',;/- /.i.'/. 'Vei. II. ,Mii n, t'lil, I'm,. I'l I .'IIO Friuima alliicuns, Butkliy, /'w. I'hil. Aaul. IHC'.', 4 (in imrt). » IJciwi'), IIM. Kiprr. Sliil. Melmithi, iv. iirl. ty, HI, I OLKACK/K. S//.rA Oh' XOHTII AMHIilCA. 4S ill tlut iiiiuiiiriictiiri' of aKriiiiiltiiral iiii|ili'ini'iitN, for tlu> liiiiitllcH of toolx, in riirriap'-liiiililiii^, for ourH iiikI fiiriiitiirf, iiml in the interior lliiisli of liiiililin)rM. Tlit> inner liark of tin- Wliitu Anii Iuin bi'i'ii HUvccHHfiilly «'ni|>loyml in ilyHiiu'norrlMi'a,' anil in lioiiuL'opatliic praeticu.'' The earlii'Nl rapid ^rowtli of the Wliite Asli, its freeihiiu from disease and the attacks of insects, its denso crown of lar^e dark ^reeii leaves, its clean ;ri'ay trunk, the lieauty of its folia^rc in nntuinn and of its Icalless hranches in winter, make the White Ash, in spite decoration of parkM and Htreuts than any other American Ash.'' ' iJuhiMun, .Uiiii. Mil. lUil. S. Am. '.'111. - IL S. /)i.|M'iii-H It'.HM iijilt' to tf^iint tin* rll'-'cU ui w K'HH '' MilUpniigb, .\m. .Mfil. IH. in llmnirn/tnthii- Uinnntif^, ii. 1117, t. rii)iMlty tliiiii tlu> firci'ii AnIi. In thu t'Ii>viit4-(l ri't^ioiiH iil' <'i-ntnil I.'IT. Kiirnpi' it in innic |irniiiisiM|; 111 II tiiiilMT-lrri' ; iiiiil, nn it liiyiiiH to • Frariiuu foliiiiiti intefftrrimU, lii'J. — Uoyrii, Ft. Lfijd. I'ru'lr. f;ruw tlirn* fully twu wt'rkfi liitrr in tlio nouNuit tliiin tlit* Kiiru|H'iin tKV\ (I'xi-I, Hyn. Cnti'Hhy). Fntrimtii fifrhinr, it p'lirrally i!I tlio otTcvtrt of liitu itpriiig • Hurl. Km: iii. Uri. — I,oiiiloii, .trh. Ilril. ii. I'JIt'i, f. IftVi, t. fpoHti, which often ilcHlrny tlii' tcriiliT »lioot« of that treo. (Snc H. • KsprriiiifiitH ill furent'iihiiitiiif; have lH.'eii miuje iu roceut yeura JIurtig, .lu.i/. Huh. Jlaiftr. Staalficitht. 'M) [FurAt.-tmt. Utit. IHU'J].) !| I ii ( i" rT EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PlATK CCLXVIM. FkAXIMS AMKRl(A>fA. 1 A flowering bninch of tl.o sU.ni.iato Iroo, natural siio. 2. A Howling l.ran.l. of the pistillate i.e.., natural «uo. 3. A staniinatu llowur. cnlarguil. 4. A piatillat.' Howcr. enlarged. 5. Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged. I'l.ATK CCLXIX. FuAXiNi't Amf.kicana. 1. A fruitintj liraneli. natural »i?.e. '_'. A fruit, natural she. ■A. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. 4. A seed, enlarged. 5. An eniliryo. enlarged. fi. A leaf, natural si/.e. 7. A winter branchlel. natural size. 8. A cluster of fruit of the variety mirrtmirpa, natural M7.e. I i) : I !' -e ^ a :!va iii' North Anifiri'- Tab. C'-LXVr, f ' /■' /■',U ./ r^ttlflif J'i.r / •' >!: ; r ^ill « n M . 1 A ' 111! X ( ■ /: .Ki.:'i, ,t,- i i ti FRAXINUS AMF'.RICANA A Jfu; tfU,.! .UttM 'Y' ^ Jiiritti/ Pijn.'f oleacea; i>lU'A OF NOUTII AMEIilCA. i! 1 1, s. FRAXINUS TEXENSIS. Mountain Ash. LkafI-ETS usually 5, ovate to broadly oval, rounckal or slightly acute at the apex, pale on the lower surface. FraxinuB Texensis. Fraxinus albicans, Hii('''.li'y, I'l'ur. I'hil. Aiml. 18(')2, 4 I in |i:irt). Fraxinus coriacea, Watson, Am. yul. vii. .'id'J (in i);iil) (1H73). Frnxinua Americana, viir. Texensis. Gray. Si/n. /•'/. .\'. Aw. ii. |it. 1. 7.") (1H7H). — SarKi'nt. F'lrtst Tire.i .V. Am. \W/i Cciisii.i r. .S'. ix. lOH. — Wi'iizij;. Hot. .hilirh. iv. l.S'J. —Coulter. Cviifrlh. f. .S'. .V/(/. Herli. ii. 'Ju'J (Man. I'l. \y. Tf.ra.*), — Ki'Vii'chon. Garden ami Forest, vi. .VJ1. A trt'i', rarely fifty feet in lu'ijjflit, with ii .sliort trunk occjisioimllv two or tlirw feet in diiuuetLT, iinil tliiflt sprcadinfj often contorted l)ninelies; or iisuiilly much sniiincr, Tiie burk of the trunk is half to three (luarters of :in iiicli in tliickiiess, ihirk \t,V'\.\< mik! ilei'|ily divich'd liy narrow fissures into hroad scaly rid};;es. Tiie liran<'ldets are stout and terete, and when tiiey lirst appear are (hirk ex, wedire-shaped, rounded or sometimes sli<;'ht!y cordate at the hase, and coarsely erenulate-serrute mostly ahove the nuddle ; when they unfold they are li<;'ht j^reen slijrhtly tinned with red. and pilose with occasional pale caducous hairs; and at maturity they are thick and firm, dark g'reen on the upper surface, pale and sometimes silvery white on the lower surface, two inches to two inches and a half lon^ and an ineii to two inches wide, with hroad nddrihs dee[ily imjircssed ahove and often furnished lielow with tufts of short wiiite hairs in the axils of the nunu'rous conspicuous veins which fork near the marij[ins and are connected hy coarse reticulate veinlcts. The male and female flowers, which are home on .se[)arate individuals, appear early in .March as tiu' leaves tie-in to unfold, and are produced in compact f^lahrous paidclcs developed from the axils of leaves of the previims year and covered in the hud hy ovate rounded iuanu;t'-colored scales. The hracts are narrowly ohovatc, nunidcd or acute at the apex, scarious and early deciduous. The staminate flower is composed of a minute or nearly obsolete slijfhtly four-lohed calyx and of two staie.ons with short filaments and linear-ohlong lij;ht purple apiculate anthers. In the female flower the calyx is ohionijf, cup-shaped, and divided to the hase into four acute lobes; the ovary is <;'radually narrowed into a lon<>' slender style terminatinf'' in two hn<>e stigmatie lolies. The fruit, which hangs in short compact clusters, ripens in May ; it is spatulate or oblong, surrounded at the base by the per.sistent calyx, and half an inch to nearly an inch in length, with a short terete marginless many-rayed body about one third as long as the terndnal wing, which is usually rounded or .sometimes emarginate at the apex. Fr(t.amts Tcxcnuls, whidi grows on high dry limestone bluffs and ridges, is distributed through 48 SILVA OF XOliTIl AMh'filVA. OLEACEX ^''' ""' "'"''• r,, ■ i. i,.,.,vv lnr.l stronsr. un.l i-..arso-|rrainc(l, with numerous ohscuro "'-:ir;::"t:t::::::: ::'rt,n. h.. .... ... .0,,, ,„ .,-,«, .»..>, 1 St'O i. »«. EXl'LANATION OK TIIK PLATE. PI.ATF. CriAX. Kk\ximv4 Tkxkn^is. 1. A llowrvin- l.ii.iH'li "f 111" 'Uwuiv.dr live, imturiil nu'. '.'. A tlowirinR l.ii>n,l, ,.f iIm^ ,.i«tilliiU' tnc. luilural »U.'. .'!. A Ktiiiiiiniiti- tlowi'i', i'nl»rK'ruii. I III It i'lll 1 I Hi I !.i i r'RAXINUS TEXENSIS ./ .'il.utft,.! .hl.' Inifj I I'ti/nur Punt 'tA OLEACE^. SILVA OF NOnTJI AMEllICA. 41) FRAXINUS PENNSYLVANICA. Red Ash. Li:ai'u;ts 7 to J), ()l)l()n}i;-limc('()liitt' to ovate, mostly coarsely serrate, clothed on their lower surface like the young shoots with velvety imbescence. Frnxinua Pennsylvnnica, .Maislmll. Arhimt. Am. Til B'raxiuua pubescens. ft longifolia. Valil, Enum. i. .VJ (IT.S.'i). — • KiM'li, Ihiii/i: ii. -.VI. — L:iiiclii', Itciit.-uhr Deiiilr. nl. L'. Kl.'i. 1. "i;!. — Siiilwuitli. lirii. ,V,r. Ai/rir. IH'I'J, ;!'.'li. — Kofhiie. />r„t.i.-/ie l),„,li: ."ill. f. '.Ml, V. II. Fraxinus pubescona. [.aiiiarili, /'/'■'. ii. ."p|8 (I7.S(>). — WalliT, /■•/. (■,(/•. '.'."il. — Will.leiiow, Hn-I. ISmiiii::. I III; S/„:: iv. 11(i;!: /■;,/„«,. KlOK. — limkliaus™. Ihii,//,. Fnrnt. Hit. i. H'J7. — MiH'lili'nbi'rj^ & Willilt'iiow, .\V//r (l.Sdl).— Will.li.mnv, Sj,n: ii, IKLl. — Piir.-li. /'/. Am. Si'/,f. ii. 9. — Lnudciii. Ail/. Urit. ii. 1 '_'.".'!.— Dc Can- .Icill,.. rni,/,: viii. 'J7«. Frajiinua pubescens. y latifolia, V;ilil. Enum. i. .''i^ (ISiM). — Willcli.iiiiw, .S/,,',-. iv. 1104.— I'll ish. Fl. Am. Si'/,t. i. '.(. — Ilayiii'. Jh,i,/i: Fl. ^".'3. — Lumlmi. Arb. lirit. ii. VS.u'..- I)e Caii'l.illc, /'/We. viii. L'T.S. Srhrifl. (li.tfll. ynl. Er. liirUn, iii. li'.l.'i. — Valil, Enum. Fraxinus pubescens. var. subpubcsceus, I'ltsochi. .S'//". i. ."il. — • IVl'siuill. Sijll. ii. liOI. — .\iiiirifiil Ihiliniiifl. \\, 6L'. — Dt'sf.inlaiiii's. Hist. Arli. i. III'.'. — Du Mont ilc Cmir- ii. (iO.'i. — l'iii>li, /■■/. .!«<. .Sr/,f. i. ;i.— Luuilijii. Afl). Hr!t. ii. rj:il. - 11.. CaiKlcillr, l'i-a,li: viii. 'JT.S. si't, lint. {'lilt. I'd. '.', ii. ."iSl;. — I'mvtli, Fl. Am. ,SV//^ i. Fraxinus lontiifolia. lidsc.. MiUn. In.it. ix. 'M) (1K(IS). i). — KofiiiiT iV. Srliulto.s. Sijst. i. '.'7'.l. — Niillall. (lin. ii. Fraxinus subviUosa. lidsc. Mini. In.it. ix. '.'(i;i i ISIIS). 'SM. — llayiii', Dciulr. El. 'J'.'.'i. — Klliott, .SV,-. ii. (i7;>. — Fraxinus tomentosa. .Miiliaax I'. Ili.it. Art'. Am. iii. II'.'. Hiirciigel, Si)st. \.\)'t. — Dim. '.'<■». .S//.<^ iv. ."i."i. ~- llmilii'i-. I. it (I SI.'! I. /'/. H'lr.-Am. ii. ,"il. — Di' Canilnlli', /';-<»/r. viii. i.'7H. — ? Fraxinus discolor. Haiini'siiia.. /■'/. /.('(/'H'/-. .')7 ( 1S17 ). — KiiU'i'smi. Trii.i .)/•(.<.«. .'i.'i7. — Harlinntmi. /•'/. ( 'ix^;'. cil. .'!, Spai'li. Hist. I'i'i/. viii. '_".I7. 'Jli'.l. — ('lia|iinaii, /•'/. :<7il. —t'intis. l,;/i.t;,.„ln,/. .Siirr. Fraxinus Americana, vmi. pubescens. I). .1. liinwin'. ,Y. Cm: ISlid, iii. ."i I. — Ci-a.v. .s'vh. El. .V. .1"'. ii. pt. i. Tms nf An„ri,;i. ,",;i.-. ( lS.|t'i|. 7"i. — Kiil^jway. /'/■"'■. 1. S. S'nt. .Mils. ISS'J, (i'.l. — Sar- Fraxinus oblongocarpa. liiiikliy. /'/■'"'. I'liil. Arml. gi'iit, E„,;:if Trim X. Am. \{)tli Cfnsiis V. S. ix. KIS. — ISCi'.'. l. Wiii/i);. Ilnl. .hiUrb.'w. IS;!. — Watson it C'uiiltiT, f//'i(^'.< Fraxinus viridis, var. pubescens, llitcliTOck. 'Trims. Ht. Mm. 1.(1. <;, .'!.'itj. l.nnis Aniil. v. ,".07 (IS'.H ). 1 A tR'o. forty to sixty tVct in lici^'lit, with a trunk rawly cxi'iii'din^' ciivhtccn or twenty ini'lics in tlianiL'tor, and stout iiprij^'lit twijr^y liranciii's wliii'li form a compact irrod'nlarly sliapi'il head. 'I'lic liark of till- trunk is (inc iialf to twn tliirds id' an iiicli thick, lirown tinji'i-d witli red and slit;litly furrowed, tlie surface of tlie riiij^es sc|iai'atiiin' '"'" f'''" appressed .'scales. The liranchiets are sU'ndci' and terete, and when tliey lirst appear are more iir h'ss coated with |iale pidiescencc, wliich soiiietinu's continues to cover them until the secnnd or tliird year and often dis:ip|iears dnriiij;' llie tirst suiinuer; nhimately they hecome ashv j;rav or lii;'lit lirown tinned with red, and are freipiently covered with a j;laucims liloom, and marked with jiale lenticel.s and in tiieir tirst winter with seniieireular leaf-scars in which a]ipears a siiort row (if lar;;'e liliro-vasciiiar linmlK-scars. The leaf-liuils are aiiont an eighth of an inch ioni;', with tliree pairs of scales coated with rufous tonu'ntuni ; those of the outer jiair are acute, rounded on the back, and truncate at the ape.\ ; those of the second ami third pairs lengthen with the younj;' shoot and are shorter than liiose of the inner rank, which at maturity are often an inch or an inch and a iialf long and are .sometimes pinnately cut toward the apex. 'I"he leaves are ten to twelve inches long, with stout slightly gnioved |iuliesceiit petioles and seven to nine leallets ; these are oliloiig-lanceolate or ovate, gradnally narrowed at the apex into long slender points, uneipially wedge-shaped at the liase. and oliscurely serrate, or often entire lielow the middh'; when they unfold they are coated on the lower surface and on the petioles with thick white tomentum, and are lustrous and luiliernlons (in the \ipper surface ; at maturity they are thin and lirm, with conspicuous midrilts and branching veins, four 50 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. oleacka;. to six inches loiijr, an incli to an iiicli and a Iialf wide, lijrlit yt-'How-jfrnen on tlie iipiier side and palu on the undi'i' si(U', wliirli is coveivd, liki; tlic short thick "grooved pctiolulcs, with siliiy piiln'sccnce. In the autumn tlie leaves turn yeUow or rusty brown before falhnjjf. The liowers appear hite in the sprinfj us the h'aves bc(j {t-'nixiu't.i imhf.'irfti.'i). * Fnirititui Prntmiflrftuirti, var. /anrmtatit. Frazinwi jitf/Iantli/oliit, W'llUh'HoWt Ihrl. iitminz. U7 (not l.a- Uiurcli) (17%; ; .S/ht. [■■■. Hot ; ICuwn. KMiO. — Vuhl, lumin. i. .W. — IVrsoiin, Syn. ii. (JOt. — .\tmriivt Ihthnmrl, iv. (i;j, t. 111. — Aiton, /. r. — I*nrsli, hi, Ain. St/tt. i. '.(. — Kociiipr \: .*>('lH:ltf», Syst. i. *J7S. — Si»rrnj,n'l, Stist. i. '.Hi. — Don. ^»Vn. Si/^t. iv. ."». — Loiiilon,/. '■. l'j:«l, f. llHil, KHi'J, I, -(irav, Mnn. ;(7.'i. Fnixinus Ctwltniiiitit, WilliU'uow, Utrl, Hiium:. ll'.t (not MiUiT nor Laniarik) (17iK;); S/ur. iv. Il(i;t; Knum. KHIO. — ^ur^ll, /. c. — Nuttull, 'iVh. ii, L';tl. — Klliott, Sic. ii. tl7:i. — llavni', Dem/r. I'l. 'JJIl. — Sprcnffi'l, /. c. — Don, /. c. — Km Ijin', Deul.^rhf VeiO, 111'. — Ilcnmlpy, ISal. Iliol. Am. Cent. ii. IMI."*, ■— Hnr;,'i-^s, Hnt. (iazt'ttf, vVi. 11,5. — .Siir^vnt, Forest TrifH S. Am. le:,i Cimm I'. S. ix. KKI, — WiMlzij;, /. c. ISli. — ■Maioiin, ( 'ill. I (in. /'/. i. Illli. — Wat.-on ,t Coullcr, lirmj't Mnn. cd. ('., ;):ki. — Koi'hni', /. c. ,"il'.'. Friirlmu .1 m/riimKi, llooki'r, /•'/. Hur.-.liii. ii. ,"il (in part) (ls:tH). I'nijiuun /iPi/«jiyn.<, Torrcy, /'/. .V. )'. ii. l^X. t. (Kl (not l.tt- inank) (IHlll). i'riuiiiiig Amrririmil, viir. jiirjlnnli/iilut, D. .1. Krowrn'. '1'rce.i of .ImcriVH, :ilW (lH4(i). FriirmuK Sni'ir-Auiiil.T, Koili, Drnlr. ii. 'J.M (not Miller nor \Vanf,'rnlii'iin) (1H7'J). — Lamlju, /.'. iito/V /Vw/r. cd. '.', l(i'.', f. ."ill. I'rtuiuus .■\inrri^-'-M> i employed ace of the 7s:{. 1 1 is ualde tlian >s from tl'.e , l.-,e(l«ll) - .,„,;.>■. 1'j:w.— ihrb. iv. 1«1 — i:,, t. 10 (••xel. .Ml. •-',». .WJ.— iirific It. It. It'p. ■Ua,ltrl'.(!'-"I"'J- ,,V,'JHI.--I!(1I, ,-, ISut. Ilhl. .1 "'■ - Sargcut, Forr.il aig, I. c. IWl.— IT, llnii/'a Moil. ii. r.l (ill |iiirt) :, t. ltd (not l.n- liriiwiif. 'I'nr!< of , (not Miller iior r. 0.1. 'J, itw.f. •■>;). , Wi'Biimi'l, Bull. OI.EACKyK. SILVA OF N our 1 1 A Mimic A. shores of Lake Cliamplain in Vermont throujili tlic AppnI.iciiian rcifion to northern Florida, and west- ward to tile valley of tlic Saskat.'iiewan, tlie valley of tlie (lolor.nlo lliver in 'I'exas, the ea.stern iaii<>es of tlie Rocky Mountains, the Wa.satcli Uanj;(! of lllali, .ind (lie inoimlains of eastern and northern f nHi extreme forms it may distinynislieij from the lied Ash by its jflabrous lea [•hlets 1(1 by its rather narrower and siiorter and usnully more .Hliarjiiy serrate leallets, which are lustrous and briglit lillati' lliiwiT. I'ulai),'.'!!. A i'liiiliui,' I'lMUcli. Uiituial >i/.i'. Kruits of .lilViivut fniins. natural si/.o. Vortical seolion of a fruit. nat\iral size. ViM-li.'al s.'ctiiin of a m'.hI. i'nlar,;iHl. An I lulujo. I'ularui'il. A leaf, natural »i/.e. A winter l.ranililet. natural size. Pl.ATK 1 CCLXXll. Kkaxims Pknnsylvanica. r-ir. i.AxrKoi.ATA. A llowerint; I'raneh of the stMunnat.' tree, mtural si/.e. .;. A rtowerinK' luaueli of tlie i.i>tillate tree, natural si/.c. 3. Staniinate llo\ver>, eularf;eil. •1. A pi-'iillat.' tinner, eularireil. r«. Vertieal seetion of a Jiistil. iiilarp'il. 0. .\ fruiting liraneli. natural size. 7. Kniit- of dilVerent lorni,. natural size. K. Vertieal seeliou of a fr'iit. natvu-al size. ',». A secil. natural size. 10. A leaf, natural -ize. 11. A winter liranehKt, natural size. ll ii I ! -I i '"1 i h 1 '././*■*; .ift r ! li FRAXINUS P F, N N SYLVAN I CA W .V.'j'.v.y*./ titrf.i I \ \ I m ' ll 1 p^ 1 \ v: \ "^HX \/ '>:C^^^, FRAXINUS PF.NNSYLVANICA .7 .'k,>,...../ ,/;.-, w ■ LAN CEO I, ATA .:/Uft/\ /'itriA !l 1 -|r^ OLKACeiK. SlI.l'A OF Xoirni AMh'Ifff'A. S8 It: FRAXINU8 BERLANDIERIANA. Ash. Leaflets 3 to 5, oblong-laiuculato, iicutf or rouiulcd at tho apex, entire or coarsely serrate. FraxinuB Berlnndlerinnn, I)i' ('mi dlli', I'l-mlr. viii. '.'"S Fraxinim trialata. Itucklcj-, /'/■"''. /'////. /I™//. IMfi'.', fi. (INIJ). Kraxiuua pubuHcenB. vur. Burlandieriana, Wciuig, Jlof. Fraxlnus virldis, vur. Berlandiuriana, Turn'}-, //"/. Mfx. .hihrh. iv. iH.'i (Ihh,'I). Ilimiitl. .Sun: liltl (1S.V.)) (iiuv, Si/ii. /■'/. .\, Am. \\. Fraxiiiutt puboocuna, vnv. Lindbtiimeri. Wiii/i^;, llnf. Jit. i. "■>. — H.in.lfj-, Jt'it. Itiiil. Am. Crnl. ii. .'ill.V _ .l.,ln-l,. iv. IMl llSH:'.). WntMin, I'riir, Am. Afi'l. xviii. ll.'l. — Surijfiit, /'"/v^' Friixinus Amorioana, viir. Berlandieriana, Wvaiuui'l. Trers y. Am. U>t/i i'mtn, r. ,S. W. l()!t. — Cmilni-, y,', dark ^ray tinp>d with red, an iniii tn an inch und a lialf thick, and diviih'tl hy shallow intcrrnptcd lissurc.s into narrow ridges. The hranchlcts an* terete and slender, and when thi'y lirst appear are li;;ht j;reen, liccominj; in their lirst winter lif;ht brown tinned with ri'd, or ashy ^'ray. and niarkeii with occasional lenlicels and with tlu' small elevated nearly circnlar leaf-scars, which di-play a short row id iaii;c lilnn-vascular hundle-scars. The Imds are aente, with d.uk hrown pulicrnlons scales. The leaves are three to seven inches lon^'. with slender cdon;;atec| petioles anil three to li\e <;lalMons lealhls ; the>e are ovate or rarely oliovate, pointed or rounded at the apex, <;radnally iiarrowcil at the hase into Ioiil; iieliolnies, sharply and coarsely serrate nhove the middle with aente teclh, or sometimes almost entire, thick and coriaceous, ilark ;;'reen and lustrous on the upper surl'ace, p.der on the lower, an inch and a hall to four inches lon<;. and half an inch to an inch and a half wide, with prominent midrihs, and primary veins connected hy conspicuous reticulated veinlets. 'I'he m.di' and female llouers are prodnccil on diiVcrcHi individuals in short ({l.ihrous panicles inclosed in the Imd liv liro.iillv ovate ronndcd ciicstnut-l>ri>wn pulxscent siaics. The bracts are ohovate or lanccolali', ahoiit half an inch Ion;;-, covered with rustv pidiesccnce. and caducous. The staniinate llower consists (d' .1 minute oli>curi!v lolied calvx and two iiiicar-olplonn' apicidate anthers home on short tilaincnts. 'I'he calyx of the fcmaii (lower is cup-shaped, deeply divided, and as lonjr as the ovary, which is ;;radually narrowed into a slender stvie twd-lohed and stieiiiatic at the apex. The fruit, wiiicli is often three-winn-ed. is ovate or spatidate, suninnided at the base hy the ju'rsistent calyx, and an inch to an inch and a half loni^, with a slnut clavate liodv more or less mar<;'ined hy the thin wini^, which is ovate or id)ovate ami usually n.irrowed toward the acuti' or rounded apex. Frii.iiiiii.i Iil rliinilii riidiii ninws naturaiiv in the mountain forests of the state (d' Michoacan in southern Mexico, where it is |iiohalily widelv ilistrihute(l ; ' tiiroun'li the aLjency ..nn-:..a ... discovered by the Belgian botan.st - whose nan,e , eonnnenun.tes , / . 1 I'i,. r.rmde in .hdv, lSl>!t. For centuries it has been planted ni the cities w:!;;;;l!7:u:,«:: »oi.e 1™.,,,. .u.,,...,.....-.. .,oo.w, a.,.,., ».,.». ,„ ..u.i.„c» and beauty. , T, , ,,, „,,uv .,f a .p-i-n "f tl... woo.1 of tlu, specie, construction, for the intor.or Ih.ish of houses, and in the .,„u,..t,«- ..Uen IL . h.r, ..-ee cuKiv.te.l i -.hern Mexico ,s 0.5m a t„^ of tooU. ..nb.c foot weighing ilM pounds. In Mcxuo the wood „ used m bet .. S.. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. PLATF. CC'LXXIII. Kk.VXIMS liKUI.ANI.IKlllANA. L A llowerii.!; l.ianch of tin- staiuiniite tree, naln.al sue. U. A llowerinK l>rai.ch of the i.istiUati. tree, nalunil 8i/.«. X A sliiiiiiiiate flower, enlargeil. 4. A pistillate llower. enlari;e. A fniitint; l>raiuli. "Kitur.il si,o. G. Kniits of ililTereiil forms, natural si/e. 7. Vertical section of a fruit, natural Ki7.e. :l f OI.F.ACE* le absolutt'ly jiiiincinoratc's ill till' c'itii's 'tfu ilif^iiiticil in stiiteliness I in llii' iimmifiic- A \ I m\ ill" i M : i !l ! Ill 'If \ '^1 1 Ivi 'I I'i, : ':. n.: ■'I >i , 1 U:." :,. KKAXltlll;. I'.hl'l.AIllilKHlAMA IP OliEACE,*. SILVA OF NOnril AMEIUCA. FRAXINUS CAROLINIANA. Water Ash. Swamp Ash. 55 liKAi'LKTs .") to 7, oviitL'-obloiij.'-, acute, sharply >errato or entire, glabrous or pubescent. Fraxinua Caroliniana, Miller. Dht. id. .s. No. i; ( ITiiS), _ I)ii Koi, lliirlih. liiiiimr.. i. '.'ST. — Luiiiairk. I Int. ii. r,.l,S. _ Dii M„nt lie ('miisi't, IM. Cult. cd. •_'. Ii. ."i.Si;. — Hiu'ini'i' iV: Si'lmllos, Sijst. i. L'7!l. — Don. dfn. Si/s>. iv. .'i."i. Kuili. /Ifii'/i: ii. '.'."i.S. — l,:iiii'lii>. /ii'ii/x./i,- Ih'iulr. fil. '.', l('.:i. — Kiii'liiii'. I)n(t^i-hc ])rii,lr. ."ill. Praxiuua Amtiricaua. .Marshall, Ji-hn.it. Am. ."id (imt l.iii- iii.'iis) ilT.S.-i,. ?Praxinun junlandifolia, l.aiii.iirk. Dirf. ii. ."ilH (K.sr.). r. S. ix. 110.— Wen/if;. Vol. Jahrh. iv. IK I. — Watson iV C.iilli'r. Fraxir.us pauciflora. Nntlall. .s'y/iv/, iii. Cil, t. 1(I0 ( IS-IK), (l.S(i:>i. — Vahl, Eniiiv. i. ■!'.•. — WMMi'iiow. Sjiii-. iv. Fraxinua Americana, var. Caroliniana. 1). .1. Hiowni'. l!o:!. — IVr II, Siin. ii. CilCi. — Smii-niii Diilnimil. 7V.v,< ,;(■.(„„,■,■,.;. .",'.)S ( l.s.|(',|. iv. til. — Disfoniainis. U'isl. Ail<. i. lo.'i. — Miilianx f. Fraxinus Americana, var. triptera, D. .1. liiowm-. y'/x-.s Hint. Arh. Am. iii. I'.VS. 1. I:t. — rninl. /..;/«. 01.1. .;;' .I;/i.t;,m, ,".'.li» i I.HIH). Siippl. ii. ti71. — I'tir-li. /•'/. Am. Si-jit. \. '.t. - Itniinii- & Fraxinua Nuttallii. llinkli'v, /Vw. /'/(//. Anul. lSi;i). (41. .Si-lnilti's. Sijxt. i. L'7.H. — Nntl.ill. lim. ii. L'.'U. — llaviii', Fraxinus nitrreacens, Hin-kli v. /'(•"■■. I'h'd. Arm/. IKli-. ."i. liiiiilr. /•'/. L'L'I. — Kllii.tl. .S7,-. Ii. Cm.'!. — S|iivni,',l. .s'ys^ Fraxinua Cubensis. (MisiLai li. Cii. PI. Ciih. Mil (ISCi',). i. '.Hi. — Don, '/(■«. Si/.it. iv. .">. — Di- Camlolli'. frmli: Fraxinua platycarpa. var. Floridana. Wi^nzii,'. /.V. ./o/jr/.. viii. '.'77. — Clia|inian. /■'/. .".70.- Curii-i. /,'./,. Ilin/,,,/. iv. IS.") ( IS.S.'i). Siirr. .V. ''"/■. KSdll, iii. .'i.'i. — ( i niy. Si/ii. Fl. S..\iii. Fraxinua nigra. »Mlis|ii'f. Caroliniana. WtMnail. //"//. .S'./,'. ii. pt. i. 7."!. — .Sar^'l■llt. '.■Wist Tms .\.Am. UUli (Vn.sii.^ Jl.il. II, li/. s\\. III! (LS'll.'). Samarpses triptera. Ualinrs(|ur. .V. »• Fl. iii. '.i:i. A tree, rarely cxrcciliiii^ forty fivt in licinlit. with a tniiik soiiiftiincs twelve iiielies in iliameter anil sleiidef liraiiclies wliieli l'(iriu a narrow ol'ten loimil-topiieil lieail. The hark of the trunk, whiih vaiies from a sixteenth to an ein'hth of an inch in thiekiies.s, is lit;ht <;iav. niore or less marked with laroe irrei;iilarly shaped hrowii |)atehes. .and .separates into small thin closely appressed scales. The hianchlets are terete and slender, and when they tirst .ippear are linht e'reeii. and ^lahnais or ciiateii with riiious toiiieiituin which soon disappears; and in their first winter they are lii^lit hrown tinned witii red and s.)nieliines covered with a j;l,iiU'oiis hloom. lii;iit ^rav. or yellow, and occasinnallv marked with laroe |iale lentind row. The le.ives are seven to twelve inches lone-, witii eloni;Mled stout terete p.i'.e petioles and live to seven lone-stalked h'atiets ; these aie ovale or ohioiii;'. acuminate, and iisnaliy loPi;--|iiiintc(l or rarely rounded at the apex, wedee->haped or sometinu's rounded or snlicord.ite at the liise, .and coaiselv scrate with acute inciMved tii-th or entile ; when they unfold tin \ are pilose ahove and more or less covered with pale tomentiim lielow. and at maturity they are thick and linn, three to si.x inches loin;-, two to three inches wide, dark i^reeii on the upper surface, ami paler or sometimes yellow->;reen on the lower .sinl'ace. which is elahrons. or puhe.suent, especially alon<;' tiie conspicuous pale midrihs deeply impressed on the upper side, and the :i i ')(! S/LVA OF yoUTII AMKIUCA. (ii.KAi r..*;. iiuiiii'roiis arcuate Vfiiis ('oiiiu'cti'il l)V olisciiit' reticulate veiiilets. 'I'lie llowers ajiiiear in I'VhniaiT and Mareli. tlie malts aned in the hiid hv chest nnt-hrown [inliescenf scales. The hracts are ohovate. a third cil' an inch looi;-. iinuided at the apex, and cDateil with rusly |inhescence. The staniinate llower consists of a niimite or nearly ol)solcte calyx, ami of two or souietinies of fonr stami'ns with slender lijanients and liiu'ar a|ii(iilale .inlhers. In tiie |)istillate ilowei' the deeply divided anil laciniate cnp- sliapcd ealvx is as lony; as the ovary, which is uradnaliy narrowed into an elongated slender stvie two- lolieil and stin'niatic at the apex. The frnit is ellipt'cal. ohovale or spatnlate. frei|Ueiltly three-winged, snrriinndcd at the hase liy the persistent calyx, and often marked on the two faces hy a conspienons inipresM'd niidvein ; ti'c hroad thin wing, which is many-nerved, acnte. and rounded or emargiiiate at the apex, snrronnds the short compressed hody. and is usually narrowed helow into a stalkdikc hase. Frn.i'iiiiix ('iiriil'iiinniii inhaliits tile coast region of the .\llantic and (inll stales from southern N'irninia to Cape Canaveral and the Caloosa Itiver iti Florida and tiic valley of the Sal>ine liiver in Texas, ranging northward ihrough western Louisiana to southwesicin .Xrhansas. and occurring also on tile i>land of Ciiha.' In liie I iiited States it grows alwavs in deep often ainiosl impassahie rivei-swam|is. inundated during several numtlis of every year, under tiie sliaiie of tiie liald Cvpress. the lied M.ipie. tile Cotton (ium. tlu' Water ( tali, and the IJipiidamlier. The wood of Fru.i-iiDi-i ('iirolliiiiiini is light, soft. weak, ciosr grained, with remote oliscine medul- lary rays and iliicls; it is nearly white soiintimes tinged with vciiow.wilh tiiick lighter eoioicd sajiwood. The specilic gra\itv of tiie ahsoiiitciy dry wood is (I.!!.")!!, a cuhic foot weigliing 'J'J.OT pounds. The first desiription of Ffirimis i'ariiti\i-iy iiiirrt)n'-\vni;;f(l t'ritxtnus ('ttrnUnitmd, latiori fru'-tu. Mill* i', Ihrl. Nn. ('». — I>iilia- friiit. was iliscoviTi'il iti wt'stiTii Ciiita h\ Mr. I'liarli-s Wiit^Iil in lufl, 7V. (Sec (irisfltacli. Ctit. /'/. t'uh. 170 ( /■Van'ju.v f 'ii/i('ii.*/.v).) t-'ntriiiii.illunitit>iii,fotii.fftnf/u.tftiinliit,iulrinijHtiirumiu(ili.iprwluli.*, • F<'(utnH.< ( 'finiiiuetLtu, /uiiui iliKjuntmrthits utrimi'te tlfuiniittllU Itiuiiaiis. ,V'i/. //i.^r /•'/(trc/'j, -It. pihduli.', i. H(l, I. SU. » Mill.T. Ih:-l. ,.(!. 8. No. (i. - l.i.M.I Irl.^ I,nl li, I'JIW, f UKI.l, UHhl (/•'r«j-iNti.< jilitliiciir/m). KXI'I.ANATKiN OF illK I'l.ATI'.S. I'l.Arr. (CI.WIV. I'liAMSTs (' u;c'I.i\mna. 1. A lluwi'i'iii^ lii-ancli of the staiiiin:tti> tree, natural ^i/<> 'J. A lliiuirini; l>raih li i>f ilic jilstlllai,' |ri't>, natural "i/v. .'» iiii'l I. Sl.tuiiiialc tltiwrr-.. I iilar^'i'il. ."i. A pi"!!!!.!!!' till" IT, iiilaij,'i'il. Pl.ATK ('Cl.XXV. KiiAxiNis C'akiu.ima.na. 1. A frultiiiL' I'lajirli. natural xi/r. -, Vcrtii'ul soctittn of a fruit, natural si/,f. 3. A seed, njitiiral >!/«■. 1. A li'at, natural »i/.i'. .5. A wlnli-r liraiK'liU'l. na'uriil si/i?. (ii.i:ai'1'..e. 'Vbriuivy ami or ultimately ic oliDvatts n iiiiialc (lower with slender laeiniato ciiji- er style two- tliree-wiiiifed, 1 eonsiiiciioiis •mari;iiiate at •iilu' liase. roa\ soiitliern iliiue iiivei- in iirriiifi; also on river-s\vaiin>s, le lied Maple, liMMire medid- (iicd sajisvood. imls. ';ite>liy ill the ill ITl'l.' the niiot lie idiiiid i((. N(i. (J. — liuliii- nrtimiuitti.^ fiewluli.i^ ni. ii, fj;iri, f, uk;:), 'Hi I" H I ^1 \ FRAX1NU5 CAROLINIANA .1 ' y\\ 11 ; llv 1 I J I .1 :' I 1 , FRAXINUS CAROLINIANA OL VI Pr et( tni wii iiit (ir Cd' ll.M I.lt lar sen wil am l>u tlu SCI' pal tc\ tlls wil lat I.M ill III) nil mil of (li\ is < uLKAci;^:. aiLVA OF XOllTH AMERICA. 57 FRAXINUS OREGONA. Ash. Li:.vi'i.r.rs 5 to 7, ohhnv^ to oval, acute, the lateral sessile or rarely sliort-petiolulatc, vill()us-j)ul)esc'(nt while youiij^. Frnxinus Orenona. Nultnll. Si/lm. iii. .V.l. t. (I'.i (isi;t)._ Praxinus pubescens, var. fi. Honker, I'l. Hm-.-Am. ii. ".1 'I'lin-.y. /''ifiji,- /,'. A". /,'(•//. iv. 1-S. — NrwluTi-v. I'nriiir (IS.IS). //. //. /.'.//. vi. U'."i, .S7. — t'lHiiwr. /'.«■///.• /,'. n. Ite/i. xii. Fraxinus latifolia. I!fiitli:iiii, Hut. J'l^y. tiii//i/,iii: lY.i (not lit. ii. US ; Am. y.it. W. :m. — KiH-h. Ihu.lr. ii. '.'I'lli, — Willdciiiiw) (ISII). (May. Hreinr A- \y,it.<.„i I!;/, c,/. \. IT'.'; .s',/,,. /Y. .V. Fraxinus Oregona. /J. NiUtMll. .S///''"- "'■ •"■>'•' (l.S-l'.l). Am. ii. |it. i. TCi. — l.aui-lif. I>.-,(tsrl,r Jl,;„ii: ,d. L', l(lt._ Fraxinus Oregona, Viii-. riparia. Wiii/,i(r, J!„t. .Inhrh. iv. Siiri;c'iit, h'.n'isl Ti->.K X. Aw. \W/i Oi^.tus I'. ,S'. iv. |S7 (ISS.'l), 111.— Wcii/ig, H'lt. ,liil,i-h. iv. 1S7. — Kcichnr, Jiriiisr/,,- Fraxinus Amuricana. siilisppc. Oregona, Wesni.-u-l, Hn/l. Vfiulr. ,")11. ,s„,-. iV. Iklj. XXX. 11(1 (ISiCJ). A tree, fici|ui'iitly seventy or eighty feet in lieiirlit. witli a tall trunk oeeasioually four feet in diam- eter, anil stout liraurlus which t'onu a narrow u|irii;ht liead or !i hro.ul shapely erown. The hark of the trunk varies from an iiicli to an incli and a half in tliiekMiss. and is dark ^ray or lirown siinjitlv tinned with red, ;iud dee|iiv disii'i'd hy interrupted llssures into liinail li.il riiln'es whieii .sep.ii'.ile on the suri'aee into thin iiajieiy seah's. Tlie iiranchiets :ire stout and terete, and w hen they lirst appear are j;lahrous or more or less thickly coated with pale or rarely rufous silliv tomeutnm. wiiieh sometimes continues to cover them dm inn- their seciunl yen. and someliTiu-. disappe.irs durini;- tiieir lirst summer, when thev l)eeome iii^ht red-lu'oun or orani;-e-c(iior, n'kdiroiis or pulierulous, often covered with a slight <;lautous l)loom. and marked with smdl remote pale lenticels. and duriui^- their lirst and second winters with the larfie elevateil seniioiiiicular le.il'-sc;irs in which appeal' a slioit row of conspicuous tiliro-vii.seular hundle- sears. The leaf-huds-ari' acute, an eii;litli to a ipiarter ol an inch Imii;-. uilii tour pairs of scales covered with pale hairs or with rusty pidieseence; those of the iuiu'r rows wiu'ii fully s;ro\vu are eloni;ated and often foliaceous. The leaves are live to fourteen inches loui;, with stout nrooved and auj^led puheseent or ^lahrous jietioles and live to seven ieallets ; tiu-.e are oliiou^' (U' oval, irsuallv contracted at the ajiex into shiut hroad points, i,fradnaily narrowed at the ha.se, and entire or remotely and ohseurely serrate; when they unfold they are usually coateil (ui the lower sinface and on the petioles with thick pale tomentuMi, and are puhesceut oii tile u|iper surfice, (U' they are nearly glahroiis or pilose with a few scattered hairs; at maturity they are thick and lirni in texture, lij^ht nreeu ahove, paler and tomeii- tose, puliescent or pulierulous heiow, three to seven iiuiu's lonj;', and an inch to an inch and a half wide, with lunad pale miilrilis impressed aliove nspieuous veins arcuate near the margins, and reticu- late veiidets ; the terminal hallet is raised on a slender [letiolide often an inch in length, ami tiu' lateral li!allets are sessile or are horiu' on short st(Mit <;rooved stalks. The leaves turn yellow or riisset-hrown in the autunni, and tail early. The llowers, which appear in A|uil or May as the leaves he<;in to unfold, are produced, the males and females on separate imlividuals, in compact <;lahrous panicles covered in the hud with hroadly ovate scales coated with rufous pnln'sceiu'e. The hracts are oliovate, rounded, searious, a third of an inch loni--. and early deciihuuis. The .staminato flower consists of a minute calyx and of two stamens with short lilaments and short ohlouj;- apieulate anthers. The calvx of the pistillate llower is laciniately cut and shorter than the ovary, which is narrowed into a stout stvle divided into two (auispicuous stioiuatic lohes. The fruit, which is produced in ain|)le erowded clusters, is ohovate, .stirrminded at the base hy the persistent ealyx, and an inch and a half to two inches lon<;' ; I ' su.vA or xoirn/ amhhica. Ol.KACK.K. till" liody is clavatc- and slii-litly conii.ivsscd. witli niar};iiiiMl .'(If^ea wliicli <,n'a(lually widfii uinvaid into ;i loiiovi" wii.ir, which is inaiiy-iii'ivcd, and narrow.-d, ioimuKmI, apicnlatc, or sonu-tinii's t'inarf,nnutL' at th(> a|iox. l-'rii.rhni^ Om/iiii'i inliahits tlic ivjjion snrronndin-,^ the shores of rnf-ct Sound.' and ranjjcs soiitli- waid lliroMiih western Washinirtoii and Oieoon, tile ("alil'oniia <'oast rejrion as far soutli at h'ast as the HiiV of San Kianeisco, and alonj;- the west. to foothill.- of th.' Sierra Nmada to those of the mountains of San Hernardino and San Diej;!) eounties in soutlu'ru California. It ^nnvs usually in rich moist soil in the neiiihhorhood of streams, and attains its orcutest size on the Iw.ttotn-lands of the rivers of south- western (»rei;on. "here it sometimes forms with the Alder, the Hroad-leaved Maple, ami the California Laurel, forests of (•oi)>iderahle extent. The wood of l-'rnxiiiiis Oni/oiin is lii;ht. hard, hrittle, eoarse-jrrained, and eontains many thni medullary ravs ami open scattered .lucts. the layers of annual j;rowlh heinu' '•'■'"'.v marked hy several rows of simiiar .lucts. It is hrown. with thiik lighter eol.ired s.ipwood. The speciiie -gravity .d' the al.s.)lutcly dry wood is OM'M, a cuhi.' foot weiM-hiu- :r).T'J p.>unds. It is lar-vly used in the manufac- ture of furniture, for the frames of cairia,i;vs and wagons, in eooperajje. the inten.)r linish of houses, and for fn.'l. I'm funis Oni/iiiKi, which is one of th." lu.ist valuable ih'ciduousdeaved trees of the racilic forests ,.f North America, was discov.'r.Ml .m the hanks ..f the h.wer Colinnhia Hiv.M' hy Davi.l D.iuf-las in ISL'.-.. It is oft.'U plante.l as a shad.-tree in the str.rts of th.^ cities ..f \Vashin,ij;ton anl.ia. The ()re-,.n .\sh has pn.ved har.ly in th.^ Arnold Arh.u-etum. into which it was intr.).lu.Td lu.aily twuty years a-... and in western ami central Euroi.e, where it is occasionally found in botanic };;arilens. ' Mii.iiuii. (' i'iinjj;('s soittli- IcMst us tlu> u' inoiiiitMins ii'li moist soil CIS of so\itii- lic ('Mlii'iiniia s many tiiiii •d l)v si'Vcral TMvily ol' tilt! the iiiaimfac- sli iiit( (II' I or I ii|>i( Sllll ll.'S ]U'II OH" Sir axil tow tree (I'll not aim vinrr Jinri /..I (II.KAlK.il':. SlLl'A OF NOliTII AMERICA. 69 CHI ON A NTH US. l''l-()\vi;i!S pcifcct or ixilyf^imious ; calyx l-ldbcd, tlic divisions iinbriciitod in aestiva- tion ; coro!!;! deeply l-lolnd or divided, tiie divisions eondiiplicate-valvate in iL'stivatioii ; sfaniens 2, rarely I, inserted on the tube oC the corolla, extrorse ; disk 0; ovary supe- rior, L'-celled ; ovules '1 in each ceil, suspended. Fruit a llesliy usually l-soedod drupe. Leaves opposite, simple, destitute of sti|)ules, d (iduous. ChionanthuH, l.iiiua'iH, . — Itciitiiaiii i^ llouki'i-, lini. ii. ri77. — l!:iillim. ll'at. I'l. xi. -17. — Kiigler tV I'rantl, J'l/iin-t'njUiii. iv. |.t. ii. 11. Trci's (11- slinilis, with watery coldricss juices, stout terete or slij^litly .in<;le(l hr.inclies witli thick ])ith, l>u(is witli nuiuenius (ippcpsile sciihs, those of the inner riinks accrescent, and ilhrous roots, licaves oiipoNite, siui|ih'. couihiiiiicate in vernation, lieciiluons. Flowers on ulonj;ate(l eiuaeteolate liedicels in tiiree-Howcred chisters terminal on the slender ()])i)osite i)ranchcs of ainiile loose panicles from separate iaids ])rodnecd in the axils of upper h'uves of the previous year. IJracts foliaceous, persistent. Calyx minute, deeply f(Mir-parted, persistent under the fruit. Corolla white, dceiilv divided info four or rarely into live or six elon^aleil linear or ovate lohes united at the hase into a short tnhe. ov rarely scparahle. ."Stamens two. inserted on the hase of the coroUa o])posite the axis of the ilower. or rarely foin-, included ; Idaments terete, short ; anthers ovate, attached on the l)ack hele- • the middle, apicniate liy the idoni^atiou «d' the ciuinective. tvo-ccllcd. the eells openinjj l>v lonnitucM, 1, lateral, or snhcxtrorse slits. Ovary two-relied, ahruplly e(uitraete(l into a .short ccdunuiar style ; stij^ma thick and ileshy, emar},nnate or slightly two-lidied ; ovules two in each cell, laterally attached near its apex, pendulous, aiiatro|)ous ; raphe ventral ; micropylo snpi'rior. Fruit drupaceous, ovoid or ohlonj;-, nsuallv one or occasionally two or three-seeded;' exoc.up thin, dry, and Ileshy; putauuMi thick, crustaceous. Seed fdlinj; the cavity »{ the stone, ovoid, suspeudccl ; testa thin, chestnnt-hrowu. Fnd)rvo straii^ht. axilc in thick Ileshy allanueu ; cotyle(h)ns Hat, lon<;er than the short terete superior radicle turned toward the hilinn. Two species (d' ('hi(Mianthus are known. The type of the <;enus, f'/iioiKiiitfiiin V'lrijln'icd, a small tree or shruh, inhabits the uii(hlle and southern I'nited f^tatcs, and CliiniKinthus nlii.iii,- northern and central China. The hark of ChioiKtiilliiis Virij'ui'iiut is tonic, and is scam-timcs used in medicine. The ffenus is not known to possess other economic properties. The two species are cultivated for the heautv of their ahundant white flowers, ami the .\merican sjiecies is a comnaui ifardcn plant. In the Initcd States Chiouanthus is not known to he seriously injured hy insects or affected by daligeroas finc^al diseases. The spccitie name, from ;j;(i.)r and dcf^o,, alludes to tile li-;iit and graceful clusters of snow-wiiitc flowers. If * r/r,/. XX. .i;tO(.l/,7. ft,)/. ii.;i'.Kt) (l'*74). — Kmiii'li.'t & SiivntiiT, Kiium. I'l. Ja/K i. ai'J. 60 .sy/, r.i or south am/:i:i( a. (ii.i;a( i:.v. CHIONANTHUS VIRGINIOA. FriuRO Tree. Old Mtin's Beard. l'"i.()\\ I i> ixrl'cct : ciirdlla divided into imm liiicir lolu-.. I,c;iv('>. ovid or oMonii, sliort |)('t iiiialc. ChioniintluiH VirKinica, Mni>;.ii>. S, « (1T.-.:W. - D.i ChioniinthUH Vi.xinica. var. latifolia. Ail..n. /A.,/. A'.,,'. U,„, ll.>ri''.. Itn,,,,'.. i. l.-.(l. - M.Hn.'ll. nnn,,,' l\.,.,. ,, I I , I V.Sll I. — V.illl. /,■'-.'/". i. II. Willil.lluw. .S/.,r. i. •J-.'. — M.,i-liall. .\r:..,sf. .!«-. :i:i. - \V.iri.:,.Ml.rin,. >".•■/- If,. — ILim,.'. /'■»,/,.. /7. 'J. -_ l)„n. (,'■ n. S,,sl. n . :. •n.i. Il-i:. '.I-'. — Wall.i. I'l. C-r. TiM. — I,:iinaril.. //'. ChionaiitliiiH Virninioa. \ar. aiiKUatifolia. Ail. hi. //..-■/. i. .IIP. I. ■,(, C. I.- \Vill,l,-«n«-. //.•,■'. i:-r„r.. Ill; S,.-: A..-, i. II lIT^'.'l. - VmIiI. l-n,,,,,. i. 11 — \V,1M,im.«. i. •'•,; /■.•„,'». II. — Al.l.c,l. //,...N •■/ lin.n/i.i. ii. I. Sj.<,: i. Hi— ll.iM.r, l>,„./,: Fl . '.'. - W.Um,,,. I>.,.,h: !••■ ■ Ml.'Imnx. n. Il';:.,lni. i. .;. — Valil. luimn. i. /(W. i. 1 . 1. 1 . 1 )..,i. (,-.,,. .Sy../. Iv. .Mi. .||. — I', .......11. .s'./". i. '.". — l).-.l..iilaiiu-, //.-'. .I'-'., i. ChiunauthiiH trill. la. M...ii.'li. .1/.'/'. ITS i IT'.Mi. 111. — 1 1.1 .M..I11 .!<■ C.nr.. I. /.'..'. I'lili. ,i\. ■_'. ii. ."..>:ili,l.iir\, /'/••"/.■. II ilT'.M'.). I'lii-h. /■'.'. .1/./. .s'.//. i. 7. — l!..iMii.r .s. s. Iiiili. -, N.v-'. i. Chionunthus (•iitinit..liii. Will.l. i..,«. S/.f. i. 17 il7'."7i. 7'J. — Nmt.ill, '/■ ■ . i. .■>: .s\/.w. iii. ."if., I. '.i.s, ^ l-;ili..ii. Linocii-ra cotluitolm, \ ahl. /•;..»«. i. If. 1 1 .si i,". i . — I )« .S7,-. i. fi. _ ll,,yii.', /i,,r/r. n. .'. — S|,ivl|.,.,l. .S'. ,'. i. ( •all.l..lli.. /'/•...//■.» iii '.".IT. ;!l. — l....l.liu'.-. /•■-'■ '■"'■■ xiii- I 1-''>I- — "iiiiin|..l. nil. I C liionanthu.s tritlnra. si..k.-. Il.i. .\ht Mnl. i. I'.t i LSI'.'). ■.V IliiM... .I'V.,7,/. //."'■.. '.i.i. t. 7.'.. — II..I1. '.■ '. ■">'■'■'. iv. Chionantlni.s Viruinii-a. \ar. montana. I'ln.li. /V. Am. .Ml, _ Si.a.li. //.v. (■;/. viii 'J.V.I. — Duln.li. .\v". i. .s■,y,^ i. ,S , IM 1 ..- I ).( '.iii.!.. II.-. /■'•■■./'•. ^ iii. '-".'."., ;i7. _1V Can.li.ll.', I'i-hI,: uii. L".Ci. — l)arlinj,'t.iii. I'l. Chionanthim Virktini.-a, \ar marilima. i'.ii^li. /V. .\in. Ci..- Call- a,,./..;. S,,,:: .V. '■'/■. lSf.n. iii. '.I.",. - K...I1. /'.'.■/'■. ii. >l.'ll.'. /'■■■"''■■ ^''"- '-"•'"' ^ "'-'•'■ '•'"•''■".''>"■■'. ISf.7. .".".7. '.'I'.'.'. — l.au.-li.'. !>•■', Is. !„■ Ihii.lr. ..1. ■-'. If.7. 1. .".f.. ^ t..".f.l. (iiav, S.m. II. S. .(»'. ii. 111. i. 77. — S,ii-.-iii. I'.,.!.' Chi.iii.intlius iiuirif iiiiu. i;.itinc''.|ii.'. A'. .'• iV. iii. ,sf, 1 l,s:',f.). 7V.V.S- A'. Am. Will Crii-.„s r. S. i\. ir.'. " Wal-.iii Chioii.iiitlms lict.T.iiiliylla. Ualiii.-.iii.'. A'. "■ I!, iii. .S7 A: C'.iiiltiT. ^^■"y'.« -I/""- .■.!. f.. :i.".7. — K.i.-liM.-. I>..iis.l„. (l.V'.f.i. yi, „./,■. ."iii:i. ^C. nil. M. i:,nfril.. r. .s'. X.n. Iln-I.. ii. -yA Chi.niauthUH ruontana. Ualiii.-.iu.-. .V, :r //. iii. S7 (11..I (.iAi». /v. 11". /■.,..>!. liiiiiii. . ii.s:;f... Chionanthu.-^ Z.-vl.ini.'ii. l.i.iiiaMK. .V' .s (i:.-,:li. — H„i- Chioiianllni.s l,.iiLril,.lia. I!..lii..-.iii... .V,.,' /••/. iii. .s,S man I. / '. I ./. f.. — I |..iiini,vii. Iy'.n,:.-.....,.~t. i. •_'ll|. 1. .".. 1 ISI'.f,). f 1 — l.aiiianl;. /'.'■'. i. 7.'1') ; I"- i- '■'•"■ I- '■•• I- -• — Chionantlui.s aunurtlltulia. I!.ilim'~.|ii.\ .V. .r /■'/. iii. .SH Will.l.n..». .V/-'. i. |.t. i. 17. - l!..\l.in-li. AV. /.../. i. (l.si'.f.l. Ili7._|-|,wait.-.-. A'«' '". yV. /,;//.(,/. l.ss. A sliiiili'r tivf. twenty (ir thirty I'lM't in liri,i;lit. with a >hiiit trnnli cinht or ten iin liis in iliaiiirtiT anil stniit a>iiv jiiay (ir li^ht Inown inaiii'lns wiiirh f.niii an uIiIipm^- lallicr iiaiinw lira.l : nr ot'tcn a >,hniii Mii.liii;; m|i i'lniii tiif ^rnniiil m'MT.iI Mniit liiiri< v|iifa(liiii; st.'iii-. The tiail; iil' the tinnk. whiih varies fniin a ijuartci- to a lialf of an inch in thiciini-.s. is irnt;nlarly diviilf.! into >niall tiiin aiipicsMMl liinwn stall's tiiii^iMl with rcil. Thf hianriiii-ts, wlieii they liisl a|.|iiai', ,irc iii;iit .nivi'ii ami aif coVfiTil uitii liaii' imlii-Mi'iuT or are -onirlinii-. Mi.ilirou>; in llieir lir-t ulnlrr tiiey are teri'te or >-hn-htly ani^lid. ol'lc mil tiiirknuMl lielow the no.li.>. li..;iit lirown or oran^'e-eoior. ami iiiarlxe.l liy liri;(' sealtereil .Inker eoloieil lenlieel> anil liy the elevate.l >emiorhieii!,ir leal'-sears wliiili ili>|.lay ,1 Miiii- eirelilar row ol' eon>liienoiis lilno-vaMiilar liiiiiille-MMr>. ami .!.. not entirely ili^ijipear nnlil the end of several years. The leaMimls ;ire liroa.lly ovale, aeiile. ami ,111 ei-lith of an imli lono', with ahout live ]iairs of .Males, uliieh inereaM' in leiij^lli from the outer to the inner pair, and are ovate, aente. keeled on the haek. li^lit lirown ami slii;lilly |iilose on the outer snrfaee. liri^ht i;reen ami lustrous on the inner surface, and eili.ite on the mar-ins with >ealtereil white hairs; those of the inner p.iir leii^llien on the voiinn- ^hoot. ami at niatnrity are ohovate. gradually narrowed lielow. foliaeeoiis, and an inch to an meh MttaHiailtMlitta n|.|;Ari;.l'. iM.liACH.K Sf/.IA OF MUrril AMKIIKW. 61 I or nlildllii, iliiii. Ilnrl. Ken: llili ninv. S/III-. i. Siiff. \\. .Ml. liiv. AiiiMi. Il"i-l- I —Will.lniiitt, \V,,i-.,ii. /h,,,!,: : IT'.Mi. 1 1 iIT'.m;). . . i. 17 I IT'.": I. i; (iso:.i. - Di- /,./. i, t'.i ilM'.'i. 1'mi-1i. /•/. .i,«. \1.1, •-".I."!. riir»li. /•'/. Am. V. ,Ml. — l)c Can- tiuoi. isr,;. :;.'i7. iv. iii.si; ii.s;;f.). .V. "• /■/. iii. XT ■ /v. ill. NT (111)1 • /■•/. iii. .SS .\,:r AV. iii. ,SS I-; in (li:iiii('tt'i' il ; III' iiltrll A ■ trunk, uliirli tllill ainncsMMl iri'ii ami Mil' ifti' or slii.;'litly ilii'il liv l:ir;;i' i-~|il:iy a sriiii- til IIli' I'IIiI III wilii aliiiiit livt' '. ai'iitf. lii'i'li'il s (III till' inner iMil'lllin nil till- iiirli til an inrli hall' Til- I'l' iivatr or iiliiiiii^, ariiiiiiiiati', will) short liroail |ioiiit;^, or Miiiiitniii'^ roiiiiilril at ihr a|ii'\, M'railiially narrnv nl lii'low into stout iiiilicniloiis |i(>tiolcK, cntiru' with iinilniatr iiiait;ins, anil eoarM-ly ri'lii'iilati'-vinuliiM' ; wliiii ihi'v nnlolil tlit-y an- yi'llow-^rccn ami liistrmis on tin I'liiir to fiiilit ii|i|Mr sinlacf, |iulii's('ciit on tlii' lower, anil eihate mi the niartjnis, anil at maturity thev are tour to eii;' iiirli("> Iiiiil;. hall an iin h to lour iiielii'^ liroail. liiieK ami linn, ihi een alioM', .iml |iale ami i;laliroiis lielow. e\ee|it aliMi'^ the si.iiii miijiili., miiiI eon>|iieiions arrii.ite |ir Miy veins, wliieli are more or less coMTi'il with shiii'i uhite hairs; they are liorne on |ietioles uliiel, i, \'v Ifom hall' an iiieli to nearly an iiii'li in ii'ii^'tli. aiel, liaviie^' tniiieil liri'.;lil rie.ir mIIow. lall eail\ in the aiitnmn. 'I'lie llouers appear I olll the miilille III .\piil ill tile miiiiIi hi the he'^lllllill;;' ol .llll." ill New l'ln;;Liml. wllell the leaM's ale ahiiiit a tliiril ;;riiwii. in Ihom' piihe^reiil. ijinopiie.;- paiiiele, tmir to si\ iiiehes Ion;;', ami are slij;litlv ami ai;reealiiy Ifanranl. The Inail- .il the lia..i' o| the luwer Inamlies of the inlloreseeiiee ale oliovale. I'liliareoii.., M-Liliinii^ on llie upper ^iiilare, piilie^ieiit oil llir liiwi'i. aipl siiiiiil iiiie> an imii lojii;- ; tliiise at the hase of the upper liranehes are oval. suei'e>..ively smaller, ami ^■ruluaiiv pass into the minute lieiniate hraels whieh siiIiI.ikI the later.il peilieeU of the tlir lioweieil eliLslers wliirh terminate the 1. 1^1 ilui^iiin^ of the paiiiili'. IheealxA h li;4lil nieen. i;l.ilirou^. iiiul ileeplv iliviilnl into four aeiite entile or !,iiiiii.iii.|v eiit Inhr,. 'I'l.,. rdi.illa is an ineh loiiij, markeil mi th.' inner siiifare iie.ir the h.ise hy ,1 row of hri'^ht purple spui^. I i liviileil into four or somelime^ into live or six narrow .^trap-sliain'il (livisimis iisiiallv unileil liriou or se| ilile. The anthers are li lit \ellnw with a ^reeii emiiieetive. The sti;;iiia is I wo-lnlieil. .iiel i- 'iire^ .ii I lie.^ius towilhiT hefoii. till millers ili>iliar(;e tin ir pollen. 'I"he fruit, wliieh ripeii. in Sepiemher. i^ liorne in loose leu-fruiteil clusters on wliieh the persistent leaf-lilie hraels hi\e vniiietimes I iiiie t wo iiiehes loni;' ; il i-. oval or oliline.;', surrounileil at the liase h\ the persistent e.il\\. lippeil w . ii the remnants of the sl\le. ,111 null lon^. link hliie or ue.iily l.l.nk. ami often eo\erei| with .1 : iieoiis hliimii ; It has a tliiek skin, thin ilrv llesli. ami a thin i.i'her liiittle- w.illeil stone. The see. I I . tiiinl of all iiieli lnii'4'. ov.ite, narroweil at the ape\. ami loMieil liy ;i thin li^lit (111 stiiut-liiowii coat markeil liy lelieiilate veins whieli r.nli.ite frmii the siimi hiliim. < 'liiniitiiilliiis I'irijiiiifii iisii.illv inhaliits the liaiiks nf streams, wlieie it i.i'roWs in riili iiiiu-.t soil, ami is (listrihiited from I.aiic.isier and Chesici enunties in sonthein l'ennsvl'.,inia to the slions of 'I'ampa Miv in {''lorida. and through the (iiilf states to southern .\ik,iiis.is and In the \alle\ of the iira/(is IJiver in Texas. 'j'lie wood of < '/liiHiiiiil/iKs \'iri/i,iirii is he,iv\. hard, and elose-oraiiied. ;in(l contains numerous oliscui'e iiiediill irv rivs. the l.iyers of aiiiiiiil Li'rowth lieiiie- m.uked liv several rows of lari^c ii|icii ducts coiineetcd liv liiMiichini;' eroiips of similar duels. It is li^lit lirown, with lliiel; lii;iiter colored sapwooil, 'I'lie speiilic o'lavity of the ahsolutely dry wood is (MioT'J. a eiiliic font weinhini;' li'.'.Tl pounds. The hark is tonic, and is soinetiiiies useil in deeoetion, in the tre.itmeiit of ini ■rmilteiit fevers, or as ai: aperient or diuretic ; ' .iml in hmmi'opathic practice. '' The lirsi ,iuthcntic lin-nre of < '/i'iiiikiiiI/ins I'iri/iiiirn w,is puhlishcd liv Mark C.itesliy in the Xiifiirnl ///s7i>/'// (;/' (.'i/rn/iiiii ' in 1771,' It is s.iid to li,i\e lieen lilst culli\aled ill Klllope ill 17i!li ' liV I'eter Collilisoii.'' ' (iriinili, M'i /.'"'. III. — I'.iivli.T. /,'. -M'lr.'M n/i. >!.<. I'll tli. I7.1'_'. lishi'il till' (,Tliils('liiiiii.ililiiii>. ^ili.l Wlllili'liow Ilis t 'lil.inittillnii! i;ilii,i- ' .Mills|i:iii),'li, .Ihi. .1/../. /'/, ill llomniijKilliir /i, i. i'l^, t. M. try uf tlii' iilaiit is said ti> have lict'ii I'l'vl.iii, wliiTi', linwrvi'P. iiii- C>iiiiiiiinllm.i, l.iiiiia'iis, ll,irl. Clill. 17. — Clavlini, /■'/, Virijin. lliiiif; like it is ii.iw kiidwii I" .xl-t. This was ilic vii'w nf Cati'sliy 10. — Itoji'ii, /'V. /..'i/i/. /'ro'/r. ;tOtl.— Hiiliaiiii'l, 7'rcii(.' i/n .[rhnu, ami nf |)iiliaiiiil, wlin I...1I1 .|ii.iii..l I'lMk.iii'l's ili..(. Callilnlli' su.,';;r't.'ti l'l,iui,ivilhis iniliiiH'iiHi mullilliirU /imiii'iJiK/.s l.ililia'iis, /•'/. /, y- Ih,' s:iim. i-\|ilaiialinli (l'r.«lr. \iii. 'Jll.")), wliidi lias iinw li,..ii ~iili. Ultt. ."». stalltiatrii I».\' I'lMki-lU't's s|U'i'ililrll in tii.' Illili^li Mii>rlllll ( lllilti'll, I'hiniMiilliiis iieilimrulis Irih'li.i Irijluris, .MilU'r, hci. I'.l. 7. ,/mi.;'. I:<'I. vwii. ,'>^ |. * 'I'lli' li),'iiri' nf I'lilki'lli't's Arbiir /Cri/lniina, Citlitii I'lilii.i sulfliif ^ .\iliili, ll'irl. A', t. i. l,"i. — Lniulnll, .Ir/.. /.'nV. ii. I'JIHI, f. III'J'.I, Utuuifitiv vUln.'iis, jtiiri/i'i:t illliit, Citnili motto tiiriniolis {I'fiiit. t. 'Jll. loail. f. 4; Mm. Ilol. H. — Ka\. //i.«(. I'l. iii. Demlr. I'Jl. — liiiiiiiaii, " Siv i. ,S. II tl I 62 .s7/. I.l OF M>llTII AMKIilCA. OLKACKil',. 'I'llc cllMIl clu^ti'l's III' piin' wliilc ipiicinmn' n I' tlic l''iiii!;(' Trcp wluii its liiMiiclii's arc covcitiI with tlic iiiiiiilo mil till' \\\x,av ol' its coiistitiltioii, w liicli ciialilcs it til lloiii'isli in cliiniitcs nioi'i' s('vi'i( tliMii that (if its iiativf home, have maih' this tilth' tree a Cavoritc I'or iiioi-u than a ccntniv, am a\ IVw i I n'ai'th' ihaliit; in ts of tin- forests of Noitli Ai •a arc more often nsed for the ih-eoration of jiarks tlic leaves, w aithoui'h its value as an oinamental phint is somewhat alVecteil liv the tarily apiicaranec of liich ih) not unfohl until the liranchcs of most plants are eomi>lctcly ch)thcil ill vcrniil KXIM.AN VIION OK THK IM.ATKS. VX.WV ('('I,XX\I1. CliniNAMlll > \ll!lMMr.\. 1. A llu«iTiiin liriiiiili, iiiiliiral >l/i'. 1 )i:i),'iaiii of 11 lluwir. A Hh icr. riilar^fi \. V. ..f » 11.. UTtiiiil M'rti..ii 1. 1 ii ll..ivir. till' (•iir..ll.» ri'iimn'il, cii ,"i. 'I'll.' Iia.-.' "f III"' .'.milla 'il. cnlaniMl. (i. Kriiiil ami ii'ar vii'«s of a slaniin. i'nlarj;i'il 7. All iivuli', imirli iiiaj,'iiiliiMl Vt'll, i'lllul'^Vil. I'mi: (CI. X Will. (■|ii..N vMiii^ VimaNKA. 1. .\ fniitiiii; l.raii. li, iialiiral >l/c •-'. A tniit .ut transMiNi'ly. -liiilitly I'lilarijcd. :!. Vi'rtiral inTtinii of a fruit. slii;lill\ fiilaiyi'il. 4. A '*t.iiii'. I'lilarj^f.l. 5. A si'cil. cnlar^^cl. (i. All illll.rvii, clllui'l.'ril. 7. .V l.'af nf a «triili' l.raiiili. natiiral ni/.u K. A wiiiliT liiaiu'lilct. iiatiiial si/.c. ni.KACF.il'.. til the iiiiiiilo sli in cliiuiitt'S III II cciitiirv, tioii of ](iirks ;i|)|iiMi'aii('(' (i£ luJ in vcriiiil I , \{ i 'I 1 1 1 M CHIONANTHJ ' VIRGINICA .■i .'<. : •■>•/... it ...... '.j.„„.., . ,...,...:».,i^.,.i«..-«^jr^.,..»jjgj,..t'„^;^ H \ it i i lli li Silva ol flnrth Air.Piir.j m ( ' i. yV. I'miitl. I'lldit.viil'iim. iv. pt. ii. 'J. li('iitli:iiii iV lliMikfr, '/■/'. ii. (ii H:iill(.n, //(W. /v. Ni. •J.l<». ■- Trci'S or .slii\ilis. willi watery cdloilcss jiiiics, tcictu or .slii;litly Miii^lcil braiiclics, scaly lnuis, and fil)r()iis roots. Leaves oi)[iosite, entire or (Ol.'u) - fl:in,l.rl. IMI. S,„: Uim. I'llns, N.. 77. (lt;l, l-'.irliis ,V Mi'ii.sl.v, .lunr. l.utn. Sm: wu- K7. '• C. 11. Cl.iik.', llitt'hr/. I-'l. Ilnr. Iml. iii. (KKi. » l.oiiriMni, /•'/. r,i.<»M. 'JO (171KI). — lie Ciiiidiilli', 7'ri../r. viii. 2m. e. It. eiiirld', /. r. I'mln-i .t lliMii,sli'y, ;. I'. «S. ().Vcl/m;,ni-i,<, 'riiuiilK'it;, /•'/. ,/.l/i 1«, t. ■-' (17.SI ). - //.i(. .I/.1.7. ixiviii. t. irM'J.— I.i)i|ili(,'i'», liol. dl'. xviil. t. nwi. Amau' . li'J,iimf\ V. lis. t. ■-'!. Sii'li.il.l \ /.ii, .Miihi. Mliin.'l. Mvl. Miiul,. iv. [it. iii I1I7. lllunii-, -l/'i-. /■'"'. I.ii;iil. /.''I', i. ;Hl). — Ilrilllilis, FonsI Ft. Ilnl. Iml. ilO'.l. " I'.prliillis Tlinr Yiars' Wimilerhuj.i ik thf Xnrlliirn /V.'niici.-' r;/' ('liiiid. -M:'). -Sinilii, ('AiM.«r Mai. Mai. Hit. ■ S.iiilu'iriin & 'lliiii-.niii, .l/nf. .1/.'/. C'li". leJ. ■•' til iilliuiu \- lli«ili>'r. / .■. 1177 (IS7(i'). -'Airi/. (Viron, 11. SIM. vi. (i.S!i, f. i;V.'. - iM.rlu'S & IliMii.sI.'y, .'. c. S7 i;,:r .\,;-ilh)lui.n, 'I'lillllluT^. / '■. 70 Hint l.illiriMisl O^'"*')' — Ulimi.-, lU.lr. F:. \,.l. ht'i ll"'i>. ()/.ci iliriMin. llasskarl, V»l. li»-t. /i.iv"- ilS (Isll). Osmanthiis iUrifoUus,iiiml. I'hri,„.n,»v\-. vii. SAK 1. IIS ('877). li OLKACEJi;. iiJLVA OF ^^U1{T^ AMKUICA. 05 OSMANTHUS AMERICANUS. Devil Wood. Fl.iiWMts p()lygamo-(li(i(i()ii>, in ^-liorl axillarv raciincs or cymi's. Leaves liiiictdlatt'- ohloii^, Liitiit'. Osinantliua AinericimuB, liiiilliain \ Iliu.kir, tii n. ii. CiTT (INTti). — (ii'iiy. Siin. /•'/. .V. Am. ii. pi. i. IS. - - Siiryiit, F,ii;:it Tm.i .V. Am. III//1 Cni.-^iis C. S. W. ll.'i. Oloa Amoricaniv. l.iiiniiMiM, .)/.(/(/. '.'1 (17(i7/. — Miir.ili;ill. /•'/. Aw. Sri.l. i. 7, — lid.uuT .^ Si'liultc-^. .^>^ I. 711.— Hi.lin.'-iin.'. Fl. l.niln,-;,: ;W. — NintiiU. '/../. i. .".. — Kl- lii.ll. .SV.. i. "1, — >|ii-eiij;fl, Siisf. i. .'i-1. — Cr 1. Am. .Imir. S.->. \x\i. ^il.'i. — Doll. fini. >\>iAf. iv. 4S. — Ijumldri. Art.. Ai-ln,..r. i. |p|. i. .1,1; Knuiii. I.l. — .Mhluilis. /•'/. /)'..(•. .//«. ii. '."-".'. — V:ilil, Kniiiii. i. II. — I'crsciiui, .""'v'l. 1. It, — l),-^|i.iit;iiiii's. Il'isl. Ai-h. i. 111'. — Dii MiiTit .li' C'mmet, lint. Ciitt. I'll. '.', ii. ."I'.rj, - .\,iiiri,(,i llnlnnnil. v. (17. — .MiclKiiix f. Ili.tl. .\rii. .\ni. iii. ."lO, t. G. — l'iii>li. Dii-tiicli, .S////. i. '.u. — I)i' Ciuiiliilli-. /'/■<«//■. viii. 'J.SIl. — . 101. A IrtT. i>ci'.L-~inii;illv I'lii'iv-livc IVct III liciu'lit. willi ,1 trunk siiiiii'tiini's a i'liiit in (liamotei' ; usually iiiiii'ii siiialliT ami ol'lt'ii ^linililiv in lialjit. 'I'lic liaiK (iT the tiiink is tliin. ilark ji'i'ay or i;-ray tinnfil witli ri'ii. and npii^lii'iii'l with small tliiii a|i]iri'^>i'il miIi ^ wliii li in l'allin<;- ilisjilay tlii' dark cinnauion-rcil iniin- liaik. Tln^ lirainhifts air ^Icmli'i-, slit;litlv .iii'^lcd. iilliiiiatii\ tciclc, linlit oi' tirii;lit rcd-liinwn. and marked witii iiiiiiiitf |i.ili' Icnlii'cls, luMMiniiiis;' ashy y'vay in tlicir scidinl year, wlini tlicy arc im)||i;1icii(mI liv tile siiiaii (•li'\ali'd oiiiiciilar Ical'-scars in wliirli appeal' a rin^- nt' iiiiiiiili' iilini-vasi'ular luindlc-M'ars, 'I'll!' wiiilcr-liiiiU lie halt III inrh loni^- aii'l liniMr-laiiciMjIati-, witli two thirk lanccnlati- !riidi>ii-liiowii scales iiiilieniliMi-. mi Imlli surfaces. The leaves are iiiMiliite in vcviiatiiin, laiiceiilate, oliliiiin' or mhih- times cilinvate, aeiile iii- iMielv elll,l|■^in,lte at the a|ie\, eiadiiallv iiarrciweil at the liasc iiiti) liroad stunt iieticiles, and entile, with thlikeiied H'\(ilute iii.u-eiiis ; ulii'ii lln'V iinrnlil tlic\ are coated on the lower Miii.ice with pale tonieiitiiiii. and at niiiliiiitv are lliiek and coriaceous, elaluous. liii;^iit <;a'ee:i, lii^troiis on the upper siirlacc, oli-curelv reticulate-veniilose, lour or live inches Ions;', and half an inch to iii'arlv two inches wide, with liro.nl pale midrilis imprc^MMl on the ii|i]icr side, and leiiiote forked primary \eins areiiale iie.ir the margin-.; they are lioriie on petioles which vary from half an inch to three ipiarleis of an inch in length, and, iiiifiildine- in the spring;- after the appe.ir.ance of the tlowcr.s. do not {'all until the M'cond year. The flowers, wlii(di are e\ccediiir:^ly fraerant, open in March from stoiit- iir.iiiclied pilose intloresceiice-liiuls formed iliiriii',' the previous autumn in the axils of leaves of the vi'ar. The st.iminate and the jiistillate and perfect tlowers are lionie on dilVcreiit individuals in tliree- tlowered clusters, and are sessile or short-pedicellati' and prodiiccd in pednmiiLite cymes or short racemes. The liracts are scilcdike. nearly triaiiL;ailar, acute, keeleil on the hack, piilieniloiis, sliehtly ciliale on the mait;ins, ami per- lait. The cal\\ is minute, ]iulierulons, w itli acute rin'id hdics. and much shorter than the ere iiiiv white corolla, which liefore .inthesis forms an olilone-ovate hud coated with ]iale piihcsi'eiiee, and when expanded is an ciL^hlh of an inch lone-, with an eloni;-atcd tlihc ami short spreading- ovate loiindiMl lolies. The stamens arc inserted on the midille of the tnlie of the corolla and are iiicliided or sli'^hlly exscrtcd ; in the pistillate llower they are small and often rudimentary. Tlii! ovarv is ahruptly contracted into a stout columnar style crowned with a lari;'e slinhtly exserted capitate sti"iiia. and in ihe st.iiiiinate tlower is reduced to 1 iiiiniite pHiiil. The fruit, which ripeiis early in the autumn, is ohloiio' or ohovale. an inch Ioiil;'. and dark liliie, with thin dis llesh, a 'hick or sometmies thin-w.illeil lirlttle os.ite pointed stone, ,iiid a solitary o\ati' seed co\ered with a thin I'hestnutdirown CC) >■//. I'.i OF yoirni amhrka. 0\.V..\VT..V.. (■(Kit ni:irk('(l witli Itio.id coiisiiicuoiis |iali' veins wliicli, r;iiliiitiii;f fidm till' .sliort hroad vcntrMi liilmii mikI cnciicliiij^ tlif seed, tcniiiniitc near the iiii('n)|)vli'. OsiDiiiillnis Ann r'lviiiiim IiiIimMis the ciiiist icfjioii of the sdiitli Atlantic and (iulf states fron) the valiiv of tlif Cape Fear liiver in Noiili Canilina to the shores of the Kissinuiiee !{iver and Tampa I'av. I'ldiida, and ea^te^ll Louisiana. It f^iinvs usually in moist rich soil ru'ar the horders of streams and I'int-lMrii'ii ponds and s«ani|is, and oeeaslonaliv on iliv sainlv upland. 'I'hi' "ooil (d Osiiiiiiili'iiis .!);/( ;•((•(//(//.< is heavy, very hard and stron;;'. (■lose-M;rained. and dilliiidl to woik ; it ii>ntains radiatinj^ ijronps id' open cells arran";c(l jiarallel xvitli the thin oIim ure medullary ra\s, and i^ il.nk lirown. with thick iii^iit hrown or viJlow sapwood. The specilic eravity id' the aliso- iuli K lirv wood isO.Slll. a cuhic loot weiirhinj; "»()..">.") pounds. i'lic Ucvil Wood, which owes its pop(dar nan\e to the (diaracter of the wood, whi(di is dilhcidt to -pill, wa- lirst dcscrihed hy M.irk Catesliv in the X'lliiriil J/isfnri/ nf ('iinJiiin,' ami was introdiiecil into Kuiopi' in the middle of the ci'^lileenlh ccntnr\.' It is now rarely cnltivateil, although its lar^e lu>-lious leaves, its fragrant (lowers and handsome fruit make it a desir.dde inhahitant of the j;ardcns of tem|ierate rcjfions. * Liifustrum Lnuri /tilio, /ruftu rifttat'f", i. (tl, t dl. ' Altntl, Il.iTl. A'.ic. i M. KXri. A NATION (tr iiii; pi.atks. I'tAII ('('I.XXIX (KMWTllfs A>0 UK ANCS. .\ tlttwcrin;; I'miicli cif u Htiifiiiriiitc ti ii:itiir:il nI/.c. A llciHiTiin; I'laiii'li iif II pislillati' tlif. iiiitnnil »i/.c. I)i:it;r;illl «tf ;i ..tjiiiilnjitc liovsci. I>i:i^'rani uf a |ii>lillatt' tlitwcr. \ stariiiiiati' (lowt-r, ciil.irj^t'ii. A |ii':iv. lit' sti'CIIIIIS Mllll i^ I 'cl. Mini ilillii lilt Mine iiictlnllMi y itv nl' till' mIiso- li ih (lilliriilt to WMs iiitrodiircii llioiiifli its Imi'^c of the ;;Mrilciis f '\ ei-fel i /• tlt'-.l U-fl 4 \r m) i :! OSMANTHUS AMERICANU; -'.*?'■ B«Atf^- — *■ #. ».^> .^^a^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I Ui 12.2 £ lii t- > WUt 1.8 L25 liu 11.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716) 872-4503 ^^ 4^ '9)^ r*.^ i& f/ I I ?! F-i y ,M OSWA.NTHtjS AMS'.H1CANUS y>4.r- I BOBRAOINACEiE, SILVA OF NORTU AMERICA. 67 CORDIA. Flowers regular, perfect or polygamous ; calyx 3 to 5-toothed ; corolla gamopcta- lous, usually 5, rarely 4 to 6-lobed or divided ; stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, inserted on its tube ; disk annular ; ovary superior, 4-celled ; ovules solitary, ascending. Fruit drupaceous, often inclosed in the enlarged calyx. Leaves alternate or rarely subopposite, destitute of stipules. Cordia, Linnnus, Oen. 52 (1737). — A. L. de Justiieu, Gen. 128. — Endlicher, Oen. 643. — Meisner, Oen. 278. — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. ii. 838 Bailloii, Hut. PI. X. 396. — Engler & Frantl, PJtanxenfam. iv. pt. iii. 81. Oeraaoanthua, Browne, Nat. IlUt. Jam. 170, t. 29, {. 3 (1756). Varronia, Browne, Nat. Hut. Jam. 172 (1756). — Adan- ion, Fam. PU ii. 177 Linunus, Sijst. Nat. ed. 10, 916 ; Gen. ed. 6, 102. — A. L. du Jussieu, Gen. 129. — Muisnvr, Gen. 278. Sebeaten, Adanson, Fam. PI. ii. 177 (1763). Firensia, Scopoli, Jntnxluct. 157 (1777). MaoieUa, VandelU, Fl. LutU. et Brasil. 14 (1788). BorelUa, Necker, Elem. Bot. i. 275 (1790). Cerdana, Ruiz & Pavon. Prmlr. Fl. Peruv. 37, t. 6 (1794). Maoria, Tenore, Mem. Soc. Modem, xxiv. pt i. 362 (not E. Meyer) (1842). Hemigymnia, Griffith, Calcutta Jour. Nat. Hist. iii. 363 (1843). Oynaion, A. handsomo brown streako Iliunboldt, Bonpland & Kuntb, Nov. Gen. et Spec. iu. 70 (1818). — Kanth, 5yn. PI. jEguin. it. 196. — GriMUch, Ft. Brit. W. Ind. 481. — Gray, 5yn. Fl. N. Am. ii. pt i. 180. — Ilanuley, I. c. 307. Kammui buUala, Lioiueu*, Sjfi(. Nat. ad. 10, 916 (in part) (1759). Varronia glohota, Jacquin, £num. PI. Carib. 14 (1760) ; Ht.. Slirp. Am. 41. — Linnieu*, Spec. ed. 2, 270. — Willdenow, Spec. i. pt. ii. 1080. Cordia buUata, De CuidoUe, Prodr. ix. 496 (1841!). — Chap- man, f7. 329. < Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. S-tn. 13S (1859). — Gray, {. c — Henuley, {. c. 309. — Coulter, Contrib. V. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 283 (Uan. Pt. W. Tezat). • Linimua, Spec. 100 (1763). — De CandoUe, /. e. 470. — Oelile, fj. d'&sypte, 47, t. 10, f. 1, 2. — Miquel, I. e. ii. 916. — Benthani, i. e. 380. — Boiuier, Fl. Orient. W. 124. — C. B. Clarke, (. e. Cordia Sebettena, Fonkal, Ft. ^gypt-Arab. p. liiii. (not Lin- lueiu) (1776). Cordia fi'dofoma, Forater, Fl. Int. Auttr. Prodr. No. 110 (1780). — K. Brown, Prodr. Fl. Nov. HoU. 498. SebcMtena officxnalit, Gartner, Frud. i. 301, t. 70 (1788). Cordia officinalii, Umatck, HI. i. 420, t. 96, f. 3 (1701). Cordia A/ricana, Lamarck, {. e. (1791). Cordia Indica, Lamarok, I. c. 422 (1791) ; Did. ni. 49. — De Candulle, {. e. 600. Cordia paniculala. Roth, Aw. PI. Spec. 125 (1821). — De Can- doUe, ;. <:. 482. Ehretia glabra, Roth, /. c. 127 (1821). Cordia tali/olia, Roi.burgh, Fl. Ind. ii. 330 (1824). — De Can- doUe, /. c. 478. Bourreria glabra, Ob.., Oen. Sysl. ir. 390 (1838). Cordia Brownii, De CandoUe, {. e. 499 (1846). Cordia Myxa is diatributed from tropicitl India and Ceylon to the Philippine Islands and northern Australia ; and through culti- vation has Iwen established in southern Persia, Arabia, Palestine, and Kgypt from very early times. The dried fruits of this tree are the smaller sebestens of commerce, valued by the anr/ents for their soothing and laxative properties, and introduced by the Arab* into the phannacopcsia. Once esteemed by European ■physicians in the treatment of bronchial and pulmonary affections, sebistena are now only used iiiMllclnally In Ih* Kast, From th« seeds a powder is mat . which in Inilia is k«ll«v«il tn be an InfaUibte cun for ring- wonn i tha bark is used In astringent gargles, and the root is oonsidend latative ( KiHllii|H>rt tb<«nd, Ft. Haw. It. 321. — Hemsley, Ihl, Chattmner Ktf>^. l pt, iU, IbT. Cordia Sebetltna, Vunkit, I, e. Nii. Itit (not LInmaus) (1786). Cordia orimlalit. It, liruwii, I. >', 40N (ISiO). Cordia betandra, Konnier It Hchiiltcs, (> e, 700 (1819). Cordia eampanulala, Kuilmrgh, t. c, 330 (ISiM). Cordia HhumpKli, llliinw, IMIdr. Fl, Ned. Ind. 843 (1826). f Jacquin, IIUI. Hiirp. Am. 4», t, \1\ 1. 10 (1703). - Umarok, I, e. I. 00, (. 2, — HwaHs, Oke. Ml. - - Lunan, Hort. Jam, ii. 182. — Roemer & Hchultes, (, e, 460, — >lrlsaCandolle,<. d in the amootb glabroua and thickened calyx : leavea ovate 1. CoRDiA Sebestkna. CoroUa white «>tb c yellow centre; fruit entirely or partly inclosed in the thin many-ribbed tomentoM calyx ; leave* ovai or sblong-ovate 2. Cobdia Boisshbi. «1 'if IJ m '1 it II I liO Cll Cc di tb ai 8C CC tc m t\ la ai n c< u U b P r T, P P h liOUliAUUiACILiK. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA, OORDIA SEBESTENA. Oeiger Tree. 71 Flowers ornngc or flame-color. Fruit inclosed in the smooth glabrous thickened culyx. Leaves ovate. Oordia Seb«atena, Linnieus, Sper. 100 (1763). — .laoqiiin, HUt. Stirp. Am. 42 ; Hint. Selert. Stir/i. A m. 26, t. 44. — /eon. Am. Qewdch. i. 19, t. 63. — I..iuimrck, III. i. 421, t. 96, f. 1 IM. Mag. xxi. t. 794. — Willilenow, ,V/w. i. pt it. 1073 ; Enum. 248. — Andrews, IM. Rep. iii, 157, t 157. ^Poiret, Lt. iv. 462. — Kuntli, Syn. PI. JE'piin. ii. 191. — Sprengel, Sijut. i. ('>4'.) Dencour- tilz, Fl. Mill. Antill. iv.205, t. 277. — Clminixso, Liinuea, Ti. 750 Audubon, Birds, t 177. — Don, Oen. Sytl. iv. 376, — Dietrich, Syn. i. 611. — Nuttall, Sylva, iii. 81, t. 100.— Grisobach, Fl. Brit. Jf. /«rf. 478 ; Cat. Fl. Cut,. 208.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. ii. pt. i. 180. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. lOM Cenans U. S. ix. 113. — Moz, Bot. Jahrb. xii. 586, t. 6, f. 43, — Hitclicoclt, Rep. Mis- souri Bot. QarU. iv. 108. ?Cordia JuglandifoUa, Jacquin, Fnum. Fl. Carib. 14 (1760) ; Hist. Stirp. Am. 43. Cordia speciosa, Uovnior & Scliulten, Syst. iv. 709 (1819). — A. do Candullo, Frodr. ix. 476. — Hichard, Fl. Cub. iii. 109. Sebestena Boabra, Ilur.neBi|ue, Sylm Tellur. .38 (1838). Cordia Sebestena, var. rubra, KKgurn, Videnik. Medd.fra nat. For. Kjiibenh. 1876, 132 (Fl. St. Croix). A tree, in Florida twenty-Rv to thirty feet in height, with ii tall trunk five or six inches in diameter, and slender upright branches which form a narrow close round-toi)pe OriMbuh, Fl. Brit. W. Imi. 478. * Carjfopki/Utu $puriut modonu^ folio tabrotundo tcabrot Jiort rac#- moio htzaptlaloide rotxineo tpecioiiuimo, Cat. PI. Jam, 130; ffal. Hitl. Jam. ii. 20, t. 104. — lUy, Hil. PI iU. Dmdr. 38. — C«teib]r, Nat. Hul. Car. ii. 01, t. 01. Cordia nucif juglandit folio, fUm jturpurto, Plamier, ffot. Pi Am. Om. 13, t. 14. Sehttlma icabra,Jior* minialo critpo, UiUaniiu, Hort, ElA. 340, t. 866, f. 331. Cordia fnlOt amplioribut hirtit ovotii, hihojiorit tubitifiidl, HfmrM^ Nal. HiMl. Jam. 201!. • Hon. Keie i. 268. • See i. 77. • The iiopuUr uuiw bjr whioh tU« tnM i» kwMr* Ut yUM4» i* that of llw Disn who is iuppoMNi to ban flrai |rfM4«4 U Is K«|r West. I ! EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Platb CCLXXXI. CioBOU Sbbbitkna. 1. A flowering branch, natural liu. 2. Diagram of a flower. 3. A flower, the eorolU diiplayed, enlarged. 4. A calyx, enlarged. 5. Front and rear viewa of a itamen, enlarged. 6. Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged. 7. Apex of a style, enlarged. 8. An oTule, much magnified. Plate CCLXXXII. Cobdu SsBiBTurA. 1. A fruiting branch, natural size. 2. Cross section of a fruit, natural size. 3. Vertical section of a fruit, natural size. 4. A drupe, natural size. 6. An embrjo, enlarged. m miUHAUltlMIUM, |N»intlNl Hi tli« tmlyt, whiuli U U iu*i«|Mir»l)l« iiml U «»«!« Iff It ilttliiiMUi wliito WMW of WHIM Iff i l»rt iliMUiribwl ii in Hum ffntfUiii Nt mit uff by Urfi;* itrntlmiimti, HfwwM, 14' ./' IJII ml iiA'IilCA. B()UUAQlNA('Ji/«. itH-u^itly jurrowo or ■ If iin inch long, and covered with a delicate white ;>»ntttneiougly in the forests of Key West ami in these of Horoe of Florida coast, to which it may porbupH have been fintt brouf^lit u.s a ■ II the i^ahauui iHlands, where it is probably indigenous, on most of the :i ; "■ ■( tjiraimda.' iSfbcHlena is heavy, hard, iind elose-griiinwl, witii a satiny surface, nainor- "avf, and iHii^aaional small Sdattt'rc.d open ducts, and is dark brown, with thiik lij>ht - Hipwood. The -jiccif"" ;^Mvity of *h,- ;ib^r,|iit"lv dry wood is 0,7 1"8. a > iihic fi>ot U poiind'4. ■ ,!sVi«*y West;' aud in many gardens of tiic; Antilles its absnd^".>f and l>t■ OHwhuh, ri- Brit. W. Ixd. M». mm? hgxiH'^faioulf t^*Kcu\t\' spKetnnwimOt Cat^ PI. ./am. IJUi ; .Vnpiilar name tij whwh thi» in* i* faiowu in F1c!Ti4K U that of thv mur v^ho iy 0ir,}j>(>.'ttii ta hare Hnt pl&uted it in Key Went. J. A ftxTftr. liia tof^tt .i»»}J»inKj, enlarged. 4 A. cahi. i;ni«rped. .">, Front Hill! ii ir vli'm of « ptaiuen. ontargetl. fi. Veitical .^.1 ' • :. .ivury, enlarged. 7. Apex of ft *tvl:', tfiiiarjjnd. H. An oviik, miicl, nia(;iiii!e: f !• ■>, natiirnl »iio. 3. Vfcrli i'lil. iiaturol nil*. '1. A tliaj.i , nutuiul su:o. .'>. Au embryo, enlsr^Dii. 1 iiokUAQINACEvK. osc of sdino i)f liriiufflit a« t» on luosl of the urfa'"i», nninor- I Hll)ic flMjt lesi-rihcd it in iosi> uarfleu iit illv )>Lint«<(! (lit *!t oU" by largo > mifn^twh, Broen during Novuritl wtHtkN, The wood of Cordia Jioiisieri is hght, rather soft, cIoHo-grninud, with mnny thin cnnHpicuous medullary raya and einuU scattered open ducbi, and ia dark itrowii, with tlliuk light brown wpwood. The specifii! gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.G790, a oubio fiH»t weighing 42.112 potindii. All parts of Cordia Bolns'uri, which contains an aronuitio priuuiplu, aro ummI by the Mexicans in the treatment of br<)n<;hial i ffec*^'on8.' An extract of the wimmI iu iMiliuvml by thnm to bo vabiable oa an expectorant and diaphoretic ; the fruit is eaten, and in the form of jully im used to relieve coughs ; and a decoction of the leaves is employed in the treatment of rheunuttiitin.'' Cordia Boi»sieri was discovered by J. L. Berlandier * in tho valley of the Uio Grande. Occa- sionally planted in the gardens of western Texas and northern Mexico, it might well find a home in those ol' other warm dry countries, for few trees uf temi)orate rugiouN protluee more beautiful or abundant flowers.* The specific name commemorates the scientific labors of Edmund Hiiiiwier," the distinguished Swiss botanist. > Havnr.1, Proc. V. S. Nttl. Afiu. viii. 510. ' In ISCO Aimcahuita wuwl attracted some attention in Germany M a remedy fur ooiiiiiKiiption, and conaidemble quantities were imported from Tanipieo and sold at higli prices, but as an analysis did not dcmonHtrate that it possesse^l important ntedifftl properties, and nu );»od results foUowiuj; its use in the treatment of phthisis, it was siH>n given up as a remedy. (See Berg, Botifilaiutia, 1860, 30a. — Huchncr, Ntue$ Heperlorium fUr I'harmacie, x, 07. — MUI|.-r, Vierteljahruiichrifl fiir Pmkt. Pharm. i. 519. — Scemann, Pkarm, Jour, and Traru. lit. lOt. — Hanbury, Pharm. Jour, aiu/ Tram. sor. 2, it 407 ; iv. 27'.', t. ; Science Pl In giNKi eunditiun (A<- gtruh. Flora, slv, ■I'M), * 1'ierru-F.ilnmiul Itiiisuliir (INI0-IH7A), . ..JlWe uf Genera, a traveler in N|iain, uurllierir Ai'rlea, ai.'l Asia Minor, and best known by his Voyage bolaniiftt iliini If mtili ile I'liipagnr, 1830-lUfi, and by his Flora (trituliilU, IMI? IHM. lloUiirrn, a genus of (irasses, was estalillalied by lliM'hsttiUnr In Ills honor. {Hoe A. de CandoUc^ Arch. Set. Phyi. tt NaU ilt Omiiiu, ilv. MM,) EXPLANATION OK THE PLATES. PlATK CCLXXXIII. COBDIA liOIIWIKHI. 1. A flowering branch, natural site. 2. A flower, the corolla and holt of tliu calyx rumnvDil, 3. A corolla displayed. 4. A stamen, front and rear views. 6. Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged. 6. Cross section of an ovary, enlarged. 7. An ovale, much mi>.gntfled. Plate C'^LXXXIV. Cordia noiMinRi. 1 . A fruitin).' L ■ancb, natural size. 2. Vertical sfctiLn of a fruit, natural slu. 5. CroM section of <\ fruit, natural siu), 4. A seed, naiWal s, '«. 6. An embryo, enlar^ ad. 6. An embryo c»t acr. «s the cotyledons, enlar|{ad, i BUHRAQINAC&S. yen, which are in cnnHpicuous niwn Hapwood. iuikIh. Iio Moxicans in b« vahiable as relieve coughs ; jlrande. Oeca- ind n home in re beautiful or nguished Swiss n laOl b; the ^u- nlen »t (iottingen ; g*nK\ eundition {Re- jt're of Oenera, b niir, >n<) belt known //nr, 183»-l»tfi, knd H gfiiuB of (rrmuei, [Mm A. de CandoUe, ^ iiU I i \ 1 \ • i : 1 ' 1 \} H liN /// 1 1// .' » UKAUINACKA - fitMiiliful whit« riowiTh, which are ,,^ MivernI wijok*. ft, ploH4!-irraint>J, with iiKUiy thin cnti:j|Hciiou« I m ilark brown, with thick li^ht lirDWti Kipwood. •^ 'Mi790, A pnhi(i fcKit w(ii)^hiti); i'J.'l'J piiiiuilri. lUiiiiii iin aroiiutic [irliiciiih!, fjfi"ii» itrodini- more iMailifiil or ii.uno uotunuiinorHteit the mciuntiiit' htbura of Pklmond liotitKior," the d}- ft>r rcmfluuipfiou, And eonjiitlcnvtilr. f|*ui»tillf»i, w«tn L--3port«4 fmin Tatnirictf and sold at high prir^s, but a* ah AiMilYiiia 'iHf lu't flituiotuttnUfi tbAt it {XMH>ptn> >'»BMii, X. 51tt. - SveniHiui, I'kano. . Pknrm. Jo^tr. nmi ^rdm. .-H-r. xn.iA • Sw, 1. •«. • Two planK of I ,r-ti:i ii.'^itim wcm rfnl in ISfll bf tin U-n- noTMicn ninnul at Tanipiru Ui lb« ButAnio ()«ntoh it UAttingvn ; m tbA fuliowtnjt yuvr th«y wcra aJivr and in j^mmI mnilition {Hr- ffunnti. /-'Awa, *l». 444). ' l'»i'rr«-Fj|moinl K«w»irr (1810-1875), » iistivn u( t.iH»i»ti., t tnxeirr in S|>iiiu, Minlrorii Africa, iin I A«i» Min<'r, and bus* kaiLVu by lii« Vnftii/t hvi>tniifit* d-'iH± If mi-1i 'U t*K*pa;p\f, }9^i^ lH4*sn«v'fnj, lUrti'-lStM. /ItiuaKra, a gi^uitt o( i)r«>,v>, waD I »taUi«bsil by lliK'>uiti>IUir in bt* biuiur. (.Sc* A. da ('• 4rn*. Afi. /'<^. rt Ao/ rff (»«/«, mt. 308.) :■»; ;>« tiif* raam\f<\. 4. A ,: >. A» uTule, UiiK'h ui»jptifi«l. I': ^y. I <'i \\ \!\ . ( , Ki'M i! .>Mi:i.i. I. A fruitiii f bprinrh. natuial rfi/i>. -. Vortioal sprtiim of » fruit, natural »iic. 3. Cross «3t 'lii li .irf III CDDHpiKIIOIIH ri>wii Ki|iwiitilii.'M' (txigh!) ; iml I iiomo ill I' l>i.i'i!ifiil or ;uitthtMl Swi<(8 n IMU l.» iM Han- rdi'ti lit lirVltuifp>n ; (pKxl ■imiliuuii {Hr- ativA tlf liMM^tc, * uor, rniti bn< ka>.vu ./n., 48,1l» l*«- ^ vl t gl'liU* ttf • < Spt a .1. ' .>i ■- t. SiWa of North Amrrica Tab CCI.XXXll! C E Fturttn iM Rapifif .tc CORDIA BOISSIERI.A DC A BlOCrftiJ- iiWAT Irnp J Ttweur , Piirur \i i. ij ' I ill urn \ it! I 1 I 1 III 11' r % 41 n^ ! ! ^ I' N ■ f^ t i W v Si'.va of North America Tab. CCUXXIV b C E f'lu^n t//t/. CORDIA BOISSIERI, A DC P.'Cfirt ST. * \ I , u )i^- \' A Hi*>frtf4ur liif-f.r Imp ./ Tan**<,r_ Piirut -.a i.i 1 p ii BORRAOINACEA. SILVA OF NORTE AMERICA. 75 BOURRERIA. Flowers perfect ; calyx closed in the bud, 2 to 5-toothed or divided, tlu' IoIm'm valvate in aestivation ; corolla gamopetalous, 5-lobcd, the lobes imbricated in lUHtivalioii j stamens 5 ; disk annular ; ovury superior, spuriously 4-celled ; ovules Holitary in ciicli cell. Fruit a fleshy drupe. Leaves alternate or subverticillate, without HtipuUm, -KnglcrA I'runtl, J'ftiiiiniiii/nvi, Iv, |iti Bourreria. BrowiiB. Nat, //w^ .A/m. 168 (17uG). — Adiin- lu'lier, 6'cn. 045. 8(111. Film. Fl. ii. 177. — Benttmin & Huoker, Gen. ii. 840 iii. 8(1. (excl. llymenMthen). — Buillon, Ilist. Fl. x. 392 (excl. Morelosia. Ui Lliive & Lt'xiir/.u. jVhc. (V;/. //ihc, I, 1 (IH24). IlijmeneHheji). Crematomia. Mii-rs. Auu. & May, Nut. Jli»l, mif, \, III, Beurreria, Jacciuin, HUt. Slirp. Am. 44 (1763). — Eiul- 301 (1809) ; Contrib. ii. 242. SmuU trees or .shrubs, with watery juices and fibrous roots. Leaves involute in vorimtioii, uUiolHi<), caducous. Caljrx closed before anthesis, globose or ovoid, splitting in two to five short tooth, pocMiHloiii and sometimes accrescent under the flower. Corolla white, campanulate or infundibulifoi'iii, lht< liiho short or elongated, often enlarged in the throat, five-lobed, the lobes broadly ovato, sproaiJinK; id'lci' anthesis. Stamens five, inserted on the tube of the corolla, introrse, included or cxNortod ; lilaiiM'iitA filiform ; anthers ovate or oblong, often rugnlose, two-celled, opening laterally by longitmliiiiil *\\\n. Ovary sessile on the thin annular disk, inrompletely foui^celled by the development of tbn two piifictiil placentas, narrowed into a terminal style tw.rparted toward the apex, the divisions moro or lt<*iK i'muIcr- cent ; stigma truncate, capitate, or clavate ; ovules solitary in each cell, attached on tho back iioid' lli(< middle of the inner face of the revolute placenta, anatropous ; raphe ventral ; niii lopyhi Niipt'iior, Drupe subglobose, tipped with the remnants of the style; exocarp thin and fleshy; cndociiip Miiiiu'wlmt four-lobed and separable into four thick-walled bony one-seeded nutlets rounded and fui'iiiMliod ngy longitudinally many-ridged appendage, flattened on their (UlllV*j. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, iii. 203 (1869) ; Contrib. ii. 234. Bourreria tomentosa, y Havanensis, Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. J, id. 482 (1864) ; Cat. Ft. Cub. 209. 1 < A bushy tree, In Florida occasionally forty-five feet in height, with a buttressed and often fluted trunk eight or ten inches in diamuter, and slender terete branchlets ; usually nnich smaller, aud often a shrub with numerous spreading stems. The hark of the trunk varies from a sixteenth to an eighth of an inch in thickness and is light brown tinged with red, more or less fissured, and divided on the surface into thick plate-like irregular scales. The branches, when they first appear, are light red ari>. ji'.ose with pale hairs which soon disappear ; and in their first winter they are covered with thin dark "jd, orange-colored, or ashy gray bark which is sometimes roughened with pale lenticels and often sepa- rates in delicate scales. The leaves are obovate-oblong or ovate, acute, rounded, apiculate or emarginate at the apex, wedge-shaped at the base, and entire with thickened revolute margins ; they are covered, when they unfold, with soft pale caducous hairs, and at maturity are tliick, coriaceous, conspicuously reticulate-venulcse, dark green and glabrous, or in one form ' tuberculate-scabrous or bispidulous on the upper surface, pale yellow-green and glabrous or pubescent on the lower surface, two to tiirce and a half inches long and an inch to an inch and a half wide, with broad orange-colored midribs deeply impressed on the upper side, and thin arcuate veins ; they are borne on slender ligid grooved petioles three (juarters of an inch to an inch in length, and, unfolding in Florida in April and May, usually remain on the branches through their second sunnner. The Howers, which open in the spring and late in the autumn, are produced in open terminal cymes three or four inches across with slender glabrous branches, and are borne on pedicels half an inch long and furnished near the middle with a scarious bractlet an eighth of an inch in length and, like the small hracts, caducous from a persistent base. The calyx before opening forms an ovate pointed glabrous or puhurulous bud, and after anthesis is campanidate and five-toothed, with acute teeth ciliate on the margins. The corolla is subcampanidate and creamy white, with a short tube somewhat enlarged in the throat, and broad ovate spreading lobes three (juarters of an inch across when expanded. The stiimens, which are inserted near the middle of the tube of the corolla and are exserted, are composed of slender filaments and of ovate rugulose apiculate anthers. The ovary is conical and glabrous, and is gradually contracted into a slender exserted style ' Bourreria HavanetmU, var. radula. (Jray, Syu. hi. N. .Am. ii. j)t. i. 181 (1878). — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. lOth Census U. S. ix. lU. liourreria radula, Don, Gen. Syal, iv. 300 (1836). — Chaniisso, /.inncen, vili. 120. — Miers, Ann. j- .Uiij. Nal. Hist, aer. 4, iii. •.J05 ; Conlrib. ii. Ii37. Ehretia radula, Poin^t, Inm. Did. Suppl. ii. 2 (1811).— Die- trich, Syn, i. 030. — Ue Caixlolle, Prodr. ix. GOO. — Chapman, Fl. 329. Cardia Floridana, Niittall, Sylra, iii. 83, 1. 107 (1840). Bourreria virgata, Griaehaeh, J/em. .Im. .•\vad. u. ser. viii. 528 {PI. Wright, pt. ii.) (1802) ; Cat. PI. Cub. 209. r I I ' fe'l » ! ! I 78 SUVA OF NORTH AMERICA. BORRAOIMACEA whicli is divided only toward the apex, or is sometimes nearly entire, and is crowned with two capitate stigmas. The fruit ripens in the autumn, or early in the spring from autumnal flowers, and is bright orange-red, subglobose, half an inch in diameter, tipped with the remnants of the style, and surrounded at the base by the enlarged spreading calyx which sometimes becomes half an inch across ; it has a thick tough skin and thin dry flesh inclosing the four thick-wallcd nutlets. Bnurreria Ilacanvnsia is a common inhabitant of the forests of Key West, Key Largo, Upper Metacombe and Elliott's Keys, in Florida, and of those of the Bahama Islands and of many of the Antilles. The wood of Bottrreria Ifavanetiaia is hard, strong, very close-grained, with a satiny surface susceptible of receiving a beautiful polish ; it contains numerous obscure medullary rays, and is brown streaked with orange, with thick hardly distinguishable sapwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.8073, a cubic foot weighing 50.31 pounds. The Strong Back ' was first described in the Natural Hiatory of Carolina ' by Mark Catesby, who discovered it on the Bahama Islands ; it was first noticed in Florida ' by Dr. J. L. Blodgett.* ' This name, which was in use anioiij; the iuhabitanta of the Bahama Islands when Catesby visited them early in the last cen- tury, was probably given to this tree on aooount of the hard tough nature of the wood. On the Klorida keys, which were first settled by flshermru and woodchoppers from the Bahamas, Strong Back is sometimes replaced by Strong Bark. ' Pittania limilis, Laurtola/oliu, Jioribm atbit, baeeit rubrit, ii. 79, t. 70. * The Porto Rioo plant that flowered in the .lardin des PUntei iu Paris in 1801, and was described by Desfontaines (Ann. Mut. i. 270) as Ekrelia liourreria, was, according to Miers (Ann. fr Mag, t/al. Hilt. ser. 4, iii. 203) his Bourrtria recuna here reduced to Bourreria Havanemit. « See i. 3a EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Platk CCLXXXV. Bovrkkru HAVANunis. 1. A flowering briincli, natural size. 2. A diagram of n flower. 3. A calyx, enlarged. 4. A flower, the calyx remove^' f ij^-- N. » \- \ /' fasi'ii rtW. ft CO, ^¥ bourrf:ria havanensi:: X "■'^ t^ t !■ 5 x\ 11 ■ II i ,1 I' il ! f di U m i' I u \ 1 ' SILVA OF NOh'T/f AAtHHir.t. mni.h\fU>»AVr.M tpiuite iinm tHwi ' 'valli><| iiiilli'U .iliitbitiiiit of till! fcircitU iif Key \Vi'*t, .. .iiKmi«>(»', witli thiik Lan'ly tli.stinf{uinhiililo wiiiworMl, The pipdillc gravity of the m -^ iiitely dry w(mh1 >h O.Hii7o, a vuhiv foot \\t>i)ihiii;{ fiO.in |hiiiii4 imme, wiurh wai in um> itii,u:ii; Ui" iiJnI.iUutt nf thv ■ Tlw I'url'i Ulan |.Uiit Ihot ll«««rljinii< when Cutoibf viniunl th-n> cvl} in tlio U«l rru- in I'liria ill IHUI, atiil wna ilvuiHIinl li;r DiufniiUiiMo (Ann . ( !<•«. jr .lAiy. ufttimi nf tliB wood. On thi- VloriiU kovf. wlii.ii w»r» flrrt •»tll»xt Not. Hint, itr I, III 'i(l») hU Ifmir'nrm iwumi kuw r»ilue<rr« fr>m llm l<.tli..mu, Strunt; Itni'k i> lieunnvt Harnutniu •umetiuin n'pliuifil b» .Struug l*»rk. ' K«X 'I; Pi,*TE WLXXXVI. IVkiskbiua H*va«im*m. 1. A frullinft l>y»nc)i. natiiml •!»••. 1'. V.-rtii^al Kcitluii of « fmil, enlurKwI. 3. Cro«J Kcrtion of a fniit, euUr({«>il. 4. \ niitlnf. pnlar)i«l. fi, Au enibrj'O, iiiucU riiagiiitiol. rith tw.Iuci- K. Ilrowii, I'mlr. Fl. Nov. Iloll. 497 (1810). — Do Candollo, I, c. 503. — IkMitlmiii, n Autlral. iv. 387. — C. B. Clarlfo, /..-.— Forbes & llcnuloy, /. c. Ehretia lerrala, Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. ii. 340 (1824) ; Bot. l.'eg. xiii. t. 1097. — Dc Cnmlollo, /. c. — Kriinchut & Savnticr, Enum. I'l. Jap. i. ICt!. — Kurz, i'om«/ Fl. Brit. Uurm. ii. iilO. F.hretia pyrifolia. P Don, /'rwiV. H. Seiml. Wl (18'J5). Khretia ovali/olia, llus!.kurl, Cat. Hurt. ISogor. 137 (not Wight) (1»14). Cordiii thi/ntijlnra, Sii'lmld & Zuci'arini, .ibhand. .Had. .ViiiicA. iv. pt. iii. ir.O (ISlti). In India tlio frnit of this Imndsonio tree, which is sweet and insipid, is eaten, and the soft and e;islly worlied wotid is used in hniidinj; and in ttie nianufactnrc of agrienltnral implements, scal>- liards, sword-liandles, anl (»nn-!,tocks (llraudis. Forest Fl. Brit. Ind, 339, under Ehretia serrala). Mf ■ SO SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. BORRAGINACEJG. The generic name commemorates the artistic and scientific labors of Georg Dionysius Ehret,* a botanical painter of the eighteenth century. * (Jporjf I)lnny«ius Khrct (1708-1770) was born in the prand itttcliy of niidrii, wliero his fnthcr was gardener tu Charles, I'riiicc (rf lljiilfr. Trcw, the distinguished physii'ian and botanist of Nufcnihertf. U'ith the money which he obtained in this way he wiw (itde to (ravel through (icrmany, Switzerland, and France, and ♦laltiiiif I'liri"* found employment in painting the flowers in the .lar- dtn du Kol Milder the direction of Jnssieu. He eroHsed to T^iMidou, Ifiit <. 136. — Miors, Ann. A- Mag. Nat. Hist. aer. 4, iii. 110 ; Contrib. ii. 228, t. 85. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. ii. pt. i. 118. — Ilemalcy, IM. Jiivl. Am. Cent, ii ''". . — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 114. — Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 283 (Man. PL W. Texas). 1847, 12. — Walpers, Ann. i. 524, — .MIbis, Ann. A Mug. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, iii. Ill i CmlHh, il, 2'.'t». Ehretia oiliata. Miers, Ann. & Mag. Nat, Hint, m; i. III. Ill; Contrib. ii. 229. Ehretia ezasperata, Miers, Ann. it Mag, Sal, lllH, not, 4, iii. 112 ; Contrib. ii. 230. A tree, sometimes forty to fifty feet in height, with a trunk occasionally tiiroo feut in (liittii(*t<'r, and stout spreading brunches whicli form a handsome compact round-topped leafy huiid ; UHimlly tniich smaller within the territory of the United Sttttes, and often reduced to a low shrub. Tliu bitrk of old trunks is sometimes an inch thick, and is deeply furrowed and divided into long tliiek ii'i'ii((ulitl' lihitu' like scales with a gray or reddish brown surface whicli separates in thin flakes ; or on youii)( Ntttitm iind on the branches it is thin, light brown, and broken into thiek appressed scales, Tint Iti'tilM'liltitM itl'O slender and terete, and when they first appear are covered like the under surface of tilt* Itiiivtw, tliu branches of the inflorescence, and the outer surface of the calyx of the flower, with rigid IiimuIk |ml« hairs ; during their first winter they are light brown tinged with red, .sometimes piiluii'iiloiiN, and ol'teii rouglienud by numerous pale lenticels. The leaf-scars are small, depressed, and olicordittu, and dinplay a slioi't lunate row of minute fibro-vascular bunute-scars; in their axils arc one, or two supi'rpiiiUMl iiiidiito buds buried in the bark, and covered with two pairs of dark scales whicli remain on lli« Itiiai' of llie LTrowing branchlet and at maturity are lanceolate, acute, dark chestnut brown, coated with pitl), liiiirN, and sometimes a quarter of an inch long.' The leaves arc oval or oblong, pointed and apii'iilitto at tlio apex, gradually rounded or wedge-shaped at the base, entire or occasionally furnished aliovii tliti rriidillt' with a few broad teeth, and conspicuously retieulate-venulose, with short stout grooved piibi'iitMiiit |i("li- oles ; they unfold lato in the winter, and are then thin and light green, lustrous, niiniUt'ly tiilii and pilose on the upper surface, and are often furnished below with tufts of white hairs in IIim n%\\n of the veins ; at maturity they are thick, subcoriaceous, dark green and roughened aliovu by llin itiiliir^^od circidar rigid pale tubercles, and are more or less covered with soft pale or rufous pubiini'iiiii'K below, especially on the narrow midribs and the numerous primary veins which are arcuate near tliM nmi'^iiifl. The flowers are produced in compact racemose scorpioid-branched jtanicles two to thri'o iiii'licN long and broad, terminal on short leafy branches of the year, and appear in the autumn, during tlii< wihter, or usually in very early spring. The bracts and bractlets are linear, acute, about a ipiartei' ol' all iiiiOi long, and early deciduous. The calyx, which is open in the bud, is divided to the base into (Ivc liiiei'r acute divisions and is nearly as long as the campanulate tube of the corolla, which foi'iiw licfoi'ti anthesis an obovate bud rounded at the apex, and is half an inch .across the expanded lolxm, wliicli arc ovate, thin and white, and rather shorter than the exserted stamens. The fruit ripens in llit< iiiiliitnii and in the spring, and in globose, surrounded at the base by the persistent somewhat eiiliii'gt'd calyx, light yellow, and a quarter of an inch in diameter, with thin sweet rather juicy edible HumIi, and two two-seeded nutlets. > On the i)p:. A pistil, enlarged. 6. Witicul section of an ovary, enlarged. 7. Cross section of an ovary, niuuh magnified. 8. An ovule, much magnifled. 9. A fruiting branch, natural si/.e. 10. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. 11. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. 12. A 3ec(l. enlarged. VS. An embryo, much magnified. I BOUUAOINACE^E. often covers dry ley of the upper lountains of San probably attains d Nueces rivers, Rcult to split; it trie rings v.'ithin is light brown, wood is 0.6440, ier, and was first ict round head of ver the branches, its of the cities of 241!). ' See i. 74. J^ i EH BET! A ^ ! i' ^i'aW of Mexico. I lutavy, h;iicentrin rinj^a -AfitiJn . '.. Ii wliich arc niiirked l)y stneml rows of l;tr)j>T ducts, and is lijfht brown, ;.ii;( foloreil supwood, Tin- spocilic gr.'uily of tlio uhsoliitclv dry wood ii. tKWlO, (t i> till, ^ -10.13 pounds. •ptica Wild disoovcwd in Nuevo Loon by tlio Uilgian botanist. Beilandier, «iid w i(.iiii.' . \4s near Now Bmunfels by Frederick I.indhoinier.'' f "ii. rajiid growth of this tree, whiili is not much idTw^ted by droujifht, its comjMict round tiead ol :rwn foliftgo, und abundant clusters of whit«f Howeni, which fre(|Ufntly quite cover the branches, ii,i ku it a dcMraldi' oruamwntid trw. and thf Anaipia is ofdui found shudinj^ the ntieeto ol t' " il >*<»-tcm Tc\its uiiil iiiirtiu 111 MtixifO. (\li:i.K.l\V!U niit ■ ^lJ»^ t"-' ,l,;,u ,.>p, ..vK-ANATlON OF THE TLATE. t I U VVnii- VX All embrye, mu«b nuigmil^l. f* •»{! V'i ^"■i;,i.. Sin (iriili. lii'iilt to <'./■ ' Imp J Taneur Purur m i \^ 'I I 1 \4 ; 1 ' f t ''-\'i , f ■ , ! f t ^ i DIQNUNUCEJL SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 88 CATALPA. Flovsep.s perfect ; calyx gumoscpalous, closed in the bud, bilabiatcly splitting in unthesis r corolla gamopetalous, 2-lipi)ed, 5-l()bed, the lobes imbricated in ajstivation ; stamens usually 2 ; staminodia 3 ; disk hypogynous, nearly obsolete ; ovary 2-celled ; ovules numerous. Fruit a linear woody capsule. Leaves simple, usually opposite, des- titute of stipules. Catalpa, Scopoli, Introduet. 170 (1777). — A. L. de Jus- siou, Uen. 13 i. — Meisner, Oen. 301. — Ktidlicher, Oen. 711.— Itc'ntham & Hooker, Gen. ii. 1041.— Baillon, lH.1t. I'l. X. l.'i. Catalpium, liutinesijue, Jour. Phya. Ixxzix. 269 (1819). Trees, v ith watery juices, terete branchlets with thick pith, thin scaly bark, scaly buds, soft light- colored woo*!, and fibrous roots. Leaves opposite, verticillate, or alternate, involute in vernation, simple, entire or iobed, oblong-ovate or cordate, long-petiolate, deciduous. Flowers vernal or lestival in ample t'^rminal compound trichotomously branched panicles or corymbs. Bracts and bractlets linear- lanceolate, deciduous. Calyx menibran:iceous, subglobose and apiculute in the bud, in anthesis splitting nearly to the baije into two broadly ovate entire lobes. Corolla gamopetalous, thin and membra- naceous, white or yellow, variously marked and spotted on the inner surface, inserted on the nearly obsolete disk, tlie tube occasionally furnished on the upper side near the base with an external Iobed appendage, oblique and enlarged above into a broad bil.abiate limb, with spreading lips undulate on the margins, the posterior two-parted, the anterior deeply three-lobed. Stamens and staminodia inserted near the base of the corolla ; stamens two, introrse, anterior, included or slight 'y exserted, or rarely four ; filaments flattened, arcuate ; anthers attached on the back, oblong or linear, earned to the rear of the corolla and face to face on either side of tiie stigma by a half turn in the filaments near their ba.se, two-celled, the cells divergent in anthesis, opening longitudinally ; staminodia filiform, minute or rudimentary. Ovary sessile, two-celled, abruptly contracted into an elongated filiform style divided at the apex into two stigmatic lobes exserted above the anthers;' ovules numerous, inserted in many series on a central placenta, horizontal, anatropous ; raphe ventral ; micropyle superior. Fruit an elongated subterete capsule tapering from the middle to the two ends, persistent on the branches during winter and ultimately splitting loculicidally into two valves. Seeds numerous, compressed, oblong, exalbuminous, inserted in two to four ranks near tht margin of the flat or more or less thickened, woody septum free from the walls of the capsule ; testa thin, light brown or silvery gray, longitudinally veined, produced into broad lateral wings notched at the base of the seed and divided at their narrowed or rounded ends into comas of long coarse white hairs. Embryo filling the cavity of the seed ; cotyledons plane, broader than long, slightly two-lobed, rounded laterally ; radicle short, erect, turned toward the oblong conspicuous basal hilum. Catidpa is now confined to the eastern United States, the West Indies, and China. During the ' In the North Amcrioan species of Cntalpa tlio flowers are pro- who enter the corolla in search of the nectar secreted by the small tandrous j the anthers open in the morning mid discharge their oblong glnndH on the margin of the disk, and probably insure their pollen, while the lobes of the stigma remain closed until the even- cross-fertilization. (See Antiadalo, Bot. Gazette, viii. 171. — Del- ing of the same day, when the anthers have become effete (Engol- pino, Ulleriori Ouencuiotii, i. 140 ; ii. 172.) inann, Boi. Gaxttte, v. 3). The (lowers are visited by bumblo-bees, 1 m % tt : \t ' -5 M SILVA OF A O It Til AMERICA. BIONONIACKiK. tertiary epoch it was common in Europe, from which it has now disappeared ; ' and in North America ranged westward to the northern Rocky Mountain region, where traces of Catolpa crussifolUi^' the ancestor of the existing species, have been discovered in the miocene strata on the banks of the Yellow- stone River. Seven species are distinguished ; of these, two are North American. One specins, Cutalpn longis- siTOrt," is a native of the Antilles ; two others, still imperfectly known, have been detected on the island of Cuba,* and Calafjxt ovalu'' and Catalpa liungel" inhabit northern and central China. Catnlpa contains a bitter principle, and is tonic and diuretic, and produces soft straight-grained and durable wood. In tiie United States Catalpa is not seriously injured by insects ' or fungal diseases." The North American and Cliinese species are easily raised from seeds, which germinate early in the first season ; and can be multiphed by cuttings taken from young shoots, which root readily. The generic name is that by which one of the North American species, the type of the genus, was known among the Cherokee Indians. > StiportR, Ann. Sci. Nat. s<ng slen- h Koi/. Atialic Sor. n. m, i., ii.]). alpa in North Amer- M)mptinies entirely de- luisduval, although in •tep. U. S. Agric. 1882, the leaves; and Dipla- ting the frttit or trees S. Agric. 1880, 260). incipally species which characleristic are Cer- aall white spots, and imphf/Umlieta Catalpa, he mildew of Catalpa I, Saccardo, a species more special Micro- rth Amerieu species. BioNONUCEJC. SUVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 85 CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF CATALPA. Flowera in mnny-flowered crowded panicles ; corolla thickly spotted on the inner surface i fruit slender, thin-walled i leaves slightly acuminate !• Catali'A CatalI'A. Flowera in few-flowered open panicles ; corolla inconspicuously spotted ; fruit stout, tliick-wolled ; leavea oaudate-ocuminate 2* Catalfa hpkcioha. f il ,U. SILVA OF NORTU AMERICA. »U>U»H\MV.M. OATALPA OATALPA. Oatalpa. Indian Bean. Flowkrs in many-flowered crowded piinioles ; corolla thickly Hpottcd oil tlio Iniii^r surface. PVuit slender. Leaves slightly acuminate. Catalpa Catalpa, Karstun, Pharm. MM. Boi, 927 (1HM2K— Siidwortli, Garilen and Furenf, iv. 4(H(. Bignonia Catalpa, Liiinii'm, S/iee. (»•.''.' (in jmrt) (ITM). — Dii Itoi. lliirlik: Himmx. i. 114. — l.ainurck, Diit, i. 411'. — .MiH'iii'li, liihime \\'ei»a. 15. — Monlmll, Arlnut, Am. 'i\. — Wangoiiheiiii, Nnnlam. Ihlx. fiS, t. 'JO, f. 4,">. — C»»ti);lioni, IVuy. neijti Stati I'nil!, ii. i!l(). — .Solimiilt, Oentr. Ilitumx. i. 41.', t. 41. — Willilfiiow, Herl. Umimx. 40; S/irc iii. '.'8'.) : h'liiim. (14'.). — Mifhaiix. Fl. Unr.-Am. ii. I.'.".. — Si-likulir, Hawih. ii. '.'((I, t. 175.— Dt'sfiintniiies, tlitl. Arb. i. 189 Micliaux f. lliit. Arb. Am. iii. 'J17, t. 0. — Raflnemiiie, Fl. Ludoric. KW. — Lo Maoiit & Deciianv, Traill Gen. Itnl. '.'09, f. ; Kiit(l>"l> .•(1. tMI'J, f. Catalpa bignonioides, Walter, Fl. Cur. 64 (1788).— Borklinusen, HiinUb. Fomthot. ii. 1601. — De Caiidollc. I'mdr. ix. '.'L'O. — Gray, .Man. 292 (in part) ; Syn. Fl. .V. Am. ii. |it. i. .'tl'.t (in part) ; i-il. 2, I.IO. — Diirlingtiin, /'/. CeKtr. 1(1. H, 182. — Chapiuun, Fl. 285. — CurtU. Hep. Gto- log. Stirv. N. Car. iii. 1*10, /M), — \Uf»%», lUymmUieMi, i. 25. — Kwh, Ih'iidr. ii. WYi. — iMtwSm, Ihiiln^bi Ihnilr. e4;, — jV'/u^ vraii Diihauul. ii. l.'l (uml, I.). — Null»ll, Hm, I. Ul — Kllidtt, Sk. i. 24. — l>uilinKt"ii, A*/, (fir «l, 'i, ',Wi\. — Spa.li, nut. IVy. i«. I^t.'l. Catalpa eyrinitifolla, Hiiwi, /hi. Mnu, »««>ii. I, MM (1808). — l'ur.li, Fl. Am. H-l>t. I, l(», -• ttltflm, Ihrnlf, Ft. '2. — L.Hl.li({M, lU. Call, tiii, I, iwn. N(»*)iK«-l, Sytt. i. 70. — Sertiim Jlolniiiiiim, i. I. thiu, dm. Hyiil, iv. 'j;«». — Dii-lricli, Syn. i. 82. — NiilUll, HuIm, III. 77. -. Toircy, /Y. .V. )'. ii. '25. — l|iifiiiii|rht, with a sliort trunk sniDctimeH tiiree or four fi'irittle branches whicli furtn ti broad head,' and dieliotonirttiM l)runi'hl<'t«t, 'I'lin Imrk of tiie trunii varies from a (|uarter to a third of an inch in tiiicknoss, and Ih li^rjil brown i^H]^if(/»(, ^/»«. Nyiil, ill, /fiiir, tMl lIlil'kniMxl »t lilt, M\i\ iriiirkxil coin tllH \m^\i «r IhiiiiIIk-m'iii-)), ^Miir, wlinti tli« I'Im* \»mw\\ «-oii- iiiiiiiil \m\, »n«l M* itkillnry liiiil* w hriHidly ovHto |M!<-rKM<(i||(, 1111(1 '\'\w \n\si>n (iMi iKtiiiMw h«iiiif|«>(| tlipy nro «wmt<>rown. The seed is about an inch long, a ipiarter of an inch wide, silvery Ip'ay, with pointed wings terminating in long pencil-shaped tufts of wliito hairs. L'lititlpu Cdfnijtii is usually supposed to bo indigenous on the banks of the rivers of southwestern Georgia, western Florida, and central Alabama and Mississippi. The hardiness of this tree, however, in Hovoro climates like that of Now Knglaiid, woulil indicate an origin in some colder and more elevated region, and it is possible that the Catalpa-trees which now appear to bo growing naturally in the south- ern Ht^tt«!s are tho offspring of trees carried there by man.'- The wood of Cuhi/jki Cdtidjiu is soft, not strong, coarse-grained, and very durable in contact with thu iMiil, with iiuniei ms obscure medidlary rays and rows of Lirgo open ducts clearly nuirking the layers of annual growth ; it is light brown, with lighter colored often nearly white sapwood composed of one or two layurs of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is O.-tIT I, a cubic foot weighing 27.88 pounds. It is used and highly valued for fence-posts, rails, and other purposes where durable wooil is needed. The l)ark, whicli contains tannin and an amorphous bitter principle, has been occasionally used, OH well as tho seeds, in decoction for tho treatment of asthma and bronchitis,^ and in homu'opathic practice.* Tlie first account of Catiilpn Cntaljin was published in the Xaturul Illnloi-jf of Ciiroliiui " by Mark Catesby, by whom it was introduced into English gardens about 172G." Its value as an orua- I In tlio North AmRrican and Chiiiesp "jHTies of Cntalpn thu k'livpM iirt^ furitiahntl with thoHe ^laiitls, which, on tho AnRTirun iperioN, at leut, itecrcte nectar, and are vinited hy nuniertiiiH iiui«ctji who (emi u|Min it ( Kerner, Whkvt.i aiul Ihrir UnhMen (lurth, 130. — Kjder, /'w. I'Kil. Ami. 1870, lUI ; .Itii. .V,i(. xiii. IHS). ' The light larffo-winged Heeds of Cntalpa, whieli an> carried far and wide hy the wind, and are ahle to tlout for a lonf; time on the iiirfoee of the water, are perfectly lulapted tu insure itn wide dis- neininatinn, eNiiecially iu a region abounding in swift-tluwing •treaniK like that which surrounds tho southern vitreinity of the Appalachian mountain system. Cateshy, who is tho Hrst botanist who siwaks of this Catalpa, found it in the uuinhubitcd part of Carolina, which in his time was all tho middle and western port of tho state, and <-arried it to the coast. Although not now knowu in tliv foroiU which cover thu foothills of tho southern Alleghany Mountains except in the neighlHirhoud of human habitations and on the Iwnka of streams, it is not imprubahlo that they contain tho liome of this tree, which, during tho lost hundred joara, has became completely iiatunJizcd in |iopiilou8 regions iu the middle and southern slates. • .V(i(. IKiptm. ed. 2, 3fi7. — .lohuson, Man. Med. Jlol. N. Am. 201 ; U. S. I)i.^ix-tu. cd. 10, 1717. ' Millspiiugh, Am. Metl, PI. in Homaopalhic Remedies, i. 109, t. 109. » llignonia i'riai /nliis flore aordide atbo, intua maculit purpurea ,S' tulrii iifiimo, mVii/iid limgiiaima }f anguslUiima, i. 49, t. 49. Bigtimiia : .imericami ; Arbor; Syringit Carulea foUif Jiore pur- purea. Miller, />iV<. No. 4. Biijtmiia foliis . A dwarf bushy form of Calal/n Calatpa of iiiiknowii origin, diiced flowers. A seedling variety of CaUlpa with yellow leaves ii with spreading stcius three or '• r feet tall, i» couiuioii in gardens, also oecaaionally planted, under the name of Catalpa Bungei. It is nut known to have pro- EXPLAJJATION OF THE PLATES. Plate CCLXXXVIII. Catalpa Catalpa. 1. The end of a flowering branch, natural siie. 2. Diagram of a flower. 3. A corolla displayed, np'ural size. 4. Stamens, front nnil rear views, slightly enlarged. 5. Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged. 6. An ovule, nmcb magnilicd. Platk CCLXXXIX. Catalpa Catalpa. 1. A fruiting branch, natural siio. 2. The end of a fruit, one of the valves removed, natoial lixo. 3. A seed, natural size. 4. Vertical section of a seed, natural sire. 6. An embryo, natural si/.e. fi. A winter branchlet, natural site. BIGNONIACE^. ted in the parka )undaut clusters ;land, where the mes injured, and with yellow leavea is \ 1 -'f MT .^y / ./ -■4 IS J.*''^'*., ^-^^SeS^' t .is* '^f;,' li m- .-,. -V' !?«•■#• "'J u ir i^--- '.I ■ fiis ! i [i : i w VoliTJI AMKEICA. .(!«• huntlfiMl and lifty yearH it has fxwn piwt«j8 in eiirly xiiiiuimr ««; irks .■*'rs . ^ . . i ' ., ., I .,p ,, ,-;istem New Eitglaiul. ■ ''i.' iDWBver, are oiten mu«t sn winter, and young plants are sometimes iiijumti, and Kiiropo. ' uuKniraii iirigiii, duwii llowers. A WtHiUng varwit} of Ctt(*lp» »ith ysllow lean » is iUi.nn lit L'iir>!i?ii^. *Jso ooctiaiuually pliuitm). KXPLANATION 0¥ THE TLATK-S. Platk ("Cl.XXXVLII. Cataij-a Catalpa. 1 . 'I'lid oiul of H tiowaring liraiiih. natural site. 'i. Diagram of a UiitTur. 3. A loroUa duiplRjixl, itat;ir»l mre- 4. Klauiftn, fmnt ami nmr vinwi. siiKhtljr enlarged. A. \'f>rliral !Khatnii of an ovary, ouliirijcfl- 6. Au iivuh', inurh iiiii),'«ifo'd. Pi m aXXXXlX: f.UTAWA ' . 1 A fmitiitg bnujcb, natural Wie. 3 Tlifl ond of ft fruit, one of iJio valvw r«in<»T«l, iwtiira) i^-^. li III til-' [Mrk-s ■ V'Suit: rla.'ib'ra OS iiijurf.i ^ail itii yi'llunr leaven ia S;lva of North America T«i* ■■'xxy.vii Ptnift sc C E Fit'Von lif/ CkTkV.?K CklkL?t< Karsi A HiiiiM- ' Imp J lUiieiii I'm 1:1 1 > I ^ i 1 ' ' J! i' 1 : '\ t ^\ (■.'.. »l J ■%i % % ^ J? t III ? I ! /',r /rjli": :l<^ I' \ ill' H I 'f • • I ir i» H i i ; , n ■" i i r !£: tv .« i ^1 Silva of r^orlh America ■,i I Tab CCLXXXIX. i.\ E Fnwani (M CATALPA CATALPA , KaiBt i I '! n A litot/fu~i^ iitrr.r . /nift , / Tunfhr J^irtj \ i i if. I V BIQNUNIACK^. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. OATALPA SPEOIOSA. Western Oatalpa. Flowebs in fow-flowcrcd open panicles ; corolla inconspicuously spotted, stout. Leaves euudate-acuniinate. Fruit Catalpt Bpeciosa, Engelmann, Hot. Gazette, v. 1 (1880). — Kidgway, J'rur. U. S. Sat. Mm. 1882, 70. — Sargent, Forest Tree* \. Am. MMh Ceiisu.1 I'. S. ix. 115.— Gray, Si/n. Fl, iV. Am. ed. -■ i. |it. ii. 4i>ii. — Laiiche, Deutsche Denilr. ed. i!, 145. — Watson & Coulter, Graij'a Man. ed. 6, li'J'J. — Koehnc, Deutsche Dendr. 520. Catalpa cordifoUa, Xouveau Duhamcl, ii. t. 6 (1802). — Nuttall, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 183 (not Mocneli). Catalpa bignonioidea, Lesquercux, Owen's Second Rep. Geoluy. Suru. Ark. 375 (not Walter) (1860). —Gray, Man. ed. 5, 321 (in i)art) i Sijn. Fl. N. Am. ii. pt i. 319 (in part). — Broodheod, Bot. Gazette, iii. 69. A tree, in the forest occasionuUy one liiindred aini twenty feet in height, with a tall straight trunk rarely four and a half feet in diameter, and a narrow tound-topped crown of slender branches ; usually smaller, although often a hundred feet high, and when grown in open situations rarely more than fifty feet in height, with a .siiort trunk and a broad head of spreading branches. The ba . .f the trunk is three qiuirters of an iiicit or sometimes nearly an inch in thickness, brown tinged with red, and broken on the surface into thick scales. The branchiets are stout, and when they first appear are light green, often tinged with purple, and covered with scattered pale ha'rs ; during their first winter they are light orange-color or reddish brown, covered with a slight bloom, and marked with many pale conspicuous lenticels, and with the elevated oval leaf-sears which are a ({uarter of an inch long and display a circular row of large fibro-vascular bundle-scars ; in their second and third years the branches grow darker and the leaf-scars and lenticels i'rplo spots, are slightly exserted, and rather lunger than the slender glabrous style. The fruit is eight to twenty inches long and one half to three quarters of an inch in diameter in the middle, with n thick wall which toward spring splits into two concave valves; the partition is thickened in the middle and nuarly triangular in section. The seed is an inch long and a third of an inch broad, with a light brown coat, and wings which are rounded at the ends and terminate in a fringe of rather short hairs. Catalpa xpecioan inhabits the borders of streams and ponds and fertile often inundated bottom- lands, and is distributed from the valley of the Vermillion liiver in Illinois through southern Illinois and Indiana, western Kentucky and Tennessee, southeastern Missouri and northeastern Arkansas ; through cultivation it has become naturalized near habitations in southern Arkansas, western Louisiana, and eastern Texas. In southern Illinois and Indiana, where it probably grew to its largest size, the WcHtcrn Catalpa was formerly extremely abundant. The wood of Catuljm sjitclosa is light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, and very durable in con- tact with the soil.' It contiiins numerous obscure medullary rays and bands of large open d'u-ts, which clearly mark the layers of annual growth, and is light brown, with thin nearly white sapwood com- posed of one or two layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.41ti5, a cubic foot weighing 25.0G pounds. It is largely used for railway ties, fence-posts, and rails, and occasionally for furniture and the interior finish of houses. Long confounded with the Catidpa of the Atlantic and eastern Gulf states, Catalpa apecioaa was first distinguished by Dr. J. A. Warder,^ who published the earliest account of it in 1853.' Twenty years later its rapid growth,* its hardiness, and the remarkable durability of its wood drew the attention of the public to the value of the Western Catalpa for planting on the prairies, where, chiefly through the ett'orts of £. £. Barney ° and Robert Douglas," many plantations have been made with this tree. f ^ Tlie trunlu of the Catalpa-trees killed by the siakinijr and suh- tequent RiibmerflioD of a largv tract of land near New Madrid, Mis- souri, which followed the earthquake of August, IKll, were stand- ing and [wrfectly Hounriiia, Mr. Douglas returned home by the Isthnuis of i'unamii, and has since devoted himself to raising conifer and other tree seedlings, of which he lius distributed millions. In recent years Mr. Douglas has taken lorg.i contracts for planting trees in dilTcrent parts of the country, nnd the most successful plantati(ms of Catalpa ^pfciosa in tho United States were made by him near Karlington, in Kansas, on the line of tint Kansas City, Fort Scott & Memphis liailroad, in 187U-83. (.See 0(A Ann. Rep. Kannat Forentry, 47.) No one in his time has been more active than Mr. Douglas in increasing the love of planting trees in tho United States, or has studied thciu from the cultural point of view with greater zeal, intelligence, and success. \al of Foratry, and other I good soil sometimes in- sat rapidity, and specimens wth each nearly an inch in these quickly grown speci- e, i<. 74, f. 4) found the lay- ivelMeRned plates of cork. of Calalpa tpeciota in the e two log specimens in the ^ood§ in the American Mu- ;, collected in southeastern ' inside the bark, with 178 is 22^ inches in diameter, )) wa* bom in Henderson n 1831 was graduated from uiny years a teacher, he af- lill in Dayton, Ohio, where th Car Company, of which acted by the beauty of the n, he became interested in B distribution two tracts, in e information concerning it, ion to the Catalpa-tree (Co- lance of iu extensive cuUiva- Information in relation to the its variet) T tpeeioia. dieod near Ualifu in Eng- ! ! i 1 .'J lit ill' i- t \ I . I I Ik EXPLANATION OF THE PLATEH Platr CCXC. Catai.i'a hi-kcima. 1. The vnil nf ii HowcritiK branch, natiirul aiia. 2. A corolla tliii|iliiycil, imtural aize. 3. A Huwcr, the corolla rcnioved, natural ■iis. 4. A atanicn, enlarged. Platr CCXCI. Catali'A Hi-wtOHA. 1. A cluster of fruit, natural »ae. '2. A Hci'il, natural »\k. 3. Vertical Hcction of a seed, natural siui. 4. An eniliryo, enlarged. r>. A leaf, natural »i7.e. U. A winter branclUet, natural size. I ! I ! ti ••T' S»lv« -if N-arih Ai. '^'^ ^Akif 5,''. ,1^ > '*• / V / >ir 1:1 ' Ihi r.i rn :,rt^<- i-.JA ,< /< ■A'iV#*(.r' -Uf^T 1 li ■ i'l i i 1 EXPLA^A'ITON OP THE PIATEa I'lai b CCXC. Ca f A1.PA armtiMA. 1. TJie I'lul "{ iV flowering bntnrh. iiatar:>l site. " \ r.irolU Ui»iJay«!, ii»tur»l aiw, :lu»rt'r, the curoU* remtnreJ, Citlural •!«■. 1 A staiuen, eulkrgiKL '■otl. nuuirul »iiti 1 f ,-ii Silva of Norih America y^" '^, Tab CCXC t' K yn^mri lifi Pulirt . CATALPA SPECIOSA , Kn^elm ,■* Hlit.-rfur ,/irni .'nift J TaniHir .",iri.t I t'- ! Ij 'I I ; ^. I M 'I ' I ]■ 8 'I II ,. ;av,!m ^PECIOS/ II r » 1 h t 1 i l^i i Silva of North America Tab Ci^XCI. r F /-ajwi ,/, ■'' Tanriit Pun.! !"S i fi : f I 1 : •I i \ i ! 8 • if BIGNONIACEA. SILVA OF NOBTH AMERICA. 93 CHILOPSIS. Flowers perfect ; calyx gamosepalous, closed in the bud, bilabiately splitting in anthcsis ; corolla gamopetalous, 2-lipped, 5-lobcd, the lobes imbricated in estivation ; stamens 4 ; staminodium 1 ; disk hypogynous, nearly obsolete ; ovary 2-celled ; ovules numerous. Fruit u linear woody capsule. Leaves opposite or alternate, linear or linear-lanceolate, entire, deciduous, destitute of stipules. 1'^ Chilopais, D. Don, Edinburgh New Phil. Jour. ix. 261 (1823). — McUner, Geu. 300. — Endliclier, Gen. 712. — Engelniann, Wislixenus Memoir of a Tour to Northern Mexico (Senate Doc. 1848, Bot. Appr. 94). — Bentham & Hooker, Gen. ii. 1041. — Baillon, Hist. PL x. 46. A tree, with slender terete branchlets, buds with several imbricated scale.^, those of the inner rows accrescent, deeply furrowed bark, soft coarse-grained dark-colored wood, and fibrous roots. Leaves opposite, alternate, or scattered, involute in vernation, linear, or linear-lanceolate, long-pointed, entire, three-nerved, the lateral nerves obscure, reticulate-venulose, membranaceous, light green, smooth or glutinous, short-petiolate Oi- sessile from an enlarged base. Flowers in short pubendous crowded racemes terminal on leafy branches of the year, pedicellate, the slender pedicels produced from the axils of ovate acute scarious tomentose deciduous bracts, and bibracteolate near the middle. Bractlets ovate, acute, tfmientose, deciduous. Calyx gamosepalous, coated with pale tomentum, closed before anthesis into an ovoid rounded apiculate bud, splitting to the base into two ovate divisions, minutely toothed at the apex, the upper with three, the lower with two, rigid teeth, membranaceous, dark green. Corolla white, shaded within and without into pale purple, slightly oblicpie, enlarged and blotched with yellow in the throat, the limb undulate-margined, two-lipped, the upper lip two-lobed, the lower unequally three-lobed, the central lobe much longer than the others. Stamens four, inserted in one row near the base of the corolla, didymous, introrse, included or slightly exserted ; filaments filiform, glabrous, the anterior nearly twice as long as the posterior ; anthers oblong, attached on the back, two-celled, the cells divergent in anthesis, opening longitudinally ; staminodium posterior, linear, acute. Ovary two- celled, sessile on the thin nearly obsolete annular disk, conical, glabrous, gradually narrowed into a slender style divided at the apex into two ovate flat rounde to Switzcrhind. Wiitlizonus wils gnuluatod from tho rnivorNlty of /urirh in IK.'VI, visitvil tin* hospital, in W\ .1, and tho n<>it year Im-- giin tliL* practice ui invilicino 111 Xt ■/ York- Two yoant lator htt Hcttlcd in the small -. '' Mr.ii;Outali in lUinoiH, bnt Hmin tiring of tho ifniot lifo he u I . and attached hiinitolf to oin* uf tho p:».rlicH of tho Si .a Fiii Ov niuny, with which ho visited the Wind Uiver Mountai. .!ia coiii^'"-o. t being alwnt to return home, 'le joined a wandering band of ! ' ., cad and Noi Perei'a Indians, and with them croMcd tho Kocky .Mountain! into lh« country of ihs L'tes, returning to the eut by the way of the Arkan- ■lu. In t»H(l WUII/ennpi Joined a trading eii>odition to lleiico. New« of the liri'uiihig out rf hintililiea lietween tho United States and .Meiieii riwhi'd him at Santa Fd, bnt ho continued his journey to t'hdiiwhuu, tthrrii no wan imprisoned, and did not Anally return tu Ht. I.e a New-Meiican lierb, cummemurates the iianin uf Its dlMofervr. I i I i m ntnNONIACEA. Uio Grande in iiince. xpiMlition to Moiioo. <-n tlio Uiiitod StRtes (Miiitintipd hii4 jtiiirnpy dill not Dually return An iic'Cdiint uf his if tim Ni'niito of tlio jH'tiilix by [)r. (if?orf(o t.H diitodvcied liy Wia- la «/>i/M, and (U'veml ler n( Dr. WiHlizemw'rt pmi-tice uf inedictne, icndcniy of Srient'e, of (i4Hiiii Mfdical Sot-iety, •h for many year* he tahliahrd by hi» friend b, cuuinieniuratea th« BlONONIACEiK. SfLVA OF NORTH AMERICA. cHiLOPSis lineae:s. Desert Willow. 05 Chilopsis lineariB, I)e Candolle, Pmlr. ix. 227 (184ri). — Coville, Cimtrih. U. S. Nut. Herh. iv. 174 {Hot. Death Viitleij Krpeil.). Bignonia linearin. Cnvnnilleii. Inm. iil. 35, t. L'lK) (I7t)4). Chilopsis Baligna, 1). Don. Kilhiburyh Aeir I'hil. Jour. ix. 201 (182;!). — Don. (leii. Si/ft. iv. 228. — Dietrich, Si/n. iii. fi(i6. — (Jray, Ureiivr A U'dt.vin lint. Cat. i. r>87 ; Si/ii. f'l. A'. A m. ii. jit. i. 32l>. — Rutlirack, Wheeler a Jieji. vi. 217. — Ilemsloy, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. ii. 41: • Rusby, Bull. Torrei) But. Club, ix. 54. — Sargent, ..'''• :it Treea N.Am.lOth Cenaua U. S. ix. 110. — Coi ^ CoiUrib. r. S. Nut. Ilirb. ii. ;»t9 (Man. J'l. W. Teius,. Chilopsis glutinosa, Kngclniann, Winlizenus Memoir of a Tour to Northern Mexico (Senate Hoc, 1848, Bot. Ajipx. 94). ChUoimH lltifiirin is a tree, twenty or thirty feet in height, with a trunk usually more or less reclining, often hollow, and 8onictimn.H a fo(>t in diainctbr, and slender upright branches which form a narrow head ; or often a straggling slirul). The bark of the triuik is an eighth to a quarter of an inch in thickness, dark brown, and divided into broad branchi"" ridges broken on the surface into small thick plate-like scales. Tlic branches, when they first aji .-r, "e glabrous, glutinous, or covered with dense tonientiun, and during their first season are light ;aes* (-brown, later becoming ''arker and tinged with red, or sometimes ashy gray. The leaves, v,-. di un'ofl in the early spring, and faii 'biring the following winter, are six to twelve inches long, and from a quarter to a third of an inch wide. The flowers ap])ear in early summer in racemes three or four inches in length, and continue to open for several months in succession ; they are an inch and a half .ijng and about an inch and a quarter across the expanded lobes of the limb of the corolla. ? ■^ fruit, which ripens in the autumn, bungs on the branches during tlie winter ; it is seven to twelve ii. iOs long, and a quarter of an inch thick in the middle. The seed is a third of an inch long and an eighth of an inch broad. Chilopsis linearis is a common inhabitant of the banks of streams, and depressions in the desert, growing in dry gravelly porous soil, and is distributed from the neigliborhood of Laredo in southwestern Texas through western Texas, southern New Mexico, Arizona, southern Utah and Nevada, San Diego County, California, and the states of northern Mexico. Its long drooping crowded bright green leaves make Chilopsis linearis a conspicuous object in the desert, which it enlivens with its lovely delicate flowers, exhaling at night the odor of violets. It is occasionally cultivated in the gardens of the southern states ' and in those of northern Mexico, where it grows to its kirgest size. ' Revervhon, Garden arid Forest, v. C15. (i M 1 I ' 'i 1:1 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Platr CCXCn. CuiLorxiH linrahih. 1. A flowcrinf; branch, natural size. 2. Diafpuii uf a flower. 3. A corolla ilUpIiiyed, natural aiie. 4. A pistil, enlnr);e<]. 5. Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged. 6. An oN-ule, much maf;nifie 'I If I! < t t » I ) ..]■ EXPrAN.VriUN ()»•• TIIK I'l.ATK t' 1. A. Buwi-rini; I)n4iich,,n»tui»i mm- 2. Dtagnun of a ilowrr. a. A eurftli* :tvi<.r iidri'.i' !n; .' Tanivtr J^aru \ ■ t 4 l> I I ■ I H > I 1 i i i 1 : i 1 II ^ /.J DIUNONlACEiE. aiLVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 97 CRESCENTIA. Flowers perfect ; calyx giimosepalous, closed in the bud, bilabiately splitting in anthesis ; corolla gamopetalous, vcntricose on the anterior side by a transverse fold, obscurely 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in ajstivation ; stamens, 4 ; staminodium, 1 ; disk pulvinate; ovary 1 -celled ; ovules numerous. Fruit a many-seeded berry. Leaves alternate, coriaceous or membranaceous, destitute of stipules. Crescentia, LinnEciiH, Qen. 182 (1737). — A. L. de Jussicii, Gen. 127. — EmUichur, Oen. 723. — Meianer, Gen. 301. — Buntham & Hooker, Gen. ii. 1053. — Baillon, Hist. PI. x. 54. Cuiete. Adanson, Fiiate ; {leriearp thin and brit- tle ; uiature placentas dry antl pithy ; vet'xU larixe, sulK>rl)icular, cordate alnive ailil Iwlow, deeply gnutved on the convex faces; biluni lateral. I^inves alternate. « Linmeiia, Sptc. OIW (1753). — JaiMiuin, //«/. Slirp. Amer. nn, I. Ill ; t-'mipn. M, t. X\, f. ,->. — Swartz, ()h.i. '2^. — Tussnc, I'l. Aniill. ii. HO, t. 19. — Descoiirtilz, /V. .»/,',/. .iiilill. iv. 47, t. 'Jl-l. - llul. Mng. Ixii. t. ."M.IO. — De Candollc, I'rodr. ii. '.i40. — Seeniann, llimH-iT .lour. liot. anil Kew Gartl. Mite. vi. '.i75. — (Irisidiaeh, Fl. Hrit. W. Itui. 446. — Micrs, Tranx. Linn. Soc. xx\i. 11)7. — lleuisley, Bol. Hiol. .4 m. Cml. ii. 4118. Crencfntid ocumititUa, lluniholdt, Itonpland & Kiintli, Xor. Gen. el . : I ^ , 96 SILVA OF NORTU AMERICA. BIGNONIACE^. Iinrd woody slipU of the large fniit is used for driiiking-cuj)s, vasoa, and all sorts of domestic vessels.' Tlie Jiiiij) is einollieiit and astringent, the seeds are cooked and eaten, the wood is used in cahinet- iniiking,^ and the juice of the fruit dyes silk black.^ In Sonora Crcuccntin aldta * is sometimes culti- vated as n shade-tree ; and the fruit is used medicinally." Tiie generic name, which commemorates that of Pietro de' Crcscenzi," the distinguished Italian writer on agriculture of the fourteenth century, was established by Liuuieus, who discarded the older Cuiete' of I'luuiier. ' SpiTiinmi, Hill. \'o!i. Ileralil, 183 ; Hooker Jour. Hot. and Kew (Inril. Miff. ix. 11:!. « riinlloii, /ll.nkir Jo-ir. Iiol. atiil Kew Card. Mi\r.ii. 113. ' lliiiulHililt, ll<>ii|ilnnd & Kiiiith, Anv. Urn. et Sprc. iii. 1.W (l»l«),— Klinth, Syn. I'l. JC/uin. ii. •Jfl,''.. — l)e Caiidoll", Prmlr. I«. 247. — Scpiiiniiii, I. c. I'ltrmnUirra nlata, Miors, Traiu. Linn. Soc. xxvi. KW (1807). — HciiiHlpy, /)«(. liiol. ;\m. Cent. ii. 'lOS. ^ Watson, Proc. Am. Arad. xxiv. IWI, • I*ii!trt) (If' Crest't'iizi (123iV-13liO),n native (jf Ilolopna, and one of the earliest seientitie writers on Ufrrieiilture, pnHiiieed in liitt time u profound impression nii tliu development of the nirnl arts in Hotitliern Kuropc. His jjn'utest work, 0/mx liuralium Cninmourg in 1471 and in a Fn'neh edition iu 148t>. ' -Vol.. ri. Am. 0'«i. 23, t. 10. I if IlIGNONIACEiE. nipstic vessels.' led ill cnbinet- )niutiines culti- fuishcd Italian irdfd the older f Iluhij^nn, and imo prtHliicrd in liU lit uf tlio nirnl iirts 'tirtttium Cnmmtnio- Frt'iich cditiou iu IIIGNONIACE^. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. GRESOENTIA OUCURBITINA. Black Calabash. 90 Fkuit ovate-oblong, umbonute. Seeds large, 2-lobed. Leaves obovutit'ohlong or ovate-oblong, alternate. CreHcentia cucurbitina, Liimieus, Mant. 2.")0 (1771). — .Swait/., Ola. 'SM. — Wilhlenuw, »S/«;. iii. "ill. — I'ursoon, Sijn. ii. lt>8. — Aituii, Ilort. Kew. cil. 'i, iv. 37. — Lunaii, llort. Jam. i. 141. — Goertiicr f. Fnirt. iii. 2;«), t. 'I2'A. — Uiutricli. .S'v». iii. Tidl. — Don, Gen. Sijat. iv. 'Jli2 Dc Cuiidolle, I'rixir. ix. 2lf>. — .Sceiiiann, Hooker Jour. Bot. (iiiil Ki'ir (iitrd. Misf. vi. 274. — Waljiers, Ann. v. 524. — (Jiisfliach, Ft. Brit. W. Ind. 445. — Kgg«ra> Vulemk. Metld. fra nat. For. Kjiihenh. 187, Fl, Aidllt, Iv, fiO. t, 17 (1827). Crescentia obovata, llviiiliiiiii, lint, ynjj, Nntidiur, \'M, t. 40(1844). — MiiTs, Trans. /Jnn.Hnii, joivl, 1',/). Creacentia, spcciiH, (.uojmr, Smilliioiilan llifi, |M0(», l,'!i), ? Crescentia coriacea, MIl-ik, Trunn, I, hut, Hur, xxvi. 177, t. 9 (18(17). A tree, in Florida ei)j;liteen or twenty feet iu height, with a trunk four tiv liv«t iiirlicw in (liaineter, and long .slender drooping hraneiies covered with warts. The hark of tlie trunk ii« uii i-t^hlli of an itieii tiiick, liglit brown tinged witii red, and irregularly divided into large thin heiih'n, Tlii. liranrhli'lK are stout, slightly angled, roughened and somewhat enlarged at the nodes by thu thii'kiiiiii^ ol' (he largo crowded cup-siiaped persistent woody bases of the leaves, and are covered with thin ci'i'itmy white bark, which in the third year becomes dark or a.shy gray. The buds are protected by liiicai' iKfiitc aniculato scales, which become woody and do not disappear for a year or two. Tlie liavcw, which urn allcrnato and cr(iwdcd near the ends of the branches, are ohovate-oblong or ovate-ohlong, coMlCMctcij into wliort broad points or rarely rounded or eniarginate at the apex, gradually narrowed Hi thx bimc into short thick glandular [letioles, and entire, with cartilaginous .slightly rcvolute margins; (jicy die coriaceous, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, paler aiul yellow-green on the hiwor aiii'l'dcc, l^\% to eight inches long and an inch and a half to four inches wide, with broad stout midrihi* deeply iinprfinsed on the upper side, conspicuous primary veins arcuate and united near the niargins, and iclinilMto veiniets. Unfohhng in the spring, they do not fall until their second year. The flowers, which iippciir in Aiiril and May, and also in the autumn, and emit a strong fa'tid odor, are solitary in ihii iiiiiU of the upper leaves, and are borne on thick drooping peduncles an inch and a half to two incliei* long, furnished below the middle with two minute rigid acute bractlets and enlarged at the apex into (he thick oliIii|ue receptacles. The calyx, which is light green and slightly gi.indular at the liatic, I'oikim an oiiovato rounded bud, and in anthesis splits nearly to the bottom into two ovate pointed lohex which are nearly as long as the tulte of the corolla. The corolla is thick and leathery, didl purple except on the lower side, which is sometimes creamy white and nuuked with narrow |)urple hands, and two inches long, with a narrow tube crean\y white on the inner surface, slightly contracted ahovo tliu Imiw<, ventricose on the lower side by a deep transverse fold, and abruptly dilated into the obliipie limb which is eroscly cut on the margins, and obscurely two-lii)ped ; the upper lip is slightly divideil into two lellexed lobes ; the lower is obscurely three-lobed. The stamens are inserted near the iui<)) iM'Iioved that the fniit «f Crescfntia cuntrhitina iMuitaiiuMl a deatUy ]toisoii, Init as thi' otht'r plants of tlio lii^lonia faniilv are iiilim'ent of {HiisoiKMis |iropcrtie» tlie Htateiii(.)it is probably incorrect (see Seeniaiiil, llnnkrr .lour. Hot. and Krrv Gnrd. Mi^c. ix. 11-), espeeially as the fruit of the Coeit tie Mono, as this tree is called in Venezuela, is freely devoureil by nuinkeys, birds, an, and PI. Am. ed. iturman, t. IW) n'present the seeds of N»th species, wiiili. the nnent fruit is evidently that of Crrsrrntin i '.-■.rfiitiun, and ISrowne ( A' Palmetto, and e Antilles,' and ins many small is light hrown y dry wood is ilina, haa tl-o narniw I Cujete. Phniiit'r'a (in. i-il. Hiini:nil, t. Ii> l\w uncut fruit )h llr.iwuc (.V'l/. Ilisl. :utta a variety of tbc >. \ \\- ■V. ?Pi JCURBirlNA. d * l> i|.i; ^ 1 1 I : ( i\i i\': M^V.Ai I'. 11 u'i ti;ii I ' '"'pf' tliHH' iir < '. ■ ' ■ iong', ail tiiuh anil -i ■ ; rugosi^puiictuJuu (.• ■ nxurkeil w«th four 1- tl>e miitxius und mi«>• ilw l>amil siiuiv t«o coaLs, of whii'ii tho (iuter Ls thin, dark roiidish hrottn. ruf tef. md Hcpa- ■ :'''• 1 |iaio fi'lt-liku inner I'oat. The ('ntvlodori.-*, wliirli bi'ioiTio black in ifvin^' nil Ihn liave two ear-liko fdldH iioar tbi? Iiasf ; ihi* radiclf is short and in i ict'»>f«i in tlio iiw< 1 lie cotvhxlons. ■>./..* aiatrhiliiiri is found in 1'1i)rida cudy "U the shorcH of Hay Biwayn*', ''htri it tjroffs ,a tlie month of the* Miiuni Uiver on a rich hummock under tlx^ shadu of thi Livf i>ak, tlw ■ Mulwrry, the Gumbo Limbo, the Ni«cf«iidiii, tho f'igfou I'hnn, the Iron Worxl, th^ Pwlmctto, and Ilia Garheri, and on tlic bankii i>f Little f liver. It is a connnon littoral tree on t.l t Aittilltw,' .'uid I iiiids to southern Mosico, the F.icitii; shore of the Kthnuis of Panama, and VenexHi-Li ' The wood of Vrt:s,:i:n(ii7, .v^rwhithoi ih bcivy, Iwrd. very riosi'-fjraiuod, and .• ii' iiii» nuuiy mnall irregularly distributed 0]H'u dui'tn and thin hardly distiuffuishable nie.;JH |iuundM. Ii> I'loiiii,' n rururhiiiva was diwovorwi in IH-'O bv Mr. .1. (». CViojh'I >; hjir thf? mt-rraw ' . .1. Hnrn^an, I. ,v iitH'iit frutt ii ■ «-il^ i\al. Hist, i* % rarinty of the KXn.ANAlUr 1 >•: Pl-4TK Ct XC'IIl. fWeu-EKTU CPCURBITI.Vi. ). A Roirei-iii^ bntnch, iiatiimi oaf. 2. I>"i mm <' •• tlni»,.r. 111(1 Iwlt .)f tho cal^'X roinovpil, nivtu- i *i. *• <>. Ai. 7. \%.. ■ h-l. milurui n\7-K. . Tmw», t'r.Urijeil. .ry tlir<>ri);h tli« msilian Ii -.riA ruri'BnniN A. I .x ij.iili; ,, hrriii.-li, ii:t! :»j iii/.o. ". OroM s-Ttioii uf a fru nataiMiJ si/R. i'i. A iittml, natiiml -iit. 1. Cnm !M«Ction "if :l ■-<- tijeiti! «i . . r>. V*rticiU nfrtioii 6. Kn cmliryo, imUir:i m 7. Iniior larv of » crtf iliio. f . ^ A bfif. nniiiral n\ ' 8. All o,iii; ntiv^ iRA«^Ul«d. -I i H • •fii>< long, ■1 irliH I IL'iry i-.fii think, ' t HUH tihiiriiig 'I i^litlv I'tirii- '.Jiih long '■• '•asal »-• , ii '• SCJIJI- .- :. •;!! llio 111' I'M.! Ill ilio ill ri it griivvs T.J'.Y' Duk. tlie l*.«!i;i<'!fa, Aiii! > '."tiUtM,' ;iii(l II.- iiiiiiiy frimll Is light brown \- ilry wood u «<4i h» the tuurav C-iiiiu. Plnoii'ir't ft. #•!. Btmiian, t. 4 Ike itiiDut fruit ii Uniwne (i\ai. Hitl. ■ ' •.nriot) of ihc Silvj. of Ninth AiUfiiCa Tab CCXCIll •i'Knm\A. 3*p-> ^' :Kr STEN' UHBITiNA \ m \^i I mtmmmu Wmmi^i r ii > il II i ' i 1 i'l ^ ' 1 i ^ ; ' 1 ■ 1 1. '! i ; i 1 i 3ilv* of North AirifncH Tab CCXCIV QQ9 / ' /.' FiLf^y: fM /fimf/u \ M CRESCENTIA CUCURBITINA , L IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT.3) ^^ Mj ^ 1.0 1.1 1.25 I^|2j8 |2.5 no ■^" I^H u liiS Z 1^ 12.0 12.2 1.8 U IIIIII.6 V w c?!^ ."1^ PhotDgraphic Sdences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRIIT WIBSTH.N.Y. 145S0 (716)S73-4S03 II «' K ! VKRBKNAClliG. 8ILVA OF NOHTII AMEliWA. 101 CITHAItKXYLON. Flowers perfect ; calyx S-tootljcd, mi'WH'i'Wi under the fruit ; corolla gamopeta- lous, 5-lobcd, the lohes imbricated in H'MUsniMiW', stamens 4; staminodium 1; disk annular ; ovary superior, imperfec tly I'W'lh'd ; ovides solitary in each cell. Fruit a 2-stoned 4-seeded fleshy drupe. liCavcs opix^itc, persistent, without stipules. Citharezylon, LinniEim, Avwn.\. \W) {\1Vi)\ 6Vn. «4. <}, .'tl4. — Adaiismi, Fam. I'l. ii. liCX). — A. h. Af ./«»?(<-«, Gen. 108. — Eiulli.'lier, Gr.ii. (hiC. — M.isnn-, Hen. 'm. -^ . — IJiiillon. IIUI. VI. xi. 98. B«MW(/lfi«, Uiiiz & I'livdii. /'/. I'eritr. ii. 2G, 1. 152 (not Lin- iimtKt ((7;K»). Trees or Hliriibs, ^labrou.s, or tuinGiitf>!»e wilb isim\iU: tit Wanchcd li.iirs, unarmed or rarely armed witli axillary spiiiL-s. Leave.s opposiU', eii(ir(n(r<«'l y tootlied. Flowers small, in axillary or terminal short or elongated raecnies, >ilitn't-i>t'ilU:t'\UU<, tU« |«'dicfl.s eltracteolate, jiroduced in the fixils of minute persistent bracts, alternaU' oi btiiiUm'tl tm the filiform rachis. Calyx gamo.sepalous, ni(>ndiranaeeous, tubular-eampanulate, tmw.iU', tnUiiiU'l^' (H•(^1y i|m' fU">t'Uniim'Uf of the two parii'tid placentas, gradually narrowed into a short simple incbnled styb« !>l(t;litly two^-brbed and stigmatic at the apex ; ovules solitary in each cell, erect, atta('he(l laterally ni'iir iiw im^', *i«'eriding, anatropous ; micropyle inferior. Fruit drupaceous, surrounded at the ba.sc by tb<' |W'f»(»f*'m flie inner face. Seed erect, exalbuminous, filling the seminal <'avity ; test.i inenda':in.'U'eoM'>, b^bf Sitnviu. Kinhryo subterete, straight ; cotyledons thick and fb-shy, oblong, much longer than t\w »l(«rt mktwt radicle turned toward the oblong basal bilum. Citharexylon is confined to tr(»))ical Kuwrnsi, muS (» dicies are distinguisht'd.' Citharexylon produces hard strong wo<>i|, butt (» tuii kdown to possess economic properties. The generic nanu', from xiOdjja and ii'/Jif, i» a tMirr Srhauer, f)e Cnmliillf I'rmlr. «i. (iOit ; Miirlms I'l. /Intnl. if, fM^'^Miitliam. I'mr. Am. Aeml. xxiwHT. — T. S. Urainlegec, /'roc, 'J07. — (iriHobacli, Fl. Ilril. It'. Iwl. 197 j I 'at. I'l. < 'iiA. 'ilH. - («»> Cut, Ami. net '2, ii. 107 (/'/. ISujn Oil.) ; iii. lti:t. quillun, Atlamonia, iii. U22. — llciunlvy, ISol. liiul. Am. L'mil, H, mmmSSSm ! V r I ,1 i IT' ! V VERBENACE^E. SILVA OF NOIiTU AMERICA. 103 CITHAREXYLON VILLOSUM. Piddle Wood. Flowers in elongated axillary racemes. Leaves oblong-obovatc or oblong. Citharezylon vUlosum, .Tacqiiiii, Vvll. i. 72 (1780) ; Icon. Jl(ir. i. t. 11«. — AV/^ Am. (leivHrli.'u, t. 144. — Willile- 110W, Spec. iii. j)t. i. 30!t. — I'crsooii. 6';/«. ii. 14'J Ai'on, Hort, Kew. etl. L', iv. 36. — Sclileclitendal. Linnira, vi. 7.52 {Fl. Iu.1. St. jTAom.). — Dietrifli. Syu iii. 614.— Scliaiie", De Caiululle J'roilr. xi. 010. — Wul|it'rs, Jirji. iv. 76. — IWqiiillon, Admisonid, iii. 223, t. .tiii. f. 1-9.— Cliiiinnan, /V. 309. — Gray. Si/n. Ft. X. Am. ii. pt. i. 340. — Eygers. JliiU. C. S. S'lf. Mun. No. 13, 84 {Fl. St. Croit ami the Virgin Islands). — Ilemsley, B'ri. Biol. Am. Cent. ii. .">37. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census (\ S. ix. 116. A tree, rarely exeeedinjr in Floritla twenty feet in hcifjflit, with a trunk four to six inches in diameter, and slender upright branches which form a narrow irregularly siiaped head ; or often a shrub sending up from tiie ground many low stems. 'I'lie bark of the trunk varies from a sixteenth to an cightli of an inch in thickness, and is light brown tinged witli red, generally smooth, and separates into niiiiute appressed scales. The branchlets, when they iirst appear, are slender, slightly many-angled, light yellow, and covered with pale simple hairs, whicii soon disap[)ear ; and in their second year they are terete and ashy gi'ay. Tiie leaves are oblong-obovate or oblong, acute, acuminate, rounded or emargi- nato at the apex, gradiuilly narrowed at the base, and entire, witli thickened slightly revolute margins; wiiile young they are pubescent on the lower surface, and at maturity they are glabrous, thick, and coriaceous, conspicuously reticnlati'-venulose, i>ale green, three or four inches long, and an inch or an inch and a half wide, with i)road pale midribs rounded on the upper side, remote arcuate veins, and stout grooved petioles two thirds of an inch in lengtli, which, wiieu the leaves fall, in their second year, separate front their elevated nearly circular persistent woody bases. The fragrant flowers, l)orne on slentler pedicels produced in the axils of scarious pnbc lent bracts, appear throughout tiie year in drooping axillary pubescent racemes crowded near the ends of the brandies, and two to four inches in length. The calyx is obscurely tootiied, scarious, and coated with pale hairs, or is sometimes nearly glabrous. The corolla, which forms before opening an obovate rounded bud, is an eighth of an inch across the expanded lobes of tiie limb, and is covered on the inner surface of the tube with pale hairs. The fruit is subglobose or obl()iig--()vate, light red-iirown, very lustrous, a third of an inch in diameter, with thin sweet raJier juicy flesh, and is inclosed nearly to the middle in the cuji-like pale brown calyx, whicli is slightly and irregularly lolied or sometimes nearly entire. Cllhiir(.ryl()ti fi//(>siiiii, which is also an inhabitant of many of the Antilles, is common in Florida from (Jape Canaveral to the southern keys, growing to its largest size in the United States on the shore of Hay IJiscayne, near the moutli of the Miami Hiver ; farther north it is usually reduced to a low shrub. The wood of Cttkorexyton rillomini is heavy, exceedingly hard and strong, close-grained, and susceptible of receiving a beautiful polish ; it contains numerous small regularly distributed open ducts, and is clear bright red. with thin lighter colored sapwood. The siiecilie gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.87 U), a cubic foot weighing i»4.'2.S pounds. In the United States C'ithiin.ti/lo>i villosiiin was first noticed on Key West by Dr. J. L. Blodgett. f r ji I I I ( EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Plate CCXCV. Cithakextiov villosusi. 1. A flowering brancli, natural size. 2. Diagram of a fluwur. 3. A riowcr, enlarged. 4. A flower, the calyx removed and the coroUa di»i)layed, enlarged. 5. A stamen, front and rear views, enlarged. 6. Cross section of an ovary, enlarged. 7. Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged. 8. An ovule, much niagnilicd. 9. A fruiting brancli, natural »i/.e, 10. Vertical section of a fruit, eidarged. 1 1 . Cross section of a fruit, enlurgid. 12. An embryo, much magnified. if f Silva of North Ainenrd Tab , CCXCV / >3ite«l4>' i.xrt.AXA! I' ill ' \. ' f ' • f I Iv'i 'if Nmth Art.'-TKi Tab '.y:xi;v (' f hiunm iM CITHAREXYLON VILLOSUM . 'acq A Hwityii.r ■nn'.i !np .> Tii'U'nr pari! { ; \ w VEItllENACKiG. aiLVA OF NOliTU AMElilCA. v» i AVICENNIA. Flowers perfect ; calyx 5.1()])ed, the lobes imbricated in aestivation ; corolla gamopctidous, 4-lobed, the lobes imbricated in ujstivation ; stamens 4 ; disk annular ; ovary l-ccUed ; ovules 4, suspended. Fruit capsular, 1-seeded, the seed naked. Leaves opposite, entire, without stipules. Avioennia, Liiinaiiiii, Gen. 27 (17<'i7). — A, L. do JiisHk'u, Uen. 1(18. — Kmllifhor, Oen. 0;W. — Mi'Uner, fSen. 291'. — Kt'Dtluni & UuukiT, Oen. ii. 11<>(). — Ituillon, lli»t. PI. xi. 120. Bontia. UwHing, Iter, lOlt (nut Liniia'UH) (17C8), Upata, AJanson, Fain. PI. ii. 201 (1763). Boeura, Korskal, /V. /Kgypt-Arab. 37 (1775). Racka. (iiiitlln, iS>/. Nat. i. 240 (1791). Halodendrum, l)u Pvtil-Tbouu'a, Jiuemer Cull. Hot. 201 (1809). Seashore trues or slirubH, witii stunt pithy branchoH tliickeiied at the iioiles and marked by interiHitiuliir lines, iintl lonjr thick hiirizontul roots produchig numerous short vertical thick and fleshy leaHuM stems rising itljove the surt'itcu of the soil. Leaves opposite, entire, coriaceous, persistent. luHorescence cyniuse; flowers opposite, in centripetal pedunculate spikes or heads, closely invested by a bract and two bractlets, the peduncles solihiry or in pairs in the axils of upper leaves nnd tomato on the ends of the branches, iiracts and bractlets similar, concave, acute, keeled on the back, apiculate, scariouB and slightly eiliate on tin? margins, shorter than the corolla. Calyx cup-shaped, coated like tho bracts and bractlets with caiiesi'ent pubcscenco, divided nearly to the base into five concave ovate rounded lobes, ]H'rsistent. Corolla campanidatc, v'hite, iiiserted on the obscure annular disk, the tube straight, cylindrical, shorter than the glabrous or tomentoso spreading foui-lobed lu:-,b, the posterior lobe usually somewhat larger than the others. Stamens four, inserted on the tube of the corolla, exserted ; filaments short, tiliform, slightly thickened at the base; anthers ovate, attached on the back near the bottom, two-celled ; the cells parallel, opening longitudinally. Ovary sessile, ovate, pubescent, one-celled, gradually narrowed into an elongated slender or abbreviated style divided at the apex into two lobes stigmatic on their inner face; ovules four, suspended from the sunuuit of a free central placenta, orthotropous, without coats.' Kruit ovate, obli(|ue, compressed, surrounded at the base by the persistent calyx, bracts and bractlets, apiculate at the apex. Pericarp thin, light green, villosi-pubesccnt on the outer surface, longitudinally veined on the inner, opening by tho ventral suture and displaying the enlarging embryo befori- separating fnmi the branch, ultimately two-valved. Seed naked, exalbu- minous. Knduyo tilling the cavity of the pericarp, light green ; cotyledons thick and ileshy, broader than long, .slightly pointetl, deeply cordate at the ba.se, uncipial, condiiplicate; radicle elongated, clavate, retrorsely hirsute, inferior, descending obliquely and included between the lobes of the cotyledons, slightly attached near the apex in tho bottom of the capsule to the withered columella by a minute papillose point ; plumule hairy.' ' Till' iiviiry iif Avii-i'iiiiiii Iiuh Ihm'ii (U'scrilii'il an twivi-olli'il itiul a.H iiu'i)iii|ili-ti>ly fiiiir-ui'lli'ii liy tlir ili'V(>lii|iiiiiMil of four wiii^s rriiin u CL'titnil )iliii'piitul I'liliiiini, with tk Hiii}{l«> iivuli' in rnch rt>ll, mid iiy Itjiilliui {IliM. I'L xi. Hi») iw iinr-(M>lli-il with n foiir-witi^i-il I'Pii- tnil pI:ii'i'iitA mill iirthntrii|iimH dvuIi'm. In thi* tluwrri of .Ivurnnia iii/iV/fi frniii Khiriilii thiit wi- have rxaniiiifil tht> ovary ia oiK'^crlKul with a free sli^^tly iliitti'iiiH! i-rntral ptuci'iita without traiT of witii;s anit lirarin^ jiiHt Ik'Iow thi' siinitiiit four NiiMiicndt'd orihu- tropoiiH ovuU'M attaclii'd hitiTiitly U-hiw thi'ir api'X. ' SiliaiiiT (De C'aiidollr, I'roJr. xi. (lUU) gruupii Uic it|ii>cii'ii of Aviecniiia in two sectionii. DuXATiA. Stylo elongated and exsertod heyond tho calyx ufti'i- tlio falling of tho <'orolla ; limb of tho oorolhi tomoiitoso. I'i'ATA. Stylo ahhroviatod ; liiiih uf tho curolla ghihrous on the uppor siirfaoe. Ill tlio lirst group ho plaoos /IriVcnuiVi tiitiila and .ivuniuia .l/W- ftina, and in tho sooonil .Ir/frnriiii otHciiialis of tho Old World and Arii-rnniti tnmetitoxa of tho Now World, wliioli ai'o now usually ooiisiilored iiloiitioai. Tlio stylo of Ai-UrnnUi njficinalit Is, however, Koniotiinos well dovelopi'il, and there are really no constant i-har- aoters that can ho relied on to distinguish tho ditVerent species, which all bear a close reseinblanoe to one another. ^ ^ , 1 V i n- Km; Sir.VA OF NORTH AMEIilCA. VKItllKNACK* Avicennia is widely uti>(l on inaritiinc Hliort-H tliroii^li tlio tropics of tliu two worldH. Tlirvc H| i(>H arc now UHually rccoirni/t'il : Arii'diiiin iiilidu of tlut Antilli'tt and Central and South Anieriva r('a<'lii>N Noiitlu'rn Florida and LoiiiNiana ; a second HpccieH' Ih widely diHtrilnited through tropical America, eaNtern Axia, the Indian Archipelago, the iHlands of the I'aciiie, AuNtralia, New Soutii WaleH, New Zealand, and eaNtern Africa from Natal to the shorcH of the Ued Sea; and AciceHnia Afrivuna'^ inhaiiits went tropical Africa. Avicennia produces hanl strotifr wikmI.' The hark ix rich in tannic aeiil, and Ih often uxed in tropical America for taiiiiin<; leather.' In India a preparation of the wood Ih uxed for eluaninff cotton clolli, and i.s mi.xed with paint to increase its adhesiveness,'' The fruit is hitter, hut is sometimes cooked and eaten/' and thu leaves are used for fodder.' The chief value of the plants of this jrenus, however, consists in their ability to live on low muddy tidal shores, which, with the Hed Mangrove, they protect and ;rradually extend into the ocean. This they are aide to do hy the structure of the emhrv", which is ^rowiu^ and ready to take root as soon as it falls into the soft mud, and of the lonjr Ixu'i/.ontal roots; these are furnished with dhort vertical tieshy leatU'ss hrauehes or aerating roots,'' and form a eloHO network which holds thu soil together, preventing it from hein^ washed away hy outllowiii^ tides, and extendiiii; thu j^rowth of the tree hy sending up numerous stems which soon form dense thickets. The ^euL'i'ic name Ls derived from that of tiie most illustrious piiysician of tiie Orient.'' * Avu-tnniit iijfiriniili^, l.iiiiiii'li!*, .S'/t. «*. 110 (17"ht). — .^^I'lmnrr, />r CiwMh t'riHir. »i. 7tMI ; Mnrlim /■'/. Ilnml. ix. ;i)J«l.~ .Mii|>ii'l, f7. /»^>i, .tiifi|iiin, Kuum. I'l. Cnrifi. -."» (l7rMt); llitl. Slir/i. Am. I7S, t. II'.', f. Ii ; llial. Srhrl. Slirp. Am. K7, t. llilt. — It. llrDWii, /'n»/r. H. Kur. Ilnll. .MS. — IImiiiIm.IiH, lloii- |ilaiiil & Kiiiitli, A'r"' (Iru. rl .S/xr. ii. 'JSJl. — Kuntli, Sifn. I'l. .K'l'iin. ii. 07. — IHiiiiic. Ilijilr. H. Xeil. liul. H'Jl. — l{iixliur(;li, Fl. Iml. I'd. '-', ill. 8«. — Wiilli.li, I'l. A>. Ilnr. iii. M, t. 'J71. -- Mii|iic'l, Lthmann Pt. Vreimi. i. Il.'k'l. — \ViiI|hth, /.''■/). iv. 1,'tl. — .S'liiiiHT, /V Ctwtlnlti' I'ro'Ir. I. r. ; .Mnrti'in Fl. lintnil. I. r. — Witflit. /nm. I'l.Ind. Orinit.i. I IHl. — (irill tli, .\oliil. iv. 185. — lli'iiislcv, Ihl. Ilinl. .Im. Ciiit. ii. ,"»10. Ihutin ijermirtnm, l.iiin.'rus, Sprr. cil. 'J, .S!tl ( ITd;!). Siv'tni VKiriua, Forsltiil, /■*/. .Fitiifit-.\rnh. 'M (IT"."*). Ai'irtnnia rf.iiiii/t'ra, Kcirstcr, /*/. Fsi:T2 (W-*^!). — A. Iticlmnl, ltf,l. Vn,,. Aslroliih,, la".. — (irinilli, /. r. 1S(1. llfiltHtfutlntm Thouarm, Km-inrr ,S: .Srliiilti'M, .Vy*'. iii- 4H.'i (ISIS). Ai'icntuia elliptica, Thiinbcr^, I'l. lirmit. Ihc iii. \M (IS'Jl). Aviceunia alha, llluiiii', /. .-. (lltlJC). — Wight, /. c. t. MS:;.— MI.|iH'l, It Ind. Hal. ii. (113. Aritrttnitt Ltvmtrlinutt. I'rcsl. .lUtitinl. k,mif/l. Iivhin. fitHett.Wiiut. l''(il({(> r>, iii. .V.'l) {IM. tkmirk.). Arirrimiii iiitmiinlui, (iriflllli, /. '■. ISS (IH.'rl). . I I'll', tiriiii tijliiiimliii, viir. Abi1 Ali I'l-llonoiii Ilni-Aliilalliili Ilin-Siim (!)A0-10;U'>), in Lititi Aviri'iina, WHS liiirii in .VfNliiiiu in Itokluini, thi' tun nf n I'lTsiun iinii'ia) iinil iif II wiitnan nf Mokliara. lli- was ii ymitli nf rriiiarkalitr pri'i'm-ity ami iniiiiHtry, anil U-ranii' A viiliiiiiiiiiiiiN writiT on incilirinr, whii-li In- |irartiri'il siii-rrs!*fii11y, ))liilii!ii>|>liy, inrtii- physii's, tlipiilii^y, |iliili)lii};y, iijitninoniy, iintniliijjy, iiiusii', iiiiil natu- ral lii!.tiiry. |iriHlm-iii;; in liin wanili'Hiif; anil irri');ii)iir tiff inoro than ii Iiiinilri'il voliitiii'ii. Itii in Ih'hI kiinwn hy hiri i'ivwn nf Meiti- i-ini\ wliii-li friiin till' twi'lfih to tin* ni'vi'iiti'i'iith crntiiry luTveil tui n f;uiilii to iiiriliral Htiiilv ill thi' niiivrrsitii'ii of Kiirii|)<'. Ilr wn8 iini< of till' lir^t til Ntiiily iinil apply thii priiii'ipli>fi of I'lii'iniHtry, anil i.i croiliti'tl with inventing the art of distilling the prrfnmi* of ttuwi'm. i\ Ml fl ^li vkiiiiknacka;. kiirldii. Three Miiitli America iMi^h tropii-nl South Wiileg, lid Aj'rivana'^ often iiNed in 'lining cotton ictinieH rooked nils, liowevcr, , tliey protect nihrv", wiiieli i/oiital rootH ; i'oriii ii cloHo rtiiif^ tides, and liitketH. t.'' ll. ttn/ttU. fifKelt.WifH. I). /. .-. (IH8,-). /.'•Mil, i. 7!i, t. 17 Miirtitts /-'/. Ilrfuil, — Miuldl'll, I'xrful MiirtiiiM, Si/it. Mill. I. i* ; Kni-yrUi^HTitm of iim (DHO-ia'Ki), in kliiirii, the roll of ii ill' wiiH n viiutli iif a viiliiiiiiiiiiiiH writrr , pIliliiNiijiliy, llli'tn- ;y, lllll^il', ami iiutti- irri'j^iilur life innro his < 'triim tif' \tfi]i- ri'iitiirv HiTvi'il iiH n iirn|M'. Ill' was mil' if rlii'iiiistrv, ami is prrfuun' uf Huwi'D). VEUUENACEiK. aiLVA OF NUliTII AMKIUCA. 107 AVIOENNIA NITIDA. Black Mangrove. Funviius with elonnutcd styles. Leaves oblong or lanceolate-elliptical. Avicennia nitida, .fui'quin, /Cniiin. /'/. Curih. '.'.'i (I'llO) ; JlUt. atir/i. Am. 177, t. 11^', f. 1. — I,iiiiia«U(i, .S■y.•l^ Nut, ml. 1'.', i"'. — Iriiii, Am. tliwilc/i. iii. -17, I. '.'0,">. — WilliU'iiDW, .S'/icc. ill. |il. I. It'.iri. — I'crsoDii, Si/ii. il. I l.'i. — C'liiiiiiiHHi), J,liiniiii, vii. .'170. — .Spiciini'l, ,S'v.i7. ii. 70S. — Wi»l|M'rii, lle/i. iv. I.'!.'t. — Si'liiiiur, JJf C'liinliillr J'rn anil Itlai-k Wood. * Cereiba qiKK Manipip est ttlba, Piso, Hist. \al, Itrtiit, lilj. iv. cap. 87. f Cynoxylum Americamtm, /olio crastiitLimlo, mollis S- /ciuri, Pliikiv net, r/ii)l. t. 171", f. 0 i Mm. lUn. 1-J7. MiVnjle lauTiKenm jdiix jiorr albn tetraivtaht. Sloaiif, Cut. /V. Jam. lot} J A'u(. Jliii. Jam. ii. 00. — Kay, Jlist. PI. iii. Oetulr. lirj. llottim f h'ltUit ittlrf/rig nlilmtf/iji npftnuitif, pttiolin cranix hrfvisnmii Muh itmitU/itutthtit, Jtiit tliitH rttirmnian^ HriiwiK', Sat. Hint. Jam. "(>3. '^ l( ik |M'"l.'ititM Itiaf l)if< two flpccicN wtTc I'otifoti'idrd by all IravfliTu iMilil .lai'i|iilll illi/.ii, 11. An enihryo diaplaym' natiirul »i/.e. ■ \ VEUllENACEiB. Florida, wliere it \ line the slioreH Stiitt!8 the Bhick of largo isolated lis a shrub, with lerous medullary luetH ; it is dark jtely dry wood is but it is iuipos- ila or to the very 1 by Dr. Mellius tioli^ crannii hrevhsimis iVnr. //iX. Jam. i!03. Tf} fdiifou'Mlpd by all fuut the middle of the *'iS>.f* "^J^- '''V,rf >^»W.im»-r^i.'' 1 I'Luiv >r.i, _,. .•'.'1. till' iJvi'=i;i.l'll.S. lli llu; I ',. I, i,..w •lull- aro !>pt-'ii gn • 4' Flomlii, it remaius ' I..K. :. it. ' . I, liurwr I ,,:.is.'-^;r,iineti. with MUIIUT0113 mi'ilnlliiry li\ sfvcr.il rown of iuio;f' ojioii iluotu ; it is iliirk iirk browu MpwiMxl. The ^jwciiif i;niYity of dio iiWlnU'i) i!ry wi.'iil ir- ' ''• J(OUIl(tH. „ ,,,',., .„ \ ■,■:.: ^ i;;,l!!i,1v •.r,n-T.,v,. : I 1 t ii ;. impo-- '■-t .U.,..; ri, \t,,i';„ /i n I Hi I f ( I J, «ri!ftii{t.i^ • .[ UiB i ivo rait> UnidOi r»jnni\ eih 1 l. ' ! i i Silva. of NorLh America Tab CCXCVl tires i ii ihn.l.. with ! nii'dnlliiry !t i'i (liirk •Ij- dry wv;'Jil is I ! ii V. imp^i"- ; , ]■•„ \T,,1';,, C t: t'lUon tlfl AVJCKNNIA NITIDA , 'm-q /I HuureiiJ ihif.i ' Imp . I Tiuu-ur. I'dris iilt i !' t I X ■ NYCTAGtNACK^. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 109 PISONIA. Flowers perfect, diopoious or rarely monoecious ; calyx 5-lobcd or toothed, the divisions induplicatc-valvate in icstivation ; corolla 0 ; stamens usually 5-8 ; ovary superior, 1 -celled; ovule solitary. Fruit a utricle inclosed in the thickened perianth. Leaves opposite or alternate, without stipules. Pisonia, LinniiMis, Geu. \'i (17;!7). — Ailuiison, Fam. I'l. ii. Bessera, Vello/.o. Fl. Fbim. 147: Icon. iv. t. 2 (182")). 2()r). — A. I., (le Jiissicu, Gfn. ill. — Knilliclii-r, dfii. Pallavia. Vello?,o, /■/./?»«(. 151 ; /roH. iv. t. 12 (IS'.'.'i). 312. — McisniT, Gen. ;M8. — Selili'dilendal, y>iH«"«,xxi. Columella. Vellozo, Fl.F/iim. 155 ; Iro/i.iv. t. 17 (1825). fiOS. _ Hiiillim, ni.if. I'l. iv. 2l» (cxcl. .Vera). — Hi'iitliam Cephalotomandra, KaisUii, Liiiiidu. xxviii. 429 (1856). — Ilciitliiiin & lloukcr, 6V'«. iii. 10. Timeroya. Moiitroiisier, Mein. Atail. Imp. Sfi. Lyon, x. 217 (ISGO). VielUardia, Hrongiiiart & (iiis, Ilnll. Soc, Hot. France, viii. 375 (ISOl) ; Ann. AV/. Xot. s(r. 5, i. ;U0. & Houker. fjPH. iii. 9. — KiigliT & I'raiitl, y|//««.;PH/;(m. iii. pt. i. 29. Calpidia, Dii I'ltit-Tlior.ars, Hint. Viij. Isles .Instr. .ifr. ii. 23, t. 8 (180(i). Torrubia. Vello/.o, F!. F/iini. i;i9 : fron. iii. t. !.")() (182."i). Glabroii.s or imbesccnt trees or shrubs, unarmed or rarely spinescent, erect, or sometimes semi- soandent. Leaves opposite or alternate, oI)loiig-oval or lanceolate, entire, sessile or short-petiolate, persistent. Flowers small, {jreeu or _\ jIIow, in sub.sessile or pedunculate cymes, their branches subtended by small bracts, s!u)!rt-pedicellate, the pedicels bibracteolate and produced in the axils of minute i)racts. Calyx petaloid, tubular or funnel-shaped in the staminate flower, elonral style included or exserted ; stigma capitate, Lu'iniate or lindiriate ; ovule solitary, rising from the base of the cell on a short funicle, campylotropous ; micropvle inferior. Fruit anthocarpous, crowned with the persistent teeth of the calyx, ccu'iaecous or indurate, rarely fleshy, oblong-linear or clavate, cylindrical, com])ressed or pentagonal, terete, sulcate or costate, smooth, tubcicidate or furnished with stijjitate viscid glands ; utricle elongated, nuMubranaceous, Seed erect, the thin trans- parent testa ('(tnnate with the endoc.irp. Kmhryo erect ; cotyledons unecjual, thin, broad, cordate at the base, or at the base and apex, cortortuplicate, folded round the scanty .soft albumen ; radicle short, inferior turned towiwd the hilum. I'isonia is tropical, and of the sixty species' which are distinguished the Lirger number are found in the New Worhl. It is represented in southern Asia, the Indian Archipelago, Australia, New Zealand, and the islands of the Pacific by a few species, and in Africa by i'/.so«(V( acuhnta^- a shrub with ' Ilmiiliulilt, Il(iii|iliinil it Kuiilli, Nov, Gen. el .s'/kc. ii. '.il7. — Marlim Fl. ISnisil. xiv.pt. ii. 3."il. — WnW't, 11. Miiur. iiml Seijch. Kuiitli, Siju. I'l. .f^/iiiM. ii. 111. - llliimo, Itijilr. Fl. Neil. Ind. 'JCV.;. — Kiirz, Fiir,sl Fl. Ilril. /.'iirm. ii. 'J"S. — Ileiusli ')'ii(. Jiint. 7:M. — Miqiu'l, f7. luil. Iliil. i. pt. i. iWil. — Clioisy, De CaniMle .tm. C«i(. iii. 8. — Uillebniiul, Ft. lluu: /.<. ;U17. — \> ailmrj,', /.Of. frnlr. liii. pt. ii. 440. — Hooker f. Fl. New Xenhnil, i. liOO j ^7. Jiilirh. xiii. IlOll (Papuati. Fl.). liril. lud. iv. 710. — Grisfbach, Fl. Brit. W. Iml. 70; Cat. I'l. '' l.iiimiMis, Spec. WM (17.5;)). — MilliT, Did. eel. 8, Xo. 1.— Cull. 'J4, 283. — llcntliam, /■'/. .iu. — .1. A. .Sliniidt, .Viirtiri.< /•'/. yi'myiV. xiv. pt. ii. XA, [VA. — IIiMiisU'y, lint. ChtjUvntjer Lxpnt. i. I>t. iii. l.Si. — lli«)ker f. Fl. ISril. Iml. iv. 711. Fi.*oitia nllomi, ruirt't, Lnm. Diet. v. ;H7 (180-1). — C'loisy, IJf Cniiiliillr I'rnilr. .\iii. |it. ii. HI). PaUavia tictiUato, \'t'lli)zt>, Fl. Flum. I'Jl ; h-tm. iv. t. X'l (ISii). P'mmia loranthouU,*, IIiiniliuMt, Houpluiid & Kunth, Nov. fieix. et Spec. Siippl. vii. 107 (ISlI"*). > (;risobin'li. fVir PI. (\h. 'J83 (IKiMJ). — Ch.iimm:!, Fl. cd. *.'. Siippl.«;44. ^ U.wont!i:il. Syn. PL Ihophnr. 2li7. UU. - Kiililer, Marthui Fl. lira.til. xiv. jit. ii. 'M't. • I'asjin-tto. Xor. Stirp. Hm.i. Dec. viii. 09 (1811). — Choiav, /. c. 4-ir.. — ,1. .\. S.-liinidt. /. r. 'Mu\, t. M. Piwuia unria. Nettti, Ann. Set. Xat. adr. 5, v. 80. t. 7 (ISO*)). Tilt.' |iopulivr nauio of this trot*, which is also i-uUud I'uo Jutlt'u, i.H iliio to the* Wliff uinoiif; tlit' inlmhitaiit.'t of Mina» (ienu-3 that leprosy is Iir.in^ht on hy sU'cpinj; under the slmde of its leaves, whi(>li are furuislied on tlio iintler surface with short deciduuiia irrilutin^ h tirs (Netto, /. r. 81). * Netto, /. r. 8L>. * Italfour, /iVv(7/»/wrf/(rt o/'/m/m, cd. 3, iii. 220 (under Pisimia t'iilnm), * \or. /•/. .Im. f.Vrj. 7. t. 11. - Willeni Piso, a Dutch physician and naturalist, prnrticod inetlieiiu* in Loyrlen antl AniHterdiun, and in 1037 visited Hrazilf aeeonipanied hy (ieor^^ Mnr^^raf, under the auspices of the Duke of Nassau. In 1048, four years after the dea.h of Mnrj^^raf, ilnn de Kaet puMished in Kryden and .AnLtterdani the eliissical //*.*- tnritr Itrrum .\iituroUum Ftrniilitr l.ihri 17//., eontainin^ a n'cord of the .Itserviitions of the twti naturalist.^, to which was added a work by I'iso upon tlie Itrazilian nial Tin niedica. After the death of the Duke of Nassau iu 1071^ Pi. '> cnturod the service of tho elector Frederick WiUiani. In ! ( JYCTAGINACEiE. 1(1 of SOIlthc.ll lid rotimdata,* 3 employed in f(i is obtained.'* 1 stout hooked lorates that of F Brazil. Minaf) (trmes tlmt Iiade of its loavt'S, til short (lucidiiuiu 20 (under Vmnia iturnlist, pmrticed (i.'17 visilid Itnizil, spiffs of l\w Duke 1 i)f MnrKKinf, iliiii tlio cln-tsiual //w- itainiii^ i\ n-cord of wjUH uddi'd a work VftiT the dfath of lie service of tlio nyctaginacka;. SILVA OF NORTH AMLlilCA. ill PISONIA OBTUSATA. BloUy. Fruit 10-ribbcd, fleshy. Leaves opposite or altevniite. obovute-oblong. Pisouia obtusata, Jarquin, J/ort. Srhmh, iii, 35, t. 314 BmaU. xiv. pt. ii. .'!(il. — Siirgent, Forest Trees N^. Am. (17(l«). — Swurtz, /■'/. /;»/. On: iii. 19C0. — Sprcngel. UUli Ceiisii.i I'. S. ix. 117. — llilvUcock, lie/i. Missouri Si/sl. ii. 108. — Dielrieli, Sijn. ii. 1 'JL'G. — Clioisy , Ve JM. GiirU. \v. VM. Vamlnlle I'rmlr. xiii. pt. ii. 4415. — K. V\v\\axA, Fl. V iih. Piaonia cuueifolia, Sehleelitciidal, Linntra, xxiii. 571 iii. 170. — C'lia]iiii:iii, /'Y. ;i7l. — Gri.sebaeli, /V. llrit. »'. (1850). /«(/. 71 : Cat. I'l. Cull. 24. — .1 A. Selmiidt. Mitrliiis Ft. A tree, in Florida thirty to fifty feet in heiglit, witli an erect or inclining trunk fifteen to twenty inches in diameter, and stout spread iiijy branches wliiuh form a conipiict round-topped head ; or usually much Hinailer. The bark of the trunk, which is rarely more tliaii a sixteenth of an incli thick, is lii a iluner. H. A pi'rfi'i't llowcr, cnlarpcd. 4. Veitii'al sci'liiiii of a iH'ifii't (lower, enlarged. t). A iiistil. iMil transversely, enlarged. C An ovtile, niurl) niagnitied. 7. A fruitiii;; liranili, natural nizc. 8. A {mil, i'nlar^;ed. 9. Vertieal .section of a fruit, enlarged. 10. Cross section of a fruit, enlargetl. 11. Cross section of a utricle, enlnrued. 12. An eniliryo, much niagnitied. 13. An embryo cut transversely, much enlarged. i : ■'' \ y Tab CC/.CVII «i Mi ! Ill ! i ^f / I I ) ! :U ; Silva of Wntih America Tab CCXCVll /; f.uwi M Li'l't'fuk:* FISONIA OBTUSATA 'd.:^ A Hwiieii.i .titvj' Imv J Tanei.r Piirus ri •v„ ¥ ii 1: 1 Jd rOLVOHNAl'liLA;. HILVA OF NORTH AMKIilCA. \V.\ COCCOLOBIS. Flowehh perfect or rarely uiUHexual by Hbortion ; r-alyx S-lolied, the lobes imbri- cated in ii'stivation ; corolla 0; stamens H; di^k annular; ovary :i-angled, superior, l-celled ; ovule solitary, erect. Fruit a nutlet, included in the thickened calyx-tube or in its lobes. Leaves alternate, entire, stipulate. Coocolobia. llrowiiB. Sut. Hi-'- ■/am. '.'09 (17Bfi). — Mii- Ouiabara, Aduimoii, /•lim. I'l. ii. L'77 (I'd."!). iiuMiN. ^>^ A'lif. nl. 10, 1(K)7 (Ciurtilohii) (17r)'J); , llHi. — A. L. i\v .liiKxii'ii, Oi-ii. H'^. — Kiidlhliir, (IKt 1). — Ihiitliuiii >V lliioki'i'. t/eii. iii. 10'.'. aril. ,'<0H. — MeinmT, Uan. 31(1. — Kentliiiin & llutikur. Uvitera, Ottu Kmm: liii: (Ivn. i'l. ii. m\ (IHUl). Gen. iii. lO:'. — lluilli.n. Hint. I'l. xi. .i'Jl. — KiiK-lur 4 I'ruiill, I'tliinx'iifiim. iii. pi. i. ;t;{. Trt'cs or sliruhM, uucasioiially NcaiidtMit. Lciiven ultt, UMiiiilly coriaut'oiis, entire, orbicular, ovate, obovatf or lanecolate, putiolato, perHistent ; Klipiiles iiicloHinj; the branch above tlie node with broad or narrow nii>rnbranaceous truncate lobed or ai'uininate iiersistent or caducous Klieatbs. Fhiwcrs articulate on whort or elonfrated cliracteolatt' pedicels in one or l'e\v-lb»\vered t'ahcicles subtended by a minute bract, and surrounded liy a narrow truncate nu'inbranaceous slieatli or oclireola, eadi |icdieel and those aliove it in th(^ l"a.scicle Iteinjf snrrouiuled liy a similar sheath ; I'ascicK's j^atliered in siiort or elonj^ated terminal and axillary racemes or terminal panicles inclosed at the base in the Hhcatli of the nearest leaf, and sometimes also in a separate sheath. Calyx cup-shaped, tive-lobed, the lobes ovate, rounded, thin and white, spreadin;;; after anthesis thickcnin<; and inelosin|i; tlie nut in the tube or in tlio lobes. Stanu'us ei^ht, rarely seven or nine, introrse, exserted or included ; filaments Hliforni or subulate, dilated and connecteil at the base into a rin^ or short discoid.tl cup ndnate to the tube of the calyx ; anthers ovate, attache I on the back below the middle, versatile, two-i'elled, the parallel cells opening longitudinally. Ovary free, sessile, ovoid or oblong, three-angled, contracted into three stout terminal Htyles ; stijjmas slightly or conspicuously dilated, entire or tliree-lobed ; ovule solitary, risiiijif from the bottom of the cell on .i short or clonj^ated funicle, orthotro|ious ; micnipyle superior. Fruit ovoid or )rh)boH(>, rounded or acute and crowned at the apex with the persistent often connivent lobes of the calyx, rounded or abruptly narrowed at the base ; exoearp Heshy, crustaceous or dry, more or less adnate to the thin crustaceous or bony wall of the nutlet often divided ou the iinier surface near the bas»! into several more or less intrusive plates. Seed erect, subfjiobose, acuminate at the apex, three to six-lobed, sessile or stipitate ; tesUi membranaceous, porulo.se, dark red-brown and lustrous. End>ryo axillary in more or less ruminate farinaceous albunu>u ; cotyledons suborbicidar, white, cordate, flat or involute on the mar>;ins ; radicle short, superior, cylindrical, erect or incumbent, ascending, turned toward the hilum.' Coceolobis is confined to the tropics of the New World, where about one hundred and twenty 1 Ity f.imliui {/tot. .fithrh. %'u\. llil) tlii^ H(ivL-ii>.s of Coceolobis arc Nut incliuU'd in the thickened tube uF the culyx. Trees tii' gr«u|MMi iu the fuUnwilig seetiiuis : — Hhrubs witll liuiple leuve-S. UliKilA. IrilhireseelH'e t'ew-tluwered. Miiliv-liruuehed Hhrubs CamI'DKHIA. Inthireseeiu-e simple or fuseieled ; bnu'ts ^rowiu;; witll Hiiiall lenveH. dark ; oehreohe lux. Nut ehietly included iu the thickened lubeu 1*ANICI'I.AT.*:. Intloreseciu'e piiuieled. Tives with uuiple leaves. ot* the culyx. Trees or shrubs with largo leaves. KccOfcoLOHA. Intloreseeui'e racemose, simple or fuseieled. #^.. ^ if « 111 SILVA OF NOliTIl AM Kit Id A. rdl.YCiONACE^;. species,' distributed from southern Florida to Mexico, (/Vntral Aiiiiti'ii'iti Hrii/il, and Peru, are distin- l" ^rr'iMiN i ; Hint. .S'i7.v7. Sllr/i. Am. M\, t. 1 1(1. _ .Miller. /)irl. cil. «, No. 1. — I.iniiipus, .S'/icc. etl. 2, iV.'.'i. — /™». Am. (hiriirh. il. li'.l, t. IL'7. — (JicrtniT, Fruit, i. 2M, t. (."i. — LiiMiari'k, III. ii. 44."). t. .'JIC, f. '-'. — We.st. Hi'.drlr. Sf. Croij: -Ml. — WilKlciiow, S/,ir. ii. pt. i. I."i7. — I'uiii't. Liim. Diet. vi. til. — IVisoou, Si/n. i. 4I'J. — 'i'itforil, //")•/. ^"^ Am. til. — Sprengd, Syst. ii. 'St'J. — IM. Mmj. lis. t. .'iKiO. — lliiiiilinlilt, lionplaml & Kiinlli. Sill'. Oeii. I't .S/ier. ii. 175, — Kuntli, .S'.'/«. /'/■ J-:, III, 'I. \. It;.'). — Spai-h, llUt. I'i'i/. X. "i4'.'. — Niitiall. Si/lni. iii. '.':i. t. SH. — A. Kiclianl. /•'/. Ciili. iii. IS.". — MryiT, /'/•(■/;(. /•'/. Kisi'/. i. l.'i'.l. ~ Maycmk, /•'/. Jlnrli. I.Vi. — t'liatui.sso & Si'lilci'litciiclal, I.innnn. vi. .'iOS. — Sclilivlilindal, Liiiiiini. vi. 7l'il) ; xxvi. tii;i. — Miipul, Liiiniiii. xviii. 'l\'l. — .McisiuT. .)/»«. dim. I'l'l;/;/. I'rmlr. X. ;(.'(, t. 1, f. 4 ; t. '.', Il; t. r., f. 1 ; Ik Cnml'.Ui; J'rmlr. xiv. l."i'.'; Li.iiiiiii. \\\. 'ICi'.'i ; Miirliii.^ I'l. ISnisil. v. pt. i. 41'. — Si'lioiiilmri,'k, /•'/. uml Faun. Urit. (luinii. S'JII. »;«. — Sciiiiami. Hilt. (■..;/. ll'rulil. lit'.'. — Di.'tricli, .S'.vh. ii. I.'i'.'ti. — (Jiisiliach. /v. Urit. If. Iml. Itjl ; Cut. I'l. t'«i. 01. — Cliapiiian, I'l. S'.U. — Kggi'rs, Viilfii.ik. Meilil. J'rii nut. For. Fjnlmih. 1876. 112 (/•'/. ,S7. Cro/.i) ; Knit. U. S. Silt. Mns. No. Ki, ,S,S (/•'/. .SV. Croix and the Vir- gin Islanils). — Hi'iiislrv, Hut. liinl. Am. Cen^ iii. 37. — Sargent, Forest Trres .V, .Im. \Utli Census F. S. ix. 118. — I.iii.laii. Jliit. .lalirh. xiii. 2(14. — Uailloii, Hist. J'l. xi. f. 411. Polygonum Uvifera, IJnnaMK. .S/.ir. .'!(i."i (17.")o). Coccolobis Looganensis, .laciiuin. Knmn. J'l. Curili. 1',) (17t)0) ; Hist. ;:)tii-ji. Ani.W.i.X. 17.S.f.;B; y/,W. ,SV/ir/. .'7 ( 17',Ht). — Mrisiuf. l>e CunJoUe Frodr. xiv. ir)2. — SargL'iit, Forest Tens .V. .-Im. 10/ /i Census I'. .S. ix. 118. Coccolobis Uvifera. var. ovnlifolia. Mcisncr, iJc Can- ilollc 2'riiilr. xiv. 1,52 (18.")7). — Sargent, Forest Trees \. Am. 10/// Census I'. iS". ix. 118. Uvifera Leoganensis, Otto Kun/e. Fee. lien. PI. ii. ."lOI (KSill). A tii't', ill Floriila laicly i-xfcfdiiip; Hfti'i'ii fei-t in lieifjlit, with a short fjiiarli'd and contorted trunk tlircc or I'oitr Cci-t in dianiftcr, :ind stout hianches whieli form a round conipaet hi'ad ; often reducud to a sliriih witli prostrate steins, and in the West Indies .sometimes ri.sing to tlie hei<;lit of fifty feet. Tiie bark of tlie trunk, whieli is liarely a sixteenth of an inch thiek, is smooth, Hj-lit hrowii, and marked with laroc irreijiihir pale hUitclies. Tile hranelies, which are stout and terete, with a thiek jiitli, are lij;lit oranoe-ei.lor, |.iiheriiloii.s, marked with ohlonjr pale leiiticeis, and o-radiially '^I'ovi darker diiriiii-- their .second and third years. Tlie leaves are broadly ovate or suhorbiciilar, rmiiided. and sometimes sliiirt- poiiited at the apex, deeply cordate at the base, and entire, with nndiilate inarniiis ; they are very thick and coriaceous, niiniitely reticulate-veiiulo.se, dark f;recii and lustrous on the iipiier surface, jialer and puheruloiis on the lower surface, four or five inches lono- and live or six inches wide, with stout often hriirht red luidrihs rounded and }rrooved on the upper side and freiiiuntly covered with pale hair.--, below, and al)out live pairs of coiispieiioiis spreadiiif;' |uimary veins reil on the upper side, arcuate near the maroius and connected by cross veins ; they are borne on short stout puheridous llatteiied petioles abruptly eidarhth of an inch Ion,"-, in one to six-Howered Hubsessile fascicles from the axils of minute trianf.tilar apiculate dark brown puheruloiis 'r'^ , • I n - i I I ' 1 i Ii ! /- IIG SUVA OF NORTH AMERICA. POLYGONACE^.. bracts, and produced in terminal and axillary thick-stemmed puberulous many-flowered racemes six to fourteen inches in length. The sheaths which surround the fascicles and the pedicels of the separate flowers are scarious, light brown, puberulous, about a third of an inch long, and persistent. The calyx is conical, and an eighth of an ineli across when expanded, with broadly ovate rounded reflexed white lobes, puberulous on the inner surface, and rather longer than the red stiimens. The ovary is oblong, three-angled, and abruptly contracted into three short styles, reflexed and stigmatic on their inner face. The fruit, which hangs in long crowded clusters, is ovoid or obovoid, three quarters of an inch long, rounded and marked at the apex with the conspicuous connivent remnants of the calyx-lobes, and grad- uiUly narrowed into a stiilk-like base ; it is purple or greenish white, translucent, with tliin juii'y astrin- gent flesh and a thin-walled ligiit red nutlet, and in falling separates from its thickened persistent stalk. Cuccolubis Ucifcra inhabits saline shores and beaches, and in Florida is found from Mosquito Inlet to the southern keys on the east coast, and from the shores of Tampa Bay to Cape Sable ou the west coast. It is common on the Bermuda ' and Bahama ' islands and on the Antilles, and in South America ranges from Colombia to Brazil. The wood of Coccolobis Ucifira is very heavy, hard, clo.se-grained, and susceptible of receiving a beautiful polish ; it contains scattered small open ducts and obscure medullary rays, the layers of annual growtii being hardly distinguishable, and is dark brown or violet-color, with thick lighter colored sapwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.!l()3i'), a cubic foot weighing 60.05 pounds. It is sometimes used in cabinet-making. The fruit, which is scarcely edible, and is extremely astringent before it is fully rij)e, is sometimes u.sed medicinally in the West Indies;' and it is perhaps from the wood of this tree that the ,lamaica Kino,* a powerful astringent occasionally imported into the United States, is obtained. The strange sight of a tree covered with clusters of tempting grape-like fruit naturally attracted the attention of the Europeans when they first landed on the burning siinds of the Antillean shores, and the beauty and value of the Sea Grape were extolled in the narratives of many of the early voyages'^ to the New World. Tiie first technical description and a figure of tiiis species were published in 1580,^ > Lcfroy, Bull. U. S. Xnt. Mus. Xo. ;;.">, 100 (««(. Bermmla). ^ llitebctH'k, Itep. Miswnri Hot. Gurit. iv. VJXS. ^ Harbaiii, HorU Am^.r. (W. — I.inmii, llort. Jam. i. 70. — Duncan, K'linliurgh Meil. Dixjtftin. vd. *J, UVJ. — DcscoiirtiU. Fl. Mid. Antitl. ii. 11, t. 77. — lUyav, Ann. x. t. 1. — Kutinivsiiui', .\f,il. Ft. ii. iill. — Xees von KsenlK'ck, PI Mni. Siippl. t. 11^1. — ScliDniluir^k, Litmaaf viii. 280. — Grosonnly, .Metl. Hot. Crioll. ii. 107. — KrnMt, .Umr. Pol. iii. 3i!0. * Carson, Mtil. Bat. ii. '1\, t. CS. — Knrst Pharm. Med. Bol. aiH. — iVal. Dui/KfUi.vd.'J, 790. — (iiiihourt, Jlinl. Droy. id. 7, iii. 4;H. — U. S. IHnpens. ed. 10, 8,V!. ^ " Del arbol llamado (juiaiiara, iinc Io« cliristianos llanian nvero." (Ovit'do, //l.v^ A\tt. Ot'ti. Iml. lib. viii. cap. Kl.) "And so doc tbeir wibl (Jrapcs, wbii'b arc a fniit prowinp in '.'lusters and tbcrcin bavc very little meat upon tbcni." (Laytield, I'nrrhns his /'ilf/rim.', iv. 117'J.) " TlnTC is a bcrriu in tlmsc parts very excellent apiiii-st tbo blouilie-tlnxG, by tbo Imliaufi it is called Kelletli^" (llarcourt, J'urt'hfin l.ia Pilijrimn, iv. l'J70. ) " Acinus qui barbaris dieitur Kelletc utiliter adbibetnr contra dyscntcriam." (Jan do Lact, Nor, Orh. M'l.) '* Arbor, cujus luateries rubra e.st iiistar ligni Hrasiliani, folia pone orbieubiria, fert meeinalini fruetus uvi.s baud di.ssinnles, .sapo- ris adniodnni (^rati ; niwcitur potissimuni juita littcira." (Jan do l.aet, .Vou. Orh. 00.")). " Po/nilm Amirimmi, Daleeliamps, Hiit. Pt. ii. ISIK), f. (ImiiUirii, Daleelianips, lli.1. PI. 18,")0, f. — C. Haubin, Pitiai, 10. — l*arkinson, Thfutr. 1007. PoptduA rotuudi/olui .iinmiiina, C. Haidun, Pintu, 430. — Jous- ton, Prndro(irai>hta, 430. ,1 rfx'r ttimhf Ttihnijo mntfrie ligno Brmiliano $imUi, Jonsion, Pen- droiiriiphia, 4.W, t. 130, f. ; cd. 2, ii. 247, f. Piipi/niceu tirhnr Gitaidbam, J. Itanbin, //«/. 6'< u. i. lib. iii, 374, f. Pnpulu.'i nnt'i orln.<, .1. Ilaubin, ili.it. flen. i. lib. viii. 104, f. />ii Hn'mnier, UiH-befort, llixtoire StUurflle et Mortili des IsUs An- lilUt, 71, r. - l)n 'I'ertrc, IIUl. Gin. AnlUl. ii. ISO. Uvifern tirbor Occidenlalii Jiilio roliimlo, llcrnuuui, Piimd. Hat. Prodr. 3S,-|. L'nftra lilorea folii.t ampUtmhus, ffw (irlnttdiUii rras.ii.i A mericutia^ I'lnkenet, Phyl. '.i.Ui, f. 7 ; Aim. Hot. 301. Prunu^ mnritimtt rarnnofa, folio rotumlo tjlabrOt frurtu mitwrf pur- pureo, Sli>ane, Cat. PI. .lam. IH;t ; ,V.i(. Ili.ii. .lam. ii. 120, t. 220, f. ;i-,'i. _ Kay, Hint. PI. iii. Drudr. 40. — Cate.sby, Nut. Ilul. Car. ii. 00, t. iKl. IJvifcra foliiii nubrotuttdi.1, (imyj/i.f.simt.t, I.iuiueus, Ifort. Cli^f. 4H7. — Uoyen, Fl. Lfitjd. Prodr. XiA. The Ilay-Gniiie-Trer, (iriflith HukIics, N(it. Hut. Iliirhadon, ISO. OkTitlMs fnliis rrrt.?.fw orhicultitin, xinu nperto, Ilrowno, Nat. Jli^it. .lam. 200. — I'luinier, /'/. Am. ed. Hurman, Hit!, t. 1 Ifi. Utiininier du hard df In Hwr, Nicbolson, Ksnai mr VHitttoire natu- relie de Vhle de Saint Dominyne, 290, / . if'it 1 ' ' r I'OLYUONACE^. [1 racemes six to I of the Hcparate tent. The culyx id reflexed white ovary is oblong, their inner face, of an inch long, -lobes, and grad- tliin juii'y astrin- 1 persistent stalk. 1 from Mosquito ape Sable ou the es, and in South le of receiving a ! layers of annual t lighter colored weighing GO.OiS rij)o, is sometimes that the Jamaica aturally attracted ilieun shores, and u' early voyages ° ere published in . — C. Hauhin, I'iitar, a, Pintu, 430. — Joiis- 110 similiy tToiiHtoii, Pen- Hist, 6'< M. i. lib. iii. lib. viii. im, f. ft Monih ties Islt^ An- . ISO. llcniiAJiii, Panvi. liat. tlatU crnsnis A meriniua^ 'abrOt fructu mitwrf pur- . Jam. ii. 1^1, t. iiai, f. •.si)y, AVif. tlut. Car. ii. IL'IIB, Hurl. Cliff. 4S7. — •I. Hill. Ilarhailof, ISO. rif), Browne, Nal. Ilixl. IIW, t. Ufi. i:iai mr CIIi.sloire ;i«(u- I'OLVGONACEiK. BILVA OF NO urn AMERICA. 117 Coccolohis Ihifera was first notiewl m (Im» VmU-A Htates by Bernard Romans, who described it in his Concise Natural JJintori/ of Knul and Wis^l t1,onda^ published in 1775. According to Alton,- it was introduced as early as IWK) \\\U» ¥iimi\iis} where, and in Asia,* it is occasionally culti- vated in botanic gardens. ' " C'lH'Coliibii, or urasido |)liimb, (rrowiiiK in bunches, lU) )Jw« Cm. Uirrl. fnris, ed. 3, 69. — Kndlicber, Cat. Hort. Vindoh. i. 273. » Hurt, tCew. ii. 31. * Vwjjt, Hurl Suh. Calculi. 3:!0. IWVMWMtll .y ife.^ r;.^ Hi EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Pi.ATK CCXCVin. Ci)i (Oi.oms Uvifera. 1. A floni'iiiiK liraiu'li, iialural ^i/r. 'J. A llii«ii-l)Uil, ciilar^jod. ;!. A lliittiT, inlaiKi'il. ■I. ViTlical sioliiiii of 1 tliiwiT. ciilar};p(l. T). A slaiiu'ii, fiiiiil ami rear views, ciilargi'd. 0. A iiistil, tlif ovary out vertically, ciilnrKi'd. 7. A piiilicm i>l a liiaiiih showing loaf-scar uiid slipuUir sheatli. natural si/c. r ' i f t I': Platk C'CXCIX. Co<;c()U)iiis L'vifkba. 1. A fruiting lirancli, natural si/i'. 2. Cross section of a fruit, inlargi'd. ',i. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. 4. A sccil, slightly enlarged. 5. An embryo, slightly uidarged. r,i|. ^ » ; > ?- ' f II U I I = I \ '.ilv.i 1.1 Mniil; hiurr.^:a. Tii.^, '■'■//.'■'IVA ( ' K ya.ron dt-* COCCOLOBIS UVIFERA /) /f/t>fTtVJ..' Jiiv.r* imp . ' Tii/'tiit Fans f"( ' HI ; .- 1 I !is I i I" im\ '^j < i ■ \. i n 'f 1 i 1 1 i , fn ll 1 i 4 .* . ! jll. a, o! Nortti Amenca Tab c :xrix < f: y,uvr: tifl fli-nr! COCCOLOBIS UVIFERA .•I Hioiiftij- ifirf.i' /■■y J Taneur Pam fl- t* I'OLYtiONACIC.K SILVA OF XOliTlI AMEIilCA. Ill) 00CC0L0BI8 LAURIFOLIA. Pigeon Plum, - FAst'ic'i,i;s of flowers in terminal raccinos. Ix'avrs ovate or ovate-Ianeeolatc. CoooolubiH liiurifolin, Jiic'iuin. l/nrl. Sflmiihr. iii. 1). I. 21)7 (17!m).— rniri'l, /,'(«(. l)i,l. Sii|i|)l. iv. (i.VJ. — Mii«- n«r, htim, Oen. I'uli/'j. I'twli: ;)3, t. -, C ; /'c Ctindullf J'rtiilf. xiv. 105 Spocli, //iV. (Vy. x. ."il.'l. — Kj;(,'ci*, JMI. r. S. N'if. AfuM. No. KJ, «.S (AV. Sf. r,v„> ami t/iif lin/lii Uliiii'h). — liliuliui. /^l^ ./■(///'//. xiii. l.'iX. — ll.tillun, llii't. I'l. xi. f. II.") IlilrliriMk. A',/-. Misumn-i Hut. annl. Iv. lL';t. Ckicoolobla Floridana, Miiniicr. Ih- fiimtnllf I'rwli: xiv. Km (l,><."ir). — (iiiMlpii.li, C'lt, I'l. Villi, til ('liii|iimiii, /'/. MM. — l*i>rrlii'r. tiiMiiima nf Soiil/irrn /■'ii'l'h nml t'liri'Mii, .'171'). — .Sarifi'iit, h'iire»t Trtea A'. Am. \^lh Ceiimiii (/. .S'. ix. 117. ^ Coccolobia pnrvifolio. Nuttall, Si/liui, ili. '.T), t. M!) (nnt I'diivt) (IHI'.I). Cocoolobia tenuifolifv. K;,'l;i'1», V'uleiiik. Meilil. J'ni mil. li'iir. KJiilieiih. 1H7('>. II'.' (A'/. St. Cml.r) (not l.iniiaMU). CoocolobiH LeuKiinensia. Kjjijith, I'lilfim/,. Mnlil.jhi mil. t'ni: KJiilien/i. 1N7(1, 111; (/■'/. Si. CriiLr) (iiot .fiu'niiiii). — Hull. U. S. .\iil. Mim. Ni). i;), 8« {Fl. SI. VroUiiml the I'in/in Iiliimh). Coccolobia Curtiaaii. I.indaii. Ilol. Jn/irli. xiii. l.W (18!)1). Uvifera Curtiaaii. (HId Kiin/,i', AVc. lien. I'l. li. ilOl (IHUl). Uvifera Inurilolia, Otto Kuoze, Jier. Gen. PI. il. 501 (1Miind-to|)|ied juindsonie head. The bark of tlie trunk is a sixteenth of an inch tliiek, ^ray tinr()wn, and broken on the Hiirfaee into lar<;e siiiootli plates, wliieli in tailing display the dark imrplo inner bark. The hranehlets are slender, terete, often Hli}r|itly /iff/Mf^, usually contorted, and eovered with lij^ht orange-colored hark, whieh in their second or third year becomes ilirk j^ray tinfjed witii red. The leaves are ovate, ovate- laneeolatt- or ohovate-ohlon^j, rounded or acute at the apex, rounded or wedfiji-shaped at the base, and entire, with Hiiifhtly undulate revoli:te margins; they are thick and linn, bright green on the u])pcr Hurl'ace, paler on the lower surface, three to four inches long and an inch and n half to two inches broad, witii conspicu(uis pale midribs rounded on the n])|>er si(h', and three or four pairs of remote obiiipu' primary veins forked and arcuate near the margins and connected by prominent reticulate veinlets; they are borne on stout flattened grooved petioles half an inch long and abruptly enlarged at the ba.se ; the stipidar sheaths are truncate, entire, ligiit brown, glabrous, thin and scarious, and about half an inch wide. The flowers a|)pear in early s])ring in few or one-tlowered fa.scieles in simple racemes terminal on siutrt axillary branches of the |)revious year and two to three inches lung; they are borne on slender pedicels a <|uart4'r of an inch long and much longer than the minute acute bracts and the narrow light brown scarious slieaths. The calyx is eampan\datc, narrowed at thi^ base, and an eighth of an inch across the expanded lobes, wiiich are cup-siiaped, thin, and rather shorter than the stamens composed of slender yellow filaments enlarged at the l)a.se and of dark orange-colored anthers. The ovary is abruptly contracted into an abbreviated style, divided into three elongated stiginatic lobes. The fruit, which ripens dining tho winter and early s|)riiig, is ovoid, narrowed at the base, rounded and crowned at tho apex with the lobes of the calyx, dark red and a third of an inch long, with thin acidulous flesh and a hard thin-walled light brown nutlet. In Florida, where it is one of the largest and most abundant of the tropical trees, the Pigeon Plum is found on the seacoa.st from Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, and on the west coast from Cape Romano to Cape Sable. It is common on the Bahama Island.s, and inhabits many of the Antilles and Venezuela. The wood of Cuvcolubis lauviJ'oVia is heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, brittle, and close-grained, 120 SfLVA OF NOliTII AMKIUCA. rOLVGONACKVE, and Pdiitains sniiiU srattercd oppii tlucts, tlu> layers of !iiiiiii;i! ^rowlli itml tlic numerous medullary rays being hardly distinguishaltle ; it is riili dark brown tinged with reel, willi thiek lighter colored sapwood. The specihe gravity of the absidiitely dry wood is 0.!(81{r>, ii eiihi(! foot weighing ()1.2!> pounds. In Florida it is occasionally used in cabinet-making. The fruit is devoured by raccoons and other mammals, and by iniiny binlil. Covioliih'ifi /(iiifi/dlid was discovered on the Hahama Klandii by Mark (!iiteshy, and the first account and figure of this tree was jmblished in ITIU in his .\'iiliirii/ /liiiliiri/ nf Curolimi} The earliest mention of it as an ndiabitant of Florida is found in Iterniird Komans' Coiicinr NohirnI Hixturi/ of Kiixf and West Floriihi, published in i'lTi,- It wan iiilt'odiieed early in the present century into Euroj)ean gardens,^ and in l!S'2() flowered near I'arii*,' > Ctriima hiiorf ihliti : fnti-lu nii-rmoxo purpiirin majurr. ii. iH, I, » Willili-iuiw, /v'iikhi, |;i| Link, ICiiim. i. DHU. — Kmllii-lior, (Vl, (■„,, l/nrl. >'m/W/ I, '.'71, - ••roccdlolm, witliotiloiiKOKp slmpi'il vi'imd liMivea, with poiiitcil * .Muriliiiit il>' l.iiiiiiiit, llrrli. .Iim//. v. I. Ml. grii|K'likf fruit K-ss tliau t-urmiits." (--.) EXPLANATION OK TllK I'l.ATK. 8. 9. 10. 11. Pl.ATK CCC. CocciMillW I.AIKlll'lil.U. A tlowtriiin liriiiicli. imtiiiiil fi/r. Diagram (if a llowr. Portion of a rucliis with two llnwuin, I'liliiinml, «liimifi:< tin: irflircoln!. A (lower. onl:iri;<'il. VtTtiinl seotimi iif ii lluwir. iMilur|{i'>l All iiviilc. in\ir)i iimi;iiiliiil. A friiitini; Inanili, ii.itiinil i.i/.i'. C'ruits ucctioii uf a fruit. ciilari^iMl. Vertical section of u fruit, t'iiliir(,'iMl, A ^^l'('(l. enlarged. All viiibiyo, uiilurgfj. CONACKVI':. llaiy rays SilJ)\V00ll. mds. Ill the first (/.' The ( Natural 1 present X ;;!i I ! oilva of tior'.h hmt-.n- a Tab CCC. ( i Si.:ur inr i^, '^: i ■ 1 A ii.r % INDEX TO VOL. VI. Nairn's iif Oriif are in SMALL cai'ITAI>; of ndmittt'd (ienera and Speck's and other proper names, in roinan tvpe; i)i synonyms, in italics. A^ciiliuni 1-Vaxini, 27. Ahtuuid, \\\. Al.idmm thf^ivfnrmU, 14. Atnpliyll!>stii't.i Catalpii', 84. Anucaliuita, Tit. Anariilmiia unud, incdieal piupoities of, 74. .\iia7. Ash, lUack. :i7. Ash, iu.if. :ir.. Ash, Kriti;;i'-IIo\vtT.'il, 'M. A>h, .Mountain. 17. A.sh. lird, \'X \s\\. Swamp, •*)■"», \A\, Wat.T. .v.. Asii. Whito, VX Aspidisra iliospyriella, 4, Attains rnnnrthca, L'O. Avir.MMia. 1IN>. Avii'i'unia, IO"i. .AviiMMUiia .\fricaiia, 10.">, KKJ. Avicennin tilha, KMJ. .\vi(vnnia. t'nuunnii' nst-s of, llKi. Ari-t'>irnii rUifitirii, UHJ. Aririnni(t I'lnrt'liinn, U)7. Atit'tiittiii ift/f rw"/((i, UH'i. Arirttiiiiii I.Hmnrkuvin, UNi. .IrhV'i'iKi Af'i/Ti, 107. Avici-miia iiitiila, 107. Annnnitt I'fiiiitii/'/nliu, 107. .Vvin-nnia oflii-iimlis, 10."), HHi. Arirruuift Kffiriuitli.i, var. itiha, 1(H>. Avii'funia rfsitiif'rrut UH\. Ariirnniit foinvnlosa. l(t,*), lOtI, 107. liitrhiiri'ia, 111. Hai-ur\, Kliam Kliakini, IX). Ittan, Indian, Hit. Hivi \Vo.Ki. 111. litsura, !(«►. Hcurnritt, 7~*. iSif/unnut C(it(t!/Mtt HI, 80. liilpuntiit liuenn.-i, Ori. liiifnimiit linnfi.tsiniit, 8t. Itiifiionut Qurmut, 84. HniNONIACK.K. H'X Ithu-k Asli, 'M. Hla.k I'alal.a.sh, W\ Ulark Man;,'rovi'. Ut7. Itl.ii'k rrrsimmon, 11. niack 'I'n-.'. 108. ISIark Wood, 108. Hh.lly, 111. Bine Ash, 'X'j. liohu, i;t. Ihtfuui, i;j. Bois l-idtde, lOl. Boi.sfiitT, rierri-Kdinond, 74. Boissit-ra, 71, linntia, 10,"i. liimtin ijtrminaus, KKJ. Hon ilia, 07. HoUKAdlNACK.K, 07. Botryospha-ria rtTsimmons, 4. Bourri'i-ia, 7."i. lionrr'na ;]i(thm, OS. Bonrreria Ilavaiirnsis, 77. BouiTfiia llavanensis, var. radnht, 77. liourrcriii m-'ila, 77- Jionrnriii rtvluiu, 77. liimmriti m'-irva, 77, 78. liourrrrin (utmntusii, y Uuianemus, 77. Iwumrui rinjntn, 77. Cal.iha.h, Black. *.m. Calaitash-ln-c, •.t7. Cahitnandi-r wood, J. I'aliro Wood, -J'J. CnlfHiiia, Ui[}. Canipdt-rta. 113. (\i)iilMlt rill, U3. ('■in/H!iii, 1. Curl' a, i;j. Cnrlomohritt, 19. Citrlomohrid (%irolina, 21. CnrUiuuihrin ili/ifrrti^ \1',\. Carlotnohria pdrriflora, ll>. Canncnta I'raxini, 'J7. Cnniiiitiii, 711. Tatalpa. Hit, Ht). Catnlpa l'i<]\>{t.t, Hll, 80. Catiilpii f>iip}oiiii>iilt'>\ var. Knnipffri, 84. Catalpa Biiti^'fi. SI. CohiljHi llHttijn, 88. ("atalpa ('ut;ilpa, Ht>. Catalpa (.'atalpa, j^irdeii forms of, '6'6. Vtttulpit communis, Sti. Ctihilpu mnli/nliii, Sfi, 8i). Catalpa t'ra.ssifolia, 84. Catalpa, fiTtili/ation of the flowers of, 83. Catalpa, fnii^al enemies of, 84. Catalpa. in.-^eet rjiemies of, 81. Cutiii'pn Ntrmpf'tH, 84. Vntnlpti {oniji.. Ccrcospora Catalpa', 84. Cerco>jn)ra Oiospyri, 4. Cercospora fiilijrinosa, 4, Cercospniii Kaki, 4. CfT'ldnii, 07. (.'tnliina uUimlora, V)S. Chapote. 11. Chasstlniipia, 13. ChilopM-. !t;j. C'liil'ipsis f/'utinosn. 05. Chilop>is lineari>, 05. Chilupsis .•mHipiii, 05. ChitH'se white wax, 20. Chioiianthus, 50. ('hii))ifitit/ins tin. C'or.liii, (i7. {'or-im Af'ririina, (18, Cunliii alliiKlitni, rtli:i alliixlora, wixut of, ti9. Conliit (iHf/iistifhUa, itS. (.'uriliii ht.>sicri, 7ii. Ciinlut /I'r/i'/ViM, tW. Cnniiii huliitlu, (>H, C<}r'li(t rum/mnulnttu (»S. Conli'i t'l nffiiiit, (iH. Cnrdi:!, iM-oiioinii' iisrs of, (iB. Ciiriilii nuniiiimi, 77. Conlia (icmsi'aiilliii'H, t»8. t'oriiia ^liihosa, (JS. Conitit hfxauihiit 08. r8. C'lrillii rftimliihi, M. <'i-rnlia St'lwsti'ria, 71. (''»r'/(.l SrKrstt'UII, 08. ("nrtliii Sifir.iffnn, var. rn'irrt, 71. Ciirdin .ytfrioiia, 71. ('t>rilia subcnnlata, 08. Cmliii .'f)p.>', (W. C'lrdi'i thi/r-ii flora, 7'J. Conlia vt'stita. 08. Cnriliis, Vali-riiis, 01). Conh/h^f.histf, i;i. Cnnmiaiuli'l wood, 3, ( 'ri mnf'iiuiti, 75. C'rt'si't'iitia, it7. (^rrsrrnfin lu'uminntn, 07. Cri'Sfci.tia alata, !(H. Z Cre.^rrtititi i-orini'm, 1H>. (Vfst'cntia cin uriiitiiia, iK). ('n*-('«Mitia ('iijrtc, U7. Cn'si'i'iitia <"iijt'tc, iisrs of, 97. Crfsmitul rfiririjiilin, 1*7. Cff.ti'efilin lati/oiiti, IK). (Vrs/v-K^Vi lethi/f'rn, IH). (V('.«v;j/iVi ithiivnta, U9. Cn'strulid ttrttfa, IK). CrrArnitin, spfcics, !K). Criscciizi, Pii'tro (le', 98. r»i.ff', 97, 98. />a.7///'i.«, 1. JhvttfhiH 7'rnprzuntimut, 2. * Ihni'U-i, i;t. D.Mii Willow, 95. Devil Wiinil, (i,j. l)inii>/T, \:\. Diospyros, 1. Diosfii/nn I'.ni.iilirtixis, % rHo.frnH rtinrttlitr, 7. .' I)io.tpi/ros roslitta, ■!. J)iospyros riinalon, '\. Jhj.ipifrn.t iltaitulni, It. J)iospyr(»s |)('iido, ',\. Diospi/riis iliijifua, 'X f)io.tpifriis thi/iin, It. Diospyros Klicnasfrr, It. f>iii.tpifni.i KfiiuaaUr, *J. I)i(>s|)yro!t Kbt'n!i.s(fr, fruit of , 3. I)iospyro?i I-'.Ih'miiiii, ti. Diospfjrttn I'Jjftium, It. Ihiis/iynii Kmhri/iiptiri.i, It. hiosptjrtiA ffrrugitteny It. Diospyros, fiinpU t'n(M!'it'S of, 1. IHiutpijrtis ;/Uihrrnmti, *J. Diospifrus jflulhtosOt It. iHofpijros (iuajnratiiit 7. Diospyros, iiiscot ciu'itiies uf, 4. lUnspi/ros Jti/ifniirn, '_'. f Duispi/ros Knmpteri, \. l)iospyros Kaki, l. Viospiirn^ Kidi, var. fl. *J. f l)iospi/rns Knii, var. riw/a/a, 4. Dio-ipyros Kaki. worn! of, 4. Ih.isiitjro.i liturifoliii. It. JhospifniH liitiififnlia. It. Uiospyros Lotus, 'J. Dliiipt/r"-! Miiliihtirini, It. />(.»>7V/r"^- .t/.(;W/. 1, Diospyros, intMln'al pr.'porties itf. 3. Diospyro.s inrlaiitpxylon, It. Diif'pifro.i mtliuuij-fjlon, *_'. DiitspyroH int'lanoxyloii, wiwd of, 3. I>io.*pifrits membntuacni, 3, J)i^t'llaria. 3. Diospyros IVxana, 1 1. Di(ispyriisi.s Catilpir, 84. Doimtia, 105. Doti^'Ias, KitlH'rt, 9U. f Drupatrix, lit. Uyiiasti'S rityus, 'J7. KriKVACK.f:, 1. Khony, '_*. Kliony, hictiaii, 3. Kliret, (li'orj; Dioiiy.sius, 80. Kliri'tia, 79. Khrotia tuMiiiiinata, 79. Khrotia nniniinntn, iiaca of, 79. Ehrrlin liourrcrin. 77, 78. Ehnlut nlinUi, 81. KlirrtiiK'lliptica. 81. Khretia nn.tpfrultt, 81. Khrvtia t/lnhni, OH. Ehrrtin Utirimrnsis, 77. Khntiii onili/hliit, 79. Efin tin pifri/olitt, 79. Ehrrtin rtvinUi, 77. f Ehntia srnhni, 81. Ehrrtin ^trrnittt, 79. Einfinjnpferis, 1. Emhrj/fiptrris tf> Uitini/rrn, 3. Emhryoptrris ijluiiui/mi, 3. Emhr'jnptrriti KnKt, 4. Emhrf/optrrin prn ijnna, 3. l'jiall;)i,'nia, !17. Kii.'iKM'olnlia, 113. Kiirri-scfiitia, 97. Ewjrniiiiiit*, 13. Euyeiiioitlrs tmrtfirium, 15. KxulMLsidiuin Syinploci, 14. Fatiia diMuidata, -7. Fidillc W.hhI, 1(11. 103. Eirrti.'iin, 07. Fotiii-r>;ill, .loliti, 10. Fothi'rj;iIla, 10. Fraxinastniui, *J(>. Fmxiiiiis, '-'5. Friiritiits arfruinatii. III. Ernxinu.i ull'n, 'JO, lit. Ernriuii.t tillnran.i, II, 47. Fraxinus Atiicrioaiia, 4lt. Ernrinu.'i Anifruiiuit, 'A), .V». Ern.rittH.i Ami r riifni, Mihspi'f. iY<)i'*r-.lNv/i(r, .50. Fntrinu.i Amt riftinn, stihspi't', Orii/imn. 57. Eriirimi.t Aiiifriratui, var. anttniiniln, 4lt. Friiiiti'is Ainrrirtnia, var. BtrUvuiirriatuif .51 1. Erfixiuu.i ,t »i» rn'fjKfi, var. Canniuiitun, .V». ErtiriuHS Amrru-iiuity var. ■■piptrrn, lit, ErajTinnA Aiurrirnmi, vnt. jutiliiu'ti/nlia, 50. Frtirihim Amrriraua, var. hiifhlia, 43, Fraxinus Anifriraua, var. niicriK'arpa, 44. Erttxmus Amrru'uutt, var. imrnuilr, 4lt. FruxiUii.i Amrririmti, var. ptslni-' i/»>liti, 41. Fnt.'in'i.t Ainmranii, \:ir. pufn trtti^, 19. Frtiiinim Am'Tiritmi, var. tpioitnin'i'iltifiit 3.~>. FriixinH.t A nu nrdua, var. ipunlnitiifuldta tirrrmn, X\. Frnxinu.* Amrrirntnt, var. mvnftunfnlut, 117. Fnixiiius Anitrirann, var. 'i'lxrtisi.t, 47. Frnxi'ius Amrrii-tnm, var. ^rr/*/(T«, 55. Fraxinus atuutiala, 39. FraxiiiuH ItiMtanditTiaiia, 53. Fniximi.t Ciinnili-Ufiis, 4lt. Fraxinus Caroliniatia, 55. Friiximis Curd/iunitM, ."»0. Frtixiuu:< Cnrnlininun, ,i Intijolia, 50. Fraxinus ('nrnliiiinisis, tit. FraxiuuH Chinonsis, 'Jti. Frnxinu.'f Chinrusis, viir. rhijuchophylhi, tiO. Frax'.iiui i^inrrm, -0. FraxitiUM rorinrrn, 41, 47. Fritxitvi.t Cuhriisi^, 55, .")0. Frnxinn.t (^urtissHf 4-1. FraxiiniM mrriifrus, 5.". Fmxinus cusjiiiiata, -9. Friixinus dipt'tala, 31. Fraxinus dip,'tala, var. liracliyptcrr, 31. FraxiiuiJ dipftabi, var. tril'idiata, Itl. M; ■!■! -i| of, 7a. 14. Iis|H'(', t>rit/onn, ill. V. aniniiiiiitii, 4lt. Mr. lit'ilan'ii^riann, r. ('ariili)iiinni, .W, r. I'fii/'l'rii, lit. T. jiujUiuiiiiitiui, r»o. r. Ititijolio, VX ir. iniiTinMrpii, I \. r. unrinnU , 111. r. in.tto'-- 1 fhlin, 11. r. pufifsit NN-, \\). r. qunilriini/iihilfi, '.Vt. var. tiiiU'lntiKjultila r. itamfturifnlia, 117. r. '/V-iTfo'i.*, 17. r. triptt'rUi "»«">. I htif'olia, 50. •»;i. " . rhijnchophylhXt iiO. 17. linicliyptiTf , 31. trit'oliiitn, lU. .'■ FraxinuA rUsrolor, \\). KruxiiiiiH, (MMiiKmiif iisf.s of, 'J(J. Fntxiiiua rf/ifilirii, L'fJ. FmrinuA i/tipfrni. III. Fi-a\iniM cxccMur, 'JO. 27. Fntrintui rrcel.iiin; ."»,'). KiaxiiiiH ilnfiliiinda, "J?. I'niritih.i ffiiri/.ni, 'J(i. KraNiniis fiiiii,Ml t'liciiiii's of, 'J7. i-)itrinit.'i/'i.}iii. III. .m. /■'riij-iiiii>ijuf//ttwii/>'lui, ,i suhmti-fferrinui, U). Fniiitius Inuvinliitti. 50. f'ni.riuiis Itilifhtiti, ."i7. Frtixitms innt/:>ii/iti, ■!!►. Fraxiniis .Mari.Miiirica, -JO. KraxitiiH .Marir.-,ii, li."i. rraxirms, mi'tlii-al [n-o|nTtirs of, 2G. FrtirinuH niijtit, 'J(i. KraxiiiiH nii,'ra, 117. I-'nij-intis nii/ru, LMl. i''ni.rinii.f tiii/nt, sii!m[icc. Caroliuionn, ■«"). Fntrmus fiiffrn, s\i\isyvr. iiu/ni, 117. FnixinuA tiiifntrt-ns, 't't. f Fiariiiit.K .\oftt AntflUt, 111. Fraj-iutts S*mr-.\ufili>i , 'Si, 50. Fnij-inus Xntlul/ii, .V». Friiriti}i.-t n/ilntif/.iriirfni, ID. KraxiiMH Orrj^una, 57. Fni.iinus ih-'iiuna, fi, .'i7. Frtixinu.^ nns\ tvaiiiia, var laiii*i'olata,50. Fmxinu.-i fiistiiritrfn/nt, II. Fnuitiit.i f,tstuci, (»7. (iriipi', Sen, 11."). (irc'Kf;, .'o^iiili, :i3. (twtlarn'ift, 1. (i'linhitnl, 113. (•um.iiuithii.'i, 1. ilyiuunn, 07. (if/uaitin ir.itittim, 08. llnl.sm, 111. /t'llt'siil Ciirnlirta, -I. Ilttlrsiii itiptfrii, '_'3. lliltisui itttrrijlnrit, UK Ihih^i'i riticulnln, 'SX J/iil'siii .^ifiuiear/ni, *J1. //fthstii ti'friiptt'ni, -1. Ihilniit li'imiilem MteUani, 2'1. llitliiilnuimm, Ul.">. llali"li'nilrnm 71iiiutlr.. lloi-M' Sii);:ir, 1."). llljme4, 'J7. Morfta.iiiit 7."). Mouiilain .\s)i, '17. N'l'oi'lytMs ('iijirca, 'J7. NcwIiiTrv .liiliji .Stroll;;, 39. Ni'»l.iMrj-a, 10. jV.itii, 07. J 'ami,, I, 1. Piira.iit (iuiivwusi^, ^. I\lniu'utii r,i filiita, O.S. l*fiiililiij.''iis fi'axiiiifolii, J7. I'l-rsiiiiiii.iii, 7. rrrsiiiininii. lilaik, 11. rt'isiiiiiiion, .laiiaiu'sp, 4. t'tr^iiwiu, I. riiUlartiiiia siilViilta, 81. IMiUiijitas Kraxiiii. J7. \'\\;v,ni I'liiiii, nil. I'it;i'iiii Wood, 111. I'iso, Willi'ln, lUI. risonia, 1011. I'ison; ■ ..fiilrata, 100, 110, Pi-tiiniti i-iini i/iiiiti, 111. I'isoiiia, ri'oiKiiiiii- usi's of, 110. f'i.iiniiil liiriintliiniliA, 110. Pis'i'iiil noj'ia, 1 10. ris.iiiia oliliisata. 111. I'isoiiia roliiiulala, 110. I'i.s.iiia toiiuMitosa, 110. I'Uimia nlii.sa, 110. I'hilem, 1.3. I'lilliiisli/iliiit. 07. riiiiii, I'io;i'.iii, 110. IVidoscsia Syria;;!!', J7. I'llI.YliuNAlKl.:, 113. Pi>lil,/,niitm I'rihrii, ll.~i. I'olyimnis aiiiiiriilins, LO I'dyporiis Ilalesi.i', JO. r :^ t i 124 IXDJJX, Pork \ViH..l. 111. Pntalstouia, \{\. Pnriil.iioiim thtir/ormiSf 14. Pn>t'>fii>ii'H, III. Prolu'ii'fini Itn-loritit 15. !^^lla liiuspvri, 1. I't.lOslM-ilX, !*.». nnrhi. 10,-.. KatlU- Hox. 'J2. ililHiroJlHt, Utl. Kiii. Sti/.iitu uii/rtit 'A. i^ariiirit, \',\. Srmra, I0.'i. ,SV» fica nuirina, U)0, N'u (;raiM-. lin. S'hfshu, r,7. Seht'strmt frUritntlis, (W. Sfhe.itruii smfini, 71. Sfln'>tl'll.H. (IS. Si'ptoria Syiiiplofi, 11. Shibii, 1. Silvrr IW'ilTm', -Jl.'-a Suuw(li-t-.p Trt'c, 'JL', L'iJ. SpliaTiMii'iiia Spiiiii, 27. Sphinx ('atiilp)i', S-1. Stfinnidtitsifihum, \[\. Strung Hack, 77. Mrniij; Itark. 7H. hTYllACK.K, i;(. Nwatnp .\n!i, "m. Swri't Leaf, 15. SyiDpliH-ii.t, K), Si/mpliH'o.*, Hi. Symf>lnin.-t Al-itiiiiio, M. Syniplmn.'* crata'jiniili's, II. SyiiiplocoM, t'cntiuiiiii' ii.si-s of, 14. SyiDplticns, fungal cticniit's ttf, 14. A'//"'/"''"'"* if"'i't'"tt M- Sifmj'liwns l.oha, 14. SympltK'os, iiicilical prnptTtit's of, 14. Syrnfilfirns rj* rcovii, 11. SvnipliM'os plivUofalyx, 11. Sf/mfi!nra% }Milt/rijrfHi, 14. St/mii!'>'-'>* fin'futi'iu'i, 1 1. Syinploi'MS rai'i'iiniHa, 1 1. Symplt>cns fpii-ata, 11. Syiiipl(«M-< tln'a'fnrniis, 14. Synipluuu.s timtoria, l5. Thrrina frrviilaria, "20. Timrrnifd, HI'). Torruh'm, UK*. I'puta, 105. L'fiala, UI5. Vv\t'im, \VX Uvi/rrn Curtitaii, IVX I'l'i/'tnt lanrifiilm, \\\). Vvtj'era Leoijivteuau, 115. Valsaria Uiospyri, 4. I'tirnniiii, (>7. i'ltrnmiii fmUtiln, 1». WanltT, .lohii AHton, 1N>. Wattr .\»li, 5.5. Wax, Cliinrsc wliitf, *J(i. Wc^tiTii Catalpa, Ml>, Whit*' Ash. i:i. Wilh.w. Desert. '.(5. Wisli/iMiia, *.»!. WisliM'MU.H, Krimlrifb Adulpbt IM. Iph, IH.