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s

THE

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA

A DESCRIPTION OF THE TREES WHICH GROW

NATURALLY IN NORTH AMERICA

EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO

CHARLES SPRAGUE SARGENT

DIRKCTOB OK TllK ARNOLD ARBORETUM
OK HARVARD UNIVER3ITT

3iUu)3trateD tuitl) figurcis and 9nalfise!3 Dratsn from Mature

BT

CHARLES EDWARD FAXON

O

VOLUME VII
LA URA CEJE—JUGLANDA CEM

M!]^@razi(

BOSTON AND NEW YORK
HOUGHTON MIFFLIN AND COMPANY

MDCCCXCV

ii ,.^

M'

©

Bl CIIARLKS srilAlUK SAIiaEST.

.1// rit/hu restTitii.

Elwtrotyp<Hl »ud rrioti'd li) H, ll, Mnighton «iij Oali>|<«ir.

i' u^

m\

A

To
SIR JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER,

WIIOSK I.AIIOKH IIAVK l.ARdKLV IN( KKASKIJ KNOWLEDGE

IN KEOAIin TO TRKEM OF TIIKEE CONTINENTS

ANI> WIIOSK EXAMl'I.K

HAM BEEN A HTIMUI.ANT TO IIOTANIL'AI, KTfDY I.N EVERY LAND,

THIS SEVENTH VOLUME OK

TIIK SILVA OF" NORTH AMKUICA

18 OKATEKILLY DEDICATED

i

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

'i

If

SVNOllilM OK OllDKIW
I'KRSKA HoKllONIA
I'KltsKA 1'I'I1KM( KNS .
OCOTKA CaTKSIIVANA

Sassakuax Sashakka.s

UMHKl.i."! *R1A CaLIKOBNICA

Dkyi'Ktkh Kkvknhis
DiivrfrrRs t.ATKiiiKi.ORA

(iVMNAMIIKS I.IKIDA
Iliri'ClMANK Mam INKLLA .
t'l.Mll' AmKUIi ANA
IJl.Ml'H KA( K.MIWA
I'l.MUM AI.ATA
Ul.Ml'H Fn.VA .
I'l.MTS I HA.'-HII'OI.IA

I'i.anrba AyrATicA .

CkI.TIS («1IIiKNTaI.I!<
CkI.TH M|SMI*<II'I'I.'S'»IS

iMiiKi-1 RrmiA

MllKl'S ( Kl.TIIUKDI.IA
ToXYI-llS I'OMrFKHlIM
Kl( IS AI'KKA
Fl( IS I'lllTl.NKA
I'l.ATANl's 111 I lltKNTALIS .
I'laiams ItAl KMIWA
I'l.AiAMs WKIiill'lII
I.KITNKHIA Kl.DKIHANA .
JlIlil.ANS riNKKKA . .

Jrill.ANS NIll!"
■Iriil.ASS Kl'l'>iKIS
.ll'llI.AXS ('AI.IKIIKNirA .
!llH>KIA I'ki AN
lIllllHIA MINIMA
H.rOKIA MVRlsrir.KKORMW
I' DRIA Ayl'ATIlA .
IlllDUlA OVATA .
IIlriiRIA I.AI INIllsA
lIlrOHIA AI.IIA . . •

hlrnUIA (iLAIlKV .

I'llltp roi'i. . . •

I'liitr I'l'i'ii. .

I" itf I'l'iiii.

I' lies I'l'iiv., iTi^v.

I'lnte I'lTvi.

I'latc ocrvii.

Pluto crcviii. . . •

I'lnle ccpix.

I'lnte I'W'X.

I'late ni'cxi. .

I'latu cccxii. . ■ •

I'liitt! ccoxiil. . •

Plate fi'i'xiv. .

Plllll' I'lTXV.

Plato cccxvi .

Plate ci'cxvii.

Plates ccoxviii., cccxix.

Plate ocoxx.

Plate rci'xxi. .

Plates rcexxil., ecoxxiii.

Plato ciexxiv. .

Plate ccexxv.

Plates lecxxvi.. ceoxxvii. .

Plato icexxviii.

Plate eerxxix. .

I'lttte ecexxx.

Plates eccxxxi.. ecixxxii. .

Plates cocxxxiii.. crexxxiv.

Plates ci'i'xxxv., cocxxxvi.

Plate ri'cxxxvii. .

)'late» irexxxviii., eiTXXxix.

Plates ceexl., ccexli.

Plates I'lTxIii., cccxiiii.

Plates I'lTxliv., occxlv. .

Plates "I'exlvi.. erexlvii. .

Plates I'ei-xlviii., ecexlix.

Plates cccl., coi'li.

Plates rcolii., eccliii.. cecliv.

vii
4
7
11
17
21
25
27
30

nr.

43
47

r,\

f)3

Gl
07
71
79
«3
8'J
95
97
lO'J

lor.

107
111
118
Vl\
IIT.
129

, 137
141

, 14.->
149

. iri3

1-.7

. Kil

165

I

SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS OF PLANTS CONTAINED IN VOLUME VII.
OF THE SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Cla>« I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

SU'niN iiicroaMini,' in iliaiiictor by Ihu uiiiiuiU additiuii of it luyir of wood iimiilc the bark. Leavei netted-veined. Kmbryo
witli a pair of op|M)Hitu cotyludittiH.

Suh-Clahh I. AngiOSponniB. I'i«til, a cloM'd ovary onntaiiiiiiK the ovulca and devoloiiinf; into the fruit.
OIVIHIU.N III. ApetalSD. Corolla 0. StiinirnN innertcd on tlip iictiiloid rnlyx. or hypogynoim.

44. Lauriicece. Klower* pcrfiM-t or (liiiMioiH. Stiinicns '.» to l'2, by]M)gynouM. Ovary anpcr'.or, l-oelli'd.
Ovule Holitary. siispcndeil. anatro|KmN. Stivd I'xiilbuniinoim. Leaves alternate or opposite. exHtipiilate.

45. EuphorbiaoeBB. Klowem unisexual. Stuincnn 1, few or many. Ovary iiu|MMior, usually l-ciUed. Ovide
■olitary. or 'J, eollatvral, dewendini;, anatropoun. .Seed albuniinoux. Leaves usually alternato or opposite, stipulate.

46. Ulmaoem. Flowers perfect or p(jlyKanio-nioiia'cious. Stamens as many as the lobes of the ealyx,
hypojtynouB. Ovary superior, 1 -celled. Ovule solitary, suspcniled, anatroiKius. Fruit a compresscil winyed
•amara. or dru'iaceoiis. .Seed albuminous. Ix'aves alternato, stipulate.

47. Moracb^. Flowers unisexual. Stiimeiis as many as the lobes of the calyx. Oviiry superior, 1 -celled.
Ovule solitjiry. suspended, anBtr<i|>ouH. See<l ulbuminous. I>>aves alternate or opiwsite, stijudate.

48. Platanacece. Flowers niona-cious in dense unisexual capitate heads. Stamens as ninny as the lobes of
the calyx. Ovary sujicrior. 1-celled. Ovule usually solitary, suspended, orthotropous. Seeil albuminous. Uuives
alternate, stipulate.

4y. Leitnoriaceep. Flower* amentaceous, diiwious. Stamens .'< to 12. Ovary superior. 1-celled. Ovule
•olitAry, asrendini;, scnnanatro|)ous. Fruit drupaceous. Seed albuminous. I<eaves alternate, exstipulate.

r>(l. Juglandacoa). Flowers monitcious. Stamens indetinite. Ovary inferior. l-<'clled. Ovule erect, ortho-
tropous. Fruit a uul iuulo»ed iu uu iuduhiscent or 4-valved woody or ticsliy involucre. Leaves alternate, exstipulatc.

0

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

PER HE A.

Ft,OWEKH pcrffct ; oiilyx O-lobcd, tho lohcs in two ncricH, iiiibricatcd in irstivntion,
persistent; coi'Dlla 0 ; stamens 12, in tour series, tliose of the inner series sterile;
(lisi< *); ovary superior, I -celled ; ovule solitary, suspended. Fruit baeeatu. Leaves
alternate, destitute of stipules, persistent.

PoiMim. I.iiiiianw, (ifii. 91 (IT.'t"). Kinllirlnr. '»'<". .'tlT. — Laurus. Ijiimiimih. Hen. vt\. 'J. 171 I in piiit) (t74'J). — A. L.
Mi'ioiK'r. (Jen. .'ILTi. — HiiIIIdm, /Ituf. /'/. ii. Iti'.). — lien- lU- MiMU-n. Om. NO (in |iiirl).

tliuni * Honker, Gfii. iii. \M (exrl. «poi. .tl.*i;„l,ijil,iii; Munimtnitll, V.>lli./ii, /■'/. h'liim. I".t'.»; h-an. v. t. 2 (IN'.Ti).

/'/i,i7.,', mill S'ltiiiih'vhr). — I'lix, h'.iiijIfrX- I'niiiit I'jiun- Tomula, lluliiu'wiuv, Si/Ira TiUnr. l.Ui (1H;18).
tiiijUin. iii. |il. ii. 111 (t'Xcl. ncc. AlMotlaphne).

Aromiitic ti'i'cs or Klirul)s, with iiiikfil limls, Lfuvi-H altcriiiitu, Hcuttfi'i'il, iicniiivciiiiHl, siilii-oriii-
ccoiiH, rij^id, toiiu'iitosc or riin'y ji;liil)roun, iMTsistciit. Flowers Ntiiail, jjrci'iiisli vfllow, apftaiouH,
cyniosi' or rart'ly siiliiimlii'llatc in axillary or axillary aii<l ti'rniinal |iciliiii('ulatt' paiiicics, Itracts and
Itractli'ts lanct'iilatf. acute, I'ailiu-oiiH, Calyx eanipainilate, diviiieil nearly to the hasc into six lohes,
those of the outer series shorter than those of the inner series or Hoinetinius nearly as lonjj. persistent
under the fruit. StaUM'tis twelve, in foiU' series, tiiose of the inner series an<l siinn-tiines also those <d'
the third series reduced to staniinodia ; tihinu>nts ttattened, inserted on the iias(- of the calvx. Ioniser or
rarely sliorter than the anthers, hirsute or ^iahrous, those of the third series furnished near the liase
with two sessile or rarely stipitate glands; anthers ovate, flattened, erect, innate, four-celled, the U|)per
cells rather larjjer than the lower, or those of the third series sonu'tiines two-celled, rarely all two-celled,
the cells opening; from helow upward hy persistent lids, those of the outer series introrse or suiiintrorse.
those of the third series extrorse or laterally dehiscent; NtaniiniHlia lar^^e. cordate-sajjittate, stipitate,
usually hearded at the apex ; pollin siin[de, jrlohose, frranidar. Ovary sessile, snlijrlohose. jrlahrous or
pilose, oni'-celled, narrowed into a slender simple eloiifrated style. j;radually enlarj^ed at the apex into
a discoid sti^jnia ; ovule solitary, suspended from the ajK'X of the cell, anatropous. Fruit haccate.
j;lohose. ohlonj; or rarely ])yriform, more or !enM fleshy, Hurrounded at the ham; hy the jwrsistent calvx.
.S'ed jjioliose, |)endulous. destitute of alhunien ; test^i thin and memhranaceims. separable into two coats.
Knduyo erect ; cotyledons thick and fleshy ; radicle sup-rior, turned toward the hilum, included
hetweeii the cotyledons.'

' Itv Ml'/. (Jiihrh. Ai.niy. /Jo/, (iiirl. V. lll."i [Liiumcm AmnaiKT
Moiiui/.]) Vvnea is divitlcd into IIh* following; Hiib^neni : —

IlKMU'hKsi-.v. Aiitlu'r> uf till' tlirei' oiiIit wnis of nIanii'iiK Iwii-
I'l'IK'il.

lllCXANTMKK.A. .VlltlllTH of tlu' two olltlT Sfrif.H of Htunioiis four

iM Mill, tliosi' of the tliiril sfrics niiiiiitc anil .stiiili..

IIktkka.niiua. Aiilhcm of tlif two ontor «crie> of atamons foiir-
ci'llfti, tliiwi- of till' tliiril M'Tivn two-i'i'lli'd,

Kii'i-UBKA. .Vntliirs of tlir tliroc miti'i- Hfrie.s of ntanirn.s fi-rlilo,

ff>lir-ci-llril.

H.

,s7y.iM OF Noirni amkiuca.

h\m\\cv.x.

Of Porspii, as it is now limited, about lifty specii's ' are (liHtiiifruiHluHl ; tliey arc confined to tlie
New World and to the Canary Islands, whi-ri' one ondoniic siiccii's is found.' In America the genus
is distrihuted from the 'oast rejjioii of the southern I'nited States, iniial.ited hy two species, to Brazil
and Chile, where, with a sinjjle s]iecies.'' it Hnds its most southern home. During tiie tertiary epoch
I'ersca extended to the middle plateau of North .\merica * and to the western slopes of the .'>iei ra Nevada,
where, in deposits of gold-bearing gravel, traces of an immediate ancestor of one of tlie existing North
American species has been found ; '' and several species long played their part in the niiocene und
pliocene forests of central Ktu-opc."

The most useful species, /'irxid Prrsin,' the Avocado or Alligator Pear, produces edible fruit
whir h is esteemed in all tropical countries ; and numy of the species yield hard dark-colored handsome
wood valued in cabinet-making.

Persea is not seriously injured by insects or fungal diseases."

The <'enerii' name, used by Theophra.stus to distinguish a tree of the Orient, was transferred by
Pluniier " to one of the tropical .\mcrican species and was afterward adopted by Linnieus.

I

-m

i lIuniK.Iih. litniplftiid *v Kuiilli. .V.M O'M. rt Sfnc ii. !."»". —
Kiiiilti. Si/i,. PI. .fCtpiiu. i. l.ht. *" <i Nr. . h)i i:»rnU'tk, I.mmm^
viii. lU ; Syst. Lnur. lllli. — Sociiiaiiii. /.'.»/. Toy. UrniU/, llKl. — A.
Hi.himl. h". Cnh. iii. lS."i. — (;riMlHirli, /V. liril. M*. /r»/. L'W>. —
Mii-mr. /V {\iwIih2*' PrtMlr. w . \A. i. \\\ \ Marfifui II. Urnttl. v.
|(t. ii. I'll. — llfiuslev, Hot. I'W. Am. Crut. ii\. 7\. — Mv/. Jtihrh.
Amum/. Hot. dart. v. 13."> {l.nuni<t>r Ammnvur .\fimoif.).

^ /Vr.*Mi /wiii'o, Spn-ii^fl. Su*t. ii. *J«W (1,S'J.'»), i\ (J. NtM'tt nb
K.-ifiilMH'k. Si/it. hi'ir. \'Xi. Mi-isniT, /V *\ifu{i4lf l^rmir. I. r. .VJ.
I.iiurus Ittilirii, \Atmiviis,SfH'r.'MO(vtv\. Hub.Virpnia) ( 17"kM -

WilUlt'iiow. Sf>tr. ii. pt. i. 4H(». - Itmli, /'Ai/.*. hr^rhr.Cnunr. /tx.

no. ^ \V,.M. Ac lU-rthrKit, I'h^Uujr. (ntMr. mv. iii. ITJ-I. t. 'JH.
l.iiunLi Ttfifnjhgt I'uin't, Lam. Ihrt. Siippl. iii. Mil*.* (lHi;().

Dti- IVi^oaof tilt' C';uiarv Nlumls, wliitli is nfU>ii pliuitod hh an
(irnaint-ttta) tr"f in sniitlnTii Kurnpr, in nm- of thi* miwl valimMr
tinilitr-trt'tf* of tin* pt'inis ; ii piinlinfs tlu' vinutiro ur Ma'lrirn
iii;ili<t;;;inv. a liftnl rii»M'-j;rairu-il )li'rpM*nIur<Mi vuhhI niiu Ii nnrd in
cal'iiM't-Hiakiiijj. (StM' N'uinliii, J/'inuW '/'■ iWfftiimtilrur, 'AW.)

• /'.T»Mi Aifiyi/. . i'. <;. Nffs !ib Ks.iilMvk, /. c. i:»7 (IH;tti);
Imnira, %xi. 191. ~ Mcianer, /. r. 18. — Mi-z. /. r. UWl

• I.f>qn.T»Mix, lirp. ^^ A'. firUotj. Snrv. vi. T.'i. t. UM, f. I ; 76, U
7, f. I ; viii .Vt {i'->utnh. Fo%t. h'l Wrttrrn Trmtorus, i., iji.).

■ |j«'Hipii'n'Ui, Mrm, \fus. ("omp. /im'/, vi. pt. ii. 19 (Foifii PlarUs
of thf .1 Nn/fro'w iirnvrl I Upostt of thf Sirrra AVixi'/n).

• Sa|M»rta. Orn/irw Pnli uhUAmjiffite dfs .Ir/T?*, l!ii*J. — Zitt«l, Hantth.
l\ilirnnttfio<}. ii. VM\.

■ Cnck.Trll, HhU. Torrfif lUtt. ('iuf>. xtx *l."i ( \H\^J).

f.'turu.'' I'frxrti, lAuuH'xis, Sfn'r. 'A~i\ (M.'hi). Swartz, fA/«. 1.7J. —

Wiihii'huw, S/>ft . /. c. - i'erHiMiii, .S'v'i. i. Mil. — Tuiuuu', /•'/. Au'

tiil. iii. 14, t. ;t.
i*rr!*m ijriilisiiimn, t'ntTitn'r f. f-'ru-t. ii-. ^2*J'2, t. '_"Jl (1K()5). —

/UU. h'etf. IV. t. I'StH. — Spn>n^rt.|, /. , . — ii.,t. Mn,j. Invii. t.

I5.S4). — (;riiH*li{uli, /. r. - Mi'z, /. .-. n.j.

'I'lii** tri'i', uf wliii'li scvfriil varieticH an* n-mffnizvil (we Mex,
l.r.), wan pmbalily imli)ri'nuu<i in mmthcra Mi'xiro iiml Contnil
Aniprii-n ' \. dr Caiulotlc, Orujinr tifn I'lnrUn f 'u/firfV.*, 'J^t'J), ami
|mi-vmIiI\ in caNtrru I*t*ru, wIhtc it wiw i-uninionly fiiltivalt-il wIkmi
Uiu tiiuntry waa ducu\iTt'<| by t\w >|»anianU (.VcuhU, Hut Xat
Jun. 'J.")<i) ; it ftppcarH to liave Imm-m carriiMl to tlic WVnt Imliui

iNlaml-i NtKin afUT thfir si-ltb'im-nt by Kurupraiis (ItrnwtM', Sat.
l/tAt. Jam. *,ll\. - Jai'ipiin, Ithx pt. i. ^IH), and tlinui^b cultivation
tu buve nprt'ad gradually nvi-r all the tropical n'^^iouH uf AuK'rii'at
wlirrt' now it oftrn ^n>wit HjHintanootiHly. It waa introtlticrd into
India alMHit tbr iiiiibib' of the ci^btrcnth rciitiiry, ard itt )^>nfrally
cidtivati'd lut a fruit-ln-i' in all tlir trtipjijit purtrt of tbrOld World.
^niwin^ soinctirni'H witbrnit the asKintam-t* uf man ( lla».<ikarl. /'/.
Jai: liar.'2\'A. Miipul, /■'/. ItuL Hat. i. pt. i. \>\\\. ~ Bramlia, Fnrrat
/■'/ iirit. hui. M7H. Hakir. h'l. Mnur. and Sryrh. LMH)).

Thi' fullixatn) fruit \* |Mar-.><lia|>4Ml, applf-^hapi'd, ur idbpooidal,
8(>Mii'tinii*H four i»r lhi> inilifM in Irnf^lh, aiul ytdlow or ^rt'ciiinli
yrllowofirn tiii^'i'tl witb purpli- ; it conoiHta of a tliirk ratlu-r toti^h
Hkin incloiiiii^ a tbick Hrni yidlow buttery sulnttam'c markiMl by
green veinii, and a largo ubbing need cuvcred wilb a bard nMigb
iHMit. Tlu' Hivtli, wbii'b ri'wnibli''* nmrrou in ti>xttiri* an<l M<in)(*wliat
in Ibivor, \* nitliiT insipid. l'ri'|iiir(M) with wini>, sugar, and li'inoif
juii'i', ttr with pt'pptT aiitl >alt, it \r*, liowcvrr. found didiriouti by
ptMipli- ubo liavt' bfi'onu' atrustoint'd to itA |M-t-iiliar taitte. IlinU
and otbt-r donii-ttic aninial<i i-a^<-rly devour alligator |»t'ar« ; and
tbi'V an' often usimI for faltfiiiiig bog^ on lu-c innt of tbe didieute
Havor tbey impart to ibe lleKli, Tbe leave!* an- eomtidered Imlifaniiti
and {HM'loral in tbe We^t Iiidie.x, and an infunion of the biuU baa
b«>en reeomniettded in tbe tn>atiiteiit of ptyphdin and lut a cun> for
bruiiu's (Harhaiu, Hurt. Atner. lu. - I.unan, Hort. Jam. i. ;18). Oil
«inployr<l for ligbting is presMMl fn)in tlie pulp ; and from tbe
Het'dn, wbii'h etuitain tannie arid, an imbdible blaek iuk UMed fur
marking linen is nlitaineil ('I'r-a.furff »>/ /ti'tany, i;. H4i7).

Of tlif |Hipiilar nameH i>f thii tree und of itrt fniil, .Mligator Tear
baA no HeuM- or meatiin^ ; .\viH>ado or .\v(m i4t i.t l>elie\ed to In.' a
curruption of the M)-tu-an .\huaea or A^ua<uta.

■ Few of the Hpi'iU's of fiui^i found lUi I'erwa in Nortb Anieriea
ari' eonlined to that Ki'nu<t,aiid none of th.in ranne Htriou.'s tlineafteti.
litj/mjffiiiH .Sfi^xajhiK, Seliweiuit/, and Xummutana muntftiatit, C'lHikw,
have Immmi reeorded on /Vmni littrlHrnia, tu woU an on Satwafitta, but
up|M>ar tti Ih' leHH ciimnHUi <>:: the former thai> un the latter. 'Jlie
leaves are iioinetinieN attai-ked by two tpot diseaitefc eaniM'd by i*hyl-
lottirta muTofmnrtata, Cooke, and Cevoaiutra purpurfa^ Cuuke.

" A'ui. /v. Am. OVfi. 4-1, t. 'JO.

■m

LAUUACK.T*:.

fonfiued to the
.merit'ii tlie genuK
species, to Brazil
\\i) tertiary epoeh
he Siena Nevada,
lie existing North
the nuoeeiie and

LAuiucEJK. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.

EurEKSEA. Anthere of tho four exterior ranks of stamens fertile, 4-celle(!.

Po.lunclea short ; leavi .lilong or oMnng-lanceoIate, obscurely veined, glabrous ; branehlets pubenilous 1. P. BoiiBOXlA.
Pedunrlea elonj^ated .vis oval or lanceolate, conspicuously veined, toinentose on the lower surface;
branchlets coated with tonientum

2. P. M'HKSrKNfl,

hiees e<lihle fruit
colored handsome

vas transferred by

'US.

riipt'unH (Mrnwin', Xtit.
uid Ihniu^h cultiviition
L'lil n'>;itiiiH i»f Auit'ricH,

It wna iiitriMltu'cd into
■iitury, aH is ffi'nerally
piirtu of the Old \Vi»rld.

uf iiukii ( lliutnkarl. /'/.
I. *M',\. — hmiiilia. Forrst
Sri/rh. li'.M)).

It'-nhnpi'd, or i>lli|i<«uiiliil,
and v«'ll<»w iir (frffiiinh
I iif u ihirk nithi-r toii^h
y .HubHtanrc iimrkrd by
-rt'<l with A liitrd mu^h
I) tt'xtiirr and stmirwliat
wine, Kii^nr, and li-muu-
?\vr, fuiind tlt'liciutta by
i [lei'iitiar tiuite. Bints
ur atti^nttnr (H'ur^i ; and

lU'i'viiiiil of tilt' di'Iii'at**

arv (Mtiiffideri'd ImUatiiio
iiifiiMioii »f tUv biidH has
\|)hiliM and lu a ourt> fur
1, //-W, Jam. i. ;i8). Oil
111' pulp ; and from the
Ublt> lilat-k ink tutt'd fur
Mny. ii. H<i7).
r itH fniit. Alligator IVar
iK-at in bt'ht'vt'd to be a
UMta.

IVraea in North Anirrifa
Ml catini' Nt-rimt.H diNruAfH.
nuiitna wn»Tc»/*/(icri, I'lMikw,

well aH on SuMNafi&M, but
Lhaii on tht* latter. 'ITic
L dist'anei: caiiM'd by /'Ay^
m purpurea, Cooke.

SILVA OF NOltTlI AMKRICA.

LAL'UACK^

r

PERSEA BORBONIA.
Red Bay.

Lr.Avrs oIjIoiiu; or oljlonft-lanci'olatc, obscurrly \ciiu'd, glabrous. IJranclilots pu-
bcruliius.

Persea Borbonin. S|ircii);i'l. N.v-vV. ii. -ilH (IS2.">)- — CoiiIiit. Laurus CaroUnenaia, a glabra. \'\irA\. Fl. Am. Sr/it. i.

Contrlk r. S. .V.-r. n>rh. ii. .SS.i {.Um. I'l. W. Tfjra,). 'JTll (l.HI l|.

Laurus Borbonia, I.iniiirii't. .s'/"''. •'!"'• (17."i;!l. — Miller, Laurua Caroliuonsis. y obi u.-ia, I'lirKli. /•'/. Am. Sfjit.i.

i'l'.-f. wl. .S. N,). .".. — KiilTiiiii-. /■:i'inir llnrl. Ihlm. I'Tli ( 1,S1 | ).

;i,S'.'. — M;irNli:ill. .\rhii.it. Am. 1'.^. — Ciistif,'liiiiii. l/.iy. Peraea Carolinensis. C. (!. Ni'cs iiti Ksenlicck, .^'v.'l^ /viKr.

Willi St, III Viiiti. ii. 'j;.:. — Walter, l-'l. ( <ir. l.'l.'t. — l."i(l (excl. viir. .1) ( 1K;«)). — .Spai-li. //|■.•i^ (Vy. x. Hf-'. —

Liinmri'k, lint. iii. l."'ti. — Willileiiciw, .s'/.c-. ii. pi. i. Dii-trii'li, Sijii. ii. Ki.'i'J. — Ciirlis, liij>. Gtnlo'i. Sun. S.

■tS1. — .V '»/■<</« Itiihnmil.ii. li;t. t. ;i:i. — r.rs.iiiii, .Vy/i. C.n-. l«i;o, iii. (>;!. — Clminiian. Ft. Il'.l.'i. — McisiiiT. [>»

i. I !'.•. — D.sf.intiiiiics //'■■•■'. .!'•''. i. t>."i. C'in:l,illf I'nulr. xv. pt. i. TiO. — Siirj,'i'nt, Fi-ri:st 7V..»

Laurua Carolinenaia. Mielmnx. Fl. l!'>r.-Aii>. i. '.'4."i .V. Am. VU/i riv(.s».< I'. ,S', ix. U.S. — Mi-/, .hihili.

(lMi;i|. — IVisiMiii, Sijn. i. -l-l'.t. — De^fcmljiiiK-K, llhl. K'^iii;/. Il"t. H.irt. v. 17."> { l.'tiinimr Amrrifinn- .)/.►.

Art: i. K>. — Mii-lmux f. Hi.^t. Arh. .tm. iii. lHi> (ix.l. nn,/.). — Walton iV: Ccniltcr, flnn/'.t .it'tn. ,;i. i\. 117.

I. :.'i.— Tursh. ^7. Am. S^i.f. i. '.•7C.. — Kllimt. .S7.. i. Tamnla Borbonia. Uali!ii*|iic. .sy,-.i /•.//((r. lllli ( lx:t8).

4ril. — .sprrn,'(l, Si/st. ii. 'Jll."!. -- Siliiii/li'iii. Irmi. I. Inc., Poraoa Carolim-nai-i. a ttlabnuacula. .Mfi»iuT. /V din-

f. .'.-1'.'. ■/..//.• /V./r. XV. pi. i. ."il (I.SIU).— Ml'/. ./.1/.W1. S'»,;,j.

Laurus Caroliniana, ruin 1. /,.//«. /'/.v. .Suppl. iii. li'J.l lint. Hurt. y. \'t\ (I.iiiiraer.i- Amerlrtinrr Munoy.).

(lSi;l). — Willdiiiow, Fiiinii. Suppl. -1'. — NutuUl, (ic;i.

i. l'."'8.

A trco. .sixty to seventy tVet ii> Iieif^jlit, with 11 trunk two and .'i half to tlire«> feet in (liainctvr, stout
erect IpiMiielies wliieli form a dense shapely liead, and tliiek Hesliv yellow root.s ; or usiialiv iiiiieh smaller.
Tile ii.'irk of the trunk is one half to three ijiiarters of an iiieh tiiiek, dark reel, deeply furrowed, and
irrejiiilarly divided into hroad llat ridjjes wiiieh .separate on the surface into small thick appressed scales.
Tlie liraiiches. when tliev first apjiear, are many ani^ied, lijjht red-lnown, and j;lahrous or eoateil witii
pale or rufous piiliesceiice, and in their .second year are terete and dark j^reeii. Tiie winter-hud.s,
which are unprotected hy scales, are a larter of an inch h>n^, and eoatud with thick rufous toinentuin.
The IcJivcs aiT revoliite in vernation, olilonij or oldoiifjdaneeolate, entire, often slij^htly contracted into
ioiijj; points rounded at the apex, and ;{radually narrowed at the hii.se into :..tout ri^id red-hrown petioles
one half to two tliirds of an inch in lei.^th, and tiatteneil and .somewiiat {grooved on tliu upper side ;
when they unfold they are thin, tinfjed with reil, and pilose on both surfaces; and at maturity tliey are
thick and curiaceous, liri<;ht peeii and lustrous on the upper surface, pale and p;laucous on the lower
surface, three or four inches lon^ and three ipiarters uf an inch to an inch and a half wi(h', with
thickened sli)j;litly revolute margins, narrow oraiifjt^-eolored niidriiis rounded on the upper side, renioto
ohscure primary veins arcuate near the niaif^ins, and fine closely reticulated veinlets ; they appear eiirly
in tlie sjuinj;. and remain on the hranches until after the ap|)earaiu'e of the new jrrowth of the followiiifj
year, when they j;radual!y turn yellow, and, falling diirinjj tlie sprinjf and summer, leave small circidar
leaf-scars in which appear the ends of sinjjie fibro-vascuhir bundles. The ilowers unfold in April and
May ill the axils of leaves of the year in two or threi-llowered cymes feathered into short panicles which
lire home on slender j^rjahrous peduncles half an inch to an inch in len;.ftli ; they are raised on short
Ktoiit pedicels furnished near the middle witli two niinuti> caducous hractlets, those of the lateral
flowers of the ultim;ite divisions of the inflorescence being produced from the axils of small lanceolate
aeute deciduous bracts. Tlie calyx is jiale yellow or creamy white and about an "ightli of an inch

LAURACEiU

LAURACEiB.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Inmchlets pu-

li, /••/. Am. S,-/it.i.

<li. I''/. Am. fli'jit. L

t'liliiM'k. Siinl. Imxit.
fiKt. f'-;!. X. -lit'.'. —
/). (liiiloy. Sun: .V.
i'.Ki. — Mvimifr. De
•^I'lit, Fi'ri'.-it Trtt.-i
IH. — M.'/.. ./'iliih.
'f .Imeririiiitr ,!/(>-
'HI. 0(1. ti. 4-17.
Whir. i;iC. (IHXS).

, .Ml'lKIUT. /'<• C./H-
M,./. ./.l/,;-A. A-..,m;/.
iH'( Monug.).

II (liiimctfr, stout
llv iiiiicli sniiilli-r.
Iv furriiwi'd, and
apprt'sseil sciilt's.
s or coatcil witli
riic wintcr-ltuds,
ufoUH toim-ntum.
,' I'oiitraftcd into
'd-lirown jietioli-s
the iipiMT hide ;
iiatiirity they are
oils oo the lower

half \vi(U>, with
iper side, romoto
liey appear early

of the iiillowing
ive small cireulur
old in April and
rt panieles which
e raised on short
;e of the lateral

small lanceolate
trhth of an ineli

long, with thin lobes ciliate on the margins ; the lobes of the outer series are broadly ovate, rounded
and minutely apiculate at the apex, puherulous on both surfaces, and about half as long as those
of the i. ner series, which are oblong-lancet late, acute, and coated on the inner surface with long
pale hairs. The stitmens are about as lon,'( as the inner lobes of the calyx, with flattened hairy fila-
ments and rather shorter yellow anthers, -.vhicli are all four-celled and fertile in the three outer serios,
the filaments of the third series being furnished at the base with two nearly sessile orange-colored
glands rounded on the back and slightl / two-lobed on the inner face ; the staminodia to which the
stamens of the inner series are reduced are raised on short broad stallcs, and are incurved and two-
lobed on the inner face and furnished at the apex with tufts of pale hairs. The ovary is ovate,
glabrous, and abruptly contracted into a slender glabrous slightly exserted style thickened toward the
apex, which is crowned with a flat obscurely two-lobed stigma. The fruit, which ripens in the autumn,
is oblong-obovate or subglobose, half an inch long, dark blue or nearly black, and very lustrous ; it is
borne on the somewhat thickened pedicel, and is surrounded at the base Ijy the enlarged and spreading
lolies of the calyx, from which it separates in falling, and which remains on the branch until after the
beginning of winter ; the flesh is thin and dry and does not separate readily from the large ovate
slightly pointed seed. The seed-coat consists of two layers ; the outer is thin and cartilaginous,
grayish brown on the outer surface, bright chestnut-brown and lustrous on the inner surface, which is
marked by broad yellow veins radiating from the minute hilum, and is separable from the inner coat ;
this is membranaceous, very thin and light gray or nearly white, and closely invests and often adheres
to the thick dark red-brown cotyledons which inclose at the apex the minute plumule.

PirsKi liorhoiiiii is a common inhabitant of the borders of streams and swamps, where, in company
with the Live Oak, the Water Oak, the Spanish Oak, the Cuban Pine, and the Hickories, it usually
grows in rich moist soil ; or occasionally it is found in dry sandy loam in the shade of forests o£ the
Long-leaved Pine. The Red Bay is distributed through the coast regions of the south Atlantic and
Gulf stiites from Virginia to the shores of Bay Biscayne and Cape Romano in Florida and to the valley
of the Brazos River in Texas, and west of the Mississippi River extends northward through Louisiana
• .southern Arkansas.'

The wood of I'ernfd Borhonia is heavy, hard, very strong although rather brittle, close-orained,
and susceptible of receiving a beautiful polish ; it contiiins numerous thin met'ullary rays and many
evenly distributed open ducts, and is bright red, with thin lighter colored .sapwood composed of four or
five layers of annual growth. The .specilic gravity of the absolutely dry wood is ().(542it, a cubic foot
weighing lO.OT pounds. It is occasionally used for cabinet-making and in the interior fluish of
houses, for which its strength, hardness, and bright color make it valual)!c'.. Fornu'rly it was employed
in ship and boat building.

The Red Bay was first described in the Xaliiritl lUstori/ of Ciiroliii'i ■' by Mark Catesby,'^ who
probably introduced it into English gardens, as it was cultivated by Philip Miller ' as early as 17;{!» in
the Physic Garden at Chelsea near London.'"

Although it is one of the most beautiful and valuable of the evergreen trees of the North American
forests, the Red Bay has been neglected iis an ornament for parks and garilens, and is now rarely seen
in cultivation.

' Traci'8 of fMunuf Ilorlmnin foiinil in the iiaiiil.<ituiw iif suuthtTii
New .Ii'rsi'y allow tliiit this B|>c>'ii'ii once liveil further north thun it
ilws nt present (IIuIIikIc, Hull. Torrey Hot. Club, xix. 33'J),

■^ Laurus Caroliuen.iui, fiAii.< iirumimtti:!, lnu-c,.* (■(fru/t'i.s', yw/iVu/M
loiiijuf ntf'ris, iuniitvutihti..!, i. (kI, t. (Jli.

iuunw /olii.1 lanceutalU, tiervui Iransversalibuji, JhwlM ciiliji-ibus

l»i Hi", I.innii'us, Hon. Clijf'. VA. — Uoyen, Fl. Lii/il. Protlr.

* See vi. 1(!.

* .See i. m.

' Aitiiii, llorl. Kew. ii. 3!» (Lauras). — Loudon, Arb. lint. iil.
I'JUy, f. 1108, 1109 (Laurus).

^4

EXPLANATION OK THE PLATE.

Pi.ATK CCCL Pkiiska Hdkhonia.

1. A ll<iwi>riii^ branch, natural size.

2. Diajjriiiii i>f a llinviT.
•S. A lluwir, cnlarj;ccl.

4. Vertical nection of n (lower. I'lilarReil.

fi. A Btiiiiien of llie outer series, front view, enlarged.

(). A Ntaininotliiun, front vievr. cnlargetl.

7. A stamen of the tliinl fterieH. showing hasal glands,

front view, cnlarjjeil.

8. An ovule, much nm^jnilicd.

9. A fniitinf; branch, natural si/e.

10. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.

11. An embryo, eular(;«l.

!);lv;; ci' North AliKTica

%m

\^

■m"

I

■ W

,M

//i/'it/i/

PER SEA BORBONIA. Sprc-nS

■■9--.

\ /i'i,:vf'U^f t/tr

l*flp J I'llfUHtf !\tr .

■I

^-•^m.

LAUIUCBJB.

8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

PEBSEA PUBESOENS.

Swamp Bay.

Leaves oval or lanceolate, conspicuously veined, pubescent or tomentose on the
lower surface. Bronchlets coated with tomcntuni.

Fwa«a puDeaoeno.

Laurus CaroUnenals, Micbaux f. Hitt. Arb. Am. iii. t. 2

(not Michauz) (1813).
Laurua OaroUnensia, /3 pubeacena, Punh, Fl. Am. Sept.

i. 276 (1814;
Peraea Carolinenaia, a, C. G. Nees ab Eienbcek, Sytt. Laur.

150 (1836).

Tamala paluatrla, Rafinenque, Fl. TeUur. 137 (1838).
Peraea Carolinenaia, /3 pubeaoena, MeUner, De CandolU

Prmlr. xv. pt. i. 51 (1864). —Me», JaKrb. Kiinig. Bot.

Gart. V. 176 (Lauracem Americanw Monog,).
Peraea Carolinenaia, var. paluatrla. Chapman, Fl. 393

(1865). — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. Wth Census

U. S. ix. 119.

A slender tree, occasionally thirty or forty feet in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding a foot in
diameter ; or usually a shrub sending up from the ground numerous stems twelve or fifteen feet tall.
The bark of the trunk rarely exceeds a quarter of an inch in thickness, and is dull brown and irregu-
larly divided by shallow fissures, the surfiice separating into thick appressed scales. The branches are
stout, and terete or slightly angled while young, and when they first appear are coated with rusty
toiuentum, whicli is reduced in their second season to a fine pubescence and does not entirely disappear
until the end of their second or third year. The leaves are oval or lanceolate, and entire ; they are
often contracted toward the apex into long points, and are gradually narrowed at the base into stout
petioles grooved <,n the upper side, coated with rusty toraentum, and one half to three quarters of an
inch in length ; when they first appear they are dark red, thin, and tomentose on both surfaces, and
at maturity they are thick and coriaceous, |>ale green and lustrous above, pale and pubescent below,
except on the midribs and primary veins, which are coated with rusty tomentum, four to six inches long,
and three quarters of an inch to an inch and a half wide, with thick conspicuous veins and slightly
revolute margins ; they remain on the branches until after the beginning of their second year, and then
turn yellow and fall gradually. The panicles of flowers are borne on stout tomentose peduncles
produced from the axils of leaves of the year and two or three inches in length. The flowers are often
nearly a quarter of an inch long, with thick and firm calyx-lobes coated on the outer surface with a
dense rusty tomentum which likewi.se clothes the peduncles, the pedicels, and the minute caducous
bracts and bractlets ; the lobes of the outer series are broadly ovate, abruptly pointed at the apex,
pubescent on the inner surface, and about half as long as those of the inner scries, which are ovate-
lanceolate, slightly thickened at the apex, and hairy on the inner surface. The stamens, which are
slightly exserted, have flattened hairy filaments longer than the anthers ; these are fertile and four-celled
in the three outer series, and in the inner series are reduced to sagittate stalked staminodia, the fila-
ments of the third series being furnished near the base with two nearly sessile glands rounded on the
back and slightly two-lobed on the inner face. The ovary is ovate and glabrous, and is abruptly con-
tracted into a glabrous style gradually enlarged at the apex into a flat slightly two-lobed stigma. The
fruit <'ipens in the autumn and is oblong-ovate to subglnbose, and very dark blue or nearly black ; it is
three quarters of an inch long, and in falling separates from the slightly thickened calyx and pedicel,
which remain on the branch until after the beginning of winter.'

1 Tlio Swamp Bay has previoinly been considered a variety of
Persea Borbonia ; but chamcteristica which appear couatant, — the

low wet ground always selected by this tree, the tomentum that
clothes the Lranohes and the under surface of the leaves, and the

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

LAURACB4C.

Peracu ■.al'CiCena in confined to tlit imint-iliato conHt rcjjion of the south Atlantic and Gulf stutcH,
whcro it in fviind fn.in Nortii Carolina to Missishippi growing iu the thin sour noil of Tiue-barren
swamps, wl.K h it ofti-a covt-iH almost to tho oxcliision of other plants.'

Tl'c! wood of Pmeu puhtsffits is heavy, soft, strong, and chwe-grainod ; it contains numerous thin
medullary rays and many large oju-n 1 ii orange-colored streaked with brown, with thick light

brown or gray sapwood lomposed ol ix or forty layers of annual growth. The specific gravity

of tile aiwoliitfly dry wood is (».(;:i!M), a cubic f<iot weighing IJD.Hd pounds.

J'irsia j>iiliiH<;iis was tirct distinguished by Frederick Pursh ' in his Flora A);ieric(t Scptentri-
oiKills, published in London in 1814.

nnliirc of tlif liiirk nnd woikI, — indioiito ii ili»tinct niM-rioi, nltlimi);li,
i'»ir|it in llif Icnclli iif till' |M-ilnrc.li'S, tliorc lire no pnnl llciral
I'liariuliTJ liy »liiiii luir two IVrsin iimy Ix' disliiiguUhcd, uid
tliiir fruits ntv idtiitiial.

■ Kllintt, Si. i. 46'i (under Laurui Vanliiwuii).

' tScu ii. m

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Pl.ATK CCCn. PkrsKA 1'IHKi« knh.

1. A flowering liranrli, nutuntl tizv.

2. A tlower, I'nlarBoI.

3. Verlii-al »oction of u flowiT, enlarged.

4. A {rtiitiiif; braiirli. natural kI/p.

6. Vertical iiection of n fruit, enlarged.
6. An embryo, e ilargml.

lURACKA

ilf HtatcH,
iie-biirreii

rouH tliiu
lick light
u griivitjr

kptentri'

*':.

/

f

A

\

'/^-

%

I

.1 I ! I ■ 'i .iiin'

ilva of

\

I.I

^

. £ F.,^

Kllva ol North Aiiu-n.

T.i«

r.S -fijjf'i .U

//tri4ili4 j;

PERSEA PALUSTRIS, .;,.:^

.•/. /fit >l VifttJ- i/t/iU- '

Imp. J. luneur P.tn.

^

^^'

LAUKACEiE.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

OCOTEA.

Fi.owKKS poly}j;imio-di(rcious or riirily j)L'rfoct ; calyx (J-lobcd, tlic lobes in two scries,
iinhricatcd in a-stivation, usually deciduous; corolla 0; stamens 12, in four series, those
of the inner scries sterile ; diskO; ovary superior, I -celled ; ovule solitary, suspended.
Fruit baccate. Leaves alternate or rarely subopposiie, destitute of stipules, persistent.

Ocotea, Aulilct. VI. (^lin'mi. li. "SO (177.">i. — A. I., do .(iis-

oiiMi, dfu. HO. — Knilliclici-, (Irii. :>2\. — Mcisnei-, (li'ii,

liL'O. — H;iilli)ii, J/:.iL I'l. ii. I7t). — Hentliiiui <V IIocikiT,

Gen. ill. 157. — I'nx, l-'.njli-r &■ I'niitll J'i/'i7i.-:iiif'im. iii.

)>t. ii. 110.
Senneberia. Xecki-r, iCInn. IM. ii. I'.'O (17'.)(»).
Gymnobolanua, C. Ci. Noen ah KsriilM'ck. Linmra. viii. ."iS

llS;!:i). — Kn,lliilnT, (li'ii. .i'2'J. — Jlei.iner, 6V». S'.'d. —

Hailliiii. I/lst. I'l. ii. 177.
Oreodnphne. C. G. Noch nl) Ksenlicck, Linivid, viii. .'!'.)

( !«;!;!). — KmlliihtT, Gm. .'i'.'l. — Muismr, O-ii. r.'.'li.
Mespilodaphne. C. G. Nii'n al> KsiMiln'ck, Liniiiin, viii. 45

(|8,i:i). — Kn.lliiliiT, C'li. ;il'.). — .Moi.siicr, In'ii. ;!'.'5. —

lUilldii, rilat. PI. ii. 170.
Teleinndra, f". G. Nws al« Ksrntn'ck, Linncen, viii. 40

(1H:i:i). — Kmlliclier, Gen. H'.'O. — MoisiuT. Gcii. 3L't!.

Leptodaphne, C. (i. Ners nb Kscnlnck. J'l. Lnur. K.r/m.s.

10 (IS33). — Kmllieher, Gen. 320. — Jleisncr, Gen.

,'!20.
Camphorotnoea, C. G. Sees al) Escnlieck, /'/. Laiir. Expos.

10 (lS3;i). — Kiulliolier, Gen. .'>L'l. — Jleisner, Gen.

.^26.
Strychnodaphne. ('. (!. Necs ali P^sfnliook. I'l. Lam: Ji.r/io.i.

17 (ls:!.i)._Hiiillim. //Uf. J'l. ii. 470.
Petolanthera, C. G. Nees nli KHoiil)ei'k. Si/.if. Lmir. 340

(1830). — Endliclicr, Gen. 320. — Meisiier, Gen. 320.
Agathophyllum. Hliiine, Mii.i. Bnt. Lmjil. Hut. i. 33X (in

pait) (not A. L. dc .Iiissicii) (1851).
? Dendrodaphne. Hi'iiilinjj. K'lmjl. .-^eensk'i Al.'i'l. lK,"i4,

145 (/'c/m. Fl. Pnrtnh.) (18,50).
Nemodaphne, Mei^ncr, De Ciini/olle I'l-mh: xv. jit. i. I09

(1804).

Aromatic trees or slirubs. Leaves scattered, alternate or rarely subopposito, peniiiveined, coria-
ceous, rigid, glabrous or more or less covered witli pubescence. Flowers usually small, yeliowisli white,
glabrous or tomeiitose, in cymose clusters arranged in axillary or subterminal pedunculate panicles.
Peilicels slender, developed from the axils of lanceolate-aeutc minute bracts and furnisiied with two
deciduous bractlets. Calyx-tube campanulate or nearly obsolete, the six lobes of the limb nearly equal,
deciduous or rarely persistent under the fruit. Stamens twelve, in four series, those of the inner series
reduced to stiminodia ; tilaments inserted on the tube of the calyx, those of the outer series opposite
its exterior loltes, flattened, shorter or .sometimes rutiier longer than the anthers, glabrous or hirsute,
furnished in the third series, or, in one species, in the three outer series, near the base, with two con-
spicuous sessile or stipitate glands ; anthers oblong, flattened, four-celled, the cells superposed in pairs,
opening from below upward by persi.stent lids, introrse in the two outer series, extrorse, subextrorse or
very rarely introrse in tiio third series ; in the pistillate flower rudimentary and sterile. Ovary one-
celled, ovoid, obovoid, or subglobose, glabrous or rarely pilose, more or less immersed in the tube of the
calyx, gradually narrowed into an erect short or elongated style dilated at the apex into a capitate
obscurely lobed stigma ; in the staminate flower lineai-laneeolate, effete, or minute, or sometimes
wanting ; ovule s(ditary, suspended from the apex of the cell, anatropous ; raphe ventral ; niicropyle
superior. Fruit baccate, ellipsoidal or subglobose, nearly inclosed wliile young in the thickened tube of
tlie calyx, exserted at maturity and surrounded at the base only by the cup-like truncate or slightly
lid)ed calyx or rarely by its persistent limb; pericarp thin and fleshy. Seed ovate or subglobose,
pendulous, destitute of albumen ; testa tliin, membranaceous. Embryo erect, filling the cavity of the
seed ; cotyledons tiiick and fleshy, inclosing tiie minute superior radicle turned toward the hilum.'

' Ity Mfz, ./(lAWi. A'.iiiiV/. B<)(. ff'iirt. V. '_"J1 {Lttumceir :\meri:im,r IIk.mhicoika. Flowcni pcrfoot ; flliuiiciits of tlu' thrpo outer

Momiij.) the AmiTimui Bpccii's of Oouti'a aro iirningfil umler tlio si'rii's of stiiim.'tis liij;l:ui(lular at tin- hasi'.
following jubgenera ; — Utsl>Koi>Ai'iiNK. I'lowers iwrtcct ; lilameiils of only llif third

:

10

iilirA OF NORTH AMERICA.

laukacea;.

Nearly two hundred species ' of Ocotea are now distintriiishcd, tlu! largest number being found in
the tropical ren^ons of the New World, distributed from southern Florida, where one species occurs, to
Brazil and Peru ; in the Old World a sinjijle species is indigenous in the Canary Islands, one inhabits
South Africa, and several the Mascarene Islands.-

Ocotea produces hard, strong, durable, and sometimes beautifully colored wood often employed in
buil(lin<»' and cabinet-making.' The best known timber-trees of the genus are Orolcit K/>li'iiiiins* of
Guiana, Orotcti fattiii''^ of the Canary Islands, and Ocotid biil/ald'' of South Africa. An infusion
of the leaves of Oiatut (r'ltidiii iisi.t' is usetl in its native country in the treatment of abst'csscs ; '
and in Hrazil a volatile limpid oil distilled from Ocotvu (ip'ij\r(i^ has been employed to alleviate
rheumatism.'"

The generic name is derived from the native name of one of the species of Guiana.

8€rio.4 of stanit'ii.i gluiultiliir ; luitlicn of the two oiitrr sprios nearly
scssili', triaiif^ilar or ligiiliforiii, uncontrnctcd at the bate, the con-
iifftivt' pnHlurciI ab<»ve tlif ct'lls, papillose.

MKsi-ii.t>i»ArHNF, KlowiTH pi-rfcct ; tUaiiu'iits of only the sta-
ineiis of till* tliinl Hi'rifN gliuidiiliir.

( htFdiiAi'MNK. Klowfrs tlm'einus ; tiliimeiitH of only tlio Btamcnif
of tile tliinl siTifs glnuiluhir.

' llunilioMi, Honpliiiiil .V Kuntli, .Vdi'. dm. rl S/iff. ii. 100.—
('. (i. X,'i'S rilt Ksi'iihcck. Si/:it, I.mir. iWi (Tfli'iaiMlni), ICirt (1,,-|h>-
daplinr). IISO (On-tMlnplinc), UJ" (Cnniphoniinii'ii), 171 (Ocotea),
•179 ((iyninobalanuB) — MrisntT, /V CtitutotU Prtnir. xv. pt. i. 96
(MespiUKlaphiu'), KK) (Ncmotlaphnr), 111 (Oivo(lnpline),140(('fyni-
nohalanus^, 1 t'J (Stryi'liuudaplnii'). 1 l.'t (CatliphuninKi'.i) ; Martitui
/■■;. linifil. V. pi. ii, ISO (Mi'>pilnclapliiic), •.till (OriMHlaplinr), 'JI'J
((iyninottalaiiuM), 'Jt^t (Stryi-hn(Mla{ilint'), L'l4i (Camphtiniiuifa). —
Meinali'V, lUit. liUtl. Am. Cm!, hi. 72. — .Mfz, Jnhrh. l\"nti/. ll,tt.
(iart. V. 'J lit {I.aurarftr Amrncttn'r .Stimotf.) (I'xi-l. ayn. Saxsafriiliuin).
' Iti'rjtliani \- llookrr, '/en. iii. I."i7.

' Tlio wiMMis of Hrvt-nii south .\frifaii trees of tin* Laurel family
are \aluetl in fininu-ree, although even the gi>nera of the tree.i
whu-h pn>tliK'e them are i^titl unknown.
' liailloii, llitt. in. ii. 4('.ti (18711). — Mei, '. c. ;W2.

Ortifttifthttf ffttfuitmx, Meisuer, /> CatulolU Prmir. I. c. 129
(1S(H) ; .W(ir(iu.i /■'/. /Irutil. V. pt. ii. '.■•-■7.
' liuilh.n, /. <■. (187(1).

/..itiriM /.t/fn», .\it..n, ll,>r!. AVie. ii. 39 (17S9). - Williienow,
S/f,: ii. pt. i. ISO. — lluih, /'Av'. lirmkr. Cmuir. hit. IJl), t. 1.
Adiiruji .l/.i./iTi(r..<i,,, Lanuink, Dirt. iii. U9 (I7.S'.I)
LilurxLi Till, Point, Lam. Dirt. Suppl. in. :t24 (181;)).
t\r^rti /jtfiii, Sprenjfel. Sifxt. ii. '^tlS (18'J."i).
('rri.liiiihfw/irlmi, (". (1, Nees ah Ksenlx-ek, /. r, 119 (ISIlfi). —
Kudiieher, Kurhirut. 'JOi'i. — Webb & liertbelot, l^hytitijr. Vatuir.

see. iii. 'J'JO, t. 'Jtt"). — Mei«ncr, De Ciirulallr Pnxh. I. r. 118.—
Christ, Hot. Jahrh. i«. l.">7 (SpiciUgium Canar.).

• Uaillon, I.e. 4<iCi (ln70).

Lanniti Imllatn, liurehell, 7r.ief/.<, i. 72 (1822).
<hro.l,ii<h\r ImUatn, C (i. Nees ab Kwnlwek, /. c. 449 (IS-TO). —
Hot. Miuj. Iviii. t. ;19;U. — Meimer, /. .-.

The .Slink-hout, as (his tree is ealled in .^outh .Vfriea, is eom-
mon in the forest... of tlie eolony. Its wood, whieh smelts disaf^ree-
able when ent, resembles walnut in eolor and is hard and durable.
'Hie wimkI of no other south African tree is nion' val-.UMl by tho
cabinet-maker or the gunsmith, and it is also largely us4>d in the
eonstruetion of houses and in wagon and boat budding. (.See
Pappe, Sylva Capf'i.ii.t, 27.)

' Anblet, /'/. (itwin. ii. 781, t. lUO (177,-.). — C. (,. Nee. ab
KsenlxM k, /. .-. 47ti. — Mi'Z, /. .-. 29«.

<>,,:l,,i<rrirrii, Ilumliohll, Itonpland & Knnth, /. r. Hi2 (1817).—
Kuiitli, .s'r/ri. VI, ./i'/(iin. i. l."i*». - 1". (i. Neca ab I-jieubcck, /. c.
478.
I'rrtea animlrn. Sprengel. /. •: 2(19 (1(<28).

Orftnln/ihiif tiuitifiriuii.^, ('. (J. Nees ab KsenlM>ek. I.mmrn, xli.
2«J8, ,".lli (1848) - Meisner. /. .-. 112 ; Murtiia Ft. Hnml. v. pt.
ii. 20».
Orroilnjihir lenreil, C. <!. Nees ab Kseiil»'ek, /. i-. ."iK! (IRIH).

• Anblet, /. .■ 7S;l.

• Marlins, liiiihnrr lirprrt. ISIIO, 179. — .Me«, /. r. 291.
(h-riitta/'hiir iipi/eni, ('. (J. .Nees ab KsenlH'ck, .S'v-''- Laitr. .'190

(ISIHi). - MeiMler, Dr (VlwW.V I'nKlr. iv. pi. i 112.
Mninliflofhnr o/iiVmi, Meisner, (. i . .'.lO (18tS4) ; .»/ar(ii« fl.

limnl. V. pt. ii. 191, t. 71.

'" .MartiiM, .Si/,,(. .W,i(. Mril. llmsiL 110; /7 /.'r.i..i;. v. pt. ii. 1118
(.MespitiNlaphne). — iloaeuthal. .Sy'i. /'/. Oiaphur. 2;Wi (()ret>-
daphue).

A tr(

slender sp
al)oiit an
surface \)\
first appisi
light Inov
and third
scars. Tl
rounded a
to one ha
they uiifol
the lower
below, till
margin.s, 1
Veins aicii
The llowi
re(l pedi
tho.se of
])ul>er(d()
acro.ss; tl
lobes wl
pale tdiiic
tin ISC of
with iiiiin
shorter tl
exfror.se
anthers ar
the iiiargi
.short glal
autumn, a
surroiindi
and bri

JiVKACF,M.

LAUIlACEyE.

iilLVA OF NORTH AMEBIC A.

11

found in

occurs, to

le inhabits

iiploycd in
ndinx* of
n infusion
ibsi'esscs ; '
io iiUfviute

ir. I. cll8.-

449(1836).—
Afril•a, is coiii-
iiu'Uii ilisftgrpe-
1 anil (liirulile.
* vaI-.iod l>y thn
civ iis4?(l in tlie
liuildiug. (See

C. (I. Ni't-'s ab

r. l(J•^(181").—
l I'^cnbeck, /. c.

?k, Ainrwfrt, xxi.

Ft. Hrtuil. V. |it.

,-. .-.If. (lrt4H).

■. 'Jill.

Sy»(. Livir. ;t90

4) ; Martm) Fl.

t.*il. V. pt. ii. 'MA
lur. ilo (I Iri'O-

OCOTEA OATESBYANA.

Flowi-.ks i)t>ifcct ; filiumiits of the slaiiiens of the third series biglandular. Leaves
obloii}i;-laiue()late, pale on the h)wer surlace.

Ocotea Cateabynna. xv. pt. i. Hi.", (in part) (not C. G. Xccs nl> Escnlir.k)

LauruH Cateabynna. Mi.liuux. /■•/. /inr.-Am. i. 'Jll (I.SCI). — Siir(,'cnt, I'oi-est Tm's X. Am. \W/i I'ni.iita

(ISO.t).— l',.iii.|. Low. Dirt. .Supjil. iii. 'MX. — I'm^li, I'. S. i\. ll!l.

/•'/. .Iw. Sijit. i. '^,r^ (in part). — Spicniji'l. .S>^ ii. -(r.. Persea Catesbyana, Chapman. /■'/. .'iO.'i (ISf..".).

LnuruH Cntoabaji. l't'i».M.n. .S'//h. i. til) (1SU5). — Xnttall, Nectandrn coriacea. Mi'Z. ./"/(/■/,. A'„«;-/. /;.,/. (lurt. v. 4,"ii)

f,',.,i. i. 'J,-.S. (Lmimifiv Aiiiiriraiiiv Moiiwj.) (in p.irt) (not (jriseLacli)

?GymnobaIanu8 Catesbyanus, C. G. Xui's ali Kscnbcck, (1SS9).

.V'/s'. /.'(I"-. 4.**^! (IH.'iCi). Neotandra sanguinea. Hiirlioock. lii/i. Mismniri Hot.

Nectandra Willdenoviana. XlrwrnT, De Caml'ilb' I'mdr. (ianl. iv. IL'.". (not Uottboill) (ISlKi).

A tree, twenty i<» tliii'tv foct in licij^ht, with a trunk raroly fxcci'diiio- cio^ht iiidios in diametor, and
(<U'ndt'r s])n'adinjj hranchi's wiiich form a narrow round-topped iiuad. The hark of the trunk, wiiich is
aliout an eio;hth of an inch tliick, is dark re(hlisli hrown, and is rounlieiied on the otlierwise .sniootii
surfaee hy nunu'roiis small lenticular exeiesceiiees. The hranehes are thin, terete, olahroiis when they
first a])|)ear, and dark reddi.sh brown ; they soon i)ccome lio'hter colored, and in their second year are
iiofht brown or j^ray tiii<jed with red, and often marked by minute pale lenticels, and in their second
and third vears by small seiiiiorl)icular leaf-scars in which ajtpear single central fibro-vascular bundle-
scars. The le.ives are alli'rnate, oblong-lanceolate, entire, slightly contracted above into long points
rounded at the apex, and graclua!'y narrowed l)elow into broad flat petioles, which vary from one third
to one half of an inch in length, and are grooved on the ii])per and rounded on the lower side ; when
they unfold they are thin, niembranaceoiLs, light green tinged with red, and .sometimes piibenilous on
the lower surface ; and at maturity tiioy are thick and coriaceous, dark green and lustrous above, pale
below, three to six inches long, and an indi to two inches broad, with thickened slightly revolute
margins, broad stou' midribs impressed on the upper side toward the base, anu slender rentote prinuiry
veins arcuate and united near the margins and connected liy coarsely reticidate<l conspicuous vi'inlets.
The flowers appear in early .sjtring, and are produced in elongated panicles with slender glabrous light
red peduncles developed singly or two or three together from thi" axils of the leaves of the year or from
those of the jjievious year, and three or four inches in length ; they ari' borne on thin glabrous or
pubcrulous pedicels bibracteoliito near the middle, and when expanded are neatly a tpiarter of an iiu'h
ai'ross ; the Dalyx is creamy white, with a campaiuilate tube much shorter than the six ovate deciduous
lobes which are rounded at the apex, nearly of e(inal size, iinbescent oti the outer surface, coated with
pale t<iinentum on the inner surface, and about twice as long as the stamens; these are in four .series,
those of the inner series beitig reduced to linear stiuninodia somewhat etilarged at the apex, and tipped
with miiinti' abortive anthers; the iilaments of the two outer .series are slightly hirsute at the base and
shorter than the introrse anthers ; the Iilaments of the third series are as long le; lotiger than the
extrorse anthers, and are furnished at the ba.se with two conspicuous globe, stalked yellow glands; the
anthers are llattene<l, emarginate. iiniate and four-celled, the lower cells bei. ^;' a little larger and nearer
the margins than the upper cells. The ovary is ovate and glabrous, ani! is gradually narrowed into a
short glabrous style which is about as long as the stamens of the outer series. The fruit ripens in the
autumn, and is ovate or stibglobo.se. two thirds of an iiitdi long, lustrous, dark blue or nearly black, and
suridiiniled at the base by the thickened cnp-like tnbe of the calyx, which is truncate or obscurely lobed
and bright red like the thickened pedicels; the llesh is thin and dry, and closely invests the largo

12

SrLVA OF NOllTIl AMIUilCA.

LAUKACEiC.

oblonjj si'wl ; this is lovennl by a tliiii biittlu rctl-brown coat, the inner layer, which is hardly separable
from the outer, lieinj; lijjht eliestnut-brown, lustrous on the inner surface, and marked with broad
lighter colored veins radiating; from the small hiluni. The embryo is a third of an inch long and
bright red-brown.

Ovotid Cdltnlii/iDiii inhabits the shores and islands of Florida south of Cape Canaveral on the
east coast and of Cape Romano on the west coast ; comparatively comiiioii except on si)nie of the western
keys, it is most abundant and attains its largest size on the rich wooded hummocks adjacent to Bay
Biscavne, where it grows with the Wild Fig, the Live Oak, the (iinuho liiinbo, the Mastic, the (/uban
Pine, and the Kugenias. It is not rare on the Bahamas, and probalily grows on some of tile Antilles.

The wood of (hotm C<il( nl)i/>iiKi is heavy, hard, close-graiiu'd, containing numerous thin medullary
ravs and many small regularly distributed open ducts ; it is rich dark brown in color, with thick bright
yellow sainvood compostMl of twenty to thirty layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the
absolutely dry wood is O.TIlHIi. a cubic foot weighing 17.!t I pounds.

Ocotid C((/i.i'ii/'iiiii a|ipears to have been fir.st noticed by Mark Catesby,' who found this tree on
the Bahama Islands, and published the earliest account of it in his Ndtnral J/i.ttori/ of ('(trolina ;' as
a Florida plant it was ilrst described by Bernard Romans'' in the A'uliinil J/isturi/ of East ami Wv<it
I-'/oridit.'

The lustrous foliage of this small tree, the abundant clu.sters of white flowers wliiirh cover it in
early .spring, and the brilliant fruit, make it beautiful at all seasons of the year, and well worth
cultivation in tropical gardens.

' .See vi. 16. ' .Si'o iv. .I.

^ Comiti, foliis Snlif'H Laurnt m-umimi/Lv ; jiuribus itlbis ; /rvctu * l,auru.i foliU actiminaliHf baccig ctxruieit ; pfdicetiis Itmijin rubrit

Sa.isa/r(U, ii. US, t. 'JS. imulrntibun, 27.

tv.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Pl.ATK rCrin. OkiTK.V CaTKJ<11VANA.

1. A tlowi'riiiH liniiic'h. natural aiiv.

2. I )iui;rnni uf u HoviT.

.1. Vertiral Hectiun of a flower, enlarginl.

4. A staini'ii of tlie third wrii'S witli (jlaiidH. front viow. enlarged.

6. A Btanicn <if tin- outtT si'ries, front view, rnlurgtsl.
(>. A («taniinoditnn. cnlargt'd.

7. An ovule, mueli nia|;nilied.

8. A fruitiiiK liraneli, n«t:;ral (li/c.

9. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged..

10. A seed, enlarged.

11. An embryo, enlurginl.

I J jfiwairrfinmnni

#«t '^...

.'■•!/> J.T.ttU'lir P.r

^ t ft T% m 4

I AHIMfK^V

/

I MIlMfK;*;.

I

■■V'f.'

tloitl! Alll.'l 11 .i

A.,,,.., ,/,./

^^' m ■'

0 COTE A CATESBYANA

-I. Un', f rtt.t i/ifiii

"'/• . '. :.itu u- i -i'

i

LAUKACE^.

SILVA OF NORTU AMERICA.

13

SASSAFRAS.

Flowers diopcious or rarely perfect ; calyx (J-Iobcd, the lobes in two scries, nearly
c(iual, imbricated in aDstivation, deciduous: corolla 0; stamens 9, in three series;
disk 0 ; ovary superior, l-celled ; ovule solitary, suspended. Fruit baccate. Leaves
alternate, destitute of stipules, deciduous.

Sassafras, Neei al> KHcnIuM'k & KbermuiiT, lltimlli, Med.-
Pharm. H«t. i. 418 (18.'i0).— Kndli.-lier, Gen. ;«'-'.—
Meisner, (Jen. J27. — UiiiHoii, lliit. }'/. ii. 479. — Uen-

tham & Hooker, Gfti. iii. 160. —P»x, Jimjler A J'rantl
J'jtanzeiifam. iii. pt. ii. 119.

An aromatic tree, with tliick deeply furrowed dark red-brown bark, scaly buds, slender light green
lustrouH brittle branches containing a thick white niucilaginons pith and marked with Kmall semiori)icii-
lar elevated leaf-scars disi)Iaying single horizontal rows of minute libro-vaseular bundle-scars, and stout
■pongy stoloniferous roots covered with thick yellow bark. Flower-bearing buds terminal, ovate, acute,
protected by nine or ten imbricated scales increasing in size from without inwards, the three outer
Males ovate, rounded and often apiculate at the ape.\, keeled and thickened on the back, pale yellow-
green below, dull yellow-brown above the middle, loosely imbricated, slightly or not at all accrescent,
deciduous at the opening of the bud, much smaller than the scales of the next rows ; these thin,
accrescent at maturity, light yellow-green, turning dull red before falling, obovate, rounded at the ape,\,
cuneato below, concave, coated on the outer surface with soft silky pubescence, glabrous and lustrous
on the inner surface, reilexed, often three quarters of an inch long, nearly half an inch broad, tardily
deci(bious ; the two inner scales foliaceous, lanceolate-acute, light green, coated on the outer surface
■with ilclicate pale hairs, glabrous on the inner surface, infolding the leaves 'ind falling as these begin
to expand ; sterile and axillary buds much smaller. Leaves involute, the lower inclosing those above
it in the bud, ovate or obovate, entire or often one to three-lobed at the apex, the lobes broadly ovate,
•cute, divided by deep broad sinuses, gradually narrowed at the base into elongated slender petioles
flattened or slightly grooved on the upper side and rouniled on the lower, feather-veined with alternate
teins arcuate and united, the lowest ])arallel with the margins, and when the leaves are lobed running
to the points of the lobes, conspicuously reticulate-venulose, mucilaginous, deciduous ; as they unfold
light green and somewhat pilose on the upper surface with scattered white hairs, ciliate on the margins,
dothed on the lower surface with a loose pubescence of long white lustrous hairs ; at maturity
I&nmbranaceous, dark dull green above, pale and glabrous or pubescent below. Flowers produced in
early spring with the first unfolding of the leaves, the males and females usually on different individuals
in lax drooping few-flowered pilose racemes developed from the axils of the large obovate bud-scales,
the upper flowers of the lowest raceme opening first. Pedicels slender, rarely forked and two-flowered,
ebracteolate, clothed with long pale hairs, produced from the axils of linear-acute scarious hairy
deciduous bracts ; or that of the terminal flower often ebracteate. C.ilyx pale yellow-green, divided
nearly to the base into six narrow obovate concave lobes, roiuided and incurved at the apex, spreading
or reflexed after anthesis, those of the inner series a little larger than the others. Stamens nine,
inserted in three series on the somewhat thickened margin of the shallow concave calyx-tube, those of
the outer series opposite its outer lobes ; filaments flattened, elongated, slightly enlarged toward the
^)ex, incurved, light yellow, those of the inner series furii'shed near the base with two conspicuous
orange-colored stipitate glands rounded on the back and obscurely lobed on the inner face ; anthers
innate, oblong, flattened, truncate or slightly emarginate at tho apex, rounded or wedge-shaped at the

I

'

!

14

.s7/,ii OF yoirrii A.yfh'incA.

r,AlIBAtKi«.

hasc. oraii^jc-colorpd, introrsc. roui-ii'llfil. tlic ci'lls Hinit'r|)(mpil in imirH. tho lower larpor than tho upptT,
()|H'iiin^ from Minx uinviird Ity piTsiHtfut lidn. liiiUfi' niiil ncaicr tlio iiiiirfjin in tin- aiitliprn of tlic inner
scries (pf stamens tlian ill (lie ollurs; in llie female llower rediieed to flattened ovate pointed sli^litiy
two-liilied dark oraiii;i'-nilcired sti|iitale slamimidia. or oeeasionaliy fertile and similar to or only a little
smaliiT liiaii those of the slaiiiiiiate flower. Ovarv ovate, one-eeUed. li^rht jrr,.en, ^rluliroim, nearly
wssile ill llie short luhe of the ealvv. contracted into a slender eloii<;ated simple style jjradnally enlarged
ahove into a capitate oliiii|iie ohscnrcly lohcd stigma; ovule suspended from the apex of the cell.

analropoiis. Kiiiit an ohlon}^ dark blue lustrous lierry surrounded nt the hase hy ll nlarjjed and

thickened oliscurelv six-lolied or truncate scarlet limh of the calyx raised on a iniich clonjjated scarlet
stalk thickened alio\e the middle; pericarp thin and llesliy. adhereiit to the ohloii^ pointed li^jlit hrowii
seed dcsliliile of alliumcn : testa thin, memhraiiaceous, liari'ly separalile into two coats, the inner coat
HUM ll thinner than tlii' outer, d irk chestiillt-hrown, and lustrous. Kliiliryo erect, sulijflohose, tilliii;j tim
cavity of the seed : cotvledons thick and tlcshy ; radicle superior, turned toward the liiliiin, included
hetwceii tiic ((ilylcdons.

The wood of Sassafras is soft, weak, hriftle, and coarse-grained, althouirh very durahle when
placeil in contact with the soil ; it contains niimeroiis thin niedullaiy rays and hands of three or four
rows of lar^e open duets which clearly mark the l.iyers of annual ;;rowth ; it is aromatic and dull
orani^e-hrowii. witii thin li.icht yellow sapwood coinposcil of seven or eiijht layers of annual jjrowth.
Tiic' s|ifcitic ;;iavity of the alisolutely dry wood is n..")()|'J. a cuhic foot weijjhinjj lU.t'J pounds. It is
laii;iU Used for feme-posts anil rails, in the conslriiction of li^ht Imals and ox-yokes, and in cooperate.

The roots of Sassafras, and especially their hark, nrv a mild aromatic stimulant;' and oil of
.sassafras, used to peifiiiiie soap and other articles, is distilled from them.' The pith of the youii;^
hranclus infused with water furnishes a niiicilajje wliieh has hceii um-cI siicces.sfullv as an emulsion in
felirile and iiillammatory maladies.' ami in ophthalmic jiractice. Ciuinho lilet, a powder prepared from
tile le.i\es liy the Choctaw Indians of Louisiana, ffives flavor and consistency to ^uinho soup.*

Sassafras is now eonlineil to teniperate eastern North .\iiierica. It once inhahited the .\retic
Cirele. and lonjj existed in Kiirope with many forms;' in Ninth .\iiieric.i diiriii}^ the cretaceous period
it raiiifcd f.ir westward of its |ireseiit home to the niid-eontinelital [ilateail, where traces of what are
lielieved to 111' several species have lieeli detected.''

Ill the middle of the sixteenth century the French in Florida learned from the Indi.ins the medical
value of the .Sissifras,' ami in I'lii'J the lirst account and lij^ure of this tree were ]iuhlislied hy tho

' Kiiliii. Trart!>. KiiRli^li rd. i. 111!, .110.— Wc-nlvllii-, M„l. IM.
i. '.II, t. :il (I.mini'i). — IliKvl.iw. W-./ lUil. li I U', t. — Xw» nb
F.MMilx'ik, /'/. M.d. t 1:11- II. - ."irtili, Ft. M,,l. Aunll. tii. r.l,
t. 4lH. — Mi-iiliinBim A: (ininliill, .Mn/. lUtl. iii. t. IJIi. — llnyiii-,
.Ir.-Fl. III. t. HI. — Klidliilur. Euchirul. aM. — (Irinith, .Wn/. It-I.
TuA. — SfliniitT, Am. Jour, I'hnnii. lsi;;l, X\. — Pori-lii-r. lirumn fs
1,1 S->HthrrJt FtrUi.t (»'!«/ /'((rf.olx. .'I'lO. — I'nx-lnr, /Vm-. .-trn. i'finnn.
.I.«-K-. IsCiti.'JlT.— I'luc'ki(,'fr ,V llaiilinry, l'liiinniiii,iiiiiiiliut,iM. —
\iit. ;ii../»a<. 0(1. '.', fJTI. — llinili'v Ik Triiniii, .Mrl. I'l. in. '.'•.'0.
• V'JO. — SliiulR, A'fM"V''/<7«r'/(i| «/' Ihf Inttwlriitl .\rt.s, .M(tnn/ili liirr*,
wilt Itiltr Ctmimfrcittl I'nuliicts, i. H'JIJ ; ii. ICttl.

'' Tlic oil uf Aai«Knfr:iH i.t iimimfui-tiirtMl principnily in IVniiitrlva-
ikiii, Virjjiiiiji, niiit NtirUi Ciirolinii I'y Hiimll o|>4-r:iti)ri wlio um* llii*
iii(*!,t priiiiitivf (iiiiiii'Htif still.H, fxtriM'tiiiff tlio nil in tlir i-ruili-Kt
]n;nilu-r frnin all |>arU (»f tin' trtH' fxci-pt tin* Ii-hvc». It i.n trsnicil
liy tlir niiiinifaitun rs with Km-hI !,t«irfk»'<'|M'rH, whn cnllrct iniil
wnii It to (li-!ilfrs in lar;;<- ritit'S, 'I'lie iiiiin'«try i.n a ilrcliuin^' nn,-,
sviitlictii'al niN now rcjilaciti^,' SjiMsafms oil for nrilinary iisr?* ; ami
,^uiisufra.i nil i^ rart'ly fmnnl part' in iMinninT" r, Iw-in^ U'«uatly <litntt'tl

with nil nf cainplinr, wlnrli haA tltp wlor ftilil sjiccifli* gravity nf
tSanHafra-H nil, ami in a at'cnml pnHlurt nlitailicd in tin* iIl^IiUiii^ nf
Cainpli'ir nil.

• .li.h n, ititn. Mnt. lU.I. .V. .1. 'i'lil, f I,-,:.' - r. .S. />u;otu,

<!«1. ir>, tins.

♦ llnl.in, r.i»n</'i. '"• 'K51.

* .Sapnrta, ilrnjiuf l'>ii ontnlotji'lue ilfi Arhrrn, 'J'J.'I - - /.i(ti*I,
/Ann/'. I'iil,riml4,l„,/. ii. .111"..

• l.«--«<pn-r(Mix, Iirf>. t'. S. (IrUoij. Sitn\ vi. 77 ((''nitnh. /■'(«,«. f'l.
ItVlff-rn 'I'rrnlifTir.i, i. ).

' " lli-s K>p:i);nnU ill' .Sui-.Malln'n ,<t ilr Saint .\ii);ii.4tin, r'f»t \
iliri'. ill la lti\i(>n' llatipliiiic & (1«> lu UiviiTiMli' May, iWalit liri'mptu
tnu!i attiupiiN lie fliivrt'H i-uuM<t'ti |mr la niiinvai»t* iiniirritiin', ,V Ics
paiix iTUfH Hi tntiililcit ipii iN biivnii'iit, iK'« Krnnvni.i li'iir apprin-nt
ik iiHiT ilu SanHafrivH, rnimni' il.-* ravniritt vu pratiipu'r aux ^iauva^t■M;
ilH i-n cnnpnii'lit la rarilii' vn prtitn innri'i-aiix, ipi'iU fai.-n>it>nt ImmiiI-
lir (lati>. I'l-ati, iU hrivnit.nl ilo i-i'ttr ran il ji'Un ,V h l"iirn rc|iam, tV
ollt' Ifrt ^(ii^rit i>art'ikitiut'ut." (C'luirluvuix, Hut. ite la Moutrile
Frau' f, i. lij )

LAlinACK*

inn tlio upjiiT,
■H of till? inner
lintfd Hlijjhtly
ir only " littlo
iliroiis. ntsiily
uiilly cnliirfjcd

X of tln' I'l'll.

(■nliUfjt'il and
in^alcil M'lirlt't
"d lijjlit brown
till! inner coiit
lose, tillin;; tlie
liluni. im'lnde<l

dnraliie wlien
f tliree or four
niatic and dull
annual jjrowth.

pounds. It w
il in eooperajje.
t ;' nnd oil of
Il of the yoiiii^;

an einuUiou in
r preparecl from
soup.*

Iiited the Antie
retaceoUH perio<l
ees of what aro

lians the medical
mlilislied liy tho

mil »|»TiHi' Ki^Tilr o(
.1 m ll"> ilistilliii); iif

l.VJ - ''. A'. Ihiff^ui.

Arhrrt, •JrS.\ — Zitti'l,

77 (fimlrik. /■'!»«. /'/.

Sjvint Aiinii!*tin, i-'»'i»t \
• tic Mi»y. iMaiit |trf»4jiio
iv:ii-.i' imurriliiri', \: l>'«
Kran.,"H liiir iiinirirciit

niticiui'i- iiH« NiuviiKi'*;

I, nu'iln fni.Hiiiellt Iniiiil-
.•uii iV Ji l-iim reimm, .V
I, tlt-<t. lU la SottrfUe

LAUUACB^

SUVA OF NOUTll AMHIUf'A.

Spaiiinli physieiiin Nieoliis Monardes.' Kxa^K'Tatud ideas of tim curutivi' properties of Sassafras soon

spread thruiij(li Kiirope;' and extraordinary flVorts were made to secure lar};;e supplies of the wood and

roots.^

Sassafras is little injured liy insects,' and is not siihject to serious fuiiffal diseases.''

Sassafras was first used as a popular ii.ime liy the French in Florida; and when the jxenus. which

had liecn included hy earlier hotanists with l.aurus, was distiuHui.shcd liy Nees ab Eseubuck he adopted

Sassafras as its name.

* Ihl Arhol ijuf triini lie la f'tnri'Iii, llttmtvlii Stut^tifrtt^^ llUf. MftL

(oi. ni.t.

Siif-itf'nii iirlmr M'tiumh, l>iili'< liaiiipt, lli^t. fiti.. /V, l7S(t, f, —
I'luLi'iul, I'lifil. I. '.'•-•i;, f. I).

Till- .Sii>aiit'rin or AKm-Inc, (icriinli', llrrlnll, IIIKI, f. — I'lirkiii-
■iili, Thiitlr. IlKNi, f. - .liill ili' I.iiil, Si'i: Or'.. i;ll!, t,

Arliorix I'liinilit firitlmn f'lttin, C Iliiitliiii. Viimx, VM.

S'ii^ii/ra*, -livf l.ii/iinm i'timnhiu, .1, H.uiliiti. //('/. /V. i. Isa, t.

/V .S'lm.i/Wn, .(iiinl /Vn</r.../n//./im, 'JIS, t. (i."i, f,

*' 'I'lif SiiHHufriiH i-* II Mi'ilii'iiiiil Tree wImim- Ilitrk \ l.cjivi-* yii-M
a |ilciix;iiil Siiii'll : it |>riilit< in nil Ilini.iHx nf tin' Itloml, miil l.itir,
parti( iiliirly in uU N'riirn-iil iiml Si-urlniiit- lli-.ti>iii|H'rs." (t'tinil-mt^
or a I tfurrifitiim itf Ihf I'rmrnt Slillr uf thftt Cottiilri/t |iiilj||sli< il hy
A. T. (Ii'llt, I Inn, IIIS'J.)

Sili-^it/ntit I'iUK-kiiw, /At''. vi\, y.iirUt 'Ull. Il'riii;inn, t^nt, l/ort,
Lwiil. Itiil. Ml. — U,n , //l,(. /'/. ii. l."ithS. — llhukwill, Cull. .SVir/..
Hi. t 'JUT.

Sn.ni/rii:i, I'tinift, //*»'. ^»Wi. />rn4i. IKI.

r'nrmw iiiit.i utlitnlttit /'dIiii trtliilii, lii'lnliuf fihmo, Stlmlfni.t ilu'lit,
I'Inkiiiit, Aim. lUil. l-'O. ('iit<»liy, An/. //i<(. Citr. i. >V>, t. .Vi. —
Mill.r, lii't. cil. a. Nn. .-..

Sit^.^itim^ Arhnr fnliii l-'irnhifn, Muntin^r, I'hi/t. Cur. Tt, t. -O.

/v l.ttjHii Siii.iii/rn*, Zorn, IU>tiit,n\nn. .Miil. *HI8.

l.iiuriui jltirr ,V J'nii I't rrmolti tit ritdfin i>liiUUl,Jt>lit.* inlrijri.^ \ trt-
lolii.*, KmlliiT, Trnt. lint. Ml.

l.tiunt.1 fiiliU iittrijrt.t ^' trilit/iU, I.iiiiui'm. Hurt, t^lifl'. l.">l ; }fiit.
Mr.l. ti."i - Claytiiii, Fl. Virtiiit. ('.■-'. — Iti.\tn, II. I.ri/il. Vr.«lr.
Til ('..lilcn, .III. Hurl. f./w. 17i:i, llll (/'/. .Vo.W.,ir.). — Ilii-
baiiu'l, '/'raid' ilii Arlirrf, i. XM, t. lll'i, f. 7. — Trfw, /'/. hhrrt,
Sai, I llil, 711; y.it: All. /'»>/.. .1/,-/. Attiil. Ciu. UuinM fiiriJ. ii.
at-l (lli-l. A'li'. Arl,. .s<i.>.//rfi.).

Siil*'tirii.i, Ia' I'li^ji' 1*11 I'riit/, IlUliiirr tie In Loiimutitf, ii. ;U'i, t.

J.itiini.t ifit ('tiritii.1 .Mn.i i»l'<riitn, fiiltii trititio, muriftitf /i/dnc, .S'u.*-
lo/nii i/i.M, UoinniH, A'lif. Ili'l. I'lnriilii, 'J(l.

" .\s flirty lit l(i'j7 .luhaiin N'riiiiilrr iiiiMinlii-<l in Umiii'ii ft tiinli-
ttX tri'iiti*!' ili'viiti'il til till' virtni' ii( tin' Siiaiiif niit-t rii' iiml iiititlcil
SaiMfninoloijtii. 1 liavu bt't'ii tinabli* tu t'xiiininc a ('ii|iy iif tlii' wurk,
whirh, HO fur OS I cull ilisiHtvcr, i.H imt in any .VineriL'uii liliriiry.

' < hi<> nf till' iilijortH iif till' Kii^linli i'K|u'ilitiiin whii'li. in liiCJ,
mailc till' rarlii'Ht titti'iiipt tu i-Htaliliali a Hi'ttli'iiit'iit mi the I'liiLHt uf
New F.iigluiitl wiiM tu ubtaiii a »ii|i[ily of HanHiifnis (sec 7'Aj lieltt'

lull III ■ 'ii/iliiin lluiiiulil'' \'uiiili/i- III llir Siirlh jitirl uf Virijiniil,
liriji.n '.hi- nii-aitiUliernlirlh of Miirrh, Anm Vi l^liziilmHir Itfijimr,
HHC.', ami ilrliirrrti Iti/ (iiibriil Arrhir, « geitllnmim in Iht .tiiiil tuiiHije
[Cull. .l/ii«s. Ili»l. Sm: lor. !1, viii. 77J)i anil i'i({lit years later
Kaisarrai i« iiientiiniril aiiniiiK llie nrliilen to liv »ent limiie in llio
iiiHlriHliiiiis III' till' l-'.ii^'li-.li );iivi'niiiiiiit tii tlie iiilnny uf Virgil". t
(Culiiiiiiil /V;//.r<, i. Nu. 'j;i). (Si'e, aUii, tliii lli.'itirie .;/' Triiiiitle
iutii \'tri/iititi tlrititititiii, liy William Stnu'lii'V, ril. Miijiir, Ilill.)

llni'iii^ twu I'l'iilnrii-i, at li'a.st, the \v I anil the hark uf the

runts uf the SiiHsafra'*-tree were euli.'.iiUTi'il vahiiihle reiiieilifH fur
''\|iliili4, rlii'iliiiatisni, anil ilru|iH\ ; hut tlii'ir s)ii'ritle liii'iliriiiiil )ii'iii-
1 |>l>'!4 ha\e Ihtii uni' iiftir aiiulher ili-'pruvi'il; ami altliuii^li '.ii>sa-
tr.1.4 ill Mtill Niinii'tinii'H n.-.i'il in Kiirujie in I'uiiiliiiiatiun with Harsa|iii.
rillaami Kuaineiiiii, in tho Ciiileil .Statoii it in now valiieil in iiicilieinu
uiily lu n iiiilil aruiiiiitie htiiiiiilaiit.

Till' liiirk uf till' riMit niiitaiiiH a vulatile nil, I'liniphuruiei matter,
reiin, wax, ami a ilei'ulii|iusi-il pruilmt uf laiinii' iteiil tu uhiell the
iiaiiii' uf sa^^afriil has Ih'i'ii given. The Milatile nil ami taiiiiir aiul
reiiiler it stinii.lant iiiiil astringent ; iiseil as uii ailjiuaiit tu iiiun*
eftiiaeiiiiis iiii'iliiim-H, it iiii|iruvi's their Itaviirs, lint exeessive ilu.^es
hale |iriHliu'i-il iiarrutic |iuisiiiiiiig. (Seo / '. .s". Oi.*peu.i. ej. Iti,

i;;:«i )

* The l.irge hamlsiiine larvie uf l*ii/iilio Tnti'itf, I.iniia'iis, aro
often aliiimlant on the .Sa.s.safra!i, living ini the leaveH, wliieli they
partially fulil tugetlier by Milken threails to protect theiii.sclvefl.
The larvie uf .It/iieiw Vruinellifii, IIarri.4, aluti feeil uii the leaves of
this tree, ami in winter the eiH'uuns may fretpieiitly lie fuiiiiil liniig-
ilig friiiii the bi-iiiiehes. A Bliiall iniitli, ftnti-ilitriii mumfnt.^i'lUt,
Cliainbers, in its larval .stagen is believeil to iiiiiie within the yuiiiig
K-aves, ami later to roll theiii iluwiiwanlH. A tiiiiiiher uf other
upei'it's uf insects « Iiieli fieil npiiii a variety uf plants have iiceasiuii-
ally affccteil ."Sassafras, but it is nut attackcil by burcrs in the living
vriHKi,

^ The Siussafnu^ Ls attacki-il hy milneruua fungi peculiar tu thin
bust. A ili.seasc of frcipiciit ucciirn'nce, eaiising ein'iiinscrilM'il
brown sputs on the leaves, is line to l*hi/tl<i.ilit'tu S't<,-"it'ni>, CiMike,
uf wtiicli the mature eonilitiun ia seliloiu scpii ; niiil the imperfectly
known lthiiti.imit Sii.i.^tt/rti.t, .Si'hweinitz, covers them with thickened
black spots. T'lie wuinly parts of the tree are iittaekeil by several
species uf Pyrenuniycetcs ; these are most prevalent iu the soiitli-
orn part uf thu euuiitry.

I

r«

LAUUACEA,

SJLVA OF NOliTII AMKItlCA.

17

SASSAFRAS SASSAFRAS.

Saasafraa.

SiuMifriui Snusnfrfts, Kiimlcn, I'/mnn.-MiJ. lint. U\:>
(IHU'.'i. — Siiil«"illi, (iiirilni iiml t'nmil, iv. Kit!.

LnuruH Baoaiirriui, l.iiiii«'ii«, .S'/«v. :171 (l".'i,'t). — MilliT,
Diet. .il. 8, Nil. 7. — Du Iloi, Ihirhk. lUiiimx. i. Xi(i. —
WuiiKi'iilu'im, Hi-m/irflli. A'lirild iii. lint:. 71 ; Snnlnm.
liilt. KJ, t. '.'7, f. "iCi, — MarHlmll. Arhiml. tin. 7*.—
CWinlioMi. IV./y. iif/ll S/ati I'liitl. ii. '.'7.1. — Wiillcr, f'l.
fur. l;tl. — Willilinow, Hrrl. Ilniimx. Hill; .S'/,.,'. ii. |it.
i. XKi. A'h 11 wi. Illfl. — Lamarck, /)iV<. iii. ■».'>■». — Alilxit,
Itimvlt iif (iforrilii, i. t. 11. — .V«»i'i'iiM Oiihiimr/, ii.
lir>. t. ;U. — llniUlinii«i-n, //.iii./A. tWatlmt. ii. ITdH. —
Miilinin. /■'/. Jl<ii:-.tiii. i. '-'It.— I'itmkiii, ,S';/». i. I."p". -
l)iif(iiilalni'!i, //l.^^ .till. i. till. — l)ii .Mmil ili' Cuiirmt,
/.^.^ full. id. '.'. il. |:l(i. — 'nifonl, H''rf. H,<l. .(<«.
i;ill. — .Mi.lmiix, f. Ilht. Arh. Am. ill. 17.'l, t. 1. — I'lirHli,
/•■/. Am. S<'i'f. I. '.^T. — lliKi'li.w. /v. /*.mM;i. 117.—
Uiiliiii'»,|iii'. A'/. I.i(,l„fli\ '.'."i. — Niiltiili, 'f'.ii. i. 'J.'lt;
.syi'.i. i. «S. Klliiilt, .*i7.'. I. MU. — .laiiiiH' .St. Ililaiif,
Ti-iiil'' il-' Arlirr.i. i. t. It."). — Aiiiliil">ii, //i' /■./<, t. III.

Lnurim vitnifolia. SaliKlmry, I'lmlr. ;UI (K'.Mi).

LiiurUH iliviTHifulia, Stoki'», Hot. Mat. .)/c</. ii. I'.'li

(I.SIJ).

LnurUH nlbida, Nuttall. Ilin. i. '.'.'i'.) (I81H).

Totrnnthorn olbldo, SpronRol. Ni/nt. Ii. 2(17 (18'.>r>).

PurHud BiUMafraa, S|irenKi'l. Si/tl. ii. L'7U (IM'.T);. — Scliiilt-
Inin, AuH. t. Kit;, C. l."i-'.';i.

Biuunifriui otBdnnte, Nvi'x ali KhiiiIiccU ifc Kiii'rinuii'i',
//.//iiM. .l/../..y'/(.//-;M. /W. i. UH (1«.'M))._('. C. New
all Ku'iilii'ik, Si/Hf. l.aur. 48H, — Diilricli, Sun. ii.
l;t.-.7. — .S|iu.li. //|•<.^ JV;/. X. r.(t;i. — T.,iri.y. AV. .V. Y.
ii. LIS. — DarliiiKton, AV. fVn/r. nl. 3, 'J.'i 1 . — Ciirlin,
y^i'/). Iliiitnij, Surv. N. fur. IMtll), iii. tlM. — Cliapnian, I'l,
.'MM. — JIuinniT, /> CiiiiiliMif I'rwlr. xv. |it. i. 171.—
Kuril, Drtiilr. ii. .'MlTi. — Kiiifninn. Tree» Mm*, od. '.', ii.
.'l.V,l, I. — Ili.lKway, /'me. I'. S. S^it. MitK. INH'.'. 70.—
Laiirlic lliiitirhi' lleiiilr. Xh, f. V.\H. — .SiiriJi'iil, t'nreat
Trrrn .V. Am. Vitli (■.■ii»ii» V. N. ix. ll'.l. — Mn, Ja/irh.
h^niij, lint. Hurt. IRl { l.nii riifeir Aiiiiruiiniv .Mimmj.). —
Walwiii & Cuiiltfr, llriii/'t .l/mi. eel. Ii. 117. — CimltiT,
f.,„lr;i.. i: .S". .\.it. Ihrh. ii. :IH;1 {.»/„». /•/. IC. 7'.j-.;.«).

BiutHrifriiH iilbiUum. C. (i. Nii't nli Kmnlitck, Si/at. Liiiir.
I'.Mi (|M:;r,i.

BiiHaitfriui viiriirolluin, Otio liiml/i'. Ilfi: (l-n. J'/, ii.
ri71 (IK'.H). — KcmIiih'. Ihiilailu- Ofmir. 17'.'. — Dipinl,
ll.in.ll,. /muI./wU.. iii. '.I.-1.

A tree, oiiM.sioiiiilly i'if;lity or nini'ty fi'i't in lii'ifjlit, witli a trunk sonii'tinifs lu'arly six fiot in
(liamcttT, anil Hliiirt stout niiiri> or Ii'sh contortfil liraiu'lii's wliicli H|)r(>ail almost at ri^lit an^lt>s from tlii>
trunk, lorminji; a narrow usually llat-topiu'il lirad ; l'ri'(|U('iitly not mori' than forty or lifty fi'ft in
hi'ijjiit, and at llic iicirtii j;i'ni'ially smalli'r anil ofti-n sliriiliiiy. Tiii' itark of llit- trunk is sonu-tinu's an
incii ami a hail' in thickiu'ss, dark rud-hrown, and iii'i>|>ly and irri-<rularly dividcil into iiroad flat rid;r(iH
Hi-paratin^ into tiiick approssed sralvs on tlu' surfare. Tlu> branilili'ts, wlicn tlu'V first ajipoar, are li^iit
yi'llow-fjri'rn and roatrd willi pali' pultcsi-i'iicc ; tlii'y soon lii'comi' ({ialu'ouH, lirifjiit fjri'cii, and lustrous,
iind at the end of two or tl>ri'i> years gradually turn reddish liriiwn, and lieirin to siiow tiie shallow
fissures which divide the thin hark of the ohler branches and yoiinjj stems. The leaves are four to six
iiu'hes Ion;:; and two to four inches wide, and are borne iin petioles three ipiarters of an inch to an inch
aiul a half in len<;'th ; in the autumn they turn to delicate shades of yellow or of oi'an<{e more or less
tiiifjed with red. The flowers are produced in racemes about two inches louf; and a third of an inch
across when fully expanded. The fruits ripen in September or October, and are a third of an inch
loiifif and raised on stalks an inch and a half to two inches in lenjjth ; when ripe they separate from the
thick calyx-lobes which, with the stidks of the fruit-clusters, remain on the branches until the bcfjiiininj^
of winter. Exceedingly abundant in .some years, the fruit of the Sassafras is jjeiierally produced rather
spariiifjly, and is usually devoured by birds as soon as it bcfjins to assume its brilliant colors.

Sii.-tudfrii.s ,SV(,s.s'(//v(.s is distributed from ea.stcrn Massachusetts through southern Vermont to
.southern Oiitirio ' and central Michi}i;an, southeastern Iowa, eastern Kansas and the Indian Territory,
and southward to central Florida and the valley of the Hrazos Kivur in Texas.

> Ilruiiit, Cil. V:<j. Liij. Can. 4J. — Hell, CV./...; We/'. Can. 1870-80, W. — Maeuuii, fal. Cm. I'l. 4ia

18

SILVA OF NOliTII AMERICA.

i.wkw.v.a:.

Tlie Sassafras is usually loiiiid in licli sjindy wcll-draitu'd loam, and in tlip south Atlantic and Gulf
states its stolonifenms nidts oltcn take posscssiiin of lidds ahandoni'd liv the ajjfricidtnrist.

Till' Sassafras was ]ir()lial)l\ one of tlic lirst Nortli American trees introduced into European
gardens, as the tij^nre of llie hranch, |iulili.-lu'(l in W.V.\. in the seeond edition of Gerarde's //(Hki/I,^
was uiade from a s|iecimi ii that had f^rowii in a Mr. Wihnole's garden near Lonilon. Few inhahitaiitM
of the forests of North America are more lieaiitifid or interestinj;- at all seasons of the vear; in winter,
with its hrifjht jjreen shininij liranehlets ; in sprin^j, with the charm of its drooping clusters of Howers
surroiimleil hy the ox|iaiidinjj scales of the huds; in summer, with the healthy }^reen of its jjniceful
variously sha])ed leaves; and in autumn, with its hrilliant fruit and delicate lines of fading foliage
tinsurpassed in loveliness hy the deeper ctdors of its forest eom|'anions.

The Sassafras can he propa;4atecl liy seeds, which should he sown as soon as they •<<■'' rip*', when
they will j;-erniinate early the following; spring', or hy root-suikers. which are often produced in jfreal
j)rofusion. The lari^i' thick tleshy roots wliich |ienetrate deep inJo the <»n)und make the Sassafras
ditlicult to transplant, and small plants should he selected for this purjiose,

' IJiTiUiii', llrrlHii:, f(t. .Kihnsiiii, 1.7J1. — Aitcm, Hurt. Keu: ii. 10. — l/uudon, AH}. Uril. iii. 1301.

KXI'LA.NA 1 ION OK IIIK I'LATK.S.

8.

9.
10.
11.

l'l.,4TK Ct'CIV. Sa.s.sakh.vs Sas,«akr,».s.
A lluwirin;; Imincli of tlu> sliiniinati' Irii', niiliiral »i?.>'.
A (liiwiTin^ liraiit-li of the jii>*tilluti' trt'c, iiatiirat Hi7.(>.
I>ia),n'aiii of u .st^iiiiinati' llowi r.
Oia^rain of a piHtiUiite tiowiT.
A stainiiiatc IIosvit. cnlari;)'!!.
Vi'ilit-al 8t'(-tiiiii of a Ht.-iiniiiati* tlowi-r, eiilari,'t'(!.
A Ktaiiien of llir inner seiirH. I'nlarjji'il.
A stuuicn ))f om- of tin- ontor scrii'M, I'nlar^t-it.
A iiifttillatc llowvr. fulai-^i-il.
\*ertinil sci'tiun of a jii'^tillatt' liowcr. fiilarj;t'd.
An ovuli', inui'li niagnitii'il.

I'l.ATK ('('('V. .Sa.'W.VKHAH Sassakkah.

1. A fruiting; Krancli, natural >«i/.r.

2. Vortical Hi'ction of a fruit, cnlargoii.

3. A need, vnlurf^i-tl.

4. An eniliryo, enlarged.

5. SiH'lions of an (inlnvo. rnlarjii-.l.
f). A winter Itranphlet. natural >i/.t'.

lauuacea:.
.tlaiitif uiid Giili'

St.

into European

rardi-'s llcrholl,^
Fi'w iiiIial)itantM
vcar ; in winter,
istiTs »)f fldwers
of its (rrafcl'ul
fadinj; I'uliagi'

y nre ripo, wlicii
■otluct'il in jjrcat
ll' tl>e Sassafras

liv.^ of North AniKficd.

%\^ ^

ii- i;

■ « J

.ulv.i

^

\

;',ilv.i of Nurtli AniBfioa

f.<.,rn M

SASSAFRAS SASSAFRAS :•:.•.

A /iV.*. t ,'iut t/if

A»v J /"ant-r

■ w

\ .

; i

M 1 ■

1

Ul

' i!

^'

r^ilvi nf N.-vil, Air

r: II

^n

Id i^ 1

r

^

I

I

/■: I

ilva of Nniili Aliii'iUH

- y

t

/ I.,,,-, ./,/

SASSAFRAS SASSAFRAS, K.u-st

//,:■„■/„

I iiiiuttti.1 tilt

Itnf . ^ /ii/ii'U/ I'iii .'■•

I!

4
■J"

LAITRACEiE.

SILFA OF NORTH AMERICA.

11)

UMBELLULARIA.

Flowehs perfect ; calyx G-lobed, the lobes in two series, imbricated in icstivation,
d«<eiduous; corolla 0; stamens 12, in four series, those of the inner series sterile;
diilv 0 ; ovary superior, 1-celled ; ovule solitary, suspended. Fruit baccate. Leaves
j'itcrnato, destitute of stipules, persistent.

OmbeUularia, Nuttall, Sijlm, i. 87 (1812). — llcntlmm & Oreodaphne, Siibgcn. UmbeUularia, C. G. Nees ab Kaen-
Hookcr, Gen. iii. 16'.'. — Pax, Kmjler & Frantl Pjlan- Imk, .S>^ Lunr. 4t;'>' (IS'JO). — Kiidliclier. (Jen. 321.

xenfani. iii. pt. ii. 110. Drimophyllum, Nuttall, Si/ti'a. i. 85 (1842),

.'in aromatic tree, with dark brown scaly bark, slender terete branches marked in their second and
third years by small semicircular or nearly triangular elevated leaf-scars displayinnf a horizontal row of
mint te fibro-vasciilar bundle-scars, naked buds, :tnd thick fleshy brown roots. Leaves alternate, involute
in vernation, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or rounded at the narrow apex, cuneate or some-
whi.t rounded at the ba.se, entire, with thickened sli>rhtly revolute margins, petiolate, the broad petioles
gr,)oved on the upper side, pungent ; at iir.st c(>ated on the lower surface with j)ale soft pubescence and
|iuherulous on the upper surface, at maturity thick and coriaceous, dark green and lustrous above,
dull and paler below, with slender light yellow midribs rounded on both sides, penniveined, the veins
remote, obscure, arcuate and more or less united near the margins, connected by conspicuous reticulate
\eiiilets. Flowers in axillary pedunculate many-llowered umbels Miclo.sed before authesis by an invo-
lucre of five or six imbricated broadly ovate or obovato pointed concave yellow puberulous caducous
scales, the latest umbels suhsessile, at the base of terminal leaf-buds. Pedicels slender, puberulous, ebrac-
teolate, developed from the axils of ohovate membranaceous puberulous deciduous bracts decreasing in
size from the outer to the inner. Perianth tlivided almost to the ba.se into six nearly e(|ual broadly
ohovate roumled ])ale yellow lobes spreading and reflexed after authesis. ,'^tamens in.serted on the short
slightly thickened tube of the calyx ; filaments flat, glabrous, pale yeli.)w, rather shorter than the
anthers, those of the thinl series furnished near the ba.se with two con.spicuous stipitate orange-colored
orbicular flattened glands ; anthers innate, oblong, flattened, light yellow, four-celled, those of the first
and second series introrse, those of the third series extrorse, the cells superposed in jtairs opening from
below upward by ])ersistent lids ; stamens of the fourth series reduced to minute ovate acute yellow
staminodia. Ovary .sessile, ovate, often more or less gibbous, glabrous, abruptly contracted into a stout
columnar style rather shorter than the lolies of the calyx and crowned with a simj)le capitate discoid
stigma ; ovule solitary, suspended froai the apex of the cell, anatropous. Fruit ovate, one-seeded,
surrounded at the base by the enlarged and thickened truncate or lobed tube of the calyx, yellow-green,
somctinu's more or less tinged with didl red ; pericarp thin and fleshy. Seed ovate, exalbuniinous, light
brown ; testa separable into two coats, the outer thick, hard, and woody, the inner thin and papery,
closely investing the emhryo, chestnut-brown, very lustrous on the inner surface. Embryo erect, filling
the cavity of the seed ; cotyledons thick and fleshy, inclosing the minute superior thick and fleshy
C(.'nical radicle turiu-d toward the hilum.

The wood (if rmbellularia is heavy, hard, strong, closc-gmined, and susceptible of receiving a
beautiful polish ; it contains numerous small regularly distributed open ducts and many thin medullary
rays, and is light rich brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood compo.sed of thirty to forty layers of
annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is O.lJ.llT, a cubic foot weighing -lO.Gl
pounds. The most valuable wood produced in the forests of Pucihc North America for the interior

> K

I: h

2(t

>S/Ll'A OF NOirni AMh'h'lCA.

I-AUUACK^K.

lauuacea;.

fiiiisli of houses and furniture, it is iar-^cly cuiployi'il for tlicnc purposes; and on the Ort'jjon coast it is
usi'il in sliip and lioat i(uii(liii<,' for jaws, hits, ch-ats, cross-trt'cs, cli'.

Tlic Ivavi's yii'ld l>y distillation ' a |iun<rt>nt volatile oil ; and from tiiu fruit a fat cont^tining
uniLi'llulif acid lias bt'cii olitaincd.-'

Unibi'llularia is not seriously injuri'd l>y iiisfets ' or fun)jal diseases/

The (Teueric name, a diminutive of umbilld, relates to the ciiaraetor of the inllorcsccnce. The
genus consists of a sin^rle H|iecie8.

' All iiiirl> of I'lnl.rlliiliiria cuMliiin vnliitili' nil. allluin(;li it in
must iilMiuiliiiil ill till' li'iivis • it i» liiM|iiil iind Blniw-ciiliir, with a
piili);i'iil .'ii'oiiiiitii' inliir ri'»flnlilni>,' that nf a niixtiirv nf liiitliii'); ami
carilalnoiii.anil a cainiiliordin lasli'. Wlnu iiihali'il. tlii' nil uf I'lii-
lirlltilaria jinxtuci's ili/ziii<>HM and liradai'lii-, ami iH HtiiipoNt'tl tn
liavf marki'tt actioti nn tla- iicrvtiuM sxsii-in. It is rcciiniiiu-mli'd
for na.sal oalarrli ami nervous licadai'lie ; ami itM use ill tlu< trfat*
imMit of cH'rt'bro-H|iiiuil liRMUiigititi is snu\ to have heeli followed l»y
favtiralile residts. It is helieved to poHseM eiirative properties in
chronie diarrlal>n and eolie, ami to rtdieve rheiinnitie pains if applied
eiternally (Ileaniy, .1m. Jour. I'harm. xlvii. lOtJ. — .Vrw /V();*<Th>.«,
iii. 'J'-'lt. 'JSH. — I'arke, llavis & I'o., AV«' lUmrdin, No. 10, l;tO. —
U. S. l>i.<i„w. eil. Hi, UH7).

' Stillluan \ O'Neill, Am. Chfm. J<mr. iv. 'J(W. — .Wm' Unnniirl,
xii. .TO.

* Few insects are reeorded as feeding; upon l*nd>ellularia. A
beetle, Siuori/hm ttet'lme, I.e ("tuite, is said to Iwire into the wimmI
(Itmrrt Li/r, iv. *JGO) ; and lUilinux /wi»«/i.<, l.e t'onte, and Mt''rticU
hirtellii, Le Conte, have la-en found Uirin^ in dead twij^s, although
they probably do not alTeet jjreen ti.s9ue ( 7Vci»w. Am. Kutoinitlmj.
Sin-, viii. p. xxiii.). The hirvas of a small moth, LithtictiJlfta Vm-
hiltuU.,iit, Walsin^hani. form lar(;e bli^ter-like mines on the upinr
snrfaee of the leaves (/n.^fet LiJ'r^ ii, 78).

A seale inseet. .l^t/iiilioliin rafmr, Conistoek, is ofied ftbundnnt on
the bark (lt>p. U. S. Ihpl. .l.;riV. tSHO, :l<)7) anil the Fluted .Sealii
(Irrr'tti 1'ttrfkii.ii, .Maskell) onee infested I'ndiellnlaria in some parts
of California. 'I'tiis ilestrm-tive inseet was tlrst imported into
Culifornia on plants from .Vnstralia, and in time threatened the
ruin of the Oraiif^i'-orehunls of California and many ornamentji!
plants and forest trees. For several years the artilb-ial nunedies
trietl were iinsiieeessful in keepinf{ the |M'st in e4)ntrol. Studies,
however, of its habits ami enemies made by the entonmlof^sts of
the Cnited States Departnu'nt of Af^rieultun* in its tiri^inal Innne
led to the importation of the Australian Ladybinl IWetle ( VfiUiliti
mntitiiili.1, Mulsant),n predaeeous inseet whieh in a short time nod-
tiplied enormously in California and soon praeiieally eleared the
seali from the orrhai'ils and t;ardens of the state, {.^ee ttuU. 'Jl,
lUnmu-i nf Hnlonufiixfi/, t'. S. Orft, .lyric. — Thini tiifrininl Ittp.
Slair liimril, llorl. Cut. 'J 1(1, t. 4. — Aiinunl Itrp. Stale limird llnrl.
Cal. IKS'.I, ^17, t. I.)

* More than thirty s|M'eies of fun^i are reeonled n.» f^rowin^ on
VmhfUutariti CitU/ifrtticit, altlioui^h they are mostly speeies whieh
are found also on other plants; hut .-Iri/AiMtcrmi OrfiMliiphnfii,
CiMike ^ llarkness, Sertria t 'mMlttlaritrt Plowriiflit \ llurkness,
and Sfihirrfttii /'»i'*'//i(Ajriif. C.sike \ llarkness, an*, however, |m*-
euliar to this tri-e although they do not prisliiee serious diseiises

A

Umbellulari
Itrewer &
Trpe.i A'.
Konig- li
noij.). —1
Greene,
.S-, Xul. II

Tetranthern
JJirchey,
pt. i, 192,

ThoC

diameter, st
items, and
tions above
•hrub. Th
tinned with
apiiear, are
green, and
inches loiij^
quarter to ii
to appear aj
turn to u I
remain on
curled. Tl
length, arc
before the
the previoii
as tliu leave
antl thus t
fruit is abo
vrhich mini
goon after <
young plan
I'inbi
the Califor
slopes of t
It usually
rock pcrmi
it can obtii
est size in
it sometinii

1 UmlrlUiUli
Laurel, Cajep

i-AunACE;*:.
rcfjon coast it in

LAUIlACKiU.

fut cuiiUtiniiig

oresconce. Tho

i» (ifti'li nliilliilillit uii

mill lln" KliitPil Scalo

■llulnriii ill miiiii' piirU

llrnt iiM|iiirti'il iiitii

tiiiin thrrali'iii'il thi>
nil iiniiiy orniiiiii>ntal
[lie urtihi'ial rciiii-ilirH

ill I'lilitrul. .Sliiilirn,

tho <>iit()iiinIn^iHtii of
I' ill itH iiriKiiliil liiiiMi'

liinl IWll.. ( l>,/,i/„!
I ill 11 nliiirt tiiim iiiiil-
mplirallv ileari'd Ihv
uluti'. (Sfe Hull. L'l,

Thinl litfunitil lifp.
!fji. Slair lUnml Hurt.

•iirili'd n.i )jriiwin>f mi

im.Htly H|H'Cll'H whii'li
\oitonul ihrtiildphnrf,

i»ri(,'lil Ai llurlmiM,
!•«, iiri', liowrvi-r, in*-
r m>riuuri ttisciuei.

SUVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

UMBELLULARIA OALIFORNIOA.

California Laurel. Spice Tree.

21

Umbellularia Californioa. NuttoU, Sijln, i. 87 (1812).—
lliiiwer & WuUon, Uut. Viil. ii. 01. — Sargent, Forest
Trie.i S. Am. lOth Ceiinim (.'. S. ix. V20. — JIc/., JahrJ.
K'inly, Hot. Ourf. v. 48^ (Lauraceiv Amerieantr Mo-
noij.). — DI|i|H'l, Ilamlb. ti.iibhoUk. iii. 90. f. 40. —
Greene, ^fan. Hay Heijlnn Hot. 8. — Coville, Contrib. U.
S. A'.(^ Iffrb. iv. 19'.' (^rhf. Death VuUi-ij Kxped.).

Tetranthera? Californinn, Hooker & Arnott, JM. Voy.

lleeckey, U>\) (ISiW) MeiMncr, De Oindol/e J'rotlr. xv.

pt. i. I'Jii. — Torrey, Hot. Wilkes Mxplor. £rj>e<l. 451.

Oreodaphne Californioa, C. O. Nnes nb Eaenlieck, Sy»t.

/,uj/r. 4ti;< (1830). — Ucnlhnm, J'l. Ilartiveg. 334; Hot.

I'oy. Sidjihtir. 49. — Diulricli. Syii. ii. 13.")C. — Hooker &

Ariiutt, But. I'oy. Ueechey, .'!89. — Torrey, Parijie It. H.

Ueii. iv. 133; V. 304; Hot. iUx. Ihmml. Siirr. 184.—

Newberry, Pacljle Ji. Ii. Hep. vi. L'4, f. .'i, 88. — Hot.

Mii'j. Ixxxviii. t. 5320.
Drimopbyllum pauoiflorum, Nuttall, Sylva, i. 86, t. 22

(1842).

Tho California Laurel i.s a trco oifjlity to ninety feet in lieij^ht, with a trunk four or five feet in
diamt'ter, Hoiiietimea tall and Htraijjiit hut usually dividiuff near the fjround into Heveral large diverging
■teniH, and stout spreiiding hranehes which t'orni a broad round-topped compact hea<l ; or at high eleva-
tions above the level of the sea and in southern California much smaller and often reduced to a low
shrub. Tho bark of the trunk is three quarters of an inch to an inch in thickness, and dark brown
tinged with red, separating on the surface into thin appressed scales. Tho branches, when they first
appear, are light green and coated with soft pale pubescence ; they soon become glabrous and yellow-
green, and in their second and third seasons are light brown tinged with red. The leaves are two to five
inches long and half an inch to an inch and a half wide, and are borne on petioles which vary from a
quarter to a half of an inch in length ; they first unfold in the winter or early in the spring, continuing
to appear as the branches lengthen until late in the autumn, and, beginning to fade during the summer,
turn to a beautiful yellow or orange-color and fall one by one during their second season, or often
remain on the branches until the sixth year, or gradually become rusty brown, dry, and more or less
curled. The flowers, which are produced in many-llowered umbels on pedicels sometimes an inch in
length, are a third of an inch across when fully expanded ; they first appear in January or February
before the unfolding of the young leaves, in the axils of those of the previous year, from buds formed
the previous summer, and at this season often (piite cover the tree with their stiir-like clusters. Later,
as tho leaves of the year develop on tho young branches, occasional Hower-clustei-s appear in their iixils,
and thus the trees are fre(|uently in blossom during several months of the spring and summer. The
fruit is about an inch long, and hangs in clusters of two or three on its elongated thickened stjilks
which remain on tho branch after the fruit ripens and falls late in tho autumn. The seeds germinate
soon after they reach the ground, the fruit remaining below the surface of the soil and attiiched to the
young plants until midsummer, when they are often six or eight inches tall.

i'liibillularia Call/ornica ' is distributed from the valley of the Uogue River in Oregon through
the California coast ranges md along the high western slopes of the Sierra Nevada to the southern
slojies of the San Bernardino Mountains, which it ascends to an elevation of twenty-five hundred feet."
It usually grows near the banks of watercourses, and sometimes on low hills when vertical strata of
rock permit it to send down its roots to drink at deep subterranean springs. A common tree wherever
it can obtain an abundant supply of water, the California Laurel is nM)st abundant and attiiins its great-
est size in the rich valleys of southwestern Oregon, in which, accompanied by the broad-leaved Maple,
it sometimes forms a considerable part of the forest growth.

1

1 Umbellularia Cali/omica ia also flometiines called Mouutain
Liiun^l, Caji'put, Califunuu Olive, and liiiy-tree.

3 S. B. Parish. Zoi!, iv. 344.

•^'Wt.

OQ

SUA' A OF NO II Til AMHIilCA.

i.aiiuacea;.

Unihilhilarid Ciilifunilrn whh imulo known to KuropranH liy Archilxild MunziuH,' tho pliyHician
nnil naturalist who sailed witii VancoiiviT on liis voyajjo of disi'ovory, lu-infj prolmltly tirnt Hi'i-n \ty liini
in Novt'inbur, 17i''J, on tlic sliort's of the Hay of San FranciHco. In On-jjon it was diwovvrud '^ in 182(1
liy Daviil Doujjlas,'' wlio introduced it into tiw (jfardens of Knrope, wlicre it ix oceaHionally eultivated.

The California Laurel is one of the statelieat and uumt huautiful inluihitants of tlie North American
forests, nnd no evergreen tree of teuiperiito regions 8urpa8Hen it in tiie heauty of its dark dense crown
of lustrous foliage and in the niassiveness of liahit wliicii make it one of the inu8t striking features of
tile California landscape and tit it to stand in any park or garden.

> Si'i) ii. UO,

' lluukcr, rimi/Kiii. /Jor. Afag. ii. l'J7 (Lauriu ngia).

' Hm ii. 04.

KXI'I-ANATION OK TIIK PLATK.

Plate CCCVI. IJmhkllulahia C'ALiruBNiuA.

1. A ilowerinK branch, niturkl iii».

«. I>iiik,'r>>ni "f n tluwiT.

•'I. All iiiiiIh'I iif lliiH'i'ni witli t'X|>anilin|{ involucre, enlarged.

•1. A lliiwiT, nilarKtvl.

r>. ViTtirttl u-rtiuii iif a tlowi-r. i'iiliirj;«l.

6. A Btainvn uf tlia llmt iir mronil in'rion, front view, enlarged.

7. A Klniiiin iif till' tliinl m'rii'K. front vit'W, rnlarirpil.

8. A Htaiiiiiioiliiiiii. I'liliirijctI,

9. A |iintil. I'lilarKi'il.

10. An iiviilt', iiiurli innKnitiiMl.

11. A fruiting l>runi'li, natural iiiie.

1'-. ViTtiial miliciii iif II fruit, nlightlj enlarged.

lli. All t'Oibrjru, natural titv.

laiiuacea;.

lioH,' thu phyHiciaii
lirHt Hi'i'ii \ty liini

iiM'ovt'rml '•' in 182(i

iilly I'liltivatud.

1' North Anu'riciin
iliirk (leiiHe urowii

rikiiig ft'iiturvH of

• 8m ii. 04.

^^ll**'

V

T*b CCCVl

t-

%

i

i|

J

^i

MB

i

i:l

1 J

tfl

s'll

I..V1 ItAfKX

I'liysician
«^u by him

• Mian
• crown
M(r«8 of

Silva of North America

Tab CCCVI

8 i I .'

H

1 V

i , i

I' £ f.l.r.-n ,M

fflfne/u -f^

UMBELLULARIA CALIFORNICA Nutt

E ;i!

A /itiUttyttC Mr,

/nip ./ Tuneur, Pa'^ts

KUPUOIUJIACE^.

SILVA OF NORTU AMERICA.

23

DRYPETES.

Flowers dioncious ; calyx 4 to 6-parted, the divisions imbricated in icsti^■ation ;
corolla 0 ; stamens as many as the divisions of the calyx, or about twice as many ; disk
hypogynous, pulvinate ; ovary 1 or rarely 2-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell, suspended.
Fruit drupaceous. Leaves alternate, entire, or obscurely sinuate-toothed, stipulate,
persistent.

Drypetes, Vahl, Ecloij. iii. 49 (180T). — Endlicher. Gen. Liparena. Poitcaii, Dirt. Sci. Nat. xxvii. 6 (1823).

11'.'4. — Moisncr, Gen. 'HA. — Kiiillon, Etitde Gen. Freireodendron, Mueller Arfj., />e Can</oWe Prorfr. xv. pt.
Euphorb. C06i llUt. PI. v. 248 (exel. Jfemiei/rlla and ii. 244 (1802). — Buillon, HUt. PI. v. 248.

Ci/cloateinon). — Uentliani & Hooker, Gen, iii. 278. —
I'ax, Enijler X- Prantl Pjianzenfam. iii. pt v. 25.

Trees or shrubs, with thick milky juice an'l terete branehlets. Leaves involute in vernation,
alternate, petiolate, penniveined, coriaceous, persistent ; stipules minute, caducous. Flowers axillary,
sessile or pedicellate, the males in inany-flowercd clust(.'rs, tlio females solitiiry or in few-flowered clusters.
Pedicels di!velo[)ed from the a.\ils of minute di'ciduous bracts, ebractcolulate. Cidyx divided nearly to
the base into four to six lobes rounded or acute at the apex, deciduous or persistent under the fruit.
Stamens inserted under the mar<jin of a flat or concave sliifhtly lobed disk ; Klameuts filiform ; anthers
ovate, emarginate, attached on the back near tiie base, extrorse or introrse, two-celled, the cells affixed
to a broad oi)long connective, opening longitudinally, wanting in the pistillate flower. Ovary sessile
on a thick lobed disk, ovoid, one or rarely two-celleil, crowned by one or two sessile or subsessile
peltate or rcniform stigmas ; rudimentary or wanting in the sterile flower ; ovules two in each cell,
collateral, descending, attached to the central angle of the cell, operculate with a hood-like body
developed from the placenta, anatropous ; raphe ventral ; micropylo extrorse, superior. Fruit drupa-
ceous, ovoiil, or subgloliose, tipped with the withered remnants of the stigmas, one-celled and one-seeded,
or rarely two-celled and two-seeded ; exocarp thick and corky or thin and crustaceous ; endocarp
thick or thin, osseous or crusticeous. Seed filling the cavity of the nutlet, estrophiolate ; testa crusta-
ceous or membranaceous. Embryo erect in thin fleshy albumen ; cotyledons broad and flat, much
longer than the superior radicle.

Drypetes is confined to the tropical regions of the New Worlil, where it is distributed from
southern Florida through the West Indies to eastern Brazil. Eleven species ' are now distinguished, of
which two inhabit Florida.

Drypetes produces hard durable wood, but is not known to possess other useful properties.

The generic name, from hfvnna, relates to the character of the fruit.

» Mueller Arg., De CandoUe Protlr. it. pt. ii. 453 j Marlius Fl. linuil. xi. pt. ii. 79, t. IL'. — Urban, Bol. Jakrh. xt. 351.

' .ii'

\t'

I

24

SILVA OF NORTH AMKIiWA.

eui'Uoudlvcea;.

CONSl'KCTUS OF TlIK NOKTIl AMKKICAN Sl'KClKS.

CiUyx 5-liibc(l; stallions 8; ovary l-<'fll('il; fruit olilimg ; cxoeor)) tliiok and moaly ; nutlet tliick-

Willlcd 1. D. Kk^T!N.si«.

Calyx 4-lcibe(l; stamens 4 : ovary '.'-ci'IUhI ; fruit subgloljosc; cxucarp thin, crustocuous; nutlet thin-

wallcd • 2. D. i.ATKitiKi.oitA.

Cai/
niciily ;

£UrBORBIACEA,

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

ar.

I

I

DRYPETES KEYENSIS.

White Wood.

Calyx S-lobcd ; stamens 8 ; ovary l-ccUcd. Fruit oblong ; cxocarp thick and
mealy ; nutlet thiok-wulled.

Drypetes Keyensis. I'rhnn, Hot. Jahrb. xv. 3r»4 (1893). Drypetes orooea, var. latifolia. SarRrnt. Fonst Trees N.
Drypetes glauoa, Niittall. Sylfa, ii. (W (not Valil) Am. lOM Cetiaus U. S. ix. I'.'l (not Mueller Arg.)

(1849). — Cliaimian, /'/. 41(1. (1884).

A tree, ociasionally thirty forty feet in heiglit, with a trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, and
stout usually erect braiiehes wiiicli form an oblonfj round-topped head. The hark of the trunk is half
an inch thick, .smooth, milky white, and often marked with large irregular gray or pale brown blotches.
The branchlots, when they first appear, are light green tinged with red, and covered with pale scattered
caducous hairs, and in their first winter are stout, ashy gray, and roughened with numerous elevated
circular pale lenticcls, and later with large prominent orbicular leaf-scars in which appear three con.spic-
uous fibro-vascuhir bundle-scars. The buds are minute, obtu.se, partly immersed in the bark, and
coated with brown resin. The leaves are entire, oval, or ;)bh)ng, often more or less falcate, acute,
acinuinate, rounded or rarely eniarginate at the ape.x, and rounded or wedge-shaped at the base, which
is sometimes rounded on one side and gradually narrowed on the other; when they unfold they are
thin and membranaceous, light green or green tinged with red, and pilose with scattered pale hairs; and
at maturity they are thick and coriaceous, dark green and lustrous, rather paler on the lower than on
the upper siu'facc, three to live inches long, anil one to two inches wide, with broad thick pale midribs
raised and rounded on the upper side, and ob.scure primary veins arcuate and united near the thick
revoluto cartilaginous margins and connected by conspicuous coarsely reticulated veinlets ; they are
borne on stout yellow midribs rounilcd beli.w, grooved above, an<l half an inch in length, and in Florida
ajtpear in early .s]iring and fall during their second year. The stipules are nearly triangular, and rather
le.ss than a sixteenth of an inch long, and di.siippear before the leaves arc half grown. The flowers open
in early spring in the axils of leaves of the previous year, the males in many-flowered clusters, the
females usually solitary or occar.ionally in two or three-flowered clusters, on pedicels rather shorter than
the petioles. The calyx is yeUow-green, hirsute on the outer surface, and about a sixteenth of an inch
long, and is divided nearly to the bast' into five ovate acute boat-shaped lobes deciduous from the fruit.
In the male flower, which shows no trace of a pistil, there are about eight stamens inserted on the
borders of the slightly lobcd toinentose pulvinate concave disk ; the filauu'Ut.t ai<' uneipial in length and
rather longer than the lobe . of the calyx and a little longer than the broadly ovate eniarginate anthers,
which are nearly jls bro.id as they are long, pilose and introrse, with liroail ovate acute connectives.
The ovary of the female flower, which is sessile on a broad slightly lobed disk, is hirsute, one-celled,
and crowned with the broad sessile or slightly stalked obliijue pulvinate stigmu. Tin- fruit ripens in
the autiniui, ami is ovoid, an inch long, and iviny white, with thick dry mealy flesh eit.:'elv investing the
light brown nutlet, which is narrowed at the base into a long point, ;>ud has bony walls an eighth of an
inch in thickness and peiu'trated lor.gitndi'iaily li\ large fibro-vasci'.lar bundle channels ; it is borne
on a stout erect, stalk, much enlarged at tli.> apex, and a third of an inch in leng n, from which it
separates in f dling. The .seed is oblong, roiuhKl at both ends, nearly iialf an inch lonjr, and covered
with a tliiu meinbrttuaceous light brown coat marked with conspicuous veins radiating from the small
hilum.

1

! 1

!l

<l

\
'!

i ul

26

SILVA OF NORTH AMKIilCA.

KUrUOKUIACKiK.

The wood of J)r;/prtcs Kei/insin is heavy, hard, not stronjj, hiittk-, and ch)se-jjiained ; it eonbiins
niinuToiis ohsi'iiie ine(hdliiry rayit, and is brown, streaked witli l)ri<fht yellow, with thick dull brown
sapwood. The speeitic jjravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.1(^4(5, a cubic foot woijjhitig r>H.2A
pounds.

Jh\i/j)ctcs Ki'i/ciiifis inhabits Key West, rmbrella and Elliott's Keys on the coast of southern
Florida, jjrowinjj in dry sandy soil with the shrubity Kujjenias, tlie Gumbo Liiubo, the Pisonias, the
Florida Coccolobis, the l'i>jeon I'luin, the I'rincewood, and the Marlberry, which form a larjje part of
the shrubby jrrowth that now repl ices the orijjinal forest-coverinjr of many of the Florida keys. One
of the rarest of the tropical trei's in Florida, JJri/jjiIrs Ki i/ciikIk, is consriicuous for its milk-whito bark,
dark and lustrous folia^je, and larjje white ejrjr-like fruits.

It was discovered on Key West, from which it has now almost completely disappeared, by Dr. J. L.
Blod{,a'tt.'

' See i. 33.

■■:\V.

EXPLANATION OK THK I'LATE.

I'l.ATK CCCVII. ORYrKTF.H KkYKNSIH.

1. A lluwcriiit; liraiii'li uf tliu KtaiiiinuU.' tri'c, natural site.

2. A Huworin^ liriiiirh •>( tlio |)ii>tllluU! tri'o, natural she.
l^. Dia^min of n f(taiiiin:itt> tinwcr.

4. Diagram of a piHtillatf tluwcr.

/>. A Htaininat*.' tlowt>r, t'nlar^t'tl.

(>. An anther, frt>nt and rear virWH, cnlar^wl.

T. Vertical section uf a Htjtininatu lluwer. unlarj^ed.

8. A jUNtiltat'.' ilower. ertlarj^eil.

*J. Vcrti(';il Nectiitti of a piiitillate tluwcr, enlargeil.

10. Tranriveme nection of a pii^til, enlarf^nt.

11. An ovule, much ni.i),'nitieil.

12. A fruiting' liraneli. natural ni/.e.

13. Cruf4H neetiuii of a fruit, natural Mie.
11. N'ertiral xectioi) of a fruit, naluuil Hito.
i!>. A Held, tlionin^ raphi'. natural ni/.e.
Ki. An embryo. enlar);e.l.

17. A yuung leaf with stipule, enlarged.

'^™!f

I

1

V

■4

1 ;i;

;i

>^-

.„j«^

i:i riimti'i

-i(rai>H'il ; it coiiU;

iiii'U lilll] I I

il Ellliot i Miuthii

• ■ ' ''■ ■< i'>ionb.s, till

.'1 lirjfo part <>f

■. H (.uu->piouijus lur iLi mi;K-wlut' '

now a^ntiwt i-tmip'stolj- (luiA|>pCHri-'l, Uy Dr. .),

1*11 ••1-

■It .lii!I U.

Pisonias, thi
I Wjfe piii-t i)>
ii keys. Dm.

!k-wlllt.i- liui

I, i>y l;r. J. I

■"'■*/

1

'ft-''

■&

SiWd 111' NoHh AmciiLa,

Tab. CCCVll

rSFuu;"! ,U

DRYPETES KEYENSIS

A . Hti u ■ftnta- <X-Arti- •'

/"y >.i^ ruft<nu.Pitr:,i.

U

I

il

i

1-
■v.\

I ' ;

1.

KUl'UOKUl

Drypetes
Bohiofferiri

Koelera la|

(iH(»r.).

Beaaera 8)|_
Drypotea

f

EUl'UUKllIACliA:.

;SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

27

DRYPETES LATERIFLORA.

Guiana Plum.

Calyx 4-lobcd ; stiimcns 4 ; ovary 2-cellcd. Fruit subglobose ; cxocarp thin, crus-
tat'cous ; nutlet thin-wallod.

Drypetea lateriflora, Uil)aii, Hut. Jahrh. xv. ;i57 (18911).
Sohttifferin lateriflora, .Swartz, Fruilr/M) (1788); Fl. Jntl.

Kcelera laurifolia, Willilcnow, .Syycc iv. pt. i. 7">l) (in purt)

(ISO.-.).
Bessera spinosa, S|>reii|;cl, I'ikjUI. ii. '.)t (1815).
Dryputea crocea, I'oittau. Mem. Mut. i. Ifiit, t. 8 (I81,'>).

— Niittall, Si/lrii, ii. (iti, t. (>.'!. — Clmpiimn, Fl. 41(».

— (iiiHrlmc'li. Fl. lint. »: 1,1,1. MU ; Cut. Fl. Cull. IT..—
.MuilliT Ai^'.. De Citiiiliillr Fnxtr. xv. |it. ii. 4.j.">. — Sur-
Hi'iit, Fiire.il Tm:i y, .Ini. MV/: ('riiiiii.i I'. ,S. i\. I'.Mt.

Liniacla laurifolia, K. (i. Dictiieli, /.exit: Gartii. u. Hot.

Snehlr. iv. ;t:U (1818).
Boumua coriacea. Stuuilol, Xom. But. ihI. i, ii. 475 (uut

I'oiU'uu) (1841).

Drypetea aeaaUifloru, Huillun, ^tude Gin. Euphorb. Atlu,

45, t. W, f. at-aO, 38, 40 (1858).
Drypetea glauoa, A. Uiclianl, /'/. Cub. iii. 218 Cnot Vahl)

(18,M). — Uilnebiii'li, .Mr III. Am. Acid. n. ser. viii. 157

(/'/. n'rl'jht.} ; Niirhr. K'jl. dendl. Gutt. 18C.">. 1(15;

Cat. Fl. I III: 15.
Drypotes alba, var. latifolin, Grineliach, Nurhr. Kyi. Oe-

»,ll. (iutt. 18G,-), 105; Cut. Fl. Ciih. 15.
Drypetea crooea, ft longipea. MuflU'r Aig.. J)f Caiiilolle

Fniilr. XV. pt. ii. 45(1 (18(it)).
Drypetea crooea, y latifolia. Sliielli'r Arj;., De Candulle

I'iikIi: XV. ]it. ii. .156 (18(10).
Drypetea latifolia, SauTalli-, Fl. Ciih. rj7 ( 187;().
Xyloama nitidum. iloultur f. lilc Juckitun, Ind. Keii: ii. 802

(nut Lirisebacli) (18<J3).

A tri'O, twenty to thirty feet in lii'ijjlit, witli ;i short trunk five or six inehes in diameter, and
sK'niicr erect hranches. The harit of the ti'uni< is a sixteenth of an iiieh tiiiciv, and li<rht brown tinned
witli red, thi- <ri>nerally siuonth surt'aee .separating into small irregular scales. The hranehlets are terete
and slender, and when they lirst a]i[iear are li^ht ^reen tinned with red ; in their tir.st winter they are
asiiy gray and are marked with scattered pale leiitieels, and at the end of their second year with the
small elevated oval leaf-scars which display the ends of three fihro-va.scidar handles. The hnds are
minute, acute or ohtuse, chestnnt-hrown, and coated with pale hairs. The leaves are oldonjr, acute or
acinninate at the apex, ^radiuilly narrowed at the hase, luid entire ; when they unfold they are thin and
covered with scattered pale hairs, and at maturity are thick and suhcoriaceous, dark j^een and lu.strous,
tliri-e to four inches in len<rth, and half an inch to an inch and a half in breadth, with conspicuous
li;fht-colored midribs ruund(!d al)ove and below, and ob.seure primary veins arcuate and united near the
slifjhtly thickened revolute margins and connected !)y slender reticulated veinlets ; they are borne on
slender jrroovcd petioles a (juarter of an itieh lonjf, and appear in Florida in the early sprinjj, falling
duriuf^ their sccontl year. The Howers open late in the autumn (u- early in the winter, on hranches one
or two years old, in the axils of leaves or from leafiest* nodes, in many or few-tlowereil clusters on
pedicels shorter than the petioles. The calyx is p;reenish white, hirsute on the outer surface, divided
to the base into four ovate rounded lobes, and persistent under the fruit ; in the male flower, in which
there is no trace of an ovary, there are four stamens inserted under the margin and between the lobes
of the Hat tomento.se disk, with slender ex.sertcd filaments and introrse emar<i;inate pilose anthers. In
the female flower the ovate tomentose two-celled ovary sits on a broad slifrhtly lobed disk, and is
surmounted by two nearly sessile obliijue spreadiujj cushion-like stijjmas. The fruit, which ripens
durinji; the sprinj^ and early summer, is subjriobose, a third of an inch in cliameter, tipped with the
conspicuous blackened reiiniants of the sti<;;mas, dark brown and coated with soft pubescence ; it is
solitary or produced in clusters of two or three, and is borne on stout si ilks enlarjjed .at the apex and
a (piarter of an inch in length, from which it separates in falling ; the flesh is thin and erustiieeous,

jj

i H

1 I

1/

• l

Ml'

i>f

1.

88

SI/ J' A OF xoirni AMi:i{i('A.

KUl-HOnniACK*

iinil cloM'ly invi'Mts the tliin-wiillod iTUHtiu'i'oiiH iiiitU't. The wed Ik olmvntp, f;il)boiiR, nil eiglith of iiii
iiicli loiijf, roiiiKlfd hclow, niirrowi-d iind imiiki'd at tlu- iipox with tho clevutod piiln liihim, from whicli
iiiiiiii>ri>iiH liroMil veins railiatc, and on tlu> inner Hurfaee with the liroiid coiiHpieiiouH raphe.

The wood of />n//i<li.t /uti rijlurn in iieavy, hard, liritth', mid ehme-^rained ; it eontaiim numerous
thill medullary rays, and is ricli dark hrowri in color, with thiek yellow wipwood. Thu Kpeeilie gravity
of the absolutely dry wood is (MfJOU, a euiiie foot weiu;hinj,' ^tl.'.W pounds.

J)ri//iili!< liitiril!(ir(i inhahits in Florida the shoreH of Hay lliseayne ami many of tho Hoiitherti
keys; it is also eonimon on the liahania Islands ami on Cuha, San Dominjro, .lam.iiea, and I'orto Uico.

Driiiiilin lutifilhirii was discovered toward the emi of the liutt eontury liy the Swedish hotanist
Swart/.' on the island of San Uiimin^o. In the L'liitcd SUites it wan first uuticed on Key West by
Dr. .1. L. Uloil^jctt.

• Sin V. U.

■\

KXI'LANATION OK TIIK I'LAIK.

I'l.VTK ('('('VIII. I)HVl'tTKS t.«TKHIKr.llK\.

1. \ tlitwtM'in^ l'r:ti)<*Ii (if a Ntaiiiinatc tree, nattirat ni/o.

'J. A tliiwi-i'in)( liraiirh <>( a iiiaiillatu trei'. imturiil >i/.u.

S. A '•laiiiliiali' tlowiT. i'iilari,'i'il.

4. \'rrthMl .<(S'ti<>tt iif a ^.taniiimte HuwtT, onUr^t'U.
.'">. .\ iii..lillali' lliiniT. iiilar:,'i'il.

(5. A pi'.tillali' (|..«ir. tlin ralyx ri'iiKivisl, I'tiluryfd.

7. Vortiriil ncrticni nf a |li^lil. i'iiliir(;''il-

5. CfiwH •■■i-liiiii iif nn i>vary. riil.ir^tsl.
9. A fruilin^ liranrh. natural <.i/-i*.

10. ('rn.44 Hrt'tion of a fruit, luilari^ril.

11. Vcrtiral ni'ctiiiii iif u fruit, i.-iilur)(i'<l.

12. A MN-il, enUri;<sl.

I.'l, Vcrliral ncctinii "f n "I'ctl, uiilargiNl.

M. All i3iiiliryii, i'iilur);i'tl.

4.

'

*
-*

\

•■i.

0

'}y

60

i«<f

Kl'I'H()nBIA( I

obovat«», '"ifsViiK, ail fifrlii.li of
• x with the cU'vai. . .Imn, from ni

ill the bn '

:iU '

'lU |>l,lli:'l

^ niHciw.,

ilH' .•'(;mii

! 'iiniiiiirn, ,

' I'urto lii,
iish botafi

• 11 « IS tirsi

Ul

jUad !i;

1 !•. ■ ■<■■.

KVf I \Ni IT.

Silva of North Anieiica .

Tio. CCCViii

c:l'f\ui,m ilfl

H*tpii

DRYPETES LATERIFLORA , Uib.

A iiuxttnui ihrtst' '

ififi ./ I'utwitr . Pu

\ \

t 1 I

i!f

!■

%i

1 *

W'T ■ '

Ktrj'lIOUIIIACEiK.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

2!)

GYMNANTHES.

Flowers monoecious or rarely dioecious; calyx rudimentary or 0; corolla 0;
stameas 2 or rarely 3 ; disk 0 ; ovary 3-celled ; ovule solitary in each cell, suspended.
Fruit a 3-lobed capsule splitting into tlii-ee 2-valved cocci. Leaves alternate, stipulate,
persistent.

Oymnanthea. Swart/.. Prodr. 95 (1788). — Endlirher, Gen.
Siipi)!. ii. X7 ; iv. |it. iii. 87 (tiymiiaiitliiis). — Haillon,

iii. 337. — Pax, Eni/ler & Prantl Pflatixenfam. iii. j)t. v.
101.

^tiule Gin. Eiijilwrh. 530. — Bcntliani & Hooker, Gen. Excoecaria, IJaillon. Ili^t. PI. v. 227 (in part) (1874).

Ghibrous trees or shrubs, with milky juices and slender terete branehlets. Leaves alternate,
petiolate, entire or crenulate-serrate, coriaceous, jienniveined, persistent ; stipules meudiranaeeous,
minute, caducous. InHorescence-buds covered with closely imbricated chestnut-brown scales, length-
eniiifjf in anthesis, bearinjif in the upper axils numerous thiei-branched clusters of staminatc flowers,
tiu'ir branches furnished with minute ovate bracts, and from the lower axils two or three lonjj-stalked
pistillate flowers. Perianth of the staminatc flower minute or wantinj^. Stamens two or rarely three ;
Klaments filiform, declinate in anthesis, inserted on the slipjlitly enlar<red torus, free or .sljirlitly connate
at the base ; anthers atbu'hed on the back below the middle, erect, ovoid, two-celled, the cells parallel,
o|>eniii{; lotiiritudinally. Perianth of the ])istillate flower reduced to three bract-like scales. Ovary
ovate, three-celled, narrowed into three recurved styles free or slightly united at the base, stiginatic on
their inner face ; ovule solitary in each cell, suspended from its inner anirle, anatropous ; raphe ventral ;
niicropyle extrorse, superior ; the obdurator or enlarged cup-like growth from the funicle only ulightly
developed. Capsule thrce-lobed, separating from the persistent axis into three two-valved cocci, debi.scent
on the dorsal and partly on the ventral suture. Seed ovoid or subglobose. strophiolate, or rarely
naked ; testa membranaceous or crustiiceous. Embryo erect in thick fleshy albumen ; cotyledons folia-
ceuu:i, broad and flat, nutch longer than the su])erior radicle.

About ten species ' of (iyunianthes are distributed from southern Florida, where one species occurs,
through the West Indies to Mexico" and Hrazil.'

Gymnanthes produces hard, durable, and sometimes handsome wood, but is not known to possess
other useful properties.

The generic name, from yv^vd^ and di'0o$, relates to the structure of the naked flowers.

' HiMitliuin & IIiMikiT, <»Vri. iii. X\T.
' llciiiiiluy, Hot. Biol, Am. fml. iii. 136,

• Mueller .Vrg., Mariiiu I'l. bnuil. xi. pt. ii. M6 (Sebaatiauia),

\i

■' 1

i I

1 i f

l!

fl'

!!:

i r

! I

30

SILVA OF NORTH AMERIVA.

EUrUOUDUCK-K

QYMNANTHES LUOIDA.
Grab Wood.

Pkuianth of the staininato flower 0 ; stamens 'J or 3 ; ovary long-stalked. Leaves
obloiig-obovate to ovate-laaeeolate.

QymnantLoB luoidn. Swart/-. yV'"//-. '.M"> (178S>. — ll,iilli)n, 61. — DietriiOi. Sijn. v. '.W). — Kidmril. Fl. Cub. Hi.

I'idilc (it'll. J-.'ii/./icHi. 't'.W. — MiiilliT Arj;.. Liiinnd. I'.t'.t. — C'lia|iiimii. Fl. 4(»,">. — Grisi'luifli. Fl. Urit. IT.

xxxii. lUO. — Ilitchniek. Heit. .MUsniiri h'l. (hirl. iv. /«'/. ."'(>; ( ^/^ /'/. Citli. 'JO. — K^'kitm. \'iili'n»k. Metil.

1L".|. //.( mit. Fur. KJ'ihrii/i. 1.S7G, 14.'> {Fl. St. Cmir).
Excioocariii lucidn. S«arl7.. Fl. Iml. Occ. ii. 11'.".' (18(Xi). — Sebostiania lucida, MuuIIit Arj;., /V CimlnUe I'nnh. xv.

Willili'iuiw, S/m: iv. Sti."i. — rirsodii, .S'y//. ii. (>i!l. — pi. il. 1181 (ISllli). — Ki;);i'r!<, /("//. T. ,S'. .V'l'. .)/"«. N>i.

I'liiii't. Lttm. Dirt. Sn\\\>\. i. l.Vi. — A. lU- .Iii»»ii'ii. lii. '.•'.' (Fl. St. Croijr ninl tin- t in/in Jsliinils). — .Sai-

Fiiiilinrli. Ti'iii. I. 1(1. f. ,"1,"). — NiituUI. Si)lni, ii. (lO. t. k'""'- /'"■'■■<' TnrK .V. Am. ]l>tli (>«,««» /'. .S'. ix. ll'l.

A trt't>, iK'casioiially twci. to thirty fi'et in height, with » trunk six or eij^ht inches in (lianiettT
ami often irreffularly ridj^eil, the rininded ridjjes spreailinfj; near tlie surface of the ground into bntad
l)uttresses, and witli slender erect hranclies whieli form a narrow loose olilon^ head. The i>ark of t!ie
trunk is dark red-hrown and a sixteenth of an iiirh thick, and separates into larjje thin scales, wliicli, in
fallinif. dis]ilay the lif^ht brown inner bark. The branchlets are terete and slender, and, when they first
ajiiPi'.ir, are liljht p'l'cn and more or less dce|ily shaded with red ; in their first winter they are li).(ht
j;rav-i)ro\vn faintlv tin^etl with red and roii>;hened hy numerous oltloni; pale lentieels; ultimately they
become ashy fjny, and are marked at the end of their second year with semiorbicidar elevated leaf-
scars in which appear four tibr(>-va.scular buntUe-scars superposed in pairs. The leaf-buds are ovate,
obtuse, covered with chestnut-brown .scales, and alxmt one .sixteenth of an inch in length. The leaves
are comluplicate in vernation, oblonfj-(d)ovate to ovate-lanceolate, and obscuridy and remot«ly crenulate-
serrate or often entire; wiien they unfold they are thin and mcmbraimceous, deeply tin^red with red, und
furinshed on the teeth with minute caducous (hirk inlands, and at maturity they are thick and coriaceous,
dark ^jreeii and lustrous on the upper, and p.ile and dull on the lower surface, two to three inches lonj;,
ami two thirds of an inch to an inch and a half wide, with broad pale midribs raised and rounded on
the upper side, obscure primary veins arcuate und united near the margins, a.ul connected by prominent
coarsely reticulate veinlets, and broad slightly grooved petioles about a i|uarter of an iiudi in length; in
Fl<iri<la they ajipear in early spring, and, remaining on the braiu'hes through their si ond sunnuer, fall
g'aduali, . The stipules, wl>i,.li disappear as 8oo>'. as the leaves unfold, are ovate, acute, membranaceous,
light brown, clothed on the margins with long pale hairs, and nearly a sixteenth of an inch in length.
The ii)*lorescence-buds appear in Florida late in the autumn in the axils of leaves of the year, and
iluring tile winter are an righth of an inch long, and covered with chmely ind>ricated scales ; in the earlv
spring they begin to leiigthen, and when fully grown the inflorescence is an inch and 11 half to two
indies long, and consists of a slender glabrous angled rachis, which, in lengthening, has se]>arat«<] the
scales. From two or three of the lower scales the long-stalki'<l solitary female flowers are produced, and
from between the remainder the stamens of the usually triandroiis male Howers protrude. The scales
are broadly ovate, pointed, concave, rounded and thickened at the apex, puberulous and eiliate on the
margins ; those wiiich iiiclo.se the male flowers are connate with their peduncles, and as these lengthen are
carried upward, and thits remain immediately under the pedicels of the fully cxpande<l flowers, while
those subten<ling the female flowers at the basc^ of the inflorescence are not raised on their peduncles.
The male inflorescence consists of u peduncle teriuiuating in three divisions, each of these divisions or

pedicels bt
lengthens,
enlarged
green |)edi
acute lUKM
Florida is
obovate, d
flesh, and
separates,
ami bony,
coat, and
The
i)eautiful
yellow, w
cubic foot
furnishes '
Gi/tti
southern
Bahama b
(I'l/iii
the Unitei

EU1'U0UBULK,H

KUl'ItOUBIACEiE.

SIL VA OF NORTH AMERICA.

31

I I

0(1. Leaves

(i. Fl. Citti. iii.

1, /'/. Uri/. li:

y^iiemk. Moll.
'■ Ci-oir).

.'"//'• I'nnh. XV.
>'. .\'(t. Mi,». N„.

hiniiln). — Siir-
'■- .V- ix. ll'l.

's ill <lianiet»T
1(1 into hroail
' l)aik of t!i('
It's, which, ill
hi'ii they first
lev are lijrht
tiiiiiifoly thcv
fh'vati'd h'al-
"1h aro ovate,
Tlio leaves
L'ly crenulatt-
with red, and
(I coriaceous,
iiicheti loiifr,
rounded on
>y prominent
n leiifrth ; in
stiniiiier, fall
iiliranaceoiis,
•h ill leiifrtli.
le year, mid
in the earlv
half to two
paratwj the
oducud, am!
The scales
liate on the
I'lijrtheii are
iwers, while
Jied uncles.
liviHioiis or

pedicels heiug furnished at the base before anthesis with a minute ovate bract, which, as the pedicel
len>;thens, is carried up, so that when the flower is fully expanded, it stands just under the s'.ightly
enliiij^ed torus upon which the stamens are inserted. The female flower is borne on a slender dark
frrceii peduncle tinged with red, half an inch long, and furnished at its apex with three minute ovate
acute uneijiial jiiibescent bracts, from which rises the sfoiit stipe of the ovary. The fruit, which in
Florida is produced sparingly, and is often injured by insects, ripens in the autumn ; it is slightly
obovate, dark reddish brown or nearly black, a third of an inch in diameter, covered with thin dry
flesh, and hangs on a slencK'r stem an inch or more in length ; tho three-valved nutlets into which it
separates, leaving the white corky axis remaining on the peduncle^ are thick-walled, light brown, hard
and bony, and lustrous on the inner surface. The seed is ovoid, and covered l.y a thin chestnut-brown
coat, and is marked with a conspicuous circular elevated strophiole and with a broad ventral raphe.

The wood of Gi/miKinlln s liic'idit is very heavy, hard, close-grained, and susceptible of receiving a
beautiful polish ; it contains numerous obscure medullary rays, and is rich dark brown streaked with
yellow, with thick bright yellow sapwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 1.0905, a
cubic foot weighing (>7.J)G pounds. In Florida it is no " oeciisionally manufactured into canes, and
furnishes valuable fuel.

Gi/miinnthcs ha-idn is a freipient inhabitant of the low woods which cover the coral formations of
Hoiitliern Florida from the shores of ISay Biscayne to the Manpiesas keys. It is common on the
Ualiama Islands, and inhabits many of the Antilles.

(I'l/iniKinlhcs lucidit wjis discovered by the Swedish botanist Swartz, ou the island of Jamaica. In
the United Stiites it was first noticed ou Key West Ly Dr. J. L. Blodgett.

I ■ ;

r n

EXPLANATION OK THK IM.ATE.

«.

",t.
M.
11.
12.

13.

14.
1.-).
16.

I'l.ATK L'CCIX. fJVMNANTIIKS I.UIIKA.

A lliiwi'ring bniiii-li, iiutiinil siii'.

I)iii>,Tiuii of a clustrr of iii.ili' tliiwen.

Diagram iif ii ft'inalr tltiwcr.

A (liistiT of male How.ts with Ihrir irule. anterior view,

I'lilarKeil.
A Htanien, enlarj^etl.

A fiiiiale tliiwer with its peilunrle. eiilargol.
Vertical rtectiuii of a female flower, enlarged.
Croiix Keetiiin nf a female flower, enlari^inl.
vVii ovule, niiirh ma^nitieil.
A fruiting; Kranrh, iiatiirul ni/.e.
Vertieal section of a fruit, enlartjeil.
A ciH'cu* partly Hplit o|>en, iliKplayiii); tlie Tentr.%1 fade of

a Reeil, enlarj^e*!.
A neetl. enlarftett.
Cnmii neitiuii of a need, enlargitl.
An euihryo. eular^ed.
A Htipule, enlarged.

\l

%.

■A

^

\

I

¥

^

^X W

#.

ey^

'^'

;i

m

i I

J^

iv f

I '

:.}|

It

iH

Silva

\^

H

\

CE

Tab CCCIX

f

^^

o°6i

/. /." /'u.r>>'i .iW

I

GYMNANTHES LUCIDATw

■i /fn'i/rn-t iiir^.f * Imp .^ Tnn^ur Parur

\\

I

\

■j \

I ill

^'.

i;Ul'Ut»HHlAt'

coroUii 0
9-celled ;
tardily tU

Hippomane,

Oeii. :'.'.»
337

llu

A Klal
I'irciilar mi.-
of <)l)scurc
fallinjj of t
brown sciilt'
points tcrni
with niiniit
hairs, soon
ahovo, paU'i
veins slcnili
roiirst'ly rt't
slunth^r, rij;
orhii'iilar d
htciniate ni
spicatc. u\i[
rai'liis oftt'i
till- two or
lancoohitt' 1
staminate t
in the axil
extending
middle int
U>ss c'onnat
Hj;ht yello'
niiddh-, en
volhtw-gri'i
Ovary six
ejhndrieal
on the inn
raphe veni
a tlucken(
lent, adht
cuduuurp

i

KUl'UOUIIlACEi*;.

SILVA OF NOUTU AMEIUVA.

33

HIPPOMANE.

Flowkrh monoecious ; calyx u.sually JMobcd, the lobes imbricrtted in oestivation ;
corolla 0 ; stamens 2 to .'i, their filaments (jonnate ; disk 0 ; ovary superior, G to
9-celled ; ovule solitary in each cell. Fruit drupaceous. Leaves alternate, stipulate,
tardily deciduous.

Hlppomane. LinnBiiH, Oen. 368 (1737). — A. L. de Juuieu, 228. — Bentham & Hooker, Qtn. iii. 333. — Paz, En^

(Jen. ;;',tl. — Kiiillichcr, Gen. 1110. — MeMiiiT, (len, ler A- I'ntntl I'jlanxeiifam, iii. yit. v. ^iS.

337. — UuiUon, jitude Uen. Hujthurb. 53U ) J/iat. J'l. v. Manoanilla, AiUiihoii, Fam. PI. ii. 3.54 (17U3).

MancineUa, Tuiuac, FL AntUl. iu. 21 (1824).

A nIiihrouH tree, with tliick milky acrid juice, scaly bark, and stout pithy brunchiets marked with
circular raised leiiticels and i>l>lon^ or Heiniorbicular horizoutal elevated leaf-scars in which appear a row
of obscure tibro-vasciilar bmullc-sciirs, and nearly encircled at the nodes by riufj-like scars left by the
fiilliufj of the stipules. Buds ovate, acute, covered by many loo.^ely imbricated lonfjf-pointed chestnut-
brown scales. Leaves involute in vernation, broadly ovate, abruptly rounded at the apex into broad
points tcrniinatin;r in slender niucros, rounded or subcordate at the ba.se, remotely crennlate-serrate
with minute jjland-tippcd teeth, penniveined, lonjj-petiolate, [lilose at first with occasional lonjj pale
hairs, soon bi'comin<r glabrous, and at maturity thick and coriaceous, dark yellow-^reen and lustrous
above, paler and dull below; midribs stout, li<i^ht yellow, raised and rounded on the upper side; primary
veins slender, remote, arcuate and united at .some distance from the niaijrin, connected by conspicuous
coarsely reticulated vcinlets more prominent on the upper than on the lower side ; petioles elongated,
slender, rijjid, lijjht yellow, rounded below, obscurely }jrooved above, marked at the very apex with lar<i[e
orbicular dark red frlands ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, abruptly narrowed from a broad base, slifjbtly
laciniate near the apex, mendiranaceous, li^lit chestnut-brown, caducous. Intlorescence terminal,
spicate, appeariufj in early H|)rin^ usually before the unfolding of leaves of the year, the stout fleshy
racliis often furnished at the base with acute sterile dciiduous bracts or with one or two small leaves,
the two or three minute ])istillate flowers solitary in the axils of these leaves and in those of ovate acute
lanceolate bracts, furnished with two lateral glandular bractlets, raised on thickened lobes of the rachis ;
st^uninate flowers minute, articulate on .slender pedicels, clustered in tijjbt to fifteen-flowered fascicles
in the axils of similar bracts higher on the rachis than those subtending the pi.stillate flowers and
extending to its apex. Calyx of the staminate Hower yellow-green, mend)ranaceous, divided below the
middle into three or sometimes into two acute lobes. Stamens two or often three, exserted, more or
less connate by their filaments into a stout column, free and spreading from the apex ; anthers ovoid,
light yellow, surmounted by the short prolongation of the connective, attached on the back below the
midtUe, erect, extrorse, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Calvx of the pistillate flower ov.ite,
yellow-green, divided nearly to the ba.se into three ovate acute concave divisions rounded on the back.
Ovary six to eight-celled, narrowed at the base and gradually contracted above into a short simple
cylindrical style separating into six to eight long ra<liating flattened abruptly reflexed styles stigmatic
on the inner face. Ovule solitiiry in each cell, suspended from its iiuier angle, descending, anatropous ;
raphe ventral ; micropyle extrorse, superior. Fruit ])ome-shaped, obscurely six to eight-lobed, raised on
a thickened woody stem ; epicarj) thin, light yellow-green or yellow and red ; mesocarp thick, lactes-
cent, adherent to the thick-walled riigo.se deeply and irreguLirly winged six to eight-celled siihglobose
cndocarp flattened at tlu- two ends, the cells separated throughout by thin dark radial ])lates.

i

M

siLVA OF ynirrif amkiuca.

KUniOHBIACK.V

tiltiiiiatt*lv N(>|uiral>K>. pi'iirtriitcil near the sinniiut Kv oi»li(|iir ninulH HIIimI hy the fniiicli'H of tin* Hcnln.
iSird ohlon^dvatiN tiiarktMl witli a iiiiiiutc Nli^litly rIcvatiMl liiliiin, ami nii tlic v(*iitral face willi an
(»l»s('iiri» raphe ; trnta iiu'inhranarcous, ^r|»arahh' into two (Miatn, thr outer ihirk. the iniu'r thiniirr, li<;lit
Im'owii. Kiuhrvo KurroiiiHlt'il hv tliick tirshy alixniii-n ; rotxlnhtiih tiat, I'ohaccoiiH, miu'li Utnger than
the sliort I'l-n-t lutliclr tiirin-il toward ttir hihiin.

'I'hr woimI oI' lli|t|Mii)iaih', when ;;rowii in Florida, Ih ti^ht and Hofl although 4*loH<*-^ra!ntMl, aixl
contains nnnnnnm cvmly di>tiihutiM| small open ducts and many ohM-nrc medullary rays. It is dark
lirowii. with thick li^ht Inown or \cllo\v sapwood. The Hpecitic gravity ol' the ahsolutely dry wnod i^
()..")272. a cid»ic loot wcin'liin^,^ \\'k\>1 jtounds.'

All parts of llippoinane alxiund in exceedingly jioisonous caustic Nap which pntduci's cutaneous
ernptioiiH. and taken internally destroys the inucouH ineinhraue.' Kain water falling on the leaves
hccnnies |M)isonons. and the snmke of thr hurnin;; wood injures or (leHtntyn the eyes. In the Aiitillt-s
and on tli>- adj.u-ent shores nf South Anicrica tlie Tarihs employed the Hjip t>i poisoii their arrows.'

The generic name, from tii'i; and //uj rrjt. used hy the (ireeks to diHtiii^^iiish sonie plant with
properties ixcitaut to horses,' was ad(»pted for thin tropical Auu*rican tree l»y LiiiUietiH, who discardeil
the older Manvariilla of Plnmier.''

The ^enns is represented hy a single spi'cics.

' Hy nMii\ iiiitl)<)rs tin- wimh) nf lli|<)>nii)iuti> i-* iti-«rnlM<il iirt Ihmivv
iiml \\i\T\\, iinil as Viilmd iirul iiiinli ritminil irt riiliiiii-t-iii;ikiii^ ; in
Klxhilii till' Uvv* TATfU priHiiii'i- lii'iirtHiNHl, iiiiil IIh" kii|>h<>4mI i-*

I'rrtllilllv tiKi li^lll mil) Hnft to )h' iif itlU Mlliir ill till- urt«. Of till-

nulliors wliu Invi- ilfscrtlH-*! tliiit tn'f, Tiihaju- { /•'/, AutilL ni. 'S,\) wy-
pfiifH tu In> tlir Pill) oiif who liiut iiMtii-rtl the miftiirMS nf tlti> h<mm)
»ii<l itN iiifi'riitr qiialit^r.

' I'l'VHAotirl, litr, P-ruMi. li'Ofm. th M*tl., ifr Chir. ft fh t'harm.
tu. Ml. — llii'np(l-MjuliJtiiim, iif hm he$ rt KrfHnmfft $ur In I'm-
•Mil.. ./M;n.>.7.i/. t. ;i.; .Y. )'. V"/ * PSv'. Jour. iii. .'««>, l:il». -
OrfiLi \ nii^i.T, Arrk. U,n. tie .\f,ii. \. 'X>H. — .VhnMlrr. firurrni.
'I'lj'ifrhr. /.rtuui'if. ^irnvfuh. i. 'Jiit> — Ktwiillijil, >'v'i /V. thitfihur.

H'JO. — JiK-kAon, Mf'l. I*rt*» .V 1'%rT. ii. wr. ilti. MA. (iiiil»tinrl.
iiift. liroif. i-il 7, li. ;H,"i. ■—■ Ktfp'pi. Tul^xir. pop. f'rrmtt. .Witur,

1H7H, I ILV - lUill Tnnt: Jiitt. Mi. l»|t*t. (*..rii.*viii. /V- l*Utntr»

Vituutunff, |S«J. (Sfc, ii1m<, NiroUuii, A'<»«ii nur I'fttMtinrr \iiturrlU
ilr St. /*f«rni»if/>i^, 'Jl'Hl. — |l«»yfr I'fvrclruii, Lm .\fttuif$ Fnitufntri,
cd.'J. i, 71 )

■ " ArUil n itiiiii(;juiilln, rniuMivii friirtu lini iiulioA cnrit**" lU't-hi-nw
h.i4,cn la liifr\» <M>ti i|tir liraii ^ \tv\vnu, In ipial |M>r la ni.anr jMirtP
©« iiiri-miMltaMr." (OxiiMJu. Huil. Mat. ft'ru. IwL lili. U, nip. I'J.)

" 'Hii-ir |iny«<ih i<i nf «iii-h n fi>n'f*, thnt n iimii liriii|; ^trirtii*!! tlifn--
Willi iht'lli wttliiii fi)iin> and t'vrtilif lin»i-rH, u-t ttn' SpMniarils «!.>
iinirnif, \ .n my jinl^ini-nt it '\% liki> (lien' tan W ini iitrniijjtr
|NtMon UK they iiiaki* it, iisiii^ llicmiiilo apiilrt wlin-li An* vrry fain'
iiikI rv'd of I'nioiir. Imt an* ft ^trtm^ |M>yM)ii." ( lliiwkiiiN, Viitf<}-
to fhf liMixt nf (iuttuit nuti thr huitfn of Smni Ht^/Miuui [llakliiU,
yntt'igr*, im|. Kviiiiii, iii. UOL'].)

"Thi* fruit i^ liki' an appli' J»hn, Rml 't i« iiaiil to tm nnu nf :lio<ii>
|MiisniiH, wlM-rcwitli the Imliaii Canilialli invrnoini' thfir ArniW!>''
( l.i^iin, .1 triir ami t rtli't H\.*litrif of thr l%Uvu{ nf' ftnrfMiilM, CtH.)

" Nns CannUxt **• nrrvriit ilii lait ilf> i-*'! »rhrv |Miiir f iii|Hii«niin> r
Iciini tli-flii's ; lU font |M>iir cda tini' ft'iiir ttaint I'i^itim*, fi y iiM-t-
tt-nl If Uait (It-t lli-fhi'K ipii ft'itnlaU'iit ilr la Inpn-tir <pii I'li xnrl i|iit
I'st lilaii(-l)i' (-tiinint- ilii Iml, inais pliiH i^paistr \ plus ^limitti- \\*
luisfiriit si-4')ii-r !«■<« ticrlics uin->i iiiilttW*"!, \ liirsi|ii'i-llt'K fmit tin*'
playr cllfH ffiiipotioiiiirnt t'li im'-iiH' tnns." ( I^ImI, A'tmr^du l'"V'i'/
uur hlr» fir l'.\m*ruptr, i. t77 )

* \Vittiil*'iii, EtitmU.-llU. Hnuiltfvrttrh. 44i.

• Soi\ in. .Im. OVn. Il».

KUl'IIOHBIACK.K

It'H of the Hccils.

Ill face witli „||

r tliiniii'i-, Ijnlit

nil loiixiT lluii

•sc-jrriiiiH'il, ainl

i'.VH. It is ,|;„|,

c'lv ilrv woihI i,

lures I'litan i^

nil till' li'.iM.,

Ill till' Antillc,
r arrriwN.'
mil' pliint with
, wlio iliwitrdid

H-ing .Irii ItiMi IIh r. .

IK llii' S|miii,iriN ,|„

an U< iii> Rtriirii;! r

'

uliiili arc vi-rv fain'

I''

( ilnwiiilii, I'm^.i

//i.</«iiii<i llliikliiu.

1 1" lie lino i.f Ihk,.

'iiH- thfir ArniwH.''

Ilnrhiiilm, (W.)

■<• (""ir |<M«iinii,r

p» IVi-nri'*', K y ilH't-

t'lir i|iii fii Kurl i|iii

|tliiH K'<"^'>t<'- lt«

rniiu'illi'j flint unf

Hli A'tniivuu Vii^nit-

Kt'l'lliiKDIACKiK.

HJLVA OF NOHTll AMEliWA.

86

HIPPOMANE MANOINELLA.

Manohlneel.

Hippomane Manolnella, Linnnui, Spie,\\9\ (1753). —
MilliT, hii'l. till. N, Nil. 1. — .lai'i|uin, Kiiiim. I'l. Curih.
31; IIUI. atirii. Am. 'J50, t. ITiKi tlitl. Sflrrt. Stir/i.
Am. 121. t. 23«. — AiiMi)t, /'/. Oiiian. li. HH3. — /com.
Am. Ilnhlfh. iii. (M, t. 'iK\. — Limittrfk. IHrl. iii. «',I4 ; Itl.
iii. .'174, t. TK.'t. f. 1. — KalillnTi;, .{rail. .Hlm-klt. iii/a llamll.
xi. 'i'i\, I. Kt. —Swart/, Oht. MW. — Willilcniiw, .S'/<C(. iv.
pt. i. r>7!. — IVmcHin, Sijn. ii. "iH'.l. — Titfcinl, llnrt. Hot.
Am. Suppl, It, t. 12, f. B. — Dii M(mt de ("oiirnct. /'"r
^ll/^ eil. 2. vi. .'I2r>. — I.unan, Uort. Jam. i. 4HJ. — lliim-
bolclt, lli>ii|iluiiil iV Kiintli, -Vki'. >ren. el S/in: ii. r)24. —
Kuiitli, Si/n. I't. .K'liiiii. i. ;W4. — I'uir.'t. D'lil. -Sri. .\,il.
xxix. 2, t. 27it, — A. ill' .lumiii'ii. ICiiiihurh. Ti-iif. !M), I. Hi,
f. M. — Link, h'niim. ii. 407. — SpreiiKol, SijtI. iii. HO,"i. —
Deai'iiiirtilz, Fl. .Mi'il. Atililt. iii. 12, t. in,'!. — MayiiH'k,
Fl. Ihirh. 3(18. — .Spach, lli»l. JV^. ii. 524. — Niillull,
.syr<i, ii.,>l, t 6(». — liontluin. Itnt. Wiij. Siil/iltiir, Kill. —

Dii'lrirh. S;/n. v. 224. — Rirharil, Fl. Ciili. iii. 200. —
Haillcm. t(tii(lf (Uii. Kii/ihorh. WO, Alias, t. «. f. 12-
20. — riiopiiMii, Fl. 404.— (!rii«l)tti'li, Fl. Jlrit. »'. /;»/.
BOi Cut. /'». Cub. n>. — Ki'KbI, tliirtenrlora, %v. IC't, t.
BIO. — 5Iiii<lli'r Arif., Do Ciimlulle I'rodr. iv. pt. ii.
1200. — Si'liiii/.li.iii, Iron. t. 24.1, f. 3. — Le Maout A De-
OttiiinK, Truili' (It'll. Hut Kii){li»li "il. ''93, f. — Exgem,
yiihink. Mnlil. J'ni nut. For. Kj'ilienh. 187ti, 145 (^7.
.SV. Croix): Hull. U. S. .\„l. Mob. No. 13,02 (Fl. St.
CrnU mill llir I'injin lilniiih). — Heiiialpy, Hot. li'iol.
Am. Cent. iii. 134. — ,Sar|{ent. Formt Trem .V. Am. \i)th
Cenmiii I'. S. ix. 121. — I'nx. Fni/ler A- Fniotl I'jlunxen-
film. iii. pt. V. (. lit. — llili'liruck, Hrji. .Minnouri Hot.
(liinl. iv r.'O, Ki'J.
ManclntlUa venenata, I'uhmc, Fl. Antitl. iii. 21, t. 5
(1«24).

A tri'o, in Florida riiroly t'xepeiliiijj twelve or flfleen feet in liei^lit, with u Hhort trunk five or six
inclips in iliaineter, Init in the West Indies often tifty to sixty feet tall, witii a trunk occasionally three
feet in diameter, and loii}r Npreadin^ |iendulous liraiiches which form a handHome r(mnd-to|ipcd iicad, or
sometimeH with Htoiit erect liniiiches. The hark of the trunk varies from u '|uarter tu a half of an
inch in thickness, aiul in dark brown and broken on the surface into small thick apiires.sed irregularly
shaped scales; or in the West Indies it is sometimes smooth and li^jht j^ray or nearly white. The leaves
are three or four iuches loii^ and an inch and a half to two inches hroad, and are raised on petioles two
and a half to four inches in length ; unfolding in early spring, they remain on the brandies in Florida
until the spring of the followin)r year, or until the appearance of the new )rrowth. The Howers open
in .March before the leaves of the year, and before or after those of the preeediii^r year have fallen.
The rnchis uf the iiillore.sceiice is four to six inches lon^, dark purple, and uuire or less covered with a
glaucous bloom. The fruit, which ripens in tlie autumn or early winter, and often remains on the
branuhea until after the Howers of the siiuceeding year appear, is un iiicii to an inch and a half in
diameter, and li^ht yellow or yelluw-gruou with a bright red che«k.

JJijijtumane Muncineltu is a common inhabitant of sandy beaches and dry knolls in the immediate
neighlwrhood of the ocean, fnmi the keys which stretch along the southern coast of Florida, and the
Hahama Islands, through the Antilles to the northern countries of South America, and the eastern
and western coasts of Central America and southern Mexico.

The Manchineel, v;hich resembles a Pear-tree in habit and in the form and color of its leaves,
growing in abundance chise to the shores and covered wiih toinpting fruit, raised in the breasts of early
Kuropean travelers in the New World hopes of pleasantness and jdeiity which were soon to give way to
disjippointment and di.smay ; and many of the narratives of their journeys, beginning with that of the
second voyage of Colundms,' who found the Manchineel on the island of Marie Galante, allude to the

> "AlU habia frutun salvapniLi ili- ilifiTi'Mti's nmni'ins, ilo lua Knimli' iirilnr y iliilor qim |iar.'i'i«ninii< liabaii, Ion cuales se rrnie-
quiilfH alBiiuoH no niiiy «abio» probalian, y ili'l Riiato solanii'iitf to- diubaii I'oii I'uiuu friiui." {Htlerl Leite Culumbua, cil. Major, 23.)
I'anilolea cod las Irngiiaa ae lea hiiichabau las cams, y les veuia tan •• Toman los Veiiados, c ni|)oni;oB / us Balsam iloiide Ubcn,

l«

h

;l

36

>s7/.r.l OF NOHTH AMERICA.

KUrnOHBIvVCEil'..

attractive appearance and dangerous properties of this plant, wliich contains a more violent poison than
any other tree of the North American forests.

The fruit of JJij/j/om(nic Munvinvlhi was descrihed by Clusius* in IGOf*, and the earliest authentic
botanical description of the tree appeared in Ray's Jlistoria Plantarumi' published in London itt
1G88, althoun-b references to what was perhaps the Manchineel are found in Dalechamps* IJistorin
Giinralis PUtnt<(rum^^ published in Leyilen in 158G, and in C. Baubin's I'inux Theatri IJotanici,'
published '•» Bale in 1023.

lllppomanv Maiirimila was cultivated in 1739* by Philip Miller in the Physic Garden at Chekea
near London, but probably long ago disappeared from gardens.

con fiortajt Mnin.finilli*'*." (Knuuisi'n I.<)|»pz do (lonmra, lli$t. fie
las Iriiiias, vH\t. U*.) S»m\ also, ihuL tap. 71.

•' llaiio vciitiio, & qsti), fc iV una Horto tV arlM>ri dolia f^radezza di
jKniiari & iioii bisopim »»■ nun coglii-n' il fnitto, H ungerc ta frfzta
nm C.SS41, & sr nun Iia frntti nf ruin|Mino nn ranio, Sc con crrtn latti*
clii ba. fanrio il int'di-sinin." (Alvam Ninn>/, !ielati(»if [lUmimio,
yavti/afttmi f VifUi'ji, iii.J.)

" ArlMiri's in hao pn>vini'ia nostri n*|HTtTo diilciinii |toniurum fr-
rai'fs, mmI iimxinii' nnxionini ; in vcnni's nanqiit> coim'tui nmvcrtni.-
t*'r." (IVltT Martvr. Ihmtits, ii. lil>. i.)

" Tht' niani'iiirl-applt' is uf n niiwt plratant Hwrft smelt, of the
bi);n«>ss nf a orali, but rank ihumoii, vrt the swim* aid liinU have
learnt to shun it." (Smith, Travris, Aiivmturef arul Ot>.irrraliou.t.
cap. xx\i.)

** At onr firit landinf; on this Inland (Santa Cniz) itome of our
women and nii'ii, by eating a sinail fruit like gn-ene Applen, were
frarfully tntuMcd with a sudden burning in (heir luuutheH, and
swelling of tht'ir tongue-* so bii;gt', that sohh' of them .'ould not
sjH'ake. Al.so a <-hild h\ '^ut-kiiig one of thoHc unnienH lirts-uttH, had
at that in>itant hit mouth net on itneli a tnirning, that it wart stnuigo
to hee how tin- infant wa.*t (ornn-ntcd for lhi> linn' : but after 'J4
hours it ware away of itsflf." (llakbiyt. Vou'iW^*' •'' ("'vans, lii. ^1
[Fiiurth \'<iifaijr tii Virqiuin, anno LV"].)

** Fruticeta item juxta littora naaeuntiir, ipiip {**'"' '^ (piirdnm
ferunt piviibus cxitiowi si in a4|uam dendant ; qutn & umbra illius
fnitictri aduimlum nocet hominibus, si sub illo ubdonniveriot, Man-
canillo viH'iuit."' (.Ian ib- La^'t. Snv. Ch-h. 2.)

"*■ I)e nociru arburibus. Sunt dulcium pomonim ffrmces, itrd
maximt'' noxiorum." (Nipn'mlwrg. //«(, SiU. lib. liv. 3.'U.)

l.e M.iiit'fnilitr, Kmdiefort. llistoire \nturrUf ft MamU det hln
AntiUfn, KM.

*• II -M' troiiur dans toutes ces iitles tine seule norte de |H>mme,
qui a du rap|Hirt av< e eeUen de rKurt)|H'. Cos |NMnnies Rort tiMites
Hi'iiibtablcn aux (H'tites |M)mnifs de Paradiit ; ipiuv qu'en effet eo
soient du vrayi'" pomniett di- IVi.fer & de nH>rt, autnnt dangiTPUsoH
au corps de o-m (pii en mangent. que la ]K>mme d'.Vdain le fut k
wm aroe." (I>u Tertr«, Hut. <irr%. 4t$ hies tie Saint ChrutopAt,
2r4 ; flint, den. Antill. ii. 101 1

"Kt uoinim^ment snr le rivage de la iner il y a foree arbrimeaux
qui |Hirtent 1i*h lenrs ressemblanH presques k nos {mires yiir(M>s, inais
tn''« dangereux k manger." (1)« Lery, Hiit. tVun Voyage faU en la
Tntf flu lirestl, 'JKl)

*' \m |>omnie de Mancenille, cm do Maconilier est tout-k-fmt
srinblable k la {Himme Dapis pour la eouleur. la grosseur & rodenr.
Pour le goiit je n'en dinu rien, ma euriiMitt' n'a pan ^ti^ juMpi'lt I'ti
fftire rexin'rience."* ( I«abat, A'outvau Votfage aux Isles tie VAmtrt'fUf.
i. 171. t)

* (hhimlarvi perrgriuw fhirtus nert'is rfiJh'nrfta, Exot. lib. ii. cap.
X. ;«). — , I. Bauhin, Hi.H. den. u lib. iii. .'127.

* Arbiir tvfwnatn Manr-infllo tUrtn, ii. 1(U4J.

Arf»>r vrnr-tutta, ywimi/rrrt, I.tmouur f'ttUit Amerii^naf Mancinflln
'/iWn, (,\mimelin, (Mt. llort. Arrut. ICV.

Arhttr Amerii^na .Xfam-inello tlirta,/nt»'tu pomi penenatn, Pluki--
net. /'ht/t. t. U'J, f. 4 ; Aim. iiot. 44.

Jughiwli tylfinis art^r juit/rrti, lactefreru, t^enrtitita, pffri/olia Man-
raniilo Ht-iftfitui tlirUt, SliMiie, f'n/. IH. Jam. 120; \nt. f list. Jam
ii. 3. t. l.W.

Afaliu Amrruiimi, LauriH-eraxi t'o'in, veiienata. Manrtnelto tirh»r
seu .yfasfimlia (/i la, Conimelin, //<>rr. AmAl. VM, t. (W.

.\fanfiinilla yyri tacif, IMuniier, Sav. IH. Am. rVm. r»0. ^ CaltH-
by, Sni Ilijf. <"ar. ii. tr>. t. {V\.

HipfMtmanr fulii* otHitia serrfttist lannieui, Hort. Cliff ■ 4H4. — Ki)yt'n,
Ft. Leyfl. Profir. KVt.

Hipptmiane. .irt>orettm /.irfMirtu, ntmulit trmatts, petioiis ifinn-
iluia luittitix : jiorihtts fpirati* mirtin, Bn»wne, A'<i/. Hist. Jam. WA.

/V nrfnmhH$ rm^matis, iv. Maru-unillo, .lonston, //w/. \al. Arh.
(.Ml. Ki-kibrerht), ii. 2r.7.

Sec. also, .KmsloD, DervlrograpSint 40, " Fmctus lirasiliensis Mr-
spilo simiiis.*^

' " Item alia fhufum ferens pUfx magnitiuHne t*wu xperiosum, Sfl
venenatum" ii. 1H,'VI.

* MeHftilo ttmilia /twfiu venenatus, 4A4. Arbor /ructu piUa magni'
tiuline, Tily.

* AiUin, Hart. Kew. iii. 378.

KUl'HORBIACE^,.

'lit poison than

rliest autlientic

111 London in

limps' IJin/oria

■atri Jiolunicl,-

den at Chelsea

« fcin'e nrlirinncnni

IMiirpn rurii'ii, luuli

'im Voiiagtfail m la

iliiT eat toiit-k-fnit
irriwwiir & I'oilpnr.

|1H« 6i6 jlllU|iril ,'M

1 1 limit rAmeni/M,

u, Kiol. lib. ij.

..p.

rrirana, Mnna>uU„

iti rtnmalo, I'lukf-

inta, /lyri/olia Mun-
lt> ; \fll. Hut. Jam

Maiutnelto arh„r
t. (W.
• Om. no, — Cai, ,.

lijr. 4*1. _ I{.,v,.„,

na'i', ptiiolu i/lim-
I. Ilitl. Jam. :m.
in, //«(. \ai. Arl:

u Unuitirfitii Mr-

rw« nptciogitm, tfil

fructu pila maf/ni-

I M

4
f

i

1^

I

\h

EXPLANATION OK TIIK PLATK.

Pl.ATK t'CC'X. lllri'KMANK MaMINKI.I.A.

1. A Hiiwri'rln^' am) friiitiii); hrant'li, naturiil hizc.

2. I)in);ram of a slniiiirmU' Hiiwcr.

3. Diagram uf a |>i»till»to llowi-r.

4. A rlu.itor of Htaiiiinate Howcrs inrlosml by their bract, enlargvid.
r>. A utaiiiinate fluwer, vnlarj^.

6. A Ntaiiiiriat^ tlowcr. tlie anthers Hliglitly diver^ng, enlarged.

7. A |ii»tiUate tluwer, oiilartfi'd.

8. Vertical iiection iif a pistillate tlower, viilar);u<l.
y. CroM Hi*eti<>n of an ovar\'. enlargtMl.

10. An ovule, niiirli uiagnilied.

11. Vertical section of ii fruit, natural Hir.o.

12. Cruai section of a fruit, natural site,
llf. A nutlet, natural si/.e.

14. A iiee4!. enlarged.

1."'. An embryo, enlargetl.

10. Portiun of a young liraiiclilet with stipuU, enlarged.

Silva of North Ameru ;i .

Pj^-

J/

>¥

Tab. crr.x

iii

i 1

I • : 1

!t *

t

I

II;,

,i:

h

-w

f'ii.

ft.'

!!:

tr ?

! S 4 i

Sil

Silva of North Ampir- a

i i:

t I

,t

ii

1 !

P. ■

^1

(1

]!?

ii

r

> <

f

J t ,

HIFPOMANE MANCINELLA,

/ .V/(**rHi.«' i/oir '

/"^ / f.irfJtf r^in,*-

H

1

n

ULMAC£^

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

39

ULMUS.

Flowkrs perfect or rarely polygamous ; calyx 4 to 9-lobcd, the lobes imbricated
in icstivatioM ; corolla 0 ; stamens 4 to 0, erect before anthesis ; disk 0 ; ovary sui)erior,
1 or rarely 2-cclled ; ovule solitary, suspended. Fruit a compressed samara, peripter-
ous. Leaves alternate. 2-ranked, deciduous or sub-persistent, furnished with stipules.

Ulmus, l.innifUM, r,V,/. 08 (17:!T). — Acliinwm. Fum. I'l. Mioroptelea. Simcli, yl«H. .Sdi'. JV«r R(!r. 2. xv. 358 (1841).—
ii. ;i77. _ A. L. d« .lussicu, den. 408. — Kiidliilier, Kiidlicliur. Oen. Siippl. ii. 29. — Meimier, Oen. ii. 370.

(len. 271). — Mcisner, ^'ih. ;i.">l. — Hiiillim. Ilift. VI. vi. ChBBtoptelea. Lii'lpinann, VUlemk. Medd. fra nat. for,
184. — Iluntliain & Hunker. Gen. iii. 3.M. — Tax, Emjler Kjiibeiih. 18,'>0, 76.

& I'rantl I'Jtanxfnfam. iii. pt. i. 02.

Trufs or rurely sliruhs, with watery juice, deeply furrowed bark, slender terete unarmed slightly
■i\^/.ii^ braiichle's often furnisheil with corky winj^s, and lihrous roots. Leaf-buds ' formed early in the
season in the a:;ils of leaves of tile year, covered with numerous ovate rounded chestnut-brown <i;labrous
piilterulous or \ irsute scales closely imbricated in two ranks, increasing in size from without inward ;
scales of the outer rows sterile ; those of the inner rows accrescent, replacing the stipules of the first
leaves, <lc(idiu)iis, marking the base of the branchlet in falling with persistent ring-like scars. Leaves
couduplicate in vernation, alternate, two-ranked, petiolate, simply or doubly serrate, penniveined, decid-
uous or rarely subpersistent ; stipules lateral, linear-lanceolate to obovate, entire, free or connate at
the base, scarious, inclosing the leaf in the bud, caducous. Inflorescence-buds'- axillary near the ends
of the branches, similar to but rather larger than the leaf-buds, the outer scales sterile, the inner
hearing flowers and rarely leaves. Flowers, perfect in the American species, minute, articulate on
slender bibracteolate j)cdicels produced from the axils of linear acute scarious bracts in pedunculate
or sidisessile fascicles or cymes, a|>pearing in early spring before the leaves in the axils of those of the
previous year or autumnal in the axils of leaves of the year. Calyx campanulate, tour to nine, usually
tivo-lobed, mend)ranaceous, niarceseent. Stamens ua many as and opposite the lobes of the ealvx,
hypogynous ; tihunents tiliform or slightly flattened, erect in the bud, exserted after anthesis ; anthers
oblong, eniarginate, subcordate at the base, attiU'hed on the back below fiie middle, extrorse, two-celled,
tlic cells opening longitudinally. Ovary sessile or stipitate, compres.sed, glabrous or hirsute, crowneil
with a simple dce])ly two-lobed style, the spreading lobes i>apillo-stigmatic on the inner face, usually
oni-celled by abortion, rarely two-celled ; ell'cte or rudiment iry in the staminate flower ; ovule solitary,
susi)ended from the a]>ex of the cell, amphitropous ; niicropvle extrtu'se, superior. Fruit ovate or oblong,
often ohli(]ue, sessile or stipiUite, surrounded at the base by the remnants of the calyx, membranaceous ;
.seminal cavity compressed, slightly thickened on the margin, charfciceous. produced into a thin retic u-
late-veuuloso mend)ranaceous light brown broad or rarely narrow wing naked or ciliate on the margin,

l!' < ) ■

i i

' I'liims ilwR nut form a termiiml liuil, tlio piul of tlip bniiioli xvii. 1S4, t. 12, f. 3 ; Bull. Torrey Bol. Club, lix. 208, t. 132, f. 8 ;
(lying iiiul dropping oil' curly in tin' at'ii-soii, Iciivinj; i\ uniall nciirly xx. 102, t. 147, f. 8, 10).

orliiiMiliir piilu si'ar liy tlm nidi' nt tlu' uppur axillury bud wiiiili ' Ili'nry, .Vdi'. .4c/. Cur. xxii. ;107, t. 28. — llitidicuok, 7'nitj.,. .Si.

pnilohga the braiieli thij following spring (Foei-stc, Bol. Uaitlle, hiuis .-iriul. vi. M"! ; The Woody PlanU of Manhallan in their Win-
ter Condition, 10.

'■«.

40

SILVA OF yORTll AMERICA,

ULMACEJf:.

tipped with or inclosinjj tlio remnants iif tlie persistent style iintl sometimes niiirkyd horizontilly by the
thiekened Hne of union of the two carpels. Seed ovate, eonipressed, marked on the ventral edjye with
the tliin raphe, solitarv. suspemled Fnim the apex of the eell, destitute of albumen ; testii meml)ranuceous,
\\^A\i or dark ehestnut-brown, of two e )ats» rarely produced into a narrow \\\\\^. Knd>ryo erect;
cotvledons flat or sli^htlv convex, flesliy. much lonjjer tiian the superior radicle turned toward tlu*
oltlon<j^ linear pale l»ihim.'

I linus, of which iiftecn or sixteen species can be distin*;uislu'd, is widely distributed through the
botcid anil temperate rejj^iona of the northern hemisphere, witli the exception of westorn North America,
where no Elm-tree is found, reaehin*; in the New World the mountains of southern Mexico, upon which
one species ■' occurs, and in tlic OKI World tlie subtropical forests of tlie Sikkiui llimahiya, the hoiin)
of UhiuiH /(invi/'o/iit,^ The forest** of eastern North America contain live species ; in Europe thico
species occur; (tf these two, Uhmts ((iniptsfris* and Cinius snil'ra^'^' ranj^e through the northern,
ecntial, and stintiicrn parts of the continent, *»xtendin^ to tlie mountains of northern Africa, to the
Caucasus. Persia, and Turkestan, and thrt>ujrh Siberia, Manchuria, and northern ('hina to Japan ; the
third European species'' is conlined to the central and southeastern portions of the continent and to

' Hv riiiMfhon (Ann. Sci. \tit. Ht'r ',\ x. lit»e> I'lnnis han boon
iii\iil('»l into tiif ft)ll(iwiii^ miIi^cihth :

OuKurinKA (Simi'ii. Ann. Sa. Xut. s**r. 'J, xv. 'MV,\). Rowits
\orii:(l. ;i|tinuniijj Itt-forc the IfftVfS : |H-(li('t'l« subcvinoHO or fiitci-
I'U'il, I luiiffaUd ; pcriiuith IoIm-iI srsiri-t'lv to the iiiHldle. Kriiil
(It'iistlv oiliatf oil thf miirjjin.s. I^i-avi-* flri-iiliiouH.

ItKYoiTKi.KA (Sp:u'li, /. <■. 'MM). Klowcrs vcniul. n)t|Hmrin^ Im--
t'ori' the ii'iiv»'> ; )>(-(lu-fI.s clowly fasrirltnl. iil)ltrr\ iatcil ; jicriiintli
johfil acurt'fly to tin- midiilf. Knut iiakrcl uti the iiiiir^iim. Ia'hvi's

(ll'l'ilillOVI.S.

Mlc'KUPTKi.KA (Spiu-hi /. r. 358). Klowrrn Hiitiitntial iu the axils
of h'livp.H of tin* yi'iir; pt'iiiccls fuscicltMl, inon* or !(•>!( abl>n>viat('<l ;
]H-riiUitli tlividtMt to 1h'K>w l)w iiiiililte. Fruit viliate or naked on
tlif mar^^iim. lA-avfS (tubpiT'^i^tnit or tanlily (Ifi-idtiuus.

- t '.»iu.t .\firiratin, I'laiulion, /V ( 'nini'tiir. Pnxlr. xvii. l.")*i
(ISTII). — liiMii-.li-\, Hot. HiifL Am. Cmt. iii. i:tS.

Vhtttopulm MrTti-ntut, Lii'tunuiin, \'iilrn.ik. Mf<l. /hj uat. h'ur.
Kj"heuh. IH.">(>, 70 ; Ihva^k. Vultnsk. StUk. Skri/t. »er, o, ii 036.

— \Vii)[)t*rs, .Inn. iii. LIT.

» KoxlmrL'b, /V. Iwi. vd. 'J. ii. m (1H;VJ). — Wallicli. PI. An. Har.
11. H»i, t. 'JOO. — Planulion, Ann. Sri. Sat. act. 3, x. 'JSl ; /V Cr.n-
dulie i*ro(ir. I. f. 102. — Kiirz, Forest FL Itrit. Jiurm. ii. 473. —
(tninlil(\ .\fan. Imfian Timf'frs, 3ll!. — lloukor f. FL tint. Ind. v.
■ISO. — KurlH's & llfiiiKlfV, Jour. Linn. Sor. ixvi. 117.

f'lmun UiHtktnantiy Pl:tin-liou, /V Camloilr Froilr. I. r. (1S73).
* Ijiiiufti!*, .V/)fr. 'Jii."* (in iiart) (17.")^J). — Suwerliy, Futfii.*h Hot.
xxvii. U.SO, t IHSO. - IMiin.-lion, Ann. Sri. StU. I. r. '27t'. ; f)e Can-
(lo'lf Frwlr. t. r. ir>*J. — Maxiniowic/, fiuU. Arml. Sri. St. Prtern-
bounj, xviii. 'JIM) (.V/.7. liiol. \x. 'J-'). ~ Kch-Ii, l>entlr. ii. WX%. ~ Bois-
aiLT, FL Orient, i . 1157 — Kruiiphi't, .In-i. Sri. A'a/. i*<'r. 0, xviii.
25(1 (/v. Turkemn) : Sour. Arrh. Mux. w«r. L'. v. 'J(W (/V. />!»•«/.
i.). — I)ipi»el, Unwif>. Uuhhftlzk. li. 'J'J. — IufIh-h Hi lit'iiisl.'y, /. <:
■1141

r/ffcw i/lahrii. Miller, /hn.vtX. H, N<i. 1 (17."iSj. — Lomluii, Arh.
liril. iii. IKKt. — DipiM'!. i. ., '^.\
I'lmnn .intirii, ')ii U*ii, flurhk. lUiutn:. ii. 502 (I77-\
I'lmiix xuhrr'nin, Mcm-iu-Ii. liiiumr W'tias. 130 (17H5). Klirharl,
/ifilr. vi Si". — Willdenow, /In-L lUuimz. 3U1 ; Spec. i. pt. li.
1324.— SovnTby, /. '. x\xi. L'lOl, t. L'lOl.

Vlmm f'ttUfirni, Cilihcrt, I'h'/ln! «/. ii. 3'.»."i (171)2).
(JImtu telmtuim, Sclikubr, Hnmlh. \. ITS, t. o7 (,1H08).

Vlmn* vnliffirin. I)iiiiii>rtirr, FJ. Helg. 2.'i (1S27).

This is the cnriiiiioti Klm-tn*t' tif Kun>pr, iimiaUy callnl KiighKli
Klin ill the I'liiteil States, although now nut U-lieved to be a nntivf
of Kn^lanil. wtiere it vcxa probably carried )»y tlie KonmiiH. (Ste
henthain. ///. finmtf'. Hnf. FL \\. 740.) For eeiitnrifM it lia.s liecii
planted in F.iirope as an ornaiiient to parks luid ^arileiiH and uh a
tiniU'r-trt-e ; it wa.s brnut;lil to New Kn^land diinii;^ the Ontt et-n-
tury of the eoluny on .MassaeliiiHettH Hay, and vi^nroiis Hpeoinieiu
in the nei^hlntrhotKl of Hoxton more than a hnndred and Hfly >eHr>
old itbow that it is better adapted to the climate of eaiterii N'orlh
Aineriea than many otlier Kuru|M'ati treett (Sargent, Hep. Str. .\ta*<
liiHinl Ai/rir. XXV. 24). In Kiiropcan Mur«erio» a nunilHT of forms
of this tree, wbteli hIiows a rmiarkable tendency to iM'niinal varia-
tion, preuliar in habit or in the form and t-titonn^ of their leav);*,
have apjM'ari'il and are r>ftfn pUuited by the lovers of eiiriuUH trees
or for tiinlHir (London, /. r. 1375. 13!»."k — J'lanebun, /. r. ).

' Miller, /. .. No. 2(17.58). ~ K.H-h. Drfuir. L r. 412.— Dippe!.
/. r. 27.

Vlmns riimjteftrtM, Linnifiis /. «-. (in part) (1753).

Ulmun mimlnna Withering, .Irr. /iot. I'rtj. dr. tirit. li. 271)

(1770). — Sowerby, /. r. xvii. 1K87, t. 18H7. - rUnehaii, Ann.

Sri. A'fi/. /. c. 274 ; I>e CantioUe l^rodr. L r. 150. — ItoiiMier, /. <■

ll.V*. ~ FnuK'het Hi Savatier, Fnum. FL Jnp. i. 431. — FurlMv*

A: Ilenisley, /. c. 448.
Vlmn:t HoUnndirti, PallaH, FL Jiott. i. 77 (not Miller) (17Hh
Fhmu nwln, Klirhart, /. r. HO (17'.»1).
FlmHM fxrtl.*ft, H..rklmiiM-n. /inwih. Furst'.ot. i, SHl* ( IHOO).

.\m an nnianietital tree ihc Wyeli or Duteli F.Ini with its nuiner-
oii« -^fiiiiiial vari -tie.H pnido. I in <-ultiMition (I^nndon, L r. lltllS)
iH plantrd in parks and gardeui ia all the eoiintrieH of nurtherti
and eentnil Kiiropf. ami in the eastern I'nited States, where it is
less eoiiunonly mm n than / 'Onus iiimpf.it r is, ami where it now Koine-
tinic.H Aprin^ iiji H)HMitJiiieuu«ly.

In the i.tland of Ye.w the AintM weave a iitrun}( durabb* eloth
from the inner bark uf u variety of this tree (var. lurtnuita, Maxi-
inowiez, Prim. Fl. Amur. 240), whieh i» eoinnuni in tliv forests whu h
cover the mountains in the interior of the inland (Rein, Intiustntit
o/ Japan, 101). — Sar^^ent, Forrxt FL Jajtan, 57).

« I'liniis Urn.", I'allas, /■'/. /iW*. i. 75, t. IS, F. (17S4 ). — Korli,
Lr- \VX

Vltnwi petiunrulatd, FuurgurouZi AJim. .irtui. Sri. 17H4, 211,

nr.MACE.r,.

I Mill.-r) ( 17H11

LKMACKiE.

SILVA OF NORTU AMERICA.

41

the Cauc'JWUH. One HpeeioH ' iiiliiil)its tlio western Ilinialiiyii from Nopuul to Cuslinieie ; and another^
Tliiliet and noithern Cliina, where two or tliree otliers still imperfectly known have been discovered.'
Tile type is an ancient one/ its traces existing in the early tertiary rocks of Greenhmd ; before the
glacial pericd it long inhabited Kiu'ope, wt stern Asia, and North America, where it abonnded on the
uiid-continental platean,'^ and ranged westwa.'d to the shores of the Pacitic Ocean."

Ulnuis produces heavy, hard, tough, and sometimes strong light-colored wood often ditticult to
split, containing in the American species concentri'- circles of irregularly arranged groups of small open
ducts. The mucilaginous inner bark of the branchti' of the North American Uhnus J'tiloa is used
medicinally ; and the tough iinier bark of some of the .species is made into rope or woven into coarse
dutli. In China a nourishing white mucilaginous ineal is made from the inner bark of Elnt-trees
and used as food by the mountaineers of the northern provinces, and in the composition of incense
sticks ; tlie fruit is employed in medicine, and the bark and young fruits are eaten in periods of severe
famine.^

In all temperate and boreal regions of North An^erica and Europe Elm-trees are planted for shade
and ornament, particularly Uhiuts Aiiwrlcanii, U/iintu ulat(i,an<l Ulmus crassiJ'olUi in North America,
and Ulmii.i niiiipi stris, UIiiihm xvabrtt, and f'/miin Id'tii in Europe.

lu North America Ulnuis is preyed upon liy many inht'cts," which in some parts of the country often

t. •_' (17S7). — I'lalicholi, Ann. Sri. Xiit. »i<r. Il, x. •167 ; I>e Can-
lUiUr I'rixlr. x\ii. l.M. — Dippi'l, Ilmulli. iaii'VW-. ii. It'J.

Ulmiu effhia, Willdi'iiow, llert. Ilmiin:. .V'\ , IT'JO) j .S'/jcc. i. pt.
ii. Kt'-'o. — Loiiiluii, .irh. llril. iii. l;i'J7.
Utinun liluild. Khrliiirt, Heilr. SS (ITiU).
t'/miw iirlimlrii, Silikulir, llnnilh. i, ITS, t. o? (1701).
' IJlmu.i H':illi,hiiimi, i'hiii.liuii, .inn. .Sri. A'o(. /. <■. '^77 (184«) ,
lie ( ■iinilMe I'rinlr. I. r. IM. — \imiu\ia, FomI h'l. Itrit. InJ. inL'.
I. .">1. — (lamljli, .l/uii. /lu/uiti /'miVr,*, :H1. — lliHikiT f. Fl. int.
Iwl. V. tlMI.

rYmiMmm/iri/ri.1, Hmiiili.H, /. <■. 4;i;i(niil LiiimiMis) (Xene IIdoUit
f. (..-.) (1S71).

' I'lniM fHirri/oliii, .lur luiii, Hurl. .Sriiirnlir. iii. 1), t. : <iL' (17!)8). ^
I'luiu'hou, .Inn. Sri. .\„l. I. r. liSO; De Ctmlullr I'ru Ir. I. r. Itil. —
llmiuli.s, <. c. 4;M. — .Miixiiiiiiwii'z, Hull. .-{rwl. ,Sri. Si. I'ilmliourij,
xviii. 'IVi (.Mil. lliul. ix. •!.',). — Kraiii'liot & .Siv .tier, A'lium. /•/.
Jiili. i. 4;)1. — Hunker f. I. r. '..i! — Kiir hm iV llci islev, Juiir. Linn.
Sor. xxvi. -I-IH.

L'lmuA C^iiiftuM, I'lninjii, .Syri. i. •.".)! (18ir>).
I'lanrnl iHlm/nliii. .^vvi-vt, Hurl. Ilnl. iil. •_', 4<!-l (ISIIO).
L'lmiu nryiilii, Hiuliiir);h, /■'/. Iiul. iil 'J, 07 (ls;i-').
rimim rumiK'stn.i, /«in-//,./i.;, l.iiuiloM, /. ,-. 1:177 (ISJW).
Ulmii.i rilmi,f»trii, t'hinrn.»i.<, Liiiiiluii, /. r. ^18;1K).
Mirrnftldrn iHirvifoliti, .'^p:u-li, .inn. .Sri. .\'ii(. st<r. 'J, xv. 'Xt\}
(IKlll.

'I'hi.s liiiiiilsniiic small trcf is dftfii plauti-il in ti'iupli' gnmnils
ill .lapali, wliiTc it wan priiliably oarrii'il from China lij lluililliist
priest.! ; in tlin InittMl .States it in iKeasinnally euUivateil in llie
neiKhlHirliocHJ iif New York and lliiatun, wliero it i.i liurily and
apparently iM'rfectlv at hinne (danlrn ,;nil Furrtl, i. i!3I, 3lL').

^ llanee, Jmr. Hot. vi. IW'.'. -- Slaximowicz, /. r. :!H0 (/. ,■. ■^•J). _
I'laiuliot, .Vuur. .irrli. .l/ii.<. si'r. L', v. •.';«! (/'/. tliirid. i.)._ Forbes
& llinisley, /. ,-. 14U.

' .Sipnrta, Oriijiur I'llliontnloijiiiur ilr.t .Irlires, 'IVJ, f. 'J.">. Zit-

lel, llanilb. fillminluliig. ii. 17-.', f. 'JHO, I l:i.

' Lesipierenx, I'. S. Iltuloij. Snrv. vii. IS7, t. ^0, f. 1 ;) ; viii. ItU)
(Cunlrih. I'osa. /'I. Western Terrilnrirx. ii., iii.). — I,. F. Ward, .inn.
Ilrp. I J. S. aealii/. Sun: lWli-1 -«,■), .^wi', t. 40, f. 1 0 (Si/n. Fl. Liini-
mie itrtiup).

• I ..wpiereni, /. .■. 'JOO, 'JO."., t. 4,">, H. f. 3, 4, 7 ; .V«7i. Mus.

Con/,. /.ii„l. vi. pi. ii. 1,), t. 4, f. Ij t. «, f. 7' (/■».<;/ /Vii'i(.« of the
All nferoni fintrrl I)efiaiit of the Sierra Nrvadd).

' ilretselnu'ider, Jiinr. \iirlh~China liranrh liiif/. Anuttir Sn<: n.
ier. XXV. 1-8, ;10.1 {Itulanirini .StniVum, ii. ). — Smith, Chine.ir Mttt.
Mril. VI).

' While many »peeic8 of inseets fee<l npon I'lnins in North
America, the gri-'atest injury is eaused by a companitively few
kinds whieli are most abundant on and often pjvrtieularly destructive
to trees planted fur slia<le or ornament. Packard (Fifth He/i. U. S.
Fnlnmiiliii/. I 'omm.) enuinenktes seventy-two species aji oeenrrinj; on
the Kim in thi' I'uiti'd States, and thi.H nuuibiT could probably be
now largely inerea.sed.

Saiierilii Iriilenlula, Olivier, whtMe larv.'B eau8o great destruction
by liuring into the livin); tn-es, especially in suiue of tin' western
cities, is one of the most ilanj^erous species infestiii); the woikI of
KIm-tree«. An importetl nujtii, /Cruzrni /ii/rinn, Fabricins, appears
to be destructive to Films in New .lersey ami New York, where it
has now lieeunu- established (.1. II. Sinitb, liunlm ami Fiir,al, iii.
'M). 'I'he moat dan),'erou.s fuliajie-destroyiuK insects to Films are the
lauker-worms, I'lilnirriln rermUn, I'eek, and Fiii/onia .luKsiifniiriii,
llidiuer, auil aji imported Film-leaf Beetle, liiiterura j:anthonu-l(etul,
Schnink. The larvie of the lirst often defoliate Films and other
trees in the eastern and middle states, and bandinj; the trees with
cloth coviri'd with printers' ink or other sticky matter is commonly
practiced in onler to prevent the ascent of the win),'less fcnuilc
moths. The Mlin-leaf U'ctlo, imported from Flurope more than half
a leutury ago, is now spreail over a widi' area, and is often very
destructive (Hull. 10, Dirisiun of Eiiliimoloiji), I'. S. Ilr/it. Afirir.
1SS7 SS). The Fall Web-worm, Hiiphiintria rimeii, Drury, is often
abundant on Hlms, anil the White-spotted Tussock .Moth, Onjiiiii
Irurosliijmii, .\liliot & Smith, is iHcasionally troublesome, espcciallv
in some of the New Kiij;land cities. .\mon(; suckiu),' insects the
Cockscomb (iall-louse, Cotujihn Umiruln, Fitch, prmluces eonspicu-
oils |,rulls on the iipiMT surface of the leaves, and Tilnmeura Ulmi,
I.iiiuieus, causes the );ruwtli of large galls which are more or less
cliib-shapeil. A'iAi;raii'iirii .imerinimi, Kiley, often cinses the leaves
to become curled, gnarled, and discolored ; and /Vi/i/)Ai;/u.< nlmifmi.',
Wolsh, also aft'ccts these trees, iloasijimriii Ulmi, (ieuttroy, recently

:l

1.

I'

!

t

« I

• I

1"

1(9 \

^ 1 „.

!

if

U 'V:

42

SUVA OF NOR Til AMERICA,

ri.MACEii;

ulmacea:.

(lisli^nre the foliage niul destroy tho i>riiiimental vulue of Klm-tre<'H ; ami in Huhject to iiumerouH fungal
diseases.*

Eliu-trees can be easily raised from seeds, which gerniiuiite iw soon as they are ripe ; they can Ir
multipHed hv shoots whieh in suniu species are produced in great nundiers from the roots, and the
seminal varieties can l)e propagated by grafting.

rimuH, the classical nana* of the Klm-tree, was adopte<l by Tournefort," and afterward by
LinnaHiH, as the name t)t' the genus.

iniporttd fnmi Kuro|M', li;»» itlrrmiy K'tdiiir widely Hpnad. It nU
tainit itH IVhhI ihiitly tlin>ii>;li tlu> Imrk uf (lio tm s. mIhcIi often
acM|iiirpf4 II Mark iippfJiRUUf fnmi (In* I'lcntiutis nr lionry ili'w uf
tho iiiwcts (K. (>. Ilowiinl, Iwfct life, ii. IHSU. lU. — J. (i. Jju-k,
(iarthu iitui Fon.tt, ii. liil, t. l'-1> ; iv. \X\). Otlirr pirtnt lii'c ami
wale iiiMi'ctit affprt the Kim soinetiiiu'i* iiijiiriotiMly. A mite, /'Ai/*
topt'is t'Imi, (iarinan, proilmis inimiti' vIiilKsIiapi'd ^alln mi tlio
lcii\i-.s, 1111(1 tlie fruit i^ Hfinii'linics iiifi-sted liy a siiiall iH't-tli' lK*long-
inj; to the ('nrfiilio family.

1 Tlie most serioii!. fmipil di!teaM> of riiiiii!i in Noitli Ainerica i^
enuscil liy Phhitffn'ni C'mi, Wuliri, wliifli i,-* Moiiictiiiu-* very ulniii-
(lant in the eastern stattK, es|H'eiallY on fun-i^n s|m'i us ullhongh it
aUo tK'furs on i'lmus Amrrinina. The ditMNu^e, whu-h wnn prohn-
My ini|H)rli'd from Kun-pc many year* aj;o, eovern the leaves in
the late summer with uu\u\ <«n)all :«pi>ts. fn>tn whieh exmie in damp
weather rose-<*ulon'd pdatinotiH nia<*M->. 'I'lie tli-Hfji.Hed lea\e.'» fall
prematurely, and the funpi.i eontiniien to develop after they ha\e
reaelied the prouiirl, apiMMirinj; in its mature •ttntr only at the end
of winliT. Thii disea.'«i-. which i-* ^{H)raiiie in itA hahit and (N'eum
only in limited arra.>, Miiiu-timc.t tlues et>ii.tideral'le damage

.U'i.wjrni r.'mi, Kiiekel, whieh \n also Knropenn and is Ufiuallv
eonlined to foreign wiM-iieR, in (Hiaj*ionuIIy fmind on the Amerieaa
Kilns ; it atLiieks the tMi^ and yonrij^er limiiehrN, where it ap|H>arH
in the form of Hinall Reatteretl hint k papilla* whieh h<hmi hreak np
when the bark l»eeome» of n siMtty hlaek eulor Thitt diHenne ap-
pearn to lie |H'rennial and ettencU fnmi branch to brom h, dtiiftgur-
ittg and nfteii killing the treen.

l'lmri<» \n infented by eertain eharaeleritlie leaf nitlilewH. ('u-
rittuln m-tifoymr't, IVek, is found on I'lnum Ammritu't, flmiui nlnt-i.
ami rimux /uli'ii , and I'nvmulu intrnnnlui, Iierkele^ \ CnrliH, uImi
(K-enrs on the h-ave-* of I'lmu^ nhitn. Among edible fungi, .If/fjrj-,.
tJmnrnn, Itullianl. one of the latenil eilihlc fungi, in not uiu'iunnimi
on the large bran.'hett of Klnw in Ihn kly wttletl disttht-H, /'fi'ea
tlrulfMil'iA, llerkeleu in Miunelirnf* found on Klm-treeN, nnd tli.-
ehani'trri-ttie f'ltii/fnyrw ronrfn/rr, S-hw- initx, aUiiiiuU «in the ohhr
limb^ of fVmuj immmna, apfx'aring in thu form of small ditkn •".
thit riipft whieh an* UHually more or lemi eonltnent with eoneeiitrii
zonen of the white and dark grav eulors elutraeterii«lie of thm ^p* ■

'•* luti VA\\, t M7*J.

CONSPKCTrs OF TIIK NOUTH AMKUIC'AN SI'KCItX

Khtweis vernal, appearing before the leaves.

KlnutTs nil (.lender dnMipiitg pedieeln ; fruit eiliate on the margins.

Iiiid-*eale!i glal'rou"* ; bninrbletH de-.titnte of corky wingn ; fruit glabroiH ; leavefi obovate-

oblong to oval, usually Miuiotb on the upper, -♦oft-pubeseent on the lower Hurfaee . . 1. T. AmkrK'A.VA,

Itud-seales puberuloUH ; braneberi often furi)i«lie<l with eorky wings; fruit hirsute; leave-t

obovate lo oldong-<tval. nmoolb on the uppii. Hoft*pubcK<>eiit on the lower surfaee .... «. V. kA' kmiwa.
Ibid-scales glaltroun or sligbtly puberulous ; branebletM furni«lii>d with broa*! eorky wingM ;
fruit hirsute; leaves ovateHtbbmg to oblong-laneeolate. -luootli on the upper. .soft-pilbeMeiit

on the lower wurfaee '.i. \\ ALATA.

Flowers on .short pedii-eln ; fruit iiakeil on the margins.

Hud-Hcales roate<l wilb ru?.ty hairs; branehbtM detttitutc of eorky wings; fruit inibeseent ;

leaves ovatiMibbui^. ^rabrous tm the upper, pubeneent on the lower surfjioe 1. I'. ri'l.VA.

Flowers autumnal. H]ipearing in the axils of leaves of the year on Hbori )>e(lii-eU.

Hud-seales puberuloiis : branehlets fin fii>he(| with eiirky " iiigs ; fruit hirsute; leaves ovate,

scabrous on the upjter, soft-imlH-fteeni on the lower Hurfaee T). U. ckAjwikolia.

ULMACKi*:.

iilLVA OF NORTH AMKIUVA.

4a

!i

ULMU8 AMERICANA.

White Elm. Water Elm.

Flowers on long drooping pt'diccls. Fruit gliibrnuM, filiate on the margins.
Leaves obovate-ohlong to oval, usually smooth on tlu- upper, soft-pubescent on the
lower surface. IJud-scales glabrous, llranchlets destitute of corky wings.

UlmuB Amerioana, l,lima'«», .s'/nc. 'J'Jd (17."i,'{). — Dii
Kiii, lliirlik. Ilfiiiiii.-:. ii. .MM). — Wiinjjciiliciiii. /li:v/iriili.
Ni>r,lam. llnl:. I'.'l ; Sunhm. Unix. IC. — W^ill.T, /•'/,
Car. 111. — Schkiihr, y/rtH(/6. i. 17'.l. — Willdenow, /*r/.
liaumx. H'J4 \ Sjier. i. pt ii. l.'J'.'.'i ; Kiiiiin. '.".».'>. — A'oii-
iT(/i( Dnhamel, ii. It". — Ca»tiulii)iii, Viinj. iieijli Stall
Ciiltl, ii, :I9(1. — Iloi'kliaiiHDii. Iliinilli. Forxtlnit. i. S,")7. —
Micliaiix, t'l. l!or.-Ai)i. i. IT.'t. — IVrsddii. Si/ii. i. '.".)!. —
rA'sfmitaims, Jllnt. Arh ii. 44'-'. — Stokt-n, lint. Mnl. M,il.
ii. .'U. — Mii'liiiiix f. Hint. Aril. Am. ili. 2()9. t. 4. — Hi^julow.
h'l. HoHlon. (Hi. — I'umli. /V. Am. .SV/-^ i. I'.l'.t. — Niiltal!.
Oen. i. 'JOl.— UiMiiiiT & SchultrH. .S'«/«/. vi. ;«)0. — Klli-
oll, .S'*. i. ;«;!. — lliiyii.', I>.mlr. Fl. ,"$1. — .S.'liinidi,
(Ifsfr. liatim:. iv. 4t'). t. '.'.'1(1. — S|iri'iiKi'l, Sijxt. i. iCiO. —
Uariiic'.H(|iic. Stir h'l. iii. ;i',t. — KoukiT. t'l. Hur.-Am. ii.
14-.'. — Di.'tri.li. Si/n. ii. !t'J'-'. — Spiwli. Ann. Sri. Xiit.
ii('t. •-'. XV. ;it>4; in»t. Veij. xi. 1 08. — Torrey . Fl. S. V.
ii. ItV). — I'litiii'liuii. Ami. Sri. Xtit. m'r. H, x. -t>S ; /'>■
I tiiitliillr J'nxlr. xvii. l.">5. — \Vul|«'r». Ann. iii. 4-1. —
Kii'lmriUuii, Arrlir Kx/ie<l. ii. ;M)S. — Diirliii^'Uin. F/.
Cmtr. «(!. 3. 'J.'i.'i. — ('iirli«, Heji. Uro/mj. Surr. .V. Cur.
WW. iii. r>4. — Clmimmii. /■'/. 410. — Kixli. />riiilr. ii.
4'JI. Kn»'rt«oii. TrrrA Mit.^it. cH. 2. ii. '.\'S2. I. — Koi-hiu'.
Ilriitfrlir I>emlr. l.fti, f. 27. . I. — Hidiotiiy. Friu: I'. S.
X,if. At 11.1. 1S8'.'. 71. — Lunelle. l>ri,l»rlie Drmlr. .'US.—
.Siir(;i'nt, Forr.it Tiven .V. .Im. lll//i ( ■ii.iii.i I'. S. ix. 1'.'.'. —
WaUoii & CdilltiT. (Iriiijn .l/ii/i. fj. (>, 401'. — l)i|>|H'l,

Ihimlli. l.,iuhh,ih.k. ii. ,'i2, f. 10. — Coulter, Contrih. V. S.

A^(^ Ifeili. ii. km; (Man. PI. W. Texas).
Ulmus inollifolia. Miirsliiill. .trlmat. Am. l.'ifi (1783).
Ultnus Amciricana. P alba, Ailon. llort. Kr.u: i. 1(20

(17,S'.(). —Stokes, IM. M<il. Med. ii. .'!5.
UlmuB Amerioana. y pendula. Aiton. Hurt. Kew. i. ,'<20

(17S'.i|. — .S|)acli, Ann. Sri. Xat. 8(!r. '.'. xv. .'iti4 ; H!at.

IVy. xi. III'.).
? Ulmua tomentosa, Hurkhiiii.teii. llandb. Fontbot. i. X'lO

(18lM)|.
Ulmus pendula, WilMeiiow. llrrl. Itnnmx. eil. 2. .119

(ISIl).— Oil Mont lie Cmirwt. /W. Cult. e<l. 2, vi.

:iK,~i. — llayne, l>rinlr. FI.'.V,S.
? Ulmua obovata, Itiiliiiesiiue, Seir Fl. iii. 39 (18.'56).
Ulmus alba, lialiiioniiuu, Fl. Liiilork: 115 (1817) ; N(w

Fl. iii. .i-S.
? Ulmus dontata. Itifiiiesqiie. Xeir Fl. iil. 39 (18.36).
Ulmua Americana, /i acabra. Spneli. Ann. Sri. Xat. ^ir.

'-', XV. 3(1-1 (IKll)i //i.it. yrg. xi. 1011. — Walperx. ,!««.

iii. 4--'4.
Ulmua Americana, u glabra, Walpen, Ann. iii. 4'J4

(IS.V.').
Ulmus Americana, y ?Bartramii, Walpers. Ann. iil. 424

(18.V-').
Ulmua Americana, viir. ? aapera, Chupnian, Fl. 110

(I8l!5).
Ulmus Floridana. Clmpiiiiin, Fl. 410 (1865).

A tree, HometiniuH une liiiiiili'eil to one hundred and twenty feet in heiglit, witli a tall trunk six to
eleven feet in diameter, fre({uently enlarged at the base into great buttresses, occasionally rising with a
straight uiidividfil shaft to tin- iu-ifjlit of sixty or eighty fei't, and separating into short spreading
lirani'ht's, or more conniionly dividing;, thirty to Kfty feet above the ground, into numerous upright
hnd)s, whicii, gradually sprcadin;^, form a broad inversely conical round-topped head of long pendulous
gracefid branches, often one hundred and occasionally one hundred and forty feet in diameter, and
slender luaiiciilets which not iiifre((uently also fringe the trunk and its principal divisions. The bark
of the trunk is an inch to an inch and a half in thickness, and is ashy gray, and irregularly divided by
dce|) fissures into broiid ridges separating on the surface into thin ajipressed scales. The branchlets,
when they first appear, are light green, and coated with .soft pale pubescence, which usually soon
disappears, and in their tirst winter arc light reddish brown, glabrous, or sometimes pid)eridous, and
marked with scattered pale lenticcls, and with larj^e elevated semiorbicular leaf-scars in which appear
the ends of tlirce large eipiidistant fibro-va.scidar bundles ; later they become dark reddish brown, and
finally ashy gray. The buds are ovate, acute, slightly Hattened by the pressure of the .stem, an eiglitli

'J

: «

?4

IM

I

J

<' i

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1

lAAAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

1.1

I^|2j8 125

■50 "^~

mm

■ 2.2

1^ U£

2.0

= m

L25 III U IIM

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Hiotographic

Sciences

Corporation

33 WBT MAIN STRUT

WIBSTIII,N.Y. USM

(71«)S72-4S03

44

SILVA OF NOIiTIl AMEIUVA.

ULMACE^..

of an iiuh long, and covered witli broadly ovate rounded bright chestnut-brown glabrous scales ; the
inner seale-s are bright green and glabrous, ovate, acute, and often on vigorous shoots nearly an
inch lun<>' and a (juarter of an inch broad, an ' gradually ])ass into the stipules of the later leaves.
The leaves are obovate-oblong to oval, abruptly narrowed at the apex into long points, full and rounded
at the base on one side, and shorter and wedge-shaped on the other, and coarsely and doubly serrate
with siii'Iitlv incurved teetii ; when tiiey unfold they are coated on the lower surface with ])ale pubes-
cence, and are pilose on tiie uj)per surface with long scattered white hairs, and at maturity are four to
six inches long, one to three inches wide, dark green and glabrous or scabrate above, and pale and soft-
pul)escent or sometimes glabrous below, with narrow pale midrilm slightly impressed on the upper side,
and many slender straigiit primary veins running to the points of the teeth and connected by fine cross
veiniets barely distinguishable on the upper surface ; they are borne on stout petioles a quarter of an
inch in ieiigtii, and turn bright clear yellow in the early autinnn before falling. The stipules are lincar-
lanccolatc, half an inch to two thirds of an inch long, caducous, light green, or on the latest leaves
white and scarious. The intlorescence-buds are jiroduced in the axils of several of the upper leaves of
the previous year, and are slightly larger than the leaf-buds ; from the axils of the seven or eight inner
scales, which arc ciliato on the margins, and furnished at the apex with tufts of long soft white hairs,
the three or four-tlowered siiort-stalked fascicles of flowers are produced on long slender drooping
pedicels sometimes aii inch in length, those of the lateral flowers of the clusters being furnished at. the
base with acute scarious bracts half an inch long, and two minute bnictlets hairy at the apex.
The calyx, which is irregularly divided into seven to nine rounded lobes ciliate on the margins, and is
often somewhat oblicpu', is puberu'.ous on the outer surface, and green tinged vith red above the
Miiddle, becoming chestnut-brown in fading. The stamens are exsertcd, with slightly flattened pale
tilaments and bright red anthers which shed their pollen before the stigmas mature. The ovary is light
green, ciliate on both margins with lt>ng white hairs, anil is crowned with light green styles covered on
tiii'ir stigmatic surface with whiti> papillie. The fruit ripens as the leaves unfold, hanging on its long
stems in crowded clusters, and is ovate or obovati>-oblong, slightly stipitate, conspicuously reticulate-
venulose. half an inch long, and ciliate on the maigins, the sharp points of the wing being incurved,
and inclosing the deep nptch.

In British .\merica C/iiiiin Aiii> rlrtiiid is distributed fnmi southern Newfoundland to the northern
shores of Like Superior and the eastern bas«' (if the Rocky Mountains, where it ascends the Sjis-
katchewan to latitude '>i^ 'M" north ; ' it rang<'s south to ("iipe Canaveral and the shores of IVase
Creek in Florida, and westward in the United Stiites to the HIack Hills ol Dakota," western Nebraska,^
western Kansjis,' the Indian Territory, and the valh'V of the Kio ("oiicho in Texas." Ia'hh abundant
and of smaller size in the south, in the north Uhiiiin Aiiirrirdiin is one of the commonest inhabitants
of the forests which still co\"r I'ver bottom-lands, intervales, and low rich hills, and on the mid-con-
tinentil plateau, with the Box Elder, the Green Ash, and the Cottonwood, it lines the banks of streams
with a fringe of verdure.

The wood of L'liiuin Amerlcnnn is heavy, hard, strong, tough, difficult to split, and rather coarse-
grained ; it contains numerous thin medullary rays and rows of nmny large H\mn ducts, clc^irly nuirking
the layers of annual growth, and is light brown, with thick somewhat lighter colored sapw(M>d. The
specific gravity of the absolutt^ly dry wood is ().<!.')(Mi, a cubic foot weighing 40.'),') pounds. It is largely
used for the hubs of wheels, for saddli^tr(>es, in tlcMiring and cooperage, and in boat and ship buihiing.
The bark was used by the Indians, when they could not jiriK-nre Birch bark, in making their canoes;"
and in some parts of the country whites and Indians twisted the tough inner bark into roijes.'

' liniMft, Td/. I'/y. /.!«;. r'flfi. '4-1. — IJi'lI, Geototj. Hep. Camula,
1H71I-H0, IH'. — Mnciiiin, ('<i(. f'rin. /'/. 42H.
' Win.hi'll, l.wlluw llri>. lilack Hill,. DahUa, <18.
• ».B«fy, Hrp Nehraika State Hoard o/Agric. ISIM, 104.

* .Maittin, ttrp, ujum ihf Varifttf mul Distribution of Karuat Tr«f$,

10.

' ilnviinl, I'roi-. If. S. Mai. Mut. viii. fi06.

* Knliii, 7Vutv/f, Kngliab rd. ii. *.£t>S.

* 1.IIWHUII, History of Carolina, 03.

ULMACEiE.

The WIi

Canada. It i
spring, cover
green above i
waters of son
when winter I
out in clear n

The Eln
seemed like
cottages at he
axe, and whei
often set to g
when it wiis ti
now dead or
northern stiitt
beauty and si;

The Wh
been used mo
to embower i
unless provid
careful and t
handsome or i

Uhtittx .
England by I
ally seen in E
a great size o
its leaves, Uh
from simie of
branches whi
nurserymen."

* KiiicrNuii, 7V
iirrnt Trrf on i
f.'. - Huikl.7, .(
Ili>llnt>!t. Thr .A III
HnMikii, Typicnt
tttui Fitrfsty iii. liH

' I 'Imus A mm
Swamp Klin, anil
ia luuat uft«u *|i|i

ULMACEiB.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

45

The White Elm is one of the largest and most graceful trees of the northeastern states and
Canada. It is beautiful at all seasons of the year ; when its minute flowers, harbingers of earliest
spring, cover the branches ; when in summer it rises like a great fountain of dark and brilliant
green above its humbler companions of the forest, or sweeps with ! .ng and graceful bougiis the placid
waters of some stream flowing thro\igh verdant meadows ; when autumn delicately tints its leaves, and
when winter brings out every detail of the great arching limbs and slender pendulous branches standing
out in clear relief against the sky.

The Elm-trees which greeted the English colonists as they landed on the shores of New England
seemed like old friends from their general resemblance tu the Elm-trees that had stood by their
cottiiges at home ; and as the forest gave way to corn-lields many Elm-trees were allowed to escape the
axe, and when a homo was made a siipling Elm taken from the borders of a neighboring swamp was
often set to guard the roof-tree. These Elm-trees, remnants of the forests which covered New England
when it was Hrst inhabited by white men, or planted during the first century of their occupation, are
now dead or rapidly disappearing; they long remained the nol>l(>st and most imposing trees of the
northern st<ites, and no othei-s planted by man in North America have ecpialed the largest of them in
beauty and size.'

The White Elm'^ has always been the favorite ornamental tree in the northern states, where it has
been used more often than any other to shade city streets and country ro.'ulsides, to decorate parks, and
to embower mansions and cottages in verdure. !n such situations it (Uk's not always flourish, and
unless provided with good soil and abundant moisture, which are essential to its welfare, and with
careful and constint protection from the insects which devour its foliage, the White Elm is not a
handson\e or successful tree ; and it should b»> caiitiously used in street planting.

Uliiiitx Amirirmiii was first described by C'laytoii ii, the Florit Vinjiiiiiu,^ and was cultivated in
England by Mr. James Gordon * as early as the midiUe of the eighteentn century ;^ it is still occasion-
ally seen in European collections, although beyond the Imundaries of its native land it does not grow to
a great size or display much beauty. An unusually variable tree in habit anil in the size and shajie of
its leaves, UIiiiiik Amir'nituii has not produced in cultivation such abnormal forms as have been derived
from .some of the Ohl World species. The most remarkable Ls one with long ami unusually pendulous
branches which was discovered a few years ago in the woimIs of Illinois, and is now propagated by
nurserymen."

' KiiMTJtuii, Trm nt' .UrtWrtf-Aii-v//.*, 290. — .1. C Wiirrmi, Thr
Orral I'rrf on lUatton i'omnvm. — I'ijht, TKf Trm of Atnrricil^
41!. — BuckU'y, .lin. Jour. Set. »er. i!, liii. ItUH. — Olircr Wi-iul.'ll
Holmrii, Tkf .4iif(«T(ll of Ihr Itrtakfatl-TaUr, fli»|>. I. - Danii- &
UrtMikM, Typical Kimx and othtr Trren of' MasMchuietts. — (ittrttfn
mil Form, iii. 287, 4»;i, «17 ; v. :«)"; vi. 17.-).

'^ t'lmtn Amrrwarui it) alau known u.s the Aliioriciin Klni liul
HwRiiip Klin, uiil siiuu'tinieii at tin' HiKk Klni, although this name
is iuu«t uftt'U Applied tu Clmut mceniota.

* f^tmii-^ procrrior fotiiji anifiistiorihu-i, Inoico /wr intervalla vimini-
liun drtuf foftffi'.ittji lu/nt rnmos ok^ito, 1 U't.

Vlmm Aiturinma, Cul.lun, .l.(. Ilort. I'ps. 1713, 91) (PI. Sovr.

* Se.' i. U).

» .\\iM\, Ilort. Krw. i. ;i_'0. — Loudon, Arh. lint. iii. 140(i, f.
VIW.

* (ifirileti aiut Furvst, vi. 377.

'\A I

11

is 1

^ Lii\-s'

IH

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Plate CCCXL Ulmus Amrkicana.

1. A flowering branch, natural size.

'-'. A flower, enbrgeil.

3. Vertirol aection of a flower, enlarged.

4. A stamen, front and rear views, enlarged.
t>. Vertical swtion of a ])i»til, enlarged.

6. An ovule, much m»j,niified.

7. A fruiting branch, natural size.

8. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged,

9. A seecl, enlarged.

10. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged.

11. An cnihrj'o, onUrged.

12. A Hununer hranch. natural size.
I'ii. A wint«r branch, natural size.

ill ;.

!l

]

Si' \

IHK PLATK.

'.J. \ t-rlH'^ii ijfi .

4. A •lamv't. f. :
T). Vertical «>rtiun
(' /Vn (ivul», null li
7. A froitiiig \

5. Vurtical «»r«ii.>. i • . '
'.'■ A wed. FnUr(re<i

Vt Vcriira] sertiton uf « i«««4i, enjj&rj^d.
!! An riibryo. i!iil»rg*J.

Miner timneli, uatnnkl tixu
. I'ter bittaoli, naitaral liie

oilva of North America

Tab CCCX!

C K f.u^'ii JfJ

lori'njtu .\

ULMUS AMERICANA. I.

A Jiouvtmta> iiir^c '

Imp ^/ Tan^ttr Parw

I

'I

■W *

I : .

5
,)
'I

ili

■ ^,\

. y^

'^' ' ! ,

:i^Uiil

't

ULMACE^

Flowei
oval, smootl
Brunches oi

Ulmua rac^mi

(isai). — Ni

ii. IWJ, t. '.H
gmil, Forest
Koehnt', Dei

A trc*',

whicli (limiiii

liinliH wliii'lj

numerous br(

ill thii'kneiw,

broad Hat rid

wlit'ii tlu'y fii

entirely (liwi|

imheriiliiuH, t

or Bt'iniorhici

tlu'V bocoiuc

ridges, whiil

necoiid year.

broadly ovat

with soft wl

maturity the

laiieeolutt, li

teotli, brijjhl

ajwx. The

pointM, c(|ua

iiiid doubly

with close i

quartern of

coatetl with

side, and ui

coanie veinl

the upper 1

niarffins alii

united cord

leaves are I

The inflori'

tlie flower-

I'LMACME.

aJLyA OF NOHTll AMElilCA.

47

ULMU8 RAOEMOSA.
Rock Elm. Oork Elm.

Floweiis on lonj? drooping pedicolH. Fruit hirsute. Loaves obovate to oblong-
oval, smooth ou the upper, soil pubescent on the lower surface. Bud-scales puberuloi s.
Branches often furnished with corky wings.

Ulmtu racdinosa, i'liunmH, Am. Joiir. Sn. xir. 170, :
(1831). — NulUll. .sym. i. ;t7. t. I'J. — Torrey, Fl. X. Y.
ii. 1«6, t. IHl.— Cliai.iii.i::. .'■V. ,.<!. a, .SujH)!. «■•'.». — Sa--
(fiiil. forest Treft S. Am. Wth Ventiis I'. S. ix. ILM. —
Kwlitif, Otuttehe Detulr. VMo. — Watson dc Coultvr,

Grni/t Mun. eil. (>. -UVi. — Uippvl. Ha.ulb. Laubholzk. ii.
■M.
Ulmua Americnna. I'lamlion, Ih CamloUe J'rmlr. jtvil.
l.Vi (ill |iHri) (nut Liiinmis) (1873).

A tn"*', i'i^flity to one hundrGd feet in hei^rlit, with a trunk occasionitlly three feet in diameter,
whieli (liniiniiiheH glowly in tliicknesx and in often free of branches for sixty feet, short stout spreading
limlm wliicli form a narrotv round-to|>iK>d liead, and slender rigid liraiii'hK'ts usually furnished with
numerous broa.'. irregular eorky wings. The bark of the trunk is three ipiarters of an ineli to an inch
in thickncHH, and is gray tinged with red, and deeply divided by wide irregular interrupted fissures into
broad Hat ridges, which are broken on the surface into hirge irregularly shapcil scales. The branches,
when they first ap|K>ar, are light l<rown, and coated with soft pale pubescence, which often does not
entirely <lisjip|iear until their secon;! season ; and in their first winter they are light redi'.ish brown,
puheruliius, or irlabrous and lustrous, and marked with scattered oblong lenticels and with large orbicular
or seniiorbicular leaf-scars in which is an irreguLir row of four to six tibr<>-vascular bundle-scars ; later
they b«H'ome dark brown or iishy gray. The two or s<Mnetinu-s three or four thick corky irregular
ridges, which are often half an inch broaii, begin to appear during the first but more often during the
Hec'ond year. The leaf-buds are <ivate, acute, a ipiarter of an inch long, and covered by about fourteen
broadly ovate rounded chestnut-brown scales, pilose on the outer surface, and ciliate ou the margins
with soft white hairs ; as the bud o|>ens the scales gradually lengthen from without inward, and ac
maturity the two or three inner scales which replace tlie stipules of the first leaves are ovate-oblong to
lanceolate, half an inch in Ic ,^h, often furnished at the b.use on each side with one or two minute
teeth, bright green below tin middl. , marked with a red blotch above, and white and scarious at the
a\iex. The leaves are ubuvate to ubiong-oval, rather abruptly narrowed at the a\>e\ into short broiid
pointM- eijually or somewhat unequally rounded, wedge-shajR'il or subcordate at the base, •ind coarsely
iiud doubly serrate ; when they unfold they are ])ilose on the upi)er surface, and covered on the lower
with close soft whin- hairs; and at maturity they are two to two and a half inches long and three
quarters of an iiudi to an inch wide, thick and firm, smooth, dark green ai.d lustrous above, paler and
coateil with sh >rt soft pubesi'ence lielow, especially on the stout midrilis deeply impressed on the upper
side, and on the numerous stnight veins running to the points of the teeth and connected by obscure
coarse veinleis, and on the [jetioles, which are about a quarter of an inch in length. The stipules of
the up|)er leaves are ovate-lanceolate, conspicuously veined, light green, marked with dark red on the
margins above the middle, and two thirds of an inch long ; they clasp th ■ stem by their abruptly enlarged
united cordate bases furnished on each side with two or three prominent teeth, and disaj)pear when the
leaves are half grown. In the autumn the leaves turn to a bright dear yellow color before falling.
The inflores<'encL-bud8, which sometimes produce also one or two small leaves, are slightly larger than
the flower-buds. The flowers are in two to four, but usually in three-Howered puberulous cymes, which

< '!

lii

1 i\

■ \

ii

1
•

48

SILVA OF NORTH AMKRICA.

fLMACK.V.

bi",ome more or loss riiPi'inoHe by the lenjjtlu'iiinjj of »»• axis of tlu' inHoreHcence, which, when fully
jjrown, in Monu-tinu's two iiiclii'H in Ifiifjth ; they arc produced on elongated sU'iider drooping pedivulH
often half an iiith in h>n^t!i, tiioso of the lateral HowerH heing devek led from the axiis of narrow
olxivate iioiiiti'd liract.s .-.eariouH and hrown above the middle, a third of an inch long, terminated by tufts
of lon^ white hairs, and furnishe<l at the base with two bractletH smaller than the bract, but utherwiiie
reM'inlilinx' it. The calyx is green, and is divided nearly to the middle into seven or eight rounded
dark red Ncariims lobes, which soon turn brown and wither. The stamens, with slender light green
Hlaments and dark purple anthers, nre exserted. The ovary is coated with h)ng {mle hairs, particularly
on the thin margins, an<l is crowned by the light green styles. The fruit, which ri|>ens in May, when
the leaves are ai)c)iit half grown, is ovate or obovate-oblong, and half an inch in length, with a shallow
open notch at the apex; it is obscurely veined, covered with short pale pubescence, and ciliate on the
slightly thickencil border of the broad wing ; the margin of the seminal cavity is scarcely thickened,
and the line of union of the two carpels is obsolete.

lliiiiiH rdrniKimi is tlistriluited from the eastern townships of the Province of Quebec,' where it is
rare, westward through Ontario, and southward through northwestern New Hampshire, where it is rare
and local, to southern Vermont ; it ranges westward in the United States through northern New York
and southern Michigan to northeastern Nebraska,'' southeostt'rn Missouri, and middle Tennessee.

The Hock Kim grows on dry gravelly uplands, where its most freipient cimipaniun is the Sugar
Maple, on low heavy clay soil, rocky slopes, and river cliffs. Comparatively rare in the east and toward
the extreme western and southern limits of its range, it is most abundant and attains its largest size in
Ontario and the southern |)cnin8ula of Michigan.

The wood of i'liiiuii rwiinoMi is heavy, hard, very strong and tough, close-grained, and susceji-
tible of receiving a iK'autiful polish ; it contains numerous obscure medullary rays and bands of one or
two rows of small open ducts marking the layers of annual growth. It is light clear brown, often
tinged with re<l, with thick lighter colored s;tpwo<Ml. The s|K>cilic gravity of the absolutely dry w<mh1 is
().T-(>i<, a cubic foot weighing ■t'>.2() pounds. It is largely employed in the manufacture of heavy
agricultural implements, like plows and mowing and threshing machines, for the framework of chairs,
for the hulls of wheels and the In'ams of stump pullers, for railway ties, bridge timliers, the sills of large
buililiiigs. and other purposes where strength, toughness, solidity, and flexibility are recpiired.'

i'liniiM riiiDiKiKii was first distinguished by David Thomas* in Cayuga County, New York, who
published the earliest account of it in ISIil.

The value of the wood of the Uock Elm threatens its extinction ; and most of the large trees have
alreaily been cut in the forests of Canada, New England, New York, and Michigan. The Rock Elm" is
.sometimee planted a.s a shade-tree in the region which it inhabits naturally, and although it grows
rather more slowly than the White Elm, it is a handsome and distinct ornamental tree, which planters
have too generally neglected.

' llnini't, Cat. IVy /.i</. Can. 45. — 1' •II, Henloi^. Ilrp. Con.
1S7'.» S(l, .Vj'. — MiK'oun, Cm. Can. I'l. lliS.

'^ In Nehnutka t'Imus mremoxn in now known to otTur only near
Mi-a'tville, II) Kcya I'aha County (IWniM'y, iifp. \ebrtuk-it State
/>-.»ir./ Ailnr. IH'M, Ktt).

' S.ir;j«*iil, tiff. Str. Hoard Aijrn-. Mat*. «xv. 271.

♦ Maviil 'i'hoinnji ( 177ft-lH."»ll) wan a native of Montffomerj
County, iVnii.H) Iraiiia, of (^uakfr |tan'ntnf;t', and hy profoKHion a
civil riij;in«'or. In ISO,", lie nettled near Aiinira in Cayuga County,
New York. ■•:V-*e<iueiitly iMK-oininj? the chief enj^ineer of the western
t>i>r*:./ii of the Km Caiuil. and later one uf the principal eiif^ineeni
of the Welland Caual. lie wok much intercHled in horticulture

and poniolngT, and by hia writing* on tliea« lubjeeta, which were
princi|>ally pulilinhtnl in the tieiteuft Farmer, rendered cnniipicuuus
nervid'n to agricultural Hciciic**. In ISllt, Mr. Thoniaa published
at .\iiburn. New York, TrateU thrmiifh the Western <\mntry in the
Year IHHI. In addition to hia aeiHiitnt of Vlmui racemaia ho con-
trihiited to the Amtriran Ji^umal of Science ami Arttf Some Acrtmnt
vf the Chriffomela tutii-ora (nvi. lia, t.) ; Hrmartx on the Spet-ilic
f'haraeter of Corifftalin ffirmoM an*l Coryttalit Canadenaii (ixvi. 114);
ami Penrription of a AVip .Sjiecie$ of i.iatrit (xxxvii. IKW, f.).

* Ulmwi niremota in aoiuetimet known oa Hickory Klin, White
Kill), and Cliff Klui.

ACR.K

fully
idiculit
arrow

r tllfU

irwiite
iiuloil
(rroeii
ularly
when
iiillow
n the
:ei)ed,

e it in
It ritre
York

Sujfiir
jwnrd
ize in

I Keep-
)iu< or
oft4<ii
:)0(1 M
lu-avy
liiiira,
large

, who

have
Im ' is
ifrows
inters

h were

piouoiu
ibliaheil
I in the
ho con-
•Aci'tmnt
Specijic
i.U4)i

White

! '

i«l

KXI'LANATION OF TITK I'LATK.

I'l.ATK ('('('XII. I'l.MlM HAIKMIMA.

1. A fl(iweriii); lirunrli, nntiiral niio.

2. A rlu«t<'r iif HdwiTs miblenilitl liy » Iiiiil-«ale, anil ahowing the

hncU anil linirtlrtii of tin- liitcral tlnwcm, viiUu-getl.
.'t. A lldwi-r, l'lllur^'l'll.
• ■ \'i Tticttl Kcction of a tlowiT, ciilurgi'il.
r>. A fruiting lirancli, naliiral ai/n.
f>. Vcrtii'itl mM'tlnii iif II fruit, riilaiyml.

7. All ciiilirvii, slijtlitly riiliir(ji'<l.

8. A yiiunj; Ii'nf with »ti|iiiK'«, natural liie.

9. A mininu'r l>ranrli, natural aitu.
lU. A wintor branch, iwtunU aiie.

1

If

H

1 1

I ('

I

<-!

m

t

111

IM'f ',

>*«• f'I.\TE.

1 A flowariii.

'-. A f!usU*r of tiovfln (■.»

3. A rtowar, «dI»,-h'^

4. V.-rtiial (wti..!'
fi. iV fniiiiiii; l-mn.
6. VVrlieiJ in .

• \. ,„.,

«n(l (liuwiug ihs

10. A «..

Tiilva ol' Noilli Amcnrn

Tat CCCXIl.

<■ F y.,.i,m ,M

/.i*l>ivuftl/ ■

ULMUS RACEMOSA, Thom^ta

A rfit'ifi't,.r ihi\

/flf' A iiiUt'ltl /\iri.,-

ii'',

M,

|i

vi ;i

^^

ULMACEjG.

Flowi
lanceolate,
glabrous.

Ulmus alata

soon, S^tt-
t. 5. — I'll
201. — Ii<)
i. ■AM.—
18. — Diel
a^r. 3, X. 2
Ann. iii.
18(K), iii. C

A tree

or cre<'t bni

naked or ut

siMsippi Ri^

thk-kiicss, i

covered wit

are i^labrou

brown or i

marketl wit

loaf-sciirs ;

to jjrow du

at the nod

acute, an v

scales ; tin

with luiniil

leaves are

une(|ually

incurved t

surface wil

thick and

|)ubescenc(

arcuate ai

veinlets ;

width, am

ohovate, a

In the aul

f'ew-Howei

acute scitr

ULMACEiK.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

51

ULMUS ALATA..
Wahoo. Winged film.

Flowers on drooping pedicels. Fruit hirsi.tc. Leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-
lanceolate, smooth on the upper, pubescent on the lower surface. Bud-scales nearly
glabrous, Branchlets usually furnished with broad corky wings.

Ulmufl alata, Michaux, Ft. lior.-Am. i. 17;f (ISO.J). — J'er-
suuii, Sijii. i. -Dl. — Mii'liuux f. Hist. Arli. Am. iii. 275,
t. 5. — l'ur»h, Fl. Am. Sept. i. '.'(K). — Niitull, Gen. i.
201. — Roemer & SrliiilUis, .S><. vi. ■.'<«).— p:iliott. Sk.
i. ;$34. — Sprt'iiKel, Si/hI. i. !KU. — Audubon, liinia, t.
IS. — Dietrii'h, Syn. ii. Wi. — I'laiii'liixi, Ann. Sri. Xat.
sir. 15, X. 'J70; /> I'timlullr frodr. xvii. LW. — Wiil|K!r»,
Ann. iii. 4'J">. — CurtiH. AV/<. (lenloij. SuriK X. Car.
1800, iii. 55. — ChaiJiuttn, ft. 417. — Kiilfwiiy, I'ror. ('.

S. Xnt. .Vh.«. 18S2. 70. — SarRcnt. Forest Tree.i N.Am.

U)th Cmsii.i V. S. ix. IL'4. — Watson & Coulter, Gray's

.Man. etl. (i, 4GL'. — Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb.

ii. 406 (Man. PI. »'. Texa.t).
Ulmus pumila. Waltor, Ft. Car. Ill (not Linnatus) (1788).
? Ulmus longifolia, lUfinesiiue. New Fl. iii. aS (1830).
? Ulmus dimidiata, l{iitino»<iue, New Fl. iii. 39 (1836).
Ulmus Americana, y olata, Spach, .inn. Set. Nat. a6t. 2,

IV. 364 (IMl) ; Hist. Veg. xi. 109.

A tree, forty to fifty feet in height, witli a trunk rarely two feet in dianu'ter, sliort stout spreading
or erect brandies wliicli form a narrow oblong and rather open round-topped hcid, and slender branches
naked or usually furnished with corky wings ; ' or commonly, especially in the territory east of the Mis-
sissippi Kiver, much smaller. The hark of the trunk, which rarely exceeds a cpiarter of an inch in
thickness, is light hrown tinged with red, and is divided l>y irregular shallow K.ssures into Hat ridges
covered with small closely appressed scales. The branchlets are slender, and when they first appear
are glabrous or puberuloiis and light green tinged with red, and in their first winter are light reddish
brown or ashy gr'y, glahrous or on vigorous individuals fre(piently coated with short soft hairs, and
marked with occasional small orange-colored lenticels and with small elevated horizontal semiorhicular
leaf-scars ; the corky wings of the hranches, of which there are usually two, and which sometimes begin
to grow during their first hut niort> often during their second season, are thin, regular, abruptly arrested
at the nodes, and half an inch in width, and do not disappear for many years. The huds are slender,
acute, an eighth of an inch long, and covered with dark chestnut-brown glahrous or slightly puberulous
scales ; those of the inner st-ries are at maturity oblong or obovate, rounded and tipped at the apex
with minute points, thin, scarious, light red especially aliove t!«> middle, and half an inch long. The
leaves are ovati>-ol)long to oblong-lanceolate, often somewhat falcate, acute or acuminate at the apex,
uneipmlly wedge-shaped or rounded or suhcordate at the ba.se, and coarsely and douhly serrate with
incurved teeth ; when they unfold they are pale green, often tinged with red, coated on the lower
surface with soft white puhescence, and glabrous or nearly so on the upper surface, and at maturity are
thick and firm or suhroriacuous, dark green and smooth above, and pale and coated below with soft
|)uhescence which is thickest on the stout yellow midrihs and on the numerous .straight prominent veins
arcuate and often forked near the margins and connected by rather c(uispicuous reticulate cro.s.s
veinlets ; they are two to two and a half inches in length and one half to three (|uurters of an inch in
width, and are home on stout puliescent petioles a third of an inch long. The stipules are linear-
ohovate, acute, thin and scarious, tinged with red aliove the middle and often nearly an inch long.
In the autumn the leaves turn to a (lull yellow color liefore falling. The flowers are produced in short
few-Howerod fascicles and appear in Feliruary or March on droojiing pedicels furnished with linear
acute Hcuriouu bructM and brautluts. The calyx is glahrous and divided nearly to the middle into broad

' Kuthnx'k, liariUn ittui Forfnt, ii. .MHI.

! .1
i :

■ I

HP

|i

H

1,

il

62

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

ULMACE^..

ovate rounded lobes, and is as lon<; as the ovary, which is raised on a short slender stipe and is coated
with dense white tomentum. The t'niit, which rijiens just before or with the unfolding of the leaves,
is oblou", a third of an inch lonj;, contracted at the base into a long slender stalk, gradually narrowed
and tii)i)ed at the apex with large incurved horns, and coated with long white hairs which are most
numerous on the tliiekciied margin of the narrow wing. The sectl is ovate, pointed, an eiglith of an
inch long, and covered witii a pale chestnut-brown coat slightly thickened into a narrow wing-like
margin.

Ulmits ainid usually grows on dry gravelly uplands, and sometimes in rich alluvial soil on the
borders of swjunps and near tlie banks of streams, and is distributed from southern Virginia through
the middle districts to western Florida, and from southern Indiana and Illinois through western Ken-
tucky and Tennessee to the shores of the Gulf of Mexico and througli southern Missouri,' Arkansas,
and tlie eastern portions of the Indian Territory to the valley of the Trinity River in Texas, growing
to its largest size and most abundantly in tiie region west of the Mississippi River.

The wood of Uliiiiis uhttd is heavy, hard, although not strong, close-grained and ditlicult to split;
it contains inconspicuous renu)te medullary rays, and is light brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood.
Tlu' specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is O.TliU, a cubic foot weighing UJ.fiS jKiunds. It is
sonietiines employed for the hubs of small wheels and the handles of tools. From the inner bark rope
used for fiusteniug the covers ou cotton-bales has been made.'

I'/iiiiin iildl'i' v>-us first described in the /7oc(/ ('iirc/iiiliiiKi of Walter, published in 1788. The
good habit, rapid growth, small size, and abur lant foliage of the Wahoo make it a desirable ornamentid
tree, and it is often planted in the southern stjites to shade the streets of towns and villages. According
to Loudon,' it was introduced into p]nglish gardens in I81JO.

> Hniiulliciiil, lt»l. liitznte. iii. GO.

^ l^on-her, HeMmrcrt of Soitthtrn FUld* atut Fortftf, WW.

* 111 ArlcAiisAJi i'tmta alula is Monii'timpii mllp<l Ilfd Klin and
Moiiiitaiit Kiln ( K. I.. Iliirvpy, Am. .Amr. Forrittrt/, i. 451).

* IaiiicIoii, Arh. lint. in. lUM, f. 1::4S.

EXPLANATION OK THK I'l-ATE.

Pl..»TK CrCXIII. ll-MIs AI.ATA.

1. A tlon'crin); liruuli, natural nitv.

2. A Hiiwer, enlargetl.

3. A piHtil. t>iiliir};('(l.

4. V'lTtii'ttl sri'tiiin of u piHtil, enlarged.
r>. A fruitiii); lininch, nutural »ne.

<J. A friiil. fiiluriied.

7. Vertiral ncctiiiii of a fruit, enlarged.

8. An f'fiihrvo. I'nlarj^ud.

9. A aumiiicr branch, natural »\ie.

zea:.

^*^

«*|f

O

1]

M

i

1 s

onT/i A.yh'nrr'A.

■ tnmmi on a short blender >\*'.]w am! <

>r I- ; i.t Iwfort) or witli till- uiifoIiliiifT nt ,lii-

(i< liiiKC ititi) :4 loii;r slfiuln stalk, i;'^!!!!:!!; ii

iiiii! coated with long white hairs w

I I. lACK.i:
: itcd

•■s,
-..■1
ii-^. iiiii! coated witn loiiir winte nairs wiii' t

....;r.nv W'lm;. 'I hi' n»".'il i< i)\-;tl<i, pointtMl, uii I'igiitii oi .mi

lit •iiuit-linrwii ,-ii,'it i<lijlhtlv ihicl:! "t'l illt" .1 ll/ltlnH » -!.r-l;;;,.

II ilrv gravi'llj uplands, and sometimos in liirh iilhtnal uoil on tho

. ..1 .ill- lijinks of striMims, ;n)il U diftrihiifwl fri)m Hoiifh,irn Virjfinia through

■^ti'rri T'loridi. .-md from •*oti(li,.rii IrniianiHiiid Illinois through wiNslvrn Ko.i-

'"" 1 ^ft'siio and rhroiijrh HoutheriJ MiMMOuri,' Arkrtn?,..'.

I. .- >l till' liuii.i:i ii'ntoi* lo ihi- viillev of dii' 'rrinity Uivi'r in lexiw, growing

!;'ii--t iliiiulriiitiv tn tlio rjjjjioii wost of the MiNtiiuKippi Uivt-r.

'w^vy. luml. »hh(iujrh not iitrong, cloBi-jTraintul and diftioiilt to wplii ;

i>piriii!Ui ri!nM>t4' lucduil i'\\ i< hj^ht brown, with Uiie^k hghtcr colort-d snpwood.

i it\ of tho alH«duh«!j il. (t.7ii>l. a i-uUic foot wfighin^r KJ.OH pounds. It ix

y»^J f'M Ok- hut* of i-i . ; . Miil tht' handles of tools. From the iiint-r iiarW rope

• Ktmnfj llr I III i,totto>i'l>ui«-9> fv«« U'«sn at>ide ''

•<*vii- u:.;! lifscribcd in r " - f Wdttc. pul.lihhcl in 17<S.S. The

1 I ){rowth, stuall »m; and abi, ■ , ' r Wahuo uiakc it a di'hirahlc (irnampiital

!!fc« planted iji the soutlurn h hi- Htrtseta of tuwus lUiu vilhif^es. Aii-ordinj;

In L/ouitoM,' ii waa introiluoed into Knirli!*b gatttvau m irt**.'

Ill flO.
■itiim FieUi4 strl .'• —

'Nw viata i* wraetimM nillvii K<<il

H .-r(>ir, ,tn. Xj • "" ■ i."1

.: IWrt, t. JW~

EXJ'KV.NATrON

ca XIII.

'rJfu^ I'liii

'ur^rtd.

"ilva of Nurth Amenr;)

Tab CCCXlil

lyf.Lion ,/,■/

l.'l<^r..

ULMUS A LATA Mi hx

A /ui',rfi»i' ihn

[nifj - . nlfif^>r far:.

, i

i

1

i
1

<

II

i

'f

\\{

f

VLMACBJC.

Flowk
pubcsci'ni-.
Hurfiice. I?
wings.

Ulmua fulva,

I'eniiMiii, Syi
I'lirsli, /7.

IlofllHT A S
lllijilv /><•"'

n. H"r.-An
I)ictri.li, A';
XV. ;«K»; i
JCC. — riiir
,/.,//.! I'nxir
linKtnn, Fl
Hun: y. 1
KiM'li, Dfnit
XM. t. —

A tnH>.

Hproailiii); '»

fri'(pit'ntly ii

cov<Ti'(l witl

brijjlit frriH'i

tlu'ir first w

lenticels; <li

witli liir^>

fi'oro-viiiX'uli

ohtiise, a «l'

scales lire I

th»H() next

tumentuin, i

fully nr«)wn

shiijied, roll

siijjhtly cilii

leaves. Tli

on une aid

calloiis-tij)!)

and pilose

dark j^reen

apex of til

moft aluni'

straight vei

L'LMACBA

HILVA OF NOJiTU AMERICA.

63

ULMU8 PULVA.
Slippery Elm. Red Elm.

Flowkrs on short pctlici'ls in (Towdoil fascicles. Fruit naked on the margins,
puJ)cscen'i,. Leaves ova'e-ohlong, scabrous on the upper, pubescent on the lower
surface. Bud-sci».les coatcl with rusty brown hairs. Branchlets destitute of corky
wings.

Ulmim fulva, Mirliaiix. Fl. Hor.. Im. i. 17'.* (18(«).—
renmim, .Si/». i. '.'HI. — Willtlciiow, Kiiiiin. ,Siip|il. II. —
I'iir»li. Fl. Am. Sept. i. '.'(M). — N, ill, <>,;i. i. 'JOl.—
KiH'iiuT A. .Silmlt«», Syil. vi. ;«ll. — Klliotl. Sk. i. XKl —

lliiync Dfiiih. FI.'.VS, — SiirtMigi'l, Si/»t. i. 9.'!1 Hooter,

/•/. //..r.-.l»i. ii. 14'.'. — I»ij;i'l"w, Fl. ll>i>toii. ei\. .'t, W'l.—
IMt'tricli, Si/ii. ii. WJ. — .S|im'li, Ann. Sri. Xnl. iii<r. 2,
%y. ;tCK«; nut. Vfij. x\. lC7.~Torrcy, Fl. X Y. ii.
KM). — I'luneliiin, Ann. Sri. \(it. Hi^r. it, x. '-'70 ; De Can-
dnlle Ptwir. xvii. Kil.— Wal|).Tii. Ann. ili. 426. — Dni^
lin);t<>n, Fl. Centr. fil. H, 'J.'i.'i. — Ciirti«, Hep. (ieiiln/.
■S'liri'. X. Cur. 1K(')(), iii. 'i.', — - r)ia|iiiiiiii, Ft. 41(!. —
K<hIi, r>enilr. ii. 4'.".'. — KimrnDii, Trees .I/ii,m. cd. '.', il.
.'j;{4, t — Laui'he, Veuttrlte Ihndr. IMS. — Uiil/jway,

Froc r. S.Xiit. Mn». 1882, 72. — SarRont, Forent Treen

.V. Am. \i\tli Crnmis I'. S. \\, t'.'2. — Kiit'liiic. Diiitur/ie

Iknih. llil), f. 27, (i. — Wiitsim & Coulter, (inii/'n Man.

od. i\, lt>2. — l)i|.|«l, l/au.lli. Lmihlmhk. ii. .'«), f. 8.
? UUnuB puboBcens ? WulUir, /•'/. Car. 1 12 (1788). — Sud-

worlh, lie p. Srr. ,[,,rir. \W.)'l. ,'127.
Ulmua Americana, .i rubra, Ailon. Hurt. Kew. i. .'ilO

(178'.»). — Will.lciiow, S,,er. i. pt. ii. 1 ;V.'r., — Stok.'S, Hot.

Mnt. Me.l. ii. ;t,-i. — llayn.., Demlr. Fl. M.
?Ulmuii orispa, WilldciiDW, Enmn. 2'jr> (18(»9); lierl.

Ilniiniz. I'll. 2, r>'l».
Ulmus rubra, Midiiuix f. ///.•i^ .[rh. Am. iii. 278, t. (J

(I8i;i).
? Ulmua pinguiu. lUtiiieaiiiu', Fl. Ludoric. 11.5 (1817).

A trw, Hixty to sovcMity fp«'t in lu'ijjlit, witli a trunk ociMsinnally two feet in iliainutor, and
Hproaiiing branciioH which uf>Uitlly form a liroail open tlitt-to|)|ii'il hcaii. The bark of tlu> trunk is
fr<-i|Ufntly an ini-h in thicknoHs anil i.s dark Itrown tinirud witli red, divided l>y shallow Kssures and
covered with larjje thick appressed seales. The branehlets are stout, and, when they first appear, are
brijjht griH-n, scahrate, and coated with soft ])ale pubescence which does not entirely disappear until
their first winter ; they become light brown by midsummer, and are ofti'ii roufjiieiied with small pale
lunticels ; durin^r their first winter they are ashy fyr.iy, onuige-color, or Ii<;ht red-brown, and marked
with larjje elevated semiorbicular leaf-sears in which appear the ends of three conspicuous e<|uidistant
fibro-vuicular bundles j ultimately they become dark gray or brown. Tiie leaf-buds are ovate, rather
obtuse, a, quarter of an inch long, ard covero<l with about twelve closely imbricated scales ; the outer
scales are broadly ovate, rounded, dark chestnut-brown, and covered with long scattered rusty hairs;
tbost! next within them are coated on the outer surface above the middle with thick rust\ brown
tomentnm, and the scales of the inner rows, which re|)lace the stipules of the lower leaves, are when
fully grown half an inch long, an eighth of an inch to a (piarter of an inch wide, light green, stra{)-
sha|>ed, rounded and tipped at the apex with tufts of rusty hairs, puberuloun on the outer surface and
slightly ciliate on the margins, gradually growing narrower and passing into the stipules of the upper
leavett. The leaves are ovate-oblong, abruptly c(uitraeted into long slender points, rounded at the biuse
on one side and shorter and obliipie on the other, and coarsely and doubly serrate with incurved
callous-tipped teeth; when they ui:''"old they are thin, coated on the lower surface with pale pubescence,
and pihme on the up{H>r surface with scattered white hairs, and at maturity they are thick and tirni,
dark green and rugose on the upper surface with crowded sharii-pointed tubercles ]iointed toward the
apex of the leaf, paler, soft and smooth on the lower surface, and coated with white hairs which are
most abundant on the slender yellow midribs deeply impres.sed above, and in the axils of the slender
straight veins which are often forked near the margins ; they are five to seven inches long, two to three

ij

h

\\\

i{

lll'll.

l\\

n4

SI/.VA OF NORTH AMKliWA.

vimscka:.

inclioH wide, and are bnrno on Rtoiu |iul)i<Nomit petioloH it third of an inch in lenf^h. The ntipuleH of the
uppor Umvck hit (>h()viitt>-<>l>l<>M^ co ohloii^lttr.coohito, thin and HcariouN, coated with |mle puheHvence and
tipped witli chistors of rusty Irown hairH. The leavcH turn to a dull yellow cohir before falling; in the
autumn. The iMilori'McePi'e-hudH are larfrer and more obtuse than the leaf-budx, which they resendile
in the shape of the siiiles and their covering; from ;'ii- ' ' the six or eight inner scales the two to
tiiree-fl- vvcrcd short lUMlunculate clusters of flowers i ..,.'ed. The Howers, which appear at the

south in Felvaary and Marcii and at the north from the middle to the end of April, are borne on shon
pedicels produced from the axils of minute linear f^roen bracts with a few short white hairs at the
..pex. The calyx is ^'rcen, coated with pale hairs, and sli^rhtly divided into five to nine short rounded
thin and scarious etjual lobes. The stamens are exserted, with slemler liffht yellow slijrhtly tiattened
tilanients and dark red anthers which do not shed their ]Mdlen until after the slightly exserted re<ldisli
purjilc stigmas papillose with soft white hairs have begun to wither. The fruit, which rijH«ns when the
leaves are about half grown, is stMuiorbicnlar, rounded, slightly einargimite or with the remains of one
or of both stigmas at the apex, rounded or wedg(>-shaped at the base, and half an inch broad ; the
seminal cavity ii* coated with thick rusty brown tomentum, and the broad thin wing is obscurely
reticulate-veined, naked on the thickened margin, and marked by the dark conspicuous horizontal line
of union of the two carpels. The seed is ovate, with n large oblique pale hilum, and is covere<l with
a liglit chestnut-brown coat prmluced into a thin wing which is wider below than above the middle of
the seed,

I'hiniii fiilrii is distributed from the island of Orleans in the lower St. I>awrence Uiver tlirough
Ontario to North Dakotit and eastttru Nebraska,' and southward to western Florida, central Ahkbama
and Mississippi, and the valley of the San Antonio Uiver in Texas.

A coniparatively common tree, although I'verywhcre less common than the White Elm, it inhabitH
the banks of streams and low rocky hillsides, where it grows in deep fertile soil.

The wood of UhnuH fuhn is heavy, hard, strong, very closi>-grained, durable in cont»»ct with the
soil, and easy to s])lit while grtvn ; it contains nnnierouH thin medullary rays and broad bands of several
rows of large open ductc. marking the layers of anniml growth, and is dark brown or red, with thin
lighter colored sapwood. The s|H'cific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.()!),'>(>, a cubic foot
weighing 4iS.ii.') pounds. It is largely used for fence-posts and railway ties, for the sills of buildings,
the hubs :f wheels, and agricultural im]>lements.

The thick fragrant inner bark of the branches is mucilaginous, demulcent, and slightly nutritious;
it is employed in the treittment of acute intlamnmtory and febrile affections, and is use<i in the form
of a powder externally in poultices.-'

The Slippery Kim apjwai-s to have been first distinguished by Clayton,' and what is probably the
earliest description of it aj)peared in bis Flora Virfjinica,* published in ITIJiK In cultivation it is a
handsome sha|)ely fast-growing tree ; but in public |>arks and streets its uhc is to be avoided, for once
its identity is established it usually falls a prey to boys eager to devour the inner bark of the branches.

' ItcMC'v, Rrii. \rhriula Siair Itmnl Aqrir. 18(M. lO.'i. & lliuiburv, I'luirmiiroiinipha, fiOI. — Juhnion, Man. Mtd. Itol.

! Ili.fii»'«(iue, .\M. IM. ii. '-'"l. — (iriffilli, MkI. liol. fltKJ, — .V .1. !.'»;». II. S. l>ui*m. fd. 10, l.VJU.
I'driliiT. Ketourra of Southern t'iMt and ForaU, 310. — Fliukiger • .">«• i. S

* Ulmui/ruclu membranacto, foiiu timpiiciumi urratit, 14S.

.MACKVi;.

iH of the
not) and

ill the
uH«iiil)le
3 two to

at the
III nhori

at tlin
r4)iiiuU><l
luttt'iifd
roildUh
ticii the
I of OIIU
1(1 ; the
im'urt'ly
till lino
o<l with
dale of

Jirou^h
Llabaina

inlmbitfl

rith the

Hevcrul
ith thin
)ic foot
lildin;;^,

ritidim ;
le form

My the

it iit u

'or once

■auelieH.

\M. itoi.

115.

>H

ill! I

» <

V

i

) 'I

EXPLANATION (IK TIIK PLATK.

Pl.AfK (TCXIV. fl.MlH Kl'I.VA.

t. A Hiiwi'riii|{ lirnnrli, iimtural aiu.

'J, A HowiT, riiUrKwl'

.'i. A Htnniini. piilarf^pil.

4. ViTtiial ni'i'tiiiii of u Howvr, vnlarKml.

It. Vi'iiii-al Hi'i'tiiiii of a pintil, <Milnr)(P<l'

C. Onmii MM'tioii of ail nvary. i'iilarKe<l.

7. A (riiitiiiK lirani'li, natunU ■ii.r.

8. Verticiil M'ctimi "f » friiil, imltiral •ilf.
' A m'ld. i'iilar({i'<l.

111. VirliiMil ncilioii of B mihI, ciilarn"!.

11. All riiiliryii, I'nhirKeil.

\'i. A jouiiK lirancli with unfuliliinf li-aven aliowiiii; thf arireacent

biid-M'alHii ami utiiiiilrii. natural hIw.
1,'i. A •iiiiiiiiu'r liraiK-li, iiiiturul »i/i>.
14. A wiutoT bruicli. Uw llower-buiU b«|{iiiiiiii|; l« eliUrKe, natural liu.

ll

iii

! !i

i«

i'l

EXI'I.VN\TIOS -IP 1HK PI.aTK.

•11, ■'i.turRtfl

I s. .ti.m ..f

It*. Vf^rliral «tM-iitpri tif it ^•■^v.
! 1 A 1. . .i.i.ryo. rul»ri'»ii

1^ branch » :; . i

!•! V »imit l.rMit'h. Xh« t! ■

(Ur(:**^i

r«t tUuVrJAv

nuUinU <i'0.

Silva of North Amerir

Ub C.':C7.\y

> m

t I

iKFatm ,M

ULMUS FULVA V.

A HuHt*Ht.t JiftU

/"i/f J 7Ufn»ur P.ii .

i;

^M

ri

ULMACEJE.

Flowe
the iipi)er,
usdullv fur

Ulmus orasei
V. Uiy (18:i
De Cii'ido
420. — Sari

A tree,

sometiiiu's fi

which J'orm

or wlii'ii jj;ni

which is SI)

<liviilc(l by i

hraiu'lili'tsui

rcJ, Miul cc

pultcnilous,

scars, ill wh

they an' frc

(|iiai'tt>r tt) ii

lateral l)raii

(if all iiifh

outer siirf'a

hrijrlit red,

rouiulud lit

aiul iilie(|ii

Mareh, tlu

puheseeiice

whidi is r

soft puhesi

with stout

margin, oli

Tile stii>iili

hv their all

The leaves

oil the hra

the axils o

live-tlower

leiifTth, CO

hraetlets.

> In I

ULMACEiK.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

ULMU8 CRASSIFOLIA.

Oedar Elm.

Flowers iiutumnul, short-pcdieellato. Fruit hirsute. Leaves ovate, scabrous on
tiie upper, soft-pubescent on the h)wer surface. Uud-scales puberulous. Brunchlots
usually furnished with corky wings.

Ulmus orassifolia, Nuttall. Trnns. Am. Phil. Sue n. M't. ix. IL".'. — Kmlini', Deiihche Demlr. 13.">, f. 27 B. —

V. 109 (18;»7). — I'laiiilioii, Ann. Sri. Nat. h<t. .'i, x. 279; lii|)|M>l. //uiidli. Laii/ihohk. ii. H5. — Coulter, Conirib. U.

Df Caiiilolle I'nHlr. xvii. 1(12. — WalpiTK, Ann. ili. .S'. .V./^ //»■/■/-. ii. IOC. (.}fan. PI. W. TeJta»).

420. — SiirKrnt, Forest Trees S. Am. U)lli Cemim ('. S. Ulmua opaca. Nuttall. Si/lni. i. ;<5. t. 11 (1842).

A tree, often eipfhty foet in hei^lit, witli a tall 8tr!iif;flit trunk two to three feet in diiiineter,
sduietinieH free of brnnciios for thirty or forty feet, and (liviilin<f into iiiinieruiiH stout s|ireiulin^ limbs
wliicli form ii broad iiivcrs»'iy conieal round-toppfd liead witli loii^f pendulous liranelies, or while younff,
or wlien ^rowinjj on dry u[)lands, a compact round head of droopiu};- hranciies. The liark of tlie trunk,
whiih is sometimes nearly an inch in thicknes,s, is lifjiit l)rown sli<rlitly tinjjed with red, and deeply
(liviih'd by interru|)ted fissures into hroad flat ridfjes, broken on tlie surface into thick scales. The
hranchh'ts are slentier and often furnished with corky win;;s. and. wlien tliey lirst appear, are tinj^ed with
red, and coated with soft pale puhcscenn- : ilurin<r tiieir (Ir.st winter they are li^ht reddish hrown,
pulierulous, and marked with scattered minute [tal,. lenticels, and with small eh'vated .semiurbicular leaf-
scars, in whicii appear tlie einls t)f three small fiiiro-vascular bundles; the two corky wiufifs with which
they are freipiently furnished are covered witli lustrous red-hrown hark, and when fidly jjrown are a
(juarter to a half of an inch broad; they are sometimes continuous, except when ahruptly interrupted hy
Literal branchlets, or are often irrej^ularly develo[ied. The leaf-buds are broadly ovate, acute, an eighth
of an inch lonj^, and covered with closely imbricated chestnut-brown scales, slifjlitly puhendous on the
outer surface; those of the inner ranks are at maturity obloufj, concavi', rounded at the ajiex, thin,
brijjht re<I, and Mometimes three <|uarters of an inch in lenj^th. The leaves are olilonjj-oval, acute or
rounded at the a|M'X, une(|ually roinided (u- wedfjt-shaiied and often oMiipie at the hase, and coarsely
and une(|ually douhly serrate with callous-tipped teeth ; when they unfold, which is in Febriuiry and
March, they are thin, lijjht jjreen, tinfj;ed with red, pilose above, and covered below with .soft pale
pubescence, and at maturity .ire thick and subcoriaceous, dark j^reen and lustrous on the upper surface,
which is roughened with crowded minute shari>-pointed tubercles, pale yellow-green ,'ind coated with
soft pubescence on the lower surface, one to two inches long, and one half of an inch to an inch wide,
with stout yellow midribs slightly impres.Hed above, prominent straight veins, often fcu-ked near the
margin, obscure on the upper side, and connected by conspicuous more or less reticulate cross veinlets.
The sti|)ides, which are half an inch long, linear-lanceolate, and red and scabrous above, elas]> the stem
by their abru|)tly enlarged eorilate green and hairy bases, and fall when the leaves are about half grown.
The leaves turn bright yellow, and fall late in October or early in November, or turn brov, .• and wither
on the branches in years of exceptional dryness. The inllorescence-buds a|ipear early in 'ln> season in
the axils of leaves <«f the year ; the llowers, which iisuallv open in .\ugust,' are produced in three to
tive-tlowered pedunculate fiiscicles, and are borne on slender pedicels a third to a half of an inch in
length, covered with long white hairs, and furnished with linear-lanceolate acute scarious bracts and
bractlets. The calyx is divided to below the middle into ol)long narrow pointed lobes, and is hairy at

' In fitviirutrlo m'liHtiiiH a nih-uiiiI rrup of llowuffl Bometimes u|)|)carH in OfttiluM- from wliifh sfods ofti-n ri|MMi u month later.

'J

M

\ i!

Mill

:

38

SILVA OF XORTII AMERICA.

ULMACE^K.

the base. The ovary is coated with pale liairs, ami crowned with two short slijrhtly exserted Htigiuas.
The fruit ripens in Septeinl>er. and is oI)lon<^, {jfradiially and often irregularly narrowed from the middle
to the two ends, short-stalked, deeply notched at the apex, one third to nearly one half of an inch long,
and covered with soft white hairs, which .ire most developed on the slightly thickened margin of the
broad obscurely veined wing. The seed is ovate-oblicjue, pointed, and covered with a dark chestnut-
brown coat.'

U/iniis crdHKif'tiiiK is distributed frtmi the valley of the Sunflower River in Mississiiipi through
southern Arkansas and Texas to Nuevo Leon," ranging in western Texas from the coast to the valley of
the I'ei'os Hiver.' In Arkansas the Cedar Klin grows usually on river cliffs and low hillsides,^ and in
Texas, where it is he eonnnon Elm-tree, and where it attiins its hirgest size on the rich bottom-lands of
the Guadalonpe and Trinity Rivers, it grows near streams in deep alluvial soil and on the dry limestone
hills which rise from them, usually with Live Oaks and Nettle-trees.

The wood of UIiiiuk cni.ssil'dliii is heavv, hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, with obscure
medillary rays and bands of ducts marking the layers of annual growth ; it is light brown tinged with
red. with thick lighter colored sapwood. The specilic gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7'24r», a
cubic foot weighing 4."».1"> pounds. In central Texas it is used in considerable cpiantities in the manu-
facture of the lnib> of wagcu-wheels and saddle-trees, for furniture, and largely in fencing; grown in
the drv clim.ite of the Rio (.irande basin, the Cedar Elm is less valuable as a tindier-tree, and produces
lumber of an inferior (juality, and poor fuel.

L'/iKiis rr<issifi>H(i was discovered by Thomas Nuttall'' in ISIK near the Re<l River in south-
western Arkansas. As it grows on the bottom-lands of the rivers of central Texas, the ('cdar Elm, with
it> broad head of long pendulous branohes covered with dark green lustrous leaves, is one of the most
beautiful and graceful trees of North America.'' It is tM'casiiMiallv' planted as a shade-tree in the
streets of cities and towns in Texas ; but, except ui Tex;us, is rarely seen in cultivation.

* The scrdtt of CVmiu rm^mifitiia do iioi itpparontty f^rmitiato in
TeXi-u) until aftiT the niiiit^ of tlii> curly spring.

'^ t'. (i. I'riliKlr, Uttrilen ti'ut Fttrent, iii \V\2.
» llnvanl. I'nu-. I'. S. \,il. Miu. ISSL'. ."lOC.

* F. I.. Il;irvcy, Am. Jtmr. h'oTtstry, i. 151.
» Ste ii. M.

• In Ti'xas the iM-nnty of Hm^L* irnmi/tttiti ii oftt'n injiiretl liy
thi' .^puiii.tli Mo>^ ( Tiltnrtil.im u.oiriM(/<.*. l.inunMiK), wliirh frojufntly
(Inipi-H till- liriuii'lir^, iiiiil iiltiiniitfly wcakrim, iinil tluAlly tteitruy»
till' tri'i-.

' Ki'Vt ri-lion, fwartirn unit Fi)rrft, vi. .*i:^-l.

EXPIANA'T'ION OK TIIK I'l.ATK.

I'r.ATK t'tX'XV. I'l.Mt.l rllASSlKiil.lA.

1. A flowcririi; linimli. natural "i/e.

1*. I >!«'.,''■•"" "f a tlowur.

.'1. A tlowi-r. I'lilar^cil,

4. A Ktaini'U. fnlari;<'i!.

.^1. A ]ii«til. I'nlnri^ci).

1). An ovuli>. much ina^nifitMl.

7. A fruiting branch, natural niie.

S. A fruit, oiilart;e<).

'.1. Virtiral swlioii of a fruit, onlarjjpd.

10. Vortiral nectioii of a Heed, cnlargcil.

It. An einliryo, enlarged.

ILV A KUiniupr liranrh, nnturni site,

lit. .V wiiit4.*r branch, natural mini.

W'

.^'

>

s

.i\

>^^';

L^

..^

.<C--s

•#L

( \

<il

'• i Ailli IWK Hliorl NJi^litly cXHi'v.-'il 'itiKiiiiiH.

■ ml iifti'ii iircpiljirh' ii:iric wod from iUr niidillp

.i(ifx. Olio lliird to iitMrly oiio half of an iiul) loiij.,

I I "' "II il'o bli^'litlv liuckifnttil fliai^in of the

•> il" i'linii:!'. |.oint-;l. .itid covt'ivd witli .1 il;irlt 1 i p^tlult-

uivprs, \t jrro>»
'i.illv with Ia\'

) fmtii the valiw oi iht" SnnllowHr Rivor hj Ml'wissippi tJiwuKh

iii'VK I,c.(ii, i-.mijiiijr iti wi.,tiTU TcxiiK from the fount to thi' valley of

' C.Im Kim fjrows usiiallv on river clidn Hml low hillsidus,' iind in

' !' I whew it attaitw its largest sizp on the rich hottom-lands of

iins in deep iiihivial soil and on tiijj ihy liuieut^jne

I Netth-tnuM.

! nt.t -:ti,>njj. brittle, < !ch. -i>'rait<ed, with ohsenrp

r.lgrowtl^ lit hrown linjrei! .vtlh

..iiv of the .iLii.liii'iv lirv wood is 0.7'24.'>, a

ii^bhI in eoiirtideK.Ide (jiidntitias in the nutiui-

■ fiirniliue Hiid lir<ji'ly in feiieiiifj ; jjrown in

'it.-r-tree, and prodneea

• !.■<•'

,1;

l'< V-

,s,tj;\\i»ij i.

.,ir.i r.

II ',. ,Mi (It

i1 an.' -r

'V;is diseoverod by Th< ;
As It jrTi>\v< (ill the bottoni-1 1
lung i>en(lillfj|is lirnneliON eoveretl tviiii >i
leeful treen of Vorth \r,--,\. ■." \: ;,
111 tontiK 1.1 'IVx;t8 ; hi/

n u fVu V.i'A River in >i>iiili-

I 'iihir Klin, with

i;<.-tii liini.ioiii. Ua » L'n. Is one lif the most

■ '■iiiidly' phuitcHl iiM 11 slilt-M- 'I.

ikIv mieti in eultivation.

'-rj>i»»>'t»*t^ i^cmiisttU

"ftfiM mjtfrvAi by

:. A f:i,.;t.i:- !„..,. ii

i« ..( » (nm.

■iii.i.

'■n of K 9D^, nai|ir;;eil.
!' A.i uiit, ,j. iiiiiarg«il.
!'- A «,m>n<fr liiahdi. nal4ii-«1 •!»«.
1 A Atiiij'i • rHiioi), imtuml nite.

hlva r.'f Nfnth Aiti'

]

I /

?■ !i

» (

i !|

( f /'li/n'i fM

H.!f<

ULMUS CRASSIFOLIA

./ H>

/•T'lV/./ ifl/iYt

'•W .' .(WiU.- / i7/;i

^

1, 1 ;

K

■

1

i

i

}
i

I

■

lILMACKiK.

tion ; corol
stipitati', I
altt'inatr, >

Planera, (imeli

L'TC). — ;.Ii-ii

A trci".

iiiarkcil witli

li'af-scars in

su1)};1<i1m)h«',

iiiort' or Icsf

ol)liiii^, scaii

tile liraiK'lili'

ill vernation

.;t the hasc,

puluTulons

I'onncctoil li

lower und pi

latorul, free,

the k-avi's ii

Klu)rt-|)«Mliot'

year in one

tlu- iia.st! in

scarioiis, hmI

in tho pistil

dvati', cniar

lon^itnilina

(livi(lt><l int

thu Htaniiiii

cxtrorso, su

till- witillTC

rihlu'd on
|)iil)i'ruloiis
snrfacf. t"
lustrouH, di
tiiick, luieij
nnii'li lon<i;i

The
medullary

> l.iiti' I'liii

tlie IjrniU'h up

lIL.MACKi*;.

SJ/A'A OF NORTH AM Kit IC A.

S9

PLANK II A.

l''l,()\vi:its poly^iimo-mnna-cioiis ; calyx \ or iVloln-d, the loht's iinbricutcd in fi'stiva-
tioii ; corolla 0 ; stamens I or 5 ; Hlanunts erect before anthesis ; disk 0 ; ovary superior,
stipitate, l-celled ; ovide solitary, suspended, l-'ruit drupaceous, niuricate. Leaves
alternate, serrate, stipulate, deciduous.

Planera, (iiiii-liii. .s>^ S'lt. ii. \M ( 1 7i>l ). — Kmllii-liiT, (/.•«.
^Tt). — iilfiBinr, '.'.«. ;i;.l. — Iliiillim. Illst. I'l. vi. IS.".. —

Iti'iitlKiiii it lluiikir, (Ifii. iii. 3.")«'. — Kngler & Prantl,

l'jl'in::ciii'iiin. ill. |it. i. tji!.

A trot', witii watery jiiict', sculy Iwik, sIcikIit terete uiiiirii<ei| slifrlitly /.i;jz.'i{j ])iil)erulmis branelilets
inarkeil with wattereil pair IcntirclM, anil at tlie end of tlieir lirst seasoji with small nearly oiliii'iilar
leaf-sears in which appear a row of lihro-vasenlar hnniNe-xMrs. ami tihroiis roots. Buds axillary,'
Hliii^^lohoHe, niinu'.e. ei-vereil with numerous thin closely imhricated rhestniit-hrown scales, the outer
more or less scarious on the niar<jins ; the inner accrescent with the youni^ siioot. at maturity oyatu-
ohlon^, scarious, lirij^ht reil, one third to lu-arly one half of an inch lon;^. markin;^ in falling the base of
the hranchlet with numerous rin^-like pale conspicuous scars, beayes alternate, distichous, conilnplicate
in vernation, oyate-olilonij, acute or rounded at the narrowed apex, uneipially wedire-sha|>ed or rounded
.it the base, coarsely crcnulate-serrate with inieipial ffland-tippcd teeth, petioliti- with slender terete
puherulous petioles, pcn!ii\eined, the numerous straight conspicuous ycins fiukcd near the margin,
eonnec'ted by coartie reticulate veiidets more cons|iii nous helow tiian ahoye ; at lirst puherulous un the
lower and pilose on the up|icr surface, at maturity thick and suliioriaccous, M'ahrate, deciduous ; stipules
lateral, free, oyate, acute, scarious, lirif^ht red, caducous. Flowers articulate, minute, apipearin;; with
the leavi'H in early sprinjj, the staininatc fascicled in the axils of the outer scales of leaf-hi irinj; buds,
Hhort-p«Mlieellate, the pistillate or perfect on elonjrated puherulous pedicels in the axils of leaves of the
vear in one to fhree-tlowered fiLscicles. Pedicels ebracteolate. Calvx campanulate, divided nearly to
the base int • four or live lobes, rounded at the apex, (greenish yellow, often tinj^tMl with re(|, sul>-
KcuriuuH, »ul)-mureescent. Stamens liypojryninis, as many as the lobes of the calyx and opjiosite them ;
in the pistillate- llower sometinu's fewer or wantinuf; filaments (iliform, erect, exserteil ; anthers broadly
ovate, cniar);;inatiN cordate, attached on the hack helow the middle, introrse, two-celled, the cells opening
longitudinally. Ovary ovate, stipitate, ^landular-tubercidate, one-celled, narrowed into a short style
divided into two elon;;ated spreading reflexed stiijmas, j)apillo-stij;matic on the inner face ; wantinj; in
the staminate Hower ; ovule solitary, suspendeil 'lear the apex of the cell, anatro])oiis ; inicropyle
extrorse, superior. Fruit idilonj^, ohiiipie, an.! n.irrowed below into a short stipe inclosed at the base by
the withered calyx, crowned with the remnants of the style ; pericarp crustaccous, fra;,'ile, prominently
rihhed on the anterior ami jjosterior faces, irregularly < resleil with thin plates, lijfht chestnut-brown,
pul)erulo\is, of two coats, the inner thin and [lapery, lii;;ht chestnut-brown, and lustrous (ui the inner
surface. Seed ovoid-obliipie, pointed at the apex, rounded below, exalliuminous ; testa '.iiin. erustaeeous,
lustrous, dark brown or nearly black, of two <'oats ; raphe inconspicuous. Knd)ryo erect ; cotyledons
thick, uneipial, brij;ht orauf'e-color, the apex (d' the larLTcr cucullate and slitfhtly infoldin<^ the smaller,
nuich lonirer than the minute railicle turned toward the Hnear pale iiilum.

The wood (d" I'lanera is lij-ht, soft, not stronji;. close-^'iaiLicd. and contains numerous tiiiii
medullary rays and occiusional scattered open ducts. It is liL;ht lirown, wiiI' tiiick nearly white sapwood

I l.iki' I'llniiH. I'lniK-ni <1>N>H not rt>riii u ttTiiiiiiiit Imi.I, the riitl of tti the iipprr axilhiry liiid, Ity \shii-li it is {•rohni^i'tl (tilling llto
tilt) hruueh apiit^urin^ iliii'illg the wiuter uji it hiiiiiU pate Hear iluite foUuuilig spring.

\ '*■

1

i

' H

(50

SILVA OF NO/tTIl AMKIUCA.

rr,MACEi»;.

I'LMACEiB.

vv i

« !

fomimsed of twenty or thirty liiyors of ikiiiiiial jrrowtli. Tho Kpt'cilic jfriivity of the ahsohitely dry wood
is ()..VJ!U, a cuhic foot wcijrhinp; It'J.JMI |)oiiii(ls.

Tho ^I'lius is not known to possvsM nseful iiropertius,

Tlie generic name preserves tho memory of .lohaim Jakob Planer,' a German hotaniHt and phytiieian
of tile last I'fntmy.

Tile ffeiiiis is now represented liy ft single 8pocicii.'^

' .liilmiiii Jakuli riiinrr ( 1T1;I I7SH), u iintivi- of I'.rfiirt. |mrmii'il

llUDciflltitlc HtlxlirH Jit HitIiII (111(1 U-|)t/i^,:ii|(| ill 17711 WliMI|)i{VMliti>il

IVnfo.stir iif Mrdirini' ill till' I'liiviTHilv nf liis iiutivr fity, in wliu'h
111' iidiTHiiril lilli'il llir Cliail-^ iif Hotiuiv uiiil ('iii'iiiixtn'. riuiuT
Wii-* till- iiutlitir iif ■((■vrriil works nii Hotaiiy ami Hiiral Ki'iiiiiiinv.
iiuliMJin;; a ratiilii('iif nf ilii' plaiila growing in tho neigliliurliiHHl of
Krfiirt and paiMTs on i«ilvii'nltiiro.

' I'lani'ra, or nonio ("cniii cloti-ly n-latrd to it, inhnliiird Kiiropo
during' llio lorliary rpiH'h (Ziltcl, Ihmlh. I'lilirimlnlmi. ii. |7'J) j niul
ill Nortli Aiiiiriia Iran* of hivcral »|iiiii< of I'laiuTii found in the
I ppiT and Middle Mimi'iio riKk« nhow that it oiiic" piixti'd in (ho
I'iMilral Kooky Monntain nn'um of tho pontinont nnil in Ahuka
(^•■i(|uonii«, r. .S'. i;,oli>ii. Sun: vii. IH1», t. 'J7, f. 4-11; viii. Ilil, t,
a», f. !-i;i, t. II, f. 101/',M,. /-v. Wfttern Territorir,, ii.. iii.)).

Planera aqu*
ilt'linw, S/irr
Sil|i|)l. 14.-
«|.t, lilt. C
Solllllidt, O
/•/. 'JIW.—

Vfij. xi. 11
I)e Cunt/ffffi
Cha|iiiinn.
Jh'l/fsrhf I

A'. Am. nil

A trei>,
and ratlii'r ft!
a (jiiarter o
diseiose tlie
and diirin}<; i
leaves iinfol
three (|iiarte
of an inrh ii
witli yellow
uii iiii'li in Ii

I'luiifr
and is distri
throngh son
thronjjli we!-
of the low€
coast in the
and souther

J'liini I
was oceasio
disappeared

Althoi
inhahitant
eliaracter o
borders of i

^1

I'LMACEiK.

aiLVA OF NORTH AM Kit IC A.

61

PLANERA AQUATIOA.
Water Elm.

Planera aquation. (imeliti. Sijrt. Nat. ii. IfiO (1 7i»l ). — Will-
ili'iiow, .S'/-i<-. iv. pi. ii. '.M>7 1 li-rl. Ittiiim-. id. 'J, '.'HI ; h'liiiiii.
.Sii|i|il. 14. — IViHcioii, .S'^H. i. "yl. — l)ii Mi'iil (lu CiMir-
ni't. lilt. Cull. f(l. L', vi. .'IHS. — Niittall, '/'■». i. 'J(l'.'. _
.Si'liniiill, Oi'.ilr. Ilnnmx. iv. 14, t. Vi'. — llujiu'. Ih'in/i;
/■y. L'lW. — S|ia('li, .Inn. Sri. Xal. Hi'r. 'J, xv. ;i."> ; ///.h^
>V;/. xi. llll. — I'liimliim. .Inn. Sii. S'll. m'r. .'t. x. -Cil ;
I>e I'liniliillr I'rnilr. xvii. I<>7. — \Viil|«'rH. .Inn. ili. 4'.'K. —
Cliapiiinii. t'l. 417. — Kdrli. Ihmlr. ii. 4-4. — I.iiiiclic,
Diiitmhr Ih'mlr. .'l.'iO. f. l.'Ci. — .Siir^jinl, h'nre.il Tri'en
X. .im. Wlh Crntiia ('. S. ix. I'-M. — Wiitucm & CmilliT,

llriii/H ,)fiiii. I'll. (!. ll'p.'l. — Dippi'l. Ilnndli. I.nnliholxk, ii.

.'!•'«, f. 1'.'. — CciiUir. r„»/f,7, f.S. y„l. l/erb.\i.40~ {Miin,

/•/. II ■. 7V,r,/.«).
AnonymoH iiquiitinu. Wultir. /•/, I'm: 2.'<0 (1788).
Planera ulniifolia. .Miiliimx f. /I hi. .Irk .l«i. iii. '.'8.% t. 7

( l.Si:i). — I'liiii'l, f.iini. /lirl. .SiippI, iv. 4'.".l. — .\onreiiu

hnltitnifl, \\\. *'»."). — CurttM, /I'l'y'. limtnij. Stiff. .V. (.'<//•.

ISCMI, iii. Si.
Ulmua aquatioa. Uatliic«niic. /■'/. f.ii.lnrlf. Km (1817).
Planera Richardi, Toiri'v iV (iray, J'ufijif A'. A". Jlf/i. ii.

17."i (not .Miiliauxl I IH.Vi).

A tree, thirty t(t forty ft'ft in licif^lit, witli ii sliort trunk rart'ly v\i ■ rdiiiij twenty inches in diiinieter,
iiuil rather HJeniler spreading hriinelies whieli fiiriii a low hrnail iiead The h.irk ni' the trunk i.s ahoiit
II (iiiarter of an inch thick iinil ii<;ht lirown or ^ray, se|iaratin}r into hir};c Kcah's which in faUinfr
di.sch>se tlic rcd-lirown inner hark. 'I'he hranchh't><, when thev iir»t appear, are liiown tiiijfed with red,
liiul during; their lirst winter aro dark red and liUiinately hecoiue red<li><h hnnvn i.r asliv ^ray. The
li>uveH unfold in Fehruary and .Mardi, and when fully j^rown are two to two and a half inches ion^j and
thrcu ipiartcrH of an inch to an inch wide, and an- home on petiolcH varying from an ci;;lith to a (piarter
of an inch in h>n)^th ; they are dark dull j^reen on the upper surface and paler on the lower surface,
with yellow inidrihs and veins. The ilowers apiHsir with the leaves ; and the fruit, wliich is a third of
uii ineh in len)rth, ripens in April.

I'liimrii iii/iiiilirii inhahits deep swamps covered with water during several mniilhs of every year,
and is distrihuted from the valley of the Cape Fear Iviver in North Carolina to western Florida, and
through southern Alahiuna and .Mississippi to the valley of the Trinity Hiver in Texas, ranfjinjf north
throu;;h western Louisiana and .Arkansas to southern .Mis.souri and central Kentucky, and to the valley
of the lower Waliash River in Illinois. Comparatively rare and conllned to the neijjhliorhood of the
coast in the Athiiitic and the eastern (iulf states, the Water Kim is very ahundaiit in western Louisiana
iind southern Arkansjis, where it iittitins its larji^est size.'

J'liintrii (i<ii((iliiii was introduced into the gardens of Kuro|H) early in the present century,^ and
ym» oeciiNionally cultivated in Uitanical collections, from which it has now, however, almost entirely
dituippeitred.

Although it possesses much botanical interest, the Water Elm has little else to recommend it as an
iidiahitant of parks and (gardens, and the hi^h tem|H'rature of the i'e|rion which it inhaliits and the
character of the soil and situation in which it grows make it a ditlicult tree to cultivate beyond the
borders of its native HWiimps.

» (

, .

)

; 1

' K. L. ll«rvey, Am. Jour. Forntry, i. ICl.

* Lumluu, .Uti. lirii. iii. 1413, f. I'JJl.

Il

l\\\\

km I :

KXl'I.ANAIUlN OK IIIK I'l.ATK.

I'l.ArK ('('('XVI. I'l.VNKllA AtJIATHA,

1. A II..

I.raii.'li. ii.'it.iriil *i'ft.

'J. A hluiiiiniiti' tliiHiT, I'liliiri;.'.!.

3. A »taiii.-n. rear view, i'i.t:tr^rtl.

4. A |iinlllliiU> HmviT. i'iiliir);<'.l.

f), ViTlii-al sci'lliiii of u plalilUti' tl.iwir, ciiliir);ml.

(i. Cri.M niM'tiiiii of an nviiry, iMilurm>J.

7. All nviili', iiiMi-li fn.'ii;i)ilit* I.

H. A friiilin^' l.riiiicli, iiatiinil fii/i>.

It. A Ir.iil. eiilitrk'.'it.

Ill V.rtlciil snti.m iif a fnill. iiiliir^'iHl.

11 A

'.I. .'111.

""•«<■

IL*. All I'lnlirv.

iniii-h iimi^ni

li..,!.

i:t. A •

lit.T I'l

I'll.

a! <

1-1. A ^tiiitiT-liiiil. i-iiliirL,MMl.

15. A nuiiiiiier hruiii'li, nutur»l iiiui.

■|\v.i ..t N..itti An

TaV) r.rcvn

■;•.

Jffr^*.

*■.*►

%

l!i

^

0

9

If

i I

v^

.: :

KXi'l.A.--

'I.ATK.

1.' \

.■( A

y A

l.i V

tnWtr-faiul,. eiiUr t,-

K^^l

i i'

Silvd of North Ai!

Tab, CCCXVl

c f: f',i^;i .u

Mt>11t*UiJt .rt'

PLAN ERA AOIJATICA

A 'it.'i ft^tj ,ii/*\t '

'rif< ^ /it/tf-ti/ /'/J

I i

iMll"

I : i

iw

•: 1

Vi

1 <<

]

ULMACEJK.

Fi-owl
divisions i
1-celled ;
ous or per

Celtis, Linno!
;i77. — A.
'JTt). _ Mfi
lioiithaiii i'
I'Jiatizen/ii

Trees

iinarniL'd or

iilternat'.', tli

five-ni'rvt'd,

usually sci.r

cviuose or

upper leavei

as uiaiiv a.'<

illauicnts sii

untliisls ; ii

on I lie bae

extrorM), tli

sessile styli

entire or l)i

from the a|

and Huceult

seanty, ^eli

eeous, of t'

broad, folii

tliu short H'

C'eltia

' Hv ruiK-i

iiilo thf foUov

Ki runs,
fniin tlu* axils
in two or dm
ifti^iuait Itlii'iir
I'liiirtncil trf!€
anil uf \\igh i>

SlIINICK'K.l

cailucoiiH Imil
c\v» fntni th<
l**'iivi,'i* lU'oidi

ULMACEjK.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

G3

CELTIS.

Flowers polygamo-monnnoious or rarely inoiKPoious ; calyx 4 to S-partccl, the
divisions imbricated in ajstivation ; corolla 0; stamens t or 5 ; disk pulvinatc ; ovary
1-celled ; ovule solitary, suspended. Fruit a Heshy drupe. Leaves alternate, decidu-
ous or persistent, stipulate.

Celtis, Liniiieiia. (le, S*!' (1737). — Ailaimnn, /•'(/». /'/. ii. Mertensia, lluiiilMiMt, Ilonplaiul & Kiintli, Xov. Gen. et

'Sil A. L. <lu ,Iim»ieu, (leu. 4().S. — KmlliclK'i-, (ieii. .S//.v. ii. .'id ("<)t K'ltli "ur Willileiiow) (1817).

'J76. — Mfisner, ^iVh. .'(48 liuillun, llitt. I'l. vi. 18(i Momisia. K. (i. Dictiieli, Lex'u: Garten, a. Hut. Xachtr. v.

Bciitlmni & IlookiT, ilen. iii. 351. — KiigKr &, rriiutl. I'-'S (181'.)).

Pjianxenfam. iii. |)t. i. 03. SoIenostiKma. KiuIUoIut. I'rodr. Fl. Norf. 41 (1833).

Trees or slinilts, with watery juice, thin, smooth, ol'teii more or less iiiiiriciito hark, slender
unarnied or spinose hraticlit's, scaly or naked Imds. and fibrous roots. Leaves conduplieate in vernation,
alternat'j, distichous, serrate or entire, often olilii|ue at the liase, iienniveiiied, three or rarely four or
five-nerved, pctiolate, memhranaceous or subeoriaceous, deciduous or persistent ; stijiules lateral, free,
usually sci.rious, caducous. Flowers vernal, minute, pedicellate on hranches of the year, the staminate
cynu)se or fascicled at their lia.se, the ])istillate .solitary or in few-llowered fa.scicL's from the axils of
upper leaves. Calyx slijjhtly or deeply divided into four or rarely into live lolies, deciduous. Stamens
as many as the lobes of the corolla, inserted under the margin of the usually hairy discoid torus;
filaments subulate, sometimes iiu'urved in a'stivatioi and spreading; elastieally, erect and ex.serted after
unthesis ; in the pistillate llower usually shorter and ineluilcd.or rarely waritiiij;; anthers ovate, attached
on the back just above the eniar<;inate hiuse, close tojjether and face to face in the bud, two-celled,
extroi^e, the cells lateral, opening; l()nfj;'itudinally. Ovary ovate, sessile, one-celled, crowned with a short
sessile style divided into two divcrjjent elouf^ated rellcxcd lobes papillo-stij^matic on the inner face,
entire or bitid, deciduous ; in the pi.stillate tlo'.ver minute and rudiiin'iitary ; ovule solitary. sus[)endcd
fnim the apex of the cell, unatropous. Fruit ovoid or ijlobo.se ; epicarp thi'k and firm ; mesocarp thin
and succulent ; nutlet thick-walled, bonv, smooth or rujjose. Seed tilliuj;; the seminal cavitv ; albumen
scanty, }relatino\is, nearly inclosed between the folds of the cntyli'dniis. or wanting ; testa memlirana-
ceous, of two continent coats ; chala/.;i coloieil, close to the minute hiliuii. Kmbi yo curved ; cotyledons
broad, fidlaceous, eonduplicate or rarely tlat, variously folded, corrufjate, incumbent on or embracing
the short superior a.sceniiing radicle.'

Celtis is widely distributed through the temperate and ti'o[iieal rci^ions of the world, fifty (U- sixty

i (

> liy rUiipIioii (/V r'.ifw/o/.V }\ihir. \\\\. ItW) ('rlti.-t is diviiK'il
into till' following «iiilij;rtn'rn :

DiiKLTiit. StttiiiiiuUt' ItiiwcrH artii-'ulittt'. in fi>w-tlowrrt'il fu.s<-iL'lt'A
frtim the AxiU tif raducoim ltuil-iu'iil<'!t. I'iittilliito tlowim Nolittiry or
ill twii »)r tlirpc'-tliiwi'ri'il fanoirlc* fn>ni tin- axiU of vminjj li>avcA;
sti^niaH lint-ar, iinitiviilfd. Loaves (ttTml-* (ir nin-ly t>ntirf,tli'i iiluonn.
Unarnifil trt'i'H of tlie (4'ni|M>mt(> regions of tlieiiorllu-rn hcini^plicrt?
anil of \i\^\\ niiiuntaitis within (he troiurn.

SitiNKH'Kl.ils. Slaniiniiti- tlowors in lax ryincH frotn tin' iixils of
eacln<-oiis tiuil-sraloH. I'istilliite llowtTH in Nt-viTul tlowt-n-d h\>v\-
clt'S from tlio axil» of yoiin^ IcavoH ; stipnii.s linrur, utnlivitlcd.
IfOUVCH (tocitlnuiu or jfoiniiH'miiitiMit. rnarined tPi-fH of the W'l-st

Intli''N, southt'rn runtiinMital Asia, Ctylon, and tin- i.slandH of tho
Iiuliaii An-lu|M>1ai;i>.

Soi,KNosiiiiM.\. Staniinalf tlowrrs in umny-tiuwfri'd cynu-s.
I'lHtdlati.' tlitwi'nt u.Hiia!ly Holitary; Hti^iuo-s f^t'ntTally eontractfit and
liilUi *ir twii'O liitid at tin* a|H'X. Leaves mriaivons, entire, nsually
|H'rsi.stettt. Inarmed tree^ and sltndis of tlie Old World, jtrineipally
of the tropie.s.

Mti.MisiA. Flowers in inany-tlowered deii>e eynu'.-*; slij;ina.s
lifiear, liilid. Leaves entin' or serrate, ileeidmms or pi'i^isteiit.
'I'rees or slirnlis of the tropical and snl>trt)|iieiil region.s uf the New
World nsnally furinshed with axillary ^pineti.

,i'

If

H\

,

64

SILVA OF NORTH AMEIUCA.

ULMACEiE.

I.

% \

species being distinguishable." Four species inhabit North America ; of these two are slirubs which
roach the northern Hunts of their range within tiie southern border of the United Stiites, one" in
Florida and the other ' in Florida and along the Mexican boundary, where it is distributed from the val-
ley of the lower Rio Grande to southern Arizona. The tyj)e is an ancient one, and what are believed
to be the traces of several speties of Celtis have been found in the niioccne rocks of Europe.*

Celtis produces straight-grained tough light-colored wood, and that of some species, especially the
North American Ciitis occidtntalis and the European and Asiatic Celtis australis,'^ is valued in the

arts.

In North America numerous insects prey upon Celtis," which is also attacked by several fungal

diseases.'

' Iluuilxililt, Itoiiiiland & Kuntli, .Vol'. Gen. et Spec. ii. 30 (Mer-
toiisiiO. — Kiiiilli, Si/n. /v. .Kijuin. i. 3U7. — Blunie, Bijdr. Ft. Seil.
Ind. ii. 48o ; Mnf. Ilol. Lwjil. Hal. ii. CO (Soleno8ti(»ma), G9 (Mo-
niisi.i), 70 (Crlti.s). — lUniii o, Fl. Fitip. 1!>7. — Spach, Ami. SVi. Xal.
g(?r. -, xvi. ;U. — I'liint'lion, Afin. Sri. Xat. m^r. Ii, x. -O'J ; /V Cnn-
ilollf J'nilr. ivii. ICiS. — .Mii|ufl. .Wiirdiu Fl. liriisil. iv. pt. i. 173;
F!. Inil. Hill. i. pt. ii. 'J'JO. — tirisflimli, /'/. Urit. 11'. Iwl. Hit ; Cal.
PI. Cuh. "i. — Thwiiitt'H, Emim. Fl. Zeiihin. 2iu. — rurlat»>re, Fl. Iliil.
iv. 3.'U. — Maxiiiiowiiz, />'ii//. .Xrwl. .S'.i. .SV. I'l'lmlnmr;/, xviii. 'J'J3
(Mil. Hiol. ix. 'J7). — Wtiitliain, Fl. .liufni/. vi. 155. — Fraiichi't &
Savaticr, Eniim. Fl.Jap. i. 131. — I'armli, .Innl. Sin: Cienl. .Irijent.
T. !H (.Coiilrih. Fl. Piiragua, 43). — lioissicr, Fl. Orient, iv. ll.TO. —
Hoinsley, Hot. Hiol. .\m. Ci'il. iii. UW. — Fmiiclu't, .Vour. .{rch.
.Uu.<. »<<r. •-', T. •.'()« (/'/. Hiiriil. i.). — Warlmrf;, Hot. JiikrI.. xiii. '.'S7
(Fiiiiuanisilie Flora). — Hooker f. Fl. Hnl. Iiul. v. 181. — Forljct &
llt'iii-'ilc'V, .lour. Linn. Soy\ xxvi. l-lll.

'•' Celti* Tula. • jmlliila, i'tiilii-tion, Ik Candollf Proilr. t. f. 101
(1873V — Ilfinsley, /. <■. 1311.

( •, !ti) pallula, Torrey, Hoi. Mfr. Hound. .Sun'. ■-'03, t. 50 ( ia".9).—

Cnultir, Coninh. / '. V. .\al. llirK li. 1(17 (Man. Pt. II'. Teiai).

In S.piciiilMT, 1H7S, Dr. A. 1'. (".arliir di.sc.vcrcd Ctllia Tata
var. fHtllida on the shon-!* of LnAtrru Bay, Horida.

* Celtis itptaium*.

Hhiimnia iyiinncrus^ .lacqiiiii, Knum. PI. Carih. 10 (1700). —
l.innnMfK, S/ier. ed. 2, 'J8'J. — Caviinillf.i, iron. iii. 18, t. 'JIM.

Celli.i(tnilraln,S«iiTtz, /V(«/r. .kJ ( 1 7HS | ; /-V. Ind. Orr. i.,M5.—
Willdrnow, Sper. iv. pt. ii. 1*'*8. — Miiptt-l, .Marlinn Fl. Hmsil. it.
pt. i. 173. — (iriaelmcli, Fl. Hnt. 11*. Iwt. 149. — IMauchoo, /. r.
l.'iO. — HpiiisIvi /. ('.

Zizi/phiiS ii/.iiinea, I.nnian 1. f>trt. iii. 318 (1789).

Celtw rhamnnidfu. Willdeiiow, /. r. (ISiCi).

.Merletuia zi:yfihoide3, iluinbolilt, IWiiplajid & Kuutb, /. r. 31
(1S17).

Zizyphus committatti, Koeiner & SclniUeH, Si^nt. v. 'XVi (IHIO).

Affrtmsia rhtitnnoiiles, Hociner & Scbultcs, /. c. vi. MKl (18'^).

.\fimufu' Ehrrrif^rr/uinn, Kloiisvh, Liunirti,xx. r»38 (IH47j.

Af'tmisianruletila, Klotz-scli, /. c. 5iVJ (18^17).

Celli.t hhretiliFrffn.iui, Kii-biiiami, IhiHAi. Vulensk. Sebi. Siri/l.
Bcr. 5. ii. :i;M» (IHol).

Celttx ifpinnmis wo-s collprtcfl un NovemUT *JI, 1891, on Terra
Cein I.<«lan(l, KIdfiiIa, Ity J. II. SimpHon.

* Saporta, th-ujme l*nli'inttol<yj\ipir ties Arhrff, li()8. — Zittcl,
Ifnu'lf: P(il(Pottt(>li}g. ii. 4*1. — I^KqiiertMii, U. S. fieolog. Surr. vii.
191 {Conlrtii. Fois. 11. Western TerrUorifx, ii.).

* I.immnm, .S'/»fc. 1043 (17W). — rih^ichon, Ann. Sri. Xut, L c.
i>83 ; De CnmhlU /Vw/r. /. r. 169. — Itoinsicr, /. c. 1 150. — I lookrr
f. /. r. 48'J.

CeUin CaucaBira, WilMrimw, /. r. 991 (18a"»). riiin.luin, .Inn.
Sri. A'rtf. i r. 281 ; De Vawiollr Pnnlr. I. r. 170. — iluisaiur, /. r.

Cfltis .{rata, Hainiltoii Trans. Linn, S<h\ xvii. 'JU (1807).
Celtiit erii)rarj)a, DccsiisnQfJanjurmont Votf. iv. 150, 1. 152 (18-10).

t'eltis muitralit in a tree of iiHMliiiiii size tlistrilxited fruiii Spain
nml iiortborii Afrii>a to AfgliauiNtaii and the Himalayas of iiortli-
wc.Htcrn India. In ooiithtTii Kuropf it in plutitfil in coppice, and
from tilt* wood lioopA and oarn art' niadi' ; in tlu* nstmntainonit re-
gions of India it is frrtpiently plantrd aM a shadiMrco and for the
foddiTolitjiint'd from tlu> li'avi'S and yoiiM); hIiikiLs ; thi< H\VT>i>t iiinipid
tlesh of tlu» fruit is often t-aten { Brundis, h'ore.^t I'l. lirit. Iiui. 129. —
(iainl)li>, Afou. Iniiiftu i imfirr.i,'Ml\).

■ In tilt' Fifth Kt'port of the I'nited States Kntoiuolujricnl C'oni-
mittsion, 1890, forty-four Hpeuies t>f tnscctA were dt'si^natcd as
pri'ying njK)n Ctdtis in Nurtli Aniorirn, and tht> oniitntTAtion iH
mit couiplcti'. Of Ivurem attarkin^ xhew trct-!i little i-t known.
A hark Iwrer, Sroiyttis Fat/i, WaLsh, t.s Humt'tiniL's abundant ami
destrnctive in the houtbern and wt'steni states, }>enetratinK the
solid wootl and ba.stcnin^ it.n decay; probably, bowcviT, it ntiver
attacks jM'rfi'ftly lipalthy tret's. d'ni/thisur'is triauijiUifn; Ilaldt>-
luan, Itomitlrum atomnnum, Urury, and other lK*etK'» injure the liark
and wimmI of Cflti.H, altbou^b the injury which they inlliet i.s princi-
pally upon tlcad jt diseased trees. One or two itpeeies tif MatliKion
are said to Iwre into living tn-es, MaUtMhn melano/rus, Linna'u.t,
bein^r capable of tloing much injury.

Various genend feeding insect:* injure tbo foliage of Celtis, lUid
seventl species of leaf-eatent Hp]H-ar to lie |)eeuliar tu the genus ;
the most intert*sting of these are the buttertlieit, Aftntunt Celtui,
Ituiiuluval & l.cconte, .l/KiNru i'lytnn, lioi.4duval & Lcconte, and
Libythrti littrhitutnvt, Kirtland ; and u moth, .\i-rimyrt(t n*Vi(vmui,
(iu^nt*e. Among leaf-niiners, lAthttriflleti* relufoliella^ Chamliern,
and Lilhix'olUtis cfUisrlla, ChamlHT!!, are Hometimes abiitidnnt.
'Hie most remarkable in.Hccts infesting Ci Iti.n in Ntirth America
are S[H'eieM of I'syliidn* iM'bmging to the onler of lleniipteni. These
form iH'i'uliar gall.s on the twigt and leaves, aiitl art* often very
abundant and injurious. Parh*/p$tflla CeUitlit-ijemma, Kiley, causes
tlie buds on twigs to liectune rtmnded and irregidarly distorted, pre-
yenling thi-ir growth ami the dcvelupment of branches. }*iirhypnyUn
Cfltiilm-mttmtiuit Kiley, jiroduces large mamnue-like galls on the
umliT ^urfaee of the leaves, often in such iibundance as to disfigure
the trees ; }*<trhxf}intjlUt CriUiiii-\^Mi<-Mlum, Kilcy, forma Itat hliJiter-
like yellowish galls which sometimes become conttniMtt ; and }*n-
rhypfylUi rfriujf<f, Ostt'U Sacken, pnHluces large galls on the jtetiolcs.
Sevenil speeies of |H>culiar C'ecidomyiilous galls found on t'elti.t
liave iM'en described, although little is known of the insects which
causp them.

' In North America Celtis is attacked by a eomiMirfttively small
miinlM-r of fungi, although frt>m a inycolugical |Hiint of ^ iew several
of them are interesting, espeeially tho^c which l)elong to the order
of Leiif Mildews or Krysiphacea*. t'nrtuuln jKtlijrhirSn, Ilerkdey
& CurtiH, forms a wcUliku mould on the leaves, and curious knots

ULMACE^.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

0.1

Celtis, the name given by Pliny to a species of Lotus, was adopted by Tournefort ' and afterwards
by LinuiBUS for this genus.

or (listurtiona have fre(|uently Iwcii found on Celtis in Knosas, Texas.
Iowa, ami Ohio, and occasionally in tl>'^ t'asti-rn states, Tlutse on-
sightly distortions i.f tlic ends of tln^ liraui-lics Itave hecn attrilmtcd
to the action of a gall-mite, I'hytoptus, but associated with it is a
fungus, S/ih(rrnthern phytnptnphilnt Kellennan & Swingle (Jnurnfil nf
Myrolnf/;/, iv. Olt. — Trails, Kttru<it.i Afwi. Sri, xii. 101. — Kellerman,
Rep. A'(in.fa.< Erperiment Stntion, i. IICJ, t. 'l~4>. — (Itwlen ami Fnrest,
Ui. 138); and wlicther the distortions are due entirely to the action
of the insects or to the oombined action of iusceti and fun^ has

not yet been satisfactorily determined. Tlie knots occur hotli on
trees cultivated in the streecs of towns for shade and on thoH,*
growing in the forest. A black mould, (iifroctrus Cel'idis, Moutngne
& Cesati, a native of Europe, has also been observed on the American
species in some of the western states. Phleonpora Celtifli^, KIlis &
Mattiu, I'hi/'l:isliiia Cillulis, Ellis & Kcllerumn, llan-ilnria Celliilis,
Ellis & Kellernian, and Glirosporhim CellitluM, V.Wh & Everhart,
produce spots on tlic leaves and are injurious parasites.
> Insl. GVJ, t. 383.

CON.SPKCTUS OF THE NORTH AMERIC.VN ARIiORESCENT SPECIES.

. <

Ei^i Fi.Tls. Pedicels elimetcolulatc. Staniinati flowers articulate, in few-llov cd clusters, in
the axils of caducous l>ud-scales ; jnstillati! flowers usually solitary in the a.\i!s of lower leaves
of the year ; ^'.i.igina.s umlividi'd ; loaves ilcciduuus ; branclilets unarmed, inarkcil with .scat-
tered pale Icntiecis, and at the nculcs with ohscuro ring-like stipular scars.

Leaves ovato to ovate-lanoeolate, sharply and I'oarsely serrate ; fruit large

Leaves ovat**-lanc*M>late. ovato itr oblong-laneeolate. entire or occasionally oltscurely ami
remotely serrate, thin or in one form subcoriaecous ; fruit small

1. Cki.th orrrnENTALis.

2. C.'KLTIS Ml.S.SlS.SU'flK.VSLS.

'Ill

r

» 1

m

i

<

i

: ■:

1

1

!^

f

'i

- 1

S

- 7

ULMACE^.

Lkavi

Celtis occid
Itirt. oil. f
Moi'llc'll,
•«j._Wa
i. 374, t.
Ken: iii.
iv. |)t. ii. !
III. iii. 1
i. t. 36. -
Vidij. H«;

Hocm, S)j}
Uiini'fl, //(

imI. 'J, vi. ;

f. HUl. J
'JIKt. — N
vi. 306.
Iliiynu. /
(Ht<>\ II
9.1'.'. - V
AVic /••/.
l.iw, /•'/.
II<H>k.'r.
m'r. 'J, X
IM. — Ti
.V.ir. si^r

WttllH'P.,

3<K». — I
(lt;:l«<J.
117.— J

...1. ':. M

Forat 1

unit For

J'jtiimri

Gray'$ >

43. — C

VI. W.

Cultis obi

Coltis pro

Celtis cni

(•will /'

•J'J«. t. '.

i. '.'()■.'.-

Sij»t. i.

Arb. H

Spiu'li,

i:(0. —

ULMACKiE.

aiLVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

G7

OELTIS OCCIDENTALIS.

Hackberry. Sugarberry.
Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, sharply and coarsely serrate. Fruit lar^e.

Celtis occidentalis. Mnnicus, S/iec. 1044 {Xl't'A). — Miller,
l>,rt. .'cl. 8, No. '.'. — I)u l{<ii, Ilarhk. Haiimx. i. 141.—
Mi)fiiili, llniiiiie nVi'.«.<. 'JO. — Mursliiill, Arlmal. Am.
'Ji). — Wangoiiheiin, Ntirdam. Ilnh. IX. — Gx'rtiier, Fruit.
i. 374, t. 77. — Waltpr, Fl. Cur. •.',")(). — Aildii, Jlort.
Kew. iii, 437. — Williloiiow, llrrt. Iluumz. 57 ; Sjiee.
ir. pt. ii. 994 ; Jiiium. 1040. — Luiiarrk, Diet. iv. 137 ;
///. iii. 437, t. MI4, f. 1. — Abbot, /«.w^1 of (jronjin
i. t. ,30. — .VuHiTi;u Diihumrl, ii. 3(1, t. 0. — CaNti^'lioni,
f'lViy. neijli ,'<tntt Cuiti, ii. Ii2l). — Hoikliuiisi'ii, llumlb.
Foratbul. ii. lO'.l.t. — .Miclmiix, Fl. H'lr.-.tm. ii. '.'I'.». — IVr-
■oon, Si/ii.i. liO'.'. — .Si'bkulir, //iimM. iv. 34.'i. — DcHfoii-
tiiincK, lli.1t. .4rh. ii. 448. — l)» Mont Jc (.\iui».'t, l!nl. ( Uill.
.Ml. 'J, vi. .'Wt. _ Stnko«, Hut. .M.it. .\h,l. ii. 41. — .Miilmiix
f. Iii."!. Art: Am. iii. '.'L'."., t. S. — I'lirsli, Fl. Am. S-/t. i.
•JIH.). — Nuttall, tieii. i. 'JOl'. — K<miii.t & .Sclmlt.M, .S>^
▼i. ;»()6. — Srhniiilt, Oeatr. /laumz. iv. l.t, t. I'.)l. —
IIiijiiu. A'H./r. Fl. '216. — Elliott. .Vi-. ii. :»\. — (iuiiniH'l,
()tto\ IliiMic, .Wnlil. Ilnh. int. I. '.Kl. — Siir.'iin"'!. .">'.'/«'• i-
9.'i'J. - Wiitooii. Dniilr. I.'ril. ii. 147, 1. 147. — l{uliiHM|iif,
AVw Fl. iii. 3'.'. — I^iiiiloii. Arb. Ilrit. iii. 1417. t. — Wn^e-
low. Fl. Ilnslnn. .•.I. ;;, 401. — Diitricli, Sijn. ii. y.tl.—
IIoiikiT, Fl. Ilor.-.im. ii. It'.'. — Spucli, .1h(i. Sri. .\iil.
n.^r. 'J, xvi. 40; lli.1t. IV;/. xi. 1 :<;(. — S,-liiii/l.in, litm. t.
91. — Torrcy, /'/. .V. )'. ii. tti7. — I'luiu'lioii, .[nn. Sri.
.\ut. »^r. 3. X. '.'S.S; /V CimUlr fr.nlr. xvii. 174. —
Wul|M»M, .{nn. iii. 3'M'i. — UicliAnlstoii, .{rt'tir Frpeil. ii.
3()9. — Darlington, Fl. t'e.ttr. %t\. 3, 'J,*!!!. — Curtln, /I'f/'.
tniiloij. Surr. .V. Ciir. IStiO. iii. 01. — C'lin|iinan, Fl.
417. — KiM'l-, lirtiilr. ii. 43'J. — Knicrsoii, Tn'i-a Musi.
eA. '.'. 344. t. — [..auclie, l>rulailie Drndr. 3.'>.'i. — Surjji'nt.
Forttt Tree* N. Am. Wth Ceii»u» I'. .S'. ix. l'.',"> ; llunUn
and Firmt. iii. 39, f. 7, 8, 1,3. — Knglcr, Kii'jier &■ I'ruiitl
Fjliinxtiifum. iii. pt. i. f. 40, K, ( i. — \V»t»oii & Coulter,
t!rui/» .J/.i/i. I'll. 0, 40;!. — l)i|i|H-l, llundb. LiiulduUzk . ii.
43. — Coulter, t'"H^ri7). l\ S. .Sut. Jlerli. ii. 407 {Man.
Fl. }y. Tixu>).

Coltls obliqua. Mo. ... Meth. MX (1794).

Ctiltis procura. Su'ijiliury, I'nulr. 17." (179ti).

ColtiB criiHaifuliii. biniar-k, I'i't. iv. 1.38(1797). — .Vi>n-
ir</i( IluUitmel, ii. .37. — Mii'luinx f. Hist. .irh. \m. iii.
'-".'8, I. 9. — Pumli, Fl. Am. Srj,!. i. '.'00. — Nuttall, (ifii.

i. 'iO'J U>H>im'r it Si'lmltea, .S'l/jr vi. ,'!07. ^.Sjirun^.^,

Si/ft. i. 93'.'. — llatii»wi|ue, Sru- Fl. iii. ,'(,"). — l.ouilon,
Art,. Ilrit. iii. 1418, f. IIT)!. — Dielri.li, .Si,n. ii. 9iM.—
Spai'li, .inn. Sri. .\,it. ».<r. 'J, xvi. 39; Hint. Vry. xi.
130. — Kniemon, Trees Mu»i. eil. L'. ii. 347, t.

Celtia or^cidentalis, var. tenuifolia, IVrsoon, Si/n. i. 292

(180.5), — Koi'hne, Deutsche Vendr. 138. — Uippel,

ll'iiidl,. Litiililinh.!.: ii. 40.
Celtia cordnta, I'.rsoon, Sijn. i. '.'92 (180.')). — Schkuhr,

Jlundli. iv, 311. t. .3.V(. — Di-sfontuincs, Hist. Arli. ii.

448.— I)n Mont (!.• Courset, lint. Cult. ...I. '2, vi. .'189
Celtia occidentalis. vur. acabriUBCula, Willilunow, Spec.

iv. pt. ii. 99.". (180,->): /;,-,•/. ISaumx- I'd. 2, 82. — Hayne,

Vendr. Fl. '-'17. — Kouilon, Arh. Ilrit. iii, 1417.
Celtia occidentalis. var. corclata, WilM.'now, Jierl. Iluumz.

e.l. 2, 82 (181 1 ). — llayn.', Ih-ndr. Fl. 217. — Uoinu'r &

SchulteH, Si/st. vi. .'lo7. — l.ouilon, .-//' Ilrit. iii, 1417.
Celtia canina. Rulinisiiiic, .tm. .Montln Muij. and Crit.

Her. ii. 43 (1817).
Celtia maritima. Hatini'miue, Am. Muiithl. Mug. and Crit.

Her. ii. 41 (1817); .\V»- Fl. iii. 35.
Celtis tenuifolia. Niiti;ill. .leu. i. '.'02 (1318); Sylva, i.

13."i. — 1{iiI1m"m|Ui'. .V''»' Fl. iii. 30.
? Celtia i^andidentata. Tunore, Ind. Sem. Hurt. Seap.

I.-. (l.s:i:;i.

Celtis morifolia. Katinc<i|ui', .V. i Fl. iii. .'U (1830).
Celtis hetorophylla. l{alini'»i|iii'. .V.ic Fl. iii. .'i7 (18,'{0).
Ciltia patula. l'v;ilinoM|ui\ AVie Fl. iii. 37 (hsyti),
Celtia Floridana. l{iiliih>s.|u.', .\eu- Fl. iii. 37 (1830).
C.'ltia uraaaifolia, var. tiliiffolin. Spacli, .!««. Sri. \iit.

».ir. '.'. xvi. 39 (1841;; Ili.it. IVy. xi. 131. — Walpers,

Ann. iii. 390.
Celtis craaaifolia, var. morifolia, .'>paili, .Inn. Sei. Xat.

9.T. 2, wi. .i'.t (1,S41); II, .<t. IVy. xi. 131.— Waliwvs

.inn. iii. 3'.M').
Celtia craaaifolia, var. eucalyptifolia. Spaob, .Inn. Si-i.

Sat. ...T. 2, xvi. 4(1 (1.S41); lll.it. IVy. xi. 1:!!. — Wal-

IM>rs. .Inn. iii. 390.
? Celtia occidentalis. var. (jrandidentata. Spach, .lin:.

.V,;. .\,il. ffr. 2. xvi. 40 (1841); Ili.it. I'e.j. xi. 13;;.—

\Valpt'r«. .itin. iii. 390.
Celtia occidentalis, var. sernilata, Spach, .inn. Sri. Sat.

»^r. 2, xvi. 41 (1841); Jli.it. I'r.j. xi, 134, — Waliwrs,

.lull. iii. 39ti.
Celtia Audibertiana. Spach, .!»". Sri. .\,tt. s.'r. 2, xvi.

4" ilSil); Ili.it. I'r'j. xi. 13,">. — I'huichon, I>e Cundolle

rrn.tr. xvii. 174.
Celtia Audibertiana, var. ovata, S|)ach, Ann. Sei. Sat.

MT. '.'. \\i. 41 (1.841); ll,.it. Vr.,. xi. 1,3,"..
Celtis Audibertiana. var. oblongata. Spach. Ann. Sri.

.V.l^ M-v. •-'. xvi. 41 (1841) ; IIi.it. IVy. xi. 13,">.
Celtis Uouglaaii, I'laiichon Ann. Sri. Sat. 9i<r. 3, x, 293

\h

m

M\\i

4.

Ii

'•

f

j

L

•

u»s

f<lLVA OF uXO/rnf AMEIilCA.

m.wxczx..

irt,MACKvK.

(1H48) : /)(■ CiDiilol/r I'lvdr. wii. ITS. — WiilpcTs, Ann. Coltis oooidentalis, var. Audibertiana, Kim'Ii, Denilr. ii

iii. ;i%. l.'Ct (IS7L'). — I)i|.]H.l, /f,iii,lli. LiiiMmhk. Ii. 4,'?.

Celtis occidentalis, mr. craBuifolia. (iriiy. .>/"«. cil. '.', ? Celtis occidentalia, c grandideiitata, Uip,iel, Hiimlb.

3i)7 (l«r.(i). — Koch, Ihiuh: ii. •).«. hnitilwh.h. ii. 44 ( IHilL').

Celtis reticulata. Codiht. Am. .V<(^ iii. 4(I7 (not Toni'y)

(l«i;'.l). — Hall, /("/. iliizclli; ii. IKI.

A tifi', .soiiiriiiiics a liiiiidrcil and tliirty fei't in liei^rlit, with a 8trai};lit slender trunk two and a lialf
to tincf lilt ill iliuimtir. and often tree of hranelies for seventy or eif^lity feet; usually n\ucli smaller, and
in till' eastern .states jjenerally sliort-triniked. with .stout .spreading; ridfjed or frei|uently jieiidulous
liraiirlies. wliirli lorin a handsome round- topped head. The hark of the trunk is an iiu'h to an inch
anil a hall' in thirkiiess. and is lifjht hrown or silvery ^ray, hroken on the surfaee into thiek appres.sed
srales, and snnii'tinu's rouijhened with irrejjnlar wart-like exereseenees or riilffes, whieh al.so appear on
till' !,iii;e liranihes. The hranelilets, whieh are slender and slijjhtly zi^ziij;. and contain a thiik liijht-
(iiloi'i'il pith, are liijlit jjreen whi'U they lirst appear, and {^lahrous or piiherulous ; they <rraduallv heeome
tinii'i'il with red, and in their lirst winter ,ii'e hrit;;ht red-lnown and rather lustrous, and are marked with
hiiri/ontal semi-oval or ohlon;; leaf-sears in whieh .ijipear the ends of three tihro-vii.seular Itundles ; they
i;'niw darker in their .second or third year, when they heeome ilark hrown slij^htlv tiiifjed with red.
Tlic huds are .axillary.' ovate, pointed, ll.ittened liy the j)rcssnre of the stem, ahout a quarter of an li.eh
innii'. and covered hy three pairs of ehestuut-hrovNii ovate acute ]iuheseent cadneons scales loosely
iiidiricatcd in two ranks, in< reasin^ in svav from without inward and >rradually jia.ssinir into the stipules
111' tile lower leaves. The leaves are conduplieate in the hud. with slij^htly involute mari,'ins, each leaf
licintj inclosed hy its stipules ; they are hroadly ovate, mure or less falcate, •jrailn.illv or ahruptly
I'lintracted into Ion};; narrow points, rounded and usually very ohliipic at the h.isc, .serrate with coarse
incurved eallous-tippcd teeth. I'xcept at the ends which are mostly entire, and three-rihlied ; when they
unfold they are pale yellow-fjreen. coated on the lower surfaee and cm the petioles with soft silky white
h.iirs. and pilose on the upper surface; and at maturity they are thin. Ii;.'ht ^rcen ami lustrous, smooth,
sciliratc or siahroiis almve. and paler .and f^lahrous or sliirhtly hairy lielow on the prominent midrihs and
primary veins which are arcuate and iniited near the mari;ins and connected hy conspicuous reticulate
thick veinlets ; they are two and a h.ilf inches to four inches loni^ and one to two inches wide, and are
home on slender sli;^litly ;;roovei| hairv petioles niie half to two thirds of an inch in length. The stipules
are caducous. Iinear-stra|>-: haped. white and .icarious and nearly half an inch lon;r. or on sterile shoots
they are ovate, acute, concave, and sometimes two thirds of an iniii loii;^ and a ipiarter of an inch wide
Till' leaves turn to a li}j;ht yellow color late in the autumn hclore f.illiujr. The llowcrs appe.ir in early
spriii:; sunn alter the unfoldiu"^ of the leaves, and are home on slender drooping; pedicels. The calyx
is li.n'ht ycllow-f^reen. and is divided nearly to the ha.se. usually into live linear acute thin and scarioils
lolics rniuiilcd on the hack, and nunc or less lacini.itely cut at the apex, which is tinned with red and
oft4'n tipjii'd v^ith a tuft of pale hairs. In the sterile llower the stanu'Us are inserted on the mar^;in of
the thickened torus, which is coated with thick white tomentum ; the lilanients are wiiite, jrlahrous,
sli;ihtly llatteiu'd. and j^radually narrowed from the hase to the apex ; hefore aathesis they are incin-vcd
ahove the middle. llie anthers hein^ face to face in the hud, and. straif^htcninj^ ahrtiptly lis the llov.cr
opens, thev heeome slii^hiN incurved and c\serted ; the anthers are ohion;;. emar;^inate, and attached
on the hack iielow the middle, and are extrorse. nodding rather ohiiipiely on the expanded lilanients;
ill tile perlei't llower the lilanients are sliirhtly incurved in the hud, hut do not strai;rhten or lengthen
after aiitlie>ls, the anthers rem.iinin;; i reel and inihided or sliirhtly exserted from the ealyx. The
o\ary of the ]ierfeet llower is ohloiifj-oyate, sessile on the discoid torus, which is covered with wliit*

' Tin- Niirtli .\nitrifini ^pi'i-it'S of Kufcltis, liki' I'liiiu^. ilo ni,t iijiprr niillarv Iniil, wiiirli iiniltm^i tlie l>runrli tlit' riillnwitig tt('lbii>n
funii u IrruMiul Iruil. Ilii' iTicI c.f llic> linini'li wilhiriiit; .mil fiilliii); ( l-'otmu.', litdl. Torrvji liul. Cluh, xi. 11)3, t. 117, '. 11).
olT iliiriii^' till- Kiiiiitnrr. Ii'itvin^ ii tiilriiitr nrliii-uliir M'lir i-lust- t<i (he

tomentum, bi

point ; the si

expanded, m

olilon<;, one I

jiurple; it ci

ohloufi^ point

seid is covet

eircular sp,)t,

enlarged at

unless eaten

In Canii

Helen's Isllli

liiited State

Idaho,' easti

.Nevada," No

to Mi.ssouri,

Hudson Itivi

and attains

commonest '

and often, i

is exceeding

during peric

rigid seahrin

with stems 1

states, from

'I'he w

hands of sc

of smaller i

light yellow

o.tl's:, a
( ; ii'i^

middle of
Kngland, w
.\ tal
pale hark i

' llriiiiit, '■

• IWwM»y, Ii

• C./ll. .xn
tll'lir llni.lll I'll

• It will ill

Doil^lilH rurl_\
» Hy till! 11!
Ki|H<ilttitili n
i-ri'il oil till'

Klflril. l.'ill).

• Wulvui.
' Kiiuliir.

" KiitKwii% .

• ( V/(i.« .I.-
CiirtiH, /iV/».
417. K.K-li.

ri.MACK.v:.

.SfLVA OF NOirni AMEIUCA.

m

toini'iitiini, briglit jthk'h, )rliil>i'(>us, uihI vi^ry lustrous ; in tlic staniiiiatu liowcr it is reilu('('(l tn ,'i iniuutu
i)()iut ; tiiu stijrmas, wliirli are covcriMl witli white papilhe, and are a ijuarter oP an ineii ac-roHs when
expanded, luatun^ liel'ore the lilanients of tiie staniiuate llowt-rs he^iu to strai;;liten. 'I'he I'ruit is
ohlnn^, one lialf to tliree (|uarters of an ineii in len^tli, tip|)ed witli tlie remnants of tiie style, and dark
]iur|)i(>; it eonsists of a thicU tou^rli skin, thin dry orange-colored tiesh, and a KUU)()tli thiek-walleil
olihiU}; pointed apieulate li^ht lirown nutlet, dee|) oran<;e-eolor and lustrous on the inner surface. The
seed Ih coveri'd witli ii thin nieniliranaceous li^ht hrown eoat marked at the ehalaza with a lar;re dark
circular v,\m* The fruit hanjjs on a slender stem one half to three ((uarters of an inch lonj; and sliffhtly
eldarjjed at the a lex, from which it separates in fallin<r ; it ripens in Septt nd)er and Oetoher, anil,
unless eaten liy hii.is, often remains on the hranches durinir the wliiter.

In ('aiiada, .vhere Ct/fi.t ixriildifd/i.i is exeeeilinf;ly rare and local,' it is distrihnted from Saint
Helen's islam! in the St. I.awrenre liiver, near .Montreal, westward to southern Ontario, and in the
I'nited .States from the shores of .Massachusetts May to northwestein Neliraska,' North Dakota, southerji
Idaho,' eastern Washington and Oregon,* western Washin<rtoii,'' the Kast llundioldt Mi.untains of
Nevada," New Mexico," and southward to the shores of Itay IJiscayne and Cape Itomano in Florida, and
to Missouri, eastern Kansas, Arkansas, the Indian Territory, and eastern Texas. Rare east of the
Hudson Itiver, C'llti ixiiili iihi/is heconies more aliumlant in western New York and the miildle states,
and attains its fjrc.icest size on the rich liottom-lands of the lower Ohio liasin, where it is one of the
commonest trees in the forests of Oaks, Hickories, and Walnuts;" it i;rows usuallv iti rich moist soil,
and often, especial.y in the east, on dry |;ravelly or rocky hillsides. West of the liciky Mountains it
is exceedingly rar.', and is <'onlinei| to the hank.s of streams in positions where it i-. fi(M|iiently inundated
durinir periods jf liij^h water, and where it is a small tree or shrid> rarely thirty feet tali, with thick
ri)^iil .scahrou* conspicuously reticulate leaves. On the rocky hanks of streams a dwarf sliruhhy form''
with stems foiu' to ten f e( t tall an<l small usuallv rut^ose leaves is not unconnuon in the .south Athtntic
states, from wiiich it ranges westward to .Missouri, Colorado. I tali, and Nevada.

Tin- wood of ( 'i /lis (iiiiili iifiili.s is heavv, rather soft, not stroii;;', and coarse-jjrained, containiui;'
hands of several rows of larjje open ducts markin;^ the l.i\crs of annual ',;rowtii. numerous >niall i^roups
of Nnialler ducts arraujred in int<'nnediate concentric riui^s, and manv thin mcduli.irv rays ; it is clear
lifjht yelliiw, with thii'k lii;hter colored sapwooil. The s|iecitie ijravitv of the alisohitily dry -vood is
O.T'JST, a cuhic foot weijrhin;; l.">.II pounds. It is lartjely used for fencin',; and for I'hcap furniture.

Ci/fis Diiiili /i/iilin wiiA introduced iulo Kii'j;lish j;ardens hv the voimu'er Tradescant '" ahont the
middle of the seventeenth ceuturv, and the lirst description of it. maile from a plant cultivated in
Knjjiand, was pidilished in ICiSS in Kay's ll'islnr'm /'/(inlnntiiiJ^

\ tall st.itelv tree in the hasiii of the Ohio IJivir, where its >leiii|er shafts covered with smooth
pale hark enliven the forests which clothe tile liaidcs of streams ami rich iMlcr\ale laii,l>. thi' ll.uklierry ''

' Hniiicl. Cm IVr/ I.I,/ <;,n \r, Miiinnn. Cit Cin. /'/ !:!',•
' !(<•»».•», H'/i ,\rl,nl»h, Sl.ll,- /;.»ln/ .(./ri<-. IS'.H, 111.".

" CiVk ,i.iii/rii(ii/i< w;n fiMiiiil In Dr ,1. K. Wil.iii. f .s A.,
iinir ll.ii«,< Cilv, lihihn, ii> ISHl

• It wuH (tiHi-(ivcn>il in tilt' vullfv nf thr .Snuko Uivi'r l,_v |).4viil
Doii^LiH riirly tii tlio preiwiit oi'iitiirv .

' lly till' niitimilist!* uttHrhrtl to tho t'liitoti .statoH Kipliiriii^
Ki|M'ilith>ii uihIit coitiiiiiinil uf C'ltiiiiiuKliiro Wllkrs, it wtM ,1ih«'iiv-
rn-tl nil till' uliori' uf I'li^ct .SiuikI { 'rurrt'y, /''>'. tt'i/'lf., K/plor.
Eliml. \r*\).

• Wut-s'Hi, Ktnti'n litfi. irjl (viir. fiumilti).
' Kt'iuiliT, I'lnniiT Stua-M^'tuiiwr, No. 77.'.

• Kiil),'Wiiv, I'ru-. r. S. Sill. Miui. ISM'J, 7-'.

• ( \tti.i iH-1-ttirntidtH, viir. fiitmilii, I Iniy, .t/dn. vt\. '-, a*.l7 ( 18.",tl). — , - -

Ciirtiii, Itrfi. (ieolog. Surr. iV, (Vir. IHOO, iii, tl'J. — i'hapiimii, FL Um, Fi. yin/tn. VX>
417. — Koch, hmilr, ii. i;H. — Wataoii & Ciiiiltcr, Gray's Mitn. I'd,

(i, l;!i-. K.»-lin.-. />.■'<'..*• /».N./r i;t7. \hyi>A. Il.rulh. l,„,M,.::i.
ii II

(V,'/M ;.ui/l..'.l, I'uisli, /v. .I>", .^''/.^ I. -I«l (ISII).- Itm'llur ,V

Si'lmhr.*, Si/.it. iii- IHi" Kiitiiu-^iiin', .Xfif Fi. iii. 3*>. — I.oihIoii,

.{rli. r.nl. iii. If.'O. (iniv, l/.M. lIHl.

"' S'f i. '-•O.

'I l.'^tiis tirluT I'irijininnil f'nu-lii rnhrv, ii. I'.117.

'* In tlu' ntHtiTil stutfH Ci-ltii WfiiUutntix is soinotiini'.i i*;ilU'il
N.'ttlf-tri't' or K;ils,' Kim ; a.-* it is iilso i-ulliMl llojjlu'rry ami llot;
(■h.rry.

{\itii f'nu-tu oh.imri' i>iir/>'iritKrtntf, 'Wniruvtort, lust. tM'2. — Mi\'
liT, Dill. \". 1 ; I'm. Ii-im. i. ■"''.», t. .S8. - Duhiiinil, V'niid' i/m
.\rhm, i. ll;l.

Cilti.* ;>ro.vnl, I'lliis oitlte-lanmililti.-i, strratit ; fruftu }iuUo, Cliiy-

'

1

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1 ,

I

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<ii

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H f*

70

SUVA OF NOUTJl AMEItlCA.

VXMhCZM

in ])crlin]is as bpnutifiil in loss fiuorod rcfjioiiH, witli its ttliorter trunk, brond head of graceful hranchcH,
and dcnsi! lijrlit jrri.(>ii t'oliago. Few Nortii Anu'i-ican tn'es are better Hiiitcd to adorn parks or high-
ways; and its value as an ornamental tree is increased by its rapid growth under varied conditions of
climate and soil, its resistance to drought, nnd its freedom from serious diseases and the injuries caused
iiy insects. The llacklierry is now often planted as a shade-tree in some of the states between the
Missouri River and the Kocky Mountains, and occasionally in other parts of the United States and in
Europe. It can be raised from seed without dilliculty ; and its abundant iibrous roots make the
operation of transplanting it easy and safe.

EXI'LANATION OF THE PI-ATK.

Plate CCt'XVII. Ck.i.th imcidkntalih.

1. A tldwirin^' liriiiicli. iiutiinil »i/.i'.

2. Diafrraiii of ii Howit.

■V A ntain'iiiiiti' IIouit lit'foru tin- Htrai|;hteninf; of ilia
tiluinoiiU, iMilar^ttl.

4. A Ktniniimti' llowiT i'X|mn<le(l, <'nlnr);<>(l.

5. A iicrfcrt tlowiT. ciiliirni'il.

C. Vertical »n!tion of a |H'i'fi'<l Hower, i'iilar^'<l.

7. An iiriilr, iiiiuh in*);nilii'<l.

8. A fruiting' Itraiii'li. natural »\ie.

9. V»>rti*'al scclinn of a fruit. tM»lar(jp(l.

10. A fruit cut ojh-n tranMvtTHi'lv. rnlarj;ed.

11. An embryo. pnlar);>Ml.

I'J. An cinlirvo lartiv iliii|ilaM'il. <>nlarj;o<l.

13. A winter hranclilct. natural ki/u.

I

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1

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'. J !

ii-i

llii

li ■ »

\ mi: I: I (A.

i.vAi;r.,»

i-ii'ik, hr<mt| liwul "f ^mciji'i:! Iirattt Iuk
1 .»•< (110 W\t\>\ .siiitMil to udorn parkN ur luj^d
' 1' I by itB rajiiil gniwrth lui'lfi' v irii'd i">)iilititint .if

^ lri'i>.|iMii t'roiii Mirii UM Jintsiimm tuxi tti<- IttjtiriitM uiiuiu«)
.'liilcl ;itt ;» Mtiailc-tn't' ii -^onw of tl, ''"twi't!!! ttn-

, iti.l 0( iMMiouiilly in ntbtr ^iiirl^ of tlif . utM and in

rtitluMit diflitulty i And xU u' uudiuii libiout. • -u iiml<i< i1ih
lui mtJu.

FXfl.AN Minv oK vnV. \>\.\\V..

I'urt

1 \ -, -■>

ilm

lihl';,.

4. t

.■> A

l>. \ i-rtic»l «»i>l.

». All !>»'•' •

8. A fnii'

!). Vurtipai «. . i .

]U. A 'mil rut <•[■

II. An piulir^vo. anUr,

J 2. An cmliryt) |>.'itt|i

13. A wiiiivf bnUirM*.-,

.^Ari^***!.

Silva fit Nunh Amerii.i

1

/i ''1 -r '^

/ / yiiUfH *A-/

/.,*t'^,-ri/tt.

CELTIS OCCIDENTALIS

111

1

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y .'}'>. n-t-^AI- *^rrv '

''•U> ' '//»««/■ /*%tf'--

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ULMAC&&

Lea
und rem

CeltiB Mis

(IXIO).
(■.■;/. xi.
De Clin
— Wnt*
Coulter,
7>J-<i.«).
Celtis lee
(1811);

vi. ;«)0.
iii. ;u.-

ii. 9<,>1.
Celtis alb

iii. ;v.'.

HiMiinle

Celtia c)C<

(1H1»).

A t

Hi>r)M<liiij
8iiuill**r n
in tliicki
a|i|it'ar, i
hriU'lit I
hori/ont;

|Mllllt<'(l,

iiiul «'<>V

|)oiiiti><i,

I'litirt' 111

witli 1)111

nearly ^

(lark jjri

ill) ii\>'li

half ol'

I lie iiiiii

white a

nn slcni

fjlaitniii

The til

Ktraijjiii

remain

ULMACKS.

SILVA OF NOltTU AMERICA.

71

OELTIS MISSISSIPPIENSIS.
Sugarberry. Hackberry.

Leaves ovatc-lanccolatc, ovate, or oblong-lanceolate, entire or occasionally obscurely
and remotely serrate. Fruit small.

Celtia Misfiiasippiensis, Uosc, Vict. Agrii: lumv. 6A. x. 41

(1810). — Spatli, /Ihh. Sei. Nat. »6r. 'J, xvi. 4'J: Ilht.

Veg. xi. i;tr.. — riiiiiclion. Anii.Si-i. Nut. m'r. ;{, x. 2«7 ;

I)e CiiHtht/l*' i'n}ttr. xvii. 170. — Wii1|mm'k. Ann. iii. 3115.

— Wntdoii & CoultiT, (Iriiifa Man. od. (I, ■!•>.'?, 7M4. —

CmiltiT, Contrili. f. .S'. A'ar. Jln-k ii. 407 (.!/<(«. /'/. »'.

7>j-<i.»).
Celtia leevisata. \Villi1i>n<iw. /Itrl. Uaiimz. cd. 2, 81

(ISll); Ennm. .Su|i|il. tiS. — Kiii'iiicr & SohulU's, .S'7,'i^

vi. ;t(M). — S|>ri'ii(;el. .N'y.»/. i. '.>.'(!.'. — liiiliiK'8i|Ui-. ^Viic /•?.

iii. 34. — LoiiJuii, Arh. Urit.'iil 142(1. — Diitrii'li, .V;/)i.

ii. 9<.)1. — Kocli. /lenilr. ii. 4H2.
Celtia alba, Iliitinc"i|iu', h'l. I.mhrie. 25(1817); AVie h'l.

iii. 32. — IMuncliun, />** (\iiiiMff I'nnlr. xvii. 177 —

Hciii-U-y. /(..r /(/.,/. .(,„. fVH^ iii. 13i».
Celtia occidentalia. var. inteKrifolia, Niittall, Oen. i. 202

(1818). — Chaimian, Fl. 417.

Celtis longifolia. Riifiiics.|iie, Fl. Tw. 22(1833). — Niittall,

•Si//rii, i. ,'il. t. 40. — I'lanehon, l>e CundoUe Prmlr. xvii.

177.
Celtia fuacata. Itiliiipsinie, Sfir Fl. iii. .33 (18.36).
Celtia intoKrifolia, Nnttall, Tr.ins. Am. I'hil. .Soc. n.

»(■!■. V. ICi'.t (luit l.uiiiarck) (1S37).
Celtia Berlandieri, Klut/.sili, /.inmin, x\. .">41 (1847). —

I'lunchoii, /''• V'lnili'lle I'rm/r. xvii. 17',t. — lluinsley. Hut.

Ulnf. .tin. CfnI. iii. 130.
Celtia Texona. .SohueK', Linnna, xxii. 140 (1840); Itoemer

7Vj'(i.<, 440.
Celtia Lindheimeri, K.uli, liendr. ii. 434 (1872).
Celtia occidentalis. Siiri;iiit, F"n:it Tiv.'ii X. .im. \Oth

Ci-nsii.li r. .S'. ix. 12.'> (ill part) (not l.iiiiia'iis) (18.S4) ;

(tiinlfti and Fw.it, iii. .30 (in jiart). f. 0, 10, 11. — Ha-

vuril, I'ruc. U. 6'. Siit. Mii.i, viii. 500.

A tr('t>, sixty to I'ifjlity ft'i't in Iicif^lit, with u sliort tniiik two or tlirci' feet in (liami'ttT and
N|)ri>ailiii}r soiiictiincs |it-iiiliiloiis liraiiclics wliicli fona a liro;iil ami ot'ti'ii <;'ni('i'l'ul lu'ad ; often niiicli
sniitllcr and soim-tiint's Mliruliliy in lialiit. Tiic liaik of tin- trunk is one iialf to two thirds of an int-ii
in thickness, hj^lit hh.'e-jjray, and covered with prominent excrescences. Tiie hranddets, when they lir.st
appear, itre lifj;lit jjreen and f;l;ilirons or covered witii pah' pidiescence. .ind in their first winter are
hright reddish hrown, nitlier Instrons and marked witli ohloiif^ p;de leiiticels and narrow eh'vateil
horizontal h';»f-scars in whicii appe.ir the ends of tliree lihro-vascular hundh's. Tile liiids are ovate,
pointed, Ihittened liy the pressure of the stein, from one sixteenth to one eii;litli of an inch in len-jtii.
anil covered liy cheHtmit-lirown piiheridoiis sciiles. The leaves are ovate or oliloiii;-lanceohite. lonij-
pointed, more or less falcate, nnei|ii;illy roiindeil and very olili(|ne, or iine(|iially w('di;-e-shaped at the hase,
fUtire or occasionally ohscnrely serrate with minute incurved teeth, or rarely furnished aliove the middle
with one or two hroad shiirp teeth. ;iiid three-rililied ; when they unfold they are lif^ht yellow-ijreen and
nearly jjlahrons or coated with pale piiheseence. and at matiirilv tlie\ are linn, smooth, and ;;laliroiis,
dark ;j;reen on the upper, and p;ile on the lower surface, three or four inches loiif; and three ((iiarters of
an inch to three inches liroad, with slender petioles slij;litlv j;roo\ed aliove ;iiid from one i|iiarter to <iiie
half of an inch in length, narrow yellow rihs impressed aliove, and slender veins arcnate and united near
the mari^ins and connected liy conspicuous reticulate vi'inlcts. The stipules are linear-stra|>-sha]iecl.
white and scarions, and coated with soft white hairs. The llowers appear in early spring; and are home
on slender hirsute pedicels. 'I"he calyx is jrreenish yellow, divided to the liase into live ovate lanceolate
frIahrouH or pidn'riiloiis sc:irions lohes which are furnished at the apex with tufts of lon<r white hairs.
The tllaiiieiits are incurved in the hud, slijrhtly llatteneil and ^laiiroiis ; in the sterile tlower they
Htrai^hten themselves ahriiptly and heconie exserted ; ami in the |ierlcct tlower they are shorter and
reinniti ini'iirved, the antiiers after unthesis heiii^r included or slijrhtly ex.serted. The ovary is ovate,

t

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72

SILVA OF NORTH AMEliTCA.

ULMACEiE.

ULMACE^.

I«

c

glabrous, green, and luHtrous, and is crowned with the spreading wliite stigmas which open before tlie
stamens of tiie sterile flowers shed their pollen. The frnit is ovate, one eighth to one qnartur of an
inch Ion", and l)ri"-lit orange-red, with thin dry flesh and a smooth light brown nut. The seed is light
brown and marked with a large durk spot at the ehalaza.

Ccltis jMl.-<siKsij)jiieii!<is iidiabits rich botttnn-lands and the bnnks of streams or occasionally dry
limestone hills, and is (listrii)uted from southern Indiana and Illinois through Kentucky, Tennessee, and
.Mabaina to the shores of Hay Hiseayne in Floritbi," and through Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas to
Nnevo Ticon ; it also inhabits Bermuda.'- In the basin of the lower Ohio River, where it is abundant
and tjrows to its largest size.' it is often ftnind ass(H'iated with Cdtis orridcntdlis, from which it may
be distinguisheil by its smaller size and ])roportionately shorter trunk, by the larger and more numerous
excrescences wliicii cover its bark, by its narrower and usually entire leaves, and its smaller bright
orange-red fruit. In Kentucky and Tennessee (V/^s Minsinsi/ijiiciisis is the most common species ;
rare in the tiulf states, it is exceedingly common west of the Mississippi River, especially in Arkansas,
Louiniana, Texas, and Nuevo Leon, where in the valley of the Rio Grande it forms broad heads of
long graceful pendulous branches.

The wood ofCtllix MIssiKsi/i/iitiisin is rather soft, not strong, and close-grained, and contains
bands of several rows of large open ducts marking the layers of annual gniwth, groups of smaller ducts
arranged in intermediate concentric rings, and thin nuMluliary rays ; it is light clear yellow, with thick
lighter colored sapwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is ().7!>.">('>, a cubic foot
weighing W.r>~ pounds, C'onfoundeil in commerce with the wood of CiIHk ucridoiluliK, it is used for
the s;»me jnirposes.

In '\\-\;is Celtii ^fiKll!l<H!pp!rllnl:lt gradually ])asHe8 into the variety n'liculn(ii\* this is a small
bushy tree forty to fifty feet in height, with stout branches and a short trunk covered with smooth
bliie-grav bark on which the excrescences are sometimes over an inch high and are usnallv interrupted
or lii'oken into sluut lengths ; or in arid regions it is often reduced to a low shrub. The leaves are
l>roadly ov.ite, acute lU' rarely acinninat<', rounded or cordate an<l usually oblicpie and very uneipial at
the Itase. entire or rarely furnished above the niiildl with a few large teeth, thick and coriaceous, dark
green and glabrous or seabrate on the up|H'r surface, and pale and yellow-green, glabrous or hirsute on
the lower surface, which is covereil with a network of prominent yellow veinlets im|)ressed on the upjM'r
side. The fruit viiries from oiu' ipiarter to one hidf of an inch in length and is dark orange-red.

Ci/tis Mis.iixsi/i/iii iisi.i, var. n lifiiliilit, is distributed from the neighborhood of Dalliks in Texiw
to the Ikio (irandc. .ind westward through New Mexico and Arizona to southern ('tab and Nevada and
the western rim of the Colorado Desert in California, reappearing in Lower California." In eastern
Texas it grows iLsually on dry linu-stone hills, and farther west near the banks of streams and in
mountain canons.

The s|iecilic gravity <tf the absolutely dry wood of dllis Mls/<i,'<sij)j)iiiislii,vnr. nticuldta, is
It.T'-'T."). a cubic foot weighing i'l.'M pounds.

' A II. C'lirtiM, .\arrh .Imrricim I'InnIt, ISSl, No. 17'.'.

' l.<fr.iy, liutl. I' S. Sill. .»/««. Xu. !!.■>. 41 (/(«(. Ilrmrulii).

'I'lii-ri* iirt* u iiiiih)M-r iif ('•■)tU-trf«'t. in tUt* W'HUiii^liain 'IViit t in
lit rtiiuitii, ill fiililiiinii to t)i(>.Hi> iiifiitioiiiil )iv Ki'ttrrul Li-fniv. In
till' hhii|H>, •.i/.i>, liiid ti-itiiri' of till' IriiM-s, Mliirli Hrt> rutin- or ih cii-
siiiiLill\ fiiriii^hiMl with oni* or two litr;;!' tei'tli. iiih) in the ki/i' of
lli<- friiit, tlii'v HpiH'ar idrntiriil with the tn't't ot liny HiNrityiu*.

' l(iil({wnv. I'm: I '. .S. .Vri(. .l/ii... IHH'J, 7.'.

* ( V//i« .i/iJijiij»»i/i^n'rnj»w, var. rftu-ulafa.
Cellu rrtu-uliUii, Tiirr<7, Anu. /,».■. .V. )' ii. 'HI (IS'JS). Ilii-

t)m-iii|up, .iVrir Ft. lii. :W>. — NutUill, .S'y/m, i. i:i,'l. t. :i'.). - PUii-

I'hoii, Ann. Sri. Sat. w*r. .'i, i. liilli ; />c fnmliMr /'rinlr. %\i'i.

ITS - Wnlpon, Ann. lii. IMW. — Torn7 & Cimv, /'nW/iV H II.

Jtrf, ii 17.-.. Will ( .!(. /'/ Hhrrlfi; Itl. — UotlinKlc, l» *fW-

er't ll'/i. VI. 'JIW. — Kii«hy, Hull. Torrri/ /!«/. CM, ii. W. —

CuiiUir, Conlnh. U. S. Sm. Ilrrh ii. 407 (.l/<in. /7 »' Triiu).
I'rllii Itrrni-rt, WuIboii, I'riif. Am. Arn.l. iiv '.117 (IS71>).
(WlU i^t'riitrntnliA, var. retirntaht, Siirf^'tit, Furrtt Trfm .V. Am.

10(A Crntui r. .v. u \M (IStiJ) ; liilrdm nwl lorril, iii. 40, f.

I-.' - Km-hiif, Drnltivhr /Vm/r. I.IS. — l>i|>|...l, ll,mM. I.i,hM,-I;1.

il. 4.5. -Ciivilll-, Cimlnh. r. S. \iil. Ilerh. iv. I'.r. (/i,i( Ihillll

VitUrif K.rpr(t. ),

' f'f//i< .l/ioiHi/i/iimiK, vnr rrrini/iiia, wm ilini-nvi'rcil on CrrniH
Nliinil off lliii cout of l.tiwi'r Citliftirniii, in 1S7'.*, Iiy l)r ,1 .\.
\'i'ut(>li ; HiKJ in till* Stii tliilio Cafinn on tlie niiiinliuul in April.
is.si), liy .Mr. T. S Itninilfg.u' (/Vk-. Cii; .I.,i./ mr ■!, ii. '.'O.'i (/'/.
IU,j,i r.WI).

ULMACEiK.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

73

Celtia Mississippiensla was described from a plant cultivated in Paris, where it was probably
introduced by the elder Michaux,' who was the first botanist to explore the forests of that part of the
Mississippi basin where this tree abounds. Its rapid growth, excellent habit, and cheerful foliage,
which remains on the branches with slight change of color until the beginning of winter, make it a
desirable ornamental tref, and it is now generally used to shade the streets of the cities and towns of
central and western Texas.

' Sec i. fix.

1 :

i

\ '-^

iv

M!

i I

lii : 111

m

l- f

!

. \

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Platk

1.

A

o

A

;!.

A

4.

A

5.

A

6.

A

7.

A

8.

A

9.

A

10.

A

11.

A

12.

A

i;».

A

■ ' CXV'MI. Cki.tis Mi.'Wismifimhssis
Howerin;,' Imincli, nntural sire,
staiiiinati' flower just ex|ianiling, eiiliirKed.
staniinuti' HowiT after aiitlieaia, enlarged,
liistillate flower, eiilargeil.
friiitiiijt liraiicli, natural hi/.e.
fruit rut transversely, enlarged,
nutlet, enlarged.
Beetl. enlarged.

Iiranrlilet with lanceolate entire leaven, natural size,
le. *, natural wiie.
leaf, natural si/e.
winter brandilel. natural »i/.e.
winter-liud and leaf-siar, enlarged.

r

Platk (TCXIX. Cei.tis Mi.'Wissii'Iifnsis. ntr. hktk ilata.

1. A tliiwerini; liranrh. lutttirMl xi/e.

2. A slaniinate Hiiwer ex|KiiiiUng, enlarged,
.'i. A pistillate flower, enlarged.

4. A fruiting Iraneli. natur il «i;.e.

6. Vertieal neetion of a friiil. eidarged.

6. .\ !*eed, enlarged.

7. I'nder surfaee of a leaf, natural si/.e.

8. A « inter lirani'Idet, natural f\/.e.

9. A winter-liud. and leaf-Mar, inlan;ed.
10. Side Tiew of a winter-liud. enlarged.

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i^i

EXPLANATION el- TIIK ri.ATKS

I I Ml. til Ivv ■!■. II . UK M!siiiiwn'i'ii'-~i«.
I . A tlaw(*Hrie limiirh. natural nitc.

. i 1 :u,!'|.•l.;^, eiilariiKl.

• t

A
\

.V

Hum

11

)i

fi.

A

1 .

|0 \ I.m! II*! .1 -1

II. A ll'«X. f>at<"»l •

I'J. A l»illt<T

l:'.. A \%'iu.-i-

tiatiiral »if«'.

HKTII (LATA.

hg. mi«Tg«<l.

vt

10. f>rj

SilVel '.it Nl;Ilh AmiTK

Tab, CCCXVIII

CEI.TIS MlSSlSSlPPlt';NSlS

A Hhutfuj fu*-

i

I

lif

r

f !

ii

'm?

1^

!:

f*

Silv,

StWa '^r North Aim mx
V

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^'

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/

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>

^f-.i**'**-*

Tab, CCCX'.X

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CELTIS MISSISSIPPIENSIS RETICULATA

/"f/- ' Kui.itr

Muff'f.t.u.

Mi

■r

V

MORACRA

Fl-OV

vatioii ; (
ovule »<)1
LcavcH ill

Moms, Liiii
:t77. — /
;!7N. — »

rootx. Ml
iiiwuril, til
wars. lit
tliu hii.si', I
lateral, lai
vuiluuouH
ilrical s|iil
Mpiki^s ; tl
or the tw<
four eipia
riidiiiii'iitj
aiitluTs at
to the orl
ovate or
succulent
crowned '
villouM Ht
inicropyli
the HUtTU

HubHUCCIll

iiai'cous ;
radicle iu
Mor
/ -lU'rica,
Americtt,

I The N

of Morus .1
jtliil fallinK
nxilUry liii

MOHACKiK.

.S/Z-r.l OF NOltTII AMKlilCA.

15

MOKUS.

Flowkhs ntoiKTcioiis or (lid-cious ; calyx l-piirtcil, the divisions imbricated in iKsti-
vation ; corolla 0; stamens I, incurved in the hud; disk 0 ; ovary superior, l-cclled ;
(tvule solitary, suspended. Fruit drupaceous, inchvsed in the thickened succulent calyx.
Leaves alternate, stipulate, deciduous.

MoruH, I.lnnipim, f/cH. '.'8.M (1737). — \<laniic>n, Fmn. I'/, ii. ncnlliniii ik Ilonkir. (irn. iii. ,'ir>4. — Kiij;lir, I'.injli-r A-

;I77. — A. I., ilu .luiwiuii. <len. II)'.' KiiillicluT, <lr>i. rriiiilll'lliiii.-;iiijUm.\'\\.\A.\,~'i.

■-'78. — Mi'UiiiT, dm. ;ir>l. — llailliin, ItUl. I'l. vi. l'Jt». — Morophoruin. .Nfikur, AV.m. IM. iii. 2."> (17'.K)).

Trt't'H or sliriilis, uitli lliick milky jiiict', slciidtT tcri'tf iiniinncil liniiiclii'M, sc;ily hark, ami lihruiis
niots. MikIh ' t'ovt'rcil witli ovate mmIcs rloHcly iiiiltriiMtiMJ in two ranks, increasing in hi/e from without
iiiwuril, thu inner iievrt'Het'nt, cathicou.H, marking in falling the liase of the hranch witli narrow rin^-likt^
sears. Leaves ('omhi])lieate in the Inul, alternate, serrate, entire or three-lohe(l, tiiree to livi"nerveil at
the ha.se, petioLtte, memiiranaeeoii.s or snlieoriaceoiis, ijeeiijiions ; stipules inelosini; tiieir leaf in the huil,
laturai, litneciilute, »uuti>, (-adueous. Flowers minute, vernal, in |)e<luiu'nktte ehisters from the axils of tiie
eailueouH hud-seales, or of tile lower leaves of the year; the males shorl-peilieellate, in elon<;ateil eylin-
ilrieal spikes ; the females sessile, in short ohion)^ or snhjrlohose, or rarely elongated deiis^'ly (lowered
spikes; the males .and females on dilTerent hr.inehes of the s^tme imlividn.d or on dilTerent inilividuals,
t»r the two sexes rarely mixed in the same inflore.sj'enee. Calyx of the sterile llower deejily divided into
four eipial ovate rounded lohes. Stamt-ns four, inserted opposite the lulies of the ealyx under the minute
rudimentary ovary ; tilameuts tiliform, incurved in the hud. in anthcsis str.iij^liteiiinj; elastically, exserted ;
anthers uttaehed on the hiu-k l>eluw the mi<ldle, erect, two-celled, the ceils reniform, attached laterally
to the orhicular connective, openini; longitudinally. Calyx of the pistillate llower four-pan ■<!, the lohes
ovate or ohovate, thiekeneil. often une<pial, the two outer hroider than the others, persistent, hi'cominjj
succulent, and inclosing the fruit. Ovary ovoid or sulij;lol(oHe, hessile, inelmled in the calyx, oiu>-eelled,
crowned with u central style divided nearly to the hase into two eipial spreading; tiliform or suhulate
villous sti^matic hranches ; ovule :U)litarv, suspended from tin- apex of the cell, campylotropous ;
micropyh- superior. Drupes ovate or ohovate. crowned with tln' remnants of the styh's, inclosed in
the succulent thickened colored |)erianths and more or less united into an cdihle juicy syncarp ; exocarp
suhsucculent, thin; endoearp thin or thick, crustaceous.- Seeil oi)lonij. pendulous; testa thin, meinhra-
naceous ; hilum minute, apical. Knd)ryo incurved in thick lli>shy allunnen ; cotyledons olilon^, ecpial ;
radicle ascending, incumhent.

.Morus, of which six or seven Bixvies can he di.stin^uished. is contlned to e.istern temperate North
/ 'uerica, where two species occur, the elevated rei;i(Uis of Mexico. Central Auu'rica and western South
Aniericu, western Asia, India, China, Japan, and the hi<;h UKuuitains of the Indian Archipelago. The

* The North American, IVrHiiin, Chiiir'*,', niul .TjipKiirKo »iM'cip« fur. xiii. 'M)k\ t. 28. - - Foorstp, Hull. Ttirret^ Hot. Cluh, xx. 1G3, t.

of Moru.i lid nut form u ti-riiitiml lutil, tht* cml of tlin limiu'h <lvii>^ lt7, f. t).

ami fitUiii); off iluriii); i\w Niiinnicr, li'nviii^ a iti<ar t't<M,> to thi' u)i{H-r ^ iiiiiltuli, Atiansimitl, i. 'Jl 1, t. S, f. 1-1'J.

niilUry bud, which pruloii^i the branch (lleurj', .Vur. .It(. A'li.'.

i!

II !!

r

■ I

In

^r

ii

7G

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

HORACES.

most valuable species, Jforus ctlha,^ a native of northern China and the island of Yezo, is cultivated in
China and Japan, northwestern India, western Asia, and the countries surrounding the Mediterranean,

1 Liiiriu'iis, Spec. nS*» (17r»3). — Keichcnbiuh, Icon. FL derm.
xii. t. i;j'J7.— Striiipf, Drscr. tt Cult. .\fur, llU* Atlas, t. l-lrt.—
Bureau, /V CandoUe Prodr. xvii. iiiW. — Hoissit-r, FL Orient, iv.
lir»;». — Kiiiiiclift, Xoui'..irch. Mun. »6r. 2, v. liTO (/'/. Ihiciii. i. ). —
Korbfs & Ilt'iiLsley, Juur. Linn. Sue. xxv't. 4r»i>.

.Vorti.'i Titlttrica, Uniurns, /. c (17311). — Pallas, Fl. IIikoh. i.

pt. ii. t», t. oii.

Aforiki Constimtinofioliltinii, roirrt, Lum. lUct. iv. !W1 (171(7). —

A**"<rfrtN I).ihtvnd, iv. 'J'J, t. '1\. — Ma\inu)\vii-z, l*rim. Fl. Amur,

477.

Tlii" \\\\i\ .MulI«Trv-tr(M' with iK'cply InU-d, irrt-jjularly sluiptMl
li'avi's ami dark rt-il ur iinirlv Mark fruit, (li-n-nvcrt'il l»y tin- IVfiH-h
missionary Uaviil on i\\c tin uin tains of hnutlifrii Mniignlia. and
connnnti in tin* inountain<" n-ponn of uortlirrn China, is U'licvi-d
to Ik- t)i(> ttri^iiial typo from wliicli have Hpnittg ttu> nunuTtiiis vuri-
etif-t of thiit trt>e which itre nuw ciiltivHti'd whtTc Herieiilttire ih
pr.iiiii'i'd (Jiilieu, Uisum^ den Prinri/Hinj TraitU Chinnix $Hr in
Culture des Muricrs, — Brt'tschni'idi-r. .hmr. Sorth-China Hnvuh
Hoynl Asiatic Soc. ii. ser. xxv ;i'Jl» [liotanimn Sinicum, \\.]) ; and
tlu' Wliiti' MullH'rry in a form with U-ss tinifonnly divided leaves
than tliose ttf the north China tree is t-crtaitily wild in the primeval
forests whirh I'over the hills nf rcntml Yezo.

Nil oth'T tree furnishes I'mploynieiit, lUreetly ami indirectly, to
Mt lar^e a numbor of the human rai'e, or has U>eti .>>() i-arefnlly
Mudieit from thi? cultunil point uf view ; and no oilier tree ha.>*
given rise to »»ch a volimiiuous literature. The eultivatiou of the
White Mulherry-trec in China to furnish food for the nilk-worni
(/iumliiix .l/cri', LiuiiiL'us) is lui old t\s tlie civilization of the Chinese
race ; and there is a tradititm printed in the HrMt century lieftin'
the Chri.^tian era that "~'liri;,% wife of the Kmperor Ilminj; Ti (h. i".
2Cl>7), lirst instructed the people in (he art .if rearinjj silk-wumis.
I^in^ and jealously jjuarditl hy the ( liiiM'M', the seeret of the art
of hilk-niakin^f tirst reached .lapaii through Cure;* in the ihinl cen-
tury of our era ; during tlie n-i^n of the t wenty-tii-^t Mikadu ( J.'i" ■
47l* \. I>. ) the planting of MullM?rry-trees whs eni'our;i^e<l, ahhou^h
it was not until the >ieond half of the sixth century th.at itilk-cul<
ture iK'came a great nutional industry in Japan ( Kein, Indnstnes ff
JufMvi, IH8). The art of serieultun* carried from China to India
wait first estalili.nhed there in the vnlh-y of the Hrahmaputra, and
the earliest account of the silk-worm in KurofH-un literature .-ippeani
in .\ri»to'le (iitft. Auijn. v. I'.t [17J ; 11 [i\]), who may have derived
hi^ scanty knowledge of it fnim the (Ireek soldiers wlio aceompa-
nieil Alexamler to India- In the \ear .V»<) two Nesturian monkH
carried eggs t.f the silk-uorui fnun Khotan to the Court of Justin-
ian in Conslantintiple, and >ilk-cu]turi', gnulually cbtahlished in \Uf
Hy7.antine Knipire, spread through southern Kuro|M<, aItlioii}r|i nnld
the fourteenth century the Hlack and n<it the White Mulln-rry-tree
wiL- plaitti-d in the countries l«)rdering the Meiliterranean to »iui>-
ply the silk-worm with foo«l. (See I^udon, .Irfc. lint. iii. i;t4S. —
Antonio Targioni-Tozzetti, Cenui ■SVoriW aulln /ntntdiuione di vnne
Piante nf II' A >/rt-ulf um ed (htitoitttm Tuscunat 188. — A. I)e Can-
doUe, Orifp'if d(» Plnntrf Cultivie.^, l!!t.)

Knrly in the sixteenth ci-ntury (he SpanianU maile an unsurcessfid
attempt to eHtalilif>h sericulture in Mexico, and MullHTry-trces and
the e^'i^ of the wilk-wonn were »cnt from Spain for the purpose ;
a century lat.-r >lanM s I. endeavored to introduce it into the Kii|r-
lish eiloiiies in \orth America, and, until the breaking out of the
\Var of the UeMibitiun, persis'.eut <>fTi'rtf4 were made by the British
government to encourage the rearing of silk^wurms, especially in

Virginia, which seenu-d to offer ])articular advantages for this
indii.stry (see a pamphlet published in Ixindon in 1053, entitled
The fif/nrmed yirijininn .SiVI- H'on/i, or n rare and new IHgcoierif of
a sfwedy waif, and ea.iie nieamyfoiiud out by a youmj Lady in ICng-
land, she having made full proof thereof in May anno IGTj'J. For
fcedinff of Silk-wormn in the WootLn, on the Mulherry-tnc Iraren in
Virijiuia [Force, Coll. Hint. Tract*, iii. X»>. \'.\]) ; and in (Jeorgia,
where every grant of Crown laml was coupled with the condition
that one humlred White Mullierry-trees should be planted on each
ten acres of ground. (See an .Iccorju/, shewiu(j the Proqrenn of the
Colony of' (ieoiffia, in .imrrica,from its first estahluhment, 7, London,
1711 [Force. /. c. i. N,i o].)

The White MullHTry-lrec Hoiirishe^ in all the eastern I'liited
States, iiiul by its hanliness in the severe cliniate of New F.nghuid
shows its northern origin. In a dcHcriplion of the province of South
Carolina in 17IU, a White MullKTry-tree seven or eight vears old^
growing at iVrt Koyal, is said to have had a trunk tivc feet in eir-
cuinfereuce, ami several other trees only five years old with trunks
a fiMit in diameter are dcscrilM-d. (See Force, /. r, ii. No. 10.) .Seri-
culture, however, has never become an .Vmerican industry, although
varion.s attempts to niakr it so have Ih'cii tried in the Cnited States
by inili\ idiials or thn>u^h iMMinties offered by lite state t^uvern-
ments. Climatic conditions favor the iniluslry, but the lngh price
ot lalHir has made it unprotitaMc. Sixty \eiu-s ago the Impe of
ehlablishiiij; it in the I'mleil States cjius4>d the greatest hortu-ultu-
nil »iK*culation the country lia.s known, and ruined thouHaiuIs tif
|K>ople. In 1824 a Frt>nch traveler bniu^'ht to France under the
name of .\foruji multiiytulis (Perrottet, .Inn. .S'(»r. /.inn. Paris. IS'JU,
liil*. — Si*ringe, /. c. 'JKl, t. 18) a variety of the White MulU-rry-
tree wbieh he liml found in the Philippine Ulamls, when> it hail
Im'cu carried by a Portuguese priest towan) the emi of the sixteenth
century. The rapi<i growth of this tn-c, its large ami succulent
Icavet, and the ea.M' with which it c<juld U- multiplied, stMUi at*
tracted the attention of F.uri>{H>an sericultiirists ; ami in 18*j7 tt
was intrtKlueed into the l'nit4>d States through the Prince Niir-
sery on Kong Island. A year later it was carried (o Massachusetts
by William Kt'ndrick, a nurscrymHU of Newton, and gradually
marvelous stones of its value spn^nd from town tu town and fnini
state to stale. Nurserymen gave up all other business to pm|Mgal«
tlie Siuth Sea novelty ; fanners coven'd their laml with the in-es,
and all eastern .Vnierica, couvertc<t into one great .MullKTry plan-
tation, was to biM-nme the rival of the Orient and of Ktirojie in Iho
pru<)uction of silk. Plants bniu^lit fabulous prices, and the north,
the Htiutli, and the west struggled with each other tti secure them in
the auction rooms of eastern cities. Hut the n'action so4>n caiue ;
tlie climate of the luirlhern stati-s was found to Ih' tmi sevens for
this variety, and trees were killed by cold or by the diseases which
ajipeared among them ; and nurserymen and farmers were ruined.
In 1S31I the bubble burst ; and of the millions that were planted
hardly one tree now n'mains in any of the northern states. {Svo
Kendrick, .{mrriiiin Sdk firatrrrs* Guide, 'J<t. — I,. l\. lUiley, fiuU.
Ifort. Ihv. Citrntll .Ij/nc. Ksftrr. Stat. No. 4<i ; aUo nunienms arti-
cles in the Xew England Farmrr, ix.-xviii.)

The stwalled Uussian MulU-rry ( .l/<iri*ji alha Tnt'iriia, Fx)udon)
was iiitrotluced by Russian Mennoniles into the ueslern states in
1H7<') ; although of comparatively little value as a fruit-tn'r, it is
very hardy, and useful in forming wind-bn'aks on the pniirii-s or
as an (trnami-ntal hedge-plant, and several varieties, valued for
their large fruit or iwudiilous branches, have twen raised in this

MOUACEj£.

in many varie
many teinpen
and seniitropi
little known
perhaps two <

Moms p
used for furn;
sweet and aci
or color inetli
the fruit, froi

The Noi
fungal discas

country (I*. H.
No. 40, -J^'J).

From the leavi
CauciLHUS, used i
inner bark and
made fnim the
mountain trilM-s
The w.mhI of :
or yellow. In n
for furniture am
are us«'d as curd
dis, Fort^t / V. Ii
is administen-tl
Ckifirse Mat. M

> LtMidon, At
ll»8. — Bureau,
Ja/mn^ lUl.

> KinmiMis.
1'J9. — Sotti-'ii'i
15l», t. IM».~ 1
(itrm. xii. t. K
Parlalore, Fl.

iv. ii:)a.

'Hie lilack M

Pliintri I'uilti't

the Caucasus i

(ireeka, who ii

gniws spt-ntam

IWfuru the i^n

»ilk-worms wa!

U-rry for this ]

nsed Bpectes (

Iwrry, which i

aionally plant

value as a frui

is larger than

U'tter thiYor ;

civilised coun

fur poultry or

• Of the Ii

a shnib or sm

frtim Cashiuo

gal, Uurmah,

worm (Hraui

tariety of tbf

eifteally disti

cd in
nean,

thin
rititled
tcrtj of

''".7-

For

nre.1 in

iJition
I oach
of the

MOUACEiE.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

77

in many varieties' for its leaves, which are the best food of the silk-worm. Morns nigral valued in
many temperate regions as a fruit-tree, is believed to have originated in Persia; in the temperate
and semitropieal mountainous regions of India two or three species are recognized ; ^ two or three
little known and doubtful species inhabit the mountains of the Indian Archipelago/ and one and
perhaps two others those of central and western South America.^

Morns produces straight-grained durable handsome light brown or orange-colored wood sometimes
used for furniture, agricultural implements, and fencing, and in boat-building. The fruit of Morus is
sweet and acidulous, and possesses slightly laxative properties ; syrups made from it are used to flavor
or color medicines, or in the preparation of refrigerant l)everages.'' Vinegar is occasionally made from
the fruit, from which a mild spirit is sometimes distilledJ

The North American species of Morns are not seriously injured by insects^ or by the ravages of
fungal diseases.'"*

country (I.. H. Bailey, Ihtll. Hurt. Div. Cornell Agric. Kxper. Stat,
No. 4*i, l'3'J)-

From till" Iciivcrt of .\fttnti afhn n yvlUiw dye is ulitaiiird in this
CuticiiMii.'*, iiscil ill i-olnriii^ wdnl itml xilk ; the \'iiii> in tit'il with its
iniier hark aiitl Htukctl witli its hniiicht't ; itiul in Turkestan Ituiir
iiiailc fn>ni tin- fruit, whii-h is tmth wliitf timl hlai-k, sii|)[inrt tht*
nidiintain trilx-s in winter {T/if huittAlrte.* "/ /iu-xvfi, jii. ['.U't, UV2).

The wtMMl iif Morn.* aihn Ih nnxli-ratt'ly liarti, lijjht vt'lluw, hrowii,
ur yt'thiw. In northern In<tia it in eniphiveil in hout-hiiililin^' and
f(ir furniture ami a^nrultiiral iinplementH. The tmi^li hraitt tilet.i
Art) UM>(t a:i ennlK, anil thu h'aveft are fed tn nheeji and ^ikiIs ( Itnm-
dis, Forest Fl. /irtt. /ru/tii, lOS) ; and in China the hark <>f the rtKitx
ii luliniiiifltored in tho treatment <if many human malmlieH (Smith,
Chiftrae Mat. MM. 151).

> Loudon. Arh, Hnt. iii. KVM. -- Srin^e. l>tnrr. ft l\lt, Mur.
11*8, — Iluri'au, Ih CmnittlU Pnnir. wit. 'JiW. — Uein, Itulti,itnes of
Jitftttrif I'Jl.

» LiniuiMis, >';)rt-. '.»StJ (I7.*»:i) — W.MMlville. .Mf,i. Hot. ii. ItVJ, t.
129. — .VoiJi'^'iu Ihihtinwl, IV. IM», t. --. — Watsun, />rn*/r. Hnt. ii.
15l», t. l.W. -Iliiyne, Arzn. liii. t. III. — Itichenhaeh, Icon. Fl.
(term. xii. t. UWH. — Srinne, /. .-. J'M, Atla-n, t. «1. l". I, t. I'l —
Furlatore, Fl. Ital. iv. lUill. ~ Hiinau, /. i'. — UoinHier, Fl. t*netu.
iv. li:>3.

Tho liloek Mulberry is l>elicved by A. I>e Caniluliti {Ortginr dfn
PUtntea ('u//it-t», I'Jl) to have tin^inated iu the eiiuntry wiiith of
the CauL'oauA aiid the (.'iu|nan Sea ; it wati well kmiwu tt> the
(treckA, who intrtNlueeil it into l''uni|M>, wheru it now fliunetimeii
grown n|M>ntancoii.<fly ni the conntne.H iMir^lenri^ the Mediterranean.
lU-fori' the ^(realer valui» of the leaves of Moru.i iiif^t for feeding;
nilk-womi.H wiit known to Ktiro)H-ani, they planted the llhuk Mul-
U'rry for thi.s pitrjKi^^e ; and intireeee it ii ntill the nion' euniinonlv
n!ud BpecieA (lleJdreieh, .\utz. Pjln'iirn, \\)). The HIaek Mul-
l>erry, whiili ih not hardy in the northern I'nited Stut<-4, i.s m-ea-
Riimally planted in the southern and I'aeiHe statcti, although itH
value IU a fruit-tn't* i« not apprvciAted in thin country. Tho fruit
it larger than that of the other ii|H>eiei of Moniit, aiut |H)NHeR8es a
lH>tter Uavt>r ; Htill oi'eiiHioiiNlly uiietl for deMertn, it ii* now in mont
eivilized emintrieA mon> valued aH a palatalile ami whtilenotne fmnl
fur poultry or ait an ingretlient for etMiling lH'verage<<.

• Of the Indian speeien of MoruH, Morua Iwlini (I.iiimeus /. r.),
% shnth or ■mall tree of the teiii|M'nite and nuhtropieal IJinialayat,
frtun l'u«hmi're to Sikkiin, ii* the MnlU'rry u.iually planted in Hen-
gal, Itiirnuih, aiul the Malay IVniiirtnla, to supply fiHHl for the Hilk-
worm (MrandiN. /. c. -tOl'). Hy aonie authorN it in eoiiHiden'd a
variety of the ChineHO ^tl>rus alfxi, while ottieni titill n>gard it im Hpe-
oiAonlly distinet fruni that plant (lluuker f. /■'/. lint. Iml. v. ItTJ).

Moms .irrnttd (Utixhurgh, Fl. /m/. cd. 2, iii. 596) is an inhiibit-
ant of the northwer<tern llimalayaH, where it suuictime.H ascends to
eli'vatiim^ uf nine thousand feet ahovi> the level of the sea, and is a
tree .sixty or seventy feet in hei^'ht. with a sttnit trunk. It is culti-
vated in Kuiiawiir; the wonti is employed for af;ricuUunil imple-
ineiitH and many househnld articles, and the lirunehes are uaed for
fiMlder (liramlis. /. .-.).

M.irns (irvi'fuUt (nraiidis, /. c. ) inh;d>ils the everj;rt'en I'orcst.s of
the lower Ilitiialayrts from the valley of the Indu.s to A.ssain, am! is
iK'casioiially cultivated.

* Mi.piel. FL Jum/h. V2; Fl. AV(/. /;<-/. i. pt. ii. "JBO ; Suppl.
414. — Hureaii,/. Clin.

» iSureau,/. c. JUJ, 'Jl?.

■ I'oreher, li'iourm of Southmi F'lelih and Fore.it.t, liOii. —
Flueki>;er A; ilanhury, I'hannacoi/raphia, 489. — .luhnsun, Man.
J/rf/. IU. \. .1. -JU.— (/. S. iM.^pfHs. ed. 10, 9S<).

' I^hf Intiti-itrtfa of Hiuiia, iii. 4;i*J. — t'oreoran, Gani. i'hron,

§er. a, XV. aiw.

' Few Hpei ie.H of injects feed upon the American Mulherry-trees,
and even the .--dk-worm.s refn.se to eat or thrive on Moms rubra
(Hiley. Si^rruil Uff,. iKj.t. .lynV. Xo. 11. ed. L', M ; Hull. Nu.9. ed.
(), />ir. Enhmoliujfj V. S. Pcpt, .lyric IHSti, 'A)). The Fall Weh-
worm, Ilfffihantria cutwttt l^rury, is often abundant on Monut mfmt,
ami the larvte of uther iiiMects an' ueca-Hiunally sut^icicutly abundant
on the foliage to attr.iet attention. No borers are recorded oa
affecting the living wtHwl.

^ Tho fungiil para.siteH of the Mulberry have Iwen carefully
Htudied in Italy, Mhere tlii^ tree is of great eeomunical importmiec.
In hi.-* <'la>sic wtirk on the subject, Funi/t .Mi»nri>lir, published iu
I'adua in IS.S',1, Iterlese ha.s described all the species of fungi known
to infest the Mulberry up to that date, and Iia.s given figures illus-
trating most of them. A ctuisiderable number of the s|>ecies are
known in this eountry. and Home of them are jH'culiar to North
America. The greater part, however, art? Rpeeies which grow on
the trunk.t, es|>ecially the dead trunks, ami are not the oanso uf
special disea.He!i, nor an) they contlned to species of Mulberry. A
leaf -mildew, l.^nrinu'a yeniculata, Cierartl, has iH'en observed on
Mom,* ruhrit in New York, but not I'l.-^ewhere, ultluuigh it piidiably
oeeunt in other places. .Ma.*K(iria efiilmru, Uerkeley & Curtis,
which causes black pustules on the branches, al.^o iH'Curs on Momx
mhra, and is not kni>wn on other siH'cies. The leaves of MulWrries
are attacketl by si'veral spot iliseases. Cercospora MoricoUu t'ooko,
i.s reconlcd on l>oth .Monui alha and Momx mhra. PhUo-ifwra
Mori, Saceanlo, a fungus prtHlncing brownish ttptits on the leaves,
has been known to cause much trouble in Italy, and is iH-'casioiuilly
Beeti iu this euuntry.

ilin

V \

i

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i

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iU

iJ'

bl-t;

' , i

78

8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

MOBACE^.

Mulberry-trees can be easily raised from seeds whicb germinate during the spring, and the varieties
can be increased by tiittings made from tlie mature wood or from the roots, by root and crown-grafting,
and by budding in early spring with dormant buds.

Morns, the classical name of the Mulberry-tree, was adopted for this genus by Tournefort,' and

afterward by Liuniuus.

> /tu(. S8t), t. 362.

SYNOPSIS OF THE NOUTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

lycavi's oviilo. smontli or sraliratc i>n tlu" iiiii>er. coated with pale puln-sccnce uii tin- lower 8urfuee i

fruit ol.lnni;. dark purple 1- MoKtw miBRA.

licaves ovate, smooth or scahrate on the upjier, glabrous or pubescent on the lower surface : fruit
subglobose or short-ovate, nearly black '-'• MoBira UKLTimroLU.

;l:

> The larRi"!
yeheniblu trei

GRACES.

varieties
jr.iftiug,

HORACEiG.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

MORUS RUBRA.

Red Mulberrr.

79

Leaves ovate, smooth or scabratc on the upper, coated with pale pubescence on
the lower surface. Fruit oblong, dark purple.

Morus rubra, Linnicus, Spec. 98G (1753). — Miller, Dirr.

ed. H, No. ;{ Kalin, Trureln, Knglish etl. iii. 04. — I)ii

Koi, Ohs. 32 ; lltirbk. Jlaninz. i. 430. — ^\■angenlleim,
Jiesehreib. Nortlam. Jloh. 95; Nordam. Iloh. 37, t. 15,
f. 35. — Moencli, Biiume WeUa. 0;J ; Meth. 343. — Miir-
(hall, Arbust. Am. 93. — Walter, Fl. Car. 241. — Will-
clenow, Herl. Baiimx. 197; Spec. iv. pt. i. <3(i9 ; Enum.
9*17. — I'oiret, Lnm. Dirt. iv. 377. — Al)bot, In.ieett nf
Gmrrjiii, ii. t. 7I>. — Ciuiti(;lioni, IViiy. nfijli .Stuti Vniti,
ii. 301. — Borkhsiuen, Hanilh. Forstboi. i. 6.37. — Mi-
clinux, Fl. Uor.-Am. ii. 179. — Snuvfuu Duhamel. iv. 91,
t. 23. — PfmiMm. Syn. ii. .">S. — DcHfuntainvK, Hi.it. Arb.
ii. 410. — l)ii Mont do CimrHet. Uot. Ciitt. cd. 2, vi.
304. — Miclmiix f. l/iat. Arb. A m. iii. 2,32, t 10. — I'anh,
Fl. A VI. .SV/iMi. (h39. — Nultall, OVh. ii, 209. — Hajiie,

I>endr. Fl. IS,') Klliott, .S't. ii. 574. — Sprcngel, .S'i/.«r

1.492.- ,laume .St. Ildairn. TniitS dea Arbm, t. 40. —
KaOiieaqtio, Am. Mnn. Mulbfrry Trefx. 27. — Oii'trich,
Syn. i. 5.">1. — S|kk'1i, Hist. t'nj. xi. 48. — Miirotli, t'nxir.
Monog. Moriif, 20. — FhiitTaim, Trfi:i Ma»a. 280. — Dar-
lingtun, Fl. Cfitr. ed. ,3, 2H,"). — Svt'miie, Ihnrr. et Cult.
Mur. 223, Allan, t. 20. — C"iirli». AV/i. tlnilmj. Surv. N.
Car. ISOO, iii. 71. — C'Impiiiaii. Fl. 115. — KiK'li, l>eii'lr.
ii. 447. — Kureaii, I>r Candollr I'rixlr. xvii. 24.'">. — Uidg-
w»y, /Vw. C .•>'. .Vi(/. Min. 1882, 73. — l,aii<-lip, Ihuttrlie
Dttulr. 343. — Sargent, Forest Trrea .V. .Irn. lOM Crnum
U. S. ix. 127; (hirdrn ami Fureat, ii. 448. — WaUiun &

Coulter, Gnii/'H Man. ed. G, 464, — Dippel, Ifandb. Laitb-
hoUk. ii. 14, f. 5. — Kochne, Deutsche Dendr. 1,39. —
Coulter, Conlrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 408 {Man. Fl. W.
Texas).

Morus Canadensis, Poiret, Lam. Diet, iv, 380 (1797), —
.Seringc. Dearr. et Cult. Mur. 224. — Rafinesque, New Fl,
iii. 47 (1830) ; Am. Man. Mulberry Trees. 29.

Morus scabra, WlUdenow, Enum. 907 (1809); lierl.
ISaumz. ed. 2. 2."i2. — Nuttall, (Jen. ii, 209. — Ilatinesqiie,
New Fl. iii. 47 (183(i) ; Am. Man. Mulberry Trees,
29. — llayne. Ih'wlr. Fl. 154. — S|)rengel, Syst. i. 492.

Morus tomentosa. UalineHi|uc, Fl. Ludorir. 113 (1817);
New Fl. 47 ; Am. .V<in. .Mulberry Trees. 30.

Morus rubra, var. pallida, Kalincwpie, New Fl. iii. 46
(18,30) ; Am. Man. Mulberry Trees, 28,

Morus rubra, var. hoterophylla, !{alineK(|ue, New Fl. iii,
40 (18,30) ; Am. .)lun. Mullrrry Trers. 28.

Morus ripnria, Uufine«(iue, New Fl. iii, 40 (1830); Am.
Man. Mulberry Trers. .'il.

Morus rubra, var. purpurea, Itatincwiue, Am. Man. Mul-
berry Trees. 2.S (183;t,.

Morus reticulata, Itulinesciue. ,l»i. Man. Mulberry Trees,
28 (18.39).

Morus rubra, var. tomentosa, Iliireau, Dc CamloUe
Vrndr. xvii, 210 (1873).

Morus rubra, var. incisn, l)e Caiidolle, I'rwlr. xvii. 247
(1873).

A tree, Hixty to seventy feet in height, with a siiort trunk rarely cxffiMlino; tlirce or four feet in
diameter, and Htout spreadin); Hinoutli brandies whicli form a dense broad roinul-topped tiliapely head,'
The l>arii of the trunk, which i.s one lialf to thret- (|narters of an inch in tliickncss, i.s (hirk brown tinged
witli red, and diviih'd into irregular elongated plates .separating on the surface into thick appressed
seales. The brancidets are slender and slightly zigwig, and, when they hrst appear, are dark green often
tinged with red, glabrous, or more or less coated with pale pubescence, and covered with oblong straw-
colored spots ; in their first winter they are light red-l)rown to orange-color and marked by pale l<">ticcls
and hirge elevated horizontal nearly orbicidar concave leaf-scars, in which a row of prominent fibro-
vascnlar bundle-scars appears ; in their second or third year they turn dark brown faintly tinged with
red. The buds are ovate, rounded or pointed at the apex, covered by six or seven chestnut-brown
scales, and a ipiarter of an inch in length ; the scales of the two or three outer rows are broadly ovate,
rounded anil slightly thickened on the back, pnbernlous, ciliate on the margins with sliort pale hairs,
and much shorter than those of the nest rows ; these are ovate-oblong, thick and rounc.ed on the back,

!ii

1 1

! " (

%

' The Inrgrit trunk of Morns rubra I have neen wan llnit nf a Augusta, ('ti'ori;iii. nliicli in 1880 had a dian cter of seven feet one
veni'mhli' Ini' growing iin tliv eatata of Mr. I'. J. llerukiuuna in inch, three feet aliove the aurfuee nf the ground.

4

*. .'

w ■

] Mi

80

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

MORACEiE.

MORACE^.

and very lustrous, inclosing the inner scales, which are scarious, coated with palo hairs, oblung- lanceolate,
rouncied or acute at the apox, and one half to two tliirds of an inch long at maturity. The leaves are
ovatu, oblon "■-ovate, or semi<rbicular, abruptly contracted into long broad points or acute at the apex,
more or less deei)lv cordate or occasionally truncate at the base, coarsely and occasionally doubly serrate
witli incuivi'd tectli ending in minute callous tips, and sometimes, especially on vigorous young shoots,
three-lobcd liv broad deep ()lili(pie rounded lateral sinuses, entire in the bottom, the lower lobes being
aoain sometimes slightly lobe<l ; when they unfold they are yellow-green, slightly pilose on the uj)per
surface, and coated r)n the lower surface and on the petioles with thick white tomentum, which soon
begins to c'.is,i|)|icar. and at maturity hey are thin and membranaceous, dark bluish green, glabrous,
smooth or scaiuate above, and pale and more or less pubescent below with short white hairs, which are
thickest on the narrow orangi>-colored ribs and prim; ry veins arcuate and united near the margins, and
connected by reticulate veiidets, or sometimes in Louisiana and 'i'exas the lower surface is covered with
a tliii ii coat of white tomentum ; they are three to live inches long, two and one half to four inches
broad, anil are borne on stout terete jietioles three quarters of an inch to an inch and one (piarter in
length. The stii)nlfs are lanceolate, acute, abruptly enlarged and thickened at the base, sometimes
tingeil with red above the middle, coated with long white hairs, and often an inch long. The leaves
turn bright yellow, .ind fall early in the a, mnn. 'I'lie flowers a])pear with the unfolding of the leaves
from the middle of March in Texas to the midilK' of .Inne in western New York ; the males are borne
in narrow s]iikes two to two and a half incluv- long on stout light green peduncles covered with pale
hairs, and produced in the axils of the inner bud-scales or of the tirst leaves, and the females, with
wliii'h a few male (lowers arc .sonu'times mixed, in oblong densely flowered sjiikes an inch long on short
hairy peilnncli> in the axils of later leaves. The bud of the staminate flower is conspicuously four-
lobcd, depressed at the apex, green below ami dark red above the mid. lie. covered with pale hairs, and
gr.idnally narrowed into a sl.^rt hairy pedicel; after authesis the calyx is divided nearly to the base into
four oblong concave lobes roniuied at the .apex, slightly thickened on the back, and hirsute oti the outer
surface. The filaments arc inserted uniier the ni.irgin of the slender minute ]>ointeil rudimentary ovary,
and are >lightlv tlattene(i, narrowed from the base to the apex, abruptly infolded above the middle in
the bud and exserted after anthesis ; the anthers are bright green, with con.spicuous bright green
orbicular connectives. The binl of the pistillate th)wer is obovati;, four-lobed, pilose, slightly depressed
and hirsute at the apex, bright green below and dark red above the middle, ami sessile on the stout
h.iiry rachis ; after anthesis the calyx is divicleil nearly to the base into four thick co leave lobes,
rounded at the apex, and rouinled or slightly angled on the back, the two outer lobes being nearly twice
as wide as the others; it is as long as the ovary, wiiich it closely invests, anil which is ovate, flattened,
glabrous, light gr<- •! and lustrous, and crowned with a short style, divided into two long white
.stigmatic lobes. Tin- compound fruit, rthich at first is bright red when it is fully grown, ripei.s from
May to July ; it is an inch to an inch and a ipiarter long, dark purple or nearly black, and sweet and
juicy when fidly r!,;e ; tiie drui>es are about one thirty-second of an inch in length, with a thin fleshy
outer coat ami a light brown nutlet. The seed is ovate, acute, and covered with a thin membranaceous
light brown coat.

Mnius nilirii is distribnt<^d fr.)m western Mass;ichusetts and Long Island, New York, to southern
Ontario' and central .Michigan, westwaril to southeastern Nebra.ska ^ and eastern Kansjis, and southward
to the shores of ]Say Hiscayne and Cape Uouiano in Florida and the valley of the ('olorado Uiver in
Texas. An inhabitant of the rich soil of intervale lands and low hills, Munin riihra is most abundant,
and attains its largest si/.e in the biLsin of the lower Ohio Kiver anil on the foothills of the southern
Appalachian Mountains.

The wo(m1 of MoruK rubra is light, soft, not strong, rather tough, eoarse-grainel, and very durable
when placed in contact with the soil ; it contains may thin medullary rays and broad bands of largo

' .MiR'ouii, Cal. Can. J'l. i. 430. ' Itt'uc}', AV/i. Mehratla Siair lUmr'l .l;/rir. 181)1, 105.

MORACKJE.

MORACEJE.

SILVA OF NORTn AMERICA.

81

open ducts marking the layers of annual j^ro'vih, and is li<jfht orange-color, with thick lighter colored
nearly white sapwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.5898, a cubic foot weighing
3G.7o pounds. Its durability makes it valuable for fencing, for which it is largely used, as wcjU as in
cooperage, and in the southern states it is often employed in ship ctud boat building. From the inner
bark the Indians of the southern states obtained a fibre witli which they wove coarse cloth. ^

Moms rubra was introduced into English gardens early in the seventeenth century," and was first
described from a cukivated plant in Parkinson's PdraiUal In sole I^arftdisittf 7\'rrestrl.s;^ published in
London in 1()2!), although the eiforts of the Crown to establish sericulture in North America had much
earlier drawn tlie attei»tion of travelers in the colonies to the native Mull erry-tree, which is often
mentioned in their narratives,^

Tile Ived Mull)erry is occasionally planted in orchards in the southern states for the sako of its
fruit, which is c«)nsidered valuai)le f(»r fattening hogs and as food for poultry ; but, as a fruit-tree, it
lias be(>n generally neglected by horticulturists who have, however, multi[)lied two or three natural
varieties distinguished for the large size and good (piality of their fruits or for their productiveness."

The size of the lied Mulberry, surpassing as it does in jiciglit and beauty all Mulberry-trees of
temperate regions, the dense shade afforded by its broad compact erown of dark blu(»-green leaves, its
freedom from disease and the attacks oi 'disfiguring insects, its prolificness, its hanlitiess except in its
earliest years, and the rapidity of its growth in gofid soil, make it a most desirable ornamental tree.

* " A foiirtli chii'fi' cniiitiiiMlitir wi't* may iM*(-niiiit tn lie tin* ^Ti'itt
iiutnlMT of MiillitTrif triTH, apt tn fri-ilr Silki'-wnrin-* to in.iki^
Hilkf* : wh'Tfof (luTi* wax hih-Ii plt-titii' tit many pliriM. that, tlioii;;!)
thi'V foiitul tniiif lii'tiipt' ill till- (-uimtrir, tlii> SpanianlH miule '■opm
(if thi> lt»rk-4 of thrill for thoir hri^aii<litii'H, wht>n thi'y were to Htit
to Hvv for Nona Ilinpaiiia." (I'l i/inut richltf vulurd. Written by u
l*ortU(;iill ^iMitliMimn of Klua$^ emploifil in all thi^ iictioa, and tniiis-
hited out of l*ortii^ut>iH'>, by Uichunl llakhiU, I^pisMc Drillcnton*,
|>. :t [KoriT, (\>il. IliMt. 7'm<N, iv. No. Ij.)

" ThiK tri'i> (the MiiltxTry ) in found in iihundanrr in tht> North
Wi'ntrrn p.irtH of Florida : the that-taws put it* iiiiicr hark in hot
wiiti aloii^ with a ipiantity of a-thcn nml obtain lilainfitts, v th
whii-li tlicy wravr h kind itf idoth not utdike tf. foar<it> bempM)
cloth." ( UoniaiiH, \at. Uisl. I'Uiruiti, \\1. S-e, also, l,e I'a^e du
I'rat*. l/uttnrr >if Iti /.ounifinf, ti. Mti.)

* Aitoii, //.Iff. AVir. iii ;H;t. London, Arh. flrit. iii. !V»!>, t.
' Mornt I'lr'/iniiimt, .V.tt>, f, \ ; Thratr. HffJ.

Cor^lits nuuima /a.L latisMimo Virtfiniana, Hiiy, Hut. PL ii. 1709.

.\t<rr[f'(iiui VirijifiiffisU nrhur, Lati arhorui itutar ntnuun, /tkiit
ampluumm, I'lukem-t, t'hyt. t. *J W, f. 4 ; Aim. IkU. 'i:>.\. — Miller,
Ihct. No. 0.

MnrxiM t'lr^mifinii, fulas iiUunmu util/ru^ j'rwtu rufiro /wiyii/ri,
Muter, Otcl. Nu. 5.

Morui f'ttliiy iimjilis.iiinis /■'«■' simtlihtu*, fntrho Umyo nigra jiur-
fiuno, Clayton, Fl. Viri/m. I'JU'.

* William Stracln'v, who visited the eoloiiy nn tlip .lames Uiver
in Virginia in llJl(», found hy the houses of the .settlers "some great
niullHTrye tn-es, and these in .some j-urt-H of the country are found
growing naturally in pretty groves ; tliere waa an a.ssay made to
make silke. and itnrely the wormed prospered exeellently well until
the master workman fell ^iek, during wbieh tyme they were eaten
with ratt.H, and Ihi^ willw a eouinioditie not ineanely prohtahte.'*
( i'ftf Hi.<ti>r}f of Tnit title into VinfiHin Unlnuntii, ed. .Major, 117 )

S«'e, aUo, .Vdfti liritiinnitt : Oiffrimf nwit eirelleyit frnitfn for P'unt-
ini/ i»i Virifinio. Loiulon, TtHK*, p. Iti (I'one, /. c. i. Xo. (i) ; .1
pTf'n-t Df-irrifititm of Viniiniit, London, U'tVJ, in which among tho
natural pnMtut-ts <if the Colony are mentioned " Mulbery-ln-es, tlio
nalurul and i>ro|M'r ftH^l for .Sii'if -u'ormr", they have abundance in
the wo«nN, anil Homo ho large that one tree cnntainM ha many leaven
OA will feed SUii'-uijnitf^ that will make as miteh Silk aa may l>e
worth tWe pounds sterling money, tliis 8(tnu> /■VeucA men afiirm,"
p. 0 ( Koree, /. c. ii. Nu. 8) ; aiul Vinjxnin : more e.*fifrinlly the South
f¥irt thfrrof\ Richlff nnd trnhj vnUiftl, ed. -, by K. W. (Jent, London,
MuA.) (Koree, /. «•. iii. No. \U.

* L. IL llailey, tlu'd. Uort. Die. Conwll A<jrir. Kxptr. S'al. No.

U), •j;w.

/-

I

1:1

II

■M

^i

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

i i

3.
4.
C.
6.

7.

8.

9.
10.
11.
12.
l.S.
14.
15.
IC.
17.

Plate CCCXX. Mokis hitbba.
A flowering brancli witji aUminiiU* Howeni, natural niic.
A Howi'ring lirancli with pistillate flowers, natural siic.
Diagram of a Ktaininate llowir.
Diagram of a pistillate flower.

A sUminate (i.)\ver before the exsertion of the stamens, enlarged.
Vertical section of a staminoto flower with one stjunen jiartly cxserted,

enlargeil.
A pistillate flower, enlarged.
A pistil, enlarged.

Vertical section of a pistil, enlarged.
An ovule, much magnilied.
A fruiting hranch, n.ttur.al size.
A fruit inclosed in the flifihy calyi, enlarged.
A nutlet, enlarged.
Vertical section of a nutlet, enlarged.
A s<H!d, enlarged.
An emlirj'o, much magnified.
A winter brauchlet, natural siie.

rth Afii

Ncrtn ATiW

MQVr

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1 1

"•IXMANATlOJi' 'tr 1KB PLATE.

1.

A (i," .

'J

A til,..

ri

I>i:t^jr.

4.

IH^.

*•

A uteliii:; il-

*;.

Vfrtiritl »*rl

cu]«r^«l

7,

A |tiftti]hi*.

S.

A,.>:

i».

veo-.

10

A., n-

rwen, luttunl utr.

1 tiu' iTftiJtfV.'*. aulnrji^-il.

Tab CCCXX

Touiet

MORK-^. RUBRA ;,

A .'{u». .-tVur iiirt\r '

'"i/> V ."ii/tt'ur ."u/v.

i <

u

)

1 1

iij

MORACBA.

Lea

surfaco.

Morus oe
(Jen. et
i. :i70. -
Dirtridi
xvii. '~i
Sargent

A tr
fourteen
Mexico fi
iilthou^li
surface ii
luiirs ; tl
marked '

wllicll !k|

covered ^

inner roi

puln'scen

the a|)ex

especially

wrrato 1(

on the p

in textu

paler, sn

and ofte

which a

wild tre

(juarten*

inch Ion

tivo iuci

falcate,

leaves ti

to April

borne o

the mall

lonj,', ai

The cal

deeply

under t

brijjlit

MORACRiB.

aiLVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

\ .^il

MORUS OELTIDIPOLIA.

Mulberry. Mexican Mulberry.

Lkaves ovnto, smooth or scabrous on the upper, glabrous or pubescent on the lower
surface. Fruit subglobose or short-ovute, nearly black.

Morus celtidifolia, HuiiiIhiIiU, Konplaiul dc Kiinth, tfof.
Oen. et S/>tf. ii. .'13 (1H17). — Kuntli, Ni/ii. I'!. .K'/iiiii.
i. ;)70. — Itafineiqup, Am. Man. Mulherrij Tree), \Vi. —
Dii'trirh, Syn. i. 551. — Hiireaii, De ('nnJolle I'milr.
xvii. •••0. — llennlpy, lint, li'ml. Am. Cent. iii. Ml. —
Ssrgent, (ianten and Furett, ii. 4IM.

Morus Mexioana, Hoiitham, PI. Hartweg. 71 (18,19).—
lyirhiniinii. Iliiniil,. I'ii/eniik. Selnli. Slr'ifl. Her. 5, ii. Iil«l.

Morus mlorophylla, Ituekley, I'roe. I'hil. Acad. 18C2,
H. — Uruv, /•/•/«■. Phil. Arad. 18C2, 1G7. — Sargent, For-
ent Trees .V. Am. U)t/i Cenmiii I'. S. ix. 1 28. — Coiilter,
Ciintrib. r. S. .\at. Herb. ii. 108 (.l/,i;i. PL ]V. Te.rnii),

A tret», sometimes tliirty feet in liei^ht in the United StateH, witli ii trunk occasionally twelve to
fourteen inches in diiinieter, or usually much smaller, anil often reduced to a low slirul) ; or in northern
Mexico fre(|uently much larjjer. The hark of the trunk is smooth, sometimes nearly half an inch thick,
olthoujjh usually thinner, light fjray, slijjhtly tinfjed witii red, deeply furrowed and hroken on the
surface into small api'icssed scah's. The hranchlets, when they first appear, are covered with soft wiiito
hairs ; they soon become jrlahrous or nearly so. and durinjj their first winter are lifjht oranjje-red
marked with small lenticels, and with small horizontal nearly orliicular elevated concave leaf-scars in
which ap|M>ars a rinj; of fibro-va.scular hundle-scars. The liuds are ovate, acute, shar]>-pointed, and
covered with thin lustrous chestnut-hrown ovate rounded scales, scarious on the margins ; those of the
inner rows are accrescent, ovate-ohlong, rounded at the apex, coated on the outer surface with pale
pulR'scence, and nearly an inch hinjj when fully grown. The leaves are ovate, acute or acuminate at
the a|H!X, rounded or rarely truncate at the hroad haw, and coarsely ami sharply serrate, or often,
especially on vigorous shoots, they are three-Iohed with shallow lateral sinuses and hroad coarsely
s<!rrato lohes, and are then freipieiitly cordate at the base; when they untold they are coiited lielow and
on the petioles with pale tomentum, and are pul>erulous aliove ; and at maturity they are thin and firm
in texture, dark green and often roughened on the upper surface with minute pule tubercles, and
paler, smooth or scahrate on the lower surface, which is glabrous or coated with soft pale pubescence,
and often hirsute with short stiff pale hairs on the hroad orange-colored rihs and on the primary veins,
which are arcuate and united near the margins, and connected hy conspicuous reticulate veinlets ; oil
wild trees in the United Stjites they are rarely more than an inch and u half in length and three
(piarteni of an inch to an inch in width, and are home on slender pubescent petioles, one third of an
inch long ; on trees cultivated in northern Mexico tln' leaves are thinner, smoother, and often four or
five inches long, and two to three inches wide. The stipules are linear-lanceolate, acute, sometimes
falcate, white and scarious, co.ited with soft pale tomentuin, and ahout half an inch in length. The
leaves turn yellow in the autumn before falling. The flowers open from .March in the Texas lowlands
to April and May on the mountains of Chihuahua and New .Nb-xico ; they are usually didrious, and are
borne on slender hairy peduncles produced in the axils of the caducous hud-scales or of the first leaves,
the males being Hhort-|M'dicellate in short m.iny-flowered spikes one half to three (juarters of an inch
long, and the females sessile in few-flowered spikes, which rarely exceed one third of an inch in length.
The calyx of the staminate flower is dark green, covered on the outer surface with soft pale hairs, and
deeply divided into four eijual rounded lohes, reddish toward the apex. The stamens are inserted
under the margin of the minute rudimentary ovary, and are composed of slender slightly tlattciunl
bright yellow anthers, with cons; '.cuous darker green connectives. The calyx of the pistillate flower is

!.! I!

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M

sr/A'A OF NoiiTii A mi: UK 'A.

MORACCA,

I

(lividt'il to tlic liaM(> into four thick roiiiuloil IoIwh, tlio two oiit<<r IuIioh \w\n\r much hroaihtr than tlie
othi'i's, iind is liaik ^iccn, iinil covcrfil with pule MMttcrt'il liaii'H, which arc niont aliunilant on tho
inar<<'iiiH of the iolics. The ovai'\ is tiatlcneil. p'ecn anil );lal)i-miH, anil \h rtiirinounteil hy a short
Mtjh', iliviilcil into two short white stijfinatic iiranches. 'I'he fruit, which ripens from May to July, und
is Hpai'in<r|y proiliu'cil on wilil trees, is half an inch Ion;;, dark pnr|ile or nearly hiaek, ami sweet and
palatalile. Tiie dnipe is two lines lon^', ovate, roinnled at Imlii ends, with a thin llcshy outer covering
and a thii k-wallcd ii^iit hrown nutlet. The seed is ovate, pointed, and covered with a mendiranaeeouH
|)iilu yellow testa.

Ill the I'liited States Miintri rt Hiilifiilld is distriliiiteil from the valley of the (Jiliirado Kiver
hoiitliward in Texas, .ind tlii'oii<;h the mountain rc;;ions of western Texas and southern New Mexico to
the .'^aiita Kita Mountains of Ariiiona ; in the east it ^rows on dry limesloiiu hills, where it usually
ajipears as a lnw slinili, nr on the liaiiks of streams, wliere it is associated with the Itlack Walnut, the
Ash-leaved Ma|i!e, the .'■Spanish Itiickcye, and the Texas Oak, often developing into a shapely tree;
farther west it is found only in elevated mountain eanons in the neiL^hhorhood of striams. It is
conniioii oil the mountain ranu^es of northern Mexico from Niievo Leon to Chihuahua, and ranges
Boutlnvard tliioiii^'h soiithcrn Mexico and Central .America to Peru.

The Wood 111' MiiiKH II Itidi/ii/iii is heavy, h.ird, close-drained, and cunlains nnnierouH thin meilul*
larv lavs ami hands of small open dmts marking the layem of annual growth ; it is dark uran)r(>-eolor
»ir siinictiiii'.'s dark hrown, with thick li;;lit yellow sapwood. 'I'he speeilic gravity of the ahsolutely dry
wood is 0.77 l.'i, a culiic foot weighing IS.tKS pounds, it was formerly iis«'d for hows hy the Indians of
western Texas.'

Disi'overed liy nuniholdt anion;; the .\mles of Kciiador. Minn* n lliilifnllii was first noticed in
Texas in the iiciglihorhiKMl of the (iernian colony of New Hraiinfels liy Kerdiiiaml landheimer.' In
the countries south of the I'nited States it is freipuMitly pl.iiitcd as a fruit-tree.' although the fruit
which it produces is inferior in size und flavor to that uf the lU-d and Itlack .Mulberry-trees.

' IlavnnI, Proe. b. S. Siil. Mm. viii. .">07.
• ijee i. 7-1.

• Kiioth, A'yn. I't. .fc'fuin. i. UTU.

KXrLANATU)N (»K TIIK I'LATK.

I'l-ATK ('("('XXI. MoKfs I I I TIDlrOI.IA.

1. A l.riiiK'h uitit Mtaiiiinatf tlnwt'i-i*. iiBtiiml (tiic.

". A liruiii'li wiili |ii«lilUU' lt»w<'r», lutUiral uu.

3. A HUiiiiinuti* Hdwit. ciilur^iHl.

4. A |>ii>llllate lluwvr, i'iilar;;i'(l.

a. Vertical MK'tion uf a piitil. rnlarged.

6. A fruitlii;; lirundi. iintural nite.

7. Vcrtii'iil xTtiiiii of a friiil, c'iilari;i-il.

8. A nutli't rut uiirii traimwrMly, vnUrgcd.

9. An eiiiltr}*n. entar^ml.

10. A winter braiicUlot, natural nize.

^^^d^.^

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Minn a A.

.M(iIIA(T„t

. >iiter IoImm bting mii< h broader tliitn tin

most ulniudaiit on i\w

. . .ii iirmouutitii by a short

iiuit, wliicli ripens from Miiy to July, uiid

■. .»!. uii-li loiio-, ilail; piirii'li' or iieurh' l)Iai'k, ami iiwitet and

vtit«, roiiiidcd lit liotli I'lidh, with a thin tUshy oiitfr ciiveriii;"-

■11^ sci'd is ovat*, iM(iiUt>d. and (■oveied with :i mciiihran'H'ooiH

* !

■/ ■••< ,;ii,ii(Ji-/i't Is distiilmtt'd from the valley of tiic (Joluiudo Uv.cr

itrh ilu^ luountain re^rions of west«rn Tcx-is and soiitliern N,'\v M.xica to

' ' ii> till' Ortst it ^rows on dry hmustono hiik «! n.dlv

11 on tlsi' li.mlvs of sti'

'loiciitaiii nint;

• !. v,;i!i tiuijiv ii^-:.; '
- fool ttciirliiu;', tS'i.- .

pi-AoVcn-.l l,y JIui)lhoti!t amotlfj ihi' Au'^
'-' ' "• "''•' I..;..! I-.,.!..,od of th« Gyniiiii;

. thi' t'»iit<«l St.ifis
which It prodooM is iufcriu:

iM it is assoeiiiti'd with the Black Walnut, iJio
•• O'tk, often dcvolojiing into a (ili;i|)i'v '-■■
ill tbo npiyjhhorhood of streuTu

' 'hihimhua, and rangt^s

'it ij.

.luud, and cont.'iinH niiin(.-r(m.s thin niodul-

■if aiuuiftl growth ; it is diirk oriiup[e-i<dor

• ^prrifii' jjntvity of the ahsolutidy dry

...ill' ii^.-d f'.r Imiwm I., till' iiiilifios of

i'fliidijhiia was first notio^d in
hy Kenlinand Liudhcinji.T.- In
a fruit-trt'f,' Hlthoufih thi- fruit
'ltd iJlaek Muil>erry-trw's.

' Kiutlh, S'jn, /v. -Kjum. i. 3Ttt

I'LAIK.

natural tut.

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ulATKHi.

Silva, of North kmtrKSi

IVb C'l'-/:/.!

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MORUS CEITIDIFOLIA

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MOIl<VCEiB.

MOnACE^

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

85

•

TOXYLON.

Flowers dioecious ; calyx 4-lobo(l, the lohes imbricated in aestivation ; corolla 0 ;
stamens 4, incurved before anthesis ; disk pulvinate, minute ; ovary superior, 1-celled ;
ovule solitary, suspended. Fruits drupaceous, united into a globose syncarp. Leaves
nltcrnate, entire, stipulate, deciduous.

Toxylon (loxylon), Iliilineiiqiic, Am. Slonthl. Mug. and

Crlt. h'en. ii. 118 (1817); A'.;w Vl. iii. l'.'.
Madura, Nuttall, Gen. ii. 2;i3 (1818). — Kndliclicr, O'en.

278. — Mi'isner, Gen. 351. — Biillon, Ifist. PI. vi. m.'j. —
lieiitliaiii & Hooker, Gen. iii. .'i03. — Eiigier, JUnyler it
I'riiiil/ J'jl(iiir.enj\im. iii. pt. i. 174.

A tree, witli thick milky .slifjlitiy acrid jiiiee, thick deciily furrowed dark oranjije-colored bark,
stout tough terete liexihle pale branches, with thick orauge-colored pith, marked witii rai.sed orange-
colorod leriticels, often armed with stout straijjht a.xiliary spines, sliort stout spur-like hranchlet.s devel-
oped from lateral buds at the base of the spines, and tiiick fleshy flexible roots covered with bright
orange-colored bark exfoliating freely in long thin papery j)ersistent .scales. lJud.s' formed in summer,
depre.ssed-globo.se, partly immersed in the bark, covered with a few closely imbricated ovate rounded
light cliestnut-brown caducous scales, ciliate on the margins. Leaves involute in vernation, ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, acuniin.ite and apiculate at the apex, rounded, wedge-shajjed or subcordate at the
base, entire, penniveined, the veins arcuate and united near the margins and connecied by inconspicuous
reticidate veinlets, petiolate with elongated slender terete pubescent petioles obscurely grooved on the
upper side, at first pubescent on the n|)per surface, and coated on the lower with soft white tomentum,
at maturity glabrous, or j)ubescent on the under surface of the prominent midribs and veins, thick and
firm, dark green and very lustrous above, paler and dull below, deciduous, marking the branchlets in
falling with large pale elevated concave leaf-scars displaying a central ring of small fibro-vascular bundle
scars ; stipules lateral, nearly triangular, minute, coated with pale tomentum, caducous. Fh)wers light
green, minute, ap|M'aring in early sunnner, the staminate long-pedicellate in short or ultimately elongated
racemes borne on long slender drooping {)eduncles developed from the axils of crowded leaves oil the
spur-lik branchlets of the previous year, the pistillate .sessile in dense globose many-tlowered heads on
short stout peduncles axillary on shoots of the year. Calyx of the st.iminate flower ovate, gradually
narrowed into the slender pubescent jKidicel, coated on the outer surface with pale hairs, divided to the
midillc into four eipial acute boat-shaped lobes. Stamens four, inserted opposite the lobes of the calys
on the margin of a minute thin pulvinate disk; wanting in the pistillate flower ; filaments flattened,
light green, glabrous, infolded above the middle in the bud, with the anthers inverted and back to
back, straightening abrujitly in anthcsi.s, cxserteil ; anthers oblong, attached on the back near the
middle, introrse, two-celled, the cells attached laterally to a minute oblong or semiorbicular comiective,
free and spreading above and below, opening by longitudinal lateral slits. Calyx of the pistillate Hower
ovate, divided to thi' b.i.se into four oblong thick concave lobes, rounded, thickened and covered with
pale hairs at the apex, longer than the ovary and closely investing it. the two outer lobes much broader
than the others, accrescent, persistent, and inclosing the fruit. Ovary ovate, compressed, sessile, green
and glabrous, crowned by a long slender filiform style covered with white stigmatic hairs ; wanting in

* 'I'o-yloii diM'!i not fomi H U'rmiiml Imil, the fiui of ilit* Imuu-h hmiu'li tlii'a roiiiuiiiiti^ rmif;li luiil thii-keiit'd (luring soviTiil yeara

withorin^ iiiul fullirif; off lu'fort' iiiiilHiitntnrr ; tlic following spring liy tin' [K'nisti'iit t'rowtit'il sours loft by tho Iciivi'.s of tlio braiu'lilot.

it is i»roIonj;tMl liy iiii u|iiH'r lixillary bud op oftni by tin axillary (Ko4>r8to, iJuil. V'ofTcy iii't, CUUi, xi. lti;i, t. 147, f. 1.)
biut on ono of tlic last lateral •pur-liko brauclilvtJi, tlii' ba.so of the

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86

SILVA OF NOB Til AMERICA.

MOKACE^.

Ni

tLii ^tamiiiiitf flower; ovule bolitary, suspemkHl from the apex of the cell, auatiopimi. Fruit iliupa-
foous, obu ii"-, c'omprcssed, rounded iiud often notched at the apex, ucuto at the brisp; i ,aciirp ilju; and
succulent ; endocarp thin, urustuceous, light brown. Seed oblong, compress'd, iouiid'-:t al tl'c base,
ol)li(iue and marked at the apex by the conspicuous oblong p.ile hilum, destitute of albumen ; testa
nu'uibranaceous. light chestnut-brown. Embryo recurved ; cotyledons oblong, nearly equal ; radicle
eloniTiited, incumbent, ascending. Syncarp formed by the union of the thickened and much elongated
strini'v toimli jjeriantlis, gloljose, saturated with milky juice, mammillate on the surface by their
thiclcencd rounded summits, light yellow-green ; usually of full rize but seedless on isolated pislillate
individuals.

Tlie wood of Toxylon is heavy, exceedingly iiard, very strong, flexible, coarse-grained, with a
satiny .surface su.sceptible of receiving a beautiful polish, and very durable in contact with the ground ;
it contains numerous tliin conspicuous medullary rays, many small open ducts and broad bands of larger
ducts marking the layers of annual growth. It is bright orange-colored, turning brown on exposure to
the atniosi)liere, with thin light yellow siipwood composed of five to ten layers of annual growth. The
specifics gravity of tlu' absolutely dry wood is ().77I{(), a cubic foot weighing 48.'21 pounds. It is
largelv used for fence-posts, pavement-blocks, railway ties.' and wheel-stock, and as a substitute for Olive
wood in the manufactuie of many small artid's; fornu-rly it was employed by the Osage and other
Indians west of the Mississippi River for bows and war-clubs.

The bark of the roots of Toxylon, which contains ntoric and morintannic acid,' has some valu« as b
yellow dye,' and that of the trunk is sometimes used in tanning leather.'

The earliest account of the Osiige Orange ajjpears in the narrative'* of Dunbar and Hunter's journey
made in 18(>4 from St. Cathirine's Lmding on tin' Mi.ssissippi to the Washita River. It was first found
by .Mr. nuni>ar" .at the post of the Wasliiti, althougii traders with the Indians of tli ■ Red River had
doubtless been familiar with their Hois d'Arc before this, for in li^lO liradbury found two trees
growing in Pierre Chouteau's' garden in St. Louis old enough to bear frui^. In the preface to
Pursh's Fiord Aiinrivit Sipldilriunnlis. published in ISll, allusion is mad'- to its disi'overy by
the expedition which crossed and recrossed the continent in ISOI-lSlHl undei command of Captains
Lewis and Clark, although there is no mention of the tree in their published ji)un\a!s. Early in this
century seeds of the Osiigo Orange were received in Philadelpiiia by Bernard Ma'.Mahon" and David

* "In lH7.i wp proruriMl fmm Texas nonif railnwa ties uf Osftj^c
Omiij;«'. anil h;wl tljfin put in tliv mad-U'il of the New York !■(.■
HKin uf the IVnnHTlvauia Itnilntad alungBiii'? ^f uiik, i-hcKUiut, . >.i
ratalpa. The soft woodii were all torn out in Vn-o or thwe yet ■.
but the OjHipe Oraujft-, afUr twenty-one yeaw, i.s still in pUee,
after haviiij; Unn turnetl srveral times, and ntill an pt^nl a-t the lirsl
year" (IWniet l^mlreth in litt., .Inlv, IH'.Kt.)

' King, Am. J'mr. I'harm. xlvi. L*7">.

» (;»iiM)urt, //lA/. Ih-o-f. «1. 7. ii. 'A'lTt. — liaillon, Ifitt. Pi vi.
179. _ V, S. JHAf>^fi>. ed. IG, IH4H.

* Uevenhon, tinrdennml Ft/rrst, vi. .'>'J4.

' Thf Afriiiitir n/lht l*re.*uimt t'f thf t*uitf(l Slaten, Kilnmrv lit,
iWKl, coniniunie:itint; (liAcoveries made in explunng the Mu-souri,
U<d. and Washita Uivers, 10*1.

Duiihur praiHed the appearance of the Oiin^ Dranfre, which ho
cunnidered nne of the mfwt lM>autifnl trees he had seen, HUg)fi'sted
its pruliable value as a hed^.plaut, and alluded tu tlie dye ohtainetl
by tlie IndiiinH from its riMil-s.

* Williuiu I)iiiih:ir (hImjuI 1740-lHlO) was l.uru in S'otl.'iinl, lUid
educated id asyuw mid Lnnthin. Hi;* protirii-ury in nmthfniaticH
and astrtMiuniy made him kiiuwn to Sir WiUiuni Uit^cIii'I, witli
wJ om he ('nrn'spon<le<l for many year. In 1771, Ihinhar, U-ini;
oui of ht-alth, rame to I'hiladelpjim ii' <. oarge of a inercautilo ven-

ture. He visited rittabnrgh, and tlien joining >>. rom{Muiy formeil to

^unize W'vsi Klundii, iNMNtun' a planter, settling in Itatou Uougr,
H id afterward in Natehei. He wait a friend and corn «pondont uf
'■ fFerson, and reeeived several app4>i>itmenU under the Federal
Government. He was n nieniU-r of the American IMiilosnphiral
Sieiety, and contributed to tt« rroeecdiiigH juipem on ethuulogt
meteorology, An<l astronomy.

' TrnvfU oi the httmor of .\arth .lmm<-a i/t the Ytan !M/J^
lSW,im,i isn. ir>»j.

Hradluiry de.serilM'» the Imjws and war-elubs made from tin- woikI
of the Ofiage Oniiigi* uh well us the two lullnnti-d tn-tMi. In
ArkiiiiHas the prii" uf a Im>w made uf the wimhI wiu in his time a
borne iind tdanket.

* I'lerre ("houttau (17ll)-lMIl»). a native uf New Orle.'Uip, waa
unn uf the wttleni of St. I#ouis, the site uf whieh he ludeeted with
his brother Angiisto in 17(^1. Hy hunesty and inteltigrnee he
aequin'd wealth in trading with the Indian'*, over whom he had
gn-iit inlbienee, and liveil to see u great v\i\ rise on the iininhubitetl
blutt \«hi'rf 111' had landi'il u.t a }(>ung man.

** IV-rnard M.u-.Mahon (ulxuit 177<')' IHlt't) was iHirn in Ireland,
anrl was of goiMl birth and forl'ine. Oliltgrd to leave Ireland
owinj; lo liiseoniieetion with our of the iinnueeessfnl rrlkelliouH which
distracted it during the lost years uf tho eighti'Piith eentiiry, ho

MOHACK^.

SILVA OF NOETII AMEiilCA.

87

Landretli," who r.iised plants from tliein ; it was sont h: nn^huul in 181>'' / and two youij later v ua cul-
tivated in the nurseries of Jac(|iies Martin Cels^ in Paris/

Toxylon is remark^ibly f r<»e from the attacks of destructive insects ° and f iibgal diseases."
Tiie {generic name, firat misprinted loxylon, from to^o*' and ^vXov, alludes to the Indian use of the
wood.'

The genus is repn-'sented by a single species.

I
! , /..

I

i

i I

came to the I'niti'd States in ITM). MiicMiihon enjoyed the frieiiil-
fkhip cif .K'fTiTsoii iind otiier (listin^iiished Aiiif>rieaiis, and it in snp-
poHC'd that the arniiip-mrnt for the l.ewU i& C'liirk Kxpcdiuun vvii.s
nifide at his huiiMi' in PhihuU'Iphia. In iHO't he esluhlislit-d a seed
and iiiiritery hii.HtiiesH in hi^ giirdent which ho .Hiipplcinciited by a
Bi'ed utoTC on Seeoiid Street, near Marki't. The site of his par-
di'ii is now iH-ciipied hy the yard.t of tht> IMiihid<-lphi:v & Heading
KadroiLd at iliiiitiiij^toii Station iti Phihuli-lphia. Mat-Mahoii was
the iiilhor of (lie Amrriron fianltuirs* Culftulitr, piihlishi'd in 1K(XJ,
wliiL-li HidrHiMpicntly pa.ssi-d thriMijjh srv<Tiil fdititms, and i.s still one
of the inoHl i-onipr<di«-nsivi' ami iist'fid IhkiUs of its class that lias
bten written, .\tithoniit, a j;t'niis of h:utd>oiiii' i*vcrf»rron slirulK nf
wi'Htrrn North Amcricji and i-asti-rn Asia, now foitsidcred ii section
of llcrlM-ris, was dcdicaletl tii liini hy Tlionias Niittall.

1 I)hvid Landn'th (I7r>*J-lS.'l»i) wiw a native of Itrunswick on the
Tweed, luid the Kon of a NorthinnlM-rhind fanner. Having learned
the art of tn'0-fjn)win|r. he cniiKnited to Canada in IVSI, removing
hliortly afttTwaril to l*hiladelphi:i, when*, in 17Ht>, in partnership
with hi* lirolhcr ('nthl>ert, he c^tahlislied the nnrseryiind seed lm>i-
ucss, which is still carried on hy hi-i descendants, who have alw:i\s
occupietl prominent anil honorahlc positions in the a^ricnttunil anil
*! .iicnlt.iral industries nf the country. In IStVl or IHttr* Pavid
1<andreth n<'eive4l from ti.e Lewis tt Clark Kitpedition seeds of the
(*sujfe Oranj^i', which pr<M|uced a nmnhcr 'f plants. One of these,
planti'd in front of the idd l^tmlreih mansion honsi> on the j^ronnd
now iM'ciipied l»y the l^indn'tli Siduwd, at iTJd and Fcdenil Sircet.s,
Philadelphia, ilowered U-fore the otherM ; it wa.s a pistillate tnu*.

and produced no fruit until some years Ir.ter, when tlio flower-
were artilicially impregnated hy pollen brought from another tree
supposed to have been ^jrowing in MucMaliuii'^ garden.

- London, (Jard. Minj. i. 350.

3 See ii. 1.

* Delile, Hull. Sor. d\\(jru'. Ilerault, 1835, 195.

* Till* larva.' of a lar<j<' beetle, f hrrhaschtma Wiltlii, Cider, some-
times hure into the trunk.s and injure or destroy Toxylon. Various
gra.s^hoppcrs, crickets, and other insects sometimes eat the leaves,
and the larva' of such small moths as 'i'ira.i hustiiitut, Linmcus, and
I.i>/i/iiHlrniA (ri/rranti.^, Walker, occasionally injure them. A I'yra-
bd, f.itrii^tfije Miirl'inr, Kiley (ln.*rrt Li/*', V. l'>.">, f. 11), appears tu
be peculiar to the gemis. Scale inscct.s, or Coccids, like J'tUvtnaria
innttmrrnf'ili.'t, Kathvon, are sometimes found on Toxylon. Silk-
worms feed \i\'\ thrive on the leaves (Kiley, Hull. A'o. *J, UivUlon of
IJntnmologif, iJ. S. Ikpt, AijrU'. 58).

* The eonnnone.st parasite of Toxylon, Sphcrrin roilevfay Schwei-
nitz, appears in the form of small black pnsMdcs on twigs and
sniatter hratu'hes, wliicl: it appears to destroy, althougli the fungus
IS U'st seen <hi the twii;s after they ai*e dead. I'ulsu .l/ai'/urfc,
Herkelcy & Curtis. Cnllinph.rrui rortirnta. Kllis & Kverbart, Srplo-
nfth>rri>i MiU'l'inr, I'.llis \: K.M'rhart, and SphirrtUn Mnchtrtr, Kllis
tt Kverliart. are small I'yrenomycftcs sometimes found on Toxy-
lon ; and a rust fungus, I'rflu dtri, Cookt , has been set.-n onee ou
its leaves.

' lialUiesijue, X-w i'l. iii. -lli.

11

Iii

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MOKACEiE.

Toxylon (

Mm/. <iii
ii. 1'.'2.
Kiii'lint',
\iit. lit
Madura c
r/ul.A
KI'J; .V,

ir>.s. — :

Ucsfonl
Troiix,

Miir. 2

12. — I
A tr

HtoUt I'l'lM

head. T
irrt'fjiilurl
liraiK'lilct

jUllu'SCCIK

with oral
incliea wi
turn a l>r
iiicli to a
(liamettT.
the ijrDiii

Tu.,
the soiitl:
north,
{greatest i

An
anil of I'l
anil in tl
the westi
{growth,''
make it
tiie Ikmii
(lesiral)ie

> M>(;ru
41H. — s. .\
Wanler. /
Rtsuurces «
the vuluti u
lift a timlHT
ISHl, 10.

JIOnACBjB.

SILVA OF NOR r II AMERICA.

i '

1i

TOXYLON POMIPERUM.
Osage Orange. Bow Wood.

Toxylon (lozylon) pomiferum. U;ilino«(|iic'. Am. Munlhl.

Mill/, iinil I'rit. litr. ii. IIX (IM17). — (jii'iMii'. I'iltniiin,

ii. r."J. — Siidnoitli, Iti'/i. Sec. A'jnr. W.V'. ;il.'7. —

Kin'lmi', />i-ii/.whe Dnidr. 1.".'.). — ('miltiT, Cuiitrih. ('. S.

Xat. Ilirh. ii. lOH (.)/(/". I'l. »'. Tfxus).
Mnclura aurantiaoa. Niittall, (Icn. ii. 'J.'U (1818) ; Jour.

I'/iil. Ai'iil. vii. |it. i. ."I'J ; TniiLK. A»i. I'liil. .Sm: n. ser. v.

100 ; Si/lr<i, i. IL'C, I. ;i7, .'W. — Jumes, i.iH;/.i h'r/Hi/. ii.

lihS. — Siiiiliiiij'c-Ilixliii, .l«ii. iSV. ilort. l'(iris,i. IHl. —

47. — Loudon, Ark lirit. iii. 1362, f. 1220-1228. — Spacli,

Jlisl. (V;/. xi. ">;!.— HluillD. Mils. lint. Lll'Jil. lint. Ii.

S2. — .Mi.iiicl, .Miirtiii.1 I'l. /Ira.iil. iv. pt. i. I."i8. — Kocli,
Ilniilf. ii. •I.'i7. — Itiii'caii, Uv Ciuii/nlte J'roilr. xvii.
2-'7. — I.;iui'lii', J leiiturhi: Demli: 'SM. f. I.'iO. — .SiUKcnt,
Fnre.il Trn:i ,V. Am. \Olh Census V. S. ix. 128. — Wat-
WMi & Criiilti'i'. (iniif'n Man. id. 0, 40 1. — Dijipul. Ilamlb.
hiHl,l,„l-:k. ii. l."..
Broussonetia tinctoria, Torrcy, Ann. Lijr. N. ). ii. 210
(not Kiimli) ( IN'JS).

ii. 208

Di'.ifijiitaiiicH, t'at. Hurt. J'ltri.i. I'd. .'!, .'M7. — Sciiiijrc,

Trims. .Stir. WAi/rii: Li/ims, lUii't, V2'k l.\ Ih.^ir.et I'lilt. Toxylon aurantiacum. Kaliiifs'iuc Miil. I'l.

Miir. 2;i2. t. 27. — IVlil.', Hull. Sm: ,1' A'jni: llirmilt. (l.s;;i)).

18.15, 189, t.— Ijimbprt. r'!nns. cd. •.', ii. Appx. ;i2. t. Toxylon Madura, Uaflm -.pi.'. .V.-"' /'I. iii. 43 (1830):

12. — Di-iisiin, L'lHiitjii (iiird. Mmj. n. sit. i. .".12, f. 4,">- .\iit. lint. 1 !'.•; Am. .Mnn. .Miilturri/ Trees. 1,'i.

A tret", sonietimi's fifty to sixty ft'ot in licif^lit, with a siiort trunk two to tliree feet in diameter, and
stout erect u'tiniiitclv sjireadin;^ lir.inclies wiiicli I'drni a handsome nitiier ojumi iirefjular round-lopiieil
head. The l)ark of tlie trunk is two tliirils of an inch to an inch in tiiickncss, and is deeply and
irrejjuiariy divided into hroid lonndcd rid;j;es separatini; on the suif ice into tiiin a]i]iressed scales. The
liranchlets, when they liist appear, are linht j^rcen, often tin;;ed with reil, and coated with soft pale
piihe.s»'eiiee, which .soon disappears, and duriiij^ their tir^t winter they arc lij;ht hrown slij^htly tiuf^ed
with ()rilll<^e-color, late' lieeomini^ paler. 'ilie leavis are tiirce to live inches lonjj, two to three
inches wide, mid are lioiue on petioles an inch and a half to two inidies in leni;th ; in the autumn they
turn a hri'^'ht (dear yellow hefore falling;. The racemes of slaminate flowers with their [leduiicles are an
inch to an inch and a half loiii^, and the hca<ls of pistillate (lowers are three ipiarters of an inch in
diumeti'r. The fruit, which i^ four or livi' imdies in di.imeter, ripens in the autumn, and soon falls to
the ijround, where it lies niidi'r the trees until it mts or is eaten iiy horses or cattle.

7'ii.ri/liin jiiiiiiifi rum is distrihuted from southern .\rkaiisas south of the .\rkansas IJiver 'lir()Uj;h
the southeastern portions of the Indian Territory, and southward in Texas to ahout latitude ;}."> f)!)"
north. It is an iidialiitaut of rich hottiun-lands, ami appears to he most aliundant and to attain its
greatest size in the valley of the lleil Kiver in the Indian Territory.

All iidiahitant of a re;4;ioii of comparatively limited area, of lii;;h winter and summer temperature
and of copious rainfall, the Osage Orange, nevertludess, thmrishes on the dry soil of the western prairies
ami in the severe climati' of New Kngland ; and during the last forty years it has hceu more use<l in
the western states for making live fences, or hedges, than am other plant.' Its hardiness and rapid
growth,' the toughness of its well-armetl hranidics, and its freedom from diseise and insc<t eiu'inies,
make it valuahle for this purpose. The good hahit, the large lustrous and ahniidaitt leaves, aiul
the heauty <d' the large fruits which in autumn eo\er the hr inch s of the pistillate trees, make them
desirahle oniaiiieiits of parks and gardens.

' .Mi'llruw, AV;i. < 'ommiatumrr of I'nlrnl.t, lH,'y\, .\j;ri<Mdluri', ' I'hf ln^ ■"pi'cimi'u of Toxylon in llii' .li'snp ('ulli'i'linn "f Norlh

41H. — .'s. .\. I.inill;y. ll.i<l. IS,"), ;ll."i. — Torn'V, /'n/ lH."i". L'l'.'. — .Vnuriiiin WuihIs in llu' AnnTiiMii Miisinui of Xaliiial lliston ill

WanliT, Itrilijfi ivui Krrryrc-f'm. '.Vi. t. .%, 17;l, -l.^. — IVirrluT, Nt'W Volk. i;rtuvn ill soutliiTli .\rkillis;iN, in twt'lity-foiir incllt's iind

lti.*ii'irrii lit Siiutfxrrn b'trliU unit I'nr'^ii, tol, St'e iiIho noU'!* on a lialf in liiaiitoli'r, ami shown ono liiiiulrt'd and thirty-fonr layers

lliu viilnt' of lliu Ohuj^o Oniii^n', witli dirrction.s for iH iMiltivHtion of [uuniul growtil.
uH u liinlMT-lrfi' ill Furtstrij .Mnnutil of llio Kuniiiu .Stalo Uort. .Soiv
ISSl. ID.

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90

SILVA OF NORTH AMEIilCA.

MOKACEJE.

The Osage Orange can be easily raiseil from seeds which germinate the first season, or from
cuttings of the roots.

5 {.

lip

EXl'LANATION OK THK PLATES.

ri.VTK CC'CXXII. ToXVI.dN I'llMII'KUlM.

1. A tlowiMiii;; liriiiicli (if llio ^tiiTniimli' lici', iwituml »he.

2. A tloiveririj; liniiuli ..f lla- pi-lillatt' Iriv. iiuturul i>i/.o.

3. I)ia);niiii uf n 8tuniin:it<' tlnwcr,

4. Diii^raiii of a |iistiUalt' tlowtT.

r>. A stamiiittU! tldWcT jiiHt l)i'fi)n' iiiillii'ni.<, iiilarijwl.

C. A Ntaiiiiiiati' tliiwiT. iMilai)»(Ml.

7. ViTlii'al wrliiMi of a »lainiiiatf llinver. eiilarpMl.

8. Vfrtical Bfilion <if a lirail uf pistillate lldwii-i.. iiilurycil.

9. A pislillali' llowiT, i'iilari,'<'(l.

10. ViTtinil siTlion (>f a pl'ilillatc Howor. enlarged.

11. An (tviile. niiicli niagnitieil.

12. A sti|iule, enltti'|,'e(l.

f . ! r , :

Pl.ATi: ('('('XXin. rnXVI.^'S I'OMirKKUM.
1. A friiitini; Itniricli. natural ^l/.e.
'J. A nutlet. t'nlHi^;r<l.
W. ViTtiral soctiitn i»f ii niitli-t. cnlarK'tMl.

4. An cinl^ryo srtii fmni tin* two (>iih'», cnlaif^od.

5. Scrlinn kA » wvncarp. natural f^'xtx.
(>. A "iut'T hranrliU't. iialural ^i/f-

7. INpition nf a winter hranehlt-t with a spine and lateral bud.

eidaryi'd.
H. A leaf-star, enlarged.

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"■ ' ■■ -' iimte tfi't, iiiUiirol »iu>.

I ita Irra, natural 'hf.

!• thrais, cnlurgml.

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SiWa of North America

lah cccxxr.

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TOXYl.ON POMIKERUM

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IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

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TOXYLON POMIFERUM,

,■1 .'fiiHrtt,^t ,/irt*.t '

/••'./' .\ "tfit'tir S\:ri.'

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MOBACEJB.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA,

01

FICUS.

Flowers mostly unisexual, usually moncrcious or dictcious, collected on a con-
cave receptacle closed at the apex ; calyx 2 to ({-parted or divided, the divisions imbri-
cated in (estivation ; corolla 0 ; stamens 1 to 3 ; disk 0 ; ovary superior, 1 -celled ;
ovule solitary, suspended. Fruit drupaceous, more or less immersed in the thickened
fleshy receptacle. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, stipulate, persistent, or
deciduous.

Fioua, Linnmuii, Oen. .121 (17.37). — Adannon. Fam. PL ii.

ii77. — A. L. lie .luHsli'U, <}en. 400. — Kndlirlior, Gen.

278. — Jloliner. Gen. 3.50. — Httilloii. UiM. VI. vi. 208. —

licntliain &, Hooker. Gen. iii. 3(>7. — G. Kiii){, ./uiir. Linn.

Sue. xxiv. 42. — KiigltT ifc I'raiiU, I'jiansenj'am. iii. pt. i.

89.
Oonoauke, Riifinesquc. Sijlen Telliir. 58 (1838).
Varinda, Uoflni'»qii.>, Si/tea Telliir. M (ISIW).
Neoalistis, Kalim-xiue. Sylm Tellnr. .IS (18;)8).
Oluntos, Itafiiu'wiuf. .sy,.rt Teltitr.M (18:;8).
Ferula. Rifiiu'wiue. Sylva Tellnr. 68 (1838).
Repheais, Uafliii'><|ut', Sijlea Tellnr. m (1838).
Tremotis, UiitlncHiiue. Sylnt Tellnr. 6t> (1838).
Maatosuke, Uofinexiiie, Sylra Tellnr. ."><> (I8:i8).
Capriflcus, Ciuii)mrini, Nov. Gen. Fir. d (184-1).
Uroatigma, Oaiparini, Xoo. Gen. Fir. II (1844).
Visiania, Uuparini. A'of. Gen. Fir. 'J (1844).
OoveUis, Guparini, Xor. Gen. Fir. 10 (1844).

Oaloglychia. Oaspurini, Nou. Oen. Fie. 10 (1844).
Sycomorphe. Miipii'l. Ann. Sri. ynl. a6r. 3, i. ;$."( (1844).
Macrophtholma, Guspuriiii, liinrrh. Caprif. 83, t. 7

(181,-.).
Erythrotryne, Visiaiii ; Ganjuirini Hieerch. Capri/. 86

(181.5).
Bycomonia. Gasparini, Ilirerrh. Caprif. 80 (1845).
Plagioatigma, Zuicarini. Ah/iaml. Arail. Milnch. iv. pt. i.

l.';4 (184,-.).
Tenorea. (Jasparini, ,1/ih. ^SVi. y,il. srr. 3, iii. 342 (1845).
Cyato^ne, Gasparini, Ann. Sii. Sat. sir. 3. iii. 34.5

(1845).
BynoBCia. Miipiol, tlnol.-er Lmnl. Jour. lint. vi. 525 (1847).
Pharmacoaycea, Mlipifl, Ilmiker L'ind. Jonr. liot. vii. 04

(1818).
PoBonotrophe. Mlipiel, Hooker Land. Jonr Hot. vii. 72

(1848).

Trees or shrubs, somotiinos si'aiulent, often epipliytal, with thick milky juico, naked or rarely scaly
buds, and thick tU'sliy rvots which are frc(|uently produced from the branciies, and, enterin<j the ground,
enlarge and form supplcnientury stems, so that an individual often gradually spreads over a large area,
and lives to <\ great age. Ijeaves alternate or rarely opposite, entire, .se rate, dentiite, or sometimes
lobed, penniveined, persistent or deciduous ; stipules deciduous, often fugacious, interpetiolar, embracing
the leaf-bearing axis and inclosing the young leaves, or lateral in pairs ut the ba.so of the petiole, or
tarely in aorae annual-leaved sja'cies scale-like, minute, covering the leaf-buds. Flower-bearing recep-
tacle IiomorphouH or rarely dimorphous, globose, ovoid, ellipsoiilal, obovate, or pyriform, narrowed, and
often contracted at the ba.so into a short sti])e, sessile or pedunculate, solitary by abortion, or in pairs,
iu the axils of existing or fallen leaves, or in axillary fascicles or on abbreviated leafless lateral branchlets
from the trunk or large branches, or in long nearly leafless branches close to the ground, and more or
less hypogieus, or very rarely in dense heads arranged on long pendulous leafless branches ; sometimes
inclosed while young in a posterior hood-like caducous involucre, usually surrounded at the basr, by
three anterior bracts, distinct or united into an involucral cup, bear'ug on the interior at th'i apnx
numerous rows of minute triangular vi.scid bracts closing the oritice, those of the lower rows turned
downward into the cavity of the receptacle and infolding the upper flowers, those immediately above
tliese horizontal, and the upper rows projecting from the oritice and forming a more or less prominent
umbilicus, or occasionally united into a ring surrounding the orifice. Flowers sessile or pedicellate, the
pedicela thickening and becoming succulent with the ripening of the fruit, unisexual, occasionally

M

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02

SI LI A OF XOIiTIl AMUniCA.

MOUACK.V..

IK'rt'i'i't, i^.ill.' iir rarely !i8«>xiiiil, often Heparateil liy clialTy seuIeH or lijiirs ; the Mtumiiiate, >;;all, iiiul fertile
lliiwt'i's I (illi'cti'ii on till' same ri'ci'iitacli'. or the staiiiiiiate ami ^all llowers on ilintinet reeeptieleH, with
the |H'ilV<l ami asi'Mial tlowers on t tlieis, or tin st iininale and f^all lluwers on oni' set of receptacles,
and the |iistillal<' on a'lotlier set. Calw of the staininate flower iisnally divided into two to six Hopals,
or ^aniopetalons and two to six-lol>ed. or wantinjj. Stamens one or two, or rarely lliree ; lilanients
short, eiei t, or rarely eloni;aleil, when more than one unitud throUL^Iiont their leii}i;th ; i.'iithers innate
or ranly adiiale. ovate, liroad and xubrutund, two-celled, the eelU openin<r lon^rjtndinally ; wanting \.\
the iii>tillale and '^M (lowers. .Sepals or lohes of the calyx <>f the fertile and fjall flowers nsnally
narrower than those of the staniinate flower. Ovary sessile, ereet, or oltliijue, siirmonnted liy the elon-
jfated lateral style, crowned with a tdavate eyiindric |)ellate, or two-lohe I stii^nia ; waiitin;; in the pistil-
late llower; o\ nle .-.olitary, snspeiided fnnn the ajiex or laterally lielow the ai)ex of tho cell, anatropoiis.
(iall flower ioni^-jiedicellate, the ovary ovoid or i;'.oliid.ir, crowiu-i| with a nsnally aldireviated often
central style, occup.ed liy the pnpa <d' a liymenopterons inject. Frnit drnpaceons, mostly inunerseii in
the thickened snccnli'nt receptacle, ohovoiil or renif'orin, rarely ^lolinlar ; exocarp thin, mucilaginous ;
endocarp thin, crustaceons, niinnti'ly tnliercniale. .>eed suspended; testa ineinhranaeeous. Emhryo
curved in thin fleshy alhunien ; cotylt'd(nis e<pial or uneipial. Ion;;, i than the ineinnlieiit radicle.'

Ficus, of which uhout six hundred species ' have heen de.scrilied, is widely (h.'^tri'mted through tllu

I

f'

* The term jfiUI tlowcr, propuM-il \\y SnlinN.I^iilmch {liitt. /.rU.

xtiii. Nos. .M;*, ."..*.►, .%!,"., .Vil \^t'\f (iffMrrHtrrilithrrnzinniiJ hri dru
Fri;ffuli'lumen]) fur ocrlaiii |'i»tilliiti' tlnWiTH uf Ku'iih tinol by iiiAi-itii
nji riP-its in wliioh t<) (Ii'in»«tit tln*ir»-j;j;-., lia.H Ih'i'II itil<>plf<l h,- (J. Kinj;
ill his >'/<<^ (V < <i/' Firtuf of the Iiitlo-.^fa!nif<irt tiwi fhiufir i'lmulnr*
(.\un. Jii<t. (i>irtl. Calmtlat i.). As (ifwriln-ti I-> Dr. Kiiip. the
^■.i\\ (lowers rfM>iii)ili' ill iniiiiy vsise* tin* fertilt* pi ttillatc Mi>wi>r<t,
Willi » ••innlar Ciil>T, aiitl an oviiry unci fivli*, 'ilthoiij^Ji the styh' i»
niurt' trrniiiui), shorter, fitrKi^hter, uiu\ lirnmlly dhttiMl nt the apex,
which in fi)if;litly if at all Mtignia if. In their lati'r iitagftt pill
Howen can l>t' iliHtinf^uislHMl from the fertile fruit by their longer
pedii'ctii iuiil iiior>> ^lolirlar Aliap<', and by tliu miiooth not tulMTcu-
latt* [K'rii'arp wilhimt tlcsliy I'overinjj. Their pt'f'lirtritie.i of Htrne-
tun* art* not bolii'ved to he the re<tultii uf itiiteet vmitation.^, lint to
have led to thrir Neleetioi: Ity inNecta a<( their neiif... In many
»pt>ci»!i of Ficiif, eN|M><-i»lly in thoHc of the neotinn rro<itigiiiii, no
oxlenml ditTereiit'e iH-twcen the fi-rtile feniaie and the ^U tluwers
oxfftt, Aiu\ it ii only po.sjiihle to distint^iiiidi tliM female by opening
t'le urarie.t.

No inveatiKntionB of the tlowpm of tho two FloriiU Bpccica of
V"\v\i% with refen-nce to their fertilization by iniwetA have U'eu
mode ; and v/e have lyi-n unable to find in t*:.- receptaclen pro-
§rrved in the herbarinm any traeex uf the r,ii|>in uf inHeets in the
feMiiiI" iiowera, wliich in Uith «|M*eief va'V in the lenj^th of the
|KMiiefU, or in the fruit, whieh in fretjuen'.ly hollow,

' Hv (i. Kinjf (/. '•■ I) FicMH is dividv'd into the fullowinfif bpo
ti'um, several of whieh were lint characterized by Miipiel (.Inn.
Mwi I.uffd. fi'it. iii. 'J14. tiliO) : —

l*Ai..f:oMi>Ki'iiK. Staniinate and pvU flowrni in different recefv
tA<-leH from those containing the pittillate tlowem, the staminate
with a Hiii^lo htamen and a rudimentAry pistil. Small tree.i or
(■reft or subHcandent shrubs.

I'ltosTiiiMv. Kluwcnt unisexual ; reeoptacles usually tribrao-
teate Jii the base, axillary ; Htaminate, pistillate, and gall Howers in
the Hame receptiU'le ; stamen I or randy 2 ; stigmas elongate{l,
nsuullv acute ; leaves alternat*-*, entin-, eoriaceons, sulH-oriaceous,
or rarely meinbmnaceouB. I'sualiy trees or large climbing shrubs,
epipliytal in youth.

Synikcia. Flowert uniiezual or uezual, the stamuiate and gall

Howers in one M't of roceptaides, the ptHlillatc and asexual Howers in
another; .itamen 1 or v ry riifely 'J ; leave** te«M-lliite on the lower
surfiiee ; II .'rpi,ifb-i lar^e iind eoloreit. ( 'limbing «hriibs.

Sv< ihli'M. KlowerM ■ iiiiM'iiml, the Htainiuate and gall tlowen> in
one »et of ret'i-piiM'lei, Oie pi-itdlate llower in another : utameii 1
or very rarely - ; n-i'epi leles gi'ncntlly axtllary, mon> or lemt »ea-
brnte. Small treen or .ihrubs, sometimet tlind>ing, ran-ly epiphytal.

Co\'KI.UA. Klowem uniHexual ; staminate and gall tlowers ti>-
gether in one set uf rreeptaides, the pintiltate Howrrs in another ;
rulyx of the staniinate Hower divided into thn>e or l.iiir sepals ;
stamen 1 ; ck'^x of the piiitillate Hower gatnoph) lions • r randy *-•'.
four nr live sepitU much Hhi-iter than the rvary. or wantii g ; rree|^
tach'!! <iii long aplivlloiis bniiirhes pnHliietMl ne>ir the bn e tif the
stem, often Kiibliy|M>giiMii, or oti abbn'viated braiuh!i>ls from ths
stein or large hrauches, or aidlary. Tn>eii or shrulis, not climbing
or epiphytal.

Kt?*VCK. HowefB unisexual, the male and gull Howers in one set
of n'ceptacleH, the pistillate llowent in 'mother ; staineiiH U!t*uilly 2,
mndv 1 or !i ; receptael-s axillary ; leaves alternate, villous or
glabnHi>(. deeidiiuus or (HTsiHteut. Small trees or shrubs, tcandenl
or erect, rundy epiphytal.

NKuMtiHriiK. Flowers uniseximl, the male and gall Howers in
one set of n>ceptacles, the pistillate Howers in another and smaller ;
calyx inHated into three or four membranaceous se(iaU ; stamens '2 ;
n-ceptacles large, fKM'icIed on abbn'viat^Ml branchlet.« fnnn the stem
or large hmnches. Th'ch, usually scandent, not epiphytal.

■ HumUddt, Uonpland & Kunth, A'or. dm. ft St^r. ii. 117.—
Bli-me, litj.lr. Ft. Xed. Imt. ii. 4iW. — Mitpiel, Ann. Sri. A'u/. srfr.
3, i. 31 ; Honhr hmri. Jour, liot. vi. TiH ; vii. i^tJIi ; Verh. A rati.
Amt. i. Ill {A/rik Vijg«-fioo.n.) ; Murtnts Fi. !intut. iv. pt. i. 100 ;
Ann. Mum. Lugd. Bat. iii. '.'14, 1!GU. — LiebmanUt /'miii-. Vide*i*k.
SeUL. SLrifl. wr. 3, ii. 319. — Hi^nthaw, Fl. Awilral. vi. 100 —
fmstlMuh. FL lint. H'. Ind. 150. — Seemanii. hi. Vxt. 247. —
Frani'iet & Savatier, Knum. VI. Jap. i. 4iM. — Uukcr, Fl. Maur. ^
SetjifiH. 283. — Kurz, Fore*t Fl. lirit. liurm. ii. 435. — Parodi, Ann.
Sic. Cirnc. Arfjrnt. v. 87 ((\mtriti. Fl. Famg. 35). ~ .Hoissier, Fl.
'Jrient. iv. 11.13. — llensley, Hoi. Biol. Am. Cmt. iii. U3. — G.
King, /. c. ; Ihoker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. t. 401. — WaUon, Proc. Am.
Acad. XXIV. 77 ; xzvi. 150.

MOKACEJC.

8ILVA OF NOnril AMERICA.

<>3

tropic'H of both heniifiphorcH, tlio largest nuinlxT Ix'iii^ found on the Uhindj of the Malay Arehipchi^u
and the Pacific Ocean ; a few Hpccies extend heyoad the tropics into Me.:ioo, Hoiithern Florida, wiiicli is
inlialiitcd hy tw<» in(li;j;enous Fij;-trceH, Argentina, sontht'in Japan ant! Cliina, the countries bordering;
the Mediterr iieaii, tlie Canary iHlands, and soutlicrn Africa. Tlie t\|)e is an ancient one, having
existed in the cretju-eons aj;e, when several Hpecies i»f Ficus tlonrished in Europe,' and during tertiary
times in North Anierica, where Ficus tln-n abounded with i.umy species in the northern UiJcUy Mountain
region ^ and ran^^ed to the shores of the Pacilie Oeean.^

Some of the Hpecies (»f Ficus pn)duce edibh* fruit, the uuist valuable as fruit-trees bein^ FIvhh
C(tri(fi^* the type of the p-nus, and Fivus Stfi-ontontsJ' Frtni'. tlie thick milky juice of others Indij*
rubber is nuule.*^ All the :«pecies produce soft li^ht perishablj wood.

* SapiirU, Origine PalionloJ'tgiijue fle$ Arhres, uO'l. ~ /Itti'l,
Ha'uih. r<l!-ror,tol,>,/. I7H, f. 'JS;* •^HT,.

' lrf<ft<|iirriMix, f. S. fifiHi.,j. Surr. vii. 1!U, t. -H .'l.*», (1 4u\ ; viii.
-Ifi. t. I, f. IL'. i;i, t. 14, f. I. t. 10, f. .%, t. i7, f. V i; (r„ntnh. /W*.
FI. Wmtrm 'I'ernlorieii, ii., iti.). — I.. F. Wunl, *'>lh Ann. lif/t. I'. S.
(intUiij. S;rr. |H.H|-.Vi, /io.', t. U-t«i (>'y't. /■'/. I.timmif (imuf*).

* I^'ii()iirn>ii!i, .Uf-m. .W»«. Comp. /.oOl. vi, pt. ii. 17, X. t, f. U-ll
(f (iMi^ I'UiufM o/thf A< rifernuM fr'rai'rl PrpntiU of th* S terra AVivi'/ i )

* LinnnMiii, N/wc. lOiVJ (H-kJ). — lliiyrn-, Ann. iz. t. Ml — TarU-
toTt\ FI. /tilt. iv. 'MM. — Himrdiji, Forest I'l lirit. fmi. US. — Uui*-
•ier, Fl. i'rierU. iv. 1I.V4.

Co;>ri/.>iiji imechfrru t.HApHrini, Sov. <ien. Fir, t\ (1H(-|^
Firm t'nru-it, wIiimu> micculeiit rt'rrptrtclr* an* tho nlililt' ti>;t of
oimiinprci', him t>ot>n riiltivatcii from ui)i>it-i)t tiinri, iirul immv );r(iuH
wpontani'oiDily rroiii Ar^liniiinUii ami ciutU'rii IVniit tliriMi);h all tlic
Mi'tlr'i'rnint'aii M->(i(>n to tlii> Ciiiiary I laiul.H, iK'iii^ -irn'<it(>(l tu tlin
north hy the iiKniiitaiiis of the i'aiu'amn ami wcittcrn Kiirop*'. Th«
•vitU'Don rolh-i'tiMl by A. <lo Caiulullo ((htijinr lUa FUvUfS Cu/ZiVf V.»,
S£3r>) KctMnR tu III it!( prvl.i.torif hiuiit" in tho Mfilitt<rraimaii hattiii
fniii) Syria tu the Canary IniaiKU, aUh<Mi{(h in thi^ i'aae uf a plant
like thti KiK-tre*'. nilttvatfil fnr ctMituriiit fur itt f<HNl, with niinuto
•eetU whii'ti tlu nut luMt vitality in thn prm'i'HN of iiniinal ili>(< ttion,
it is not t'a.iy tt' dcciili' tu what Kitent its tiahitat luu been vxtemlt'd
hy the agtMiry of man.

The Fij;-tree was known an<l cnltivated hy thr anciiMit K^yp-
tuuif, ami in nicntionnl in thv ohlmt Inxika of the lli-hrrw race.
NuniertHis variftir^ werv uri^inate<l and Taliird hy tht* (iret'k^. i>nr
of these from Carta in .Asia Minor furnishing the Kigtreo with its
■cicntirti' luime. I'irxu i'arxca, which is now .'.iltivattMt in innu-
inerable viirieties in all tenijirnite ouuntrif., supplif* the people
of southern Kurope ainl western Asia with one uf thfir most im[H)r-
t&nt articles of ftMMl ; the fruit is eaten freiih antl tlried, and tlricd
Itga are now exported fnim Asia Minor, which is the f^reat Fig-
prod '"^g region, tu North AmeriuA and all the countriei of
Kurop«, I'i^ ure slightly laza**' . and are S4)nit>times used in the
treatment of chrunic cunsti|>ation (Fliickiger & llanbury, PKarma-
cogmphia, 487. — U. S. DinpetiM. cd. 1«. 711).

'l*he ataminate and gall Howera of Firtu Caricn occupy elongated
receptacles borne on une individ-iftl, and the pistillate Huwera a glo-
boao or pyriform receptacle on another. The difference in the
ahai>e, size, and general iippearance of the twu receptacles in so
gr^iit that the trees prtMhuting them were long considered distinct,
that with the staminato and gall tluwcrt l>eing caUed tho Caprit.;,'
and the other the Fig, Vague ideas uf the itexual relations uf tlio
two plants led to the practice uf caprittcation, which was originated
by the Cin>eks, and is still used in Asia Minor and in sunie parts uf
southern Europe, and has la ily t>een introduced into California.
It consists in placing tho receptacle-bearing bnuiohes uf the Capri-

*li{ on Fig-tni'H at tho fruitir ; season or in planting m-casional
C.pritij'-i in Ki^ urchiinU in i •»! - 'hut the frmale in.s?cts which
ti-e hati'lii'd frniii e^i^n liiid in tui' giilt tliiwcrtt of the CapriMg may
-Mittr till" nicpliuh-H iif the Fij^-trcc. and insure tlie fertllizatiun of
the piHiill:it)- tluv\i-r> with puUrn carried fruui tho stamiiiate tluweni
of tlu' Ciipritif;.

I>. 1>. Ctinniiighaui, from inve^stigiitiun.H made on Ficm Rox-
finrtjhti, Mitpii'l, in the Hutauic (itirden uf Calcutta (/Inn. Hot.
finnt. Ctil'tiiut, i. .\ppx. 1, t. \~o) reached the cuncluiiiuu tbat the
fertiliziitiuM of thi-« itpecieA at h-iut in ittexnal, ilie femali' Hower
t -'iiig pruiilic without pnilcu when vi.sitcd tiy Hhi.Htu|ihHga, whose
vixit to tlh* Htiiniinutf ttnwiT i.t also m-civsiary tu iiii^nn) the pro-
duition uf |M>|]i'ii. Althoti^jh l.imm'us {Hurt. CUlf. 47'.) P-cugnizcd
thi^ (m-I that the l-'i^ and thii Capritig were Miit't' and femiiio
furniM uf tht' tiiinie spi't-icH, later iHitunists cuntiitued to cuuttider
them Hpccitii-alty distinct, unit (ia.Hpiirini phu-eil the twu trees in
distinct gcncrit, Ficu.-t ami CHpritii-us (.Vijc. frftt. Ftc. 0), the view
which was maintained by the Dutch botanist Miguel (llouker,
Limit. Jintr. Hot. vii. 'J'J-). By ulhcrs the Caprihg has been conaid-
frod the wild type from which the cultiviited Fig ha.H been derived
(Sulm.H-I*aubiU-h, .ihhanfil. (ieiirll. Win. (i>-tt. [7>(V iirrhotj}. Domes-
tirntuffi urui VeHirritung »ler tjncyhtUirhru Fvii/rttfniuth]) Fritz MUl-
Icr (A'*>»m'M, li. 3tXi), Iiowcvit, established tln^ fact, nuw generally
recugnizcd, that the two pLints wen* .'•exunl furniii of one Hpecies ;
and while the actiuii of tin- insect { lllnstiijihatja yru«orum, (iraven-
horat) ApiHam to U' neccssiry tu insure the fertilization of the
ovaries and the prodiirtiun of aet Jti, cuprilication from an ecunomio
ptiinl of view in the case uf Kotne varit ties, at least, ha.H prubably
little practical aignitlciUicc, as tlic receptacles cunKiining tbo female
Huwers, which are the edible fig!*, uften grow without reference to
the prfiductiun uf seed.n. (Sim', ulao, 1*huI Meyer, Mitikeil. Xoi'dog,
Stat. AVj/j. iii. .Vii [iiur yiturgefrhichte iter Feigemmecten']). —
Ilemaley, Xature, xxvii. oS^t. — Hermann Midler, The Fertilization
of Flottrr.i, F.nglish ed. o\il. — Annual Hep. Cali/omia State Boani
Agrintlture, 1S91, L»*J7).

» I.innajus, L c. (I7r»3). — Forskal, Fl. .€ggt)t-Amb. 180. ~
iloissier, /. c. 1155.

SycomoruA antt'ptorum, Miquel, Ili>oler Loml. Jour, Bot. vii.

10l>. — (tHSparini, fiirerrh. Capri/. 8*>.

A nati* e of Kgypt and AbysHin'ii, Firu^ Sycomorus^ which is a
largo tree with a dense spreading crown, is often planted in Kgypt
in avenues. The fruit, which is very inferior to that of Ficu$
Cariiii, ifi fre(|ueutly ustetl by t'-' wiiil triU-a, and is eaten by ani-
nuila. From tho wood the mummy cases uf the ancient Kgyptians
were made.

* Aa a rubbc reproducing plant, Fit*ui elaitica (Ulume, Bijdr. M,
Ne<Llnd.i.44ij. — Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. ed.*-*, iii. 541. — G.King, /Inn,
Bot. (ianU CaUiuta, i. 45, t. 64 ; Hooker /. Fl. Brit. hid. v. 509), a

»

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94

SILVA OF NOHTII AMKIilCA.

MOHACKA

In all trnpioal (■(iiintrioH Ki^i^trroH, iiHimlly of tiio Hoction TroHtif^n, nro cultivntod for Hlmdu and
ornanuMit ; ami in India, (Vyion, and llurinali FifH» nH'j' ...i,' sacred to Huddlm, In plunttid near his
toinpli's. and ciu'iisliiMl l>y liin foilowcrs.

The North American H|H>('ifM uF Fieus are nut known to suffer from the attacks of insects or fungal
ditcaMfs.

Kims, fnini avxnv, the classical name of the Fijy-trcc, was adopted by Tournefort ' and afterward
bv l.iniM'Us.

iiiitiii' >•( (III' I'li'liTii lliiiiiiluviia, Aaiuiiii, lliiriiiiili, ,iiul M»la,v». ii
pniliiililv (ho iiioitt viiliiuMf HjH't'ii'H nf ilio p'im», nllliiMiKlt tin* rtiU
Imt It vii-liU U If'tt vitliiithlr thiiii tlijit iililiiitii'il (nun lu'Vrrul N|>4>i'i«>ii
of ll<'\)ji of tro|ti('iil Aiiii'rii'n. It im ii iiolili' trci', Hoiiirtiiiii-'* a
Ininilrt-il fi I't In^li, Mitli I'lionnouM trunks iiikI loii^^ riHitji, nliich
fortn A iii'tMork oil till' MirfHL'i' of tlli' j;roiititi (fiunlin itmi Furrat^
II. .VH, f. ii:i).

A'k-ik liiitlirii in |>]itntcil ».« II h)iii(1i> mill iivrliilf tn'i> in nil tropiial
ciiiititrh"*, mill in liiri;t-tv iiM-d imt.<tii)e tlir tro|)ii-<i for tlir ilt>t>oriitioii
t'f coiiHiTviiloricA Hiiil li^iii^-rooiiiK. In Akmiiii Iiir^i< |iliiiitjit ioii.h of
tliiM tri'i* lijivo In'pii iiiailt* ■inev IHT.'t for Ihi* {inKliu-tion of rulilirr
(Maiiii, h'orfft Afitniniitratitm m .intiim, 1H7I T."!, 'JM [lirp. F»rr$t
Ihfit. Iiuliti, IH".**]. — Itrniiiiiii, Sui/ifftli'inj rrtfanli'i)/ h'ortut ,-li/mi«-
ittnUinu in .l<.*'t"t,(tt [If'iit. IS7i*j. -Stri'tU'l. Thf FirtLt Flitfttrti in
Burma l^rnfttr [Kjui^niii, IHTtlj).

'I'lic -tiiii in rttnit-tt-d liy illl'l^iotM inihli* nlHtiit i fiHit ii|iart tliroii^h
tlir liiirk of till- trunk iiiul priiit-i|i,il ImuifhrH up to tlir top of thi<
tn'o. i)ii I'lpoMiri* to tin- air tin- juii-c Hi-parnti-* iiHuitiuiroimlv into
a liani (-la^ti(' iiitistaiu'i' iiimI into a frtiij wliry-likc nilorU'iiH tiijuiil.
iSfi' Ualfiuir, Knci/cloptflia i>/ Imliii, nl. .1, i. lUllW.)

' l.inniriiii, .S';"'- •"•"'O (KM). — Bliime, llijilr. FI. Kfil. Iml. i.
VM\. - Uoil.iirKli, /■?. hut. nl. M, iii. M7. — Knn, FortH FI. Ilril.
liiirmiih, ii. 41H. — (;. Kinu, .Inn. lUtl. linnl. Ciilrulla, i. W, t. 07, A.
XI, V. ; i/.«ilrr/ (7. Ilnl. In,l. v. ftl.'l

Fiiiu njhnwr, lirinitli, .\nii,l. iv. WW, t. .Vkl (1H.M).
Firut niHilnIn, Stokin. /(.,(. .Mm M„l iv. :iV( (IHia).
I'rmlii/mn rfliijifuum, (iivupArini, llvrrrh. Cttprif. H'J, t. 7, f. 1
(l»H.'i) - Mi,pi.-1, ll.ukrr /..ml.Jour. Hit. vi. fici;) ; H. Iml. Ilat.

i. pt. ii :i:i.'i, I. '.'It.

CnnlHjmn njhnr, Miipirl, lliHilrr IahiiI. Jimr. Hut. vi. riG4

(1*»7).

llif Pijittl tn*<* in R nfttivi* of IWnf^l ami central India, anil U
cotninonly pUntfil tliroiiKli all ilio wamirr r--|;ioii» of Mtutbem
Afiia. It in till* uMMt Mtt-rril tret* of tin* ItuililluAtA, anil ia alau von-
rmti'tl by tlii' HimliMitt U'l-aioif* \'iMhnu in Wlievi'il to liavr In-en
Uirn iiiiilcr tin' nliailr of it« wiili>*ftpn<a(lin); Itranrhi'H. Stlk-wurma
an- Kjiiil to tlonriili tin it« Icavro ; tli«< liark in tonic ; and lar of
f^iHxl ipiality ia olitaini'd fruiu it (Urandia, Fonil Ft. bril. Jnd. 41A.
— Halfour, f. < . 1101).

» Tournefort, Init. Otf.', t. WO.

CONSPKCTI'S OF TIIK NOUTll AMKHICAN SPKCIES.

Urodtidma. Flowrm iiiiinrxiial, niiitisl in the naiiii- rprcjiUrlc ; utami'ii 1 ; anther ulnatsi rrreptaelcs
uxillary. inrloHoil in ii railuruii?* rurullati' lirart, iritirai'tcati' at tlni lifiM* ; Icnven alternate, entire,
roriai'i'uns, inrlimcil in tho liud in the iiiter|H'tiolur railiiiuun iiti|iuli'!i inarkiii)( tho brancliea in falling
witli iiarmw rin);-like arani.

liei'iptai'les iiiilif;lul>o!H>, sesiiile. or iihort-|i<>diineiilato : lo.irp« ohionf;, umially |K>intp<l at botli enda ■

1.

lit-T^ jitaclf!! uhuvate, lun^; or iiliurt-|H'<lunculate ; U>a"oa broadly ovate, cordate 2.

F. AtTRRA.

F. roruLNBA.

m()kack;r.

MOnACRA.

aiLVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

1)5

it I

J.mr. IM. vi. nM

PIOUS AUREA.

Rkceptaci-kh Hub^l()boso, sessile, or short-peiluneulate. Leaves oblong-lanceolate,
UNUully pointed at both ends.

Fioua BuroA, Niittall, Si/lfi, ii. 4. t. ill (1H4»). — Clia|>- Fioua aurea. var. latifolia, Niittall. Sylca, ii. 4 (1849).
man, Fl. 415. — Nar|;ent, t'orett Trees y. Am. lOM Cen-
sus U. S. ix. i:>6.

A round liroad-toppcd parnHitic trin*, fifty or sixty foot in luijjlit, Rorniinatinp and growing at first
on tho trunkH or branohoM of otiior trues, and sending down to tlio ground stout aerial roots, wiiicli,
{;ra<hially ^rowin^r to^rtlior an<l Htran^lin}r its host, form a trunk often tliroc or four foot in dianivtcr,
while other riMitH p-oduoo<l from thu branches fix themselves in the )rround, grow into trunkH, and
extend the tree over a lar^e area. The hark of the trunk is half an itieii thick, snuxith, ashy (fray, or
lighl hrown slightly tinged with orange, and hroken ou the surface into minute appresscd scales which,
iii falling, disclose the nearly hiack inner liaik. The hranchlets are stout, terete, pithy, Hglit orange-
colore<l, uiul marked with pale lenticels, conspicuous stijtular scars, large slightly elevated horizontal
oval leaf-searH in whicii appear a marginal ring of large pale liiiro-vascular hundle-scars, and smaller
elevated oonrave circular scars left hy the reee|>tacles in falling. Thu leaves are involute in vernation,
ohiong, usually narrowed at both ends, acute, t.r acuminate with short broad points at the apex, wedge-
Hha|H>d or rarely broad and rounded at the bane, two to five inches long, an inch and a half to three
inches wide, thick and coriaceous, dark yellow-green and lustrous above, and paler and rather less
luHtrouH below, with broad light yellow midribs slightly grooved un the upper side, and numerous
obscure primary veins arcuate and united near the margins and connected by line closely reticulated
veinlets ; they are borne on stout slightly grooved {H'tioles, half an inch to an inch in length, and,
continuing to unfohl during a hirge part of the year, usually fall during their second season. The
stipules, whicli are ovati>-lanceolate, thick and firm, tinged with red, and about an inch long, inclose the
leaf in a slender Hhar|>-pointed bud-like covering. The receptacles, which develop in succession as the
brunch lengthens, are axillary, subglobose, Hessilc, or short-i>edunculate, and solitary or often in pairs,
with u lateral orifice marked by a small point formed by the union of the minute bracts with which it is
closed ; when they first appear they are partly inclosed by a thin broatlly ovate membranaceous light
brown hoo<l-like caducous posterior bract, and are furnished at tho base with three ovate rounded
persistent anterior bractM, tho central one being outside the others, and rather smaller ; when they are
fully grown, they ore about one third of an inch in diameter, and yellow, but ultimately turn bright
red. The tlowera are reddish purple, separated by minute reddish cbalT-like scales, more or less
kciniate at tho apex, and are sessile or long-|iedicellate. The calyx of tho sUtminate flower is divided
to below the middle into two or three broad lobes rather shorter than tho stout ilattened filament. The
lobes of the anther are oblong, and attached laterally to thu broad connective. The calyx of the pistil-
late Hower is divided to the middle into four or five narrow lobes, and closely invests the ovate sessile
ovary surmounted by a slender lateral clavato style two-lipped at the ajK-x. The fruit is ovate, inclosed
at tho base by the pursistent calyx, crowned with the remnants of the style, and immersed ia the
thickened reddish-purple walls of the receptacle ; it has a thin Hoshy outer covering and a thick-walled
light brown crustaceous nutlet. The seed is ovate and rounded at both ends, with a thin ligh' brown
testa, and a large lateral oblong pale hiluni.

F'tcun (lurea is a common inhabitant of woody hummocks on the shores and islands of sontbern
Florida, where it is distribute<l from the Indian River on the east coast and from the shores and islands

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96

.SILVA OF NOltTII AMKKICA.

MORACILX.

of Tiiini)n Buy (Hi tlio wont coniit ' to tlic noiitlinni kcyH, uf tttiniiiK itn liir);"it hIzo in the noighborliood of
Kay Itiscayiii' ; ' it iiIno iiiliiil)itH tlu> Hahtima iNlaiiilH.'

Till' whim) of /■'/< iM iiiiriii Ih I'Xfet'ilinjjly lij;'''. N"ft> very w«>ak, coarwjfraine*!, and very iMtrislmlile
in rontact with tliu ground ; it In li^rlit lirown, with thivk li)rhter colored Mipwood, and eontaiiiH
nuiiierous tliiii liardly (liMtinguiHhalile nuuhdlary rayit. Tlie i«|iei'itie (gravity of the ubnolutely dry wood
iit ().2()1(>, a ('iil)i(' loot wi'igliing Ki.llO |>oundH.

Tlio earliest uceoiint of FUhh miiuii npiwarH in Bernard KonianH'n Nuturnl History of Floriihi*
pulilislu'd in 177"». It in (tonietinieH i)lanted as ik nhade-treo on Key WoHt," and hu» lately been intro-
duced into the );ardenN of the United Stittex and Europe.

' I' \V Kriimuiir. Giiriirn iinil Forrti, i. '.Ml. bninchni iif tha nrifpnul trunk, Mul it* dsoM wkle crawn of foU>||*

"' Wliiit i« pruliitlilv till- lart^-Kt ii|H'ciit)rti of Finm aurrn in tli« (t innten ivvt Forrti, i. I'JH, f.).

Unitril Stntcn ^Tiiwit iin a wimmIim) hiiinnim'k, t.uiiMy kiH>wn lu ' ltnic<\ No. X*\ llrrh. Krw.

"The lltMitiii^-^nMiiiil," atHMit ti'ii inili'ii wpitt t»f llii' tnimtli of tlia • /-Viim Amrrintim^ rilri /tttio^frw^t pann furpurto^'lX.

Miiiiiii ItiviT iiiiil rliiM* lu thr Nhiirv'^ of Itiiy lliM'ftynp. Thi« n*- * The nolile tree in front of thn I'nitvil States iMirrftcki on Kej

iiiiirV ililc tri'i' rovrm uliont a qiiarlrr uf an ainv of ((niunil with ita Writ, which ia an objaet of intorMt to all riiiton to tha Iiland, a

Dumeruua iliatinot atema furiueU fruiu ruuta tlevelujtod from thi' of tbia ipeciai.

FXPLANATION OF TIIK PlJVTE.

M '

f'

I'l.ATK CCrXXIV. Kill's AI'HKA.

1. A riowrrln^' and fruitin;; lirunrh, iiatiirni aiti'.

2. A )mir of yoiini; m'i-|iiiu-l«M nivrred by th«ir poaterior niPulUtc bnrt, raUrgnd.
,'{. A ri'rf|ilarle, aide view, enlari^'d.

4. A rireptacle, front riow. i-nlarge*!.

5. Vertioal neelion of a reci'plarli-, iiilart^d.

0. Serlion of a rfeejitnele, allowing the lluwcra, enliirgad.

7. A atamiimte tlowrr, rnUr|;t>d.

K. A atiinu'n, rear view, eiilar^rrd.

0. A piKtillate flower, enlarged.

10, A fruit, enlarijetl.

11. Vertical ai-rtion of a fruit, enlar){ed.
Vi. A x'tHl, eidnr^iHl.

1,'i. An einbryo. niiirli nia(fnilicil.

14. Portion uf branch sbuwint; leaf and rareptacle acars, natural aiie.

{hborlioud of

try |)enHlml)le
and coiitaiiiH
t'ly dry wood

of Florida,*
y been iiitro-

crown a( foliage

r», 31.

I iMrnulii «n Krj

I to Um ItUutl, i*

[ed.

%J %^

ii

r

•J v

!«

M

i

{

i

I I

\

I

If

I r

17V

■'./■// wimiiCA.

Mon I

I oiwst'- to tho Houtliorn keys attaiiiuig itsi Ijirgwt <)i»> in thi" n<iighborl

. i.iiuibih) ttui Balinntd iHiaiiiltt.'

^,* ,u!r<'i ii ..ti-»—l..'>^^!v lv;ii', Mift, vt-ry woak, (ionrse-griiiiii'il, and ver;" i^emhabW
v. a, wuh thick lijflitiT t-olort'il i^pwuod, and runlaiiis
1 i:i iluilaiy na:*. Tfi.- spociiic jjravity of the nl»i»oluU'ly dry -woml
■0 |ioiilii.l.s.

urta ajtpeani in niTn.iid Uomans's yaluni Florida*

aiies. planted m a uLtidit-tree on Key Wtwt,' and haa faueif b«on iiiiro-

•.il /■.,.«;, 1. '^11.
. i,'i'»l >)i<>tiii»'n of .^Tii-w awns if fh*

./■ AlKmt O'li teiU'-i we«l of lh»; «UKi:a
. i cli'!*e to tl«* »)iun*i f»[ B«v BiMurri'
■. <rr» aboBt • t|UWt«r of an attv '-f •
lutiiMt •tcBiii foruad fnim nwfat iIi

Umw'it^ of thf original trunk, mhI iti Attma irkt» erumi i>f fnlinfrr
t'7ar'im aid Fantt, i. VIX, f).
• llraw, N... ;ioC ri.Tb. Kew.

n» nnlile tr*e in front of llw I'iiiimI BtiitM hsrmcki on Kfy

.» . ,i .1.,,.!, ■« ,,, „h.„.i .,f ..,>,.rr«t to«il iri«in>- ■■' 'hf irlanj, i-i

Ml

A

F.XVT,\Ma'

l'I.»l K t. •

1. A rtjwiTinit »»<! fririti

2. A |i»ir of ifottnjf ■

(io«t«Hor '■uciilUtt' hnwl, rnlurf^.

< 1 m. ouUiiieii.

RttliiriU fxi.v

M IK t

jhliorlidit., '■

i^ ( • rislinlili;
rtn(] ctiiitikiii^
el^' iln- wood

/ hridu*
V b«en inlro-

■ 'H^ inland, i^

3ilva of North Aniencd

Tab. CCCXXIV.

A' J'.i^nm J*^

Hu'ieii^ JC.

Ficus AUREA, :;

A Jiuw

■•w^r .urt\r '

/•"y . ' I\j/}rur ,'\irw

i|

t •

\}

:l-\

I •

if

\m

k

r

'1

li

i , I

r.

fit P'

}

't i

MUI

Fio

Urc

incl
and
and
red

8li«
piili
iijip
Tli(
poll
to I
up]
upi
reti
lam
pail
Hiir

yt'll

loll]

tlo>
ap«!
Htai
Iul>
Till
the
Th(

liiH

drjf

mei
cin
gi-a

by

HORACES.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

97

'*

PIOUS POPULNE-^..
Ri.CKPTACLE ohovatc, long or short-pcdunculatc. Leaves broadly ovate, cordate.

Fious populnea, WillJeiiDW, -V'. 'v- IHI (l.SO.->). — A. Pious pet.unculata, Niittall, Sylm, ii. 1. t. 41 (not Alton)
Uic'liiinl, t'l. Ciih. iii. 21.'0. — Grlscbai-li, /■'/. Ilril. »'. (1849). — Chaimian, /V. 415. —Sargent, /'urciV JVet's iV.

/«(/. 151 ; Cm. I'l. Ciih. 57. — Mi(|iivl, Ann. Muh. /.ii;/(l. Am. UUh Ciii.iiui If. S. ix. I'JT.

/<(//. iii. 2i>«. — KKKcra. Hull. f. S. Xitl. Miis. No. 13, Fioua brevifolia, Nuttall. Si/lva, ii. 3, t. 42 (1849).—
94 (t'l. St. Cnilx iinil the Virtjln hlau(h). — Sargi'nt, Cliapman, /•'/. 415. — Sargi'nt, Forest Trees X. Am. lOth

(liinlni nuil Fore.tt, ii. 148. Census V. S. ix. 127.

Urostigma populneum, Miiinel, Hooker Land. Juur. Hot.
vi. 5;»7, t. 21 A. (1847).

A troo, Homt'tinies epiphytal, rarely forty to fifty feet in lieiglit, with a trunk twelve to eighteen
inphe.H in diameter, Hpreading branches, from whicii, in Florida, aerial roots are ofcasionally produced,
and an open irregular head. The bark of the trunk is one third to one half of an inch in thickness,
and i.s Hm(M)th and light brown tinged with orange, separating into minute scales, which cover the bright
red-brown inner bark. The branches are sto\it and terete, and, when they first appear, are light red and
slightly |)uberulous, becoming brown tinged with orange and later with red, and marked with minute
pale lenticels, narrow stipular scars, large elevated horizontal oval or semiorbicular leaf-.scars, in which
appear a marginal row of conspicuous Hbr(>-vas(!ular bundle-scars, and elevated concave receptjicle-scars.
The leaves are involute in vernation, broadly ovate, or rarely obovate, contracted into short broad
points or occasionally rounded at the apex, rounded, truncate or cord.ite at the base, two and one half
to five inches long, one and a half to three inches wide, thin and firm, dark green and lustrous on the
upj)er surface and j)aler on the lower surface, with broad light yellow midribs slightly impressed on the
upper side, slender remote primary veins, arcuate an<l united near the margins and connected by finely
retiuuinte veinlets, and slender grooved petioles, sometimes an inch in length. The sti|iules are ovate-
htnceolate, half an inch long, and tinged with red. The receptacles are obovate, axillary, solitary, or in
pairs, at first covered with a hood-like membranaceous light brown caducous posterior bract, and
surrounded at the base by tlire*' small ovate acute light brown nearly ecjual persistent bracts; they are
yellow until fully grown, ultimately turning bright red, and one quarter to one half of an inch in
length, and are boriu> on stout drooping peduncles one quarter of an inch to an inch long. The
flowers are sessile or pedicellate, and separated by minute chall"-lik<' scales, more or less laciniate at the
OjH'X ; in the males the calyx is divided nearly to the base into three or four broad acute lobes; the
stamen is composed of a broad llattened filament and an innate anther; in the females the narrow calyx-
lobes are shorter than the ovate pointed ovary, which is crowned with broad spreading stigniatic lobes.
The fruit is ovate, nearly inclosed in the j)ersistent calyx, and crowned with the remnants of the style ;
the nutlet is tbick-walltHl, light brown, crustaceous, and is covered by a thin layer of membranous flesh.
The seed is ovate, with a membranaceous light brown testa and an oblong lateral pale liilum.

In Florida, where it is comparatively rare, Firun /xipii/iicd is confined to the shores of Bay
Biscnyne, Key Ij»rgo, Umbrella, Bocca Chica, and I'umpkin keys, and Key West, growing usually on
dry slightly elevated coral rock ; it is also an inhabitant oF the West Indies.

The wood of /Vch.i fxtpulnva is light, soft, antl close-grained, containing many thin conspicuous
medullary rays, large open scattered ducts, and nuin-rous groups of smaller ducts arranged in concentric
circles ; it is light orange-brown or yellow, with thick hardly distinguishable siipwood. The specific
gravity of the absolutely dry wood is O.-'i.KW, a cubic foot weighing IM.O!) pounds.

FicH» populnea was discovered in Florida on Key West, from which it has now nearly disappeared,
by Dr. .T. L. Blodgott.

Ii

J

iH

i'&

(r 1 1

I

FF

t'

EXPLANATION OK THE PLATE.

Plate CCCXXV. Kicits poiitlnka.

1. A Howerint; ami fniitinf; branch, natural size.

3. Vertical lectiun of a rt^ceptacU-, enlarged.

3. A Btaminate 6owpr, enlar);e<l.

4. A pistillate dower, enlarged.

5. A fruit, enlarged.

6. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged.

7. An embryo, much magnified.

^ilw, r.r M^r^^ Ar

T T r '-- "VV '

/

1 *1

hUi^

u

I !'

^1

m

i

■ • ,

I i iJ

I ;Si . ! 'I

'ICU:

\'- i

il-..:

!rl

7*

If

KXrLA.SM"ll)N

I.aTK.

1. A fla«r«rn)| aud (raii<

'if Vertical «m>tiua of a t

•'i. A •t»n>i»iii<i M')i»«. p: „

■I A [lUftiiUt* tliiw^r, enuugwj.

5. A fru '- •■..:. ^..-1.

6. Vorti.

7. An etttj7 jj<iii »»ti(^,'vi^K^?

.,■«,. I.

Silva of Nor'.h America

Tab , ("•"xy.v

"'H

^1

1 i

,

II',

.

i !l i

1

1

1
1

i

i
1

i

\

1

<

^

m

m

w

i' f Kt.n^ ./rt'

/I .Hi.urtVuf 'hrr.-r*.

FICUS POPULNEA, WiUa

/•.'//I ./■ furwt.f /',.

ffirut^/t/

W

^

I

f

i.

I'!

PLATANACKVK.

HILVA OF NOItril AMERICA.

99

PLATANUS.

Fi,o\VKRs moiinooioiis, in doiiso unisexual hoads; sepals 3 to 6, imbricated in
{Estivation ; petals and stanu-ns as many as the sepals; disk 0 ; ovary superior, 1-celled;
ovule usually solitary, Nuspeuded. Fruit an ukene. Leaves alternate, stipulate,
deciduous.

PIstanua. Linnipu*, Orn. ."VIH (1T:t7): r<l. '.', 4)'>'.'. — Allan-
iMJii, h'lim. I'l. ii. .'177. — A. I.- ili- .lu'iii'U, (.'•ii. IIO. — ■
KiiiUi.;!iar, (Jm. '.'S'J. — Meiniier, (f'li. 'Ml. — llaillon,

tll.ll. I'l. ill. UVi. _ Bpiiiham A Hooker Gen. iii. M9fi. —
NiiMlfii/.u, KifjUr A- I'riinll J'jlanzen/um. iii. jit. ii. 140.

TrwH, witli watery juice, thick deeply furrowed scaly l>iirk exfoliatliijj from the iirnnphcs and young
trunk.s in lurfre thin plates, terete /.i;;»i|.; pithy liranciilets, infi'a|)etiiilar liiids, and lil)r)>UH roota. Buds
axillary,' conical, larp*, smooth and lustrous, nearly surrounded at the hase hy the narrow leaf-scars, in
which ap|H-ar a row of cons|»icuous dark lil)ro-vaseular hundle-sears ; covered liy three deciduous scales,
the two inner accrescent, 8tra|)-shape(l, rounded at the apex at maturity and marking in falling the base
uf the hrancli with narrow ring-like scars ; the outer scale surrounding the hud and splitting longitudi-
nally with its expansion, the second light green, covered with a gunuiiv fragrant secretion, and usually
inclosing a bud in its itxil,' the thin' coated with long rufous hairs. Leaves h>ngitudinally plicate
in vernation, alternate, hro.idly ovate, cordate, truncate, or wedge-shapfMJ anil decurrent on the petiole
at the base, more or less acutely three to seven-loi)ed, and occasionally furnished with a more or less
enlarged ha-sjil IoIh',' the lobes entire, dentite with remote n\inute callous teeth, or coarwly and
remotely sinuate-toothed, palmately nerved, pennivcined, the veins arcuate and united near the margins
and connected by inconspicuous reticuhite veinlets, clothed while V)ung, like the i)etioles, stipules,
and young branches, with caducous stellate shar|)-pointed branching hairs,* pale on the lower and
rufous on the upper surface of the blade, long-petiolate, the petioles abruptly enlarged at the base and
inclosing the buds, turning brown :<nd withering in the autuniii before falling ; stipules nicndiranaccous,
hkterally united below into a short tube s.irrounding the branch aiiove the insertion of their leaf, acute
and more ur less free above, dentitte or entire, thin and scarious on tlowering shoots, broad and leaf-
like on vigorous sterile branches, caducous, marking the branch in falling with narrow ring-like scars.
Flowers minute, appearing with the unfolding of the leaves, in dense unisexual pedunculate solitary
or .spiuate heads, the staniinate and pistillate heads on .separate peduncles or rarely united on the same

• Tho pn<l of the >>ntnch of I'latAniin witlirn and fiilU Hi miJ- loyir Hiftorif of the 1 1mm I'lnlanus] ; Ajnmran ,V(i(iir(i/i«(, 187S,
•umini'r with or Wfure llii> utipilU'H of thi' uppvr loaf l>.v wliii'h it i> t. '.'S [Oriyi'i of the I'lime-trer]), who ri'jpircl.i thi'iu us cviilfiices uf
iii'arl)' im'ltwed, Iraviug, closo to the tipper aiiltary htul whii'h tlu! tho doHooiit of our oxistiiif^ Ainorioan Thino-troos from oxtiiiot
foUoniuff spring proloiij^s tho branch, an cloratotl orhioiihir dark aiioostral typos, hh triioos of tho lonvos ttf those witli woll duvohipod
■oar, p^rsistont for two or thr«o yoars (Ilcnr)*, Ntr-. Art. .\'ot. t'ur. l>usal loltos liavo Ih'oo found in tlio rtH'ks uf tho Larauiiu Group in
xviii. 'M, t, 40 ; ixii. •2ltl, t 'M. — t'ocmte, Hull. Turret) Hot. Cluh, tlio nortliorn Ilooky Mountain n'jjiiui.

XX. lt»3, t. 147, f. U). * T1m> poouliar liairs in tho thiok ooat of tomoutuni wliicli corora

*'' llitohoiK-k, Tratu. St. Louu Aciitt. vi. 138. tho youn^ loavos and shouts of I'latauus, and whioh, oasily de-

• Tho iNual IoIm^b, wliioli vary groatly in sizo and shajM*, usually taohoil by tlui wind, oftoii floats in !ar);o Itakos through tho air in
ocoiir only on large leuToa prtMtjuetl ou vigorous shiHits frtun thu oarty spring, woro woll dosoribod and flared by Morron (BttU.
■tumps nf tre^s that have beok; cut down. They are figured by Acttfl. itrux. iv. 447, t.), who found that thoy pnMlucod soriuu.^ brou-
L. V. Ward (/'roc. U. S. Nat. .\fiu. li. .'lU, t. n-'£i [The I'altton'it- oliial iutkuiniatiou when taken into the i.use or nioulb.

;■ !

il

; I .

II

! i

f

KXl

sif.v.i OF Noiirir amhukw.

I'LATANACEA

|u'(liinclt' ; till' htcrilo liomls diirk rcil oi iixilliirv immIiiiicIi'h ; tlii> ftrtili* IioiuIh li^lit f^i'oii tin^rd with
icil nil Inii^tT tcriiiiiiiil pt'iliitirlt's, tlif lateral IiimiIs in tlu> H|ii('!it(> cluhttTH H(>iwili> iiixl t'liiliririii^ tlio
|M'iluiu'lf iit niiitiiiitv, iiHiiiillv piTMM'i'iit on tin- liriinrlics diirinj; tin- wiiiti>r. Ciilvx of tlii' Ntainiimtu
lltivvi'i- iliviiit'd into tliit'c to six ni'iiiiti' Kcalc-likc M'pals Hli<r|itly iniiti'd at tlii> Imh«>, alMiiit liiilf ikM lon^r uh
tlio llu'cc to si\ t'liiii'il'orMi Nuli'iti' scarioiis |iointi-d |i('talM. SlaiiicnH uh many as tin* divinioiiH of tlio
calyx and (>|iiio>itt' tlicni ; lilanii'iifs short or nearly oliHoletr • ' s idiinpitcd, clavate, twon-elh'd, tlio
coMh opcnin,' tlirou^lioiii their length liy lateral hiitx, ero •.■a|iitutt> piloKe triincato roniUH-tivoH.

Calyx of (he |ii-<til!.ite llower divided into three to kix. UMW.illy nito four, rounded HopalH much nhorter
than fl'; acute |)etals. Staniino(lia Kcale-like. eloni^ated-idiovate. iiihixe at the apex. Ovariew as many an

flu isioUH of the ealyx, superior, sessile, ovate-ohlon;j, Hiirrounded at the l>ase by lonjj ritlp'd jointed

pal'.- hairs persistent ariuind the fruit, (gradually narrowi><l into lon)r Nimple Htyles Nli^htly dilateil and
excnrved toward the apex. I)rii;ht red, papilloiu-sti)rinatie to lielow the middle alouf; the ventral suture;
uTidi's one or rarely two, HUs|H'nded laterally, orthotropous, eovered with two coats. Akeiu* elongated-
(diovatc, rounded and olitUHc or aouto at the ap<>x, crowned with the reinnantM of thu |ieniiNteiit Ntyle,
one-seeded, li^ht vellow-lirown ; pericarp thin, coriaceous, .*»ei'tl elonfjateilidilonjj, HUs|H.>u<led ; testa
thin and linn, li<;ht chestnut-lirown. Kinliryo erect in thin tieshy alhumeii ; cotyle<lonH oblong, about
aw lon)r a.H the elonpited oylindric.d erect radicde turned toward the minute apical hilum.'

I'lat.'iiiiis i.s I'ow contiiU'd to temperate North .\merica, where thriH' specieH occur, to Mexico, fuiuth-
western Kiirope, Asia Minor, I'ersi;:, Afghanistan, and iiorthweHtern India. It tlouriHluKl over a larger
area and played a most important part in the forests of the northern hemi.sphere during tlio late
crt'taceoUH and the tertiary (icriodM, when it inhabited (ireenland and Arctic America in a form hanlly
distinp^iiishable from the existing N|)4>cieH of eaHt4'rn North America and Kui'ope, anil then, Npreadin^
Konthwanl, was not driven from central Kuro|H> until the close of the tertiary (M-riod, during which it
also inhabited with Hcvcral H|)ecie!t thu mid-eontinental re^^ion of North America, from whence it linA now
entirely disa|)|ie.'(re(l.-' The ;;enus is honuirphous, anil the six or Kcveli Npecies which are distinjruiitlKMl
all resciiilile each other except in the form of the lobes of the leaves, iii the amount of the pulH>scence
on their lower surface, in thu obt'.ise or |i(iinted a|K>x of the akene, and in the iiuMibur of heuds of
Howers on the pistillate peduncles, which vary, liowever, in the Mine speeius,

IMatanus produces hard and heavy, although not stroiifr, li^ht brown wood tinned with re<i, und
containiiiir numerous broad conspicuous medullary rays and bands of small ductH marking the layers of
annual growth. The genus is not known to possess useful pio|H>rties.

In southern and western Europe, Asia Minor, Abyssinia, northwestern India, and the United
States, J'latdiiun oriinUilii^' is frei|uently planted as a shade-treu in struc'ts, avenues, und ]Hirk8 ;

' riarkp, sinn. .V .Vtiff. \at. JIUt. ser. 3, i. lOL', t. 0,. f. 1^13. — I'latanuA ori>n/a/u, of which Mveral varirtie« u« disiiuguUhed,

Schi*f*nli»iid, Iht. Jahrh, iv. :108. ipvwn niiturftlly near niountuin itraftiiiM fruiu the (tivcinn utliuidi

* l^MpieiTui, ^^ S. trevimi. Surr. rii. 181, t. 'J.'V-'JT ; Tiii. 41, t. and prninkula to Af|{huitftmn and CanhniviT, and now ucraaionally
3, f 1, t. 7, f. ."i, 'J49, t. .VJ, f. I, t. .IT, f. l-'J (Conirih. t-Wrt. Fl. iip<inlaniH>ii>lv in iKiuthwi'itirn Kur<>|if, wherp it wan iwrried liy the
i\'fKtrrn TfrritoTvn, li., iii.) ; Mrm. Mut. i'omp. Xih'>1. vi. pt. ii. 13, Koinant, wlw shared with the am-ifut (iref ks and Persians their
I. 7. f. IJ, t. 10, f. 4, ."> (h'onit J'lauU oi iht Aurifrrmi' flrarrl lit- vrniratinn (<ir this tree, with which they funned their grurea and
ftDiUt nfikr Sirrra .NVini/ii). — I,. F. Wanl, (1/A .-(nriwil Itrp. f. S. sluuled their dwellings. (.See Krelyn, .S'y/in, ed. Hunter, ii. ft3. —
tifoluif. Sun: 1SM4-**."), iViL', t. 40, f. 8, 9, t. 41 (Si/n. Fl. Laramie- I.<iudon, Arh, Itril. iv. I'O.'B.) It is ronimonly planteil ai a shade-
(•roup). — .Sa|iorta, Origitit I'alirmlnlnifvpu dtn Arbm, 195. — Zit- tn'e in the Talleys of the northwestern Himalaya* (Hraadis, Foral
Ul, //and/,. FalamtiAug. ii. 0'J7, f. 31.1. — Jankii, Iht. Jakrb. li. /7. lint. Iml. 4;M), in I'ersia (Fraaer, Utilorical antl Dacriptict
4,'il. Ammnt of Ptriia, 28), and southwestern Kurope, where it ia now

■ I.inna-us, S/itr. 999 (17.'>3). — Pallus, ^7. Rou. i. pt. ii. 1, t. used more generally than any other tree to adorn city streets and

51. — Nmti-eau Duhnmtt, ii. 1, t. 1. — Watson., Dmilr. llril. ii. 101, t. s(|uan'S (Mathieu, Flore Fomli'ere, ed. 3, 373), and oocaatoiutlly in

101. — Sibthur],, Fl. (Irtc. i. .til, t. 045, — A. de C'andolle, />„!,. the middle and north Atlantic United SUtea, where the Oriental

ivi. pt. ii. l."iU. — I'arlatort', Fl. llal. \i. 37;i — Hoinmrr, t.^t /'la- Plane i.i hardy as far north aa Maaaachusetta. The wood ia uaed

tanes rt Irur Culture, 10. — HoiHsier, Fl. Orient, iv. 1101. — «Tauki), in Persia and other countries oi western Asia for furniture and

L c. 449. — Hooker f. Fl. /jrit. Itui. v. 51>l. the construciion of houses, and it is made into traya and other

/'.Vifnniw nJijarit, Spach, i4nn. Sci. A'at, »6t. 2, XT. 201 (ezcl. email articles of domestic uae ((iainble, .Wan. Indian Timben, 345).

• anguluta) (1B41}.

I'LATANACKA

PLATANACKA

SILVA OF NOIiril AMERICA.

101

PlaUmuH Mexlvantt ' in «»ocaHiotiiilly iimmI for Hiinilar purpoHOH in the <'itioH of iiortlu<rii Mexico ; iiud
J*i(ttaniiM orrifliHtu/iH iri HoinetiineH iilaiited in tin* United StiitcH and central and western F^urope.

IMatannH in Nortli America i^ reniarkahly tree from tlu* attiekH of diHfi^urin^ iiineetH,^ altlion^li it
HufTerH f.om ttevere fungal diHeaH4*H.* All tlie HpecicH of riaUmuH can he eauily rai^id from Hocdi;, which
(germinate the Hr>it year, and the varietien can he mnlti|>lied from layerM or cuttin^H.^

The generic name, the claHMicul name of the l*lanu-trc4', from nXari-^, waH adopted hy Tournefort,°
and afterward hy LinmuuH.

< MonMnd. iiuii Ferr. Hot. 1830, 70 [ Mrm. Sor. Ph^a. Gmive,
ti. :W, t. 'J« (/*/. iVrtur. Am ). — A. i\v CmHliiIlf, /Vw/r. «vi. pt. li.
100. — lleiimlcy, Jiol. fiul. Am Vtut. lii. III.'.

IHtUanut wctiletualut vftr. Mexunna, tlmiki^ itol. Jahrb. li. lot
(1890).

ThiN nublfi tree, which ia pUntwl in thr Rtrrrt* of the ritiei of
northwrfttrrn Mntiio, in (liittit)f(iiiiiheil by (ht* tliifk rmit nf ftilvt-ry
whito tninontiiiii wliioli covrrt tht> uiKlt-r lurfnrt* uf tlui iiiHturtt
leiivt*!, which, lUckeriug iu the wind, luakt* it thu iiiuat benutiful of
l'UuM>-tre4-«.

* Duly ft fvw ipeciea of inaeote are known to Iito upon the
Amrricun I'liuic-tirr*, utiit noiiv of them oftuiu> mtIoiia injuries.
VkaU'^'f>h**ni cnmprittn', Siiy, livi-ii in the ilrutl wimmI, aixI the lurvnt
uf irvpnil itiitlltN Hrf ocrftJiioiiHlly fimiiil ii|Hin the foluij;*'. f'irrVl
piatnttfUit, (')ittiiit>t*ni, liven on ()if!> iiiii|i>r niiln of tti** li-itvcii, wltirli
are al«o ft'il DjMm hy a uuiiiImt uf lfiif-iiiiiM>n, inrlinliiiff y^ptu-uUi
fUalanrlUt, C'Iftiipnii, \ephnJu miixtmrlla, ChHiiilwn, «nil \''ftttrnia
CirmensfUit, ('tiaml»en. A ■(mmmi'ii uf Cnrytliucii \n iionii*tiiiifi« aImiii-
lUnt on the IpnTeit from wliii-h it lUfk* th*< juico*, hihI » pUnt-
Imue, Lachnm Vlatantcotat Uitej, i» luiuatimea fuuutl uit tht«iw
tn^a.

' The diffsrent apeciea of IMaUuiti* art* peculifttlj auhject to
diMftaea cauani bj fun^i, arrrnil of wbirh prtNluff a^riiMm injtiry,
the woat wiilvljr apread beiug oauaed bj tb« j[ruwth of fil>iuMfHtrtum

nervUffptHtn, Sacoardo, wbiib Attacka Plnlanus occidfnialidt Ptatanui
rd'-rmcfd, and tin' Old Worl I PluUinw t>rientiilii. Thin fiuigua wim
llrtL diHfitvircd iu fiiTinuiiy iimn* Uiiiii twuiity yearH ago, but its
ui't'urn'iu'o in tbn Cuited Stitt<>4 wim not n-rofrnljivd by iHitaniatii
until pTi'iUtv. It ii nuw kmiwn to U< t'onimon throughout nearly
all piirta n|' tin- i-onntry whi-n* Plutanun iHi-iilentaliit and Platautu
rwrmont j;rnw N)ioutiint>ouHly or art* i-ultivutt'd, itnd to it nmy pfr-
Impt Ih> ti-frrnd tlir luiiMt uf thr <liHi<aiiti uf I'liitauuH in the caatern
atati'A rrcordvd hm bnt^ an fifty yt^ara af{o. Ita eiternal portion ia
Numll iind not t'liNiIy rrcoffni/rd t-M'rpt by uloMf iibaervutiuii, appear-
ing iu tli<' fiinu uf Nuiiill blink t|>otH or lint'i* whii'b lie I'luar to the
viMun ut III! It>iivt*a. Thti diM'iUit* niuki'a ila iipitearanuu auon after
tlm It'iivfif liikvi' fipandi'd, ciiMKiug thcui to turn brown, shrivel, und
full. No pnii'tifiil rcinnly fur it liiia yrt Ix-en auggeated, for aa the
uiyrrliuui of tht) fun^ut it in thr Irnvpi und p<>tiolr8, and probably
alao in tho yonn^rr Ntt-nit, little Wnrttt can Iw eiiwuti-d from
aprayin>( the trtTM with HiilphiitM of i-f>ppcr or other |MtiA<ina. A
liirt;i> nunilH'r of nthrr fuii^i iiri' found on tht> trunks und branehi'S
of riiitiinuM, lUthon^li uoir< uf thcui i-ausc WflUdotint-d diaeaaea in
thv I'niti'd SUti'a.

* Hui**ho<, I htnTiiituMui Mur U dttrf du Lthan, Le Platafkt et U
Ciftisf, 17. — (iaaparini, .V't*/.< »ur la Culturr 'Iu SopHitrat (/« Platant
el Uf r.lun/, IH. — Cubbott. Wixtdiarui*, I7U.

* /ruf. :>iNi, i. :)fl3.

if

j

1. 1 ■

1

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{

CONSPECTUS OK TIIK NORTH AMERICAN SPEC. S.

Lmtm braadly or»t«, obtvunly •! to 6-lob«tl, the lob<><i inoatly •erruUte-toothed, truncata or ntrcly

w«<lK<^>uip«l at the biuie. Fruit uiually Kilitary LP- uccidkntalu.

Leave* deeply 5-lobed, the \o\w» entire, remotely and obneurely dentate ur rarely aiiiuate-tootlied,

truncate or rarely idightly cordate or wedgeHiha|ieil at the baee. Fruit roceniuHo 2. P. kackmuma.

LeaveN deeply 'A to T-lolie«l, tile lolwe elongated, slender, entire or rarely remotely dentate, deeply
cordate or rarvly wedi^e^hsped or truncate at the baae. Fruit racemose :i. P. WKiaiiTU.

I I i.

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I I

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f*

102

SILFA OF NORTH AMKRICA.

rLATANACKA

PLATANU8 OOOIDENTALIB.

Sycamore. Buttonwood,

TiKAVKs broadly oviito. oh-iurcl) ',\ to ri-lolu-d, i\\v loboH iistiuUy Hornilatc-toothod,
tninc.iti" or rari'ly wt'dgo-sliaju'd at tho base. Ili-ad of fruit UMiially wolitary.

PlntAntiH ocniduntnliH. Ijiiiuviia, >'/■<■■. ".**.•'.• (I7.">.'l). —
.Millir. I>fi. III. N. No. ■.'. — \hi Idii. Ihirhk. Ihumt. ii.
i;M._\Vani{i.nlifim. .V.in/.irn. Holt. 31, t. 13, f. 31.—
M»r«lirtll, Arl'Utt. Am. |l».">. — Motiiili, H'liime IIVuu.
7.H ; I/I'M. .'l.'iM. — Kvi'lyn. .S'.vA.i, o.l. Hiiiit«r, ii. .M, t. —
Wiiltpr, Fl. <''ir. '.'.'17. — Alilmt. Intntt of (iforijiit. ii. t
Tm. — Willilonow. /(i-r/. Ilniims. '-".'I ; .S'/«r. i». pi. 1,
474; Kniim. 1)K4. — Srhniiilt. Of If. ll'iiimx. iii. I'.'H, t
S. — CiLll^liiini, ri'iiy. nz-y/i .S'Ai^' I'liitl, ii. .'<'J7. —
Itnrldiauwn. Il'iihlh. Fortthol. i. Ci^'itl. — Mii'lmiit. Fl.
Hor.-Ain. ii. D'kI. — I'liirvt, /,.i»i. I'Ut. r. 4;W. — .Vm-
I'fviii Ih.h'tmfl, ii. Ii, t. 'J. — I'lTKiiiiii, Siju, ii. .'■»73. —
l)i»fiiiit.>ini'», llitt. Arh. ii, 54<'>. — Ihi Mrnit il« C'niirwt,
Hoi. Cult. eil. '.'. »i. 4.Vi. — S-hkiitir. //in.M. iii. '.'74, t.
;«Hi, _Mirlmu», Hint. Arl>. Am. iii. !«•«, t. 3. — 1'ur.li,
Fl. Am. S<i'l. ii. fM<. ~ lli^-ilow. /'/. /(..../..ii. '.M.l. —
Nuiull. d.n. ii. '.'lit.— ILiviii-. /V»i/r. /■'/. 171. — Kllimt.
.S'A'. ii. (')'.'( I. — .Spri'iiijel, .Sij>l. iii, XtVi. — Wntmiii, Demlr.
Hrit. ii. IIK), t, 1(H(. — Auiliibnn, lUfU. t. L'tK!. — ilmikiT.
Fl. Itor.Am ii. l.">«.— ;,.rrey. /'i '. )'. ii. I'lN. — I)jir-
lin:;l.iii, Fl. <'fti: n\. 3. '.'H,f. — Ai;»rilli, Tlimr. ,S,,.,f. /•/.
t. 13. f. 1 -'.'. — H;irtiK. Foml. Culliirj.t/. l>,-i,t»,-hl. 44ti,

t. .V4. — Curli«. Hfj'. ll,-oln.j. .S'liri'. .V. Orr. \HW, iii.
7t>. — ('lni|iiiian, AV. 4lH. - A. il« ('iiiiiliilli>. I'rwlr. iyL
pt. ii. Iftn. — Kiwh, Denilr. ii. 4«8. — KmiTnon. Trrn
Miitf imI. '.'. i. L'tll, I. — Stlini/lciii, Iron. 1. 117, f. l-'-'4. —
Miilliii'ii, Florr Fornli^rr.vii, ,'<, 37tl. — l,<iui'h«, t>etit$fh»
llfiulr. X'li. f. 137. — .Snrifi'iil, Forr.^1 Trrm S. Am. 10/A
I'fiifiit r. .v. \x. !'.".•. — Wiitniiii A Ciiiiltrr, (Irmj't itiin.
«l. <!. 407. — .luikA. Hot. .lithrh. xi. \M. — CmilUir, Con.
Irih. V. S. y.if Ihrh. ii. 410 (.l/.iii. /'/. H'. Tfx<u).—
Nii'ilrniii, Fnijirr it I'mnll I'fliiiiMfn/.im. iii. pt. ii. (.
7i;. _ K.mIiii.'. Pmlirhe /V'l./r. '.'IHl, (. 40, A. — l)i))p«l,
//.iri./A, l..n,hl,.Jtk. iii. '.'7l>. f. l."p'.'.

PlHtnnim lobnta. M.m-i.iIi, Mnh. :C.« (1794).
Plntdiiiui hybricluB, lln.t.Tn, Fl. I.m. Ii. 4«7 (l(i04)
PlntiinuH vultiaria, ■ anttuluan, Spmli, Ann. Sei. Sat.

HIT. '.*. XV. '.".13 (l.HIl); II Iff. Vfij. xi. .'J. — Ituiiiiner,

l.it I'l.ilonrt rl Iriir I'lilliirr. 17.
PlntnnuH oocidentalla. mr. Hiiipnnioii. Wi'«m«rl, .Wi''»i.

.V.«'. .SVi. Ilitiiiaiil. ni'r. 3, i. I'J. ( .'> (IS07). — Kixline,

Druttfhf Itrmlr. '.'(Ml.
Plntnnus oncidtintalia. ,J lobatn. Itoiimur. Lm I'latant*

,t 1,-iir Cullurr. 17, f. ."i, ('. (INIl'.t).

A tret', occa.iioiiiilly inw lniiiilr<-il .nul forty to oiif hiiiiilri><l and Hcvcnty ft-ot in lici^lit, with ii trunk
Boniftiint-s ten or clrvcn IVet in ilianicti'r aliovc its aliriijitly cnlarjrcil l)aHt', ol'tt'ii (li\iili'il near tin- ground
into sfvt'ral hir<{t< iu>eoni|ary trunks, rr rising; Hcvcnty or ci^lity fi'i't iim a Htrai);lit coliinin-likf Hliiift free
from liranclifs ami with little iliininntion of <IiaMiiit<-r ; ' aii<l niassive N|ir*'a(lin^ liuiliH wliiih form a
hriiad o|ii'n rather irrejrnlar head often exceeding a hundred feet in diameter, their extremities usually
ereet or sumi'tiineii mure or lens |ienduIous. The hark at the hik-se of larjjc trunks is two to three
inches thick, dark hrowii, and divided hy deep furrows into hroad roundol riilj^es separating on the
Hurfaee into small thin appressed scales ; thickest near the ground, it gradually ^rows thinner, and
passes into the hark of the youiifrer trunks and lar^re liranches, which rarely exeectis half an inch in
thickness, and is dark reddish hrown, and hroken into small ohlon^ thick appresHttd plate-like hcuIch,
while hiij;h (tn the tree it is smooth and lijjht fjray, anil separates into larj^e thin scales, which, in falling,
expo^e Iary;e irrc;;ular surfaces of the pale yellow, whitish, or (greenish inner hark. The hranchlets are
at lirst coated, like the leaves, the petioles, and stipules, with thick {tale tumentuni, which soon
disappears ; durinii^ their first sunnner they are dark ^reen and ^lahnnis, anil marked with many minute
olilouf^ pale Icnticels, and during thi-ir first winter they are dark oranj{»'-hrown and rather lustrous,
lieconiin^ I'^l't K''''y 'o their second year or lij;ht reddish hrown when they ca.st their pale memhranous
outer hark. The leaves are hroodly ovate, mure or less deeply three tu tive-lohed hy hruad shulluw
sinuses rounded in the hottum, the lubes hein^ hroad, acuminate, sinuate-toothed with lonjr straight or

■ I'lie largi' truiikii uf l'talauu» o<\-<<lmtiUu an) uhuaII)' hulluw tu a couiiderablu liei)(ht alxivv the gruuiid.

I •

]\

PLATA NACKJt.

n.ATANArit*

SILVA OF NOHTll AMKItlCA.

v»

inmcr, /,« PUilnnts

curvvil r<>iiiot<* iKMiminato t«>i)th, or ciitiri', with iindiilato iniirKiiiH ; they iirit triiiiciiti' or Hli^litly cordate,
or wi'iI){i-nIiii|i*mI mill ili'ciirrciit on llii' iii-tioicH at tin- liiiMt>, with Htmit yi'How rilm iiiiii vriim, tliiii ami
tiriii, liri^ht ^ri'i'ii on thi' u|i|icr Hiirl'at'i-, pali'i' on ihf lower, ami ^l;iliriiiis, with tlif t'x<-i'|ition of a coatinj^
uf |Hilo iMiht'Nci'ncc alon){ tho rihs and |iriii<'i|tal veins, and ari' I'oiir to ki'Vihi iiirhi'H in Ini^rth and
lircadlh, or Iwii'e as lar^f on vi^oroiiH hIumiIs, wlirn tliry arc i'rci|iu'ntly i'lirniNlicd with ili'iitatc hasal
lohc.'i ; (hey arc home on Htont terete or sli;;hlly an;{h'il |inherulous |ietiiilcs covered witii pale piiheH-
I'ciice. The HtipitleH lint iiti inch to an inch and a half lon^ and entire or Niniiate-tiiothed. The
liediincles are coated with palu tonientnni, and ;rcnerally hear one and MonietiineH two heudit of llowura.
The heads of fruit, which are nsiially solitary or rarely spiralc, are an inch in diameter, and han^ on
■lender ^lahroiis Ktetiis three to six inches lon^. The akeiies are ali(iiil two thirds of un inch in length,
and urtt truncate or ohtuitely rounded at the apex.

I'/iitiiiiiin iiiiiilt li/iilis inliahilN the liordcrs of streams and lakes and ricli hottoni-lands, and range»
from Moutheastern New Hampshire and southern Maine to northern N'crmont and the valley uf the Dun
iiojir the northern shores of Like Ontario,' westward to eastern Nehnutka ' and Kanwis, and Huuthward
to northern Florida, central Alahama and Mississippi, and the valley of the Itra/.ns Uivcr in Texas, and
thence sonthwestward in 'i'exas to the Devil's lti\cr valley. .\ common tree in all this region, it is
most aliundaiit and );rows to its largest size on the hottom-lands of the ha.iiiis of the lower Ohio and of
the Mississippi Rivers,'

'file spi'cilic gravity of the ahsoliitelv dry wooil of /'lofniiiii inflili ntuli.i is ().."i(J7'^. a ciihic foot
weighing {(.'i.ll'.) pounds. It is largely useil and is the f.ivorite iiiatciial for the liiixes in which toliacco is
packed, for ox-yokes, and hiitchers' hliK-ks, and for furniture ami tlir iiitirinr linish of houses, where itH
broad conspiriious niciluilary rays and cheerful color make it valiiaiili'.

I'lulniiim iiir'iili iiliilm \\,\-i introilucecl into Knglinh gardens l)\ the younger Tradesrant early in
thu Meveiitovnth century,* and the first account of it, piililinhed in ItilO in Parkinson's Tlinttrmn
liotunicum ^ relates to a tree cultivateil in Kngland. It is now occasionally planted in Anu-ricaii and
Knropean * parks and avenues, although as an ornamental tree its value is impaircil hv the fungal diseasu
which strips it of its \oung leaves in spring, and stunts and often dcfoinis its giowlh.

Always (^iMispicuouH from the |)ide often mottled h.irk which covers the ujipcr parts of the trunk
and hraiudics, the .'sycamore,' which is the must massive if not the tallest deciduous-leaved tree of the
North American forest, is a magnilicent oliject as it grows in the deep alluvial soil of the hottiuu-lands
of the .Mississippi liasin, with its long ponderous hranches and its hroad leafy crown of hright green
cheerful foliage raised high ahovo thu headu of its Hylvan aiwociates.

' Hrunrt, Cat. Vrg. in;. Can. 4i5. — Miicoun, Cat. Can. I'l. VU.

' il<-»M7, lirp. Sthnuka Slair lUnnl .ijrw. 18UI, ttl").

• Kiil({wny, /Vor, /'. .S, Sal. Mm. IHjCJ, 7:t.

« Ailiili, Uorl. Kry. iii. lUW I.<hi<I.iii, .irh. Ilril. iv. '-'Ol.t, f.
1U.'.1», llWO.

' lUalanug iM-nilrnialis ani t'ln/inirfwu, 14-7. — BiM'rhii.tvf*. Ind.
All. Uorl. l.ugtl. liar ii. •.MU.

fV;i*n/ii>iMu.« capilulit /ick/ii/m, Ciilclcii. liI. Uorl I'/it. 1743,05
(/'/. .Wifrhf.).

' It in fn*qiit*ntly itiitrtl ttiitt Platttinti (n-<-i<l*'iitalis i* ooiiiiiuiu in
Kuni[M>jiii pUiitiitioii!, ; Imt. ho f.ir a!t I liiivi' Wvn iibli- tii iibiii'rvp,
it i.i now t'x<'«'t>(lint;ly rare in wrxttTn niut ctMttnil Kiir<)[>e, wlicro 1
\u\re %t'vn only ii f*-w uuli, hliiiil.4.

' rUuatvtn in-rtilrntalu i* iiNd soniftilm's cullod Iltitti>n-l>ull troo

I'lalann-t .Vi»ri Ihhtt, fulu* Vfifierlilianum d/oi n'/ermtibtu, gluftutU aiul WntiT n,'iTli. In Hiirupc, Syi'tiiunr,', thi' (-oniinDil iiunii' iif the

parvi^t IMuki^nt't, .ilm. IU4. IMW. tlifTfn'iit rUiif-tn-,'!! in tin- t'nitt'il Stuti-s, is iilwiiys npplicl t(> .tirr

IHatania in-rtitentalui, C'lttriilty, \al. l/tat. Car. i. M, t. 'S. I's^ttli^-t'talanitA, anil never to tlif I'lam', while the Sycuiuurus of

Vlatanus fotiu tolnitit^ LiuiubuM, Hurl, i 'lt0'. 447. — Koyen, ^7. tlir iiiicientH i-s the /•'iVw S^jt-nmorus of iiurtbeastcru .Virieu. (See

ifjtrf. I'rodr. 78. — Clayton, ^V. Virgin, ed. '.', 151. lianlm and Fitrn', ii. 3^11*. )

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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Plate CCCXXVI. I'iatancs occihentai.is.
1. A Huwi-rinf; bruitcli. iiutiiral size.
*J. Diii^rain ui 'i f(t:iiniiiati> tlovrcr.
;{. l)i:i),'r:iiii of a pislillali' lluwer.

4. A liuail of staininate tluwcru willi moat of the flowora

rt'inoved, cnlar;;i*d.

5. A ^laInthat4■ ttuwrr. iMilarj^d.
0. A htamcn, enlai-^i-d.

7. A |iUlil]ato tlowtT. fulargetl.

8. A pistil, t>iiliiri|;i>il.

\h VtTtii'al si'c'lit»n of an ovarv, etilnvf^nd.
1(1. I'lirtldii uf II liraiH'li nrul !<tl|Milc'. natural Hire.
11. A winttT Itrani'hlot. naliiral f.i/.c.
1-. I'ortiun uf n lirandilit slmwiny buJ and tlic base of

n pciiole. natural ^i7.e.
\\\. Vt'i-tif-al sfi'tii>n of a 1>raiif-liU-l, l)U(l anil j>ftiole,
natural fiu:

Platk CCCXXVn. ri.ATAVfs otcidf.xtai.h.

1. \ fruiting; lintni'li. natural size.

'2. ViTtical sri'tion of a head of fniit, natural size.

3. An akene. mlarfjed.

4. Vertit'.-il Hci'tion i*i an akene. enlarged.
r>. A Heed. enlarj;eil,

6. Ad embryo, enlarged.

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KXIM VNAHON or THE PLATK^.

I'l.irr. I. * i

! A <» .

m.wl uf til.' llowPPi

1"

;-.I tiir lia*t' of

t;i»l JLU-i l-t'lju

■ ciHrjTTAi.m

'iril Mfrt.

•^:J.

Si'.va of Nui!h America

Tab CCCXXi

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( ' A' <*Vt/»'.** .i*'

PLATAN us OCCIDENTALIS

A Hn'i ti'U-i i/trnr '

/"V' ■'' Tanfti^ J'ttrr.

I ■ ' i i; -if

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Silva of Norlh Aniem-a

■\\h crrx/.vi!

( £ .riuttr „w

PLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS

' S^u>r.'f»u.7- titrtKt

/n/' _.' r,t'ieur Ptt/ts

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I'LATANACEiK.

aiLVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

lor.

PLATANUS RACEMOSA.
Sycamore.

Leavks cloojjly .'J to r)-l()l)('tl, th(> IoIk's intiro, romntcly and ohscmcly dcntiitc or
rarclv sinuati'-toothcd, truiu'iite or rartly Nlijj;litly lordati' or wcdgc-sliaiK'd at the base.
Fruit raciinost'.

Platnnus raoomoiin. Niitlall, Sylrti. i. 17. I. 1." (I.S12). —
Auilulion. IliriU.X. Mi^. — llciilliiiiii, /'/. liirtifiij. lilMi. —
Nfwl...rfy, I'lfijir II. I{. lle/i- vi. M, «'••. I. '-'. f. H). —
Tiirrey. /^|^ .W.j-. Hoiiml. Sun: 'JOJ ; Iren' J{^/i. '.'7 : Itol.
]\'Ukr» /CT/ilor. /,>/)<■</. J.'iT. — A. ilu Cundullt', I'vi'lr. xvi.
|>l. ii. W*). — KiK-li. Iliiitlr. ii. 4ri'.t. — llnwcr & rt'alw.in.
Jilt. Oil. ii. t'lt). — .Siirui'Ml, /■'■'rr.^t Tm:i .V. Am. \WU
(Vii.<M.< r. S. \\. 1.".). — .liiiiltfl, /;.</. .hihrh. xi. J.'il.—
Koehiio, Deuliihe Ihmlr. 'M\\. — Uippi'l, llamlli. l,aut>-

/(ci/iA. iii. "7H, f. l.'il. — Grcpiio, Man. Kiuj lir'/'mn I'lit.

'."■•7. — fovillr. Cunli-ih. r. S. Xit. Herb. iv. 111.". {Ilut.

I>,',tl, y„ll,.,i i:.,;,,:!.).
PlntanuB ocoidontalia. lldnkcri^ Aiiiutt, Itnt. I'./;/. Unvhri/,

ll'.il, ll'.MI (net l,iiimiMi») (l«;i:t).
Platimua Cnlifornioa, ISinllmin. /Inf. ('..y. Siiljihiii; ."I

(ISII).

Platanart Moxicana, Tiirri'v, .Sili/rean.i' lif/,. 17'J (imt
.Miiiiiiiml) i^lM.'i:!); I'iii-ijif 11, It. h'r/i. vii. pi. iii. I'D.

.\ frtN', soinctimcs oiii' liuiidrtMl ti> niic liiiii(lri'<l and twenty feet in licii^lit, with a trunk occasionally
nine I'cct ill diaiiictcr aliovc tlic liroad tapcrin;; lia.sc, .sometimes erect and free of liianclies for half its
heiijlit, more often <lividini; near the ground int4> Neveral secondary stcin.s which -ire erect, iiiclininp^, or
prostrate for twenty to tiiirty feet at their base, and thick |iondi'roiis more or less contorted lony;
spreading hranches which form an open irrey;nlar nmnd-lopped head ; usually smaller and j^enerally
seventy to ei;j;hty fi'ct in heij^hl. with a trunk two to three fei t in diameter. The hiirk at the hase of
the trunks of old individuals is three to four inches thick, dark liriiwn, deeply furrowed, with liroad
rounded rid^^es separatiujf on the surfaci" into thin scales; hi^^her on the trunk ami on the h inches it
is thinner, smooth, and pale or almost white. 'I'he hranches, which are coated at first with thick jiale
touieiituin, whicli soon di.sjip|M>ars, during; their lirst winter are lii;ht reddish lirowii and marked with
nunu'roiis small leiiticels, ami jjradually ^row darker in their second and third years. The leaves are
three or five-hdied to lielow the middle, with acute or acuminate lohes, which are entire, dentate with
remote minute callous-tip|H'il teeth, or occasionally coarsely sinuate-toothed, and luoad sinuses acute or
rounded in tlie bottom; they are usually cordate or sometimes truncate, or wedi;e-shai)ed and decurrent
at the h.i.se on the petioles, six to ten inches in leiiy^th and hreadlli, thick and tlrni, li^ht ifreen on the
upper surface, and on the lower surfaci" paler and more or less thickly coated with pale puhesccnco,
whicli is most abundant alonjj the broad midribs and primary veins ; they are borne on stout pubescent
petioles one to three inches loiijj, and often do not all fall until sprini,'. The stipules are an inch to an
inch and a half in leiijjth, and entire or dentate. The peduncles are covered with pale pubescence, and
usually bear four or live heads of staminate tlowers or from two to seven heads of jiistillate flowers,
a head of staminato tlowers occasionally appearinjj on the pistillate peduncle above the fertile heads.
The heads of fruit hani^ on slender /.'I'^'M'^ ijlabrous or pubescent stems six to ten inches in lenjjth, and
are three (juarters of an inch in diameter. The akene is acute or rounded at the apex, one third of an
inch lon^, tomentoso while yuun^ and irkibrous at maturity.

I'ldtdiiiin r(tci'))io.iii is distributed from the valley of the lower Sacramento River in California
southward throuffh the interior valleys and coa.st ranj^es of the state, findi:'<; its southern home on San
Pedro Martir MounUiin in Lower ('alifornia,' It inhabits the banks of striams, and is exeeedin<;'ly
cunimon in all the valleys of the coast range from Monterey to the southern borders of the state,

I Hmiidop'i', iCoi, iv. 'JI)U.

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106

,s7Ar.i OF Murrii am mac a.

I'LATANACKA.

UHc-i<n(liM<r th(> Noiithorn slopoH of tlii> Siiii Hi'miidiiK) MimiititiiiM to an (>l<>vuti()n of thrpo tliouiuiiul fuut
above till' Ifvi'l III' till' M'ii.'

'rill' )<|Hrilit' ijravity of tlii' abwiliiti'ly dry wooii of I'latdium run iiionn in 0. IH^), a cubic foot
wi'i^hin^ IU).41 poiiiulH.

CiiiiI'mimliMl with tlii' I'laiii-tiTi' of flio fa.st<>rii riiiti'il Stati'x liy tlic botaiiiHlH wlio firHt fX|ilortHl
till- fo.ist of siiiillii'i'ii Calil'iiniia, J'lu/imiis niniiKisn, wliirli i.s oiii' of lli<> nolili'Ht ami most bi>aiitiful
ili'ciiluoiis-li'avi'il tiii'H of tlic I'uiitic forests, was lirst ilistiii>;iii»lie«i by Tiioiuiw Niittall, wlio found it ut
8unta iiurbara in 1830.

> S. ii. I'orub, Hot, ir. 344.

KXri.ANATION OK THE IT.ATF,.

I'l.ATK CCCXXVIII. I'l.VTASI-i KA> KMIWA.

1. A tliiwt-rin.; Iirniii-li, iiiitiir:tl HJ/t*.

2. A htanirii, cntari;!')!,
.'t. A |ii'til, iiiliirijiil.

4. A fruiting lirniuli. iiatiiriil al/c.

C. Vcrtiriil Kvi'liiiii of nii ukiiit', I'lilargnl.

6. All riiilirvii. i'iilnr>;iil.

7. A li'iif, iKitiiral i-i/i'.

8. A winter l>ruiK>lili>t. iiiituial h'uv.

f >

ri.A lANACK^.

tliDUiutiid ft'ut

0, Ik culiic foot

) (irHt t'X|il(irv«l

most lioaiitil'iil

A'hu fuuiul it at

h* 9f Nor

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PLATAN us RACF.M

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.N/M 1 Of ynirill AMHlilCA.

• 111 lU'Mijtiliiio M'XiiiiAtri-

I'LATANACKJIC.

ill'll flHlt

'.t(i'^ li\ llir I ill) liikt i^itliiird

< out' ilf till' : 111. I illiitit lutiitltit'lll

n»U. HUM Hr>-t iliKliiiiritiNhi-t) bv TImuium Niittiiil, who fiiuuil it at

KXI'

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: A

PLAtASACi:,*:

Driit rspliiMitl
iiiiNit Umutifiil
liu fimml it lit

Silv* of North Arrifni

Tah crcwvu;

/'A /a.n'i tf-J

.".If:/:,

PLATANUS RACEMOSA.Nuu

,■(.'4. .,/«../■ ,/,/,:,■ ' !'y .' T.lnfitr r.ir:.

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M-ATANACEiE.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

107

PLATANUS WRIQHTII.

Sycamore.

Leaves deeply 'A to 7-lobc(l, the lobes elon^iited. slender, entire or rarely remotely
dentate, usually deejjly cordate or rarely w edfi;e-shaped at the base. Fruit racemose.

PlHtanuB Wrightii. Wutscui, I'ruf. Am. Anni. x. iflll Plntnnua Mexicana, Toriey, A'wiory'.i /i'cy<. 151 (not Moii-
(|«7r>).— Kinliy, /<m//. Torri'ij lh<t. Ctuh,'n.'y\. — S.w laml) ( IS48).

griit, Fiirrst Tri-es .V. Am. Wth Cni.iii.n I'. S. ix. l.ill. — Platnnus rncumoBa, Wiit.«oi), J'l. Wheeli'i; 16 (not Nnttall)
OinlUT, Contrilt. ('. S. Xut. Herb. ii. UO (Man. J'l. U'. (1«T1). — K.illirui'k, ll'/ieeler's liej). vi. '.'.'ii).

A tree, often sixty to eijyhty feet in hei<;lit, with ii straijjlit trunk foiu' or Hvo feet in diiimeter at
tilt' biise, fjriiiluiilly tiiperinij^ and free from hranclies for twenty <>r tliirty feet, or witli a trunk ilividinff
just alM)ve the surface of tlie ground into two or tlncc larf^e stems, usually more or less reelininf^, and
often nearly prostrate for fifteen or twenty feet, and with thick contorted hranches ; of these the lowest
fre(|uently (^row almost at rijjht aufjles to the trunk, ami are lit'ty or sixty I'eet in lenifth, while the
n|p|ier are usually erect at first, and then spread into u hroacl open handsome head. The l)a.se of tiie
trunk is covered with dark hark three or four inches thick. <lcc|dy ami irreijularly divided into
hro.id ridfjes, and covered on the surface with small appre>>cd scales; ten or lifteen feet ahove the
Ijround it <jro»s thinner, scpar.iliiijj into larj^er scales, and gradually pas.ses into the hark of the upper
trunk and hranches, which is smooth, much thinner, and creamy wliite faintly tinijed with <jreen. The
hranelilets are slender, and are coated at first with thick jiale tomentum, wliicli mioii hejjins to disappear;
durin^j their first winter they are ^lahrous vr slij^htly puhcrulous, marked with minute scattered leiiti-
cels, and lijjiit hrown tini^ed with red, or ashy f^ray, and ;;radually fjrow darker diuinj; their .second and
third years. The leaves are divideil hy narrow sinusi's to helow the middle, and sometimes nearly to
the centre into three to seven, hut usually into five, elonj^atcd acute lohes, which are entire, or dentate
with callous-tipped teeth, or occasionally art- furnished with one or two acuminate lateral lohes; thev
are souu'tinu's dee[)ly cordate hy the downward projection of the lower loiies m- are oi'teii truncate or
wed^e-shaped at the ha»e ; they are six to eijjht inches in len>jth and hreadth, thin and firm in texture,
lijjht jjreen and <i;lal)nuis ahove and coated with pale puhescence helow, with narrow rihs and primary
veins i-omu'ctetl hy rather conspicuous reticulate veinlets, and stout jjlahrous or puhcrulous ])etioles an
inch and a half to three inches lonjj. The peduncles are clothed with thick wiiite tomentum, and hear
two to four heads of flowers. The heads of fruit liang on slender jrlahrous steins six to eight inches in
lenjjth, and are about thrw tpiarters of an inch in diameter. The akenes are jj^lahrous, about one
(piarter of an inch lon^ and truncate at the apex.

I'Idtaniis Wriijltlli inhabits tiie banks of streams in tht> mountain canons of southwestern New
^b'xico, southern Arizona, and .Sonora ; on all tiu- mountain ramies in New Nb'xico and Arizona, south
of the iii^h (Colorado plateau, it is the largest and one of the most abundant of the deciduousdeaved
trees, extending from the uu>nths of the canons up to elevations of from five to six thousand feet above
the level of the sea.

The siieeifie gravity of the abs(dutely dry wood is O.ITIUJ, a cubic foot weighing 2i).r»l pounds.

I'UitituHH Wriijlilii wiw discovered in liS'il hy .Mr. (Charles Wright' in southern Arizona during

M'

II II

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AH.

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108

SILVA OF XOIiTJf AMERICA.

IM.ATANAC£-1-;

his connection with tho United States and Mexican Boundary Survey. Originally eonfounded with
PIdtdiiKs racvmosfi, it was Hrst distinguished hy Sereno Watson.'

In the deep and sonihre canons of the Arizona mountains, Phtttnnts Wrh/htH is a noble and
beautiful object, rising high above the Walnuts, Willows, and Alders which mark the course of the
streams, with its great wide-spreading pale sea-green branches and bright foliage thrown into clear
relief a<Tainst the sunburnt hills covered with dark Evergreen Oaks and darker Pines.

' Si'rciio WhIsoii (1S'_V>-1VJ) whs iHirii iit Windsor IliU. ContiH't-
ii'ut. iiiiii was |;r:nlii:iti(l fnmi Yali- t'ollfjji' in 1H17 ; hiivin/^
tjtn^jlit si-IiodI in dilViTi-nt states, hi' .-tmlii'd nuMlicim' in t.n* I'lii-
v<'rsitv of N't'vv York ami lator with an chliT hrolhcr I'stahlishtMl iit
(^iiiiu'v, Illinoi?*. \\v itruclict'd his prnfi'ssinn tlurin}» twit vcars (uily,
and thon ntiandimt-d it tn lussiinu* a Im^iiu'ss jtusition in Ahilmnia,
where he resided front IS.V1 to lSt»l, iH'ginninj; at this time llie
Htudv of plants, altlion^h it was nut nntil several years later, after
a term in the Shefliehl Seientifie School, that he Ixvanie a profes-
sional hotanist.

In IStkS Dr. Walson was appointed Itotanist of the I'nited
States (ieolof^ieal Kxpedition wliiih, under the leadership of (.'lar-
eme Kmj;, explored the territory went of the It.M'ky M.Miutainfi
adjaeent to the fortieth parallel of latitude. In 1S71 he puhlished.
with tin' aid of Professor l>. C Katnri, his elassieal n*(Hirt u|»on (he
plants he had eolleeted »»n thin exi>eilition ; this h-d U* his reeeivinj;f
the appoiutnient at Canihrid^je of assistant to Proffssor Asa (iniy,
whom he succeeded as curatur of the (iruy Uerharinm of Harvard

Collef^'. He devoted the n>mainder of hirt life to n Htudy of the
tlora of North America and to the eare and develujMiient of tho
eotteetiuus in \ns i-harge. In eonneeliou with IVofessor William
II. Brewer, I>r Watsiut pn-pared the hotaniral portitui of the
n'pi»rl of the (leolo^ieal Survey of California ; he wiu» the author
of a liini/riifihiiiil Index of Sorth Amrricnn lioUiuy, iHstied in 1S?8,
which unfortunately wa« nut curried beyond the tlntt volume, luid
*)f nunu'rouM papers puldiiilied in th« Prot'erilingn of the Amerinm
.lcfl(/rmy of' Artx am' S^-ttticrf, in which Home twelve hundriMl ^h'-
eies of North American plants were first descrilwd l»y him, and
iminy difiicult jrnuips were elrdwnitcd. In ISlH), with I'rofessor
.1. M. Couiler, he puhlished tm enlarp'd edition uf (tray's Manual
of' th' iiittiinf/ ift'-.e Xorthn^i ''mtni Shitrn.

.SVrc'ifxi, a jjenus of plants of the southern I'nited States, eittal>-
lisheil hy the yonn^jt'r Hooker, commt'nioratcs the name of this
tniMlt'st ami learned man, whu0» Life was dcvutvd tu UM-fut labor
and noble endeavor.

EXPLANATION OK THK IM.ATK.

PlATK CIX'XXIX. I*I.ATANIH WKh.llTll.

1. A ilowerini; branch, natural si/e.

V. A stJtinen. enlarged.

3. A piHtil. enlar^'id.

4. A fruitini; brancli. natural hIzo.

.'">. Vertical scctioi) of an akene, t'nlarg>Hl.

6. A seetl. enlarned.

7. An embryo, enlarjjed.

8. A wi>)t«r branehut. natural size.

PI.ATANACE.t:.

onfounded with

is a noble and
e course of the
rown into dviir

iff t(» ft Mtmiy of tin*
(U>vt>lu)Mnciit of tlio

I I'roffHHor William
licftl |M»rtion of the

; he waj* the aiillmr
tauy, ifliiiiiMl ill 1S78,
Lh(> Hntt voliiim-, and
'".V '!/ 'A^ Amtriiitn
twt'lvt* htiiidriM) ^|M'-
Hrriltod by him, and
If^lte, with I'nifi'^snr

II of (imy's Vanwil

'niUd States, eHtalv
*n the name of this
[>ted to iiM'fnl UtK»r

\

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PLATANi;

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T I I

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m

SILVA OF yoirrif \tfFnfr^

.touuiliM! with

i'ni*d StaUw nnd Mi»\i( in f

!irHt rlwtiajy^uhbwl Hh.t«nin.'

ViiAiMiu inoiintjiins, I'latnnns Wr'tjhtH in a iinl>l(< uiul
...iW, WillowH, ;ui(l A More \s\\w\\ mark tho oonrM« of tin*
'p Hua-^tMrn braiu'lieH uimI brighi f<»h'i^e thrown into dfiir
't<i with dark Evergreen O^ikft autl (Urker )^4}e».

Wiiiil-wr Hilt. CtmtwiO* Ci*llt«|ft*. \\t devoCMl itra rvcfuumi'
iitih«*<t ninlu'iiif III titc- L'pi* t^otltrtiiuH in hi» i'httr^t>. fu t^juuM'tioi

1. h. '.'ll.iuiii;- ti !■; ■ (i>

<■ tueb. untlrr

to « «tni],f of ibi>

' '<>.m-ut uf th«

' ' ir>n af (bf

t

inurjt af Sinth <
> iy WM t>o< mrru '
It jwjH M pcMtdliMi til l,V /*-»»r*-/r. .-m-fct

,4rirfa»t'/ Sriffuitu, iu uliirh -•• - ' » t ajH^

.-til Amrricati pliuiU werw ftr^ : i, aud

> r-r, )ff pitUrhrtl an t uUrfpMi ndiu*-'* '>(0r^' ^ \fanmU
«r ^ /*• A'f/r(4frn l'ntte>i Suite0,

A ^flU« of pluill'-. of lh« Nii»tll«RI l-wl«4 8(*M«« Mtab-

: ■! llo«V<*r, ■.'n»nni»'iin>r»|r» it»* tmmr "f thw
' ' >'uui, whoiri Uft* ttM ilttvi-H*.! to asrful Ubur

■ iulrAv*>r

f

• i \IK.

■ WkI'.HTII

iii|»r<;iil.

totvt (iu.

laiileJ \vi*h

f IB a uolile aiiij
\iv conrHi^ of th**

- 'fc»ft«ir WiUihiii
(•iiTli;-.:i of ihv

mumI m IrtTH,
tir "^(n rolnu«, *ati

*fm'ti\'*4 '» tiiin, anil
r '".I .. , UanufU

■ .iit«
ta iuexMi Ubur

Silva of North Ameru-a

Tab. CCCXXiX

/■ /'u~i"rt JW

PLATAN US WRlGHTil WatKon

Hsffufif

Mi

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11

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1

1^1

ii,

A fUi*i-tt*i,.f air*\t

'"if . ' ^'.ifwur Pons

!i!(i|,r|iljj

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LEITNKKIACJLS.

8ILVA OF NORTU AMERICA.

10!)

LEITNERIA.

Flowers amcntnccous, diopcious ; perianth of the statninntc flower 0 ; stamens 3 to
12 ; periantli of tlie pistillate flower minute ; ovary l-celled ; ovule solitary, ascending.
Fruit an oblong compressed drupe. Leaves alternate, entire, petiolate, destitute of
stipules, deciduous.

ft

Leitneria. Chapman, Fl. 427 (1860). — Bnillon, IlUt. PI.
vi. '.M'J, f. I'H-.'IO. — Hcntluuii & Hooker, Gen. iii. 397. —

Eii){lor, Eii'/ler <t Prantl P/lanzenfcm. iii. pt. i. 29, f.

A Hhrul) or troo, with palo Hlijjhtly fis-surwl Imrk, scaly buds, stout terete pithy hranehlets marked
with palo conspii'uous elevated nearly circular lentit'cls and with elevated crescent-shaped ohlitpiely
anjjied or sometimes obscurely three-lobed leaf-scars displayinjj the ends of tlireo consj 'cuous fibro-
vascular bundle-scars, and thick lleshy stoloniferous yellow roots spreadinjj^ horizontally near the surface
of the jjround. Terminal buds broail, conical, an eifjlith of an inch loufj, covered by ten or twelve
oblonj; triaufTular closely imbricated scales coated with pale tomcntuni. often persistent during one or
two years at the base of the branch, and in falling marking it witii narrow ring-iike scars ; lateral leaf-
bnds smaller, ovoid, ilattened by the pressure of the stem. Leaves involute in vernation, lanceolate to
elliptical-lanceolate, acuminate or acute and short-pointed at tiie apex, gradually narrowed at the base,
entire, witli sliglitiy thitkcned revolute undulate margins, penuivcined, with remote primary veins
arcuate and united near the margins, and connected by conspicuous reticulate veinlets, long-petiolate,
the stout jH'tioles grooved on tiie upper side ; as tiiey unfold coated on the lower surface and on the
]ietioles with thick pale tomentum, and pubetulous on the upjier surface ; at maturity thick and firm,
l>right green and lustrous above, |)ale and coated below and on tiie broad midribs and veins with
villous pubescence, deciduous. Flowers amiMitaceous, expanding in early spiing witii the first unfolding
of the leaves from inilorescence-buds developed the previ(Mis autumn in the axils of leaves of the vear
and covered with many imbricated ovate acute concave chcstnut-i)niwn scales coated on the outer surface
with pale hairs, the lowest often persistent after anthesis. Sterile aments clustered near the ends of the
branches, freipientiy excurved at maturity, composed of numerous ovate acute <'oncave bracts, inserted
on a stout pubescent rachis and bearing on their torus-like stalks a ring of three to twelve stamens;
filaments slender, somewhat dilated at the base, incurved ; anthers oblong, slightly emarginate, attached
on the back below the midille, bright yellow, introrse, two-celled, *lie cells opening longitudinally ;
pollen grain.4 glabnuis, slightly three to four-grooved. Pistillate aments scattered, shorter and more
slender than those of the staminate plant. com|K)sed of iud)ricated ovate acute concave bracts, bearing
in their axils a Hhort-Ht<>ike<i jiistil surrounded by a ruilinu>ntary perianth of small gland-friiiged scales,
the two largest lateral, the others next the axis of the inlloresccnce. Ovary one-celled, ovoid, pubes-
cent, crowned with an elongated flattened style, inserted ob'.iipieiy, curving above the middle outward
ii\ anthesis, grooved and stigmatic on the outer face ; ovule solitary, attjtched laterally to a placenta
facing the bract, ascending, semianatropous, the micropyle directed upward. Fruit ovate, thick and
rounded on the ventral, narrowed on the dorsal edge, rounded at the base, compressed and pointed at
the apex, marked by the j>ale obli(|ue scar left by the falling of the deciduous style, chestnut-brown,
rugofie ; exocaq) thick and dry, closely investing the thin-walled light brown crut. 'ceous rugose nutlet.

n

Jill

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i

110

SI/JA OF i\OI{TU AMElilCA.

I.KITSKIUACK.K

r,

lii'

Si'i'd illliiijj tlu' t'iivity •>!' tlic iiiitli't. t'(nii|)ri'ss«>il, roiiiidiMl at liotli (mkIs, iimrkcd on (lie thick i'<lf^t<
witli ill! (il)loiifj iKMilv l)lac'k liiliiin. Kiiihiyo i-rcct. siirrouiulfcl l>y thin tlfsliy aUmiiu'ii ; cotyluduim
ohhin^, thittciu'd, rdiiiidcd at tlu- vxtroiiiities ; radii-lc siipiTior, cniiieal, shnrt, and ticshy.

Tlic w(i((d tit" Lt'itnfi'ia is soft, cxccfdiiij^ly lif^lit, t'li>st-jjraini'd, and contains tliin ohscurc medullary
rays and j^ri'iiiips nl small open ducts, the layers of annual growth, which are not distin}ruis!ial)le to tin;
naked eve, liein<;' marlicd hy narrow hands of interrupted cells ; it ts pale yellow, and shows no trace of
heartwood. The specilic jjravity of the ahsolutely dry wood is O.'JOTt*,' a culiic foot wei^jhin;; V2.!K)
pounds. It is useil lor the floats uf lishin<;-net.s in Missouri, its reniarkalile lightnes.s' making it
valuahle for this ]Uirpose.

I.eitneria was discovered hy Thomas Druniniond ; ^ it was found Ity Dr. A. \V. (!|iapman' in l.S-17
jrrowintj on the nuiddv shores of a cove washed hy hij^h tides tive miles west td' the town id' A|)alachi-
col.i iu Florida; and in Octolier, ISICJ, hy Mr. IJ. F. Hush' in the deep swani|)s liorderin^ the St.
Francis Kiver in southeaHtorn Missouri.

The generic name commemorates that of a German niiturulist killed in Florida duriufr tlu> Seminole
War.

The jjenus is represented hy a sinjjle species.

I i

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' 'Hiis (It-trniiination iiiii<i<> liv IVofcHvir NipliiT it |iuliIiHli('<l tit
IVofr-.^fior \N'ilIiiiiii Tn-K'Hst'"!* i-\ltitiistivi- simiy »)f L*-itiirriit, tu
winch I ail) iiiili'litt'd for my knnwl'Ml|;i- uf tliiit iiit^Trftliii); Irt-i-.
(S«M. Hep. Mi.tsnun IU4. finrti. vi. t. Mi U.)

* rUt' wimhI iii nil nllicr Norlli Aiin-rifun in- that has Ik-pm
pxAiiiiiieil is OA li^^it iiA that of l.rfMtiHTm ; ll>t> wood winch ii|>-
jinmrhi'it il nrarc-tt in li^htrn'SM i.t thiit of th" Khirid;i /'him nnmi,
whiflt has n »|H'cilii' gravity of U.'J(il(>.

* N'l' ii. 'St.

I)riininioii(i'<t s)H>ritnt>n )(ri"it-rviMl in thr ht>rtuirititn ut thi- Itnyal
f t)trilrn> ill Kt'w liiiM no (-o)h'ri<irS lit kit, itml in lalM-h-d in tli:- hiuid-
wntiri^ of Nir Willtiiin MtH>ki>r, ** Kio Hriizo^, 'IVxiui." Dniiii-
mond |t,'i.s.<t(Ml sninr tiitit- in Apiiljichiculii, whore he ntiulo i*. Iiir^i*
collrrtion of pliuitK, uiid it i* not inipoHslMc that it wiit in Flurtdii
:iiid imt ill Tt'Xiis. whrn- it hii.^ not Um'Ii fti-cii >iin-"', that hi- diMov-
ffi'd U'ltm-rin.

* Alvan Wentworth Chiipiimn (Si'ptcnilMT 'JM. IH^Ht) wiw U»ri;
in Siiuthiunpton, Ma-HAnchn^-tlit. :iihl wa.H ^'ntdinitcd fniin AintiiT«l
C'olltj;«- in XHMt. Iliivin^ tanjjht jmIi.m.I hi ditft-rent purtH of (icor-
j;ia fnmt \X\\ to IXU, hi- stndii'd iDt'du-mi' ut Wii^hinKton. (iror-
fpu, and 'hull with Pr. John \V. Uavidiuu At Quincy, Ruridit. In

IHIl'i, hiivint; rfr<'iv»'d un honomrr ih-^rrc of I>(K>tor of Mrdirino
from Ihi' l.oiiii«vilh* Mi'dii-iil Iii<ttiliit«', ht> fntahhthrd hr .m'II i.i
Apahii-hicohi. Klondu, whu'h ih Httll his hointv Hi- fori* Ifiitinf;
MiiHHiii hiiti ttA, t>r. I'hapinnn had tu'iptiml a fondnrHN for tHittiny
and Miiiii' ruilinirutjiry knowh dp' of thi* M-imcf. allhon^h hiH
iKitaiiii'al f*un>i>r did not U'^n until ufti-r hin M-ttlrnirnt in Florida,
whni hi' c^oninirni'i'd. jn liiK hnij; pnifpn^iionii) ridt-N, the »y<tt< ntatit*
forutalion of u herluirtiini upon whirh whh luitcd liin Flnrti of' iKf
Suuthrru Cuttrtl Statrs, prrpnrt'd in thr inonii'iiU <tf ti>iitun' li-fl hy
thr di-inantU of tt lalMiriotis profri^ion, and piihlt.thi-d in iMiO, with
a <(iToiid rditiKh and np{M-iidis in |HM;t.

Chiif/truiiutit, A Florida licrh of iJii' IV« family, I'oniitirtnorati'H hiN
Hur('fH»(ul U.t.mifal lahori.

*" Ilriijaiiiin Franktiii ItiiKh wiut iHini in ('olund>nH, Indiana, in
IH-Vi, anil in lHtt.~> ni4ivt-d (o Iiidt'|H-itdon(M>, Mt4.iouri, whi-rr hr haa
U-i>it ciipip-d in hortii'ulttiral pursiiiU. In \H\r2 Mr. Itufih pre-
pan-d a hcrhnriuni of the dri«i pUntfi of MiHMouri and n collvotioii
of thf fi>rt'Nt pnMliicttt of till* nUiti' for thi* Cnlunibian Kx|HMition
Itrlil in Cliii'ap) in tlit< «uninier of IHtKt. llin yotfn tm n Am/ n/
I'iii'tlM tttllrrirtt in Simthenntfru yttitimri ar« pubUahtfd in thi' Krwrt
oj the MuBoun liotanv Ganlitt, v. 130.

I.KirSKUlACK.K

Ll.lTNKKlAtK/K.

HI LI' A OF NOliTlI AMElilCA.

Ill

on llic tliii'k oiIro
illxiiiuMi ; cot) luiioim
I'sliy.

II olisciirt- iiiciliillary
istin};iiih!ial)l<> to tlit;

III sliows nil tract' of
"oiit wt'ijjliini; I'J.iMt
^litiii'SN ' iiiakinp^ it

. Cha|inian ' in liS-17
it> town of Ajialaflii-
is liui'ilcrin^ tlii' St.

(luring; tilt- Seminole

r»'(' iif l)4M>ti>r of Mnlifiiv
lin PHtnlili.thiMl hi' im'II i.i

liH luiiiir. Itrfiirr Ifitting

ml a foiidnoM fur tHitany
tlip Noiriicc, aUliiiii);ti hlA

r III;* M'ttli'iiHMit ill l-Kiriilii,

liolllll rilll-H, Itll' Ht Sti lllHtil*

will* lm*fil lii^ l-'i"ni i>t' tKt
iiiMiiiriilit iif liM.^iin' li-ft )iy
mil |iiiI>1i.4)m-<I III IMiO, with

I familj, iMiiiiiiit'iititriitrrt liiii

ill ('iiliiiiihiin, liiiliiiiiii, ill
KM*, MiiiKiMiri, wlii-ri> hi- has
III IN'.rJ Mr. Iliinh iirr-
f MiHHoiiri iiiiil II riillfftiiiii

thti ('iihiiiiliijiii Ki|iiMiliiiii

:t. Ili» SnI" i"l 11 /.l.<( 11/'

irv publiibetl in tho Kfp»Ti

LEITNERIA FLORIDANA.
Cork Wood.

Leitneria Floridana. C'li;i|inmii. /•'/. t'J.S (IHCdi. — C. i|i.
('aiiil.illf, /V.»/c. XVI. |.l. il. I.")|. — OliviT, lhi.,l;,r li-mi.

wr. .1. i. ;{;i. t. Intl. — Ilusli, Hfii. Mismm-i Hot. fluid.
V. l.-iil.

A sliiuli or .siii-.ii tri'c, oci'a.siiinally twenty ft'ft in liri^lit, with a strai^lit slender trunk four or five
inelies in ilianieti r aliiivo liic swoUi-n ^railiially ta|ii'riiii; liaif, anil s|in'a(lin;^ liraiiclies wliicli I'lirin a
loose o|ii>n iieai!. The hark of the trunk is alioiit inii' sixleenlh of an iiieli thick, dark ^jray faintly
tin;;c(l with hroivii. and divided by shallow liswures into narrow rounded riijije.s. The hranchlets, when
tliey first appear, are li;,'ht, rather reddisli-hrowii. and thickly coated with thick hairs, which <rradually
di.sapjiear, and during tiieir tirst winter they are f^lalMoiis or piilierulous, especially toward the
extremities, and dark r» l-hrown. Tlie leaves are four to six inches loiiy; and an inch and a half to two
and a half iiu'hcs wid •, and are liorne on jietioles which vary frimi one to two inches in leiijjth. The
aiiieuts of staiiiinate IIowim's are an inch to an inch and a ijiiarlcr lon;^, and one ijuarter of an inch
thick, and twice as h ng as those of the pistillate (lowers. The tluwers open at the end of Fehniary or
early in .March; aiil the fruit, which is solitary or in clusters of two to four, and ripens when the
leaves are aliont ha'f" jjrowii, is three i|uarters of an inch loiii^ and one ipiartcr of an inch wide.

Li'itnii'iii F.iirlildiiii inhaliits muddy siilinc shores on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico near
.\palachicola, Florida, where it is known only in a few isolated stations ; and deep swamps inundated
during .several months of the year in Hiitler and Duncan ('ounties, Missouri, where it is ainindant,
fjrowin;^ with T'ljiKliiiin (lisliclunn, Aci r nihriDti, Xi/smi lu/iinfiiii, imd /'Iiiikvh riijiinficii, in rich
moist soil usually covered with water often two or three feet deep, and sometimes occupying muddy
slouglis of eonsideralile extent to the exclusion of other woody plants."

* " .\ppamitly im-krrii arim* frii'ii nnliii' nf tlif riKitJi. a-i in tho ratrlv fnnii thi» soil nr Wiili'r, ho tli.lt thi' iilailt lut'k-i the t'lii.stored

ram- with ihr .Vilitiilhiis niiil Whiti' I'liphir ; hut I liavi- nut Ix'i'n burhvhiilnt whiih ili.stiiif;iii..hi< .i shriili Iroiii a hiiiiiU tri'i-, iiml it

nhlo tiiiiitiiiiUy tr.ii'i' Ih.'H.- yimni; shiKiln ti> thi- olih-r iihintu, tliimuh imt infriM|Ufntly iitlaiiw ii lii-ijjlit nf liftwn nr twenty feet iinil

their riKit »y»lein is iiniially ilevelii|».il mit of |iri>pi>rtiiin tn their furiin a trunk fnini three In live iiiehes thiek tnwanl the Imse,

Hire. The iiii}irettHiiiii iiiiule ini mie hy .siieh a I.eitiieria »waiii|) in where it ^railiially iiii'n'a.Hes in thiekiiesis ha do many other swainp

that of a taii);le of eiiar«e liiisheH frmii live to ten feet in liei^'ht, trees." (Treleas**, /iV;i. MiSAOtiri Hot. titwl. vi.)
but un eloMr ubacrvatiuu it \» evident that eiu'h item risca sejut-

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KXPLANATION OK THK PLATE.

I'l.ATK C'CrXXX. Lkitmkia Fi.okidana.

1 . A Howt-rin^ linincli (if a ataiiiiniiU' plant, iiaturnl kIzo.

". A llowiriii^' liraiii'li of a pintilKilc |ilaiil, niiliiml hi/.c.

3. A *irart nf thf fltaininati* ainrnt, rxtcrior vifw. piilarj^iMl.

4. A Mlaiiiiiiali' tlower witli liraol. iMilar^'ril.

•''>. Kcur and front vieuN of a Htaincii, t'lilar^rt),

•>. A pistillali' tlowiT with lirai'l ami iiivoliiiri', the ntylo rut

traiiiivcrsi'ly, nilarp'il.

7. Voiiii-al xiM'tion nf a ntaiiiiiiali' llowiT with lirart, cnlorgnl.

5. A fruiting' lirancli, natural ni/.i'.

'.• Vrrtical "wtion of a fruit, mlar^'i'il.

10. Cn>«» -nilioii of a fruit, cnlurgitl.

11. A Kloni>, natural piz0.
I-. A HtM'cl. rnlar^fl.

l.'l. An enilirvo. enlarf^d.

14. A leafy liram-li. natural niic.

15. A wintiT lirani hit't of tlii' xtaniinate plant, natural Kite.
Hi. A wintiT lirani'lilt't of ilo' pii.tilliio pLmt, natural aitu.
17. An axillary' bu<l and U'afH>c«ri •ular|[i)d.

«■«.

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-», t.ulirm«il.

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UiVl^thl.

Mil

'i4iit, niUaril vM.

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LEITNF'.HIA FLORIDANA,

J A'tc'OftMt./ rAri'J-

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JL'GLAiNUACiiiK.

HJLVA OF NOliTU AMERICA.

113

JUGLANS.

Flowers monoecious, apetalous ; calyx of the staminato flower 3 to 6-lobed, the
h)l)cs imbricated in iKstivation ; stamens 8 to 10 ; calyx of the pistillate flower 4-lobed,
the lobes imbricated in lestivation ; ovary inferior, 1-celled ; ovule solitary, erect.
Fruit, a nut inclosed in an indchiscent involucre. Leaves alternate, unequally pin-
nate, destitute of stipeles, deciduous.

Juglans. I.iniiiPiiA. Oen. '.'91 (17.'J7). — A. \.. iIi- JiiHsifii, Kni/ler S.- Pniutl Pjianxenfam, iii. pt. i. '24. — Baillon.

(ien. ;!".■>. — Miimier. Hen. |il. ii. t>\. — Kiidliclitr, Htii. Hint. I'l. xi. 4(ir>.

Ul'G. — Bcntliam & Hooker, Gen. iii. .!'.)«.— Kiiylcr, Wallia. Alifild. /A-h/./.i/k/,'';, ix. MIU (1861^

Resinous aroiiiatii' trees, with sweet watery juice, furrowed scaly l)ark, liandsoine durable dark-
colored wood, stout terete lirancldets, laminate pith, scaly buds, lon>^ stout ilexible perpeudicidar roots
covered with tliick l)ark, and few thick iibrous i Mitlets. Terminal buds sliort or elonjjated, usually
covered with two pairs of opposite scales often ol)S(urely pinnate at the apex, those of the inner pair
accrescent, more or less leaf-like, often rcseniblinij; the short-lived scale-like upper leaves, and in falling
marking tiie base of tiu' brancidct witii l.iint ring-like scars, .\xillary i)uds foruu;d before midsummer,
obtuse, slightly flattened, covered with four ovate rounded scales, superposed, two to four together,
decreasing in size from the up])er to the h)wer, tiie sciiles closed or open during winter. Leaves altei"-
nate, unetpially pinnate or often eipially pinnate by the suppression of the terminal leaHet, niany-
foliolate, deciduous, the la.st leaf of the year sometinu's reduced to a scale-like body and persistent
during the winter ; petioles elongated, terete, grooved on the upper siile, gradually enlarged t<)ward
the liase, leaving in falling large conspicuous elevated obeordate three-lobed leaf-scars displaying three
eipiidistant I'-shaped clusters of dark fii)r()-vasctdar bundle-scars, the basal cluster much larger than
the others; lealiets conduplicate in vernation, ovate, acute or acuminate, mostly uneipial at the base,
membnuiaceous, serrate or entire, sessile or sliort-|>etiolulate, or the terminal leatlet raised on a long
slender stalk, |H>nniveined, the veins arcuate and united near the margins and connected by reticulate
veinlets, often 8«'paratuig from the petiole in falling. Flowers protcrandnms or j)roterogynous. opening
in the late spring after the leaves. The staminate in numy-tlowered elongated anu'nts. solitary or in
pairs from the lower axillary buils of the up|>er nodes, ap|K>aring from between the persistent bud-scales
in the autumn and remaining during the winter as sliort cones covered by the closely ind)ricated bracts
of the flowers, coated with tomentum, and beginning to elongate in early spring. I'erianth sessile or
pedicellate, three to six-lobed in the axil of and adnate to an ovate acute bract free only at the apex.
Stamens eight to forty, ins*'rted cm the |>erianth in two or several ranks, those of the exterior rank
alternate with its h)bcs ; filaments free, abbreviated ; anthers erect, oblong, glabrous, two-celled, the cells
o|)ening longitudinally and surmounted by a conspicuous dikited truncate or lobed connective. Ovary
wanting. Pistillate flowers in few-tlowered spikes terminal on branches of the year, invested by a villous
involucre ad:iate to the ovary and formed by the union of the anterior bract, sometimes free nearly to
the base, and two lateral bractlets free oidy at the a|)cx, and variously cut into a laciniate border shorter
than the erect lanceolate ealyx-lobes inserted on the summit of the ovary. Sbuneus wanting. Pistil
composed of two median, or rarely of three, carpels ; ovary inferior, one-celled ; style short ; stigmas

iii

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^//.r.l O/' XOHTIT AMERICA.

.JlJ(JLANI>ACE-K.

dorsii], linear or cliib-shaiHMl, sprwMlinjJT, recurved, liinbriately plumoHt* ; ovule solitary, ereet from the
bottom of the eell, orthotropous. Fruit ovoid, tjlohose <>r pyrit'orm, eytintlrieal or (ihscurejy foui^-
an^led, marked at the apex witli t!ie reninants of the style; involucre fleshy, indehiseent, ^labrate or
hirsute, adlierent to the nut, or f i 'e at maturity and separating from it irregularly. Nut ovoid or
j^lohose, more or less flattened, hard, thiek-walled, the wails and partitions often laeuuose with irrej;ular
variouslv shaped internal longitudinal cavities tilled with dry powder, h)ngitudinally and irregidarly
rugose, separating i)y the dorsd sutures in germination into two, or rarely into three valves; the valves
alternate with the cotyledons, sometinu»s furnished at the dors;d suturi's, and in stune species also at the
marginal sutmes, with hroad thick rihs ; tlie cavity imperfectly two-celled at the base I >y the develoi)-
ment. at right angles with the valves, i)f a thin dissepiment from th*' bottom to above the middle, the
cells .sometinu's sulidivided l»y l(»wt»r tbirker partitions parallel with the valves, the apex of tlu» cavity
nairow and pointed by the thickening of the walls of the endocarp, broader and penetrated in some
species by a short thick tlisM'piment paralh'l with the valves and deeply notched at the bottom. Seed
solitary, tilling the cavity of the nut, exaibunnncuis. compressed, two-ioi)ed from the bottom to the
miildle. the lobes ohh)ng. rounded or keeled on the back, concave on the inner face, rounded or deeply
lobt'd at the base, gradually narrowed or broad ai»d deeply hdied at the apex, and then abruptly cou-
trarted into a broad point tlatteui'd at right angles with tiie plane of the lobes ; testa thin. mend>ra-
naceous, of two c(»ats. the outer liglit brown, marked with conspicuous darker veins radiating from the
apex and from the minute bas^d hilum. Knd>ry(» fleshy, oily ; radicle short, Htout, 8U|)erior, tilling the
apex »)f the cavity i>f the nut.

duglans is now contined to the ten»pcrate ami southern j)arts of N(U*th Anu'rica. the Antiih's, South
America from Venezuela to Tern, the Caucasus, Persia and northwestern India, Manclniria. northern China,
and Japan. Altout ten spi-cies are known ; ' twit arc widely distributed in the f4)rests of eastern North

* Sfvoral siipjuiscd hylihiln tut with oiffi'n'iit simtu-s of .liif^laiiA
)i:ivt' !i|>)H-»nMl. In t>sni, l<> coiniiKMiinnttr tht- liirth of liis i li|r-<t
!.<>n, Mitii>ii-iir I'iiTrt- Pliillipc Anitn^ ilo X'iliiioriti. tht- ilistiii|;ui.slit'tl
liortiniltiiri^t. |iliUiltM) in iii.s ^:inlfii at X't-rruriH, inar I'lirin, a M-od-
Uii'; Wahiut-trff wlm-h a|)|H-ar4 intcriiit-iliatt' in iliarni-tcr lH*tu«'t-n
Juylatu retjin and JuyUitut «iym, luid has U'oii di'iirnU'*! .i.s Juijiiin*
intrrmrtiia Vtlmonuinua (Carrions Urr. Ifo^t. 1H«*»;1, :U>. — Kik-Ii,
Ofttiir. i. uK«. — Dippt'I, linuiih. LtnMftizi: ii. Ml!!)- It it now a
trei* itpvt'ntv-tive to fi^lity f*')'l in lifi^lit, witli u trunk tlini* feet
four inrlien in diatuftiT lit tlirt'i' fi-rl aUivf tht* siirfai't' of tin-
grmuitl. and stout <irit sli^'lttl\ •.pri*»dinj» liranchfs ; tin- charai-ttT
of the hark and lnuU ainwars int<rin*'tliat<- U*twt'»'n thiw of i(h
Hn)i]Ht<tfd jiarrnts ; tin* ll*J^Vl•^ rrncinhlt? tlioM* of JutjUinit reijin,
alllioii^li thi-ir tcatlrtn arr iiMially inon> niinicn>ti.H ; the tint is
■ntootli, ^IoIniac, and ai nich and u half in <liainft«>r, with thr
thick )iu>*k of Juffliinn uufvii ; in HhH}>e it rmnnhlfR the nut of
Juglarxf rrgut, luit \* thicker Nhtdlcd and niort' dt'<'|dy furrtiwed.
The fruit of tliiH tm\ which \% prtHliictMl Hparini^ly uml not ovcry
year, ia fertih* and ^rtninatcs frt't-ly, pnMlnciiif; plants whit-li rc-
Konilth- th*- par«'nt, uf whose origin nothing in known (M. I. iti-
Vihnorin, (i>\nlfu nud i'urfsf, iv. 51, f. II, I'J).

Anothi-r h\hriil of ^nppn^t•d mniihir pantilagc and of nriknnwn
origin w.'iH dcscriU'd hy Carrit-rt' an Juqinun inU'nnriUii fn/rif'unin.i
(I. r. 'JM, f 1 '.». — Koch, /. r Dipprl, /. » ) ; and r-till another
hyltrid nf the Hanir pari'Mlagr, wliidt in said to liavf originated in
the garden of the Trianon at VersailleN, is ih'-ierilied hy C de Can-
dolle a.H Juijliiut rttfiii iuttrmnlio (/Inn, Sn. .\al. M<r. I, xviii. M'J,

t.t. f. 41-ia)-

A Walnut -trtfP, Hnppofied to Ik- a hyhrid lN>twern Jittflnnn riurrra
and Juiflarit uitp^, in the li<ilanie (lanlen of Marhtirg, has Ih-cii
de-tcrilteil iV* JnijUim ciufrri>-tn<jni (Mnderoth, Lmuiiu^ xx'ix. 7'JH).

A Wnlimt-trce. found hy I'rofcu^or .1. T KothriKk growing in
Ftoi) coMipohcd of .sand and alhi\ial lt*Jiin t>n the Kowo Kami on tho
iioi^h hank of ihr lower .lainc.-* Kivir, in \'irginia, and dtitcrihed
hy lun in Fortft Ltttrnt ( ii. l;i;(, f ), has the liahit, hark, and fi)lia^r»'
iti Juiflnus rftfid, anti pn>iliic'-H nut.s which resctnhh' those of J<ii/!<tfit
tmjrtt in Hha{H\ with thick hard KhdU and nniall kenieN. Nothing
i<t known uf the hiiitory of thit n*nmrkahle tree, whndi, in IHHH, At
ftix feet ahuve the fliirfaee uf (he ground anil aUive ita greatly
^Molh'n l>a»e. hail a trunk elrcunifennee of t A'enty-four feet eiglit
iui he-*, while it;* longest hraiich wna nixty-M-ven feel in length The
nul of Ihtrt tree han the appeanmce of h\hnd origin, and reHi-in-
hlcH till' nut of a Walnut-tree groun in rraiice, and dcAeriUMl hy
farricre a.i Juiflnm rc*/iu ifihhi.xn (/. r- |H*;e. 'f.l. f. 'Jl 'JM ; \Hi\\,
\'JS, f lOl lo:l). Hhich nprang fnun one of a niinilier of nutt planU-d
hy a iiurMcrynian at l"oiitcua>-aiix-Uone^ alMuil 1S|S anil iMlieved to
have U'cn received hy hint ntithr the name of •• \on d'Anu^rupif*
mangi-ahles."

In eiuttern MaHftachiiHi'ltM nrveral VN'alnut-treeit of unknown ori-
gin, in remote .titiiationtt and isolated front each other, ap|H'ar inter-
iiuiliate in character iHtween Juiflafis cinrrrd and Juf/lann mjm,
and arf> prohahly hyhriili t>f theiie NpecU'H (Sargent, WtinUu otui
l-'onit, vii. \'M, f (»',(),

In C'diforitia two itilereHting hyhrid WalnntM Iiiim' iN-en priHliieeil
through artificial fertili/ation hy .Mr. l.utluT Murlmnk of Santa
Uo>a. The Hrtt waH ohtaitied in 1H7I hy fertilizing the llowcrn of
JiKji'iitui rrf/ift with the polh-n of Juiflauji ('nhfuntirii , it in reniark-
uhle for the great ni/e of itsi leaves and the vigor and rapidity of
itH growth. Tlie nutii, which an* pnKlncwi very NjiHriugly, rriwni-
hlc those i)f Jutfliitiit rfffut (Hiir)tank, AVir t'rrfiiwtLt in FntiU nuil
rhiwrn, ISa'l, 1>, f; IKIM, .'11, f). Mr. Hnrhank'n Heeond hyhriil
wjw produced hy fertilizing the flowers of Jui/hina mgnt with thi'

,ii(;i.Axi)ACK-i;

ry, orect from the
r oljKCuri'ly foiii--
i.si'1'nt, fflabrate or
rly. Nut ovoid or
lost' witli iricfjiilar
ly and iiTt'fjiilai-ly
valves ; tlic valves
spt'cit's also at the
<e hy the develoj)-
vo the middle, the
ii|H'x of the eavity
I'lietrated in some
he hottiim. Seed
he hottoni to the
rounded or deeply
:hen ahru|)tly coii-
■sta thin, mend)ra-
•adiatin^ from the
iperior, liliini; the

he Antilles, South

ia. northern China,

of eastern North

^. KnttiriH'k |;niwliiK in
tlu* U(>w0 Fiiriii on tllfl
\ ir^nniii, mill dt-nvriliiMl
hiiliit, liiirk, iind fuliiip*
stiultlr IhnHc uf Jiti/Unm
mull krrnrU. N<illiiii^
Iref, wlilrh, 111 IHHS, iit
mill iilnivf lift jjn'utly
; Ai'iit^-fiMir ft'i't I'i^lit
ri f,'ft 111 IrriKtli. Tlif
tinil (iri>rin. iiiiil n'Kfiii-
luicc, and tlciu'rilieil hy
'>. '.C.t, f. 'Jt-U3 ; lIMlt,
ntiiiiln'r of niitN pLintvd
It ISIH itnil In hi'vi'd to
' of •■ \on d'Aliii(rh(iii>

tri'cM ttf unknown ori-
u'li otlii-r, ii|i|M-Hr inttr-
rrti iind Jtuflims rrqiilt
(Siirp-nt. iiilnltu litut

ut>t liu\i' iM'cn priHlniHMl
irr llnrliHiik of Sunln
liliziii); (Im' ttowrni of
Uhirtitrn . it iit ri'liiiirk*
V vij,'or and mpiility of
vi-ry ^|iiinii^lv, rcwni-
'rtnlitirii in f-'niit.i nuit
rliiinkN HiM'ond li_0>rid
UitjUiun nif/ra with ttir

.It'OLANDACE^;.

SI /AW OF ]S;<HtTIl AMERICA.

Hi

Amcricii; one inhabits western Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, ranffinff far south into Mexico, where
one ' and perhaps two other"' species occur; and one inhahits the valleys of western California. The
flora of tht! Antilles contains a sinijle species of .lu}>ians/ while two or perhaps three others occur in
the northiM'ii and western countries of South America.' In the Old World the <^eiius is represented
hy ■/iii//iiiis rrijiii,'' an inhahitant of southeastern Europe and western Asia and now cidtivatcd in all
temperate countries, hy •linjliiiiK Mundshurivu'' of the Amour valley and northern China, and hy JtKjIuns

|tollt'u of JinjUliut (\tlil\>nimt. Tliu foliiifro anil habit of }^rowtll of
till!* trei' an* iiitrrmi'diati' U'twern thos,. of itH partMitH ; it priMlm-fH
fruit froidy and pnTiM-ionsly, and thr nut;*, resi>nihlin^ those of
Jtfi'.iifts tiiijrn, iirti siiid to \tv .siijii'rior in iiiiality to thoHo of cither
of its part-nts, lai-kilifr tin' strong; flavor of tin" nut of Jmji'in.i mijra
anil possfs^iii^ till' tla\or and swi't'tlirsfi of tliosr of tin' Caiiforiiia
8|N'<'ii>s (Itiirliank, .%'»■»/• fri'iilum in h'ruitu unit i'Uncer*, IH'.Kl, 10, f,),
' Juifliinx mitiVi.,. Kiii;i-linann, }li'm.<tiii Pimj. PL .Vor. .">! (1H.S0).
— llrinsli'V. lliil. Hull. Am. Cent. iii. l(i,l.

JnijUtnx .Mirirana, Watson, l*rnc. Am. .irwt. xxvi. l.VJ (IS'.tl).

* JufffiiiiM fii/nfonni.i, l.ii'binann, ri*/rii.*jl-. Mpitit. t'ri\ mil. Fur.
Kj.ihtnk. lS."iO, 7t». — Walpf r«, Inn. iii. K-ll. — ('. do Candolli',
/'n«/r «»i. pt. ii. i;iH. Hiiusli'v, /. .-. llH.

H'liWiVi /ivri/.irmu, Ali'f.'ld, llonplnmlui, ix. XW ( IStll ).

* .luijliinji mmliini, (irisi'lia.li, Cur. /'/. r Vj. IW (IS(itl) ; Krir Hull.
M.irtHilnrnnj Informittniu, April, ISiH, liW.

*JniiUins finirrii, A. Hii-ttanI, /•'/. Cuh. iii. 'J."(l (not l.inna'iis)

(tS.M).

' Littip is known t>f iti Soutli Antrricun Wuliiut.'^. Hr. .\. Knut,
rliriM'tipr of till* N'atiiuutl Nhi.tcuiii of \'i'nr;.ucla, ilt'iuTllH'H llir wikhI
i>f :i riJitivi' siM'cifH ufn'tl in ('(inniw in cahiiict-timkin^, which he
n'ffr« |n./«j*//(iMi ctni^Mi, Kinnwus {Im ICrfHuiciou Xanimal ilf IVrtf-
zu'ln ffi IKKl, 'JlU). KnifCinrntttry HiMH'inuMM nf Wiihmt-lrcfM have
iHTti riilli'ftt^it in ihe I'liitrtl Suti'n nf Cohunbia and in Bolivia
{Juiflnna nit/nt, var. /lohrunui, ('. dvt ('iniihillt*, Ann. Sri. \nl. st*r.
■I. xviii. 'X\ ( lrt*VJ) ; /V.x/r. /. r. 1^7); iuhI in ihi' ivntnil rej;ion of
Peru, aUmt t'h'vrn ilf^rtM>.<t itottlh i»f lhi> iM)iiiiti»r, itt fh'Viition.H of
from two thoniutnit to fonr thoii.'t.'tnil ft-i-t ahuvi* the hvcl of th(r
wa, a Wiilniit rfiwinhiint; J'ujUin.* 'm/nt i-* hjihI to U* a i-on.H|)itnoii-t
ami viiliiahtr tinilwr-trtH'. (St-o Ketc liuil. of .\tutrrllnnftin.i itifnrmit-
tiot,, I. c. I to.)

* LinnjeuH, .s'/ic.- W7 ( K.Vl). ~ l>uhain)'l, TntU- dr.i Arf-ri'.i Fntit-

irM, nouv.«m. III. I. MO, m. — Ahfohi. /. c. :i:i*;. — ('..U'ramioih',

Priflr. I. i\ VXi. — Kurz, /•^irrsl FL Hrit. Itunn. ii. I'.H), — Itoinxicr,
17. ihifuL IV. IKU). - iluukor f. hi. ftrtt. hut. v. 51)5.

JutfUms rfifui, var. Kamaoniit, C ilt' t'an»Ii)Uf, .l^fi. Sri. .Wit-

I. c. , /V.-/r. i r. IMi.
Juijlttnx rrijui, var. Sinmiiji, ('. th* CaiiJolIc, Atm. Sri. .S'nt. I. r.

i. 4, f. :W, ;U» ; /V.>./r. /. r. — Miixinniwu-/, Hull. Anvl. Sn. St.

IKtfnhimrtj, xvii, 57 {\t<l. Hu4. viii. r»;U)).
fJinfUim inlrrmfdui aUiUx, Carriirc, Ufv. /lor(. IHCm, \U\. —

I)i|i|H>l, /.aul'hUd: ii. 'MXh
fJuijliins mt''rmf*iui iiuadnvujHlaUi^ Carrit'rc, /. (*. 1H70 71, VX\,

t iUMW.

Jmjtnns rfffin, which i* a htr^tt and l-^fty tret' with Httiiit s|trca4U
iii^ hnini'ltcH, IM |iniba)>ty indip>noUN on tht* nu>iintain!i of ttrt'tH-i',
111 .Vrnii'nia, in Ihr ri>f,;ion Hoiilh of the Cant-iiAUH anil the Ctutpiiiii
StM, on thr northw<-Hti-rii and nortln'm Ilinialiiyji.H, and in Hiirniidi
( A. dt' CainloUi-, Oru/inf dts /Vuh/m ('r.//ir.r<, HIJ). It w:is iiilli-
\iil('d in northt-rn India in vitv rarly tunvn atitl i-arrii'd tht'iu-c to
China, wluTi' it i» stdl ^^rown on a Lirp* st-ah' (Itri'tM-lincidrr, On
tht' I'll/'c' fVitl Sluilft nf ChtnfUt' />'()/<lKiill/ U'ltrin, til ; Fiirlij A'fjro-
/K(i« limrarrheii tulo thf f'iitni of ('Aind, \7\). Il in prolmhly not

indigenous, however, to China, nur is tlieru any evidence that this
tren is a native of dapaii, ils many authors have helievcd, althun^li
it is tHTitsionally seen iii that country in the neij;hhorhoiMl of liunuui
hahitatioiis. 'I'lie (iroeks eultivated a variety td' tlii.s tree obtained
friuii i't-rsia ; the INiinans earrird it to Italy, whence its eidtivatioil
a.s a fruit-tree ha.-* ."ipread tlirou|;li all the eoniitries of stnitheru and
western Kurope, the I*aeitie states of North America, Chili, and
other teiiiperatr rej^ioiis. The nnts, wliieh in the Cnited States are
usually called Kuj,di>h walnuts, and are eaten fresli, sonietinio.s bi--
ft)re they are ripe, and freipiently cured or pickled, form an impor-
tant article of fo<Ml in Huuthern Kuro])e and are consumed in all
eivili/ed countricH. The nut of the wild tree iii small, with a thick
hani shell and small kernel, and is scarcely edible, but centuries of
cnitivatiou and cai«.'ul selection have produced a imniber of fornm
with variously shaped thin-siielled nuts, which are propa^ted by
jiraltirij; or budilin^ (Loudon, Arf>. lint. iii. WS<\. — Carnere, /. t".

ih:,ii, 1 17, f. x\ ; is<;o, y,\\\, f. 107, i'>07, f. uh ; ikoi, i*_'5, f. in*,

liHI, 1(M, l()."i, lUS ; IKf.S, I.V., f. .V) ; 187-', Hit ; 1878, 5;t, f. 10. —
C di- Caadolle, /V-Wr, /. r. i;iti).

In Kurope and nurthcrn India Walnut-oil is pre.tsed from the
cot\ lt>dnn.><, and is con.sunied in lar^e ipiantities as a substitute fur
olivc'oil in cttitkiu^, for illuminating;, and for mixing with paint and
\ariii.sh (S|muis, FnritrUtjMtdin of' Jntiiuitria! Artjt, Mftnu/(tt'lurt.-<, anil
liatr Comtnerfial l*rixiM'tg^ ii. \\\\\, 'JO'Jl). The wotnl i>f this tree,
whicli is tou^h, strung, moilerately hard, aud very tlurahle, is light
brown and <ifteu iH'autifully market) witii darker .■•hades ; it does
not warp or ><pltt easily, and can In- matle to receive a U'autiful
iwilinh The w««k| of no other tree is considered so valuable for
gtiiiHtiK-ks ; III Kurope it is largely useil for this purpose and for
furtiitiire, and in Ca'^huicre it \^ einployeil in turnery and is some-
times lacqiicrrd. The j;reeu busks of the nuts ciuitain a yellow-
britwu coluriii;; matter, and are u.scd in tlyein^ cloth ant) to staiu
wimhI ilark. la India the )mrk is used as a dye, in native medicine,
and as a dentifrice ; ami the leaves luut young brandies scr\e tw
fisider for domestic aninuds (Itrandis, Fore.-tt FL lirit. Ind. 198).

The hu.'^k of the nut has Ihhmi employed in Kurope as a vermi-
fuge fnuii the time of the ancients, auil the oil of tlie nut Wiis once
U'lieved to Ih' etiicaciiuis ag;iin>t tape-worms. In l-'raiice a bitter
and Kstringcnt infusion of iIk> lca\es has U>en fouiiil ctfective in
tl'e treatment of scrofula (Kotpies, /'/. I'mtlln^, ed. '-', i. '-'ill, t. 7-,
f. 'Jl*-'. — llayni>, .lr:'j. xtii. 17, t. 17). From tlie liittcr »uitcr coat
of the .seed a variety of tannic acid has Ih'cii obtained, for which
the nanie of iiuci tannin h:is been proposed (/*. .S*. /^i.tytffw. ed. 10,
K50), am) from the green husk of the fruit nncin was obtained by
A. \'ogel am) Heischauer ((ituelin's Chemi.<try^ ed. Cav. xvii. 'JO),
the jaglandic acid of .1. A. Huchner {Burhner^s liepertoriuiUt xxix.

*■' Manimowic/, 1>'JI. Phi/:i.-\fiil. .irad. St. Fitrr^hounj, xv. 177
(l"^'!*!) ; /Vim. /■■/. Amur. 7t> ; Hull. Anid. Sci. St. I'tttrnhourtj, I. c.
58, f (.U./. /io/, /. c. f.), -Alefeld, /. c — C. de Candidlc, Prodr.

i. f. i;w.

fJui/liin.i .ilrtuh'iir/Mt, Maximowic/, Prim. Ft. .Imur. 78; Bull.
Anid. Sci. St, Ptrnhourg, I. r. 5l». f, (.U,7. I!ti>i. I. r. (V.\l, f.).

!

I \

1

1

Ii:

no

S/LVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

jlolandacka:.

SlihohViHHd ' of Japan. The tvjif is an ancient one in Europe, from which later it entirely (lisiippeared,
cxistiii'^ in the cretaceous flora and ahouiulinj; with many species during; tiie tertiary epctch ;■ in North
America traces of .Indians appear in the eocene nn'krt of the nortliern Koeky M(»unt;iin rej^ion and 4)f
the northwest coast froui Vancouver's Island to Alaska, re<;ions where no represenUitive of the Walnut
family now exists,*^ and in the auriferous jjravel deposit of the (California Sierra Nevada/

Julians produces handsome strai*^ht-«xrained lij^lit or dark hrowu w*>od valued in cahiuet-making.
The nuts of all the species are edilde, and thosi* of Jutj/utts ntjut are important commercially. The
juices of .Indians possess tinctorial properties, and are en»phiycd, espci-ially thost* of the North American
Jiti/hf/is rim riff, to dye cioth yellow ; and the hark, luid husk of tlic fruit, which contain Umnic acid,
are sonu'tiincs used in tanuin<j lcatlu*r.

The diil'crent species of Juglans are preyed upon by numerous insects'* and are subject to serious
finical diseases.''

Jjujuxns regm tx-toijotm. Carrion', /iVr. Uort. 1H«U, I'J^}, f. 100,

lit:

Plrroi^tyo norfii/'ttiia, MH|itel, Arw. .l/t*.<. finf. I.mjd. Hat. lii. UKt

{PnU. Fl.JafK) (m.t Su'IhiM & /.iiroarini ) (lS*t7).

A niitivr of nitrtlH;».-tiTn A-^ia, when* it was tl'si-nvrn-d Itv llio
Hii»iaii lkttani>t Maxiiiiowt"/. Jtufmua Mtitnlfhuriru, wliii'li ih hanlly
i!iH(m^tii>lialiIi' from tin* N'orlli Aiiit'rii'ari J\niUina rifirrrn in lialnt,
folia^i', ami fruit, was intriHlitiTil 5i>\»nil vt-ars a^ti, tluoiiKli lhi>
aj;t*iK*\ of tlu* Iliitaiiii' (ianlcii (if -M. IVttTHlnirj;. into l'!urtt|>oati
ami Aiiicritan );;inli>mt. In New Kii};laml litttl luTtlicrn Kiirii|>4< it
is hiinlv ami ^nrtKluci-ii a) ttittlant i'n»|rt uf \\\\\* {(ninf. i'hnm. wr. li,
iv. ;i.H4, f. ');l. — fia-iier. oud Fortst, i. :m\, U.H).

' Mftxiiiiowir/, Huii. Acad. Sci. St. Pi trrslHturg, x\i\. (M). f, (.U//.
/tiW. viii r»;U. f.) (IK7*J).— Fruicliet & Savaticr. Anum. /V Jup.
4o;V ~ UMilltV. /<wi. iinrt. Sfffrrz. I, t. I. *J.

Juffinris ui(fnt, TlninlMT^,', /'/. Jup. VXt (not Linnwiiji) { 17S|).
JuijUvi* MiVfi'huruti, Mitpit-l. /. f . lOl (iii'I Maxiimiwic/)

(18(i7). — Ull|Mint. /iJKitjo* t'orrflt. rrf tin Jti/,tni, Cil:.
Jut/Utns rorf/i/iinni.*, Maxiniowicz, /. r. (*»'.;, f. /. r. (k'ITi, f.

(IST'J).
JuffUiM ntlanU/olui^ Carril-n', /. r. ISTS, 111. f. H*>.
JufflniiS macropkxilUiy Carrion', /. c. Il.'».

The Ja^mnpiH^ Walnut i» a roinimm tivr in tlio furrnt* «'f Ypso,
where it iiften attains the hiM^ht t»f Hftv f<-i't, anil in watton-d
thniuKhtlii> imttintait) rt>^i<>ri^ <tf tin' other iitlamU. In \Ks hahit, in
the roliir uf itA ftalt' furrowt'd )>ark, in its raerimt-te fniil. ami in the
piilx'st'i-nt ro\)-rin;; <if iln \i)iini; Imim-heH ami tlie iiiiiiT Nurfaee of
it* lt>ave», It re'«euihle» the North Ainerieau Jntfi'ans rtufrnt. The
nut, wliu-h ^a^ielt ^n-atly in size ami Kha|H\ r<-M>nihli>ii in fi)rin ttml
iiiariiiiij' the nut of .fuf/lfin.* rfffiit ; it i* iMtnlerat«'ly thin-fth)-ll. il,
wiih ,'t tar^e nwfft <'ilihle kernel, -tml in an iin|M)r1ant artieli* of
f<»t>.| ill hII the northern ilintriets of ilajian, althuu({h the tn-e» are
not euUivateil at least to any extent, the nuts ftold in the uiarketit
U-injj i)htaim->l fr»»ni wild tree* of the forent.

A {MM'uliar llattened form of thin nut, |M>inted at tht- a)M'X ami
more or Ii'hh conlulf at the haoe (Jw/ltiuf i unixtonny*), wan found
by the UiiHiian tuival oflirer Alhn'elit ex|mM>d f or ftale m the nmrkrt
of ii;ik«Hlalf ; Minilar ntil.i. wiid to In- liron^ht from the fon-st- nf
I* iiji-j»un, an? >olil hy the Heed-men t>f Viikohania, allhoiij^h tlie trecn
whieh |irodu<-«> thi-in nn* not diHtini^ui^lu-d hy thi> JaimneMe laitan-
i^t■l (Nargent, Siitr% nu fhf Firrfft Puirtt v/ Jfl/Mtri,i'A>). Jutfltinf .S'lr*
iHtliimnn wan introilured m-iny yeani H({ii hy Sielwld ii:to Kiiropean
pinlens ; it i* (M-rfectly hardy in eentral KurcijH" and in New Knjj-
laiid, wIh-h- it prtMlncei* fruit e^ery year.

^ ('.lie Candolh', Auti. Sn. \iit. N*r1, x\(ii, IW. Saportit, (inyinf

Pali'ouloiogiifne ttf.i Arhm, 'jm. — /ittel, ffatulh. Pal<fiitoUuj. ii. -l-lfi,

t".*".:, f. I Ti.

■ Ia')*i|nen'ux, Ufp. f' .S. f^etiiip.}. Siirr. vii. 'JH4, t- .M, f. -VU, t.
.Vi. I 11. t. rA\, I 10, f. .•>«, f. 1. t. tV2, f. i\\} ; viii. lilkst. Ati\ f. 11
(('<mtnf'. Fntsil PL ir. Trrrttitries. ii., iii.).

* I.eHtjutn'ux. Mrm. .\tuit. <'omp. /Cai\{. vi. pt. ii. IH ,*.<5i7 P!a-tts
of thr AuriUnt'ts (irarrl PffiOftt.t of thr Sirrni Xriiulu).

^ Altluui^di little i* known of the imti'etji whirh fird u|Mni the
ft|«'en-* of.Iutilaus that j;row in the nouthwrMtern [wtrt of the I'nited
States, mo;-e than ttixty kiiuUan* n-eorded as pri'Vinj; u|Nin thi.'< p>nnti
ill North Ameriea. Of the wiMal-lHirinff x|M>eie<t, prolmhly the wornt
known enemy of .iD^rlniiK in Ainertra i* the llu-kory lUirer. ViiUme
fnrttin, l>riiry. Srvrral other ft|M't*ie!*, however, have la-en reeorde<l
ait afTeitm^; the wimhI or hark, chielly after they have U-pun to
de»ay. Amonp neale in^ectn An/tfintttu JuijUmiIti, Fiteh. and /,»■
rtj'itrim JutfUmdtjri, Kit'-h, are found on the hark of hranehes anil
twin's.

I'll*' ^[M-rii's of f.iIiajri-H*alen« an- ntnuernuii on Julian* The lar^m
of a liaiid?«4Miie Kphinx moth, Stnmnthf^'* Juifliituh.*, AhUit \ Sntith,
fffd upon the leavm. TheM* tnM-^ are favorite fotMl. plants fur the
larva* of the In-anttful I. una Moth. .l'-/i<i.< I. una, KiniuPtifi, of Citk-
rronut rrtfalu, Kahrieiiiii, and other larf<;e ll«MnhyeidN whieh leldom,
however, eanse inueh injury, a.nl an* often rather ran*. Ihlana
miniMtni, Oniry, in MtinetiineM very trouhle^Minte, r4|HTirtlly in th«
wet>tern Mtiitea, and Ihitittyt uttfiffrnma, (irote \ Kolnuson, alito
«Krunt on our \N'alniit-tn-es. Tin* wrhs of the Kail \N fl^-worm,
I/^/>h'iulnn ruuni, Dnirv, an* often ronspniiou* on Walnut-tree^ in
the eaKt4-rn state-i. and the lar\M* do rousideruhte injur), mimetiinea
entlnlv »tnppinp the tree* of foliaj^f. The la. \n» of ncnienuis
tfjH-rti-x of ('at>H-ala and olhir Nortuuls an* t-oinnion on theiie Irci**.

Amonjj Himith-r folia^e-injuriu); l^'pidoptera nior« nr leu* |»eeu-
liar to the genua ia the Walnut caae-livarer, AtToitosis JugiivuHt,
i^ Itaniu ; and the larvn* of LttkoroiUtu juglatuHfilti, Clemena,
\rf,tii uin juiflntuli/olirlla, Clctnenii, (ininUtrui juglitftdituj/rtrellat
ChanilaTV, and Asfintu-ti jtigiandulia, C'hamheni, live within the
ti^sui* of the leaves ami make tortuuui or hloteh-ininepi lieneath their
ephlt-rinin.

A little Us'tle, /'rtn/i atrrrtmn, Olivier, oft*'n eatu numeroua
holi'M in the voting Iraves and drvottr!* the hloNSoniN ; a Niiiall flat
lleiiiiptenui. I'mtji* Ju<)lan»t\it, Kitch, is fn*<pientl\ found NUi'kinfp
the jiices from the lower nurfaet* of the leaves of Jui/inns nnfm: ;
and a weevil, (\motnichflu* JntfUvxiit*, 1.^^ Conte, iHimetiiiieA infests
the fruit.

* JuftlftON in North Ameriea has few [leenliar funpil enemies,
and in f^fnipnil the tame panuitie funf^i whieh are found on it iM'enr

?iitir«'ly ilisiiiipeared,
■y t'podi ; ■ ill North
itiiin region and of
itivi' of the Wahiut
Ida.*

I in oal)inet-making.
conniu'icially. Tlie
the North Anu'rican
'ontain tiinnic acid,

! suhject to serious

llandh. l'al<tnloliy. ii. 44fi,

vii. 2S4, t. ,M, f. n-1 1, t
II !•; viii, i;3.1, 1. 4li\ f. 11

fi. pt. ii. :u J,,/ Vln.ug
rrra ,\rrailii).
I'll* whii h fii'il ii|uiii Ihn
nstirii |«irt uf ihf I lilted
u» pri'Viinr u|Hiii lliix ipiiin
"•i-ii'H, prolinlilv lli(. wimt
11- Ili.knrv Itiirfr. (\llmt
•'Vtr. Iiavti Ih'imi rri'iinlutl
ifCiT llit'v linvr iK'giiii to
'ui/lmilii, Kiloli, unci I.r-
II" l»irk uf lirniKlii'n und

i» nil .lii|;Una. rim liiniB
;/"i'"fo. AI.Ikii \ Siiiiih,
iiiriti- fiH«|.|,luiit, for iliv
/ 'i'lii, l,iiiiiirii», <if Cith'
liiinlivi ill. »hii h nldiiin,
I'll rutlirr mrtv IiiHtina
iHoiiii', .•«|HMi«lly ill Ihe
lirutr & KuImuhiiii, alao
of thi- Kail Wi'lt-wiimi,
■uoiu uii Wnlimt-tmii in
prnlilo iiijiirv. Ntniifiiniea

riii> In. v.K uf liLiiiirnlK

I'liliimiin on tliriif Irwu.
1<T» III, in. or lr«» |wii-

I juiilaiutirlln, Cli'iiirni,
innn juijititt<iitmjrfreUat
iiulxTn, livu vitkin the
Dtcb-minra beneatli tliair

■, often eatn iiiinicroiDi
lilimi.iTiis ; II niiiall Hat

I'ljiKMillv fiiiinil HUi'kihK
vcH of Jiit/limg ntifm: ;

onti', Hiiiiicliiiii'.i iiifi'sta

feiiliar fiin),'nl i>npiiiii'n,
•Ii arc fmiiitl i>n it woiir

JlTif.ANDACE.*;.

,SrLrA OF NORTH AMERICA.

117

The species of Jufrhms can \w easily raised from seeds, which should not be allowed to dry before
they are ;ilanted, as they soon become rancid and lose their power of germination." The varieties can
be propagated 1)y grafting.

The generic name, the classical name of the Walnut-tree, from Jupiter and tjlanK, was adopted by
LinnieuH, who discarded the older Nux of Toiirnefort.'

iilso on Ilii-iiriii and an- not tlio cause of nerioiiH diseaae. Micro- evor, tliiH fiiiiKiis docH oompamtivply little daiiingc. A npot disease

ilroma Jwilamlii, .Saoeardo e of tli out Kencrally (li«tnl>uled i» prodiiped on tlii> leaves of jM/lnm rlijm liy Cermimm JmjUiwIis,

fiMiRi on tile leaves of Walnuts anil lliekiiries, apjK'ars as a tliin Kellernian & S»'iii);le.

whitish layer on llie mider surface of the leaves, eansini; them to ' Cohli, tt. \V,mllim(h, Mi.— Fuller, practical Foresl-t/, 158.

carl Aud ultimately to ahrivel up. lu apite of its freipicney, how- '' /ml. ."iSl, t. M6.

coN.spEcrrs of ..(k north axikrican species.

Fruit rneemiMe ; nut prominently IriblH'd at tlio suturex. 'J-c'clled at the liane ; heartwood lif^ht lirown.

liCatleta II to 17, obloiiK-laiiceoIato

Fruit uaimlly aolitary or in jiaira; nut without autural riba, 4-eclle(l at the Uw : luartwooil dark brown.

I..eaHeti< li'i lu I'.'i, ovatedaneeolate : nut ileeply and irre^ilarlv rid);ed

I>"»(let» 9 to 'J.'t, laneeolale to ovatedaneeidale ; nut deeply sulrale

Leatleta 11 to 17, ovate-lanceolate ; nut obacurcly auleate

1. .1. (INKKEA.

2. .1. MliU.\.

;*. J. ui;it:sif(I.s.
4. J. Califuk.viiA.

II

' f

■r

♦ ■

V

1

1

i

p

■

r

118

tilLVA OF NOliTU AMKltlCA.

JUULiVNUACKiK.

JUGLANS OINEREA.
Butternut. Oilnut.

Lkafi.kts 11 to 17, oblonf^-laiu'coliito. Fruit oMoiip, acuto, nicomoso ; nut 4-ribbed
iit till' suturi's, doi'i)ly sculptured into thin ragged plates, 'J-eelled at tlnj base.

JUBliins cinerea. I.iiiniiMm. .s'/^v. im1. 'J, I lITi (ITCi.'l). —
.Ian|uin. linn. 1,'ir. i. I'.l. t. I'.*'.'. — Muoiich, luuniie
n',/«... .S;t. — Wiiiit;riili..„:i, .\„r,l,im. Ilnl:. L'l. t. '.t. f.
'.M. — WiilliT. /■'/. ('•()•. 'J.'i."i — Willili'iuiw, Hi-rt. Hdiiiiiz.
l,"i(i; .Syr.-, iv. I."it> ; Kiiim. U7'.(. — riwli({li<>ni. IVi/;/.
iif'jli Sliili I'liili, ii. I'lhi. — li'.irkliaUMCii, U<iiiilh. Fomt-
l,„t. i. T.-.l. — I',)iri-t. A-iHi. Dirt. iv. .".O!! ; ///. iii. ;iai. t.
rsi, f. 7. — Sclnniill. (hair. }i,uimx. iii. WX. t. Kit.—
Miu'lilcnltory A WilMfnow, Sfur Srhfijt. (irsfll. tint. Fr.
lUrlin. iii. :(«S. - Mirli.iux. Fl. lior.-.im. ii. 1'.>1. — I'cr-
noon, .S'^ii. ii. 5ti(i. — IVsfuntaini'a. Ilisl. Arh. ii. ;f47. — Du
Jlont lie Coiirdct. lii>l. full. imI. 'J. vi. '.'.'Vi. — Stokes, ll't.
.l^/^ M,:l. iv. -lO'.'. — I'ursli, Fl. Am. Sf/>l. ii. C^tO. —
Itin.l.r.v. F/. /;.«/..«. '.'.iO. — NiUUll. i;,n. ii. ■.".'0. —
ILiviir. Ihiulr.F'.. 16.1. — Klliolt. .S'*. ii. t'.L".'. — .S|ir."ii^;c.l.
^y,«^ iii. S(M. — Ai'ilulHin. Ilinh, t. UL'. — S|hu'Ii. Ilial.
I't'j. ii. 170. — Hntine«ii(iie, Ahoijrfi/ih. Am. (JTi. — IliHikcr,
Fl. Itir.Am. ii. ll.l. — Torri'v. Fl. S. »'. ii. l.S(t. — |)i.-
tricli, >N';/». v. 'AVi, — Oarlingtun, Fl. Ve»tr. ctl. .'!, L'tiL'. —

CiirliK. AV/i. (Imloij. Siirr. .V. fur. IHOO, iii. 45. —
('li!i|miiin, ^Y. JISI. — C. ik- C«ii(li)lli', .tun. Sri. A'd'. fft.
•I. xviil. l(i, t. •(. f. t.'i : I'ritih. xvi. p;. ii. 1,'!7. — Kwll,
llfiiili: i. .W.). — Kiiu miiii. Trren .Miin.t. ei\. 'J, '.'t'7, t. —
Kiil^fwiiy. /'n.r. r. lS'. All/. J/h.«. IKJtL'. 76. — Ijiurllo,
lhi:iarlie Iknilr. liO.'i. — Sarifriit, Fm st Trrea X. Am.
\y\lh (■.«.«»« /'. .V. ix. l.'ld. — Watwin & Coiiltpr, (Iniij't
M.i„ cil. (!, 4t>7. — Dipiii'l. HiimllK I.'tiihhohk. ii. ;t'J(l.—
Ktiiliiif, Ih'utxrhr Ih'iuir. 76.

JuKlnnH oblougn, .Mill.r. Dirt. e.l. 8, No. .'t (KtW). — \)a
Uoi. Iliirhk. Iliuimx. i. .'CI'.'. — Moeiu-li, Mrth. 0'.M).

JuKlnna oblonita alba, .Miinliall. Arlmtt. Am. 67 (1786).

JukIhus niwra. ,>'. Sdi i,.|if, .M.it. .Mnl. imrr. \'.\'.\ ( I7N7).

JuKlann cathiirticu. Micliaiiji f. Ilitt. .irh. Am. i. Itl.'i, t.
•J (I.SIO).

Carya cathartioa. lUrton, Com/M-nil. Fl. J'liiia. ii. liS
(ISl.S).

Wallia cinerea, AlefcM, Itoniilimdia. ix. .lliO (1H61).

A tr(H'. (MMMsii.iially one liiiiiilit'il feet lii^li. with a tall straifjlit trunk two to tlirpo feet in diiimotor
nnil sonu'tiiiicN frcf nt' iuanrlu's fur li.ilf it.s lii-i;;lit, Imt niDri- fr('(|iu'ntl_v tlividiiijj;, (iftfi'n <ir twenty ftt't
iibovf the surface of the "jroiiml. int<i niniieroiis .■^toiit liiiilis whieh spread hori/tontally often to a {jreut
Jenjjtli, and form a l)road low .syninietrical round-topped hea I. The hark of the trunk is from thret>
(piarters of an ineh to an ineii in tliiekness, ami is lif^ht hrown and deeply divided into hroad ridp's,
which .separate on the surface into small appressed plate-like .scales ; that of youu); trunks and of the
hranchcs is smooth and lii^ht f^ray. The hranchlcts, when they first appear, are eoatcd, like the |H.>tioleit,
with rufous pulicscciice. which gradually disappears during the sunnner ; and in their tirst winter thev
are dark oran;;(-lirown or liri;;;ht ^reen. rather lustrous, slijjhtly pnherulous, covered more or less thickly
with pale lenticels, liecomin<r hrown tinned with rcil or oranp> in their second yeiir, and then gradually
losinj^ their lustre and fjrowin;^ f^f^'V. The leaf-scars are lijjht fjray, and made conspicuous hy the
lar<;e hlack lihro-vascular hundle-scars and hy the elevated hands of |)ale tomentum which separate thelu
from the lowest :i.\illarv liuds. The terminal huds are one hall to two thirds of an inch in length and
one ijuarter of an inch in lireadth, and ,'ire sonu'what tiattencd and uhllipiely truncate iit the a|it>x.
The two outer scales .ire coated externally with sliiut jiale ji\djescenee, and when fully Jjrown are an
inch lonj; and om? tl ird of an inch wide; they are often narrowed into hroad distinct stalks, and aru
thickened ami refolded on the hack and acut<> at the thickened apex ; the inner Hcales are lonjrer und
hroader, ami aie frei|uently ohscurely pinnate, resemiilin;^ the first leaves, which are an inch and a
half lon<;. with t.vo or three jiairs of small leatlets ami thickened stalks widened from the has<> to the
apex, where they are frei|iu'ntlv half an iiu'h across, and covered on the outer surface with rusty
lirowii tomentum and uii the iiiuer with soft pale hiiirs. The axillary huds uro ovate, Ihittcncd, rounded

JUGLANUALK/K

I'^o ; nut 4-ribbed
1'..' base.

r,ir. 18(10, iii. 45. —
cilli'. .Inn. Sri. ,Vii'. m^r.
vi. pt. ii. l;t7. — Kwh,
» .l/lM.«. Cll. 'J. 'J07, t.—
»■ IXS'J, "G. — l,<iiicliv,
I. F'li at Tree.1 .V. Am.
ilnnii A Ciiiilior, tlnii/'t
li. I..,nl,h„hk. ii. [VM.—

S. N... ;t (17(W). — IJu
HMiili, .Mtth. Ci'Ki.
.irhnMt. Am. fi." ( ITHfl).
rtl. Amfr. l.W (17«7).
rw^ .Irh. Am. i. Ityi, t.

n,l. ft. I'liila. ii. ITS

<j, ix. .t;tr. (i«6i).

rcf feet ill iliiimct^r
ttfii or twoiity fc»;t
\\\ iiftt'ii to u jjreat
trunk Ih from tlirc-o
il iiitii liroiul ridfjcs,
triiiik.s anil of tin*
■<l, like tin- iH'tiolcH,
•ir tir»t wint«T llicy
more or lew tlii.kly
iml tlu'ii gratliially
I'oimpioiious liy the
iliieli Hcpar.iti? tlicin
inch in Iciifrth anil
niatf at tlic a|)cx.
fully jjrown are an
inci stalkN, anil aro
ill's art' lonjrcr ami
111' an ini'li and a
•oni the liaw to tlio
snrfai'i' with rusty
flattened, ruunded

jlulandacea;

SUVA OF NOliTH AMEL'ICA.

11!)

at the apex, an eifjhtli of an inch lonp, and covered with rusty hrown or pale pHhescencp. The leaves
are from fifteen to thirty inches lon^j, with stout [uiiicsci'iit petioles and eleven to seventeen leaflets;
these are olilonfj-lanceolate, acute or aeuminate at the apex, finely serrate with minute callous teeth
except at the uneipially rounded lia.se, and .si-ssile or short-petiolnlate, the teriniiial leaflet lieiiifr raised
on a slender stalk often two to three inches in leu;:;th ; when they unfold they are yellow-frreeii, slifrhtly
jjlandnlar and sticky, lustrous and scurfy on the upper surface and pulienilous on the lower ; and at
maturity they are three to four inches lonj;, an inch and a half to two inches wide, thin, yellow-fjreen, and
ru^jiise above, and pale and soft-puhescent Itelow, with conspicuous pale midriiiH rounded on tiie upper
side and eoiispieuous primary veins. In the autumn the leaves turn yellow or brown and fall early.
The catkins of staminato fl-iwers aro covered during the winter with the closely imbricated eoii.spieuous
flower bracts coated with pale tomentuni, and vary from a sixteenth to an eif;lith of an inch in lenjjth ;
they bej^in to lengthen during the month of May, and when fully grown are from three to five inches
long, the flowers unfolding when the leaves have attained about half their size. The ]ierianth of the
flower, which is subtended by a bract covered with rusty puiiesience and acute at the apex, is a quarter
of an inch long, bright yellow-green, slightly puberulous on tiie outer surface, and usually six-lobed, the
lateral lobes terminating in tufts of brown hairs ; there are usually twelve or sometimes eight or ten
stamens with nearly sesitile dark brown antherH surmounted by their darker slightly lobed connectives.
The female flowers are constricted above the middle and one third of an inch long, and are produced
ill six to eight-flowered spikes, maturing after the pollen of the stamiiiate flowers has been mostly shed.
The bract and bractlets which form the outer covering of the flower are coated with sticky white or
pink glandular hairs ; the bract is linear and acute, and is .sometimes free at the ba.se of the ovary or in
often adiiatc to it to the middle ; the bractlets are broadly ovate, acute, entire or irregularly cut at the
apex into numerous small teeth, and rather shorter than tin,- iiiiear-laiiceolate sepals, which are puberu-
lous on the outer surface. The stigmas are cluvate, spreading, bright red, and half an inch long. Three
to five fruits often ripen on one branch; they are cylindriial, oli.scurely two or rarely four ridged,
ovate-oblong, pointed, coated with rusty clammy matted hairs, and an inch and a half to two inches and
a half in length. The nut is ovate or rarely (dmvate. abruptly contracteil and acuminate at the apex,
and furnished at the two sutures with thick broad ridges ; alternate with these are two other ridges
nearly or ipiite as prominent, and between these dorsiil and marginal ridges are four tithers narrower
and less developed ; the thick hard wall is light brown, a ipiarti'r of an inch tliick, and deeply sculptured
on the outer surface betwe<>n the ridges into thin broad irregular broken longitudinal plates, and
contains numerous large internal longitudinal cavities ; it is two-celled at the base and oiu-eelled above
the middle, with a narrow poiuteil apical cavity. The cotyledons are ovate-oblong, ridged on the back,
slightly concave on the inner face, rounded and entire at the base, and abruptly contracted above into
the loiig-pointeil radicle.

•luijIimH vim rid prefers rich moist soil in which it grows near tlie banks of streams and on low
rocky hills, and is di.stribu;"d from southern New Brnnswiek, the valley of the St. Lawrence Kiver
and Ontario' to easier:-. Dakota ■ and southea.stern Nebraska;' it ranges southward through the
iiortbern states to Delaware, southern Missouri,' and northe.istern .\rkans;is,'' and along the .\palacbian
Mountains to northern (icorgia anil the headwaters of tiie Hlack Warrior Kiver in Winston County,
Alabama.' One of the most abundant trees in the lowland forests of t' e north, south of the Ohio
Hiver the Hntternut is nowhere very common and is usually of small size.

The wood of ./uijhinx ciiiiTiii is light, soft, not strong, rather coarsi>-grained, and easily worked,
with a satiny surface su'weptible of receiving a beautiful polish ; it is light brown, turning darker with

' UmiH't, Cll IVj. l.ifi. Cnn. -Hi. - lU'll, tieul,iij. I<rp. (.'im.
1S7H .SI), .VC. — Ma.'i.im, Cm. fan. I'l. VM.
' Mi'Millan, .MrhuiHrmt of Ihr .Minnrtiiln Viilli-), 177.
• llo»i«'j-, Krp Srbrtuka Slalt lloarJ Agric. ISW, ItW

* Unmillu'iicl, llin. (iazrllr, iii. IM).

^ Iliirvi'V, .^m. Jimr. Furfslrff, i. 1.">2.

• The lliittcrimt lius U'en seen by I>r. riiapU-s Mnlir in .Mnbiitua
ill Wiiwtoii I'uiinty imlv, wlii'ro, howi'vor, it is t'\o»'tHliiigly niro.

.'
\
1

i '^

(

ir

't'

1:

I '20

>//, IM OF ya/rr/i a.mhuu'A.

Jl(il.ANl»ACKi»:.

' i

ex|Hmuri-. witli thin lifjlit-<'ol()r<'(l Hiipwitml coniiMJscd of live or hix laytTK of iinnual jjrowth, and coiitaiiiM
luiiiu'roiis rt'fjulailv ilistiiliiiliMl larf^c <i|it'n ilui'ts ami tliin Dlisciirc n'lmito int'iliillary rays. Tlic K|H'cilic
jjravitv of tlu' alisolutfly dry wood is (M(1S(». a culiic foot woijr|iinjr 'J,").l(i |Hiiind.H. It is now larfji-ly
t>ni|iloy<Ml for tlif interior tiiiisli of Iionsos and for furniture.

Till' inniT liark iH wliite, l>ut Ix'conics litrlit yellow on exposure to the air and ultimately dark
lirown ; it possesses laild lathartie properties, and is used, especially that of the root, with ifood results
ill the treatment of haliilual constipation,' and in lionueopathic practice.' Sii^ar of excellent ipiality has
lieen made from the sap;' the kernel of the nut, which contains u lar^e (piantity of oil and soon
heeomes rancid, has a sweet and afjreeahle flavor while fresh ; the oil was used hy the Indians,* and
the jjreeii husks of the fruit are employeil domestically to dye cloth yellow or oranjje-color.

What is prolialily the e.irliest mention of the Itiilternut appears iu A'l (r h'ln/liiiiir.i /'ros/.i-l, liy
William Wood, pidilislicd in London iu ll><{!).'^ Introduced into Kuropean gardens at the clos<> of the
seventeenth cvuUny,' •Ik'/Ihiis liiunii was first descrihed in IT^il liv I'hilip .Miller." The rajiid fjrowth
in ;;oiid soil, and the hroad symmetric.il head of the Hiitlernut, make it a desiralile ornamental tree
where .aillicieiit space can he allowed for the spread of its hranches. Like many other trees, however,
which unfold their luuvcs latu in the spring, it luses tlieni again ufttT the first cold days of autumn.

f >

Sthivpf. Mat. Mni. Amer. 131V— H. S. Urtrtun. ('nil. i, M ; li.
4a. -Kimli, Mfil Uhg. x. U2.— HiKrI.iw. Mnt. Hot. li. 11.'., t. ;i'J. —
llrttiiH'wiue. Mffi. liiil. ii. u:H. - Limllev, /-V. Mnt. ;W7. —Crinith.
Mfti. hot. :*K\>. Carwin. Mnl. IU. ii. I'J, t. 8*i. — rinli.r. AV-
$mtrcr$ of Simthrrn t'teltlf nmi Forrnts, 'Ml. — lli'iitley & TriimMi,
^ttd PI. iv. 17. t. 'J47.~Johli«oii. Mr.n. Mni /U>t. \. .1- 'JlH. -
r. S. tHsfrtvi. ihI. Ki, HTiO,
^ Millii|mu^'li, MiVt. .\m. PI in Ilimtitn/Hithtr lirmflteii, ti. ITjO, t.

' M. V. *imv, .\fiiitM. AgnnUiural lirfMittUnrtt nnti Jtmnial, iii. M7.
• *• Of thiiM* Wjillnul.-i ihi'v iimkc iiti I'Xct'lltitt i)\\v jfm»t| (or
utuiiy uHi>M, but e.->pvouilljr ftir their auuuyutiiig uf their heads. And

iif thr rliipn of the WKlnut-tre«> (the Imrkc taken iifT) Sime HutfUfk
ill the l'm:ntry make eu'ellt-iit Heen' Uilh fnr Tiwtc, ntn'ti^th,
eitl.iitr, 14ml tii titTeii^ive o|M<niii)t; i>{H>rutiiiii." < Uo^^er \ViIImiii% .1
/vVv ml t Ihr I.an'/itftiff of' Amrriiit, *'d. rruitihiiU, I'JW )

Hnl itK Wttliiiilfi and Ilit'konrH were i-oiifoiiiided hy lill Mriterfi
UfoH' thi- In u'tiiiiin^ nf the pn-MMit ifiitiiry, I{o};er WiUmMii>'n i'h-
»ervatiuti4 nfrr pr<>hal'l\ to U'th th<H«' tree?!.

^ "There i.t likewise a In-e in Home |mrtii of thn country, thiit
heareii a Nut a.<« hij; »n a Hnull I'eare " (|<t. \i II).

• Alton. Il"rt. Kftc ill. ;Wil. — I^tudon, Arh. Hni. I |;U». I V^iWi

^ A'lw JuijUvu VirtfiUMiux nii/rUt fnirtu oWonyo, ftro/unduatmi
vist'uipto, Ihtt. So. H. — UubAmel, Tmiti i/«i Arbrm, ii. 01.

HI)

EXPLANATION OK TMK 1'LATK.S.

I'l.ATK (TCXXXI .Iliil.ANH < INKKKA.
I. .\ lluwi'nii); lir;inrli. nntiiral niii'.

3. DiuKram uf n •Uiniinsti' Hnwt-r.
•'I. l)i:ii,Tiim <if :l |ii»lillnt<' lliiwiT.

4. A sUtiiiinal*' tltjwcr. riilar^'iil.

Ti. IVriaiitli iif a HtaininaK- llomr iliii|iU}'e<l. coUrf^ed.

C. A ataiiirii, t'lilar^t'il.

7. A piotlUato Hdwit, pnlarf;e<l.

H. Vortical niTliiiii i>f a |ii!itillati« tliiwiT. enlarged.

U. A |ii>lilUt(' IlijwiT, tliu lira<t.i rtinuvi'd, i'iilar);e<l.

1'latk CCCXXXII. .Ml. LANS iinkhka.
1. A fniitiii); hruiii'li. natural the.
'J. A nut. n.ilural ni/.o.

3. Cruu M.-ctiuii of a nut. natural tiM.

4. A winter brani'lilct. natural siw.

a. Vcrtii'ul ai'etiun tif a liranclili't, allowing tbc pitli. natural size.

.IICI.ANDACKit;.

wtli, mill I'iMitiiiiiM

lys. Till' N|i(>cilli'

It IH now l:irp>ly

I iiltiniiitvly iliii'k

\Mtll friKlll ri'HllltH

'I'llfiit i|iiali>y l>tM
.' of nil ami Mooii
I 111' liuliitim/ iiiid
jlur.

Ill's Pri>s/,rrt, l)y

the ('l<).s(> of tlu>

riu* riipiil growth

> oriiitiiuwitiil trt-o

IT tri't'S, ilOWl'VIT,

s of aiituiiiii.

iikrn off) Smic Hnyltnh
It fur TamIo, Htn'ii^th,
' (U<i)(or WillUiiiii, .1
laW, I'.li )

fniiiiilt'il lt_v itll writcni
, K«>^i'r WiUiaMm'A tib*

U i>f tliK iiiuiilry, tint
\i II).

rh. iwu. 1 tail. ( r.Nv.'

iiA/imyo, firo/utuiutimt
Arlira, ii. 51.

■<

*fi

M

II >.t..\NllACRJK

•

■I'lIIi U'Luitl' I

'!'?« lij^lU vt'ili>w IIP

lui Id llOllKI'l ,

I ■ th«' kprii«'l of tlir nut, whvli coiitAiUK

I ;iii(l .i;;r'iMlilw lluvir »l>il<' rro*t|i ; tin' oil v«.i, .4,1 i
ill . mj.l.ni ,i .!,.:;).-^li' ,i!l^ 'n .h . i li.lli ydliiw ci , ir'ri.

I lint iu .N
into Kurii|UHllt jfnriii'tii tl lliu r\iw ,i| llu'

: ;7;U l.y in.ili|. Millm; Tl..n»i:' ''.

(ii.| (he lirtii'l (tviiuiu'l., ' int. in.iko il it (lt«ir.il '' •■•" iiii'

, uv i'<iii he .illo«wl foi !it'!t. Likt* iiiitnv " liovrcv.i,

'':,,• . ; ■ ; '!'• i'l -■ ' 1 ' .11111,

to thr iir hikI iiltiiiiiiUny il.nk

• ' •' itli piotl roflulU

'ii '|ii.ility li.D*

lUl) lUMIII

HI*,* iind

i

!l'

f

r >

it~ahu.^

(ipvntAj; ii)M*rRt(

I lu IxHh U«*->' ir**»

I*. 1'i.ArKS.

. r .i'-jiijijr«tl. ("liUrj^tHl.

• ■wur, nnlkrgnl.

I i

I't. V

1. A ;
'.'. A

.'(. (VOM 1..

■I. A ninif 1
h. Vc-mUhI

'bift, >huwii>i; tb« (litb. natural iii:«.

.! .\M'.MK.1.

livd of Nni'h Ainrnr-i

dVi rrr-^n

IlltilM.llCIV Ml' IK

<|ii.ilit) Ills
Mill noon

■lu.

Ill

iiit'Utr>i inm

WPU -

i«

rot

,(h,

(It.

ill, 1 ,.

i. U)

«

J.n;-»./.l/

JUCLANS CINEREA

.1 H„.

/"V-

I'.in.,

%

if!

X\

I

I

i

i

i

' }

i i

U<

-*-'^

'>

V

J"-

, »*

I

ij II lit

A,

t i

II

n

If

f >

ij,;)

hlv.i ui N' rtli Amcru .1

i

i

i i

f y.i.,..', .iw

ittfHt.

JUCl.ANS CINFREA

A fit*>L/%ut.t .it/.

/UntSi* /\;

I

il:

/• >

:

i

JUOI'ANDACKJC.

aiLVA OF NOliTU AMERICA.

121

JUGLANS NIGRA.

Black W^ilnut.

Lkafi.kts liJ to 23, ovatc-limcooliitc. Fruit iisuiiUy plobosc, solitiirv or in pairs;
nut globose, dt'C'i)ly antl longitudinally ridgod, t-cellcd at the l)ase.

Juglaaa niirra, LinniPiiM, .S'/.cr. 1)97 (t7r>,'i). — MilliT, Dii.
nl. H. No. '.'. — Dii Koi. ll.iM;. Itfiiim::. i. ;5'."J. — \Vmij;,-ii-
lii'iiii. Hmrhnih. .\.,nl,im. Il-h.. till; Siinlain. /A./-.. 'Jll,
t. 8. f. 'JO. — JiuMiiiiii. Im„. liar. i. l'.>, t. 191. — M0.111I1,
H,himr KVm». H;ti ,»l(7/i. f.9ti. — Walter. Fl. C'lr.TAr,.—
Willili'imw, llerl. Baiims. LV) ; S/irr. iv. 4.'it) ; h'liiini.
UTS. — Poirut, liim. Dirt. iv. r>()2 ; Hi lii. .'it},-), t. 7S1, f.
0. — AIiIhiI, /iiarilH iif (le'ir'jin, ii. t. .S.S. — CiiMiijliiini,
Viitij. neijli Sidii f'liiti, ii. 'Jlhi. — Si'liiiiidt. Oexir. Huiiiii-.
iii. .17. t. UiO. — Itiirklmiiiwii, llamlb. fomlliot. i. 7.")l. —
.MuelilpiiliiTj; it Willdi'iiow, .Yctic Se/irljt, (iinell. »'>'■ /•'»•.
11,-rlb,. iii. ;i8«. — Mi>lmiix, Ft. Hor.-Am. ii. 191. — IVr-
HtMni. ,S'yn. ii. ."itld. — l)rHfiiiitaiiu>!i. //M^ .1/7*. ii. .'i47. —
I 111 Miiiit ill' CiHirsil. Il'it. Cult. eil. 'J, vi. '.'.'!."). — Stiikes,
Hill. .Mill. .MrU. iv. 411:1. — S'lmrftiu Ihdftmil. iv. 179, t.
.JH, — Mirlmux f. llUt. Arh. Am. i. I,".7. I. 1. — I'lir^li, Fl.
Am. S>-i,t. ii. cm;. — Niitljilj, I ;■■:!. ii. •.".'!) ; S,/lr,i. 1 11. —
JliiyiH'. l>rti<lr. Ft. llkt. — Klliutt. SI;, ii. tlL".'. — S|iiiiii;i'l,
Sijil. iii. WCt. — \V;il«i>ii. /¥iirtr. Jlrit. ii. ITiS. t. l.VS. —
AuiIuIhiii. Uinl.t.l.Hi, l.")(>. — .Spiuli, //l'.«^ IVy. ii llW. —
l{«tiiit'ai|iK', Atto'jni/'h. . I HI. (it). — Torrt-v, Ft. .V. 1. ii.

170. — l);irliiigli>n, /'/. O.^li: cd. ,'i, L'tjL'. — Dietiicli, .S'yii.

V. 'M'J. — ("iirtii, Jtt'/i. (icotntf. Sun'. \. i'ar. ISliO, iii.

■l."i. — Cli;i|iiii,iii, Ft. 119. — C. (le C'limlnlle, Ann. Sel.

A'd'. SIT. t. xviii. Ii."), t. 4, f. 44. 4ti; froilr. xvi. pt. ii.

1;17. — Kiiili. hrnitr. i. ."187. — Kiiior-ion, Tree.'< .I/(i.m. cd. 2,

•Jll. — Silinizlfin, /.v/". t. '.'14. f. 1, S. I'J. 18. — Laui'lie.

Ih'iit.irlii' Ihnilr. .'!(),">. — ,Saii,'i-iit. Fore.it Triv.i X. Am.

Illr/i ('fnmiii I'. S. ix. l.'il. — Wiitsnn & Cimlter, (iraij's

.l/./;i. eil. (i. 4l!7.— Dippfl. lliimtti. Liiuttlmtsk. ii. ,■119.—

K.u'liiif, Ihiilufhf /h'tiitr. 74. f. 'J4 A. — Coidlcf. C'oii-

frit,, f. S. S„l. Il,'rl.. il. II'J (.)/„„. /v. (C. re.r„.i).
JukIhiis nigra oblonga. Maishall. ArbuM. Am. in (178")).
JUBliinrt Pitttiuraii. .Munvn. Ann. Sm: linij. A'jrir. et Hot.

lian.l. iv. 17'.), t. 197 (1848).
WnlliR nigra. Ali'f.ld, /l'in/,l(in<ii(i. ix. ;i;!(j (18til).
WnllWi fraxinifolia. Ali'fcld, /ion/itiiiiilia, ix. IVJG (exrl.

Iiali. Aiitilli'si (l.SlJli.
Wallia nigra niicrocarpa. Alofeld. Ininj.l.inilin. ix. IKiO

(l.sr.l I.
Wallia nigra macrocarpa, Akfi'ld. Huniitunitin. ix. Xi6

(I.Mll).

A tree, fre(|Ui'iitly oni! htimlriKl fi'ct. ami oi'i'a.sioiially mii' liiimlrt'il ami lifty feet lii^li, with a
Ntrai^iit trunk often clear of brandies for fifty or sixty feet, ami four to six feet in iliaineter, ami stoat
limhs wliieli sjirt-ail gradually, ami form a eoin|iaratively narrow shapely roiiml-toppeil heail of mostly
u|>ri<r|it rijjiil hranehes. The hark of the trunk is two or three ineiies thiek, dark hrowii sliirhtly tiiif^ed
witii red. and deeply divided into hroad rounded ridjjes broken on the siirfaee into thick apjiressed
wales; that of younj; stems and t)f tlie branches is li^lit broNvn. and sei)arat(>s in tliin papery scales,
which, as they fall, ilisplay the dark {jray inner bark. The iiramdilets, when they first appe;ir. are
covereil, like the jR'tioles. with pale or ferni^ineoiis matted inibcscence, which jfraihially wears off
diirin}r the summer ur atitumn, and in their tirst winter are didl orano'e-brown, pilose with short soft
hairs, or puberidous, marked with rai.sed conspicuous oraiifje-colofed Iciitiiels, and with elevated pale
leaf-sears ; in their sj-cond and third years they fjradiially jjrow darker, and become li;^ht brown. The
terminal buds are ovate, slightly flattened, obliipiely rounded lit the a])ex, coated with pale silky
tomentiim, one third of an inch lonir, and one ipiai'ter of an inch broad, and usually covered with four
scales ; those of the outer pair are rounded on the back, thickened, concave, and often obscurely pinnate
or pinnatuly marked at the apex, and little, if at all, accrescent ; those of the inner pair are pinnate
at the ni^ex, covere<l un the outer surface with rusty brown tomcntum, and tui iuch lontr at maturity,
and often resemble the scale-like short-livetl u|>pcr leaves, which are composed of sbort broad Hat
j)etioles and of thre«i or four pairs of leallets. The :ixillary buds are obtuse, an cijfhth of an inch
long, luul coated with pale tomentuiu, their outer scales bein^ open at the a|>cx durinir t le winter. The
leaves tire from one to two feet lonjf, and are composed of pubescent petioles, and of from fifteen to

M

Ii

V22

SILVA OF NOnril AMi:iilCA.

.lt'<iI,AXI)ACKyK.

'f>

)■ >

twi'iitv-tlirct' li'allcts, ami not iiifri'(|iu'ntly art- e(|iialU- piiiiiiitc In' tin- suppression of tlii' terminal leaflet ;
tlie leallfts are (ivate-l.nieeolate, often inieijual l)y the fjreater development of one side, lonj^-pointed,
shai'plv serrate with callons ajipressed teeth except at their more or less rounded iiiiei|iial hases, and
sessile or short-]ietiolid.ite ; when they unfold they are lustrous, yellow-j^reen, fjlalirous on the upper
surf'aee. and eoaled on the lower with rufous eadueous tomentiiiu ; and at maturity they are thin, hrifjht
vellow-jfreeii, lustrous and j^lahrous ahove, and soft-puhesceut helow, especially alonj^ the slender
midrilis and primary veins; they are from three to three and a half inches in lenjrth, and from an inch
to an ineli and a (piarter in lireadth. and turn hrijjht clear yellow in the autumn hefore falliu<r. The
calkins of st.iniiuate ilowers protrude durinj; the winter from the scales of the hud, and are coated with
pale toincntuni ; at maturity they arc three to live inches in len<(tii, and slijjlitly puliernlous. The
hract is nearly trianiijidar, coated with rv;sty hrown or pale iomcntum. and ahout one tpiarter of an inch
louij. The pcriantii is rotiuid and six-lohed, the lohcs hciu'j nearly orliicular, concave, and puliescent on
tlir outer surface. There are from twenty to thirty stamens arranpfed in many series, with nearly
sessile purple anthers surmounted by the slightly '.ohed truncate coniu'ctives. The female Mowers are
|)ro(iutc 1 in two to livc-llowcred spikes, and do not exjiand until the leaves have }jrown nearlv to their
fiill size ; they are ovate, j^radually narrowed to the apex, ami oiu' (piarter of an inch lonjif. The hract
and liractlets are coated lielow with pale <;landidar hairs, and ahove are <:^reen and puherulous ; they are
sometimes irrctrularlv cut into a lacini.iti' l)or<ler, or the hract is often uiidiviiled, and the hractlets are
sonutiuu's rciluccd to an ohscure riti'^ ju.si clow the apex of the ovary. The calvx-lolies are ovate,
acute, lij^ht i^reen. ])uherulous on the outer, <rlal)rons or pilose on the inner surface, and a (piarter of an
inch long. The stigmas are clnli-shapi'd. yello.v-green. tinged on the margins of the lohes with red.
and one half to three ipiartcrs of an inch in length, ami hegiii to wither hefore the anthers shed their
pollen. The fruit, which is solitary or sometimes pro<luce(l in jiairs, is gloliose, ohiong, or slightly
pyril'orm, light yellow-green, roughened with clusters of short pale articulate hairs, and an inch and a
half to two inches in diameter. The nut. which is oval or oldoiig anil slightly tiattened. without sutnral
riilgcs, often measures aji inch tud a half in its long diameter, and an inch anil an eighth in its short
diameter, and is dark hrown tinged with red. The hard wall, which is freipiently a ipiarter of an inch
thick, is deeply divided on the outer surface into thin or thick often interrupted irregular ridges, and
contains large irregular cavities. The interior of the nut is four-celled at the hase hy thick dissepi-
ments, and slightlv twiM-elled at the apex. The cotyledons are concave or sulcate on the hiU'k, deeply
loheil at the hase and apex, and .ihruptly narrowi'd into a short hroad radicle.

.Iinjliiii.i iiiijni is distrihutcd from western Mass,ichusctts to southern Ontario,' and through
southern Michigan and .Minnesota to central am! northern Nehra.ska ^ and eastern Kansiis, and south-
ward to western Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of the San Antoiiio Kiver in
Texas. .\n inhabitant of rich bottom-lands and fertile hillsides, and less common in the Atlantic states,
the HIack Walnut oii'" abounded in the regii.n west of the Alleghany Monnbiins, ami was ir- )Ht
abundant and grew to its largest size di the low western >'lopes of the high mounttins of North
Carolina .and TennesstH> and on the fer:ile river bottom-lands of southern Illinois and Indiana,^ south-
western Arkausiis and the Imlian Territory.*

' Dninit, <\il. Vi'ij. /.ir/. r.m. Ifl. — Holt, (Iroloi. Ktp Cimmln.
IS7H HO, .-■;(• - .\!a.uiili, (',!(. Can. /'/. IIU

' H. viwy, Itrp. .\V/,r.l,iil Stale lUmnl .i,/ri,\ ISOl, 108.

■ Ki|;lil liliick Wiiliiiil trf'cs jfruwn in llii? iHittoiiii iif (ircatlioiiM'
(.'rrt'k near Mmint ('ariiii-I. llliiioiH, tiiwl nil uii-ni^i- lii'ijflit of oiu*
hiinilrfil fiiiii *.ix fi'ft (iitp ihhJ iijic Imlf int'lii's, anil uu nvrnim-
tnirikHliAiiii'tiT nf thn-(> fret, wliilf tin- tatlrnt uf thiMii mcoHiirfii
OIU* litiiiitrt'd tinil niiii-toiMi fi'i't six iiiclicii. A tn*fi i;rowii on tin*
rivor-l)oltinnn in the (tame liKality liai! ti tntnk iliameter of five fnl
BIX iiiolies ttiiil a total ii('if;lit uf one liumlrid ami thirt^-oiu' feet ;

and ;i HtAMilinp tree nieiuiiin'il nix feet in diameter tliree feet iiUive
tile f^roiind, and w:ti estimated to Ih* one liiindred and tiftv feet
in heinlit. (S*e UidRway, I'nr. I'. S. \<ll .Wu>. 1S8L', 70.)

* Lar^*- Hlaek Walnut treeii praetiealty no Itiiifrer exist in the
Anierieat! fon-iitii. Many werv^ eut tlown and bnrnt or Nplit into
fetiee-ruiU when the riel: iHittoin-laniln of the MiiwiiMi|i|ii Maain
wen- t'leared for a^rienitlire. The midilen deinainl fur >;iiliHtiK>lu
diiriii); the War of Seeewiiun jfrently Htiiiuilated the deiitanil, which
liaH aU-ayi bt-eii lar^ for tliiN wood fur do iieHtie ii»> and fur
exportation ; and during the but twenty yean the agenta of lulii-

JirOLANUACEilC.

JUQI-ANI)ACEJC.

SILVA OF NO urn AMHRICA.

123

\w. terininal luiiflet ;

> Hulo, l()IIJJf-J)uillt(Ml,

uiiiMjuul liiiNcs, and
irons on the niipcr
liey arc thin, hrifjlit
alonj^ till' slfndcr
I, and i'ron) an incli
ii'fort) falling. Tim
and are coatud witli
' |iu1ifrnlons. Tlic
' (|nart('r of an incii
(', and pnlivsccnt on
scries, with nearly
'. I'euiale llowcrs are
own nearly to their
■h lonjj. The hract
iilieruldus ; they are
id the hractlcts are
ilyx-hilies arc ovate,
iind a ipiarter of an
the liihes with red,
anthers shed their
olilonjj. or sli;;htly
and an in<'h and a
ncd, withont sntnral
II ei;;hth in its short
<|narter of an inch
•rcf^nlar ridges, and
se hy thick disM'jii-
Dii the hack, deeply

irio,' and thron^rli
Kaiisi'.s, and sonth-
AntoDio Kiver in
the Atlantic states,
ins, anti was n- >8t
onnUiins of North
nd Indiana,^ south-

iaiiirt4*r Ihrpf fi'rt hUiyp

liiiiKlrt'il hihI tiftv fi>rt
Wu.. 1S8'.', 7(1.)

no loiijrrr ciint in the
Hnd liurnt or Nplit ii*to
f tlir MiMiiiuippi Itiuiu

ilt'iiiiuiit for K"i)*t*H'lu
lutrd till- (IrniaiHl, which

i)o iH'Htif uu' iiiiil fur
ri-un thu HgtMiU uf liiiii-

Tlio wood of JiKjIiiHH niijrn is lieavy, hard, stronp, rather coarse-fjrained, easily worked, and very
durable in contact with the Hoil ; it conta ns numerous huira irrejjularly distrilinted open ducts and
many thin ohseure medullary rays. It is rich dark hrown, with a satiny surface susceptible uf receivinir
a beautiful polish, and thin lijjht-colored sapwond composed of ten to twenty layers of annual {growth.
The specific (gravity of the absolutely dry wood is ().(>11."», a cubic foot weifrliinfjf .'{8.11 pounds. It is
laif^ely used in cabinet-makinjr, in the iiitcritu- liiiish of houses, for jrunstocks and coflins, and in boat
and ship buildinir', its value was recof^nizcd by the early colonists, and when William Stracliey visited
Virjjinia in 1(1 10 black walnut was already sent to the mother country,' and was an article of some
commercial importance.

The nuts, which were valued by the Indians of the Mississippi ISasin,' are still fijathercd for
domestic u.se, and are sometimes oll'cred for sale in the markets of western and southern cities. althou<rh
the kernel, which is sweet and has a pleasant tlavor while fiesli, soon becomes rancid ; the husks are
used for dyeiii}^.

Introiluced into Kurope ahiuit the miildle of the seventeenth century ' by the younfrer Tradescant,^
Jiiijfiiiis niijra was first described by Parkinson in the Tlivnlniiii lidtanivum!' A tree in the garden
of the Bishop of London jiroduceil fruit before 1087.''

The Black Waliinl is fre<piently used as an ornamental tree in the parks of the I'nited States and
of cciitr.il Kiirope, and during the last tuciity years many piantatioiis of it have been made in the I'nited
States and ('aiiaila ' in the hope of lephiciug bv cultiv.itioii the wasteil stores of walnut timber which
oni'c abounded in the forests of North .Xmcrica. As an orii:imental tree the Black Walnut, with its
massive trunk anil handsome shapely head of beautiful foliage, is surjias^cil in beauty by few other
inhabitants of the .\inerican forest, althouirh the preference of the Fall Web-worui for its leaves and its
early defoliation somewhat detract frtun its value as an ornaiiieiilal tree for parks and pleasure-grounds.'*

iKT^lfiiliT!*, |MMii'tnitm^' into tin- lno!*t n-nioti* unit iniU'-'i''f<*iMr [uirts
uf ttii' coiintr). liiiM' l>oui;lil up ofti'it Mn^'l^ nml at nitTrlv noininal
nricci* t'vt'rv Itliii'k NN'iitniit tri>f of uiiirki'titltto sut*.

' "Of HTiilniitt-H th<'rt' )n- t)iri'<< kiiitlrH. tin' ttlark walniitt wliicL
iK n>tnriitMl Ininir yi-arh l>y all ••Itippiti^ from tln>iu-f. anil yii'lils
^<Mnl protitt, for )t IS wi'll lMiiit(lit lip to inaki- wayiisfott taltir- c I>-
lianl. 4, cliHiri'N, anil ntiMili-M, i>f a ili'lu-alt- j^ruynt* anil t'lttloiir Wki-
cl>unu>. anil not itulijt-i-t to tht* worlnc ; tin' fniirt of tliin it tittle, \t
i.<4 thinnr iihi-IU'tl, anil thi> karin-ll liitt«'r." ( I'Kf llulorie of I'nirniU
in/o Wrijimit HrxUvmul, imI. Major, I'J'.I.)

" 'nil' Watnnt whii-h i* tlivrrs, (ionic InMiritij; niptan* nuts, otIu'P)
liki' oiir«, but ninatU'r : then' in IikrwiM' lilaok Walnut of prt'i-ioin*
u-,!' for Trtlilt'!*, Calnitftii, ami thf like." (.lo««,'lyu, .In .{'-fitnnt ol
'i'u-tt \'i}yttijr> ttt .V. tr KntjUmtl, tl',». )

* " 11 t!M i'!*t lie tn'-s-^nw. iloiit le Itois cut pp'.iipu' au.H.Hi noir que
IVU-ne ; nuiiit it a wH jMire* trt''.t oiivert-H. I.eur fruit avei' Hon
U>i)i est lie la ^[roi*!*eiir li'mi lenf ili* |MtuU'; la eiMpie en est tri-*-
ntlHiteiiiie, (wiiM eeHureH, & iti iliir, ipi'il faut nn tnarteaii |H)ur la
euAaer. \a ehair ent enveIop|H<e il'iiii lioin ni fort, ipn' ipioi-ipt'elle
aoit il'un tr^i»*lMin K*'*'a, la ilinieultii de lea tiri'r en fait |H'nlre Ten
vie ; i-epeiulant ten Natnn'Is en funt tin |uin. Coninn' W* venoient
en raniiiHNer Hur nia Coneeisiuli, oi) j'eii avoiri nn itoi.s de lliuite-
Fiitiive d'envinin eent-einipiante arpeiiN, je fiiM eiirieni de \oir par
ipii'lte induMtrn' iU parveuoienl ii di'taeher eette I'liair lie !ioii U>is.

■Je led vid, apre.-* avoir eiw.ti< Jk pili' les noix, let Itre ilaiH de

{^niuilit vaism'aux, oii d?* jetterent la'aiieoiip d'ean; lU frotterent
4Mi!«uite eette i'H|H'ee de farine, & la uianierent loiiKtenit enlri- leurs
uuiinrt, de Norte ipie le iHtisi & I'huile de la noix, ipti ewt tri^s-aliou-
daltt*' dana ce fruit, vinrent auHlessua de I'eau, it la ehair dej;rai(i-
M^e tundia an fuiitl par sou pntpre puiiU. It est h pn^mner ipi'eti
(frelTaut een »rlin>« avee ilu N'oyer de Krunee, on par.ieiulniit ii lea

remlri' plus utiles." (1,,- l'.i};i' du I'l-al/. Ui.-ituin' ilf la I.imiMtwp,
ii. ■!:< )

■ .\itou, lliv. K'lc lii. IKItP. — Loudon, .\rh llril. iii. 113."), f.

rjfio. t.

* See i. 'JO.

* .Vi*j- jHgttmx ttii/ra I'iriiinif'u.iii, 1111. — ('iitesiliy, Sat. Hist.
Ciir i. Ii", t. ti7.

,\<ir jHtjhviA I'lr'/iriian^l ni'fnt, llennauti, i'lll. florl. Lml'i.-lnlt.
l.->'.'. I. Idwrhaave, ImI. Ml. Il'irl. Luij^l. Bat. ii. 17.").

Juijlafis /Wio/w UitiCfiiinlU tniiwnttisut itruli' serrratis : suptTwntixtA
mmorihiu, l.iuiueiis, l/nrl. (V(//. Il'.». — Koyeii, ^V. Lri/J. I'nxir. Si.'.

* S'i' Hermann, /. e.

' .*<»'e.Iolv. lifp. \timlrtilt lltirtuiiUurill tltid Fntlt (irnwerf* .■!,«()-
i-Mj/ion. ISSO. 'J3. — /Vih-. Am. Forrs.Tii Ctmtireii.it ISiS."), 7y.

.Mthou^h the youn^; eultival»'d tree.-* ^row rapidly, trees in the
fort'Ht uiereiLse slowly ill ^'irtli of trunk, and ;it least a eentury
would lie riipiind in wliitli to jjrow a Itlaek Walnut tree, planted
under the ini'.tt favoralde eouditioiis iu the W^i alluvial soil, to
a ni/e n'ally valualile foe tiluln-r. The lo^ speeimeu in the .lesup
Colleetiou of Xorth .\n»'riean WoihIs in the .^lueriean Museum of
S'atiinil History, New York, grown in Missouri, has a truiik-iliaiue-
ter if' twetitv-six im-hes inside the hark, and shows one hiilnlred
and ninety-two layers of annual Krowlh.

* .\s an oruanu'ntui tree the lUaek Walnut tlouiishes as far
north as .Moutrxal and l^uela'e ; aiul on the .^tl.iutie ei«lst it is
hard\ as far north at least as eastern Massai'husetts. .\ speeiuu'li
sl.mdiuj; .HI the estate of Mr. I'eler ('. lirooks of West Medford,
.Massiii'hiisetts, is iH'lii'ved to 1h' from one hundred and fifty to one
hundred and seventy-live years old. This uolde tn-e is prolialily
the largest iu New Knglaud; in IS(W it had a trunk-^in'umfercnie
of thirteen fiet six and one luilf iiu'hes at tive feet aliove the siir-

4

^

rt

^M

^

124

SILl'A OF NOIiTi' AJ/h'h'ICA.

JUOLANDACEit:.

( f ■

fiii'i- of till' (jrcMiiul; anil, nltliiiii(,'li injiiri'il m li);litniii); in 1878, is a sizi- ; lint llii- Itliii'k Wiilniit often Hii(T<<n tlipn- fnini i<|irin){ frimti

■till in a Inalllir anil viKiinmi* nuiilitiim. (Sor Daini' & Ilmokii, in its rnrly yoan, anil prmliii'i'ii wiiml *ii aluwly tliut KnropcHn for-

Tiipiitil i:im.i anil olhir 'I'rrr.t n/ .\tii.'mrhu.trllt, (W, I. I.'t. ) onli'M iliiinit ri'i'iminii'iiil it for )^>ni'riil fiirost iilantiii);. (Sic Mayr>

Sjiocinii'nH of Jiiiilitii.i luijni i\i IimusI a rriitiin- iilil iiiav woasion- Dif ll'iiW. .\i>riliim. l."il, t. I, f. - K. Ilartig, Ami. Ilolz. bnyir.

oily 111' M'l'ii in I'i'iitnil iiml .snntlii'ni Kiiropi'. 1-Vw otliiT North Sttmtji ntUl. [lu l^Fortt'nat. Zeit. IHDl'J.)
Aini'riran lU'ciilnoua-li'itvi'il treca bavi' grown in Kuro|ic tu so largo

^ .

KXI'LANATION l)K TllK PLATES.

I'latk CC'CXXXIII. ,Iriii.ANs nihka.
1. A Miinvrlni; lir.uirli. natural niro.
'J. A Htninii'-iti' tlowrr lioforo aiitlirHift. I'nlarjjfed,

3. A Ktaiiiinato lliiwor, rnlar^jt'il.

4. .Vriantli ii{ a ntniiiinato llu',i'cr dIfplsycH, piiUrijed,
r*. A Htanii'n. ciilargi'il.

0. A piMillato HiiwiT. pnlari;pil.

7. Virtinil ni'rtion of a pi»tiUut« flower, enUrged.

J*. A leaf, ri'ilui'i'ii.

U. A winter liranelilet, natural nize.

I'l-ATE CCCXXXIV. JfULANH VKIBA.

1. A fruitini; limneli. natural nine.

2. A nut. natural »iic.

3. CruM MH'tiun uf a nuL, natural >iM.

■if

JlTOLANDArBiE.

tien there from ii|iriii|; frinU
Hii hIowIjt llmt KiinipcHn for-
ftiri'Ht |ilaiitiiij{. (See Majr,
;. Iliirtig, Ami. I hi:, bnyrr.

ilva of North Ame

./

Tab CCCXXXi

"^r-"^

i-y

1

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i~^%

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if

''' \'-'- '7/ AMi:i:ir f

•ittini.'r», as {h'om.

KM'IASM • UK THK li Mi-s.

JKiLANDACKA

«|>MIH fnvu

■> A ,
■' A ■>■■

SoiTcr eiii*ri,-Fii.

i' >

fi.s- . , \

wrat

,rm -hmr fmm apriiiK (ni>u

. ■ r-... M.i.r

Silva of Norlh Amct ;'. .i

Tab cccxxxi:

'i

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/^ /' yii.rtfn id^i

JUGLANS NIGRA ;.

A /fu'tf^tu iitte.t '

/•»y . .orwttf .' itr\f

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Silva o( North Amour a

il

c s /iiLrt>i */•*/

JUGLANS NIOKA

A .'fto.y^..i J4.

I .«r#w

.•'!/-• ' .i!n»H*r .' .tns

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If

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I I

JUULANUACE^.

SILVA OF NOliTJI AMFlilCA.

125

JUGLANS RUPE8TRI8.

Walnut.

Leaflets 9 to 23, lanceolate to ovatc-laiKoolate. Fruit usually spherical; nut
globose, deejjly sulcate, 4-cc'llecl at the base.

Juglans rupestria. EiiKflniftnii, .S'iVyrc<iiv,»' Hr;i. 171, t. 15 Kiwlini-. Deufur/ie Dniih. I'l, f. 24 B. H. — Coulter. Con-

(lS,");t). — Tom'}-, Hot. Mix. lioiiml. Sun: I'd".; liW Irih. ('. S. y^it. Ihrh. ii. ■11'.' (M'lii. I'l. (('. Ti'xas).

Hep. 27. — C. do Camlollo, Ann. .SVi. .Vii/. st'r. 4, xviii. Jugltina rupestria, vm-. major, 'I'urrey, S!t;/reiirc.i' Hiji.

28, t, 2. f. 1 1 ; I'rixlr. xvi. pt, ii. i;i8. — Brewer & Wat-
son, liol. (\it. ii. ',»;». — Ru.iliy, Hull. Torrey Hot. Cliih.
ix. ."i4. — Liiiirlic, Deu'ai/ir Jliintr. ;i(l."i. — IliMiisley, /lut.
iiiol. .\m. Cent. iii. 1(14. — Sargent, Forest Trees .V. .{ni.
!()//( i'enttun V. iV. ix. 1»U (exrl. »yn. ftntjhins Cnlifor-
nicii). — l)i|i|K'l, llnnilb. Lnuhlwlzk. ii. 'A'Z'.S. f. I4t). —

171, t. m (IW,"),!) ; H„t. Mex. Jiouml. Sure. 20,"> ; Purijie.
II. It. Hep. vii. 20. — C. dc C'aiulullc, J'rwlr. xvi. pt. ii.
l.'W.
Juglnns Cnlifornicft. Kollimck. If heeler's Hep. vi, 249
(iiiit Wutmiii) (1S7S|. — C'cmltir, Cunlrih. U. S. Xnt.
Ilerh. ii. 41'.' (.)/.(». ft. II'. Tex,is).

A trt'o, Hoinotinios fifty fwt in h('i(;lit, witli ii sliort trunk occasionally tour to five feet in diameter,
and sometimes dividing nwir the jj^roiind, or usually ten or lifteen I'eet ahovc it, into several stout
branilies, wliieli are nearly U|)ri<;ht tliroii^liout, fomiinjj a narrow head of rather formal outline, or,
when the tree is prowiiijj in inoi.st soil, sometimes i)e<jin to s|ueail a few feet ahove the division of the
trunk and heeoine more or less pendulous at the extremities, makini; a handsome symmetrical roinid-
to|)|>ed head ; or often reduced to a shridi sendinff up from the i^rouiid a cluster of stems oidv a few
feet in height. The bark of the trunk varies from .i i|uart('r of an inch to i, strly an inch in thieknes.s,
and is deeply furrowed and broken on the surface into thin a]>pressc I scdes ; that of voiniij trunks and
of the branches is snuM)th, pale, ami .sometimes nearly white. The branchlets, when they first appear,
are coated, liki' the jK'tioles, with a pale or li;;ht brown scurfy pubescence or tomentuni, which often
do«'S not entirely disjip|)ear until the end of the second or third yar ; in their first winter they are
oraiiije-red, and marked hy many small pale lenticels, ^rrowint; liLfhter in their second season, and <rrad-
ually heri)me pale or nearly white. The terminal liuds, which vary from one (|uarter to one half of an
inch in len^h, are eonipressetl, narrowed and often oliliipie at the apex, and arc covered by two pairs
of stra|)-sliaped scales, the outer pair beinjj pointed and often obscurely pinnate at the apex, and
clothed with rusty or pale tomentiim, while the inner pair .ire thicker, rounded on the hack, Hat on the
inner face, and half an inch Ion"; when fully fjrown. The axill.iry luids are an eiijhth of an inch lonp;,
compressed, covered with dark scales, often open at the ape\ diuiuLj the winter, and coated with pale
pube.seence. The leaves, compose<l of from nine to twciitv-tlii-ee leaflets and slender pubescent petioles,
arc from .seven to fifteen inches in leiii^th; the leaflets are lanceolate, ovate-laneecdate or rarely
ovate, aente, usually very iine(|ual on the two ed^es, coarsely or finely creniilati'-serrate nearly to
tile ha.se, which is roniiih-d on one and rounded or wedj^^i-shaped on the other edije. and distinctly
pe)iidula.te or sometimes nearly se.ssile ; when they unfold they are bron/e-red. pulieseent below, and
piiheruhuis above, and at maturity are from two and a half to five iiwlies loni'-. one third of an inch to
uu ineii and a half wide, thin, tlark yellow-fjreen and fflabrous. or often pubescent on the lower surface,
especially alon;; the stout yellow midribs .■\iid [iriniary veins, which are also sometimes pilose ahove. In
the autumn the leaves turn yellow hefore fallin;j. The catkins of staminate fhiwers. which protrude
slif^litly from the bud-scales (birinjj the winter, are slender, sli<>htly puhernlous, and from two ami one
lialf to four inches lonjj. The bract of the staminate flower is ovate-lanceolate, acute, and coated with
tiiiek i)ale tomentuni. The perianth, wliieh opens in April and May after the leaves are about half-

w

ti

ii

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; ^-

1-JG

SILVA OF ^'01iT^ AMERICA.

JLGLANnACEA;.

' I

m

r >

grown, is three to five-lobed, nearly orbicular, light yellow-green, glabrous, or slightly pubescent on the
lower surface, and raised on a slender stalk, which is about a ijuarter of an inch long. There are
ibout twenty stamens, with nearly sessile yellow anthers and dark conspicuous slightly lobed con-
nectives. The pistillate llowers, wliicii are produced in few-flowered spikes, are narrowed at both ends,
coated with pale or rufous tonientuni, am' from one eighth to one quarter of an inch in length ; the
bract and liractlcts are green above, puberulous at the apex on the outer surface, and irregularly divided
into a laciniately cut border rather shorter than the ovate-acute sepals, which are puberulous on the
outer surface. The stigmas are clul)-shapod, spreading, green tinged with red, and one third of an
inch long. Tiu' fruit is globose or rarely t)bl(»ng. and varies from half an inch to an inch and a half in
diameter, with a thin husk, glabrafe or coated with short rufous articulate hairs. The nut is globo.se,
witiiout sutural ridges, often compres-sed at both ends and sometimes flattened laterally, dark reddish
brown to Maclt. and deeply sulcate with longitudinal simple or forked grooves; it is four-celled at the
iiasf Mild fw()-<'elled at the apex, with very thick hanl walls, containing numerous interior cavities, and
inclosing a small sweet kernel. The cotyledons are keeled on the back, flat or slightly concave on the
inner face, more or less dee|>ly lobed below and above, and abruptly contracted into the short pointed
radicle.'

./iii/liiiis ni/i< stius is distributed from the v.iileys of the up]>er Colorado, the I^lano, and Ciuada-
loupc Uivcrs in central Texas, westward ihrougii southern New .Mexico and .\ri7.0na, and siiutliward
into the states of niirtliern Mexico. In Texas, where it is coiiunon west of the ninety-eighth meridian
on streams tiowiiig to tiie (iulf of Mexico, •hnjliins riipi siris is often shnd)l>v. and is rarely more than
tliirtv fiet in heigiit, growing on tiie limestone banks of streams or sonu-times in their stonv beds with
tlie narrow-leaved Chestnut Oak, the Plane-tree, the Green Ash, the Cetlar Elm, the Ked Midiu-rry, and
the black-fruited I'ersimmoii ; in New Mexico and Arizona, where it attains its largest size, it is a
common iidialiitant of canons in all the mountain ranges south of the Colorado plateau, growing from
tlieir mouths up to elevations of six thousjuid feet, with Cottnnwoods, the IMack Willow, the .Mder, and
the l'lani>-tree, always close to the banks of the streams or in situations where the roots, |>cnetrating
deej) into the soil, are able to secure a constant supply of water.

The wood of •hiij/diis riijn stris is heavy, hard, not very strong, and coarse-grained, with a sjitiny
surface susceptible of receiving a good ])olish ; it contains numerous irregularly distributetl large o|ien
ducts and thin obscure medullarv rays. It is rich dark brown, with thick nearly white sapwotMJ. The
specific gravity of the absolutely ilry wood of the New Mexico and Arizona trees is ().t)t*(il, a cubic foot
weighing l'J.71 pounds.

In .New Mexico and Arizona the nuts are gjithered and eaten by Mexicans and Indians. The
kernel is very sweet and r<>maiiis fresh for a long time, but its commercial value is lessened by its small
size and the thickness and hardness of the walls which inclose it.

Jii'jlaiiK nijiislr'is was discovered in western Texas in 1830 '■' by the Belgian botanist Berlaiulier ; '
in lS(iS it was growing in the Hot.tnic Garden at Berlin;* and in IST'.t it was introduc«'d int(t the
Arnolil Arboretum by means of seeds gathereil in western 'J'exas. It is perfectly hardy in eastern
Mas,sachusetts, where as a low shrub it lias ri|M'ned fruit.

In the canons of the .\ri/ona mount.iinH i/iiijliiiin niprntriK is a handsome and conspicuous tree,
particularly in winter, when its head of rigid white branches makes it jH-culiarly ellective.

' Thr t-aiitiTn iiiitl wfHierii fortiiA nf Jiii/lunt ni/tr>^irut Hi-t-m miiiif- <-i«'\\ivi., the vi\r. mnjitr uf 'IVirn-v) ii* n !»r(f«»r live, witli lirttailer

tiiiu-K liki^ iliKliiK-t h|hm-i(>n; Itiit ill tilt' I- xtn-iiic wi'itttTii |mrt of uiiil iiior,' rtMinit-ly HiTnilt- ittalkol liMilli-t.t, •ihiiiiII)- |>iitM-r,<>i<iit on tho

Ti-xiiN mill ill N<-w Mcxifn tin- two fonim ^rniw toj^'rtlhr itii'l ii)>|M'Hi' towrr hiirrii4't', Ur^i-r fruit r'uitcil witti riifiiim hiiim, iini) u tlurkcr,

to ytv%s oiif into the other. The Texju, form ( Plate ,-ci'i:xiv,) in ili»- iiiori' l)nlti-ne<). unil more ileeiily inlcHte nut with iiro|turtiunatel^

tiii^tiiNhiMl hy itii Hiimlh-r i,izi', liy itM narrower, tiiore f;labruiiH, ami thinner walla and a larger kernel,
more finely Herrat^' leallrtK, whieh are often nearly Heaaile, ami hy ' No 'J-t.'iU, " Kio de Medina, 'IVziis, «luue, IHIU."

till* Hinall fvlolKiHe ^hihrate fruit and very tliiek-walled nut ineloNiii); * S«>e i. H2.

a kernel often xearci'ly larfrer than a |iea. The wentern form ( Tlitte * Teste, Herb. Kn^'lin.llin.

JUGLANDACEiK.

:ly pubescent on the
h long. TliiTe are
slightly lobt'd con-
•owod lit both ends,
inch in length ; the
irregularly divided
|)uberuh)U8 on the
[id one third of im
I inch and a half in
riie nut is gloliose,
'rally, dark reddish
s fonr-t'elled at the
iterior cavities, and
itly concave on the
> the short pointed

Llano, and Guaila-
ina, and soutiiward
I'ty-t'ighth meridian
is rarely more than
leir stony beds with
Ked Miili)erry, and
argest si/e, it is a
can, growing from
low, the Alder, and
i root**, iienetrating

ined, with a satiny
rihuti-d large open
lite sapwood. The
.t)8(31. a cubic foot

ind Indians. The
Hsened by its small

anist Berlandier ; '
iitrodiiced into the
>• hardy in eastern

I conspicuous tree,
live.

urgcr tret', with hnuuler
iiHimlly iiulN'M'viit oil Iho
oun httini, anil a ilurkor,
nut with |ini|M)rti(iimtply

JB, 1834."

il <

II.

,:-MmK,,*nn»mmmn<mtitt^^^;-^t li im iwhiiiibii

' : III

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EXl'KANATION OK 11 IK IT.ATKS.

PLATK CCCXXXV. '•.-lil.ANS Kl'l'MTKK. KKOM 'I'kXAH.

1. A Itowpriii); liranrli, natural »i/.o.

'.'. A itnniinati- flonir. cnlarfjed.

3. A staiiu'ii, t'tilar);;e<l.

4. Vrrlical section of a pistillati' Howor, I'lilarged.

5. A friiitin){ Imiiirli. natural siic.
(t. A nul. nattiral n'uv.

7. Vcitiial section of a nut, natnnil »l/i'.
H. Crurw Kcrtion of a nut, natural ai?i'.
9. A winter branrhtet, natural nhi'.

Pl.ATK CCCXXXVI. .Ifdi.ANs 111 ir.-iricf. from Akizoma.
1. A friiilini; lirancli. iiaturul »\i.i-.
'J. A nut, natural ni/.e.
.S. Cross si'i-tion of a nut. natural si/.e,
•4, A li-af rriluri'il.
5 A winter branchl • 'i'nl si/e.

^

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II

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K\riANAl10N 0> rKK PI, V ITS.

' f >

..-.:r,l

'. ruOM AJIRI'SA

ill

rlh Ai

rln Ainpri.-

JU CLANS RUPESTRIS

i ii

ijl

liiiii

*

I ''

1 1 - 1

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u

V/'

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>/

Ij

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'^^PB^RlSW?S3g!9fe . ■

'•ii

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JUGLANS RUPESTRIS, F.r.peli

A .'ui'.fvtir i/i/vi; '

A/f/»../ puu'tu Parti,

/fif*t^4y ^'

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1

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1

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IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

//^.^^^

1.0

I.I

Ui Uii 12.2

i

US. 12.0

L25 III U , ,.6

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HiotQgraphic

Sciences

Corporation

33 WEST MAIN STMIT

WIBSTn,N.Y. UStO

(716)872-4S03

^\^>^-

^Af

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fl

JUGLANDACKS.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

129

JUGLANS OALIPORNIOA.
Walnut.

Leaflets 11 to 17, ovate-lanceolate,
sulcatc, 4-celled at the base.

JuBlana Calif ornioa, Watson, I'roc. Am. Acnil. x. 349
(I'xcl. syn.) (1875). — Brewer & WaUon. Jiot. Cat. ii. 93
(excl. »yn.). — Sargent, Forest Treet N. Am. 10<A Cen-

Fruit globose ; nut obscurely and remotely

sua U. S. ix. 131 (in part). — Greene, Man, Bot. Bay
Region. 301.

A tree, occasionally forty to sixty feet in height, with a trunk eighteen to twenty inches in
diameter, and stout penduh)us branches which form a Hymmetrical graceful round-topped head ; or
often much smaller, aud sometimes shrubby in habit. The bark uf the trunk Ls one third to one half
of an inch in thickness, dark brown or nearly black, and deeply divided into broad irregular ridges,
.separating on the surface into thin appressed scales ; that uf young stums and the branches is smooth
and pale or nearly white. The brauchlets are covered when young with rufous scurfy tomentuni, which
soon disappears, and in their first winter are puberulous, dark reddish brown, and marked with pale
scattered lonticcls ; becoming darker, and gradually glabrous in their second season, they begin to grow
pale during their third year, and idtimately are nearly white. The terminal buds are acute, compressed,
more or less obli(|ue at the ai)e.\, coated with pale tomentur i, and about a quarter of an inch long.
The axillary buds, which are often solitary, are nearly globose, one sixteenUi of an inch in length, and
covered with thick pale or rufous tomentum. The leaves are composed of eleven to seventeen leaflets
and of slender puberulous petioles, and are six to nine inches long ; the leaflets are ovate-lanceolate,
often somewhat falcate, long-pointed, coarsely crenulate-serrate except at the equally or unequally
rounded or subcordate or wetlge-shajMjd ba.ses ; when they unfold they are bronzy green and jiilose, or
covered with s<nirfy pubescence, and at maturity are thin, light green, glabrous, or sometimes furnished
on the under surface with tufts of pale hairs in the axils of the primary veins, an inch and a half to
three inches in length and one half to three quarters of an inch in width, with pale midribs and short
stout {letiolules grooved on the up]>er side. The staminate flowers, which open in April and May,
when the leaves are nearly fully grown and after the stigmas of the female flowers have begun to
wither, are produced in slender puberulous anients two to three inches long. The perianth is elongated,
liglit green, coiited like its bract on the outer surface with rufous pubescence, divided into five or six
ovate acute lobes, and raised on a short slender stidk. There are from thirty to forty stamens with
yellow anthers, sunnounte<l by short connectives bifid at the apex. The pistillate flowers are broadly
ovute or subglobose, glabrato or puberulous, and an eighth of an inch long. The free border of the
bract and bractlets is ring-like and nearly entire, and much shorter than the broad ovate pubescent
calyx-lobes. The stigmas are clul>-shai>ed, half an inch in length, and yellow. The fruit is globose,
and three (puirters of an inch to an inch and a quarter in diameter, with a thin dark-colored husk
coated with short soft pubescence. The nut is nearly globose, without sutural ridges, slightly com-
pressed, and sometimes flattened at both ends. It is dark brown, and obscurely sulcate with remote
shallow grooves, and thin walls, and is four-celled at the base, with low basal medial paititions, a
slightly divided apical cavity, and a large sweet kernel, which retains its sweetness and flavor for
several months.

JughttiH C'dliforniva is an inhabitant of the California coast region, where it grows along the
banks of streams aud on their bottom-lands, usually twenty or thirty miles from the sec., from the valley

I

a

'

■<i

fh

h

130

SILVA OF NOllTII AMERICA.

JUGLANDACEiG.

of the lower Sacramento River t<) the southern slopes of the San Bernardino Mountains, where it some*
times nsceiuls to an elevation of three thousand feet above the ocean level.'

The wood of Jutjhtns Cullfornka is heavy, hard, and rather coarse-grained, with a stitiny surface
susceptible of receiving a good polish. It contains numerous regularly distributed open ducts and thui
obscure medullary ravH, and is dark brown, and often handsomely veined and mottled, with thick pale
sapwood, composed of eight or ten layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry
wood is 0.G2CG, a cubic foot weighing 31).(M pounds.

tlwjhtnit Cali/ornica appears to have been first noticed by Dr. C. C. Parry,' who found it in 1850
north of Los Angeles.'

Jwjhnts Cali/ornica is often cultivated in California as a shade-tree, and is sometimes used there
as a stock upon which to graft different varieties of Juijhmx reijiii. Introduced into Europe through
the Arnold Arboretum, it flowered in the spring of 188!) in the garden of the Villa Thuret at Antibes
in southern France.

' S. ». Parish, Zo,. iv. M5.

< Clmrlos ChriMtophcr i'lirry (180,1-1800) waa bora at Adming-
tou. iu (ilouceiiteRthire, Kiigland. and in 1833 came to Aiiicrii'a
witi) his family, who si'tth*d uii a fann in Wushin^on Cminty, Now
York, lit* wall f;radiiatc(l from I'niun College at Si'luMiectady, and
subsequently from tliu Medical School of Columbia College, New
York. In 184»> Dr. I'arry established himself in bis profeuion at
Paveupurt, Iowa, which he considered his home during the n>main-
dcr of his life, although he soon abandoned the practice of medicine
to devote himself to iHituuical eiploration in northern Wisconsin,
Iowa, and Minnesota, along the southern Uiundary of the I'nited
States as butuuist of flie I'nited Stiites and Meiicaii Iloundary
Conimissiun, in southern California, iu Colonulo, whose alpine tlora
he first made known, in southern I'tah, in Wyoming and Montana,
in Lower California, Mexico, and San Domingo. No other iHitan-
ist of his generation explore<l so many unexplored fields iu North
America or revealed so many uudeacribed North American plaDta,

I'inwi aritlnia, Pimu Torrryana, Pimu Pnrrynna, Pirta pungeiw,
and Pirt'a Eugtlmnnni being among the trees which he added to
cur silva.

Dr. I'arry wa* the author of many papen published in scientifln
journals and in the Prwerdingj of the Dnvenporl A mdemi/ of Sn-
encf, of which he was one of the founders and for many years the
president. One of the peaks of the Snowy liange of Colorado bears
the name of this indefatigable and successful explorer, and Parry'
flla of (iray, a shrub iliscovered by him on the banks of the Kio
(■rande in New Mexico, reminils .Vmerican botanists bow greatly
they ar<- indebted to bis teal, industry, and intelligence. His her-
barium, gathered in the wanderings of forty-eight years, and con-
taining duplicate types of his discoveries, has been acquired by the
AgricultumI College of Iowa. (See I'restun, Proe. Parmport
Arnil. Sri. vi. 3.), fur a sketch of Ur. i'arry's life and a list of his
writings.)

' Torrey, Hot. Alei. Bound. Sure, 'JOd.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

PlATK CCC.XXXVn. .Il'DLANS CALiroBNICA.

1. A flowering branch, natural size.

2. A pistillate flower, rear view, enlarged.

3. A stamen, enlarged.

4. Vertical section of a pistillate flower, enlarged.
!). A fruiting branch, natural file.

6. A nut, natural size.

7. Cross section of a nut, natural .nize.

8. A winter brwiclilet, uatur»l size.

i !

.lUOLANDACE^..

, where it some-

a siitiny surface

ducts and thin

with thick pale

e absolutely dry

jund it in 1850

imes used there
Europe through
luret at Antibes

ynnn, Pirta pungent,
!> which he added to

)ubUihed in scicntiiin
tport A mdemi/ of Sd-
I for many jean the
ngo of Colorado bean
explorer, and Parry-
ho banki of the Kio
iMitaiiiita huw Ki^atly
iitelligence. \\\% hor-
-eight years, aiid con-
been acquired by the
ton, Proc. Pavmport
life and a liit of his

Silva of Norih America

:^-

J—'"

y^^

■ i

y-r

4^i

H

%i *f»'

-.jr.. >

Tab, CCCXXXVll

ll

/

■ORNU

If

m '■

'

i

i

1 1

1

I

i i

.1

}

m

il.ij 1'^ d! I I.J tail ^'

r li fpet abovi' (In- oc -.i
i>. heavy, hard,
.xiliiih. It I'DiilAiiM numtii).iu-
...1 ir. (Uiik hfowu, ttiiJ often hni)ds<(ii.<lj, .<
I'lglit or l«ii lavent of uunual jfrowtli. Thv spii ■
■ lUiii! foot weijjhiijg 35MM {iuuikIk.
/'firnicn H(ip«iUrH to liave hven (ii>.t iiotico'l by l>r. (. . (,'. l'.'irr\

■ (yfilifhriiicu 18 often cultivated in California an a ghude-trec, and i- -.>
) :< ii|)(»i wlvii-h to i^raft (liiTurijiU varietitw of Jwjlunn rmjin. liitroduowi inh
- .iiin.ld Arbort^tiiiii, it tiowi-ixMl in th« spriuj^^ of 18.SU in the garden of the Vili:i i
II MnitbiTi; Pmni'f.

■ :.. .. . . .ais.

■ '"luiries Chri»u.,ner Pwrrf (llfj3-l8W>) <n» unm »t Ad-
uik i« liiouewil«nliire, Englaod. mwt -n 1833 eani* to An
.. ,t u liui fauiily, wUo ^<!U1ihI an ii t»pw i!\ M 4«hu>^tuii Cmtutv ,
\'t»rk He wa* ^fadu*!**! frt>m I'ni^Mi I !w(f« iil tv^hwiie^t*!!!

Vork. Iju 181n Dr. V«.rry h>iit4hhftli<wj htnjjw«lf in ht« pn'f^Mii^i; .^i
J>A.-'«R(>vrt, IfiWA, wliitib ko {-4U«Hlnrrri bie Itiiuf.' during thtf r«tn«.^
diT i»f hu iiff, sitliough bt. »fnm fcli«n<loti»^ ilir pr»otiw of mntli -»>»r
In <lev<>U) bimM'lf to botttjiicsl explumtton in uorthoni War*^...

SUMfS as htibui.it of flta I'niteil Kttilea uxi Mrxiim'i It- '
Ci>ininiwMiu, iu •uiithetn Calitorai*, in C'dlanida, wbm >
b« Hnt uuu)« knotrn, in aouUwra t*t»l>, in W^ranitDg »i' .
ill l,ower ratifortuA, Mexi«<--, mod San i><»mii)Ko. N<>
isl i,i blfc tr^ifr«Chvfi |.tj<Iur«d %i> iQitity unfrx)>lortv; *
Anu'ridft ^t »v^»^iij**i «> utanj iiiKi(>-^<!ri)«d N'urtii

■ manni being iuiionj( ih-

' .Olll'.-

ly surfiioc

Hid tliin

ick pale

wi.ily dry

' ;.i i,s:,(t

is*»d there
t)iroii){h
\i!ldi('s

> ' thtt WDtbor of iiiftiiT paptTft publiabf.'il ' -^ triitino

1 .1 .1, tb* Prt<eKiin<t$ ff lie />inx>n»«» (carfir(«* .>f AVt-

"J. bt* wKM oiMS of *h«' fuumlim luht ^;* oainj >.•*« lh«

l«iw;.:-ii lu. ''*!.» i»f tb* jionks of the Smmy lWt|r* txl t'rtlor-idu boura

l}if »«(»»■ ■■•" '^*j- ifidf!f.«tiifiil>it* alid fiucceswfiii »ip-i'ip»r, nnii f'urftf-

^/.i SniV' iliavoverrd by him on thf .'•■sAr h^ ibc Hio

fin-.! V Mexifwj, fvioindfl Atuftri..*au bo^»o'«u bnw ,fr«Atit'

' Ui hi« w*l, industry, iwhI int*llmnft*. Mm bi*r-

»'. in the wftn«it'riflgii of forty .^igiii f)**»#«, M.d foii-

irp«« of hiA di^ov'oriM, huA beee h-^^MWd by the

V 'n!i»^ of lows. (Se*" Treston. /V... , !>nt>^^fnjri

I 3j>, fut a tkoteh of l*r, PaTnr'ii life uid » iiil of fai.i

' itej:. fiouHti. Sun. V0&.

J'UITE.

t ' t i.rroMSiCA.

. :j, ;m1.

i»ti> rtiiwer. onlaritwl.

.> »i.'«:.

». A

bilva of North America

Pab. CCCXXXVIl.

■ ... -iuri.ii '

..1*1 thin

•k [m\v

•■•\\ tlry

.■;.'(l there
liiruiiifh

-y.il'i, ' •!■■•»,

iM «h< 'i to

' ■■«-
. lh«

^■<'ighi fi'vn^ M»l Poll-
I tieee & -i^auiKl b; tlt«
iton. /V.n , t>nP€^fwri
9 life aiu] s iut af bin

11

* i
I I

l^i

/■f.n

liut^r i!4'f.

.^wir^if re

JUGLANS CALIFORNICA Wats

A Jiuxy^etij >ii/t\ ^

.'•^V' .' ^{iftfu^ . tiru

%

1 / r!

* I '

i! '

f

5 J

Jl'liLANUACKA

aJLVA OF M\OliTH AMElilCA.

i;il

HI CO II I A.

Fi-owEHs monopcious, apotahnis ; calyx of tlu- staminato flower unoqually 2 to .'}-
lolu'd, the lolu's iinl)ri('at"d in (estivation; stamens .*{ to 10; calyx of the pistillate
flower l-lohcd; ovary inferior, l-celle<l, surrounded hy a 4-lobed involucre; ovule
solitary, erect. Fruit a nut inclo>cd in the l-valved thickened involucre. Leaves
alternate, unequally pinnate, destitute of stipules, deciduous.

HiooHa ("Scoria). Raflnpiu|iic. .V. )'. Me>i. Jie/i. )wx. ii. v.

■Xrj (ISOH); AlfKjrajih. Am. Go. — baillon, Jlinl. I'l. xi.

40ri (Scoria).
Carya. Nutull, OVii. ii. L>'J() (1818). — Mi-Uner, OVn. 7t,—

KmUicliiT, r^..i. ll'JC — r. .'e CamloUe. .Ihii. Sri. y,it.

MT. 1. xiiii. ;iti. — lieiitliiim & HiMikir. (ifii. iii. .'t'J8

Kiigler, Knijler it I'nintl I'jianxenfam. iii. pt. i. -a.

Aromatic n-siiiou.H trees, with wiitci y juice, .scaly hark, tougli strong hard l)r(»wn wood, tough terete
tlexihlo l>raiichli>tH, solid |iith, scaly huds, long stimt iicrpendicular roots and thick fibrous rootlets
covered with thick dark-colored hark. Huds covered with few vidvate, or with numerous ind)ricated
■iccreHceiil and often bright-colored scales ; the a.xillary buds superposi'il two or three together and often
stalked, or H<ilitary. I.*aves alternate, une(|ually pinnate, many or few-foliolate, often glandular dotted,
deciduous, the Icwest often scale-like and short-lived, with broad flat stalks and few small leatiets,
the uppermost freipiently reduced to small bract-like acuto bodies, more or less per; Utent during the
winter. Petioles elongated, terete, tlattei cd and grooved on the upper side, and gradually enlarged
toward the has*', often persistent on the branches during the winter, leaving in falling large elevated
oblong or semicircular more or less three-lohcd emarginate leaf-scars (displaying small marginal clusters
and central radiating lines of dark fibro vascular bundk'-scars. Leatiets involute in vernation, ovate
or oliovate, usuidly acuminate, thick and tirm, serrate, mostly une(|ual at the entire ba.se, usually
increnMing in size from the lower to the up))er, ses.sile or short-petiolulate, or the terminal leaflet rai.sed
oil a long stalk, (leniiiveiiied, the veiuH forked and running to the margin of the leaflet and connected
by reticulate cross veinlet«, turning clear bright yidlow in the autumn, and often separating from the
|ietiole in falling Staminate flowers appearing in l.ite spring after the unfolding of the leaves from
buds in the axih of the last leaves of the year, or at the ba.se of branches of the year from the inner
scales of the terminal bud, in solibtry or fa.scided |>eduiiculate termite ameiits, the lateral aments
produced from the axils of lanceolate acute persistent bracts. Calyx usually two, rarely threc-lobed,
Bubteiided by an ovate acute elongated bract free nearly to tiie base, and iisu;dly much longer than the
ovate rounded calyx-lolies. Stamens three to ten, inserted in two or three series on the slightly
thickened t'lr-.is-like inner ?id lower face of the calyx ; filaments abbreviated, free ; anthers ovate-
oblong, emarginate or divided at the apex, pilose or hirsute, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally,
08 long or longer than their slender conn(H!tive. Ovary wanting. Pistillate flowers mostly proterogy-
nous, sessile, in two tc ten-flowered clusters or spikes borne on a peduncle terminal on a leafy branch of
the year. Calyx reduced to a single posterior lobe. Ovary inferior, one-celled, formed of two
transverse carpels, crowned with two sessile persistent median commissural spreading stigmas papillo-
stigmatic on the inner face, inclosed in a perianth-like slightly four-ridged involucre, composed by
the more or less complete union of an anterior bract and two lateral bractlets, adnate below to the
ovary, uue(iuully foui>lobed at the apex, cup-shaped, villous on the outer surface, the bract exterior in

I
I

II

i u

I

1

}

il

VV2

SI HA OF M HIT 1 1 AMKIiirA.

Jt'OLANDACKit:.

ii'Niivatioii iiiiil niiu'li li)ii}!^(>r tliiiii ill*' lirai'tlctM iiiiil cuIvx-IdIic ; ' oviili- HdlitarVt <>rrrt from the liottoni
of till- t'i'll, oi'tlioti'o|ioiiN. Fruiting iiivoliicri' ovoiil, <;1oI)imi-, or pyriforiii, tliiii or tliii'k, lit'coniiiig liard
ami wockIv at iiiatuiitv, foiii--valv('i|. the NuliircH alt(>riiaU> witi' •'iom« of ih<> iiiit, Moint'tinicH iniirt' or Iokh
liroaillv wiiifrcil, s|ilittiiijr |iroiii|illy or tardily to thu Iiiimo or to the iiiiil<ll(>, inarkcil on tlir iiiiu-r Niirface
with liroiiil ilarii veins railiatiii^ from the tliickcncil l>aN(<. Nut oliloii^, olio\ itc, or Hiili)r|ol)ON)>, acuto,
a<'Uiiiiiiat(' or roiiinliMl at tlu< apex, awtl ti|i|ii>(l liy tliu liiknlciii'd rfinnaiits of tli(> HtyU'H, iiiirrowiMl and
iiNiially niiiinlrd at tlu> baH(> furniHiii'd witli tht> iiHiially |H>rMiHti>iit hardcnud acute point of attichnu'nt
to till' iindliuTi', I'vlimlrical or t'omprt-HHcd i-ontrary to tlu' valvcN, H('|>aratin^ l»y tint donal HUturen
ill )rcrmiiiatiiiii into two valvcN, tlu> valvt'H alttTiiatt' witli tlic cotylcdonH, their wails thin and lirittit*,
or thick, hard aiul lioiiy, HniiMitli or variously ru^oso or rid^i-d on tiu> outer Hiirface and contniniiiK
numerous lar)re or narrow loii^itiiditia! lacuna' or interior cavities filled witli dark or li^iit astriufrcnt
coarse powder, four-celled at the liase l>y the dovelopineiit to ahove th.' middle of a thin dorsjil partition
at ri^iit angles with the valves, and liy a lower ventral partition in tiieir direction, and two-celled at tiie
a|M>x hy tile projection downward into the cavity "f a thick partition at ri^lit uncles witli the dorsal
hasiil partition, and divided to receive tlie sliort liroad point of the see<l. S<'ed stditjiry, tilling tliu
cavity of the nut. exallmminoiis, two-lolied from the liottom nearly to the middle, tlie loltes oldon^,
compressed, variously ^rrooved on the liack hy the projiH'tioii inward of lon^itudin.'il rid^res on the walU
of the nut, concave on tlie inner face, more or lens deeply two-lolH-d at the a|M'X, the connective thii'k
and sliort-|)ointed ; testa thin, memliranaceous, of two coats, tlie outer coat li^lit lirown. Knihryo (iat,
oily, swet t or hitter; riditde short, superior, lillin)^ the apex of the cavity of tlie nut.'

Ilicoria is conliiied to the temperate regions of eastern .North America, and is distriluitctl from tlio
valley of the St. i-awrence I{iv4'r to the hi^rhlands of Mexico, where one ' endemic species (k-cuin. Nine
s])ecies are known, ei^ht of wliicii inhaliit the territory of tlie I'nited States, tlie lieadijuarters of the
^eiins .IS represented liy the jfreatest iiiimher of species heinjj in Houthern ArkansaM. Traces of Ilicoria
iiavc heen found in the tertiary rocks of (Ircciilaiid ; * paheontolo^ists have <lescrilied numerous siM-t-ies
from the upper tertiary form.itioii of Kuro|M-,'' and there are evidences that it once ranjffd in North
America far to the westward of its present home.''

Many of the s|H'cies of Ilicoria produce stronjr tou;;li and very valuahle woo<P and e<lihle muIm of

' T^i' invnliicml ilinrni'tfr nf tlu* iiittcr ci'Vi-riii)^ "f tlu* piiitilliit)' tiiiiliil iittii h vm\. Ciitkilit of itUllitimti- lliiwcr^ Ht tlii' ltAi%<> of
Huwrr tif llirurm m mIihwii hy thi* fiit-t thiit il •,(iiiM'tiiiii>* ciititiiiiiH .^"loi^ hriiiu'lifH fn'iii tlit* tiiilii nf tlit< lutifr Imil-M'ulrH. Iltink

tw<' iir tlirti' nvitrii'i, {irc^liii'in^ twit <tr tlin-t* Hf|iariiti> or iiiim' tir
lenH iiiiitc<l liulu ilii-loMMi 111 I'tii- liii^k. (Si-r (iriiv, t'ntt \ PhtL .1(11'/.
IKHl. 1.-1. 1

' The ii|iecicii i»f llii-oriji iiiav In- ^roii|>4'il in tlir fiilloWMi); M-r-
tioim : ^

AllM-AUVA (('. ill* ('jlllilollr, /Vm/r. xvi. pt. ii. III). UiliU ron»-
pn'H.MMl, i-uvt'n>il wall four ncatcH viilviitf in a'stivatiuu, tin- inner
ulijjlitlv a<'creM!piit. ufU'ii tibiM-urt'ly iiini:iili* Ht the npt'X ; ;ixilliiry
hu(U su(H'r|KiiH>tt two or lhn*4' to^'thi-r. often HtipitAte, the nntJ'r
M'lih'N unitiMl into n !,:ii-k mkmi o|M'liin^ nt the h|h'X. ('atkiiiH of
htmninJite llowi-n* nitnnlly from fi'piirali' or niri'Iy h'af-lh-iirin^
IiiiiIm in tilt- uxiU of k-uv<-H of the pri-vions year, uik forniei) h"fur»'
iiiiil<tininH-r. or iK-oii.Hionully at the liiiHr of HhiM>ti of thr yir.ir.
Ilii<ik of the fruit thin, proniini-ntly riil^'U ut the nutiirfH; nnt

of the fruit thiek or rarely thin, wtthoiit mitural rttiffeii, or ill
line i4}H>i'iin ohHenrely rnl^'eil; lint rotnpreiUHiil, more or lenN prollii-
iii-ntK fiiiir-riil^eil aiul aliKleil; the walU and partitions Ihiek
mill Imiiy , laeniiH' minute, Hllisl with li|{ht yellow |Miwdrr; kernel

««eit.

' Utrvrtti Mriifana, Itritton, ItuU. Tirrrrif tUtt. i'luh, xv. 'Jt*;i
(IHHM).

Ciiryn Sfezicttna, Kngclinann, llmuiry, Itiil. ItiiU. Am. ('ml.

iii. Itil' (IfW'.').

* Sa|Mirtii. Orii/ine Pnlfimtolnyiiiur rffj Arhrtii^ 1^.

' Ziitel, ll.i'M. rnl,r,ml,Jo<). ii M7. f. 'J"'-', 4 «.

" XewU-rry, Ann. Avr. .V. )'. ix. 1*2 (.Vd/m on thf l.atn Krttfi^-t
Fdtma of' .\iirth .-l/n/Tii-ii). -■ Ix'iiipier«ux, I'. S. tiettinif. Stirr. vii.
•JS'.», t. ',7, f. I A I. .Vt, f. -2 ; viii. 'j;l« (Cuntrik. /■'m.iV Fl. II'. Trm-

vyliliilricnl or eonipn-ixeil. not at all or olinenn Iv riit^^ed; the walU turon, ii., iii.).

ami partitionn thin anil hrittte, or in one i,|i«i-ie>i thiek iinil linrtl; * No other wtHtil eipiuirt the U-Mt lliekory in Rtrenj^h and touf^h-

laciiiin* larjfe, irn'^ntar, Hlleil with iliirk powdi-r, or in uiic i,|ieeii*t, ne-*H eonihined with li^r||tne<«ii. 'Hie Imlinlis knew itii value, and

■mall; kernel Hweet or hitter. used it fur the liandlei uf their ttMiU. (.Se Ihi Vagf du rnitz, llii-

Kt'CAHYA (C. de Candolle, /. >-. Ul'). ItniU eoven-d with ten tmre dt la Louitiittw, ii. *2C.) The Kuro|M'an eoluniiitM soon learnt

to twflve closely inilirieated M'lUeH, the outer opetiin^' in the an- il.s ipiality, and, writing early in the M^veiiteenth eeiitury, William

tuinn. and fallini^ *:. f in- winter or i-arly in tin- i*prin^, the inner Woml in the Srw KntjUiniV* /'ntn/ffrl (M) telU uh : "The Walnut

l^'i'resi'eet. uir^e, iinri ofti-. hrii'htly eotiired and retlexed at mu- tree i» soni.-thinK different from the /*-n^/i.<A Walnut, lieinjf n (fn-at

turity; axillary hudii .'iulitary, thtir outer scalei at tint .Hiiinetiine.H ileale inure tou^h, and mure MTviceable, and altogether an heuvie:

JUOLANDArKA

JUULANDACKJC.

SILVA OF NOUril AMKRICA.

\\\\\

pt from tin* huttom
ii*k, IxM'oniin^ lmr<l
'timoH iniiro or Ichh
II llif iniivr Hurfuce

Hiil)^]ol>oK4s arutt%
yloH, iiiirrowtMl iinil
>oiiit of iitticliiut'iit

tliu (lonuil HiiturcH
Ih thin and hrittlo,
u'(> and rontjiiniiif^
or li^ht aHtrin^eiit
hill dorsal jmrtition
id twiMvth^d ut the
h'H with the dormil
Holitjiry, tilhii^ tlie
, tht* h>hoH ohhiii^,
rid^iH on tho wuIIm
ku connuctive thick
iwn. Kniliryo Hat,

iMtriliutcHi from the
LM'i»»H <HTnr>4. Nine
iea(h|uarti>rs of the
Tra;'*'s of lliroria
1 nuineroiiH M|MH'iofi
i; ratified in North

and iMlil>lv nutH of

lloWlTH hI till* liaM* llf
IIIUT lltlil-M'ult-it. lliuk

It mitural riil^'H, or in
mhI, iiiiirt' or li>NN proiiii-
U ami |>artitiiiiu thick
t )i'Uuw piiwdrr; krrtwl

wrty Hot. CUh. XV. 28:i

fy, lU)t, lUiA. Am. Cent.

rhren, *Jt».
:7*J. 1 8.

ntfg ,m the Later Eitinrt
('. S. firtUinf. Sitrv. vii.
trib. Fmsil Ft. W. Terri-

y in Ktrrn^ti and touf^h-
UK knew it-H valiir, iiiid
> Lr I'iiK*' du I'nitz, //i.i-
an i-nluniitU mmn Inirnt
itft'iith rentiiry, William
tflU tm ; "Tlio Walnut
^h Walnut. U'in^ a ^^n-at
id nlto{p*ther an livavie:

commercial im|H>rtance. Oi! .aa<Uf from the kernolR of the nutH waa iiHod hy the Indiann,' who aUo
presMMl a milky HuhHtance from thcni ; ' the hittt'r aHtrin^ont inner hark has heeii employed HUCcesHftilly
ill the treatment of dyHpepnia and intermittent fever;* and in hoiiKeopathio practice;^ and a yellow dyt*
IH ohtjiine<l from the inner hark. No other treen ^ivt* greater dignity and I'liaracter to the forests of
eaHtcrn North America ur HuqiUHH the Iliekorien in vigor and beauty of appearance/' Numeroun iuHeclH"

and wht'iraa our (iunneii itiat arc HtiH'ked with Emjli^h Walnut,
arv •iNinr broken and vrackeil in (riMl, iM'ing a hrittli? wimmI; wfn
an) drivtui to Rtuckr thnn new with thit Country Walnut, wliirh
will indurv all lilowrM, antl wt'alhcr; liuting tinii' out of niintli'.
Theftf triTM l>oant a Vi*ry gtHwl Nut, Moini'thing Hmallur, but nutbing
inferiour in iiweetnvsM and guudnuMu tu th« Uttyluih Nut, having
nu bitter pill."

Their Hii-kury-wiHNl handh'M have nia4lti AiiiiTiean aim known
all uTfr the wurld, ami it in to tbr light Anteritaii carriaKrs, ouly
made pontibje by tlif um* of llirkury wimhI in tbcir roniitruL'tion,
that tha American trotting lmrtu>, omt uf the greatuitt triunipliM of
th« breeder'* art, uwi'n bin NU|M^rionty. llii>kory wutal i.s the Itent
fuel yipltird by the Anu-rican foreata; and fur hu«>[>s n«) uther
American wtnid r<|ualM it.

* '* The third <tort in, aji this laiit, eieeeding banl iihellvd, and bath
a iHumihg Rweet karnrll ; thiit hut kind th(* IndiauH lH>at intu pirceit
with Rtuhei, niid putting them, MhelU iind all, into murtern, niin^litig
water with them, with lung wiMMldeii (H-iitellii p«)iind them ho long
togither untill they make a kiiul of mylke, or tiyliu liquor, wbitli
they call |iowcohic4ira." (Stnu-bey, 7'A* U%*tnrie of TruvtuU tnin
\'triftni4t Hhtnnniii, eti. Major, \'J\>.)

"The Wdd Wallnnt, or Hiipiery-Tree, gifeii the tmlinu oy
buyling it« Kernel, a wholeiionie Oyl, from whom the Km/li^h fre-
quently Rupply theuiM'lveii for their Kitchen uac* : It't i-ouimriuleil
for a good KeuHMly in Ihdont, anti (irii>eii of tlii> lU'lly; wliilnt iu>w
it hax a pleaiiant Taxte; but after n'xx Miutfthrt, it dcrayi* and grown
acid; 1 iM'lieve it might make a giHNi tlyl, and of a^ genenil uu unv
aji that of the Olive, if it were U'ttt-r puritled aitd reeliticd."
(ThoniaA Ash, 'VjriWind, ftr ti I)r»iTif>tnm of the i*re»rnt Stnte of thnt
Cnuntry, V2. )

"lliceory NutA have vi>ry hani Shells, but eieellent Hweet Krr-
nelri, with whu-h, m a plentiful Year, the ohl llogM, that t-an crack
them, fatten thuniM'lvert, ami make eicellmt Pork. Tlu'iw Nutn
are gotten, in great (^uantitieti, by the Saviigen, luul laid iqi for
St4>res, uf which thi'y makr M-veral l>tHhcN and Uam|uctii. One of
tbrne I caui.ut forlwar mentioning ; it ia thin : They take tlu'^u
NutH, and break them very miiall bctwiit two Stoneit, till tlie SbclU
and Kt-riieU an* indifTereiit umall, And thin Powder you are pre-
leiited withal in tlirir Cabins, in little wiHMleu Ihalies; the Keriirl
diiuu>lveN in your Mtuitli, aiul the Sludl is Npit out. Thia tanti'H ilh
well an any Almond. Another I)i»h i* the Snip which the\ make
of theM Nuta, iN-aten, and put into Vfuiton-ltrotli, which dirtrtolvcH
the Nut, and thickens, whitfit tlu- .Shell precipitaten, and n-miiiim ut
the bottom. Thia llroth taatfa Tcry rich." (Uiwaoii, ilutnrif of
Cawiimi, 98.)

* "'Hie fruit in in great eatimation with the present gi'iicnttioa
of Indiana, |>articiilarly Juglnu* ixri/Zfi/a, eonmionly calletl hIu-II-
biirked hiccory. The t'reeka store up the biat in their towna. I
have aecn abovu an hundred buaheN of tlieM> iiula ladongiiig to one
family. They pound litem to piMCfii, and then cait them into bt>iU
ing water, which, after paaaing through tine Htrainer^, presen-ea
the moat oily part of the litiuid: thia they call by a name which
nignillea hicci>ry milk; it ia aa aweet and rich iw fn'sth cream, and ia
an ingredient in motit of their cookery, eR|»ecially hoiiiony and com
cakoB." (William Uartram, Travels in Xurth Ameriva, 38.)

' U. S. IHnfiew. e*l. !«, 1744.

* MilUpaugh, Am, Meit. IH. in llomtropathic fiemedien, ii. 157.

• I'on-her, lUmurvrit o/ Southern Firldii and ForfMl:^, 3li'J.

" In the Fifth Annual Ui-port of the I'nited Statea KntomolugU
cal CoinmiMaion, publiahed in IHIM), one liMndred iind aiity-nine
specica of inaecta are rccordeil aa living upon llicoria, and very
little i.-i known of thoau which attack tlieau trcea in the noiithiTU
atatea. Many imtecta that injure tlir llickoriea feed alau on other
planta, although a large numlaT acem tu cuntlne thomaelvea to this
geiiu.s. More than tlfty apec-ca are known to alTect the bark and
wood of the trunk and branchea, buth when tlicy are green and
after tlii-y ha\e Wcome dry. A large |Mirtion of the^e wo«Ml-borers
aru the larva* of lieetlea iNdongiiig to the family Ceramliycida*.
Cj^llme iHttmit l)rury, which rescmblea the eoiunum Locuat-burer,
often dik'4 HvrioUH itijiiry to the llickoriea. ftifff litfritm-^^ l)e (leer,
and several other t«|H'cieH of thia genua, are often I'ommon ttii these
treen, in the larval Mtate iMiring Hrat into the bark and aiipwiNMl and
later into (be r«oliil wihmI. ('hi>in nuctu.i, l>rury, in often deatruclive
to drying hickitry timU-r. (S-e tianlvu ami Fore"!, i. 1 18.) Sajtfnta
'/i.«. ■-.(«/. fi, Fabrieiua, and .SV* fi«.*/»Arniw witatu^, Olivier, are alno aaid
to atTt'it tlie Hickories, and aeveral apccica of iHcerca and Chryao-
bothrin, iire common on them. Larvie o' audi niiimte beetlea as
Stnitrit'on /MiAf/iir'-, Say, and .l/wfc /laMilari-i Say, often make deep
nleiider tuiineU in the dry wuod. A twig-girdlcr, Onculere* cifii/u-
latnA, .Say, and Klaphulum vUl^mum, Kaliriciua, aoinetiinea cut otf the
ainall bnuu-liea. Some a|H*ciea of .\griliiH, Ai-aiilhi>'tf'rni 'juailnt/ift'
hti.i, Suy, I.iii-ni.* cifKrefi.*, Lecoiite, and the lurvai of aeverul oilier
iM'eth-. bore into the bruiiclies and twigs, although frequently not
iititit tlii< WimhI ih di'iul. The llyiiiehopteroii^, Trrtnti < '•numf>at
l:.iiiim-u>*. i^ reputed to Im> a destrmtive l>t)rer of the Hickory iu
aonie liH'alitie^. Chnvnr.tu.i Irnn-r, \.v I'oiite, iiiul SculijtHA \-.i(iiiif}-
jii", Say, and .trverul other apeiie'* of .Solytidie; and Miigdaiia,
and other i'ureultonidie, live in the bark i>f dead or living tree.s.
A Ncale ina«'ct, f.'iitnium Carifr, Kitcli, and large maaHe<t of apliida,
like FriftMiima <'iiri/ir, Kitch, LorhwLi Ciirtfir, llarria, an* found on
the aurfaee of the bark of young lirnncliea.

The llickorie.4 are faviirite foml-ptaiit.t t)f .sevcrul species of the
large Silk-.opitiiicri mid other Homhu'idii' which alno feeil upon llio
foliage of .Inglans.aiid uf nuiuerout -iiH'«ieH of Cutoeula. H'lUiiilota
C'lrifr, liiirn.H, i>, ofleu eomiiioii, and the Kail Wel^-wortn and the
larva* of IhUnna mim.itni, l>rury, frequently defoliate tiie liraiichcs.
The l.irvie of i*h</n-< rnhn/asrirlUi, Piu'kard, live iu the bud-^ and
leafstalks iu spring and curly summer, and soiiie titht*r I'vralidm
and some species of Tortricidic luiil Tiueida< live cither in the
folded leavea or in curiously conatructed eaaea which protect tlieir
Uidiea, (irltrhia cttrifterorrUii, PackanI, lives wilhiii the young
leavea, which it rolls up, and larvie of Cnleophora rtirvfr/'n/tW/rt,
ChamU'rs, live in eylindrieal eaaea on the under surface of the
leaves. Among leiif-minera which attaek tlie llickoriea are I.itho-
cttllitit rari/(rf'itiifllu, '.'Iiineiis, LithtH^ollfti.-* rnriiirnllnllii, t'liaiiihe7s,
and Xrpticula airijirfolkUa^ LT''mciis. The leaves of Hickories are
frequently atTeeted by numerous sjiccies of gall-making inseeta,
which often twist ami diHtlgnre them, Itetween tifteen ar twenty
distinct kinds of galls havo U'cn described as formid by dilTerent
B|M»ciea of Phylloiera on these trees, /'hylhurera carym'aultii, l-'itch,

> i

•I
I

ii

/

r

IJM

SUVA OF NORTH AMKItlCA.

JUflLANDACC^C.

\nv\ u|>on and do oonnidernble injury to all tlio H|M*rum of the genuN, whirh, however, are cuni|Nirutively
ivvM from fungal diHooMt'K.'

Hickorieti can he rainvd from soodri,^ which should not be allowinl to becumu dry, m they hoou Ium
their power of germination, and the vurietieH ran he propagated hy graftH.

Tlie generic name ^ in formed from the popular name of theHe treeH.*

bciii^ mil* (if till* nii><it nil I dpi I' IK Mm, om on iiw leAf-ititlkii anil
y<Hin|( Nliiiut'4 it iimki'i UrKo liolltiw Ifuthory ^alU which do nut
diHap|H-ur during thr winter. VHriutm MiHM'ifN nf ^iillit fnrnit'd hy
('<-ridi>ii)Yidtf lire cnniiiiuii tin thcuf tn't'w and iM-ndiar to tlii'in-

Ainnnft |iliint-lit'f MntuUn cfirvf/Zii, Fitch, and ■om** M|H'ciri of
('idh)itrruH, an* common on the foliage. Ninurrouii M|HM'it>it nf
Ilcnii|>li'ni U'longintf to thu JaRHida* or l.rf'af-hop|HTfl, and t» ths
Mcnihricida' or Trcu-hop|>rni arv fuuud on thorn, hut apparently
di> thnn lilth' injury.

TIu' yonit^ fruitH and tht* mature fruit-hiiiik» of llicoria an' often
much mined iitid eaten hy the larvie of (irtipholithti airyntui, Kiteh,
a Htniill Torlrix moth, aiul hy 'tome other allied niHu'iea. The nuta
.ire frei|iieiitly iiifeHted by a weevil, littiiininui tuMirtiJ*, Say, while
lUiittmnuM ri-ttii:!, Say, in aUo re|Htrted as attacking; the fruit.

* The dineiiHe which prultahly attracirt more attentiiui than any
other that atTcctA llicuna appears in the form of very roiif(h tumors
on the nide of the smaMer hriiichcA or nearly nurroitiHling them,
lUMue trees iH'iuf^ covered with hundreds <if Huch knot-like excres-
cence!*, pii"tentin}( a curious ap|H'arance after the leaves have fallen^
and often rvnuiiiiing un the hranches fur years. It was long ku|>-
|Hised that the«e knots wert> the n-Hult of the visitation of some
ins(*cl. This is now tienied hy t>ntuinolo^Hts ; yet i\t* niieriHicopical
exaniiiiiition <ltH>s not kIuiw the cun>ttaiit pn'sence of any fuiif^is,
and as the Hickory tumors re<MMnlile those formed t>n the Olive in
Knro)M\ whidi mtuw ve^etahle paliroiitnlo^iHts lielieve are due to
l>;icteria, a]thiMi);h othern do not at^ree with them, it is possihle tlutl
the tumors of (*arya may have a similar iirif^m despite the fart
that no vtiu-i observations have yet contlnned this view.

Mtrr'Mtroma JuijUvultx, S«eeBn1a, is one uf the most widely dia*
tribi)t4>d fungi on the leaves of Hicoria, appearing aa a thin white

layer on the under surface of the leaHeta and earning (hem to ffiirl
and ultimately tu shrivel up. Two N|H>i-diM'ases on the leaves of
tlickory-treos an> due tti /'A'///tM/i(M fViryrr, IVck, and HnmuUrui
atf»t-mttrulitUi, Peek ; neither of them dia's the trees any ■erioiia
damage.

* CohlN'tt, WiHMlhnih, 'JtW. - Knilrr. I'mrlinil hWratry, 115.

* The generic name pro|Htsed by lUHnesipie, who first se|Mrate<l
the Hickories frtun the Walnuts in IHOH, was originally printed
Settria, hut this waa evidently a misprint, as in 1N17 UnHnes4|uft
himself corrected it to llicoria in the Fl'vn l.ntlnrwuvui, lOf) ; and
again in IHIO in the AhiujrttftHui .Iffifrirfjna, where he ret^stablisbed
bis genus, diviiling it into four subgeneni, baaeil prineipatly on the
cbanu'ter of the kernel of the nut.

The distinctions between Walnut-trees and Hickories wen* dis-
n>garde<| hy all the Itotanists of the eighteenth century, although
Caspar Kauhiii hail recognized the fact as early as Ul'jH that there
were Wiilnuts of two very iliffen-nt sorts in Virginia (/'imir, 117).

* Hickory is from the Virginian |Miwcohicora or pawcohiccora, the
name of the milk, or mly li<|uor obtained by |Hiunding the kcrneli.
Hickory nuts were called paean by the Indians of the sealioanl, a
general name for all nuts hani enough to n*4|iiin' a Hti>ne or ham-
mer to crack them ; and .his niinie was appropriated hy the Kreneh
settb-rs uf the Mississippi basin for the nuts nf one (if the s|H'cies
{Hunria rratn). The tbiii-shelleil nut of the eastern Shug-liark
Hickitry was distinguished by northern Algmikins ks one tu b«
cracked with the teeth (Abn. s* kwskaililmenne) ; this by the de-
scendants nf the Ihtteh settlers in New York was changed into
i'uskatomiiiy or Oiiskat<uniny, or, as written by Mtclmui {Hut.
Arh. Am i. HNI), Kiskythuniaa nut. (See Trumbull, 7'rafw. Am.
VhMnifiral Site. JH72, 2fi.)

If

I,

ry, OM thuy huou Iom

CONSI'ECTUH OF THE NORTH AMKRICAN SPECIES.

AliicARYA. Kuil-icalvK vulvnle ; mtkiim of iitaiiiiniitii fldwcrs iimiully friini IiiiiIh formed in the
kxiU ut le»vii« of tliii |irpvioii« ypiip ; fruit riil);''il »t llii' miliiri'!< ; nut siilic) lindrical, iir in ono
•|HH'ieii much roin|iri'iiiif'<l unci aii|{lvil, thii wall tliin anil brittle, or in ono Kpt'iius thick und
bony : litcuna< ii«uiilly Ittr^o ; kirnul awpct or hiltcr.

Cutkina of nUtniinittu tlowum fiocirlcd, ni'iirly ■('•■ilr, niuully on branchvH of tlio |ir>'vioui
yoar.

Lrnth't* I. 'I to in, ol>lonK-lanceo|i\tP, more or Iuih fiilcutf : nut ovatc-<iblon){ ; cylin-
drical, thin-»hellpd ; kcrnid «wf<-t 1. H. Pkcak.

Catkin* of atnniinntu tlowcm |i<'duMridutc from braiichi'i of thi' year or of tbi' |iri'viouH yriir.
livatl**lN 7 to II. binccoUtc or ol>bm^-tfinceolalc ; iitit often broailur thun lon^, tbin-

•bi'lli'il, uli^htly 'l-nn|;b'd ; kernel bitter '.'. H. minima.

LraHetn 7 to 11, ovute bincpolate tu laneeoUte-olxivutu ; nut ellipnoldal, cylindrical,

thick-aliellnl i kernel iweet ,'1. II. myhihtickkohmIH.

I><>alleti< 7 to Kl, lanceolate, more or Ii'm falcate ; nut coni|ire»iied, rui(oM', thin-iilielled ;

kernel bitter 4. H. AIJUATICA.

Et'CAKTA. Hud-icalrn imbricated : catkinn of iitaminate lb>wcnt |H'duncuh4te on branchen of the
year. Fruit without natural rid|;eii, or in one ii|M!cieH slightly ridged ; wulla of the nut thick
and iKiny : laruno minute : kernel iiwi-et.

Bark leiiarable from olil trunkii in loiiK luoae |>lateii.

Lrf'aHetM .'i to 7, ovate t4) oblong-lunceolute or olM>vate i nut thick or thin-wulled, ovate,

more or lew flattened and 4-annled, pale or nearly while 0. II. OVATA.

l^^alletN 't to 9, olmvate or oblonff-lanceolale. puberubiUH on the lower Nuvface : nut

ovate, thick-walleil. prominently 4-an^'led. ilull white to li|^ht reddinli brown . . . C. II. LACINKMA.
Uark closely furrowed, rarely exfoliating in pbitelike Hciiles.

Leaflet* 7 to it. oblong lanceolate or obovate lanceolate. no)rc or lens tomentoiid on the
lower aurfat'e, very fragrant ; nut globoiH* or oblong, often long (Hiinted, i-ridged

toward the a|iex, thirk-ubclled, reddiah brown 7. H. ALliA.

IjcaHeta uaually >'> to 7. oblong or olH>vate-lanceolate, glabrou* or villous-pubesrcnt ;
(niit pyrifunu or glolxw : hunk unually thin, alightly ridged at the Huturen ; nut
oblung, uval, or globune, thick or tliiii-«helIeU 8, H. iilauha.

.« i

4*

JUOLANDACKJ^.

SILVA OF NOHTU AMERICA.

137

HIOORIA PECAN.

^e.-a.

Leaflets 9 to 11, lanceolate or ()l)lon}j;-Iance()late, more or less falcate. Fruit
four-winged nearly to the base ; nut ovate-oblong, cylindrical, thin-shelled ; kernel
sweet.

Hiooria Pecan, niilton, null. Torrnj Hot. Ctuh. xv. 28'.'

(1S88).— Uipiwl, llaiM. LnuhhoUk. ii. 340, f. l.")6. —

K(iehiiL-. Deutsrhe Deiiili: 7.'i, f. '2'i H. H'. H". — Coulter,

Cnntrih. U. S. y<it. Ihrli. ii. 410 ^ Man. I'l. H'. 7Vj-,m).
Juglana Peoan. Miirsliiill. .irlnmt. Am. (ii) (ITH.'i). — Wul-

tcr, Fl. I'lir. '.Mt'i. - - Unrkhuiisi'ii, Uniulh. Fomllint. i.

7.MK — Mm-hlenbcrj; & Wiiltlont»w. ^Vh** Srhrijt. Gf.^rll.

nut. /•>. llerlin, iii. aStl!. — Uii Munt ilo Cuuraut, IM. Cult.

I'll. L'. vi. '.'.■((•>.
Juglnna lUinoinensis. WnnKenhciiii, Xont'tm. //oh. fit, t.

IS. f. 4;i (.•X.I. fniit) (17H71.
Juglana angUBtifolia. Alton, //nrf. h'lir. iii. 361 (178'J). —

Sl<,l(.-i., /tot. M,it. .Unl. iv. 400.
Jutllnns alba, t pacana. CaHti({lioni. I'lm/. nei/li .Stali I'niti,

ii. •-'(;■.' il7'.H»).
Juglana cylindrioa. I'oiri't, Lam. />/.7. iv. "lOS (1707) ; ///.

iii. ;i('Ki. I. 7S1. f ."i. — Xoiit'i-'iu /hi/iiiwr/, iv. 17S.
Juglana olivinformia. Mi.lmiix, Fl. /lor.-.\m. ii. 10'.'

(lSO;ii -^ WilliU'riiiw. .S>«-. iv. 4.">7 ; Knin,,. 070; /(.;/,

/iiiiimx. I'll. '.'. 104. — I'tTniioii. .S'l/H. ii. ."itMi. — Di'sfon-

taincii, /linl. Arli. ii. ;)4S. — Mirlmiix f. /Hnl. .trii. .tm.

i. 17;t. t. a. — Ailoti, liorf. Kiir. I'll. 'J, v. '.'(Hi. — riirsli.

FL Am. liept. ii. (Wli. — lluyiu', /hiiilr. Fl. Ui;?.

Carya olivffiformis. Nuttall, Gen. ii. 221 (1818). —
S|ir.'iii;el, S;/s>. iii. 840. — .Spacli, //l.if. (Vy. ii. 17.'i. —
.Sclitelu. /ioemiT Tfxus. -147. — Eil. Jlorreii. /kl'je l/ovt.
2'_'3. vi. t. 4."i, f. 2. — Torrey, /I'll. Mi'jr. /loiinil. Sure.
'2iC>. — C'lKi]iiii;in, /•'/. 418. — C ilii C'aniloUe, Ann. f!c!.
Xnt. si'p. 4. xviii. ;»;. t. I. f. ;t, t. (J. f. r>9 ■, Pmlr. xvi. ))t.
ii. 144.— Uiil-«ay, /'m,: ''. S. \ut. Mas. 1882, 77. —
llt'iii-sley, /till. /iiol. Am. l.'ent. iii. IG.'i. — Sargent, Fi)ri>.it.
Treeji X Am. \Of/i Censii:: l'. S. ix. l.'i-'. — lla\aril.
/Vw. (L S. ynl. J^(.^■. viii. .lOCi. — Wat.son it C'oiillor,
'.■/■.../ ■.< .!/.(«. 0,1. t). I'kS. — Mayr. Il'-ilil. Xoflmn. Kil,
t. 4.

Carya anguatifolia. Sivnt, //nrt. /U-it. 07 (1827). — Nut-
tall. .S'v/iv/. i. 41.

Carya totraptera. Lielimann, I'iden.il:. Jledil. fm nut. For.

l\i„i„iiii. is."iO, so.

Hiooria Texana. l,c Ooiile. /'(•«<•. I'kil. Acad. 1853, 402.
■? Carya Toxnna. C il.' Candiillc, Ann. Scl. Xut. si'r. 4,

will, 'i:! (ISI'i'.') ; /'i-iflr. xvi. |it. ii. l-t."i.
Carya lUinoensia, Korli, /hndi: i. ')'X\ ( 1800). — Lauclio,

lh„l.irl,e /hndr. 307, f. 124.
Hicorius Pecan. Sargent, Garden and Fnrest, ii. 400

(l.S,SO).

A tn-e, iiiu' liuiidrtMl to iiiu' liiiiiih't'il and seventy ft'ct in lifijjlit, with ii tall ma.ssive trunk occa.sion-
ally .nix feet in diameter above it.s t'niarjjed and huttri'ssi'd base, and stout slii;;iitiy spreading branches
wliich form in tlie forest a narrow symmetrical and inverseiv |ivrami(lal, or, wiiere they find room to
Hprcad, a broad round-to|)|ied liead. Tlie baili of tile trunk is an inch to an inch and a iialf in
thickness, Hght brown tinged witii red, and (h'ejiiy and irregnlarly divided into narrow forked ridges
broken on the surface into thick a|>[)rcssed scales. The bark of the young stems and branches is
snumth and light reddish brttwn. Tiie bianchlets, when they tiist apiiear, are slightly tinged with red
and coateil with loose pale tomentum which soon wears awiv, and in their first winter thev are glabrous
or piiberulotis, or pubescent toward the extremities, and are marked with nunu'i'ous oblong orange-
colored lenticels and with large obliing obsciirelv thret-lobed roncave leaf-.scars surroundi'd bv a broad
thin mend)ranaeeous border which etid)raccs the lower axiliaiy bud. The terminal buds are acute,
comju'essed, half an inch long, covered with clusters of bright yelK)w articulate hairs, and during the
winter are coated with pale tomentum ; the scales are strap-shaped, ofteti obscurely pinnate at the apex,
bright green on the inner surface and slightly accrescent. The axillary buds arc ovate, acute, co.n-
pressed, and covered witii clusters of yellow articiihite hairs, and are often stalked, especially the u])per
one of the node, which is fretpieutly twice as large .is the buds below. The leaves are from twelve to
twenty inches in length, and are composed of from nine to seventeen leaflets and of slender ,,'labrous

r;i

If

J

138

siLVA OF Nonrn America.

JUOLANIIACE^,.

'i

I

ll

}

or pubescent petioles flattened and slifjlitly grooved along the upper side toward the base ; the loatlets
arc lanceolate or oblong-lanceolato and more oi- less falcate, anil increiise in size from the lowest to the
uppermost ; they are long-pointed, and coarsely and often doubly serrate with incurved cartihiginous
teeth, rounded or sonu'times wedge-shaped on one side and shorter and wedgi-shaped on the otlier at
the base, and are borne on stout petiolules often a (juartcr of an inch long, or are sometinu's sessile with
tiie exce|)tion of the terminal leaHet. whicii is synnnetrical and wedge-shaped at the base and raised on
a slender stall; an inch or :in iiu'h and a half in length ; when they unfold the leaflets are bright green
and glandular, and, like the petioles, are coated with thick pale tonientum which soon d! <ap|iears ; at
maturity they are thin and firm, dark yellow-green and glabrous or pilose on the upper, and pale and
glabrous or pubescent on the lower surface, from four to eight inches in length and from an inch to
three inches in width, with narrow yellow midribs rounded on tin- n]>pcr side, and thin conspicuous
veins. The stamiiiate flowers appear in late spring in slender puberulous clustered aments three to five
iiu''ics long, usually i)roduced from buds fornu'd in the axils of leaves of the previous ytsar, or occasion-
ally on shoots of the year, and sessile or short-pcduiu'ulate ; the perianth is light ycHow-green and
hirsute on the outer surface, with broadly ovate acute lobes rather shorter than the oblong or obovate
bract, which is narrowed at both ends and twice as long as the nearly sessile yellow stamens. The
pistillate flowers are oblong, narrowed at both ends, slightly f'oni"-angled and coated with yellow scurfy
pubescence, with a:i ovat»' more or less elongated bract, broadly ovate bractlets, and an ovate acute
calyx-lobe. The fruit, which is produced in clusters of from three to eleven, is oblong, pointed, four-
winged and angled, one to two and a half inches long, half an inch to an inch bni \(|, dark brown and
more or le^s thickly eoated with clusters of yellow articulate hairs ; the hu.sk is abuui a sixteenth of an
inch thick, hard and brittle, and splits at maturity nearly to the base, di.scharging the nut aiul often
remaining on the brani'h during the winter. The nut is ovoid to ellipsoiilal, nearly cylinilrical or
slightlv four-angled toward the acute or acuminate apex, rounded and usually a|)iculate at the base,
bright reddish brown with irregular black marks, and one to two inches in length, with thin brittle
walls, thin papc-y partition.*, the basal vfutral partition being often not more than an eighth of an
ini'h high, and large irregular lacuna- lilleil with a dark astringent powder. The s»'ed is sweet,
ovate-oblong, di\idcd from tlu' base to above the middle, aui'i covered with a red-brown coat ; the lobes
are nniiuled and slight 1\ divided at the base, nearly flat and .slightly gr(H)ved on the inner face, and
rounded on the outer, which is marked from near the ba.se to the ajiex by two tleep longitudinal
grooves caused bv ridges on the wall of the nut, and ruuntled and two-lobed at the ajK'X, with lobes as
long as the short flattened [xiint of their connective.

J/icorid J'liiiii is distributed from the valley of the Missi.ssippi Hiver, where it probably finds its
most northern home in the neighborhood of iSabula. Iowa, through southern Illinois and Imliana,
western Kentucky and Tennessee, to central Mississippi and Alabama,' and through Mi.s.s(mri an'.!
Arkansiis to southciustern Kansas, the Indian Territory, western Louisiana, and the valley of the Concho
Hiver in Texas, reajipearing on the mountain ranges of Mexico. The largest of the Ilickory-trees, the
I'ecaii inhabits low rich ground in the neighl)(>rhood of streams, growing to its greatest si/<> on the
fertile bottom-lanils of southern Arkunsus and the Indian Territory, and in western Texan surpoMsing
all other tretts in 8ize and value.''

' .Mrilir, fitiriit'ti tintt Forrri, vt. Ii72. A mnArkfibl» Ilickory-tn***, evidt-iitlv ft liyt>riil ln'twrni Hixiritt

' \ liirk"rv-tr,M* iliat sprung' up twenty-Hvp or itiirty yimrn n^> I'eiiin mid out. of llii- tnic llirknrii'H, pniliHlily llu-tina turinitim ur

nrar ti pliintt-il lV'cAi)-tn>i.' in Il/.niilton Couiilv, nhin, M-jih pulu-Hrrnt llirona nltm. ^^nmiii^ in WiibaHli Cniiiityi Illinuia. wbh iiiii<Ip kimwii

winliT liniiirliU'lii. hiiihII Imnlit yilliiw liuils, liiiviH loiijpo.'.iMl (if liy I>r. .laiob S'linrik of Mount Cariiii-l in tin. uutunin of ISIM.

four or Hvi* pairn of luirrow falciiti' Irultrt;., oliinnf; tliin-hii-^k.'il fruit TliiK trci> Iiiim Ntoiit pulN'm'iMit linini-lilctA, tlip Ur^' terniinul Inulii uf

pruitiiiii'nlly riil|;i-<i from Iuim' to apfx, iinolilon^'-olHiviitt'roniprcsM'd tht* trut' Itii'korii'H, Military axillary luaU rovrn'd wi(h valvat*' or,

and slightly an^^lcd nut with a Huint'wliat bittt>r kcrnid, in |i(>rbaps in one ii|MM-ina'U, with inibriratt'd HcalcH, bniad IfatU'tH, and oblong

a hybrid ItPtwcpn Hicorin I'eran and Uicoria minima. (Sou S. .1. fruit ni'arly two and a half inches in Irngth ; tkt^ hunk, which i«

(iallowar, f tar^trfimff, ii. TM, f.) dark brown on the outiT iurface, '\a a third of an inch thick and,

JUOLANDACEjB.

JUGLANDACKiK.

SJLVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

139

3 base ; the leaHets
111 the lowest to the
urved cartilaj^itiouH
tell on the other at
inetiines sessik' with
> hase anil raised on
i'ts are hrij^ht j;reen
soon (Kv'ippears ; at
ipper, and pale and
tnd from an inrh to
id thin eonspicnons
mients three to five
IS year, or oecjision-
it yeHow-jxreen and
e ohlonj^ or ohovate
'How stamens. The
1 with yellow scurfy
and an ovate aeute
)lon^, pointed, four-
ad, dark hrown and
I a sixteenth of an
; the nut and often
learly eylinilrieal or
ii'ulate at the hase,
th. witii thin brittle
an an eighth of an

The seed is sweet,
own eoat ; tlie lolws

the inner faee, and
o deep longitudinal

a|R'x, with tohe.H as

it probably finds itH
Uinois and Indiana,
rou<;h Missouri and
valley <»f the C-oneho
ie Hiekiuy-trees, the
j^reatest si/.i- on the
^rn Texas surpotwiug

a )iyt)rtil between //i< .»ri<i
ni)>Hl>ly lltrorui lariuumfi or
v, Illiiiuis. WBH iiiK'le kiinwii
i>l in the iiutiiniii of IHfM.
, tlio Urf^* teriiiinal 1>u(Im uf
U i-nvcn'd with vulvate or,
lirtiad li'iitU'ttt, and oliluiig
ii^th ; the litiHk, wliicli in
lirtl of liii iiuli thick and,

The wood of Ilirorut l\v(tn is heavy, hard, not very strong, brittle and close-gained, with
numerous thin medullary rays and bands of one or two rows of large open duets marking the layers of
annual growth. It is light brown tinged with red, with thin lighter brown sapwood. The speiilie
gravity of the absolutely dry wood is O.TLSO, a cubic foot weighing 44 "i. 3 pounds. Less valuable than
the wood of most of the other species of Hickory, it makes excellent fr.el, and is now occasionally used
in the manufacture of wagons and agricultural implenients.

The nuts, which vary in size and shape, in the thickness of t'leir shells and in (juality, are an
important auicle of connneree. They are usually gathered for market from wild trees, Texas producing
the largest quantity ; but in recent years orchards of Pecan-treei raised from selected nuts have been
planted in many of the southern states.'

Growing remote from the Atlantic seaboard, IHroria Pt ran was not known to the early Europeans
who explored the American forests; in 170-t Peniraut, a follower of Bienville, noticed the nuts among
the fruits usimI in the village of the Natchez Indians on the Mississippi." and they were described by
Charlevoix * and Le Page dn Prat/* in the narratives of their travels in Louisiana; and, according to
Alton, the tree was introduced into European gardens in IT()*J.

Aplittin^r nrai-l\ to thr ha.Hr, rcnmiiis nii |h«' hniiii-h iiftiT dint lmr<;in<;
th*' mil ; thi.H in oliton^, two iin'lu-H hm^, two thirtU of iiii iiuh hiuai),
.Hhortpninird, slightly i>oni]>n>sHrd, >li};htly or inti.''piiMioMs]y :ii)^h-d,
iiiiil li^'lit rt'ddii^h hrown. v^itli thin H.illsurid |iiirtititiiis, hiri;i' irri'*;.
td.ii luruiia>, and a swt't'l krrnrl.

' l>ci>|i !4aiidy h>ani, into which ita lon^ root.t, sonu'tinu's dt'Hcrnil-
U\^ tt) a depth of twenty feet, may |)on('trato frt'ely. i.n hvst siiitt-d
fttr ihi' ('iilti\nli> n of the IVnin-trec, whih> Ihi^^v land with water
i.tandiri};; near the Hurfaei* irt h-a.Ht favnrulite to it.t ^i^omus growth.
I'lie treen are u<«ually Net from forty to eighty feet apart lu .itnti^ht
r<ms, iieeonlin^ to the iptality of the <tnd, the \»'»i noil siip|Kirtin^
the ^rraieitt niindwr uf tn**-*. S-cdhn^ trees one ur two UHr-- ohi
are generally uti'd ; and some of the most eX]M»rieneed iV'ran
pljinterM ret'oinnieiid eiittin^ liurk the tap-root to the h>ii^tli of tU-
ti'eii or twenty int-lieii t«t make it hntneli anil thiin ini reuHe (he nunt-
U'r of nnitn. In ortU"- to keep the );round ihar of weedf*. a erop
i>f cotton, cum, «)r |H>tut(M'ii in often ^ruwu ainung thn trees ihirtn^
their Hrst year ; and a erop uf ehivr or eow-jM-a* inay U' plowed
under the iteeund year with ailvantaj;*) tu the yonn^ treen. ^Vhen
the trei'jt an- lliree i»r fnnr yearn ohI the ground eau Iw laid ilown
to |H>rnmnent pa.>tturt* ami ^razetl with rtlieep or eulve!*, and the
orehard will reijuirt^ no further ean* U'vond the frrtili/atiun of
the In-eji to inerea.^e tlnir prodintiveneHS. The seedling trees are
raided froni wdeeted nutn planted at soon ha ripe, tit n>wH four feet
ajwrt, and an- eovered with thn-e or four inehen of soil ; dnrini;
the rtrst year they jjmw from ei^ht to fifteen inches in height.
S>edling^ vary in the sizu anil tpuility of the nutii they pr>>tUh't*,
and even when raided from the finest nuts produce small and infe-
rior fruit. The U'Ht n'sults. an* obtained hy nsini; plant-, (grafted
with scions taken from seleited tre*-?*, although the first eost of
Hueli plants is \i\^h. 'Ilu' I'eean ean In> grafted hy a rin^-;;raft
uf the lia-k, liy (uti^ne and hy elrft-^raftin^ ; Imt the operation is
iti-lieale and dinieult, unil often failn unlest performiMl hy iin e\pe-
rieneed hand.

A pound of JVeun nuts uHually contains fnmi eighty to one hun-
dred and twenty nuts, although lorty to sixty of the largest nut.s
sonu'times weigh n iMuind. Si'veral named varieties, selecteil on
iKTOunt of their size, the thtnnesH of their shells, and the iptality
of their kernels, aw now eultivated. Cohnnhian is slightly hmader
tthuve than ladow the middle, short-pitinted at the ajvex, full and
luuniled at the hase, sometlnu's two inehes and a ipnirter lon^ and
one ineh and an eighth hroad. .lewett is a rtlender aenminate nut
nearly two and one half inches long and seven eighths id' an meh

liruad, with a prominent hasal point. Van Dennin is a hroad uho-
\.Ue init slmrt-pointed at the full apex, gradually narrowed at the
rounded ha.se, iihuut two inthcs Kmg and two thirds of an ineh
lirund. Stuart is rather fuller heluw than ahuve the middle, ni'arly
eipiidly short-puintcd at both end.s, very symmetrical, one and one
third inches long and three quarters uf an inch hroad. Mcauty is
slightly olH>vate, sunn-what angled at the full short-puintcil apex,
gradually and regularly narroweil at the hase, an inch anil three
)pi;irterH long and threi- ijuarters of an inch hroad. (See 'I'hf I'e-
rtttt iiHi{ Hnir to (irow It^ "jS, t. I ; see, also. Muhr, (inrden nnd
tnml, ii. .".»;it. — Van I>euian, /^/^ f. S. Ihpt. A>jrir. 1S90, U.">.
t. l.J)

111 the forest the I'ecan-tree, like othiT llirkories, diies not gruw
rapidly. The log specimen in the dcsup ruUection uf North
.\nu-riean WimhIs in the Aineriean ^tuseutn of Natur-.d History,
New Yor'., grown in Mi.ssouri, is twenty-four inches in diameter
inside the hark, and shows one Innulred and twenty-nine layers uf
annual growth, of which twenty are of sapwood. In eultivatiou,
however, and when ahumhuitly fertilized, it grows rapidly and
U-giiis t*i prtsluce fruit in small ipiantilii's at the end of i-ight or
ten years. Two IVian-trees. planted in IST:.', when twtt years old.
hy I>r. CharleH Mulir in his garden in Midtile, in samly land origi-
nall\ eovered with {'iue-trec*. are now from .sixty-five to .seventy
ft-et high, with trunks five feet eleven inches and five feet eight
inches in cinumferenci- three feet above the ground ; and four
tn-es in the sanu- ganlen, planted in ISSO, are all about lifty feet
high with trunks which, at ihree feet aUtve the ground, girth f'.'ur
feet nine inches, four feet five inches, t\mr feet eight inches, five
feet uini' inches, ami five feet five inches.

^ " lis unt tie trois stirtes de noyers ; il y en n dont les noix s<mt
gros.ses comme le polng. et ipn servent si fane dii pain pour leur
siiupc, tuais les meilleures ne sont gutres plus grosses ipie le poulee ;
iU les appellent paeanes." (Miirgray, .U- "loire.* it IfiK'umt^ili^ v.
n.". I /Vv,Ti/.f(.», ./n Vilh./flf X'llrhf:].)

^ " l.i- Tacane est uiw Noix de la longueur & de la ligiitv d'un
gros lilaml. II y en a dont In cotpie est fort ininee, d'nutres
Tout plus dure 9i plus i^paisse, vS: c'est autant de dt'falipit^ sur le
fruit : elles sont un'me un pen plus f>etites. Toutes sont d'un gout
fin and delicat ; I'Arhre, ipu les porte, vient fort haut : son bois,
son (fcon'e, I'lMleur & la figure de ses feuilles m'ont paru asscz
semhlables au\ Noyers d'Kurope." (./rtunni/ </'um Voijatjv j'mt f»tr
onlrf <iu fioi iliin.* /'.h/it ri'/ur Sri'tentrinmilc, vi. 111.)

* " II y a encore les Pacanicrs dont le fruit est uue espece lU""

<i I'
n

I i i (

i

T

1

'

I

> n

}

140

SILVA OF NORTH AMEIilCA.

JUOLANDACEjE.

The Pecan, with its tall straight trunk and great head of cheerful yellow-green foliage, is one of
the impressive trees of eastern North America; and as ornamental trees some of the wide-branched
specimens, planted early in the century to shade the homes of the Creole planters of Louisiana and
now grown to vast proportions, rival the Elms of the New England farmhouse and the Live Oaks of
the Carolina uiansiun in stateliness and grandeur.

iioix fort pi'tito, & ijr'oii prpndroit aii coup d'fDil pour dei noi-
settes, piiri't- ipiVlleii rn ont la forine, la I'ouleiir, & la coipie auMi
tciulrf ; iiiiiis en (UmIiiiih oUcs sunt tij^iirdes coiiiiue les iioix ; elles
ttolit plus ili-lieates tpte le» liotrcD, inoilis biiilleuu^H & d'llll guilt si
tin, que les Kntni;ois en font des pmliuos aussi bonueA ()ue celles
d'anmndes." {liiitoire tie la Louitiiitift ii- -0.)

The first ileseription of the I'ecan-tree wan publiahcd in the Ar-
hmttim Ainfriavmm u{ Miirshall, who evidently had never wen it ;
the next aeeuunt waa that of Waiigvnbeim, drawn up from a small

rultiratMl tree in the nunerj of William Prinee at Fluahing, New
York. This tree had not borne fruit, and Wangrnheim'a flgure
pnihably repnwnted a peanut. The I'ecan doei not secui to have
been known on the Atlautiu Benl>oanl before 1702, when some of
the nuts were carried tu New York by fur-traders from the Miuia-
sippi valley. In 1772 William Prince planted thirty nuta and sue-
ceeded in raiiiin); ten planta, eight of which he aold in Kuglaud for
ten g'.iiueaa each (Urcudel, Am. Mai. xiii. 7'>7).

EXPLANATION OK THE PLATES.

Pl.\te CCCXXXVIH. Hicoria 1'k. an.

1. \ flowering branch, natural size.

2. Diagram of n staininate flower.

3. Diagram of a pi^tlllatu flower.

4 A ataininate flow, i . front view, enlarged.
f>. A stftniinate flower, rear view, enlarged.
G. A stainen, enlarge)).

7. A iiistillate flower, enlarged.

8. Diognun of a wint«>r-l>ud.

t

Platk CCCXXXIX. IIi.okia Pkcas.

1. A fruiting branch, natural size.

2. A nut. natnnil site.
'1 A nut, natural site.
4. A nut, natural siiLe.

.'i. Crowi section of a init. natural site.

r>. A thin-sliellcil nut cut transversely, natural lize.

7. A leaf, reduced.

8. A winter branclikt, natural size.

JUGLANDACEJB. ■ Sllvd ol Moith Ann

en foliage, is one of

the wide-branched

8 of Louisiana and

id the Live Oaks of

I Prince at Flunhing, New
and Wangfuheiu'a flf^ure
!An docs not hpcui to havo
cfore 170'J, whrn >ome of
ir-tnidi<ra from the Miuia-
aiitod thirty niita and aue-
ch he sold in Kugtand for
7r>7).

/t'

m^

_/^:

f

r/h^-

m

■^

V

I '^

Tab.ccrxy.xv:i!

<\

140 .SILVA Or' NOliTlI AMKHICA. juglandaceje.

The Pecan, with its tall tttrniirht trunk and irreut head of r-lie<>rfn1 vAllnw-oroon fnlimrp in (<n» nf

■ " 'I-. > f . 1 K-- - .4 I . .1 . .'. ii,iii-'-ii,ii til-. I! [HI II , :

*u> ii'i\tiiry t«> Hhadi' tin; lioiiiex nl' tiitt (lr«><>lp |ilni>t»r« . >ntt ottj

i ottiouH, riva) the Klnut of ♦.he Nrw Kiifjluiid I'liniihoiiiH' uoti \\\r f.fvt/ i)uk« nf
tjiu«)int>«« aori gritmli'ur.

. , mnilKlir, j} t» (1H|U0 MUI

\ ltgitt<>r* oumnin '.m ntiu elUn
• . :iit>in« ljuUleu»H« & d'tin fgiAi «i

' . ii. 'Jfl.)

i' . ■> «u pnliliiiliml !i

.'iilli>iil*4i irt'f in tl«' imrwrj ut \Villi»m I'rim'f •« KinahmK, '^•»
York. Ti.is tiv« liul uut burur truil, uu) W4U|[k.nh«ia<'> flpirv
ptuVkUy rvpruaatwi • peauat. Th« Vf^n iluvn not xwiu to li«t«
tiwui knowu im tbv AtUutic HnlHMnl bdfurp 1703, vhvn Mtiw <.(
(W ■mU iirtt urriiiil lo N'l-w Ynrk \<r (tir-tr><l«n fr«m ilic MIwm
illi>y In 177!J VViilntm IVwuf pliuiU'il thiHv iintu iiwl -i
'11 rauiiitt t<'ii pluiilji, figiit u( whii^)^ li<' «>M in KiijrlAinl ^
WM Mcli (Unwitrl, Am. Jfai. xiii. 7ii7).

KXl I

1 \ I-

1 A
.V A

C. \

\TK»i

I'l:'

."1
. .1

( i

i.-turai t'tte.

JUGLANDACEJJ.

Silva nl M'Jtth Aiiii'iK a

Tab . CCCXXXVIU

Prinw •! Kituihiiii,', Nf»

kii iltN-'H not »t'r>tu It' Iia«u
lor*' 170V, «rhf»a w»tu» uf
-tnxUM Jnnn lUc Mi«r.»
jiuiil thirty niilt »ii>i
ill br wM III Knjitx") '
737).

C E Fita^-i litM

r-

<-^ -->

0))

t;

HICORIA PECAN, t'li'.t

JitfKeXU

i

A Ht.'^^fn.^ Jtr.u- '

.'"U" . :r-,-r,r .■ ,/.-,..

^

!

1 I

l1

i ,

1

hf

i!

HI

»!

■it

J

/

V

'ill

i

fr

_ ,i!

-

! r

f

li

}

1 1

It !

'I I

,lvH >!" Nofth Aiticti' I

C i fiJ,-. ,/rt

",1, i-r-xtt.\i.

¥

!

I(

/•V/vWt,

ll

HICORIA PECAN, butt.

^4 Ruuf^at ,/u

^•if . ' iit'u :,r rari,%

•Si

fl

"■ A

}

II I

JUOLANOACKA

aiLVA OF NOJiTJI AMh'JiWA.

141

HIOORIA MINIMA.

Bitternut. Swamp Hlokory.

Li;afi-i;ts T) to 0, lanceolate to ohlonn-limceolate. Fruit 4-winp;ed from the apex
nearly to the middle; nut ovate or oljlong, often broader than long, thin-shelled;
kernel bitter. Winter buds bright yellow.

Blooria minlmA. lirittun. /lull. Torre;/ Hot. I lull, XV. '.'M4
(1888). — Dipiwl, Hnndh. Uuhhultk. ii. ;W7, f. 154. —
Koelin*. Deiiltrhf Prmlr. 7.'t, f. '.'.'t K. K', — CuultiT, r»«.
Irih. U. S. Xal. Ilrrh. ii. 411 ( .l/iin. I'l. iV. IVnis).

Juglana alba minima. Mnnliatl, Arlmni. .I»i. t>S(t7H.')). —

CiutiKlioni, Ti'/y. iifijli Slnli I'niti, ii. L'fl2.
Juglana cordlformia, \VaiiK«i>lieiiii, Nonlam, HoU. 2ff, X.

i(». r. 'jr>(i7s7).

Joglana anBUatlfoUa, I'oiret, l.nm. Dirt. iv. mM (nut Aitiiii)
(1797). — Ihi .Monl ilii ('oiir«i'l, llnl. Cull. e.l. "J. vi. '.';H>.

Juglana auloata, Willileimw, lUrl. Ituumx. l.'>4 i.K'-'*') :
Sfite. Iv. 457. — liiirkliniiiwn, Ifiimlh. Furrthof. i. 7">8. —
MudiUnlwrK A Willili'iiow. .S'rur Srhrlfl. fletrll. mil. Fr.
Brrllii, iii. .'I'.M — IVniHin, Syii. ii. oM. — DenfiiiiUiini'H,
llUl. Arh. ii. .'UN.

Juslaoa mlalma, liurkliauMii, llatuUi. Furtllmt. \. 70()
(tWH)).

Juglana muoronata, Miohaux, A7. Ihr.-.lm. ii. ID*.' (IHo;i).

Juglana amara. Michaux f. Jlht. Arh. Am. i. 177, t. 4
(IMIO). — I'linili, Fl. Aui. Srpl. ii. (l,'W.

Carya amara, Niiitnll, (leu. ii. '.".'•.' (I«1H). — Klllott, .V*.
ii. ()'.'(>. — S|ireiiKel, .Si/hI. iii. HI!). — Spacli, /lUt. Vfij. ii.
177.— lliMik.1-, Fl. JInr.-Aiu. ii. 141. — Torrey, /'/. A'. )'.

ii. IK't — KiiierMiii, Trren Muta. tOil, t. 15 I)arliii){.

ton. Fl. Criilr. ncl. H, '.'(VI. — Curtif, Kei). (Iriilwi. Sun:
X. Cur. INtMl, iii. 44. — rhnpimin, Fl. 410. — C. ile
CjiikIciIIi', Ann. Sri. .\,it. »,<r. 4, xviii. .'»>, t. I, f. 'J, t. 5, f.
55 1 f'riKlr. xvi. pi. ii. 144. — Kwli. I)euilr. i. 59'-'. —
Laiii'lio, l)eul»elni Ihnilr. .'(08. — Uid^wny, Pror. V. S,
Xul. Mu: 18M'.'. 77. — Sarijeiit, Fure.il Tree* X Am.

\Of/i Ceu.iun I'. S. ix. I.'t5 WiiImdm A; C'oiiltcT, llnii/'t

.lAi/i. ..(1. fl. 4t'i'.». — Muyr, If'uhl. .V.i/v/./m. Hid, t. 4.

HicoriuB amarn. Uiitlin'miiio, Fl. Luiliu-lr. \m (18'J7>.

Hicoriua mlnimuB, .Sargoiit, Ounleii aud Forest, ii, 460
(l««'.l).

A tree, often one liunilri>(l feet in lieijjlit, with ii t4ill HtraJKht trunk two to three feet in diameter,
and Htout spreiidiiifj linilm whicli form i hriiiid handsonu' head of sliiidir rather stiff ii|)rijjht hrantlu's;
or toward the northern and noutliern limits ol its rati^^e iiiueli smaller. The hark of the trunk is from
one third to three (juarterH of an ineh in thickness, li^ht lirown tinned with red, and broken into thin
plate-like wah's, their surface separating in small thin tlakcs. The lir.inchlcts are slender and marked
witii olilon^ pale lentic"l.s, and wiien they lirst apjiear are l)ri<;lit fj^recn and covered more or less thickly
with rusty itairs which soon liis^ippear ; during their tirst sunnner they are reddish lirown and ^lalirons
or puheridons ; during the winter they are reddish or oran^re-hrown and lustrous, with small elevated
ohseurely three-lohed olicordate Ieaf-s<'ars, and arc often covered toward the apex with the clusters of
liri^ht yellow articulate hairs that likewise clothe the liiids and the fruit ; in the second year they t;i'ow
^adually darker and ultimately are lii^ht ^''I'V'. The terminal huds arc from one third to three ipiarters
of an inch lonj;, compresseil,olili([ue at the apex, anil covered hy two [lairs of scales, the outer pair lieinij
ovate or ohovate, rounded and reticidate or sometimes oltsenrcly pinnate at the apex, yellow-fjrecn and
pulK-ridous on the inner surface, while the inner pair are straj^shapcd, pinnate at the apex, coated (Ui the
back with rufous tomentnni, and sprinkled with j;olden jjlands, rellexed and an inch and a half lonjj at
maturity, resendilinjj in their broad Hat stalks and in their coverin-j the tirst pair of leaves. The lateral
buds are compressed, slightly four-anj.{led, often stalked, and from one ei)i[hth to one (piarter of an inch
in length, with ovate iM)inted scales keeled on the back, pubescent on the inner surface, slightly accres-
cent and retiexcd after the opening of the bud. The leaves are composed of from five to nine leaflets
and slender pubescent jir hirsute slightly grooved petioles, and are from six to ten inches hmg ; the
leaflets, which increase in size from the bmte to the apex of the leaf, are lanceolate to oblong or ovate-

u

if

if ,

^1

)

112

ISILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

JUOI-ANDACEiK.

luni-eolate, or obovate. loiirr-poiiiti'd, and rather I'onrsely nerratc with rcHoxed calloi'>< teetli exct'iit at the
h;iS(', w hich i^< »'(jiiall_v or mKM|iially wedfjt-sliaped or Kiihconhito, and art- sessilo with tile cxcfptioii of the
terminal leatU't, wiiiiii is gradually narrowed into a h)n)i; or sliort |)etioinle ; when they nnl'old they are
histrons, hriijiit veiiow-jrreen or bronzy red, [jnbeseeut above and eoated beh>w with paU' tonientnm and
histroiis jjolden often persistent glands ; an<l at niatnrity tliey are thin and firm, (hirk yelhiw-frreen and
"■lalirons on tlie npper surfaee, ami on the lower surface lij^hter and ^rlabrous or pubescent, especially
alonjf the midribs, or roated with {golden <;lands, from four to six inches in lenj^th and from three (piar-
tt IS of an inch to an incli and a quarter in width, with narrow rounded pale nii(bibs and slender primary
veins, or those of t!ie lowest pair are often not more than half this size. The catkins of staminatc
llowers are nsuallv produced from branidies of the previous year, but sometimes frtmi the base of shoots
(if the vear ; they are siifjlitly pubescent, and from tliree to four inches long, with a slender jjcdnncle
often an inch in lenjjth. and lanceolate acute bracts ronndeil and boat-shaped on the bach, coated with
li)n<; rustv hairs, and half an inch in lenjjfth. Before they unfold the buds of the staminatc Howers are
tlattt'ned. fjreen, (glandular with scattered pale glands, and covered toward the apex with long slender
pale lufous hairs ; the bract is ovate, acute, twice us long as the lobes of the calyx, and, like them, coated
on the outer surface witli scattered rufous hairs; there are four stamens with ovate yellow anthers deeply
eniarginate at the apex and aliout as long as the lobes of the calyx. The pistillate llowers are half an
inch ill length, slightly four-angled, and covered with yellow scurfy tonientnm ; the bract is hmceolato,
acute, hairy at the inargiiis. and coated on the inner surface with soft pale hairs ; the bnictlets are broadly
ovate, acute, thin and spreading, liairy-|iiibescent on the inner surface, and rather shorter than tiie
acute calvx-loiie ; the stigmas, which mature and begin to wither before the staminate tloweiM open, are
exserted and rellexed at maturity, as long as the bract, and light green. The fruit is three quarters of
an inch to an iiiih and a half long, obovate to subglobose, and four-wiiiged fnmi the apex to about the
miilillc, with a busk an eighth of an inch thick or les,s, more or less thickly covered on the outtT surface
with gidden scurfy pubescence, and conspicuously marked on the light brown inner surface with dark
veins radiating from the base. The nut is ovate or oblong, often broader than long, compressed,
ruiiiided, and marked at the base with dark lines along the sutures and alternate with them, de-
jiressed or ohconhite and abruptly contracted into a long or short point at the apex, gray tinged with
red or light rcdilish brown, and irregularly and coarsely reticulate on the surface, with a thin or rarely
with a thick brittle shell which contains numerous htrge lacuna', and, like the thin rugose partitions
of the interior, is dark reddish brown and very rugose on the inner surface. The si-ed is eumpres.seil,
with tfat cotyledons, rounded and deeply two-parted at the base, rounded and lobed at the a|)ex, the
lobes being as long or longer than their short-pointed connective, dee])ly rugose with irregular cross
folds, covered with a bright reddish brown coat, and very bitter.

Iliroriii tiiiiiiimt is distributed from southern Maine to the i.shtnds of the St. Ijiwrence near the
mouth of the Nicolot River, westward from the neighborhood of Montreal through Ontario,' central
Michigan and Minnesoti to southeastern Nebraska,'^ eastern Kaiis;is,' and the Indian Territory, and
.soiitliward to the valley of the Appalachicola Iviver in western Florida and to that of the Trinity Kiver in
Texas. An inhabitant of low wet woods near the borders of streams iind swamps or of high rolling
uplands. Jlinirid ininiiiin, which rea<dies a higher latitude than any other Hickory-tree, is the most
abuiiilant sjiecies in Canada, where it is commoi'i south anil west of Montreal, growing usually in low
ground, and in the western part of Ontario is one of the principal trees of the ferest. Absent from
the iiionntain forests of northern New Kngland and Nt-w York, in southern New Kngland it is one of
the largest and coiiiinonest s]iecies of the genus, and is often founil remote from streams; it abounds
in all the central states east and west of the Appalachian Mountains, growing to its largest size on the

' Hriinit, Ciil. IVi/. f.ii). Can. 17. — Hell, Gfolog. Hrp. Can.
187'.t-80, r,T. — Mmuiiii, Cal. Can. PI. 434.

■' lt.'»»i>>, Kc/). .W/.niW.i .Sliilr ttxir./ .lynV. 181M, lOU.
• .MiUHju, Ihftributioti of Kattta* Trett^ 13.

juoi,ani)acea:.

loii-^ teeth except ut the
itii the exception of the
11 lliey unfold tliey are
itli jKiU' tonientuin and
, (lark yelh)w-frieon and
>r pubescent, especially
ii and from three (piar-
l)s and slender ])riinary
e catkins of staminate
from the base of shootH
itli a slender peduncle
II the back, coated with
e staminate Howers are
ipex with lonjj slender
, and, like them, coated
> yellow anthers deeply
iate Howers are half an
the bract is lanceolate,
lie bractlets are broadly
ither shorter than tiie
iiiate flowers open, are
lit is three (juarters of
the apex to about the
'd on the outer surface
iner surface with dark
iian loiiff, compressed,
L'rnate with them, de-
ipex, jijray tinjjed with
with a thiu or rarely
thill rujfose partitions
lie seed is compreased,
iibed at the apex, the
e with irrcfjular cross

St. Lawrence near the
Duj^h Ontario,' central
Indian Territory, and
)f the Trinity I{iver in
Jis or of hi;rh rolliufr
iory-tree, is the most
rowinjj usually in low
fcrest. Absent from
Kn^land it is one of
streams ; it abounds
its larfjest size on the

A(/rii: 181M, I0«.

t, 1:1.

.IlIOLANDACK.*.

SILVA OF NOKTU AMERICA.

1J3

rich bottom-lands of the lower Ohio Basin ; ' it is rare on the south Atlantic seaboard, and probably
does not reach the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, but north of the coast Pine-belt in Alabama and Mis-
sissippi it is the most multiplied species on the poor dry gravelly soil of the uplands;'- in Iowa and
Nebraska it is the commonest species ; it is very abundant in Kansas, growing farther west in that
stiite than any other Hickory-tree, but gradually becomes rarer in southern Arkansas and in Texas.

The wood of lllcoriit minima is heavy, very hard, strong, tough, and close-grained, with numerous
obscure medullary rays and bands of several rows of large open ducts marking the layers of annual
growth. It is dark brown, with thick light brown or often nearly white sapwood. The speciKc gravity
of the ab.soliitely dry wood is 0.7.ir)2, a cubic foot weighing 47.(Ki pounds. It is hugely used for
hoops and ox-yokes, and for fuel.

J/ivoriit niiniiiKi was not distinguished by the early European travelers and botanists in North
America, who usually confounded the diil'erent s|)ecies of Hickory; and the first mention of it ajipears
in Marshall's ArlniKtuin AnnricanuDi, published in 178."). .\ccording to Loudon,^ it was introduced
into Knglish gardens in 18(K).

The noble si/c of the nitternut, its strong trunk covered with close l)riglit bark, and its handsome
head, make it at all se:isons of the year one of the most beautiful trees of the northern forest. In
cultivation it grows more rapidly than the other Hickories,* with the exception of the Pecan, and, still
little known or appreciated by planters it might more often be ased with advantage for the decoration
of parks and pleasure-grounds.

' KiilKway, I'nir. V. S. Sal. Mm. ISS'J, 77. Hirnrid mmimii in llii' .Icsiip ("<iIl«tion of North Anicrionn Woods

^ (hi thiH HtMtlltrrii u|iltiiii) trt>i> ilio nut i.4 ufU'ii tinnHuully tliii'k- in tln^ Aini'rican Must'uin nf Nittunil History, New York, from

shflti'd, iintl itt i-nvon-d witli ii tliick husk. Missouri, is fourteen inches in diiinieter inside the bark, with one

' .\rh. IWil. iii. 141.'*, f. VH'A. liiindred and nine layers of auuual growth, twenty-two of which

* All the 8|>eeiea of Hieonii j;r»)W slowly. The log speeilncn of are .sapwooil.

Ii

(^<

I :

(I I

\i

t

i!

EXPLANATION OK THK PLATEa

Pl.ATK CCCXL. Hli IIHIA MINIMA.

1. A flowerin); brancli. natural aiie.

2. Diajn-an) of a ataminat)' ticiwcr.

3. A staiiiiitdte tlowcr. n-ai* \\vw, riilar^cKl.

4. A Htaiiiinati' lliinpr. fnint view, eiiUrgmL

5. A .MtaiiKMi, enlarged.

6. A piatillati! Hower, ai<lo view. pnlarKed.

7. Vertical nectinii <>( a pintillati' flower, enUvgad.

8. A winter b^anclilet. natural nize.

PlATK CCCXI.I. UlroKIA MINIMA.

1. A fruiting; lirancli. natural niui.

2. A nut, natural »icp.

3. Cross sertion of a nut. nal.<ral site.

4. Vertiral leetion of a nut. natural size.
C. An enibrj'o, natural Kite.

A-

I

%

f '

-\

i'

M-r

M

y /

%^.

\.

J

MINIM.

Hi

f !

Kxri.

t'l.ATBS.

li

}

I A tl>.".

4. A »!!<!'

5. ^ >iii-i

6. A

7. \>ni.
t*. A wii

Tjfed.

i:itaral kuo.

i I

Silva of North America.

TaL CCCXL

:.'■.*,;„,.., .i^

HICORIA Ml N IMA, :mi!!

A Mt,u '>*<-•• ./i.-fii-

/"V ' /'Iftr^ir J'.ifXf

Ij

^.

\

'■\

■

^v

!i(

f

Silva. of Noi'h Ameru.a

Tab CrCXL;

HICORIA MINIMA Hriu

i

i i

.■/ IiuHf'fn.c ihr

Intp J Titfifur Parui

, !

!|

t'

f ■

JL'OLANUACEift

SILVA Ut' MUliTll AMKUWA.

HICORIA MYRISTIOiEFORMIS.

Nutmeg Hickory.

Lkaflets 5 to 11, oviitt'-lanci'olatf to ohlonj^.tjljoviitc, pale and lustrous on the
lowor surface. Fruit ellipsoidal, c()ns])icuuusly l-winged to the btuju ; nut ellipsoidal,
thick-shelled ; kernel sweet.

Htooria mjrriatlotefomiia, ilritton. Hull. IWreij Hut. I lit/),

XV. I'M (1«^4M). — C'.mlter, Contrib. U. S. Sal. llfrh. ii.

411 (Mm,, ri. \y. 7V.,.M).
Jutflans inyrUtloturormiH. Miclmux f. Ilht. Arh. Am. i.

'-M I, t. 10 (1810). — \'ntn\\. ft. .\„i. .S,/,t. ii. fs'tS. — ruint.

/.iim. Diet. .Su|i|il. iv. 111.'. — |{itlirieiii|iie, /'/. I.ml'ifif.

ir.i.
Carya myrlstloaBrormts. Nuitall, 'iV/i. ii. '."."J (IHIS). —
Klliiitl. .Sk ii. ti'JS. - S|>reni;il, Si/at. iii. SI'J. — Spiuli,
lli*t. JV;/. ii. 17'.». — l^mji.n, .\rh. Ilril. iii. I4.M, f.
1^75. — Clia|iiiiuii, Ft. 410. — C. >lu Citiidnlle, Ann, Sci.

Nut. Bi'r. 1, xviii. 'Mt, l. (i, f. C8 ; I'rmlr. xvi. jit. ii. 145. —
KiH'li, iJeiiilr. i. riUr>. — I..uucIib. Oenttehe Dtiulr. ^08, —
.Sargent, Fnrett Trees .V. .Iwi. \Wh Ceiuiu I'. S, ix.
l:t,".. — Muyr. IIW./. A'.-n/«/«. Iti2, t. 4.
Carya araara. vui-. 1' myristlcieformtii, Ci)o|ier, Smitlito-

iii'tii /Ay. IH.'iS, •.")."».

Hicoriua myrlBtioturormis, Sargent, (Jun/fn ami t'oreat,

ii. 4r,0 (I.SSiH.
Hicoria Pernowiona, •^mlworth, Treen of H'ashiiiijtoii,

(1801).

A trw, cijjhty to oiu' hiiiidrt'il fet't in lii-i<;lit, with a U\\\ «triiijjlit trunk oftt'ii two feet in (Iiamc'tt>r
and Mtunt Nlijriitly N|irva(iin^ hranchus wliii'li t'orni a t'oniparativi'ly narrow ratliur u|)en Ituad. Tliu Imrk
of the trunk is from ono lialf to thruu (|uartc'rs of an iiit'li thiuk, dark brown tinged with red, and
broken irri'jjnlarly into small tliin appres.scd stall's. Tiu- itranciilcts are slender and arc coated at lirst
with lustrous jrolden or brown |>eltute s<-ales which often <lo not entirely disa|ipear until the second year;
during their lirst winter they are li^ht brown or ashy ^I'ay and marked with small scattered pale
lenticels and small oval emar^inate elevated leaf-scars, and in their second year they become dark
retldisli brown. The terminal buds are from an eighth to a ipiarter of an inch long, broadly ovate and
rather obtus**, the outer scales being coated with thick brown scurfy pubescence and soon splitting so
that the inner Hcali-s, wbiuli are covered with thick pale tomentum, are displayed ; the a.xillary buds are
much smaller and are acute, slightly tiattened, se.ssile or short-stalked, and often solitary. The leaves
are compowd of from live to eleven leatlets and of .slender terete or slightly grooved 8cnrfy-j)ubesceut
]ietioles, and are from .seven to fourteen inches in length ; the leallets are ovate-lanceolate or the upper
ones, which are usually twice as large as those at the base of the leaf, are broadly obovate ; they are
acute with short or elongated points at the apex, usually eipially or sometimes unecpially wedge-shaped
or rounded ut the narrow base, coarsely serrate with remote incurved teeth, and short-petiululate or
nearly sessile, the terminal leaHet being decurrent on a broad .sUilk rarely half an inch long ; when they
unfold they are coated with scurfy brown pubescence on the lower surface and are covered on the
up|M'r by circular more or less persistent clusters of brown scales; at maturity they are thin and firm,
dark green above, and below are uu)re or less pubescent or nearly glabrous and silvery white and very
lustrous, changing late iu the oeiwon to bright bronzy brown ; they are four or five inches in length and
from an inch to an inch and a half in breadth, with pale midribs scurfy-pubescent on both sides and
numerous straight primary forked veins and thin cros.s-vcinlets. The catkins of the staminate flowers,
which are three or four inches long and are coated, like the bract and caly.v of the Hower, with dark
brown scurfy jtubescence, have a common peduncle three (juarters of an inch long and linear-lanceolate
lateral bracts half an inch iu length ; the bract of the Hower is ovate-oblong, acute and about twice
as long as the broadly ovate rouuded lobes of the culyx ; there are six stiimens with oblong emarginute

•i

i:

tl

f

140

SIIA'A OF NOUril AM nine A.

JI'dl.ANIIACKit:.

antlirri). Tho fi>mult> (lower Ih dliloiifr, iiiirr)iw<>(l iit Ixitb cikIn, Mli)(litly foiir-anKliMl imd ciivitviI with
tliick brown Hciirfv |)uIii>im-('Iici> ; llii> liract Ih clon^iitvtl, latu'tnlutts iiviite, ami twici> iu« loti); iin tlio
tiviitd aciiti' lii'Mctlt'ts and llii' ralvx-lolii-. Tlii' fruit, wliii'li is iimially military ini tlu' liraiicli, iH <'lli|)-
miiilal or Nli^litly iiliovatc, l'iiiir-ri<l)ri-il to the liaH*- willi liroail thick riil^cN, alioiit an inrli ami a
half lontd ami coatcil on tlu' onttT Mnrfacc with y*'ll<>^v or lirown Kcnrfy iinhi'Mfcncc ; the luiNk Ih not
more than ont' tliiity-Ni-conil of an itii'li thirk, ami in opening HpiitH nearly to thi> hasc. The not in
(>lli|woiilal iM' HoMU'liuD'H Kli^htly oIiovmIc, an inch lon^, thriT i|iiarli'rN of an inrh hroail, ronniird and
a|iictdat(> at iioth rmU, Mnooth, dark rcddiKli hrown and marked with irregular loii);itndinal lirokcn hands
III' Hinall ^ray spots which often cover the entire snrface at the ends. It liaN a very hard hony shell one
eiirjith of an inch thick or more, with a tiiick dixnepinicnt separating tin- cotylcdonN, a low thin dorsal
di>se|iiiiiciit and a small sweet seecl \Nith two deep lon^riiiidinal ^rooxes on the ontvr Nnrfuce of the thick
cotyledons, a short hnmd cunnm-tive, and a dark hrown testa.

Il'itiiriii iiii/rintiriiftiniiin inhaliits tiie hanks of rivers and nwampn, jjrowinjj in rich molut noil or
Hometimcs on higher ^ronml at a considerahlc distance aliove the stream. It is rare and very local in

tin liHt re^rion of Sonth Carolina ; ' it occiu's in the cretaceous licit of central Alaliama ' hetwecn the

Tondii<;liee and Alahama Uivern, where it (JTowh with //irnriii I'miii and (^inrciin Ihirnnilii, und in
central Mississippi;' ami it is connnon in sonthern Arkansas* and on the Sierra Mudre Monntains of
northeastern Mexico.'

The wood of //ifiirlii nti/rlnflcdl'iiniils is heavy, hard, very strong, tou^h, and closj'-jjrainiHl, and
ront.iins numerous thin inconspicuous medidlary rays, many small open duets and hands of one or tw4i
rows of larger ducts marking the layers of annual growth. It is li;;ht Inown, with thick lighter colored
Hapwood composed of ei;;hty or ninety layers of annn.d ^rrowtli. The it|iecilic ^rravity of the alisolutcly
dry w(Mid isO.SdIti, a cuhie foot wei^hin^ IM.'.Ni pounds.

Jliiiiriii tiii/risliiiii'uniiis, which, licfore the exploration of thi' forests of Konthern ArkansaH, wan
considereil one of the rarest trees of eaMtern AnuTic.'i, w.is tirst made known hy the yonn|;er Muhanx,
to whom nuts finind in the MWanipH of (iiMise ('reek, lifteen or twenty niilcH wext of (JharlcHton in South
Carolina, were jjivcii in 1S()*J. The lustnuis under •'iirface of the leaves makes it |M>rhaps the most
heautiful of the Hickories, and, although it is now i.irely cultivated, it might well lind a place a.s an
urnamentil tree in the gardens and parks of temperate countricH."

' 111 S,nith ('Hruliitn llunnii mttrintu-if/tirmn (fniwn on (ttwtt* Civrk,
whcrr llif R|N>(-if4 whs Hml dlHiMivfn'il, hihI in thi* valley uf the
C'lNjjHT Kivrr not fur fruiii Itliu'k Ouk on tin- .Sttutrv ('uiml (Ita-
vrni-l, Hull. Torrrii linl. I'luh, \\. (tl)

' III Aliilminii, wlirri' it wiu tliiM'oviTetl in IS'.M) \iy fir. Cliiirlra
.\|nhr. flt'urhl mvrt-^tir,rf<fnin9 (jrowi* on low llinnitonc priirii-*. (mtii-
pvin^ A iMrroH Im-U ,-i^'liti't-li or twi'iity tllili-^ loiiR from wml to
piiiit. wliu'li fiti-niU IrtPiii |li>it)o|Milis on tlii* roinlM^twv Ki\i-r to
'lullion iH'Hr till' Aliiliiuiia i Mohr, fi'anlrn utut Fttr^nt, \i. ;17'J),

' TliL* «'si«t«'iii-r of tliii tn>(* in .MiNniMHippi wmi tint iiifttli* known
liy thi* fxliibition of II iiimntity of thi* niitu in the I'xliiliit of that
ntati* at tilt* NVw (Irlfaim Kxpoiiition tif ISH-I, hut it wan not until
tilt- iiiihiiiin of IS'.lt that it wiiii foullil )iy l>r. Charh'N Molir alMMinil-
iii^ and gruwing tu ita largpkt »uv in thick forvata un calcareous

soil in the iii'iKhlHirhiMMl of M) 'itiN Vallry in the t-t'titral iwrt of
till* state.

* In .\rkaliRas iiuiirnt inifrmttntt'trmn in I'oiniiion in the south'
I'aAti'rn part ri the Hlate Iwtween I'ltie hliilT imi the .Arkansas Kivrr,
where it was fnunti in IHSl h\ Mr lieor^e \\ . I.4*tterili:lll, iliul
Arkansas City on the .\tMsi«ki)i|H, ami aloii^ Ihe lleil Kiver Uitlouis
aUtve Kiilloii 111 the southwestern part of the state (llarvry, Am.
.liKir. f'ltrvMtry, i. 1.^1).

* //ir t^iii mi/ntluirfimnu was ili.seovenMl in i-ul\i)ns of the .Sierra
.Maiire Mountains near Monterey, in Nnf\o l.,>oii, hy .Mr. ('. C.
IVinyle, in .Inly, IHHH, covering nvky slo|ies almost to the eiclu-
jlon of other trees (Prinjfle, fiiintert ttful t-'itrrttt iii. iXI'J).

' A Niitine^'-llii'kory In-e, which has lieen growiii); for iiniiiy
yeai-s in the ^nli-ii of the I>epartiiient of .Xgriculture, in ^^'aBhltlJ(-
ton, IS now alNMit tweuty-lUe feet hi^h.

; (

Jl'OI.ANDACKX

I itnil rovi'i'i'il with

l>t> IIH l(lll)r IIM tllO
III- liraiicli, in clliii-
it III) inch uiiil 11
; till' liUNk in not
liiiN«>. 'I'hi> nut in
I'oail, niiinth'd iinil
hnal liriikt'ii hantU
ard hony nIh'II iinu
, a low thin ilornal
iirfact' III' thi- tiiick

rich nioiRt miil or
(• and very h>c'ai in
lanui' lH>twi>«>n tlie

/>in(iiiilii, and in
idrc Mountains of

i'loiM<-^rainfd, and
iiIm of one or two
lii'k hjjhtcr colored
y of till* al)Noliit«>ly

icrn ArkaiiMiH, wait
younfrcr Mitliitux,

'liarlcHton in South
|M<rha|iM the most
lind a |iiace us au

•y ID tli(f ('4'ittr»l iwrt of

IN ruiiiiiHMi ill the Ktiiith*
iff iti) till' Arkniiiuu Kivrr,
itrffi' \V. I^'ttt-rnirtii, uiitl

1^ the IUmI Uivit tNttliiUlA

r till' fitiit*' (lliirvry, vim.

d ill I'linMnii i>f tlio Siirr«

ii>\(t Ii4-iiii, liv Mr. ('■ <i.

)|N*!« nliiiiMt t(i ihv rtclii-

^■'nrrat, iii. 'MVl).
It4*rn Kritwin^ for iiiniiy
AgrieuUurv, in \V»jihiii^

t

y

l!li I

EXPLANATION OF TIIK I'LATKS.

Platk C'CC'XUI. IIkhuia y.viiisric .kkhumis.

1. A Hi)\vei')ii}( hranrli, nutural kizc

2. A Hlainiiiiitt' Hnwrr, wht vii-vv, (>iil;ir;;o(l.

3. A stiiiiiinulf tlowir. frnnt view, cnliirt:)'!.

4. A j-t.iint'ti. riiliir-^fil.

r». A ]ii?ttilliito tlowtT, latrnil viow. enUr^pd.
G. A witiUT liraiii-lilut, iiiUural kI/o.

PlATK (TCXLIII. HltoltlA MVUlsTli.KKOKMW.

1. A fruiting; l»ranrli. natural hizo.

*J. A nut, natural site

3. Vertical st'Ctiun of a luit. natural hiu:.

y

•^-^

,'^M

/

/

I

1

■^ m> T)

11

^11

EXrLA>.A.fM)N

I'l^ATKH.

. ;, f

r

■

1

V .An: C'l

i. A il

■.'. A -t .

;;.'.!.

'-Uir^'fMi.

Aii*riu«i>oK»ii».

Si!va cf Noi'h AmcrKd

lb CCCX:,

V

i> ^ D

r s y.ur,-i w

Htmeti4

mCORIA MYRIST1C>€F0RM1S nnf

.-I Hi.-,rn,.t Jtt,:r

Imp J i^tiun.r

ih

ii V

f

1

c;,l,ra nf Nnrlh America

Tab cccxi.ni

a)

I .

,!l

w

Htmeiif

' E ftuton <M

HICORIA MYRISTlCiCFORMlS Bnii

A .Htturrtn.r JiTfj'

/•f;/' . ^ jii/wur r^ruf

I

I!

f

)

•}

t

I r

JUULANDACE^.

8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

149

HICORIA AQUATICA.
Bitter Pecan. Water Hickory.

LEAFLETS 7 to 1.'}. oviito-lanceolatc, often falcate. Fruit compressed, 4-wingcd to
the biuse ; nut flattened, l-ritlged, rugose, thin-.xhelled ; kernel bitter.

Biooria oquntica. Hri .on, IhtU. Tnrrrij lint. Cluh, w. '.'HI

(ISHH).— |)i|,|H..l, ittiHilh. I.niihhnhj;. ii. ;i:iH, f. i,-,,-,._

KiH'liiic, I)ful»rl,e, Di-nilr. ''A. — ('(mlliT. C'liitrili. I'. S.

\af. Ifrrk ii. Ill (M.i>,. I'l. »'. T,'t,i>).
Ju<{lan8 oquatioa, .Mlrliauit f. Ulat. Arh. Am. i. IKL', t.

5 (1810).— I'ur»li, /■•/. Am. Sr/,l. ii. (J.'iH, — IViirit, I.nm.

Dirt. Siippl. iv. IfJ.
Hicorius inteifrifolia. Kiit' iii'wiiic, F/. Lmlnri,: KM.) (IHI7).
Carya aquatioa, Nutiall. tlin. ii. '."."J (ISiS). — Kllioit.

Sk. ii. ti'.'T. — S|iri'n','i'l, ,S'v»<. iii S4'.». — S|)a.-li, llUt. Vnj.

ii. K'J. — Louili)!!. Aril llr'.t. iii. till, f. iL'a'i. VM't. —

Scliwlt), it'iiiiiir Tixii.i,-\-l7. — Curtis, I^fji. Oeoln,/. Sitrv,
iV. Cir. ISCO, iii. 1 1. — C'lm|mi;ui, /V. .110. — C. de
Ciiiiil(.ll.\ Ann, Sri. y„t. si<r. 1, xviii. iiG, t. 1, f, 4, t, 5,
f. ."i.l, ,")(!, ,1": J'nulr. xvi, ]it. ii. 144. — Korli, Pindr. i.
.MKi. — Siir;;..|it. /-orr.if Trees X Am. UH/i Cenaiis U.S.
ix. 1.1.-,. — Mmvi-. )(■.(/-/. Snnhni. KiL'. t. 4,

Cnrya intoKril'olia, S|iicni,'cl, SijhI. iii. 84'.t (1820). — Loii-
(l.in. Arh. Ilrll. iii. ILM.

Hicorius aquaticus. .Siiryeut, Gunlen and Funat, ii. 460
(,1,S8'J).

A tree, (K'cnsioiMlIy I'ijjlity t<» one liuiiilri'il feet in licij^lit, witli ;i iniiik riiri'ly cxcccdinfj two feet
in (liaiiii'tcr. anil s't'uilcr ii|irl<;lit hranclics which t'orni a iiairow licid ; or usually inai'h sinalk'r. The
hark of tlic truiiA is from one half to two thirds of an inch thick and sfj)aratcs freely into ion;^ loose plate-
like lij;ht lirown .simIch tin^ii! with red. The liranelilcts are slender, dark reddish hrown or asiiv f^niy,
lu.stroiis and marked with numerous pale li'iitiei'ls; when tiicv first appear thev are slightly <j;landidar
and eoate 1 with loose eadueous pale toiiientum ; they hccoiiie ;;lal)rous or puheru'.ous durinj^ the summer,
am tiT.irked (luriiijj the winter with small nearly oval or ohseurely three-lolied slij^htly elevated leaf-scars,
and in tiieir second year jjrow dark hrown, ultimately turniufjf j^ray. The luid.s are slif:;htly flattened,
aoute, tlark reddish hrown, and clothed with eadueous yellow glands. The terminal hud, which v iries
from an eighth to a (piarter of an inch in len;;tli and is often covered, especially while yonnjj, with
pale scattered hairs, is ahout twice as larj^e as the axillary huds, which are often solitary and freipiently
nearly sessile. The leaves are composed of from seven to thirteen leaflets, whiuh increase slightly iu
size from the lowest to the uppermost, and slender d.irk red pnhendous or toinentose terete petioles,
and vary from nine to fifteen inches in length ; the leaflets are ovate-lanceolate, long-pointed, falcate,
etpiilateral, and gradually rounded or wedge-shaped at the hase, or ohliipie and very iineijually wedge-
shaped, or with one side rounded and the other wedge-shaped at the hase ; they are serrate with minute
remote teeth or conspicuou.sly and coarsely serrate, and .sc.ssile or petiolulate, the terminal leaflet, which
is .sonu>times ohovate and rarely rounded at the apex, heing mori or less deeurrent hy its regular wedge-
Hha|)ed hase on a slender stalk often nearly an inch long, or rarely nearly sessile ; when they unfold
thev are coated, like the j)etioles, with pale tonientum and covereil with yellow persistent glaiulular dots,
and at maturity are from three to five inches iu length, from half an inch to an inch and a half in
width, thin and memhranaceous, dark green on the upper surface, and on the under surface brown
and rather lustrous and more or less puhescent or tomeiitose, e.speeially along the slender midribs, which
are also tomentose on the upper side, and along the slender primary veins connected by finely reticulate
veinlets. The catkins of staminate flowers, which appear when the leaves are about a third grown, iire
solitary or fa.scicled and are produced from .separate or sometimes from leaf-hearing huds on branches
of the previous year and at the hase of branches of the year ; they are hirsute and from two and one
half to three inches long, with common peduncles one third of an inch in length and ovate-hmceolate

III

r

If

11 I
!

150

SILVA OF NOliTir AMERICA.

JirOLANDACEiE.

Bcarious cndiicoiis liitprnl brnctH Hometiinos nearly nn inch lon^r ; tho bmct of tho flowor is ulongatod,
ol)ovato, rouiiilt'd at the apex ami coated on tho oiitur siirfai-i', like tho Hhorter ealyx-loboH, with yellow
glandiilai' puhcscciice ; tiiere are six stamens with oblonjj slightly cmarjrinato lijifht yellow anthers.
The lemale llower is obloii};, siij;htly tlattened and i'oui-angled, and covered with ghmdiilar pnbes-
teiice ; the braet is linear-lanceolate, aciito and about twice as long as the broad nearly triangular
acute bractiets and the acute calyx-lobe. The fruit, which is often in three or four-fruited clusters,
is much compressed, usually broadest above the middle, rounded at the slightly narrowed base, rounded
and aliniptly narrowed at the apex into a short thick jMiiut. conspicuously four-winged, dark brown or
nearly black and covered more or less thickly with bright yellow pubescence, from an inch to an inch
and a halt' long and from an inch to an inch and a cpiarter wide, with a very thin and brittle husk
which splits tiirdily and usually only to the middle. The nut is llattened, slightly obovate, from an
inch to an inch and a half in length and often ns much in breadth, rounded and abruptly shar|>-pointed
or umlionate at the apex, rounded at the narrow base, four-angled and ridged, the ridges which alternate
with the sutures being much broader and more developed than the others, dark reddish brown and
h)ngitudiually and very irregidarly rugose. Tho walls ami partitions of the cavity are thin, with large
and very irregidar lacunte tilled with a dark red bitter powder. The st-ed is oblong, compressed, two-
lobed to above the middle, covered by a dark brown testa and very irregularly and mostly h)iigitudi-
nally furrowed, with cotyledons which are divided from the base for about one third of their length
by the thin dorsal partition.

//iroriii /ii/ii(it(cii, the smallest and le.'ist valuable of the Hickory-trees, is an inhabitant of low
river-swamps often inundated <luring a considerable part of the year, where it is associated with the
Water Ash, the Sweet Gum, the Red Majtle, tho Cotton Gum, the Bald Cypress, and olhor water-loving
trees. It is distributed from tin- neighborhood of Mobjack Hay in Virginia ' south through the co;ist
region to Ca|)e .Malabar and the vallev of the (Jaloosa Iviver in Florida, ami through the maritime
portions of the (iulf states to the valley of the Hra/.os River in Texas, ranging north through western
Louisiana to northeastern .\rkansas, eastern .Mississippi, and southern Illinois.- Comparatively rare in
the south Atlantic states, and seldom if ever approaching within fifteen or twenty miles of the coast,
the Hitter I'ccau is most abundant and grows to its largest size in the swamps of western Mississippi,
Arkansas, and Louisiana.

The wood of J/lcurin lu/iiiitlni is heavv, strong, and close-graimMl, although soft and rather brittle,
and contains niinierous thin mcdull.try rays, occasional scattered open ducts and obscure bands of
similar duets marking the layers of antiual growth ; it is dark brown, with thick bright-colored or often
nearly white sapwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.7407, a cubi(! foot weighing
4f>.])> ])ounds. It is sometimes used for fencing and fuel, although it is diflicult tu obtain an account
of the inacces-sibility of the situations inhabitecl by this tree.

The Bitter Pecan was first distinguished in Louisiana by the French traveler Robin. ^ Introduced
into France by the younger Michaux, it is now exceedingly rare in cultivation, or, (Mirhaps, has entirely
disappeared from ganlens.

' lliitirui iiipuiliiii VIM eiilliilid np«r Mulijark Hay l>y Mr. W. II. li'K'')- I' i» iiicludul witli tlieoria m^aliciirformu in the liit of

Lcgp-tl, of New York, on .\u^u»i 7, lH7."i (tcMtu Herb. Cotuiuliia tri'p.s iiotii-tMl liy Muxitiiiltan, triiix voii Wii'tl, f^rowintf near Now

ColK'i;!')' Ilariiiniiy, Indians, iliiriii); liia viait tbet« in 1832 (Heite in ilat

" Ilictma a'lualica was oollcctiMl in lSf< near K<|uality, (Jallntin Innrrr von .Xiinl-AmtrUii, i. 'JOU).

County, lUiuoia, by .Mr. \V. K. Fortune jteale Herb. Columbia Col- ' I'ojaga, iii. fill (1H07).

JlTOLANDACEiK.

)wer is clongntud,
jbt'H, with yi'Uow
t yi'llow anthers,
giaiuhiliir puhes-
iivarly trianpihtr
r-fruitu(l cliwttTS,
t't'd biiHi-, rouiulud
1, (hiik brown or
II incii to an ini'h

and brittle liimk
obovate, from an
|itly shar|)-j)ointi!d
L's which alternato
'ddish brown and
re thin, with hirge
, fonipri'ssed, two-

mostly h)nptu(li-
ird of tlieir huij^th

inliabitant of hiw
ssociated witli tlie
[)lher wut»'r-h)ving
tiiroufjli the coast
iigh the maritime
I through western
iiparativcly rare in
lilcs of tlie coast,
estvrn Mi8tiisMi|i|>i,

and rather brittle,
obsc'.ire bands of
it-colored or often
ibic foot weighing
obtain an account

)bin.' Introduced
irhaps, hii8 entirely

infrformu in tbr lUt of
'ilmI, jrruwing uoar Now
e in 1832 (Heite m ilai

1

III

ill

i

Wi

.f

f

EXI'LANATION «)K TIIK I'LATI-X

ri.ATK Cl'CXl.IV. IlllclKM AiJlATUA.

t. A llowiriiiK I'raiii'li. natiirul nhi:

J. A >l.iiiiiii;ili' lluwiT. front vii'W, i'iiliiri;iNl.

;t. A "luniiiiiilf llowir, ii'ur \ '»•»■, mUrjjwI.

i. A nt.iiiii'ii, riil:ii');i'<l.

i'l. A |ii»lilliilt' llowir, luliTal \ii», onliirKi'<l.

1). A winter liniiiilili't. iiiituntl r^\la.

I'l.ATK ('('I XI.V. lllcciKlA AglATI'A.

1. A fruiting liniiirli, imtiiritl aiit'.

'J. A fruit, imtiirikl mix:

l\. A iiiit. nntiiral »\te-

i l'tif>» Mii'tiiin of u iiiit, imturol liic.

Ti. A nut. natural »iu:

0. A Icuf. natiiru'. >iie.

\

J

1

, TK

ilva of North Arnenc.a

Tib CCCXI.IV

"^

I f flUfl ,lW

»,.;■

HICORIA AQUATICA

A SuK/r-^...

Jmp J TtlttHtir Pi&fbt

illlf

fl

hi

}

i I

Silva of North America \

-f f

111

•'■*%i.jB»!y."

'*''■

11

i

f.

( ' £ /^Ui't tif-i

.Vf/'tWi,

HICORIA AQUATIC A brm

.-/ /ii.nyi»,./ ,/,

lUt./ uV/'rt?

."u» . .u^fV4-- .an/

f

III

JUOLANDACKJt.

8ILVA OF NOIiTH AMEBIC A.

163

HICORIA OVATA.

Shellbark Hickory. Sbagbark Hickory.

Leaflets 5 or 7, obovatc to oblong-lanceolate, ciliatc on the margins. Fruit
globose, depressed at the iipex ; nut ovate, more or less flattened, 4-angled, thin or
thick-shelled, pale or nearly white.

Hiooria ovata. Hrilton. Hull. Torrfi/ Hot. C'tiih, xv. 283

(1X«8). — Dippel, lliimth. l.ntihhithk. ii. 335. — Kufliiie,

l>ful».-h,' Ih-mU. 72. f. '.'J C. C\ C '.
Juglana ovata. MiUor, Dirt. .-d. 8, No. (1 (17fi8).
Juglans alba ovata, Muralmll. Arbust. Am. 0'.) (I'S.'i). —

Cu»tif;li<iiii. ('/•/;/. urijli Sluti f'/iiVt, ii. 201*. — llurltlmu-

Hcii, Hit miff. I'nrsthtit. i. 7<)*-.
Juglans ovalis. Wungciilu'im, Sunlitm. Il'ih. 21, t. 10. f.

23 (I7«7).
Juglans comprosaa. fia-rtiiiT. t'nirt. ii. .">1, t. S'.t. f. 1

(IT'.U). — .Miifliliiili.r;; & Will.liii.nv, .V.h" Srhrlfl.

(lisill. tint. h'r. lUiliit, iii. ,'tiMt. — Willilcriow, .S'/>fc. iv.

•l.'iH; /•.'.111 ri. '.»7'J ; lli-fl. llitiiiiz. cil. 2, l',t."i. — IVr-icmn,

iS'yri. ii. ."iOti. — Dcufuiitaini'S //.'.«/. .liVi. ii. ,317. — Aiton,

llort. Kric. I'll. 2, V. 2'.t7. — llajiu", Dettdr. Ft. IG-I. —

I'.iiret, /,.iwi. lUct. iii. .it;."!, i. 7H1, f. ,3.
Juglans alba. Miilmiix. Ft. li'ir.-.im. ii. 19.3 (not Liiiim-iis)

(IMKi). — ^llr^ll, Ft. .Im. .ifpt. ii. (>;i7. — Uu .MdiiI ilo

(Jouni't, ll'it. Cult. Ill 2, vi. 2.'!."i.

Juglans obcordata, Poirot, Lam. D'lft. iv. 504 (1797).

Juglant squamosa. Miclmux f. Hist. Ai-li. .-l/w. i. 190, t.
7 (imt I'oiii't) (ISIO). — liigi'low, /•■/. ISoiitoii. 229.

Carya alba, Nuttall, Gen. ii, 221 (1818). — ^;lliott, SIc.W.
(124. — .Sprcngfl, Stjst. iii, 849. — Spiieli, lli.it. IVy. ii.
174. — Limilun, Afl>. lirit. iii. 144(1, f. 12G9, t. — Hooker,
Ft. /lor.-Am. ii. 143, — Toirey, Ft. .V. }'. 181. — Dur-
liii-ton, /■■/. (V,s/ced. 3, 2(13. — K.l. .Murreii, IM'jf Ifort.
vi. 22.3, t. 4.'>, f. 8. — Curtis, Hep, Oeotmj, Siirv. N. Car,
18tlii, iii. 43. — Chapman, Ft. 418. — C.ilfCamlollc, .■(«».
Sci. ym. «V. 4, xviii. 3l>, t. 2, f. 13, 14, 18: I'rmlr. xvi.
pt. ii. 142. — KiiiiTson, Tiris Mti.is. 191, t. 12. — Sar-
j;.'nt. A';;v,</ Ti-ei-s X. Am. Id^/i On.iiis f. .9. ix. 1,32.—
\Val<iiii \ Coulter, llntijs M,tn. nl. (1, 4(18 — JIajT,
W.d.l. .\or,t.i,„. l.-,8, f. .1, t. 4.

Hicorius ovatua, .Sargent, UarUeii and Forest, ii. 400
( 1889).

A trt'(<, iifti'ii scviMity to iiiiipty fi'ct and occa.sionally one liumlrod ami twenty fort in Iii'ijjfht, with
a tall Htraifjlit culuinnar shaft thrco or four feet in diaint'tcr, in the forest often free of liratiehes for
iifty or si.\ty feet ahove the j;roimd, and then divichMH' into two or three comparatively small liinhs
which form a narrow head ; or. when it has had siiflicient space for its free development, sometimes
dividin;>; near the fi;roiiiid into stout slijjhtly s|)readiiior limhs wiiich form a narrow inversely conical
round-topped head of more or less pendidoiis hranches, or {rrowinij with a sinjjle stem, forkecl ]ieriiap.s
at half tlie heij^ht of the li'c. and retaininLV its short small lateral inanches which spread at nearly rijjht
angles to the trunk, droop toward their extremities, anil form an ohlenf;; round-topped synnuetrical
head. The hark of the trinik is lij;ht gray, and from three ipiarters of an inch to an inch in thickness,
and separates in thick strips ol'ien a foot or more Ion<j and six or eijjht inches wide, which remain more
or less closely attached to tlie triuik hv the middle, givino^ it the shaijfjy appearance to which the tree owes
its common name ; the hark of the young stems and hranches i,s smooth and light gray. The hranchlets
are stout, ami marked with oMong pale lenticels ; when they first appear they are slightly angled, covered,
like the young leaves and the intlorescence, with caducous Iirown scurf, and i )ated with pale grandidar
pubescence, and during their lirst year are hriglit reddish brown or light gray, glabrous and lustrous,
or covered more or less thickly with short rufous puhescence, growing dark gray in their second
year, and ultimately light gray. The leaf-.scars are ovate to nearly .semiorhieular in outline, or are
very obscurely threi^-lolied, emarginato at tli' apex, pale, and slightly elevated. The terminal buds
are broiully ovate, rather obtu.se, and from one half to three (|uarters of an inch long, and fnuu
one third to one half of an inch broad ; their three or four outer stales are broadly ovate, nearly
triiingidar, acute, dark brown, pubescent and hirsute on the outer surface, the exterior ones being
often ubruptly niirrowed into long rigid points, and, opening as the bud eidargcs iu the autumn, fall

I '

ir.t

SILVA OF XOIiTli AMtnUCA.

J>;GLANI)ACEi«.

t,|..,

i"

lii'l'oro tlie ajux-araiicc of the leavos in tlic s|)riii}j : williiii tlu'se wvcn or pij;ht ncuIi'h proti'ct tiio bud;
tlu> l()W(>st and oiitt'i'mnst of tlu'sc arc coated on tlioir exterior surfaee witli tliiek pale tonientnni, and
are liistrons and |inl)endoiis on tiie inner snrfaec; thu upper and inner side is piiherulous, lustnum,
covered with resinous jjhinds, vellow-j^reen, often tinu;ed witli red. espeei.illy aliove tile middle, oliloiifr-
ol)iiViite. pointed at tile apex, lellexed, and from tWo and one half to three inelies lonjj and lialf an
inch liroad at maturity, and usually pcrNistent until after the anients of lualu lluwors liavo fallen. Tlio
axillary liuds appear with the leaves, and are coated at first with thick white tonieiituin, and when fully
<;ro\\n are from one third to one half of an iiu'h in len<;'th. The leaves are composed of live or rarely
of seven leaflets and of stout "jreen glahriMis or puhescent petioles Nliijhtly grooved and ahrnptly
enlarged at the liase. and are from ei'.jht to fourteen inches in length ; the leaflets are ovale to ovato-
lanceolate, or those at the end of the leaf are sometimes oliovate. e(piilateral. and acuminatt; or rarely
rounded at the apex and srssiie or short-petiohilate ; they are more or less thickly ciliate on the mar-
gins with soft white hairs, and serrate with minut<' incurved callous teeth except toward the hase,
wiiich is eipially or sometimes nneipially \vedge-s'ia|ied or occasioiiallv ronndeil on hoth edges; wiien
they unfold they are thiii, light yeliow-greiMi and lustrous aixtve, and coati'd lieluw with pale pulii's-
ceiice, which is thickest along the under side of the midrilis and on the petioles, and at maturity they
are tliin and firm, dark yellow-green and glahrous on the upper surface, and paler ami glahrous and
lustniiis or puliernlous on the lower surface. 'I'he termin.il le idet, which is dicinrent at the liase on a
slender stalk from half an inch to an inch in length, is from five to seven inches long, from two to three
inches Itroad, rather larger than the upper leaflets, and tuire or (d'ti'ii three times as largo om tiiUHu of
the lowest pair. The catkins of st.nninate flowers are slender, light green, glandid.ir-hirsute, an<l (our
or five inches long, with ])cdnni'les often an inch in length, and elongated liuear-laiu'eolate scarious
caducous lateral liracts; the flowers open late in the spring after the leaves have grown nearly to their
full size ; they are glandular-hirsute on the outer surface, and pedicellate with short slender |KMlicelM
about oiu' eighth of an inch in length ; the bract is elongated, acute, ovate-lanceolate, or often narrowed
and wedge-shaped from iic.ir the middle to the base, and two or three limes as long as the ovate concave
loiies of the calyx, which are rounded or acute at the apex ; there are four stamens with nearly ite«»ile
yellow anthers, tinged with red, ami slightly hirsute above the middle, the lobes slightly spreadnig at
the apex. The pistillate flowers, which are usually borne in two to five-flowered spikes, are one third
of an inch long, and clothed with rusty tonientum ; the bract is linear-lanceolate, elongated, much
lunger than the broader acute bractlets, and like them green .alxive. and covere<l on both tiurfaces with
pale scurfy pubescelu'c and long scattere<l white hairs; the stigmatii; lobes are pale green, and do not
mature until most of the anthers have shed their pollen. 'I'he fruit, which is usually »olit;iry or in
pairs, is subglobose, rather longer than it is broad, or slightly obovate, depressed at the upex, from
which the blackened renniants of the stigmas protrude, dark reddish brown or nearly black at maturity,
roughened with small pale lenticels, glabrous or ]iilose, and from an inch to two and a half inches long;
the husk, which sjtlit.s freely nearly to the base, varies from one eighth to one half of an inch in
thickness, and is hard and woody and pale cm the inner surface. The nut is oblong, nearly twice as
long .as it is broad, or obovate aiul broader than it is long, compress«'d, prominently or obscurely four-
ridged and angled, and sometimes furnished with two aildiiional narrower ridges at the two sutures,
more or less compres-stnl, acute and gradually or abruptly narrowed or rounded or nearly truncate at
the apex, which is tipped with a stout ]ioint eipialing in length the valves of the fruit, gradually
narroweil and rounded at the b.ase, which is furnished with a dark bony point, longitudinally and
irregularly rugose between the ridges, nearly white, reticulate-veined, and thick or rarely thin-walled,
from half an inch to nearly two inches in length, and from thre<' (piarters of an inch to an inch in
breadth, the walls and thin partitions being penetrated by small lacunie.' The seed is two-lobed from

' ILilin' |)a|wr-iihi'll Hickory nut i.i tlie licut linowii of llione nuts gyxiA nimlily. Thu Ireo tlmt |pr<Klii<3<'!i it ia jfniwiiijj uii Imttoiii-
of thu tjiecit's wlii<li urti ili»tiliguiAlu'il fur tliiiiiii'U of tlicll ami laiiili di'iu tliu .Siulillo Uivir, uli tlif fwiu of .Mr. Iliury lliilea, «

JlIOLANDACEi*;.

JUOLANIMCEil!.

SILT A OF NORTH AMERICA.

IBS

the liaso nearly to the npex, witli ii short tiiiii conTicctive and flat cotylcdonfl, which arc narrowed and
rounded at tlio base, divided nearly to the middle hy the thin ventral partition, rounded and deeply
lohed at the apex, irrej^ularly and often pronunently ridf^ed on the back, and Hat and rujfose on tlii; inner
face ; it is covered with a thin li^iit brown rather lustrous coat, and is sweet, with an aromatic flavor.

llivorld oralti ranijes from southern Maine to the valley of the St. Lawrence River, where it iinils
itti most northeasterly borne in the neiijhborhood of Montreal,' thence southwestward alonjjf the northern
shores of Lake Krie .md Lake Ontario, throufjh soutlieri. Micliii^an to central Minnesota' and south-
eastern Nebraska.' southward throuj^h the northern states, with the exception of the elevated reirions
of northern New Knirland and northern New York, to Pennsylvania and Delaware, and alon<r the
Appalachian Mountains to western Florida, northern Alabama aiid Mississippi, and westwaril to central
Kans;iy,' the Indian Territory, and eastern Texas.'' It is usually found {jrowinjr on low hills or in the
neiirliborhood of streams and swamps in rich deep and moderately moist soil. Hare and comparatively
local in the Province of (Quebec, the Shellbark Hickory is abundant in the forests of southern (Jntario,
where it often jjrows to a larfje si/.e. It almunils in southern New i']n<r|and and the central states;
althouirli it does not extend to the south .\tlantic ami (iulf coasts or ascend to hi^li elevations on the
southern mountains; it is nut rare in the country lyin^if at the eastern base of the Alle^rhany Moinitains,
but is most I'onunou on their western slopes and in the reijion watered by the tributaries of the lower
Ohio Kiver, where it f^rows to its lar^jest size,'' and in Missouri and .\rkans:is; in Kansas, the Indian
Territory, and eiwlern Texas, it is comparatively rare ami contined to the inimeiliate nei^^hborhood of
streams.

The wood of //iiuriii unitu is heavv, very hard and stroni;. touy;h, close-jjrained, and tlexible ; it
contains numerous thin medullary rays and baiiils of from one to three rows of larije open ducts cltarly
markini; the layers of annual growth. It is li<;lit brown, with thin neail;, \\liite sapwood. The specilic
jjravitv of the absoluteiv drv wood is (>..">>l)7'_', a cubic foot wi'i:fliins,'' ."i-.lT iiouuds. It is largely used
in the manufaiture of a'^'iicuitural implements, in tairia'^n- and wa'^ciri-makintj, for axe-handles and
baskets, anil for fniL The nuts are the romniiin Hickory mils of coiiiiiierie, and are jjatliereil in the
forest in f^reat (piantilii^s.

J/iiiirin oiv/^(, accoriiinij to Loudon,' was cidtivated in Kui^land as early as Ki'J'.t; and what is
probably a desi'ription td' this tree was publislieil by PInkenet in his AIiiiikji stinii /Inluiiicinii in KilMi."

The stroni; vi>;orous appearaiu'e of the Shellbark. the reiiiaikable character of its bark hani;ii!<]f
from the trunk in Ioom- plates, the lieiutv of its bead with its <,'racefui winter (Uitliiu's. tlie charm of its
burstinj^ buds with their briL;lit petai-liki' scales, and its clean fra^jrant foiiai^e. nial<e it one of the most
interesting^ and beautiful as well as one of the most valuable trees of the nortlieili forest.'

fi'w iniloH fjl-st til* KhIjJi'WimhI, IliTi^i'll t'ouiitv, Ni'W .IiT-»i'y ; tin* nut
i% tllxiilt itii tiu-ll anil u liillf lit it'll;,'tli, luni .•ininrwIiHt liiiirt* ill
l)n-udt)i. viTV wiili> anil full at IhiIIi I'ttilH, oltscuri'ly ^ix-an^ll-(l, ami
full, nuiniliMl, anil ilrt'ply j,'riMiVfil on tli.' hark nf thr valves. Thi'
walU art' nnt nmn' tliait a tliirty-<M'i-i>nil of an ini-li in tliii'kni-ss, anil
tlii> partitiiin« an< pmjMirt nnatflv thin. 'I'lii' tlavnr of tlni krrni'l,
wliit-h kr«-pH NWfi'l fur a i-rinark;ilily Imii^ time, it nnuiiially ^rnml.
(.>v>t' KillliT, /'nil fi It/ /'.>ri-«ry, I'.'O, I. M, WJ. V\g. Ii, pl.ili' iiixlvii.
of thi« .N'l/rii n'pn'SfiitH tlii.i nnt.)

I hriini't, I'ttt. V<ii. Ail/. Ctin. 47. — Iti'll, (i^nloi/. Utp. Can.
1S7;» SO. .v.'. — .MaiiMin, l\il. Cm. I'l. IXt.

* .Mai'inillan, .Ufi'd.'/jfrmif of the Mirmfnota VatUt/, ITS.

• l;.'Mi'y, Itrii- y-firilihl Slalr lUxml Aaric. ISOI. 101).

.timili, forlit'f gluhrit, .itimmn fa.iti'jio veliiti in nrulrum prmiuri,\ *J04 ;

/•h;,t. ;wx f. '.'.

.ViiJ- Juijlitn.* Viri/iniit'iti nUm, frurtu ixirro ttiit/uhiOt cortU ^ /leri,
•JlJl; I'hi/I. ami, f. •-' 0.

Tlii'st' ti^^iiri-H ari" not vi-ry ;,'ooil, liowi'vrr. anil niii;h( almost as
will rrprt'si'iit soiiM' forms of tin- iiiits of Hu-nna ijtiif'ni as tliosf of

tlli^ spci'irs.

" Thf ili>maiiil fur Ilirkorv woimI in the arts anil for fiit'l is very
^'ri';it. ami larjj;i' iiuliviilnals of this spiM-ii's, wliirli is usually eon-
siilin'il III!' Iii'st tiinlii'r-tn e of tin- f,'i'nus, an' no lonp'r I'onunuu
in any part of tin* omintry. Vvw trocs of tlu' nortlu'rii forest
jjrow more slowly. Tlie lo;; spin-iinen in the -lesiip C'ollectioll of
North .\iner!ian Wooils in the .Vun'riian Museum of Natural

« llitelieiK-k, The ll'ow/y /Vim/., uf .UunAiKdin m 7'Afir Winter lli.tory, New '\'ork. ohtaineil from Missouri, is thirteen inehes in

Condiliun, 18. iliaineter iu'.i.le ihe hark, aiul shows two humlreil ami thirty-threo

» ConlUT, Conlril). I'. S. .Vil(. llerh. ii. 117 (.l/dii./V. U'. TeliLi). layi .s of ammal growth, forty-live of whiih are sapwooil; hut it

• Kiilifwav. I'm: C S. .Yu/. Mid. 1SS'_', 77. prohahly imlieates an exeiplionally slow rate of urowlh, as the nar-

' Arh. Itrit. iii. l+lll, f. l'.iti!t, t. rowness of the rin^s fornu'il ilnriuf; Ihe tirst one humlreil and uino

' A'lix Juglilns Virijinidna nlha minor, frm-ln Nltcii muschatir years shows that the tree was overshadoweil at tirst by other trees,

and its ilevelupinent stunted.

•I

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EXPLANATION OK TIIK I'l.ATKS.

I'l

K ('(CXl.Vl. Ill

nil A IIVATA.

t. A lldwi'i-iii',' liiiiMcli. niitiiiiil »i/.<'.

2. A Htniiiiiuiti- tlowiT. ri'ar \'u-\\. ciiliiriiril.

3. A stniiiiiuilr Hiiwir, fnnit viiw, iiilmgiil.

4. A Bliiiiioii, i'nliir|,'iil.

r>. A pistilliitfl fliiwrr, lat<T:il viow, ciilurm-il.

(i. Veriinil n.cliim «if a ).i-till:ilo lluwer. i-iilttri;<'il.

7. A «inli'r-l>iiil. n;ituriil si/o.

8. Uiagrsiii of a wiiiUr-biul.

I'l.ATK ('((XI.VII. HiroHIA OVATA.

1. \ fruiting 1>r:iiH-li. nalural Hi/t>.

'.'. A valvf iif tlip fiiiit, imtiiml »l/.i'.

H. A nut, iiuliiial ^iM'.

4. Cross section of a ni'it cut tlirnu(;li thi" iniilillc, natiirnl nil*.

5. An lnvi'r«o<l I'otyliMhui. natural sl/.c.

(>. A lhin-«lii'lleil nut, cut traiwveriely, natural site.

7. A nut, nalural aisc.

ilva of North America

Tab CCCXl.Vl

A

¥

'»■-.

iil

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i\i

^jTj^jjjfijrgj^

f'

S. lJiaii;'d,ii» u'. < ntu!

' multlhi. Mtnrai »')>,»■

Silvii of Notlh Anii>rica

Tib rccii.V!

HICORIA OVATA -iitt

,-( s, ...-■,„.

/'*iP r, .ttn^i,r ritri^-

^r

ki

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1

'■)ilva of North Arr

Tib CCCXLVn

HICORIA OVATA :h

.•I liuhreiAj- .//r A/- '

.'••i/" ,' ?'ttf:ts,i ,' aru'

L-

il'i

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JUGLANDACEjE.

SJLVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

167

HIOORIA LACINIOSA.

Big Shellbark. Bottom Shellbark.

Leaflets 5 to 9, obovatc or obloiiif-lanccolatc, jjubcrulous on the lower surface.
Fruit oblong, depressed at the ajjex ; nut thick-walled, ridged or angled, dull white.

Hiooria laciniosa.

Jugltma Incinioaa. Mioliaiix f. Uisl. Arh. Am. i. 1'J'.), t. S

(IHKI). — l'„ir..t, /../»(. 0;,t. Supiil. iv. I IJ. — W. r. ('.

Hartdii, Conijienil. Ft. J'/iilti. ii. 178. — AuiluKiui, lliril.^.

t. KM.
JuKlana sulcata, I'lirsli, /•'/. .tin. Srj,f. ii. (LiT (imi WilliK-

lluw) (ISM).
Carya sulcata, NutUiII, f7eii. ii. •."Jl (1818). — Elliott, .S7..

ii. 0^4. — Spri'iijfi'l, .^i/ft. ili. 84it. — .S|moli, //'■ IV'/. ii.

171. — I<<>ii<l„ii, .irl). tint. iii. 1118, f. r.'71. — Curtis.

Hi'/i. (Iroln,). Sun: \. Cir. IStil). iii. IJi. — ('li:>|iiii;in,

/v. 418. — C, ili> C'limloUc, Ann. ,Sii. .Viit. iii'r. 4, xviii.

;iC, t. .">, f. ,")1, r.'.' ; Prn,!r. xvi. pt. ii. 143. — Ridjjway, Proc.

f. S. Xn/. J//«. 188'.', 78. — Liiiiclie, Ih:ilx,-hc Demlr.

308. — Sai ^'cnt. Fnrest Tre,:i X .Iw. Wth Cetiiiii.i U. S.

\\. 1. '!.'!. — Wat-<"ii & Conltir, (Irnij'.i Man. id. G, 4Cd.
Cnrya puboHcens. .Swctt, lln'l. lir'it. 1)7 (1S'J7).
Carya conliforniis. KdcIi, Jh'm/i: i. ."i'.)7 (18(i'.)).
Hicorid sulcata, iiiillon, Jln/l. Tunvy Hut. Ctui, xv. 283

(l.s.ss,.
Hicorius sulcatus, Sai^cnt, flunh-n and Forest, ii. 400

(ISS'.I).
Hicoria acuminata. Dlpiiol. Il'imlli. L'lnhhuhh. ii. 3,36

(IS'.f.'i. _ Kiifhru'. I>,nt.ir/,e Dvmli: 7'.' 1). 1)',

A tret', orcasioiiiilly oiii' IiiiikIi-imI and twenty IVi't in liciu'lit, with a straijjlit sleiuli'v trunk often
free of brandies for more tlian li.ilf its licii;lit and lately exceedinj^ tliree feet i'l diameter, and
comparatively HimiU spreadinjf braiieiies whiiii fcniii a naii-ow oiiloii;; iicad. The bark of the trunk is
from one to two indies tiiiek and b<;ht jj;r:iy, and separates into broad thick plates, wliidi are fre(]iieiitly
three or four feet loiij; and .sometimes remain for years hantjin;;; on the trunk ; the bark of yininj^ stems
and of the small hranehes is smooth and lij^ht or d.irk jjray. The brandilets are sioiit, and when they
first upjM'ar are sli;;litly aiiijle<l. il.trk or li;4lit orani^e-red, and pilose or eovered with pale or rtifoua
piilr scence or tomeiitiim ; ihev sipon lieeonie 'i:;lit oranjje-eoior and roiii;;hened hy scattered elevated
oblon^j pale lentieels, ami dnriiii^ their lirst winter ire oranij;e-hr()wn, "glabrous or piibertiloiis, and marked
with obloiifj threi-lobed emar;fiiiate liaf-sears; in their second year they turn ashy gray. The terminal
buds are ovate, rather obtuse, sometimes a'l inch long and two thirds of an inch broad, and three or
four times as large ;us the axillary buds ; they are iisii.illy covered by eleven or twidvo scales, the outer
ones being dark hrown, piiberiilous on the exterior surface, generallv keeled, and long-pointed at the
apt X ; the scales next within tlie.se are ovate, roiindetl, and coated with thick orange-colored tonientuni,
ami, lengtliening slightly in the spring, fall .is the hrandi begins to grow ; the six or seven inner scales
are accrescent and become retlexed, tile edges curling liackward, and when fully grown are obovate,
pointed and rounded at the apex, light green tinged with red or bright red or yellow and glabrous imd
luHtroiis on the inner face, and covei-ed with silky pubescence on the outer, slightly resinous, two to
tiirce inches long and an inch broad, and fall with or before the catkins of staniiliate flowers. The
leaves are tifteeii to twenty-two indies in len<;tli, and are composed of from five to nine but usually of
seven leaflets, and of stout glabrous or pubescent petioles flattened and grooved and then iibruptly
enlargeil at the base, and very often persistent on the branches during the winter ; the leafk'ts are
usually placed at some distance apart on the petiole and are ovate or oblong-lanceolate, or broadly
obovate, especially the upper ones, which are generally two or three times as long iis those of the lowest
pair, and are usually etpiilateral, acuminate with long slender points. e<|ually or une(|ually 'vodge-shaped
or roiinilcd at the base, which is ofti'ii obliipie, finely .serrate with incurved callous-tipped teeth, and
sessile or sometimes raised on short stout stalks ; when they unfold they are lustrous and red ou the

I!

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158

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

JUGLANDACE^.

upper .surface as well as on tite petioles, coated on the lower surface with soft pale pubescence, and
ciiiiiti' on tlie niarj;riiis with lonjj white caducous hairs ; and at maturity they are dark green and rather
lustrous above, and pale ycUow-grccn or hronzy brown and covered with soft pubescence below,
especially along the broad yellow midribs and the numerous straight stout veins connected by prominent
reticulate veiniets ; tiie terminal leaflet, which is from five to nine inches long, three to five inches
broad, and gradually narrowed at the base into a stout stalk often an inch in length, is not nuich larger
than tiie upper lateral leallets. Tiie catkins of staminate flowers, which open from the middle of May
in Missouri to tiie middle of June in central New York, are nearly glabrous or covered with rufous
scurfy toiiientuiii and from five to eight inches long, with common iieduiicles an inch to an inch and a
quarter in length and lanceolate linear scarious ilark brown cadiicoas lateral bracts from half an inch
to nearly an inch long ; the flowers are short-pedicellate with linear-lanceolate acute bracts twice or
thrice as long as the broader rouixled ioiies of the perianth, and, like them, coated on the outer surface
wilii loiwe pale or rufous tomentum, and have hirsuti> yellow subsessile anthers more or less deejjly
emargiiiate at the a]iex. The pistillati flowers are usually produceil in two to five-flowered spikes and
are oblong-ovate, about twice as long as they are broad, slightly angled, and clothed with pale tomen-
tum. with linear acute bracts much longer than the nearly triangular bractlets and calyx-lobes ; the
stigmas arc light green and btgiii to wither before the anthers shed their pollen. The fruit, which is
solitary or in pairs, is ellip.soidal, ovate or subglobose. depres.sed at the apex, roughened with minute
orange-colored lentieels, downv with pale pubescence, or glal)rate, light orange-colored or dark chestnut-
brown at maturity, from an inch and three (piarters to two and a half inches long and from an ini'h and
a ijuarter to two inches broad, witii a hard wooilv husk, pale and markeil on the iusidt- with dark con-
spicuous veins, and from a ((uarter to a third of an inch in thickness. The nut is ellipsoiilal or slight!^
obovate. longer than it is broail. or sonietiiiies as broad or broader than it is long, flat and ronnded at
both ends or gra<lually narrowecl and rounded at the base, sometimes acuminate at the apex, more or less
compres.sed, rather prominently four-ridged and angled or often six-ridged, full and roinuled on the back
of the two valves, furnished at the base with a stout long point, slightly reticulate-rugose, light yellow
to reddish brown, and fron\ an inch and a tjuarter to two inches ami a ipiarter in length and from an
inch ami a half to an inch and three ipiarters in breailtb. with a hard and bony shell from one eighth to
one (juarter of an inch iii thickness. The seed, which is covered by a lu.strous light chestnut-brown
coat and is verv sweet with an agree.ible flavor, is divided nearly to the apex by the dorsad ]iartition of
the cavity of tile nut; the cotyledons are flat, longitiidiiially and deeply two or tliree-groovecl on the
back Ity the broad inward projections of the wall of the nut, narrowed and rounded at the b;use,
which is separated nearly to the middle by the thin ventral jiartitiou, and rounded and deeply two-
lobed at the apex, the lobes being rather longer than the short thin connective.'

Il'iiar'ni /iiriiiiiisd is distributed from the neigliborhood of Muscatine on the banks of the Mi.ssis-
.sippi Iviver in Iowa,' through Missouri and Arkansas, eastern Kansas^ aixl the eastern portion of the
Indian Territorv,' and through houthern Illinois and Indiana to central Teiines.see,'' western" and

' The N'dsslmimipp nut ( Nu'rvi, t. rt-cxlix. f. 4), named for itA dis-
coverer,. J. . I. Nu-vtl»iiii: ; of Okawvillo, lllinnin, Iioa t>opn Hitiue-
tilne.-* conHldered tlie fniil nf a Iivlirid lietweell l/icnriit lanuiiNKI and
Jitriiritt Prmn. It is ii tij^lu red-!iri)wii luri^-pniittt-d nut with the
ridges nf the nut of llimna lurinio.ul, (inn hiird witll.s vnrunj; fn>tn
one thirtv-Aecond to one eighth of an ineh in Ihii-kliesi^, thin par-
titiorifi, and the hir;;e hieniue |>ei-nliar to ntitn of the Kpeeie.i of
A|KK-urya, hut not futnnl in tl true ilirkoricH {VnUvr, Auwri<^iu
At/rirullnrifl, xliii. .M<i, f.). A yonn^ tree raided from one of tlieno
nuU, and ^rowin^ in Mr. A. .S. KuIIit's ganlen near Uidp'WtHHl,
New Jersey, eannot l>e di^tin^iijibcd fnini jilant^ of Iliroria litcin'
iota of the same a^e.

The Floyd nut, fruui a tree supposed t^f have }{rown i'; Indiana

anil propHf^ted l>y .Mr. U. M. Kloyd of Cedar Uapids, Iowa, has
the internal slruclnre of the NuHsbHuiner nut, hut is hiliifer, fuller
at the iipei, and less pnnninently rnl^*d ; and is |MThaps a Ityhrid.
(See Fuller, .Y. )'. Tnhuue, weekly e<l. ,luly il, ISICJ.)
■J Srintrf, xix. -.'V

• Mason, I'arifli/ ati'l lH*trihutiim nf Ktmttn TrrfS, 12.

* In Au);ust, ISHO, it was diseovered near Ouachita, Indian Ter-
rititrv, hy Mr. *i. \V. Letternian.

* (iiitlin^er, Thf Mnhriil I'lautt of Ttunrftff, 81.

• Ihforui Ittriiiiiud is not rare in the valley of the (JelM'see Uiver,
and the nuts, which ore Called king nuts, are sold in thu markela
of (ieneseo.

JUGLANBACE^.

e pubescence, and
jj;reeii and rattier
)ube.sccnce below,
I'ted by prominent
ree to five incbcH
is not nmcli larjjer
le niiildle of May
Dvcred with rufous
til an iiicli and a
from liiilf an inch
te bracts twice or
the outer surface
)re or less drcply
iwercd s|)ikes and
1 with pale toMicn-
d calyx-lobes ; the
'be fruit, wiiicii is
icncd with minute
1 or dark chestnut-
1 from an inch and
4de with dark con-
psoidal or sljijlit*.^
at and rounded at
' apex, more or less
linded on the back
u^ose. lijrht yellow
Icnj^th and from an
from one cij^htli to
^ht chestnut-brown
dorsal partition of
'fc-i^rooved on the
iided at the base,
d and dcejily two-

iiks of the Missis-
ern portion of the
ee," western* and

I'llnr lUpiiln, Inwa. Iini
riitt, liiit in hitigrr, fulliT
anil in |HTlia[)i a h\l>ri(I,
\y SI, IS'.C'.)

i.m.» Trtfs, VI.

ir Oimcliita, Indian Ter-

\rnfe^ HI,

•J- of tliii (irncrtev Kivpr,

m aold in the niarkrti

J

JUOLANDACEiE.

SILVA OF NOIiTII AMERICA.

159

central ' New York, and eastern Pennsylvania.^ It is an inhabitant of rich deep bottom-lands usually
inundated during several weeks of every year ; rare and local cist of the Alleghany Mountains and
comparatively rare in Arkansas, Kansas, and the Indian Territory, it is one of the commonest trees in
the great river-swamps of central Missouri and the lower Ohio basin, where, growing with the Swamp
White Uaks, the Tupelo, the Ued Maple, the Spanish Oak, the Sweet Gum, the lied Ash, and the
Swamp Cottonwood, it attains its greatest size and beauty."

The wood of I/irorid lacinioKK is heavy and very hard, strong and tough, close-grained and very
flexible, with many obscure medullary rays and bands of one or two large open ducts marking the
layers of annmd growth. It is dark brown, with comparatively thin and nearly white sapwood. The
Bpecilie gravity of the absolutely dry wood is U.iSl()8, a cubic foot weighing rH).,"}!} pounds. Confounded
conunercially with the wood of Curi/n oratt', it is used in the minufacturc of wagons and agricultural
implements, for the handles of axes and other tools. The nuts are sold in the )uarkets of some of the
western states in large ipiantities, but commercially are not often distinguished from those of the
Shellbark Hickory.

JJiruriii lurlnldxit, which may be readily rccoginzcd at all seasons of the year by the orange-color
of the young branchlets, is hardy ab fur north as eastern Massachusetts, and in cultivation grows rather
more rapidly th.;M the .)thcr true Hickories.' Introduced into England in IHO-l,"^ it is occasionally seen
iu the gardens of central and western Europe."

* l>ilillry, Hull. Contrll i'nivrrsitij, ii. Ht (f'nijnita nnra).

■ liu-nrui IwiniiKin liiM lipfii Hfi'n Itv Priifi-HHnr Tliumiw I'. I'ortiT
of Liifavi'tto C'lillt'^* ill Kmnktiii. I.iiiu-tii«ti-r, ami Itiii-ks (-inintic.i,
and nn the Imnks of thi> Juiiiuta Uivor in lluntingilun C'uiinty,
IV'iinHylvaniii.

■> Hnl>;«ay, Prix: r. S. Xill. Mm. 1882, 78.

* i.ikf tlio other IliokorifH, this is a slow*f^wing tree in I ho
for«'nt. Thu l4>^ M|HH'iincn from MiMouri in tin* .loAiip (\illfi-tioti
of North Anu'riciin WinhU in tho Anu'rioan MtiHi'uni of Natnnil
History, New York, i.t tliirt\ -two iin'hi'.s in ili.inu>u-r insiilu tin' burk,

and ithnws three hundp'd and forty layers of annual growth, forty-
four of wliii-li are sapwooil.

''• London, .irli. lira. iii. IIIH, f. I'iTl {Ciiri/a ^itlrnla).

" Like many otlnT deeiduons-leaved trees of eastern North
Ann'riea, the lliekories all grow badly in Knrojio ; and I liavo
never seen a largo or well-grown speeimen of any of the species
there, althotigh a eentnry ago great nnnilwrs of nuts, carried over
by tlu< Miehanxs, were planted in Kranee, and nniny attempts to
cultivate them have bc'en mado in tiernniuy and Kngland.

i I

f

: S

i I

EXPLANATION OF THK I'LATKS.

I'LAri: CCCXLVIU. Himiuia i.aciniima.

1. A llowcriiiK lirnni-li. imtiiral niie.

'.'. A »t;iiiiiiiatt" ttiiwtT. roar view, eiilnr);p<l.

;!. A stiimiiiaU- tli>«cr, front view, i iilargfJ.

■I. An antliir. enlar^jcd.

5. A iiistillali' flower, lateral view, natural iiite.

6. A wintiT liraiii'li, natural niie.

PiATK CCCXLIX. HicoRiA UAciNnau.

1. A fruiting lirancli, natural iiize.

2. A nut. natural »he.

3. Crom iie<'tion of a nut, natural iiiie.

4. A nut eiit tran«vcr»ely. natural niie.
6. A leaf, retluced.

;!

;',ilva of tlorlh hnr.t\c:\.

Tab CCCXI.7I

I

^
^

♦

J' /

#4

I

k,

!

rLATKM.

f

I '

11
i i

(>. A sriiiUT !ir I

^m

( .'■ .'..-JUT .M

.fV:/..-/!,-

HICORIA I.ACINIOSA

A A..

wrtu ,ii/i\t

-t> . ■ . .sfit-i^r "aruT

8*:=^,

%v

11

I

f

Silv* tjf Nort>i Ameni.<L

T»b CCCXI.iX

rit

1^

/

V

_■. .-.-.kJUUiUM.

.i^

M i

t t

ti

i I

f

I i

111 ;

i

Silva of North Amcr

Tab CCCXI

lii

HICORIA LACINIOSA, Sarij

.v./7^^

A .'i.i' * it,,! .tW M

Ml/' . ■■ TAn^ur t.irtj

i!

tl

> I

}

JUGLANDACEJt.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

161

HIOORIA ALBA.
Mockemut. Big Bud Hickory.

Leaflets 7 to 9, oblong-lancoobito or obovato-lanccolate, tomcntosc on the lower
surface. Fruit subglobosc to oblong ; nut globose or oblong, often long-pointed,
4-riclgc(l toward the apex, thick-shelled, reddish brown.

Hiooria alba, Itrittun, liuK. Tnrrcij Hot. Club, xv. 283
(1888). — I)i|>l)el, Hamlh. L.tiMoh/:. ii. ;3;il. — Koi'lino,
Drutache Dendr. 72, f. 23 E. E'.— Cdultcr. Contrib. U. S.
Nat. Herb. ii. 411 {Man. I'l. W. Texas).

Juslans alba, LiiiiiiGUH, Spec. 0^)7 (in port) (IT.'^S). — Du
|{i)i, lliirhk. /Iiiniiiz. i. 333. — Kuliii, Acail. Storkh.
Jfiindl. %xx. ll'.>. — MiionrliliauHi'ii. Uuii.^i: v. 181. —
Wangi'liheini, llearhreib. Sunlnm. Huh, (it ; Sonlnm.
HoU. 2.'5, t. 10, f. 22. — Walter, Fl. Car. 23.-). — Aiton,
Hart. Keii: iil. .3C>0. — OwrtiiiT, Fnirl. ii. (10, t. S'.). f.
1. — Moi'iidi. .Mrlh. ti'.lti. — Alibot, liisert.i of (leonjia, i.
t. 2'.t. — Wilia.nciw, lierl. li'tiimz. l.VJ ; S/iei: iv. 4.">7. —
Toirot, Lam. I>irl. iv. TAY.i ; til. iii. 3ti», t. 781, f. 2. —
Muehli'nbir); i WiUcli>iii>w, Seue Sehrift. Gesell. nat. Fr.
Herliii, iii. ,'589. — Di'nfuiitainri, lli.it. Arb. ii. ,'!.t7. —
Sloki'n, Hot. .}f'it. Mfl. iv. 4IM». — nigilow, Fl. liotton.
228. — Watnon, Demlr. liril. ii. MS. t. 148.

Julians rubra, ( ;.Trliu'r, Frurt. ii. ,->I, I. 89, f. 1 (1791). —
I'oiret, Lam. Dirt. iii. .'tiri, t. 781, f. 4.

Juglans tomentosa, Puiri't, Lam. Pit. iv. .')04 (1797). —
Miclmux, Fl. llor.Am. ii. 192. — Mi.lmiix f. IlUt. Arb.
Am. i. 184. t. (■>. — rur.li, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. ti;i7. — I)n
Mont Jo Cuuraet, Hot. Cult. cil. 2, vi. 23t).

? Juglans pubescens, Willdenow, Ilerl. Baumx. cd. 2. 19G
(IHll); /■.■«»/«. Suppl. fil.

Carya tomentosa, Nuttall, Gen. ii. 221 (1818). — Elliott,
Sk. ii. 625. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 849. — Spucli, Ilkt. I'ey.
ii. 176. — Umdon, Arb. Jlrif. iii. 1445, f. 1207. — Torrty,
Fl. X. Y. ii. 182.— Durllngtoii, Fl. Ci;slr. ed. 3, 203.—
Curtis, h'l/i. (Iroloij. Sun: X. I'ar. 1860. iii. 4.3. — C'li.i])-
inan, F'l. 419. — C. do (Jiiiidullc, Ann. Sci. Xat. si'r. 4,
xviii. 36 i Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 143. — Emerson, Trees Mass.
194, t. 1.3. — SarKint, Fure.it Trees X. Am. lOth Census
I', S. ix. 133. — Watiiin & CduUit, Grai/'s Man. ed. 6,
4(18. — Mayr, Ifald. Xonlam. IllO.

Corya tomentosa. var. maxima, NutUiU, Gen. ii. 221
(1818) ; .sy™, i. 40. — I^udon, Arb. ISrit. iii. 144.').—
('. di' Candolli', I'r'idr. xvi. pt. ii. 143.

Hicoria maxima. Ualiin'squr, .{/.■ni'/rn/di. Am. 07 (1838).

Carya alba. Korli, />.«./,•. i. 591! (not N'uttall) (1807). —
Uanidic. Ihulsrh,- /h-ndr. .318.

Hicoria alba, var. maxima, liritton, Jliill. Torreij Hot.
Clidi. XV. 2S:! (18S,S).

Hicorius albus, Sargent, Garden and Forejt, ii. 460
(1889).

A tnH>, riirely oiu« hiindn'd foot lii)jli, usiiiilly much sniiilU-r, with a t;ill trunk oco.isioniilly three feet
in (lianit'ter Jiiiil coiiipuriitively sm.ill H|)reiMliii<^ l)raiiehes which make a narrow or often, wlien not
crowded by other trees, « broad roiind-to|>|H>d head of iiprijflit rii^id or of fjracefid jiendidous branches.
The bark of the trunk is from one Italf to three quarters of an inch thick, sli<^htly ridj^ed by slialKiw
irrepfidar interrupted li.s.sures and covered with lij^ht or (hirk }j;ray ( losely appressed scales. The bninch-
lets are Htout and terete, and wlien they (irst a{)pear arc slij;litly annled and cU)tlie(l, hke the pedicels,
the inner surface of the leaves and the flower-elusters, with thick p.ale tonientuin. and during tlieir first
year are ratlier bri)^lit red-brown, nearly jjlabrous, pubescent or tonientose, niarki'd witli conspicuous
pale lenticels, and in winter with pale cniarjrinate leaf-scars which are sometimes almost cipially lobed or
are elonjfatfd. with the lower lobe two or three times as Ion<^ as the others, and which display minute and
mostly marginal clusters of pale fibro-viweular buiulle-sciirs ; in their second year the branches become
lijjht or dark pray. The terminal buds are broadly ovate, acute or obtuse, and from (Uie half to three
quarters of an inch in leufjth, bein<r two or three tiiwes as larjj;e as the axillary buds, which, when they
appear on the young branchlets in early spring, .are coated with long white hairs ; the three or four
outer bud-scales are ovate, acute, often keeled, or apiculatc, thick and firm, dark reddish brown and jiilose
on the outer surface, and usually fall late in the autiunn, disclosing the closely imbricated ovate rounded
and short-pointed inner scides which are clothed externally with thick light yellow silky lustrous toinen-

f

i I

1G2

STI,VA OF NOItril AMERICA.

,iriJLAND\CK/i5.

^'jv,. aii'l cover the bud during the winter; they are slightly acpresccnt in the spr' .«;, and idl sonu
attiT tho brancii begins to grow ; thu innermost scales, which do not fall until alter the opining Oi the
staniiiiatc liowcrs. arc at maturity ovate, rounded or ai-ute and short-pointed at tho apex, liglit green and
co\ered with .soft .sllUy i)ubeseenee on the outer, and often bright red and jtilose on the inner surface,
from an inch to an inch and a half long and half an inch broad, becoming much retlexed and twisted
before falling. The leaves, which are from eight to tw.'lve inches in length, are more fragrant, with .i
powerful pleasant resinous odor, thai, those of otiier Ilickory-trecs, and are compoiied of five or .seven
Icallets ,111(1 (if llir^ate or tomentose petioles tlattened and grooved and gradually nuicli enlarged ■.' the
base ; the leallets are oblong-lanceolate, or are obovate-hmeeolate toward the extremity of the leaf, giidu-
ally or abruptlv acuminate with long or short points, mostly eijiiilaterai, e<|uaHv or une<pially routided
or wedge-shaped at tho ba.su whiih is sometimes rounded on one side and oblicpie on the other, and
minutely or suiuetiines coarsely and occasionally very obscurely serrate, and are sessile or short-p(.'tio-
lulate witii the exception of the terminal one whicli is decurrent by its wedge-shajied base on a short
stalk varying from one ipiarter to one half of an inrli in length ; when they unfold they are thin, light
yellow-LTiceii. covered with soft pale pubescence, am! tijiped at the apex wiili clusters (d' lonii I'ale hairs,
and at maturity are dark yellow-green and rather lustrous above, and lustrous, ]>aler or often light
orange-color or brown on the lower sinface which is clothed with soft jiale pubescence, most thicklv
along the stout yellow midribs, slightly impressed and often hirsute above, and along die slenih'r veins
connected by tine retieidate veinlets ; tlie upper leaflets are from five to eight inches long, and from
three to live inches wide, and are often two or tiiree times i\» large as those of the lowcsi imir. The
catkins of staminate llowers are four or five inches in length, with slender light gi ■ii ..tems and
comnion peiluucles coated with ni.itted hairs, and lanceolate acute scarious hairy c.idueous liter.il bracts
half an inch in length ; the llowers. which open from tin- beginning of .\pril in oulhern I'lorida to the
enil of Mav in eastern New Knglanil. are shoit-pe(licell.ite. pale yellow -green. U'uui one sixteenth to
one eijrlitli of mx inch long, and scurfy-i>ubescent on the outer surface, with elong, d cl ovate-lanceolate
bracts ending in tufts of long pale hairs and three or four times the lengtii of the ovati rounded calyx-
lobes ; there are four stamens with nearly sessile oblong emarginate bright rcl hir..at<.' anthers. The
pistillate (lowers are produced in crowded two to livi>-tlowered spikes and are slightly contr.icted .iliove
the middle and coated with pale tomcntum ; the anterior bract is o\ate, acute, sometimes a ipiarter of an
in-.h long, about twice the length of the broadly o>a'' nearly triangular br.utlels ajid calyx-lobe, and,
like t'lem, glabrous or |pubcrulous on the inner surf !) u stigmas are dark red and begin to wither

before the anthers shed their pollen. The fruit is ellij ' ..' or obovate, gradually narrowed at both ends,
acute at the .ipex, abruptlv contracted toward the lias'', more or less roughened with small lenticels,
pilose or nearly glabrous, dark reddish brown, and from an inch and one half to two inches long, with
a husk about one ei';hth of an imdi thick splittin'^ to the midille or nearlv to the base. The nut is
nearlv globose or ellipsoidal or obovoid-oblong, narrowed at both ends, rounded at the b.ise, and acute
and sometimes attenuated and long-pointed at the apex, much or onlv slightly compressed, obscurely or
pnaninentiv foiir-ridg<'il, rather conspicuouslv reticulate-venulose, light reddish brown, he<oming darker
and sometimes red with ;ige, from three (piarters of an inch to two inches in length and from three
cpiarti'rs of aii inch to an inch and a (jnarter in width, with vt>ry thick liard walls ami partitions, and
a sm.tll sweet seed <leeplv divided bv the |>artitions id' the cavity and covered by a dark brown lustrous
coat, the cotyledons being deejily grooved on the back by the broad longitudinal ridges on the iinier
*'ace of the wall of the nut.

//iiiiii' ' 'lid is distributed from southern Ontario' southward to (^ape Canaveral and the shores of
Tampa Hay in Florida, and westward to Missouri, eastern Kansas- and the Indian Territory, and the
valley of the Hrazos Hiver in Tc is. Comparatively rare at the north, where it grows on ridges and
hillsides !•> :icli soil, (jr less frequently on the alluvial of river-bottoms, IH'oria iilhii is the commonest

' iir ID -♦ f'ct'. I'ig. I.uj. Can. 47. — Miu'oun, Cat. Can. Pi 433. ' &1aioii, t'(irr>/i/ ««</ I tiMlrihutio't nf Kanma Trtft, I'J.

.rriiI.AND\CK.i5.

.jT, an(J i'lll sdoii

B o|)i-iiiii<j oi the

liglit green and

lie inner surface,

exed and twisted

fragrant, witii i

of five or seven

1 enlarged i,' the

f the leaf, gi cdu-

ie(|ually rounded

n tlie otlier, and

le or siiort-j>etio-

hase on u siiort

V are tiiin, light

long pale hairs,

er or often light

nee. most thickly

tlie slender veins

's long, and from

lowisi pair. The

;jiii.'ii stems and

on>: i iteral liracis

•rn b'loriila to the

one sixteenth to

(I ovale-lanoeolate

ill rounded calyx-

itv anliiera. The

lontrieted almve

IS a (juarter of an

id calyx-lobe, and,

d liegin to wither

)\ved at hotli ends,

ill small lentieels.

inehes long, with

base. The nut is

le hase, and acute

•sse<l, obscurely or

, becoming darker

I and from three

ml partitions, and

k brown lustrous

.dges on the inner

and the shores of
Perritory, anil the
iws on ridges and
is th(! communest
at Tna, I 'J.

JUOLANDACB^.

STLVA OF NORTH AMEPWA.

V)3

and most generally dist/buted of the ilickory-trees in the south, and gro'ws to ita laigest size in i:m
h.isin of the lower Ohio River' .and in Missouri and Arka.isas. It is the only Hickory found in the
Pine forests of the sandy maritime Pine-belt of the southern states, where it is not rare, and with.
the Pignut it grows in great abundance on low sandy hununocks close to the shores of bays and
estuaries along the coast of the south Atlantic and Gulf states.

The wood of Ilii-ar'tti alba in heavy, very hard, strong, tough, close-gr.iined, and flexible, with
many thin obscure medullary rays and numerous large regularly distributed open ducts. It is a rich
dark brown, with thick nearly white sapwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is
0.8218, a cubic foot weighing .'»1.21 jjounds. Confounded connncrcially with the wood of the Shell-
bark Hickories, it is used for the same purposes.

The abundance of this species'- on the shores of Virginia and the other southern states probably
made it kiu)wn to Kuropeans earlier than any of the other Hickories, and it was first described by
Parkinson in his 'J'liidtndii Jiolaiiicum,^ published in VAO.

' KiclRwav, f'rm: IT. S. .\„l. .U.i.i. ISS'J. 7«.

■^ llirnria nll>4i itt AoinelinifH I'lilU'ti HIai'k llickor)-, Bull Nut, ami
Whili' llrart Ili.k.irv.

• Shj Jtujlnni I'lri/inittna, I IK. — ('ilti'sljy, \tU. Hist, Car. i.
3S, t. 38 (ill part).

Xtix Juglivis oUhi VirijiiifusU, Kay, liisl. IH. ii. 1377, 1U15.

iVuj: Jiif/tam Virf/ininnn foliis ynlfjnrh nimiJiSffrnrin nufirntundo,
riirlirr ilunnre in-i, I'liiki'llft, Aim. ISnl.'liH. — Miller, iJUt. So.
it. — Duliaiiifl, Tntitr ihn .ir/irf':<, ii. ijl.

./ui/litn.* iilha, h-<:-"ttt iirato rinnf/rf.ssn, prn/'imtlf itwulpfo il'iriifim'i:
cauUate itUiijt muitiitii, jiltrunii]tie apyreua, (^hiyiuiif Fl. Virt/ia. lltO.

I 4

I

I ■

EXPLANATION OF THK PLATES.

Pi.ATK CCCL. IIkiikia ai.ha.

1. A llinvi'riiijj liramli. nntiinil si/.i'.

2. A sliuiiiiiiitf Hnwer, fniht virw. I'liliir^ji'il.
ti. A stanifii. onlnr^'i'd,

4. A pistilliili' tidwi r. literal view, I'lilarp'il.

5. V'lrliiul surlion nf a |ii«lillato tlowcT, uularjjcd.
0. A wiiiUT-liiul, natural ^iic.

Pi.ATK CCTI.I. Hi. imn ai.ha.

1. A fruiting liraiiili, natural si/.i-.

2. All "liKuii; fruit, natuni nizc.

3. Cross section of a fruit, ..atural siie.

4. A nut, natural ni/u.

5. A nul, natural si/-o.
C. A nut. natural si/t'.

7. ViTtii-ul ^c^•lion of u .lUt, natural siie.

!i i

fi

A ^

Silva of Nor'h America.

Tab CCCL

i M

1AI'I-\N V I- IN

Silva of North Ainentd.

Tab. CCCI.

II'

A HiMtfut- .irna'

HICORIA ALBA

, *-=.

I f

t

\h

1

t
t

1

V

t

t

i

Silva of Norih Amrrica

,^

v-f

\'

'fe.

— ' gjg'^iy'iiiawiwianMwa^'^ '-zi

^'iU^r^'V^

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

*'sV^.

1.0

I.I

IS 128

■50 "^^

lit m

lU

■ 40

IIP

1.25 ||||_U III 1.6

^

6"

►

^^

<^

->

Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STRUT

WnSTM,N.Y. I4SS0

(71«)«72-4S03

i {

■I

■'i

!i r

}

I

} i

i:

;

r'

I

3f Norlh Am

CCCLi

i '

' Fii.rtt't iM

Htmeiy

HICORIA ALBA , Bntt

A Huwf t'lur iM

/•riff ./ TiiiXi-ur Piiru

.A !

m

'M

if

C

'

; i

!i

"mmmmmmmmmmm'

msmmmmmmm'

JTJOLANDACEA

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

165

HICORIA GLABRA.

Pignut.

Lkaflkts 5 to 7, oblong or obovato-liinet'olatc, <rlul)rous or villous-pubcsccnt. Fruit
nyriform or globose ; husk usually tliin ; nut oblong, oval or globose, thick or thin-
Khelled ; kernel sweet or slightly bitter.

Hicoria glabra, Rritton, Hull. Turmj Hot. Cluh. xv. L'.St

(1HS,S).._ I)i|,,„.l, llaiiilh. I.uihliuUh. ii. .'531. — Kuelii'-.,

Dfiit.irhe Dnulr. 70, f. '.M. It. It'.
Juglana glebra. Miller, Dirl. ed. H, No. r> (17(W). —

Sliu'iK'liluui.'ii'H, lliitt.li: v. 181. — l)ii l{<>i, llarbk. liiutmx.

i. .'tii."). — WunuiMihi'ini, SorUam. JloU. '.'.'), t. 10, f. 'Jl. —

Miii'lili'iilii'ix >^ Willilcniiw, Sew; Svlirifl. (Ifuv/l. nut, Fr.

lifrl'ui, iii. .'J'.tl. — ViUiltMiow. Siirr. iv. 4.18 ; Bi'rt. littinnz.

eil. 2. liMi. — IVnioon, Sijii. ii. MO. — lli|,'i'low, /'/. ISo.i-

t'in. '.".'!». — Hiiyni', Demlr. Fl. H14.
Juglana alba acuminata, Miirsliiill, .irlm.st. Am. IW

(178,")). — ('a«ti(;lii)i]i, i'in'j. nfj/i Stutl I'liili. il. I'li'.'.
Juglana squamosa, roirct. him. Vict. iv. o04 (li'.)7). —

DeafiintaiiivD. }ti»l. Arh. ii. 348.
Juglana obcordato, MiioliIeiilMTg & Willdcnow, Xeue

Srhrlft. (imi'll. iiiif. Fi: Ilerliii, iii. .WJ (not I'oiift)

(1801 ). — WilliU-nov;-, .S'/«Y. iv. 4.")8. — I'tisooii, S(/ii. MV,.
Juglana poioina, Miilmiix f. Ili.-it. Arh. Am. i. '.'ot;. t. '.•

(1810). — Pur»li, Fl. Am. S>'pt. ii. tJ;i8. — Amlubon,

Hlr,l.i. t. 91.
Juglana porcina, a oboordatu, I'ui-sh, Fl. .im. .s'>7<^ ii.

RtS (1814). — \V. V. C. Uarton, (•„mi>,n,l. Fl. Phila. ii.

180. — Watson, Iiendr. Itrit. ii. 107, t. 107.

Juglana porcina, Ii floiformis. Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii.

038 (1814). — W. v. C. IJuiton, Cumpciul. Fl. I'liila. ii.

180.
Carya porcina, Nnttall, Gen. ii. 222 (1818). — Elliott. Sk.

ii. ()'.'7. — .S|ireni;il, Sijst. iii. 84'J. — S|iaili, lliit. JVy. ii.

178. — l)ailint;ton. Ft. I'entr. nl. 2, r)40. — London. Arh.

Jlnt. iii. 1 I4'.t. f. 1272-1274. — C. di- Can.lollc. Ann. Scl.

.\iit. srr. 4. xviii. 30, t. 1. f. ">, t. 5, f. .">4 ; I'nulr. xvi. pt.

ii. 14.i. — Kidt'way. I' me. V. S. Xat. .l/»,i. 1882,78.—

Lanclit', Deiilsrhe. Ihwlr. 300. — Sar^'ent. Forest I'rces

.V. Am. 10/A Census C. S. ix. 131. — Watson & Coulter,

rV/vy',* Mni. cd. 0. 40'.t.
Carya obcordata. Swci't. Uort. Ilrlt. i)7 (1827).
Carya glabra. Spacli, //M^ Ve>j. ii. 179 (1834). — Sweet,

/lort. /;nV. 97. --Xutt.ill, .V'"- i- 40. — Torrey. F/.

.V. )'. ii. 182. t. 101. — Cray. Afan. 412. — Darlington,

/•■/. ( 'estr. cil. 3. 204. — Curtis, lie/,. Geolaij. Sun: .V. ( 'nr.

18()0, iii. 44. — Chaimuin. Fl. 419. — Koch, Dendr. i. 594.
Carya amara, var. porcina. Darby, Hot. S. States, 513

(I.8.V.).

Hicoriua glaber. Sargent, Gimlen and Forest, ii. 460
(1889).

A tree, I'iglity to niiu'ty or occasionally one liundred and twenty feet in height, vnih a tall slender
often forked trunk, occa.sionally from three to four feet in diameter, luid spreading limbs whicii form a
rutlier narrow liead of slender more or less pendulous and often contorted branches. The bark of the
trunk is from one half to tiiree quarters of an iiieli thick, and hglit gray, with a firm close surface,
usually divided by small fissures, tlie surface of tlie low ridges separating in close loose scales ; or
sometimes scaly, with loose thick plate-like scales five or six inches long. The branchk'ts are slender,
and marked with oblong pale lenticels, and when tliey first appear are sliglitly angled, liglit green,
nearly glabrous, .'ten covered witii yellow scurf, puberulous, tonientose, or coated with long pale hairs ;
during their first year tiiey are rather light red-brown, glabrous, or rarely puberulous or pubescent, and
turn dark rod in their se<'ond season. Tiie leaf-scars are comparatively small, semiorbicular to oblong,
obscurely lobed, and slightly emarginate at the apex. The terminal buds are usually about a quarter
of an inch or sometimes fully half an inch in length,' ellipsoidal, acute or obtuse, and two or three
times cs large as the axillary buds ; the outer scales are acute or often slightly keeled, and frequently
long-pointed at the apex, light orange-brown or dark reddish brown, lustrous, and covered with soft

' On the ihoraa of Mobile ll»y, where the Pignut grows at tlie fornw, and much larger than I have seen them in any other part of
water's edge on sandy dunes, and at lllufTton, South Carubiui, the tlic eouutry.
buds are fully twioe as large as those of the connuou northern

I

1

f !

• i

IGO

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

JOOLANDACE^.

sliort pubescence, und sometimes with clusters of yellow articulate hairs, and, beginning to unfold early
in the autinnii, oecasioiially fall before winter, or early in the spring; the scales immediately within
these are tlotiied on the outer surface with thick yellow lustrous silky pubescence, and are somewhat
accrescent, htni]>-shapc<l, rounded or short-pointed at the apex, and often three ipiarters of an inch long
when fully grown ; tin- inner scales increase in size from without inward, and are yellow-green more or
less tinged witli red, covered with long pale hairs on the outer surface, lustrous on the inner, lanceolate
and acute to broadly obovate and a|)iculate, frecpiently two and a half inches in length and an inch and
a ipiarti r in width, and retlexed and more or less curled before falling. The leaves are composed of five
or seven, or rarely of nine, leaflets, and of slender glabrous or pubescent |)etioles, slightly grooved and
enlarged at the base, and are from eight to twelvt! inches long ; the leaflets are oblong to obovate-
laneeolate, gradually or abru|)tly long-pointed at the apex, eipially or unequally rounded at the base,
sharply serrate with incurved teeth, subsessile or short-jietiolulate, or the terminal <me decurrent on a
slender stalk, and from a ipiarter of an inch to nearly an inch in length ; when they unfold they are
bright bronzy green, covered below with long ]iale hairs, giandnlar-iiunctate with dark mostly
deciduous glands, which usually disaj)])ear before niidstnnmer, and furnished with tufts of long snowy
white hairs at the base, pilose above along the midribs and primary veins, and eiliate on the margins
with long pale or rufous hairs; and at maturity they are thick and firm, glabrous and dark yellow-
green on the upper surface, and glabrous or rarely |iubescent, and often furnished with tufts of palo
hairs in the axils of the slender ju'imary veins on the lower surface, whivh is much li^Iiter colored and
sometimes bright vcllow or vellow-brown ; the upper leaflets are from six to eight inches long, and
two to two and a half inches broad, and are three or four times as hirge as those of the lowest pair.
The catkins of staminate flowers are from three to seven inches long, wita stout common peduncles
from half an inch to an iii>'h and a ipiarter in length, covered, like the slender rhachises, with soft pale
scinfy ])ubescence, and liiiear-lanecolate scarious hirsute lateral bracts ; the flowers, which open frrmi
the middle of March in Texas to the beginning of .Inne in New Kngland, are short-j)etlicellate, vcliow-
green, and coated wiili pale pubescence or tomentnm ; the bract, which is very variable in si/e and
shape, is lanceolate, acute, and much longer than the ovate rounded calyx-lobes, or it is ovate, rouniled,
and does not mucii exceed them in length; there are four stamens, with nearly sessile ovate emarginate
orange-colored anthers, slightly hirsute above the middle. The female flowers are produced in from
two to Hve-Howcred spi'ies, and are about one- cpiarfcr of an inch long, nutre or less prominently foui^
ribbed, and nearly glabrous or coated with scurfy pubescence or with pah? tomentnm ; the bract is
lanceolate, a:>nte, sonu'tinies half an inch long, or usually shorter, much longer than the ovate acute
bractlets and the ealyx-lobe. and. like them, tiark green and glabrous on the inner surface, and more or
less covered with pale hairs on the outer surface and along the niargitis ; the stigmatic lobes are
veliow. and be^in to wither before the anthers shed their jiollen. The fruit, which is extremely variable
in shape and si/.e, is pyriform, ellipsoidal or subglobose. rounded or often much depressed at the apex,
abruptly or grailiiallv narrowed at the base, cylindrical or often obscurely winged to the mid<lle or
nearly to the base, rather bright reddish brown, often pubescent or covered with scattered clusters of
bright yellov hairs, from en nicli and a half to two inches long, and from three ipiarters of an inch to
an inch and a half broad ; the valves, which vary from one thirty-second to one sixteenth of an inch in
thickness, open in some forms only at the ajiex, and continue to inclose the nut after it has fallen to the
ground, and in others split to the middle or nearly to the bas«!. The nut is ellipsoidal to subglobose,
often nearly as broi,<l as it is long, rounded at both ends, or obcordate or rarely acumiinite at the apex,
obscurely foui'-angled, conipri'ssed or sometimes nearly cylindrical, and from half an inch to an inch
and a half in length, with thick or thin hard walls and partitions, and a small seed with cotyledons
deeply diviiled at the bas<', and often deeply grooved on the back by the thick longitudinal ridges on
the inner face of the wall, and a light brown coat.

Jllcoria ijlabru inhabits dry ridges and hillsides, and is distributed from southern Maine to

JUGLANDACE^.

5 to unfold early
imediately witiiin
lid are somewhat
) o{ an incli long
iw-<^ri'i!n more or
inner, lanceolate
and an ineh and
composed of five
litly grooved and
long to obovate-
ided at the base,
le deciirrent on a
y nnfold they are
ith dark mostly
'ts of long snowy
!■ on the margins
and dark yellow-
vith tufts of |>ale
filter colored and
inches long, and
f the lowest pair.
on\mon jiednnclea
ses, with soft palo
which open from
U'diccUate, yellow-
riahle in size and
is ovate, rounded,
ovate emarginate
produced in from
prominently foui^
tuni ; the bract is
n the ovat»3 acute
irface, and more or
Liginatic lobes are
extremely variable
■essed at the apex,
to the middle or
•attered clusters of
rters of an inch to
LMith of an inch in
it ha.s fallen to the
idal to subglobose,
uinate at the apex,
n inch to an inch
ed with cotyled(m8
;itudinal ridges on

southern Maine to

JUOLANDACEii:.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

1G7

southern Ontario,' and through southern Michigan to southeastern Nebraska," and southwiud to the
shores of the Indian River and Peace Creek in Florida and to southern Alabama and Mississi()pi, and
through Missouri and Arkansas^ to eastern Kansas' and the Indian Territory, and to the valley of the
Nueces River in Texas. Extremely common in all the northern states, the Pignut ascends to higher
elevations on the southern Appalaciiian Mountains tlian the otiicr Hickories ; it abounds on the shores of
bays and estuaries along the coast of the south Atlantic and Gulf states, and ranges farther south in
Florida than the other species, and, with the exception of the Pecan, farther to the southwest in Texas.
In Missouri and Arkansas it is perhaps the commonest species, and it probably attains its largest si/e in
the basin of the lower Ohio River.

The wood of Ilicuritt (jhibra is heavy, hard, very strong and tough, Hexible and close-grained.
It contains numerous thin obscure medullary rays and many large open ducts, and is light or dark
brown, with tliick lighter colored or often nearly wliite sapwood. The speciric gravity of the absolutely
dry wood is 0.8217, a cubic foot weighing .")1.l!1 pounds. It is used for the bandies of tools and in the
manufacture of wagons and agricultural impleMients, and conniitrcially is not distinguished from the
wood of the Shellbark Hickories.

The earliest authentic account of lliror'ni ijldhru, with an excellent figure of the nut, appeared in
Catesby's Nuluntl /Ilslor;/ of Curoliiiit,'' published in IT^il ; according to Aiton," it was introduced
into Pjiglish gardens in 17!M).

Ia'ss variable than several of the otiier Hickory-trees in habit, foliage, and flowers, Iliairlu (jhtbra
varies more than any of them in the size and siiape of its fruit ; in one form the fruit is oblong and
usually pyriform, with thick husks splitting nearly to the middle or to the base, and thick-shelled nuts;
in another' it is subglobose, with rather thinner husks splitting freelv to the base, and small compara-
tively thin-shelled nuts and better flavored kernels than those of the pear-shaped form. In Missouri a
variety* of the Pignut" with remarkably small buds, branchlets, petioles, and leaflets clothed with soft
villous pubescence, and rather large subglobose thick-shelled fruit, is common on dry Hinty hills in the
neighborhood of Allenton.

' Macoun, Til/. Ctm. I'l. IX\.

• ttmivy. Itr/i. Sriimikn Sinir IUhiM .lgri<: ISiM, 109.
■ lliirvi'y, Am. Jmir. FtrtMry, i. \'h\.

* Miuwii. i\iritty (in*/ Itiitrihutian of A'«i«.«(M Trt-tf, 12.

* Muj Jugtiitui Ctirotiti^rmis fnti-tu mimmn iiutamiite liri-i, i. IW, t.
38.

tJut^utv alfni, /rwlu mtnori^ r'irtwe ijlaltro. Clayti)!), /V. I'injm.
118.

• Horl. Knf. f<l. '.i, v. '.'97 (Jui^am ijlahra).
^ //i( "fia gliihra, viir. i»li>ntl<i.

Juylant nlha mlomlii, .Murnliall, Arbml. Am. 08 (1785).

Carya miiTocarjHi, NiitUll, fifu. ii. li-1 (181S); Sprenjjol,
Sj/sl. iii. 819.— Loiuluii, .4r?). llril. iii. ll.'il. — I)iirlin(,'tiiri, /V.
Cetlr. eil. It, LW. — CiirtU, f! p. (irth.:!). S>irv. S. Var. l'M^). iii.
44. — CImpiimii. Ft. -119. — Tie OhimIoH**, Prottr. xvi. pt. ii.
14J. — (iray, ittm. nl o, 418. — Kinli, Dnulr. i. .")Wi. — Hid^'-
WBV, I'me. V. S. Sal. Mus. 188'.', 77. — l.mii'lie, Umtsehe Dnulr.
308. — Diulloy, Hull. Cornell I'niemiiii, ii. 83 (Cayuga Flora).—
Wstooii & CimltiT. (Iray'n .Udti. eil. 0, Wi.

Jtttflaus w/u(iffMW(i, 0 inicrtx-arjHi^ \V. 1*. C. Itartun, Compenil.
Ft. I'hila. ii. 179 (1818).

liiroria mu'rtx-arpa, Hrittoii, Itull. Torrey Hot. Clnh^ xv. -83
(1888).

Hicoriiu odoratu.1, .Sargent, Oardtn and Foretl, ii. IfiO (1889).

liicoria aioratti. l)ipp<>l, Uandh. i.anhholzk.\\. Il^Wi (18lhi).
Thia form waa recui^iizotl by niin)phr<>y Miirshall, who tir<t
deacribod it. It Jraa known tu Muohloubcrg, tbo younger Michaux,

Hij;oIi>w, and rurnli, ultliiiu|;li only tin- first of th('.io nuthora oonsid-
crt-tl it spcciliciilty (tistirii-t front tlit' Pignut with uhtong fruit.
Nultall ili'.<iTiliiMl .1 .iinull-fruitt'il Hickory .i hi.s Genera of Sorth
Amertran I'lnitt.'i, hut figured in hi.-* Sytra as (\irya mirroivirfia, a
snmll fruit of i 'aryi ovtitit with .i hniui-li of what i.s posHiltly the
I'ignut. u.H sliown f»y hi.s s^'fi'iinon preservt'd in the hertiariuni of
the i'hiliith-Iphia .\oadeiuy; and in liis Syh-a rocugnizud tho two
furni.s of Uicoria glalira.

liiroria ijtahra, var. o^torata, is fonunon in eastern Massachusetts,
in C'ouneetii'ut, eastern and central New Yori«, eastern Pennsylva-
nia, IV'laware, tlu" I>istriet of t'oIund)ia, central Michigan, soutliern
lutliana ami I'liiutis. ami in Missouri. In Massachusetts aiul in
aoiue parts (tf New Yorli it grows siiie hy side with the other
form, tlie two *.rees iM'ing indistinguishr.i)le, Itut in other states it is
sotuefinu's found in rather h)w groriul, wlicn the hark is scaly,
i.ltIiouf;Ii in rich soil trees with jwi r--'::ipcti fruit sonu'tiuies have
more scaly bark.

• Hii'oria glabra, var. rillosa.

• llicoria glabra is sometimes called Hrown Hickory, Black
Hickory, and Hroom Hickory. The last name is said to be due to
the fact that in the early settlement of the coinifry brooms were
nuule with narrow strips split fn>m the wood of this tive, and
probably also from that of the other species. It lias been sug-
gested that its most common nanus the Pignut, is a corruption of
Kiguut, from the shape of thi' fruit (Tucker, Treef of Worfesler,
57), hut Pigimt, according to t'atesby, was in nsc in Virginia early
in the eighteenth century.

f'-'l ' ■

}

*1. 1

EXPLANATION OF TIIK PLATES.

Platr CCCLFL IIkokia .ii.amka.

1. A tliiwrriiij; tiranrli. natural «i/.p-

".'. A "laiiiimili' tl.iwir, front view, onlarRwl.

;{. A ulaininalo tluwir, ri'ar view. enlarm>J.

■' A »tanii'ii. enlarjtol.

5. A |ii»tilliili' lliiwrr. wilargMl.

C. Vtrt.ral «f<'liim uf a (li^tiUato Hower, enlarged.

7, A wintiT lirancli, iiaturul liio.

Pl-ATR CCrLIII. IlliOKIA .1I,AW»A.

1. A fruilinK liranrli, natural »i/.<'.

2. A nut, iinturikl size.

3. A nut. natural site.

4. Vertiral icrtiiin of a nut, natural nu,

5. CVoM rtwtiiui of a mi. natural »iie.

Plate CCCI.IV. IPiokia <ilaiira. var. oixtRATA.

1. A flowering; lirunrli, natural iii/e.

2. A utainiimto llowor. ri'ar virw, enlarged.

3. A Rtnimn, I'lilnrRril.

4. A |)i«tilUte flower, enlarged.

.'i. A fruiting l>ranrli, natural ■izc.
G. A fruit, natural l<i/<^

7. A fruit, natural n'tw.

8. A fruit, natural i>i/o.

9. A nut, natural (izc.

10. A nut, natural fi/e.

11, A winter bruncbli:!, natural iiiic.

Plati! CCCLV, Hkokia (ii.AnRA. Tar, viluma.

1. A flowering branch, natural «iie.

2. A male flower, rear view, enlarged,

3. A mab flower, front view, enlarged.

4. A fruiting brancli, natural siio,

5. A nut, natural i>iie.

6. One of tlie ^alven of t!>e fruit, natural liu.

7. A winter branchlet, natural sixe.

]i .

f >

jl

l!lH'

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; 1

I I

i I

I

FXIMANATION OK TlIK ri.AlK.s

1'; xtK 11 (I. I! II
I. A

l-> A
•i. \
7 ^

i.'L\tr (' <

\ A

.,•>.,:. .1

•wpr, »riUri;<.l.

natnrnl MM.

1

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SiW.a of Nor'^ Ainrii i

( /' /"'ituxin ,M

HICORIA GLABRA

.'/ /•'ith'TtSi.e ./irr\r '

/•'y» J Taneur Pttrts

■I!

li!

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I

it

t.

Silva of Norlh Americi

Tab CCCLMI

■-!'.'•,<.«-; .W

Hinittii. sc

HICORIA GLABRA

A h'uur^t.u-- litr^ii '

l-np

i'lfx^.r rcttu

m

'^

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If! •■ ■

1

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1,

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f!

It

M^ 1 -

■

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1

11

••'•.. •''.'•■^.•■•J-.'i'gijg

t

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Silvii of Norlli America-

Tab, CCCLiV.

' ,*, fi'.t.it.ft <.w ■

HICORIA GLABRA ,■.: ODORATA , ?ai o.

,1 /fit'rrMAf ./vX / "

//•y ' I-irt,i.f /■;/..

i

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IJI I

i'

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«1 ■•■

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(^fi:

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1

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i

CjiWd ot Norili AiTicii'-.i

Tab CCGLV

, r y.u.MM.

!!tr„-h,

HICORIA GLABRA .. VlLLOSA.Sarg

A !ii,},'rru.t -fiTi'

fnifK .-/. Tanviit i'u

1

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f^i

e

I if

» I

V. . ^

i

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''

I

INDEX TO VOL VIF.

N«inei uf Ordeni %n in imall CAi'iTAUf; nf mlnuttnl (inirra ami Speoioi uid otlirr prupcr imtncr*, in romnn t/pe;

iif 1^1)1)11)11111, ill tlitUct.

Ai'AnlhfMUn*ii qiifttlriKthhus, 133.

AiTnliii^irt ,lllt;t>lliilM, IIH.

Ai'miivi'tii rutirii'utiiH, 0-1.
Ai-tiiK l.tiiiit, llti.
A^irit'H^ tiliiLirtitfi, 12.

Alli^titiir IVnr, 2.
AiiiiTifKii Klin, i!t.

AtitlKittiMim OrfiHliiplim^N, 'JO.
A|mlr loiMl.iris \'Xl.
A|>iiliir:i ('•'ItM, (^1.
A|mtiini ClUoii, IVI.
A|MN'Hr\ii, lit'.*.

A«|iiil|n|IM JilKlrtluliit, 110.

Ai*)H<lititiM r!t)>}it, 'Ji>.
AH|iit|itt ti iii|;lftiiilii-llii, 110.
i\tt)irii<t |*riiii)i-tht'ii, l.*i.
Aiutriilitiii ljttl>l)iril IWttll»| 'JO.
AviN'H'lx IViir, *-'.

Itiilaiiiiint iiufiriii, \'M.
MiilmiiiHii riH-tuN. l:Vl.
lUy. U.-.), 1.
lUy. SwHiitp, 7.
Ituv-lm*. J I
ItfMM-ti, WiKfr. io:t.

iifttrni Mfiiuoifi, '27.

KiK' MimI lli.-k.>ry. 101.
Iti^r Sh.lltmrk. 157.
Itiitfriiiit, lit.
Ititttr IVnut. I 111
Hlark llH-knrv. lOa. 107.
Ifhu'k MiillH-rry, 77.
liUrk \Vi4lhiit,*l'Jl.
lUiutDpliaKA ^rtHMtiniiii, 03.
ll«>ttoii> Slitlllmrk, l.'i7.
Bi>w WinhI, Hi).
ItnMjm Mirkory, 107.
Itrinijuiimeltn tturtorin, H9.
llmwii llii-knry. 107.
Hull Nut. lOa.'

Iliinh, lUMijamiii FniiikUn, 110.
HiittKriiut, Itrt.
Iltittoii-hull tn-v, 103.

HuttOIIWlHKJ, 1U2.

Cnjeput, 'Jl.
Califurnia Ijturel, *J1.
California OliTe* 'Jl.
Camphoror *ti, 9.
CapriHtatiou, \K\.
Ctiprificus, Ul.
Caprijicxn innriti/erQ^ 93.
Capri Htf, IKI.
Cart/a, l.'il.
Caryi alha, 153, 101.

Cnrtfft finuini, \ II.

('itn/H ani'iri, \nr. mffriMlirirfhrmu, Xi't.

^V|"/*i iiimtni, vnT. iiorrina, 105,

Ctiri/'l tttufti^ti/'.lni, I'M.

diriftt tt'i'tulint, 1 ll».

CurifH rillhurlirii, \\H.

i'ttri/u ri-rtlt/iirtniii, 1.17.

(\iri/u ifUthm, lO.".

i'tiriftt ///ifiM. n.<M, i;i7.

i'firifii ihtrifrifhlfi, 1 19.

((iryi Mmninit, V.VJ.

Cnryn tnn'rin-tir/m, |ti7.

i'ftryn murutiorfiinniHt 115.

CtirtfU f>/«iT'/rI/*l. 10.'».

Ctinta oltiufftirim*, 137.

Curtftt /Hjfrittu, UiTl.

Cur'tn fuittftrrtm, 157.

Citrifit nulritii, |,*»7.

Cur'fti Ufntftt't'i, i;(7.

I'ftrun r^ittrui, \'M.

C'ltri/a tnmruloAit, Kit.

Cartftt tomrttiitiitf v»r. marima, 101.

iVditr Klni, 57.

ColtiH, o;t.

Celfin .liiiM, 01.

(V/(M nrulrntti, (Vt.

(V/Zm atUt, 71.

<V//u .In'/iVr/Kifia, 07.

Cfltit Amlihrrtuirtu, rnr. «/.. *iM, 67.

Crltis Ainlthrrhiiim, var. uvalu 07.

Ci'Itifi HiiN(niti)t, 01.

(V//IJI ilrrliiiuiifri, 71.

( V//iji hrrvi/ien, 7-.

CrltiA rnnina, 07.

<^V//ij CVjiM'itfiid, *>4.

C^ltu conlnUi, t'tl.

Crllui rrtijtuifitlia, 07.

Cfltui rrti.i>i/itii»t, viir. futtilt/ptifitlin, 07.

Crltit rrttMi/tiliii, vur. m(»ri/(t.'ui, 07.

(>/(./ cmnm/oltn, var. lUitrjoiia, 07.

Crltut I>imt/{ttiii, 07.

( V//M Khrrtih^Tijiiinitt 0-1.

Velliit frtiHiirfiii, tVI.

Vrltii Floritliinti, Ii7.

CvltiA. fiiiipil (liHt'imi-H uf, 04.

Crlti.% fnAttita, 71.

f Cfltxx fjraufluirtUftta, 07.

CV//U hfterophiiUn, 07.

Celtifi if;tiaii(>ti<t, 01.

Ci'ltid, iiiMcct (>ntMni('B of, 04.

Critic intf^/olia, 71.

CW/i.* UrvujnUi, 71.

Cz-Z/u LiwlKfiuieri, 71.

Cc//iJ lotii/ifUiti, 71.

f W/i* wKiri/iHid, 07.

Ci'ItJH MiA.siA.HippiiMiAJff, 71.

CeltU Mittsiuippiensifl, var. reticulata, 72.

f VZ/M niorifhtifi, *17.

r.//H»/./r7N.i. 07.

('flliH tN'tiiliMilali". 't7.

(V/r** ,un>hufnl,i, 71.

f V//H wmifnttth*, vur. Auitifiirtidim, Ofl,

f V//M thrnlftitnln, Viir. rmhita, 07.

(■>//(.« iH-riilfniiiliM, \ar. rmnAij'nhti, OS.

T f V//IJI it4-i'i>ifuliih!i, I' ffnituhiithiiitu, «JM.

f f V/fM tirrii/rnln/it, vur. tfnitiilnlrutattt, 07.

Crltii iHTiiiftiliilit, Var. iiitn/nttiiiii, 71.

CrltiM iM-fiiU'iitali^, var. pMiiiitit, t>l>.

<V//M iH-mUulnU*, var. rHirulitht, 7'J.

{'r(ft» in'riiliiilith.^t var. xnifiniiymln, ti7.

f V/^H nciif/rt,ttili.i, viir. ifrrulnUi, 07.

f V//(A iH-rulfiitfili ', var. trnHijolm, 07,

fV/^■.*/.,i//..A^ol.

fW/M/»i/.(/,i. «i7.

Ctlti* i>rin-rrtt, 07.

f. //M fiumtUt, 01».

fV//M rrUruhit,!, liH, 71!.

f V/f»* rhninmn'lfi, (>|.

i'l-UiN Tula, fl piiltiila, 01.

Vrlti* tftmifitliii, til.

f Vi7i.i Trrnrut, 71.

('rnimiMirn .liij;!anihi. 117.

('t'n'n..piira Mnrii-i.|;i, 77.

CtTi'o.tiMtm pitrpiin-a, 'J.

Chtrtopttlta, :U».

Cliali-opluira i-iinipi->triH, 10|.
Cliapnian, .MviMi Wi'iitwurtll, 110.
I'liapntaniiia, KH).
Cli.rry. I>i>jf, 09.
Cliiiiit fint'tiiM, 133.
Chmitraii, ritrrr. 80.
Cliratni'fiiiH In'riu', 133,
Cirrha ptiit.iiiclla. 101.
CithtTuiiia ri-^alis, 110.
ClitY Klin, IS.
C<K>k?<t>nniti (iall-liiii4<>, 11.
ColiMiplx.ra I'aiyu'folii'lla, 133.
Ctilli'^plufria t-orliiata, 87.
Colopha rimii-nla. 11.
ConutraclirliH •lu^laiuliti^ 110.
Cork Klin, 47.
Cork WoihI, 111.
Covillia. O-J.
CorW/m, 91.
Crab \V,mmI, 30.
CylK'ni' pii'tus. 110, VX\.
Cyntoffi/ne, 91.

Pataiia inh'^prrinm, 110.
Dataiia ininistra, 110, 133.
DomlnitlapliiU', 9.
f Ih'ndrwitiphnfy 9.
Oog Cherry, 09.

tl'

r i

f

''■<

i

170

U.in liiiwrliriim WiMii, AT.
itfiiiiiiphitiiinn, IK,
Ifri'ruifhitllunt f>itm\/iorum, *1.
l>rM<)>i.'li<i. 10

hrttf»h.i tllfnl, \nr. /(|/l/(»/lfI, 1*7.
th'tprltii rrnifti, *J7
hrtiftffru (T(H'r«|, H hmtftftft, 'J7.
hr>ff»t*ii croinl, y liitifitiiil, ml.
Ifru/i'hn rrik-rit, \iir. ItUtJoiul^ UA.
hrufht ifliitiril, ■.'.%, li?.
llnpt-ti-tt KfM'liniN, '.Tl.
l>t7|H't<*« liitiritlnni. 'J7.
Ifntf>*tf.« hnhu,>i. 'J 7,
l>ri/ftfr» imtmUfiiirit, 'J7.
Ptiiiliur, Williiiiii, HtK
l>itttlt Kill), 10.

Iilplinlinll \lllitMlllll, l:i3.

lilt, AiiiiTti-iin, l*».
Ini, i'l itiir, Ttl,
liii, Cliff, |H,
Ini. Cnrk, 17.
Iin, Piiuli. 10.
III). Kiih'liiili, tU.
Iiii. KuUi. (ill
hii. Ili.-k.irv. IH.
Im-lruf lt.-.-(l.-, 11.
Ill), Mniindiiii, .VJ.

Itll. Kr,|, .V.'. .VI.

Im. It.H k. i:>. 17.

Ml

li'

TV. .VI.

Itll. .^Wiiiiiii, I.V

tin, Wiiti-r, i:i. (II.

Int. Wittir, W Irt.

lilt, Wiii^rd. .'il.

Itll. Wv.li, lo.

.iit;lii.li Kliii. 40.
KIihI) WiilintlH, 115,
itMHiiiiaCarMi', 133.

rythnnftfir, HI.
li'Hpil, I3'J.

M» itiH, ('.;*.

ii){i<iiiA Ntihsii^'iiariji, It.
uiM-r^fji, I.

I'lloHHIACK.K, U3.
tifiyff, \K.
xriemno, iH*.
Cic-tctirui lucula, 30.

Fall Welxworni, 41.77. 110.
KhIm- Kim. CO.

Klrtl.. lU.

/■'in*j» iifhmnr, 1V|.

Ficiis Aiirt'ii, l>i'».

FwH* nurtn, var. lati/itiia, 05.

FtrnA hrmf'-HVt, 1*7.

Kii'iis Citrii-A, Ut.

Kiciii Carit-a. miltivatioii of, (Kl.

/■'iViij rriu//(i((i, *.H.

Kicuii fliiHtifii, 1*3.

Kh'Uh. fi-rtiliiation nf, hy inaecU, U3.

KiiMIN. ^all-tlnWIT4 of, 92.

FiniM f^tiunnihtta, 1)7.

Kit'iu |Mi|iiiliica. 'J7.

KifiiH rcIiK^inna, IM.

Fii-tu Urtibtirffliii, frrtilizatiun of, 03.

Fi^tl^ SvrniiioniH, '.*3.

i-i),'. '.'•■t'

Klovil nil!, Ih.., ir>7.
Flutcil Sculf, ao.
frrirtoilendron, ii3.

/A7>AX

Funirri! (liHritM'M itf (iltii, H4.
Kiiiiifiil (ii'tniHi 1 Itf Ijii-iiriit. I.'U.

KlIIIKul lllM'ltM'K ttf .tll^lllllll, IIU.

Kiin;;:il iJiMtwt"* ot Moni*. 77.

Klinunt litni'itM'i* nf riT^ni, 'J.
KiiMUiil iJiHi'iiMri* til I'liittiiiii^, 101,

Ktltl^lll tllM-llM-N (if >>|tNnilfrillt, \>^.

Kllll^ill tll>ti;lm'« nf rtinOiill. h7,
Kllllpil lilMMM'it nt I liiil(<«, 1'.'

Kiitit{iil ilix-iint <• Itf liiiU lliiliiriik, 'JO.

(iltliTlli'll lltlltht>llli'lil-llll. 11.

(;)tll-tl.min of KifiM. IV.'.
titiio'tnfhm. Hi.
(■i-lri-liiii (til \ii-\i>rt-Il.t, lil3.
(ilii*(ii>|i<iniiiii i't'lliiliii, (I'l.

<il(l*im|M)|tlltll l|rr% lHft|llll||), 101.

(iiM-i ii^Ttiiiiii, i;i3.

(ii>«<iypiiriii ( liiii, II.

(ir:i<'iliinii jiiifliiiKltiii^ni'fllii, 110.

(tniriliirtii •*ii«'*tifriiM«'ll)i, l.*i

(ini|>litiiirii<i ti't.iiitfittifvr, (Vt.

(iriiplii)lttli.i rarviiiiii, 131.

(iiiiititii IMiiiii. 'J7.

(iiiiiilNi hitt, 11.

(tyiiiti4iittii'4, *Jt).

(■yiitthUilhcH liii'ulrt, 30.

ff'yrfifi'i/Hi/(jr)iu(, t^

f (ilf'»>iitf<illttUU9 t 'tttrthi/titttn, 11.

G^rruvt-nui Ci'ltiilti, Im.

Ilitt kU-rry. (i7, 71.

IIjiIiV iHi|Mr-«li.-ll lli.kKrjT nul, K»4.

Iluli><(t<liita rur>ii>, i:u.

llt'llll<N-t>(ll|, 0.

llniit)i('r<ti-:i, 1.

Ili'tcruiiilrii, 1.

Ili'iiintliirn, 1,

III* korv. hit; IW. 1(11.

llt.kury, HUrk. 1*U. 1(17.

Ilukiirv liiinr, llt>.

Iltrknry, Hr.M.n). 1(17.

Ilitknry, Hniwii. 107.

Iliiknry Klin, IM.

llii-kitry. Niilini-^, 1 tri.

Ilirkiiry. i>n};iii nf tlir iiaiur nf, 134.

Ilirknry, Shu^Utrk, I.Vt.

Hickory, Mn-lllKirk. IVt.

Ilii-kory, .'^wnnip. 111.

Ilii-knrv-trcf'w til Kiir>>iio, 150.

Ili.knry, W.d.T. 1 ID

llirkory, Whitr lli-urt, lOIt.

lli.oria. 131.

l/tnmn ammmata, 157.

Iltt-nriiiiillin. 101.

fitcvrui nihil, vur. rndrirnn, 101.

llirnriA iii|iii4ticiif 1 1!*.

Hu'itrtn FrruoH'uvui, t |."i.

Ilii-nriii, finijftd dtAruM-H nf, 1.31.

Ilii'nrm );l:ilini, 10.V

Ilk'nrin glabra, \\\t cxliirAU, 107.

Ilicnria i^UlirH, var. villiina, l(t7.

Ilicnria, in.MTt I'lictni:** of, \'X\.

lliciiriit Iju MiiiMit, l.'i7.

llirnria lai-iiiiiiHa, hyhrulu of, l.'>8.

ilu'oriit tnnrima, HII.

Ilicnriii, ini'ilti-a) prii|M'rtifH uf, 133.

lli<-nria Mi'xicnna, 13'J.

Iliroriti inuTit- nrfnt, 107.

llirnria luiiiiina, 1 U.

llirnria niyri.Hti<'ii<fnrniiji, l-tfi.

/lirurui otlitr'jtii, 107.

llicoria ovatu, l.VV

lliiuriu iVi'iin. l;»7,

H >»i IViiiii, (iihivatnl vnrlfllci of, 130.

Ilicnria iViaii, (iiliitiittnit nf, 130,
llicoriii iVcaii, hylirtiUnf. t:iM.

//l< nritl MtJiUhl, |,'»7
liifiirtfi ttiium, 137.
Illinrtrt. WimnI nf, |3'J.
Ilnnnui nihuM, llll
i/i>„nuM unnini, I ||.
IhtonuM mfUiiUfUM, 110.
lluori'tM ifdihrr, |li,"t.

itnonw tuhiiniolui, lit*.
HuoriH» tnihimuM, 1 1 1.
l/iiiiriHM m^rttlinrfiirttna, 1 |i\

ill.itflUM iktnrulHH, 107.

Hnimu* ni-'i/im, \'h\.

fluttnun t't'tiH, 137.

/i.roriita auhtthui, l.'i7.

llip|H>iinin»>, 'X\.

Ili|>)>nii(iinc Maiiciiit Ha. .'I'l

IIi|'|HMtiai(f, |H>i»niioiin proiirrtirR of, 31.

llt|>|M>iniutc, W'MmI uf, 31.

llnnUrr\.(ll».

Ilvhri.l WaliiMlH, 111.

11) pliaiilrm ( mica, 11,77. 11(1.

ll))Mii\toii SuMJifnu, '•'.

Iri'r\a iNin liaxi, 'JO.

IikIi.i UmIiIh r frniM Kii'ti* rliuticii, Kf.

lift! it CIM-IIIKH nf (Vltt«, (V|.
lltMtt (IM iiiir^ nf llicnrill, l.'l^l.

IiiM'i I nil titici nf .lii^l.inH. 1 10.
IiiHiii cm IIIII-4 .if Mnrii!*. 77.
Illicit fill iiiti'x nf I'lahinnit, lot.
litM'ct citcintcN nf .Saji^nfraM, |.'>.
Ilt»r(t I'lirniic* nf 'ro«>l<»ii. m7.
IllnccI ciicMlirii nf t ItliiM, It
IliACct ( liciiiic* uf I'llllM'UuliU'iM, '**U.

iojyUfHt HA.

JapMtirtM' Waltint. 110.
iln.i 4.sii,\( » (, 113.
(fii^litiit, 1 13

JuiflniiA rli/(iri/i/fi/if|, 116.

Jwfi'ii* tiit»t, i:.3, 101.
JuifiittiM iiUm rii-iimrntiM, 10<'.
Jm/lnn» utfMt unuima, 111.
Jugliina riMii i»l<irtita, 107.

Juijl'Vl* ttlfnt (N-(iM, l.'hl.

JmjUtns aihti, f ftttntna, 1.37.

Juiflittt* ithttim, 111.

JutjtitiiM itutpistifUm, 137, 111.

Juiflnut ti'fiuttuit, I ll».

ilti^laiis ('Mltfnriiicii, r.'O.

Jutjlnni Caltfontnii, TJ.'*,

JuifUi'iJi ntiharth'ii, IIH. ' V

Juf;li4n» ciiifi'ca, IIK.

9Jut/linig ciurrro, W^t.

Jii^lttitf ctiii'n-a, nicilical pm|>«rtic]| uf, 120.

*Jii^lai:.i cint>m»-iii^rH. 111.

JutfiiltiM romprrsui, 1<~>3.

Ju4fUtt\» ami 'form* f, 1 l(t, 141.
Ju'jlftmi tylttulnrn, 137.
Jii^laiiH, fnii^l (liM-MiteN uf, 116.
Ju;/!n'U' glohni, Kk'i.
Jiiglanii, liyliriilii nf, 114.
Jii^laiiH, ittru'ct I'lif'iitii'N of, 110.
Jii^laiin ill Suitli AiiuTicu, llt'i.
Ju^'Uiiit iiiMulariii, llTi.
JugliiriM IUin<Htirn»u, 137.
f Jutjl'tn.i itilrrm^ltit (tlahi, 1 15,
Ju^lttiiH iiiti-niii'dia pynfnrniii, 114.
fjuf/lans intentieilut ipuninitKjuhut, 115.
Juglaiia iuWrinnlia Vilmuriiiiaiia, 114.

ft'

• r. lau.
i:\H.

..(►.rtH'i ..f, :n.

iiti

f-liiMtii'A, {K\.

I, \X\.
-. 1 1((

ii«, inl.
riti. \'t.

II. H7.
*. II
lluUria, t!0.

141.%.
I

7.

i;»7.

. Ml.

I.

pmiwrtiei of, 120.

It.

Ml.
of. 116.

f. iia

I, 115.

. nr».

Drniiit, 111.
nitupiltitti, 11.1.
urmittiia, 114.

JutfUtitM /fjriniiMfi. iri?.
Jtnftttn4 mtieritftAifUti, \U\.
.lntiUti* MiuiiMiiiiini. ll.V

Jut/hfn Mfru-nnn. ll.V

Jinf!nHM mi'iiiH'i 111.

.hiXliiMfi iiiiilli^, ll'i,

Jii4/linn iHUi titmthi. 111

./«*//(((..« mtfriMhi itf.irmiji, | W.

•liiKl'iX** iiitfi*! 1-1

Ji'Ulntt* tiiifru, IIK

.futfliiHM uufni, tf, IIH.

•liii{Uit)i ii(t(r.i, vttr Itiijtviiuia, lliV

J '*!/!. i„» ttiifn$ tifilouifti, iJl.

Jniflatu .»/« or./dM. I.'kI, lliiV

Jutilttm ..A/,*ti.;ii, IIH.

Jtti/iiittj .>/i/.*ri*/»i »|/M, IH.

./uy/fffM ultvirtiimuit, V.Vl.

./ifftiiu» iWnn, |;i7.

JuijUtHM fMtrtltllt, 111**!.

Jwjiitn* /Ktn'trui, m "ti.nnhtn, UMi.
./ii(/.'(iiii fmnnHi, 0 fi'tt'iimui, ItiiV

*./uflltlHM fl>lht»i-ft,*, |(i|

•liiKl'iiit I'ynfiirMiitt, ll.'r

• lu^fhllH rt-^lJl, 1 l.'r

•IiikIiiiii rr^L4, tMiliiviitiiMi mill uai'^ uf, 115.
•^)K''(i)t ri*^i:i |{iI>In>ui, It I.

«lti^|jii4 n-^iii iiitfi-i Iiii, 111

Jm/'iiH* rrifttt, \,\T h'l'inioniii, 1 1.*».
Juifiitus rrifm iHltii/ini,i, lit!
Ju»fUm* r^tfut, viir. .S'lMr'nH, lla.

•fiiUlHiDi rii|N-«lrtr I'.'.V

./((i//*|fM ru/>t*lri*, \.tr "Ml/Mr, I'il.
•Iii^litim Nii'lHililiaiiii, 11(1
Juffltin* H'luitnunut, \.W, llki.
JthflitnM 41/ mi till t.n I, H "ii< rtH-tirjMi, 1<>7

fJ'ii/ittfU MlruiturfMi. ||."»,
Juijiitun MuliiUn, 111, 157.
Juifi.iHM tiimfnutnitf lUl.

K'tlmt twitif'ttlui, 'Jit.
Kiiii; nut*, l.'»7.
KtikylliotiiaM iiril, Kil.

I.iirliiiiit ('itr\ii>. lil^l

l.lti'hniH I'liltllllltnlil, 101

l.u<l>l>inl llictir, Aiitlruliiui, LU

hiixlnlh, l>nvi(|, h7.

Lai tMt> ».. 1

l^unl, ritlir<iriitti, -I,

l.uiirrl, Mountain, 'Jl

tMurui, 1.

l.iturnA nlhutit, 17.

/.aurtu lUtrhmtM, 4.

/ii'iri.j fxMtthi, Ut.

I.nnnut i 'ttniiiiirtuiii, 4, 7.

/.iiitru* ( '(iriJii/M*»t.*M, ■ i)liihrti, I.

/.ituniM Ciirolini'HMii, $ /'nfi**ftmi, 7.

l.iiuruA f'ltntltrn'HatA. y itltUuntf I.

I.ttHntJt i 'iirititinutut, I.

i.itunu i 'lU'-nf^ri, \\.

Launm f '(ir*.<''(/((nri, II,

f.ituruM fiir^TSifiJui, 17.

I.tturus Jittrttn, 10.

l.iiurn.* /mtuit, "2,

i.iiuni.1 .\tiiitrrirtt.ii$, 10.

I.nur'in l*rrnfit, 'J.

I.nurut Sti.mii/nin, 17.

I.ourn.^ iiumlhr^ 'J.

/.uunu 7'(V/, 10.

Imhth* rHrtihtlm, 17
Lfiititiiiin ( III) 11*. lil^l
l<4'riiuiiini .liiKlitniiifi-i, lltt.
I^ilnrnii, l(n>
U'lliM'iiii lliiriiluitii, 1 11.
I>IIN» itlAi »>, too

lr,,t.»h/,f,ur, \i.

l.iliytlM It Hiit-liiuMniii, IVI,
LuMki m Itinnfitiiit, \n.
t.ui|MiN ciiM'rriii, l^kt.
/.tfHiniui, 'S-i.

LltlitM-fillftit i-iiryHtiill)fUii, \'M\.
MtlitHnll.-d-. taniif.iln-ltii, l;i:t.

Ij|ll.H'.>||.tl-.i.lhr<.llrlU, HI
l.ltho.nll.-ll-. <-.l(lMtL|, lit

l.itlMH'ull.ti-* ju^Hiin.th'llii, IIH
LitlMHiilli-tiH ( nil'< lliiliiriu', ^O.
l.i>jilMNli-riii« IritiriiniiH, h7
l.iiiM'^ti'Kc Mill liirti', h7.

KllllH Mnth. 110.

.\tit'lnni, M,"»
Stttvlnm iiiiriintiifii. HO.
MiM-M.ihiin, lt« riiiin), Htl
Mitrr»i>thitlmii, lit
Mailt'irii iiiiiliti).,'iin), 'J.
M.ilio^iinv, .MiiUrim, 'J.
M.iliniim, H7
.M;illiit|on nil l;(ih>|Mi^, HI

i/'i'Htjui.i-*, :i;*.

MiUirlillif*'), Iti'i

.(/'iii'-".r//.i, :t:i.

Mutii inriltl ' ' 'iftuUn, Ilfl.
Ma^^arMi t'|nlim«, 77.
Miiotiiriit t'lini. I'J
.M.I»t:Muif. Ill
Mmr^tnitii, 1.
Mrrtitmui, (hi.
Mrrtfh*iii rhimtinuIrM, IVI

.yffrf>f,*tti ,^;v/M.M./,., i;i

M* H|.il.>.la|.l to

U, ./"/"•/'»/'*"'■, 1»
U- '/ti/'N/'i/'^'tr ofiifrrrt, |0.
MiM.an MiilUrry, h:(.
Mi'iari-t hiitvlla, -.U
Mhr»|.t. I.-... 10

MuTifptfU,, fMirVfniut, 11.

Mii-rottnHnit •ln);l,uiiliH. 117, \'M
M<Kk*rniil. 101.
Motni'.ia, I><'1-

.W"'ri"<i'i, t'>:t.

.t/ffrfn.«iw aruifillil, iV\.
MiilUltlil EhrrHhrriJUVM, tW.

.M>>n<-lla larvt'llii, l;VI.
Muriu-i'it>, 7."».

.\t'iri>f>h'>rum, 7"t.

Morii<t, ".%.

Miiruii all>ii, 7l>.

Monii iiiha, iiitriNlm-tioM into tlit' I'intPil

StatfH, 70.
MiMiiH allia Tatariia, 70.
M-'ru* f 'iinttil'''><ii, 70.
Moriii* ri-ttitlit'oliu. A:\.
MoruM 1'tmntiiutitiitfHilittifiii, 70.
Mnrii*. fiiujfiil iliHt'JiHi'N tif. 77.
MiM'ii-i Inilii'.'i, 77.
MoriiM, iiiHii't I'lit'inif!! of. 77.
Mnrii'* lii'vi^ahi, 77.
Miiru't. tiii'itii-ul pnipi'Hii'H uf, 77.
Mom* .\ttxtifiini, X'.\.
M'trn* nurntfthulUi, Sll.
Mums niiiltii'auitM, [-ultivatinn of, 7H.
Mui-ii> ni>»ra, 77.

171

MiirtM ni^rii, lint** nf, 77.
MiiruM rrtii'UiHii, ^^l

Mnrii^i rutirti, IM.

MnniM rnf'ni, var. hfhnifihtiHtlf 7tt

Mnni» rnhrn, var. ifuv.-d, 70,

Miirfis ruhni, var f'ttlli'ln, 70.

MirruM ruhrn, vitr. fnirfiurru, l\l

Monn ruhrti, vnr. Uimrulum, 7l»,

,l/(*r'i.« tttthni, 7t*.

Moriu itrraia, 77.

Mt'fiu t'uiurini, 70,

\fiini-> luih.i.Unn, 7».

Muiihtain t.lni, 't'l.

Mnunlaiii l.auri-l, 'Jl.

.M.ilU'irv, h:1.

MuIIh'II V. Itlink. 77.

MiiIIm rr), Mixifaii, KS.

MiiIIh try. Ki-il, 70.

MiiIIm rr>, Kiiotiaii, 70

MulU'iiy, Wliitf, 7ti.

i\VlVl/Mfl«, 01.

S**tnHtlrn tiiriffro, 11.
Striitn'Irn imnifuoifti, 11,
S.ruvi'lru \y,l;.UHn,mu'i. tl.
Nrrlna t'nilH Itiilariii', 'JJ,
.\*->n-xhf>hn*; 0.
.Ninnior|i|ir. W.
Nrptn'Mia tarya-fnlnOta, lil^l.
N>-|.tM iil> ( li iiMfi-ii Mil. I<>|

Niptxiiii jiit;i,iihi<f..iu-iiii. no.

Ni'|iti(-iila iiia\init-Ua, l0|.
Nt |itiiiilu iilataiiilla, lot.
\.-(tli-trr,', i;!».
Niiinninlaii.t iiiirru|tliU'ilt ■■
Nii<-.l>.Minh'r nnl, tin-, l.'>7.
NkIiik ;; Uii-kur). 1 l-'i.
\uj, 117.

U,-„t.'a, 0.
0>i>ti-ii tmllatu. 10.
OtMiifu l'atf<tli\iina, 11.
HculiMi. i-(-iin<>iiiir iiM>« of, 10,
Ottitca f-i'li iiK. to
nciid'ii (iiiiaiii'ii^iit, to.
Oi'uira npilVra. lO.
ri,T./..( v>rir.,r, 10.

(>. ' t *)iIi'iM|i'n>. 10.

Oitnnt. IIH.
Oil of .s;,,,„lr;(s U.
ih\ nf t nilH-lliilana, 'JO.
Olivr. Califnrnia, 21.

Oiui,tn.<, 01.

(>nt'itli-ri ;i oiii^iilatns, lt)3.

()nin>;<-. * 'taj;!', ^\*.

Onoaapliiii', to.

<tn.>^l>l/>h>f. 0.

<tn.:l'ii>/iHf h'iiUUil, 10.

nr'-i>t'tf'hut I 'iilifhritint, 'Jl.

thfuhii'hufj'.iUH.*, til.

(tr'inliifthne (tuiiitietmii, 10.

Ori-iftfif'hnr ofnftrn, 10.

Iht'ul.xjtHnf .ifrtrto, |0.

(tniiiiafhm- fpl'tiilrtu, 10.

Ortiiliififiut-, snl'^'fii. I'ltiheiluhiriti, 19.

UnMiptt'lta. 10

i >ii;>ia '<Mh'ii-*ti>;ma, 41

IVi.aM. i:vt.

Pai-livpH\||ii i\-)tiitis-);t'inina. 01.
r,i.-liv|iHvl|;i i'rlli.lis-niatnina, (V|.
ra« liyp-'vlla I't'UiiUs-vi'su'iiluiii, 04.

A

r,

I'ju-livjiHylla vcinistii, tU.

l*aljiMiinin-]ilu'. '.fJ,
PiilriicrJIa viriiitta. II.
I'ulllI^ llrallMllllM, r_'.

rupi-'-Hlifll llickurv nut. Miilrs', l.VI.

Pa)iilii> 'rri>ilii<^. l,~i,

TarJa iitrrriiiia. I lit.

I'arn, 1 liarlc;* C'hnstii|ilii>r, liUt.

i'airu-ila. i:U».

raw(tiliif4Mtni. IIVL

Tt ur, Alli^ntlnr, '2.

Vfnr, AviHvulti, 'J.

I'rraii. i:t7.

IVnin. It.ttii. 1 !'.».

I'l'iiiphi^UM iiliiiifiisus, tl.

IVrM'ii, 1.

Prrstti ti>f/nitea, 10.

I'lTHCH Itorlxitiia, I.

I*tr$til t'ttroiniittjfis, -I.

/Vr.vti i'ltnu'nirujii.-*, a, T.

Prrtra ('firulini'fi.liA, ti fflii^'ritutniiti, \.

/*rr.*ru CiiroliUfnni.*, Q fmhemrtm. 7.

Versni ('uritli>titixi.i, var. fKiliLttrix, 7.

Pmnt ('atithftiitiii, 11.

Prrittn hilem, U».

iN-rKra, fiiiit;tii <liM>a«es of, *2.

I'tr*rn i;riitt*-<itruit 'J.

i'fisfn |i)ilifii, \i.

lVr*ra [.in^iif. -.

I'lTM'a I'«'ri*iu, 1'.

lVr*«fH iVtHi a, i-iillivntiiM) aikI iist'H i>f, -■

IVrnpft |iiilH''U'rii>. 7-

/'rmm Sn^tiifrn*, 17.

/Vr-iV.!. '.t|. '

/'rtifiuuthtTii, '.♦.

/'hitrmwniti/i-in, '.»!.

riilio^pora (.'ritulis, ChJ.

I'hl.u*|ti.ra M«»n. 77.

i*lili'nH|t|)iin4 1 liiii. -II'.

I'livrift riil'nfa.-^iH-Ua. \'X\.

rhvilxHlii-liiCarva'. i:il.

l'li>ll«»tii'U (clli.li*. (m.

I*li\lli>stirta inii<ro)Miiirtata« U.

IMi\ !ln-»tji-ta SiiHHufra-*. \'t

V\\\\\uxrr;% laryii'fuiili-., i;i.'l.

l')i\to).tu<. riuii. IL'.

r.^n.i-, IlM.

I'ipal Ir.-r. !M

J'/fl'/tnffn/m-l. *.U.

I'laiMT. .Iiihaiii) .lakol), <i().

I'lanvrti, .V.I.

IMaiii'ra ni|(iatii-n, <i1.

I'lauem fMim/iarti, II.

I'iitnrrd liirhtinii, I'd.

Pliinent iilimfitiui. 111.

I'lATASACK K, '.HJ

I'lataiiiift, W.

Phitaiiujf f'dltf'i/nitni, KCi.

IMatariiiit, fungal tliii-.-uti-s nf, 101,

IMalaiiUH, iiiHcrt tia-itiiivf uf, lOl.
flnfiiuuji itl-iUt, IO_'.

I'lataiMIrt .McXhHM.l, 101.

Phtiiuitx Mrnrauii, I0i"», 107.

riii(aiiii>< iHMiiltiitatit, lOJ.

I' ilUimut ftrvuifnUllxt, lO"i.

i'liitnnux thi-i'lffitiilin, fi lithata, \\fl.

I'hUnnu.* (Ki'uhutnlt*, var. /finfMitnrii, \it2.

PlftfimitM tHrit/eftnlm, vhp. Mrruiitui, 101.

I'lataiiMH (irii'titatiH, 1(N).

I'tatiiniin rat'i-iniiKa, 111").

/'Itiliinu.t rtirrmnna, l07.

/'hifilnn.i vulifun-*, KNt

J'hilanus t■ul^Jfln^, i autfuhtaa^ 102,

I'lataiMis Wrif.jhtii, 107.
I'liini, Itiiiaiia, -7.
i'oijnnutri'phr, Ol.
I'ttlyporiiH I'linclnftT, \'l.
Ptiwcdliiiitru, lil-l.
Plininiri/n sitrhi/niiti, 110.
I'tiliruM l>:i.sali>, -0.
I'ulvitiaria iuiiiKiitTalitlis, 87.

Itatiiiilaria alliiKinai'iilata, 1*V1.
Karniilaria CcltiitiH, OTi.
U..1 lt;ty, t,
Kr.l i:!m. .VJ. .Vl
Kr.l .MallK-rn. 70.
/.''/.^.>-<, 01."

tihniutin.\ lf/l(fPir'ti(, tV\.

Uh\ti<>ina SaHHafras, l.*).
Knik Khii. i:.. 17.
Iloiiialt'iiin .ittunariiiiii. 0|.
liii'imm rxriii.rn, ■J7.
KuNstari MiilU-rrv, 70.

SajMTila <liM-t)i<It'a, l.l'l.

Sa|t«itla trifli'iitata, 41.

.^a-Hviifiiin, \'X 17.

Siit^itfrm tiihitlnm, 17.

Saf.-.afiii'*, fiiii)fal lii-ii-a^irji uf, 1.%.

S:i>-afni!», init-rt t'Mriiiii-<i uf, !."».

Sajisafra-', iia-iliial prfi|H'rtifs i»f. 1 1. 15.

Sivanfrn.* ttjfirtuiiif, 17.

Sa-'Sifra.s. oil ,.f. 11

Sanxafni-H .Siut^afni,-*, 17.

Sii.i*ntrii* runifi'iium, 17.

S-al.-'. Klat.'.!. 'JO

Sih-r^f'Tiii I'litrntliini. '_'7.

S'hi/nijriira Aiiiirit'Hhi, 1)

Snivtuj* Kajii. 01.

SmlUut t-«pirMMti-. I'Xi.

.SVonil, i;ti. \M

Smuchrrm, t*.

.S<pt..^plm>na Mai-lttnT, H7.

Sir.ni.i'. lOS

Sliatfltark iiitknry, \'u\.

.Slu'Ilhark, Ui^;. l.">7.

.Mi.llkirk. huttuii., i:.7.

Sht-Ml.ark lli.kon, i:*:i.

.^''ilk-t iiltun-. 70.

Silk-««trnn» on 'rmyliin. H7.

.SiiioYvInii liiiMilari'. !:;;{.

Sini'X\ Inn (In-liiic, '_i>.

.Sjippi'iy Klin, 7u\.

.Sn»*ritilIinM .In^laihli'*, IIO.

.S<»|i'rnfli;;iiia. li,'J.

SoUui>.-lu,-mn, 0:i.

SplniTflla .Mat hmr, H7,

.^p)ni>r>'ll:i 1 iiilH-lhilana-, 'JO.

••^pliana f.ilJ.Tta, H7.

SpliJiTnttiri-a ptiyt<>plu)t|i\ lla, 0«>.

Spin. Pri'i'. -JI.

.'^|xini<KT)t)H. 0,'f-

.St<-riM'4p)MMiiin n<itHtn-<, \'Xi.

Sliiik'tiuiil. till', 10.

Strifffitiinlii/ihur, M.

Sii^jarlrt-rry, (i7, 71.

.Swamp Hay, 7.

Swatnp I'.lin, I.*),

SHainp III* kory, 141.

Sviaiiu.r.-, HI.', lo;i, 105, 107, ITO.

Syi-iilimii, '.►•-'.

Siffiitniirfihf, 01.

StinmmrMM, \\\.

Svt'njiiiinift. IIKV

Sifromuruii onliifttomm, 03.

Svnii'fia, Ol!.
Sf/Hiiciit, 01.

I'timiilii, 1.

Tamnia Hi>rtn>tuo, t,

Tuintilii /Hiliniru, 7.

Tfltiiimlra, 0.

Tfhurm, 01.

Tt'ras lia^liana, H7.

Tctrahfiira I'lini, II

Tttnitithtni iilfiKln. 17,

Tl trtinlhrni f < ''liifnnitrii, 'Jl.

Thoina.s, l>aviil, 4H.

Tiiif^iN .Iii^lanititt. 110.

Toxyl'))!, S-'i.

ToTt/li'ti tturnntianim, SO.

'rtixyliiii, (M'nnoiiiit' tiNt-H uf, Mt,

Tnxylnii, ftinyal di-.t-ascK nt', S7.

Toxyluti, msii-t i-ncniirN uf, h7.

'J'liriih »t Aturlnni, .S'.t,

Tuxylon ptiniir<'riini, HO.

Trt'ini'X (uliniitia. \'X\.

Trtmiiti.*. 01

TnftHiKk Motli, Wtiitr'.'«|H>iU'(l, tl.

liMArhf;. ;iO

rtiiMis, :to.

1 linuH alata. -M. '
I'lmuit iiilti, VA.
riiniH .Vineriraia, \'X
t'ltnu.% Amrrtrnuit, 17.
VlmtiA .1 m^rridn.i, a <//(l/<rrr, l.'l.
t'imtiji .1 wrTif ifKl, a ruhni. Xi.
(.■limu Amrruilnil, $ nUii, \',\.
I'linits Amrnriinii, 0 un/,rn. VA.
ClmuM Amrrtrauti, y nlnUi, .M,
L'iniiiA Amfn>iinii, y ' /ittrtnnim, l.'t.
t'lmuji .itiifrirano, y /trniiulu, K(.
Vimuf .imrnrtttut, var.? iifftfni, 43.
Vlmnx it'fMittun, 01
L'hnut t'ani)M'Ktri.H, 10
tVmiM rttm/trntriA, |0, 11.
Vhnfis cnmfHftrt* i'htnrtmt.*, 41.
t'lmiis titmp*'»ini' fmrnfitlta, 11.
(■'hmu < 'fii'irttHiM, 41.
VhuHA rtlial'i, 41,
(hniiH rraswifdlm, ."i7.

f I'ilHUA Vri.lfHI, .V'l.

f UlntH* ilruiiitn, 43.

f I'lmuA ilimttiiiitii, ax

I'lnniK. i-i'tuinriiii inws ».f, 41.

OlmuA rff UAH, 41.

VlmuA rii'fUn, 10.

I'lmuA Fioriiliinii, 43

UlmuA fitltiirrii, 10.

VliniiH fiitva. '^t.

riinuH fuha, iiu'diritl pro|M-rtii>ii nf, ."Vt,

ritnilM. fiili^:il ttlsra.Hi'K (if, 4lJ.
t'lmiiM ifUlhni, 10.

t//ff..*.. Holhn.it.n, 40.
VimuM litfttktTumttt 40.
I'liim-*, inM>('t i-nruiirn of, 41.
I'lniut hf\ iit, 40, 41.
UlniuH laiii'ifniin, 40.
f Clmtui iotu/ifii/ui, ol.
rimn>i Mrxuana, lU.
UlmuA nuiilifUui, 43.
L'lmus mimlnuii, 40.
UlmiiA uutlii, \<\.
r {■ItuuA uhtwiUn, 43.
Vlmun tHtatulrii, 41.
UlmuA I'fHtni, .'n.
riiniiN parvitltira, 41.
Ulmui fteiiiiuntiata, 40,

INDEX.

17:$

f, Wi.

■if, ST.
.f, H7.

nlU'd, U,

.? / 'i'»Hrw /lirifiHuif r>;t.

» 1'lnnt.i jnihexi'i'n.t f , 53.

/'/mri.i /utmilit, ."i1.

riimis nirciiiosjl, 47.

I '111111.1 rnhrii, r>3.

l'lmn.1 ■ittliritt -10.

rilniiH Ki'iitint, to, 11.

I'IniiH sc'ulini, viir. luriniata, 40.

rVmu.! .■iiil'tniM. 10.

/ 7f»ri.< trtrtiiiilni, 40.

f t'lmus tinih'ntoul, 4M.

/ VmiM rn(/(i/(i, 41.

/ Vmtw rulijiirii. II).

riinii!! WiilliiliiHim, 11.

riiilii'lliiliiriii, 10.

riiiln'llii|]trui Culifiimii'ii, 'JI.

I'lnlvilluhiria, fulfill ili.ini.HCS of, 1!0.

riiilM'lliilariii, iiKiM't I'lii'iiiii'S iif, 'JO.

linlirlliiliir:!, inidical iirupcrtits of, 'JO.

rinl..'llillari... .lil of, ■-■«.

rnilull.ili.' lu-iil, 'JO.

I'lu'inula (jriiict-lata, 77

ruuinuln intvrmetliu, 42.

I'liciimlft maorospnra, 4'-'.
I'ni'iiiilla iHilyclniita, U-l.
riv,loCilH,'K7.
L'rostif;""*' '•**-■
I'ntilii/niit, 01.
C'rnaliilmil it[litu\ 01.
Vrmliiimii iiii/i'ilwHin, 07.
Uriiihijiml rc/iV/KMUm, 01.

Vftlna .Mailurii', H7.

Viirinij*!, 01.

Vcibilia iai<liiiali»t -0-

V^itiatii'o, '-.

rMiioiKj, 01.

Waho", r»l.

Wiillm. Hit.

W'lltlm nmrfil, IIR.

Wiiltui I'mximl'Jiii. l'.;l.

irii//iri r.ivm. l'.;!.

tt'/i«i(i nivrii ml'-rnniriKi, I'Jl.

H'll/ild ".yril liM.ri«<lr/»;, I'Jl.

H'liHiu pi/ri/iirmi.1, 1 1.">.

Walnut, l'J.">, 120.

Walnut, lila<k, 121.

Walnut C'a.<c'-lii'ariT, tlic, 110.

Walnut, .lapauisc', 111!.

Walnuts, KiiKlisli, ll.'i.

Walinits, hvliliil, 111.

Water HimmIi, lOII.

Wat.r Kim, 111, (il.

Wat.'r Ili.kory, 110.

Wat.son, Srrniii, lOS.

Wliitc Klui, 1:t. IS.

Wliilc Ili'art lliikorv, lli:i.

Wliilr Mnlh.rrv, 7(1.

Wlutc-s|iollc'il ru^>.oi-k Molh, 41.

Wliil.. Wooil, •r..

Winsjiil I'.lni, ."il.

Wv.'li r.lni. 40.

Xytnvna niliilnm. 'SI.

Zi'uzrra pyrina, 11.
Ziztnihu* rnminuUttn, tVl.
Xizijphn.'i iijwmeil, til.

*v

Urn. i:(.

r.i. .".;i
.1, i:i.
i/.rc t:i.

wirfriimit, 43.
ntiulit. 13.

'"/'

i,fnl, 43.

'M.K. 41.

Mxi, tl.

of. 41.

projuTtu'tt of, 'Vl.
t'li of, 42.

of, 41.

to