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IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

11.25

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itt iiii 12.2
:S UK 12.0

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Sciences

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33 WIST MAIN STRUT

WMSTIR.N.Y. 14SM

(716)S72-4S03

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CIHM/ICMH

Microfiche

Series.

CIHM/ICMH
Collection de
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Canadian Institute for Historical Microraproductions / Institut Canadian da microraproductions historiquas

©1984

Technical and Bibliographic Notas/Notas tachniquaa at bibliographiquaa

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i ft. rata
>d to

nx

16 pelure,

9on A

JZ\

1 2 3

stx

1

2

3

4

5

6

"f

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s

THE

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA

A DESCRIPTION OF THE TREES WHICH GROW

NATURALLY IN NORTH AMERICA

EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO

CHARLES SPRACUE SARGENT

UIKK(-TOK OK TIIK AKNOLI) AKIIOKKTUM
OK IIAKVAKD UNIVEKSITY

3;Uu)3trated tottl) figured ano Qlmlvfits itaMm from Mature

CIIAULES P:DWAUD FAXON

VOLUME VIII
CUPULIFER2E

(Qiiercus)

BOSTON AND NEW YORK

HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY
€tie Utonrjiitie pn00, Cambritige

MDCCCXOV

jgUjggSSiiiiSESSiiiii

®

B. cBiw.E« KiHAOLT. «AUoerr.

a/i rujkti. rcHTitJ.

'"^

Ul

T1,. r;i.wH<l« IVf»i, CambriJgr. Unu., V ' ■*

Ul

T(i rilK MKMOItV UK

ANDRE AND FKAXroIS ANDIIK MICHAUX,

KATIIKIt AMI (*I>N,

WIIOSK l.tlNIi AM) Altmors .I(>ri!Nl.YS

IN TIIK TIIACKI.KS.S KOKKMS OF ||li; M'.W Wolil.IJ

LAID IIIK K4>rNI)ATI()N OK K.S()WI.Kl)(iK

Willi liKliAKI* Til TIIK OAKS KK KAM KKN AMKKICA,

nils KllMITIl VDl.lMK OF

TIIK SH.VA OK NOIMII AMKKICA

l« HI |il( AIKI).

-■^'-''"'■''^^nrrT', ■jr:.

TABLE OF COX'lENTS.

SVMIINIS
IJrKltl in

(ilt;K( IS

({i'i:k( I'H

QlKUc IS
t^lK.ll IS
*<( KKirs
(^IKItl IS
(ilFH I ■?
(JlKMl ft

l^ll-Uc IS
t^t'KKl IS
C^l Kill IS
I^IKICI IS
l^lKUi 1
(^IKIll IS
(jlKltl IS
1^1 KUl IS
tilKlli IS

1^1 I mis

I^IKKI IS
(jtKHi I s

1,1 rill IS
l,U r.Kc ts

(JlKllc I s
t^lKKi IS
Ql'KIU IS
(jfKHClS
(^IKK( I S

QiF.lii rs
l^rnii IS
CiiKiic r

(.^rKKC IS

(.^rKUi r .
(iiKKi rs

QlKKlLS

QrKKii's
QcKHi rs
(jrKKi IS

(IK 'li.nKKM

Al.llA .

AI.llA < MI.VOK

Al.llA ■ MAI UlH AHTA

AI.llA • I'ltlMS

I.IIIIATA

llllKWKKI

Uakkv WA

(lAMIiKl.ll
MIMIll
ClIAIMV I
MAI mil AltlV
I.YIlArk
I'lilMS
AITMIXATA
llilNdlliKS .
SaIiIKKIASA
ri.AIAMlll.t.S
Mil IIACXM
IlKKVIl.lillA .

rxmu-ATA
Diiri.i.Asii .

KMiKl.MAVM
nhf.llM.lHU.lA

Altiziivn; V
UKrn 1 LATA

TlllMKYl
111 MlisA
VlliiilMANA
KmhUVI
rllllVsiil.KI'N
TiiMKN TKI.I.A
AUIIIKHI.IA
I'UMIt.A

iivi'i.^.:iriA

WlSllZKM .
WisllZKM X (
MVHTIKUI.IA
KlIIKA

Texana

rcwi INKA
VKI.l'TIXA .

Calikoknha .
Catksii.ki .

CaTHSII.KI X XlllKA

I'lali'tt I'Ci'lvi., icclvii., rcclviii.
I'latc I'l'ilix. ....

I'liitu ci'i'lx

Plate rcclxi. ....

Plato crclxii. .....

Plate c'l-plxiii. ....

Plates I'l'clxiv., orclxv.

Plati's iri'lxvi., ci'ilxvii.

Plutos cii'lxviii., (■I'llxix. .

Plate ecclxx. ....

Plate!) ecrlxxl.. ccelxxii., ccrlxxiii.
Plate ecrlxxiv. ....

Platis rnlxxv ilxxvi. .

Plate ciilxxvii. ...

IMate ecrlxxvlii. ....

Plate ceclxxix. ....

Plates ecelxxx . riclxxxl.

Plates roflxxxii.. n-rlxxxiii.

Pint • eeilxxxiv. ....

Plate eerlxxxv. ....

Plate eeelxxxvl

Piute oeclxxxvii

Plate eeelxxxviii. ....
Plate eeilxxxix. ....
Plate eerxe. . . . , ,

Plato eeexei. ....

Platen eeexcil.. ccexeiii. .
Plates eeexiiv.. leexev., ciexovi. .
Piute eerxevii. ....

Plates eecxeviii.. eci-xi'ix.. cecc. cecei.

Plate eeerii

iMate eeei'iii. ....

Plate eeociv

Plate ei-ei'v. .....

Plate eeeevi. .....

Plate ereevii. ....

i'late eeeeviii. .....

Plates eieeix., eee.'X. .

Plate eceixi. .....

Plates eeeexii., eeccxiii .
Plates cceexiv.. jcccxv.
Plate cceexvi. ....

Plate eeecxvil. ....

Plate cecexviil. ....

Tii

. 10

1«

. 18

18

. 23

27

. L".>
03

. 37
41

. 4;{

■17

. .-.1

55

. 59

(il

. (!.{

C7

. 71

75

. 79

,s;{

. 87

«i)

. 91

93

. 95

99

. KW

103

. 109

111

. 115

117

. 119

120

. 123

125

. 129

133

. 137

141

. 143

144

VI

TAULK OF COX'/'KATH.

iJlKlll'ln CaTKSM.KI X t.AI'IIIKOI.IA
({I'KIti l'< Mliin ATA . , . .

<^lFlir|.. 1\I.I-.TK1« . . . .

tjir.lli IS N »\ V

HlKIll I H (iFiiHillANA ....
tjl TKC IS MAIlll.AM'h A .

Hrf:iii l'» M'.H *

tJi'Kiii r» 1 II iMU'i.iA

HrKHl I" MIUVIKIH.IA ....
t^lfKl IN IMIlUn \KI V .

t^ifiKi I'. iMiiiin MiiA « Makilanhha

HlKHi I s IMIllin \I(IA > (IMCINKA
t^lKltl l" I'llKI.I.lK . . . .

tJlKHll'M I'llKI.I.iw X VKt.l'TINA

(jil-'iii It I'liKi.i.iw y Makicanhha .

tJlKlii IS Ur.N-lKl.llHA . .

. I'laU' iTiTnix. .

. HI

I'llUl'll ITITXX,, I'I'PI'Xxi. . .

. 117

. VU .rci'xxii.,

I'crrxxiii. • • •

. tot

I'lutii i'l'frxxiv.

. IWi

I'UlU I'l'WXXV.

. 1W»

I'lull'H ITl'CXXvl..

I'fi'cxxvli. .

llil

I'llltc ccrrxxviii.

. Km

I'liitt!* rrci'xxix..

crci'xxx.

. I(l!»

. I'lBto rocrxxxi.

. 171

I'lnte ri'ccxxxii.

I7.-.

. I'luli- ccccxxxiii.

. 17li

I'liilii ci'i'i'sxxiv.

17ti

l'l»te iTi'cxixv.

. 17'.t

I'liiti' ccccxxxvi.

ISO

. l'lttti> d'ccxxxvii

. I«l

I'lnte nTi'XXXvii

. . W.i

144

147
ISl
IM
100
lUl

ion

160

171

17a

176
170
170
180
181
183

SYNOPSIS OF THK OKDKItS OF l'F,ANTS rONTAIXKI) IN VOLUME VIII.
OF tin: SILVA of NOHTII AMFUU'A.

Cash I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

KU'ini iiicriMwintf in illaiiu'lrr li) IIm' uiiiiiial mMitioii i>( ii liiy.r iif wn.i.l iii^i.lu tlii> Imrk. I,c»vci ncltcil-viMiii'il, Kllil)ryi>
(itli u |Niir of ii|i|Hiniii' c'iii\li'(li>ii4.
Ki'li-Cl.AKH I. AnKiOSporniOO. I'i^lil. » ild^cil „\,ny iiinluiiilnn till- (iviilis aiiil (levelu|iin(; into the fruit.
DlVKidN III. ApetaltD. ('..ii.lliid. Slatii.in inHcit.il .m Uic pilaldid inlyx, c.r livpnityniMM.

Til. Cupulirerii-. Klo»<r« inniKi'iinii^ or ranly ipcifcit. Slaiiii'ii* 'J tn 4 cir iniKliiiiti'. Ovary in firliir, after aiillii'<iiii
iiii|Mrfii>tly 'J III .1 nr rarily I li> tl-c'clliil. Oviilu «)liliiry, or in |mir«, u»pt'inlin){ nr ili-nrnilin,'. unalr(i|i(in^. Krnit it
nut UKiiitlly niuri' or li'm inrUmi'd in liriictH fii'i) nr nnitcil intii u woiiily Involucri'. I.<uvi» altirnalf, Hti|inlalo.

o

o

SILVA or NORTH AMERICA.

Q U E W C IT S .

Kr.t)\vi:ijH uniscMial or rurcly [Hifict, iiKHKiciou^*, aiu'talous, in uiiiM'Xual or an-
dninynoiis spiko or aiiu'iits ; calyx I to 7-1o1h(I. the loltfs inil)ri(iit('(l in ii">tivatioii ;
staiiU'HH m'lu-rally (J; |)i>tillatc' flower Mirroiiiuled by an involiicri' of iiiil)ri(iito(l MaU> ;

ovary inferior. iiMially iiic plettly .'{-eelli-d ; ovules '_* in eaeh eell. axeiiding or

deseendin><. Fruit a nut surrounded at the base or ( mbraced in the aeereseent woody
involuere. Leaves alternate, annual, <ir perennial, penniveined. sti])ulate.

Querous, LiiinKiu, 'fVii. '.'*J1 (17.'I7). — Adnnmin. Fum. I'l.

ii. .'t7.">. — A. I,, ill- .luiwii'U. (ifii. 410. — Kiidliflier, din.

B;«. — MfinmT, dm. iUti. — Haillun, lll»f. I'l. »i. '.':.«.—

lU'iilliRiii & IliHiker, Ufii. iii. K)7, — Tnuitl, Emjltr A

I'riinit I'Hi'iixnif'iin. iii. |>l. i. iV>.
LlthooftrpuB, llliiin.'. Itijdr. Ft. S>'l. /«./. .V.'i (lS'r>).—

Knilliilu'r. '»Vii. '.'7r>. — Meiniii'r, dm 'M(i.
8rnu>dryB. I,iii<llry, Intnxl. Xit. Sijut. i-d. '.', 4H ( IHIMl). —

Mfi»iier, den. 'M>i. — lUnrv. 1/ouker Jour. Hnt. mul A'''if

diint. Mine. i. I7r>.
Cjrolobalanopsla. OmU-il, Vitrutk. .l/.</i/. /'ni mil. fur.

Kj'ilienh. WAi, 77 ( lli'lrtvj til K'j'HliijIrii.H Sjati'miilik)

(1807) i Viilmuk. Srtak. Skril't. Sttt. Mith. iter. Ti, ix.

.'171 (lli'tr"! Ill Kiniihknli urn E'Jff'iiiiil'fii i .V«^^/ "7
t'nrfiti) 1 l.iilimiiiiii Vhinin Am. Tm/i. l'.».

Cyclobalanus, Ontod. I'iiUmk. il>'ihl. j'ra iinl. Fur. Kj'i-
/.•■III,. \HiW. HO (/tlilrti'J til K'Jf»t'iijieiif Si/striiinlH)
(lS»'i7)i I'iilnitk. Seltk. Skrift. .\'il. Math. wt. 'i, ix.
H7."> (IliilrU'j til Kiiiiilikiili mil K'li'f'imilii'ii I yiili'l ";/
Fi'i-liih; Liebmiiiiii t'hiiie.t .\iii. Tni/,, 'JO,

Pasania, Ornted, Videntk. Meilil. fri nut. Fir. KJolifn/i.
ISlM'i. HI [Hiilniij til F'jealii'jti-iiii Sit.^l.-miitikt (1H(;7|;
l'i,lrii»k. .Srlak. .Skrlf't. S'lt. Mntli. ncr. ri, ix. :t7.'t (Ilitlni'/
til Kiiiiihkiili mil F'/r/'iiiiilifii I yiifiil III/ F'irtiil) ; J.ifli-

iiiiiiiii t'liinen Am. Tm/i. '.10 I'Tuntl, F^mjler X I'niiill

I'lliiiiseiij'iiiii. iii. |it. i. uj.

TrwiH or Hhral)s. with astnnjjfiit proiMTtics. watery juices, Hteliiite jnibescence, pule and scaly or
(lark anil furrowed bark, hard anil chise-tjraiaed or brittle ami porous wood, terete braiiehlets. bads '
covered liy luiiiierons iad)ricate(l scales, thick |)er]M>iiilii'ular ta|>-roots |)eiietrntin^ deep into tile (ground,
stout widi-spreadiii^ iiori/.ontal roots and few thick rootlets, and in some species lon^ ]iroliferuus stolons.
Leaves simple, iiltcrnatc, tlve-rankeil, variously foldeil in the bud, lobed, dentate, s|)ineseent or entire,
often polymorphous on the s;une branch, mend)ranaceous or coriaceous, petiolate, penniveined, the
primary veins prominent and extending to the marpus or united within them and connected by more
or less reticulate veinlets, deciduous in the autumn or persistent until spring, or until their third
or fourth year ; leaf-scars broader than hijjh, sli;;htly elevated, semiorbicular. more or less ubcordato,
marked with the ends of numerous scattere<l tii)ro-vascular bundles. Stipules obov.ite or lanceolate,
HonriouH, caducous or those of the upper leaves sometimes persistent durinj^ the winter. Flowers moiue-
cioas, unisexual, or rarely jierfect, aneniophilous. Staminate (lowers ( Lepidobalauus) solitary, suiiteuded
by lanceolate acute caducous bracts, or ebracteate, in graceful pendulous clustered amentis from separate
or leafy buds in the axils of leaves of the previous year or from the axils of the inner .icales of the
terminal bud or from those of leaves of the year ; or (Pasauia) iu u three to tive-liowered cyme in the axil

-:rH."-i

SI LI- J or ^OUTIl AM Eli I (A.

ni'ii.ii'i.u.K.

of a ])('isisU'iit lniit t. the l:itcr;il llowcis siihtt'iult-d Iiy siiiiiliir altlu)ll;!;ll sinalltr ln'acts. in crci't iiiiiscMial
or amlidUN nous spikes rioiii [\w axils of leaves of tlie year or rarely of tlic jirevioiis year. Calyx
eaiii|i;iiuiiale, iolied or divided to the liase into from four to seven, usually into six. niendiranaceons
liiliis or sennients. Stamens indelinite, M'eneraliy from four to six or sometimes ten or twelve; tilaments
in>eiled on llie >lii;lilly Hdckened torns, free, liliforni. exsertecl ; anthers ovate, oliloni;' or rarelv snli-
fjloliose. n'lahrons or rarely |iiloM'. attached on the haek, two-celled, the cells parallel, conliniioiis, openinij
loM;;iliidinallv. Ovary olisoletc. or (I'asiida) rndimentarv. minute ami pilose, Pistillate (lower solilarv,
snlileiidid liv a eaduc ins Iiract. Iiihracti'olatc. in short or elongated few-llowered spikes from the axils
ol leave-, of llie \e.ir. or in some speiies id' I'.i^niia seattereil at the lia^e of the staminate inlloresecnce.
Cdvx Usually uii folate, the tulie atluate to the ovary, with a short eampanulate limit, fjcneially si\-
lolieil or olisc urely dc ntate. St.indnodia minute, usually olisoletc i Lcpidolialaiiusi. or in some species
ol I'l^iiiia developed into aliortive stanuTis inserted on and as many as the lolies cd the calvx. Ovarv
intciior. itieomplcttly tluee or rarelv lour lU' tive-eelleil hy the dcv<do|imcnt from the liottom, after
(eeuiiil.it ion, of thin partitions, iniloscd nmrc or less completely liy an accrescent scaly involucre ;
st\les as maii\ as and sii|ierposc(l to the cells of the ovary, short or eloni^ated, erect or recurved,
teiele. or dilated or clav lie aliove, sticmatic on llu' inner late or at the apex only, generally persistent
OH llie Iriiil ; ivuies two in each cell, attached on its inner anisic at or aliove the liasc. or suspended
iii.ir the apex, aiiatropoiis or scmiaiiatropous ; ii>'. lopyle superior. Nut or e^laiid maturing; in one or in
two M irs. ovoid, j^loliosc. or turliiiiate, limhonate at the apex, one-seeded liy ahortioii. siirroundcd at
tiie liase or iiuloscd in the accri'seent mpuiar iiivoliicrt' of the (lower, attached liy a lar;;t' conspicuous
r.iiseil Ol deprcsed eireiilar iimliilicus at the liase. or (I.itlmc.irpusi hv the sides also. Pericarp eriista-
ceoiis or eoii.iceoiis. or rarely thick, indurate, granular <ir lioiiv. iiideliisceiit. of two coats, the inner
( i.epidnli.ilaniis I thin and memliranaceoiis. or ihicker and eoateil on the inner surface with pale
toiiieiitiiiii. liivoiueral cup woody, free trom the nut except at the hase. or adnate to it throughout
\\\<\ imi( hlseent. its scales imliricate, tliiii or thickened and tiirliiii.ile or often developed into teeth or
spines. Ill' united into creliiilate or dentate /ones. Seed lillinnr the ca\ity of the nut. marked at the liaM>
or .It the apes, or rarelv on the side with the aliortive oMiles. hvpoM^a'OUs in ^criii illation.' Cotyledons
thick and fleshy, usually plano-convex ami entire, undulate on the hack or rarelv siiiiiatcly lolied,
or occasionally united into a solid mass ; radicle minute, superior, included within the li.ise of the
eotvledoiis: liiliim minute, lias;il or apical.'

Ne.irlv thre. hundred species of (^iiercus have Iiecii deserilied.' Inhaliitants of tlie temperate
ri'4iniis iif the northern lieinis|ihere. they occur also at hif^h altitudes within the trojiics. raiii;iiii; south
to tile iiioiiiil. tills of I'olomlii.i ill the New World and to those of the Imlian .\rcliipelaj.;o in the Old
\\ olid, where, a few de<j;rees lielow the ecpiator, they (ind their most southern home. 'I'lie o;eiiiis has
no represent. itivc in central and soutlierii .Africa, in South .\merica lieyoml Colomhia. or in the islands
of the I'acilic. in New (luinea. or .\iistralia. The frreat eeiiUes of distrilintion of (^iierciis are the
lii'_;!ii,iiel-. of (iiitr.il .\iiierira and .Mexico.' whence it spreads southward with a few species, and
lioitliw.ird to Hritisli Coliiinhia and the valley of the St. Lawrence Ifiver ; and tiie Indian .Xrchipela^o
and Mal.iya,' whence it ranges to the Philippine Islands' and throii^rli China" and .lapan '' to S.iu^halin '"
• lud Mam liiirii." throiijrji Houtherii India ;iiid aloiij; the liimalayas ' ' to western Asia," where many
speiii s oeeiir. ;!iid tliroui;li the Mediterraiie.iii hasiii " to western ami northern Kuropc, where (iuercus
is less jirolilic in species than in other ei|uall\ temperate rcj^ioiis of the northern heinisiihere. in .North
America, e\( liisive of Mexico, liftv species of (^iierciis are now distimjuished.' ' With four exceptions
tlii'V all. iindi'i f.ivoralile conditions, sometimes assume the h.iliit id' trcis; anion^ them are some of
the l.ir;;i'si and nios* valuahle deciduous-leaved timlier-trees of the coiitiiietit ; ami in liotli the eastern
and (Alrriiie western pirts of the country (iiierciis is often the most cons|iiciioiis feature of vejjcta-
tioii.'' Ill eastern .\nierica at the extreme northerii limit.s of its ran^e the ^'eiius is re|ireseiited hy a
8ili;r|e species ; the numlier f^raduully iiicreasi's under the inlliience of a less ri^nrous climate, and in

CUI'UMKEIiiE.

SJLVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

KOiitlierii Now En^laiul tun occur. They tlicn frrailually increaso southward in nuuilR-rs, and in tlio
coast roffion of tiie south Athmtic and (Jnlf states nineteen species are found collected tof^etlier. This
is the jrreatest ajffjrejration of species in the I'nited States, although in the central Mississippi valley
Oak-trees are nuire ahnndant and ^row to a lar<(er size than in any other part of North America.
Absent from the hifjh, dry, and eol'l mid-continental plateau, Quurcus r(!appears on the lower slo])es of
the southern Rocky Mountains, .ili are often covered with vast thickets of (Jm rtiis (I'lnuhtlii, a
species peculiar to the interior ot the continent. Farther south this is joined liy another species ; and
on the nioinitains of western Texas, southern New .Mexico and Arizona, six Oak-trees of the Mexican
forests lind their northciri home. Kxtrenu'ly rare in the ariil region i)etwecn the Hocky Mountains and
the Sierra Nevada, where (^uercus is represented only hy stunted hushes elin;;in<^ to the u])per slopes of
the mountain rani^es, it is often an important element in the forests nourished hy the more humid
atuu)sphere of the I'acilic coast, especially in tin- valleys of central California. Heacliiii";: IJritisli
Columhia and Washin<fton with a sinjrle species, the nundier {gradually increases .southward, live species
oecurrin;j in southern Orei^oii j'nd thirteen in California.

The type is an earlv one. The ancestors of existin;j Kuropeir. species inhahit(>d that continent
fluriufj the late ci'etaccous and terfiarv periods,'' when (^uercns was also widely distrihuted in North
America, ranj^;in;;- in the centre of the continent far to the north of its present home, and reaching' its
fullest development ilnriuf^ the np]icr miocene and the eocene epochs. '^

t)ak-trees. espcciallv the species of l.epidohalanus with annual fructiru'ation, produce stroiii;- t(ia<>ii
dnrahle tindier." 'I'he most valuahle tindier-trces of the f;;eiius are the White Oaks ami the Live Oak
of eastern North .America, tile Kuropcau and .\siatic (Jin riii-< Riihur,'" (Jin rt-ils Liisilnii'ivii -^ of tht^
.Mediterranean liasin, (Jm n ii^ ililiiliiln •' of the northwest Himalayas, (Jiii mis (irijlitlili'"' of Sikkini and
lioutan. and (Jm mis MuiK/nliin ■' of northeastern .\sia. The wood of most of the species makes
excellent fuel, and it is ofttMi manufactured into charcoal. The tannic aciil "' contained in the hark of
Oak-trees makes that of many species valuahle for tanniuijf leather." Ainonj^ the most useful for this
purpose are thi- lluropcan (Jin mis linhnr, (Jm mis Cirris,'- (Jiirmis //i c.-" and (Jm mis Tirji.'' the
eastern .American (Jm mis lulnlnin and (Jm mis J'riiiiis, i\i\i\ the western American (J'H mis ihiisi-
flnrn. The larf^e lle-.hy seeds of some of the species, although slinlillv astriiii;eiit, are eaten hv man.
anil are often n^cil for fattening; Iioms. TIiom' most paiatahle to man are proiluced hv (Jm rms Ih.r,
var. liiillntu, of the Iherian peninsula and northern .Africa, (Jmrriis .h'l/i/o/is " of the Orient. (Jm mis
Eiiinri/i of the soiitiiwestcni I nitid St.ites and northern .Mexico, and (Jii< nils Miilmnxi'i of the south-
eastern I'nited ."states, althou<rh thi' North American Indians used the acorns of many otiier species in
the eastern " and westi'rn •' parts of the country. Cork is the hark of (Jm mis Siihi r '•'■ of the wc>teni
coiuitries of the Mediterranean hasiii, and of (Jm mis mr'nli iilnlis.'^ nw iuhahitant of I'ortun'al. Spain,
anil soiitiiwestern France. Calls caused hy the pnnitures of dilVerent insects a'e produced on tiie
hramhes of mo>t O.ik-treo, and are Mniietiiiies important article-, of <'ommerce. ' From a paia>itic insect
til. It inhaliits the leaves and hranches of (Jm mis iinnfirn"' of the Meclitcrraneaii hasin kermes, a
scarlet dye, is ohtaincd. In the I'liited States a decoction of the h.irk of the yoniiLf hranches of
(Jmi-iiis nihil is used in external medicinal applications :uiil sometimes internally in the trcatnu'Ut of
hemorrha<;;e or (IvNeiitery.''" The hark of ^^"mv-kn h'nlmr is eiiiployed in medicine as an astriiiiient,"'
and the acorns sonu'times supply a tonic and astringent, and a remedv f(U' scrofula.' In China and
.la|ian coarse silk'" is made from the cocoons of |;irva' fed on the leaves of (Jm mis Afmii/iiliiti,
(Jmmis i/,,ilii/n," (Jm mis sirniln.*' and (Jm rms liinnjiiiiiii ; " and in India a wild silk-worm " feeds
on the leaves of (Jm mis iiirniiii'' ol' thi' mulhwcstern Himalaya. From lime immemorial (Jmmis
Riihiir, the symhol of strenj,'th and loni^evity, has heeu venerated. It is the ureat ornament of
Fiiropeau parks,'" and for centuries Ivirupean foresters have devoted their highest skill to producinj;-
the timhor of this tree. In the southeastern I'liitcd States Oaks are lari;ely used to shade citv .streets
and country mansions;'" and the ^'ro\es which surround the temples of southern dapan are ehietlv

4

>//jM (fr xnirni AMi-nucA.

cri'i r.irrit.v.

i'oni|M(si'il ol' llu* t'V»'i'i^rt'('ii (Juii'rns (j/iutfn^^^ (^tu rcns f/r///*/,'' (jmrcnfi tjlain'ii^*' and fjmrrff^ van-

In the liiitt'd Stairs (>iuMciis is iircvcil u)inn liy many insects,'' and is attiudicil l.y ninncrous
iiMiLial iliMMst's. Oidi-trt't's can rasilv i)i' raised I'loni simmK. wliicli must not ln' aihtwnl to Ihcoiu*' dry
lu'lnir tluy arc |il anted, as tliey simmi lose tluir vitality.'* Their Vnv^ stout tap-roots inaki' llie operation
td niovirii;' <>ak-ti'e»"> diilieult. and only \onni; specimens tan Ite successfully transplanted."'

(^uercus, the classical nanu' of the Oak-tree, wan adopted hy I<inua'us, \\ho united in it the (Jt/* rais^
//(.'■ and Sffhu' of Toinneftut."''

^ Till' liiuls in tilt' M'l'tion l.(iii.l(»l>ulnmis arc clustcrol at the rinl
«i|" tin- lii;iiulii-H Hiiil arc Miriii'wiial IiM'-:ui;;l«'tI, r.»v«Tcil witli im-
im'1-oiis I lii'Ntiiiit-lii'iiwii iiifiii)i|-iin:i«-rou-< <>li;;litly ai'crrst-ftii « Mtliit "iih
M-Jili'H ki't-l«'<l oil ilir I'ai-k, I'losfly itulirii'atfil in tivt' ranks, and nl'iiit
iiti'Iotiini; iniiMite Irave^. Tht-r n'lm'MMit innrplutln^ii-ally Htipult-^,
:inil ill f;illiii[; mark tin* IrnM* of llu' l)r:ni(-l) uiili tlu'ir rin^-hki'
>.;ir^. On vi^mumih -Ik'"!-; tho tcrtniiial uml n\iUary InuN arc nftm
airi'ihiiaiiiftl l'\ miniitt' Ijitt-nil ImmN. On Quhtum Ctrnn uf sxiiili-
rrn Kiiri'|M' ami "onu' alli»«i s|M-i'if;» the UuU an- Hurrtnimli'il l-y
linrar-laiiii-i'lati' loH-**ly iniliriiatod or five scalt"* and l«y tlu' |n'r-
(•i'^ti-nt .HtiiMiIi's i.f tin- npiHT Iravt-H ; in i*a.<ianiii tin- I'lnU an-
ti>\i'n'«i witli frwiT cn-it tT -im'a'hnj; fuli.iitMui* sralrt ( llrnry,
.1./. .\iil. i'ur. x\iii. ,%:il. t. |U ; wii. 'XH. t. :i'.'.— Oi>|(Mi, W.hu.ik:
M"l<i. /ni ml. For. Kjxhruh. 1S«m;, :.'(;. f. I [Hofnuj til ICijffUr*ftfHS
S'i'^t'iutittV ; Lithmnuu Ch-m.* Ant. I'n'p.W, f. I).

- Till- lailiil*- is iuil.i')l.inl niar tlir aprx nl" tlu' mciI iMtwiiri
tilt' tit'oliy < i>i\ It-ilorit uilli ilif minute pliiniult- tir ^rouin^ ptiinl
I'rtut 111 tin ir |Mtii'l( > t«>«.ii"l (hf uiidiUf of tlip M-t'tl, tht» radirli'
in the North Anit-ruan Ilhuk Oak» i, .\ in a ffw*if the Wliilc Oak-*
U-iii}; haip-r than thf |M-tiith':( uf the t-iityU'dons, and nhorit-r in
iiHot (if thf Wliiti- Oak-. In priiiiiiatiMti ll.v iHtinlcs uf thi* mlw
K-doiw uilh thf phiimdc li'M^'thcn, {iii<<hiii<; thi- |>luniult' outsidi' tin-
t r.uk) d -nht'll of the iint \«ilhin whirli tlii' i>(it\ K'diin<4 ri'iuam ; and
tritii lM-t\vi>t<ii the ba-i's of iho |>etioli'» thi- |i|tniiiili- di'\tl>>{i-4 mto
tiie aMH-nilin^ axis of th<- phtnt, whii-h m ouvi-n'it in its lowrr ii<Hh««
with niinutr M-iili-s ur riidiinentary hau'S and i.i nourished 1p\ thf
fiHKl fuiitaiiifd in tht> lotxIrdonH, which rut ami disipjH'ar toward
the vm\ of the ti^^t sta-<oii afl<T the ntditde, by attKorhin^' some of
their nutritions niattiT, h:i'> !<• euinf »\\oth'n and eidar^i'd ( Kn^^el-
nianti, 7r.j;..x, .S;. Loms A"i<i. w. I'.tO. — Mar-^haU K. W'anI, Th' (hii,

IS. f. :t, I).

' 'I'he speeie!* of *^ueriii> U.iw \»vn \::r*>ii\ivi\ under the fi»II.iwin^
sei'tioiis : —

I.KlilHPlt.M.AM rt ( KnillielHT. »»Vft. Snppl. iv. pt. ii. 'Jl. ~ A. do
(andulle, .irc^. Sri. t'fii/.*. ft S*it. ilf '»>»nty, iiunv in'r. xv, IN}. — *i.
Kinj;, Ann. lint, liurd. Ciilculta^ ii. 'Jl [lu'I'^-.yfitiii'jiiri S/fits <7
ii<umts ouil t '^l.•'l^trn,f,ili^ — [See. Iluhiir. Cirroidi's. Krythrohalanos,
(Vrri:*, iMiHifera, .sul.i-r. CiHTtfera, Spat h, I/i^i. IVy. \i. \\A. —
S-e. K-enhts and IIi-x, (ia\, .!'.».. .^.-i. .\.,!. >vr I. \ i. 'j:;!*. 'Jliij).
Staitiinate llowt-rs t<u ^h-iultr penduli>ii> tliistert-d ainentrt from
x-parate or leafy huds in the axiU of lenves of the proviiaiN )ear
or from the iixil^ of the inner nealt-H of teruiiiial hud-* and at iht*
ha*e of shmrtM (if the \earor from the axils t.f h-ave* of the >eai-,
the Ihtwers Kolitary in the axiU of hineeotale eailneoiiH Itnietn, or
i-hraeteatu ; eiilyx usually irrei;nlatly divided ; stameiiH from two to
ten ; anthers glabrous nr rarely pilose. I'istilhile tloueri in ahlire-
xial.d Ml ilon^ated few-ltowered spikes from the axils of lenvev of
ihr \tar ; st_\les from thn-e tu Hve, usually live, abbreviated, short
and t-rcit, or loiij;, |mtuluiis ur rt'eurved. Involucn* of the frii.t
op)'ii at the iiHMitli, eovered willi imbricated scales fn*e at the a|H-x ;
iiiaturation of the fruit annual or biennial; abortive ovules basal,

apii-nl. or rarely latenil. Leavrtt lobed, spineseeiit or entire. Ily
r.n;;«-lniann (Tnin^. Si. [.oiiLi Arii<l. iii. ,'l.Sl ) the North AnieriiMU
speeus t.f I,tpiduli;ilainn are ^Toiipid iu two snbseetiipn.H : I iei»-
balanus, the While 0;iks, with sessile or subse-^^ile <iti|;nia<<, annual
or randy biennial mntunition of the fruit, has.d or rardy lateral
iilH>rtivi> i>MileH, anil ii j;;hibrons or rarely pulN"*eenl inni-r •«ur-
faee of tlie [K-tiearp ; and Melaiiobahuius the Ulaek Oak-t. with
eli>n<.;ati'd >t\!es, annual or bii-nnial matunition of the fruit, supr-
rior aUirtixe ovules, and a loiiientote inner surfaee of the pertearp.
To LepididiahiniH hrlonj;, with out- exception, all the spvcii's of
.Vineriea, Kumpe. and westiTii \m,\, iiio*>t of tin- llimahixau ><pe-
eies anil tlioni' of nurtheni China, Manehuria, and northern .lapan.
or about two thinis of all tl are known.

Cvci.oit,M,ANoi>m ( l^-nth.iui \ lIiM»kir. '.»».. iii. llW. - (J. Kiiij;,
/. 1. I'S) Aments uf iho Mtaininale and pi-tillate Howrm of j.fpi-
ilobahuniTi. Seah"* of the fruitiiijj involucre untlrd in eoneiiitru'
li.niiihe or /oix-.s with crtMiulate or ilentate margins ; uIkjiIim-
ttvules ^u|M•rior. la-aves ii-sually dentate, randy hd»ed or entire.
Inhabitants uf India. Malaya, southern (liina, and dapnn.

r.\s.\.NlA (Mi.pnl, /v. .\"i /'../. iUtl. i. pt. i. KlH. — A. lie (an-
dulle. /. r. <t7. — (i. Kintf. /. c.aTI Andn.^'V"'. A. de t'andolle. /. r.j).
.stiTile Hpikes en>et, siniplu or panu led from the axils iif leaven of
the year or of the previous yrar. the tbiwers in two to the-llowen-d
lyiiies ; stamens nsmilly twiee a^ many as the luU-s uf tliu calyx ;
ovary ludiiiienlary. I'lslillate llowt-rs on nhuit peduneulate he]tn*
nite axill.try spikes or at the base of the stainiimte spikes ; styles
terete, enrct and abbreviateil or ehm^ited, Mti^malie ut the ii|iox
only; utamiiiudia or aUirtive Htameiis ns many aa ami opp>t!tite iho
calyx-lobe*. Fruit solitary or in threes, the involiicnu cu|»>sha)i«-tl,
sauei ^liapeil, or discoid, their bnuts iiubricute, free or united by
the bases tally ; altortive ovuIch superior. Leaves entire or spiiume.
Inhabitants of Imlia, Malaya, soutlurn China, and A cpaii, and of
I'aeilik- North .\nierica. win-re a sirij^le s|H'cies iH-eiir-i.

Cv< luhAi.A.M H (Kiidlieher, /. r. lirt. — A. do Candolle, /, < . — Ii.
Kin;;. /. .-. .VJ [^tiyn.lecana, Itluine, Afun. lint. Lwj'l. Hat. i. 'JW]).
IntlorcMi-ni-t and tlowirs of I'asania. s des of the invobieru
united intit euneentrie lainiim* or zones witii i-ieiitilate or dentate
tiiiir^'iiis ; aintrtive ovules sujiorior. Ia-av< '^ intire. Inhabitants
of Malawi and southern China.

Ciil.A-MVlHUiAt.ANt rt (Kndlu'Iicr, /, c "JS. ~ A. d.' Ciindolle, /. c. —
(i. Kinjf, /. r. "*> [Castancopsis, Itluiiie, /. r. 'J.Hrt. - Iliit teis(H'ar{K>n,
Miijiiel, .IfOi. Mu.i. l.Hijii. lUil. i. lllij). Spiki's erect ; (lowers and
leaves of Pasauia. Fruiting invidueres ovoid or globose, inarked
externally with concontrie Ziaic-, or tubemilate with the thickened
points of the scales, elosed, or ran-ly o|teu at the a]H>x only, and
envt loping' but nut attached to the nut oxcept :a the base, didiiseent
at maturity ; abortive ovules >ii[>erior. Inhalutants of liulia, .Ma-
laya, China, and Japan.

LirmM'Aiii'i'H (Mi(|uel, I. r. — A. ile Caiidulle. I*r>f}r. x\\. pt. ii.
lOl. it. Kinjf, /. e. HI ), -Spikes en-i'l ; staniinate tlovver", wtvlcs
and leaves of I'asuniu. Fruiting involiures large, thick, and wuikIv,

till
whi
bn<

die

Kiv

hav.

I i.iriiu.v.

'coiiu' dry
ojtrratioii

fiitin*. Hy
ili AiiiiTU'im
iiiDS : 1 !*■»►-
^iiiat, iuiniml
run-ly IjUi-iuI
tt iiiiirr -tiir-
k 0;ikH. Willi
\v I'riiil, siipi'-

til,' pirit'iU'ii.

lu- spi-CH"* vi
Ii)iila\:tll ^IH'-

>|||kIII .flt|Mlll.

Irt. — (i. Kmj;,
wi'Hi of Lrjii-

iii ctMirrntrii'
m-i ; ulHiiti\r
Ik'iI or cntin'.
|»nn.

- A. tir I'liii-
iXUiU'WvJ.i:]).

lU uf ll'ftVl'.H of

(I tlvo-ttowinMl
i the vn\\\ ;

iiinulilt*' ^^^^il-
•.plki-H ; stvl»'!4
1- ut tUo apex
\ opp-inltf t!io
VH i-u|>-hIhh»«mI,
I' ur uiiiti'il I'V
tint or ApiiuHte.
.1 tjiaii, ami of

luiio, /.*■-"(;.

. Hat. i. 'JlHtj).

l!»' in\«»lufn'

!utt' »ir titril.ilo

Inluihitiiiits

'iiiulolU', I.e. —
Kii,lt'U(H'iir|>oii.

ft ; llitWlTA 1111(1

jiiilitiHo. inarlvi'*)
li the tlii.-kciiril
iijH'K only, ;iii(l
liaM', (ii-liiftt'cMt
« uf liiiltit, Ma-

rflr. xvi. |it. ii.
' tloWiT^, Ht^l"**
lli(k,UIKl W(MmI_\ .

ccri'Mi'MM:.

SILl'A OF XORTll AMERICA.

■a

'9

tivoiil or snlt|;!olioM', loiuTiiliicall.v or oMii|ihly /unol, or r.liinato
liy llii* |iroiniiu'iit ri;;i(l piMiits of llic scalts, iloM.t or lurily itpni
at tin- aprx h\ ii cin-imisii^ilo litu', ciivelopiii;; ami iiion- or \v■<^
nilnatf to tin- mil, imli-luM-i t ; pi'i-ii'iir|i llii»k ami Ihiiiv or ;,'tami-
lato ; aliorlivo oviiIi-h siipi-riitr. Inlialataiits of A^saiii ami Malava.

* A ill- Candi.Ik-, /V.«/r. wi. pt. li. 'J. — Wm/in, Juhrh. Hut.
(,'iirt. lUiitii, iji. 17.'i ; iv. IT'.*.

* Sk-c, AuttH'ivit: S'li- lii. *J7<i. — Hiimliolilt &. lloiiplaiKl, /V.
J-^'juiu. ii. 'Jl. — llimilMtlill, il<iiipliui(l & Kuiitli, X<n\ ii.u. -t Sf,,,;
li. t». — Kiintli, Sijn. i'l. JC'/'iin. i. Xni. — SfliU'iliti'ihlal A; Clia-
iiiisHo, linmrOt v. 77. — lUiilliaiii, /'/. Jinrtwt;/. .Vi. — Ijilmiaiiir.
Orrr-tiftt I>w>d: VlileunH: S'i4: /-Vir/MU*'//. IH.M. i:,!). — M.rtriH .^
(ial.-ntti, /."'///. .I'W. linir. \. -JOH. — Scetiiami, i>''t. V»i,. U.ntUl,
'XVl. — UrMrtl, i.iffniiiiiin ('ff'tus Am. Trnp. — IWm^h'V, /int. Itiol.
Am. Crnt. iii. 1)MJ.

« Uliiim-, \'>rfi'iu'I. Hafar, t,,,„H.t. is. -(Kl {Jnr,vi„s>h- Eihu);
liij'ir. Fl. AV,/. /.»/. .'il7; .M>h. Hot. I.u»rl. lUit. i. 'JS*!. — Hluine
& FisclitT. J'L.hir. i. Tp. — Korlhal-t, Vn-htwl. Xnt. (n.irhu.l. Hot.
LMIt. — Mi.picl, /v. In.t. H.il. i. pt. i. Hll ; A„u. .)tn<. A'/y/. /;'//. i.
lOti. — Oiiili'inaiis, \'tr/iiiiul. h'"ii. .Hl'oI. .[iiishi-'l<ini, xt. I (.l/i/i"-
ItUiitiifi I'ritinr in ('tipulit'rrtu nnimullin .fitvuhirm).

' Itlaiico, ri. F'tlifi. 7-0 ; t'll. \\ iv. pt. ii. liU7. — I.a'^ima, .\puii,''<
sohn HI li'Jilr lit- HI hlt.nt ilf Filii'tmn.

" Koiin'iro, Fl. Cin-hin. r»7t. — AIm-I, XttrnitiiT nf <( Jounn i/ m
Iht /iilTior itf' C/ii'iit, U'h't, lUh't. — rarriitluTs, Jour. Linn. S>-'. \i.
;il. — llam-i'. Ann. >Vi. Snt. mT. I, xviii. "J'J'.I ; Jour. H->t. xii. L'lO. —
Iti-iitliain, /■'/. f/ontfi. MW.— VnrbvH,Jn>,r. Hot. xxii. SO, — Kra.ulnt.
\ofir. Arrh. .l/ri.*. -IT. 2, V. •J7*J {HI. Hnrui. i.).

* ThuiiU'ri,'. Fl. Jof>. 17."i. — Siflnihl wt '/.nrvntmu A''f,„n,l. Ai'ul.
Miiiirh. iv. U-o. — KraiK'liet & Suvatirr, Kunm. I'l. ./"/». i. 11'*.

" Vr. Sfliniidt, J/.7/I. AciiiH Set. St. P'ttrsfHrnr-j, xii. No. J. 171
{Ht,.<fit in .linur'I.auilf).

" Miixii.iowif/, .!/.»). Ani'i. Sri. St. H< ti nhnnrtj, ix. LM! (Hrun.
Fl. Amur).

'•^ Itniiitlis Fort it FL lint. Intl. 177. — Kiirz, Forf:^t FL Hnt.
Hurm. ii. |S'_'. - Iloukrr f. FL llrit. Itut. v. (MM). — (J. Kiii^', .[mi.
liof. (itxrd. <'iilmttii, ii. 17 ( I'lil'^-Mitltii/'tn Xywi(».t of' (^'i»n'u.< >in'l
t'<iitfiriiif}Ai)f).

'■' KfH'h, f.inuiru, xxii. 317. — Kotsi'Iiy, /'if Ftrhftt Furopti'* uu-i
,l,t Hrx'-utA. — liiiiH-ifr, Fl. Orunt. iv. lUYX

»* WVbl', l!'r Iltif^ni. 10. - ParUton-. Fl. iKtl. iv. 17.".. — Will-
kuiuiu & l.aii)^!', Fnttir, FL Huifniu, i. \i'M. — l^ij^inui, Conif'irii.H >j
Amentftveti-i F.*fMifioliti, 2*^ ; FL Furrstnl Exfaihtila, i. '-'U. — Wovii^
Ctimimui. FL Fnrfslitle Itnl'uvm, 117. — (-'outiiih<t, /.W. S'f. Hmt. vi.
47 (On Qiterfu.t th portuift!).

'^ .\ imtiibrr of Oak-trt't'H aro known m N'orlli Anu'riva whoso
rlianutrrs, iiit»'rini"liati' iK'twctMi tlioif ul n iMj;iii/.i'il npi-cii-s asso-
I'tali'tl with tliiMii, iiiakr it pi-oliaMi* that Ihry art> natural li\l>nil'«.
riic rarity of thi-si- tn-fs, wliu-h an* alwayn fouml j;rowiiij; witli
iutliviiliialH of iho -tpfficH from wliii-li tht'v aro supposed to In.-
ilrriviMl, thi» variations iiithi* li-avrs oii tmo tn-r ami oftt-n oii t»ni'
hraiu'lt, ami tlivir iippamit iit.iliiliry to spri*atl in tlio forest, support
tlu* theory of ihi'ii- hvhriil orij^in. I'lit' foliap* ami frnit of Homr
(if the bt>:«t known unit most n'markalilo of tlu'M* tn>rH arc tl^urrd
in this vohimr. Tho uuniU>r ami varifly of such natural liyhruU
in tho Unitcil Status art- proltalily much Ki^atrr than is piu rally
Mupposi'd ; and wluTt-vi-r Oak-trct'S of si'vrral spfriri aliound, and
tho pi'culiariliis of individual troos aro i*an*fuily .stmtivd, forms

which (

hritli/in;; an* found. They appr.ir to ho most ahumlant in tlu

nly l»o accounti'd for hy llio hyp^)th^■^is uf natural hv- spocios oxi>t. Sumo

Olio roo)ij;ni/.''d liylirid lia.nyot Iieon discovcrod.aUhoujfh in suuthirn
(.'alifornia individual plant.s oxi^t wliicli may liavu houn pruduood
hy tho crossing of U'urcH Ifou'j!ii.<ii with U'iirru.i tliimiHii. Too
httlo, iiuwuvor, is known of tiio inmimorahlo forms which plants of
tlio.si Mpoi-ios assiinio to mako pO".-.ii)h' any con!-lii>ioiis nii this snlc
joo*. American Jiyluid Oaks appear to ho all derived from tho
cr.i.vHin^ <if species of tho suno :icelion of tho <;omis hcpidolialanns ;
■.nd thoro aro no imlioations that species with annual-maturing
frnit orosH with llio.so whose acorns ripen in the second year (Kn-
^'olmann, Trwm. St. Lotiii Acuii. iii. y'J7).

In addition to tho supposed liyhrldsof (luerni.<i CerriM which orip-
nateil in Kn;;lanil anion;^ cultivated trees, several hyhrids hctwceii
closely related species, like (I'ltrru.i Huhur and QHirru.^ Ln-iltumca
with ilociduiiiis leaves, and between llu> nun Hfx and tiuercn.* Snfiei'
with piTsi->toiit liMve-*, have Im-oii noticed in southorn Miiropo, espe-
cially in Spain and l'ortii<;al, where iho j^enus is an important com*
mei-eial element of tho fi>rost,and in reeont years has been careluily
studied. (See Krotcro, /•'/. LufUivi. ii. I»l. — Saporta, < 'omjit. lUmH
Ixxxiv. - {'>. — Itarros (Jomes, ( 'uHilnnea ForestneA */<• Porliiyal, (iO. —
Lat;unii, AVe. ile Moutt.t^ IKHl, 477 ( r'» Mmto Itniinun if Vtirion
Mf.ttm FffHthoU .i) ; Fl. Fon:itnl F.i/Miiioln, i. *^7'2. — l!or/(, /. c. 1 10.
— Coiitinho, /. r. lOl. — Doheaiix, /■'/. 'le I'l Ktihy-'i*; iht IfJ-ir'lJ'ini,
:VSX)

'' In the decidnoiis-loaved fHri--.ts of oa-.tiTn America, which,
except in the extreme north, aro lari;oly oomposed of ditVorcnt
Oak-tree?., their nnmlM-rs aro increasing and they aro gradually
usurping tho places formerly ocenpied hy other trees. The vitaiit)'
of the t *ak anil its ability to produce year after year shoots from
tho stump oiiablo it to snrvivi* tho ctVects of tire, which nsually
di'otroys other treo4, but oidy checks and does not kill tlm Oak.
It<> ^oo(U gorniinating under tho shade of tho coniferous forest
produce plants which, kept alivi' by a few small leaves and de-
veloping powerful roots, spring up into vii^onms growth as soon
as Iho forest that has dwarfed them i.s cut away, and take posses-
sion of till' ground to the exclusion of tho spi-cics that covered it
Wforo. riio Oak thus replaces the t'ino, ami contirnally as tho
forests of eastern America aro burnt extends its sway. Forests uf
Oak, too, have recently spread over regions in tho "'asin (tf the
Mississippi where prairies existed before tho white man oliockeil
the Indian t'lrrs which year aft«'r year had swept them bare of
trees. Tho Oak forests of the middle ami southern states, although
increasing in area, arc deteriorating, however, in oumposiiii)n, tho
White Oaks lieiiig gradually overpowered by the loss valuable
lilack Oaks, whoso hitter acorns are left to gemiinato by tho hogs
which pasture in the forest and devour the sweet acurns of tho
White laks.

'" Saporta, Oritjine PaUo'ilolo'ji'iHi' ilr.i Arf'rts, l."iO. — Zittel,
IHnull.. Faliroutoloif. ii. 4;W.

'' I.esi|uert ux, /iV/i. V. S. O'colntj. .S'-in*. vii. 117 ; \iii. 'J'J I (<*(m-
Infi. Fossil FL 11*. '/Vrn'forhs, ii., iii.) ; Mem Mu.<. Comp. Ho-'L \i.
pt. ii. 1 {Fi.i.iil J*!nnt.i of the Aurihrou.< (r'nii'tl Drpoaits of' thv Surra

XtVtl-l,l).

*'■• Of the eighty of ninety ..peties uf t^iuervus that have l>cen
described in Ituoks devoted to the lloms of Mexico and tropical
.\meriea, little is known rogarding their economic properties and
\alno, and comparatively little of their specitlc characters ami geo-
graphical distribution. Little is known economically, t<K>, of the
noble Oaks of Malaya, or of those of riiina. where at least thirty

d' the

large and valuable trees, supply-

id-

ubor fu

■oiistruction, am

1 ta

material, or sn

nbsta

die and southern .\tlantic state

id in till

allc

of the Missi.ssippi

Ki

nployed in tho I'liineso Materia Medica. ( For an early account

although this may Ur duo to the fact that giiod nhsr

lavo happenetl to live in thcsi- n

gioii..

p..
In the I'aeilio foresi

uf the Oak-treeti uf (.'hin

J/o

ur leM Chinoiit,

. 48-1.)

■•-»••. ^tji—i.— <«t--

A

siLVA ar xourii amkiuca.

cvvvx.wvM.y..

'* Liiin.'iMis. >'/»(('. IMXt (ITMtV — A. dr CumloU)'. /V.w/r. ivi. pt.
ii. I.

l^mrnut lit-fntr, wl.wh oufv fnitiu'd Iiiri:*' forests in i-t<iilr»l iuhI
iHiniirrii Kurt>|tt>, is ^'cncrillv distribiitcil fniin tliL' t luirca of tlio
Ail;inti(* ( VtMii to A<<iii Minor lunl tlio triinM-('anc:iAiiin provincofl
ot' wcsirrn Asiii. luiil fmni tlio»t' of tlio MtMlit<>rr;intMin to Snimli-
iitviii iinii iiortlii'rii Itii.ssin.

'I'ho r;u'('s nr siib-iiu'i'les ( i>i i!nnruliilii uiul sr.ssiiijltini) with riuiiiy
li:itiir:il anil [Ufiili'iitid fnroi-< an' (listin);iii>In-il.

Qii4 rriLt fitdnui'ulttht ( Khrliiirt. It-ttr. v. KU) {iimrcux linhitr pf-
duuautita, Smith, Emjltsh liitt. xix. t. I.'H'J. — Ui-ulifnliai-li. Ir»n.
FL fitntutn. xii. H. t. I'dS. — Harti^'. F»rst. Culturi>/I. Ihulsrh. Ut*X
t. I'J. — Kotscliv, Ihr Eihin KuriifHi's wul */».« ifrttuts, t. -7. —
H.M->-.ior. Fi. Oru'il. iv. UtlM) is (liHtiiipiislird by its ovimi h-af-
l)iid-4, ojioi't potioh's, itnd oloiifriitt'd fmit-stulka. rMiinlly found i>ii
allu\ial plain-*, it often forms nearly pure forests in the vallevs of
i-eniral Kurope.

{^utrnis Hffittitjiitrn (Salisluiry, /Vi<'/r. ;il»'J. - Smith, /. ('. I. VM'k —
Iteieheidiaeh, /. c. 7, t. <UI. — llartij,'. /. .-. t. 1 1. — Hoi-'nitr, /. r.
llttl. — Ilempel iV Willulm, Vxiumr uwi Siruwhfr. t. '-"J, 'S.\) is
iliitlin^uishetl hy iln ovoid laneeolate leaf-luMls. loii);er pt>tioli'*i, and
.•»hi'rt-stalked nr se-^sile fruit Widely di>lrdinti'il throU|,'li Kuro|M>
and western Asia, tliis form i-* iisnally aeeonipanjeil h\ the Heeeh
and the Ilornheani on lirokeii, l.i!]y, or mountainous j^rouud.

-1 Kainarek. /'< r. i. 711' ( 17>:i). — Hmtero, Ft. Ln.*iUiu, \\.'X\. —
\\ rl.h, l:<r Hi^fii'i. 11. UoiHsier, Votjafju ii. "i"-'! ; Fl. ihirt,!.
n UlUJ. — A. de Cand..;)... Fn-lr. I. r. 17. — Wdlk-uun A \Mug*\
I'ro-fr. Fl. fli^jHiu. i. \iU). — l^ij^Mina, Fi. Fonstal Fi>/Hi)\itia, i. tillTi,

I. ;t-', x\, f. I, .*i. -- toiitinhi*. /;..;. >.►.-. /.>«.•. u. tu; ^n^ Qurrri$.* d,

Furluiffi!).

(^•(/p'li.* Lu<i:ixui'^i IS wididy liistrihnted in num^n,n^ arltoreseeni
and shruhhy forms thmii^li the eouiitries Imrth-rinj; the Me<tit«r-
rmean. < M' the thn-e sidisiM-eie* in which the \arietit'<i of this
polunorphous s|.«'eieH are ^rou|H>d liy A. de Candolle, llio inont
important us a titnln'r-tn-e is the Algerian Zi*en (■»ul)^|M'tii'* lUrtu^t
a Mirf-f'i'i [i^itrrt'iis ,\/(W«riiy, l>nrieu, hu<hirt'r Ii,v. Hot. ii. |*J«'»
[I8l*i]— Trabut./i'T. (,fu. lU'l.w. l.t. 1 ;i;i. 'Ihi^ nohle Ine, whieh
sometimes ^ruw<4 to the heii^ht of one huiiiln'il feet uith a trunk t!iret<
feet in diameter, i^ a native of southern Spain, wlu'rt* it iit run* and
lih-al, and of Algeria ami Tnnii. ulien- it grow<« in the liuntid littoral
n-;;ion ahil on the hi^h mtiimtain^ of the interior, wliiili it aneeiids
to hi<;'n elevations. Uetpiirm^ a ei»niparati\e1y moi.<<t sod, it hideett
deep r.i%iiies o|M*tiin^ toMard the north and ran !y appear* on south-
ern h1"|m's at elevations Ulow twenty-hve huiidn-d feet alHi\e the
le\el of tJH- m>a, f^rowin;; often in delist* forests with neattered
C'hestnnU, Cork t^ik^. and C'edarH. The wimmI of the .Marian
/t^eii. vvliieh is one of the largest ami most vuliiablu trees of mtrth-
ern Africa, is heavy, ban), fttroiig, elow-grnineij, and wry diimble,
althonj^b itiflieutt to season. It is used in eunstruetion and f^ir rail*
road ties and makes excellent fuel ami diariMutl, while the bark is
valued for taimiii}; lealiier. (S-e Uenoii, Annaltf Fttrfftum, \. I'J'J
(/■'>»'< '/'■ /' I/'/' riV ). — I^'^raiid, .Vorjr. .Iio*. fir In Murine tt ilrt
(\iliiuu*, IS.'»I [.1/t/M. fur /'.« /itrhrfsfn F>tre.*ti,rr» tie tWli/Ttr, I."*,
■|*.(]. — Matliieii. Florr F"rntii n , t'd. 2, '1'A^. — ('<)s»on, Anntnure tie
in Suiitli Itiifu'hul tlf iWrriiiiuUntiiiu, XHiVA, -iW, — Livet, /,« Tuniftr
ge% Ftiui ft itrn F'-rfU^ \'l\. — Itinney, Fi'-rtl<i i/r Ai Tiiut»ti-, 07.)

KxeeedinKly ninbmge<Mis. the 7^fU i.t roe<intmended as an orna-
mental tree for tpm|M'ratu rt^gionti with dry eliinale<t, liud, as it
ujH'n.'i its btnis in the winter or very early fpnn^, it has lH>eii su^-
pested as a fi>ofl-plant. in southern Kuro|M', for the ( >ak-feeilin^
Mik-worniit of ex^teni Asia, which hatch before the iinltp-uous Oak-
trees develop thi'ir leaves (Naudin, Matturl ile IWrrlimntfir, l.'iM).

^J A. de CandoUe, / .. (1 (IHiil). -■ Uoyle. ///. t. 81, f. 2. -

Mrandis, Fi>tr.-<f Fl. Urit. tml. IS'J. — Hooker f. FI. lirll. Iwt.y.
tHh!.—!;. Kinjj, .\mt. Hot. fiartl. ('alrutta, 'A t. 1.%, f. 1-7 (/w/fv
.1/(i/ii//iifi Sfirrim I'f Qturcus and Cfrttftun/Kus).

This is a j;rep»rions snlH'verj;n'en tree distributed over the nortb-
weslern Himalayas from Kunniou to Cashmere, soinetinieH iiseend-
inj; to elovntionrt of ten tlionsand feet above the Hen-U'vel.and often
forininj; nearly pure fon'-sts of cmislderable extent. The uotxl in
dark-t>i>lon-il, hard, heavy, and very ilniiible, and in liir>^'lv u^'d in
con.ttruclion and for a^iicnltnral iniplenienl'« and axe-handles. Tlio
leaves an' \alued as fodder for sheep and ^oats (tiamble, Man.
Imiinn 'I'ltnhtrs, ',\I\\).

-» A. de (andolh-. /. c. II ( IH(VI). — Mi:piel. ,ln«. Mn.^. Luijd,
H<if. i. Un. — H.mker f. /. c. V>ir2. — <;. Kin^', /. r. 'Jl, t. IH.

' Qurrruf ulinta, Itlnme. Mu.^. Hot. lutjd. Hat. i. ITOH {\SrA)) —

.Mi.picl, /, c. — A. de C'andolb'. /. < . II. — lliuiee. Jour. li>tf. xiii.

;H'»1. '" Franchet & Suvatier, Euum. VI. Jap. x. \\Tt. — <i. Kinf;,

/. .-. ZX

ii'itrrun tinjfilfiit is a larp' decidnons-Ieaveil tree which pn>diieefi
woikI that resembles that of the Kuropean i^'urrun Ilnhur, uiu\ is
i.iore valuable than that of the other <hik-(reeH 4if the eastern
Hnnalayas (tianible, /. r. ;IM|).

s* Ledibour. Fl. /.'.'**. ill. pi. ii. r>H*> (ISp.t.)- run/aniiiow. Fl.
r.iitroltu.^i'Ittihunra. u. pi. i. l;Mi. - Itupn-cbt \ Maxiinowicz, Hull.
/•'../«. Math. Ara-l Sri. St. F, trrMf>^mr;f. x\.\M (.1///. HkJ.u. Ilili). —
Uiipncht & Maack. Hull. J'hy*. Math. .\>wl. Sri. St. I'llenfiturg,
XV, :\'X — Miiximowiri:, M"n. .{rati. Sn. St. /'itrr»lHfirij, ix. "11.
{I'rim. t-l. Amur.), ^\U'g\-\, M-m. Ariul. Srt. .St. /^hrfhturt;, iv.
\'M)(TfHt. Fl. Fsfur.). ~ A. de Candolle, /. r. Vr. Shiniilt. .U. ;«.
Attul.Srt. St. I'tltrffHiiinj, xii. No. 'J, 171 (AVm* ri in Amur-I.audr). —
llenler, Art. Hurt. Fttrop. x'l. ;Um (/'/. /tW</ ) — Kor«hm.sky, .1(7.

ll.irt. l\lr.>fK xii. ass {/•/ Amur )

Qurrru.* Hohur, ralliis. Fl. ll>>n.*.\\. W (in part) (I7HH).

i^utrru-* fruilijlora, vnr. .l/f/Nf/o/irn, Kraiichet, .V-ije InA. .Mia.

(M<r. 'J, \. '2TA {HI. Ihintl. i.) (IKS-J).

This tn-e, the eastern .\siatie repn-S(Milati%e of iiurm.* //o'-ir,
is the eotnnioii Oak of eit^tern SdM-ria, and of Manchuria where
It fornu vast foreHl> in the \atle\ of the Amour Kiver ami in
northern China. It i<> common ou ."^a^hatia and in tdif^htly miMlitb-d
forms (t^iicn'tw tTutfiuh, lUume [/. e.], and Qutrru* t/rfKUtur.iita,
illume [/. c. 'JlHij) eou'-titutea a larjje pmptutiou of the deeiduons-
h ii\ed foreslH nf Ye/o, where it ^rows to a lar^e niiv and pn»-
duces timUr of lirst-nite (|uality. Hy rraiichel the .Muu^otiaii
Oak has Ih-cu considered a ^coKraphical variety of the l-!iiro|Miui
Qutrtu.f Ho^iur. (J. Kin^ </. r ) has Mi;;j;i'(*tcd il-* specilic identity
with tlie Indian iiurrrut tirij/ilhii on one band, ami with the two
White Oaks of Yezo on the other ; and tins view, in mo far n-s it
concents Qutrcn* i;nuLfr.srrntta. i» Hubtttaiitiated by tho utucrvations
of MiyalH* ( Mtm /mm/. S>h'. .\at. Ititt. iv. li.%t» [Fl. Kuriir Inlamh]).

•^ *ierUT. .IrcAic. dir Fharrn. xxxviii. '*Tl {Atuilynf Jrr EichrU'
rtuJf); M-T. 'J, xxiv. Iti7 {t'rbrrilan Qurrrin mlrr tlm Ert/ntalUnLwhrti
Stiijf tier Euheuniult ). — |-A'kert, Wfrtrtjiihrnsrhn/i fur Prat.
Phann. xiii 4'.>1 {t'ttlTiiurhunff uher iltf Huftamllftrui lUr Firfif't-
riutlr). ~ Wiesner, Ih, Hohtoffr dti Ffianzfurtuh*^, ISO. — llnhm t,
Ihr (irrf'triintftt, ,V.>. — PnH'ler, Tut Html; nf I'anuiiti/.'tW. — Ilenr\,
Aim. Sri. .It/rofMrfHi'/'ir Fniu<at*r rt Etruntj-ir, i. IWiS {Ili/ntrtition liu
7'auiti iinu» In Ihtrrtt • H' */io»n iltt Hois dr ( 'htur ). — Tr'nibh*, I'hr
T*l>oun$, ii. \\.

'^'' In North .Vmerioa no attempLa have U'eii made to raise Oak*
wooiU for the sake of tan-bark, and trees gn)win)r f-ptHitaneonsIy in
the forests Iiave iH'cn ndied npoit to furnish the nak-bnrk nsetl lit
the Ciiited .^^tatcH in the preparation of leather ; but in l-'ranec,
^iermaiiy, .\untria, and other l!uni|H'aii countries the ppxliietion of
oak-bark from plantations created for the purpose is an important

ll'n.lKKli.K.

CDPlXIFEnA:.

f<IL\'A OF XUlirn AMEltlCA.

'. lirll. Iwi. V.

, f. J-7 (/M//.K
OVtT till' IHirlll-

('(iini'H uscrmi-

Irvi'l.aiHl oflfM

TIm' '•mhmI in

liirp'U I'-'t'ii ill

.-lliUhllrH. Till'
'(iiunhli', Mnti.

in, .W'M. I.utf<{.
. t. IM.

'j'W (!sr.(») —

Jour. lioi. xiii.
l-».V-(;. KiuK,

wliicli jirntliuM'!*
4 llohur, uikI ia
<»f I lie niatoni

"iiri'/iiniiinw, /•'/.

/;,W. ii. i:vj).—

.S7. f'trrnhourif,
■gfmun;, ix. -U.
V,t*r.*i^»irfj, iv.
. S-liiniilt, .U< HI.
-|rMi*r-/,(ir«/f ). —
korKhiiiiikVi .I''-

;17HH).

^'<mt', \rrh. \fta.

liiiM'huriii whrrt*

ir Ulvi-r mill in

OiKl'ltv iiiikIiIWiI

t'uji t/ntMitrr.iitu,

f tlio UfciiludUH-

gc niio niul pn*-

t tlir M*)iip)Uaii

f tilt* KurniM'iui

»|Miili.- iilt'iitity

kiiil willi t)i(> two

w. Ill HO fur US it

ihf ulMrrvutiiiiit

Kurilf Iflfitulu] ).

llifur dtr EichrU'

■n Krf/MttiUtnitrhrti

srhn/l fur Pnii.

ihriti lirr Iufhf>f

r. ISO.— IIiilllli'l.

HM./.;W. - Il.nn,

) rriinl"l»', Thr

itil«' Ut riiii^r Oiik-
f spoiitiuii'tttjiily ill
ituk-lmrk nw*\ iii
r ; but in Knuii'i',
I tilt' priHlui-tinit of
)M> in lu) iiiipnrtiiiil

iiHliiittry am) 1ms lircii prnoticcnl for ci'iiturifs. Tlif Imrk in lirlirvi'il
to l)i> iiiu.st rich ill tlu* H.Htriiifri>iit |iriiii-iplo wtu'ii ImrvcHtiMl in Mny
mill •liitit', lUHJ II w.ii'iM cliitiutf or a sciutiifi-ii cxpiiHiirt' is fniiKitlrrtMl
iiio.st fjivnriiMf to its pi'oiliu'lidii. 'riii* l»:ti'k in nsnallv ^atlu-i't-d frniii
Haplin^;'* fniiii tv'riity to tliirly yrars iil<l, or hi-furc tln-y liavr ih-vcl-
opr<i tlir corky layer of outer hark, whii-li is iisili'ss ior tanni:i^ piir-
post's. In liarvi'.Htin^ (In- hark tlir tit'i-s arc nit, tli<< plaiitiitiniiH <>r
t'oppii'i' wnuil-i n-nrwin;; tliciiisclvrs several tiines hy tlie vij^'oroiis
hlionls wliirh .spring Iroin tlie .slanips of all Oak-tn'es. (Sie |*i<r-
miilt, /If V hritriU'jv ilu Cfuti^^ */*• in /'nMtnrliim ? t t!e Ui < 'niismtttuntiim
tits lu-nrtrs a Tuu tn Ffivur. — Xt'iiltriiitij, Die fifrhriti'/r.)

'■" l.iiiniiMis, Sjter. lt*J7 (IT.hl). — Ainimtu Oufmrmf, \il. ISl', i.
fi7. — Watson. Oiwlr. Ilrit. ii. !H', t. 1»*J.— Iteielu-nliaeh. /...,<. /7.
Chrimm. x\\. i». t. (I'lO. — Ilartijf, I'ontt. Culturnff. IhiJsrh. .'i7S, t.
11. — A. .le Can-Iolle. Pm.!,: x\i. pt. ii. tl. - Pailatnre, 11. lud.
iv. 1K.V -- ItnissiiT, /•'/. thi.Ht. \\. 1170. Willkotnm A; Lari^'e,
/Vm/r. Fl. //is/mn. \. 'JM. — l.a^'iina, /•'/. I'nntt'ft i:<iinnnln, -JtW.
Q'urrnH Esmliis, l,iiiiiaMi-4, Mnuf. I'.Ml (1771).
(iiurftti* v/i'/iV(tyw, Seitpoli, /-v. ('iir». e»l. L', ii. 'J II (not l.iiiiiieni)

(177:*).
(Jill rru.M rnititii, l.ani.irek. Ihit. \. 71^ {I'^'.i). — i)\\\UT,{'ii>/tiffts,

Alias, p. vi.
Qurrru.i T'luruf/nrtn, \VilI)|.-ii..w, S^). iv. pt. i. I.Vt (ISO.'.}.
UilFri'U.i Au^ilrifini, Will.ieiiinv, /. r. I.M (ISO.",). - KotM'hy, I hr

Eirhni /Curo/Hi'n uiiti tU:* Orunf-i, (. ^tl.

<^'i»n-»i.* Cf rri.< i.s tilt' t\ I"' of ii peenliar j;ronp of I,epi<loI>alaniis
(iiihijeiiiM (Vrris, United, IV./.fi.i, .1/"/./. /ni imf. h'^r. f\j'-f-*nfi.
IKiiii, t'lii) with linear >t\ les siilmlate al the apex, inferior al)orti\ e
oMiteH, hieniiial tiiatnration. aii<) oiosily persistent leavi-s, whiih i<>
elnelly eniitiiierl tl) the Meiliterraiieaii hasin aiul we-tfrii Asia, l«ut
nUii, with a lew itperies, iiiliiiluts sunthern fmlia. t'hina ami .lapan,
ami tropieal America, tjurmtji <'trrn is a tn'e t»f nipid jjrowth and
niilile s\/v, iilHiunilin^ in the furest.i of iiDrtliern Svria, Muithern
UuHsiii. the Turkifth |H'niiisnla, anil tlir mnintry Hontli of tht* Itlack
S-a, and ian;;iii^ westward through tiontliern Knropo and north-
ward III Knropt' to Hungary and the Pepartnient of the l)iiiili<i
in Kraiiee. In the eoitiitrieH nf Hiitithcjistern Knrope the w«hh),
whirh is hanl, heavy, niid >troii^, in uneil in construction and ship-
Imildin;; (Miithien, I'lorv /•'"rrifo rf, I'd. *J, 'J.'il ). 'riie hark is cnn-
.sidrreil ninre vulnahle than that of <iurrri,.i llolmv fur tanning
leiithcr.

t^uin-u.t ( 'rrris in esleenu'd as an ornamental tree in western and
central Kiir<>pe, and is lu-caHiniutlly planted in thi* ;;anl«'ns of the
(niled .States, where it is lianly as far north as eusti'm Massaeliu-
KcttA. Scvcml accidental varietlcH or hybrids have appcarvd aniun^
cultivated plantn. Tin* most intorc.-tin^uf the.so, the LneoniU' Oak,
is supposed to U' li hybrid with Qurrrux Suht-r. It was nuscd by a
nnrsiTyman of Kxeler in Kii|;Iand named IaieonilN< from a seed
nf Qurmn f'rrrt.i gathered from a tree standinj; near a specimen of
Qiitrru.i SiiUr, and planted aliont 170'-'. The orij;iiml tree was cut
when about twenty years old and dnrin<; Mr. LncomU-'s lifetime,
ill order, it is said, to furnish material tin- his eoflin ; it had bei-n
niiilliplied, however, by jjrafts, and sjM'cimcns of this cverjjreeii or
.MiU'ver^een Oak may still 1h' seen in Km^lisli parks and ph-asnre-
gronnds (/ephaniah llulwel, I*hii. 'I'nm.*. Ixii. I'JH.— Kvelyn, Siint,
cd. Hunter, i. 7'-'. — Loudon. .1*/., Unl. iii. 1K.".I, f. I71J 1711).

The Kulhani Oak {Qutrnis (\rrtn ilrnttruliUu, Watson, /. »■. \Ki,
t. t»:i. — Qutrrm (Wrui Fttihitmru^x, Loudon, /. c. IHTAi, f. I7H>, t.),
II variety of v^iicn'iw (Vm'ji, or |«-rliap'4 a hybrid with some other
iipceies, originated in thu Fiilhaiit Nurseries in Kxetcr about a
century apt ; it is a larfrt> tree with broad. snU'verj^recn coarsely
dentate leaves. Vurieties of Qiurfui (Vrrts with piimatitid or
Binnatc-toothed leaves, with varietriiteil foliage, and with pendulous

brnnchcftt ft"*' "I**" ciiltivnted (Loudon, /. r. 18-17. — A. tie Candolle,
/. r. ~ Dippel, fluiidh. LwMoht ii. 'Xi).

-' Lintia-iis, /. r. i»ir. (17.'>;i). — Hrotero, /■'/. hustUtu. ii. lilt. —
SoHvmn Ihthiimtl^ \\\. \Tii\ t. IH, II, f. L'. — Watsiai, /. r. ii. iH>,
t. IM). -- Kciehenlmch, /. c. 7, t. tVI'J. — Kot.sehy, /. r. t. IH. — A. do
Candolle, /. r. IW. — I'urlatorc, /. r. 1U7. — Willkoniiu & Lani^c.
/. r. '-'l;i. — Itoissicr, /. c. Il(i7. — La|,ntna, /. c L'.'jL'. t. a,*, IWi. —
t'ontinho, /,*/»/. .S'»«-. lirut. vi. \V\ {fh t^u, rcn.i «li: /'ordif/nl). — Hooker
f. /7. lirif. Iiiii, v. (iini. — (i. Kin;;, A hit. Hot. (iitnl. CairnWi, ii. 'Jl,
t. 17 (fii*li>'Mtiliifftiii Siin'ifA of Qiierrtf.i tvul CdKhiimp.ti.'i).

Qufmi.t (I'ratnuittin, Liniut'tis, /. c. (17."iJt). — London, /. v. IlKKJ,

f. 17rt7, IVHH.
U'iirci..i C'lliriiui, I'oirel. Lain. l>ir(. Siippl. ii. 'Jlti (IHII).
Qtttri'u.'* tr/Mtiisa, I'oiret, /. c. (ISII ).
Qiirn-UH lUiU,nt, (IritVitb, Itinnuinf ^ohi, ii. IL'H ( 18 IS). — A. do

fan.hdle, /. r.

Uu>irHM lUiUiut, Koissier, /. r, UtiS (1M79).

Qwrcut iUx is the type of Orstetl's (/. r. (II) seetiiai Ilex of I.epj-
dobidainu, distin;;nisbeil by ri;;i<l eoriaeeous, mtire, or spinose-den-
tate, sidMver;;reen leave>, and eonliiied to the Mediterranean basin,
.Asia Minor, .Vr;;liainstan, and the northwestern Himalayas, China,
and Japan, Mej.ieo, C'eiitial .America, and the Kontheiistern and
Konthwestcni Tnitcil .States. Qu-rrus Il'X U distrilnited tliroii;;h
the conntricH borfbrint; the Mediterranean, from Spain and Mo-
rocco to the .Syrian coast, and n-appears in AlVJianistan and on the
eastern Himalavas, \\ here it aseeiids to idevations nf from thne
tbousaiid to ei^'ht thousand five hundred feet above the sea-Ievtl.
In some part"^ of Spain, southern I-'ram-e, Corsica, .Siberia, and \\-
;;eria. ;;re.(l natural forests of the Ibx exist, and in sniithcrn Krance
it I* cultivated in eoppi.e to supply tanners with bark. The wood
is elose-j;rained, hard, and heavy, and dark iciblish-brovvn or nearly
black ; it n'akes excellent fuel and charcoal ; and in India it is
used for plows and other a;;iicultnral implemi>nts, ii'id for tlie han-
dles of smalt tiM.U (Hraiidis, F.,nst Fl. lint. />«/. |SI ).

In suuthern Knrnpe the comestible t nifties ( 7'»(/'. r /i/-'i/;(./''. Vit-
tadini, and Ttthrr inrlntun/Mtrum, Vittadiiii) are ftMind tjrowiiii,' near
the riMits of the Ilex and of several other Oak-trees, nr can be pro-
duced ill the course of a few yeai-s by establishiii;; plantations of it
in ealcarcmis si-il (Itosredoii, Mitinit/ tin TnifjuMU,ur),

Fnmi the time ot the Uomaiis the Ilex haa been valued as an
ornaincnt.il plant, and to the deep shade of its leafy crown many
(gardens of Italy still owe their ^jrcatest eliarin. Introduced into
Kii;;laiid in I.VSl, it is hardv in the nei^hborhoiHl of Liuidmi, whcro
it ripen» its fruit in favorable se-isoiis. Several aeciilcntal varie-
ties have appeared and are sonicliines found in cultivation (Loudon,
/. r. IHSS).

Of all aioriis, those o{ a varirlv of the Ilex are most valued as
human f.nMl. It is ; —

t^<i»rrfw lltx, y Fxilntitt, A. lie Candolle, /. c. a\» ( IStil), — Cim-
tinho, /. r. 97.

QwrriLi rot utuli folia, Lamarck, /. r ■ \1^'A) l-l) (excl. .syn. (Ira-

mnntia) (17S1). — Itrotero, /. c. :U.

Q'i^rrus /liillooi. Hesfontaincs, M.in. AcwI. Sri. Paris, I7l>0, ;V.V|,

t. tl; Fl. Atlaut. ii. ;j.-)0. — Webb, Il>r ilispan. I L — Ib.issicp,

r<"/(,v» . ii. *>7H. - Loudon, /. c. 8Sl', f. lOlL', ItJLi. — Willkomm

\- Lan^'f. /. .-. -Jll.

In some parts iif southern France, .pain, and Alj^eria, where this
form is ciUiimon. the acorns are an important article of foot) tor
the lower classes, who prefer them to chestnuts and eat them roasted
lu- IhmIciI (Colmciro y Hontclou, K.rnimn di- liis Fnriiiin i/ ilrma.t
Arf'ol'S ill lit Fi'tiin.-iula ifui- iirtHluirn Jitllolas, 10. — Mathion, I.e.
L'.'h).

•■' Hose, Jour, flist. \at. Fan.i, ii. l.",, t. 'J*J, f. :\ (17in.'). — Hois-

8

siLrA OF Noirni amkinca.

cri'irMFKJi.K.

;u.s

t. .H

>iiT, \'";/iii/>t ii' •">""'• — KntMliv, /'a Ei'-htu ICumyfi'* uwl 'h* Oriruf:',
t. 'J'J. — Willki.imn \' I.iuip'. /V.Wr. 77, //(>/«»'(. i. 'JMii. — Himki-r f.
yV<i»(.*. Liuh. S"r. xxlii. ;iS(t. — A. ilr ('iiiidollc. /Vi»/r. xvi. pt. ii.

rj. — LiiKtitiiii ^''^' /■''"I'l.-'fiii Efi'uhxUi^ i. 'j;ii, t. ;n. — I'mitiiiim,

iir*/. .S'.*i'. /.v../. vi. Itl (fl< iiutrt'u^iU fWtH;/iil).

Qmrrus hi't/ni/[%trt\('hlor. /Mhth^,[\S\ (ticit I.iiiiiumih) 'ISlKM.
Q'irrruji finhtiiin.", MnitiTii, /■'/. l.usiutu. ii. ;tl (ISUl).
Q'ltrru.i Pi/nntitrti. WilMrintw, .S/'.. iv. |it. i. lul (ISU'i). —
^'iiurftiu JiuiKtiuil, \ii. ITH 1. ."ill.
t^'urrnn 7'wniti, lVr!*m>ii, .Sv". ii. «"l (IS07).
(Jutrfti:* ff'iioriif'ira, I,a|n'vr(iiiM», l/ijit. i'l. i'ljr. •"»?*- ( IHl.'i).
Till' Tail/ill in w nitiiiil, ilui-itliioiiii'lt'iivrd, )hi!«Iiv, umiiiIIv nmtorted
lr<'('. Hint in i-i>iniiiiiii in Niuilliwo^ti'ni rrum-r ami llir llicriitii |HMiin-
Mi1:t ;inil ill "oinr piirts i>f Swia. < >n saiuly >i)il in Miutliwi-^tcrt)
l!nri>i»t' it forrnn \i^itr(ius ro|i|»i('t-\vn)Hl'« :intl Niip|tlii'H t'xu'llriit ma-
ttii.il t'(ir tannin;;. Tin* wimhI i-. li;iril ami Mmn^, ami i.h lolri-niril
us fiii'l and fiT tliari'tial ( MalhiiMi, I'l. /■V<'fr.«/i. n, \H\. L*. VlT (.

"' LinnaMi-.. .N>i.. inn; ( IT.VIV — l>iivirr. P.. »,././*.«. Alla>. ['. \i. t
1:J. — Tilniiat.i.rlV. A^i, M,u. ii..t. i|. |7m. i. |!. I'J. - U,.i>-hr, 7V.
(trifhl. i\. IITI.

(J'.'rruf f'hfthunintt.*, l>i'<'ai'<iH'. .I'm. Sri. Xm. mU-. L',
(ls;Ci). — Kiitjuliv. / '. t IJ.

QurfHi Trnjiiutl, .laill'trl \ Njku li. /.'.'. /V. <>'nf*/.
(1SI2).

{*u»mti f*ri/ftmi, i\i)t*t*liy, /, r. I. ;i (lH.">^).

Qiorai.^ I'utfrri, KutM-ln, /. r. t. Ill ( IV»S).

(^'MTriw »mi(W'7'lX. KntM'liy, / r. t. Ill O^"*-'*)-

(/•"rnw X'ali'imti, A. ilc I'aiidnllr. / ,■. l.'i (nut Kntscliv)
(isill;.

An inhabitant of Syria, .\nnt'>]iii, imil (irccit'. tin' Valtpnui O.ik
i<. a ^jrix-'rinnt siH'tn-s. ^rnwinu' in S\ ria as a 1"W tn-o with a Mnut
piai'lfd tniiik, ami in nm* nf lt^ form* 1$ inorntlff,i/, U»>i»f(nT, /, c. )
forniin); (jreat furt'At)* in .sunn- part-* t«f (in-rri', i'^|RTiaIIy nn thr
hnwr ••IniM'S of Tftyjri'toft and in Tn tc. Th" wood i* hnrtl and
tnii^'li, and is \alin-d f'>r fnrt. Tht- niit<^, which ar< lar;;i* and
very variahU' in "liaiM'. an* ^-hl in jjrral i)uanliliti in tin* ha/aars
and an* iat"n raw nr r.Miki*<l (ll<Mikt>r f. / *• .'W|. t. HS). Tlir
I'lipH arc nH4'd fi»r tanning, and arc ('X|ti>rl«-tl innlcr tli«' name nf
vjiKinia from Asia Mun"' und(in>*>ri' ti» Kuri)]ic ami the rnttcd
.**tatc«. They ciintain frmn twrnty-live t" thir'y-tivc |M»r cent, tif
tannin, and, ini|inrtin); a lif,'ht t-ohir and ;,'nat(-r ui-ii;hl and Mrm-
nc-.t tn leather than the tannin nf oiik-hark. the\ are c^iH-eiully
\alniil f,.r tanniuf^ wde leather. The frnit nf the Vahmia Oak
if, iH-attii fruin the lirnnehea a> Mton as ii ripcnn in i!uly and
August, ami in lUnwcd to lie lu, the gmnml nnder the tn-ct f ir
some limn to dry. I: in then eoljeeted and M>nt '•> eenlroft of ^hi|»-
liicnt, where it i* phuTd in piles ll\e nr «.ix fe^l ileep in well-vi nli-
lated storchotiH's aiid h ft to lical for nevenil ui-ekn. Paring; tliit
priK'cjHS the nil'* hcparate fnmi tlie lupn and are fed to \n>\:^ ;
unit the cups are snrted Aeconiin^' t< their ipiality and are then
ready fur Hhipnient. .^niyrna Ir* the principal niurket, althun;;h
lar;;o tjuantiticrt are aUo exported from different (ini-k jwrts
(Spun*. Eunjclii}»rii\n *•/ th^ iuduxtrml .Ir/*, MftnuUtrturfx, uud
Itn-r Vummrri'utt Pr^uhrt*, ii. I'JliO, HKHJ).

A Haeeharilie miliHtuiiev whitdi 4>xtidcs from the piinetiireH u{ \\
e<N'cus in till' hrani'ln'S of (/*rrtt(.t Vnllnufti and ni Qturru* t'rrsmi
(.lanlN-rt & Spach, /. '■. i. t. .V. (1S|L') — Kul.-ehy. /. r. t, I'M) is
^■athcred hy some of the wamleHn^r triU-s nf Knnlistan and used
tti .sueclcn food. The exinlati'm hardeiiH tn Miiall ^ci-ain.-*, and is
tthaken in early nmrnin;; from the trees nn to nheetH hprrad nut mi
tho |;ri)iinil or i^ iditaim'd hy dipping; the hniiieheit into hot WTiter
and c\;ip(iratiii(; the Htdutioii to the eon.«tistency (»f Myrii;> ( l-"tiiekip'r
A: Ilaiiliiiry, f'hitmntrotjnifilmi, IJ7'-*).

"' "ThcM' .Miiirtic-. also they drie, ami in i-ase ol want nf Curne,
hy iniich l)o\lin«; they make a ^n n1 dish of ther : >..i Hon<etimi'H in
ph nlienf CnrmMloe tlic\ cale these AenrneH for a novelty.*' (ilnpT
Wilhaiii!*. .1 A'.// o>t„ thi l.tttujumj' i>/ .{mf nfi [Ii. I. Iti>t. Snr. <".,//.
i. '.HI ).

" And out of the whil<> Oak Aeoni>«, ( wliii i. ^ the Acnr'i i'le th
delight to feed Upon) ; The Nativi -t draw an uy. takiji^^ flit' rut-
terest Maple Woud, uhiidi hein;; Imriit toashes, they make a titrnn^'
Lye therewith, wlicrcin they hnvl their whiti> I )ak-.\corns until the
Oyl Nwim on the (op in f^reat (pnintity ; this they lleet otV, and
put into Mfiilders tn aiinoint their naked UinlM, which corrolmrateH
tlieiu exceedingly ; they eat it likewise with their Meat, it irt nn ex-
cellent clear and sweet ( )yl.'' (tlosselyn, A'f "• K' ijUvnl Htirif'un^ |H.i

'- Newherry. l*i>i»tUtr Sriiui-t .\t"n'/t,ii, xxiii. ^17 {Ff-il timl l-'ih-r
}*iiiuls of :h» St>rlh Anirrii'iih Imiinim).

«■' l.inniens, S/,r.: L r. \¥Xt (\7X\). — Ilrotero. /. . . ii. 'M. — S,. -
r.iri Ifuhanul. vii. I.*i!», t.-l.". -- Watsen. Prmlr. lint. ii.M), t. M*. —
Ilois>ier, \'"u*njf, \\. .■77. — llrichenliaeh, Ir.m. I'L tifnitan. xii. 7,
t, (in, - A. dc Camlolle. /. .-. 10 — Parlatore, /•*/. //.i/- iv. Itt'. —
Wdlknnini & I.aii^'c, /, c. i. 'Ji:*, — Lacuna, /. *•. *Ji;», t. 'M. —
( .MM mho. J, .■- S-J.

ijurrru.'i II. r .ifif>,riuit, Vi.sinni, f'l. Ihil. i. I'HS { ISfJ).

The Cork Oak inhahits ftuiithern Kmrcp, Ciitaloiti'*, Andaln<tm,
and K-.tn-niadura in .Spain. I'ortiipil, Tuscany, Sardinia, and Sicily,
the Utri.in I'ciiinsida and dreci-e, lorniiiiK ''xlcn^ivi' fon"»ts either
alohe t)r mixed with the Ilex and the Manlitne Tim' : il inliahitH
also the coa-i^l r»j;n i n( nnrthcrn Africa fmm wcsttrn MnnN-co to
Tunis, where vast I'ork Oak forests .-till exiit. While adaptmj;
Itself to Ihe chmatic condttion.4 nf Ihttli plains ami moiihlams. it
appear?* to Ih> iiiott M^onms on low lulls, and in Knmpe rarely
asrr. U more than two thousand feet almvc the «ea-l;vel, altlionj^h
on hoih ' nf the mountain rank's nt Algeria the Cork Oak ^rowii
freely up o elevatinnn nf four (hon<mml feet. Alllion;;h ntlainini.;
itn tar};c*t si/e in deep rather moist limin nmlerlaid with ;;ranite
or porphyry, it llourisheo in all sniU except tlni<M' conijKised of liine-
^tone or heavy riay. a il reachr« ;;ood dinieiision<i in Maml if its rtMits
are aide to reach '• hntM- Mthsoil. It is a Inn^-lived tree, usually
not niort' than thirty or ihirty-Ihe feet in lii-iKhl, with a short trunk,
soiih times j;rowiiij;, however, to t«n'e this height under exception-
ally favorahle conditions. 'Iltr riMits an* htr;;e and pi'Uetrate ihep
into the Hoil, and the vitality of the Ine i so ureut that when it is
eiil, or liotroyed hy tire, it is ahle to continue prixlncin); nluMit.H
from the ^tump to nil advanced a^'o.

The wimmI iif Qurrrus Suhrr i» hanl, close grained, diflicult lo
r<|dit nr work, and mtlier Itt-ttvier tluni that of Qftrn'n.i linfmr . it \»
rtoniitiiiiei n>t il for rude A^ricultuml iniplenicnls and the handles
fif tools, and makes ex<-c|lent fmd ami eh ir^ .lal. The ihii'f \Hlue
of the Cork ( >ak. however, tH in tht' outer layer of the 1>ark, a
hoiho^fui-ous siMini^y, elastic, and compresti'iie mass often »e\cral
iiii hi-s in thickness, which can U- rt moveit wilhoiil an'r<>tin^ the
In-alth of the tn-e and continues t<i rt"n'W itself as lonj; as tim tree
remaini vij;oroii». (Kt>r aeeoiuiti* of the Htnieturo ami deveh>pment
of the hark of tlu Cork Oak, nee Dntnxhel, <'»tn/it. lUwi. Arwl.
S'l. i\. IS. ~ Mold, /V'Tfi, XX pt. 11. (;7:i. - C. de Candolle. .lAm.
,N<K-. /'Av'. '' iiift. y<il- '»>N. cr, xvi. \. — \Vn Slier, Ihr liiiftnto/U- tlr$
Pltunztureirhm, 171. — Sanio, PriiitjxKrtnCi Jnhrh. Jiof. ii. IW.)

Although well known to the (irceks and Unmans, who used it to
lloat ''MJr nets uiel for various ilomestic purposes, cork ilid not
iHcoiiie an important article nf enmmeree until (he seventeenth
ccntiirv, when |;Ia.ss liottle^ came into j;irieral use. The system-
atic cart' of forests of Cork Oak. with the re;;ular har\c«tin^' of
their rmps of hark, was iiistitnte*! in northcu-steru Spain in 17tlO
( .\rtij;a.s \ Tcixidor, Alr-trntHyilrg v oi iudtutria Tafmnenit li3); ami lu

CI rri.iri:n.K.

(L'i'Ui,iFi;u,t;.

SILVA OF MORTll AMElilCA.

it wntit tif I'ortU',
y,.i HoifTtiiiifN ill

iiDVilty." (ll<)p'p
l.lttst. So.: Cull.

llir AtniM l\v TH
'. taking' Uii» rut-
ii'V iiiiikr It tttriMi^
t-.\coriiH until till'
1m'\ tli-rt olV, lliul
\\iu\\ f<irri)lmriitr!4

Mt'at, it Ih nil cx-
;;,(/«/ V.in/iM.JH.)
7 (I'.^.l nwl l-ih-r

'.,: \\.'M. — S>- •
'Int. ii.m».t. Kit. —
'7. fifrmnu. lii. 7,
r-7. Itnl. iv. IW.—
r. M\:\, t. 'M.—

tiiliiiii". Aiiilulii«in,
iirtUiiia, mill Sii'ily,
mivi- fiiH'stn filluT
I' I'iiit* : il inlmliitn
f^trrn MuriHTn to
Wlnlr ailaptiui;
and iiioiinlaiiis, it
I ill Kiiri»|'i' ranlv
*ra-l:'Vil, allli»>ni:h
It' ("iirk ' hi\t t:rii»*
Alllioii^li attaiiiiti;;
Icrluiil with ^'ratiito
' rti||||H)t«>il of lillH--

I ill Hniitl if itti riMilA
•livtil tiTO, iiiiiially
witli It Khcrt Irutik,
it umliT (xi'tptiHii-
anti iH-uilrati- t\vv\t
lal (hilt uhi-ii It M

!• |tr<Nlllt-tll^ »ho4)t<«

[ruiiK'il, liinifiilt to
urrfus liiihur , It m
■Its aihI the hnii'llt'H
1. Tilt- rhirf \nlii<>
yor i>r thi' hark, a

inftHA ofti'ii M'M-ral
lliuiit nnVrtin^ titi-

an loii^ as llit» trin-
ri* ana lit'vriopiiii-nt
/ '•tm/tl. itruti. Ai'wi.
. lie Ciindollo. M-m,

PF, /'**■ liuhlt"(lt iU$

rh. Ii4,t. ii. :W.)
imn>t, \\hi> UM'il it to
'|».M-<i, luik iliil not
iitil till- si-M-ntiTiiih

I UM*. TllC fiVHtftn-

■;,'ular Itarvcstin;,' of
•-icrn Spain in l7iH*
\lfifmrrfit \1'M\ and ill

(iiToiia, whiili naw the ln'Kiniiinj,' of iliin iinluHtry, tin' hi«t niaii-
t\^t'\[ lort'Hts of I'ork Oak ari' still to Iw ioiin.l. Kroiii Spain it
Ijradiially vpnad into Frani'r and Italy, and niucii latir into I'or-
tnpil and AI;^i'iia, hnt in rt'trnt yi-ars roitn^'al lias taken tin* lead
in tin* |irodiiftii"n of roirt, licr Ion -.t.s now yiiddin^Mi lart;i'r ijiian-
tily lliaa llnwi' of :tll oIIht counlrii's lornliiind. l't>rk i> jniiii ipally
tititaincd from the naliiial fon"^t.s, few nrtiticial jdantations having;
vt't Ih'CIi rslalilishril for tlii-* |Hirposi-. The niaiia^ji'incnt fon>ist-i
ill prottM ting tin* fine... ftotn tiirs wliii-h, in Afiicii cipciially, have
ileHtroyrd jjn-at nninlnTs of I'oik-tri'i"*, aid in dividing; it into
HfctioHH I'orr'Hpomlin^; in niinilxr to tlir iiniidirr of yi>aiv« rr<{iiiiTd
by » trt'i' til prodiu'i- a rrop of hark of inaikflahli' thiikno., so
thai II ri'Kular iinnnal product max \>v iiiHuifd hy uuikiii;; i-ach
year thi* tin'-* in oiif uf tin* -frtion-.

folk i-* tirst ri'inoviMl from Inr-^ with trnnkn >i\ or ti^ht inilu-.s
in (liamittT, or from tw(nly-li\r to thirty years of ap'. The lir.st
crop i> vailed \ir^,'in et>rk, and i-. of comparatively little value,
Sultset|Ufntly, tin' operition of harvesting the eoik may he repealed
tiliee in every ten or twelve years for ahout :i eeiitury. »ir as Ion;,; iw
the treo ri'tuiiis its vi^or. It can he nioHt easily remo\r<l in early
(fuiniiier during the rmt^t aitue poriutl of j^rowtli. SoiiietiiiM". the
L'ork is taken from tin- whoh- trunk at oiu-e, ami sometimes in t^o
or three unnnal wecliti.i-,. In either ea>e, riiii."' :ii'e eiit wlrh a
Imtehet ihrouf^li tin- outer layer of hark at llie top and the hot-
totn of the portion !•> Ik- renio\ed. and are eontu'Oted hy a horizon-
tal iiiviMoii or h> two i.r three inei>ioiis -.i the trunk is >u lar^v that
tht« eork eaiinot he removed in a sin-jh- pieee. Ih ^;iniiirij; at the
npIMT riiii;. the woikmaii tlo-n ^jradiially Ioohciis the eorky layer
with the liatti'iud. ^•h;;htly rur\ed handle ol' his hatehet. and sepa-
rate!* it from the inia>r layer i>f hark, i'his i> the philh'i;ru. or
eork eatidiium, ealled mother eork, and upt>n its iute^jriiy depends
nil the future valm- nf the Cork-trer ; the operation, therefore, of
n>inovin|{ the cork shouhl Iw intrustid to iar»*fid anil exp.*niim-d
iiHMi, ijt II out through the living tisitue or n hruise made in it witli
the handle of the hateliet might injure the life of the tree m make
ft uuund whieh v^ould prevent the development of another i rop of
biirk.

The inner or molla-r hark of t!ie ( i.rk < 'ak i- rnh in l.innin, and
ns it eaii only Ih- ol taiiied hy destroying t)ie iite, whole fon-sts of
Cork t>ak"4 have U'en saeritieed during the last tifly years in Italy
and Algeria to supply the detnand for tanning material

IntnHlueeil several \ear<« ago into I'aliforni.i, the Cork t );ik tloiir-
ifdieit in the houthern part i>f the state and may in time Weonii' un
important faetor in ita eominereial pri>sjH'rity. n» it may in Hnti>h
India, where it has itlHoU'eii atieeessfiilly intr\Hhieed. (For aoeounts
of the Cork Oak, its eultivation, pro<luet!«, etc., see Duehesne, (iuuii
tie In Citllurt iir.< /itii*, 171, t. — .laiihert de I'ansa, AiinaU.* /■'tirts-
thrt.i, i. 17.i. — Kymard, AnnnlfX /-'i-rmtt' reM, iil. L'h") (/'/• In Cnititrr
du t'h*nr'L\igt)* — I*iiml)ert, Kxfiluitittum tlti F'Tttn tit Chi'ue-I.it tje
et dtn /»'M tVOliner en .Wy/rif. — Mathieu, Flore i-'orr.ili- re, I'd. 'J,
;;.'»7. — Ihilaguer ; I'rinio, ltiilu.<tnii ( 'itrrhfni. — Artigns y Teixidor,
Ft AlcortUMjiif f/ In hoitistrin Tninmern. — IIo|«», K.«ni .inr I'Fr-
ploiUUum (lit Vhtur-tA'ijr eu .lA/in--. — I^^iinoy, /.i- Ch'tie-l.i>ift in
Aiffirie ; iVo/irc cur leu KtW* tie In 7*n'ifjtiV, 93 ; Le C\rne»Liti/e, .••ii
Culture et son Erpluitntion. — Ihivid, te Chfne-Luije, ga Culture tt
sn Mtihhiie tian* le \'nr. — .fordnim y Mon-ra, Sola.* aohre los .1/-
(*om(Mii/c.«, In lu'tuatrin Corchm ih- In Arii*lin. — Pe hiCirye, Jierue
ih.i FnuT et F'retit XxW. .>ll>. — Capgrand-Motho.4. lieeut tl,s Fitu.r
et F'-ret.t, xxv. SO. — (Janigny. Le !.*• ije tl ,•((.•( Api'lirntious.— Soii.sn
I'im-ntel, }*inhneiy Soutt>.f e MonttuUis. — ComUs linjion ilu Chtue'
/,ii. <• CI Furi.pe et ilnu.i rA/ri'/ur Stjtifntrionttlt : Li.* F'ret.i de /*.!/-
t/'rie. — dueksuli, Conimtrcinl llotnu>n>f the Xiiutevuth Ccutun^, l.V.t.)

" liny, Ann. Set. .\nl. st^r. 4, \i. 'JW ( IS.V)). — A. de CanduUe.

I'n ilr. xvi. pi. ii. 11. — Willkonini & I*nnge, J'nulr. Fi Jlisjxin. i.
L'l'-'. — Lagiina, /'/. Flor'stnl F.tf'nnoln, i. L'7I.

This tree, whieh is distinguished hy the hiiiinial tnatiiration of
the fruit from lj'or*-iii .Sk'"/*, with whieh il was long eonlminded,
is tin iiilia'- laiit of souihwistern Kranee. its priiieipal station hejng
in the Kaiides nf (iaseoijy hetweeii tlii' (iaronne and the I'yirneesi
•vhere it is found growing in eotnpany willi the M iritime l*ine ill
hlieltered situatitnis on the ^andy eoa.-t plain ; in Spain it inhahitn
the slnues id' the Hay of Iti-cjiy and Kstrennnlnrn ; and in I'ortu-
gal, whih' often seatteied through the forests of iimrru.t Suhir^ it
is said to iH'euine the prevailing speeies in the forests of evergreen
(»aks in th.' iminediate iieighhiuhiMMl of the en:isi. I'rodneing eork
as freely as Q'Hrcu.* Sul'tr, it is not eeonomieally distingnihhed fnuil
it : nor ilo I'ortng'uese hotaliists now generally consider it specitl-
eally ilistinet from that species, which, growing nearly eoiilinii-
onsly and often tlt)weriiig more than once iluring the year in tlio
mild climate of the Atlantic eoa^t n-gion, often protluees fruit on
hrai'ches which appear to heloiig to the previous hut are really of
the current year. (See Itarro> thunes, Comli'O'A Flon ■"Ine.i ih For'
tu»/nl,M\. — i'mitinho. Jiol, S,i,\ Urtif. \\. HH (ih Uurrni.'t tie Porln-
(jnl). — Faxon, (innlru utol Fort.it^ \i\\. u'J. »

(^'("•(■N^ nee///. j(M/('.< was planted as an ornanunial tree hy lier-
iiard de Jussieii in the park iif the IVtit Trianon ut Versailles in
17.MI, and, heing h.irilier than <iui rru.'t Suhrr, it is now more tdlen
seen in the gunleiis and p.rks of western France (Mathien, /. <*.
*Jtt|, — I-aiiu'V, /.» Ch'iifLo'j*-, >'i Cuitun- tt ion Fj/^liofntiof,, 7».

' The Oak-galls, or iiiil-galls of coninieree, are produeeil hy
('ffhipit finUtr tinrlnrUr, Olivier, on the hranelies nf a varieiy of
(juirru.i tu-titnitirn. This is : —

{i'orr'i.t tu-*itnnuv, a iuf-rtonti, A. de CanduUe, .'. r. \H (ISOl).
l^'ieri^t.* iu/ectorin, Olivier, rrc/".'/'*'. i. --Vl, t. It. 1-"m1S(H). —

.V.'oxiN hnfiitmtl, \ii. KtJ. t. H». f. 1. — Mavne, Ar:ti. xii. l. h"i. —

Cars.-n, .)/"/. F>ol. ii. lo. l. S,V — Hooker f. TrnuM. /.int.. S'»\

xxiii. ;w;j (I'xel, Hyn.).
i^>trrrH.f Kusilnniitt, aifnutnn, noi^^ier. FI. Cffit. iv, 1 1('i7 ( IS71I ).

It is Ii small hnshy tri'e or shruh ilistrilmted frnm the I-^l.iiul of
C_\ prns to the western horders nf IVrsia. and very ahuiidant nil the
mounlain-slnjH's of Syria and A.<>ia Minor. The ft male in-^eet pune-
tares the young ami tender .shoi>ts of the tree with her o\ ipo^iitor
and deposits her eggs. This produces an ahnornial aflhicnce of
the juices iif the plant to the .sImkiI and the growth of an exeres-
oeiiee or gall, whitli attains its full si/.e at the end of live or six
nionth.s, when the hir\ie are hatched and. tran>forined into winged
inscets, Imre an exit from the gall. The In-st galls are tho.se which
are gathered while the iiispct is in the larval state ; these are dark
ohve-green, nlthongh after the escape of the insect they lose their
color and iK-eonie light yellow-green. Conmierciatly, the galls in
those conditions are distinguished as hhu- nr green, and as white.
Aleppo, which has given its name ti> the oak-galls of commerce,
was onee the chief centre of their collection and exportation; hut
in recent years the Aleppo product ha> greatly liecreased in iiinmr-
tance. and oak-galU are now mostly giithered on the Syrian coast
nnd in Mt hlem, Cas^aha. and Magnesia. They are also colhcted on
tlie Kurdistan Mountainii, mid are exported in coiisider.dde ipmnti-
tics from Ihissoni, IhigdatI, and Uashire. Oak-g:ills, which contain
from sixty to seventy |H'r cent, of tannic or gallotannic acid, were
known to the (tiH'eks and Honnms, and for tanning and dyeing and
t'-e making tif ink have U-en used fritin ancient times. (^. 'c em-
ployed in incilieine, they are no longer used in this manner except
in external applications (Fluckigcr A; \U\uimv\\ Fhnntuicoip'oiilun^
r»3ti. — ttuihourt, lli<t. ihuoj. ed. 7, ii. ii8l>. f. T_'l>, 4;K). — Spons,
Ffiri/rlofurilin of the Iwlustrinl .Iris. }fnnufhcturff, niol linn- Cont-
mtn-inl 7Vi«/m7.*, ii. I'.Kt. — l'. S. Ihsj;fi>. ed. li'«. 717).

10

>7/JM <iF Xoirni AMKIilVA.

» I I'L'MFKK.K.

^' 1, 11 11^ Sfi..\ W.. ilT.VU. Itrntrro, /-V. J.u->tt,m. ii. ;i'J.~

A'."HMr( it'Jntutfl, .i;. tlt(>, I. 10.- W.'lili, /^r //M/..n(. I.'. ,\.
Ui' Citiiilt'll)', I'n't/r. x\\. |)t. ii. .VJ. - Willkoiimi iV l.iiiii^'. I'riih.
/■v. HffHi't. i. 'Jl-V — l.)i}{tiiiii. /•■/, formlttl AV/mi'M*/!!, i. 'J)k*, I. 'M.
CoiititiliM, /«./. >■.«-. /;r"/ \i. UN) (*>< <^>/>-.ri.i ./* iWt'inol).

'riii4\(i'v \.ti':i1>t<' ImmIis ln-t> iH tli>,' 'lutlril fhiiii I'lirtii^al aii<)
Aiiirit'i'o ii> S\ I I.I anil Atja Miitir. Tlir iiioaI iiittTttliii>;, iH'iliii|iit,
uf it.t DiiiiMtiii t \iiiiCiU'H tliat liii\ Im" t. IfMfnlM-d i* : —

Q<.rn,.4 f.H-i-iftru. i I'ii.'i^fiua. Hoinsi, r. /•*/, //n<',f i. 1170
(lH7l»).

ti'irn-'it /'i|.V«'i'i'(, Kilt-.. In. /'«. /ii-hut ilurofHi'* uu'l <l'* On.
r'l.'s r. lll(|S.V*).

t^uirfux Ctil'tftrtniKi, \ im-uiUn, A. df ('aiiilnl|i>, /. c. ."iH (|S(iH
<^j#nvw ;».<(-•( /o.r.KV»>ir»r, llinkrr f. Tniin. l.tuu. »S'ir. »xiii. ;W|,
t. 'Mi, :I7 (i-kri. H\u ) (tioC l>i-»l:iiitatiif.-) (iHtil).
Tliit i-« till' iiMi.Ht lilmihlunt Ircr ot S\ria, vum nti^ llu' rvvky liitU
uf I'ltli'sliiu* Mitli II '•lirul'liv ^Towtli aiitl iHiii^Kiiiiilly ^'r>>\\iri^ t<> :k
liirp- sue ; and t'l tliis \arti ty IhI-hiki tlif rtuhuis Ouk uf Mainri>,
known :is hiivtil'n Ujik, Hliirli i<« lH<|mliirl)' Mii[i|H>Hrt| tn mark hi>
9|iut wluTt- jjri'w till- Udk i>r l^'iili'>k-tnM' iitulcr wliii-h tin- palriari'li
|iilt'liftl liit ti'tii.iiml nliii'li i« rt'Vfn-il liy .irH->, Mnliiiiiiiiirtlanw, .uiil
i'lin^tmna (';.i-»^ft am/ y''*(vjt/, li, iii>-_'. f, l.;t. - A. ,7- /;t*/,'. Ml..
ctli'tunmM tuf'itrmntiim^ vi. --ti).

riu' 4 hik kiTiiii'H U |irtHliii't<| ill tin* i'<iiiiitri<'<4 nf timtli. rii Min'iM-
ni«l norllirni Afrii-a. ami t<« oliluiiii'il liy ninovini; liv hand I'luni
tlu' Ifavct and \^\^^ jiut iM-fort* tin- Vitrliiiif; tiiiit' in M.iy and
•'iiiit* tlii> i>x('n>«<'i'n(-f« <Hii*ii>d )>y tlu' dfjioiit nf tlit* v^^^n ui llii> ni-
Kt-<-t (f "Ti-'ui Hirii, Liiiiia'DH). The kfrnirn ix* KtKin an ^alhrriil i«ri'
Mdiji't-ti'd t'l tlu* taiii'Kdf liratvd vint'^ir, wliirli dcMhiy (In* fi'inn-
tlity uf llii' t'tti^ luiil turn tlii-m t» n dull n.'<l rulor. .\Ulioii){li iu>\\
ri'ldacftl l>y utiifr rulorin^; iiiiUrriaU tii tin* I'nitrd Stnt«><4 and Kn^-
laiiil. till' kiTliirH uf tlio Oak an* ^litl lar^idy tMnpInyrd in HuiilhiTii
Kur>>lM> ,iiid III Aif**-ria in duiiii* Ii-atlH-r and wim>1imi->. In I(.il) tin y
an* iiHcil III t iilorin^ li<(iihU, and in Franii' in ^ariuut ru^nn-tirs ami
]iliiiriii:u'i-iiti( :*.! |tn-|mnilion4 ( A. IticlianI, //iW. .Y.i^ .\f*ii. i. 'MS. —
it. riani-liHii, /,» AVrm< < tlu I'h'ur nni P'nutt ilr T'l'- Xoo'oijupir,
('iimmmuil S Pfmrmiimitufm'. — S|miiih. f^tirt/i Infurti'ii uf 0,r /rt</rj«.
truu .\r1f, Mitriuhirturrf, tjrui Ji'iu' t 'iimmrnuti I'rfJitris, i. H*i|).

■ Sli.M|.f. Mif M-,t. .\m,r. i:W. - (Jrinilh, Mr,t, iU^t. .ViV —

J..liri*un, M,\n. M-.l. f!.,f. .\ A ■_'»'.». — t'. S. huf^m. i-d. Hi, Vim.

>' A. Ui.liard. /, . . in. i:.7. Kmiltoltfr, Mfl /V. 11:1. — WikmI-

Vill.-, M*'t. lU't- II. :UI, t. lai. — Hu.kij;ir He Hanliury, I'knriM.

i'...fraf.hui,r,:i\. — llaiUnn. 7'miV /for .1/f./. lUtNl.

' i\ S. tfffmnt. (d. I(», \'M\\.

*' lni>ar%illt', M'mmrrn Cimfrrnnni it» ('hnunjt, \\. .VtS. — IUt-
traml. .iNrifiujr F^mtiirr*, li. (Vl-I. — Mi-ailuwx, Cumnirriiiil Htjuirt
"H th'- ( ''Hijiulitr I'lflrn't i>/ AVfr-<*Aif d'l'/ ' ' \ttnmrrrutl HrfnTft from ilrr
Mujr.tltf'f i\in*Ui'f IM Chtriii iiml Jn^Mtu, |S(l.">, J."»7). — .Mf( 'arte*',
\iirth Chum llraurh Afint. Sitr. u. wr. iii. "."i. — Itttiii'i*. Jfur. I.mu.
Si-\ X. |SJ ; xiii. 7. — Mn*t»idiin'id«T, "n i'htn-ii Stlk-wunn Trm,

It. - UrUI, luttnntrtrK Of' Jilftfi^ lit*."*.

*' riiiinl-Tj;. /■'/. J>ip. 177 ( 17HI). - Illntm-, Mus lU^. l.w/i.
/UK. i, •J'.t7. — Miiiiitd, Ann. Miim. f.uifi. lUit. i. : UV — A. dt' Can-
dull*', /. •. \.\. — llam'p, Ann. Set. Xtit. ii**r. .*», v *JI3. — Fmiulit I
& ."^avatii'!, ICuum. J'i. Ja/t. i. ILI. ~ Fraiulift, X'luv. Arch. Mus.
hdr 'J. V. L'7J (/'/. Ihriit. i.).

(/rirr>-i(j. i^Htr ito, Hnn^f, .\f,'m. Sat: /\tr. St. I** ter^lniurtf^ ii. \'M\

[Emm. PI ('hiwt-r."r.)(\HX,). — A. df Cttmlidl*-, /. r. I'X
(^uirni^ fiintintifiihi, F'ranrhrt i^ Savalh-r. /. i'. (lH7."i).

'HuA s|HH-if<«, wliii-lt i.H t'uniinuii on tin' liilU in tin* iifi;;li)H)r)i(MHl
uf I'tkiiii; and on tlii' hordfi^ of Mongolia, i.i vi-ry ubiindart in
Koiitlii-rn V<>/u and iiortlifrn llondu, wlicri*, on ^nivrlly plaiuti little
aliuvf the I'vi-l uf ihir iM-t-an, it <>ftt'n f^wa tu the height uf i-igi^ty

fr.t and fniinH trunks ilini' fcit r dianulrr : farlli.T .•»ui.th in
.lapaii it it ran-, and it funitd only un lii|;li iiiuiiiit.iiii-li-)>i'*i. 'I'lio
lurk uf Qurrrun liruUVu |h iiHid m .Jupan U\r lanning Ii allnr and in
tin* |irr|.aiatii.n uf a litai k d>i'. Tin- HiKHJ.ftliiih inn.ar c-graiiird,
|iMi.iii-, and ItrillU', i-. iiniHidiird uurlliliNs i\, • pi fnr fiit I. A* an
uni.iti.i ntal tri'i' it i« (•-timiunally rnltivad'd i.i Japan, whcrr it i*
llio uhly iliriilinMi»'li>A\t>d Oak-tric Hcn in ^irdnm. QitrrruA iltw
tata WUH iiitriMliMi'd wvcnil ynirH a^u niiu tlir ^a^l<•tlM uf Kiin>))",
mid iiitu iliKsr uf till' (nitri) .'^tuli s Hhtrt- it unrn^ rapidly. In 'i^
hiirdy iiH far imrrli a-* . i-trrn MiiM^arlniNt-ttH. A variety tif ihiA
h|M in -., mth dii ply piniiatilid travi-., it uUu iN-.-aHntiially * iiltn itiil
\t\ till' .Japtn. M' (Nirpnt. I'linut l-'lnrn i>f Jnfutu, i'u, t. 'J.t).

*• riiimUrK. /. r. I7tt {17H^I). • liliinn*, - .. 'JIN'.. — M.i|iip|,
/ .-. U\r, A. lie i'aiidulU', /, .-. :ak ■ I nimJM't & Savutirr. '. /•.

11". rValK'lH't. / f. ml'h

lliii tiiiilt tnc, with l»'avi')i hardly di-itiiiKuitliahli' frum tlimf ,f
til*' 1 III *tiiiit-ti»c, It \,rv i'uininun un tin* cuast and luwrr fuulluIN
uf nntial lltiitdu, whrn' it ••{ riiijjH up un ruii^ti niu nitiuiti'd I. ,id,
IIP 1 1.1 plantt'd Ml Hunif uf tho »dk iliilrirlt uf !a|»iin tu NUpply fiNMl
(. r till- uak-firdini; tilk-uurnm. Tho HikhI i* iimiI in liirfO' <pinn-
tilirt fur t'luuTual. mid fruin tlic hark a h.ittk d-.i* h iiuidc. Kjiurrm
frrnitit 11 !iaid to In* runinnm in o'Miilnrn MaiuiKiria. (una, iind
M'vrnd uf tilt* CliiiU'M* pru\ iitffH, and n pndiuldv one uf ihi* i'ln-
ni"!' ■^ilk-wurni Oakn It iktuii* aUu h< India, un tin- >lmn ami
Ka-ia lulU, and in Natal iind >ilitu n a form nith hrt'adtT
Kttpnit-'i and uvati'-laiu-coLid* t-ti|Hii-ah «. >litiiii^iii«|ii>d a« : -

Qwnt^ irrrfiui, Q Htuhun/hn, ,\. dr Candullr, / r. ,M i lKi;|l.
tJ. Kinj;. Ann. I'-tt. iStxnt, t'ulruthi, ii. ( /n./.. .l/«i,'iy'i'< Sjt*rtt» <■/'
t^'irr-i-iif firif/ CiUtttnit/ms), », t. Itt.

t^wnut %trnihi, Hmildix, iWrtt Fl fint. In-i. IS«1 (|H7h —

H.^.k.r f. ri. r.nt. hi'l V. tmi.

" Kcirlifn. Juur. IU>t. »iii. K\ ( |HMt( I ran. In-r, / .- ::7.V
Q'urruf f Aucu'M. Hnnt^r. /. '. l;l.'» (not U Hrovinl (IhA-i). —

A.dt-Candulh-. /. r. .'Al

(^Ur-ff-uM ntrffn, o ''A(H»».j.K, \Vcn/i^, .f-iKi''. lU^ t .\irt. tlrrltn,

iv. L'Jl (IsHC).

This ipi n runintuh tri'r un iIk* inuiuilaiiit of nur.iH-it^trrn Clniiii.
Tin* h'avf* n-M'iiildt' tln»M* uf :lii' ('lii-»ttuit<trtM-, and nrv nut catilv
di)ttinL;iiit|ii-i| fruiii tllu^^■ uf .Ju,-nuM urraht, and l>r. Hrrtiw-' m*ul«r
(/. r. I) UIh'Vi'h tliHt tl<i4 wan the ( hfHtnnt'h-uvfd Oak uf Imar*
villc* (/. r. IHli, which ii(Turdi<d ftHNJ to thv wihl nilk-wurm. In
China a hUrk dyi' ii innitc fn.m tht- ciipn. Qrirrrut /tuutjtttnn wai
intrtNlin'cd liy l>r. lin-tAchm-idiT >:itu t\w .\muhl ArlH»rctnin in
1S.S-.', ami h.'i.i pruvrtl a \' tiruut and lkard\ trvv in llif idiniati' uf
ta^ti-rn Mans-icliu^ftt^.

** Auifii-nrti ii'ifln, Mu. 'c, l^nt. /.ml. Sue. h'Uilnu, xxvii. '.'.V;.
— Malfiuir, ' '^rlti/Mnlui <7 /ntitu, i'<l. 'A, in. (>.*(|.

*- Kuxl.urudi, /v. Am/. I'd, 'J, iii t'-ll (KJ'J). ■-- A. ilo Candolle,
/. <, .'il — .Micpul. /. <•. 111. — IliM.ki'r f ;, . t;<i;i. -^ (i King, /. 1-.
li»», I. '_•»).

{iutri'u.i IftunUi, a inrti;uj. Wi-n/ij;, /. < . 'J'Z'J. \ t>;S<i).

'I'lii-t is a Aiuall, dct'iiUiuiiii-U'uvinl, f;n'^riiius tnw, ettiunuin on
the utitrr mii^rN uf tin* Ilimalayn}*, whi-ri' it ix <liAtrihiitrd 'rum
till* Imlii.'* tu N't -paid, and in tlu* Shan MatcH uf up^MT llurmah.
The wimmI, v\liii'li it hard and lii-a\y, \* luid in t-oiiHiriKMiun, for
.ii;rii-iillural iniplt'iiifiiti, and fur rlmrviml. The hark in uM'd in
tanning, and the IcaVfH at yoiiii^ hram lin ar** fed to iihtrp uinl
^uatM. 'I'lio iiiit!i art* <|i'Vuurt'd hy many aniniulH, and an* cm-
pl'iU'd III nativi* iiti-dii-inc n* ii diiirftic .tnd in the trratiiicnt uf
j;uiiurrlHi'a (Hmiiilis I'w, tt I'l. Unl. Iml. 182. — (iainhli', .U.in.
huiittu yVm/wrt, .'iH| ).

** Kvelyn, St^it'i, Kt. — Stnitt, Stfita linlnumai. — I.rfMidun,
AH>. lint. iii. 1731.

.^t

UPLUKKIUK.

Irr ; fiirlliiT i*miili in
in'unl.iiii-'>Iit|n'H, TliP
tiiiiiiiii); lulhrr nnd in
hicli iiitiur I'-K''"""''*
1. 1 ))t fni- furl. Am nil
M -liil'iiM, wlirn* it i^
;iirilriit. Qutri-H.i ilt •(-
ir ^llrll(■l)!« nl' Klirt'l*'*,
1 ^rum r;i|)Mllv, In '11^
tH, A vurirtv nf ihm
iHTnAitiimlly riilliv tUtl

\fHlUt (17, t. *J.t).

. / r. L'lNi. — M.»ilirl,

mUvl Hi SrtViUirr, '. »•.

niitllJll'lt' frotii tlinnr f

-iist mill l.mrr I\k.i1,iIN
ii^tt iniruhi«iiti'<l 1. .«!,
f Iii]mil tn Hiipplv ftMMt

i-i II .« il ill hir;;f iiiirtii-
[ (l*. .' It iiiiuli*. %^Uinu*
Mjiiii-ipiria. (umi, itml

tliiit>ly 4>f till* I'ltt-

Uilifh on lite >)iiui mill

n fiirni miii Krniuli-r
in^tiiKlu-il ti* : —
i,\\v, l.r.r,\ t\MV\). ~

,./,. .\/.»,.IV'IN >/".•.« ../■

I/. Ifi-i. tH*l (IhTI). —

ran.I.r!, / '•■ l*7:i.

[ K- Hr.mii) (l.^:l.■l).—
^lA^'^ /i*/ i.'firt. Itrritn,

of iiMrUH'nMtt'ni Chiiitt.

(rpc. aiul arc iu>t i-atiily
, iiiitl l»r, UntH*' m'uit'f
l-liiivrd Oiik of Iiii-ar-
tit' Willi Hilk-wurin. In

AnioM ArlHin-tuiii in
tn-c 111 tlu- rliiimt*' «(

ni'tMFKU.K.

SILVA OF yoinil AMKJUCA.

n

hm,l:

kxvii.

■:r^.

HI.

Cl'J). - A. (Ic CttmliiUe,
( . (MUl. " ii. King, /. c.

nhoiis trtM'. iMininum on
i< it iM (littrilMitt-d 'rota
iitt'H i>f u|i{HT Hiirnmli.

•nil 111 CnliilnU'tinti, ftir

Iht' Inirk it u«'tl in

lips ftr** fill t»> »hi*'ji mat

Hnimats, Hnil nr« i>m-

iml in tin* tri'UtiiMht of

i. \A'2. — (Juiiililf, M(tu.

JlnliiHUiOt. — l-oiitluii.

*' Nfiirly t'VM liinulrnl vfiir"* Imvn pinned nint'f Anicririin Oiikn
wiTC tirnt intriMJiici'il inl>> KiiiMpt'iiri [ilitiitiilioiis, uiiil iinii>; tlir ta>»t
cciitun- )'(Ti»rt'* liavi- U-rn inacUi at ililTt-n-nt tinirit to niltiviitc tlifin
im (1 lar>;(' hci\\v in vnrioiiM Kiiri>)>«>iin i-oiintrii't, l>ut tin- n-HiiltH nf
llicst' t'xprrin.t'ntH I'liniu.t 'n' runiidrml siitisfiirtory ormi'iinpii^irin.
Lni;t<i HiMt tlouriNliiii;; N|iiH'iiiit*nH oi Qurrcm ruhra, Kciit*rnlly calli ■!
tiurrtUi rnrrhteti, lUiil of liurmiM /lalnntri.'i, ciin Im' fuiuul in »oni'.' nf
tilt* o!il colliM'tinim of KnuH'V nniMii'mmny ; lint, no fur ni I liiivt*
Id'on iilili> in nlmrrvc, tlii*!4t' art' tlit* only AiniTJi'mi H]ii>(>ir<4 wliii-li
grow to It lar^i' ni/c in Kiiro{M> ; and 1 )ia\t' nrvi-r MiM'n in an\ of
tli t-ouiitrii'H of Kiirn|ii< that I liavr Miitnl a >iKornn'< or liculitiy
Ainrrirai! Wliitf t »aU, I'itli-T 1 4r^'i' or <4nuill, iiltlinn;,'!) Inr^c npici-
uitMiH of ii'tnrux mf'ii ami Qwri-'n miirrin-tirfni urc ■•iiiil to gri w in tlic
Hotunic (litiilcn t»f Tiiti' ','iitrdtu nwi f'on.ii, ii. TiOS),

*" riinnl.frg, /V. ;,»/.. 17.". (I7SI), — |tlnin<>, Muh, ll->l. l.uijd.
ihtt. i. :WI*-'. - M ii|iit I, ,1 nn. Mu.*. i.u.j.i. fUlt. i. 1 1.%. — A. d<- Ca.idollr,
Proilr. x\i. |)t. ii. HKl. — Fmm-liet & Siivatiir, h'uum. /'I. Jnp. i.
i\K -' Iliuicc, Jour. Ihtt. xiii. W,'X — Forlk-i, ./.mr. I'.ut. x%\\. Hi.

Till' until of QurrruM fjlaum * > I'nttii 'ly the .lapa'u-He, ami are of
confiideraldi' roniextilile and eoniniereiiil importance.

" TliiinlH'rg. /. -■ 17:» ( H'il). — Hlnme. /. r. L'DO. — Miipiel.
/. .-. n.-|. — A. de CandoIIe, /. .-. <»I. — Kraiu-liet A Savatier, |H|.
Qi.frru.s tiuin/ftnt'i, WUiuu'J. i\ :\H{ (1H,Vi). — .Mi.pn I, /. .■. —

A. de famlolle, /. r. UX*.

U'.rrnig liH,nj.ni, Itlinne, /. .-. '1\Y^ (|S.-><)). — Mi.juel, /. <'. —

\ d.' Cumiolje. /. .'.

* Tliaiiherj,'. /, r. (17HI). ~ Su-hold \' Zitr.-arini. Fl. Jnf. i, 170,
t. rtO. — lilume, /. r. 'JMll. — .Mitpiel. /, r. UmI. — A. de (and. lie.
/, ('. W*. — Krauehet & Suvati r, /. r. 117.

" 'IhnnlHTg, /. «*. I7(» (17HI). — Si.dKtId & Zuoearini. /. . . H. t. J.
— MInme. /. c, L'SS. -Mi.pHd, /. .-. 117. - A. de I'andollr. /. r.
lU*i. — Kmnelu't & Savntitr, /. e. \VX

tinrrruM nm/n'iiiiti in tUi' iiioHt wi.je^y ili^triltiited evtTjjn'en Oak
of ilapnn, often forming i-tteiinivi' {» rent-'t in Htnitliern Hondo, wlieru
it rangf* farther north than i.tlier ^peeit-* willi |H*rHitti-ni t"liii;,'e ;
and 14 mure fre<piently planted l>y the ,fapani>Hi> an an ornunu-ntal
tree than any uthi-r Oak. Always a lieantifiit ohji'ct, \%i(li iln
niMintlaiit liistroiiH dark ^rreii foliage, it t-t niott lovrly in early
Hpring, when it ii t'ovenul with white ami Sri^ht red yoini); slii)otA
itnd leaves. Iti nutJi are eilible when eooketl, antl are Mold in the
Jll|mne!t(> uiarketA.

The niDHt valuable fdil>k> iTUiHhrtrotn of Japan taken itn name,
hhii-take, fnun the dapanexe nnnie of this tree, upon the d«ad and
nttteii .^tampA and nxit't of whieli it ^rowi, un well n^ upon thiwo
uf Httiiif other Oakn. The artitU'ial prminetion of the Shii-take
ujMin pieces of the hark of Q'lf n-m c\tAputiUii i* an important
indiiHtry in Aevrnil provineeH, great ipiantities of thi-i agariena
being eonHuiucd in iionp in dapan, ami exported to t'hina. (S4>c
HolH'rtHon, {'•'miturruil Ittf>"rti h>j II' r Mtijuti/" Ctm.iul.i 01 Jitfmu,
1875, .VJ.)

** Querens in its different species is known to afford jiiipport to
a much larger nntnlKT of insert.-t than any other genus of tree-*
whose inseet enemies have U'en studied. Five bnmlrod and tlnrtv-
seven ^jn-eies are reported as m-cnrring on the Oaks of eentral
Ktirope (Kalteitbaeh, Dit l[f{(Vi:en/riTulf itu* «/»t Khvif ,hr ImH-lt^u,
187 1, CAW) ; and I'aekard ennnicnites «'-4nit four hundred and (ifiy
iilentitled Mpeties as living upiui )ak-trees in North Aineriea,
etelusive of Jhiso found in their decayed woml (Fifth lit p. V. S.
EutnmoUuj. Cvmm. IHlK), 48). Hotweeu one hundred aiul two hnii-
drod sjn'cies have Iwon notod but in)t identiticd or tt'oorded, and
further studie.s of the iiifeets infesting Oaks in tho suuthern and
w-criteni parts of the continent will, nu dunbt, greatly lengthen thi-*
list.

A hifi^e number of the inieets foiiml on (jiiercns also feed nj'on
other tiers, allhniigji many id' them are iiionophagon-4, Ining
entirely on the plants ol this genn.t, and being either peenliaf to a
Mingle Hpeeien or to a group id' elust-ly allied npi cirs,

Itetiden atTunling support to some galbmaking inseets, the roots
of Oak-trees in the siiutliern states are often Infested by tho
boring larvm of a large beetle, MnUnilnn mtlfiuopim^ LinniRiis.
Qufrrui \'in/iniatui seenin particularly affeetrd by this insect, tho
large griib<t causing the young trees to become stunted ami Hirnliby,
great root-nuiHSCH being ot'reii produced without a eorrr<>p4)iidiiig
development of trunk, and trees over large areas Uing thim
dwarfed and reinlcred valui-less. The larva' of the large Frinnuit
hifi'fiHh, l)rury. in the northiTU states are believed to live in tho
root^ of (»aks as well as in thoti- (»f oilier trees. A laigi* propor-
tion of the Inirers fonnd in the trunks of Oaks only att.nk them
after the trers are injured or dead, or have been fetlfd and tho
tindier has begun to dry. Among the insects affecting the living
triink.s, the larva of a large Cos.sid moth, PrtnuoxifMlun Ii'>/iiniiF,
Teek, is considered one of the most dt^stnietive. It makes eir*
<-nlar hohs about half an inch in diameter, which sometimes i>\tenil
to the hi-art of the tree (Fitch. Fi/lh A'*/*. In.otrf.i o/.W/r Vorl, 1);
and Oak-trnnks are also affected by the larvie of other ninths of
lite same gripup. ('o<%>i.-i t^nt rri/tTflii, Fitch, < Vm,«h rffirufatu.*,
l.intncr, and < 'n-t.-'iilii mnifhifirn, Hailrv, m-ciir in various parts of
the country, the hint two iK-iiig pari)< ularly noticeable through
their injuries to Qutrru* Vir^/niKiint in "otiie of the Hoiithern states.

i^'iirnn ti/Kn and other species are Indieved to be among tlifl
original f'XMl-plaut • of the Flat-headed lloper, CfirijiohitifirtM /rimt'
I'ltii, Fabricins, now so injurious to Apple and other fruit-trees,
ami the Oak is still a favorite food-plant iif this insect. Other
species of Chnfuofitithrii affect the Oaks, apparently most often
after the tn-es have been injured or the wood has begun to dry.
Hupmiii minufn, Drury, bores into tin* solid wood, and Ijopui
t^'i' n/, Fitch, is also said to infest these trees. Species of many
other geueni of beetles attack their wood, but in nearly all ea.ses
after the tree is dead or has begun to decay, antong the most
common U-ing npecics of INiymatodes, Xylotrechus, (Jraphisuni.s,
tioes, Xyleboriis, and I'ityophthorus. In us beetle state J'tti/o/i/i-
th'-r't.'i pHhifteunh, Leconte, has been reporteil ns sometimes very
abundant on newly felled trees in the Pacilic forests, while in tlii»
east Fityophthoru.i Qurrnprnh, Sehwarz, bores through and under
the bark of ilead Oak-trees,

Oaks are often much damageil by tlie Oak-prnner, EUiphulum
Vill'unm, Fabricius, a beetle which lays ij+ eggs on the young twigs,
and whose lar^a^ after iM'ring into the branches, cut them idT,
causing them to fall in huge ipiantitics to the ground (.1. It. Smith,
fitinltn tvul l'i>n,*t, v. f. IV|, \i~i); and the Scventecn-year Cicada,
Cirivln Sffttrtultf'iin, LiniiHMis, sometimes causes nunh injury to
Oak branches by the incisions nuule in depositing its eggs. A
species of woolly aphis, Kri'ituma (^wrej, Fiteli, is iH'cashuially ahun-
<Iant on the branches uf Oak-trees, and among scale-inseets several
spci'ios oi t'hemies, Chii'mispi* UutrcuSf C'omstoek, Iihh(H'(Hru.t
Q'itrr»Li, Comstoek, l.H-iiuium liuerritrutiis. Fitch, Lrruuium Qutr*
ci/t r, Fitch, and others sometimes dt) them considerable injury.

The majority of insect species affecting the Oak prey, however,
upon its foliage, but tlici'- number is too great for specitic enumera-
tion here. 'Hic Web-worms, or Tent-caterpillars, are often destruc-
tive, and C!isii>aim/xi tlifstriii, lliibner, and I/iit>hiir>trui i-n/Kd, l>rury,
are especially noticeable in the east, while (7i,</.f((m;><i Cali/onncat
Packard, and Cii.^i"Ctni}fKi con.*/nV/ci, Stretch, sometimes strip Oak-
tn>cs of their foliage in the Pacific forests. In California tho
larva* of Phri/ifitnidia Cn/i/orfinvi, Packanl. are frequently very
injurious to l>aks, upon which they ari* said to feed almost exelii-

12

sii.\ .1 nr xnirni amhuk w.

iVVVXAVYMM

f'U<tf\'riiU lliit'inr. I'tMoM fwiiufulu, Miil'iifr. mill .|ft<,«'/.i Sh,fin,i,
lliilmiT, ..t'tii ■(•nihil- wliolf Irit't. llto »'r*t two U-iiitf nnrtlirru
iiitil till* Iiii.t w.iiiiltirii III riiiij;*'. Tin' i n. kly •tin^tiiijj « iiiir|.ill irn
i>f limd'HOt Mhit, l>riir>, im wil' uh \iirhMi* H|HM'i4'H »•( l>iituiiii
Hint I'f Or^fM;!. or I'liitmK'k Mut*.^, . nnniiiMiIv rfnl tni O.ii,'. n\tr u
hir^t' |N>r i>tii of ilic ((tiittiifitV

A<N-Arnii".' miiuho, |>i>ii<liitji.v. hii« Imtii rf)Ht:tt'tl oa i|iiiti* iiijii-
riiMu ill «»'»t'rnl l'.uliiu». I'Ih' Uitmv »•( i\ umuUr o( ^.p . iin nf
H*»t..i'V»*mii% im-liitlint; « vmil -ilk-wurm inolli", iikr Trhn /'olif
fhtHfiu lliiriiiiT. iin' «<tiiitiiitMi t>ii Oiik*. Nmliiitlu* itrtt nUn aImmi-
^*(llt ii|itiii tltt'li). iliitl (if lliin ){ri>up iiuiiv N|H-t'tr4 tit tin' ){i iiii>«
( .il.hiilii iniikc tlinii t!i» ii- ftHnl pl.nil, Uiii(;, Iiuwi-^tr, r:inl\ \rn
troiiMi'«i»iin'

\',iii>Mi'< 1^ itf^rolli-r* iiri' t'oiiinioii on 0,ik-trri'>*t iininii^ tliiiii

U'ill^ T-'ftr^r if'ifnif.Ktivm, I'ld-ll. lUlil ntlltT ilUinl r>|H-riril, ^lllil
itjh'( H'^ of t'lU'tiH'iii. (riiiipii*, Iti-lrrlitii, ti*.*l hIImt j;i'Iiitii, riuli tnll-
iii^ nr t'olilini* thi< Ir.itr^ iir \Hirt» of tlir liM\r!t in tho tiiiiniirr
iHH'iiliar It) tl«'lf. i'r'/fititiriHiit ifum-trtlUt, CIi-iimmia. uihI (V'/^i»-
Urhin Si /tliijfftrih, /rlli-r, \ivv In'Iwitii the Kiirfm't'ii of li-JiVt's
ttbirli tlicv ilr.iw uiul fiiAtcii toKt'llii-r by >«i1ki'n tlm>JwU.

Forty or tifly i>im-imi'« of I.i*af<iiiihfr4 IN-Iuii^iii^ to tlio funiily
Timi-hIh*. mu\ |irtiu'i|inlly to llir ^'iicm l.itliiN'nllt<ti«, Ti^clH'riii,
iiihl Ni-|>tiiMil.t. Im\r Ih><>ii ili'striU'ii iia lijirU>n-i1 hy AiiuTH'tiii
0;ik^. rinir ntiiiil) liinii* i-iiiiMO I'IuIiIm'h or hIi imIit iiiitirM or Imi-
III t-« of tiiriou« foriii*. ami iiio<tti\ tncwiiliii iiml fri><l npitii l'ii>
panm liunii of tlir Icuvt"*. tin* r|)i>t<Tinitl ■•nrfiin's Uin^; !i ft iiit.ut
t*\»'i'|tl lit till- Jioinl* of iiijjn--* or r>;ri'^H. I^irvir nf Siiiiwlmi
ii'trf'un-itU'it, N'tirltui, ;iiiil iiiliiT Siiw-lm-*, iiotm>tiiiit>s itijiin- tin*
l«, (%('<• t>f < l.ik-trtTH ; ViinoiKi •t|M>t'ii"t of H|ilii(l<t lire cotninon ii|hiii
lliiiii. uihI I'i'tl Mill-*, T*tr\\utfhH* f'Uirtui, \M\Ui%'\\*, \\\ t\\s <M':i4ti|i4
noniftiiiifii rauw tliriti to turn ^ruy.

Mmiy furiiiii of ptlU on Iravin .iiiil twi>;«. ;iiiil uliwi on llow(-r<,
fruits mill riHitA, an> wi-11 known mIu'D' Oiiku uIhiuiuI. Smir un*
rlLii^trtrriotif of aiiil iH't-tilur to I'l-rtaiii Hiii|{l(> n|HMii'M i>t tlit> p'lniH,
hIiiIi' ntlii-rj* (M'fiir on wvi-rai uUiril n|H'(-ii-N. Tlii-^f >;iiU« nn-
ni'Wllv |inM|ii(-pi) liy iiiMTi^ iif till' ll\ii)i*no|tt*nMM family, (yiii-
yuV.v. alMHit i>iM' liiindn'tl ami I'lfly <t|HTii-i itf Hliitli liii\r Utn
ilfoi-nlh-il 111 (M-ciirnii!,; on tlu' \iiruiui Oaki of N'ortti Aint-rica,
altIioii|;h a few art' n-ronlnl an tlu* work of tlif l>i)>li riMii laniilr,
Ccrifluiiiuilie, ami of Mili-!«. Tlir lar^i* nximi Ouk-iipplr, .4in/iAi-
h'Hip» ffioriififti'^i, OnU'n-Savki'N, coiunuiii on (/u/nuj irlutimt, ii t»ni»
of thf> inott roiiR|iirnnuii uf ruu|iiiloi)<t gnlU. Many Aim'tiran Oalt-
I^IU arr rich in tnnnit* ami pitlu- ittiiN, but bavc nirt* ly InM-n iiM'd
an a ?>iilihtitiiti* fi>r ttii* (iflu-iiuil Oak-^alU of MiuiheaJitrrn KumiM'
ami Amu .Miii<*r Thr full hfi-liiHtiirirn of uio<it of our fi|H<4ii'H of
pill-iiiakiii;; ( Miipubc an* nlill nnktiowtn am! it m prolHiblc that
fulurr rotit«iu"% of then) will n tlui-f tin* li^t of Kiwalli-d «|M'tif"t, iin
it h;is b4-fti ohonn tluit the altrriiatiii^ ^riicnitionn -if Miuif ii|HTir>i
prtHlih-e pilU of Aiirli ililTrri'iit ntructiirf ami apiH-aram-c tluit thry
ha\i' rvi'ii iM-rn rcjianli'il a« lufinlMT'* of ilmdm-t (ji-nrra. (.Vc
Ailli'r, Hftl. fitr Kuirri. XiMfi. XXXV. I.il. t. H» IJ [ f'f^r <ltn firw.
ratiotiMtrrrhfl il'f EirhfU fifilttrrfperi'^. }

In all jmrtH of ihc itiuntry the fruit of iliffen-nt nftpcit-H of
Qiun-m* Is ofttii MTioufily inf<-Htfil liy wt'evila of varioun Rfx-ricH of
tliL' ^•riiit n.iliiuitiiH. /iiiltiutn'ui fuiMiriiJi, Say, fwiiui to pn-frr tht*
ftpft-ii'.t with Hiimiiil iiKitiiralion, w hih' lUtUtumui <^. ns, Horn,
hu'i onlv U'l-ti olmtTTfii on biriini.tl-fnnti'tl Hpi'cifH, which fUtlntn-
nuA lini/'-ri/jK, U>contt>, alito ap|N-arti to pri'fcr. (Sm* .1. Ilaniil-
t»ui, i'ntauluiu I-^nfiimtti>>ff !.■•(, x«ii. 1.) TIip work of tlii-!«* wi-cviU
often d('^t^o^•l a hir>,^' part of the fruit of ( >ak-tr('t'N. that of
(liurruf rfihni iM-in^; particularly liable to their attacki. Tlii-ir
Vfigt uri- Jc{KJt>itt :1 by the Ih-cIKh in the ovarifs of the Huwitv,

no Hc:tr<« I'l'in;; !• ft i<n Ihr ncornH, iiikI in tin* [tulninii the liirva*
rnii-ri;e.

''* Hie itiiiiibrr of paniailii- fuiiKi known to utTccl Oitk-lreeii in
the liiiti il St.itcN ivci-edo that 111 ch'ilitcil to the titi k of iin> other
American ^cimin, M'\eral hnihlrnl ^pectc* Immd^ reconhil, i iMiMy
»« iiifi'^tiM^ t^utn'u* tilfo, li'titi-UM r-hilimi, iiu»riu* nnrinut, ami
i^t rrviif r»'^ini. It i» not probable, liowe\er, (hat the<u* HiMM-icii art*
'.he uttaekit of fuii)fiil iliM-aHii Ihiiii other Anteriean
' ami the ^Tiut nnnilH-r known to afllict thrin can prob-

ably 1h> aeemintvil for by tin* fact that lln-y an* riemlin^ty iibuD-
«lant in thorn* inrt* of the ronntry wlierr fun^ti hav** Inm-ii nioii
t-an-fnily ilmlietl. Nearly llfly ii|MTie« of fun^i ar«* |Nira«ilic on
QurntiM ii'fnfiti.ii, anil iiian> i»|MHir^ are fonml on i^wnm Mtininu-
'/mi iiml i/i(rr.i« \ irifiuuth4i. ( Inlv a i»ini;Ii' fun^nil paia«it«* in
known iliiit far on t^'itmn t'tiliti>rt,ii»i ami i^urrru* II i</i;rni, but
Hie fiiii^.il tliHcaM't uf ( alifofiiia t lakt have not a« \cl been i*ikre-
fiill\ cvaiiiineil.

NotMilh^tuniiiiii; the larp* nninlNr »>f paniHitei on North \nier-
ii an l>iik4 whuh art* known to ov "teinatic |Hiiaiii«t*, Rcarrrly any-
thill); ban U-eti ilmie in ntntlnnf; the ii|M>cml ili<H>iiiieii which they
I'dUK^'. When American tnei an* utinhed from tlu' |Hiint of view
uf l-'.uni|M-an Keienttllc fori'iiterK, it will, no tbuibt, In> foniul tlmt
inaiiy of the fiint;i imw reeo^inicil pr<Nlncp iirriiMia ibiu'aM-* in our
Oak<«. Maiiv of the «|4vie4 of ri>ly[>orii« ami ita alliei, whuh are
known to eauM* roltmifof dak winnI hi Knn<|M , are coininon m tin*
riiitcd Mate*, and prohjiblv <lo (he «aine d.inia^e i,i-re. iKt-lnl*,!
'/tirri-.N'i, I'crviNiii. appear* |o l>4> leiii« coiiiiiion here than in Kuro|H>,
altliou|;|i It I* found not infreipicntly. Ibil one fun^'iil ditca^ of
(Vnercii« \ui> attracted mm h atlentMin ni tht* I nilcd Matet, ami
lhi<t only III reei-nt yam. It \* a leaf dioeajte imuid by f(/ao-
ffHirium t''iiiO'irrt*f, Klli« \ Kverhart, which nuMt freipientiv attack*
Qiitn'tiJt iiltni, alllmnKh it ii pndtiibly hot diKtiiiet frutn a iiniilar
di)H-aM* of Qutr'-ttji , in-,iHni, Qufrrns nJ>nt, aihI other upeeir*. It
a PI M art in late '•priii^ and early miinmer aa mhui an the leA%ea
ha\e );rown to their full m/e, and ih characterwed by the prcMMicr
of hrowti pati hi-1 near tin- ir iip* and lour^'ini, ThcM* dead {Nir*
tioii-t ^rudiiallv incn-aM> in mi/c and the ili<u>aM>d leavi"* curl .\nd
nhrivcl. V\ lien the attai k t* MMioim, a lar);e part of the folui^n
of the tree i» atTecteil ; but. »< a rule, only certain haven are
uttackid, and when they at hut fall off tlietf* u at lca«t an attempt
on till' part of the tn-t* to priNliiee a ni'w erop in their place.
'Huh fiint^iR an u>en eitcrnally coitKiHta of uniall dots, hardly
\niible to the naked eyt*, which are M'attrred irrrf^ilarly uvrr tho
Kiirfare of the leaven, and M'areely differ in color from thr jtarta
already tlead. The diiM>aji«* Iuin attracted atteiitmn principally itb
the northern and caKtrrn Ataten, where < Uku are ^rowii for iihado
and ornainciit, and where the injured foliage i^. ihereftire, e>|H*-
cially nnti.'ealile, Il i«»iur«, however, even imire freipicntly on
tree% f^rowin^ in the forest

Another (t)niinon di^ciiAe umhnihtedly injurioun to yoiiiiK ( 'ak-
tnfii, and e.s|H'cially to Ijutniu ruhni, althou^'h by no nieana
Iniiiteil to thiH speeien. in causetl by .\ummtJiiriit f Vy/*!*.'. I'lMike.
It attackit the nniallcr branchen, bn'akin{( through the outer liark
in t'longutifd cono-like black patched aevtrnl inchei or even one or
two feet in h-n^^th, but nanally not nion* than two imhea in
breadth, Itn development i'« tihtw, the luitchen, wliich hardly riio
aUive the j^eiieral Nurfiu'i> of tin- liark, rcniainiti^ on it for nioiithfi,
and then finally cniinblin); awav, leaving the Ninattcr Iminchc*
(piite dead and marking; Ihu tarter ttiien with unii^hlly woundn.
Thi'* paruHite Ih'Ioii^'^h to the ryrentunu'ctei, an order including; n
lar^fe iiuuiln'r of fun^i which ^tow on ( takn, noine of them, like A mn-
mulitrin ftuftctitJuUt, .'^aceiirdo and Antfinntomii ntrofmuctuUi, .Sareanlo^
pruducilijE diliviiae* niiuilar to that cauaed by SummuUirui ('It/ftriui.

•I.IKKK.V.

111!' lurvn"

)iik-ln-<'i III
,( liny nlliir
<lril, ilnrlly

iinitii, anil
■ «iH><ii« »ri>

• r Aiiirniiiii
II Ciiii iiri'l"

lllH;U lllillH-

• Ihm'II nil"!
|iiir«»ilii' uti
I'll* l/iiriAl'i*
I |uu'n>it>' ■•
I K/Kfiii, liiit
I I II iMiri-

N..rtli \inir-
«. iirii'ly nii»-

■« wlllill lIll'V

|..Miil iif «»•»
«> (iiiiiiil <li"l
lariwrii in "iir
in, wliiili nr"
iiiiiiiuiti III iIk'
,,,., IkfliiU.i
»a in K.iiroiH',
HJiil ili«ii<r .'(
<l M.iti'". iiml
IM.I l.v '.">■•-
|iiiiitl\ all^iika
mill u »ii>ilitr

IT npi'l'tf*. It
M llw ll»K-«

y lln- |in'M'Ur<>
H'M* ilriiti jwr-
•nvri riiil ;iiiil
iif tl..' fulm|;i>
.lilt li'MVrt »ri'
•ii«l iin nllriiil'l
II ihvir iilniv.
I .l„l., Ii^nlly
iil;irly ">iT liii'
(ri>m ll"' |«rl«
jiriiit ipMllv in
piwii for iliiiili'

lIllTl'd'H'. V.|H'-

rnM|iii-ntly on

lo yotiii^ ' *itk-
liy no Mtciini*

< 'it^iifti.*, K iKiki*.
elu- oiiUT Imrll
iir I'Vi'ii I'lii' or

|^%0 11)1 lll-M 111

liirli liunlly riM-
III ii for nioutiM,
iniiUi-r lirtuichvA
isij;liily wouuils-
•ilir iiiiliulinK a
llifni, like .Viim-
rirdiM, Saroanto,
nii/(iri(l I'lyftrM.

CUl'lTLIFEnX

SI I A' A OF xoirni amhuica.

13

f

Allot lirr fllll^ll!«, Tttithrvm firrutf^rftm, 'riiljii4in>, ix roinnioti ini tlio
Iriivi'i of (iiurfiu itilnu timri'UM iiifrifitiuit iituriitx tii'irn^ tiui nun
I'fM-i-i'firil, Qftrrrim hturl/iiitilt tintrntu iinlfrtn-iirfitlt ttliil |iroliiilily uUo
nil ollirr N|'i'fii'ai ranifinK iia it ilwi* froiii Ni'W KiikIuiiiI to tlio
(liilf Nliilca niul 'o Culiforiiia. It forinx Kruyiuli or hlniitli Kriiy
ajioti on till' nriiliT Niirfiu-i' of tin* Iriivi'*, without ciiiiniiiK any
|tiTri>|iti)ili> (li^torlion, mill i» iiio-tt alHiinlant in rurly Niitiiini'r.
noiiinii'iilly ir ii iifiirly rrLitnl to ilii' fiiti^iM wlm li raiiNi>^ llii' i-iirl
of ri-ath-Inlvri.

Krotii flic altui'ki of ItnMt-fiin^ri Ann'ru-iiri > liik^ uppi'iii lo )a<
ni'.irly i>ti'iii|i(, iiUIioiikIi t'lnln tiurn'ui, IWonili'aii, of Hoiitliorii
Kiiro|i*<, iH-i-iiri iiImo to Hotiio i*iti>t<t in onr Montht-rn Muwn i'D (ho
h'j|\t's of (/iirrciw /•A»7/o« unit t^iitrrtLi \'irifinifi»il.

'I'lio niitilfw^ whii'h infi'Nl tlak-lm-M, apart from (lio nhiipiitoiia
riiyllai Iniia, U'loii){ to tlio Kriiiti Mii-rotiplia-rii, \/i<rit^f>htrnl f/ii^r*
rifoi, hii.rill, lH-in)( ahiiiulaiit ami widrly iliilrihiiluil in thv rfKinii
i-iiMt of till' Mi4i4i.44ippi lti\i>r on Hrvcral ftpn-ii'.H of l^ioTriH. A mil-
ih'W, SfiHiri'dthffil htniatrLi, llarklli-Ha, lIlfi'Kta tlio twi^i of l^inrittn
fiyn/iWai.

\'ri,hiriii Drhui,:,!, Ctuiki' Si IVik, foriii« niiiiiiTiina uniall Mark
»pol» arraiiKiil in ilrrli* on llak li>avc«. f '.(..v/mv. . i /riniiyiViirK,
.Sai'ranlo, whiili ia loiniiioii on ywniM iiMii, U cumly rri'o)(iii/fil
liy ita haliit of niplnring Ihii luirk in Iriantfiilar >|Hila. /'o/y/joriu
ffmrrtijttiii, Krifw, onr of tlii> lar^i* piiiik-fnio'ii ia fiinnil on (^fi<r-
i'fi.4 rof/rfi anil Qurri-m Cit/fifun in till' aontlii'm it(ati-K ; aiiil thn
l>"i'fNti'ak fiiti^iiH, h't^l'ilimt Ifrfiiittrii, Krifa, oiii' of llio U-at I'dihlo
tiiiiKi' uroM-* on Ilii- Iriiiika of Oaka uiiil Chfntinit-tri-i'M.

" f'.I.L'tt, II ..»//.»,./., No. I'J-.'

'■' Anions till' North Aiiii'rii'an «pi'i ii'a of i^iirrciiH tlip Wliito
ttakn iiri' iiiiii-li iiioru iliftii'iill to ti'iiiinplunt than tin- Itlark Oakn or
lii)'illll;ll'friiiti il '<|a-i-i."t, anil only Minall Hrrillin^'^ eull \tv aafrly
rriiiovi'il. Iihu'k (>iik» of roiiipuriitivi'ly lai'iti' "i/o iiiii, liowi'\i'r,
Ih' triiii'4plaiili'il without intii-h iliinj^n'r or Iroiililo, anil plaiitH (i-ii
to llfti-i'ii foi't lii^h iiri' ofti'ii laki'ii from tlii' wimmU iiinl anccvaa*
fully Ki't in tin' slri't'li of tlio riliia uf tliu auutlirrn atiilva.

" /(«/. .".«i-.WI, t. ^Ill, WM.

coxsi'Knrs OK Till-; n(»utii amkimcan si'Kciks.

LkI'IIhimai.wI''. Arii'iili of Iho <t:iiiiiiiali' tlowirs pciiiiiiloi* ; Htiijmiia ililaliil.

I^'iirolialaiiiii. Alioi'tivi' oMili'« liioul or ratily laliral ; 'laiiii'iii uiiiallv fiotii Ii In X ; sti^fnma
•I'lnili' or '«iiliit">''ili' ; lint L^laliroiiH or rarrU piihr^i'i'iil on tlio intior "iirfai'i'. \\'liit'- ( taki.
M'lliirntiiiii annual ; nut i;lal<roii'< on llo- iiiinr Mirfaro (ixi'ipl No. L'lij ; uliurtivr iiviilit
liaonl

U'nvia fallini,' ill tin' anininii nxi'ipt No. lit),
Villow-^jri'i'ii.

Lyriitc or aimiali' |iiiiiiatirnl.

(llHiTHli>-<ililoii|;. olili'pii'ly II to '.• lolii'il or piiiniilifld. pule anil ^'laliniiiH

t"lo«- 1. (;. .MiiA.

Oliloni; or oliovato. ili'iplv lolail, iinuiilly Ht('lluti'-|iulii"<i'i'iit mi tlio up|Mr

Mirfari'. pah' ami piiln-^ront on tin' lower .... '_'. t^. i.iiiia1'\.

Ohloni;, ai'iitt-ly lolioil. Hti-lluti*-piilii"«rt'iit on the iippor mirl v . . . . It. (j. ItitKWKKi.

Oliiivati' or iilihini;, I'liaro'lv piiinatlliil-l'ilii'il 4. l^. (i\i!iiVAN».

Olaivalo iir olilnn^'Iaiii'i'iilatf. Inhiil .ir piiinatiliil. piilii'sifiil mi tlio lowir

"llfflll'i .">. il (IvMllU.II.

01l^lll^;-olMlvatl•. iMually ."> IoIkiI. piilii'MTiit on llio lowii «iirfai'i'. roii^;lii'in'il

with >t«'llali' li.iiiH on tilt' uppiT I>. t>. Miviilt.

Ohloin; or iililmiK-olajviiUs I'niiri' or aliijlitly Hlimutf-liilied towiinl ilu' apex 7. i}. (maI'Mam.
Oliuv.iti' or olihini;, lyriiti'ly piniiatiliil nr ilcply >immtt'-lolail or iliviiUil,

usnally pal>' uinl piiUooi'iil mi tln> loivir iuif:ii'i' S. t^. maiikh aiii'A.

Ohovati'-oliloiij;, il.'i'ply .". to '.lloli.'.l or pinnatiliil. piilio^.iint anil ii-u.illy

nilvrry white on ;li>' 'iiwi'r surfaro ".•. t^. i.YItATA.

Coumi'ly "iiiiiutt'-tiMitlii'il. ( lu-stnut (laki.

Oliovatr or iihloni; to l..ni'('(ilat«'-aiiiiiiiiiati', with nmnilt'il or iiiiilo teeth Id. l^. I'leiMs.

Ohhiiij; to liuni'olate, mule or ueiiiiiinale or l.riKiilly ohiivate. piilieniluus

ami pale, often silvery white on till' lower Mirfaii' 11. CJ. Ac'lMINATA.

Ohovateiihlmi);, weilp'-'.liapeil at llie lia'<e, -oft-piilicMeiit uinl often ('lively

white on tlio lower HUrfaee IL'. tJ. iitiNoiKI'.i.

Oval to iilKivate, thick ami rorlaeemis. pale and iimially piilivrulumi on tlif

lower aiirfaee. (K'r'.istent during; the winter IH. g. Sahlkkiaxa.

Olxivate or ohloiii; iiliovate, jjeneially sinii ite-ileiitnte or lohed, piilii'seeiit

luid usually liuary on tlic lower siirfaeii 14. Q. I'Latanuiues.

II

sii.i'A or snnrii amhuica.

ci'rn.it'EHA.

OIhimiIi' or iiIi|iiiii{'IiIhimUi', wi'il|{i>->lin|N>il nr riiiiiii|i>il iil llio liniinl nr
hiiri'itw liii>*i*. ti»ii)i'nt<'<*i> iir |tiil>r«r<'iit ami »lW\\ »ilv«ry wliiti' mi llii'
liiMi'r »iirfiiiv .

lillUVgrrill.

Illintiiii' iir iiMiiii);, iiiiiliilatr, ImIikI nr t'litiri', jmli' iiiiil nfii'ii ailvrry nliilv

anil |iiil>i'>c I lit nil till' Inn IT mirfai'i'

Ol'Inii;,', •iiiiiati xli'iiliilf, I'lilirr. |iiiiiialill<Mnln'il nr i>|iliii'M'i>iit, |mlH<>ri'nt

nil till' ln«ir mirfilil'

(Milnii^*. InU-il. >|<iiii'«i-riil nr i'liliro, |<iiIh'«i- i-iit III! tin* Inutr Miirfari* .
Lrnvi'o iiin«il\ |ii'r«i>l>'iil until liii* niiliriirniK'i' nf tlmw ii( iIh' fnllnHiii); ii|irinK.
Hliii'iiri'i'n.

OI>lnii){ nr iitiornti'. iiinnlly litilii'o aiiil inniuli'il at iIk' a|H«, lutiro nr

ri'iiinli'ly lit iit.ili'

Oiati'. iiviil ni nliiixali', iifiiiiilly riirilali', I'liliri' m iiiiiiitilv »|>iiiiiln>i--

ili'iilali*

Oliliin);>laiii'i'nliili' In lii'iiiully ■•Ixivali'. mnUli' nr miiiulril at tin' Iium',
ii|iliiiiM>-ili'iitiili'. |iiilii'>i'i'iil mill riiii<i|iii'iiiiii<ly ri'llriitali>-\i imlii<i< mi tin-

limi'r •iirfiui'

ItinailK iilmvaliMiiiilalr. iiHiially i'niiiiili<il ami nliliio' at till' it|i< «, n'|iuiiilly

»|iim>'<r-<li'iital>>. inurm ly ri'tiriiliilr-vi'iiiil

I liali> nr ii\ati-«ili|niii{ nr nval, I'liliri' nr n iiiiiti'li >|iiiinM'ili'iilalii
IhirU (jutii.

Olil'iiii- nr ulHivati', I'litlri'. <liMiali'-ii>ntlii'<l. ur InUil. |iiil'< m ami nftcii

|iili' nil the Inwir mirfaii'

Oliliiiii,', i'lli|ilii'iil nr nlinmli', iiiiiri' nr iiiinitily »|iiMn»i-<li>iilati>, |iul» nr

• llwry wliiii' mi till' Inuir Mirfiu'v

Ol'l'iiiij-laiiri'iilati'. iiitiri' nr rii'aml-'i'rrali'. riiri:«'i'nin

Mittiiratinii lili'iiiiini ; nut mriri'ii Inini'ntiHi' mi llic liiiii r •iirfari' ; almrtiri' uvuK>« liual
nr lali-ral.

Lt'tttl'' |M'r>i"lrlll.

Oil' ;. ariitf nr i'Ui|iiilati', iiitlri' m ilintali' nr «imiiiti'tiinlliiil. (ulvnu*-

ImnihtiiKi' mill iiliiiiuitcly |ial>' mi tin' Inwi r •iirfaii'

(Il<lii|i){'luiiri'nlalr, aciitr, rri'iiati'-aliiitnli' nr iiitiir. I'liiKiiiriiiiii'ly \rimil,

|lllU'Hi-elit nr tnlllrlltii'*!' nil till' Inwrr "lirl.n-i*

Mi'Imiiilialaiiii''. AlmrtlM' iivuli" »ii|K<rinr; ^laiintiH usually irniii I i.i ti ; ntyli'* clulitjnU'il,

liiially ri'i'urti'l : tiiil ••'rii'i'n-ti'iiii'iit mi ilic iiiiu'r nurfari'. Klark t)ak<

.Maliiratinii aiiMiial.

Ix'avi'K IK r.iMriil iiiilil tlir it|i|H'aiaiiri' nf tlin«c nf til. fnllnwiiii; yt'ur.

(hal, nrliiriilar nr nliliui),'. I'litiru nr •liiiiali'lv ■|'iiii»i'-<li'iituti>, inuvi'X nn

llio u|i|K'r niirfai'*'

Olilont; nr rlliiitirnl. nr nlilnntj-nlinvati*, usually iiitlri', ^lalirmiii nr inativl

Milli pull' jiiilif'rfiK'u nil tile Inwi-r Niirfart

.Maliirallmi uiiually liji-iiiiial.

1,1 avi> |Mr-i»ltiit until tin' n|i|Haran(i) nf tlmv nf tlir fnllnwini; yrai.

LaiK't'iilalt', ulilnii^'laiiri'iilali' nr <'lli|itirul. iiitin nr •|iiiin»i-<liiitati' tnwanl

tlio a|icx, ciiatril with pali' nr fulvmni tomriiliiiii nu tin- lii«ri-r turfarr
()lilniii,'.1ani'i'nlati', <-ntiiii nr «iiiu.'itt!Hli'ntali', ilark tfriiii niiil luatrmm
4 )val tn iilitiiii;{>nlMivati*. niutiilril nr ariili* at llii> a|M-\. iiin-lly eiitiri-. with

thii'kiiiii'il ri'vniutr iiiar);lnii

lAavi'H ili'riiliiniiit.

rinnatiliil nr InUil.

Olilmi^'-nlinvatv In nUmi);. tlip Inhfa tajM-rin^ Krailuolly fruni liruml liiucii

aiiil ai'iilH anil ii>unlly ili'iitatu nt tin' apix

OImiv'iIc, truiii'Ulu or nlini|itly W)Hl);f-iilia|n'il at ihr haxt'. ilet'jily luU'il uitli
lirnail i'liiiiiili'il •.inii!ii'«, thi' Inhi- iiiiiuali-ilvntutv at tin' usually hruail
api'X

I.'i. «^ .Mil MAI'llll.

|)i. l{, IIHI \ II iHIA.

17 1^, I M«II.»T>.
IS. l^. l»iil,,|.AH|l,

I'.' << IAiII I \I*NM.

'.')). (j. iiiii.oMiiriii.u.
'.'I. H. Anizi'Nii A.

'.'.'. C^, lltTIi II \t\.

•.':i. i^ r.ii Mivi.

'.'I. 1^. Ill Mix I.

'.'■*>. ({. V I Hill MAN A.
'Jll. n Km.uivi.

'.'7. <l 1 iinv">r,rrf«.
'.>. (^. fiiMi Nrri.i.A.

'.".•. H- Ai.HIKviLJA.
'M. l^ 11 MII.A.

.'II. 1^ lurm I iTA.

'.'J. 1^ \V|.| 1/1 M.
;i.t. il. MVllTIKiil.lA.

'X\. ({. Hl'IIKA.

:i.".. t^ TrXASA,

I

rvvviivtHX. SlhVA (>/■' \nh'T/f AMKItlf'A.

OlilciiiK nr iilioviilc. ili'i |rl\ Inliiil niili lii'niiil riiiiiiiluil aiiiilio, tlii' "li'liili'r

IuIh'I I'lilll'Hl'lv ri'|lltll<l'ill'rit»li' IriHillil IIh' ,t|H'< •Ut. (j. IIKIINK.t.

OralD ur ciIkivhId, aliulilly or ili'i'|ily liil>fil with luiiuil nr iinri'iiv iii'iirly

tiitire or ili'iilulii liil«'«, ii»iiiilly |iiil»«i<'iit im till' liiwiT «iiitiiri' . . . 117. <^. vct.iTlx.l.

ObliiiiK nr ciliiivnti. ili'r|ily I'llx'il. till' Inliii tii|>i'riii)(. iiiiitr, i>r l>ii>ii>l niid
iiImiviiIi' lit till' ii|H t, ri'|>aiii|-i|i iitiiii' nr iiilirp. KliiliriMia nr |iiilH'iM-viit mi

till' liiHi'r ilirfllri' ;|N. ({. (' (MfiiUMiA.

(>lilntiic<ilKivnti' nr lriuii;;iiliir, ili'< jily Inl'xl ulih iii'iiii< >|iri'iiiliii|{ nl'iiii

fllli'llll' liilivii, |{lill>rnl|.< nl' rilrly-|illli<'ni'i III nil till' Inwrr KlirfllCK . . . .1'). Ij. ('vrK'<IIKI.
OliliiiiK nr iiIkihUi', fiilvniii nr |uili' |iiilii'>('i'iit on tlin Inwir mirfiU'i'. tlii'

Inl iiiiiiliy i'lnii),'iili'i| iiiul fiilri.ti 10. I{. ii|<.iitr\.

(Hinviilt', ■.inimli'-liilml liy ilr..|i iviilu ■iiiii«i'<, tln' '.|iri'iuliiiK IuIh"< miiti' nr

iilitiiiie, iimmlly niumt'ly rc|Hiiiil-(lciitali< II. <j. ivi.tiIiih.

Oblivnti', Illiwtly lli'llti'ly ,"i.|nli..||. rn:ili'<| nil till' InWir »lirfllri' with |inl»

|Mll»"<CI'l I'.'. I<. WW.

( Kill nr niMivlltl', ijlalirnIK, Kilniati'l) lnlii'<l »llll IHIIIiIIv lU'lltl' illtiri' Inln - . M <{. I iKiilHil.tNA.

Wiili'iiiiiL; ii|iH'iii'>l, iiihI nfli'ii iilini|>lly ililalnl ul llic lirnnil, niliunte nr nli-
Mliri'ly .! In .Vliilii'ij iijia.x.

IlmmlU nl>nv:iti'. rii<ly-|iiil>i"iri'iit nil till' Inner Fiiirfni'O II. '^ .Mkllll. WDI' A.

(Il><iviilr"'|iiiliil»tu or iiiirrnuly ui'ilt;i ■>lm|n'il, i;liil>rnii> |."i. Ij. si'.iiv.

Olilniii,' nr liiiii luli'-nlxiviili', usually I'liliri'. Willnu ()ak<.

(ilalirnii*. ilark ),'ri I'll iiii't liKlrnii.! alinvi'. sniiii'wlial |iiili'r lii'Inw . . . . |ii. Ij. i Mini "M v.
I'ltlc liliii'-i;ri'i'ii uiiil Kl»l>r»ii> alxivi', I'nnti'il IhIum' witli liiury tniiii'iitiiin . 17 ({. luii \ inu i \.
Dark ((rci'ii nr liKlrnuH nil till' ii|i|H'r Aiirfari'. jiiilK'ni'i'iit nil till' liiwrr IH. l^. imiikk uii \.

(•Iiilirniia, luirrnwril lit linili i'iiiIh I'.l. 1^. I'm i.iii.^.

J'A'.wia. I'inlillati' llowcr.. ill :i-l|n«i'ri'.| ryiin'.. at llii' I'a I lli.' iri'rt ainlrnnyiuiii.. iiiiiiiit* ;

ttliurlivi' itaiiii'ii" ii« iiiiinv ni llic i-.ih xlnln"* : «ti-.^Miia4 lirirar.
1,1 a\ '■> iii'r''i''li'ii(.

Olilniii,', tiitin' iir ili'iilali'. tniiirntn'<u nil lliu liiHi'T siii'l'ai'u .Ml. 1^. niNtiFMiiii.

15

16

677. r^ OF NOIiTU AMERICA.

CUrULIKEILK.

QUERCUS ALBA.

White Oak.
liKAvr.s olioviito-obloiit;. ()l)li(iutl\ , visimlly T-loIu'd, or pinnatifid, piJc and fj;labr()iis

QucTcnis (ilba. I,iiinn'ii«. >'/"•'•• '.''-""i < 17."i:>). — Millir. ]>U-t.
111. .'». N'.p. 11. — Min'iii'liliiiusiMi. ll'Uisf. V. '.'.">;(. — Dii
Uiii. II'irhL ll.iiiiii:. ii. -711. 1. .">, f. ."i. — Wanm'iiliiini,
Hisr/irilh. .V"a/.i»i. //".':. .Vi ; .Y"(v/.iw. //•/:. 1-. I. .'t.
f. (1. — l.;iiiiaiTli. I'iit.i. T'.'ll. — Mar>liull, Arhusf. Am.

1 I'.l. — .Mnilirll. II.IIIIIK' U'lisf. '.'■':. Kvilyil. Silc). 1(1.

HiinliT. i. Til. — Wallir. I'!. < '/•. 'J.Ci. — d»lii,'tioiii. fimi.
iiri/li .S''•J^■ /■../'/. ii. .'.1^. — AMmiI \ Sinilli. limtTts n/
Gritrtjii. ii. 17^>. t. ."^T. — liMrkli:m«iMi. Ilnnlli. I\>r>tlfit. I.
7(18, — Will. lr:i.i«. /;.)■/. It'lllMX. I'Tti; ,S'/..v. iv. Jit. i.

■U.S; /wi./i/,. ',177. — .Mi.liaiiv. Illst. (7,.M.< .1,1,. N„. I.
/•/. /(■,-.-. I, .(. ii. I'.l.". — Mn.l.l.nlMri,' >\. AVill.l.n.nv, .V, ».■

.SV/,r.'f>. '.'•■.<'//, .\,l/. /■',• /.'t.'.h, iii, .'ill.'.. - INtiikiII. .Si/,..

A. ill- ('anil..ll.-. I'ru,!,-. xvi. pi. ii. '.".'. — OrNl.il, Viilnisk.
MiiliLj't'i mit. t'l^r. A/"/" «/,. l-*<tUt. Gil ; I/uhmntui Chr»fit
Am. r,;</,. t. ;!,•!, f. '.",1, HO. ',S, .Mt. _ Wc^iiiiul. Hull. /V,/,
.V..-. //..,•/, /,',/;/. l.si'.'.l, ,!11. — Vi.», V, Am. i:,it. .'»,/ l:.,t.
ii. 'Jl'.l, f l.Ml, — K.iili, llfiiilr. ii, |)l. ii. .'"■(I, — Itrnllry &
Tiiniiri, I//./, /v. iv, •_',"i(), I. '.'.'lO. — .Siir),'<iit, hn-i-.tt Tins
A. .("/. M". '..,..,.< r. .S'. IX. l.!7. — I.iiiiclip, lh-iitsi-hl>
Ih-iiilr. '.".II. — Win/ii;, .A/A,-/.. /(.,r '/'.ir/. Ilrrlln. iii.
1 77. — ll..iili:i. ( 'h-'hrs A III. 'II lli/,/i</iir, ■_'.'..">, t. — Muvr,
H'.il.l. .v../-,/,/,//, 1 II, t. 1, '.'. — Wiiljiiili >V. ('..ull.r, tlnn/'t
.1/.///, .•.!, il, -IT."., -- Hipinl, //./„,//,, f.,i,il,h.hl.'. ii. 74.—
K...liii.-. /'-..'"A, /.....//■. l'J7. — C.mli.T, '■....^r,/,. r. .S'.
.V.r //.,/. ii. tit ,.l/',... /'.•. ir. /•-r.,.«l.

ii. "i7ll. — li.i..-. .1/../,. /,/.«r .v./'. /'/,'/.«. Mii'/i. I'lri.n. \'i\\. QutTou.s iilb/i pinimtifldii. Mi.li.inx. ///.i/. ('Iiiiir» .im.

pt. i. ;Ull. — I).>fiMitain.'i. IIUI. Ark ii. :<'>S. — |),i .M.,nt N„. l, 1. .-.. f. 1 ( iMi] i ; //. /,■,„■... |,/,, li. I'.l,-,. _ I,,m,|„n,

.!,• l'.iiir>.t. /.■.^ i'"lf. ■■.I. -, vi. f.'.'i. — Sl.ik.-.. II 'f. Mil. Ai-h. Hril. iii. l.Sdt.

Meil. iv. II.".. -Mi.liaiix f lli-l. .1.'.. .!.„. ii. !.'•. t. 1. — QuorcuH itlbii iri'imiuliil, Mi.liniix, llinl. t'lone* Am. No.

l'ur»ii. /v. .(„,. s.i.t. ii. c,:;;;. — lii-.i.nv. /v. /;.,,</.,«. 1. 1. .•., f •_' (I.hiHi. — i',ir»ii. Fi. Am. Sr/,t. ii. t\:i:i —

'.'•.'.•..- Ni.ltal!. '.■... ii -l."': .Sy/,-/. i. I I . — .V„/i-,././ />(/- llayti.-. Ihi„lr. /'I. 1, ",'.•, — l,.,.i,l„n. .I,-'., lir.t. iii. LSI! I. -

/<.i//i,/. \ii. 17."'. — llavii.'. /Vm./;-. /V. 1."..S. — Klli.,il. .S7,. \V,-.rim.l. Hiil'. Fi'l. S.ie. l/,„f. /.•./;/. ISi.'.l. .tl'.'. — |)i|>-

ii. tkC. — Spr.-iii;.l. .">■.■/«'. iii. >il'>l. — Aiiiliil..iri. /.'.>./.«. I. ]u\. /l.it.JI,. I.'iii/./,,.hJ.-. ii. ':,.

\i'l. 117. — II.M.kiT. /'. /i.-.-.l .,.. li. I. '."<.- Spiidi. //i.</. Quuri-us iilbn. .. i)iiiimtillilii Himmtii. Ilayiif. hrmlr. FI.
I'll. si. I.V.. — l..nv\. F:. .V. ). ii. I'.IJ. — KiniT>.(.ii. l.'iS (l.^■.•■.').

Trn.i .1/,.- I'.'T. ; I , i-.l. '.', i. 1 !.■'. 1. - Dirtiiili, .Syr,, QuiTOUW iilbil. /)' Hiinmtii. ILivn,. Iten.h. FI. I,",'.' i t>'."J|.

V. ;Ul. — l)arliin;tiin, /'/. C-.^fr. i-.l. 11. '.'I'll',. — llri'iultl, Quorcun iilbii. , iniiToi-iirpii. .\. ili' Can. lull,'. /■;•.«/,• xvi.
Ti-'VLi. Hi. A'lrii-. S-i'-. iii. r>l.'!. t 1 — Ciirli.. /,',/.. '.',„/,.;/. |il ii. '.".' ( l.Stll I. - \V,.,iiia..l, Hull. h',:l. S'ir. Il„rl. lli-l'J.

,S'.,r.-, .V. r.tr. l.M',11. iii. :;i. --('iiapiiian. /'. f.'.i. — I M.'.l. .II'.'.

A Iri'c. '^niwin'.;' to .in :ivfi;ii;c licit;lit cif Irmii «i',;:lilv In .mr liiiM.lnil fid, witli ;i Iriiiik tlufi' nr
four IVct in 'li.iiiiiti r. 'I'lic prim i|p:il liriili-, .iic ^lllut. .ind. siirr.iilin;f im-L;nl.iiiv irnni llii' sliin .it ,i
liiiiM.I ;iM'.;li' Miiil in ;i slinlitU /i;;/:i;;; iiiMiiiii r. Idiiii an ii|)cn cupvmi nl' latlici slcnilcr ii.j;iil Ih.iiicIh's,
(Kiuilcil 1,\ iitliii- lici-- III till' toic-l, till' Willi!' ( l.ik .siiniiliiii"^ '411, ws 111 a li(i:;lil ul' nni' liinnlicil anil
)iit\ lict, i|N iiiiiik lisiiiL^ liiiiii .1 lii-i' iicc.i^iiinallv ^ix liil in iliaiiiflcr, t.i|i('riii;; ;.;i:iilii.illv to tlii" liist
lii.iii(li("i. vvliiiii ,irc nil. II ^iNinlv m- (■ii;-lil\ iVct almvc tlii' ^^nininl, ami Inariii;.^ a i-niii|iar.itivi-lv narrow
hi'i.l. Winn, li.ivviMT. il Ills .^iiiwii in liir full cninvMiciil nl lit;lit .iml air. llic While O.ik is Inw ami
riiiiinl-lii a.li .1, Willi a ^li.irl '^ii.uIimI iriink nciM-,iniiall\ twi'Ki' licl in (li.iniclcr ami n;i('al \viilc-s|}rca(lin;j
Inanclifs wliiili arr nfiin I'mitnili'il lowanl their exlreiiiilies, 'I'lie hark ni the trunk ,iml larj;e
l.raiii'lies is li'^lil ^i.iy -lightly tin:;:eil with re. I or hrown, nr nie.isiiinally nearly while, ami is hiukeii into
thill .i|.|.|i'sseil scales ; nii l.iine trunks it is sDiiieliiiies luii imhes il! tliieklH'ss. ami is ,li\i(leil iiitii I. mail
tl.il ii.Il^.s hy sh.ill.iu lissures. 'I'lie lir.inchlets are sli-n.l. r. ami .ire iiiaikeil with miiiiite pule leiitieels ;
.'III, I al liisl ale hri^jht ^jnen ami nlieii linifeil with n.l. ,'iml ciiateil with a Iniise tniiieiituni of loii^j
p.ile nr femii^iiieniis hairs, wliiili snnii ilisappe.iis. f.illiiii; in lar;;e irre^jiilar patihes ; diirinj^ the
siiiiiiner lli.'V linn leil.li'-h hrn'.Mi, in their lirst winter are hri^hl red .iiid liistinus nr are cnate.l with a
I'laui'Oils lih.niii, ,111.1 in their seioml \eai lic'iime ashv irr.iv. 'I'lie wiiilei-hiids are lirnadlv nvate. lather

i

-i9

CUI'ULIVEIL/K.

t'UrUI.IKKIMv

fil/.VA OF NOUTII AM Fine A.

17

and glabrous

— Orst.'d, Villi- iisk.

; Lii/iniljllll ( 'hinf:!

u-mxvm\. Hull. rill.

Am. r.iit. mill r-it.
i. 50. — Ilcntloy &
ruiiili l''in.it This

- I.uilcllp, /V»^^l•/;r
If'irf. lii'rliii. iii.

'/.■. '.'.i.-i. I. — M:iyr.
I iV C'ciulliT. (Inii/'n
iiuhb ihh. ii. 71. —
Icr, iiiiitrlli. r. .S'.
i\ I.

Illst. ri,:,,,. Am.

. u. !'.•.•.. ^ l,..u.l.iii,

at. Chi lie* Am. No.
1. Sriil. ii. f..i:t. —

/.. Ilrj. iii. l.SC.l. _

■. isr.'.i. :!f.'. — Diiv

lI:vyTli'. Ihiiilr. /•'/.

.Ir. ri. I.V.I ilM".').
'aiiiliilli'. I'riiilr xvi.
•,-./. S.k: Ihirl. IS'liJ

I Iniiik tliri'c or

II llic stcni lit ;i
r ii^i<l liiMiiclics.
IMC IiiiihIii'iI .'lllll
iiiillv to till' iiist
|i,ii"itivilv iiMi-row
(• ( ).ik Is low ami
it wiili— •incailiii;;-
tiuiik Mini larj^i'
ml is liKikt'ii iMlo
ividi'it into liiiiad
itc pale Ifiilici'ls ;
iiiit'iitiim i)t' loiii;
lies; (liiriii^^ tlw
lie coatcil w itli a
aillv o\ati', ratlii'i'

olitiisc, (lai'k rt'il-lirowii, and about an <'if;]itli of an inch in Icuf^th. Tlic leaves arc condiiiiliciitu in
the iind, olHivatc-oldoiifi; and ffradually narrowed and wcdni-shaiied at the base ; they are divided
into teniiiiial lohcs and from three to nine lint usually three pairs of lateral lohe.s by wide sinuses,
which are rounded at the liottoni. and arc sometimes .^hallow and sometimes jienetrate nearly to the
midribs; the terminal lobe is short or elon<;ated, obovate and thrce-lobed, or occasionally ovate,
entire and acute or rounded; the lateral lobes arc obliijuc, broad or narrow, entire <ir anriculatc,
and increase in si/c froir. the base to the a]icx of the leaf; or on vi<roidus shoots or small branihcs
developed from the trunks of old trees, the leaves are often repand iir slii;htly sinnately hdicd or
occasioiiallv entire below and thrce-lobed at the broad ajic.x ; when thcv unfold they are bri;;'ht red
aiiove. |ialc below, anil coated with soft pubescence ; the red color fades at tin; end <if a few days, and
they beconic silvery white and very lustrous ; their eovcrinj;' of tomcntum then gradually disappears, and
when fully j^rown the leaves arc tliiii, linn, and ;;labious, bright green and lustrous or iliiU on the upper
siirtaci'. pale or glaucous and gl.ilirous below, and from live to nine inches in length, with stout bright
vcllow miilribs. conspicuous primarv veins riiiiliing to the points of the lobes, lateral veins forked and
united near the margins, conspicnons reticulate veinlcts, anil stout jiale |ietiiilcs (latteiieil and grooved
on the up]ier side and enlarged toward the base. The stipules are linear, brown, scariiiiis, and about
li.ilf an inch lung. I>atc in the autumn, after thi' leaves of nearly all the trees with which it grows in
llic I'oresi have" fallen, those of the White Oak turn to a deep rich \iiioiis rcil, and, gradually withering,
ilro|i at the bcgliiiiiiig of winter or remain on the branches of siiiiie individuals nearly to its close.
The staminate llowcrs, which appear when the leaves arc about one tliird grown, are piiidiii-cd in hir-
sute or iicarlv glabrous ameiits from two and .i half to three inches long; they arc usually ebractcolatc.
ami before opening are fiiiiiisli((l at the apex with tufts of rusty brown hairs ; the calyx is bright yellow
and pnliesceiit. with acute lobes rather shorter than the stamens. «liicli ,irc composed of coiiiparatively
stout lilanients and emarginate glabrous anthers. The pistillate tlowers aie borne on abbreviated or
elongated peduncles, the two forms often appearing on the same tree ; they are bright red with broadlv
ovate hirsute iiiMilucral scales and ovale acute c.ilvx-lolies. The acorn is sessile, or is borne on a
sl.iidcr peduncle from one to two inches in length. ,ind is more often long-stalked on trees with decjilv
lobeil leaves than on those with slightly di\idcd leaves, although long and shoil-stilked acorns can be
iuiiml on trees with leaves of either form, and olteii on the same tree and on the same braiieh ; the iiiit
is ovoid or oblong, roumled at the apex, lustrous, three ipiarters of an inch or an inch in length, green
when fully grown, and linally light chestnut-brown ; the cup is cup-shaped and coated outside with
pale or light brown tomenlnm. and embraces about a ipiarler of the nut ; at the base it is tulierciilate
by the iiiucli thickened and united scales, which are produced into short obtuse menibr.inaceous tips ;
giduing gradually tliiiiiier toward the top of the cup, the scales are small and scarious at the rim.

(Jill rii'x ii/hii is distriliiitcil from southern .M.iine to souihwestein (Quebec, westward tlirougii central
ami soutberii (liit.iiio.' the lower pcniiisiil.i of Mlrliigan and soiithcrn Minnesota ■' to sontheaslern
.Nebraska ' and eastern Kansas,' and soutliw.ird to northern Florid.i and the valley of the Hrazus
IJivcr in Tex.is. .\n inhabit.int of sandy [ilaiiis and i;ravellv lidgi's. of rich uplands, intervales, and
iiiiiist bottom-lands, the W bile ( >,ik is rare ill (^ucbee aiiil nortliciii New Kiiglaml, where it is usu.illv
fniiiid mixed with the White I'iiie. It is alinmlaiit and g;ows to a large si/.c in Ont.irio. finpientlv
forniing a con~idciable ]i,ut of the forest-growth. .Miscnl from the colil elevated regiiiisof northeiii
Ni'W Kiiglaiid and New York, and from the highest shipcs of the southern .Mlegliaiiy Mountains, and
rare in the niarilimc I'iiie belt of the south, the White Oak is coninion, where the soil is not too sterile
to support it, in other parts of the luited States from the siiorcs of the Atlantic nearly to the western
and northwi'stern limits of its range. While sometimes forming forests almost to the exclusion of other

' Itriini't, Cm. Viij. l.iij. Civi. IS.— IMI, f.'., ./..,/ A'./i, C.ii,, ■' lii^M.y, A',/.. .V.^m.<<.i .Vm /.■.»ir./ .l./ii,-. l.S'.U. lO'.i.

1S7!)-HII, Ttl'. — MmMiiin, Cut. Cim. I'l. 110. * .Musoii, /.ri/AM liiiim. Iteji. Stair Hoard Aijni: A'.ci-in. 'JTl.

' .Mui'lilillllll. .Milil.<inrmiT nl'lhi Mimusiiln I'llc'cVy, WYl

•saws

mm

IS

.sV/JM OF Soirni AMKinCA.

t'l ri'LIFKU.K.

(H'f>. it is nih'ii associatiMl with tlu' Hickories, tho Rod Oak, tlit* Sour Giini, tlu* Wliito Asli, tin* Yrllow
Poplar, ami tin* ('iiriimln'i-tn-i', and is most atxmdant and ^rows to its ^^ivatost lu'i^lit on tlic western
slopes of tlie Alle^iiany .Mountains in Tennessee and tlie Carolinas, and on the hottomlands ol" the
lower Ohio l)asin.' l\ually smaUer in the n4»i'theastern states, it is only in this part of the country,
whirh \\a'^ liist rlrau'd t»f its orii^inal forest ei»verini^, that low hroad-hranelu'd short-trunked specimens
are found. Individual trees liclieved tt> he natural hvluids of fjinfi-tts tillm with fjturrns nthini\'
Qi't rrf's unit riiriir/'if,^ and (Jut rr/ts Pritufs^* have he**n 4»liserved in ditVerent |iarts of the country.

- A till- liiM Mvcptl I'V Mr, M. >. lU I>1'. in;ir Kmnitiumliilr.
Illinui>i, -ilu'Ws -.niiir tit tin- tliitriittiTs of t^umu-t nil-i uiul i^utrru.*
Ill I til -r, i\ni\ iis l)rlii'Vf(l l>i I'l* a iiyl>riii In-Ivvrrn tlirs*- s|M't'i('!*. Tlu>
K'iivt> rrscniMc tln>M' itf i^tirrruji itlf"i in (;fiu'ri(l tiiitlinc ; the n;ii-
nuv ItiU^. ln«\vr\«T. uri' olMtvjito iiml M'liuliuu s rflusi". Hki' tliiiM-
»if iiutn-Uf itiihiT, iiiul thry iirt' tit;Ui'<l t>ij tin- uikIit siirtuo ami I'li
iUk* iHlii'li's iiiid \oiiiij; liniiu'lii'S witii soft iniln'sct'iu'c. TIu' cups
arc shallow atnl |in)H'si'fiit uilli rt'^uLir ili<«tim t ii<'ii)i's !i(iitit'uliiit

I'l'iiff lit {jiin-rii.i o'.l-ii. I'ln' Itiuk and init> an- thu-**- nf timmui
ulf-ii, wliilt' the ili'i-p i'ii|><i, (ti-stitiilr of niar^inal triii^i*-liki' scalcx.
It tt'tnble ill tnriii ami in the iharai t«T of thrir liusal m-ali's tlin^c
of stiiiif <tf till- siiiulttT-fruitiMl fornii of (jui rru.t utiirrin-nr/Hi ( K.
Hall. Am. Eui. nrnl lint. ii. ItU. - Knj;(lniaiin, /. -■.).

A Irtf tlis4iivi'rnl nrar ClmrloUf, Virnmnt. li_v Mr C *t. riiiii;lf
in IKT'J (I'latr itcU.). und appariiitly a hylirid l»ctwfrn Qwrrun
iil'in iinil {i'ltrnts )iiiii-riHiir/ni, Uns narrow t>r liioadly «d'ti\att' It-avi-ii,
mill till- (itilnini' lolx-N of i^utrriiji iilf'ft, llirir hiiuihi-h U-in;^' iiiottly

tlihkt ihd a! tlh' Ita-i-. ami an- tliiis iiiti-rinnliati- U'tuiM-n tlinsi- of n-^Milar and ^liallttw. ]tltl)iMi{;ti smni* K*avrH aiv divnltd niail,\ tti

tlif tw.t Mii-jpostd i-iimii^ ( Kni;fliiiann. Tntus. St. l..<ui* .l<U(/. iii. tin* iniilill<- !•> tin- tici'p linuul HinuM^M ho clianu-li-riHlio of <^(«ret».<

;i'.i>i. iiui'-n--'i>-j^i. Soint' of tilt' indivitliiiil IraM-H an* |;rt'rn ami nt-arly

\. .If SiIm r Sjir iiii,". Station, in tin- m ii;IiUi|liootl of tlu- nty i>f fjlalnoiis mi ihr iiiidiT siirfair. ;iiid iillnrH ;iri' |',ili' and inori' or

\Va>lMnj;ttin, Ih (irorj;r \ a>t'y di^cnvrnti ncvituI yiarn ajjo a It""'* tfutrtl with ]mlM'^t'i'ni't'. Tin' nnti an- an int-h iit li'n^tli,

tri'f t'f ]>roit;iltIy Mniilar |>ar«'iitap'. Tht' Iravo arv oMon^;, narntw and rlon^atcil, and n>M>nddt' llio-te uf Qutrru!* nlht ; (ln»

roiindi'tl al tin' narriiw Uisf, ami irn'^rnlarly cut into narrow t iiii- an- turlurialc, cnliri'I\ dotttulr of in;u^'iinil frinf^r. ctmlfl

t'lilH|Hi' t.r -priMiluij; lidn--. ; iiitin- tdonj;atni titan ihoM- of tin- t.nli- uith tluck [ali- Ituncntuin ami co\cn')i with j^rccn triangular »i-aIfH

nary forms t.( tjum u." nifni, wliicli ihcy otlicrwist- piii-rally rcvm- wlinh, cxct-pt (hat tlu*y an* Muncwliiit niort* thu-ki'tnil Inwanl (In*

Ml', they ar»' llinkfr aiul llriniT, hi»wrviT, darker j;nfti tui the l»a>t' t»f the iup, rr.scnilile those of (Jmrms riKi-T-xiirfxi. NM■tllIn^'H

upper -uitaie .iml >lij;litiy pu'.'e.Hcent on the lower. 'Hie fniit ih raised fritin aeorns t»f thm tn*e wert* plaiitftl in the .Vrnold ArU*-

loii^-pi dum iil.ite. null ohtti«e nut4 aUiiit thrt-c ipiarterK of au iiu h n'tuiu in iSM), ami leprinluee the folm^e of ihe parent. Their

in len);th. and .shallow i ups (u^e^t■d uilh diHtinct laneeolatt* acute wintcr-ltiidf, which are at u'.e, ai-e often marly half au imli in

t.r trumate Males sli^'litlv tliukeiud ru-ar the Ihim* of (he cup only. lenijth. or Iitii^jer than thi»M' tif either of the i*up)>oMd |>arnitN, and

Tin' hark i- deMriU-d a.** darker ami closer than that of (lie White ate <ii\<ri-d nith the li^dit rt-ilili<th hrowa Acalei M-arii)U!i tui the

I lak. ihe huds uml leaves art' sli^^htly nioditl'.'d from thotH' t>f imirj^iiiH tif (^tunns niiicriH-nrfm, thry ar»* often aectimpanied, like

li'ir n u.f tti.'H, whdc the fruit H'v nihleii that of IJutnuji nutk'tr iIiom- of thi.i k|h>i lex, hy (he |HTsi.4tent ^tlpule]l of the np|ter Ii-:i\t-t.

(N'asey, liuil. T-irrfif !'n4. dufi, x. 'J."i. t. L'l*). Tht' trees jjrtiw much im»re rapidly tlun the Kpei nm ns of QunriiA

A sinj;le tree ( Plate ccelix. ), found hy Mr. (ieorp- W. I^-ttcnnaa •i!'"i and (^n^nrtt iruii-riH-iirfMi in the sain.- plantation.

oil Uurkle\'> I MI. mar Atleiittui, Mi!tM>ui-i, hii.-* the haliit, j^cjuiul • < >ii the ^' round t of Mr.dohn Saul, ihe hortunltnrisi ami nurM-iy-

,ip|>e:iran(-t', luid haik tif l^utn-us nilni. The buds, ilthouj-h rallur man. t**o mdes north ut the city of \\ ioihinj;ton, Pr tieorge \'aAey

lar);er. are like tlioM- of iintrcu.* mttinr. TIh- li-aves, aNo, ^enenilty ili!M't)Veri''.l a Ireo which ap|H-ars intermediate U'lwei'ii t^wrcm ii//»<i

rcM-inlile thtiM* 111 thiA ^|M>cie<l in outline ami in their hnmder ohtiiM*
IoIh'S altliMu;;h imliMdual leaves with (he uarrow ritumled ohlnpif
ImU * of (^umitr ihhi are fntpienl. \\ hile yoitn^ they art* et>atet|
witli the tawny stellate puUvicence of Qiirri un '(iinor, and at ma<
turity are ^lahromt, or pnUsceiit with M-attered »ttellale haips oii

ami (^fj<r»ij.< I'^-mux (Plate etclii > Saul's ( hik i.i a tree ulaiut fifty
feet high ic. a grove of iCttI mid White ( lukii mid (*hi*itlnut-trt>es.
'Ihe luirk !■> naid to t-omliine (hv characters of its sup|K»iied pari-nti.
The Innls aw tivate, acute, ami nearly a ijnarter of an inch long,
with the pale hniwn .scales ncariou* ami nlightly ciliate on the

the upiKT surfate. and pale, pnU'-cent, or glaltrate tm the Itiwrr. margins of (^Hrrrus I'nnut. The leavei are elongated, ^tightly or

lite antherH, like thtMC of (Jutnun rrnfuT, are hirsuti*. The nuts,
v\lii('h are almiit an inch in length, resi-mlde those of tjurntif nU-ti^
while the r ip dilTcrs from that of cointnon forms of (^r^rrci** m*u-ir
only in the ^omcwhat thn ker xales at its Imsc.

* A tn-i* iMdievid to !><• it hvhrid iN'iweiii iiutiru^ aif.ii aiitl
i^'itrr'i* tiutrr'itirjMi was found M-vi-ral vi.irs ;tgo l<\ .Mr. M. S.
Ihhh, near Kiaintaindate, Illinois. Ihi- h-.tvi-s resi inMi- tliov of
(^utrius olfMi, except in the pulHsifiit covering on their lower
Hurfact', although some individnal leaves ur*- almost ekaetty like
lho.ii- of onliniiry forms td' ^mrrn't mornxnrjm in sh;t|M- ; like
tliiisi' of iluffvu nif-t they turn deep ritl in the autumn. The
eup is a hide drepcr than the en|i of l^nerrut fu^-<t, with the prom-
inent triangular stah-s o| IJutnu.* iiiiirrixiirfm (Kngelmann. /. <),

cotisiderahlv hro^idcr tow.ird their npet. wedge-sha|H-<| or roumtetl
at ihi' narrow hase, and pale and nearly glahnms on the lower finr-
face, with six or nevi-n pairs of long narrow aeute. or on some mili-
vulu.tU short hroad and ri>umled lateral lolteri. Snrnr of tin- leave-t,
espt-i iiill\ tliosi* from hiwer bmueheit. are m>t tlistinguiiihalile from
the leaves of (^i«Trtu< /'nritw, while others, with their deep tmrntw
siniisi's, are nmn* like thi>s4> of Qutn'UM alf-i The fruit is long-
|M*dunculiite, reseiiihlihg that t>f l^ufnut /'ntiii* in si/e and shape,
lint the eup-sealen are rather fn-er than thcv are m this spt-i a »
(ViLsiy, I. c. 'jr,, t. \1H).

Another tire, found hv l>r titorgi- Wist-y near tins .St.ldiers'
lltiine in Wasliiiigtoii in tsTl, growing with tjutrrui ftlfm uml
Qfirrrut i'rittuji, ami destroyed four year* later, ptMsesM-d wnim

Another tree of prohahl\ the same parentage, <liHco\i'red mar cliarai ters of Uilh of its ttnpposed parents. Ihe sliglilly puln>ncent
Athens Illinois, by .Mr. Kliliu Hall, has the haven of (/Nfr.-..* bramhlet* ami the winter-buds were llioie of (^.j»nu.i /Viwiw. Tho
viiu:r»i'tr}»i, although thc\ are cuvircd while voung tsitli the pnUs- k-avcs, whieh vverv ineUely lobed with ohlniue rouiu.'i-d loU'i, wiTP

Con-
till.

IJIV

mti'
Th.
tUi

cri'rMFKii.K.

, the Yfllow

tilt' wi'stcru

lands of tlu>

tin* cimiitiv,

mI HJK'cinU'MS

rrns )tnnfn\'
(nmtrv.

tIi<i-*»' nf {iii'i-i'ii.*
riii^i-likf sfiili'S,

* Hiitrr'uiir/Ht {\..

Mr C. (.. IViiijilr
iH'twfi'ii Qittn't*
ly ulinviUo U'livts,

i»i'>i Iwin^ ninstlv

tllVllK-ll IH'iulv li'

^Tt'i'ii ami iir;irly
>al»' ami inuri- or
1 iiii-h ill It'ii^lli,
litrrru.* nifm ; tlio
lal friiiK''. t'oali'tl
I ti i.iiii;iiljir «fiiIi'H
KtMii-il touaril till*
Kfir/Mi. S'lMMing*
tlu* .\ritt.lil ArliiK
n- piirt'tit. 'I'litnr
f tiiilf ail iii< ti iu
ftfid ))ari'iiti«, aiiU
^-t M-art>MiH on tin*
acrtiinpniiioil, iiko
I lie ui'iK-r li'«vr«.
i-*iiiu-iis of QuerctiS

lurisi am! nur»pry-

Ur (ii-orp' Viwry

t\«ri'ii ijutrrtis iul«l

H a tn'f uUmt fifty

Av\ till ■^t^lll-tr^*^■s.

% »\i\iyusv*\ pan-ntfl.

r of nil iiich luii);,

Illy cilitttf nil tli«

Dii^jatwl, nii^hlly IT

-Hl(aiH''(l or niuiuleil

it iui the lower nur-

(*, or Ktt lutuw imli-

Siiiiii* of iIh- leavf^,

listuijjuwlialtl"' from

llicir tii<p imirow

The fruit in luii^-

iii i'ltv Hiiil >l)ai>t-)

art' ill lliis ^iH-iuft

STLVA OF NOIiTH AMHRICA.

19

CUrULIll.Ki«.

Tliu Wliite Oak is ono nf the most valiiai)l() ami important timber-trees of Nortli America. The
wood is stroiifj, very lieavy, hard, t()ii>;-li, close-f^raiiK'd, and diiraltle in contact with tlie soil, alth()nf>li
Halilc to ( lifck nrdfss cart'liilly seasoned. It contains l)road cons|iicnons mednilary lays and iiands of
several rows of lar;je open ducts niarkinjj tiie layers of annual f;rowth, and is lifjht l)rown, with thin
hiiht hrowii sapwood. The specific fjravity of the aiisolntely dry wood is (>.7I7(I, a cuhic fool wei;;hin<;-
H».;i."i pounds. It IS employed in sliipi)uildinn-. for construction, in cooiiora';e, larj;e (juautities t)ein<;f
exported annually to Kurope in the form of staves, in the manufacture of carriaecs, ajiricultural
implcnu'uts, and liaskcts, for the interior finish of houses. ,ind in cal)inct-makini,^ and for railway tu's
and fences ; it makes e<iccllcnl fuel, and is lari^dy used as lire-wood.

.Mlhounh lirst dcscrihcd l.y I'ailiinson in Kild,' the White Oak, accordin;;- to Alton, was not
inli'oduceil into Kni^li^h plantations until IT'-'S."

The <ircal size that it attains in L;ood soil, its viijor, lon;^;evity, and stately hahit, the teiuh'r tints of
its vernal leaves when the sindi^ht plays amoni; them, the chccrfulnos <if its lustrous siinnuer i;rcen
and the s|dcndor of its autumnal colors, make the White Oak one of the nohlest and most heautiful
trees of the .\meilcan forest ; and some td' the venerahle hroad-hranched individuals n'rowin"- on the hills
of New Kntiland and the middle states realize more than any other Anu'rican tree, that ideal of stren<;th
ami durahility of which the Oak has heen the syndiol in all a;j;cs and all civilized countries.'

tiiifk lUiil (inn, (lilrk \*w\^\\ giiul liistruii.H iibo^f, iinil p:ili> nnd slij;litty
]iul>,'Si'<-iit Im'Iow, uith till' lin>:iil nitiii<lt-il lia-.f oftt-ll t'tmnil on tlu'
K'llVf'S of Q'urrtix Pnjtits, wliirll, in tllfir lUMItc winust'H, tlli'V (^('11-
mlly ri'^riiil'Icil. 'I'hf fruit wiiH scs-Hilc, witli a sliort liro-m nut
It"*'* than an iui-li in It-ti^'lli. ami *li^tin«t tliifkfn*'il iMi|vsi'alfH,\vitli
luf Mltirana*'i'*)iH triangular lipn ( lai^''linann, Tnt'i*. St. I.nuts .\'-<l'l.
III. Il'.l'.l).

Another tri'i', foiiml liy l>r. \'a-cv l«.i niihs niirlh of the i-ily i>f
\Va!ihin);ton iiiul l>iliiv*il l>y liini to lie a hyhriil l..'tm>pn Qitrntist
illliil nnil Queriu.< mtnnr {l!;li. I'nrr, i/ l^il. ( Vii/i, X. Vli, I IM'). lias
ohloMi; rathrr narrow tin* k lii^tronn h-avcn ?*ti}{htlv (ml" rllIou^ on
thi< lowiT siirfa<-t<, lirtiati anit routalt'il at tin* has*', anti ri"4alarty
anil intisi-ly IiiUhI. The fruit, Imwi-viT, r*-si'niltli-H that (tf tj'itrriis
I'nhnj, an*l, ju*lK'"Jf l'> lu'rliarinin ,**iit'cinH'ns, this Irt-f nii-^ht ho
con*,i*ti'ri'*i an I'ttrrnn* form of that spci'icj^, [nwHilily slightly in-
tliH'iK'r*! hy H i-roHs with (^ii.-n'fj,* ftU*<i.

A tri'f, fouml hy .Mr. ('. ft. i'rin^h' m iST'.t i^r.iwini^ on a liii^h
ilry rih'ky hill near l'liarl**ttf in inirtlnTU N't-rnmnt. has fhann-tfr.-*
iritt'rnio*liat*' hi-twi'ru tli*>tt' of i^'i*r<i(.< ff.V,.i antI t^'t^r*-»*.i /Voo*,*-.
'III.' Ifavfs ar*' tihovat*-. H*'ilt;'--shaln'ti at tin- Itasf, tliii-k anil lirni.

(lark ^'t u aiiit luslro

ali.ii

ami pah

I pii!i*'.s*'i'nt hflow, with

SIX *ir * i^'ht pair-* of narrow oiihipi*' nmuih il [oli.s. 'lli,' fiiiit i*
HJiort-pfilun* alalo, vMlli an o\att' poniti-il a*'orn ratlu'r !*'>■* than an

ini'h in length anil a shallow thin piihrsii'iit nip rovi-nil with n'RU-
lar Iriaiijjiilar thii'kcni'il srali's. In its h'avi's this trio approaohi'S
<^i(*ri-ii*' /Vol'*.'-, whilo in tlu* fruit ami htiiU it is iii*ir*- iiko t^i,frrn.i
nihil.

' "Tlii'V liavi' in Virtjinut ii ^iMslly tall Oki', wliirli thoy call
Iho wliili- Oki'. la'cansi* tin- luirko is whili-r tlifii of otliirs. wluwo
h'afi" lic'ausi* it s*i ni-rn-ly risoinhli-lh this swi'du Ok*', I have
jiiini'il with it. tin* .Xrkorni' liki'wist*. is not oni'ly swcotiT ihon othrrs,
hut liy lsi\lino il Ion;;, it j;iM-th a'l o\ If whiih thi'\ ki'ipo to siipph*
thi'ir joyiits." (7'/oii(r. l:iST.)

(,!'.. r.ii.« ii/Vkj \',r,ii'.i'liiii, riuki-ni'l, .l.'iii. /;..(. :iO'.l. — Milhr, /'iW.
.\o, 11. -Catfshy, .Vi,(. //i.<(. r.ir, i. 'Jl. t. L'l. Charlcvois, //i.i-
tt»rf ilf tit XinifflU FriiticF, cil. 1-""" iv. ;k31>, f. Ifi. — Itomans, \nl.
Hill. Flnrvlit, IS.

(^ij^Ti'K.i fii/ii'v .tii/itrui' iiitnrtim* "ftji'mti' iittiintii, <ii.'ift'i.< ituii'tlis'ine.
iJiiiK,., Clayton, /■'/. I'lrvm. 117.- Itoinans, Sal. Ilisl. I'Lirnta,
■Jli.

(Jiun-u.* nihil fliinUtfri, I)nhalnrl. Tniiti iln Arhre^, ii. 'Jlia

" II •rl. Kiir. iii. ilV). — l.iiliil.iu, .\rh. /in/, iii. ISIil, f. ITJii,
ITj;, t.

* Panii* ,i' Ilrooks, 'l)//unil Klin.* iluil "tltrr Trn^ nf' MnS'ili'hit-
irtt.^, t. |.'> 17. iliir-ltH and Forat, iii. *s.">, f. ; iv. f. 1, L'.

mar tin) Sohlirrs'
I Qniri-H^ tiUni anil
tlT, poHSl'SiU'll wmi"
II' slightly pnhi'si'i-nt
^iirrri*.* Frium. Thi^
roun.iiil lohi J, wen*

m>

KXl'I.ANATION OK TllK ri.ATES.

I'l.ATK rCCLVI. CJliKKCim ALItA.
A lliiwirih}; liiaiiili, iiiituial si'.i'.
Diaijr.-iiii iif a slaiiiinali' IhiwcT.
I)ia);raiii nf a iii»lillatf tlowir.
P(>Hi<in «! an anient .if Klaminati' tlnw.Ts. ('nlarj;!'.!.
A slaminalo lldwir, inlariji-il.
A *taniin. Ininl ami n ar vi.ws, .•nlaif;i(l.
A ilimtor of jiinliUatfl tlow.Ti. imiKh'JiiI.
A jiislillati' llowir. I'nlarL'cil.

Vorli.al MMtiiin cpf a pistillat.' tl.wi'i- Irfiiri- f.Tun.latii)", inlar-f(l.
V.'itiial Hcclic.n nf a iiUtlllate tl.'wi r after fi-.umlatinn, inlarniil.
(■r,i»« -..■.linn nf an nvary afliV foi umlatiipn. cnlargeil.
An mull', inncli niaijniliicl.
An aMilaiv wintei-lmcl ami leaf- war, enlarged.
Uia-ram of a leaf liuil.

riATi; ( ( ( I.VII QlKllIlM Al.llA.

1. A fi'illiri;; Kramli. natnral y\ie.

'J. \ n It, lia^al view, n,atunil si/e.

H A <".i|i. natural Mte.

4. .V eiii>-rale. iiilarneil.

,"i. Vertieal leetion of a nut. natural file.

(1. A *ivA. natural -i/e.

7. A ;;erniinatin'; nut. Tiatur.al »i/e.

8. A winter liranelilet. n.itural aiic

I'i.,rr (('('I.VIII. (.Jtriii f« m.iia.
I, ,V fruitin- luair.h of a tree witli iiiniiatiliil leavei. lUiJ long-
pfluneiilate fruit, natural Bite.

•v.

"■^

^ ,r

^r

V

J

'"Y^

%rJ'

smM

-rrrtar -~ -.

t

Silva of North Amerira.

■ ^tXZ^i^

QUF.RC'JS AI.BA

/,-.,/■■

f,u..r ./it ■■.I

.■'rt/' A .uu-^if : .

i

•i^^

'1

■^

^

J Vfc'-

■"^1

4

, ..ijr

^1 liiiinniiiitf-"^

ti

» !J

'■111

•'.!>-

\

»* :»

^siiak; «■-■#»

-^^

li

gUERCUS ALBA

t Hi'.'it'Hi^- /tfr^e- '

r

r

r?l!

11

I

iii

OUERCUS ALBA

^J'TMIIIWniHiTii-l'li'lMliilili'JlT ^-

Cnlva of North America

//if-.

OUKHCUS ALBA

Jif>;r

I

^:f

1. /

KXIM.ANATION OK riH', I'l.ATKS.

I'l.UF ('(11. IX (il KKi rs AI.BA » MIM>K.

fiiiilini; l.riiiu'li, iiaUiial .-'ur.
Ktniiiin.ili' lliivviT, i'iil.irt;fil.
iiip-M:ili'. imliT Miif.ii'.'. inlarj;i'<l-
.•ii|)-M-.ili'. "iili' vii'W, ■•nlarj;iMl.
l.';if. ilil;ir;it'tl.
1. Ml. ri.lal.;!'.!.

iilMi r .II- .if i> piirlloii ii{ i\ iii.ituri' loaf »liiiwiii(j »l«'ll«t«
jnilx' ii't'. eiilur^i'il.

I'l.ATK (('('I.'.. tillllM" AlllV A MAI iHM AHIA.

1. .\ Iruilin,;; l.r:incli. nutiirul »i/.i'.

I'l.ATK ('(II, .\ I t^l I Kc IH Al.llA • l'lllM'.<.

1. .\ Iniiliiij; l.raiirli. imliii-.nl si;.i'.

K)

w

4

"?%

I

V

4

^rat

■I

'_',T , ,r ,,^(■(p. /^rrin'^ca .

.V.".x<,-.,

QUERCUS ALBA • MINOR

». si

A Hi.uffu.i Jiri'.r i

'!!' . ?fl**

;

5!

. .1

■i'.'k.

}

A'/

,y

Jk-'"

ilv.i ol Nurih Ameni*

M

QUEHCIJS Al.BA • MACROCAHPA

A /<:

/"U' . ' '.titfUi /\t3U

'TT

•memttsmdmiM-Mmi.-

/ /

V

I

\

-nC

i^i,'

■!^»!

i; A

I', .•^menc.i

■LXl

Htmfiu sr

gUERCllS ALBA • PRINUS

/'fit/ , ' T,tn,i,i- r,i

"fflp

"••Kffiisssn^Er^s^^esiji^aiMHb'

CUl'UUFEBiF..

SJLVA OF NOUTU AMERICA.

23

QUERCUS LOBATA.
White Oak. Valley Oak.
Leaves oblong or obovatc, deeply lobod, pale and pubescent below.

Quercus lobata. Ni'c, Anal. Cleiir. Sat. iii. 277 (Pesi-rlji-
riini lie riirinn K.iiieiieK iiiicnia ile Kneiiin) (IKIM). —
Persoon, Sijii. ii. 570. — Aoiii-eau Duhiinel, vii. ISO. —
I'oiret. Liim. Diet. Siippl. ii. 2'.'4. — Bi'iitlmm. I'i Hurt-
H'c;/. .'f.'J7. — Liel>iiiann. Ovirsiyt Ihtnsi iilciisk. Selsl:.
Forhittull. 18,">4, 172. — Torrcy, Ii"l. Mex. Hound. Sun:
20.'>: Hot. II'i/At.i Kx/,lnr. /,>/«■-/. -iril, t. 1,". — I{. Hrown
CiimiiHt. llonv Sylritmi; r)2. f. l-I!. — A. ili- Ciiiulollc,
Iriiilr. xvi. pt. ii. 24. — Udlamlcr. J'rnr. Cal. Aintl. iii.
2.10. — Oi'Htcd, I'iileiinl,-. Mt'ilil. fni wit. Fur. Kji'henh.
IHIifi. 00: Lifliiiiwui Chi'nes Am. Trn/,. 2;!, t. 42. f.
l_;i. — Kooli, Ihuih. ii. pt. ii. .">;!. — Enjji'lmann. Tnins.
St. LtiiiU Anid. iii. IWS ; Iluthnirk Wlifrter'n Jie/i. i.
,'t74 ; Itreiivr A ty,itA,i,i li.,t. Cul. ii. 0.". — Krll.i(;K. /■'"r. .«<
Ti-i'vs 'if Ciilifiirniii. lit). — Sarupiit. Forrxt Trren A'. Am.
U)l/i Ce,t.<us r. S. ix. l;i«. — WiiL/.iK'. t/i'/"''. /'"'. ''■'"•'•

Hi-rlln, iii. IHH. — (Jreeiie. West Am. Oiik.t. 1,'t. t. 8;

M'lu. Hot. liny lieijion, .'(02 ■ Krytheii, ii. C4 Mayr,

^^■•ll,l. Xonlam. 204. t. 2. — Dipinl. Ilundh. Lmiohohk.
il. 7."i. — (.'ovillo, Contrili. C. S. .\,if. Herb. iv. 11)7 (Hot.
Death Valley Exjied.).

Quercus Hindsii, liontlKuii. Hot. I'uy. Sulji/nir.i)') (1S|4).—
KiuUidur. fleii. .Siippl. pi. iv. 24. — Waliwis, Arui. i. Kio. —
Turrey. I'lteijir K. A". Jieji. iv. 138. — Newlierry, Pacific
H. Ii. Hep. vi. 2".), 89, t. 1, f. 7. — Orsted, Liebmann
C/ienea Am. Troj). t. 42, f. 4.

Quercus longriglnnda, FV(?mont, Geogta/'hleat Memoir iijion
I'l'per Calljuniitt. ii), 17 (iSenafe /)'"■. Mi.trellnneaun,
N... 1 IS. liotli Congress f. .S. 1st Svss.) (1848).

Quercus lobata, var. Hindsii, Wun^iij, Jahrh. Hot. (inrt.
Herliii, iii. 188 (1885).

TIio larfjcst and most ;r|-;u.,.t'iil of tlif Oaks of Piipific North America, QiurntK lolxifa often rises
to a iii'i<;lit of one iuiiiilriii feet. T!u' trunk is generally three or four feet, hut .sometimes ten feet
in diameter, and dividinj;; near the pround, or usually twenty or thirty feet ahove it, into p;reat lind)8
spreading at wide and varied angles, forms a hroud luwl of slender branches which, hanging gracefidly
in long sprays, sometimes sweep the ground and cover a space from one to two hundred feet across.'
Less freipu'Utly the upper lindis grow almoNt at right angles with the trunk and form a narrow and more
rigid iiead of variously contorted erect or pendent branches. The bark of the trunk and large lindjs
is Usually from three ipiarters of an inch to an incii and a half in thickmss, and is covered with small
loosely appressed light gray sciles slightly tinged with orange or l)rown ; at the base of old trees it
is frei)uently live or six inches in thickness and is divided by longitudinal shallow fissures into broad flat
ridges broken hori/.ontally into short plates. The brauchlets are slender and are marked with oblong
jiale scattered lenticels, and wiien they first appear are coated, as are the young leaves and petioles,
with short silky caiu'scent puhesconce ; in the lir.st winter they arc ashy gray, iigh*: reddish hrown or
pale orange-color, and slightly pnhescent, or puberulous, becoming glabrous and lighter colored during

their St nd year. The buds are ovate, acute, and usually about a tpiarter of an inch long, but often

smaller, with orange-hrowu puhescent .scales scurious anil frenuently ciliate on the margins. The
leaves, which are very variable in shape on the siuue branch, are conduplicate in vernation, ami are
gradually narrowed and wcdge-shai)ed or broad and rounded or cordate at the b.ise ; the L'inuses which
divide them slightly or nearly to the midrihs are rounded, acute, or ohiivjue at the base, and although
irregular in width are generally narrow oxccpt near tlie middle of the leaf, where one or two pairs
are often much wider than the others ; the ternnnal lobe is broad, ohovate or obiong, nud somewhat
ihree-lobed or e;.tiro at the rounded apex ; the tliro" to five oairs of obli(|ue lateral lobes diminish in
size from the uppermost to the lowest, which are usually not more than half as long as those of the
next jHiir above them and are generally acutt and entire ; the other lobes are ohovate, obtuse or retuse,
or rarely lobed-dentatc at their broad apex, or are sumetiines ovate and rouutled ; or occasionally the

> Gardm and t'oral, iii. (300, f.

m

24

siLVA OF yonrii amehica.

(•urn.iFr.ii.i

li.ivt'^ aic uiidiilMtrlv 111- ti('ii:iti'lv liiiitln',1 ; thev aic tiiiii liiit liiiii in texture, deciillious, fl'oiii two iiiiil ,i
lialt to tliree iiiclio or larelv ioiir iiu'lies loiii;. Iinm n\\ inch to two inches liiinul. dark j^recn and
s't'llatc-iudiocenl on tlic n|i|)er Mirlace, and |iah> and pnheM'ent on the hiwer, witli stont pale inidrilis,
( oM>|iici:o'.is vellow veins lannini;' to the sli;;htlv thiiiieneil and re\ohile niarj;ins. ohM",'''c hiteral
Veins ind vcinh'ls, and hroad hirsute llattened |ieiioles varvini;' Irom a ipiarter to a hiill ol an iiu'h
ill liiii;tli. Thi' anients ot slaiiiin.iti' tlovvcrs, wliich :i|i|iear when tlu' leaves ari' ahont hall' ijrown.
I'roin I'elirnarv at the south lo the end ol' Aiuil at the mirth, are hirsute and I'roni two to three inche-,
in length; liie caivx i-- liiilil vellow md divided into six or eii;lit acnti' lolies which are |uili('scclit on the
outer surlace and eiliate on tiie margins; the stamens ei|ual the calvx-lohes in iMiiuher. and the yellow
anthers ;ire em irijinate and elahrous. The iii-.tillate llowers ,ire solitarv and sessile, or rarely are horin'
in eloULiated lew-tlovvered spikes; the scales ol the involuire are Inoadlv ovate. .;cule. coated with
dense ii.ile tonnntu'H. ami ahout as ioni;' as the narrow ealyxdohes. 'I'he al■orn^ aic solitary or olten
in pairs, and sosilc or suh^es^ile ; tlu' nut is conii al. eloni;aled. ami rounded cu pointed at the api'X.
wliirli i> covered wivh persistent line wJLite puliesicnce ami tipped with a sliiut thieU umho ; it varies
irom an im h and a ipi irler to two incln s and a ipi irter in h ntrth. aiiil is lu'i;;iit er|'|.,.ii and lustroas
when fully ^rown. ultimately lurninij lirij;ht (hestnut hrovvn ; the cup. whiili v.iries from a ipiarfer ol'
an inch to ne.iilv an inch in depth, is cu|»-sliaped or rarely saucer-shaped, coaleil within anil without
wiih pile tomejilum. and Usuallv :rreijularlv tuKerculale ImIow liy the larj;e lliiekemd scahs ; these
dec reise npw aril in si/e and tliicl>ne>s. and. with the exieption ol those at the hase ol the cu]i. are
elntiLrated into acute eiliate chestnuldirow n I'ree tips which are loiijrr^t <m the uppermost scales, toriuin^
a shcitl Iriu'^edilo' liordcr to the cdi^c of the cup.

(Jii, rriis liilinlti inhaliits the vallevs of western ("atiforida hetween the .'"•ierra Nevada and the
ocean, from that of the njipei ."sicramento to the 'r<'iiin I'ass. where it crosses the coast ranjjes into
Antelope Vallev. and to ."s.mt i Monica on the seaeoast.' Never forming ;i dcn-i' forest, the ('aliforiiia
N\ liite (>ak. either aliiiie or with the Uliie (tak. covets with opi II ;;roves free of all shruliliv unileri;iowth
the central valli'ys of the st.lte. ."since the eves of the while mall lirst looked upon these natural JLirks,
which surpassed in jframleiir of luoid elfect and in tlu' dii;nitv of their f;r,ieiful trees all the creations
of tile landsc ipe gardeners art. lields ii| wheat have replaced the wild y^iasses which coveri'd their open
jjlaih". and maiiv ol then iiolilisi trees have heeii saciiliced to s,itisfv the demands ul civ ili/atnm. No
other rey;ion in Noilh America, however, presents to-diy aiivthiiiLj that compares with their paikdike
lie.iuty. the iioliility of tlieir individual trees, or the charm of the Imiy; vistas stietchinjr lieiieith them.

The wood 1.1 <J:ii i-riis /iihii/ii is moderitilv hard. Iiiie-;;r niied. Inittle. and dilhiult to seison. It
contains hinds ol larije open ducts markilii; the lavi rs of aiinnal epowth. and smaller ducts arrani.fei| in
lines parallel with the hroad conspieuous iiiediillarv lavs. .md is liLjlit lirown. with thin li^jhter culored

sapw I. The specilic ;.jravily of the ahsnlutelv ilrv wind is (t.7l"I'. a cuinc font weinhini; Jti.IT

piiiinds. (It little economic value, it is iimmI mdv for fuel.

The nuts, which (Juirms litlmta produces in ;freat profusion, were f^'athered and stored for winter
Use hy the California Indians, who pounded them into coarse Hour, wliich they mixed with w.'tir and
liaiied or te.imed ill ril le ovelis dujr ill the s.iiid.'

Ill M.irih. !7'.'"_'. \ ancoiivcr aiiclioied in the \\.\\ of S.in Francisco, and visited the .^Spanish Mission
ol S.iiit.'i Clara situated in a heantiful valley vvliicli reiiiiiided him of JMi;i;laiiil ; and the earliest account
of the California White (tak appears in his narrative of this joiiriiev. .\ year earlier, the Spanish

•W

■ .MiTruiir-, .V..rfA .tiiiiri.-nii I'lvmn. Nn. 7, [ii, ii. :i.'i;i (/vnM I'li.'- i,n>;iii.>ll> Ik'iu rli>»i-li |i|.iiili .1 \iiili ilii- tiin i.M I'.imli.sli Oak : ili.

/<y Kr/ir'l. ii.), — S. It. I'lirisli. /"• , iv Hl.l iiii'ltrvviKKJ, tlmt liiiil imilmlilv iiltrliiltil it. I'liilv K''>>"tl>' Iwl t'"'

'' N'fwtieiTy, Vtip\ilttr Snt^tir M'lnthlt/, ixxii. .'17 { Fixft ttud Fthn ui»|«'iir;iiu'»' nf luiviii^ In i-u cliurfil nwiiy. uihI li.ul Iifi Ilii* ntiiti-ty

I'ittutt nftht \orth Atnrruiln Iwtutin). iiiritii i»f tin- fi»rv»t in fiilliplrti* pKniteftxliilt nf llit' mnl, vthii'll UiUI

• " \V<* hail iiMt priH'tM'ilfil fur friitit tliiit ili-lii;lilfiil j.iK)t,wIirii wf i-nvrn-il with liixuriKiit liiTlmp', ii.nl iN'iuilifiitlv iliM-rsilifil witli

rut. ri'il u riiuiitr\ 1 liltli' ri])('.'tril to tinil ill tlicM' n-^'imi'^ I'or |>l'-:i.|li^' I'llnliniri-^ ami villlii-n; \\lilrli, Willi tlu- l.iii^i' nf Inftv

alhiiit twi'iil\ iiiili'^ it i'oiilil iiiily Ih' r'liiip.iri'ii t'l 11 liurk.wliirli liail i"iiKK'''^ iiumiitiiilis tluit litiunni'il tin- |irii-*|M>i'l, M-i|iiii'i'a i'itl\ In 1..-

t'Ul'llJKKli.l

, troll) two mill ;i

il;irk j^rri'ii ami

tut pale iiiiili'ili.-<,

oliM'!"!' lateral

li.ill cil an inch

lint lialt' yiowii.

til tliit'i' iiiclic^

imliiNct'iit on ilic

. ami tile yillciw

laiilv arc Iminc

iitc. coalcil «illi

Militarv or oltcn

ilcil at tlic a|M'\,

iiiiiliH ; it varic-.

I'cii ami liistroa^

oiii a (jiiartcr ol'

liin anil wiilioni

I'll scalo ; tlicM

111 the eii|i, are

t seali'^. luriiiiii;:

rll'fl.ll'Kli.K

>7AiM or xoirni amkiika.

25

(•x|iiiirinn- cxpcilition, iimlci- the (■oiiuiiaiiil of Mala^iiina. hail visitcil the coast of Caliloriiia, ami I lie
ImciicIi liotaiiist. Louis Ni'e,' who accom|iaiiicil it. |iiiiili>heil in iNl) the li'st seieiitilie ilesiiiiilion ol
(Jill reus liiliiilii ami ol several otlit"' Caliriirnian ami Mexican < >aks.

I.ilie other Caliloinia Oaks. (Ji'i frus lnhnlu iloe-, not lloiirish lievomi the liorilers ol it-- native
slate, ami tlic attempts that have iieeii niatle to estaiilish il in eastern .\iiii'rica ami in Kiiiope have not
Ipccii sllcccssriil.

;i(ii>rni'il \sitli till- iir.-it liiitiilatiiiiiH of an iiuliistrioiis |R-it|ili>.ti) jti-u-
(lili't' u si'clii' llnl iiitVrinf III tliu liitiHt studii'il rtVrcl iit' til^ti' ill tli)>
aispii^al tit ^'i-iiuiuls." (.1 Vi'iiuiji' of llm'in-rrii roiiiiil Oil- W n-hi, \\-
17 )

' l.niiis Nfi-, a |- rtiii'liinan liallirali/.i'il in Spalii, 1h-^mii liis sricii-
tttir iMl'ccl t)\ tiialiini; lai'u'i' < •itl<-<'tii>ii-i nf ['laiits in dilTt-rt'lit |iartH
of lliat I'taiiitn ; and in .liily. ITSii. hi- Iit'l C'aili^ a-, naliirali^t of llii'
fX|>I«ii-iiii; cxiKuliliiiii sent Ip_\ IIh- iS|ialiisli pixi'riiliicnt iukIit rimi-
liiaiiil III .Malaspiiia. Niit> inadi' inlltM-litins of |>lailt^ iti llir ni-i^ti-
liiirliiHiil of Miiiiti'viili-i!, (Ill till' ciiasl nf I'ata^Miiia, on tin- !^t;iiiil <if
Cliil-.i-. ill Cliilf, — wla-n- lit' wan juiiii-i) 1-y tin- Itiilu-'iiian Imlaliiit,
'rii;iililai-Us llai-liKi',-- I'l-ril, ,Mi-xii-ti. alul ('alifnrllia. la Mi-\irii,thr
l)otalii.-.ts |u>iM-trati'it iiilaial to tin- i-apital. anil llif-n n-tiiriiiti^' In tlu-
coast. siiliMl witli till* t'Xpeilitioii to Ihi- I'liilippiiio Ulailil:* anil Ni-w
llollaial. Sailing; apilli to South Aint-rii-a, tlify Hnallv h-ft tin- -h\\^
at Lallao, ami goiii^ to Lima, si-|iiir»t4-d thiTr. NtS- Ihi-ii ti-:i\i-!L-d

Iht-oa^di Cliili', tT.iHSi-d the |iain|)aH to Moiilcvidro. and rtidiai-ki'd
fill- Spain, ri-ai-liiii^' I'adi/ in IT'.U with an lii-ilmriuni of im tliouiam!

fipci-ii'H, uf which four tlioiisaiid nro ladii-vt'd to li;u.- I n nmh--

M-i-iliod. \A''s la»ti"< li'd him tu );iitlii-r iimti'rial lalla-i- than to
pnlilish till- )-|i.>4iilt.H nf hin fiidd lalHirH, ami hi> lor^^ joiinify had ffw
litrran rrsnlt<. Ili is ihii-ll\ to he n-mi-mbi-vi-d h\ thn jfi'iins
.Vi.'/, ih-ilii-ati-il In liini liy Itiii/ and I'avon. Iiy a IV«- short papi'ls
pnlilisht-d in tin- ainials of thn Scii-ntilii- Sni-h-ly nf Madrid, in-
i-linliiii,' otu- OH Oaks, in whii-h an- tin- lirst si-it-iititii- dcsi-iiptioiis of
Califiiriiia Iri-i-s. and li\ tin- fai-t that In- ami IliTiiki' wen- tlin lirst
Imtaiiists whn vi.sitfd Califoi-nia. Of llio date and plai-i- nf Nc^i-'s
liilth tin-ri' U nn n-i-nrd. and nnthin^' had lii-i-n piihlisla-d nlmiit his
iar«'i-r afti-r hi.s n-tiirii In Kiiropc from hi-* jourtii'y in .Viin-riea. Mis
ht'i'liariuin i.i pri-st-rvi-d in tin' Itotann- liardnn at Madrid. (St-i-
ro|nu'ii-o. I.n Hiihiiiu'a it Uki ikilaiiif'i.* >li la I'tniii.i'ilit tiisjmnn.L'i^f-

I'ln,; ISJ.;

Nevaiia aiiij the
iiist raiijfes into
t. the Califoriii.i
ili\ iimlcrL;ro"tli
<e n.itiM.ii p.irk-i.
all the creations
icreil tili-U opi-lj

rivili/^ition. No
I their paik-iiki-
helleath tllelii.
t to se,i-.on. Il

net-. arraiiLjcii in
1 li;;llter CipImii-'I

wei^fhiiiij Ili. 17

■toreil lor winier
with w,i;i ; iml

m

Spanish Mi..sicin

eilllest aci-iitint

icr, the .'sp.inis.il

Id KliKh-sh Oak . Ih,
arly (•rnnlh. hail lhi>
I had lift tho Atati ly

thi> Noil, uhii-li uiui
ill\ di\i-rsilii-d with

III. r.in-i of hiliv
i.-i|iHr,i| onl» II, III

M

'#

1

KXPLANAllON OK THK IM.A IK.

I'LATK ('('I'l.XII. lilKUi I - MilUTA.

1. A tlciMi'riii^' liraiicli, iiuliiriil si/i'.

• . A Ntaiiiinutt' tlowtT. t-nluiyeil.

.'t. A pixtillalc lliiuir. inluixi''!.

4. A fruiting bnihi'lt. iiatiiriil •>)/(>.

Ti. A friiitlii),' liiiiiicli. iialiirul niiv.

ft. A fniit, natural ni/i'.

7. A ouiiwali', inlarKi'il.

H. I'pixT Mirfiiii' "f a |Mir!iiiii nf n inaliiri< Icnf sliiiwuig

I'm- Htrllatr |iul'<*Hi'fni-c. t-nlarL^iil.

9. A wiiiu-r-l>u«i, ftilarj^tHl.

ii
4

liffr..

< (

% ■'

>'

'7. '.t

jpytr-^

\ L;!:

V

!*

mm

111

^1

!■-•*

I

i

1 ;

iiV ,

Q'JKRCUS LOBATA

■.>.,'J-..,/,v,.f ,/„,•.,■

LI'I I.UKIIA

aJLi'A OF Aoirni amijiuca.

QUEROUS BREWERI.
Shin Oak.
T.r.Avr.s ohlon^'. mostly iiciitclN Idlud, ^ti'lliiti-piibi'XTiit iit inatiirity on tlir upper

Qurri'UM nrnwori. Kn;;i'liimiiii. lifrnvr A Wnltmi /Int. Cnl. QuorouH lobntn. viir. Brewerl. WiMi/i),'. •Inlwh. ll"t. (i'lii.

ii. '.m; , i.s.Mi|._c„viiir. r../«^y(''.. I . s. y.tt. //.rf. iv. I'.h; /;..•/;.,. in. isk (is,s:i).

(//"/. hi'illi t'ii/l',1 /■.'.r/.r,/.}. ?Qiit'rcuH ffiirttidiiina. (ininr. lt\nt Am. O'lU. I'.i, I. Id

Qliurcua labnta. >iiIm|h'i'. fruticoita. Km^tIukiihi. 'I'mim. (iii|mrli (|ii>ilml>ly uot of U. Ilniwii C'iiiii|i>l.i (lil''^'.*!.

^^ Louis Aiiiii. iii. ;iw (Iwtti.

A nIu'iiI). vtitli -Icinli'i- Nti'iii". Mild asliy M-niy li.iik. iimimIIv live or si\, nr iM'i'ii--inii;illy lillciii iil'
twenty I't'i't lii;ili. siHiMcliiii; into luoacl coiiiiiai't tliiikct'i liy htnldiiiri'iiiiis iiiol-.. Tlic liraiiclilftN iiru
hlcmU'r ami iiiaikcd with pale lriiticcl> : wlicii tlicy lii^l a|i|ifar llicy air liniit ;;rc('ii ami tlntlinl with
iiMisf pale tiiiiii'iitiiiii, and diiiiiii;' tiiiir lirst wintii' an' lii;lit i'iMldi-<li lirnwn or ratlii'i lui^lit iiraiip-
t'lilcii' and I'diili'i with !iiii' iniliixi'iiri'. wliicli durs imt i'nlii'i'!\ wear nl) until tlirir Mcimd or third
vrai'. 'J'lii' winti'i-liinK aii' ovale iitliri' ulitii"!', and an cii^litli id' an iiii'li Inn;;, and art' nivi-nd witli
liii'stiint-lnown mmIi^ ripali'cl uilli palf |inlpi'-ii'nrr. 'I'lir Iimm'- arc I'cinvidiitc in tlic Inid. (plijiniy;,
aliniplK iir );;iadiiiillv liaiiip«f(l ami wrdyt— -iiapcd. Knindrd m cind.ili' at llii' lia-i'. imindiil nr ariili'
at till* a|ii'\, and iiiihIIv m'vi'Ii iir iirra>iiinall\ iiiin-liditMl, with liiciail ariitc or loiindid and ii'-ii.dly
apiriilatr hilics', when tlnv unrnlil tlii-y .iri' clotlu'd, l'^pl'^iallv lii'lnw, with tliirk pali' piiiii'-ri'nri. and
at niatinily air tliick and tiiiii. dark i^iiTii and liiMtliiiii nn the iippi-r siirlaii'. wliirh i-- niii'^hciiiMl with
M'atliii'd -.ii'llalf haii>, palrr and pnln'siriil on tlir lower >iiilaee. rroni one to I'oiir inches joni;' ami
t'i'oiii hall an inch to .in im h ami a ipiaiter hio.id. with >lont pile hiiMite iiiidrili-. and piiniiiy veiii>,
fdisciirc vcinlcts, and liaiiN tente petioles ;;iadually eiilaioed toward the hase an^l from a (piarter to
.1 hill oi' an inch in lcn;;th. 'I'lie stipule-, are hrow n and -.(arioiis, covered with Iohm- |i;i|,. hair>. and
nearly an inch Ion;;, in ()(tolier the lca\es turn a l)iii;ht clear yellow hetorv I'all.'i;.;. The llowers
appear toward the iiiidille of .Ma\. iisiiallv when thi' leaves are alioiit one lonrth ;;rown, and are hiune
the males in short hirsute ameiits, the reinalcs sessile or on short stalks. The caK x ol the staminate
llower is clotlu'd with pale lialr.s, and is deeply diviiled into Ironi li\t' to seven acute lohes shorter than
the stamens, which are foni|iosed of slender lilanieiits, and ovate, slightly emar;;;inate. yellow j^lahrons
Jinthers. The invohier il scales and the ealyx-lohes oi' liie pistillate llower are coated with |iale tomeiitiini,
and the sti;;iiias are liri;iht red. The Irnit. which ripens in the autumn, is sessile oi- suhsessile and
Usually solitary ; the nut is ovate or oval, I'loiii an inch to an inch ami a ipiarter in Icie^^th and from
three (piarters of an inch to nearly an imli in hreidth, and is inclosed only at the hase hy the shallow
iiip ; this is cnp-sha|ied (pr tiirhiiiatc, piilies( cut ipii the inner siirfaci', coatcil on the outer with pale or
l'errii;;iiieipns tomeiitimi, and covered liy hroadly ovate scales which are ;4radually iiarrovved into Ion;;'
laneeol.ite acute inemhraiiaeeous tips, and at the liase of the cup ate slinlitly thickened on the hack,
jjradually deereasintr in size toward the rim.

Qiii rcim ///■( ('.-./■i inhaliits the Western slopes of the Sierra Nevada in California, and lances frcpin
the northern horders of the state to the valley ipf the upper Kaweah Iiiver in Tulare County, formiii;;-
on the upper San .loaipiin. at an elevation of aliont six thoiisaml feet alio\e the sea, vast, almost
impenetrahle tliiekets. with slender stems from twelve to eighteen feet in height, and, for miles, standing
as regular as the iiLints in an evenly sown Held of wheat.

;'ii i

28

>7/.r.l OF SOUTH AMHIUCA.

(Tl'ri.IFEU^-.

(Jnnri's Ih; n; rl was .liscoviTiMl in .\iij;iist. ISCrJ. l)v IVofi'ssor William II. Hrower." growing on

llir top 111' a dn rid^i' a few mill's west nl Moiml Shasta in noitlicin California.

' WillniMi ll.'iirv llnwiT. iif rn-li.h llili,nii'n.il :ilul Diil.-li d..-
Wllt. WHS IxTli Ml r.Ml^;iiki'r|.M.-, Niw York. .Ml Si.IcmiIkt 1 I.
l.SiS, mill ill iiifiiiii'j »ii> lakiii t.i Kuliilil in ih.- .ihlriil piirt of
till' »latf. his parc'lils mIi1iii(; lliiTr upon a farm »li<n' lin cliiM-
Imh'iI mill vi.nlli wit.' |.a>-'.l. In ISIS !..• . iiI.t.'.I tli.' S.u'nlili.-
Sih.w.l ,.f Val.' r..ll.'(;.', fr..iii »liiili 111' »ai j,'ra.liiat.il f.nir Mars
lal.r. li. );iiniiiii; lo tia.h ill iiia.l.'liii.'» in 1'S.V). viliil.' >lill a
.i.ll.jju -In.l.lit. Im .•.intimii.l t.) .I.> S" in .'.nlral N.'w Y..rk until
lAVS, niili 111.' I'x.'.iilii.ii I'f tn.i vcars iilii.li lu' |ia>'^..l in (..rliialu
aii.l Kran.'.' ^IiiiImiil; I'.'1uii.v iiii.l ilii'nii>lr\ . In lS."iS li.. «a« ai>-
I'nihti'.l pi.'fi«M'r III Wailiinntoii Coll.t;.' al Wasliini-t.m. IViniMl-
>aiiia; liil l«.i \.ar» latir, liaviiijt n-iiMM'.l tin- a|i|iiiintimMit of
Iiri.l a»-i-taiil in • ii.'wlv ..rpini?.'.! California Stat.' (!i'.il.';;ual
SiirM*v, Pr.»f.'s*.»r lin-wiT wt-nt f.i Calif.'rnia, tth.-r.' lu- n'maint-.l
for four >.ars In .harp- of tin- li.l.l work of lli.' ■.iirM-y. Diinu);
lhi« |..Ti.'.l In- Irav, lid all .lur ill.' -lal.', nii.l iiiiwlo larj,'." ami iin-
|i.irlant I'oll.'i'tioni ol |ilanl>. lutli lojnous ti.l.l-iioli'ii ; au.l llii' liisl
.■.un]'r(lii'nsivi' .iri.l arrnrili' knowl.ilj;.. willi n^anl t.i lli.' ili-lri-
liiili.Mi an.l till' M-iiMitill.- an.l ii-iuioiui.' .hara. I.r, of California
tn-.» was oljlaiiu.l fnuii Ins li.l.l ..I.mtmiIioih. In ISl'.l li<< was
ai'i.i'iiitiU to ill..' tliair ..f a^runltnr.- in llii' Sli.'flii'l.l N i.-iilitii.'

S.liool al Yal.' ('..lli'|,i'. wlii.li li.' Blill oci'iiiiim. Ill lS(l"i I'riif.'sHiir
llr.wir lH);an in tin' (iray lli'rharium al ('aniliriilp' llii- |irr|iara-
l«iii of a Flora of California, an.l ill 1S71 Iiih fricn.U ill llnit «talo
rai.M'il a Hiiin of iiionry In mivrr 111.' .'xii.'iisi's of thin )tultti.-ati.iii.
'I'll.' first v.ilniiii- a|i|iiari-il ill IS'll, lli.' i'.ily |i>'lala' I'l'injf |innii-
pallv iI.'s.tiIn'.I l.y rrofi'iMtr Hri-w.-r an.l 111." lialiioiH'lala' l»y Asa
(iray. Till' M'.'.iii.l \olniii.'. froi l llu- pin ..f Sfniio WalBon ami
olli.-r b*»laiiisl!i, ivas pul.li^li. <l in ISKII.

tMii.-.' lli, .•..nuf.lion Willi 111.' .sli.ni.'l.l S.-i.'ntili.' S.'lio..l. I'r.ifcu-
s.ir llr.'W.r has I'lrrU.I a wiilo inllui'lu'i- l.y his h'ltun's on atii. ul-
tiiral si'ii'iii't' an.l his paiu'rH on many wiciilihr f.iihj.'.*ts puhli^h.'.l
III |N'rio.liial» an.l in Ih.- (.nKi'iilillKH of winitiflc smi.'lifs. Th.'
p'lins Ilrtntri't't fr.uii ih.- California imiiintailifl, now- iiliitc.t with
Annaria. was .-slahli'.lu'tl \<\ tiray t.» roniliicliioratL' l'r.tfi'»fti»r
liiiwir- iiii|uirlaiit »< rvii.'s iii .'In.i.laliiiK ll.f ll.ira of thai slate.

(I f III.' h.|;h jwaks of 111.- ^i.rra Ni.Ta.la, llii' ri'inol.sl fanl-

n. 'SSI'S .if wl.hli Ik' pi|ilor.'.l. cliiuliin)( all tli>' lii^h suiniiiits ami
. rossiiij» ami r.'rr..ssin^ all tli.' puss.'s, Nars his nam.', whnli is
al-.i ass.H'iat>'.l with a l..'antiful spnu'.'-lrii' of th.- (.'aiif.'rma luoun
tain fort'sls.

K.\lM..V.\.\ri(>N OK TIIK ri.ATR

I'l.Ml (ICI.XIII. 1^1 lie I H llltKWIKI.

I. A It.tw I'liii;; l.raiifli. natural si/*'.

'J. A staiiiiiiat.' tl"u.-r. .•tilar;^.<l.

■ '». A pislillal.' Ili.w.T, ctilar'.;.'.!.

1. ,\ fruilint; l>raii.-li. iialuval si/r.

.'i. A fruit, iiutiiral si/c.

•i. t |ipi-r surfaii- of a |Miiti.iii nl a iiiaturo leaf sliowiii),'
■ l.llati' put""..'iiri', I'iilaij;.'!.

7. .V wiiili't I. II. I. I'lilarjji-.l.

cri'iMFEU^:.

•rrowini; on

1 1H<V,"» rrnffsHor

(U ill tlijit Hliitn
lliiH piiltticalioti.
lit' luMTi^ jiriiifi-

i-Iin \Viil.sntl ;inil

' SrluH.l. PrnfrH-
tiin-jt i'li Jt;;iiriil-

(• HlUl. tlfS, Tin-

now iiiiitnl with
lonitf I'ritffMttr
rn of timt Htitte.
lo n'iii<»tt»l fiuit-
f;li nuiiuuitt itiiit
iinnif, whnh i-*
(.'tiiil'tirtiiu niuun

•^

./}

QUERCUS brp:.wf:ri

.•i /wi/.-*VWW Jtf't^t

CUrULUEIUE.

aiLVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

29

QUERCUS GARRYANA.
White Oak.
Leavf.s ohovatf or o])l()nff. coiirsely piiiiiatitid lobcd.

QuerouB Gorryana. lI.M.kcr. /■'/. /;.,/-...-l-..ii. l.V.t i IH;i',))._ /;.'.-/ AVy/mi. ;«t2. — Miiyr. (r./W. iV.Wxm. 281, t. 2. 5. -

Hooker & Arnotl. lU. i:.,/. /;< A,.-/, ;«>1. — Nrilall, U.j.l. OV<mVH ..«</ f•-r.■^^ vii. 401. f 7S.

iV///iv(, i. 1, I. 1.— Dii-trii'li. .<//•/. v. an'.l. — Torrr}-. /'"- Quercua Noaji. I.ieliiimmi. Oi-i-r.tUjt l).i„!<l:. ri'lensl;. .S'./..7.-.

ri>V A'. A". Jl'i>. iv. l.'iS; /^.^ iri7/,»,« Krflm: tUjifil
4(!2. — Newln'iry. /'■'/■ill'' U. It. It'i'. vi. S-.i. — ('oo|ht.
J'lirijir A". A'. /;'■/■. \ii. pt. ii. '-'S. US; .(//i. .V./^ ili.
407. — U. IlidWii ('am|i!.t. //"»•'(• Siilnni'i. (111. — I.yall.
,/«i/n Unii. So,', vii. l:tl, III. — A. (!<■ t'linilolli', fmh:
xvi. |it. ii. 21. — li.ihinili'r. I'rni: dil. .iiinl. iii. 2L".t. —
Orslcil. yiihiisl;. .!/-•././. /■/■■/ nut. For. Kr "li- l><''''''. ''''

forhiiiiill. l>S."il. 17.'!. — Orsted. Ll./.nnitiii (7,."«.,s- .1/

Ti-n,,. 23, t.-ll. f. 1.2.
Quercus Douglaaii, n !' Neiei. A. ilu Canilulli', I'ralr. xvi.

pi. :;. 24 (isc,4).
? Quercus CE -stediana. U. lirown t'aiii|ist. Ann. mi,! Mn'j.

Sat. //i.<l. sir. 4. vii. 2.">(l (1871). — Ureeiio. Wist Am.

<hil:.i. t. 10 (in part).

l.;<l,i,i,iiin C/irii,s .till. Tro/.. t. III. f. :'.. — Uoilirock. Quorcus Jncobi. K. Ifrov.ii fanipst. Ann. (i:ul Ma;/. Xat.

Sin'ithmnliiii Hi/,. lsr,7, Ili.". i /■'/. .lAi.s/." ). — Kn;,'i'liiiaiui,
Ti;in». St. /.nois Ar.ul. iii. ;«;»; Itiuufr A- W'olson
Hot. fill. ii. '.I,"i. — Ki'llo!;^. luirrst Tmw of CiiinWnir,
X'l. — ,Sar),'i'it. /•'"/'.«' Tif:g S. Am. lUM Censiui I'. S,
ix. l.l.S. — (Jrifii.'. WrsI .Im. ('.(/,.<. 1 1, t. 7 ; Mui. I'o.l.

Jli.1t. sir. I. vii. 2,">5 (1.S7I). — tineiii', ll'i.-<t Am. U'l/c.i,
7.". t. .1.". ."•'>. f. 1.
Quercus Oilborti. (.Jrci'iif, Wist Am. On/.-..-. p(. ii. 77. t.

;;7 (is'.Hi).

A tree, willi an .ivcraj^f licijjht of sixty it seventy tVet. Iiut sonu'tinu's jjniwiiijf iicaily one liiindri'd
fwt tall, with a trunk two or tluvf IVt-t in 'liaiiictir. ami stout ascciiilin^ or spreading- hranclu's which
form a liroad foni|ia(t head ; or fic'(|ui'ntly .it hi^h cU'vations, or when it is fxi'oscd to tlu' dircit winds
from the ocian. rcduci'd to a low slunli.' The iiark of ihi' trunk varits I'rom an I'i^hth (d' an inch to
nearly an inch in tliickni'ss; it is diyidcd liy shallow (issurcs into hroad ridfji's. and st'|iarati's on the
tiurlace into iinht lirown or ijray scales sonu'imes slif:;htly tint^ed with oraiiije-color. The liranchlets,
which are stout and marked with many ciiiis|iicuoiis pale leiiticels, are eoateil at Krst with thick [lale
ruloiis puhcscenee. ami durin;;; llii'ir first winter are pnhescent or tomeiitose and lif^ht or dark oranjje-
polor, lieconiini', ;;lalproiis and rather hriLjht reddish lirown in their second year, and tdtiniatcly ;;ray.
The winter-l uls are oyate. acute, and from one third to one half of an inch in lcn;i;tli, and aie densely
clothed with li>;;ht ferrujjineous toiueiituin. The leayes are eonyohite in the hu<l. oMonj^-olioyate and
wedfii-shaiied or roumled at the ha.se. with slijfhtly thickeneil reyolnte marj^ins. and are divided liy
tihallow sinuses into .seven or nine lohes. the terminal lolie liein^.;- rounded and acute or tJiree-lohed at
the apex, and tiu' lateral lolies. which increase in si/.e from the lioltom of the leaf upwards. lieiuLf acute
or sonietiiiu'H a]iieulate or rounded and often notched or lolied ; when they uidohl they are coated with
soft pale lustrous puhcscence, and at matnrity they are thick and firm or suhcoriaeeous. dark j^reen,
lustrous and "^lahrous on the upper surface. Iit;ht i;reen or orani;'e-lirown. jiuliescent. or <;lahrate in
Miuu' shnihhy forms, on the lower surface, from foui to six inches lonij and from two to five inches
broad, with stout lij;ht yellow midrihs and conspicuous primary veins spreading at wide anjjles or
(rradiially divere;inj;- from the midrili and rnuninjf to the points of the upper lohes ; ■' they are hor"

lie

' Uii till' sliori''. of ritgi't .SoiMul aiitl oil soiin' ui its istuiit'.H wliiit Tlu'sc slirulis do Mot appear to priHliiio tiowv-s or fruit. Dii niio

IH «'\ iiti'iitly II (lrpaii|M-niti' form of this spci'ii-s is not um'oninioii, of llicir strrilf >Iioots. iiutrrns Hdtifrti was i'stali*islK'il.
its low steins composing; (i.-tise thiekets from two to six feet in '^ Tlie spreaiUnjj of (lie primary veins at narrow aiijjies frnii the

diameter and a fi'W feet in lieij;Iit. Tlie leaves are thin, pah* on miilrih, wliieli often iK-eiirs in iiiilividiial h'aves of Qwrfis Ciitri'ijitrut

the lower snrfaee, and aentely lolied, the usnttlly divideil lohes ( I'late i-eelxv.f. 2). as it does in tliose of niiiny otlier Oak-trees, and

torminatiii^ ill niilinte ri);id oiiits. The liranelilets and winter- is piirtieiihirly ilntieealile in tiie leaves of ti'i< mis tlnmh.lii of the

bilils are not diHtillf^nishahlv' from those of Quiviui linrfinvm. interior of the eontilient, has lu'eii used in eoiitieetion with (he dii^i-

:!

ii

if

:u)

>//. FM OF XOirni AMKIUCA.

CriTI.IKKU.V

on stout pulifscciit petioles llnlteiieil on tlie ii|i|ier side and troin liidl' iin ineli to nearly an ineli in
iennlli. and lieCoiv fallint; in tlie anlnnni sonu'tinu's turn a liriu'lit srarlet. The stipnles are linear-
JMiu'colMte, coated villi dense tonientuiii, Ironi hall' an inch to an inch in len<;th and usually eadueiius.
llio>e of tile llplxl' leaves. Iiowever. solileliliies lelliaillili^' on llie liiaiiell tliloiiirhoilt the season. The
staniiiiale lloweis are prdduied in hiisiite anieiits ; their ealyx-iohes are ^iiilirons. i.ieiniately eiit, slii^hlK
eili.ite on the niaii;iiis with soli line liaiis. ovate-acute and Iml litlli' longer than the staineiis, witii
♦■MKHijinate tjlahioiis mIIow aiilheis. or sonietiiiies liiiear-laneeolate and iniudi el(iiij;ated. The pislillale
lloweis are sessile or slim l-|iediiiieiil, lie. and ai'e I'oateil with [lale toineiiliini. The I'nilt is sessile oi
sliorl-st, liked, willi ail oval oi' slightly oliovati' (ditiise sweet nut from ,iii ineli to an inch and a (piarter
in leii;;lli and from half an ineli to nearly an ineli in lin'.idth : the eii|i is shallow. eu|i-sha|ied or sli^htK
tiuliiii.ili'. piilieinloiiN and lii^lil lnown on the inner surf lee. .iinl inihesceiil or tomeiilnse on the outer;
the seales are ovate-aeiit. . with .leiite alnl idteii eliini;ated lips ; they are thin and free, or sometime^
thiekelied and more or li'ss united toward the liase of the cup. and. ;;radiially deeieasinj; in si/.e from
lieliiu iipuaiii, are iiiilillte at the iim.'

(jii.riiis ( ,..,-rii'<iiii iisuall\ inlialiits valleys and the dry and ^jraveilv slojies of low hills, and i-
distrihiited from the soiithi^iii part ol \aneoiiver"s Island and the valley of ihe lower Krazer IJiver
southward ihi-on^li western Wasliinelon and < Ireudii anil the California eoast-x alleys to the .'^aiita C'rii/
\|iiiiiitaij|s. Kale and lueal in Hiitisli ( 'ulumlii a. where it is the onlv (••ik-llee. (Jin riiix Itiirr'/niiK i-
aliiindint .nid ijrows to its larijesi size in the v.dlevs of western W asliinetoii and Oreedii. aseeiidiiiLj in
siiiulpliv fciriiis to ennsiderahle elevations on the western slojies of the Cascade Monnlailis ind oeeisioii-
alK le ippeai iiiLj "II ilieir eastern slopes, where il is eonimon in the \alle\ of thi' ^akima lvi\er. It i-
aliundant in nortlnMsiein California. ^r.idiialU lieeoniin<4 less freipieiit .in I of siii.iller si/e sdulliw.ml.
and in the nei^hhoi hood of the lii\ ol San Fi ineiseo is e\eeedinjjly rare.

.\s a liiiiliei-lii'e. IJ^iifus (nirri/ihiii [■, the most im|>ortaiit Oak of I'.icilie North .Viiieriea. Tli.
Wood is siione. liard. and elose-eiaiiied. and thai from miiiii'^; trees is fieipieiitly exeeedin^lv toiiijh and
valualile. It eoiilaiiis niinieioiis ami idteii eonspieiiou> niediill.irv ia\s and hands of from one to three
rows of open dints markiiii; the lavers of annual i^rowth. It is lii^ht hrowii or vellow. with tliin iieuK
white sapwood. The speeilie "lav it \ of the alisoliiIeK dr\ Wiiod is ( 1.7 l.'i^i. .1 eilliie foot Hei^hilii;' l').|."i
|ioiiiids. In I •ie:;;on and NVas|iinu;ton ii is used in the manufacture of earria'.;es and w.ii^oiis. in cililm !-
inakine and shiplinlldilij;, and in eori|ieiaLje. .iiid is also larijeK consumed as fuel.

(Jii, ,■■".•' (firri/iiiin was discovered on the shores ol I'ni^et ."sound liy .\reliiliald Meii/'ies, ih,
surgeon and ii.itiM' ilist of \ .inc<ni\er. iluriiiij his\o\ai;e of diseoMiv at the end of the List centur\,
although no account of it wis piihlished until alter ils rediscoverv lie.ir the Cohiniliia liiver m.inv \ears
later hy I).i\id l)oaj,d.is.' who nanieil it in honor of Nicholas Carry, sicretarv of the iliidson's lta_\
Companv. hv whom he was aided in his exploi.itioiis in wfstern .\nieiic.i.

t:kt) loliiiiu' .it -iirli It-avi's lit tlif .'i)H-i 11^ tlif |iniiri|i.il rliiiiattcr iltii'i'tl ill) M^oriiilH li-i'i'^ iif tlii> s[Hs-ii'>. nn- iitluTwiM- mtiiil-ir.

for ili**j'.^ui^liiii;; (^'i*r<-fi.< ./iiriV.i. In «|M'('iiiiriis liiiwi-\i*r. titki-ii 'I'lio llnwi-ni are iiiikuunn ; ttiiil llu' fnnt i;* |HM-uliur unlv iii ilii-

hy l'ri'ti-if»i>r M.ii'Oiiii from du' trcr in Vmiruiot-r ii|Mtii uliirji tin.. tliii-ktT iini) inun' tubfrt-ulitti' st'iilffl at tin- Ui*v nf the riiji. 'I')it«

ii[M*t'tci> wiin fittinileil. till' i«ub|Miliiiiitc venation (tuot Hot ujijiear, tin- i% proliably ihv UutraiM O-lrattiiutttn <>f It jlri.wii ('.ti)i|iHt.. it),..

veins leaving tin* midrib :it eoinpnmtirely Immil (ittf;lei ; (unl on fnunii it in SeptetnlH<r, IHil't. in Miiitlieni Ore^un. rnfortunati'lv.

llii- same indiviiliial tn-e It-nves willi Imtli «\HieinH of vrining run lionevrr. tlie ii|ie(>iiiirii4 n|>on wliicli (^'i#-risiji f/.'rir^i/iuMif wert* ent.il.

nfli-n In' foiinil (Plate eieUv. f. 1. fn.ln a M|>i-.'itni'n frolii Ilie t_v|R- li-heil ItiOe not been lin-Hrrveii. anil lii* aeeotint of (hi.i upeeli ■.

tn'e of tiitrrnii ./'ii..'il eii'ileM homo lioubt wbetlier tbe authur ilrjoTiU-il tbit ilwiu'f form

' till dry tiiiUiiles III llie KbiiiKith valley of northern t'alif.'riua. of (^N^r.-u* 'oirryilfiil or (/".frmi HrfH'rri. These two |iliuits Hliliear

at an elevation of twenty-live liundt-ed feet above the level of the to have U-eli tijjiired llt (in-ene's W'nt Am. Onkf a» tiutyrn* 0'rf'.''t'

s.-a, what aitpears to U- a dviarf form of this H|Meies { JMate eeeUv. iie.-r

f, ;ij i.s very abiitnhinl, ({rowing' to a heij^ht of ms or ten feet and '• (Jeor^e M. I'avvson. 1 ■I'Ki'lfin .Wttuniitut, u. Iter. ix. Jtm

prodiiein^ fruit in tlic greatest |irofiision. The biuU ami branehes Mneonn, <''it. t'lvt. 1*1 1 tn ; )>t. v. 'Xm*.

and their |iiilN'seenee are not di.stingiiishable from those of ijntrru^ • s-e ii. Ill

(iarryttnu. 'I'lo- leaves, allhuugh rather smaller than lli [iro- * S-e ii. III.

'WF

cri'n,i;i:u.v

I iKMi'ly ail iiicli ill
■itipiili's aif liiit'iir-

iisiially ua<liu"ims.

tliL" season. Tlir
liatclv cut, slifflill)

till' stniiiciis. witli
imI. The pistilLiiM

ii iiit i^ M's^ilf (ir
iiirli anil a (|iiarti'r
-slmiH'd or sli<i;litl\

osC 1)11 till' (llltll .

III'!', iir M)iiii'tiiiu>
tsisiiijj; ill si/.o fniin

)f low \n\U. anil i-
wfi- l''i:i/(r lii\ii
III tile >;illt:i Cni/
ifriin (iKiri/iijiii >•■

•t'jfiiii, ascciiiliii;; in
;aiiiN iiiil iircasioii-
kiiiia liiM'i'. It I-
Icr Ni/r ■.iiiitinvaiil.

Itli Aliifliril. 'I'll'

•(■iiiiii;i\ l(iii;4li ainl

fniiii 1)111' to tliifi-

w. w itii tiiiii iicarK

Hit Wfijrliiiijr H>.\'i
w.ii^oliN, in c.iliiiiit-

lialil Mcn/.ii'-., till
f tile la>t rilltlin.
I Itivcr iiiaiiv M'ar^
till' nii(lMin\ lia\

I. an' iitlii'r« isi- mtiiiLii.
t iH jH-ciiliar ulily ill till'

!■ Illl-'P uf III!' IU|I. Till'

U. ilniwi) ('.iiii|i>it., wlio
( Irt'jj'iii- riifiirlliliati-l).
liji tKrtUthwui wrre enlaU-
* nccotiiit of this RjM'i'tfi
li'smln'il llii« ilwarf fnnn

ThcHi' twi) plants a|i|)i-ai'
f. Ofikm* liutr<'u* fl\rs!''l-

ruiij*/, 11. ttvt. ix. 'S^'

f!'

KXri.ANAimN OF TllK ri.ATKS

I'l vn; ('('{'I.XI\' (^. IHT-l (iAKIlVAN.V.

1. A tl-'wi-iifii; liraiicli. iKitiir.il ••i/c.

'J. A >l.tiiiiiial<' llnwiT. cnlar;,'!'!!.

;i. (';ilv\ iif a ►taiiiiiuili' tiiinriT, riilnr^otl.

•1. A |ii»tilliitt' lliiwcr. I'lihirKi'il.

Ti. A fr.iitinK tirnmli, imtiinil "iao.

t'l. A fniitiiit; I'Miicli. imtiirni bi/.i'.

7. A (niit. natural »i/i'.

K. A rii|)-s.ali'. I'lilarijcil.

y. A niiili-r tiraii.lila. iiatiinil i-\ie.

> }

l^\

I'l.ATK ('('('I. XV. l^rrili f- (iAIlUVANV

1. A fniltliii; liranrli, natural -i/r.

1.'. A leaf, nalurat --i/t'.

.'i. A (riiiiini; liramli .i( llic lUvarf f.irni friiii nortlifm (.'alifiiriiin,

liuluml ^Ul'■

i

i

Z'

\

y

X

. *L'.

^1

i ii

!

(

\

K,.,.,n tM

QUKRCUS CAR RYAN A

.( A/. .1.;., .III.:,'

'•It- L ■ ijtuiiF / .in.

\

I

\ \ ■/

\

^m

) I

("

*;*

'*^m Silva o! North Airierica.

Tab. GCCLXV.

. f^ta.nm J** .

/ff/'U'tl,

QUF.RCUS GARRYANA M ■ ]<

A.Hi,

Oi f>HK,i ,,',-'n/

-:r ...v,'*'/,."- .■ !fj,-

■•'^

CUrUUFElUS.

aiLVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

a-j

QUERCUS GAMBELII.
White Oak. Shin Oak.

T,i-.AVi:s hroiully (i^ovatc to obloiiff-lanct'olutc, piiboscont on the lower surface,
variously lobed or piunatifiil, the lobes entire, euiaiginate en- lobed.

Quorciis Gambolii. Niillall. .Itnir. I'hil. Ai'ml. n. »cr. i.

111. ij. r.'.l lISISi. _ r.irrcy, Sl/'/mir'n' h'r/,. 17'.', I. IS;

/;../. .)/../•. IIhiukI. Siifi: '.'(P.'i. — l.i.liiiiami. Orrrshjt

I>.,„.-<l;. \i,leii.il;. S.Isl.. l-;,rli,iwll. IS.M, lH'.). — Orstiwl.

Liitinuniii Chi'iii's Am. /'/■■■/.. '."J. I. 10. f. I. — lliiiisl.'v.

JM. Hill. Am. Cnil. iii. 171. — Wiii/it;, ./olir/i. It.it.

(I'lil. Iln-Ini. iii. IS',1. — Crwiip. IC-.*^ Am. O'l/a, '.'.'!. t.

l.'l. f. 1. 'J: |il. ii. 71. I. .'i.'f. — S;ir),"'iit, (i'lnli'ii nml

F.r.st. ii. 171. — CmiIi.t. r.„itr:/.. f. S. X'lt. Ilfrh.

ii. -II.'. '.1/.r/. /■/. ir. •/'.■.r./.N). — Kurliii,.. <i'<rlfnllnri<.

\liv. Ii. I. ■J-lll.
QiKTcuB iilba ji ?Qunni8onii. T.Mri.y. /'././/"• I!. A', li'-i:

ii. |ii. i. Kill (IS.Vi). — \V:il»<iii. Klii'/.i h''/i. v. .'V.'l. —

r.iit,!-, Il.<'i,l,ii-s /,•!•/,. 1S71. I'.Kf. — I'ortcr & Coiillor.

Si/ll. /•■/. I „/,HMi/,., 1'.'7.

Quercus stellata. r. Utahensis. A. i\r (.'aiiil.illc. I'l-mh.

\\\. |.l. ii. '-"-' (ISC, I).
QuorcUB DouKlasii. ii ?GambeUi. A. ilf t'aiiildllc I'm.ii:

xvi. pt. ii. •-'."• ( IsCt).
Quercua Douglasii. -, Novomexicann. A. lii' ('ami lie,

rr;,li: xvi. |.t. ii. 'J I (ISI',1).
Quercua undulata. WatsDn, Am. S'ni. vii. '.Wl (I'/mt.i nf

ynr'/iirti Ai-i::tii:() liii |i;irtl (1S73|.
Quorcua undulata, a Qambelii, Kntjilmami, 7'rio.s-. St.

y,.M,;.s- .!-•-»/. iii, ;5S'.', ;«)'.' (is7t;). —SarK.-iu. /■'./■• --^ y'ir..<

y. Am. l(lr/i Ceii-siis I'. .V. ix. I.'i',>. — Coiilli r. J/.'/i.

/i'."i(.v Mt. liM. ,■!.'<:!.
Quercus Qambolii. var. Qunniaonii. Wiii/i;,'. .Iilirli. /.'•/.

dart. H'rliii. iii. I'.HI (lS,S,"i|.
Quercus venustula, Urcoiic, WiKt Am O-il;.-:. pt. ii. 0.\.

I. ,".'.' (IS'.KI).

r>ii:illv a .sliiiili, toi'iiiiii;^' liv vininou^ stolons liroad low tliickt'ts varying; fioiu tlircc or tmu' to
lillciii (11- twenty left in lu'i;;lil, tlu' ccutial stfins often risinjf lii^ll aliovi- tlie otller, ami assinnini;-
tile liaiiil of trees; or less ciininionlv a tiee. twenty or twenty-live feet in inielit, with a trunk a
fciiit in lii.inieti'i-. or, rarelv, forty or tifty feet in liei;i;lit, with a trunk tii;litei'ti iiielies in diameter,
and slender i>ranelies spreadin'^; nearly at rijjlit anp;!es from the .stem and forniinij a narrow roinid-
t(i|>|>eii he.id. The hark of the trunk is from one half to three ijuarters of an ineh in tliiekness. and
is di .']ilv dividecl into lu'oad irregular often eoniu'eted liat ridj;es separatiuf;' on the snrfiee into thin
dark ■;iay seaies frei|nei;lly lini;ed with red iir lij;ht iirown. The hraneidets are sleniler, ami, when
thev liist appear, are eoated with sli<)it pale or ferrujjineous toinentum ; in their lirst winter tliev
are lii^ht oranj;;e-eiilor or reddish lirown, e^lahrons or pnherulous, and, ',;raduallv urowinj;' darker or
souLetimes ashy f;rav dnrin;;; their seeond and third years, ultimately lieeome dark hrown or i;rav. The
liuds are ovate, acute or ohtuse, covered with lij;ht ehestnut-hrown puheseent seaies, and ahoni an
eiirhth of an ineh in letiijth. The leaves are convolute in the hud, hroadly ohovate to olilon^-lanceolate.
wcdije-shaped or sometimes narrowed ami rounded or hroad ami cordate at the base, .ind slijjhtlv or
(ieeplv divid.ed liy Marrow or hroad sinaM's into from live to thirteen hd)es. or pinnatilid: the terminal
lohe is acute or roundi'd and thieedohed at the apex, and the lateral lohes arc ohli(|ne. orliieular,
hroadly rounded, emareiuatc or anri<'ulate or lohed. or are narrow, rounded ttv acute and entire or lolied ;
when the leaves unfold they arc coated lielow with thick white lonu'Utum ami ahove with scattered stel-
late puhesccnce, and at niatiuity '.hey are thick and firm, i>lahrous or rarely stellate-pubescent, lustrous
ami dark or yellow-i>'reen, or dull jjrecn above, and paler, often yellowish aii<l sofl-pid)escent below ;
they are from three to live inches in lenji'th and from one to five inches in width, with prtuninent pale
inidrihs hirsute on the under and uccasioiiiilly also on the upper side, jirimary veins dcviatiiiu; at broad
in- acute anj;'ics and ruiniini;; to the points of the lohes. secou<lary \eins areuat,' and united near the
mari;ins and conspicuous veinlcts ; they are borne on .stout persistent petioles flattened ahovc, ami turn

■ i'

!
Ii!:'

11

Pi

'p. '

;u

>//.»•. I III' soirrii AMEiiic

1 1 riji KU.i-:.

sc;irli'l or (ir.iiiiji -rulni liddii' t illiiii; in the miiIuiiiii. 'I'lii' slipiilfs ari' IiiK-;ir. si .i; iii;-. il.i' Ic lndXMi.
hiisiitc wiili liJiiLC I'iili' liaii-s, ami tMiliicnii-.. 'i'lic llowcis apiicar in May and .lime, wlicn tlio Icavi's aro
iii'arK liall ninwii. Tlic sli'iili' tliiwci-' air lioiiic in slcnilrr llil■^llt^• anicntN in tlic axiK til' ovate acnti'
liiarl-- alioiil tuiii' a-^ loni^' as tln' liii--Mli' villow calyx, wliicli is iliNidcil intu live or si\ aciilc lolics
ratlic'V -linii.'r il;.ni \\w slaiuni-- : lln' anllicis aic ciM.irniiiati'. \rllou, ami L;laliidMs. 'I'lir liii:;lit inl
iiistillalc tlowiTs ail' sessile or slioit-staliieil, ami snliiaiy or in eioii'^ateil lew-llowereil s|)ili(.>. w i\\\ ovale
rouiuliil iiivolm lal siales coaled vvilli solt pale lomentnm, and acute ealvx-lolies. 'I'he a.oriis are ses.ije
or |ii(li;iiciil lie and lipeii ill Aie^iist ami Se|ileiiilMT ; the iiiit is usually o\ai. Inoad at the liase. irliliise
ami lonnded or snineiiiiiis nmouiil and aciitc^ at liie ajiex, which i>. co\cied with rilstv iMil.esceiiei', and
lisiialls a'MHiI three c|iiiileis ol' an imli Ioiil;- and live eighths ol an imh hroad; rreinieiitly, liowevi'r. it
doi < imi e\i .I'd a ijii.iitii ol all imh in h le^'lli. .:nd oecasionalU it i^ more llian an inch lonu; ; when
iiilK ripe it i- at 111-; dark clii~tnnt-liriiuii or iieailv lilaeK, and nitinialcK liiriis iii;iit ehesinnl dirowii ;
the clips are saticei-shaped. cilp-sh aped, or rarely tiirhinale, ami altlniiiMh occasion allv shallow. i;;ener,iliv
iiii'lose alioiit a liiiid of the lint : they are \\\x\\\ lirowii and piilMsicnt on the inner siiilace, coated
on tile ollti r siiil.ire uith pale lomeiil lllll. and liimh roiirjiiiied IhIow hv the thieKeiied and mole or
less niiited ovate SI ,ilc~ ; these are lonnded on the liack and ii.iriowi d. ex.ept at iheliase id' the eiip.
into shiir! Ine scarioiis piiinlcl tips, and are lliiii and niiiiiile near the run oi the cup ; or .snmctiim s the
lo\\er scales ale nliK sli'^htlv ihlrKilied ami are ilee.uitli Inli;; Iikis,. |ipv.'

IJii, rii'!< ( ttufilii I'll i~ dl^ll ihilteil liom the easlein slojics III the liockv .Moiinlailis III' ( 'olor ido.
wlnrc it liiids its most noithein home on the divide lietwceii the waters of ihe ri.itte and Arkansas
llivers at elevations of from six to seven thousand feet ahove the level of tli • sea. wesluard to the
Wahsati h Moiiiitain^ ol I Kill, and snulhvvaid over the monntain raiii;es ,ini| hii^li piateaiis (i> the imiiilh
of the I'ecos ilivi-r in li \,i-. tin- ( harlestown Mountains in sniithwi stein \rv aii.i. and the nioniit.iiiis of
iioillierii >o':'i| 1. ('iimiiioii on the foothills of the lioekv Monnlaiiis, vi In re it iisiiallv i^rows as a hivv
sliiiili. it oeca-ioiiallv rises in their sheltered caiioiis to the si/e of a sin. ill tree ; more aliiindanl in
soiiil.irii. aii'l ispii'iallv in snniliue^tein ('nloiado. uhere it is the onlv Oak and olteii ascemlM to
elevation^ iil lie irlv ten thousand feet, it fieipnntlv covers hillsides with nearly niiinterrnpted thickets
thousands of acres in i xleiil and Usiiallv oiiU two or three feet liiL.di ; it is '. eiv aliniiil.int on the
mount liiis of noithern New Mexico ind western Texas; it is the eoinmon t'ak of (he I'olorado plateau

and of southern I lah ,iiid iioitln in Aii/.on v. " it is scattered iric^nlarly through the jjieat forest

of I'liiiis jimii/i ro.^'i. ■^i<\i\f[ii-,y > III liroad 'iO'e ami often as isolated trees, prohaldv atlainiii',; its
lirL^i'st si/.|. in mirtlnin Aii/ona at elevations ... tiom six to seven ihoiisainl feet ahove the level of the
sea; n is scattered thioiiMli the open forests of /'mus hi'iiiujili,/'/,!, which i liithe (he mount. nn r.iiiecs
of siiiithern Newida. and liiijli up on those of sontiiern New Mexico and Arizona it forms ,i narrow
frill','!' :iliove the proves iif everi;reeii daks which eiiiivcii tlieir lower slopes and just lielovv the Niil
I'iia s wlneli ii^uallv crown their siimiints.

\\u

iihtl i<

' riu'ci' f|ii.l<' (ii^ttiii't fmint (if tliiii t|M'('ii-!t tan 1m' •Ii^tinpliKhe<l
tiy tlif tliuiit' nm! (.'ulurui^^ nf t)m Ifiivnt, ultli<iii);li tlit-v ;in' < tiri-
iM-i'tt-il liy iiiuuiiuTaMf varu-ticH iiml nil t!irt-r if tin m <.,»uiftiiii< •<
f^row lii^cthiT in arr:i.H only a r«-w yartU ht|iuiri-

riit' Iiavc'd iif till- lliM f.»rm (Plate icrlsu. f. 1) an- UMUilIy
iilMivatf in (Mitlini' with fi-w liruml anil ronndi-d or fiiiar^inutc* IuIh's,
aii'l an* dark ^n-cn and luttritiis nn tlio np]H-r oiirfat'i'

Iiif' M-cond fnrni ( *^'(*niij ttmifftia) i\\t- It-iivi-H ( I'lali- i*ivU\ii
f, ;i) :i. olilun^'-Iaiici'olHtr. Hiuuati-Iy loU'd, nMially ^iiiall* / a, id
!Mii:!it udNiu-jfriTh on tiic npiM-r **nrfiu*i'.

Ill till* tliii-tl fMiiii ill. Ifav*"* date mUvii. f. 'J) an- nlilun;;,
■ 'i-it'td at till- a1*niptl\ rHuiidt d i rurdati* liasc, dt\idi-d dtcpK nr

i:'' ly by .i^rrnw sinusis into l»rtiad ruiuided culiru IiiUm, uikI

>i lil jih-t'ii on tilt* ii|ip( r Mi.'.'irO.

Slirul'l>\ plants tx-ann^ li-avri of ilu' tir%t and Kocotid of thrno
foniit art' inixi-d to^tiln-r imlisfriiiiinat* ly on thf inminlaiu)i of
vmtluTii ('"I. dado :ind nnrtln-ni Nt*w Mi'xiro. and fin U* n-addy
diHiin^iiiHlicd finiii a rtiniiilfraMi* dititanri* liy tin* cnlor uf tlti>
fuliii^i*. I'luiilM of till* third fHrni I )ia\f «i-(-n only i>n thi* litlU
ni'iir the rity of l>urani;o tn »oMlhwrslerii Cahfotnia ; tln*y with
fliritirt nithotil fruit, and ;;n'w in ilnnip'* anitiii^ tlioM* nf tlit* tw-*
otlifi* f'trui- Arhortsfrnt indi\idiialH nHuatIv pnHltii'i* lar^c dark
t;rfi'n ilfi-piy loU-d Ii-avi-n, itpnmltv on tin* lolornd" platnin, and
thiH ap|M>ar^ to In* tin* only fttrni on th<* nionntaiuH of Hunthern Nt>w
.Mt>xi(-o and Ati/ona.

'^ Mt-rriani, \'"rih Atmrfit't i'ltuun, Nt>. 7, 'XX\ (ftettlh Yallfi
i: {.,■{. li ) t'ovilli*, f'nutnh. r. S. \'il. n,rh. u- I'j7 {Hi>t. Ihath
VaiU'j i:if,-fi.).

•■>,vjt^.

1 1 I'li.ii-KU.i-:.

ill li IlI'dWII,

I Ml' leaves ant
I ovale aeilti'
i\ acute liilies
III' liii.;lit led
!'■<, \t itli ovale
111-^ are sessilu
Imm', olitiise
i' .-^eeliee. aiiij

\, llllWlM'l'. it

li Ion:; ; «lieii

r-tiiiil-lirow M ;

ow, LCeiier.illv

llll'are, coaleil

.iinl iiioie or

l-e 111' llle 1U|..
hometlini s tlie

% ot i 'olorailo.

ami .\rkan^a>

e^l Willi to llie

'• to tile Iiioiitli

liioiilitaitis oF

loMs as I liiw

aliiili'l lilt ill

II aMeiiil» to

lii|itecl tliielii't^*

iiiiilaut on tile

ilorailo plati ail

lie ;;reat I'oiest

y attaiiiiiii; lis

le leM 1 lit tlle

imiitaiii iaiii;es
11111- 1 iiariiiw
lielow the Nut

CUI'ULIFKnyE.

/SYLFVl OF NOliTII AMEinCA.

;?5

Till' wood of Qnvn.iK d'tDnhdil is iieavy, lianl, stroiif^, and ofteu toiigli, altlu)ii<rli dillieiilt to
season. It contains niiiiiei'oiis coiisiiiciioiis niediillary rays and narrow liaiids of small ojkm (iii'-^s
niarkiii;^' the layers of annual growth, and is dark red-hrowii, with thin lij^hter colored sa|i.i-i !,
The s|iecilic >;ravily of the ahsoliitely dry wood is O.J^lnT, a ciihie foot wcijiiiiiiji ali.l'iil pouiids.' i' is
larj;ely used for fuel, and I he hark is occasionally of service in tanninij leather. The acorns, whiei. "o
soineliiiies quite swi'ct, were |)rolialily eaten hy the Indians.

(Jill reus (iiiiiihi III was discovered in liSIl on the hanks of the Uio (jrande hv William (janihel,"
wlio-e iiiemoiy is jireserved in the association of his name with this heautifill little tree, which with lis
lustrous siimiuer o-reeii and lirilliaiit autniiin tints duliu:hts the traveler throiiirh the sombre forests of
tile central rciions of the coiitineiil.

' .Stuni- iiK'u uf till' slow nti' at wliii-ji l!u' wihhI of tiii.s sjH'i-ir.s

is fol'llli'il liiiiy Ih> utilililinl frnlll ttli> Id); s[ii'i-ilnrll ill tllf tl^^ll[>

(nlli'i'liiiii III' Nnrlh Aiiivririiii \\'.Hiil?4 ill till' .\tiii'i-ii-:m .Miisciiin of
Natural lii.ttiirv in Nt'W Vurk, uliliiiiii-il fniiii tlii' lu-i^hlKirliniMl uf
Cai^nii City, (-'olurailn. It i^ trii ami :i ipiartcr iiutifs in tliaiiii'tiT
iiijiiilr lllr liark, unil bluiws uiii- liimlrrit anil titl\-ii<,'lit layers <if
annual ^tuuiIj.

■•■ William (iainlii'l wan Imrn in X"'w .lrr-.i'y. In liu ynntli ho
apprari In liavi' atlrai'tiil tlii' alti'liliim nf 'l'liiinia> N'lillall, tlir
naliiraliit. ulio I'liiplMyi'il liini a- all a.H<i>tant. In ISll (ianili"l
\iMtiMl till' soiitluTit UiK-ky MiiinitaiiH willi a jiarly nt* trappi rs to
inlliit liiriU anil |>lanl« icir tlii' A.'aili'liiy "f Natural Si'icnpi» iif

riiila<li'l|iiiia. Ki'tiir f, to l'liilaili'l|iliia iIm' following- yiar, lie

nitir.il till' Mf'iliial N liool of ||ii< riiiri'r''ily uf IVnn«ylvaliia,
Iniiii ttliiili 111' was Kraililali'il in ISIS, lie was »i>nn I'liitiil ri'-
loriliii),' iit'rritary of ilii' I'liil i.l.l|.liia Aoiili'iuy, lint ri'tireil froni
tli.s poniii.in till' folliiHin),' \i.ir iiikI joini'il a party iir);iiiii2i'il to
rriiisllii' I'ontiiiriit 111 till' Califiirnia pilil-liiliU uiuKr llii> IcaiU'r-
sliip of I .1. Wistar, aftrruaril a iliitinj^iii.ilu'il o.lii'i'r in tin' I'liiuii
ainn. a pliiLinllinipist ami pri'iiilint of tin' I'liilaili'lpliia .Vcailiniy.
Till- party Marti'il from Imlipiiiilini'i' aliunt tlio lir^l of .Mav, ami
priM'i't'ilril up llii' I'latli' \alliy, wliiri' IJaiulii I li ft it to join a parlv
of .Mi.viiiriaiH 111! Iiy a Capiain Koouf of Ki'iitinky. (iamlu'l's
fall' ii ili'wi'ilii'il in tin' follonin); citrai'l of u li'tlcr from (li'iiirjil
Wi^lar : —

•• In till' yiar IS.-^I, I nut two i;ii.n of IIik.ui'', train at lostir's
liar, Willi ijavi' mi' Ilii' (Irjit iiifiirnuitidii I liail rcceivi'd ot tin- fate
of till' majority of tlii'ir iivi'rliiml party, hv'mg wpU fiiniisliiil anil
pro> i.iioni'il and imwlly olilor iiumi than wr, tlii'y travi'li^il li'iiuri'ly
ami riai'lii'il thi' Siorrai only m Oitobor. Afii'r llii' 10.H.S of uio.it of

till ir rattin ami rnnscii init alianilniiiiU'iit of iiiaiiy wa^nitH in the
lliiniliolilt ili'iiTl, tlii'V wi-ri" can^jht liy >uow in tin' iiioiintaiiis ; ami
iiisti'ail uf alianiloniii;; tlin ri'liiaimk'r ami piinliiii;; tl)ron;;li, tlii'y
i-aiiipcil to await Iti'tti-r wi'allii'i', whii'h iliil not comi". 'I'lii' .snow
con.'italitly accaliinlatiil, all tin' I'attlu ilii-il. provisions wi'io i-i.n-
sniiii'il, ami wlirn too lati* Ilii'V maili' smiw.sliurs ami trioil to Have
llit'tiisi li ''s. Itiit frw got aero.ss tlio nin;;i', inrluilin;; (tiiiulii'I, ami
tliosi' savi'il littli' lint what tlii'y stomt in. With iinmlii'l-s rapiilly
lIinlini.slliIl},^ tin* ri'iniianl piishi-il on ilowii to Uosi-'.s liar, whi'i-i*
si'vt'r.il, ini'lnilini; (iamht'l, ilii'il almost inimi'iliati-ly of typhoiil
fi'vrr. lianilirl w.i.s Imrivl on tin; liar, w jivli. howi'vi'r. as I lia\c
l.liilt'rstoit'l, has .siiu'i.' Ih-i'II ciitiri'ly ri'tnuvi'il liy hy ilranliu mining.
Hi- ili'ath oiiurl'i'il in tlii' lattrr pari of N'ovi'inln'r. ls|!). anil I
ha\t' in'vcr sini'o si-i-n any of tiir survivors of his party or In'aril
any further partii'iilars.

"Ill' was a p'liial, kinillv man ami ili'li^litfiil I'ompaniou, hut
uvt'rsi' to till' riiil;;h life, haril Work, anil short eoiiii.ioiis tlit.i> in-
sepanihli' from .siieli a journey. He wa.s ahoiit twenty-eij;!:t a'- the
time of his ileath, anil, hail he lived to enltivate more ,.'011/ ui.il
pursuits i;t home, w. iilil eertainly have altaiiii'd iliereaseil ilistiiu'-
lion as a natnralisl. His taste for natural scienee wa-s j;reat, liin
attainments eoiisideralile, and his work, evei " ^oiitli, .aim'.''-"

(.See, also, Meehan, '/"^e \ittiir h'ioiri TA llnil /•r'^i.l '>f' tfli- ' ''liffi
Stiiiif, ser. 'J, ii. t'l'J.)

Nnttall ileserilied the new p'lieni ami !> , ,. ■■ dis. , ,. nl by
(ianiliet in his lirst jonrney to the Uta-I . - v.,otains. il.'itieatiiii;
to liiin the j;emis I imiilf liti, fornied to reeen a slin.li witli lieail-

tifnl searlet tluwers fr llie island of .sae; • ratalilia olV the

t'alifuriiLt eoast, and now mer^'d into .\ntirrlitiieiu.

*l w

) tlt(> inimrituuit of
(iiiil I'liit Ih* nMiilil)
V llii' roltir uf tl.r
I'll only oil llif liitK
lifnriiiu ; tlioy with
j( iIhwu i»( iIm' lw<'
priHlucr lnrt(i* dark
)l><rA<li> plntciiii, niitl
iii<« (if iHoiiUn'ni Nfw

•X\.\ {/hulh JVj/-V'/
IV VM {/Uit. Ihii:it

KXI'I.ANAIION OK TIIK I'LAll-S.

I'l.ui ( (CI. XVI. qi ri!M < (Amiiklii.
1. \ lliiw.iiii;,' lirmrli. iiutur:il ^iir

'.'. .V «miiiiiiali- (linnT larjji'cl.

;>. \ |.i-lilluti' tl.iwcr. riiliirm'il.

4. .V iiuitint; lironi-li, iiBtunil ^i"■•

."). .\ iiiiiiicl- Willi "pirslo muli'v.lriiicil fruit, nalunil ^lU).

Plate CCCl-XVIl. qi kb^ ts fJ.vMiiKi.ii.

1. .\ faiiliii^j lirniioli, ii.itural »i"'-

'J. A li'iif. ii.itiir:il f\iv.

X A l>'ii(. h.iturul 'lie.

\ \ Iniil. iiiitiirul >i;r.

.">. A (mil, nattiriil ^i/<•.

0. A ■.»iiiltr liraiiolilit. • alural »iie.

I

V\

M

Wh'!'

I' !!i

i!

n;ii

m.

:t

'B
B

Amfcrici

A'.jf/uij-

QUERCUS GAMBELll

.1.''.

intHtr^ i <iFif

'IP

m

^^

"Vu pff

/'

^

i!

II

-

f ..

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

1.1

^ lU |2.2

118

140

12.0

m

1.25 II 1.4

ll^

<

6" —

►

o\

^A

71

/

Hiotographic

Sciences

Corporalion

23 WIST MAIN STRHT

WIBSTIR.N.Y. MSM

(716) •72-4303

\

0

^

%

I

li

l.-L.

Siiva of Ncrih America.

Til, CCCLXVll.

■- 1^

f .^.Fnuvtn iM .

!iunei\f

QUERCUS CAMBELII Nun

CUl'UUFER

Lea'
with stcl

Quercus i

(18V.>)..
Coulter,
I'ejnts).

Quercus al
Mui'hli'ii
/v. Hi'rl

Quercus a
f. 15 (1
•■•.■i, I. 17
JIfi/. II

.' iittall.

Syii. V.
(exri. vi
Hel'j. 1>
pt. ii. ,

;«<'.». —

Am. fn
Mail, tt
Koeline,

A tr
wprcailinj;
fii-t tall. '
rwluci'il t
is jjriiy in
thu Murfai
leiitit'ulM, .
lunciits of
tiiin ; tiii)
ruddish li
until tlu'i
oranji;i!-co
ua eighth
bright cli
are convc
Hiiaped III
by li |)aii'
lobes Kepi

I

CUl'ULIFEH^.

aiLVA OF NORTH AMEllICA.

37

QUEROUS MINOR.

Post Oak.

Leavks oblong-ohovatc, usually o-lobed, pubescent on the lower and roughened
with stellate hairs on the uj)j)er surface.

Quercus minor, Siirjjpiil, (inn/en (imt Furenf, ii. 171
(lSh',»). _ SiiilHorll., /iV/<. S,;: A.jnr. ('. S. IS'.I'.'. ,il!7. —
Coulter, Omirlh. I'. S. .\,if. link ii. 414 (.!/.(«. /'/. (C.
Tiriif).

Quercus alba minor. Mnrslmll, Arlmst. Am. 12il ( 1".S.">)

Miifhli'iil>oi({ i^ \Vill<li'iiow, ,\Vh»' Srhrift. Hewll. ynt.
Fi\ Ui'rUn, iii. ;>*,l."i.

Quercus stellata, Wandfiilicim, Snnhnn. Ilnl-. 7S, t. C,
f. l."> (1787). — Smitli & Ahlmt, /h.<..a< „/ 'i'l^n/i'i, i.
IKt, t. 17. — Willileimw. S/nr. iv. |it. i. I.")!.' ; Kiiiiiii. 'J77 ;
Herl. Itiiiimx. I'd. 'J. lU'.l. — I'ciscKiri, Sijii. ii. "mO. —
Noiirniu /hih'iiiiil.y'n, ISd, - ll:i\iii'. [h-nc/i: h'l. It'll. —
.' utiull. Sijlr'i, i. l.t. — Spaili. ///,.■^ (V;/. xi. l.'iCi. — Km-
tTMiii. I'rvis Miisx. t.'S.'l. t. .'! ; iil. '.'. i. l.'il, t. — Dii'triiti,
Si/ti. V. .'111. — A. ilu Ciiiiiliilli'. I'f'nlr. xvi. |it. ii. '-"-'
(exri. var. y miil ft). — Wvniniu'l. //"//. Fhl. Sor. llnrl.
llehj. l.SOO. ,'il(l (,.xrl. v:ir. y and li). — Ko.-li, Ih'inlr. ii
|>t. ii. ."I'J. — KiiL;t'liiiaiiii, Tran.i. .S'^ /.r.i(/,< .ir'i'l. iii.
;W<.). — Uurlii-, l>eiH.i,-l„' I),;i.h. 2'.l.">. — ll.iiil.a, r/i;»,'.<
.(»«. rn Heliji'iui-. 'J(i."i, t. — Watsiiii it C'oiilU'r, llfu/H
.Mail. .•.I.e.. 47.".. — Dipiwl. Il'imlh. Lauhlwhl;. ii. 7'.t. —
Kindine. IhiiUrh,- llfiiJi: lU'S.

? Quercus villosa, Walter, /Y. r-,,,-. 23." (17S.S).

Quorcus obtusiloba, Miclianx, //l'.<^ C/n'ius Am. No. 1,
t. 1 (ISOl); /'/. l!nr..Am. ii. I'.M. — Mii'liaiix f. ]IUt.
All,. Am. ii. liC, t. 4. — I'uisli, Fl. Am. Sej.t. ii. 032. —
Nullall, (li'ii. ii. 21.">. — KlliotI, .V/,-. li. til lO. — Hooker. /7.
Il'i,:-Am. ii. ITiS. — Toiiey. /•'/. .V. }'. ii. I'.MI. — (iray,
.1/'/". 414. — Sclii'ile. Ii'itimir Tesus. 440. — Dailin^rtoii,
/■■/. rc.«/i-. (111. 3. 2l'.."i. — Iliiiidel. Trims. 111. Agi'li-. S,i:
iii.Ol.".. t. 2. — Ciirlii.. /i'-/-. (le^l-j. Snn: X. Car. 1«00,
iii. 32. — Cliaimiaii. /•'/. 42.!. — ()rr.|c.l. Vilnisk. ih;U.
j'r'i It'll. Fur. Kj'ihi'iili. IStiO. Oli : Lirlniniini CItnies
.liii. Tii.ii. t. ll.t.33, f. fill. — Va«y. Am. Knt. mid lint.
ii. '.',".11, f. l.'i.S. — \Veii/i«. .hilirh. lint. Il„rt. Jin-lhi, iii.

17S. — Sargent, Finul Ti .< .V. .tin. lIV/i I'l-nsiis I', .s'.

ix. l.'iS. ~ Mayr. Wild. .\.u;l,im. 141, t. 1. 2.

Quercus Drunimondii. I.iilnnaiin, Orersiijt /hmsl:. I'i-
tlni.ik-. .'<ilsl;. Firhiiidl. l.S.'.l, 171'. — Orsto.l, /.o/.hm/i/(
I'liiiii'A .till. Ti'"/'. 22.

Quercus stellata, ,} Floridnna, A. de {'and<dle, Fralr.
xvi. |it. ii. '.'2 (l.Sl'ill. — Wesiiiael. Hull. Fid. .S'.<c. Hurt,
lihj. ISC'.I, ;i4(l.

A tri'c, rart'ly a liuiulred feet in liei^lit,' with a trunk two or three feet in diameter, and .stout
Nprcading liraiielie.s wliich form a hroad dense round-toiiped head, hut usually not more than tifty or si.xty
feet tall, with a trunk t»ne or two feet in diameter, and at the northeastern limits of it.s ranjje jfenerally
reduced to a shruh. The hark of the trunk varies from half an ineh tu nearly an ineh in tliit'knes.s, and
is fjniy more or less deeply tinj^^ed with hrown, and divided hy deep fissures into hroad ridfjes covered on
the Hurfaee with narrow closely appressed scales. The hranchlets are stout anil marked with small pale
lentieel.s, and when they lirst a|)pear are coated, as are the youii};; leaves and petioles, the stalks of the
iiments of staminate (lowers, and the pediineles of the pi.stillate flowers, with thick oi'an<>'e-hrow!i toiuen-
tinn ; this jjradually falls frtim the hranchlets, and in their tirst winter they are lioht oranoje-colored to
reddish hrown and coveretl with short soft pale pnhescence which sometimes does n')t entirely dis;ippear
until their third year, when they are gray, dark hrown. or nearly hlaek, <u' hrio;ht hrown tiiio;ed with
oranjfe-eolor. The hnds are hroadly ovate, rather ohtiise. or rarely acute, and usually rather less than
an eij^hth of an inch, althon<rh occasionally nearly a (|uarter of an ineh in lenjjth, and are covered with
hright ehestnut-hrown pnhescent scales coated toward the mar<i;ins with .scattered jiale hairs. The leaves
are convolute in the hud, jjenerally broadly ohlonjj-ohovafe in outline, jjradually narrowed and wedge-
siiaped or occasionally abruptly narrowed and wedge-shaped or rounded at the hase. and deeply divided
hy II pair of witle lateral sinuses, which are ohliipie at the hottom. into two liasal lolies and two upper
lobes separated from the terminal lube by narrow sinuses acute or roniuled at the bottom ; the terminal

' Riilgwiiy, I'roc. I'. S. .\iil. .Uii.«. ivii. 114.

I '■'

') '

:>>

SII.VA OF XOIiTII AM Kin LA.

CMVVUi'iMJV.

lolii' is i)lK)vatt' ;i.iil (l('('|ily tliri't-lolii'd with rduiuli'il lolics, or ovati' iiiid soiiu'tiint's i'loii<r;iti'il ami roiiiulcd
ami lrf(|iii'iitlv i'iiiar;;iiiali' at tlic apex, iir rarclv it is oiitirch- siipiucsscil ami tlii' liroad apex oi' tlio h'uf
is truncate or cmai'^iiiati' ; the lati'ral lolit-s arc olili(|U(>, broadly oliovatc, roiimliMl or (>iiiar;riiinti> at the
api'V. iimliilatc or coiicavc in oiitliiic on tlu' \i\\\wv mar<rin, and I'lirnislicd on the lower with a larfje lohe
dee]il\ iniaruinate or irregularis lolu'd at the liroad ajiex ; the hasal lohes jjenerally widen "gradually
I'roiii tile liiitldMi and then spread alirnptly into small ovate rounded or slightly emar^inate lolus, or are
sdinetinu's nearly ti'iani^ulai' with undulate entire margins ; on sonu> trees in the Nouthem status all tlio
tliree-loiied at the apex with .shcut liroad rounded or pointed lolics. ami are wed«je-sha])ed and

eaves an

entire or umlul.ite In-low ; on many of the leaves of other trees the hasal lolies are supjiressed and the
lateral lolio are very olilicpie. narr >w. entire, ami rounded at the apex ; and oeeasioiially a few individual
leaves are olilon^ or oval ami entire, or furnished on one side with a small entire l(d)e ; when they
unfold the Ic ivcs are dark red ..hove, especially toward the api'x ; soon losinj; a larije part of their dense
puhexi lit eiiviiini^. at m.iturity they are thick ami lirni. deep dark jjreeii on tile upper Kurfaee, which
is rmi:;lu'iu'd witli pale scattered stellate hairs, ami covered on t!u' lower surface with f^ray or li;;ht
\ellnw or rarely >ilvciv white piiheMtnce. and liefore falling in the autumn they turn dull vellow or
lirown; they arc usually four or live inches lonu and three or four inches across the upper lateral lohcs,
altliiiu^h thev varv from two to eii;ht inches in length ami from an inch and a hidf to tive inches in
wiillli ; their mitlrihs are hro.id, lii;ht-colore(l. .lud pulie->cent on the u|iper and toim-ntose or puiu'seent

(iM the lower side ; the veins

which riMi to the points of the upper lateral lohes are much stouter thi

the others, and the lateral veins are arcuate and iniiteil near the margins and eoniiceted hy eonsjiieuous
eoarselv nticidate veinht^ : the stout ]uil)i>cent petioles are slij^htly flattened on the upper side and from
half an inch to nearly an iiu'h in leie^lh.' The stipules are hrown. scarious. puliesceiit, and eiliate on the
margins with lon^ pale hairs, and oliovate. roundeil or acute at the apex ; they are half an inch lon^
and from i>ne sixteenth to om- eii^hth of an inch liroad on the lirst leaves id the season, and, lieeominjj
i;r.iilually nanow. are linear on those at the end of the hranchlet. The llowfrs a]ipear when the leaves
are ahout a third firown. from Maridi in Texas to the end of May at the north ; the .staminate llowers
are liiirrie in anU'Uts three or four inches lou"; and are produced from the axils of ovate acute hairy
111, lets rather liin;;er than the hirsute yellow calyx, which is usually divided into live ovate aeiite laeilii-
jitelv cut sei^Mieiils; the anthers are emarj^inate. yellow, and covered witii short scattered pale hairs.
The pistiU.ite llowers are sessile or |iedunculat< am' covered with jiale hairs ; the stiy;mas are lirif^ht red.
The acoris are Usually sessile or occasionally si;o't-|(edunculate ; ' the nut is oval or ovate or ovate-
oliloni;. liroad at the liase. ohtiise and naked or covered with pale ]iersistent puliesceiiee at the apex,
from one half of an inch to an inch hinj^, and from one quarter to three ijuarters of an iiali liroad, and
is sonu'times striate with dark lon<ritiidiiiai stripes; the eup is cu]>-shapeil or turhinate, or rarely siiuecr-
hhaped, antl usually incloses from one third to one half of the nut, although rarely it is very shallow,
emliracinif only tin- liase of the nut ; it is |iale and pubescent on the inner and jiale ami tomelitose on
the outer surf.ice. which is covered with thin free ovate scales roumled or acute at the apex, reddish
lir'iwn. and sometimes, toward the rim of the cuji, eiliate on the margimt with long pale hairs.'

1 111 tin' iHirtlicrn and iiiiiltlU* ittatcft the Ifavt-ii of '^urrt'us miimr ' Near AiiHtiii, Texuii, individual tn'es of <»'ufn'ii5 minor ]irodiire

lift' iputi' i-uiiMUiiitly hve-l<tlM>d willi lirtmd thri-(--loU>d or ciitirti acorns willt l.irpi liroaillv ovate iiiitH puljvsoeiit at thu a|R-x iviid

tiTiiiiiial Io1h'» and two liriKul l.-ttfnil lolivs iit'{iamti>d by wide iricloHcd nfiirly to tlic middle in tleep turbinate ciiiiif (l^latu ceclxix.

Miiii.seK frmn tlie hiiiall li:ual IoIm-h. In the Miiitli. Imwever, the f. .'>), while thi- nenrnn of others ^rouiii); with them have ovale

li'itveit are often extremely variahle on the Kaine or on ilitTerent ohloii^ narrow j^hkliroiis iiut4 and shallow Naueer-itliii|HMl ciiiiit (Plate

iiidi\id(ial!<, and in a :,iiiall j^rove of tliehe tn-e^ on limestone hoil ceelxix. f. <i). 1 have not Keen mieh aeornx in other partd of tJit*

near .VuNtiii. Ti xa.s, t found leavi-s varunj; from what may Im> country on thin p|ieeie«, which nnnatty jinMlnceit hhort oval iiiitH

calle<l the nonn.il live-lolfd form to triliil, oiie-lo)>cd. niidulate and about half an inch in len^i^th and eii|i-r(liaped or hli^htly turhinate

entire, or subeiitire form>. and from two to five inches in length enjiH. In all the forms of fruit the ciip-scales are thin an 1 remark

(iMatc ceelxix. f. 1, 2,lt). Trees with rather thin tritid leaves seven ably hoinomorjihous, ami no other North Ainci-ican White Oak

or ei(;lit inches lung and lour or live inches wiilu I have seen only appears to vary so little in the character of the ciiji-scalea.
near Mobile, Alaliama, where they gniv side by tide with those • Two trees discovered by I'r. .1. II. Mellichainp ni'ar IllnlTton,

bearing' leaves of the iionual shape {I'late ccdxix. f 4). South Carolina, several years ago, hut now destroyed, were consiil-

I',

I

^.

CLTULIKEIl.K.

SUVA OF NORTH AMHIilCA.

39

(Jill i'ii(!< /(i//H>/- is (listril)uU-(l from Ilri-wstt'i' near the easti-ni fxtiriiiity of Cajie Cod,' tlie iHlaiitls
of Mai'tlia's Vineyard and Nauslioi) oil' the coast of sontlicni MaHsaeliiisi'tts, North Kin<;'st()n, Uliodo

Isliinil," and Lonj; Island, New York, t

till

o nortni'rn

Florida
Nl'W Voili it ran;'i's westward to Missouri, eastern Kans

I and southern

Alah;

d Mis

•PI"

from

the Indian Territory, and Texas, where it

extends southward to the valley of the San Antonio Itiver and westward to the oiu' hundredth nu-ridian
of West longitude.' Cirowin;,^ on the dry and sandy wind-swept soil of Martha's \'ineyard, the Post
Oak is Usually shnddiy with low and much eiintorti'il stems; of lar;;'er si/e in Ithode Inland and on

L

l-h

ml. It IS more

dant farther south

d from the coast of the south Atlantic and tin

t'ilstern (iiilf states to the lower slojies of the A|i|palachiaii .Mountains, anil in the Mi>si-.si|)iii liasiii it is

one of the cuiimion I )ak-tr

dr

■CCS on (Irv ''rave

ly iiplancis, where it <;rows to its lar;;est si/e ; it is the most
uliundant dak u'i central Texas, heiii^' usually found on limestone hills and sandy plains, and toward

tl

U! western limits of its raiiiie, in Texas and the Indian Territory, it forms with (Jn

^]/iiril<iii<li'

in open ''ipic-.t licit to which the name of tl
settlers.

('

Timhi

was oiveli liy the i

ally tiayeh

The wood of (J

III rrii.i iiiiiiur IS ycrv heavy, hard, clnse-

rraiiicd, and diiralilc

ni contact with thi>

soil, althoitL;h it is dilliciilt to season, chcckiiijf hadly in diyiiii;'. It contains iiuiiicrons cinispiciious
niediillarv rays ;ind liainls of diic to tluec ro'vs of small ii[ien ducts markiic.;; the layers of annual
jjrowth. and is li;;l't or dark lirowii, with thick liy;litcr cnliPicd sajiwood. The specilic gravity of the
idisolutclv dry wiim

fenci

().S;i(i
d

fcot wci;rhin<^ t"rj.n pounds. It is largely used lor fuel

ill", and railway tic^. and in some states west of the

Mis>i

i>-.|ppi Uiver, especially III I cxas. in tlu

nianiilactiin' of cariiiircs, I'oi- ei

iiopcra'^e. anil in construction.

I,.

ifoiiiidcd with the White (»ak. '/

III t'l I'fi nil II

III' was lir>t distil

shed

ly II

ciiii>ylvaiiia

Ixitaiiist, lliimphiy Marshall,' who pulili^hed the e.irliest description of it, in ITS."), in his Arlin.-iliiiii
Anil riiiiiiinn. .Vccoidiii!;- to .\itoii.' it was introduced into Kiiijlish plantations in ISdO, Mltlioii^li it
is proliahlc that the l-'reiich hotaiiist .Michanx ' had sent it to Fiance liefore the end ol the la>t century.
Its deii-.e roiinil-topped head and its dark folia^'e, wliii h at a distance sometinies ap[iears nearly
lilack, make it e.isy to rccoirni/,,. the I'ost Oak in the landscape ; and. always a lieautiful tree, it nii^lit
he used to adyant,iL;e in the decoration of parks and pleasure-ijroniids in tlu' eastern I'li'tcd .'^tates.

I

vTt'd U\ I>r. Kii^'liiiiiiui rt-^ iMissildc liytiriiU lN-twi't>ii (^wn-rw imnor
ami (iufr-ut ^tifxt. The ImtU uf Initli tr*'i'a wt-rt' Urjjrr tlmii Ibiwo
iHu.illv priHtiii't (1 liy Uurn'M* mtnttr ; tlin Hntt hud tin* iinniml Iruvrn

tif tjutrriii tninar, ^liihnitlt l)nU)rllli't.H aiul lUlllltT*, illul ttl(* Ht-i'ntHl

had rallu'r iiiirmw (Miiii-uti* leaver with oval IoIn'H and i^liihroiit
ItraiirlilftH ; tht> A(anu-ti:« nf (hf l.itit r and tlie iiiatiirt' fniit nf Imih
iin* unknown ( Kni^i-linittin, Tnuii. St. I. nun Actid. iii.'M'J, IVJH).

' Karl'iw, fim-'i'ii tit,il l',trr*f, ii. Irt.

' L. \V. KuhmI!. fvinitti tiuti l-'ortit, ii. M.

* MiLtoii, iu'jhih liu-tin. lirfi. Shtff lUninl .\'/ru\ A.'<i»i.«i.<, 'J71.

* llaviird. I'nH-. I'. S. .Y,i/. .Un<. vili. .MCi.

* Humphry MarHhall (I7U--1H0I), the si.n i«l" a iVnnnxlviun;*
fnrintTuh)) rini;;ntt('d fitmi F.n;;land in li'i*.)?, uml the i'i>;hth of
nine cliildrfu, wiw l«trn in \\Vst Itrudt'ord, ChrHtt-r I'oimty. Aft« r
ti'a\iii^ itidiiNil at the agv of twi-lvr, Iir wurkrtl tin lii.t fathor'-t farm
until hi) wa-H Hctit ti> learn ihf Iradr ot' u stHnc-inaMin. He i.|t|H>ars
tn hav*' inlu'riti'd a hirp- part uf thf pali-rnal farm, wliith lu' man-
a^t'tl for .SDUU- time after lii't fatln-r'n death in ITtiT.und U|Hin whiiti
he entitimied to li\i' until 1771, \\\\v\\ lie riMnoveit to a tract of land
uuar the Itradf* rd Meelmji-liou'^e, now the town of Marrthallton in
Chester i'unnty, where he had luiilt with his own liandn a ■•ulittan-
tial Htom; lion^e that ntilt Iteiirs nitne!>» tu his jtkdl an ii luaiion and
the tluirnnf;line^>( of Ins work. Marshull was a rtdntivL* of John liar-
tram, who planted near I'liiladclphia the first butaiiio ^irden in the

New Worlil and wa-* the prini'ipal Anieriran lKltani^t of hi-t time, anri
from hini,in>doulit.he n('(|uired that love of luitany whieh hiut niadu
hi-i imme aUo famuu*. lake Hartram, he t-ollei-ted plants ami needs
for Kn^li^li eorre<<p<uiilenlH ; and when lie e<«taMiHlied his new homo
at Itradford Meetiu<;-hoU'<i- Iii< plaiiteil ahout hin hoine a eolleetiuii
of tr«'i'^ and »hrnl)H wtiieh Inver'^ of plaiiln still vi>it with interest
and pleasure. Five year^ later Marshall Ix'^^aM to prepare an ao-
count of the fort-nt treen of the I iiited State'4. Thii was puldlshed
in 17S.J in a duoileeinio volume of one huudnd and ^evetity-niuo
pap-H, and was entitled the Arfmstum Atnt'rirnttum, Th*- .Imcnmn
tinivf, or iiti <tifihttf»rtu'itl rnUtinj't" iif f'urfst trre* (itnl sfimlis undrts
o/ thf Ainrriran IJnitfii Sttiten. Apart from its \alue a.s n reeord
i)f the o i MO r vat ions of an acute tield U.tanist of exeellent judgment,
the Arf"i.*lum Amrriifinum is of Hpei-ial interest a.s the lirst ImmiIc of
Ittitany written and pulili>hed hy an Ameriean. Reappearing in
(iermaii and Krenih editions, it reeeived wide n'e.i^nition at tlio
time of ii.t puMiiation, and students of Aineriean trees will always
cuusult It- The MUMiniry of lliunphrv Mar-hall is also preservctl
l>y MiirthiilU'i, a ;;emis of herhs of the Miutliern I'liite)'! States,
dedi*'atetl to Inm hy the (ierman hotani^t S.-lirelier. (See Parlinj;-
ton. Mrmiiritii,i '</ John lUtrlnim tttui liumphnii Mnrshiii'L \^~')
'■ lior'. AVff. I'd. 2, V. *JIW. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. iii. 1870, f.

17:l', t.

' Sue i. 58.

(I

I.

EXl'I.ANATU)X OK THK I'LATRS.

run: CCCI.XVIII. IJcfik rs mimih.
1. A tliiut'i'iiif; liiaiii'li. iinliiinl me.
'J. A sUmiimlo IIdwit, i<nlari;i'il.
!i. A |>i>tilluti> tlowir, I'lilar^'tKl.
4. A fniiiiii;{ limnch. iialurul Hizc.
Ti. roi'iiiin iif till' n]i|Mr Mirfii.i' nf n iiiiitnrc leaf i'.iowin()[

till' ^tillaic liiiirs. ciiliiri,'!'.!.
C. A «lm. r li'-:ini'lili'i. iiatur:il size.

I'l.VTK CCCl.XIX. <.^lKlti IS MIXiiK

1. A fiiiiliii}; liniiicli slmwiii:; iifuily i-iitiiii anil iltH'|uy

liilipil leave!*, natural Rue.

2. A leaf, natural si/c.
J A leaf, natural »izo.
'1. A leaf, natural size.

fi. A f uit with •> ileep cup, natural nizf.
0. A fruil with a kIuiUuw eup, natural nizc.

I

/

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ur« lKt{ tltowiDir

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Iv.i ot North AmtT

i-'. /' f'a.ttm iM

QUE Reus MINOR, :^w<;-.

A iiiV':r,utJ liitf

hifi. . ' Ir.fu'ur /',;/-■

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Silvd of N'or'h Amenta

T.lb '■■•"

r. F.i^-; .trJ

QUERCUS MINOR ir^

!■:

(H \

%

\

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'F

CLTILIFE

Quercua '
(I, SIC).
QuercUB

I'su
to thirty
irn';j;uliir
Hlt'iiilfi' a

])ul)t'S('Cll

tlifir lirst
ail t'it;litl
Till' If.ivi
slia|)»'(l <i
uiiduliiti'
(•(larscly
tcrininati
|uilii'S(i'ii
linn iir m
wiiiti' an
imlicnilo
iiu'lics in
(|uarti>rs
ends of
upiK'r Hid
soiiietinu
wlicii tilt
full size,
(livii It'll
|)isfillate
C'oali'il w
oval, aim
pubpsi'cn
tiii'liiiiati
siirfai'i', I
the ])ase

<Jii,
Pine lam
Roalioanl
is found
huH only

Th.

CLTlLIFEIliE.

SILFA OF NORTH AMERICA.

41

QUEROUS CHAPMANI.
liKAVKs oblong or oljlonn-obovato, entire or sli<;htly sinu!itc'-l<)l)e(l toward tlie apex.

Quorcus Chnpinani. Sarjjent, (lurdin mnl Fnreit, vii'i. '.I.'f (imt (,lii,rrii.i Jinliiii: vm: /nirri/nliii, I,(m\v & Diirry)

(l,S'.r>). (l«(i(»). — Weiizi),', ,/iihrh. lint, (iui-t. Jierliii, iii. 178.

Quorcus obtusiloba, var. parvifolia. ('Ii:i|miiui, F/. I-.' Quercus stellata. Kii(;tliiianii, 7V»«,«. ,S7. J.uiiii Arml. iii.

.•i«'J (ill iKiiii (1H77).

I'sually a rijjid slinil). itnxliiciiijr fmit (in stems only "mc or two feet tall, but occasionally risinL^
to thirty fVct in height, with a trunk a foot in diainctcr covered with dark hark scpaiatinj; into larfjfo
irrc^jjukir plati-liki- scales, ami stout hninches t'orniin;^ a, round-toppcil head. 'J'iic liranclilcts iuo
slender and marked witii small seaitered pale lenticels ; they are coateil at first with dense hriu'lit ytllow
pnlicscence. which soon hejfins to disappear, and liecotuinj;' li;;ht or dark hrown and judjcrulous durini;^
tlieir lirst winter, they ultinialcly turn ashy ^ray. The wintcr-hnds are ovate, acute (jr ohtuse, and aliont
an eii;hlh of an in 'h lonir. and are co\ereil with n'lahrous or pulierulous lij^ht cliestnut-lnown scales.
The leaves are convolute in the hud. from olilorij;- to olilonij;-ol)ovate. ;j;ra<lnally nanowcd and wed<;('-
sliaped or rounded or hroad and rounded at the hasc. rounded at tile a])ex. and entire, with slij;htly
umlulate marj^ins or ohscurely siruiatedolied towanl the apex ; or. on viiiorons shoots, they are often
coarsely sinnately divided or deeply lohed and puhescent or tomentose helow, the lohes frcipiently
terminatini; in short rij;:id points; when they unfold they are coated helow with thick hri<;ht yellow
puliescence and are covered ahove with pale stellate deciduous hairs, and at maturity they are thick and
tirni or suhcoriaceous, dark yrecn. j^lahrous and lustrous on the upper surface, ami lit{lit f;reen or silverv
white ami jjlahrons on the lower, except alony; the slender midrihs. which are sonu'times puhescent or
[luherulous ; they are two or three inclies lonjj and an inch wide, hut occasionally from four to live
inches in lenji^h ami from two to tliree inches in hrcadth, or often not more than an inch hin^ anil three
(piarters of an inch wide, with slender veins arcuate and united near the mar};ins or runninj;' to the
ends of the lohes, and oliseure reticulate veinlets ; they are home on hroad petioles irrooved on the
upper side and rarely exeeedinjj an eighth of an inch in lenjjth, and fall y;radually dininy the winter, or
somotinu'H remain on the hranches until the appearance of those of the next season. The flowers open
when the leaves ;ire alioiit ;i third jjrown, or on soim individuals when they have attaiiu'd lu-arly their
full size. The stanunate flowers are produced in short hirsute anu'nts ; the calyx is hirsute and usually
divided into five acute laeiidately cut sc<i;inents, an<l the stamens are eiuarijinate and hirsute. The
pistillate tlowers are sessile or short-pedunculate, and their involueral scales, like the peduncles, are
coaled with dense pale tomentum. The acorns are usually sessile, and solitary or in pairs ; the nut is
oval, ahout five eijjhths of an inch lonj» and three eii^hths of an inch hroad. and is clothed with pale
pnheseenee from the ohtuse rounded apex lu'arly to the middle ; the cup is deeply cup-shaped or
turhiiiate, and incloses nearly half of the nut ; it is lieiit hrown and sli<;htly puhescent on the inner
surface, ami is covered hy ovate ohlonji; lonij-i>oiiited scales thickened on the hack, especially toward
the base of the cup, and coated with pale toinentinn except on their tiiin reddish hrown margins.

(Jmrrifx C/i(i/i,'ii<iiii is distrihuted from S<mth Carolina to Florida, and inhahits siindy harren
Pine lands usually in the immediate neiy;hhorliood of the coast. Comparatively rare on the Atlantic
se.ahoard and in the interior of the Florida peninsula, it is veiy abundant in western Florida, where it
is found from the shores of Tampa Bay to Appalachieola aiul Santa Hosii Island. I'sually a shrub, it
has only been rejiorted as a tree in the streets of Tampa and in the neighborhood of Appalachieola.

The character and value uf the wood are not known.

■i !

■i >

i:

42

SILVA OF NORTH AM Eli IC A.

CUl'ULIFKK.E.

Liinj^ coiisiiliMi'il It vai'ii'ty of tlif Post Oak, wliii'li it rt'sciiilili's in the nature and color of tlio
jmlicscent I'lPNcrinj; of tlio vouhl' l)ran('lit's and till' initlcr siirtaci' ol' the loaves, ami iu the hairy anthers,
(Jill rri's r/in/iiiiiiiii ililVers from that sjieeies in its larj;t'r ami more aeute winter-liuds. in its smaller and
usually entire or oiilv sliniitly sinnately lobed leaves, whieh are j^lalirous at maturity on the upper
surface, and in the thicker scales of its cup, and seems entitled to specilic rank.

The varietal name liy which this tree was first designated haviui;' Iiecu previously used for another
Oak. the name cd' the veneralile author of the /•'/((/•'/ (>/' l/n Son/In rn ('nitnl Sfiihs. Dr. Alvan Went-
woitii (.'iia[uiian,' who lirst distinguisheil and descriiii'd it, has been ^iven to it.

' .s,i- Vii. 1 111.

KXri.AN.MIoN OK TltK. Pl.ATK.

Pl.VTE CCl'I.XX. l^CKllds ClIAIMAM

1. A llnwi'i'ini; liratirli. n:itur:il siv. .

'.'. .\ stiiiriinali' tlmvt'i'. ciilartji'd.

.'i. ,\ )ii>tillati' lluwiT, I'liluryi'il.

4. A fruilini; liniiicli, iintiiral ^i/c.

'i. A -Iciile luancli. natural si/c.

t). An axillary wintir-liiul, inlarjji'J.

r

ym-.-

\

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'^'

i

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\

III

III'

■. . il

':(

T

li

'•i

lit

't

Si'.vd t

ilii' lialuri; and L\iWt nl 'he

.1^ i: ! i:i ilii- liiiiry uiitliiM'H,

itii itiiiiiller iinii

I'r. AUiHi Went"

,-. /■ .

SilvA of North Anerioa

Cf Kiu^jn dri -

gUERCUS CHAFMANI, Sar6,

A Hu'.t^'u..- Jiri'^t '

"V t,jf}^4i/ : .i/.:> .

,

j

,.

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i

CLI'L'LUE*

Lea

;. iially |
Quorcus n

I. 'J. ;!

S/ifr. iv

;i.'io. —

ii. '.".'4. .
/•/. Am.
Ihihiiiiii
Si/fl. lii
•V. )'. ii
f. '.' : .•,!
Dietrirli
iii. n-.'l,
f'ntlr.
For. Aj
(i, I. X

{. i:.:.
ivx,. t.

Tninx.
('■Hi'i'/in
lli>t. (In

'-"jri. —

140. —
Thi.H

luintlrt'd
1111(1 clear
iiruiclies

HIZC, llOWl

nnd ite a\
of its ran
iiidividiia
opt'U irn
a iiiassivi
iwo iiu'lit
Kcalt's oft
first ari! (
tlii-y art'
y.ar gro
from an i
jiorsist fo
third or 1

C'LTLXUEHA.

mil A OF yoJtrn AMK.IICA.

48

QUER0U8 MACROOARPA.
Bur Oak. Mossy Oup Oak.

Leavks ()l)()V!itc or ohlonn, lyi'i't*''.*' pinniitifid or (Ici'ply simiatoly lobt-d or tliviilt'd,
iially pale and pulu'scciit oii the InviT Mniacr.

QuorcuB macrocarpa. Miilmnx. Ilitt. i'h-nra .1m. NO. '.',
t. '.', ;i (IHIII); AV. Ilnr.-.tm. ii. I'.U. — Willclniow.
Sjifi; iv. Jil. i. t.VI ; Hinim. '.177; llfil. Il'iiim:. id,
'Mi). — IVr^iMHi, Sijii. ii. STO. — I'oiirt, l.'iui. /lirl. Sii|i|il.
ii. '-".'4. — MmIuuix f. l/lif. Ai-Ik .1,,,. ii. ;u. I. .(. — I'lir-li,
/■'/. Am. Si/it. ii. Cui'.'. — Niillull. >li'ii. ii. '.'I.'i. — .V/in •.!«
Ihihiiiiifl, vii. 18'.'. — llnyiK', l>i-iiilr. Fl. IHI. - S|ii.ii>;il.
S<jtl. lii. N(;,'l. — Spiicli. Ili.1t. I'l.j. xi. l.V.t. — Torirj, /'/.

y. )'. ii. i".ii. t. loH. — KiiHTsiiii, yv..« ,i/.i.«.<. i;i'.'. I. 'J.

f. '.'; .•<!. '.', i. 141t. t. — S.ImtI.', It-mrc T-:rii». \\'.~
Dii'tridi. .S'y«. V. ;tll. — Urniili'l, Tnuo. III. .{:tn<: S,h:
iii. r.L'l. t. "i. — Clinpiimii. /■'/. I'.'.l. — A. ili' t'iiiMii>IU',
/'nn/r. xvi. |it. ii. '.'(). — (h^liil. \"nliii>l:. .MnhLirn wit.
F'lr, hj'Jxxh. liSliti, r.7 ; l.iilimiinn t'/n'iim Am. Tni/i. t.
(J, I. ;«, f. '.'7. 'J.S. — Vifiy. .I'll. Km. .III./ Ilut. ii. •.',-|(i.

f. I.-.7. — \v.-iiiii..i.|. /;»«. /v./. .s.»-. Jinrt. lui.j. \m.\.

'SXt. I. 'J. — KiH'li. I>milr. ii. |it. ii. ."■'.. — Kii;;i'liiiai;n.
Tr-iiix. St. J.miin Aciiil. iii. iWl. :W'.t. — .1. K. .Iuiiick. ./."/i-.
dni'lniiati SW. .Vll^ //l''^^ iv. 1. t. — \Vi'iui({, .lulirli.
Hot. (iiirt. tirrlin. iii. 17S. — I^iuclii'. pt'tttii'he /ifii'fr.
'Mi>. — Snrj{i'iil, h'nmt Tnt.i .V. .1 m. liifA ( Vii.«ii.< T. .S'. ix.
140. — lluiilia, l'h'nr.t .tin. rii Ufi li'/nr, '.'(i'.l. I. — .Mavr.

ir.iA/. Siirihiin. ll.'l. I. 'J. — Will \ Cdiillif. Ilinii'n

J/.i«. c.,1. C. 17.".. — l)i|>|»'l. linnlh. I..nil,hi,hl;. ii. 711. —
KimIiim., Itnit.'i-lir Ihwh: I'JH. — Ci.iiltcr. fnntnl,. I'. .S.
.V.|^ //.'.. ii. Ill (.I/.i,i. J't. l\: Tfr^is).
QiiorcuB olivu'tormis, Mii'liaiix f. //(■<t. .li'.. .Iw. ii. .'V.',
I. •-' (l.M'.'i. I'lii-li. yv. .i«i. .sv/,r ii. (i:f.',— Nutiall,

'•11'. ii. 'Jl."i ; .S'y/r.i, i. II. — .Ykiii'i.iii /'///i.ii/k /, vii.
LSI. — S|iit'iij;il. .S'i/.<V. iii. .Sill. — Limiliiii. Arli. Jlrit, iii.
l,SCi'.l. f. 17:'.ll. — Siiiiiji, llisl. IV./. xi. l.V.t. — Tom;-,
/•v. y. r ii. I'.tl. — (Jniy. .l/.iii. 411. — A. ili- t'aii.ldllf
/■i-.«/i-. xvi. |it. ii. -II. — Oi-Ht.-il. Vilnish. .)/"/,/. fni nut.
r,;: hi-l.,;,/i. lMir,.i;7. — \V,.sina,.l, /;,.//. /■■.,/. .V,,,.. J/,,,/.

II' It. isc'.i. .-(.•(f,.

Quorcua mncrocnrpa. var. olivteformia. (iray. .1/.i.'. i.l.

1'. 101 (l,S.-.tl). — Wun/itf. ./.i/ii'i. /^.^ (l''i-l. lin-fin. iii.

170.-- Dipiwl. Ihimlli. Liuihhvh.k. ii. .SO.
Quorcufl macrocarpa, fi abbreviata. .\. d.- ('anilnlK..

rr:..lr. xvi. lit. ii. 'JO ( 18C4). — \V..,iiiail, Hull, i; ./. .S...'.

//..r'. /;././. 1 SCO. :!;c..

QuorcUH macrocarpa. 7 minor, A. ile Caiulnllc. I'm.li:
xvi. pi. ii. 'JO (1SC.4). — Wi-siimi'l. V("//. Fi'il. !>'■■: Il<>r-I.
11,1;/. l.SC.'.l. :i.'C..

Thi.s is oiii,' of till' liirgi'.st Oaks of fastt-rii Nortli Aiiicrica, risln;:; soiiu'timi's to a lu'ijjlit of oiii-
luiiitlrfd and sixty or oiu' liintilri'il ami scvi'iitv ft'ct, and forming a trunk six or .st-vcn fwt in dianictcr
and clear of liniiis for seventy or eiglily feet al)ove tiie ground, and a liroad liead of great spreading
iiruiehes witii an andiitus of one hundred anil twenty or one liinidred and tliirty feet. Trees of tiiis
size, however, are not eoninion, the average heiglit of tlie Bur Oak '.leing liardly more than eiglity feet.
and its averagi) trunk <lianu>ter not more iliaii three or four feet, while toward the northwestern limits
of its range it is sometimes redueeil to a low sliruh. During its earlv years the stout lirauches of some
individuals grow nearly at right angles with the stem, and on others, spreading at narrow angles, form an
OlH/n irregular iu'ad ; hut in its old age the llur Oak. uidess it has heen crowded in the forest, develops
a massive and lieautifid round-topped crown of liranches.' The hark of the trunk is from one to
two inches in thickness, deeply furrowed, and hroken on the surface into irregular plate-like light hrown
scales often slightly tinged with red. The liranchl"ts are .stout and marked with jiale lentieels, and at
fi.-st are coated with thick soft pah pubescence which usually soon dis;ippears ; during their first winter
they are light orange-color and usually gl.ihrous or occasionally slightly pulierulous. and in their secimd
y^.ir grow ashy gray or light lirown. ultimately heconiing dark hrown ; and the corky wings, often
from nu incli to an inch and a half in widtii, which are f.)rmeil on the hranches of some individuals and
persist for rt'veral years, usually begin to develop, although frei|uently they do not apjiear, before the
third or foiirb season. The buds are broadly ov.ate, acute or idituse, ami from an eighth to nearly a

' Ganlfn aiui FurtM, ii. 407, f. *30 ; iii. 10-, f. — Fureitt Lunvti, i\- li'J f.

\\

II

si/.iA (tr yoirrii amkuica.

(I TIM.IKKIIX

Til.- !..

<|il:iitc'r of ail iiicli ill Iciijjtll, with li^lit rcil-lirowii •.•alcH coatt'd with soft pali' puhi'sociici',

ale cdiiviihiti' in thi' Imd. oliovati' or <il>hiii<r. ami ^railiially rmitracttMl iiito loii^ wi'il^i>-sha|i('(l

iici'aHiiiiiallv iiitii II

ii'i'iiw ami i'(iiiii(lt'il liiiNfs ; (lu>v arc Hoiiu'tiiiii'H diviilc'l liv wiilu hiiiiiM'M, whielt iil'ti'

II

|ii'iii'li'ali' iicailv III' i|iiitc !< thi' iiiiili'il>.<, into live or ni>vi>ii IoIioh ; the t-
tiliovatf ill oiitliiif and it'jrii.arly rvi'iiatcly lolifd, or siiialli>r and flirt'i-loi

:■ IS larp>, oval, or
. ill' rounded or aciitu

apex ; the upper lateral loiten are iiarrov, oliHiple, and three-loIied or varioilsK' ea'iiately hihed at the
apex, iir oiiLiii'; ,.iid iin.ied and entire at tlie a]ie\, and iiiueii larj^er tiiaii the liawil IoIk'h, wiiicli are
in ally Iri.ii^iilar ami .'iitire or creiiately lolied iieiow ; or the leaves are liroadly ohovate and deeply or
slii;litly eii'iiately lolied with eijiial or iineipial rounded or oeeasioiially acute lolies, or are piiinatilidly eiit
iiitii li\e or seven pairs nf narrow lateral rounded lolies gradually inereaHiii^ in »ize from the lowest to tim
lliri'e-iiilied apex of the leaf; when they unfold they ire yellow -jrieeii and pilose ahove and silvery white
and eoaled with Ion;; pale hairs lielow ; and at maturity they are tliirk and lirm, dark j;ieen, liisfroiiM

ihi

tl

d pale

and ;;laliroiis or oecasinnally pilose on tlie upper siirlaee, ainl pale j;reeii or silvery

slirf.lc e.

vhit)

the li;

I'll is eiiatecl with soft pale or rarely rilfoiis piilieseeliee, and liefore falling; in the ailtnnin

liev turn ilii

11 vellow or vi'lliiwisli liiown ; tliev are ft

ax to twelve inches in leiisrth and from tlin
to six inches in wicltli. with stunt pale miilrilis snmetimcs pilnse on the upper side and piiliesceiit on tl

1;:

r^'e primary veins running; to the points of the prineipa

1 hilh

les, sei'omlarv veins ninninu'

to th(

divisiuiis or ari'iiate and united within the sli;;htly thickeiie<l ami revoliite margin, and eoiispicnoiis
reticulate \eililets ; the thick petioles are tiattelied anil ;;riioved on the iipjier side, miicli enlarf;ed at

till'
liiiiii

il f

rum one tliir
d

d of

III liieli to an iiieli in leiif^th : the stipules are linear-oliovate, or ovatr

li

(iIm

mad lia>i's and tlieii suniilimi's aliruptlv contraclcil in the umldle, luown am! scinuiis, pnliescent

especially on the m ir'^m-. ami towanl the emU, ami olteii an inch mi

d lilt

.'h

thi

if till

le iMilier leaves

linear-lanceolate and tieipieiilly remain on the liramiies diirin;; the winter. The lloweis open when

the leaves ale aliiint a llind ijniwn

Maicli in Texas tn the liei^iniiiii;; of .liilie ill

h

till

mirtli.

Till

slamiiiate tlowt'r> are liorne in slender ameiits finni four to six inches in leni;th. with yellow-t;reeii stems
ciialeil with loosely matted pale hairs; the calyx is yellow-y;n en, pnliescent, ;ind divided into from four
til six laeiniately cut acute se;riiients eiidini; in tufts of Ion;; pale hairs ; the Ntanieils are usually from
iiinilier. with short lilameiits and vellow j^laliriiiis anthers. The pistillate tluwi'is an-
ew hat tiii;;ed with red toward the

iiir to six III I

essile iir peilunciilate, with liroailly u

hi.

ill\

ate iiivoliicral siales idteii

{ills, and coated, like the pcdiincles. with thick pale tomelitum ; the stit^mas are liriu;lit red. The

siinietiiiies two or three

.icoriis. which ale iisiiallv solitarv, are sessile or are liiinie mi stout iiei

'illinele

liclies III leiiift

d

iliiiirl

ire exceeiliiiiflv \ariaiile in si/.e am

1 sh^

the nut Is iival nr lnoaillv ovate,

liniad at the liase and rounded at the acute
p. lie piiiiesceiice; it varies from '.line fifth
mi tills i;iiiwiiiM ill the vallev of the St. L:

olitiise or depressed apex, which is coverei

i with soft li

if all i
I

licll III leliLTi

th and one third of an iiieli

dth

iwreiice luver ami in m

irthern Minnesota, to two inelies in
JiiiLjth and an inch and a half in lireadth on trees in eastern and central Texas; the eii|i is eiip-
sliapcd. and sonietimi". on northern trees thin and shallow, hut on southern trees deep, thick, and woody ;
it sijiiii. times emiu'.ices iine third of the nut and soiiietimes all luit its extreme apex, .ind is li;;lit

lii'iiwn ,'im

Ills Is coveieil

I inilicsceiit (111 the inner surface and coated with tliiik hoarv toiiieiitiini on the outer surface;
l,iii;e rct;iilarly imlirieated uvate pointed scales, which at the hase of the clip are

sMiiictiiiies tliiii and free ,'iiid sometimes niiieh thiekeiied and more nr less united and tiihercuhite, and
111 ar its rim are ;fe!ierally developed into Ion;;, slender pale awns \,.i'yin;; ;;reatly in len;;tli and niimher!',
and fiiriiiiii;;' mi iinrtliern trees a short iiiconspiciioiis and on more southern trees a Ion;; conspicuous
matted iiiii'^i-iike liorder to the clip.

(jii, fi IIS iiiini-driirjiii Usually inhaliits low. rich liottoni-hinds or Intervales, or sometimes, in the
iiiirtlnve.st, low dry hills. In Hritisli .\iiierica it raa;;es from New ISrunswiek and Nova Scotia westward
lliroiii;h the valley of the "st. Lawrence liiver, where, in the nei;;hhorhooil of Montreal, it is the common
White Oak, and up the valley of the (Jttawa Uiver to Pemhroke, tlirou;;li Ontario, where it is common,

II

fl I'l I IKKIt.K

SlU'A Of yoinil AMtUlKA.

An

iind aliiiiir till' iiiit'tlu'i'ii >liiirfs of Laid' lliiriin ; a|i|M';iiin;r ii^raiii in llic nmiitry south of Lako Wiiini|i('^,
it ol'ti'ii t'oi'iim ^I'dvt'H <it' roiiHiilt'i'altlc t'Xii'iit in Maiiitnha, fxtciiilin^ in ili'|iaii|ii>rati^ forms to tii(> nioiitli
of Shell KivtT, on tin* AHNiiiilioint>, ami to thu weiitwai'il of Fort Kllicc on the <jn'A|i|ii'll<'.' In tiii>
I'nitt'il States it nccnrs in tin* valley of the I'moliscot Iiivei-, in Maine; on the siioies of Lake (.'hani-
|ilain, in Vermont ; in the valley of W'.ire Itiver, in .Ma'<saehiisetts, ami in Lancaster ('onnty, I'unnsyl-
vaniii, and ranjri's westwanl to the eastern foothills of the Koeky Mountains of Montana,' to western
Nehraska ' ami central Kansjis,' ami nonthwestwanl to central Teinieisee, the Inilian Territory, ami tiio
valley of the Niieees Kiver iu Texas. I'omparalively rare ami local east of the .\lleM;|iany Mountains,
it is common in the lowlami forests of the Mississippi llasin ami in eastern Texas, ^ro\>iii(; prohahly to
its lar^rest si/e in southern Imliana ami Illinois;'' it is the eonnuon species of thu seattereiH )ak forests or
"Oak Openinnr." of western Minnesota, where the eastern wooillamls are };railnally replaceil hy treeless
prairies, ami in all the liasin of the Keil Itiver of the North, ranH;in}r farther to the northwest than any
other species of eastern Anu-riea, ami as a low shruh maintaining a foothold in the cohl dry re^ioiiH of
Manitidia, Dakota, and eastern Montana.' It is the most freiplent ami generally distriiinteil Oak of
Nehraska, atl.iinin^ a hr;;e si/.e iu c.inous ami on river-hottiuus in the extreme western part of the state,
<U' remaining low and shrnhhy on dry hillsides. It is the most generally distrihnted Oak of Kansas
also, ^rowinir to a lar^e si/e near small cneks in all the eastern parts of the state, and Hpreadiu;^ at the
north to the vaHev of Mow Creek, iu IMiillips Coiintv. and to Sumiu'r County iu the south.

tjiit nils iiiiimiiiir/iii is one of the most valu.ihle liniher-trees of North .\uieriea, its wood iieiuir
superiiu' iu strength even to that of (Jniriiis f(//fi^ with which it is commercially eoMlouuili'd. It is
heavy, stroll;^, hard, tou;;li, close-^raini'd, and \erv durahh' in contact with the soil. It coni.iius
conspicuous ami often hroail meilidl.uy rays and hands of from mu' to thiee rows of siuall <ipeu duets
m, irking the layers of annual i^rowth, and is a dark or rii h li^rht hrown in color, with thin much lie;hter

coloreil s.ipwciod. I'll" speeitlc i^ravitvof the alisolutelv drv w 1 is (>.Tl">'t, a cilliic foot Wei;;liiim'

III. I.'i pounds. It is iiserl ill ship .iiid hoat hnildiii!;. for eoiistriietious of all sorts, and the interior
liiiidi of houses, ill I'.iliiiiet-mikiiiij, in cooperatje, in the nianiif.ieliire of earria^^es, ai^rii iiltnral imple-
ments. Old haskels, for r.iilwav ties and fein iiii;, and for fuel.

(Jii, fills null rutiirj'ii was discmered liv tlu' I'leiieh hotanist Nlichaiix in his join-.'v west of the
.\llc;;liany Moiintaiiis in the spriiii,' of IT'.''"'.'

The viy;or and rapid ;;rowlli " of On, rms iiiiirruiiir/i'i iu eiilti\.ilioii, tiie lieaiity of its ample (leeply
lohed leaves, with the coiitrastinij; colors of their upper .ind lower surf.ices, its hamlsome fruit and its
curious and |iicturesi|ue winter aspect, when the luMiiches an- furnished with their liroad win^s, make
the Hiir Oak one of the most iiiteri'stiiiir and desirahle of .Viuericau Oaks as all oruaiueiital tree where it
can he y;iveii room for its fne developiiieiit.

' llnirict, ( 'iir. v., I. l.„i I ',1,1. IS — lull, /;./). liniloii. Sure. Cei.
IsT'.t so. IT- - .\l,i,'.,ini, Col. C.iM. /','. 111.

' W.n.h.'ll, A.,,//.™- lirp lU.irl //„.'<, /).!<. ,M,tW. — W.irr.u. /.'./-.
.\V'.rfi..<>i .If,./ /i.r(../.;. IJI

* ll...».'y, Itffi. \rl,ril<iu .Sl.il.. Ht-lr.l .1,^": IS'.tl, KHV

* .Mil-,1.11, Kii/hth Huron. II- /, .•il,ile /.'.•ir./ . I yri.-. Aiiiijik, .'TI ;
tiiinlf u iiiul h\trr.it, IV. .VW.

* Uiil){wiiy, I'riH: I' S. .\„i. I/..,, v SI

* Qurrciit Xrl'/ill.l, Y ././uk,.!. .\. df ('iiiiilollc, /'nnlr. xvi. jit. ti. •."•_'
(ISlK).

' la .III iiilry for ihr l.",ili „f .liiiu'. ITir,, »ritliii .1 liin juiinml

aIh'II 111' w.ii uilhin twrlvr liuIi'H i.f \h!.Ii\i1I.\ .NI'i h;lilt Iiiaki'S tin'
lirst llli'lltliill III' (^!i*T.'fj.« iii(|.T'«-ilr;..i iiH " (^'(f r.-pw i/inii'tit'U.* mui/'iK,

'■iifiA' ' '. 'lu'i'u./^iiii/.'*,, M.iiiim.,,, tiviTi-iip Willi,' iijik." ( Sft' yv.' ■.

.1,11. ;'*l, .S'.K-. xwi. ll.S [.f.mrwil „/ .\wli. .l/,-*,|.,i. K'.r. IT'.Kil.)

■ Till' lii)t »ix'riiiirii III llu' .li'siip Ci'lliilioii of Niirlli .Viiiirii'aii
\Vi..i.l< 111 tlu' .Vliu'rii'iiii Mimt'illii nf Naliiril lli-lmv, .Vi'W Yiirk,
uliliiiliiil frulil ihi' iii'ijjlilMirliiMKl iif .Mliiiti'ii, .Mi-~i,iiri. ih lliirly-
two uiiil 11 liiilf iiK'lii's ill iliiuiu'ti'r iimiile llif liiiik. iiiiil nIuiwh two
liiiDtlri'il ftiiil rtfty-thri'c liiyi'n uf aniuiul ;;r.i\vili, lutirt.-cii nf wliicli
art' i,f :,a|>w,s>tl.

" I

l-.Xri.ANAIION OK rilK ri.ATKS.

ri.AM ICCI.XXI gini'i- M.v li.H Aiii ».
1. A H.iMrriiii; I'lamli. niiHirnl 'in:
'.'. A i.tiiinimili' ll.iwir, iiiliii«i'l.
:i, A |ii"lill.ilr inll.in'uriii'i'. iiil«rt{iMl.
•I. A iii»lilliit.' tl.jnir, <iikrK><l-

1'i.vri- K( I.WII. lirni'i- ma. m- aki*.
1. A friiiliiin I'niiicOi, iiatunil "io'-
'.'. A fruit, n.itiinil "it:-.
;i. A (ruit, imttinil «i/i'.

4. A Iriiit, nati »i«i".

5, A wiiilir l.riiiii lili'l. natural »i;i'.

PlATK CCn.XXin. lilKKcl- MAI UcK aiha.
1. A liriiiicli witli iniiniilurf Iruil, natural tut.
". A fniit. natural nm:
n. A fruit, natural »iie.
■I. A fruil. natural «ili'.
r>. A fruil. natural the.
ft. A leaf, natural i.i/.c.
7. A leaf, natural aite.

f

111

I

J

{■\V: \\ A ;

>

:'\]vi of Morth America.

'I

' }

'. A'./^t.ct'fi ./*■/ .

Mi./:'f\ntj-

QIJF.RCUS MACHO CAR PA

././(>«•, yw(./ .i4>vir ;

/•v/'. . '. fantutr. / t^u

■" I i|

4

*.

u

■^,

\

\ftJi

i

\

'■■■J-

?a ]

{

If

1^

rw^WW-^

avu.

Silva of Horlh America.

f '/ /-'.lU^tn J*^

QUERCUS MACROCARPA '.'ichx
.(/ii,j,.v.,.( ///.-,/■' .''7 ' i:"""'' /:»■'.

I ■ I

i- 'Ml

I

b

! ir.

1 HI

i

i

il,

''M

1 1.

iV

^ i

n\\ ff

C!i®*Mii

ri.

-i^-^

1

i • 1

i \ ,!

1 '!

1

1 ■

'r^ .

I

1 1

i ■

1

'(

!|)

>a

ii

iHi

i )

, .','./

I^i

Iva ol' Horth A:

E.yajxm cM

gUERCUS MACROCARPA '

A.h'u'ty^i.f JdTi-.

. '. i'.tttf-l*f /'.U tJ .

j

Ki

ii

Ci;rL'Llt°EHi£.

ajLVA OF AOJiTJJ AMEIUCA.

47

QUEROUS LYRATA.
Overcup Oak. Swamp White Oak.

Lr.AVKs (»!H»viit('-<»l)l«)iig, di'cply ."» to H-lohod, or iMiiiiatifid, pubt-sccnt niul u>*uiilly
nilvc'1-v white on the lowi-r siirfacf.

QuorcUB lyrntn. Waller. /•'/. './/•, '.';(."> (17.HX). — Smiih &
Aliliiit. Iii.ii-rfs ../'r,'...c;///i, ii. Km, I. S.'t. — .Micliiiiix. Ili.^t.
Clum' Am. No. .i. t. »i AY. /(./•.-. I /«. ii. I'.C. — Will.l.'-
iiow. S/ifi; iv. |it. i. I.".'l. — IVr.<i»iii, Si/ii. ii. ."i7l'. — •
I'liiiit. Lnii. />iif. Sii|i|il. ii. '.'■.' I. — .Mi.liaiix f. //m'.
All'. .!«/. ii. ■»'-'. I. .">. — I'lirsli. Fl. .tw. .s.•/.^ ii. t;3'.'. —
Niitloll, (len. ii. 'Jl.'i. — ,V'.»i'.<m Ihiliaiml. \\\. l.Sl. —
KUiott. .S7,-. ii. »i07. — S|ircii;;il. .^>^ iii. Slil. — Siiadi,
IIUl. \'iii. «i. l.'iii. - lliilii.h. .s'.v". V. .'111. — Curtis.
/iV/i. Uf'liuj. Siirr. .V. Cm: ISilo, iii. X\. — ('lia|iiiian. I'l
.f.M. — A. .Ir ('ancl..lli., />.«//■. \\\. pi. ii. I'.l. — Oi-.t.il.
ViiteiifK. Mnl.l./i-.i iml. F.ir. A'/../..ii/i. l.smi, (if,. — W.—

niufl. Hull. F,,l. S,„: llnrl. Itrhj. l,S(lll.;i;!l,t. 1. — Kcli.
liiinlr. ii, |it. ii. ThS, — Kiiurliiiaiiii. Trniis. Si. LuiiIk Afml.
iii. ;!.*•.— Ili.li;Hay, /',■.«■. T .V. .\„l. M,i.i. v. 8U.—
Lllh'llr, ll-iiHilir flnnti; '.".t.'i. — Saii,'rllt, /■■.,-.,«/ Tir..l
.V. .tin. lOi'/, r. ,..,■», r, .s'. ix. 1 |(l,.-W|.|i/i-, ./.'/<<■/,. I!„t.
fi'ii'f. /!' I'll II, III. 1 7S. — - llimba, f 'In ■ .* *!;//. r/y /lih/i'/iii\
'.'7.'!. I. — WiiNciii \ Ciiiilti'l'. lifiii/ii .Mini. I'll. (>, I7.">. ^
M.iyr. W'llil. Snnhim. I HI, t. 1. 'J — Dipijil, //.»„.//,.
l..i,iliU..h.h. ii, 7S, f. ,'t|.— K.m.Im,. . Ii.iit..!,,- Ii.ii.li:
IL'7. — ('(.iildr. Ciilrili. I. .S. \,it. II, rh. ii, 1 1 I (.!/.(«.

/v. ir. 7Vjv/«).

A tree, liiicly one liiiiiiliiil icci in liri^lil, «itli ;t tiuiik fiuiii two to tlilcc IVct in ili.iincti r.
jjciHiallv tliviclinij, lifti'tii m- t«riity IVct ;ilpi)\f tlif liasc. into r()ni|iarativt'ly small often |iinilnlon-<
liranclics \vliirli form a li,inil-<i>mi' >ymmi>ti'i(Ml rnuni|-to|i|i<'il lu'ail anil ^oniitimi'-. ^\M'l'|l tln' <;'H)nn<l wiili
their cxlii'initii's ; or the tinnk forks at narrow angles, .iiid the lirancliis, ^priMdini^- i^r.nlnallv. form an
oMonj; licail : or llii'V ;jrow iwarly liori/ontally ami form a wiiltr .md less >yniniclri(al licnl. 'I'lic
iiark of the trunk is from tiirrt' (|u.u'ti'rs of an incli to .in iiiili in tliirkm'-.s, ami is li^^lit ^^rav tin^^cil,
somi'timi's rons|iicnonsly, with rcil. .iiicj lirokm into thick plates -.iiiaratiii;;- on the surface into thin
irre;;ular a[Pi)res.>cil .scales, 'I'lie hranchlets .ire slemler ami coxcrctl with |iale lenticels, anil when they
tirst apltear arc }rrt>(>u more or lc>s tiii^;eil with reil and |iilo<..f with scattered palu hairs, or |>iilieseeiit ;
iluriii^ their tirst winter tliev are lif;;lit or dark oraiitfi-colori'd or grayish hrown and ^lalirons or lanlv
|inliernlons ; and f^rowin^ d.irker. in their second ye.ir idtimately liecome ashy i;ray or lit;lit hrown.
The liuds are ovale, ohtuse. aliout an cii^htli of an inch Ioiilj. and covered with iinht chestnul-lirown
Hfuli'S, which are elotheil, e^jieeially near the mary;ins. with loov |ialc tomentinn. The leaver ari' eoiivo-
Inte in the Imd, ohovate-ohloMj;, eiailnaiiy narrowcil and weil;;e-sliaiicd at the l>a>e and <livided into from
live to nine lolie-> hy deep or sh.illow sinuses, those near the middle of the leaf Ipciii:;' often wiile, and
round, straiu;hl, or ohliipie at the hottom ; the terminal hdte is ohlon'^-o\ale. n^n.dly hroid. acute at the
elonjjated apex, and furnished with two sm.dl entire nearlv triani;nlar lateral lolies ; the uppi r LiliMal
lohe:. are olilone-, ovale or olio\atc, liroad and sjinhllv or dii'piv cmarninate, or narrowfd and acute
and often amii ul.ite on the lower ed^f, .ind much lonu'er than tho>e helow them, whi( h are ovate, acute
or rounded at the ends, usuallv entire and nearlv twice as Ion;;' as the iic.nU tri, insular entire liasal
l(d)es; when they unfold the leaves are l>ron/e-y;reen ami pilose with caducous hairs on the upper
.surface ami coateil on the lower with thick pale lomentum, and are furnished on the teeth wuli small
dark <;lands ; at maturity they are thin ami firm, dark f^reeii and jjlahrons alio\e. silvery white or rarely
liijht f^recii imd coated with [lale puheseeiu'e lielow, from seven to eii;ht inciies lonj;- and from one to
four inches hroad across the upper lohes, with stout vcllow midrilis and primary veins ruunine' to the
points of the hdies. which are usually tip|ied with minute points, and oiiscure reticulate veiidets ; they
are home on stout j^roovod gluhrous or puheseent petioles from one third of an imii to nearly an iiu h

: I

IM

V M I

I I I

I

48

>//, iM OF yoirni amhiuca.

VVVVUVVMX.

ill li'ii^tli. and lii'foi'i' fiillini; in tlic luiliiiiin turn lui^lit m iilit or hcailil ami uraii^c. Tlic NlipnIi'H iin*
liiicii-oliiiNatt' or liiicai'-laiiiriilat)'. Iiriiwii ami srarioiiN ainl nialt'il witli palf liaiin, llioxc iil' tiic lant Icuvch
III' till' si'aMHi nl'tcii I'i'iiiaiMiii); mi the liraiii-h ilnriii;; tlic I'nllowiii^ wiiilcr. Tin- tlowi'i'N ii|>|M-ai' iliiriii^
M.ii'i'li ami April with tlir iinlnlilin^' nl' llir Iimvi'h, nr wlirii tlii'v aii' aliiiiit a tliinl ^rouii, Tlii> Ntanii-
n.iti' lliiwt IS aiv |ii'imIiii'('iI in kIcihIci' hairy anient^ (ri)iu i'liiir to six inrhi's in length ; the calyx in li^jit
yellow coviTvil on the nntcr Niirt'aci' with pale liairH and divided into aciito He^nients ; the anthei-H are
acute, ;;laiirouM, and yellow. The |ii.stillate llowerH are HCMNile or |ieduiiriilate, and are coveriMl, iih art*

their htalUs, with loii^ tliirk |iale tiiiiieiitinii. The acorn

s are sesMie or are o

t'tell

iiorne on s

|>iilii'sceiit |ici|iiiicle> iiiaikol with |>aie leiiticels and sunietiiiies an iiicli or an nicli am

d a h;

h'lidel
len^rth

tile mil Naiii's in shape Iroin siili^r|i)||,,.,i> to ovale or rarely to ovate-ohloii);, and from half an ineli

III mii'h an iml

liiilit rhe^tniit-liiowii and

hnoll

I. ami iiHi

lallv its Inradth at the I

lase Is (greater than its leiiy;lli ; it m

■d at

the a|M'\ an

I ott.

Ihi

des aUo with short

l-ile p

Mlliesceiiee

tile Clip i" o\ate or rarel\ ileeply cii|i-sliaped or nearly Hpherical. and aliiioHt or entirely iin hmes the mil.

«ir rarelv oiilv its lower halt' ; it is thin and woodv, hriy-ht reiMirowi

n anil pnliesceiit on the inner

till

id h(

tl

Kiirlace ami hoary-tonieiitose on the outer, winch is covimwI ny ovate iiiiiteil scales pn

liicIl

.1 h

minced into free

acute tip:

tl

esc are nsiij

ly iiiiich thickemd and contorted at the liase nt tin- clip, ami, ^nailiially

(fi'owin^ thinner ahoNc, toriii a ra^i;i'd eil;;e to its thin and ol'tcii irre<;iilarly split niar;;ii

<J»

'.'/'■

liiliaiiit> riM'i-swaiiips or kiii

ill

I'p ilcpi'es^ioii^ ill rich liotloni-laiiils nt'teii lillcd

with water ami nsiiulK wd tlirouulioiit the \ear. and i^ distrilmtol Irmu tl

ic \allcv o'

I ll

I'at

IIM'Ilt

II

iNcr III Miulhcni

M.I

~iiutln\ar.l near the cuast tnwestcin Flmida, tliriuiuh the (iiilf >tate-< li

the vallcv of the TiinitN lliM'r in Texas, throiiirh Arkansas' and soiitliwestern Missouri, where,

hwanili near

.Miciit

on, tlnre is a siiiy;le speciiiieii, tin' imiNt mirtliern known rcpreseiilative ol the s|ieeieH
West III the Mi->>i>si|i|ii IJivcr. In leiilral Tennessee, southeiii Imli.iiia. and .lasper ('oiiiiIn, Illinois,*
Ikare in the Allanlic and ci-.tirii (iaif state-, it i> niii-.t cniiiimiii and ^lows In ili lar);est si/.e in the
Valley of tile Ked Kivir in l.niiiNi.itia and the adiacint part- of Texas and .Vrkaiisas; and in viiithern
Illiniiis on the swanipv liotlnlil-l.inils uf the FnX ilivcr it is the prc\.iilili;; species of the forest.

'i'i

>d of (J,>

/i/nifii is heav v, hard, stn

tou;;h. and verv diirahle in ciuitaet with tl

w

{rroniid. lull is rather liahle |i
hands of from one to three row-, o

I'k ill se,isiiiiiii;r. It Clint. lins liro.id coiispicinnis niediill.irv ra\s :iml
f lar^e open ducts marking; the l.ivcrs of annual growth, iml i- rich

<lark lirnwii. with thick lii;liter colored s,ipwoiMl. The specilic gravity of the alisolutely iliy wood is
O.fsinit, :i €'iihie foot wei;;hin<^ /il.M pounds. Commercially it is eoiiioiinded witii she wood of (Jm I'liis
nihil, and is used for the same pur]iiises.

Altliouy;li iiitioiliiecd into Kii^di-h plantations liy .lolin Fraser' as e.irly as 17H>," V"

s li/rnlii
is still little known in cultivation. It is well oi.ililislied, however, in the .\riiold Arhoretuni, proving

IK-

rfectiv liardv in the cliiiiale of e.'i.stern .Massichiisetts

I II it iitily fruiii iri'fH fiiiiiHl l>y I>r. (.'Ii.trli'* Mt.lir in llrci.tnlM'r,
ISHII, nil I't'Uon'i C'ri'i'k. .Malnpirilii Ciuinty, I'li:!... llmi I Iiiim'
»t<fii iicuriis Mitli ili'cjily i'ii{t-»liii|M'il nijiA finliraciii^ i>nly fri'iii uiu'
half to iiiip lliiril (if llif iilili.iij; o\iiti' circuKl iiiit (I'lali' itrUxiv.
f. ."). Till- U-avi's on tlif, lrr». art' <il»loii^^i\al, iri-iiah'Iy iir iiiiilii-
lati'Iy IfpUa with sm.-iU iH'.irly triangular aiMite nr nniiiilcil lt»U*i
futir or live iti(.-lies in li-ii^tti, tliii'lc and tiriii in ti-xtiir,*, ilark ^rrrii xvii. IKt )
oil tin- npiKT lurfatT ami |>ale anil puU'srfiil uu the lowir (Tlalf * .Vt- i, H,

«cclixiv. ( »). " .\itoii, l/„rt. A, 11. cil. 1', V. i!UJ, — Louiliin, ,lrh, llni. iii IsTl,

f. i7:i;i, i7;n.

• li'irrnn li/nild won iliiKSiwreil in MaryUnd in .S'lili'iulior, IHIW,
In Mr llolN'rt Uiil^way. (.St'i- linnUu iiml h\irfi, lii. r.'U )

• Il.'irti). .I'll. Jmir, h'lirtthtf, i. 4."hi.

• Tin' inoBt iiortlivrn rt'fortlril Htation of (/(., rru, li/niiii in Illi-
nois.i, at Itafi-'A Mill on tlio Kinliarra., Kivi- r in llir Noiitliriutrrii
rornrr of .)iui>er C'ouiily. (Si'i- Kiilgwuv, l*r>h\ I'. S. \iit. Mitt.

■m.nx.

ilcN art!

t Iravt'H

iliiriii^

' Htami-

M lijrill

ITS arc

as an>

sIl'Mlll'l-

•■iiy:tli ;

II itii'li

; it IN

tt't'iicr ;

lit' nut.

' iiiiii>r

to fifC

lilll.lllv

1 tillnl

IIIIM'Ilt

ati'>. til

'i

V, ill a

1
1

s|M'ri('i» '

liiiiijx.'

ill till'

^

iitlii'i'ii

i

illi tilt'

v» ami

is rirli

rood If

Hi I'i'tis

hirnlii

'

irovinjr

IT, IMKI,

1

<

1 )

1 ill nil-

s

hi'afth'rii

■'•

'ill Mif.

111. 1S71,

1

j!
I

KXl'LA'-'.'AllliN (IW TMK I'l.A IR

HI

Air (CCIAXIV. (iinc'is ivhaia.
A ll■l»^■l■ill^' Imdu'li. iMtiiv.il «i/,i'.
A -taiiiiiiHli' (liiwrr, I'lilaiijiil.
A >M.lill:'ti' tlowiT, >'hlaiL;i'il.
A fniilinj,' lu-iiiii-li. natural -i/.e.
A friiil, natuial si/c.
A iml. natural >\ii-.
I'art iif tliu liaM^ ui a lUii. inlar^'icl.
A l.'af. natural -i/i'-
A Hinti'r liraiulilrl. natural >\if.
An axillary wiuur-buil willi jiersi^tiuit >tilMili'. rnlarKi'.!.

i 'Jl

y

«^ -.-•<?

/

I *

■^

h

/J, of North America.

W.. C'-XLXXF'.

i='

ii

y

^ .'.I,.-, M

gUERCUS LYHATA

/ H,.

fU.f tt{f'\t

. I HtfU-Ut }\it\

CDPULIFE

Li:av
rouiulet

Quercus

Diet, c'll
R..i, II,
llench ri

8 U

94: .1/
WiUden
975. —
81'. — J
Ml. I
Dcafiint
iv. 407
vii. 101
8.V.t. —
xi. Vu.

I'll. ;t. i;i

'•71 fttll

ii. 4«. -
Litiii'lif,
A'. Am
Am. en
I. 2. —
Koeliiii'
(UO, (.
Quercus
llTHlt).

A ti
four, oi- I
of the j^r
iiioiiiitain
ill (li.'tiiii't
lustrous,
tliirkiiOHS
K(>|i!iriitin|
with BCiil
cohir aiK
otaiif;e-<'<
ovate, aci
chcstiuit-
Th«« h'av(
Hhiipud, c
pointed I

CUPULIFEIt«.

8ILVA OF NORTH AMKlilCA.

51

QUEROUS PRINUS.
Ohestnut Oak. Bock Chestnut Oak.

Lkaves obovato or oblong to lanccolute-acuininatc, coarsely crenately toothed with
roiiiuled or acute teeth.

Queroua Prinus, LiiinaMia, Sinr. DO.") (ITM). — .Miller,
Diet. <aA. 8, No. '.). — Miioncliliaiison, Jfawiv. v. '2i)'2. — Dii
Hiii. Unrbk. lUiuiiix. ii. 270. t. ti. f. H. — Wan};rnlii'iiii,
Ikfchnih. Xonliim. lluU. 58 ; ynnliini. Jlnh. 1"), t. ', f.
8, — Laiiiiirrk, Dit. i. TL'I). — Mocncli, Il'iiime ll'n'af.
94: M>th. ;U«. — F.vcljn. Silra, eil. IIihiUt. i. ('>'.». —
WiUdenow, llefl. liaums. 'J71 ; Sjnv. iv. |it. i. WVi . I'.iiitin.
91'>. — Siiiitli & AlilHit, Insfrtu nj' (ifnnjiii, ii. Kilf, t.
8'.'. — Miiilili'iiliiT),' & Willdeiiow, Sfiir Si'/irift. (li:if//.
Silt. I'r. lUrlin, iii. 'A)",. — IVrixion, .S'711. ii. ,"ili.S. —
DcsfoiitaiiU's, Hint. A rh. ii. .".O'.t. — .St„k. s, llut. .V-il. Mnl.
iv. 4')". — Nuttall, fliii. ii. 'Jl.">. — .Vindcni JIk/ihiihI,
vii. 161. — Ilnyne, Ihiulr. Fl. I.Vi. — Spri'iinil. .Sv*'. iii.
8.V.t. — Amlulii.n. If.nls. t. .Ml. I.U. — Spmli, lli.^1. \'nj.
xi. l.")7. — Uiftrirli, .S';/«. v. .UIS. — Darlin^'ton. /V. <'iMr.
(m1. :!, -('i7. — (.'haimiaii, /•'/. I'.'it. — U^^te.l. i'i^lni.ik. MoUl.
'<;i nut. /'or. Kj'ilirnh. IHtili. f>7. — Kiirli. I>>u,li: Ii. pt.
ii. 48. — Kn^cliiiann. Tntm. St. Lm.i.i Af(nl. iii. A.Hi. —
I^tll^lK^ /V.i/.«i7(( /limlr. 'JlH. — Sariji'iit, Forent Trii:t
A'. .Iiii. li'r/i (Vii.fH.i I'. S. \x. 1 1'J. — llmilia, ('/limit
Am.ru llrhii./iie. '2~'.K I. — Miiyr. IT.//./. .V'nlnni. 1 l."p,
t. "J. — \\ iilHim A: I'liiiUtT. <ir,ii,\ .V,ni. ,■>]. ('.. I7r.. _.
K(M>hiu>. ht'ntnrht' iii'Uilr. 127. — tiard. i hvon. st*r. '.'>, xiv.
CIC. (. nil.

Quorcus Prinus. .i InUv. .\iton, llorl. Km: iii, .'t."iO
07.v.t).

?Quercus Prinus. /i oblongata. Aiton, Ilnrt. Ken: iii.

;C.(i (178'.»).
QuercuB Prinus (Monticola), Miclmux. J/ist. Chines

Am. No. ."., t. 7 (18(11): /V. /lur.-Am. ii. 19G. — Mi-

cliaux f. 1/i.it. .till. ,1m. ii. ">, t. 8. — Spiuli, Jlist.

I'iij. xi. I."i8. — C'unis. Heji. frenloi/. Sun: S. Cur. 1800,

iii. .'!t. — C'lia|inian, /■'/. 421. — A. de C'aiiilollc, I'rm/r.

xvi. pt. ii. 21. — (ir;iy. .V"'i. vd. :">. 4."il Wtsiii.icl. Il'ill.

/•v./. .Snr. Ilnrt. Itrhj. ISCi'.l. ;i;!'.l. t, 4. — li:iilry. Am. .\,it.

xiv. .S'.I2. f. \~\.--\\i-mvi.,lnlirh. Hot. (l.irt. Itrrtiii. iii.

17'.l. — |)iii|»-l. ll.iii.lh. hnihhnhk. ii. H,-,,
Quurcus niontana. WilMeiiow. .s'/.r, , iv. pt. i, I In i ISii,") ;

Kiiiiiii. 97."'; /Irrl. Il'iiimz. cil. 2. ;i4(i. — IViMiini, Si/n.

ii. rill'.i. — I'ursli. Fl. Am. Sift. ii. tjlU. — NiitUiU. den.

ii. 2II1. — .S'"iiveiiii Ihihiiiiiel. vil. It!.", t. 47. f. 2. —

llayn.-, l>rwlr. Fl. l."(!. — Kllintt. S!:. ii. (;(l'.l. — l!ii;ilow,

Ft. l;.:*tnn. n\. 2. ;t.".2. — .Spr-iiK"'!. ■^','.'.-'. iii. .^f'tl. — Kin-

iTson, Trris .)/u.«,<. 1,'i.S, t. (1; cil. 2. i. l.'ili. I. — Torny,

Fl. S. Y. ii. 192. — Cniy, .t/.(H. 414.— Dailini;!..!.. /■/.

Cntr. I'll. ;!, 2('>f>. — l)iitrii-li. Si/n. v. olW. — I^iiu'lii',

liruttrl,,- Dnnlr. 291.
QuorcuH Cnatnnoa. Kiiii'r.^mi, 7V".< Mi.i<. I.'i7. t. ."> (not

N.-i. nor Willileium ) 1 l.s.'iSi ; od. 2. i. I."i."i. t.
? Quercus Prinus. .■ porvifolia, DipptI, llaiulb. Liiui./wUk.

ii. .s,"i. i. .!.■. (1892).

A tri'c, usually sixty or s<'V(Mity or (M'r:isi()ii:illy (inc luuulri'd fi'ct in iici^jlit. witli :i trunk tlirep or
ftmr, or nircly six or st'voii, tVct in ilianit'ttT, dividtMl, f;('ni'r;illy iiftfcn or twenty i'fvl :iliovc tile siirtacc
of till' (.^rouinl, into larf^e liinl)s wliii'ii s])rt':i«l into :i broiid nitlicr open irrejjiilar lu':id ; or on drv ex|io>ed
inountain-s)(i|ies often not more tlian twenty or thirty feet tall, with ;i trunk from eiy;iit to twelve inches
in di;imetor. The hiirk of yoinifj stems and siii;dl l)r;inehes is fliiii, smooth, [luriilisli lirown. :;nd often
lustrous, and on old trunks and l.:tr<;e limits it is from three ipuirters of :in inch to an inch :ind :i h:ilf in
tliieknuHH, dark reddish lirown or ne:irly lihuk, :iiid divided into liro:ul rounded lonoitudiiial ridges
separating on the surlaee into sm;dl closely appressed sc;des. The liranchlets ;ire stout and marked
with scattered pale lellticels, and when they lirst ;ippe;ir are };;reeri tinjjed with purpli <u' lironze-
color and j^lahrous, or pilose with lonjj p;ih> hairs; tlurinij their lir.st winter they v;iry from lij^ht
oranfjo-t'olor to rt'ddish hrown, and in their second year hecome dark oniy or hrown. The huds are
ovate, acute or acumin:ite. from one tiuarter to one iialf of an iiu'h in lenjjth, :ind :ire coveri'd with lijrlit
cliestnut-lirown se;iles more or lesM pilose toward the ;ipex, ;ind eili;ite on tin- maroins with p;de Iciirs.
The h'aves are convolute in the bud, ohovato or ohionof 10 laiu'eolate, o;r:tdu;dly or idiriqitly wcdoo-
Hliiiped, or rounded or suhcordate at the narrowed l):ise, acute, or acumin;ite with sliort or el(Uio:ited
pointvil or roumled tips, or rounded at the apex, and re<;idarly :ind coiirseiy crenulate-toothed. exce[it

I , (

!('

hi

ii I

SILFA OF NORTH AMERICA.

CUPULIKEKiE.

tow inl till' l);isi', with rimndiHl or acute sonivtiiiii's iicarlv triiuif;ular ohliijiie tet'tli, or rarely ol)S('iirely
.simiati'lx tdcitlioil witli oIiIoiim' niuiukMl teetli ; when they imltild tliey are oraiijje-fjreeii or l)roiize-reil
and very histroiis on tlie upper surface, wliidi is <;lahrous with the exeeptioii of the sHjifiitly pilose
inidrihs. and on the under surface are green and eoated with soft jiale puheseenee ; at maturity they
are thick and tirui or suheoriaceoiis. yellow-green and rather lustrous aliove, and paler anil covered
with tine puliescence helow, with stout yellow niidrihs slightly iinpresse<l on the ujijier side anil
coiisiiicuous primary veins which run to the iniinl.-. of the teeth or fork liefore reaching the margins and
are conneeted liy rather conspicuous reticulate veiidets ; they are from four and a half to nine inches
in length and from an inch and a half to three inches and a half in width, those near the bottom of
the tree being often nnuh broader than those on fertile u[i]ier branches ; they are boriu' on stout or
slender petioles varying from half an inch to an inch in length, and fall in the autunui after turning
a dull orangv-eolor or rusty brown. The siijudes are linear-obovate to lanceolate, scariouH. hirsute,
green below. l)rown above the middle, from one half to three unarters of an inch long, and eaducons.
The tloweis appear in May and .lune. when the leaves are about a third grown, and are boriU', the
staminate in elongated hirsute ancnts. and the pistillate in short spikes on stout pubernlous dark
green pcdinieies marked "ith pale leiiticids. The calyx of the stannnate ilower is light yellow, pilose
and deeply ili\lded u>ually into fiom seven to nine n.irriiw acute segments scarious and reddish brown
towanl the maigins and tipped with clusters of pale hairs; the stantens eipinl its divisions in nundier
and are composed of slender light yellow giabrous tilaineiits and oblong bright y<'llow glabrous emar-
ginate anthers. The involiu-ral scales of the pistillate flower .• eoateil with pale hairs; the stigmas
are dark red. The acorns are borne on short stout stems, t ,. gly or often in pairs ; the nut is oval or
ovate, i-ouniled ahil rather obtu>e or iiointed at the a|H'\. bright chestnut-brown, verv lustrous, from an
inch til an imii and a IkiH' in length, and from live eighths of an inch to nearly an inch in breadth ; *lie
ciiji. wiiich ini lo>e™ alMiut half the n\it or sometimes oidv it> base, i- eup-shaped or turbinate, thin, light
binun and pulnMint on ilie inmi surface, and reddi-.h lirown and hoary-jiubescent on the outer surface,
which is roughened or tubereulate, especially tow.ird the base; the scales are ratlier small, vith a
thicki>ned and knoli-like ba>e. small thin nearly triangular free light brown tips, and are minute near
the rim of the cup.

(Jill rriia I'r'iii'i.- \> an .\iipalachian tree, and grows on bilKides and the high rocky lianks ot
stream> in ri^di .ind deep or sometimes in shallow and comparatively sterile soil. Inhabiting the banks
of the .*>ac'i iiiver and Mount .\gamenticus on the coast of southern Maine,' and the slopes of the itine
Ilills ill eastern Massachusetts, it ranges southward to Delaware and the Uistiict of Columbia " and
along the mountains to noithern (ieorgia and Alabama, and westward to the shores of Like C'hamplain
and the vallev of the Cienesec Itiver in New York, and to the northern shores of Lake Erie, where
it i- found IroMi the Niagara lliver to Andicrstbiu'g,' and to central Kentucky and Tennessee, liare
and IihmI in New England .ind Ontario, it is abundant on the banks of the lower Hudson Kiver and on
all tile A]ipaiailiian hills from southern New York to .Mabama, and is most eomnion and attains its
largest size on the lower slopes of the mountains of the Carolinas and Tennessee, where, on dry bills, it
often forms a large -lart of the forest growth.

The wood of (Jiu rciiy J'riiiiifi is heavy, hard, strong, ratiier tough, elose-gnined. although diilicult
to se.i.soii, and durable in contact with the soil ; it is dark lirown. with thin lighter colored s;ipwood, ami
contains bro.id conspicuous medullary rays and large open ducts marking the layers of annual growth.
The specilic grivity of the alisil'itcly dry wood is <I.T1!I1'. a cubic foot weighing 10.71! pounds. It is
lariicU Used ill leiieiiii', for railwav ties, and for fuel.

I I.iittTson, 7V»'- Mfi**. la" ill MitiiH- 1ms (fouemllv U't'ii ovtTKx)ki'»l hy xiihsctjufiit writt'r* im

Alihi.iigli U""'''"> I'niKK Mill. Killi'cttcl li\ Williniii Uiikub on Uic .\inc^ric.in tlnni.
.Mount Atrainchlii'us. wlii-n- it ««» fomicl liy Kiiit'miui. wlm :\l»i) ' L V. WaitX, liiitl. I'. S Siit. iliix. Nu. '-•:;, llll i /'. ll'.i.'i-

Siiu it fiirllii'i- iimtli oil till' .siuu linii. till' fiiit of its ultimti iiff vnihiu).

'■' Miiciiuit, (.'lit. Cm. 1*1. Wii.

;

^1

CUrULIFEIl^

SILVA OF NORTU AMERICA.

53

The bark, which is rich in tannin nnd is considered more vahiahh* tlian that of other Anieri'.'an
White Oaks, is consnnied in largo (piantities for tanninij^ hMther.'

Qiurrifs PrinhH was one ot" the first An»ericai» Oaks known to Europeans. Mentioned by Ray in
lOSvS in the IIis(ori(t Plftnian/m^- it was first fi»;'ure<l and described by PUikenet in his I'/tt/fof/rftp/ii**''
three years later, and, accordin«jf to Aiton,* was cultivated in Kn;j^lish i^anh'us in 17'JO.

Few of the Oaks of eastern America Hurj)ass this species in tlie l)eauty of stren<;th and vi;4*or ; it
often ji^rows to a venerable aj^e,^ and, always ai» intcrestin*;anil h;indson»e ol)ie(l.is perhaps most attractive
in the hazy lijjfht of a warm autumn day, when the sunlijj;ht, lUckcring thronirh the i)ran( hes. illumines
its dusky stem and yellow leaves.

* Triiiililo, 7'/if TanniMt ii, 15, f. 3-^1.

J Qutrcus I'trijiniiimi Citstanetr Jhlio, ii. IHOl. — Ilrcyno, /Vo^/r.
cd. 1731), IW.

■ Qiin'riis riulitnnr fnliii prmrni nrluT I'injiiiuirni, t. .'>l, f. It ; Aim.

B(it. :««».

Qufnim fuHin ohtrrse oniti* Htriu<jU' notmiutiti.t .urruti.-i : 'Itritirulis
rt^Hudii(i» uftif'iirmihin, Liiiiiii'iis, Uort. ( 'iiff. MS, — Clavtoii, /■*'.
I'in/in, 117. — Utiycn. /•'/. I.f;i<l. Pro>{r. K().

'I'lio early deiti'riptiun uf thu C'Iu>»tiiiit ( >iik ini^lit iipply it wt-l[
tu the STUiiip Cliestiiut Oiik {Huernu^ Muhaujn ) um ru llii?* >iHH'ies,
wliuh ilm's not jfrow near the cuiist of Virjfiuia, wln-re, ImweviT,
the Swiinip Cliostiint Oak is eomiiinn. ami niay hiivo Wvw the first
uf the (.'hestmit Oaks mitieed by Kurnpeaiui.

* Hurt. Kt'w. iii. :(.">4i. — LtHidon, Arh. lirif. iii. 1S73, i. \TM\
{(i'tf'rrii.1 I'riunn MnnticnUi).

^ One uf tlie must iiilereHtini; Oak-trees in the L'liitcd States is
a (.'hcsttiitt Oak staiiilinf; nti the hanks of tlie Hudson Uiver, at
l'reHc|it'ile, ni'ar l-'i.'«hkill-oii-thi--Iludsuii. nnder wliich Washhii^ton
in I7H'J and Mi'W nsed lo niuiint hi^ horse wlien lie went from his
heud<|Uiirters on the west hank of tin- HudHon tn thf artny fnr;un|ied
at ri^hkill. This tre*-, uhteh is stilt iu vigorous eomlitiun, altliou^'h
its I'l'mpanion was blown down .srvi-ial yi-ai-' !ti,'o, has a Iriitik
diameter of seven feet, and is belifvcd to bt- scvrral hundred years
till!, as a eei'tury np) it nas alrea<ly t'amuus for its size and ngf*
(haMen umi f'on.tt, i. ."ill, f. HI).

1 -(

! ■

1 :

\.

: "

' J

(

V

kl

«

ll

tXI'I.AXAnnx OF tiik platks.

I'laIK C't'CI.XXV. giKKIH I'UINIH.

1. A tli)Hciiji(,' lirniicli. nutiinil siw.

2. A ^;alllil^lll■ IliiwiT, inlar),'i'(l.

.''• A pislillali' iiill.iroBccni'r. inliir^'i-d.
4. A |ii»tillal.' tldttcT, enlurj;c'(J.
Ti. A Iiaf. natural »i/i>.

Platf CCCIAXVI. C^ikimn I'iusvh.

1. A fniiiiiii,' lii-iincli, natural »i/f.

'•!■ A rii|i, naiural si/c.

•''■ \ iTtiral .s.'Ctii.ii (if a nut. natural iii;*.

4. A «i'i-(l. natural nii.v.

">. I'arl of i)w l>a»o <if a cn]>. cnlart;!-*!.

<i- A nint.r Ijianclilet, natural »i/|..

t I

I

f

J

Silv.i 111' Noflli Ann

Trtl. ClTI.XXV

."r^^

j )

C. K ^Ktj\n life/.

H.!fim

gUERCUS PRINUS,

A. Hnn / fU^f i/i^t

/"W • ^ fitnt'ii! rttrtjt

I I

II

■ 'i^Jt^

x^

i

?■

•ii

h

~o

-O

^

^

h

Silvfl pf Mrrih Amirii

Td',. CCCl.XXVl.

.?•/;«»>•. .w.

,\'.l/':u-

QUEHCUS FHINUS.

^ A'«'.Vl«*i' .//^tw '

.'•py*. ' At/ltU,/- /\lfM.

!l

'. *

CUrULIF

Lk

sinuate

:.

Quercus
'X\ (IJi

Quurcua
Ni). ">,
f. ///.ii
107.-
x*i. |i'
LSCS),

Quercua

S.IK- .

(I.SIIl)
0.1. '.',

y-it. .

M<it.
I'oirct,
■J If..-

\\\ >

A

a t.ill si
coiiipara
Miiuiitai
rarely in
nearly »
witii scii
]uir|)l(', :
n'cldi.sli
year, am
iiieli in 1
which ai
or i.niail
or corila
points, e
rouiiiled
unfold t
coated o
of pale
thiek an
pnheseei
niidril)s
tile tfot
llattonu<

=t

! ! 1

CUrULIFEItffi.

SILVA OF NOHTII AMERICA.

55

QUEROUS ACUMINATA.
Yellow Oak. Ohestnut Oak.

Leaves oblong or lanccoliito, acute or acuminate, or broadly obovatc, equally
sinuatcly toothed, puberulous, pale, and often silvery white on the lower surface.

Quercus aouminata. Smgciit, 0<iriien uml Forest, viii.

".i:i (lS'.)r>).
Quercua Prinua acuminata. Midiaux, l/inf. <'/ii'iii:i Am.

No. ."., t. 8 (I.S01); Fl. Iinr..Am. ii. I'.HI. — Mi.liiiux

f. Hist. Aril. Am. ii. (il, t. 9. — Nouredit Dii/i'iiml, vii.

1C.7. — (iriiy, M'ln. wl. .'"., 4.-il. — A. .Ic CninloUis Pro^lr.

xvi. pt. ii. '.'1. — Wpsmiicl, llii/l. F.'il. Sm: ll.irt. I',il,j.

IHOi), .■;.'!'.>. — lloulm. Vhhin Am. rn JM:/i'/ii.\ L',S(.
QuercUB Caatanba. Willduiiow, .MHihlriihirij .t H'il/fli'iinir

.\,ii,i Sr/irl/t. <i,.:,l!. Xit. !■>. Ilrrlln, iii. MH) (not N,V)

(ISIIl) ; .Sy«v. iv. It. i. -Ul : Kniim. '.>7(i ; l!irl. lianm::.

mX.'l. '.V\\. — I'tT.oon. .S'y/(. ii. .*>*•'.(. — Itosc. .Mt'm. Inst.

S'lit. .S'.-i'. I'/iiy. .Mnlli. viii. |il. i. .ill. — Sloki's, luit.

.Milt. Ml-'/, iv. .1117. — I'ursli, /■•/. .Iw. .s',/,/. ii. (•>;;.(.—

I'oiret, Lnm. Dirt. Su|>|il. ii. I'l'.l. — NiitUill, (Jnt. ii.

'Jltl. — Ilayiip. /Iruilr. /V. l.'Hl. — Klliott, .«■. ii. CIO. _

S|ir.iiml, Si/st. iii. HGO. — S|)ii(li, ///.<<. Vi'y. xi. 158. — Tor-
rcy, /•■/. X }'. ii. I'.Ki. — Gniy. Mun. -111;. — Uailiiigton,
/v. r,.,«^'. wl. ;<, 'J(;7. — Bienilfl, rm».s'. ///. A;/rir. Snr.
iii. Clio. t. -1. — Curtis. liej,. Grolo;;. .Siirr. jV. Car. 18fi(),
iii. .'St. — Cliapmiui. /■'/. IL'l. — Orsteil. nJensK: JleM.
frii lint. For. Kjiiliciih. LSdC), tiS : Lidimaita Chines
.tin. Trii/i. t. II. K, .'ilS, f. .'U, ;iL'. — Va.scy. Am. Eiit. and
l!;t. ii. '.'Si. f. 17.i.— Dilipcl. n.uiilli. l.auhl,uh.lc.S\;,l.
,".(■).— K.ii'liiir. I).iil.i.-hi- Dmilr. IL'7.

Quorcus MuohlonborKii. Kinjclniaiin, Trini.<. ,'^t. /,.»(/,<
./■■.- '. iii. .'illl (1S77|.— liiittnii. Jliil/. T'irreij Hot. Cluh.
xiii. Id.

Quercua prinoidea. Sar(,'(Mit, Forest Tree.i S. Am. !()//(
Censns I'. S. ix. 14'J (in (lart) (not Willdinow) ('S.S.1).—
Mayr. M'ri/r/. ynriliim. M."i, t. 1, "J.

A trw. from rijflity to one hiiiidrcd or occa.sinii.-illy oiio liiimlred .iiid >ixty fci't in licinlit, with
a t.ill str.iij^lit trunk tlircf or I'mir IVct in rliainctor ahovc tlic liroad ;md oltcii liuttrcssud l)a.si' and
coni|iai"itivi.dy small liranclifs wliicli form a .slia[it'ly narrow roiind-toppt'd liead ; or oa.st of tin- Alk'i;liany
Mimiitaiiis and on dry liill.s often not mort' than twenty or tliirty feet tall. The liark of the trunk is
rarely more than half an inch in thiekne'^s and is hroken on the surface into thin loose sllverv ji'ray or
nearly white scales, sonietiines slij^htly tinned with lirown. The hraiichlets are slender and marked
with scattered pale lenticels, and when they lirst appear are jfreen, more or less tinfjjed witli red or
purple, and |)ilo)U) with scattered pale hairs; dnrioi; their first winter they are li^ht oranfje-coldred or
reddish hrown, and, ^^radually f^rowinj; darker, hecoine dark lirowii or oraniji'-colored in thi'ir second
year, and ultimately fjray or lirown. The huds are ovate, aiiite, from an eiehtli to nearly a (piarter of an
iiu'h in len^rtli, and covered with ehestnnt-hrown scales white and .scarious on the marj^ins. The leaves,
which are usually crowded at the ends of the hranclies, are convolute in the hud, olilonji; or lanceolate
or hroadly (d)ovate, ahruptly or (gradually n.irrowed ami wedj^e-shaped or slii;htly narrowed and rounded
or cordate at the ha*-, acute, or acuminate at the apex with lon^f and narrow or with short and iiroad
jioints, eipially seriate except at the ha.se, tho teeth, wiiich are acute and ofteit iiitlexeil or liroad and
roiuideil, liein^ tipped with small j^landular niucros ; or the leaves are rarely sli>i;htly midulate : when they
nnfold they are hri;jht liron/.y jj^reen and puiierulous on the upper surface, and tinijed with purple, and
coated on the lower with pale tomentum whicli soon disiippears, leavinj.^ In the axils of the veins tufts
of pale hairs which are very conspicuous when the leaves are ahout half j^rown ; at maturity they are
thick and firm in texture, lij^ht yellow-jjreen ahove, pale, often silvery white, and coated with short tuio
j)uliesccnce lielow, from four to seven inches lonj;, and from one to five inches liroad, with stout yellow
midribs impreHHcd on tho upjuir mde, and conspicuous primary veins rininin^ ohliipiely to the points of
the teeth and connected liy reticulate cross veiidets ; they are home <in .slender nearly terete or sljehtly
llattoned petioles varyiiij^ from three ipiarters of an inch to an inch and a half in length, and in I lie

t'r,

i

56

SILVA OF XOIITII AMERICA.

CLTULIFEU^E.

f .

autiiiiin, before falling, turn orange-eolor and scarlet.' Tiio stipules are linear-oliov.'.te or lanceolate,
pilose, lirowM anil scarious. and eadnt'oiis. The anients ol' staniinati' flowers are three or four inches
long, with slender yellow-green pilose stems, and. ni)pearing with the unfolding of the leaves, do not
fall until they are nearly half grown ; the calyx is light yellow, hairy, and deeply divided into
lanceolate ciliate segments; the anthers are olilong, slightly emarginate, yellow, and glalirous. The
jiistillate (lowers, which are sessile or l)()rne in short spikes, are coated, like their peduncles, with thick
white tonientuni ; the stigmas are hrigiit red. The fruit is .sessile or raised on a short stout pedinicie,
and is .solitary or often in pairs; the nut is brcadly ovate or oval, narrowed and rounded at the
pubescent ape.x, fron\ h:df an inih to iienrly an inch in length, light chestnut-brown, and contMins a
sweet sometimes edible seed ; the cup, which end)races ..''JUt half the nut, is cup-sliap , thin, light
brown and puliescent on the inner.andhoary-toniento.se on tiie outer surface, which is , )vered with
small obtuse scales, more or less tiiickened and rounded on the back toward the ba>e of the cup, the
small free red-brown points of the upper ranks forming a minute fringe-like iuu'cler to its rim,'

ijinriiis iiriiiiiiiKifii is distril)uted from Ganlner's Islaml, in Lake Champlain, and the banks of
the Hudson Kiver north of the city of Newburgh, westward through scuithern Ontario' to southeastern
Nebraska' and eastern Kans;is,"' and southward in the .Vtlantic st:ites to the District <if ('(dundiia'' and
the valley of the upper I'otomac Hiver and, west of the .MlegliMuy .Mount.iins. to central ALiiiama and
Mississippi, ;ind through Arkansas' and northern Loui--iana to the tMstern borders of the Indian
Tirritory and to the v.dley of tl;e Nueces l\i\er in Texas, reiuhing the western limits of its range in
lilt' ciirio'i> of tij" (iii.i.l.iloup" Mountains in the extreme western part of this state." Kare and
comp..ralively local in the Atkmtic statics, wheie it is usually found on linu'stone xid, it is exceedingly
altundint in the Mississi|)pi basin, growing on limestone ridges or sometimes on dry flinty hills ami
on deep rich iiottoni lands and the rocky banks of streams, and probably attains its largest si/.e on the
bottoms of the lower Wabash Hiver and it> tiihutaries in southern Indiana and Illinois.'

The wood of (Jn, rcnx uriiiiii/inlti i> lieavv. hard, vevv stroiiLj, close-grained, and durable in contact
with the Miil, but liable to check b.idly in drying. It is dark lirowii, with thin light-colored sapwood,
and contains broad conspicuous me<lullary rays .ind bands of small open ducts marking the layers of
annual growth. The specific gravitv of the absolutelv <lry wood is O.S(i(t."(, a cubic foot weighing
."lo.d;! pounds. It is largely Used in cooperage ami the 'iianufacture of wheels, for fencing, and for
railway ties.

Its tall stiaiglit stem, its pale and often snow-white bark, and its Imwx leaves hanging close to the
liranclus or llutteiiiii,^ on their slender stalks with the faintest breeze, now yellow-green and then silvery

■ 111 lln' Atl.iiiti.- "t.itt-^ till- K.nv,-^ of tiiin tisT ;ir,' uhhuIIv
uliluii^-t.iiicsiliil*. :iiiit lon^'iirtiiiiiniUi*, witli sharp nftt'ii iutti'Ti'il
tffth, .iiitl .ire fruTji four to su incbos in Ifiij^th uihI frnm cim- lo
twit iiuiii's in wiiltli. Wi'Hi nf ihr .\lli';;li;iiiy .^I^llIlt:llIi», e.*|>.-tiiilly
wiii'ii ;;r<'\Mii^i)iuic,.|)rifh lH>ttuiii-liiii(t.>, it luiKhu-t-s, i-Vfii 1.11 fi-rtili'

ari' tliTply ilivuli'il in tliu nmlilli. liy 11 |iiiir ipf lirnml (>lilii|ii|. »invni'<,
the upper lialf of tlu' Iraf tM'i^l^' hiiiiiati'ty IoImmI anil tin* Inwcr
liiMiti-il iiitii twii pain, iif narniw fUMito and iistially t'litirc UAh'h.
Till' fniit if Hh'irt-vi.tlkcil, nitli nn uvhI pilose nut half an inch
htn^, iiu-loat-il to the acute ii]k'X in a ilccp ciip-slia{H'<l cup, with

Itraniiies, liroailer ,»Uivi.te nn'..tly shurt-iHunieil ami larj^'er leavi-* the Imary l«»»al scales of t^urry-us rnitcnn-tirfni, liiit without its niar-
w'ith hrnail, roulxleil teeth. .Such IclVf-s, while they rc^emhle in J^illal frint»e.

ontlinii those of (^twrrtii i*rvmf^ can Ik» ilistin^uiiilirtl fnun tlicm
hy thi pn>ft,'nce of the }(laii;[ular tips on the teeth. Ovate acute
It-avcH. roiinilcl at the hroavl baiieii with only iili{(htly nnilnlate ({Ian-
iliihir inar^^ins, were fonnd in 1H70 near tiie Chain Hriil^'. in ttie
Pii*triet of Coluinbia, hy L. W Wanl, whose >peciinenH are pre-
stTM'il in tlio National Hcrhaniini.

• A trie founil liy Mr. K. .1. Hill at ItoUy, Imliana, in Isirj, h
po.,«liily a hyltriil lietween 'iuin-uli arnmiuiittt anil t^utrnu mihi-"-
t-rlrjhl. The leaven are ohloii^ or ^li^'htly oliiivate, acute, ilark
j;reen an.l lu^troUM on the upp.r .,urfaee. and silvery white and
piiU'Sceiu on the lower. .S»une individuals are n'jfularly itinuaiely
loU'd with <^niall acute or ri.'-iided f^Iaiiil-tipiK'd liilitt.H, and oiImtn

• M.iconn, Cat. Citn. I'l IIJ.

< lic»,ey, /fr/i. Stair lUnrd Aijnc. .Vr'.niUil, IHOI, III) ((^..rniu

^ .Majon, En)hth Uitnn. lirp. Sttttr liminl Ai/rir. Knnnnn, 272 :
fiitTtlt-n ami Forest, iv. ,*»08.
" I.. K. Ward, U<Ul. U. S. \,it. Mu,. No. '••i. li:i ( f 7. ir,i»^,in./.

I,r,).

'■ lliirvry, .Im. Jnur. IWfxtry, i. |.">|,

At'Oiiriliii>; lit I'niffHsor Iliirvrv, ^urrnu animttvita in uIbu called
ill Ark»ti<tii.-> C'liiiii|uai>iii Oiik, Pin Oiik, iiml Kuek Oak.
' lliiviiril, Pr<H-. ('. S. .XfU. Mw viii Hi,",.
" Uitl^wHV, I'nK\ U. S. S'lt. Mut. V. H'J. ; xvii. Wt.

II

CirL-I,IFKU.E.

SILVA OF NORTH AMEIUCA.

57

white MS first the upper aiul then the lower surface is turned to tiie eye, make the Yellow Oak one of
the most beautiful trees of the rejjions in which it attains its finest development. Little known in
cultivation, ;dtlion!:;Ii it is said to have been jilanted in P]ny;land in 1S'J2,' the Yellow Oak is well worthy
of a place in the parks aud pleasure-ijrounds of the eastern United States.

' Louduu, .irii. Ilril. iii. 1870, f. 1037.

I 11

:

I .(

Ml

I i

»l

h "i

EXPLANATION OF TIIK PLATE.

Platk CCCLXXVIL (Jikkchs ahmisata.

1. A tlowcriiin Imiiicli, natural »i/.c.

2. A Htainiimtc flower, i'iilnrf;(><l,
■ i. A piNtillato fldwiT, I'lilar^^i'd.

I A fiuilini,' liranch, natural si/v.

Ti. A leaf, natural si/B.

t>. A wiiili r linmdilct, natural •.i/r.

7. An axillary Hintir-I)uil. iiilar;'i><l.

/

^

'<

&"■■>'

A

' I

I

I • I

rxi'i \NAi

K,i!v.i .)i North AmtTir

Tib. CCCLX>:.

//■/■.,

QUERCUS ACUMINATA

.■/ /(.

Iiifrt-^ -U-'i-U

fii> . iitiiL-ul" / ttru

\{

\

! :i

' i

m

■^y^ W

v\\

lit I

i

CLTULIFEILE.

SILVA OF NOliTII AMERICA.

CO

QUERCUS PRIN0IDE8.

Obinquapin Oak.

TilcWKs usually obovatc-oliloiifi, wc'(ljj;c->iiii|)c'(l iit the base, undulatc-tootliod with
rouiuU'cl or acute teeth, soft-juilMMeiit aud ol'ttii >ilven white on the lower Mirface.

Quurous prlnoideB. Williliimw, Mdi/i/i'iilnfj A' W'ilhliiiow
y,,ii- S'hrlfl. difrll. y.it. /■>. Ilirtin. iii. :V.>' (IH(ll)j
S/n-i: iv. |it. i 'lln. — IVrsodii. Si/n. ii. ")(iS. — I'ciin't,
Liim. Jlli-t. Su|i|il. ii. -lit. — yniin-iiii Jinhamel. vii.
tl'iC). — Tiirrty, /■'/. .V. )'. ii. I'.l.l, t 1"'.'. — I );iiliii){toii. /V.
I'lHtr. I'd. ;t, 'JtlT. — Dirtiiili. .S;//i. v. I'.n'.l. — ('liii|iiiiaii,
/■v. -I'.M. — Vn.'ify. .Im. A'/i<. -ni'l IS^t. ii. L'sl. f. 17 J. _
KimIi. Ihiiih. ii. pt. ii. !'.•. — Kiii;>'liii:iiiii. TfiiiM. Si. l.mii.^
.!'■/'/. iii. .'!'.M. — Wiit«nn iV C'oiiIi.m', (Ifii/'f Mm. cmI. 0,
470. — l)i|>|,,.l, l/iwll,. L<iiiUinUk. ii. ,S.'l. t. :tl.

QuorcuH Prinus humlllH. AIiir>lmll. . I /■'■«.<'. .l«i. 1 '.'.">
(ii'il (,>iifni(.i >iiiiiiiii.-, I.aiii.tiiki (I7H."ii. — Ca^ati^'lioiii.
IV";/. iifjli Si'tii I'liili, ii. .llii. — (iiiiy. .Mill. I'll .".
•ir.'J.

Quurcua Prinus (pumllai. Slicliiuix. If int. ('/lifii.t .{in. No.

'<. t. '.'. f. ; (mil V'H'/VK.I Jiliiinl'i,Vl'u\tvt\ (IS(ll); /'/.

I!',i:-.\iii. ii. I'.Mi.
Quercus Prinus Cbincnpin. Mii-1i;ni\ f /list. .\il,. .[m.

ii. i',l. I. 10 iLsl'.'). — A. <!.■ CuiiiluU,.. /■,■,./,•. \\\. pt. ii.

I'l. — Wi-iMiifl. /.'"//. /•■../. //../•/. .S..'. Jlrl:,. l.sii'.i. ;i;ili.—

Wviuli-.J'i/irl,. Ilnl. Il'irl. /If-rlhi. iii. I.SM.
Querous Chinquapin. l'llI•^ll, /■'/. Am. Si/.t. ii. ('.'.'li

(l.sl|,._N„tt,,ll. '„N. ii. lilC. — Klliotl. .S'/t. ii. (111.—

I>nrliiij;tiin, J'l. Cenlr. c.l. 'J, XM',. — Kimison. 7'/".i

.»/.!«. 1 III ; cil. '-', i. \:>S. I. — liiu, 1..W. /•/. ll;,f.u,. imI. .•!,

:t77.
Quorcus MuolilonbiTBii v;ir. humilis. liritimi. /.'"//.

y. /•<■.,/ Ilnf. CI III; .viii. II ll.S.SlW,

A slinili. s|iri'a(Iiiiij into lirci.nl cliimps liy vii;(iri>iis pMililic stolons, witli slrnilcr stoins nsually from
two to four feet in lii'i;r|it ; or o(rasionaily. in the I'ast, from tvvi-lvt> to liftci'n fi'i't t.iil. ami in tlii' |iriiri('
ri';;ions of .Missouri an<l Kan.sn.s sonii'tiiiu-M ahiuist trct-likt' in iialiit, with truniis comtimI wjtli pale
M-aK iiarl<. often four or five inilit-s in lii.inK'tiT and from ten to lifti-i'U feet in lu-ii^lit. Tiic liranciilt'ts
arc sli-niicr ami markcil witii roiispiruous pali' Icntici'ls. wiiicli persist for many years, ami when
tlu-y first appear are ilark trreen tin;;e(l with red and covered with pale scurfy caducous puhescence ;
durint; their lirsl winter they are oranj;e or reddish drown, and, lieconiiuif lirown tini^ed with red in
tlicir second year, thcv ultimately turn ilark iuuwu. 'I'lie l)uds are ov.ite or suIiljIoIiosc. and i)litu>e
or sli);hlly narrowed at tin- apex, alxiut an eij,'hth of an inch in ieiii^th, and covered with li;;ht cliestnut-
hrown scales thin ancl scarious on the mari;iiis. The leaves arc convolute in the hud. ovate-ohlong; or
rarely ohlon^, usually jjradually n.irrowed and wedj^e-sliaped. or rarely rounded at the hroader entire
hase, a<'Ute or ai'undnate at the apex, coarsely undulate-toothed with eipial acute incurved or with hroad
roiDideil teeth tipped with small t;landular macros; when they nnfohl they are orani;e-red and [luheru-
lous. or jiilose with short pale hairs on the u|iper surface, red and coated on the lower with thick sil-
very white tonientum. and furnished at the points of the teeth with larjje dark j;land>. and at maturity
they are thin and lirm. dark ytdlow-i^rcen and rather lustrous ahove. coated with soft tine puhescence
and silvery white or rarely liifht jjreeii hclow. from three to six inches in leni,'tli and from an inch to
three and a half inches in hreadth. with slender narrow yellow midrihs. primary veins ruiinini;' ohli(|uelv
to the points id' the teeth, and conspicuous reticulate cross vcinlets ; fliev are home on stout jjlahrous
or pidierulous petioles jjrooved and llattened on the upper side and from one (juarter to three ijuarters
of an inch in leii^li, and in the autumn turn liri-flit oranjje and scarlet hefore fallinj^. The stipules are
ohovate or linear lanccidate. red aliove the middle, coated with pale hairs, from one half to three
((uarters of an inch lou!;-. soon heeouiinjj hrown and scarioas, and eaductuis. The llowers open in May.
when the leaves are nearly a third prowii, and are borne, the stamtnate in hirsute ai lents from an n di
and a half to two inches and a half in lenj.jth. the pistillate on short peduncles clothed, like their invo-

]

I

!: Ill

■ I

ii

M

fl

- H

.ml.

00

>7AI'J O/' y OUT 1 1 AMKlillA.

cn'iri,iKKii-i';.

Iiicral Moalcs. witli ili'iiw Hilvfi-v wliitc tiiiiu'tiliiin. Tlic calvv "f tlic |iiNtilliiti> llinvi-r is lifjlit jt'llow-jjn'i'ii,
('dated »itli |iali' liaiis (in llio <iii(i>r hiirt'aci', ami divitli'il into from live to nine acntf K(<)rnn>iit.s ending iti
tnt'ts of in^tv hails and shorter than the stanu'ns, whieh are eoniposed of sh-nder ehinpited lilanientH
and eniarginate yellow ^laliroim anthers. Tiie sti;>'nias are iiri^iit red. Tiie aeurns, wliieli iirti proilnved
in tiie greatest jiridnsion, covering the hranehes in favoraltle seasons with aluindant erops, are sessile or
aie lioiiie on short stout oran;;'e-i)ro\vn stalks; the nut is oval, ronnded and olttnse at the a|iex, which
is eoMM'ed with white |mliesi'enee, li;;ht ehestniit-hrown and liistrunH, from uiie half to three quarterH of
an inrli in length ami from one third to nearly one half (d' an inch in lireailtli, with a sweet seed; the
('U|i, which emiiraees from one half to two thirds of the nut, is thin, deeply en|i-sliaped, li;<'ht lirown and
pulieseent on the inner siirfaee, and hoary with pale tomentum on the unter surfaee, whieh is eovered
with loosely imhrieated ovate acute scales nsnally coiisideralily thickened on the hack towanl the hase
of the en|i and emlin<>; in small acute reddish lirown tips.

(JmniiK /iriiiiiiili .1 iidialiits rocky slopes and hillsides, or, west of the Mississip|ii iiiver, siime-
times low undulating prairies, and is distrihuted from Kssex County, MaKsai-husetts, to North Carolina,'
and westward to southeastern Neliraska,'^ ''(.ntral Kansas,' the Indian Territory, ami eastern Texas.'
First descrilied liy I'lukeuet ill 1G%/' this pretty shruh was, ueeordiiijj to i^oudoii,' iiitrodiieed iiita
Kn^lish gardens in 18'Jlt.

1 CiirliN Hr/.. »,>..;..,/. Surr. X. Ciir. IWKI, ill. X>.

« IW.ipy. Hr/i. Slair IlinnI Ai/ric. .Vf/.ni.Jn, ISIH, 11(1.

' MilHKli. EnlhlK ttiruu. lifp. Sitttr lUnlnl Ai/nr. A'd'MrM, 'J72.

• t'uull.r, Cmlnh. f. S. .V.i/. Ilrrh. li. Il.^i {Mun. I'l. If, YVjiij).

* (^iMTTTM jmniilix CitMnnefr folio l*ir<;iiiic'tj|.«, Tin' ('liiiit|iiA|iiii
Onk, Mm. lU. -MW. — DiiImiiipI. rnii7r iltt Arhrtf, li. -Xa.
'■ AH,. Um. ill. 1S75, I \TM.

f!

KX!'I..\NATn)N (tK TIIK I't.ATK.

V '

VhXTt C'CCIAXVIII. l^r CUM'* ruivoiiiBi.

1 .\ IliiWfrini; liraiicli. iintiinil kI/c.

'J. A «tiiiiiiiiati' llowiT. I'lilarKi'il.

3- A [ii>ti))ati' tliiui-r. I'lilar^'t-il.

4. .\ fniiliii); liruncli. imliirBl n'tie,

!>, A fruit, iiiiliiral ni/p.

0. A Iviif. natural aize.

7. A li'iif. nut u nil iiitc.

X. A winter liranchlfl. natumi »i«'.

9. All axillnry uiiiterliiiil. ('nl:ir;,-ed.

I I

X

-Jp

I i

,^

/

/

y^

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lit u,i' |iisii'il.itc (lu»«>r i.> lijjiil _\<illow-j»T('cii,

1 i. — . .;j from li\i' to nim- mmtv Hi>f;;iiK'iit* cniiiii^ in

!• sl.'inu'iiK. wliifh ;ir<> rmnjiosccl of sloiKlev »'loti<;;;itt'(l til.'um'iits

' ' ill' acortis, \vbi«'h We pr<«liicv<l

■ :ir i.'.i'iir'. 111 1 M 11 :ili,(' .r.iMUis w n ii ill)ii: ' ' ■ I'-iilt-iii-

' :i t'.lk^, t!ir lil!» !•; :tv\\. rr.i;rt!i-ir nnd ■ -.vl,;''!)

11 oju» hiill
iliiiti ill iii;;ii!v oiiv h.ilt iii .ia iiiili lit liivaiUii, unit .t -...lai .^mi, lli
I'i" Im I.' 1 rl'liiU i.f *: , rr ;. iliiii, i!l'i'|iI_v (:U]i-sl)iHit'il. ii ■' ' i'l'vuimd

11 llif oulct KUrfaiH% N> .vpw'fl

■1 *>ii' \\ n : I j

■' -nf! >: I 1)1" tlii- Mi^l^W8iJ•]U iJivt-r, (><)nie-

■ nty, M.iMs.tdtiiiictts, to North Caniiiiia,'

.;..i; K. Ill Tcrritufy, aii'! (vihUTij Ti'x;is.'

' ' pd-H'. ?.lii . . .i'li'f ('.■ r.iiiiili'ii.' iutiiiiiiui!! iiiiii

Hi

'V.va. of North Arni'ticd.

iW

gUERCL'S PRINOIDKS

.( .'iV.'. *rt»j A/f./

"If , f/.-. ■(./■ . tfi.

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CUPULIFERwiE.

SILVA OF NORTH AMEIUCA.

CI

QUERCUS SADLERIANA.

Lkaves oval to ol)oviit(\ poarscly (Iciiticulatc, thick and coriaceous, pale and usually
])ul)crulous on the lower surface, |)ersi>teut duriiif> the winter.

Quercus Badleriana. I!, liinwii CainiKl. Ann. mul Mn'j. .\'ut. Hist. ni'. 2. vii. '_'l'.l (l.s"l). — Watson, I'mc. Am. Ai-nd.
xsli. 177. — (Jmiii'. ]V,st Am. <hi/.s. M).

A slirill), with slcridfr a.sliy ^Tiiy stems t'loiii three to six feet tali, hiriiiiiiir lar^fc tiiiekets. The
liraiiehlets are stout and tnaiUeil witli iihloiiir scatteiuil |iale ieiiticels; wiieii they first appear tliey are
jjreeii tiiii^ed witli red and j;lahr(nis or |iii()se vvitii ociasinnal eadiicous pale iiairs, and (hirinj;- tlieir first
winter liiev are li^ht ipranjji-cDlDred or li,i;iit reddish i)n)\vn. iieioniMiy; ashy j;'ray in tiieir second or
tliird year. The imds are ovate, iil)tiise, i)rinlit re(i-liiowii. covered witli loose [lale liaiis, ami IVoni one
ijiiarter to one third id' an inch in lenj;th, the scales of the iinier ranks lieinj;- coated with thick white
tonientinn. The leaves are convolute in the Imd, oval or slijjhlly ohovate. wt'du'e-sliaped or rounded
eijuallv or unei|uallv at the narrow liase, acute or rounded at the a|>e\. and coarsely dentate with
incurved jfland-tipped teeth ; when they unt'(dd they are thin, hronze-oreen and pulierulous on the
upper surface, and pale or silvery white and coated with soft short puheseeiice (ui the lower, and at
maturity are thick and '•rni or sulicoriacecuis, dark yellow -j;reen ami lustrous ahove. and paler, somi'limes
silvery white, and j;lalirous or puherulous lielow ; they are from two to four inches in length and from
one to two inches in hreadth, with slender nndrihs roinided on the up[ier side, and simple lU' rarelv
forked ohliipie veins runuiujj to the points of the teeth anil eonuceted liv oliseure reticulate cross
vciulets; they are lioriie on stout ^lalMou> j^rooved petioles yarynin' from half an inch lo nearly an nicli
in length, and, turninc^ yellow in the aulnuni, remain on the hrauehes until after the appearaiu'e of the
leaves of the following year. The stipules are ohovate, pointed, narrowed into loni^ slender stalks,
coated with lon}j loose white tomentum and often nearly an inch loiii;, those of the last leaves hcinj;-
usually persistent on the hraiuhcs duriu;; the winter. The stamiuate tlowers arc suliteudid liy linear
hairy hracts. and are pniduced in slender ;;lalMous ameiil-' three or four inches in len^^tli from the
inner scales of the terminal hud and from the axil-, of the first four or live leaves ; the ealvx is linht
vcllow, puhescent, and divided into ovate acute lolics much shorter than the stamens, froiu IIm' to nine
in nundier. which are composed of slender (ilanu'Uts ami oliloui^ poiuteil jrlahrous yellow anthers. The
liislillate flowers are borne in few-tlnwered spikes on stout |ieiluncles in the axil> of the upper leayes,
and, like the iuvolueral liracts, are covered with dense pale tomentum; the stin'mas arc bright red.
The acorn is sessile or short-stalked, and usually solitary ; the nut is oval, rounilid or acute at the
apex, aliont three ipiarters of an inch lou<r, li<;ht chcstnut-liiowu. and slightly pull<'rulou^ ; the cu|i,
which incloses aliout a third of the nut, is cup-shaped, thin. Iii;ht lirown, and coated with soft white
h.'iirs on the inner surface, ami reddish hrown and tomentose on the outer sinface, which is coveied
liy small ovate acute scales with minute free tips, and thick and rounded on the hack toward the hase
of the eup.

(Jnii'iii.^ .^iiilli riiiiiii is confini'd to the hii^h slopes of the mountain ran;;'!'-, of the coast region of
Hoiithwestern Oref^iui and northwestern California, formin<; \ast thiikcls on the Siskiyou Mountains
hetwcen four and nine thoUNiml feet ahove the level of the sea.

Discovered in southern Oref^ou in 1S."')'J or lS.">;f liv John .lefVrey, the Scotch collector, whose spe-
ciuu'u of a sterile hraiieh is preserved in the herliarium of the Koyal Hotauie (iarden at Kdiiduirj;li, it.

! I

. ii

li

(>2

SUVA OF NORTH AMERICA,

CLTULIFEH^.

remained unknown until its rediscovery by Robert Brown, ^ who, in September, ISO;"), found it at an
elevation of two thous;ind feet above the level of the sea, close to the California boundary on the
Crescent City trail, and published the first description of this beautiful and distinct plant," the only
Chestnut Oak of Pacific North America, with which he afterward associated the name of John Sadler,'*
the secretarv of the liotanical Societv i>f Edinburgh.

' U(i1)(>rt nrown. wlio aftix*'> t*iiiiiii>tt'rit'hsi- tn his nanu* to ilis-
liii>;ulsli hiiiisflf frotn tin- titliur Imtanist "f tlu* sjiuu' iiamc. wiis
Jiitni ill C'iiilhnr>!». Si-i»tliinil, in 1S|J, ;\iiil ivifivcil tin* ilrj^ri'i- of
Ooi'tor ol' Si-ii'iice from tlii' rnivcr-ity of UostntU wiili a tln"*i> oi!
tlio North Aiiu'ricaii sppcics of Thuya ;unl IJluK-cilriH, Kioin IHdl
to ISdli Pr. Urowii travi-U-d in America frt>m Veiu'zui'Ia luu! the
Wt'st Iiulios to Alaska ami the shores of Hchritig's Siu. As bolniiist
of the Hritish t'oluniliia Kxploriuj; Kxpoditinti he vi^ili-il llie then
litilf known interior roj;ion> of Vancouver's Island ami sontlicni
<hi';;(.n. Ut'tnrning to Knroite. I'r. Brown traveleil in (in't-nland
anil in the Harharv States, ami has Keen a lectiirtr on p'oloj^y in
>ii'tlantl ami a voluminous writi-r of jn pular works of science. In
uihtition to his paper on tlie North Anicriian '^hl1^as ho lias pah-
li-hed an essay on tlie |;eo>;r:iphical<li<<trihution of iheC'onifene antl
iinrtaeca* ( Trnu:*. /J-.r. .S-.--. E<inif-Hr<ih, x. I7."i); ilrsi'riptioiis of some
IK w ami little known species of Oak^ from northwestern America
( Ir.. (*'('/ Mit'i- A'tir //'"f. ser. 'J. vii. 'Jl!t) : ami li'inr S;/!vau(r.
an incomplete work i>ii liic ftirest^ of North AnH-rica.

• Qurrcus up. vnr. No. i»r».1, Th' Farmrr, May H), 1800.

s ,UAw SaiUer (ls;i7-lK8ii) was born nt (iilihleston in Kifeshire,
Scot lahil, ami in his infancy wasearrietl to MoucritVe, where his father
was g. nleiier to Sir Thomas MoncrilVe. Ilcri' his early years wei-e
8,»ent.aml on the completion of his schooliti;; he became his father's
assistant. In l.^'Vl he j iueil tht' staff of the Kdinburjjh Uutanie
Ciarden, anil at tlie end of u few yean wati made nasihtaiit to Pn>-
fessor Italfonr, a poi'tion vhich he Hlled for nearly a (piarter of a
century. In XHnA he was chosen assistant secretary of the Hotanicnl
Sktiirty <it Kdinliur^li, to whose TriDtstu'tmu^ he was a constant
lontrihulor. and in I'^d'J lie l»ecainp secntary *if the Scottish Ar-
horicidtnral Socirty. intercstii'i; himself ilecply in its affairs during
the rcmi/mflcp of his Irl'c. ami euiilrihutiiij; largely to tin* succi-ss of
it-i work. .S7l' he was made eunilor of the Kdinl>urj;h llotani-

cal (ianlcn. (lis »ii'*coverics of new slatitms fir .S-ottish pl.mts
wen* numerous, and his name is jH'rpetiUi'ed by several sjH'eies.
including a small Willow which he found on the cltlTs above LiK'h
Clmnder (Sje Hniley llalfoutt 7'm»i. lUit. Site. Edinhnrtjh^ xri. 11.)

KXI'LANATIOX (IK TIIK I'l.ATK.

1'l.ATK CC'CI.XXIX. I^IKUM* SAM.r.HIANA.

1. A llcmi'rini; I'ra'ifli, ii:ilural si/i'.

-. A statuiiiatf fiow-or, I'lilar^jcd.

.'I. A ]>istiltate liowiT. ciilartioi!.

4. A fruitiiii; liraiuli. nnturni nirc.

5. Kml uf a branrli sliuwing wiiiter-buil". natural ni;c.

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Silvd oi" North /■jneric.i.

/ .',w,i M

QUERCUS SADLERiANA

A . Ku.r.i^i Mr^ '

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CUl'UUIEByE.

SUVA OF yORTJI AMEltlVA.

(13

QUERCU8 PLATAN0IDE8.
Swamp White Oak.

Leaves obovatf or ohloiig-oliov.itc. wcd^ji-sliapt'd at the biisc, f^cneriilly coarsely
simiatc-dentato or lohcd, pubescent and usually hoary on the lo\M'r surl'aee.

,

Querous platnnoidee, Siwlworili. Hi'p. Ser. A'/ria. U. S.

Quercus Prinus. ft plntanoidos, Lanmrck, l>!'-t. i. 7'.'o
(I7S.(|. — Dii Miiiit ill) Omii-hiI, lint. Cult, ml ••. vi. H'.'l.

Quorcua albn pnluatria, Mnrslmll, .Irhimf. Aw. IL'O
(liS.'il. — C'lKtinliipiii, I'lVi'/. iif'/ll Stiiti I'lilfi, \\. MS. —
JIiii'1iIi'1i1kti{ A: WillilfiioM', .V<»c S''lint>. Ilfnilt. Snt.
/■v. Ilfrlin. iii, ;t'.t,".

Quurcua Prinua tomuntoaa, Micliaux. Ill.if. Ch!'nrii Am.
t. '.t (ISdl); /v. Il;r.:lni. Ii. IHD. _ Uu.ldli. .Ir/i. lltlf.
iii. 187(1. f. 173'J. — \V>Mi/.l((. .A//iW<. /lot. dart. Uerliii, iii.
ISO.

Quurcua bicolor. \Vlll,l.-ii"«-, .Mu^lilinlufi A Will<li'iin'r
Xeut Sehrijt. Urnrll. .\'i'. /■''■. /iVWin. iii. 3',H; (l.Siil ) ;

Sjirr. iv. |.l. i, iU>. — IVnuuii, .Si/ji. ii. ."ii'i'.l llii,c,

.l/rwi. /.i.ir .\''t. Si-!. /'Ay.«. Math. \iii. pi. i. :ill.—
I'oircl. Lain. />^■^ Sii|i|il. ii. '.'1'.'. — l'ur»li. /■Y. .Im. .S'-y ^
ii, (Vi;!. — Higi'liiw, /'/. ll-stiin. '."Ji;. — NiiltiiU, 'r.;/. ii,
'Jir>, — A'ii»i'ni« Ihihnmel, vii. !•!.">, — S|pr('ii);i>l, .V'/i/, iii,
Nti(>, — Emonon, Tree.t .I/./.M. l:i,^, t, J ; cl. ■.', i. l.Vi, t. —
Torrcv. /■/. .V. 1'. ii. !'.•'.'. — Dii^trirli, .Vv". v. ;10,S. _

Dailiiii^tipii, /■'/, ' fHtf. till. .1, 'Jiil'i. — A. lie Camlolle,
Pi-'hIi: \\i. pt, ii. "0 (cxcl, »jii. .\li-liiiii.r;;). — Orxtcil,
Viili-iml;. MtJi/.fin mit. t'ni: h'J.,l„',i/i. KStiti, (',7.— Wi's-
mai'l, /.'"//, /■'■■!. Son. llnrt. Vihj. IsCH. ,i;i7. — Vanoy,
.Im, E„t. ,n„t /Inf. ii. '.'SO. f. 17'-'. — Kuc-li. Dni.h: ii, pt.
ii. 17. — Kiii;fliimnn, Ti-'i'i.i. ,S7. Loui.i Anul, iii. '.iS'.K —

Laiiclu'. /h'iitsr/,1' Veiiili: '.".• 1. — -• "yfiit, Forntf Ti n .V.

Am. ItV/, IViiaiii r. ,s', ix. Ml. .Ion'"!, Ihhii-n Am. en
/li/;/i'jiie, '.'75. t. — Watson A: C"..''iT. • ' /',( .l/i». i-l. 1).
t7f,. — MnjT, »■"/./. .V.r/.( Ml... . 'J. — Km^lm.'.
fh-nturhe llenili: f.'7. — Dipp • '/■/ii.//'.. I.niil.l,,,!:!;. ii. ,Sti.

Quercua Prinua ilirtcolor. Miiliaux f. ///.</. .{i-h. .Im. ii.
111. t. r. i ISl'J'. — llr.-iL.lil. Ti-nii ■ !./. .l./ri.-. .S'..,\ iii. 017,
t. .i. — t'liapinan, /■'/. t'J4.

Quercua bicolor. ft moll' Xiitt.ill. '/.•'/, ii, 'Jl,". (IsiS) ;
.s,/i,;i, i. 1 1. — Ton-ry. i ■'»■/. /v, .V, .s>.>^.<, :;,v,t,

Quorcua Prinua, ft bicolor, Spacli, /I Inf. I'-'j. xi. I. "it*

(ISlJl,

Quorcua bicolor. ft platnnoide.-t, .\. ile Camliilli-. /'/••"/r.
xvi. pi. ii. 'Jl I l.St^l). — W^Miiail, /;«//, /•'t'/. ^•ol•. //'>rf.

M'l. LSI ill. ;i;iO.

I .i;i

A troo, usMiilly ^ixty or scvi-nty. or. I'xct'ptioiially, ;i liiiiulrtMl tVi>t in lu'ip;lit.' witli .\ trunk two or
three or oc't'a.sionally i'ii;lit or nine iVot in dianu'ter and ratlicr >.Miall limbs ^cni'iallv in'inliiloiis liflow
and risin); aliovc into a naiinw round-to|ipfil uin-n iicad. and ot'tcn furnislicd with >liiii't lateral
pindulons hrani'lics. Tlu' liark on old trunks varic-. from one ti> two inrlii's in tliitkufss. and is
di'fjily and irri';;;nlarly dividi-d liv rontinuous or intcriiiiitcd lis^urt-. into luoad llat ridges coviTcd with
sMiali a|>|)ressfd gray-hrown scales sonietiincs sli^litly tinjicd with ri'd ; on youny; ^tcnis and >mail
linuu'lit's it is smooth and ivildi^li or iuir]ilisli l)rown. and M'jiarati's tri-i-ly into lariat' iiapcry jiorsistent
scales which in curlinj; hack or fallinij display the hrijjht pfri'cn inner hark. The hranchlcts are stout
and marked with pale lenticels, ami when they first appear are j^reen. lustrous, and slii^litly scurfy-
puhesi'ent ; durinir their tir.st winter thev are light orangi-coloied tu- reddish hrown .aid glalirous or
puliernlmi.H, and in their seccuid o\- third vear hecome darker and often i>uriiiish and clothed with a
glaucous bluoin. Tiie buds vary in shape from broadly ovate and obtuse or subglobose to ovate and
acute, and are about an eighth of an inch in leiigtii and covereil by light chestnut-brown scales usually
pilose above the middle with pale scattered tine hairs. The leaves are obov.ite or olilong-obovate. grad-
ually narrowed and wedge-shaped at the entire base, acute or rounded at the apex, and coarsely sinuate-

) The lar^'st it{H*t'iiiion of Qtierms ftiiUnn<n,lrt uf whii-h u rtvonl viiru-il littU' in sizf Ix'twi't'ii th.> gnxiiul aiul tlio lir.iiiclu'», had an

luu tteen pivM'n'od ^rvw tm tho UtttDiii-laiiila i>f the (teuesoo avcm^c cirouinfereui-o of tweuty-st'vtni tVot willi a iiuniinuin cir-

ItinT oa lh(> AVa.Uworth t'<tati',a iiiili" from tho \i!la(;i' of (umicm'o I'uiufiTiMii'u of tni'iily-four. (See Hacldi'v, .Im. J'nr. Hn. scr. "J,

in tlio wostiTii part of N>'\v York. The Wailsworth Onk, as tlii* ini- •''.'" [.Vndir '/ tmne ianje Trm in iri.<(fni \eic Yori]. —

trt'o wa.H caiU'd, was dt'stroyt'd several year* a^o by tlie wa-sliint; l>o\vning, LamiirtifH- Ciar.hntiii/t vt\. II. \V. Sari^etit, 1-1*.)
away uf the bunk uf llie river, lu ISol the short trunk, whieh

f

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1

H

(M

.s/AJM O/' yollTlI AMKIUVA.

CUI'LLlFEn^E.

ilt'iit;ito nr NonietiiiicH ]iiiiiKitifi(I with (iMii|Ui' I'ouiidcd or aciilc ciitii'i' lolics; ulioii tlioy unfold they nro
lil^lit In'iin/.c ^iccii Mild |iiloM' on tlic ii[i|h'1' sni'riici' iiiid on tlic jit'tiolos, t-oati'd ht'low with Hilvery
W'liite tonii'iitiiiii. iiinl <'oiis|iiriionsly ^landiilar-tuiithcd ; and at niatiiiity they ai'i> thick and tirni, dark
gri'un and ill^tl'(ln.s aliovi', ]iaii' or ol'ton silvery white and downy with short soft pnlicscenco liclow,
live or six iiichcM Ion;;' and I'loiii two tu four inciics liroiid, with Mtuut pale niidrihs roniidcd on the
n|i|ier side and from six to ei;;ht pairs of eons|iien(iiis ]iriniary veins connected hy reticnlate cross
veinlcts aijil iiiiiiiiiii;' ohli(|ncly to tlie |Miiiits of the teetli or lolics, which arc lipped with minute
callous ^^laiiiiiiiar points; tliey are liorne on stout petioles o^roovetl and llattcncd on the npper si(h>
and from one half to three ipiarters of an inch in leii;;th, and late in the antniiin turn dull yellow-
luiuMi or occasionally oranp'-folor and reil hei'ore falling;. The stipules are linear, acute, hrowii and
stariims, eoateil with pale hairs, from one third to one half of an inch in leii^rth and cadiieons. The
stamiiiate llowers are produced in hairy aiueiits three lU' four inches loii); ; the calyx is li^ht yellow-
j^reen, covered with pale hairs, and deeply divided into from live to nine lanceolate acute se;;iiients rather
shinier than the stamens, which are composed id' slender lll.imcnls and ohloii^ apiculate ^lahrous yellow
aiilliiTs. The pislillatc lloweis are pioiliireil in fcw-llowered spikes on elonH;ateil pediincleH covi'lcd,
like the iiiviiiucial scales. «ith thicii while or tawny loiiieiilum ; llie sti;;iiias are hri^jht red. 'i'lie fruit,
>Nhiili is u>uall\ in paii^. is linnie on slender li;rhl or dark lirown peduncles ^rildiially thickened toward
tile a|ie\. marked with pale leiiticels, ;r|.i|iron'<. pulnrnlous or piilicsceiil, and from an inch and a half
to four iiii lies in leiii^lh; the nut is oval with a liroid liase, rounded or acute and co\ercd with pah-
pilliesceiiee at the apex, li;;ht ehestiint-lirown, from three ijiiarlers of an inch to ,in inch and a i|iiartcr
ill li'iii;'lh ami fniai one half In three i|iiailers of an iiirli in width ; ll'e cn|i. which incloses ahont a
liiiid of the iiul. is clip-shaped, thick and wouiK. Ii;;lil liiowii and piiliescelil on the inside and lioary-
loliiiiitose on the oiUer ^iiilice. «hich is .sometimes luherciil.ile or riill;;liclieil toward the hase liy the
ihiekeiied cuiitoited lips of I he o\al«' acute scales; hii;lier on the cup these are free. thin, aciilc,
cliestnut-bro\Mi. and at the mar;;iii soiiietiines form ,i sliort frinire-hke liorder, which, Iiohcut. is
freipieiitly wantini;^; or somclimes all the scales of the cu|i arc thin with free acute tips.

(Jiiifiiin ji/(itiiiiiiiili s iiihaliits the liorders of streams and (twunips. ^^rowinjj in low moist fertile
soil. It ranires from southern M.iiiie to northern Vermont and southwestern <iucliec, westward thrini;;li
(Int.u'io' and the southern peninsula of Miehiir.in to southeastern Iowa and western Missouri, and
siiiitinvanl to the District of ('uliiiiiliia.' iiortherii Kentucky and .\rk.ins:is,' and alon^ the .Xppakiihiaii
Mount. liiis 111 noithern (ie<iri;ia. Widely and ;;eiierally distrihiited ihrou^jh .ill this rce;ion, it usually
}frows in small proves, rarely formine; an important part of the forest, and is proh.ihly more ahundant
and of lar^^er si/e in western New York and nortliern Ohio than in other parts of the country.

The wood of (Jill rriin j)hittiiitiiilis is heavy, hard, stron;^, and toii^h, ,'dthou^li liahle to check in
seasonint^ ; it eont.iiiis liroad conspicuous meilullarv ravs and hands of from one to three rows of lar;;e
ojieii duels markiiii; the layers of annual growth, and is li<rhl hrown. with thin hardly distin;;uishalih>
.s^ipwood. The -pecilie e;iavity of the ahsolulely dry wood is (•."•)<)-, a cuhic foot wei^^hin;; 17.7.'»
pounds. It is used in eonstruclion. for the interior tini^ii of houses, and in cahinet-niakin;;, in
carriaire and lio.it huildin^r, and in coopcra^re, for a^rrieiiltiirat implements, railway ties, and ft nciii^r,
and for fuel. (Joiiiiuerciallv it is not distinj>uisheil from the wood of (Jinri-iti iiUxi and (Jm reus
iniicniKirjid.

(Jill reus jiliitiiiioiili n was first descrihed hy the French hutanist Limarck in ITS.'J, from trees
jifiowin;; ill the park of the ch.'ite.iii of Malesherhes.

' ftniiift, flit Vltj. Liij. f'fin. IS. — Ik'll. (iriihyg. lii-fi. Citii. i-riirarfiit, liw nof^ of whii'h iMintwnril of Topmto he now iIouIiIh,

l«7ll-«il. .Vi . — .M:i<.)iiii, Cil. r.ni. /'/. 411 iillh.iiicli .Mr. .1. (i .Imli lia« f.i 1 lliia »|Hiii'« nil tin- Si l.iiw-

TId* Itliir Oak iiH>iiliiHioil by l*rufrH<uir .Mai'imn. uhii-li iit niii> roiici' itivrr Hoiitli of Mniitn'iil.
liiiii' fiiriii«lucl iiMiili (if till' iiali tiinUr I'xpnrliil fniiii Onliiri.i ']. V \\i\n\. Hull. I'. S. .S'ul. . Miu. S».Ti, II- (I'i. Wiuhuii/lim).

west of Uk' Trent Itiver, i^ now U-lieveil by liiiii to be Qiterctu nut- • llnrvey, .-tin. Jintr. Foretlry, i. 454,

CUrUUFKHilC.

t<lLVA OF AOliTJI AMinUCA.

(jr.

Thu Hpeuilic name ri'liitcH tu the 'mrk of tlu> yoiiii)^ trcoH, whii-li i-vhuiiiIiIuh timt of I'lutaniis in its
niaiiiu'r of Ncparatiii;; into larjro thin HualuH. TImh jiivciiilu flaky liark, peculiar to the Npccics, ami tlii>
Hniall contoi'tcd ami ^rfurrally iiondnloiiN hrani-lii's wliich often appfai' on the lar;;'(M' liinlis anil Honiu-
tiuiL'8 un the trunk, make it viuty to rt'i'o^nizu tlii' Swamp Wliiti- Uak at all HoaHons of the jvur.

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I'l.VtK Kl l.XW. qi HIM » n, UASiilli(,<.

1. A tliiwi'iiii;; liniiii'li. iialiirnl -i/i'.

1*. A •taiiiliiuti' lliiwir. ciiIiiik'i'iI-

■ 1. A lUKtilliite liillori"<ri'iiri'. eiiliir^i'il.

I. A iiimilUlu tiiiniT. I'ljIar^tNl.

I'l.vit: CC'CI.XXXI. i^rriiM ■< i-latanoidiw.

1, A Iniiiiii^ liraih'li. natural <l/t'.

'.'. A iiiil. iialiinil »iif.

<<. A <'ii|>. iiuturHl 'iw.

I. Vrrticnl niTtiuii of ii nut, iiutiiiul titu.

'k a -x-t'il. iiaturul di/i*.

• >. A » inter liriiiii'lili't, imturul li/e.

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SILVA OF aXORTII AMElilCA.

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QUERCUS MICHAUXII.
Basket Oak. Cow Oak.

Lkavks broadly obovatc or oljloiiji-ohoviitc, wt'ilfi;i->liiii)cd or rounded at the Ijroad
or narrow base, undulatc-lobcd with roundid or acute lobes, toniento.xe or pubescent
and often silvery white on the lower surl'aee.

Querous Michauxii. Xiittiill, Gen. ii. '.'l."> (cxrl, syii.) No. ">, t.tl (nut (^wr^M /»(/»s^n.<. Mminlilmii'ioii) (imM i ;

(l«lSi. — Klliott..s7,'.ii.(ill'.(. — Sprcn^'cl, .S>Mii.Sr,().— Fl. Ilnr.-Am. ii. I'.IC. — .Mi.'liaiix t. //,V. .1,/.. .Im. ii..M.

Dietrich, Sijii. v. .'t(t8. — Krii;cliimiiii, Tnii/.t. St. I.miii 1.7. — I.imcKiii, .IW<. Itcii.m, I-sTl'. f. 17.1."i. 1 — Wiii/i(;,

Ani'l. iii. 3'.t0. — Snrj;ciil, Fmvst Tnr) .V. Am. U)tli .r, /,,■',. Il>l.<rii-l. l:,ri:,i.\\\. IT;),

Cemim v. S. ix. 111. — Watson & Coulter, f/raii'ii .Vnn. Querous Prinus. var. diacolor. t'uili-. /I'j: ih.ilnij. Sun:

(m1. (!. •170. — Miivr. Wahl. .\iir<l(iiii. M,"i. 1. 1. '.'. — .V. r.//-. IHIilP. iii. ;;.i mot Micljaux t.i 1 lsr,(l|.

(,'oiilti'r, r..ii^(A. ('. S. .\^l^ /At//, ii. 11 1 (.I/.m. /v. IC. Quercuu Prinua. var. Michauxii. ('ha|inian. /■'/. I'Jt

Tej-'i.-i il.silih.

QuorcUB Prinus. Walter, /■'/. (''(r. "HI (not I.iiinn'iisi Quercus bicolor. .V. «|i' tunilollu. /'/•«/;•. xvi. pt. ii. 'Jn (in

(I7SH). — ( a^liKlioni, I'lo;/. iiiyli ."itit! T/, .//, ii lilt'..— |mrt; (IHll-l).

I'ursli. /•'/. .till. S-/it. ii. ti.'i:i. — Klliott. .s7,-. -1. I'liiS. — QuorcUB bicolor. ■iul-ii.''. Michiiuxii. I'ji-i'lniaim. TfiN.i.

(;ray. M'lii. IM. SI. I.-ils .l,;i,/. iii. IC.Iil (l,s77i.
Quercuu Priuu.s ipalustris). Miclmiix. /list. r/i/fi..< .Im.

.\ tree, (ifti'ii ;i liiiinlrcil Irit ill liriij' .t. with a tiiiiili sdiiictiinc-, IHc nt lir;ili(ln'> tur a distaiiic ol
tortv nr liltv lict alioM' llic ^nmuil ami frmii tluic tn .sf\(ii IVct in iliaiiirli r. aii4 --Iiiiit liranclics
axcniliiii;' at narrow ano|i'> ami tormiii;;' .1 r<mml-t(>ii|)cc| rather cnmiiait licail. 'i'hi' hark ot the trunk
is friiiM halt an inch In an inch in tliirknc>-<. anil sc|iaratcs intu thin cIumIv appro-cd ^ilvcrv white <ir
irsiiy jji.iv M'aics more or le» (lee|ily lini;e(l witli rcil. The liran<hiet^ arc >toiit anil niarkeil uith
soattiTi'd ohion;.' pale IcDtiei'is. ami when they lir>t a|iiiear are dark ni'ceii and cii\ered wilii [i.tlc cnliicoii^
hairs; durilio; their lirst winter they are liriojit red-hrowii or li;;iit oraiiije-hrown. and ulliniately Iiccdimc
a>hy ;jray. The Imds are lnoadly ovate or oval, acute, a (|narte: of an inch loiii;', .iinl cuvercd with
niinieron-, thin clovly and regularly indirie.ited d.irk ml iinliiriduii^ mmIis with pale siMiimi^ m:irL;in«.
tlioie (it the inner r.mk-, heinj;; coated on the outer surface with loose pale tonienlniu. The leaver aie
convolute in the hud, hro.idly ohuvate or ohlon'^-idiovate, W('ily;e",haped or rounded at the liro.id or
narrow entire liase, acute, or .icinninatc w ith short hro.id p.oint-, at the apc\. and ni^idarlv cnnatclv
lolled witli olilii|Uc rounded entire loKes somctinics funn.hed with nl.indid.u- lip'-: 01 r.m K tluv are
entire, with undulate margins; when the\ unfold they are lirioht yellow-^rceii, liistious and puhcsccnt
with scattered p.ile hairs alio\e and coated hclow with tliii k siKerv white or pile firri , ncoiis toiiientum,
and at nialiuitv they are thick and lirni, or sunietinies nieniliraiiaccoiis. espccialU on ymini;- ami vinoious
hranches, dark i;reeM and lustrous on the iip|ier surface, wlii(di is elahroiis or mcisionally rouijhened with
scattered stellate hairs, more or le.ss ileiisidv puliescent on the pale eceeii or silvcr\ while lower siirlace.
from six to ei'.; lit iiiciies lonjr aiid from three to live inehes wide, with stout midrilis impicssed on the
upper side, and slender prim.irv veins runnino; ol.lii|Uely to the points of the IhIms .nid conincti d li\
conspicuous reticul.ite cross veinlets ; tliev are home on stout puhcsccnt tlaltcned and i^riio\til iietio!c-.
varviiiLi; from half an imh to an imdi and a half in Icnotli. and late in the autumn turn a dark' rich
crimson licfore falliii'^'. The stipules are line.ir-ol)(nate ov liueardanceolati-. hrowii and scarituis, co\ired
with thick pale hairs, and caducous. The (lowers a[)pear from the end (d' March to the middle ol May.
when the lines are iicarlv h.ilf irrow 11. the staiiiiiiate in slender hairv aments three or four 'lulie-- in

■!'

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68

SII.VA OF NUIITII AMEIUCA.

CUl'UUFEIIiK.

length, tlio iiistillatt' in f(>w-H(>wcri'il spikes oil uhort iiedunelcH cdiited, liko tliu involiicritl hciiIch, with
(U'lisi- pjilo rufous tomontum. Tlio ciilyx of the stiiniinate fh)wer is W^\\i yollow-fjreeii, pilusu with lonjj
]i;il(> liairs, and divided into from four tu seven acute lobes ; tlie stauu'Us are eoni|)osed of slender
lilanients and liroad ol)ion<^ slij^htly eniarjjiuate yellow ^laliruns anthers. The stijjinas are dark red.
The fruit is solitary or in pairs, and is sessile or suhsessile ur home on a short stout pubendous pedunelu
marked with pale lenlicels and rarely half an ineh in len};;th ; the nut is oval or ovate, with a broad
base and an acute roinided or occasionally trinicate apex, which is clothed with a narrow rinjj of rusty
puliescenee; it is sometimes pilose nearly to the middle, and is brifrht brown, rather biNtrous, from an
inch to an inch and a half in length and from three <piarters of an inch to nearly an inch and a cpiarter
in width, and contains a sweet seed; the cup. which incloses about a thinl of the nut, is thick,
cup-sliajied, and often broad and Hat on the bottom, reddish brown and pubescent within, and hoary-
tomentose on the outer surface, which is covereil with rejjularly imbricated larjje ovate acute free scales
rounded and muA\ thickened on the l)ack. with thin reddish margins and short tijis which sometimeri
form a rigid frinj^e-like biu'der to the rim of the cup.

(Jiiiri-ii.i M'lcltiiiij'i'i iidiabits the borders of streams, low swam])s. and bottom-lands often co\ercd
with water, and is distributeil from the nci;;hbiirhood i.f Wiiminijton, Delaware, southward through tho
ei>a>t and middle districts to northern Florida, through the (iulf states to the valley of the Trinity
l!i\er in Texas, and tlnnngh .Vrkansis and soutlieastern Misxinri to central Tennessee and Kentucky
and tile valley of the lower Wabash liiver in lliimiis and Iniliana.'

(Jill mis Mir/iHii.fii is oih' of the most imiiortant tindu'r-trees of eastern North .\merica, and the
largest and most valuable White Oak of the .southeastern states. 'I"he wood is heavy, hard, very strong
and tough. close-graine<l, very durable in contact with the soil, ami easilv split. It is light brown, with
liiin darker colored supwiiod. and eontains broad conspicuous medullary rays and bands of large o])en
dnits marking the lavers of annual growth. The specitie gravitv of the absolutely dry wood is ((.SOIiil,
a cubic foot wcigliing .")(>. 10 iKiunds. It is largely used in all kinds of construi-titui, for agricultural
implements .ind wheels, in ('(i(i|ieragi', for fences anil for fuel, and in the manufacture <d' strong baskets,
for which purpose, as it can be so easily split into thin plates, it is excelled by the wood of no other
American tree. The seeds are sweeter than those of the other Oaks of eastern North .\merica, .ind are
eaten by domestic animals, aii.l by children and negroes.

(Jill nils Multiiit.i'i'i is til.' 'iiost beautiful of the Chestnut Oaks and one of the most striking and
imposing of the trees of eastern North .Xmerica, alwavs conspicuous from the silvery white bark of the
tall massive trunk and the broad crown of large and linely coloreil foliage. First described in 17111 in
Tlo Xiiliinil J/ist(iri/ iif (iinjUiin ' by Mark Catesbv, who confounded it with what has usually been
considereil the Chestnut Oak of I'lukenet. the (Jitirnis I'riitiis of Linna-us, it was long considered a
variety of that tree.

' I{i«I)»way, J*rvc. U. S. Snt. Mum. v. 81 ; xfii. 411. \fitrmna, munrntU C'ittam<r /itHU ,<i*/</i*ji vUtoMti (Antallh. liiA. 18*t)

* ii>ifr'-ui cnttanca foU%*, pructni arbor cirijmtauQt i. IS, t. IS(iHit rrf.in-il t« tlii.-* .npi-cifit, Ijul tluf (IfBiTipliou i« Im* \u)(ur to iiiakt*

I'lultciiL-t ). tluH ciTtaiu.
Mit-liUlU {lliit. Chines Am.) vutMtlvTvii tlult i'lukcnct's Qutrnu

ji'Ulifkua:.

iCaloH, witli
' witli lonjj
•if Hli'iider
(liirk i'(>(l.
s |m(luui'lt>
til ii hroail
ijf (if rusty
H, from ail
I a ((itarti'r
, is tliick,
iiul lioary-
(tvv srali's
siiinctinics

n I'OM'icd
I'Oll^ll tlut
II' Triiiily
Kentucky

. and tlio
'ly strcinjj
iwii, with
iri,'c open
is(t.S(i;i!t,
ricnltnral
r Itasket.H,
no utiier
and are

killer and
iif tlu>
17;n in
lly liecn
idered n

- (" iiiak*'

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KXI'I.ANATION OK IHK. I'l.ATKS

I'l.All (■(■(1. XXXII lilKlt.l, Ml. IIAIXII.

1. A IIdwi rill;,' |ir:iir U. iintiiriil »\tv

2. A MuTiiiimli' ll"«i r. i'iiliiit,'i'cl.

.'I. A piKtilliitt* iiitliirt-M't'iiri'. ('iilai'i;('<l'
4. ItaM' >if a U'Hf, natural ni/i'.
.'. Kaxi' iif .1 Icnf. natural nize

1'i.ATi :C('( I.XXXlll. (^ruci. M|. iiAixii.

1. A fniitin^ Itraiirli. natural *-\/v.

'.'. A mil. iinliiral •\iv.

• i. A winter liraiulilil. natural "i/i'.

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gUERCUS MICHAUXII, Nutt.

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SUVA OF NOliTlJ AAlKlilVA.

71

QUEROUS BREVILOBA.

White Oak.

Lkaves ohoviitc or oblong, unduliito, lobeil with ?.hort broad lobes or tiitirc, pale,
often silvery white and pubescent on the lower surface.

Quercus breviloba, Suruent, (inrtlen awl F'lrmt, viil.

'.»;t (I«;t".).
Queroua obtualfolin, vnr, ? breviiub.-i, rurrfv, Iht. Mex.

Ihiiml. Sun: L'OC. {\H:,'J}.
QuerouB DiuaaHU, Iluckloy. I'rtr. I'hU. Ami'. \XM,

H'l. — Yc>un|{, lliit. Tinm, M'. — SnTgi'nt,For.it '/Vri.i

.V. Am. 10<A Cfiitus r. S. \x. M.".. — Mavr. ll.iW.

Xiiriliiiii. 11."!. — Coulter, Conirib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. H")

(.1/.(H. /'/. ir. Ti-X'is).
QuercuB onm 'ata, Iliicklcy, I'rw. i'/iil. Acml. liSCo,

II.-.,
Quercua Ban-Babeann. Yoiiuk. />'"'• Tfrmi. ,"07 (1S7,T).
Quur .ua undulatn. KuKt'linann, TniiiH. St. LuiiIa Ai'iuI.

iii. .'(".•',' (ill pari) (iKit Tmri'V) (1S77)

A tree, MOiuvtinics i'i<jlity or ninety ft'et in hei^lit when jjrowinjj east of the Mississipjii Itiver, witli
n tall Htrai^lit trinik t'i'i'(|iu'ntly I'roin two to three feet in diameter ; in Texas much smaller, rarely more
than twenty or thirty feet in hei;;ht, with a short trunk usually dividing; near the j^round into two or
three sp "iidinj^ lindis and seldom more than twelve or tii'teen ilieheH in diameter; i<iid frei|Ui'ntlv,
espeeially toward the western limits of its ran^e. small and shrulthy, often formin^r extensive thickets.
The lurk of the trunk is from one (piartcr to one half of an inch in thickness and separates into Inn;;
narrow plate-like scales aliout a sixteenth of an inch thick ; it is silvery white and tinned with reddish
lirown on the surface, and thus tiunks seen from a little distance iu"jduce the ell'ect of licin;^' reddish in
fjeneral color. The hranchlels are slender and marked with pale lenticels, and when they first appear
arc coated .vith hoary tomeiitum ; during the following winter they are ^ray, faintly tinned with red,
or ashy ^ray and ^row darker during the second and third years. The wintcrduids arc hroadly ovate or
oval, acuminate, and from a sixteenth to an eighth of an inch lon^, and ari: covered with li^ht chestnnt-
hrown closely and re^idarly imiiricated |iidicrulous scales pale and scarious on the mai<;ins. The leaves
are convolute in the hud, ohovate i.r ohlon^, usually gradually narrowed and acute or rarely hroader
itnd eoually or une(|ualiy rounded at the ha.se, ami liroad and rounded and often emar^inate or iianowed
and minded or rarely aci.-' at the apex; they are undidati-lohed with from four tt) seven hroad lolies,
or ar' ohs4-urely thret^-'icdied at the hroad apex and entire lielow, or are undidate or coarsely and
remotely deiiiate with acute spinescent teeth, or are often entire, and on vigorous shoots are fi'ei|Ueiitly
ohlonir-ohovato uud more or less deeply divided by wide sinuses roinuled at the liottom into hroad lohes
which iiu-rease in si/e from the hase to the apex of the leaf ; when they inifold they are thin, covered
with scattered pale stellate hairs on th.e upper surface and coated with thick pale pulitscciice on the
low'jr, and at ii<" .irity they iiro thin uii trues p-uwn in the cnstern Gulf states and thicker and often
sidicoriaceouM on thuso grown in the drier uliinnte of Tex.is, li^ht blue or yeUow-^rcen and usually
lustrous above, and pubescent and paler and often silvery white helow ; they are usually from an inch
and a half ia three inches long ami from three (piarters of an incli to an inch and a half wide, althuu<;'h
on trees e.ist of t!ie Mississippi Uiver and on young vigorous branches they are sometimes from four to
six inches in length and two and a half inches hroad ; they are obscurely reticulatt'-veinilose and finiiishcd
with narrow pale yellow miilrihs raised an I rounded on the upper sid and slender veins running to the
slightly thickened and revoluto margins of the leaf or forked within them; horm- on stout groo\ed
peti<de8 rarely more than a (piarter of an inch in length, they ti.rn pale yellow and fall in the autumn,
or in western Texas sometinies irri'gidarly during the winter or in the early spring. The tlowers appear
with the first unfolding of th.e leaves from March to the end of April, the staminate borne «)n hairy

*ii

72

SILVA OF N OUT 1 1 AMEHWA.

CUPUUKKU.K.

Ill i

uiiii'iitH from itii iiiL'li and a liiilf to two iiichcH loiifi^, i\w |iiHtilliitt> on short |HMlunelt>H eoiitoil witli tliick
hiiiiry tonu'iituiu. Tlic i-iil^x of the Ntaniiiiitt' tlowtT Ih |iuI(' yi-llow mid dividud into nuiirly triangular
Mc^ini'nts nincli HliorttT than tlit> from (ive to sci . HtanicUH, which nru foni|)OH(Ml of nhort Hh'iidcr
tilanicnts and lirouil ol)lon}; fuiar^inato Klal)rouM yollow nnthcrH. The 8oaiuH of tlie iiiHtiUutt* HowvrH
arc coated uitli pale to:.icntuni, and tlicir Ktij^niaH ari> dull nil. Tlic aconm are HOHHilc or Hui)Ni>sHik< an<l
nsually solitary ; the nut is ovate, ohovatu or oval, acute or rounded and Honietinies depreHHod at thu
hroad apex, which is usually clothed with a narrow riii^ of pale pulioscence, from half an inch to an
inch in length and from three ei}rhtiis to three fifths of an incli in width ; the eu|>, wiiich inelusus only
the liasc of the nut, is saucer-shaped, thin ami shallow, liri^ht reddish hrnwn and puliescent on the inner
surface, and covercti on the out"r with regularly and closely iud)ricatetl ovate hright red-hrown scaleit
clothed with hoary pnhescence excejit at their acute or rounded appressed tips.

(Jill reus hn ri/iiliii iidiahits the rich linu'stone prairie rej;ion of central Alahania and Mississippi,'
iiniliiij; its most eastern home in the valley <d' the .Mulherry Fork of the Tomlii^ltee Iviver in Itlonnt
County, Alaliama.' It reappears oh the hanks of the Ued Hiver at ShrevejMU't,' and in Texas ranges from
the nejirhhorhood of the city of Dallas westward to the central part of the statu and Houthward near
streams llowing into the (iidf of Mexico to the nuiuntains of Nuevo Leon in the vicinity of Monterey.*
l<^tst of the Mississippi Itiver, where it attains its largest si/,e, it grows on dry prairies with the Post Oak,
the lilaek .lack, the White Oak, and the Nutnu'g Hickory, or in low ground subject to overllow, wheru
it is scattered through the forests of the Swamp Chestnut Oak, the Willow Oak, and the Texas (Jak ; in
Texas, where it grows on the dry linu-stonc hanks of streams and rocky hlulfs,'* it is usually asso-
ciated with the I'ost Oak, the Texas Oak, the Cedar Kim, and the western .luniper.

The wood <if QiiirciiH hn rilohit grown in Texas is very hei'vy, hard, and strong, although brittle
and inclined to check in drying. It is lirown, with thick lighter colored sapwoiMl.and contains numerous
conspicu(uis nuMlullary rays and hands of large <HK'n duct« marking the layers of annual growth. The
specific gravity of the absolute dry wood is ().!(."i(l7, a cubic fiM)t weighing .V.(.'2!( pounds. When grown
in .\laliama .irul Mississippi it is slid to eipial the best white oak ami to be us<'d for the sitme purposes
as that wood ; it is es]K'cially valued for the pins in cotton-gins ami in the manufacture of spools,
baskets, and wagon-hubs.

(Jill rr)is hnri/iiha was discovered in western Texas in IS-IO by Dr. .1. M. Higelow," one of tho
botanists of the .Mexican ISoundary Survey ; in .Septend>er, lS."i!>, it was found near Clinton, in Wilcox
County, Alabama, by Mr. S. H. Buckley,' who sjiw it in Oct<d)er of the siune year at Slireveport,
Louisi.ina, and, timliug it afterward in Texas, first distinguished tho B])ecitic charueterM of thiit UM^ful
nnd beautiful tree.

' In .MisiilMi|i|ii Qiirrnu hrrriloha hiu been nwii liy It. .Mulir
on\y near ('uluintiuA, niiil in the ucigliljurbuud of Mhuoiu Valh'y,
in tlie ccntrt- of tin' state.

' Mnhr, fiarilrn nuil Farril, vi. 37-.

' Buckley, /Vor. I'liit. AcaJ. 1S81, 121.

* liurmu hrrnMni wiu diaeonnsl in Nuvro haaa on A|inl 0,
1SS7. liT ('. .S. .SarRi'iil.

^ Itfvrrcbtin. (iuriien and Formtf ri. AM.

• .S.T i. HA.
' Sw at. 3.

ii

k

lUl'UUKKU.K.

L><1 with thick
•ly triiinjjuliir
hort Hh'iiiU'r
iihit«> llowt-i'H
iihHossih' iintl
•fKHi'tl at thu
I iiii'li to an
inrluHvs only
(III till' iniii'i'
liruwii hcaii'H

MiNNisNi|i]ii,'
ir in lilonnt
4 raii^oH friiiii
ithwaril iiiMr
if Miiiiti'ri>y.'
lie Post Oak,
ltHdw, whiTu
1-xas Oak ; in
n.snally as.so-

iiiii^li liritth'
iiiH nuiiU'rouH
;rowtli. Tlu)
When fjrowii
iiiiu |iur|><iK«'s

ri) uf H]H)ul8,

" one of till'

n, in Wilcox

!Slin.'vt'|K)rt,

tlUM UHcflll

on April 0,

'^

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KXrr.AXATIOX OK TlIK I'LATK.

PlaTK CCCLXXXIV. gt l!KM>. IIHKVIUIIU.

1 . A lluwcriiiK l>r»iich, iiaturni tin,

'.'. A nmniinali' tlnnrcr, t'iilar;;('<l

><. A pi'ilillali' lliiWiT. t'lilnrKi'il.

I. A fi'iiitiii^' Ininc'li, nnliiral a'ne.

'*. A fniitiii^ liraiifli. natural nhv.

il. A utiTili- limnrli. iiaiiiral »i/i>.

7. A nut. natural ni>>'.

H A li :if. natural «i«'.

'.I A winter liranrliU't. nnturni »iu-.

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jI North America.

Tiib.

•CLXXXiV.

/ .*" ya.it'1 i/m .

.ftftrht re.

gUP'.RCUS RRF.VILOBA .'-ir.

.4.J?io4Vi*t4.^ ti'/rtti :

. ■ir.fi, ' ."it-' '-.•

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cui'UUFEiLK. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 75

QUEROUS UNDULATA.

Scrub Oak. Shin Oak.

Leaves oblong, sinuate-dentate, entire pinnatifid, lobetl or spinescent. blue-green,
pubescent.

Quercus undulata, Torrey, Ann. /,;/.-. .V. V. ii. '.'IS. t. I Querous undulata, /i obtuaitolia, A. <le CaiuloUo, Prcxlr.

(cx.'l. fiiiit) (l.S'.'S); .I/.inv/',«/iV/».L'SI ; IM. Mtx. Iloiimt. xvi. |it. ii. 1'3 (MM). — Wtmug, .laltrh. Hot. G<irt. Hn-lin,

Hiirr. L'llO. — Niiltull. .S'v/cu, i. S, t. :! (excl. fruit). — iii. I'.t'.t.

WiitHon. .1 m. .Vitt. vii. .'ln'J ( f/.int.i nf Xnrt/irrn A rismui) Quercus undulata. y pedunculata. A. ilc Ciiiulolle, I'nuh:

(In jiart). — Kii};uliimiin, Tnins. St. /.oiiIk Ar<i<l. ii. 3K4 xvi. pt. ii. '.'3 ( 1801).

(I'xcl. .1 '/in;i/i(///, /J (/'hh«i>)H('), ;i'.>L' (in pnrt). — Wrn/.i),', Quercus Emoryi, I'ortiT dt Coiiltor. Si/n. Fl. C'lliirinlo.

Jiihrh. It'll. Hurl. IIitHii. iii. I'Ji). — (;icenc, KV.v/ Am. IL'7 (mil Tmrey) (1H7I).

(MA-.«. '.'7 (ill ])urt), t, 1.'!, f. t : pt. ii. Cm. I. 30. — ('i)ult(r, Quercus undulata. y Jomesii. Kn<;elinann. Tnnis. St.

Omtrih. ('. S. yut. //crA. il. 11.". (M.iri. I'l. If. 7'.v.i,«) /,..hi'.< .Ici,/, iii. 3H'J O'*^"'')-

(.■xcl. vnr. GnnnUnnn. — .Sargent, fr'.i(v/c/i .(//(/ Funat, Quercus undulata. <5 Wrightii. Kiijjilni.uin. Tnuis. St.

viii. ;•'.'. I. •„;.■! A';„i. iii. ;iSL' (i,s7(;).

Quercus Fondlori. I.iilinninn. Di'i-rshjt hunsl;. yidrnal;. Quercus undulata, var. pungons. Kn};ilniann, Ti-'Ui.^. St.

,SW.</,. t''>rli,!wll. Ifi.VI. 170. — Ontwl. I.irlintniin C/iin,:i /,.,»/,,• Am,/, iii. ll'.l'J (1S77): h'nthrurl.- JV/iivlir'.i /iV/>.

Am. Tri'ji. '--■ — (iii'iiii'. Wist .\m. (hi/.x. |it. ii. (i7. t. ."1. vi. '-'.'lO. — Wi-nzii;. ■lulii-h. Hit. Hart, lierlin, iii. t'.l'.'.

Quercus grisea. I, iil.inaiin. Oiiciiy /''iiiwA. I iilrnitf;. Srlsk: Quercus undulata. var. griaea, Kngilniaiin, I'raiis. St.

I'.irluuiili. 1S.".1, 171. — (»r.»lfil. l.iilimintn I'/i.'m:^ Am. /..mii.s- .I-m/. iii. .'i'.Ki ( 1.S77). — \\'\:i\/\^;. Jultrb. Itut. Gurt.

r/'"/-. '.'L'. — ('•mltci. (lilt rill. I. S. Sill. //<;•/.. ii. ll.j

i.I/.i». /■/. »: Trxiis).
Quercus puDKuns, t.iilini.'nin, l^rfrsi/t Ititimk. I'iilinsk.

Sii.ik. fiifliiiiiill. lS,"il, 171. — OrMr.l, Lii/imtiiin C/un,.i

Am. Tniji. ■-".', (lH('i'.>). — (Jrciiif. I'iltunui, Ii. U'.'.
Quercu.s oblonsifolia. Torri'v. Hit. Mix. llitinnl. .Sure.

L'Oi; (nut Siti/rnii-fi Ur/i.) (l.S."i'.»).

Iln-liii. ill. 'JiiO.
Quercvia undulata. var. oblongata. Kn-ilniann, llut/iruck

ll/iiil.-rs /;,,,. vi. IViO (1S7.S1.
Quercus turbinella, (jreeiie, U'mt Am. On/.s. 37 ; pt. ii. ."'.».

t. '.'7 (in part) (188'J).

Tills llttli- Oak. which Is widely distrilmtcnl from tiu' cliffs above the canon of the Arkansas liivor
in till' eastern foothills of the Kv>eky Moiiiit.iiiis in Colorailo to western Texas, and throinrh New Mexico
and Arizona to southern Utaii and Nevada and to northern Mexico, is extremely variable in size and
hahit. in the shape of its leaves, and in the size of its fruit. Usually a shrnl), formiiiii; small thickets hy
vij;orous stolons, and with stout mo."e or less contorted stems from two to eight feet tall, it rises only
in the canons of some of the moiinbiin ranije.s of southeasuvn Arizona to the heii;ht of twenty-iive or
thirty feet, with a stiaii^ht trunk from six to eij:;ht inches in diameter and scaly [/a.',e bark sliijhtly
tinijed with reddish hrowii." The slender iiranches, whidi are marked with jiale lenticels, are coated,
when they iirst a{)|iear, with dense lio.iry tomentum, and dnrint; their first winter are lii;ht reddish
brown or ashy gray and jiuhcsceat or tonieiitose, ultimately becominfj frlahrous and dark hrown or <;iay.
The Inids are oval and ahout an eif;;hth of an inch long, and are covved hy a few thin liiilit red-i)iowii
scales often ciliate on the margins with loose pale hairs. The leaves are convolute in the hud, <ihlong,
sinuate-dentate, entire, piniiatilid, lohed or spinescent, bro.id and roiintk'il or eorihite or rarely ahrnptly
wedge-.shaped at the ba.so, and usually iicuto or occasionally rounded at the apex ; wlien they unfold
they are coated with hoary tomentum, and at maturity they are thick and tirm, light Idue-grceii, more

' Tounicy, Hnnlrri nml Forr.il, viii. 13. luimlnHi, a coiuiiixn tn-o In thU r,'i;ion, it is pussilili' that lio may

Dr. ilavunl (I'm: U. S. A'li'. .Uii.i. viii. iiiVi) «[M'ak!i of tiwrms have ci>ufouiiileil tho twii spwii'S. His ralli'itliin pivairvoil in tlie

!;n.t«i lu n miiall trt'o and tb« mo«t aliundaiit anil I'lmnu'tcristic Natiunal Miweuni i'ontain« specinioiis almost identical with tho

Oak of western 'rexas, lint n« ho makos uo mention of liuercut ty|K> of (/ricrriw (;n.iai, which is now united with (^icrfiM iim/ii/rtfii.

I

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7G

S/LVA OF 2s'01iril AMEUICA.

CUPIILIKEK^K.

m I

'I I

or less tliii'kly coviTcd with stcllato hairs on the upper surface, and elothod on tlio h)wer with pale or
yellow piilu'sienee, and vary from an inch to three inches in lenj^h and from one to three quarters of
an inch in wiitli. with pale slender midvihs, few conspicuous primary veins rnnnin<:; to the points of the
teeth or arcu.ite and united within tlie more or less thickened and revolute nmrj^ins, reticulate veinlcts,
consjiicuons both aliove and helow, and stout pnhescent or tomentose petioles rarely more tlian a
(jiiarter of an inch, although sonu-tinies, especially on vigorous shoots, nearly an inch in length. In
the north and at high elevations the leaves fall in the autinnii, but in southern New Mexico and
Arizona they sometimes remain on the hranches until the appearance of the new growth of the following
.spring, or fall gradually and irregularly during the winter. The llowers appear with the first unfold-
ing of the leaves, the staniinate borne in short tomentose aments from one to two inches in length,
the pistillate ses-sile or on tomentose peduncles. The hairy calyx of the stjiminate flowers is divided
into acute segments shorter than the stamens, which are composed of slender tilaments and broad
oliKing emarginate light yellow glabroui anthers. The involucral scales of the pistillate llowcr are
coated with pale tonu-ntum, and the stigmas are red. The acorns, which are solitjiry or in paint, are
sessile or raised on stout hoary peduncles varying from a (juarter of an inch to nearly two inches in
length ; the nut is oval, rounded and rather obtuse or sometimes acute at the ajiex, ami from three
(|uarters of an inch to an inch long, with sweet seeds; the cup is cup-shaped, thick, light reddi.sh
bniwii and pubescent on the iinier surface, hoary-tomentose on the outer, and covered by ovate acute
M-ali's usually thickeiu'd and fiunid on the back toward the base of the cup, and above its middle
ending in thin bright red free ciliate tips ; or sometimes all the scales are thin with free tips.

The seeds, raw or baked, are eaten by Indians and Mexicans, and furnish hogs with excellent fofMl.

In Colorado (J>ii rrns undiihitu grows on dry rocky mountain ridges mixed with clumps of shrubby
forms of (Jih /■(■ii.! fii(ii)li(/il, from which it can be readilv distinguished by the blue color of the leaves ;
it is found in similar situations on the mountains of western Texas, and in New Mexico and southern
Arizona, where it is com])aratively rare; in central .\rizona, south of the C'olor.ido plateau, it covers low
mountain ranges with v.ist thickets from six to eight f(H>t tall, furnishing valuable and nutritious fodder
to cattle and sheep, which e.igerly browse on the leaves and young branches. In southern L'Udi and
Nevada it is less common and is local in distribution.'

Qiu .•CHS iiikIiiIiiIii was discovered on the head-waters of the Canadian Hiver in 18'JO bv Dr. Kdwin
James,' the naturalist of the expedition sent under the command of Major Long by the government of
the United States to exjdore the Hocky Mountains.

nil

^ On t!a' t^jw »|»otiincn (Plato crtUxxv. f. 4) of tliin siH'<i(*H
pri'wrved in tlio liprbuhuni of Culuinbiii Cullojfo in Sew York
city, ttir h'livcs iin* ublun^, narrowed and roun<Ii'<l at tin* Ita.-**',
ntuto uml rotunk'ti at tho ii\w%, <'oarHi-ly hinuatiwlrntate, puln'M-ent
with Bcattrrci! wtolIiUi- Imini on tin- npiHT unrfare, oovrrcd with
pall' tunii-iitum on tht- hiwrr Mirfati*, ami from an inch and a
half to twu inilu'H and a half in h-n^th ; thin in thi* variety Jmnt^ii
of Knplmann. and |>Ianlt of this form pHnliU'c h-ave-* whieh vary
from entire to thM-ply pinuatitid and from ohlon^ to Iinea^-o1l^ttl^^
those on vigorous ■ihtiot'* Iteinjf dfoply lobt'd with rouniled or acuto
oblitjue hdN'H anit Houietiinen throe tu four inchcii in lou^h, with
|H.tioK's Aonietinies nearly an inch lung. An unnttaclicd nut, pro*
served with the tyiw ffjH'cinien of Querrwi wul'UnUt which ap)M>ani
in the t)ri;;in:il li^iire ;ind In NuttallV copy of it, pndiahly lM;)on);ed
to some other phmt, an wai Huy;j»e(ited hy Torrey liimself.

A form witli nearly oval putH.*iK.-i-nt IcavcK rounded ur |K>inlcd at

the apex, mther deeply curdati' at the btue, an inch lung and three
tpiarlem of an inch hruad, i« the tyjH* uf Liehmann'ti iitirrfu* ijriifit ;
and a form with leaved of the luunc ni/o antl Hhi))H% hut with ttpine*-
ceut le4>t!i. i« hi.-* Q'ttraif /"tnijrm (the varieties pumf/mM and Wn^Ktii
of Kn^elmann), a not unn.smd plant fmm wcatern IViiaw to iiuuth-
ern tuh and N'eviula. In Siiuthern Ariznim thift npinesi'entdeaveit
form :Mimetiu)e!i iM-an larger and more undulate leaven (IMato
ccelxxxv. f. .'i), and in central and iiouthern Arizona itnmll orate
acute HoitietiiniM entin< or slightly MpineM'ent hroad or narrow aoutt*
and i-io<itly conlate leaves covered on the lower Hurface with jtalo
or yellow pul)e«cence and fn>m half an inch to an inch in length.
ThU last, which priMlucefi KUiall aeonis with nhallow cups usually
covered hy thin NculeH, in ibe common Oak of tlw muunljiins of
central Aruona.
' Si' ij. IW.

'v
ti

CUPITLIFEKjE.

with palo or
D (luarters of
)oints of the
late vfinli'ts,
lore than ii

Ifiigth. In
Mi'xiiM> and
he following
lirst uiifold-
s in length,
s is divided

and hi'oad
) flower are
in pairs, are
'o inches in
I from three
i;lit reddish
ovate acute
' its middle

-•ellent foml.
of shruhhy
the Icavi's ;
id southern
t covers low
tioiis fo(l<ler
I L't:ili and

■ Dr. Kdwin
r'urnnient of

lonf( hikI thnifl

Qti^rfu.* t/rtnetl ;
>ut with tipiiie*-
'IX and Wnifhtii
'v\tk» tu Ainitli-
illrufllt-loavfil

Ivavea (iMnt«
m Hnmll oruto
r iinrruw aoiito
■frtt't' witli palt)
iii-h in l(-n|;tli.
r fnps umuilly

luuuiiLaintt tif

/

I

■.'i

H

EXl'LANATION OK THE I'LATK.

PLATK ('(VLXXXV. CilKIK I'S I'NMirLATA,

I. A ilowi'iiiij,' lirnnrli. iiittunil si/.e.
-. A Ktniiiiiiiilc iliini'i', t'llll>r^'t'll.

.'t. A |)ii«tilliilt' (lower, ciilar^wl.

•t. A t'niiiiiii; liranrli, natural ni/.o.

T). A fniitiiiL; lirancli, iialiiral si/e.

II. A hUtIIi' liraiirli. natural size.

7. A liaf. natural »!/(•.

8. A lc»f. natural si/.e.
V. A leaf, natural nhe.

111. A U'uf, natural »\te.

11. A liaf, natural size.

1'.'. A liaf. natural nize.

1^!. A leaf, natural iii/.e.

14. A It'i'f. natural »iw.

l.*i. A fruit, natural size.

li

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tAi'l.

iK I'l.A'li:

«

Silv* ol North America

Tab "ccLx;<:c.

I hfjj.; .M

.•Iti'utii

gUERCUS UNDL'LATA

A tiuur.'-it,r ./ufxr

/••/' ' I int-ur .'\tri.'

i

M

II

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K

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oui'UUfKiue.

6JLVA OF NUUTU AMKliKJA.

70

QUEROUS D0UQLA8II.
Blue Ouk. Mountuln Whito Oak.
Leaveh oblong, lolu'd, sjuiifsci'iit or tut ire, hliu--gn'cii iiiul i)ulK'j.('fnt.

Queroua Douglnall. lliHikvr & Arnutt, lint. I'oi/. Ileeclieii,
;i!ll ( IMI ). — llookor, /«■"». iv. t. .'IN'.', :w;l. — llriitliitiii,
/'/. Iliirtifnj. ;i;i7; Ih.t. (ny- Sii//./iiir. ."..">.— Nutliill,
Sylfii, i. 10, t. 4. — Dii'tricli. .S'.v/i. v. .'til.— Torroy,
rueijif It. li. Rri>. V. .ItWi j n„t. WUkf KtfUif. H.r,.r,l.
tll'J. — A. il« ('niiiliille. I'rtxlr. xvi. |it. ii. '.'•'). — IdiliiniU'r.
I'rix. Cut. Ai-'iii. iii. '.MO. — OmLmI. yi.l.n^h. Mr.il. in,
tint, f'lf. Kj'iftpiih. till: Lifhmiinn Chiui-A Ant. Ttuji. t. M.
f. ;<, 4. — Kiiuiiliimiiii, Tfiiu. .SV. Ai»MM ,|rii./. iji. Itlt'J ;
nrtieerA IWitmrn Iht. C,il. ii. ICi. — Hull, lint. tlni'Hc.
ii. IKI. — Ki'lliiKK. Fiirrtt Tittt nf (\ilijoniiii, ''•. — Snr-
(friit, yori.it Trer.i .V. .(«i. lOf/i fVium T. .S'. ix. I l.'l, —
(iri'ciie, Witt Am. (kil.t, 17, I. '.I, f. I, '.' ; t. VJ.

f. I, .". ; .\lin. Itnl. 11,11/ A','//.,//, ,•!(»'.'.— .Muyr, H'.'/V.
.V.,c./.(«i. '.'CI. I. ■.'. ,•;. — l)i|,|„l. Il.iu.lh. Liiiih/i,,/:/.:
li. Tti, f. ;M>. — Koi'liiiu, Ihutfilf Ihiifli: \'i><. — Mfniiiiii,
Siirtk American t'nunn, Nii. 7, .'t3;i {tlnii/i t''i/lfi/
h'-r/ird. ii.). — Ciivillo, Cuntrili. I'. S. .\,it. Ilerli. iv. I'JIi
{ll„t. I tenth I'ullei/ Erfi'il.).

QuorcuH Rnnsoml. K<'lliii,'i;, I'me. I'ul. Aind. i. 'J.">
(l.S.V.). — .Mury K. Curraii, llu/l. fnl. A,;i,l. i. Mti. _
lliiiiiiliu'''"'. /^•". i. I •■'''•

?Quoroua obloDglfoUa, U. Itninii Cniiiiiat. .Inn. nwl .lAi//.
.V,i/. Hint. KIT •.'. vii. '.•.")1! (tint 'rnrriyl ( 1H7I ).

QuurruH (iblonuifolin, var. brovilobiitii, 'ruricy. I'mt.
Will;,.., Uri.lnr. i:.rj.,.l. ICO (IMTI).

A trco, rarely <'i>;lity "r iiiiicty liiit ii>^iially til'ty (ir sixtv t't-ct in lu'i;^lit, with a trunk tlircf or t'tmr
fui't in (liaincttT an<l Hlmrt stunt Inaiiclifs wliiili, sprcailin^ ncaily at ri^lit angli's, t'luiii a iIi'iim' nminl-
to|i|>t!<l Nynnni'trical licad ; or l'n'<|U('ntly nut more tlian twenty nr tliirty IVct lii^li. and siuiii'linics,
I'sjiecially toward the Hinithern limits (if its ranije, shruhhy in lialiit. The li.irk <il' the trunk is I'luni
halt' an ineii to an inch in tiiieknesH anil is p-nerally pale, although the small scales into which the
siirfaee diviileH are tinned with hrowii or li^ht red.' The liranehletn are stout and marked with |iale
leiitici'ls, and, hein^ extremely lirittle at the joints, can Ih^ eiLsiiy hroken from the hraneh ; when they
Hrst appear they are coated with short dense hoary tonu'tituin, which continues to cover them more
or les.s thickly during tht> suunner, and in their lirst winter t''''y are dark jjray or reddish lirown
and tomenti>s4>, puheseent, or puherulous, and in their second i.. third year ;;row ashy j;ray or ilark
hrown. The winter-liuds are ovate, oht Use. from an eiijhth to nea.ly a ipiarter of an inch in leiinth,
and are covered with lii;ht and rather hri^ht red puheseent scales. The leaves ' are convolute in the
hud, and are oliliin^, (rradually narrowed and wedjri^lmiR'd ur hruad and rounded or sulicnnlate at

' .MiKit .\lico l-!a.<itW(Ni,t, till* iMirntor nf tti<> Uiianical il,-partiiicut
iif tilt' CalifiirtiiA Ai'iiilriiiy of Siciicc^, wlumo uiiri\ali-(l i-olli'rtinii
of fiilifiiniiii ( ^ttkii iiuulu ill tliu i-oiilnil anil tuutliiTii luirt-t nf tin*
ilatt* iliiriug thi* autumn vt tSUt luu Imsmi nf f^n^At aiuiitaiioc to
me, I'alU my atti'titioii tn tlu' fai't that i^iiernut Ihntifhntt liiu vi-ry
li^lit f^niy liark im trtH'4 ^Ttiwiii^ nil i'xjh*!,' .1 iiillniilt-i and n|H-n
plains, anil iiiiil'Ii ilarkiT bark uu tn-ea in hi t'l -itiI valli'vi, niiit
arrovii!,.

' t>ii tlio funttiilU and in tlio viUIi'Vs <<f noitliiTii anil riMitml
California tlio It'avfs of Querm., /),*()*//(i,iii am |u'rlut|>i larjfrr luid
iiinni I'nmmuiily lolied than in the Hoiithrrii part nf tin* .state, when'
they are usually aiiiall and often npineseent and entire, hut trees
with lar^i lubed leaves Boiuutiines bear on the same bnineh smaller
and nearly entire leaves Iso, ami individuals with Inlied leaves an>
oominon at thu toutb. A s|H>ciiiien eollcuted in Uound Valley,
Mendocino County, in June. ISIKI, by .Mr. (i. \V. Illankiuship, with
thill broailly olMivate-oblon^ leaves entire nr slightly n.itehed-
tuotbeil at the wide rouuded a|iei, apparently belongn to this spe-

i-ii'H, and to it also must probably Ik* reterri'ii the ^iiernt.* iJ>li'iuji/,ilin
nf It. Ilrnwn t'ampst. (not of Torrej ), deseriUil as a bush three feet
bii;li from the mountains of si>iitbern Orepiii, which, in the speei*
men without fruit preserved in the berbariiini of the Uoyal Itotanie
lianleii at KiliiihurKb, has nvatc or obloii^'-i lliptieal and nearly eutin'
baves hanlly distili);nishaMe in si/e and sli.ipe from those of some
forms of (^'ifrti^, lh>HijUi.iit from siattherii t'.iliforuia.

No .Vimriian Oak, with the exeeptinii piiliaps ipf (Imrfu., ilniifin,
is more variable than U'urt-u.* Oouiilmit in the -size, sha|H', and den-
tation of its leaves. 'I'liey an- n-adily reeo(;niie(l in the Held by
their blue eolor, as this is the only bbie-baved ( hik of norlliern
and eeiitnil California ; but in the berliarinm it is not always easy
t.i distin^iiiih some of tliv sontberii forms of this s{K'eies from
the (;n'eu-leaved (^iiirou ilumiml, and Miss F.astwo<Hl suggests that
natural liybridiiing lietweeii these trees would neeoiiut for the
^ppan'nt running together of the two sjH'eies, which in most of
their forms an*, however, very iiiilikf.

'k

'. f

8<i

SJLVA or \ on 7/1 AM EH W A.

vvni.wvAw.

i

tlic Imoc, iiriitc or rounduil nt tin* ii|h>x, iiikI diviilcil liy ili'i>|i or hliallou wiilr or narrow tiiiiiHi'it ai'iili>
or roiMidi'il lit the liottoiu into I'our or live liroinl or narrow Mi'iit<> or roninli'd ami ofti'ii iioii-ronutt*
lohi'M, and an- t'roiii two to tivi- inrlicH loti^;; anci from an inrli to an inch and lliri'c ipiartrrM Iroail ; or
tlicv arc oval, olilon^ or oliovatc, ronndcd or acntc at the apex, ci|nallv or nnci|nallv wcdfrc-shapcd or
rounded at the liaiM>, rcpfularlv or irregularly Kiiiiiat«>-tootht>d with rounded acute and ri^id HpincNeent
teeth or denticulate toward the apex and i-ntirc lielow, from one to two inchcH loii^ and from a ipiartiT
of an inch loan inch wiile; when they unfold the leavcH are covered with Hoft pale pultcNceni'e and
are tomentoHc on the jtetioles, and at maturity tlu-v are thin, altliou;;li lirni and rather ri;;id. pale lilue
and pulu'itcent with Ncattered Mtellate lukint (HI the upper Kurface, ami on the lower pale lilue or often
veilow-^rccn anil covereil with short soft pulie->rcm'e ; they are more or less conspieuouslv reticulale-

rouiidi'il on the upjier

Veiiulose

fnrni

1 1 with

pale p

It I

ni'siite or pii

ihcriil

oils miilriim raiM'i

I ami

mde, with primary veins which, when the leaven are lolicd, are conspicuoUM and run to the jioints of the
lolies, and prominent lateral veins arcuate and iiiiiled near the sii^rlitly thiilo'iied and re\ii|iite mar^niis ;
or when the leaves are entire or dentate the veinn are h'ss prominent and are usiiallv united hefore
reaching the marj^iii ; the leavex are home on stout ^roove<! |M'tioles varying from a ipiarter to a half of
an inch in leiifrth and fall late in the autumn. The Hti|iiilei* are laneeolate-filiovate or linear-lanceolate,
thin and scarioiis and coateil with pile hairs. The llowers appear from Keliruary to .\pril. the st.iminate,
which art- siilileiidi'il liy linear-lameolale hracis, are lioriie in liairv ainenls, and the |>islillate in slioit
few-llowered spikex coaled, like the iiivoliicrai hvhIi'n, with hoary tonientuni. The calyx of the Ntaminate
liiiwer is yellow-^reeii, covered mi the outer surface with pale hairs and deeplv ilivided into hroad acute
laciniately cut scjjments shorter than the slainens, which are ciuiiposed of slender tilamcnts and ov.ite-
olilou}; einarpnate ^lahroiiH yellow aiithi>rs. The acorns are Hessile or short-Htalked, Holitary or in paint,
ami are Homelimes |iroilucei| in siii'h ahiuidance that thi>y make the tre«>N, Keen from a little tlistaiiec,
appear ^reeii ; the nut is hroadly oval, often ventrieoHe with a narrow Itase, ^railuallv iiarroweil and acute
at the apex, from three ipiarters nf an inch to an inch loii^ ami from half an im li to nearly an int h liroad,
or it is (d'ten tiv.i'.> aciitt >d from an inch to an inch and a half in length ami not more than a i|uarter
of ail inch in hreadlh : it is lni^ht ;;reen ami lustrous, simn tiirnin}; dark cheslnut-liroNMi in ilrviii);, and
is fiiniisheil at the apex with a small riiij; of hoary piihescence ; the cup, which eiiiliraccs only the haso
of the nut, is cup-sliapeil. thin and shallow, li^rht ^reen ami piilieseent on the inner Hiirface and covered
on the outer with small acute ami usually thin, althou;;!) siMiietimes, especially in tlu> miutli, thicker
tumid scales coated with |)ale puhi>sce!ice or tonientum and ending in thin reildish lirown |ioint!*.

(Jill reus J)i,iii/lii.sii inliaiiits low hills, tlry mtMUitaiii-slopi

tl vallcvs, anil is ilistrihutetl from

MeniliH'ino Cuuiity, California, ami the upper v.dley of the ,Sicrameiito liiver, Houthward .iloii^ tho
western slopes of the ."^ierra Nev.ida. which it aseends to elevations of four tlioiisand feet ahove the level
of the sea, and tlirou;r|i the vallevs of the coast rank's to the Teliat hapi I'ass, which it crosses, with
occasional stunted intliviiluals. to the lionlers of the .Mohave l)es4'rt, and prohahly p^rows to its lar^rest
itize and is most almndant in the .lolon .ind other valleys lietween thu couMt muuntains and the interior
ridges of the Coast H.-inj^e south of the Hay of San Francisco.

The wood of (Jill nun Diiinj/iisil is very hard, heavy and stronjj, although hrittle and ineliiietl to
check hadly in drying. It is tiark hrowii, hecomin^ nearly Mack with exposure, with thick li){lit hrown
sapwDod.' and contains numerous medullary ravs, scattered f^mnps of small ilucts, and rows of larpT
ducts markini; the layers of annual jjrowth. 'l"he sjiecilic i^ravity of the alisolutely tlry wootl is ((.(S'.fJ.S,
a cubic foot wuighing 'I'tXA {H)undi«. Of little use for couHtriietion and in thu artt*, it inakeM excellent
fuel.

' Tlie s.i|iwiiuil uf IJurrnu /hu</!iu,i u thickiir than that iif iiiiMt kIiuwi twu hundred and thirlr-twu layen of annual gruwtb, uf

AtiiLTicaii Whitir Oak«. 'llic lug H|H>ciinen in the Jesup CiilliM-tiuii whii lii-iKhty-vi^ht, uu>ajiurinf^ tlins- ami tbrco flftks iui-ben in thifk-

uf Nnrtl) Aiiii'rii-uii WiKKlii in tin' .\iiii'rii'iin MiiNeiiiii of Nittural iii'^h, un* sujiwuud.
ili-'tur)', Ni'W Vurk, Hhii'h in twi'iity-lhri'f iiicheri in iliuluftiT,

il

WlUiVM.*,

ft rn.ii'KK.n

.s7/,r,l OF M/h'T/l AMhh'K'A.

HI

H iui'beft ill tliick-

Willi its |Hili> liiirk, itH ili'iiM ri)iiii<i linul nf li^lit lilui> fnli.i^t', iiml its liir^c iii'iiriiM, (^in i-iim
Diiiiijliinii, which was ilim'iivi'ri'il liy tlin iliih'fitti^iilih> ami siitri'sNt'iil ciilli't'toi' ' whithi- iiiiiiic it helps to
ciiiiiiiii'iiiiirat)', is ()iii< III' till' iiiimt hcniitil'iil iif tin* (,'iiliforiiiik (htkM. Ni>vi>r fi)rinin^ foiVHts, it is

si'atti'ri'il in iMiniiiit'ntlili- iiiiiiilM'rH over fixithills anil lii^rh valh'VK

il, citl

icr aliiiii' II

II till' hills III' Mill

till' stiitcliur (jinniiH htlinlit in thr viilli'js, j;iv('s thi'iii their (.haructi'iislic |iark-liki' ii|i[MMiaiiLL'.

> S»5

l>t

I >

. i

\l\

KXI'LANATION OF THE PLATK.

I'l.ATK CCCI.XXXVI. qiEHds I).inil.ASII.

1. A Mciwciing lirniu-li. iintiiral «i/.i'.

'.'. A '■tainiiiuli' Howir. ciiliirj't'<l.

It. A |ii-till:ili' tlc'wir. cnlar^eil.

4. A (niitiii^' Itraiicli, natural nizo.

5. A fniitin^' luaiicli. natural Aiv.
C. A fruit, natural si/.r.

7. A fruit, natural *'vn;.

S. A Ifaf. natural size.

*t. A It-af. natural she.

Itl. A winter liramlilrt. natural site.

} '

Silva of North America.

■/

;

n

\4

i

IXl'l. '.SATI.'N OK Tilt: Pt.ATE

11

Silva of North America

Tab. CCCLX/XVl

>/•«_(.-" ,M

QUERCUS DOUCI.ASII iiook H- Art,

A .'^ti'**rt4.T it'uv*r

V

:

i'^

' i'' ^

' 1 : ' 1

■ ; 1 1

i : '■ :

1 ■ ' :

■' ■ 1

■

1 j

.:

i

■ • ■ 1 ! 1

i

1

m

ill n

t

■: i ^

i 1 n. 1

' 1

I''

T

I

1 "

1

■

CUI'UUFElt*.

SILVA OF NORTH AMElilCA.

m

QUERCUS ENQELMANNI.
Evergreen White Oak.

Lkavkh ohlonj? or oboviitc, usually obtuse aiul rounded at the a])ox, entire or
remotely dentate, dark blue-j^reen.

Quorcus Engolmnnni. (iniiic, W'lM Am. Oi/.s. 111!, t. 15, Sifi/re'iri.:i' h'i'/i.) (180!). — KiiKLliiianii. Trini.i. St. L'nil.i

{. '.'. ;>. t. 17 (INS'.I). — Sai-„'i-nl, (rinliii mnl F'lrr.tt, .Icii/. ili. :t'.t;t (in part) ; Jlreirrr A- li'itS'Hi /Int. Ctil.n. '.H\

ii. 171. — S. It. rarisli, /nr, iv. .■(I.'i. (in part). — fSarnunt, Fon.it TiVf.i -V. Am. \itl/i Cfii.iii.s

QuiTCUs oblongifolia. Tiiiiiy. Ini' /I'ly. pi. iv. '2H (nut I'. .S. ix. 1 1.1 (in part).

A tier, lil'ly or sixty IVi't in liciijlit, with a trunk two (ir tlirei' iVi't in (liaineter, and stout liniiit'lii's
(i|)rra(liiiij nearly at liijlit aMijlcs ami t'uiininij a liroad ratlicr iiivj^ular handsonii' lii-ad. Tlic liark of
till' trunk is from iii iiicli and a li.ilf tr) t«o inclius in tliickncss, lii^lit niay tiny-i'il with lirown and
dri'iilv divided liy narrow li->urcs into l)road llat ridijcs .sf]iaralin^ on the siirfaii' into siii.iil thin
:i|i|iri--M'd scah's. The liraniddets arc stout, rlyid, anil marked witli |iah' lentiiels, ;ind at first .are coated
witii hoary tomcritinn which soon hc^ins to liisappcar ; durini,^ their tirst winter they are liylit or dark
hrown tinijed with reel and eiothecl with short line pnln'scenee, and hecome j^lahrous and li;;':' ■ • iwn
or erav ilnriny; their second or thinl ye.irs. The winter-buds are oval or ovate, ahout an ei;;hth (•!' an
inch loni;, ami covered liv thin liijiit reel pnhcndous scales. The leaves are revohitc in llu' Inid, oliloii!;-
or ohovate, eradually or ahruiitly wedne-shapeil or ntundccl or coriiate at the liasi'. and n>ually ohtiise
and rounded hut son\etinies acute at the a]icx ; tiu^v are entire ,iinl often mnlidate. dv siiiuate-
loolhedwitii occasional minute rii,nd teeth; or near the ends of sterile liianchi s they are frci|nentl\
coarsely ami crcnately serrate with incurved callons-ti|i|icil teeth or rare iv lohcd with acute oMi(|iH'
or liroail rounded lolies ; when they uid'old they are li;;ht rcil ami coated, like the petiole-,, with thi. k
pale rafons tomentinn, which is soon replaceil hy .scurfy puheseence ; and at maturity they are thick
and tirni in texture, dark Mne-jjreen and ^lahroiis or covered with scattered stellate hairs on the upper
surface, and pale and usually yellow-;i;reen on the lower surface, whi<h is clolheil with lij;ht hrown
puht'.st'eiicu or i> |iuheridous or freipiently j;lahrous ; they vary from one to three im'hes in leni;th and
from iialf an inch to twii inches in width, hut are usually ahout two iinhes loni;' and an inch wide,
with stout midrihs raised ami rounde<l on the upper side, ohx-ure primary veins arcuate ami uniteil mar
the martjins, ami slender reticid.ite \eiidets; and, liorm' on slender puliesceut petioles v.irviui^' tfom one
ipiarter to one half of an iiudi in IciiLjth, they fall in the spririLf with the appearance of the new jjrowth.
The stipules are ohlon^-ohovate or lineardanceolate, thin, .scarious. Iii;lit hrowii, piihcrnlous, from oiu'
iialf to three ijuarters of an inch loiifj anil cadueoiis. The flowi rs appear early in April, the staiainate
home in slender hairy amiiits two or three inches in Icnjith, the pistilhite usually on slender peduncles
clothed, like their involncral scales, with dense pale tomentuni. The calvx of the slamiuate llower is
lii;ht yellow, pilose, ami divided into lanceolate aent" seiinu'iits rather shorter than the stamens, which
are com[)oseil of slender lilaments and ohlonj; slii;htly emaro;inat»' f^lahrous vellow anthers. The fruit
is sometimes .sessile. Init more freipieiitlv is horiu' on a slender puhesceiit stem sometimes three ipiarters
of an iiudi in len<;'th ; the nut is ohlono', oval, ;4;radually narrowed and acute, or hroad. full and roumled
at the o',)tuse apex, hriiad or narrowed at the hase, dark tdiestnut-hrown and more or less eonspieuously
marked with darker lont;;itiiilinal stiipes, which soon dis;ippear, luit turnini;' a lij;;ht ehestniit-hrown ,is
it dries, from three (|uarters of an inch to an inch loni; ami ahout half an inch liroad ; the enp. which
incloses ahout a third of the nut, is dee|) .saueer-sliaped, hroad and llat on the hottom, or is cup-shaped
or turhinate; it is li^^lit hrowii and piihesocnt within ami covered on the outer snrface hy ovate lirii;ht

!!|! '

i )

1

i

1' i

84

SILVA OF NORTJI AMKIUCA.

CUrULIKKU^K

ivil-brown si-alos I'oatod with pale toiiuMituin, iisuully thickiMuul, unitod, iiiul tuberculiito at the hixm of
tht' cup aiul |t!(Hlm*t'(I into Hiuall acute ciliatc tips near the margin ; or sonietiineH only the lower scalcH
are tliiehenetl anil the otluTs are thin and furnished with free ch)njratcd tips.

(Jmrcfts /\/Kjtitnannl inhabits Kunthwestern Catitornia, wluu'e, niin^lini^ with QmrvuH ttf/rl/hliu,
it is scattered over h>\v hills west of the coast ran»^es from tlie lu'it^ldtorhood t>f Sierra Madre to the
mesa east of San l)ici;o, occupyiu*^ a helt about iifty niiU*s in widtli and extending to within lifteeu
or twenty nules of tlu» coast.

The wood o( (Jt/ii'vus K/Hjt /mdiint is very heavy, hard, stronjj, and ch»H(»-j^rained, but britth* and
ditUcult to season ; it is dark l)ro\vn or neaily l»laclv, witli thick U^^hter Itrown sapwood, and contains
small open cells arran<;cd in numerous i^ruups parallel to the broad and very conspicuous medullary
rays. The specilic gravity of the absolutely dry wood is O.MI 11, a cubic fo(»t weij;hin^ rKS.S4 pounds.
It Is valued and sometimes used for fuel.

Fir^t noticed Ity Dr. ('. ('. Parry,' this tree was lonj^ confonufled with Qmrrus (thl(nnji/(tNti of New
Mexicit and Arizona, from which it was separated by l*rofessur K. L. Ifrceiu'," who jissociated witli it
the name of Dr. (ieor^c Knj^elmann;^

(Ji'i lu-if-^ KiHjt himnnl is a handsome tree, easily distin^uislu'd from the ^reen-leaved evergreen
C^ik, with which it usually n^rows, by the blue coltir of its leavs. and from its nearest bot^mical
con^rt.iu.i', (Jiftiutfs nhh>n(ji/fi/l(t^ by its (hirker furrowed bark, its thicker antl darker leaves, larj^er fruit
>vith thicker cup-scales, and yellow cotyledons.

' St'<' vii. l;Ut. riiixcr^itv t»f llriilt'lN'rj; in IS'JT, ninl in tin* folliiwinjj yi'ar, owinj;

^ K(l\v:iril {.*.■*• ittvfnv wns Uirn im tlic 'JOlh of April. IHl'J, in to «ntnf* poliliiul ilif!i<'ultn*H ul lli-iilrllH*r^', hv jmnci) th*> Ilt'rlin

II<>{)l^iiit<<n, Wii.'iliin^ton Count v, UIkmIi- I.>1:uiiI. Bi-^innini; tlif stmlv I'nivrrHitr, wlirn' lu' n'nmintMl fur two vrtirv K**i">7 liK'ncr to

tif [il.ints;U tlif :igi' uf livi'.ho lud ^liincd, with tlir luiiistaurr of Mrs. Wtir/bur^, whrn- in IK;n he tiMik lii* tlrj;n-i m the ilciivirtini-iit of

Linct^ilu's Itotan\, n ^oott nniltt>ti(it>liii^ of tbi> Uh-uI tloni In'fon- lir nifilirii.r, hi!* iniuif^nnil tln'ttiK. /V .In/A'N'y.xi f'riMlrtunun, h inor|ilii>-

waA twelvi> yenrt uKI, when lie ui'iil with liiM family to tfntriil Illi- lopciil diiuu'rtntum. Wing piiliIiiiliiMl tin* following yrar nnil attnirt-

iiui;*, iinil, two yeiint later, to soutliorn \\*iHtM)nHi.i, uhrn* lio liiul int; Honir nttrntion. A fi'w nnintlit of Kttnly having U-t'tt tt|M'nt in

tilt' ailvanta^f of inNtniction from the SwtMli^h niitunilint. Thurn I'ari'* with AjjasiM/ ami Alrxamlcr Hrnuii, lator tho ili.Htni^iiixheU

Kunilit'ii. llii\in^ tin ti t>npt^t><l in tradiin^ for srvcuil yt-ant, ami llt-rlin Uitjiniit, Ur. Kii^dinann ftiiilnl fur Anii'ni'a, wlitrt' noniP
h.ivin^' trnnpi'tl ri-pi-aU-div over uliuiist all tlic rountry iH-lwri-n

l.aki- Mi<hi;,rin aii'l norttn'ru (i('ori.*ia and Alalnina in pnr»nit of
I'otanital knowUdp-. Mr. tircene wi-nt to Urnvt'r, Colorailo, in lS7t)
anil U-cauii* i-onncitid with Hi^^hop UandallV ni'W " .larvit Hall "
inotitntion ;ls an inHtntctor in m it-itce and a Htintrnt of thiMilojry.
IIu wa.t onluiiiod in the Kpist-opal Chiiri-h in IS7M, and wan Hta-

uu tult-r'* of hi^ fatnilv had iM-i'innc inlfri-ttid in land invt-HlniiMitii
in tin* M!!tsi!"»ippi \alli'y. After a h'lij; anil advriitunHoini' solitary
journry thmu^h the foreAtK of ArkanMUM and iiortlirrn l^miitiana,
l>r. Kni,olniaio) i"*tal'!i.''In-il liiinHidf in M. Iahii!*, whrre ho re<itde4l
diirni^ the remainder of hiA life, en^a^d in the pnu'tii-c of medi-
eine, uhieh ImKi^ht him lii>;h Ktandtn^, fame, and weiillh, whili>

tioned sueceiuively at INiehIo, (.'oIoruIo. at Valleju, California, at the few leuturt! huum luatehed from the demandn of an alMorhin^

(leorj^etown, Colorndo, and then as a niii^nionary in northern i'uli-
furnia, Ari/una, and New Mexieo. In 1SH| he wai* ealled to St.
Mark'i* Cliurdi in lierkelev . California, ami in ISSii waM appoint* d
leetun-r. in ISHI in.strni'tor. and in ISH."i a-ssistant prtdf>M.r of
butanv in ih' I'niversitv of California. In Issl Mr. <ireene n-

prufeKniun were devoted to iNitany and nieteondo^y. Ad a Uitaiti^t.
I'r. Kii);elinann enntined hintMdf to mai^terin); hy |mtienl study the
m(»tt itifliiMilt ;;ronpH of lltiWvTiiii; jdaiitii, Nlnd>in^ them year after
vear, and lea\in); hIkii hi^ work wat done tittle f«ir the foMowen
in lim rhi»<ien t'u-hl.H to );arner. la thin manner he ol.i)N>rate<l the

noniieeil the Kpi^i-opal faith, and wa.t tei-eived into the Uonian Cactai-eie and the North Aiiieneaii !i|H'i u-h uf Cunfuta, .Iuuimih,

Cathtdir Chunh, and in IStU was named jirofe-tHor of hotany in the Yueea, .\(;ave, Ijuereu'*, I'inn*, Ahie-*, and dum|HTn«. Niarly all

Cathohr Cnivep»ity of Aim'riea in the City tif Washini^ti n. In hin life a elonct iM'taniMt, working with uanty and often in-^uninent

addition t<i papers in wliiili tnaiiy new s|K't^'ieH of plaiit.n are pro- material in hin own herharinm or in th<Mte of KiirojM', which he

|>oftetl, in the liuUrtin of the .\rn^^emlf of Scirurr of i\ili/i'ruui an>l in visited wvcral timen for Uitanienl invmtij^ationM, it wa« only lt>-

butanieal jourriln, Mr. (treene ha-i puhlibln-tl two jiaiK-ih on the wanl the end of hi* eareer that he wa« ahle ti> see with hiit own

OakH of wcHtern .\iiieriea, an ineoniph-ted Fiorn Fnmnsrttua, partM eyes living individiiaU of many of the western plantn lie had Hrat

of a M vtuai of tftf iiotitny itf ihr AVyion uf Sun /'rnurum /mii/, and made known to M-ienee,
two volumes uf t'Utottiti, ix Berien uf |»a[Krr» relating; to hot.uiv and riioM- who knew (ieorf^e Kiif^elmann u.-ll will never for;;et thin

lH>lani^t.<«.

(iri*-nrlhit an lierh dineovered l>y htm in Huiithern Ari/una, wiu*
nanieil in his honor hy Ana firii\ .

■^ (ieor^'e Kn;,'i-lmann (|S<H» 1HK4) v.:\^ 1m. rn at rrinkfort-*>n-the-
Main, when' liin father, a meml>er id the younj^er hniiirh of the

friendly hrotul-miiided, learned, and iiitMli-itt man, hin many kiiitl-
ne^^e»«, \i\-% practieal eomnioii nense. Iiin nnlMtunded i;ihkI nature ami
^'imhI filhiwihip, or the pleiuoire of hit nmifty III'* name in pre-
Ner'eil hy llu' yellow-tlowrO'd hlut/tlmnuuut of the we^ti'm phiiiiN,
dedicated to liim h^ 't'orrev and lirav, liv the liamUomeNt of alt

Kn^'dmann family, whieh for many generations had fnrni-^hid Spruee-treeN, hv a eonHpieiiou>i Caetuit of the deitertfi luid eoaats of

elert^ymeii to Itaeharach un the Khine, was likewise a eler^^ymau California, and hy many smaller plaiitu ; and it will live in hunontd

and the iniutei^ (tf a successful wduMd for yonn^ ladiex. (ieorjjc reinemhran'.M' lu lonj; a« the treeh of the New World remain a

Knp'Imann wan the (»lde<tt of thirteen ehildren. lie enteri'd the suhjeet of intereftt to .tlndeiitH.

ti

CUrULIFKR^K.

t the ImHG of
lowor scaleH

^ladrt' to tlir
itluik tit'tccu

Itrittio and
ind t'ontaiiiH
IH iiuHlullary
*.S4 |>oiiiu1h.

o/iit oi' New
itvnl with it

[1 4'vi'rj;r(»en
st l>(»ti(i)i(*al
lari^rr i'ruit

iiij; yt'ar, iiwiti(j
iH'i) till' Itfrlin
[uiii^ ltii>i)t.'e to
(Iftmrtmi'iit of
tnuA, a iih)r|)lii>-
I'lir an<l nttnict-
j iK'i-n )*|»i'nl ill

0 lii.tliii^iii.-ilicd
'Ji, mImti* •tonio

ltd IIIVCMtllllMlt.H

ri'Htiiiif "tnlitjiry
luTii Ijutiiiiiaiia,
len* he raMide<l
u*ti('« (>f tiiedi-

1 wrnlll), whiti)
f an »lw4)rlpiii^

An n U)tuiii^t,
itiL'iit »tii<ly llir
In-Ill vfur lifter
r till' folUiwt'nt
I'UlMiratiil ttiH
iM'iita, Jiiticiiii,
u. Niurly nil
(i-ii iiiHuni(-ii-iit
miM*. whirh hr
t WKM only to-
i> with hU own
itft Uv Imd tint

HT for;;ft thin
IH many kiiiiU
ihhI nitttm< ana
i naini- in pn>-
wMjitcrn plainn,
dsoint^Nt iif nil
n and i-oarttH of
livi* in liotiori'd
'orld rt'nmin a

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II

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KXI'l.A.WnoN OK TIIK ri.ATK.

I'lati ('I'CI.XXXVII. (irimis F.N'.ki.manm.

1. A lli)ni'riiiy l>r:iiicli. n.iltinil *\if.

'J. A sliiiniriat'' IIciuit. ciil;iri;iv!.

.'!. A pislillali' tlciwir. I'lilar^'i'il.

t. A fi'iiilin^ Itraiii ii. imtunil rti/t>.

"i. A Iniiiiii,' I'r.uiili, iwimrnl n\/.e.

• i. A fniil. ii:itiii"il si.'i'.

7. A ciiii-icnK", cnliii^'ril.

S. A liiif. iiHtiiral «i't'.

'.•. A li'ul. iiatiiinl '>i/i'.

10. A Uaf. iiatunil si/r.

11. A wiiiUr liniiiihlrl. till' liav's niiioveil. natural i4iM).
I'J. All axillary u iiili r-hiiil. inlarj^Ml.

}

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fjilva .M NoMh Atiiriirn

TaI.CCCLXXXVI'

iSf.ln-i.UJ

OUERCUS ENGF.LMANNl, "r.-.-nc

A Huh-r^it.r <li.'t

i^np. itm^u/ r.iri^-

I •

In

t i:

fUl'l LIKKHX

aJLVA OF NOliTII AMHlilCA.

m

pal

QUEROUS OBLONOIFOLIA.

Whlto Oiik

I,i;.vvi;s ovate, oval or oliovati', ii»iiall\ lonlatc, iiitijf or r(.iii(»tcl\ >-|)iiiiiloM'-(Uiitatf,

QimrouB oblonififollii. Ttirrt'y. .S'l'/./mirri' A'c/i. 17;i, I. Ill Quuroua undulatn, viir. obtonvntn, Kiiu'iliimnn. It^ili.

(i,v.:n. — A. >ii Ciiiniuii.', /V".//-. »vi. (It. ii. ;w. — Wilt- i /. ica../. /■« /.■./.. >i. '.'.mi (1h;.S).

mm, I'l. H'lirrlrr, 17. — KiiKiliimiin, Tmiin. St. l.nnU Quuroim umlulntn, iS KrlH«n. \S'iii\i\]', .hihrh. Ili,t. (iurt,
Ariiil. iii. IllKt (i<«i'l. Iiali. t'tilifiiriiia). — Siiriji'iit, t'orrat It.rlni. Iii. '.'(Ml ili, pari i il.SH.'n.

Tnr* .V. Am. lOM Cfniiii ('. S. ix. I i:i luvd. Iiiili. C'lill- Quuroua unfluliitn, >.ii. iTlaon. (ircrup, H'l.it .1m. (hiki,
fnriihil. — CmilliT. CuHlnh. I'. S. .\,il. //.■,',. Ii. ||)'. '.".I ( in piiil i. t. l.">, f. 1 ( IM.S'.t).

t.u.in. ri. u: /Vj-.!,.).

A fri't', r.tri'ly iiuirc tli.in tliirly fret in licij;lit. willi a >,liciil tnink ri^litrcii or twenty iiulii's In
ili.inii'lri' .mil III. my stout s|>i'i':iiliiit; ami nlliii nintuiti'il Itr.iiirlirs wjiiili I'min a li.iiiiKiiiiii' riiiiiii|-tii|i|M'<|
sMiiiiii'Irir.il liiMil. '{'Ill' link III till' tiiink l> t'nuii tlncc i|Uattri's nf aw inrli tn an im li ami a i|ii ntn in
lliirkiif'"-, anil ii a.nliy may ami cliiTkiU'il willi •.mall iicaily .si|Uali' oi- ulilnn;; closi' plati'-likc mmIci.
Till' liraiiclii'H ap> sIi'IhIit, i'i;;iil, ami iiiarkfil witli pale leiitieeK ; at tiist tliey are cuateil with thick
pale or fiilviiiis toiiieiituni wliirli ^railiially ilisappears, iiml iliiriii); llieir lir^t winter tliey are lij^lit
iiilliiinMi. il.irk lirii«n, nr dark iiraiiKe-eiiliir. iMcnmin;; a-liy jjr.iy in tlicir strnml m tliinl \e,ir. 'I'lie
» liilrr-liiiiU ale sIiIi^^IiiImisi', olitllie, fruill < lie siMeelilll ti> iHle el;^litll of all ilicii ion;;, ailil rineleil uilli
tliiii lii^lit rhestiiiit-roiiiieil -.lalet, tliiise iif tile iiiiier rank-. Iieinir I'oateil with thiik pale tomeiitiMii
tilip'il with I'eil or pink. The haves are riMiliite in the liml. ovate, oval or .sli^rlitlv olmNate, iisii.iilv
eorilate or suiiietiiiies roiimleii at the liase, roiiiiileil ami oeea.sioiially eiiiar;;iiiate or aeiite at the apex,
uliieli in often fiiriiisheil with a iiiiiiiite riilj^eil lip, ami entire ami Minietiiiies iimliilate, with ihiekeiieil
revohile inar^^iiiH, or (i<'ca.sioiially remotely dentate with small ealloiis teeth; or on vii^ormis shunts i>r
yoiiii;; plants they are oliioin,', elonjjated, riiiinded or \vedy;e-shaped at the narrow hase. ai lite .it tiie
a|H'\, and eoarselv sinii.ite or nndiil.ite-tnntheil with ^land-tipped teeth, or three-toothed at the liroaii
apex and entire lielnw ; win n they iini'ulil they are lilij^ht reil and eo.iteil. espeei.iliy on the lower
Mirfaee, with liimry toiiieiituin which soon dis.ippe.'irs ; when they are half ^rowii tliev are iiieiiihr.uia-
eeoiis, lif^lit i^recii, and er|aliri>iis, and at maturity are thin and linn in texture. lirii;lit Mile and lustrous
on the upper and paler on the lower surface, from one to two inches lon^ and from one half to three
(|uarters of an inch hroad, or on viiroroiis slinot.s sometiines from three to four imhes Imiij, with
|iriiiiiineiit pale midi'ihs raised and rounded on the upper side, slender primary veins .ircuate and
united near the inar<;iiis, and emispicuous retieiil.ite veinlets ; tliev are liorne on stunt m.irly teiett-
petioles alioiit a ipiarter of an inch in leni^th, and, remaining; on the lir.'tneiics during the winter without
chaii;;e of color, ^fiadiially turn yellow in the spriii;^ and fall with or jiist hefoie the appearance of the
new f^rowth. The stipules are olilonj^-ohovate or linear-laneeolate. hrowii and searioiis. from li.ilf an
iiK'h to nearly an inch in len;;th, coated with |iale pulieseeiice and caducous. The tlnwers appear durintj
March and .Vpril with the first unfoldin<r of the leaves; the staniinate are home in short aiiients, their
slender stems covered with white toinentuin, and the ]iistillate are usually sessile, or are raised on tomeii-
tose peduncles. The calyx of the staniinate llower is lif^ht yellow, pilose, and divided into live or six
laciniatelv cut or entire acute .sejjiiieiits tiiijjed with red ahove the middle, and shorter than the stamens
with slender lilaineiits and ovate emarginato glahrous yellow anthers. Tho involucral scales of the

Sil

1|

S8

i^lLl'A OF XOliTII AMKHICA.

cvvviavkua:.

fll I

i[

liistillati' Hdwit are coiitiMl with pale toini'iituni. ami the stiijiiias an- l)rij;lit red. Tlii' aciirns ripoii in
till' autuiiiii anil are nsually siilitary and s('>isili', altlii)iif;li oceasionaily tlii-y aro raised on slender stallis
sometimes lU'arly two inches in length ; >iie nnt is ovate, oval or slij^htly ohovate, full and rounded
at llir ;i]iex. which is furnished with a narrow rin}^ of white jiuhescenee, dark ehestnut-hrown, striate
anil \eiy histrous. hut soon heeoiiiinu; liilhl lirown in dry in;;;, from one half to three t[uarters of an
inch looi;- and aliout one third of an inch liroad. with a thin papery shell and dark pinple very astriii!;eht
ciinnatc cotyledons ; the cup, which emhraces aiiont a third of the nut. is shallow, cup-sha|ied or rarely
turhinate. thin, vellow-^ji-cen and pulicsccnt on the inner surface, and covered hy ovate-ohlon;; scales ;
these are reijidarly imliricati'd, sli;^hlly thickcneil on the hack, coated with hoary toiuentuni. ami
produced into thin acute hriijht red tips ciliate on their mar^rins with slender white hairs which some-
times form a minute frin^je to the rim of the cup.

(Ji/i rois (thltiiii/i/ii/in is distrihuted from the Chisos Mountains, in western Texas.' throui^h
MMitherii New Mexico and Arizona, ami rauijcs southward into niuthern Mexico. Comparatively rare
in Pexa'-. it is aliumlaut on the foothills of all the mountain ran^jes of New Mexico ami Arizona south
of the (^dorado plateau, at elevations of atiout live thousarnl feet. an<l, with (Jiii reus Kiiion/i, dots the
upper slopes of the nu'sa where narrow cauons open to the plain.

The wood of (Jill reus iili/niK/ii'iiliii is very heavy, hard, ami stroiifj, but brittle and liable to check
badiv in ibvini;; it is dark luinvn or nearly lil.iek. with thick brown snjiwood, and contains conspicuous
medullaiy rays, the layers of annual ^^rowth iieini; hardly distin;;uishable. Kxceetlin^ly diflicult to cut
and split, it is sometinu's used as fuel, but has no other economic value.

(Jill nils iihliiiii/il'iiliii was dixdVcreil in we-lern New Mexico in the autumn of 1S.")1, by Dr. S. W.
Wooilhnuse.' naturalist 4(f the expedition hcnt by the j;oM'rnmeut of the I'nited .*>tatcs. uniler the
eonmiand of Cajitain Sitijrcaves. to explore the Zufii and Colorado Uivers. It is a tree i>{ thi' foothills
and one <d' llie mo>l lieiiililul of the Oaks of the southwest, always easily reco^jnized by its pale
clieekered bark. it> handsoiiie compact ronnd-topjied head, and its li:;ht blue foliajje.

' Ijurrrus olil"nfjit''Ii/j was t'iill,-t-lri] in ^Vl•^t(Tn Trt;!.^ Ity I'r. \.
Il.u.iril. I', S. Arin\ {tale Ilirti, Kti;;t^liniiiuil.

' Siunufl \\":i>hm{^t»in \N"i'<Milnmsr, >on of Saitmrl W.xhIIu'Hm', a
t-aptaiii ill tin* l'iiilo<I Sliili's Arniv, W!i.s )»nr» .liiiii' -7, ISl'l. in
I'liihiitt-lptiiit, whiTt' he wiui tMlncattMl, and in IS17 wm* ^nnlnutftl
fr.ini tin- Mi'tlical S'lnwl uf tlie University itf IVunsUvania ami
< Irctril au assistant plivtieian in tlit> I'hiladi'Iphia lliisjiital. lit
1S|!1 Hr. \V..i>,lliim«', whii huil larlv ilivrli'].. .1 a li>>i' iif nalnral
liiatttrv, fsjM'i-ially tif urnithuli>j^_\ , wa.H apitoiiit.il Mir^'on ami nat-
umliht of tlir fxjK'tlitiun si-nt nntliT i-ouuuanit of i'aptain 1.. >it-

(jriavi! anil l.iiiili'nanl ,1. ('. \Vo<«lnilI to ivlal'lirli lli.' Inmnilary of
till' Iriili anil Cli.rokio Nation* ; a ji'ar latri ho joiiii.l thi' Ziifti
I'xplorin^ party iitnli'r roinniaml of Captuin .Sij^ri'iivr.s in tlio •.Htm'
ciipin'ity. anil pnlili.^lii-il thr a<-i-oinit of tin' inaninmU ami hiriU
tnrlihlril in tho )(i<ni-nil rt'iHirt of iWi* t'X|M'ilitioii. In IS.M Ut,
\ViHKlhoinio tiHib part in a M'lt-ntiltc i'x|M>ilition to Central America,
nnil two year* la'iT re«ij(net! lii.s |Mwiiioti in the army. 'Hie natural
history ('olleetions made iu liiii lon^ jounieys an' preaerveil in the
NinitliMinian Iniititiilion at AWuhitif^ton anil in the riiilnilelphia
Ai-aili-inv of Natural .S'iencei.

KXl'I.ANATKiN (iK THK I'l.ATK.

I'l.ArK ('('CI.XXXVIII. IJlKlHtH lilll.iiNlilKnI.IA.

I. A lliiwerim; I'vanrli. natural «i/.o,

'J. A Htaininate tiow.-r-. enlar^ml.

.'!. A plKtillate llower, enlarjjcd.

t. A friiltin|{ lirani'li. natmiil ni/i'.

.'i. lyonf of a vii;iirimti •.Iniiit. iiutiirul ni/j;.

<i. A le.if. natural iii/e.

7. A leaf, natural hi/.p.

8. A loaf, natural »i/.e.

'.). Tilt' end iif a winter lirniielilut. natural nine.
10, A winter-bud. tiilarjjid.

"I

curuLiKKiiA:.

o'liiH i'i|ii'ii ill
slundcr Ktitlks
and roiindcd
lirowii, stiiato
uaitiTs of an
cry astriniji'iit
ajii'd or raii'ly
dMdii;^ si'ali's ;
iincntuii). and
s whii'li soMie-

'xas.' tliniii^li
|iarativi'l_v raru
Ari/oiia soiitli
oryi, dots tlie

ialili' to ilirck
IS roiis|ii('iioiiH
liflicult to cut

, l.y Dr. S. W.

tcs, under tlic
if tlic foothills
•d l>y its |)uKi

lull Oii> U>iiliilitry of

lii> jtiiiKMl the ZiiAi

Hri<N ill tlio ftHltii*

liiniiiiiLi aiiit liinltt

III IS.Vl Dr.

Ct'iitriii Amrrii'rt,

'l']u' lint 11 ml

jin-iwrvi-it ill tlic

till' riiiUilt>l|iliia

V

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/

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y

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/

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t

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I, .

f *

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iiar;riii!« with sloiutfi

'oiiic'iitinn, iiikI
r?« wliicli (touiii-

■ >i .Ml
. with () .

.truii};, Imt brittle

ill, iMi'Wn :-iJH)W"i»'l. •lli'l «-"i'l'iii>^ . "i;-j.

•liHiir.iifviU.ialil./ Kvcft'diii'^lv .liftimli i. .
.'■mic viiliii'.

'he iiuliimsi uf ' 1)1. S. \\

..r ill. f;,;;, , .,M, .■ ii;.

' M Hilo Hi

• ■■(■Sit, altt ifui/j'ti i>v itM piiJo

ilt'l lU \\f

\ f K.
luirui.u.

•.ii'Tiii Mile.

lit nat'iral itito

iurt<>i-H iiF a.,

'AtlH;U ittiitli^

M.

QUERCUS OBLONGIFOLIA

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CL'rUI.lFEU-K.

SILVA OF K our 1 1 AMKh'ICA.

89

QUERCUS ARIZONICA.

White Oak.

Li'.AVi'.s ohlonfi-lanci'olatt' to broadly ohoviitc, cordate or rounded at tlie Itase, acute
or rounded at tlu' apex, ^])iiu)>e-dcntate, lilue-^reiii, ])ul)i'>ceiit and conspicuously
ri'ticulate-\ enulo.se on the lower surface.

Quercua Ariaonicn, Sarm'iit. (rinlin ami /■'■irmt. viii. H'J Quercim undulnta. v;ir. KriMen. KiiRclniiuin, It'iihrork
ilS',l."i|. Il7i. ./'/■',< Hijt. \\. '.'."id (iMpl (jKrmis i/ri.<''i. I.H'liinaiiii)

QuorcuH Emoryi. Wttisun, /'/. It'/mlti; 17 (nut rorroy) (IHT.S). — (iriH'iuN HV,%7 .Im. ()'i/..<. ;!M lin )KMti. I. I-J.

ll.'*74). QuercUH »frisea. Saruini, /'•./■..</ /V.i,« .V. Am. \iH/i Cin.iiis

r. :■' x. 114 (.xcl. Bjii.) (Mot Liel'iimnn) (1S84).

A tit'i' ciLsioiMJly til'ty or .sixty feet in lui^iit, with a trunk tlircc or lour IVi't in ilianicttT ami

.stout coiitortiMJ lininclifs sprcatlin;^ ni'ariy at ri;;iit any;lt's Ironi tlif sti-in and torinin^j a iiandsonic round-
to|i|HMl symtni'tricai lirad ; usually not niori' than thirty or torty ict't tall, and at liii;'h I'lcvations
soiMi'tinics rcdnccd to a hiw slirnl). 'I'hi' hark ol' the trunk is aliont an inch thick, and is deeply dividcil
hv n.irrow lissurcs into hroad rid^4's lunkin into Ioul; thick pkilc-liki' scale-, pale or a^liv ;^rav on the
sarlace. that of the vouul; steins and the lir.iiahes lieiiii; thinner, pale, ancl scaly villi small apjaosed
scales. Till' hranchlets are stout, and when they first a|ipear are clothed with thick fulvous tonieutuni
which ciMitinues to cover them durine; their lirst winter, and in their second .sea.son they are reddish
hrown (a' litjht oran;;i'-coh)r, niarkecl with pale li-iiticels, and puhesceiit or piihendous, heconnnij i;"lahrous
and ilarker thi' I'ollowini; year. The huds an' sulif^lohose, ahout a sixteenth oT an inch loni;-, and
covered liy loosely iuduicateil hriijht ehestnnt-lirowii paheruhms scales ot'teu cili.ite on the mareins.
The leaves are revohite in the hml, oliloni;-lanceolate to hroadly idiovate, rounded or ciadate at the
biuie, generally acute or souieliims rounded at the apex, and repandlv spinose-dent.ite with minale
callous teeth usnallv, except on vij^orons shoots, mdy aliove the middle or toward the a|iex ; or tliev are
entire and sometimes undulate ; when they unfold they are lie;ht red, clothed with hrii;ht fuhous or
iioary tonu'iitum, and furnished with dark dental ^lainls, and at maturity thev are thick, hrni .ind rii;'iii,
dark i)lue-|rreen and jjlahrous or covered with stellate hairs ahove. and yellow-fjreen or pale hlue and
clothed with thick fulvous or [lale lad'escence helow ; they are extrenu'ly varialile in size as well as in
shape, varyinjr fnan an inch to lour inches in leni;th and from half an inch to two inches in width, hut
are usually alxuit twn inches lon^ and an inch wiile, with yellow midrihs hroad and thick on the under
and slender and raised on the upper sidt-, and slender yellow primary veins arcuate and uniteil near the
thickened and slightly revolute marjjiu.s ami connected hy coarsely reticulate veiidets ; they are horiu'
on stunt ttanentose slio^htly tiattened petioles from one ipiarter to one half of an inch in lcn<;'tli and fall
ill the early spriiijj with nv just hefore the ap|iearaiu't' of the new ernwth. The stipules are ohovate-
uhlone^ or linear-lanceolate, lirown and scarious, coated with pale tonu'iitum liclow and furnished at the
apex with clusters of hini^ hairs, and are cailucous, or thoM' of the last leaves siunelinics persist dnrinj;'
the winter. The llowers appear in April; the staniinate are h u'lie in short tomentosc anieiits two lU'
three inches in leup;lli from the axils of the inner liiid-scali's of the terminal hmls. and the pistillate
on short iiedundes ehithed with thick pale tomentilin. T!ie calyx of the staniinate flower is pale yellow
and piiheseent, and is divided into from inuv to seyen hroad acute lolies often ciliate on the niarifins
with pale hairs, and siiorter than the stamens, which arc comjiosed of slender lilanienis and uIiIoiil;
slijjhtly emar^rinate red or yellow anthers. The fruit, which is si'.-..',ile or is sometimes iKUiie on a stout

\l

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vr

!M)

>//, r.j o/' xoirni amkuiva.

ci rri.iiKii.K.

|>t'iliiii('lc covered with hoary toiiientinii anil larely more than lialt' an incli loii^, is usually solitary ami
ripens irre);iilarly I'roin the iirst of Septemlier to tin- end ol' Novemlier ; ihe nut is oliloiif;, oval or
.sliij'htly oliovate, olitii^e and rounded at the pulieruloiis a]>e\, I'roiii three i,iiarlers of an in<'li to an
ineh lon^. and ahout half an ineli hroad, and is dark ehestnnt-itrown, lustrous and often striate when
riiu', hut >oon heeomes lioht lirown and losini; its strijies as it dries ; the cotyledons are connate, dark
]iur|>le, anil very astringent ; the cii|i, which incloses ahout a tliird of the nut, is dec|ily rup-^haiied or
hemi>|iherical, iii;ht hrown and puhcsveiit wilhin and covered hv re;;u!arlv and closelv induicaled
hroailly ovate scaler cnitcd with thick |iale tomentum, furnishcil with thin li^lit red |ioiiited tips, and
liclow the middle of the cup much thickened and rounded on the hack.

(Jm rcif.i Arr.iiiinit is the most tiimmoii .iiid i^enerally distrihiltt-d Wiiite Oak (d' southern Ari/.oiia
and New Mexico, coverini^ with (Jiu iriis K'nmi/i the slopes (d' the canons o( tlie mountain ranj^es
sMiiih of the Colorado plateau ' at elevations of from live to ten thousand feet ahove the level of tin,'
sea, and many of those of northern Mexico.- (irowini; at the upper ed^fe of the mewi with (^iiirciin
tih/oiii/i/'ii/id, it a.scends ncarl\ to the sunnnits of the hij;;li ]i(.'aks, whore it niin};les witii (Jm reus r/in/sn-
/ijiis, (^KirriiK fi'iniihi Hi, and with i'ines and .lunipers.

The wood of (Jill ri IIS Ari'.inii'H is vcrv heavv, stronjf. hard, and close-jjrained. altiioU};h liahle to
chci k li.idly in diyini;' ; it is dark lirown or nearly Mack, with thick lij^liter colored HJi|)\vood, and cont^iiiiH
hands of small open ducts riarkiii;^ the layers of annual <rrowth and connected hy rows of similar
ducts parallel to the numerou- .•oiispicuous medullary rays. The specific jjravity of the ahstdutely dry
wood i> l.(M>|l'J, a cuhic fooi ,veij;hiiijf (i'J.i'^'.t pounils. Kxtremely dillicidt to cut and split, it is only
UMil for fuel.

Ol

Ariz

mill II, win

ch has heel' loiif; confounded with

if the Texas f.

.f Qui

iiiliiliilii, appears to have iiecn first ilccted in .\rizona in ISTl hy ih. party, under command of
ii'iiti liant (icort;!' M. W heeler, sent liy the government of the I iiited States to explore the territory

west of the one htnidreilth nieridi.iii.

To this tree, le

iiitif

ul III color, iierh

ih,

laii (Jiniciis (ililijiii/ii'iiliii, hut always attractive fr

its jiale hark and shapely held of cheerful foliage, is tlue mui h of the heauty of the forest-coverin;; of

tilt

aiiiinil.iiicc.

.M

oillitains, wliei'e

(h,

'jiimnii IS tlie olilv

hroaddeaved tree that ''V

iiws III more

' Tlif slcrili' 1 .iindii-s of n »liniM>y (Ink ((iIIitIi'iI liy Cnvilli' iiml
Kuilstiill ill IIimi-iiiIht, ISIKI ( ( '..i./n'., /'. .V. .V.|^ llrrl. iv '.'.'H.
Ni'- 4 '/i-/. Ihtith Vtuirti Kipril.'j), iii',ir t'l;i^'«taIT, .Vri'.olui, «iii tin-
Ciiliimtlu pLiifHu, I can n-fcr only to lliit s|h-i'U's, ultlioti^li the
ro^inii iH fiir iiurtli of iu miif^* lu otIiiTwiiH* known.

.\ii Oak ftiiiritl without ItowcrH anil fruit liy Hr:iii(li>f^H- mi Ml.
San I'ftlro Martir in l-ower Califoniiji mid n-fiTn-ii to ii-ierrn.*
yrisrtt (/ff«, iv. -'Oil) ii |in>liulily of another ^lM■^•u•■4.

■' I'rinnle, (iiinli'i ,vhI F„r,>l, i. I IJ, i'ts, III.

* i^uerciin .IWcoiii'fi 1.1 intcnnriliatv in iimny of iia rharat-trrs
iK'lwt'iMi Qurrru,^ iitiUmf}\l'>Hiil and Qutmts rrrinilijtit. I.iki' llirw
MjieL-icn it lia.-* |iur{ilL' anil ustringi-nt M.-c-df*, aiiil, Ukv Qutrms Mon-

gifolin, rolinati' rutylrdoiw. If ilifTrn* from l^utmi* Mimififitiin
in iu tliickt-r )MiU>K4'('iit anil iiiiu'h more coanrly is-lii'iiiali- li-a\i>»
and in it.-« jmU'iici-iit l)rn'u-lili-U and lar);i-r fruit Mith tlia-krr
ciili-iM'ttlf*. In till' t^'ttun-. piilH'ncfin'i', anil roloriii); of it* lra%r!*,
and ill tlir N)m|M' of M>int> of the larK*' lirouiUy oUivatv and rtaindi'd
individual li'avt's (I'lati' cct Itxtii. f. tl, 7) wlmli may nomtrtiuii'i In-
found on Lnnrlii's twarinf; oldotif^ arut« leavi>N, it n'semliles Uufir^ui
relu-uiiiut, liiit itn ''riiit in nun li lar^rr uml Iioa tiiii'ki-r niji-^tali'it
th:ui tilt' fruit of that if|H'(-U'N ; it.<4 liark \s lliii-kt'r and lt»flurtMl and
KcinT.-iIly lighter colori'd, and in .Vn/tma it gniw* to a niurh larger
iiizu ai'.d at lo.vi'r altuudcii.

K.Kl'LAX.VriON OK lilK I'LATK.

I'i..vrK CCCLXXXIX. CjiKuccs Aki/omi .v.

1. A nowcriii^' lirani'li, natural Aim. !>. A fniilliig lirancli. natural nite.

2. A Ktnminate flower, eiilar^'cil. (i. A sterile liritiicli, imturul aiie.

3. A |ii»tillalc tlowir. (■nl:irt;iil. 7. A leaf, natural »i/«.

4. A fruiting liramli, iiuturiU the. S. A leaf, nutural Mia.

I

en 11,11 Kii.K.

y stilitMiy mill
liiiifi;, oval or
II inch to an
I sli'iati' wlii'ii
I'Diiiiatc. (lark
■ui>-Nlia|H'(l oi-
ly iiiiliricatiMl
iitcil li|i>. ami

;liciii Aii/.ona
iiitaiii raii^ri's

Ifvcl of till-

willi Qmrciis
trciis cliri/so-

iii^li lialtlc to
, anil roiitaitis
^vs of Kiiiiiliir
ilisoliitcly dry
|iiit, it is onlv

s of (Jill mis
('oiuinaiiil of
tlu' tonitorv

tlractivi' f r im
t-coVfiih;; of
'uws in iiioi'c

lifTciis Moni/i/uittI

n*tit*iiint«> Ifnvrt

tiit with tliii'ki*r

ill^ of itn ll-IlVI'!*.

viilt' iitiil roiiiiilt'il

ll\ Hlllllt'tillll'll 1n<

n-iH'ltiMrft W'trrtiui
itii-ktT i-iip-H(-jtlt>ii
lui'l ti».4urt'(l ami
til 11 ititirli larger

>x

•*• t

T

y

-r..

i

■ <r

•-^

f'

If

'HI

I:

I

mwib wT^i

II

\' ■■..

, (IfV

(illl, II iff oiiiv

. lit

' .1 If

rfa ul Ndi'ih Am(;ni:A

Ub (:o:;,x;<x;x.

/ A /-.ij^^; ,/,■/

gUERCUS AHIZONICA.

W /.•„., v.«,v .///■

1

'

Mi

V 1 >;

w

tX'ia'UFKIUl.

sha'a of .south amkuka.

91

QUERCUS RETICULATA.

Tj'.Avr.s hroiidly (ilfoviitc. cnnlnff, ii^ii;ill\ iiiiiiulcd mid olitiix' at the ajJi'X, ri'paiuUy
«|>iiuf<t'-d('iitati', coarsely r(titMlat(-\( iitdi>»r, dark l)lii('-iir('tii.

QuiTi'llB r«ticulfitii. Iliiiiiliiil.il \ ll<iii|ilaiHl, /'/. .H/ lin. ii.
II), I. Sti ilsii<.i). ■ HiiMiliiilili. Iluii|il.iii<l >v Kiiiitli. .V"'.
(I'lii. il .S'/ici'. ii. 1'.'. — Kiiiilli. .V>/(i. /v. ,h,''/iiiii. i. .TiT. —
I'liirt't. I.mii. /'"'/. Sii|i|il. V. lilllt. — S|lrl■ll^'l■l, Si/.it. ill.
KIM>. — bunion, .liA. /hit. iii. I'.lll. f. ISti.'i. — Di.irl.li.
,S>». V. .'MIH. — A. ill' t'liiul.ill.', /'iv./i-. wi. pt. il. .'S;!, —
(li^li.l. Vilenik. Mf.l'l.lV'l ii.il. I\'i: KJ'il.,;,/,. I\7 : l.i.l,.
mmiii I'lii'iii:* .(/«. /'/■../.. t. II. t. •'•t. f. Il' It! ; I. ."■."i.
(. l."i-'J'.'. — Kiin<lcimim. TriiLi. Sr. I."'n.< A'-fl. iii. :\M .
Hiithnvk H7if'/'r'» /i'./-. vi. '.'.Ml. — IIimkIon. Ilil. Itiil.
Am. ('fill. iii. l"ti. — Sm'^i-M, t'tirrst Tm-» .Y. Am. U>th

CfiiKiis ". .S. ix, I 1 1 — \\ 1 n/ii;. ./.i/,i/.. Il.,f. ll'irt. Her-

///I, iii. I'.n. —(incur, \\\ ^t .\ „:. (hil.t. :\\. \. \\\.
Quorcus Hpicatfi. lluiiiliiiMi >v lloii|ihini'.. /'/. ./■.'■/uln. il.

111. t. m;i (Imii'.i,. Iliiiiilh.lili. 11,11, pl.iii.l .V Kiinlli. AW.

li.ii. <•/ .S/.rr. Ii, l;i, — Kunlli. .s'v". I'l. .A'./Miii. i. ,"i,"i.S. —

Ilriilliiiin. /'/. Ihn'tii'iJ. •"ill.
Queroim dopipiims. Miirli'iii \- fi:ili-iitii, li'itt. .t.-.i.l. ,s'./.

/.V.-r. X. 'J I I il.'^l.ii.
?QuorouB ri'ticulata. /i OreKBii. .\. 'li' ('mii.IhII,'. /•/■'■fir.

xvi. [It. ii. ;ii ilNGI).— lUiii-liv. H'l. /i'h'l. Am. (i:nt.

iii. ITti.

fjinriiin nlli iiliitfi. ;i larfjt' tlcf in tin- ninnii-, ul' llic SiiTl-.i Maillc nl Mcxini.' r.irclv ;^lnw-, iiiow'
til, 111 tliirtv IVi'l t.ill nil till' iiiiiiiiit.iiii-, 111' >iiiitlii'rii .\ii/iiii:i ami .Ncvn Mi'\irii or |ii'ii,liii'i'^ a trunk that
I'Xci'filH a iiMit ill ili.iiiii tiT. anil i-- ii-'ii.illv slnuliliv in lialiil ami Minn'liiiii-, oiilv a Irw tit t lii^li. Tiic
liark III' till' trunk is alimit a i|uait)'i' nl' an imli tliiik. .iini i> ilark or li^lit liniwii ami ciiMiitl witii
small tliin ('Iiim'I> a|i|nrs>i'il xaii's. 'I'lii' liiaiirlili l>. wliirji arc >tiiiit ami iiiarkiil vsitli |iali' Irnliri'l-. an-
('iiatt-il. \>lii'ii tlicy lir^t apjirar, uilli tliirk I'ulvoiis tiuni'iitiiiii, ami liiiriiiL; tlii'ir rn>t uintii air li<;lit
(iran^r-rnlnrcil ami iiiiiii' nr Irss tiiirkly ilntliiii uitli luilicsicnci', iiitiiiiati'ly licniiiiini; a'^liy ^ray ur
lii^lit liiown. Till' Hinti'i-lmil-. art' nvati- or iival, nllcii .iriipiii|iaiii('il liy liii' ifr'-i-'ti'iit sti|iiilt'> nl' tlii'
liiiiH'r liavi's, alioiit an li^litli nl ,in inch Inii'.; ami riiM'icil liv thin InuM'lv iiiihrir.iti'il )ii;ht ri'il -r.ilcs
ciliatf nil till' ni.iri;ins. 'I'lit' li'a\is arc rcMiliitc in the liml. Iirnaillv nhmatc, u-iiaiiv ciini itc or
(M'l'iisioii.illy roumlcil at the iiarrnw lia>c, iilitii>c ami rniiinlcil or rarely acute at the a|(e.\. re]iamlly
s|iiiio.se-ilciitate alxive the iiiiilillc nr only tnwaril the a|>c\ with ><lciiiler tcdh. ami entire liclnw : when
tliev iinl'niil tlifV arc cnateil with ileiise IiiImmi-^ tniiieiitiiin, .iml at inaturitv are thick. liii:i ami li^iil,
(lark liiiic ami cn\ereil with scattcriil Ntellatc hairs nn the ii|i|ier ^ui I'ai e. paler ami i'liiti:rii wiili thick
fulMiiis |ililieM'ence nn the Inwer Mirl.icc. Irniii niii' tn live inches Inli^ ami riiilii three i|Uartcrs of
an inch tn fniir inches hroail. with stmit iiiiilrihs sli;^!itlv raised on the ii|i|ier side and rciiiote |iriiiiarv
Veins riiiiiiin;; to the |iniiits of the teeth or arcii.itc and iinitcd within the sli^llIlv icMiliite iii.ir<;ins,
I'narsi" coiisiiicuniis reticiikitc \ciiilets, and stout |ii'tinles ahnut a (|uartcr nl an im ii in length. Tlii'
sti|iiilcs arc linear, scarinus. li;;lit lirown, jiulicscciit, and caducous, or those ot the last leaves
Koinctiiiics |ii'rsisl on the liranches until the n|iciiiii;r of t||,, jimls oi' the follow ini^ season. Tho
tlowers a|i|iear in Ari/.nna in Mav and , lime, and .ire linriie, the stainiiiate in -.hurt tumcnlnse anicntri
from the a\ils of the Icivcs of t!i ' ye.ir. the pistillate in spikes on elnimatrd pcdiilii Irs clnthed, like
their involucral scales, with hoarv tomciitniii. The calvx of the staniinatc tlowcr is li^ht yellow and
coated with jiah' hairs, and is ili\ideil intn frniii live to seven o\atc acute se^iiicnts shorter than
till! .stiiiiiciis, which arc coinposcd of .slender lilamciits ami siiiontli ovate eniariiinate •;I,ilprniis yellow
anthers. The stiirmas of the iiistillale llowers are dark red. The acorns are horiie iisiiallv in iiiaiiv-
fruited spikes or occasionally in pairs nr rarely snlitary, on slender hirsute or nlaliroiis peiliiiicle.-»
from two to live inches in li'iijjth and persistent on the liranches for one or two years ; the nut is
obloug, rounded or aeute at the pilose apex, liroad at the hase and about half an inch Iniii;-, with deep

I IVilUfli', (inritfU unit /•\iri:it, i. ill.

Jl

n

i ''\

K-'

r

'

F

t

n-i

>7/jM o/' yoirni amhiuca.

CUI'UUrKR.C.

» I

|iiii'|il(' iiNtriiip'tit ciityli'iloiiH ; tlit> I'lip, wliiili iiicloscM itlxiut a i|Uiirt('r hI iIu' nut. i-< ^liiillow, ('U|i-Nlia|ifil,
il.ii'L luiiuii iiiiil |iulit"<i'i'iit within, ;itiil ccmIi'iI wiili |i.i|i' ur riilviiii-< tiiiiii'iiliini on ilir miti'i' Niirl'.ii'c,
wlilc li is i'iim'H'iI Iiv sill. ill ii^.ili' ;iriitt' simIcs with lliili ii'i'i- srariiuis tips, ami, at tlif luittiiiii nt tiu> ciili,
itli,;li(ly tliirki'iii'il aii<l khiihIi'iI mi tlic liark.

Tlir «iiim1 fif (JihriiiM ri III ii'i'tii, wiiifli is vitv licavv, hard, ami I'hisc-jjfaiiii'il, ami ruiitaiiis
tiiiiiii'roiis small srattcri'il o|ii'ii iliii-ts ami many liniail nit'ilitllary rays, in dark lirii»n uitli lliick li^htrr
ciiliiri'd sa|i\\iiiiil. Tht' .s|u'i'ilii' j;iMvify of the ahsohiti'ly dry w^mkI is (MMT!*, a ciiliii- l'tM)t wci^hin^

."»'.'.• 17 I'lllllllls.

In the I iiitid ."Stales fji'irn':) fi t'liiiliiln was disi'iiviTi'd nil Mt. (iraliaiii, Ari/uiia. at an I'lrviitinn

<i|' iiini' tliiiu>aiid live hiindnil I'l'ct aliuvc tlii> sim Iin Dr. ,1. T. lli>lliii>rk ' in ISTI. It has also I n

t'oiiiid iii'.ir till' >'Miiniits nf till' Santa Kit 1, Iin u Inn a, ( hiiicahiia, ami Santa Cataliiia Mciuntains in
Ari.'.on.i aii'I on lli,' >an Luis ami Anim.is Munntaiiis in snullirin .N('» Mcvim,-

' idini'i'li TiiinMi' lEoiliriH'li »;i« lioni in MiViUnwn, Mil'iliii
l*iMiiit\, I'l-iMH^U.iinii, III! A|inl '.I, l.<lil.tuiil ns-i'ivtsl lii^t v\\\\\ ,-ilit.
fAtiiiii ill lN>nu«U\aiiiii ill the l'ri-i'l,ii)tl N-iiiiiuirv iiiitl in .V'liilriiii.i,
,hiiii:ita Ciiiiiity ; lit' llion t-iitrri-il tin' I^twrt'iii-i' N n'litilU' nIhm*! ulf
lliirv.ivd I niviT»il.v, fniiii hIiIiIiIii' vtiv Kriclihiti'l in Isill.iiii't llini
M-jir-* liti'T n'(i'i\<'<l rt tl('j:m' tti iiii-<li*-ihi' frt'iii tin* rii(vcr''it_\ *■(
rihtioUviiiiiii. til' wus Isitiitti^l ((> a yni\} '••'lit tii llic Nurtliui'^t in
l>S4i,'i tti i>x)ilnr«' li niiiti* for 11 pri>tt*it(Ml ti lt'^rii|)li lino HiTtt^t Il<'lir>
iii|;\ Sdi, ,inil fh'in 1*^7,1 lu IsT.'i m^^ lui^mii itiiil l'(>taiii*t tu tlu'
riutril Mitten III uifraiiliu .il StirM'v nf tlic cmtiitry nrHt nf llio nni*
hnnilrt-ilili incrhli.in, ulm li. niiiirr ciiiniiiaitil nf Kii'nti'niint (li-nr^i>
M. Wbei'ler, e>|iK'rt'<l |i.irt<i uf I'ulormlu, Mcxicn, .Vn/iinn. ami Call-

fnriM.i III' lariti'ljr |iri'|>nrril llin viiluine in wliirli aiti ili>urilH<il
till' plantM I'lillri'li'il li\ liitn at iIim (inn', nnil in thf antlinr nf a
ri'|iiiri nil till' lli'ia i<f Ala<l>a, |inlili-lu'il in llii- l(r|inrt nf thii
.Sri ri'larv nf tlii' Miiiilivuiian ln«lilulinn fur l>*<li. In IST7 l>r
Itiillirm k Willi H|i|>ninti'il |iriifriiftiir nf Uilaiiv in llii> I'liivrrKit)' I'f
l*,'iiii^\Uaniii, ami in NnwiiiU p, IHtr'J, ^riu-ial Hi'rn'tary nf llii>
rriiti«i Ixania ti>ri'otr> AiuiH'iadnn.

* tjfitnit* rrtirutfltn WIU I'nnilil nil thr ni'iillilatnil nf llnlltlll'ri'

Ni'W Mi'kit'n in llii* MiiiiiiiiT I'f Isirj li\ llr. f)il);ar A. MrariiK,
iiiir|{i'iiii aiiil iiiitiiraliMl uf tlio luti'mutiiitial lUniinLiry l'nniiiit*Biiiii,
i;ri>wiii); Mil till ir ^nnitiiil* u« H liitli iliitili luxil M luwrr cli'va-
tion* im a niiiall IMt' uitli ruiigk «luli>U Uirk.

KXl'I.ANAlliiN (iK Till'. I'l.AIK.

I'Lvri: ( ( ( XC. ()i rill I « kmhiima.
1. A tliiw.-iiiit; I'raiirli. iiatiiriil ^i/r.
'.'. A Ktaiiiiiiali' tlimi r. riilarfftil.
,'l. A |iiNlillatr lliiwi'i. iiil»rL;e<l.
4. A fniitiiii; Iraiiili. iialiii'.il ■'/■'.
'>■ A {ruitili^; I'laiK'li. natural si/.«>.

cn'uurKR.K.

\V, 1'U|)-nI|I>|II><I,

imti'i' Niii'I'iiri',
III III' llii> ('ii|>,

Mill! I'oiitaiiiM
I tliii'k li;r|iti'i'
t"(M)t wci^liiti^

It nil i'lcvntioh

: liM.i mImi lit'i'ii

MiiiiiitaiiiH ill

i\iwh an iti'MrilM<il

l-i tlir lltlthiir iti .1

till' l(i'|ii>rt of till-

■«,7 III 1h;7 l>r.

II lllr ClliviTnity I'f

il M'cn'tiirv iif llio

r

•jt

nljiiiiii ■>( ihxillirri'
K«l(;m- A. MiariH,

^. > ■^:^:

r

V

\

\

N

y

f.,'

i
)

I

.1 . 0

2ilvj. jl' Nor'.h Ati;-:! .1

/i /.-' t'iia>tm Mt

QUERC'JS RETICULATA

A-HuHftH*j- .i4>-*w .

••./■ . sti.ur

\\A

■ 1

!

1 ' )

i
j

•

i
i'

1

<;

■1 *

ii !

.X.I

> -*

! ,f

T '

1

t'"

)

ft

cn-ULiTEBiE. SIH\i OF XOIiTII AMERICA. 93

QUERCUS TOUMEYI.

Lkavls oviiU' or ovatf-ohloiig or oval, ontirf or remotely si)ino.se-dentate, blue-
green.

Querous Toumeyi, Sarijcnt. frtnlrn uml Fon.if. vili. Ill', f. 1.'"., 11 (1S!I5).

A Iri'c. I'lcim twi'iity-livf to tliiity tut in lici^lit, witli a ^hort trniil; ^ix ov v\<i;\\t inclii's in diaiiu'tui'
dividing nut l.ir almvc llic j^rnuiiil iiilo si;vci;il >ti)ut uiili— -iircailin:;- l>i:i!ii'lu's wliidi iurni a limail
iri'cf^iilar lifail. 'I'lic liaik cil ilic liiinl; is almiit lime i|ii.iitcis (if an imli in tliiiknr^s and is di'f])lv
i'urrnwcd, dark liiiiun tirii^cd witii led, and lircil^rii on tiic suilaci' into ^Inail tiiin closcIy appri'ssed
scales. Till' Iiiancidfls arc slcndn-, and at nnd^ianincl' arc lit;lit rather liiinlit red and more or loss
tliii'klv coatcil with pale tonienliini. ami diirinir their scconil and third years arc eovrr('(l with thin dark
hrown nearly lilack hark hroken into small idate-iikc closely .ipprcsscd .■■(•alcs. The lra\rs ari' ovate or
ovatc-oMori'^' or o\al, ronndr'il or coidale at the ha.^e, acu'c and apiciditc at the apc\, entire with
thickened .and ^lifjfhllv rc\(dnle mar'^ins or rcinotelv spinnlosc-dcnlale. or olteri minnlely tlu'ce-toothed
at the apex; thcv .iri' thin hnl lirni in lextnre, lin'ht lilut-nrccn, tjlaiirons and histnms ahoM-. ji.dc and
pnliernlniis lieiow. Irom oni' hall to tince ipi irters o| an in.h loie^-, i'roiu one ipiarter to one hall ot an
inch wide, and cunspicnonslv rcticniatc-veiinlose. with slender luiilrilis raised and ronnded on the npper
side and thill art'iiatc primary veins; they ,irc home on stont toniclitosc pctiidcs aliont one sixtecntli
ol' an inch loii;j; and ])rohahlv fall earlv in the spriiiLj with the appearance of the mu i^rowlii. Tl."
tlowcrs are unknown. I'he frnit is sessile, solit.irv or in ]iairs, and ripens in .liuie; ilie nut is oval or
o^atc. one half or two tiiirds of an inch loni;', one ipiarler id an inch hroad. li<.!,ht lirown and lustron-.,
and fnmishcd at the acute apex with a narrow rini; of pale puliesceiiee ; the aluutive ovules arc at the
ha-e of the seiil ; the rup, which incloses ahout a ipiarter of the niil. is thin and ^hallow, cup-.haped
and toiiienlose. liifht eriMii and pnlusceiit within and covered on the outer surf.ne liy thin ovate iei;u-
larly and closely iinhricated li^lit red-hrowii scales eiidini,' in short rounded tips and coated on the hack
v\ nil pale toiiientiim.

The wood of (^hnriii" 'J'niinii i/i is li^ht hiown, with thick p.ile vipwood. and conlains numerous
nicdiilk.ry lavs and narrow hands of small open diiil> marking;- the lavi-rs of animal growth.

(Jinn 111 'J'liinii, 'i< inhahits the Mule Mount liiis in (.'ochi-.c Count v in soiitlie astern Ari/mii, where
it was found in .Inly. IMM, li\ I'rofessor .1. W. Toiimev,' formiie., stunted open forests extending;' from
llu' licit of (Jin ri IIS h'liiuri/i to the summits.

' iluiiii'?* \N'iIluiiii TnuiiH'v wai iMirti in \'(in Itiiri-ii ('(iiiiity, Miclii- jirt»f.'«»4»r of iMitaiiy ami I'litoinolitjfv in tlif rnivorsity of Arizuiui.

gaii, April IT. IMm. anil whi );niilililttsl fisini tlui .Michij^un A^ri- I'nifi'HHur Tiiunicv lia.H iiiaili' lar^t* L'(>lU'i'tioi|.i of Ari/nna plants

riiltnnil College in 1K811, iHusunin^ a year Utfr an aaHiNtant in tlni gathi'rtsl in ililTi<rt>iit parts of tin* territory, whii-h lie liaii fxplored

hntauiokl ilrpartuient uf Iliat iiistitutiun. In IM'Jl liu was upiKiinlpil Ijutauically uiorv tliuruughly than any unc ilnc.

'|l

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EXI'LANATIUN OK TIIK I'l-ATE.

I'LAiK (cx Nri. qi »u.

1. A (luitill,' iTIlIlc'll. Ililtll

■X A

■1 A li'.if. iiii'.iiru

ural size.

'(I. iiAltiriil file.

\ site.

,% A leaf, natural si/i'.
l">. A li- if. iialural »i/.c.
7. A liaf. rialuiiil ■'lie.

H

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QUERCUS TOUMEY

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cui'UUFEUA aiLlA OF NOliTIl AMERICA. 96

QUERCUS DUM08A.
Scrub Oak.

Li'.AVKs ()l)I()nji; or obovatc, ciitiri', >iiiiite-t()(>tliC(l or lobcd, liiccii. jJiilK'sccnt. and
ul'tcii pale oil till' lower Mirlacc.

QuiTiHis cUimo(?n. N.iitull. Siitr'i. i. 7 ( ISl'.'i. _ Tdinv. Quorcus dumosn. -, ncutUlons. Wi n/ii;. ./.i/,/A. />'<.A ^'./)•^

/■'.</. J/i'.r. Itoiiml. .Sun: '.'07. — Kiik'''"'""''' /''•"».<. Sr. /.', ,///i. iii. •Jill (|S.s,-,).

/,.)Hi.« .lr.li/, iii. ;i,S'J (vxf\, nvH. l^iirniiM liifl„'r!'/iihl!.i). QunrcUM MncDonnldi. fimnr, 11'. ^z .Im. /A//..<, '.'.">

.l',t;i; llrrinr ,K- U'ltanii Hoi. t'al. n.W. —\\iiu\,f, ,fii/,rli. (IN.S'.I); |it. ii. 7;i, I. .'I I. — Saii,'c lit. 'rii'l'» •mil /■;,nst,

li.,1. tl'irf. lUrlni. iii. '.'li:l. --(iririir. Iltill. C.il. .(.•,(//. ii. 171.

ii. irj. Il'i/ Im. f<.iA.«. .'!."i. t. I.S. Ill; M.ni. II..I /(../ QuorcuH MucDonaldi. \nr. eleKnntuln. (ii-.'.iii.. HV.<<

li'>':/i''ii, .'ill'.'. — MtTiiuiii. M'lrt/i .Iwri'.'./n h'niniii. N(p. 7, .Iw. (Ai/..«. '.'.'i (l.S.S'J) ; |it. ii I'.l. t, '.",1. — l'iiii>li. /■.. . iv.

.'i.u (/v.iM Viiihij A'r/.«/. ii.). — (',.\,iii.. r.i/i^fi'/,. r. .s". ;t.|r..

.V.i/. //crA. iv. I'.l7 {Hut. hrnih I'l//.'./ /.'i/.)'./.). Siir- Qui«rruH dtimosii. var. polycarpa. < .iciip. ir...r .Im.

Ki'iit. Ilur'/rii iiinl Kiri-al. viii. '.t.'l. (<.i/.,«, ;;r. (l.H.S'.li, y\. ii. I.l. i. '.'.S.

QuurcUB ncutidima, Tiirny, Hot, Mrr. Ilnnnl. Sun: '.'ii7. QiiuroUB dumoHn. \ar. munila. (irimi', ll'sl Am. O'll.s,

I. .M (l.s.-.,S|. :i7. I. '.'II |I.sh;ii.

QtiercUM uiultdatn. vnr. puniions, Kruji-lnuiiii. Ilreurr A QiiurciiH tiirblnoUa. (inciu', d'..*' .Iw. O/A.s. :)" (1M(>'.I);

ICi^J..'! Il"l. ('"I. ii. '.Ill (ill pari) (IS.SII), |ii. ii ,",'J (in |miti, t. '.'7.

All iiitri('at4'ly liriiiirlu'd rijjiil Nliriilt. witli stmit >t«'ms covricd liv ]i:ilt' ;ji:iv li;irk. u>iuilly IVoiii ^ix
to t'i);llt ft'ft ill height, nftcli I'uniiili^ (Iciisc tllirki'ts ; nr occasioiiallv in tlic ^licltcit'il liirinlis nl the
Califiiniia isUmlH risiiiif to the liri;;lit of twriitv-liM- or lliirtv feet, with a trunk liom twrlvr to i-inlitcrii
iiiclu'-. ill iliuiiii'ttT I'dviTfil l)_v liiiirlit Inown scilv liaik, and a rouiid-to|i|iiil licad of ^l(■^d(■|■ Inaiulics.
'I'lic lir.iiii-lilcts ari' nlriidrr, iii.irkfd witli >.r.ittrii'd |i,ilc iintircls, and coatt'd wlun lliry lii-'l apin.u- witli
liiiary toiiicntiliii ; during; tlirir lii>.t wintir tlifV .iff a>.liy );i-.i\ or lij^iit or dark rcddisli lirowii and n>iially
|iulii's('(-nt or tonit'iitoM'. Tlii' wiiitcr-lmds art' oval. ;fiMrrally aciiti', rrom ix sixtfciitli to an ('i;flitli ot an
iiicli loll);, and foviTfd liy thin |iaK' ri'il >calis ol'tcii [lilosc and ciliatc. Tin.- Icavi's arc ronvoiutc in tin*
lull I, and whi'ii tlii'V unfold arc thin, ilnthcd uilii scattered stellate hair-, or rarciv tiniiciitosc on the ii]i|ier
surface, and coated on the lower .ilid on the |ietioles with l.oaiv toiiientiiin ; and .it maturity they arc
thick and linn, dark ^rcen and r.ither lustrous aliovc and paler and covered more or less tliicklv with
[inhcsceiice lielow. The leaves of no other North .\iuerican Oak varv so inucli in slia|ie ; often on the
iiiainland they arc ohhui^j, liroail and ahrii|illy Hcdjfe-slia[)ed or rounded at the hasc, rounded or acute
at the a|ie\, sinuate, s|iiiiescent-toothed or entire or occasionally lolied, and usiiallv ahout three iiiiarters
of an inch lon)r and half an iiicii liroad. with ohsciire niidrihs and |iriiuary veins, conspicuous reticulate
vciiilet.s, mid short stout petioles rarely more than an ei>;hth of ;in iii.h in Iciij^^th ; i;ciierally furnished
with a few small remote spines<'ent teeth, ohlonj^-oliovate leaves, anil leaves with undulate and entile or
coarsely spinesceiit margins are common on individual plants, and leaves of all these forms may lie i'ound
on the same plant ; Niiiall loheil leaves are not iinconimon on pl.iiits near the coast, lint are most
ahlindant iiii the islands, where individual plants frei|ueiitlv produce ohlon^ or ohloiiM-oliovate leaves
narrowed ut the ha.se into loiijr slender petioles and divided liy 'leep sinuses rounded at the hottoni into
from five to nine oldonjf loties. these lieinjj acute, rounded or eiiiariiinate and liristle tip".'d, and
ilU'reii.Hiiig in si/.e from the lia.se of the leaf to the apex, which is three-lolied. nuiiided or acute ; such
leaves ar<j .^;>metimes from two to four inches Ion;; and from an inch to an inch and a hall wide, with
stunt inidrihs, jirinuiry veins ninnilit; to the points of the leaves, and ohscurc reticulate vciiilets ; and,
homo on »/etioles viiryinj; from three nuarters of an inch to an inch in Iciij^tli, they appear to fall

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SILVA OF NOnril AMHIilCA.

CVl'VUVVM.f..

I'lirliiT ill till' winti'i' tliaii tlic sin.illci' ilcnt.ito or ciitiic Ii'mvcm on niiiiiiliind plants.' Tlu> sti|iiili's
;ii(' liniMi-, olioviitc or lani'i'ohitf, sciiions. Iij;lit lirown. coatrd with pale liairs and caducous. Tlic
lliiwcrs arc produced in cirly xprinj; willi the unl'oldin<;' of tlic leaves; tlic staniinatc arc liornc in

piilu'>eciit alllcnt^i alioiit tliicc inches in

length,

d tl

H«p

stillatc

e are sessile or peiliincnlate ; or rare

I'lv th

llowcrs are perl'ect in lonji inaiiv-tlowcrcd tomciitose spikes.- The calvx <d' the pistillate (lower is
divided into Iroiii I'oiir to ci<r|it ovate lanceolate liairv se;rnieiits much shorter than the stamens, which
nre coiiipiised (d' slender lilaments and oviite eniar^iiiatc }r|alirous yellow anthers. The involiicral scales
and the calvx of the pistillate ilower are clothed with pale tunientiini, and the stigmas arc red. Tht;
licorns are nsiiallv solitary, and are sessile or short-pednnciilate ; the nut is oval, liroad at the hase, hroad
I roiindeil or narrowed and acute at the apex, from half an inch to an iiiidi and a half loiii; and from

uni

one third to nearly two thirds of an inch hroad ; the cup, which incloKcs from one third to nearly two
thirds of the iint. is dccjily cnp-sliai)ed or hemispherical ; it is lifjlit hrown and puhesecui 'vithin, and is
covered l)V ov.ite pointed scales coated with pale or rufous tomeiitum ; these, except on the np]ier part
(d' the cup, aru p'lierally niiich thickened, united and tiihvrculate, and are sonietime.s furnisjied with
thin free acute tips; aliove they are small and thin with niiiiutc fre«' hairy tips which form a slight fringe
to the rim (d' the ciiii. or freipicntly the l>;is;il scalt's arc warcely or not at all thickened and are
furnished with laif;er free tips.

In iiiirthern California, and occ.isionally in southern California, n variety of Qui rviiK fliniiomi^
occurs with roiiiuler. thicker, ami paler lea\t's, W'lii(di are concave and covered with iio.iiy tomentiim or
are glalirous on the upper surface and stroiij^ly revolute with entire or spinesceiit margins, and usually
with less jiointetl nuts and rather shallower cups.

(Jill l^l■ll,^ iliiiiiiisii is sometimes found on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in
C.difornia ;' it is common on the const ranges south <d' San Francisco Hay. inhaliits the islands off the
coast of the souliiirii part of the state, where it jjrows to its larj^esi size, and extends inland to the
honhrs of the .Molia\e Desert ami the canons of the ilesert slopes of the San nernardiiio and San Jacinto

M

ountaiiis, raii<;iij^ soiitlnvan

1 in 1/

Calif

ornia to tlie

hills

near San

Telri

North of .sijin Fra

cisco Hay it is replaced liy the variety ricitliitn, which raiiijes as far niprth as Mendocinu (Jminty and to

ip;

Vallc
(.hi

I nils iliiiiin.iii w

as dis<iivenMl liy Thomas Nuttiill on the hills near Santa Harhara in the spring

.f Ir

* No one ('(mid ininjfino niniplv frciin an riniiiiii.itinTi nf lifrlxt-
riiini N|H'ciini'nH tliHt thi> inituhr form, with ItitM't) li-iixi'^ ( I'lali-
cccxi'iii. f. I, I) PfM-iiiltlin^' llnw uf ^mni* fnriiis uf ijurn'ii* *iiin,-
Af/ii, I'uulil U lonj; to thi^ f>|>«i i*--*. Wliin {\w pLmt't. Iiiiwrvcr, un-
M't 11 iti X\\v niAniH <»f S.tiita Cittaliiin Inhuiil it U>t'niiu>ii n[>|t))ri'iit
that tlie (K'('n<iif*iml tn-tx witli Inrjji' loU-J h-avcK arr only im v
vif^ruua imliviiiunU of a KjMM'ieft which in the Kniiu' thirki'tx pro-
duce liinall anil t-iitire ur !t|jii)r»fi'iit or hlif^htlv h»U-tl Iciivc?* ; in
iht-v tliirLi-t<< iiMli\iil(i!il pUnti U*ar i-iitiri', npim'<M'iiit. Hiid viiri>Mi<>ly
Iu1m-(1 hirt^c luid '^tii.tll Ifii^i^i <in ihi* Hiuiit' or nii ilitTcn-iit hruiichf-,
:iii<l vi^itniiix hh*M>t<i on phuitN with ollirriiin)* ni(»f>tl hiiiitll i-iitirt)
Icivo (ifti-n U-ar Xat^^a- IuIhhI Uum-s ; iiml thi"*** I:ir(;<*-Iiiivi-<1 imli-
xiiliiiil.t lifL-ii friirii u littti> <liotJiiii-i' (■aiiiiut Ih- iti»>(iii};iii»ht-tl )>y hulut,
4>nliir, itr ^fiii-ml app4-;traii<'<- rroiii th<*ir xiiiidhr Iravi'd u-H'^iKiato^.
Mall a diizcii it|MTii-H nr wtll marked variftirn mi^tit U> t-fftatili-thi'd
from i\» many ino'ati'd hraitchi't »cK'etcd from plants of Quirnix
liuiiu'jiti on SantA C'atnlina Inland (t'latc n-oiciii.), und all thtir
charactcni mi^ht Ih> found on a singlf plant.

A Iiiw shrulihy form ((^fwrnt.i turhiu^lUi) from tho two inonn-
Uun-iilopes un l>uth sides uf the Mexican buundary, witb ubioiig

aentf entirr or dentate thick and rijfid leaver alMHit three qnar-
t»T* of an iiit Ii liHii;, Htfhdi T tlnn^jutfti nntt and coinp.iruli\< Iv
(•halloM (MipK mfh tlun M-ateH. iip|H'ani d)^tln(■t in ••xtn-nie furniM, hut
limn' MpiucM-i-nt leaMil fitrum with thicker and nmre tiilN'rciilate
cup« ^rtiw with It, and I cannot llnd \arietal chaructem liy w hit- h
to M'{>arat4' tht-m. 1 have not iiecMi thin plant ali\e.

' A luonMtruuH einidition mnrmis tiumom fHiltfrnrpn) noticu<l I»y
I'rofcHwtr fire*'ni', who U-licvrd it to U' a KtH-ond Ihiucriii^' from a
second annual jjruwth.

l^utrr}iM f/umftfd, var. rrri„'nt<t, Sarj^t-nt, fianlfn atul Fomt, viii.
l« (IHX.) (I'hUc cccici. f. .'.. «l).

iiurrmf iluiwijia, %ar. hulUifn, Kiif^ehnaiiii, Tnitu. St. l.fntiM

Ani.l. lit. M\ (m»t Uufrnu> /.Witjr hulinln, A. dc Candolle) ( 1^77);

llrm^r \ Wntaiti ii»t. Ctil. ii. Idi. — Wen/iK. Jnhrh. iUtt. littrt,

firrliti, iii. "J^Kl. ~ (Ireene, .Umi. /!<»/. /fwy lirtjum, 'Mf^.

• A c<immon Kiiiall-leiivctI form of Querntt itunui^m wan collected
at Sherlmk, in Mari|HMui (!ouuty. by Mr. J. W. Cungduu, in the
sprinj^ uf IKHl.

' Uraudegee, /ftx, iv. 1109.

Cl'I'ULIFEIM':

.' Till- Hti|iuli's
ciuliu'oiis. Tli«>
itc arc l)oriu> in
iti' ; or rari'ly the
stillati' tlowcr is

HhuiiciiH, wliicli
inviiliicral Hcalo.s
h air red. Tlie

the l)aHt>, hroail
r loiiir anil friiiii
il t(i iicailv tw(»
it 'vitliiii, aiul iH

till' ii|i|H'r part
i fllrlli^'ill'll with
II a hli^iit fringe
I'kcnvd mid nro

I reus (liniiomi '
I'V toiiiiMitiiiii or
iiiM, and iiHiially

It Moiiiitaiiis ill
• ittlandi* off the
'« inland to the
and San Jacinto
li ol San Kran-
County and to

a in the n

1"-"'K

atiuiit Ihric ijiiiir-
juhI r*(iriiii.inUi\i'l\

■ •\trfiiii' foniin. Imt
li liiiiri* tiilxTt'iilutf
Imructcni liv wliiih
i\r.

ll/nir/Mi) liiilicixl liy
I llimi'riiiK fniiu a

Iru aiul Fonil, viji.

7'rtinj. St. t.iniU
(■»ii(l..ll.-) II.S77);

Jtihrh. /(,<(. ii„rl.
."., ;Mr.'.
ii'i'Mii wru rolIrrUHl

Cuugijuu, in tb«t

1 i

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KXI'LANATION OF TIIK IM.ATFS.

I'l.ArF rCCXCII. C^IKHi IS IM'MIMA.
I. A lliiHi'riii),' liniiii'li, natural »hi-.
'J. A Klaiiiiiiiili' tliiwiT. iiiitiiral »iu'.
M. A I'riiitiiii; lirnnt-li, imliirul !*i/<'.

I A fniiliiit,' liiiiiii'li iif llu' tiirictv remliitii, iiaturiil -ire.
Ti. The I'liil of « liriuii'li of llin varivty ri-rWriM, witli nearly

t'litiri' IfAVCM.
)>. A frini, natiirul ni/K.
7. A fniil, nntiiral "iiv.
H. A fruit, nnliirul >!«»

I'l.ATK ('('('X«'lll. (^IKMi in m-MUKA.

I. A fruiting; hriinrti, nutiiriil *i/t*.

J. A Iruilin^' liraiii'li. hiitiiiitl •!/<'.

.'I. rill' iriil of n vi^'iiriiii* rilxMit with sharply ileotaU
l,.:,v,-v

4. A U'lif, natiiml i>iu<.

Ti. A linf. natural Hite.

(t. A leaf, nuturiil Mi/.t*.

7. A liaf, natural ••xiv.

8 A fruil. natural liti-.

0. A fruit, natural i>ite.

ll). A fruit, natural niio.

11. A fruit, natural <,i/p.

IL'. A »jjii<r iiiani'liK't, natural ai/i*

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gUERCUS DUMOSA

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Si'.va of Mdrth America.

lb. cccxcii:.

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gUERCUS DUMOSA

A .»<,

■I'l^i <:,rf,r •

.'•v ' Tir^fi^r P,ir<^

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CUl'L'LIFElt*:.

aiLVA OF Murni amiuuca.

00

QUERCUS VIRGINIANA.
Live Oak.

liKAVKS oblonjj, ('llij)ticiil or nhovnti', iiitiif or remotely >i)iiio>e-(leiit.ite. jjiile or
^iherv wliiti- on the lower Mirfaee.

Quorcua Virtfiniiinn, Miller, /'/. c r,l. s. N ,. jc, ( ITi'.Si. _
Kul^ii. Sili-'i, I'll. Iliiiiti'i. i. "L'. Du .Mcinl ilc (nui'sct,
Uiil. Cult. 111. '.", \i. I'.'li. - KiM'li. /hi:i/r. ii. |it. 11. .")7.--
|)ip|i.l, //./-"//. hiuUinhk. il. ".M, f. ;t'.l. _ SmlMortli,
/.V/,. Srr. .l;//-.>. r. .S'. I.S'.I'.', ;1L'S. — Ci.iilt.T, Cuutrih.
I . S. .V'.. Ihrh. il. 4Hi ( J/.i/i. /v. ir. ■IW'1.1).

Quorcus PholloB. ji, l.iiiiia'iH. S^e,-. '.I'.M (I7."i;i|.

QuurouK rhtiUoB. r. .MuinrlLliiiUMMi. limsi: V. '.',Vi (1770).

QuorcUH Phullos, •, obtusifulin. l-iiiKink. IH->. i. 7'-".'

QuercuH Phellos senipDrvirona. Mur^luill. .irlm.if. Am.

r.'l (17s."ii. ('a.iii;liuiii, IV.j;/. iiiyli Stnti I'niti, Ii. ,'tl.">.
QuurotiH Bumpervirona. Wiiltor, /V. Cur. 'i'i\ (not Xlillir)

lITsSi.
QuercUB virena, Aiimi. II ^rt. Srtr. iii. .'.M) (ITX'.l).

Miilmiix. Ilht. Ch^wt Ai'i. No. C, i. li); /V. /;../■.-. I m.

ii. I'.M). — WilliliMiiiw. S/wf. iv. |it. i. .ILTi ; Kniim. 'J74. —

Pafooii. iS'y"' ii- •'•''"■ — llorldiaim'ii. Il<iiiill>, ^'urntlml. i.

7I.S. — IJov, Mini, lii.ll. .V.|^ S.-i. I'/ii/.t. Miilli. viii. [.t. i.

;tf.'. — iJi'iif.nilililu-", IIUl. Arl.. 11. :ill7. - roirH. /.'im.

hit. ,Su|i|)l. ii. '.MM. — StokM, II..I. M,it. Mi.l. iv. KM. _

Miili.iux f. //M^ Aril. Am. ii. t;7. t. 11. — I'ur^li. F/. .(in.

.Vi/.r. ii. (il'O. - NulUll, lint. ii. '.'U; Si/li;i, i. 1(1. —

Xniin'iiii Ihili'iiiii/. vii. I.'il. — Klliolt. .s7.-. ii. .Ml.". —
Spriiiiji'l, Si/tt. ill. H'iS. — .Sjiaili. //i',</. IV;/. x\177. —

Sri Ic. Ii'ni nil r Ti.r'is, Hit ; J.inii'in. xxii. 1-17. — l)ic-

liiili. Sijn. V. ,'Ill7. — 'I'oiriy. H'lt. Mi jr. Jtoiiin/. Snrr.
•JiiC. — C'urti", Ji'ii. liiuhi'j. Siii-r. .V. C'li: l.SHll. iii.
;<">. — C'lia|iiiinn. /"/. I'.'l. — A. ili' Caruliillc, I'roilr. xvi.
|it. ii. ;17. — ()r»ti'(l. I'll/. ,1.*/:. M,;l,l. fni nut. J-'.^r.
Ki'ilicnh. ISCil'i, •>',( J t.liliiiiinin Clihir.^ .\ni. yVoy,. t. .'!.'!,
(. ."ill ,"T. — Viwy, Am. Knl. nml l!„t. •.'.S'J, f. 17."i.—
Kni,'rlin:uiii. TfniiA. St. I.miU A'-mt. iii, ,'>.S."i. — IIiiii'liv,
/(.I'. /)'/"/. .I"i. fiiit. iii. 17.S. - Sar'.;i'ii;. Fnmt Tf;.< .V.
.Im. l(l//i ( id.iK.i /'. .S'. ix. 1 l,"i. — \Viii7.ii;, -I'lhrh. lint,
liirl, llrrliii, iii. ISI, — llotilia. I'lirnrn Am. en lliii'i'iuv,
i;ii'.'. t. — \Vat»i)ii iV C'oiiltir, drill's .Mini. pil. ti. .t77.

QuercUB olooiilus. ('liaiiLi»«i) A. SrliU'ilLtfiiilal, J.iiuiiin. v.
7'.l ( |.S.'iO). .^ .Mailiiii i\: (iaiiotti, Hull. Ani'l. .S'.-/. Unij:
X. 'JOS. — (W..,!. fl,l,'ii.il;. .Miii'l.fru „„t. /■•,„•. Kj't-nh.
LSCil'i. Ci',!. — Wi'ii/ii;, .liKhrl: li;l. Hurt. IWrlin. ill. L'l.S.

QiKTcua SnKrii'dnri. Nuliall. Sijlfa, i. 17 (1S|'.'>.

Quurc-UH Culmim. A. Kirliaiil. /■'/. I'lil. iii. '.'.In (Is.'i.li.

QuercUB rotusii, l.iil.iuaiiii. Oi'i/.-.yr li-m.J.. \'i,!, nsk.
.SV/../,-. F'lrli.in.ll. l.S.M, 1.S7. — ()r,u.il. Vilaisk. .M,:.l,l.
J'ra lint. for. Kj'ihenli. IStKi. (i',t.

; \ t

A tivi', forty or lif'y feet in lici^lit, witli :i trunk tliri'c or four fi'ct in dianu'tiM' iiliiivf its swollen
and l>uttres.sc(l lia.se, ami usnallv iliviilinir a tew iVt't from tlit> ^rounil into tlirct* or four i^ri'Mt liori/.ontal
wi(k*^|)readin)j limbs which form a low diMisf round-topped head often eoNerini; an area from one
hundred to one hundred and lifty fi'i't across; occasionally si.xty or seventy feet tall, with a tiuidi
diameter of six or seven feet, hut often shrulihy, and .sometimes not more than a foot hii^h. The hark
of thu trunk und lar^u hranehes is from half an inch to an inch in thickness and is dark hniwn tinned
with red and slii;htly furrowed, the surface .se]iaratini^ into small dn.sely a|iiircsscil scales. The
liranchlets are slender, rijfid, marked with pale lentieels, and coated at tirst with hoary tomciitum which
soon he}i;ins to di.sappear, ami during their tirst winter are ashy fjray or lii^ht hrown and puliescent or
puherulous, l)iH.'oniin<; darker and j^kihroiis the followinij season. The winter-lmds are j^lohose or
slijjhtly ohovate, ahout one sixteenth of an inch lonjj, and covered hy thin lii-ht chest nut -hrown scales
with scarious white niarjjins. The leaves are revolnte in the iiuil. ohionj;, elliptical or ohovate. fjradu-
ally narrowed and wedjje-sha|H!d or, in Texas and Mexico, .sometimes rounded or cordate at the hase.
rounded or acute at tlio apex, and usually entire with thickened and conspicuously revolute mari^ins,
or rarely furni.shud ahovo the middle with a few rijjid spino.se teeth ; when they unfold they are
thin, lip[lit fjretMi tingtnl with re<l, covered with .scattered pale stellate hairs on the upper surface, and
coated on the lower with thick hoary tomentum ; and at maturity they are thick and coriaceous, very
dark f^reeii and lustrous above, pale or silvery white and pubescent or puherulous below, from two

) »

ico

i<n.\A OF yoirrii amkiuca.

Id llvi' iiu'lit's ill li<iii>'tll ai)(l t'riim liiill' iiii iiicli (n two jiu'lic^ ami a liall' in In

.Itl

il't'ailtli, wil

ii;i'Il,ln;ii.K.

iiaiiciw Mlliiw

lew >li'iiili

I' (iliM'iii'i' iniiiiai'V v('iii> I'oi'liiMl ami iiiiiti'il at miimc c|i-,taii('i' Iroiii tlic inari;'iiiN, and
i'(iii>|iirii(iiis or iiii'oiis|iii'iioiis irtiiiilatc vcinlrls ; tlicv an' lioiin' on -.tout |iilioK'>, •^roincil ami llatliiiiil

ilicMpiU'i- >iili' aiiil iMii'lv iiiiiif tlia;i a i|iiaiti'r of an imli loiii,', ami. L;ra<lnall\ tiiniini^- vc

It tile cml ,pt the wiiitci', I'all with or mmiii alter the a|iiiraraiiii' ol' tlir nru i;i

owlh .11 tl

••I"

Till' sti|iul('s all' liiit'ai'-oliovati' or lanceolate, liairv. Iirowii anil >eirioiis. ami alioiit lialt' an inch in
length. Tlic flowers ajipear in Maieli anil .\|iril, ami are lioriie, the staniinate in the a\ils of linear-
laiieeolatc iHilx'seelit liraets in liairv aiiients I'roiii two to three iiiehes in leii;;th. the |ii>lillate in spikes

I'liiler pnliesceiit |m'<Iiii

rl.'S fl

mil one to nine imlirs Ion

T

le r.ilw ol till' staniinate (lower is

tl

laii til)

lie;lit yellow, li.iiiN. ami ili\i(le>l into iroiii li\e to seMii ovate roiiiiileil se;;nieiits sliortei

staiiieiis. which are coiii|'os.i| ol leliiler lilanieiits .ilioiit as loiiij as the laif^e oliloiif;; em,ir;;inate hirsute

villow aiitiicrs. Tile inol icral scales ami civale calvx-lolu's ol' the iiislillate tlower are eo:iteil with

loarv pniiesiem

I

Iriiited

I'^mas are lire'lii ri'i

I. The fruit is n

siiallN iiriM

lllce.l

ill from three to li\e-

pale IciiliceU. elila

tiiiM I pairs or siiii^lv. on stout li^lit lirown piilieriiloiis peiliimles iiiarl\e<l with
.owanl '!: apex, anil from one to \\\v iiiche-. in leni;tli; the nut is oval or
slightly ol>o\ati'. narroweil at the i>.im'. roiinileil or acute at the narrow apex, dark eliestnut-linnvn aiicl
Very lustrous, and altoiit an ii'cli lom; and one third of an inch wiile, witli a sweet seed and lii;iit yellow
connate col\lcdoiis; the cup, which incloses alioiit a ipiarter of the nut, is tnrliinate, lii;lit reddish
lirouii and piilpcriiloiis within, and coxercd with thin o\atc acute scales sli^jhtly keeled on the hack,
co.itc I with dense lu>troiis lioarv toiiiciitiim .and |irodiici'd into small closely apples ed redilish lips. In
jjcrmiiiitiii;;, the petiole^ of the cot\lciloiis j;;roH from one to two inches loni;, the |)liimiil(' forcint; its
wav ii|i through a slit ma.' their hase ; the railicle and the iijiper part of the fruit, liy alisorlniij; the
swcct ami starchv matter contained in the cotyledons, enlarges and forms a sjiindle-shaped tiilier often
two inches loii^r >v|ii('|| furnishes the yoiiii;;; plant with an immediate supply of iioiirishnient and, when
this function has heeii performed, hecoiiH's nierijed with the root.'

(Jdi reus Virijiiii'iiiii is distrihiitecl from the shores of Molijack Hay in Virjjinia southward on the
i^laiHN and in the iiei^hhorhooil of the coast to those of lta\ lii.scaMie in Florida ; it .ihoiimls in all parts
of the Fl(pri'la |icliinsula. and. ianj;ilii; from Cape Ifoinaiio aloin; the shores of the (iiilf of Mexico to
lieviiiiil the mouth of the Ilio (Iralide, spreails inland through 'l'e\as to the \ alley of the l!ed Iiiver and
to the .\pai'he and ( iiiadalonpe Moiintains in the extreme western p.irt of the state, and to the mountains
(if northeastern .^Iexico; it iiihaliits the islainl of Ciilia and the mountains of southern Mexico, Central
America, and Lower California.-' (In the Atl.iiitic and east (iiilf coasts, where it is very aliiindiilit and
.'ittaiiis its kirj^est size, the Live Oak jjrows on rich humnioeks and ridgfs a few feet aliove the level of
the ocean with the Water < )aks, the Hickories. tli<' Ked ISay. ami the Miilherry ; it is ahnmlant in
Texas, ^frowiiii; in the coast re;;ioii near the li.iiiks of streams in low rich soil, and farther westward
toward the v.illey of the Kio (irande often forming; on low moist soil the principal part uf thu sliruhhy
growth.

In sandy harren soil in the immediate vicinity of the coast, or on the shores of s;ilt water
estuaries aiiil liavs. the Live ( )ak i^ often a shriili with iiiimerotis stout contorted steum and thick ri<;id
hranchlets. Such sliruhhy forms hear leaves which, except in their smaller size, reseinhle the leaves of
the lar^e trees, or on some individuals the leaves are thin and hut sli;;litlv or not at all revolnte ami
freipiently not more than an inch in Iciiirth,' .iinl on others, sometimes hearing; fruit on stems not
mole til, in a loot hii;li. they are oliovatt-ohloni;. often spiiioselv tootheil, three or four inches loiiff and

' Ktip-ltiiuiiii, Tritna. St. AfiiM Ai'tvl. iv. IIMI.

'I'lii-M' tiiU-rs (in' i-ii;;i'rly stni^-Iit fur unil I'ulfii liy t!»' uej^rit i-liil-

dri'li ill till' NoutlxTIl ^tut^'!l.

^ <^<tt'rrnx yiri/iiiiuna waj* rollrclcil hy Mr. 'I'. .*^. UnuuU'jjff :it
Mtrattorrs, l.<iwt r ('iilifuriii;i, Xuvi'IiiInt 11, l^\H).
* (intrnn Wrfjiriiiiitiit var. vuiritinui.

ii'trma l*hft!i>g (miirttwut), Michaiu, Hist, Vhuus Am. Nii. 7,

t. Ill, f. ;)(i.s(ii).

(^urrflti mtintllttil. Willdi-iinw, .S'/w-f. iv. |'t. i. I'Jl (ISO.",), —
Xullilll, (leu. ii. •S\ 1 ; St/h-ii, i. 111.

(^','ri-ii.f rirfUA, vnr. mnrttiiiut, ('lia|iiii;in, /■'/. I'Jl (ISliO). — Kli-
^■llll.ttili, Trutts. St. l.OHti .Irthl. iii. Itsa.

t\

cll'IM.IKKll.V;.
I IIMIIDW mIIiiw

mI Mini lliitti'iu'il
riiiiiy; yrlliiw or
li .11 the ?.|iriii|4;.
I, ill Mil iiicli ill
axils lit' liiicar-
~tillMt)' in Njiiki's
iiiiiatc lliiwir is
limtri than tlic
ar;iinatr liilMilc
arc I'liati'il with
ini tliri'c to li\f-
li"' iiiarkfil witii
' nut is iival or
Iniit-liriiwii anil
Ihil li^lit vi'Iiow
I', li^ht rnlilish
'(I on the hark,
■dilish tijiK. In
mill' t'orcini; its
y ahsorliiiijx liic
|«'ii tulicr often
incut anil, when

utliwaril on tiic
mils in all parts
of Mexico to
l!c<| Ki\cr anil
the nionntaiiis
lexico, Ct'Utnil
aiiuiiilant nnil
the level of
aliiindaiit in
rther Westward
if the .shriihhy

of s;ilt water
ml thick ri<;id
the leaves of
revolute and
on stems not
lies lon<r and

Vhttus Ant. No. 7,
i. l-.'l (IKll.-)).—

IJI (lsi;o). Kii-

(■i-i'ii,iri:i!.K.

>7AI'.l OF Xoinil AMHRlf'A.

I(i|

half an inch wide, (hi one fiirin ' (rriiwin;:; from one to two feet l.i^h and spreading hy iinilei'!;'i'oiinil
siciiis, which is coniiiioii in the sterile Pine li.irrens of the south Atlantic! and eastern Gulf coasts, the
lowi'r leaves are 'ihlon^-oliov.ite, gradually natroweil .it tiie hase, aciiti* at the lirnad a]i {'oarscly
re]t;uid-serrato with larj^e lrianj;niar s|ireadiiii^' or olilii|Ue teeth, or ihiee-toothed at tlie pi x and
entile lielow, and three or four inches Iimil;. while the upper leaves are olilon;;-laiiceoial. 'tli eiiliie
sli;.;-litly revolute niar;;ins. (In tliese dwarf forms the liuit is Usually larger ami iMune on shnitir
pi dniicles than that of lar^e trees.

(Jill reus i'lri/iiiiiniii is one of the iiiosl valiiahle llmlier-trees of North Ann ilea. The wood is
very heavy, hard, strong, ton!;;h, and cliise-.^r,iiiiid, with a satiny surface snsi cptiMe of receiviiiii a
lieaiitifnl polish, hut is rather dillicult to work ; it is li^lit lirowii or yellow, with thin nearly white
s.ipwoiid, and contains numerous sm.dl open ducts arran<reil in short liroken rows parallel to the liroad
conspicnons medullary rays, tlu* layers of annual irrowth lieini; hardly (listin;.;iiislialilc. The specilie
tjravitv of the alisolutely dry wood is ().lt.")(ll, a culiic foot weiffhinj,' .">!•. "Jl |Miiimls. l'"ormeily it was
lar;,'cly used in sliipdiuililin;^, and is still occasionally employed for this purpose. '

The swi'ct acorns were fathered and eiteii hv the liiili , and alVord vaiiialile fond for iii)i:;s.'
The importance id' the Live Oak as .1 timhei-tree was , "o^ .-d in the si'venteeiitli is' liiiy,' and
the lirst description of it was pnldishcd hy I'lukenet in ''''.Mi.' . was ciilli\ated liy I'liillp .\|.'' r in

* iiurrruii ]'irifiiiuiiul, vnr. mirtimil (tM.-iti- (■.■cicvi 1.

(^wrri-n.f r-irrtii, v;ir. ittutnUi^ C hil|>Niiili, hi. iL'l (not liwrrm
ilnililUi. I'liunlKrj;) (ISlUI)

* Tlir I'rrsiiirht of ilii' fiuN'iI siiiii't tiiiviii^j Ih-i'm mittiori/ril tiy
nil Act lA t'oii^'n-** rii'instvt'.l Nt;irrli '-'7, 17'.il, 1.. priKMir.' f.mr shiiiH
of wiir for till' iHir|,o«' of |ir.itis'ltii^ Aini<ru>nii roniliHTis. a;;:iinHt
till' lilt.ii'kt of .\l);,'rtjiii pirtitt'M, till' attfiiiioii of till' ^Mvi'rniiit-iit
wiiA t-iilli't to till, viiliie of l.ivo Ouk tlliilNT in tilii|Hl>u)l(titiK ('u-o
Am.Sliil' /''lyri [ 1>(K'M. I.«>i;i«)iitivi' iinil hlii't'titivf], i. H) Wrilinj;
.111 itio tllli of .iHiinnry. 171>7, to tin. roiiiiintti'i' on iiAvnl «|iipitioiM,
.IiiiiicH Mrlli'iiry, S'tTi'tJiry of Wiir, iirjjtits! ihiit "curly |ir,-,Muti.<ii

kIiouIiI tw tiiki-ll to HtSMiro to till' I'llitcl Stlltl'H II lji»tiii^; llHul of

livi- link f.ir fiitun' uhi. " (iKnt, 'J7) ; iiihl l.y uii Art of ('oni;r.".H
H|i]irov4'<l Kflirmiry 'J.',, I71H*, ^'JIHI.INHI wen- ii[ipropri;iti'it liy I'mh-
Ijn'NS for tl». [HiriitM,. of inirt'liiiHi:)^ unmiii;; or oilier tiliiU'r or
l.iiiiU till wlii.'li titiilN-r wiiA i;roMiii^ iitaal.lo for tlif iiiivy. I'liil.T
IliiH art. liroTcr lil:iii<l, of Itin'i. Imiidn'il iiii.t lifty ai-ri'i, on tlio
(ii'.irjjia t'tMWt, WHS piircluuH-it l.y llio l'r,'Hiil«-iit for :*7,.".eo in
llrrniilHT, 171KI ; mill in tin' following yi'ur lUiu-kln'ant l!.l.'inil, of
Atxti'i'U liiinilrtsl iirrt'ii, al.Mi on tlii> (ii'ur^ia I'onxt. wiiii Ikiii^IiI for
SL'^IMJO. TIk) nri|uisitiuii of l.oiiiiiiuiia liy tlm fniteil .''tati'* in-
rri'jiM'il tin* availiililo iiipiily of livi- oiik. and on tin* Int of M;in'li.
1S17, all act wiuh paiMi'.l aiitliorifilii; tin' willnlniival from entry of
1;iiiiU in tilt' new territory coveretl hiiIi Live t ink ami ('e.lur Kiiita-
l.le for naval construction wliicli ini^lit 1h- tleHi^iiateil l>y the I'reni-
tlent. I'nticr tint act i'y|>re>vH ami Si\ l^laliiU in l.oui^iiiii.i, of alHuit
nineteen tliuiiHantI acrct in extent and e^tiiiiiiteti to coiitiiin lliirty-
M'vcn tlioiiHantl l.ive llaki Hiiilalile for naval iite. were rejiervetl.
'I'lle ceding td h'loritla to the t'nitetl .stateM ealle.l attention to tlie
value of itH Live tlak trei^N and to the j^reat t|iiantitien of this tini-
Ikt that went ex|Hirted aiimmlly from the St. .loliirA lliver lo f,.r-
I'igii coiiiitrti'H. Tlio Uinl wan no I'overed l>y privatit titlt'N, however,
that no tiniln'r-luiid could Im' reiiervetl in the new territory until
lH'J."i, when l'iinj;rt'?ts appropriateil .•^lO.IHKI to pnrcliasi' laml .in
.^aiita UoHa Siiiiitl alitl cidttvato Live Oak tindier. riie cultivation
appcani to have coiisiMtpd chiefly in tdearini^ the ^roniitl aliont yonii^
trees to iinprovt' their i;rowth. .\ttenipts tti tran.splanl seetlliii|;s
were not unccesAfnl, lint lari;e tpiantitics of tnita were plantctl iiixt
I'xpcrinientA in pruning yoniij; treci were made.

I ntler tint Act of 1«17, 'JtW,'.".'! acrm of Livn (Mk Iniid ill wciit-

ern Klornia. inel'iilini,' the itliiml of Santa Itosa, were \villi.lr:iwii
from en. on Octolter 'JM, |s;UI ; two years later the rescrvatioii-t
were iiic-.-iuM'tl liy 'J*i.*-lS acre-, on the eo.ast of Min-.is^ippi, int'lud-
I Uoiiml I.slaiiil, anil hy two liuiidred and forty acrei in soiith-
1 Vlaliania ; on ihtoU-r 'Jl. 1S|.",, !ij7o acres in three ishimls
oil the coast of Louisiana were aiMed t.i the reservations.

I'n'viouH to the War of .secession lari;e ipialititics of Live tlak
tiiiiU'r wer« cut frtiiii the rejM'fvalion.n uml iiscil m the ci.n-truiti.m
of war-ships or stonsl in the shops of the dilfcrent navy- yards, hnt
the siilHtitiititiii of iron for wihmI in naval arehiteetiire diiiiinislied
their value, and they won' i;niilnally iii»i;lecteil and oecnpied hy
Hipiattcrs who cleared the laml for iii;riculltiral purposes, tin
March a. lS7t), an act was passcl pnivitlini; that all laii.ls in Florida
rest-rvetl for the use of the navy should U' resturcd to the pul.Iic
doniain ; no action was taken under thi.s authority, howi'ver, hut
iiiitler an act {timsetl liy the Kifty-tliirtl t'oii^ress. approve.! in Kehru-
ary, ISlCi. all the natal tinils'r reservations in Louisiana. Missis-
sippi, ami .Maliama were tninsfernil hy the Secretary of the Navy
to the S'cn'tary of the Interior on the l."iih of March. lS'.l."i. and
oiM-ned to the piihlic for entry and oecnpatinn. the Klorida reser-
vations lieinjf still retained hy the Navy l>. piirtincnt lor furthiT
investiKatious.

" '* It iH'ars a |,ro*lii;ious ipialitity of fruit ; the ac'TU is sm;ill.
hut sweet ami a^^reealilc to the taste when roastetl, anil is f.iotl for
aliuosl all aliinials. The Indians ohtain from it a sweet oil, which
thev use in the ciHikiiii; of hoiimiony. rice, \c., ami they also roast
them in hot enilK'rs, catiii); them as we ilo chesnnts." (W, Itartram.
Triivrii, H:,.)

' " Trrfi for the Servii f liuihlin^' Houses and Shippiu;;. In si.les

lht«i> imtl many inuro which we have not iiam'il ; they have all
such as we in KtujUtini esteem tJootl, Lastini; and Sen iceahle. as
the thik of three sorts, the Whilis Illack iind Live Oak. which lor
T'oU),'hiu'»s iiml the tiiKKlni'ss of its drain is much esteemed."
(T'hoiiias ,\sli, Ciiro/i/iil, or ii Di.irripliim of ihr rrrsml Stillr iif Ihul
Ciiuiilri), HI.)

* t^nirriw rir'/oiiilnil ii'mfnrrin-ii.i, tWiif tJiUtiitli* s'inuatii. .V iioti
liimutiit. Mm. /;»/. .'Illl. — lliiy, //i<'. /''. iii- /'.n./r ,S.

Qiirixm ,<. 'n/iiT('i>'M.<, yii/iu oliioiiifU lum .iiniMti.it Catesliy, *Vii/.
Ilim. C'lr. i 17, t. 17.

lo-j

SILVA OF NOUTII AMi:iil('A.

VKWIAVVMA..

It I

i:
•J

I!

the IMiVHic (ianli'ii at ('liclsoa, iii>.-tr Loiiilnn, in 17!I!K' aixl, altlioii^li now rare in Kiiropt-an |ilantationM,'
till' Live Oak is Naid to Iiavc |ir<)ilui'i'il fruit in llic Kiiiij's (ianlcii at Kcw t-arly in llic incM'Mt ci'iitiiiv.'
Ill till' Miiillii'i'ii I'liitcil States its licaiity has lu'cii a|i|iri'riat('i| for iiiori' than two liiiiiili'i'il years; ami
iiiilili' sin;;!)' s|ieriiiieiis iir avt'iiiies nl' Live Oaks )riiariliii^ the a|i|iroaeiies to the stately ciiloiiial niali-
siiiiis of Carolina and (ieor^ia, ami iiiisiir|iasseil in majesty hy planteil trees of any other kimi, testify
to tile oniaiiieiital value of tilis speeics, whieh Mirpasses tlie other Oaks of North Ameriea in frramleiir
of |iort, lieaiitv of outline, and soliilitv of trunk anil liranehes.' No Aineriean Oak ^rovvs more rapidly^
or is more easily traiis|ilaiited, and its pMieral usi> as a shade-tree, \>ith the seareely less lieaiitifiil Laurel
(•ak, ill the streets of southern cities, jjives them their j^reatest ehariu.

I I,miil.iii, .Ir'i. Ilril. iii. IttlH, f. 1S(V.'. IHoa, t. ' Tlu' Lir »|mimiiicmi hi lli.' .Iimip ('■illcitinii ..( N.irlli Ami'ri.iui

' Xiiliiil»iiii, (.'rid/i ri III!./ I'orrtI, i l;Ki. W'.hkIi in ilii' Aiiiiruiiii MiiMiim tif Xiiluriil llnlnry, Niw Y.nk,

' C'liliU'tl, \\'i>ii>Hmuh, So. lUl. ..Iitiiiiinl fnmi iKirtlicrii Kl.iriiU, U ri)(lilrfii iiiitii'n in clianniir

• Sirui'iit. Hiinlrn awl Fiwrtl, i. I'ti, f. 71. — IjimlHirn, (limlrn in-i.l.- Ihi- l«rk, with mitrrn UyiTt iif MpwiKxl, iiml i.^ mil) furlj-

nri.y l-'iinti, v. 4»t;l, f. S'J, H3. — dunlin ami h'urtil, vi. L', f '-'. ftmr Miir» .iKI.

KXl'I.ANATKiX oK IIIK I'l.MRS.

I'l ATI: ('<'<'X( IV. 1^1 n;. I ■< \ ii^.imana.

1. A tl>iwrriii(j )>r.iii<-)i, n.ituial ^'i/v.

'.'. A Klaiiiiiiuti' lliiWiT, (Mil;ir>;i'cl.

it. A utiiiiii'ii. ciiliir^'i'il.

■I. A I'lHtitlate iiitUtrt-Hi'ciK'i*. t'liliiricitl.

*>. A friiitiiit; lirniirli. iintiiral n'lrv.

l>. A L;i-riiiiiKttiiii; nut, nittiirul ni/f.

7. A leaf, ii.iliinil "i/v.

K. A u int<T-|pii<l. hiitiir:il ^i/t*.

1'I.ATK CCCXeV. tilKHn . VlKiilMAXA.

1. A fruitini; lirniirli, n.-ttiinil li/i'.

'J. A fniitiii;; liriincli. ii:itur.'il «i/f.

.'1. .V fniitlii;; liramli. naliinil ^i/^^

•I. Knil iif a yoiiiiK -InMit »illi Kiimll uMong UncooUti' le«ve

r>. A fruit, natural ni/o.

I>. .V fruit, nntur,-il h'n.r.

Pl.ATr CCCXCVI. (ilKHifs VlUcllNIANA, v.ir. MINIMA.

1. A fruitiii;; |il.'iiil. n:ilur»l 'iiv.

2. INirtioii iif a \>\.iut, hliuwiii;,' tlir ]nvg>' cilnnali; l.iwcr leaviit and llie (nikll

iililiiii);-laiicoiilatv U|i|ii'r Uaven, natural ai/e.

3. A leaf, iiatuml niw-

4. A leaf, natural ni/.e,

t>, A iu'duiielu uiiil rujw, natural niie.

CL'rUI.lFKIlA..

I |ilaiitatliili)t.'
iflit icntiirv.'
><1 yeiirft; iiiid

ctildiiial man-
r kiml. testify
M ill f^ruiiili'iir

more ri»l>iilW "
■iiutifiil Laini'l

if Nortli AmiTumi
li«Mrv. Si'w Y.irk,
nrlit'^ III ttiitiiM'trr

I, HU>\ II "111) f'Tlv-

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OUERCUS V!RCiiNi:ANA '/ill

A fUai.*<mut> iiu*\t '

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QUERCUS VIHGINIANA '/

.-t .Vl.', ttH,U- Jifi-.

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Silva ciC North Amoncj

Tib, CCCXCVI.

..'«■.

QUFFU-'US VIRGINIANA MINIMA

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VUl'UUFEIUt.

HILVA OF NOliTlI AMKliWA.

io;i

QUERCUS EMORYI.

Black Oak.
liKAVEs oblonp-laiu'folatc, acute, entire or npaiul-serrate, coriaceous, dark jireen.

Quorous Emoryl, Torroy, Kmnri/'a /ii/i. ITil, I. !• (rxil. f.
'.'I (|H|«); ll'it. 3l,:c. floiiml. Sun: 'JOti ; /V/.Z/iV A'. /,•.
Jleji.'it, |)t. i. IHH; lff«' li'i/i. '.'H. — Kii(;c'liii»iiii, Trtiim.
St. LouU Acud. iii. ;t«2, IW". .'t'.H; llothmek \yiinl,r\i
Jd'/i. v\. WO. — lloiimliy, lluf. lliu/. Ant. Ci'iil. iii. 170
((•x<'l. iiyii. (fhirrnin /iiiir/fiiK). — Saij;('iil, h'urf^l Trr':i .V.
Am. ICM fV/i»tij r. .S. ix. 1 Hi. — <ir.-,iir. il'r.it .{m.

<t'i/:.i. -I.V — Ciiilui, Conlrlh. f. ,S'. Xal. Ilirh. ii. Iltl
(.)/-;-. /•/. \l\ VV,,.,.).
Qviorcua hustata. I.ii l)iiianii. Oi-n-fhjt Jimixl;. I'iilm.s/.:
Srl.il;. l-nr/Hiii.l/. I.S.M. 171. — A. di' C.in.l.ill,.. /Vw/r.
x\i. |il. ii. ;!(■). — Disliil, I'ii/rn.ik. Mi'lil. fni iiiit. /■'.<•.

A';/"A»')//(. ISfill, C'.t; l.!<l,mintii C/i.',ii:m Am. Tri'j,. T.i.

Wi-ii/.i);. .Iiihrh. Hut. (lurt. Ilrliii. iii. i;o,"i.

A tree, usually thirty or lorty tVet in In ii^^lit, with a short trunk two or llircc I'im t in dianictcr ami
htout ripd rather (Iroopin;; iiranchc.s which lorni a r(»un(l-toii|i(Ml symint'trical iicacl ; sonii'tiiiics .sixty
or Hovclity feet hi)^h, with a trunk-<liatnctt'r ol' four or live feet ami a hi'ail occasionally one humlrcd
fci't across; ami often at hiijii elevations or on exposed niountain-sio]ies reduced to a low shruh.' The
hark of tlu! trunk is from one to two inidies in tliickness, very dark hrown or nearlv i)lack. and de(]]!y
divided into larjje olilou^ thick plates separatite^ on tlie siu'face into small thin closely appnsscd
scales. The hranchlets are slender, ri^id, and marked with small pale leiiticels, ami wiien they tirst
iip|H-ar lire coated with close hoary tiunentum, which 4M>vers them durin;;' the summer; in their lir-t
winter thev are rather hriijjht red and pul)escent or tomentose, and then j;radu;iliy hecome nhihrous
and ilark red-hrowu or hiack. The wiuter-huds ;ire oval, acute, nearly a ipiarter of an iiudi lonn', .and
covered l>y closely indiricited ihin lif^ht ehestnut-hrown scales, ciliate with pale hairs, and towiiril the
]ioint of the hud clothed with loo.se pale puhescencu. The leaves are revoiute in vernatiiin, oliliaii^-lan-
ceiilate. acute and u\ucr(uiate at the .pex, conlate or rarciv roundid at the sli^^htly n;irro\ved liase, ,iml
entire, or remotely 'epand-sernite with frii:n one to live pairs of a<'Ute li^^id olili(|ue teeth; when thev
unfold they are thiii, lii^ht >;rcen. more or less tin;4;ed with red .and (•<iated with silvery \vliili> toiiuiilnm.
which is thickest on the lower surface and on tl:e petioles; this rapiillv clisappears. with the exception
of (wo lar^e persistent tufts of white hairs, which usually remain on the under surface at the hase of
the niidrih. and at maturity they are thick, ri^id and coriaceous, dark <rreeu. very lustrous and <rhdudus
or coatecl with minute stell.ite hairs ahove. .lud helow pale and ^rlahrous, or puliernlons es|ieci,iilv aloiit;'
the slender midril-s, w,iich .lie raised and rounded on the n|)per side, and the primary viiiis. wliicii are
(d'teii nuire prominent on the ujiper than on the lower surface of the leaf and are arcuate and united
close .'o the thickened revoiute marjjins ; they are ohscnrely reticulate-venuiose. and vary from one to
two ;iud a hall inches in Iciii^th and from half an inch t<i an inch in width, ami. home on stout siiL^litJy
pnhesceni petioles, fail gradually in .\pril with the unfoldini; of the Mowers. The stipules are (iliov;ite-
ohlonir or lim>ai^lanceolate, hrowii and scarious, ciliate on the n)ar<;ins, from half an inch to an \nv\\
l(Ui)r, ami cadiu'ous. The staiuinate llowers are produced in hoarv-tomcntose aments. from two to Miret-
inches in lenjjth ; the <'alyx is iii,dit yellow, hairy on the outer surface, and divided into fnun live to
seven ovate acute lohes ; the stauu'Us are composed of short sh'mh'r lilaments and larije ohlonj;'. acute,
or rounded yellow glahrous anthers. The |)istillate Howi'rs are sessile or home on short peduncles.
cIoIIkmI, like the involucral scales, with hoary tomentum. The fruit, wliich matures durini;- the lirst sea-
son, ripens irrej^ularly from .fuiu' until Septeudu'r, and is .sessile or short-.stalked ; the luit is ohionj;'. oval
or ovate, narrowed at tlu' h;use ami rounded at the narrow pilose apex, from one half to three ijuarters

' Toumry, frtinlrtt attit i'on^t. \iii. X'X

I

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sii.vA OF yo/rni amkuica.

CUI'l'I.IVEK.V:.

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<>!' Mil iiicli loll); iiiiil alioiit a tliii<l of an inch wiilc, li;;lit ilnll p;n>(>n wlit'ii fully ^rown ami daiK rii<'.stnul>
lirinvn or nc.iilv lilack when lipc. iuil xinn lici'duiin^ li;^Mit icil-ltrown in iliyiti};, with a ihiii liritllt' initci'
riiat anil an iniit'i' I'nat lini'il with thick white tiMiicntiini, ah()i'ti\< (ivnics »liicli arc sniMitiMics l>a^al ami
scjiiiclinic-' ari' scattcicil ilicj;illally over the siilc nf ihc seed, aid sweet \ellow cntyletliMls ; the cii|i,
w'hicli incl.ises frniii one tliiril to iieaily one half of liie nut, is tleeply cii|i-Hh.i|ieil nr nearly licmi-
s|ihei'ical, lii;'ht <;i'ceii ami |inlii 'ceut within, and covered with closely indiricated liroadly ovate acute
thin and scarious li<;ht hrown scales clothed with short soft pale |udiescciice,

(Jinrciis KiiKiri/i jjrows oil the nioiintain ranjjes of western Texas, on tlioHe of New Mexico and
Arizona south of the Colorado pi iteaii, and on those of Nuevo I.eon, Chihuahua, ami Stniora.' In
Texas it is coiiinion in the caMoiis and on the southern slopes of the l.impio Mountains, and is ihi'
oiilv tree in soiue of the (.111011-. of the Cliisos .MoiintailiN.'' It is the most .'ihuiidant Oak of soiilhern
New NIexico and Ari/oii.i. forinin;^ a l.ii-y;i' part (d the open forests « hich clotlii' the niountaiii-slopcs.
and extcndinj; from the ujiper limits of tlu' mesa, wlu^re it is minuleil with (^iii mis iililuin/i/iili'i, nc.iily
to the lii^rhest rid;;es ; oft«'n a shrub at these hi>;h i'levatii)us, it attains its frreatest si/e and lieaiity
in the moister soil of sheltered canons.

The wood of (Jih rnis /•'ii"iri/i is very heavy, altlioii).;h not hard, strong, brittle, ami close-j^raiiK d ;
it is dark lirowii or almost hlack. with thick liri^^ht brown xipwuod tinned with re<l, and contains bands
of several rows cd' sin ill open cimt, markiie.;- llie layers of annual jjrowth illid coiiiieiti'd by narrow
•groups of siniilir clncts parallel to the bro.i(l roiispicnons meilnliary rays. The specilic j^r.ivity of the
absolutely dry wood is n.',l'J(>.'!. a cnliii' foot weij;liin;; 't'.l'.i pounds.

The sweet imt-. c.illi'il by the Mixicans biotis, .are an important article of food for Mixicans and
Indians, and are sidil in lari^e ipi.-intities in the towns of southern .\ri>:ona and northern .Mexico.

(Jii, rtiis Kiiinfii'i was discovered on October l-*i, ISKl, in the valley of l'ijje<in Creek in soiitlicin
New .Mexico, by Colonel \V. II. Kiiiory, while in coiiinialid of a military reconnai.s;ince from Fort
Liaveuworth. in Missouri, to San Dicf^o. California.

One 4)f the most be.iutiful of North American O.iks in its symmetry of outline and in the rich color
of its foliajre. tjiii rriis /■'ninri/i forms witii (Jm mis Ari-.tmicn the principal part of the open forests
wbi<li clothe with |iereiiiiid {^reeii the stony siui-baku<l lower Hlu|it's of the moiintain.s of southern
.\ri/.ona and New Mexico.

' I'rinul''. '/'If'/.'. >l'i./ h',,rr,t, i. Hi; ; lii .'tW.
> lliiiarcl, /'r.«- /'. S. .\iii. .l/ii.,. viii. ."iil"i.

» Sri' iv. M.

KXl'LvVNATlON (iK TIIK ri,.vrK.

I'l.ATK tlCXCVII. (^rniM , l-.M.iKVl.
1. A (lowiTiiit^ l)r:iiirh, iiatunil -i/f-
-. A Ktniiiiimtu tliiwiT. ciilarj;isl.

3. A |ii»tilliil(.' flowiT, cnlaruwl.

4. A fruiting' l<raiii')i. natural nite.

C. Si'iliiiiir" •( I |H riiarii -Imwiiif; tli" tiiiiii'iilinii cm tlio inner
hiirfac*'. ciilar^Lst.

6. A «oeil with luuinl, alxirtivu nviilin. natural »i/i'.

7. Knd "f a liramli. llif loavin ninovfil. tlinwliii,' winter-buila,

mituiMl »i/.u.

/.

crrii.iKKii.v..

(hll'lv rliotlillt-
lill lil'itllc iMItci'
illii'> lia>al mikI
lulls ; till' ril|i,
ir iiL'arlv lirmi-
lly ovate acute

I'w Mexii'ii ami
I Sitiiiii.i.' Ill
iiiK, ami i> the
.ik lit siiiitliirii
icmiilaiii->lo|H'>.
ii/if'iiliii, iicaiiv
i/i> aii'l liraiitv

riiisc-jrraiii. .1 ;
('(iiitains linmis
It'll liv iiaiiiiw
;;ravitv of the

■ Mi'xieaiis ami

klexico.

I'k ill HUlltliei'ii

nee fnmi Furl

I till' mil euliir

\>- (ipi'ii fori'stH

s III' Miiitlierii

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IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

1.25

l^|28 |25

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■^ Uii |2.2

12.0

140

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Photographic

Sdences

Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80

(716)872-4503

'I I

\»-i MLVA OF SonTI! Ajt^H/tJC ^

of an h' '111 iiit.'h wide, lijjlit dull jrrnen m1i. ■

hr< 1 lil.K'k .«!.s>ii lijH', l)iil ,«K)n Ih' ■ \\ rt>d Ihkwii id i.lrjuv

; .... inner c'dut liiu-d with tliick wbiu* '. jburtlvf tiviilo.i wliicb

- >.i't tjiuer art! SfutU-rtnl irriyularly over the side i»f •!■'- n«nl, *iul swiHst yelli
••luili iiiplosfs from oiii> tliinl to iiejirly one huil ■ i* dei^ply c;m)-s.i

K[u(i'ri»'.il, li^'^ljt jjrttii ."inil jmlifscent within, .and ((n'Tf'! vm. • > «'ly imln'ii'ulfiJ
thin .-ind sictirions l)j;lit lirown sc"aK\s i'hitli(d witli shurt soft jmlu jni^>n.-n!i-n<.'e.

IJiitn-us Einoriii jjrow.s on tlic nioniitiiin rani^fs of vrusterii T«jf*i», on those >-
Arizona south of liic Ciikir.-ido jiUieun, anil on tliose of Nncvo Ijeon, Thihn.ihu.i.
'IVxiis ii; i-i comnioii in the canons and on tlio .soutliern slojiest of the l.ini|iio MnUi,
only tree in Koinn of the caiuwis of tiio ChisoH MonnlainH.' II \» the niiwl ahundimt ' <
.\i>w Mexico and Arizona, fomiiug a. hirgn part of the o]>ini fori«Mt^ ^^hi^h t-lolhe the r>
:ind extrndinjj from tht up{H>r limits of the iue»:i, whoro it is minjjlwl with ',' '■'

to tlm highiist ridgi'H: oft«n a shrub at tln'sp hijjii clovatiiMi^. it attains ,;
ill th« moistor soli of sheltered canons.

Tilt' wood of Qiifrrii.1 Kii;ijri/i is very lioavy, altliou;jl> not hard, slriiiiij, t'l ■;;;■•
ii > hrk brown or uhnos*; black, with thick bright brofln 8;ip\viH.id tin^i'<l wiili n>t
1 rows of (<maU open dncta marking the layers of annual growth .irul ;
groujis iif siiniilar diM'ts piu-atlel to the broad fouspieuuufc niodidlary ruys. 'I I.
diMjlntpiy ilry w« • ■ ''""'''.;{, a iiubic foot weighing .17. Tit pounds.

Tbi> i4w»!«>t i> by the .Mexicans biolis, am an imjiorlaiit article of !.

. .md am miM m Mfgd i|uantitim in the towDx of Houthern Arizona and north'
!is«'ovcrt''l on OclflU'r li>, iJ^Ki, in the valley of I'igtMUi

MIUI

,ud

ctimunu*

dark ein.^'- ■•■

;n brittle oii" i

P,.-- b.isiil ■..,.!

; llic (Mic

• iilv biTiii

:i .icn!"

' niuo and

lira.' Ill

III if* thi'
' '-'inthern

. --lopC"^.

- iieaiK
' beaut;.

■'.Muir.

■rrov

Arizona ..

..S-.l

III loiiiniali

d of

a nulit.irv ri'i-ouu i.-

■ Mexicans and

MoA.'l 'J

•'.ik in southi rn
fiiiiij F.>n

- syionietry of outline him! •. the rich color

■ -.liiii thii princi|)Hl part of d-^ ojien forests

'd lower 8lo[H-n of the nu>uut.:i/(<i> of soutbi.rn

I ,

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3.

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A ■•

6.

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6.

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Knil <<i' .

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I I' KVI.

r thawing tti« ttiiuontcni ..>n the inuor

< iiatiirnl si/.o.
' >vinJ, atiuviiiig ninter-Uida,

ll.llh II H •

in l>riltlo vr ,

; llu- ci.i
lily htii',1
. ite acHtt'

.,i ih tllr

•llllll-! II
. ■.|l)|l(' -.

•I'.-uit;
0«»tH,nv Ii.-.ri(li>

1J:T;<Vi!V I'f tin

! Ml'M'ikllH ali'i

*<I« in (tonthini
Tniia Fort

rhf rifli <'olor
M- o|»en forests
fx« of noutbtru

Silva of Norlh America.

Tab. CCCXCVII.

f'.£./'a,rvm dlV

Lotfffuial .ft\

QUERCUS F.MORYI Torr.

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CUrUMFEHiK.

SILVA OF NOltTlI AMERICA.

ion

QUERCUS CHRYSOLEPIS.
Live Oak. Maul Oak.

Leavks ol)lonf^, acute or cuspidate, entire, dentate or sinuate-toothed, fulvous-
tonientose and ultimately pale below, persistent.

Querous chrysolepis, Lirbiiiniiii, OivrKh/f Ihimh. Viili'mk.
S,l»h: Forhaiull. 1«,")4, ITJi. - IJciitlmin. I'l. Ilartwfij.
;!;!('.. — Torroy, Hot. Mex. Uoiiml. Sun: i;i)7 : llof. U'l/Ken
Kxjilor. Kr/ial, 4"i!). — Ki'llo^r^r, /Vdc. Cat. Aimt. ii.
45; Forttt Trees of Culi/oniin, 73. — A. de CaiuloUo,
I'rojr. xvi. pt. ii. 37. — HulumliT, Proe. Cal. Aeml. iii.
231. — Omted, Videmk. Metld. J'ra nut. For. Kjohenh.
186C, f)9; Liebmiinn C/i'iien Am. Trop. 'j:). t. 47.—
Kiigeliimnn, Traim. St. I.oiiit Anul, iW, .'iS.'i, 3',t3 ; AV/i-
rock Wheeler's Hep. vi. 374 ; Ureicer & fyulson Hot. Cal.

ii. 97. — Wen/.ig, Johrb. Bot. flart. Berlin, iii. L'04. —

Sargent, Forest Trees y. Am. lOfh Census U. S. i.\.

146. — Greene. West Am. Oaks. .'«), t. 21. 2'J ; Muii. Hat.

Hcij Ke'jion. 302. — Coville. ConlrUi. T. S. Xot. J/erk

iv. 1% {Bot. Death laUey £xj,e<l.). — S. U. I'uri.^ili. Zoe,

iv. .'MO.
Quercus fulvoscens, Kellogg, Proe. Col. Aroil. \. (!7

(IS,-),-,). — Newberry, Pncijir Ii. Ii. Hep. vi. 27, f. ,"> ; Ki).
Querous crassipooula, Torrcy, Pucijic U. Ii. Hep. iv. |)t.

i. 137 (18.")0); V, .%,">, t. 9.

This California Live Oak is usually not more than forty or fifty feet in heij^ht, with a short trunk
from three to five feet in diameter ilividinjr into {^reat liorizontal limbs, Kometinies covering a space one
hundred and fifty feet acr<)s.s, and ofti ii sweepinjj; tiie {jround with slender often peiuhdous braiicheH ;
occasionally at low elevations in sheltered canons it produces trunks eight or nine feet in diameter ;
on cxjK)8«l mountain-sides it forms dense thickets fifteen or twenty feet high ; and on high sulialpine
slopes it is a low prostrate shrub. The bark of the trunk varies from three (piartirs of an inch to an
inch and a half in thickness, and is light or dark gray-brown slightly tinged with red, the generally
smooth surface separating into small appres.sed scales. The branchlets are slender and rigid or flexible,
and arc luarked with occasional elevated lenticels ; when they first appear tiiey are coated with thick
fulvous tomentum, and during their first winter are dark brown somewhat tinged with red, and
tomentose, pubesi'ent or glabrous, idtimately becoming light brown or ashy gray. The wintei'-buds are
broadly ovate or oval, acute, about an eighth of an inch long, and covered by closely imbricated light
chestuut-browu and usually |>id>eruIous scales pale and scarious on the margins. The leaves are involute
in the bud, oblong-ovate to elliptical, cordate, rounded or wcdge-shai)«d at the base, acute or cuspidate
ut the a|>cx, nuistly entire on old trees and ou young ones often denttto or sinuate-dentate, with one or
two or many spinescent teeth, or on vigorous shoots the two forms fre(ptently appear together ; when
they unfold they are clotlie<I with a thick tomentum of fulvous articulated hairs which soon disappears
from the \\\t\\er and more gradually from the lower surface, and when fully grown they are thick and
coriaceous, bright yellow-green and glabrous on the upper surface, and ou the lower more or less
fulvous-tunieutoso during the first year, ultimately becoming glabrate and bluish white ; they are from
one to four inches long and from half an inch to two inches wide, with slender yellow midribs slightly
impre8.sed above, obscure primary veins running to the teeth or forked near the thickened revolute
margins, and slender inconspicuous reticulate vciidcts ; they are borne on slender yellow grooved
petioles rarely half an inch in length, and do not fall until the third or fourth year. The stipules are
oblong-obovate or linear-lanceolate, clothed with fulvous tomentiun, hairy at the apex, from one half to
three quarters of an inch long, and caducous. The flowers open in May and June, the shuninate in
the axils of linear-lanceolate acute bracts on slender tomentose aments from two to four inches in
length, the pistillate sessile or subsessile or rarely borne in short few-flowered spikes. The calyx of the
staminate flower is light yellow aud pubescent, and is divided usually into from five to seven broadly

f

,

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1

II

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11

i

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I

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Mil

lOG

SILVA OF NORTH AMEIIICA.

CUl^UUFEUilS.

ovate acute lobes eiliato on the margins and often tinj^ed with red above the middle. The stnnieiiM are
eomposed of slender Hhiments and hirj;e oldonj^ acute euspidate glabrous yellow anthers. The broadly
ovate involueral scales of the pistillate flower are eoated with fulvous tomentum, an<l the stigmas are
bright red. The fruit, which ripens in the autumn of its second year, is usually solitary, and is sessile
or short-stalked; the nut is oval or ovat*', acute or rounded at tlu* full or narrow slightly puberulous
apex, light liiestnut-brown, from half an inch to nearly two inches long ami alumt half as wide, with a
liiick shell covered on the inner surface, especially toward the apex, by a thin eoat of loose pale tomen-
tuni, abortive ovules scattered irregularly over the side of the seed, and distinct or sometimes connate
cotyledons ; the cup is thin, henuspherical or turbinate, or thick and saucer-shaped, with a thick broad
rim; it is pale green or dark reddish brown within, and covered by small triangular closely appressed
scales which are clothed with hoary pubescence or are often bidden in a dense voM of fidvous tomentum,
and are pnnlucetl into short free tips.*

Qtnrcffs rA/v/.s-./fy^/s, although not rare, is not a gregarious tree, and often grows eingly. It is
distributed from Cow Creek Valley in southern Oregon aIoi»g the California coast ranges and the
western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, San Bernardino, San Jacinto, and Cuyamaeu Mountains, and south-
ward tit Mt. San l*edrt» Martir in Lower California;" and as a low shrul) or occasionally as a tree from
twenty to thirty feet tall it grows on the high summits uf the mount4un ranges of southern Arizona
and New Mexico and of northern Sonora. Generally a small tree in Oregon, or often a shrub producing
small leaves and small fruit with thin deep cups clothed with pale tonuMitum, Qurrrut* vhrfiKulepis
attains its greatest size with large leaves and large thick-eupped acorns on the steep rocky slops of the
canons uf the coast ranges uf central Califurnia and on the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, which it
asccmls to from eight to nine th<utsjind fei>t above the sea, gradually deerexsing in size and pnHlncing
smaller leaves and fruit ; ^ at its highest elevati<»ns it is reduced to a shrub,* w bieh sometimes extends
over great areas in dense thickets of slender rigid or semiprostrate stems often only two or tliree feet
tall, with entire or remotely dentate oblong or oval leaves acute or rounded at the base, acute <»r rounded
at the aptx, and rarely an inch in length, ovate or oval acute nuts sometimes not more than half an
inch long, with purple separable cotyledons, and shallow cu[>-shaped or turbinate cups. Near the boun-
dary between California and Lower California a form of this s|>ei*ies, discovered by Dr. Eilward Palmer'^

' Till' ciipH of (lifTcrciit imiivi'ltiftU of HiU HiH-i-it-H viiry more tlimi
tliosi* of ;iny other Nortli ^Vmc •icftii Oak. In Oregon rtinl often at
lii^h clovatioiiit in California t.'uvan> clotlieit with luHiry pubi'ftcenro
anil ]inMluct(l into lon^; li^lit rt-tl tij)!) ; in tin' cua-st ranges ami on
the fiKttliili^ o' the Siorra Ni'vaila tlii\v are more ofi*'n tlat, vrry
thick, »uim*linu'.H fully aji inch acroM, with hmad t'nw*, ami tw> cov-
errd with fulvous tonuMitum that thi> scali'H ar« imliiitinpii<ilml)If ;
antl on thi* muuntAinn uf Mow Mexi'-o ami Arizona, and on tin- ^itki-
yoii and other hi^h inoi'i;tain ran^e<i of northern Califitmia, (hey
an* Nuiall and dee| ly eu|. sha{H>d anil are covered with red-hrown
hli^iitly p'lbfM'enl seal •», :iiiieh tlnekened nu the Itaek toward the
h;ute of the eup, ami ttiwurdn its rim pruilui'ed iutu »burt free tijm.

* llruide^'ee, Zw , iv. 'JU".*.

» Utirdeu iliui iore.ll, \. Ul, f 20.

* Qwrcw c\r]i»nitpi.i, •tut)K|H*e. rficriNiV/'o/iVi, Knp-lnmnii, Tram. St.
Louis Aitvi. ii. WSS (IH70) ; lirefrer .V Watson Hot. Cal. ii. t»7. —
Weuzijf, Jtthrh. littt. fj'art. Ikrlin^ iii, 'JOI. — Sargeut, Forest Treti
X. Am. lUA (Vrufw /'. S. ix. 110.

Qurrctis varduii/oiia, Kellogg', Proc. Cal. Arail. i. *M (1K.>.')). —

(ineiio, UV.*( Am. (taks, I").

^ Kdwartl I'alnier wiia Imihi in Wdtun, Knglaud, daniiary I'.',
lHIi;t, lliii father watt a eouiniereial florist, and hu early lu-quired
a love of tlowent ami a knowledge of their eultivation. He eaniu
to America in IH-ll) with a family of friemU ami Mettled in Cleve-
land, Ohio, where lie wan fln>t uceiipiud aa atlcudaut and nurse tu

Mr. J. W. Taylor, who had been Speaker of the IIuum of ll*'pro-
M-ntativcN in the Siiteenth Congrrni. IIin love of Howem eoulti for-
tunately be gratified hy Hcvend giMHl ganleuH in the neighUirhuod
of Cleveland, in which be pa-inetl all of his s|>an> tiiuu. In IHo^i be
wiui Appointed cojlt-etor tu an exjH'ditiun Heat by the government
of the I'uited States to Paraguay. Two yean later be r»'turue*l
to Cleveland and obtained some inatniotion in nmlicine. In 1S61,
having previously rciiided in Culorndo, be went to San FmneiseOi
and, connecting hinistdf with the < Geological Surrey of Califonua,
wan htationed at San Oiego. Anxiiius, however, to take s<uue part
in the Civil War, be returne<l to tbo Host and secun'd the iH)iitiuu
of boHpital Htewanl in a Colorado regiment, M>rving in the west in
this capacity until IHOTi, when hu was appointed one of the con-
tract Nurgeons of the ariuy and Htationed in Kansiui. anil in Ari/oim
when' be remained for several years, U'ginning at this time his
real work as a collector. Since leaving the army Dr. Palmer haa
devoted biuisetf to collecting pliuits and other nntunil objects, prin*
eipally in tlie employ of the SniitltMUiian Institutitm and the I>e-
partinent of Agriculture of the Tuited States. He hiut made large
and important collections along (he southern Uiundary of the I'uited
Slitte.H from the shores of tbeftulf of Mexico tu those of the pAcitle
Ocean, luid iu uuiny of the Mexican states.

In bis long, lalnirious, and artlnous career as a collector, i)r.
Pali'ier has discovered many valuable and 'mportant plants.
Palmerdla^ a gonus of Californiaii berbi uf the Mint family, vai

n

CUl'UUKKIliK.

CUPlTI.IFEn/K.

SILVA OF AORTII AMERICA.

]()7

in 187.'), QiiercuH chryKohplx, vnr. Pnlmeri,^ is less often n tree than a shrub, witli Hteius usually
fifteen or twenty feet tall, forming on low hills or on the plateau at the foot of the nioinitains largo
nearly impenetrable tliiekets. It has rigid branehes, rigid eoriaeeous oldong or semiorbicidar and
mostly siiinostMlentate leaves, pistillate Howers sometimes borne on long slender peduncles, sub-
sessile or jieduneulate fruit, with ovate acute nuts from an inch to an inch and a half long and from
one third to two thirds of an inch wide, clothed on the inner surface of the shell with thick or thin
pale tomentum, abortive ovules generally scattered on the side of ilie seed, and purjile separablo
cotvledons.

More valuable as a tind)er-tree than the other Oaks of central California, Qiiirriin cliri/xo/fjtl.s'
produces heavy very strong hard tough and clos(>-graine(l wood ; it is light brown, with thick rather
tlarker colored sapwood, and contains many small open flucts arranged in wide bands juirallel to tlio
broad conspicuous medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.84J);{, a iubic
foot weighing ">2.J);{ pounds. Although dithcult to cut and work, it is used in the manul;u ture of
agricultural implenu'nts and wagons.

QiuTciiii rhri/Kolfpin was discovered by tlu- Oerman collector Karl Theodore Ilartweg on tiie
mountains near Monterey in lS4(i,' and was prol)ai>ly first noticed in New Mexico by Professor Edward
L. (Ireene. The most beautiful of the (.'alifornia Oaks as it grows in the sheltered valleys of the coast
ranges or on the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, Qiurriis chriixolipiH is surpassed in majestic dignity
and massive strength by no other American s|R>eics except the I^ive Oak of the south Atlantic and Gulf
stittes.

iie(lii-:itr<l t(i him )»y A<tn (imy. nnd hin naiiio, by itM aAAiicintion
uitli iimiiy f»iMTn'» »>f pIiuitH. if iriHrpiirulity fiiiinci'tpd wilti tlic Uit-
miy uf Nituthwt'Nti'rn .North Aiucricn, whieli hi* h»j» hilxirvil King iiml
t':iithf>iUy ti> iiuikr knowti.

• Qurrnut rhrytnirfixn, »iih*|M'iv I'lilmrri, Knf^fliiiann, Tmtu. St.
Lmn Aaiil. iii. MM (1S77|

Uurniu iJunnii, Kellugg, t'acijic Itumi I'rrtt, Juus 7, 1S70. —

.Mary K. Currnn, Hull r„t. mil. i. 14« (ISIV)). — (Ireene, HV.V
Am. (hih, W.

(^urrc(i.« I'almrri, Kii^i'liimiui. /irftirr S- Wiihnn Uot. f'nl. ii. '.*"
(ISSOX. _ (irepiif. /. r. pt ii. .Vi, t. •.',)

' lit KtTn Ciiunty, California, (iHmu.i k'hrtfrtuUptit is colled tho
llickury Ouk.

^ bw) JoHT. Hurt. Six- I.ontlnn, ii. V*.\.

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EXPLANATION OK THK PLATK8.

PukTK CCCXCVIII. Qirr.Krlm |'IIKYM)UU-M.

I. A HuvrrinK liraiirli, natiinU kIzo.

'J. A KtainiiinU) llnwvr, enl»r|{i-<l.

.1. A iiiKlillute flower, enlurKitl.

4. A (ru'itinK liraiu-li, atiiral niu.

C. A friiilinK limnrli, iiatunl iiiio.

6. A fruit, nittiiral niir.

7. An axilUr}- winU-r-bi'l, I'liUr^pHl.

PlATK CCCXCIX. tiUKKClW CIIKVIHILirM.

1. A fruiliii^' tirnnrli, nutiiral nire.

2. A Htfrilo brnnrli, natiirnl »\ie.

3. A fniitiiir limnrh, naluriil Mia.

4. A fruitiin; liranrh, nai'iral aiie.

5. A fruit, natural xitr.

6. A fruit, natural nitr.

7. A fruit, natural aitp.

8. A wint4!r-bud, natural aite.

PlATK CCCC. QuKWUS CIIKVaoLKrili, rtH. VACCIHttrOLLA.

1. A Howprin); liranrh, natural aiu.

'J. A «taniinat« tlovrer, pnlarKiil'

3. A |ii*tillate flowpr, pnlarKPil'

4. A BtpriU' hranrli, natural ittp.
6. A fruit, natural tiu:

6. A fruit, natural tiu.

Plate CCCCI. Qt'KRrua ciiRvaouEPis, m. PAuntBi.

1. A flowpring liranrh, natural site.

2. A flowrriii); liranrh, natural aize.

3. A Kt.iminati.- flower, enlarged.

4. A pistillate Huwrr. enlarged.
6. A fruiting branrh, enlarged.

6. A fruit, natural Kite.

7. A fruit, natural aizf.

8. A fruit, lutural aixe.

I

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Ml vl VIII i^», ir

4. A IriiitJiiK briuti'li, uultiral oiio.
f". A fruiting biuni'li. nulum ,;■

'v A fl-.llt. l.llid :1 .i;.'

I A liuiliii^ !ira!,.li. ii;4li;i;i! i..i<*.
'.' A »tfri'i' brnnrti, natuitl »ii».
.'•nisK nstiirjl njut.

I IWIITOI.tA.

* if^

'*n«fa, nMal-tl m».
iMi« ii, iiatani hm.
i "-"sr. (ijil.irRitd.
f 'MiUrif«l.

f 'H-

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i'ilv* of North Ameni. A

(.R.Ki...,.-,.i.i.

gUERCUS CHRYSOL.EPIS, B..i;t],.

.■t /fff4'^t*i:t. tiir^j:.

/n^ J. r.ijt^dr ,^itrif.

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of Nortii Aiuciiia.

Td.b. CC'.'XCIX.

(' K .'aurttn litti .

•'?""<■

PUERCUS CHRYSOLEPIS, \-..,Ar..

AHifiTrUW i!i^*\t '

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r.i'.va of North Amorid.

Tab. CCCC.

'./.'. ^ .tjt<n .it-^

.V;n,-/u

gUERCUS CHRYSOLEPIS, ,: . VACCIN IIFOLIA. r.,v-:T:i

AJii, •'■fu.i- i/trtw f

/m/>. . '. f>in,'uf /\trir.

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Q'JERCUS CHRYSOLF.PIS c PALMEH

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jilv* of North America..

T.ib.

/:S.Kt.r.'': ,M.

\fiiri^*iu.t '■, .

QUERCUS CHRYSOLEPlS.v.u PALMERl Kn6,eln

.4 Hii.'iTfti.f Ji/nt !

/f^'. J. Tati^ur Pijrux

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CUPULUrKRA

SUVA OF NORTH AMEUICA.

QUER0U8 TOMENTELLA.

lOf)

Lkaveh oblong-laiuToliitc, aciito, crrnutu-dcntiitc or entire, conspicuouMly veined,
jmlu'scent on tlu- Iowit surfiu'c, pcrsistont.

Queroua tomeotelliv KniC'Imann, Trnm. St. I,mii» ,I>mi/,
iii. ;»IW (lN77)i Itrrwrr .(• Waliion IM. Cat. ii. l»7. —
Wi'iiii({, ilahrh. Ihil. (Inrf. Ilfrlin, iii. Wi, — (>ri'i>ni-,
lUilt. Ciil. Ar,i<i. i. IMMi n'rtt Am. (AiAj., ■».">, |it. ii. r.7.
I. "(1. — Itranili'KPo. I'rtu; I'al. Ai'<ul, ter. -, i. i.'17. —

Hargpnt, (larilen miil FontI, il. 471. — Franerulii, /oi',
Iv. l.W.
Querous cbryitolepls. Wutioii, I'rof. Am. AfoJ, xl. Ill)
(not Lit'liiimnii) (IH'I'i).

A trt>e, nH now known, thirty or forty or iM'caHioniilly Hixty fi>i>t in hci^lit, with a trunk from ono
to two fi><>t in (liaini>t*-r anil a Nhapt'ly round to|i|>fil hvatl.' Thi> liark of llut trunk iH tliin, rctldi.sh
brown, and hrdkcn \\\io lar)ri> ('h)s(>ly a|)|iri>H.s(>d mmIi's. TIic hrancldrt.s ari> hlcndcr anil rou^hiMii'd witli
HMiall clt'vatod Icnticfls, and at lirHt art> coati'd with hoary ton\fntuui wliii'h honu'titncs cntiii'ly di.sa[i-
|M>ant during thit HUinintT, or continuos to cover vi^orouit Hhootn until thfir second year, when they are
h^lit Itrown tinp'ii with red or oran^e-eolor. The winter-lHiils are ovate, acute or olituse, lUMily a
quarter of an inch h>n^. and covered l)y nunn>roui« hMmely iuiliricated li};l>t cheAtniit-lirown scales more
or lesH ehithed with paht puhcHcenve. Thu Iduvvh uru invuluto in the luid, oldon^r-lanceolato, broad and
nunide*! or )rrailually narrowed and abruptly wed;re-Hl taped at the l)a.se, acute and siunetinu's cuspiil.ite
or occi^sionally rounded at the a|M'X,and remotely crenati^-ilentate with small acute spreading or incurved
(■all(Uis-tip|HMl teeth, or entire ; when they unfold they are li<;lit )rreen tin>red with red, covered above
with Hcattered |>ale stellatu hairs, and below and un thu |>t>tioles witli dcnsu hoary tomentum, and at
maturity they are thick and coriaceous, dark ^reiMi, glabrous and lustrous on the upper surface, and
|)ale and covered with Htellato liairH on the lower surfac)> ;•' ' di, however, especially on vigorous shoots,
is sonu-times clothiHl with cluso pale pidiescence sparingly v ixed witli articulate hairs ; they are from
two to four inches lou}; and from one to two inches wide with thickened and stron;;ly revolutu
margins, sttuit pulH-scent midribs, and numerous priuniuent prinuiry veins which are often forked and
which run to the |M(ints of the teeth or are arcuate and united within the entire luar^rjus and are
cunniKrted by inccnispieuous cross veinlots ; l)orno on stout llatteiu-d pubescent )>ctioles about half an
inch in length, the leaves remain during at least two years <ni thu branches. The stipules are oblong-
obovate oi linea^lanceolat4^ brown and scarious, covered with pale hairs, and caducous. The flowers
ap|M>ar in April ; the staminate are borne in the axils of linear-lanceolate scarious bract.s on pubescent
aments which are from two and a half to fourteen inches in lenjftli and are ]iroduced from the axils
of thu scales of the termini. I I ud or from those of youii}:; leaves, and the pistillate are sub.sessile or
in few-llowered spikes on short ir eloufrated pubescent peduncles. The calyx of the staminate llower
is li^rht yellow, sttdlate-pubescerit, and divided into from five to seven ovute acute lobes shorter than the
nine or ten stamens ciunposed of slender Hlaments and oblon^f acute cuspidate glabrous yellow anthers.
The invulucral scales and the c^ilyx of the pistillate tlower are coated with stellate hairs, and the stijrmas
aro I'ed. The fruit ri|)ens at the end of thu second suiison, and i.s subsessilc or borne on a short stout

' It i« probable that under favorable conditioiu thi* tree cmoe a^ a cunipany uf United States soliliera was stationed un Sniita

grew to a niucb lar)(i'r liie. The ouljr plants I hare seen ar<< in a Cataliiia, ami a great ileal <if wwhI is snid to have been cut nt this

slieltered caAon oiieninj; towartl tbe iwa on the eastern side of the time, when the tree whose stump protluL'ed these suckers wa.s prnl».

island uf Santa Calalina south of vVvalon, where there is a small ably dcstroved. Hud 'Sis f;reat tree U'eu spareil, it would hiivo

grove of steins about thirty feet high frrowin)( in a re^tlar circle given a U'tter idea of the sjiecies than ciiii bo obtained from the

twelve feet in diameter and evidently shoots from the stump of a small and often stunted individujils scattered over the CalifomiA

larg* ti«e, the renuiui of wbioli can still be traced. Thirty years islands, which preserve it from extinction.

I

p i

110

,sy/.r.i OF your 1 1 amhiuca.

Ctl'L'LU'KU.K.

|K'iliiii('l<' ; till' nut iit (ivitl, liroail jit tlii> I)iim<>, lull ami loiitiilril iit tlii* ii|m>x, itntl iiliiMit iin inch itnd u
hall' liin^ anil liiri't' ipiarti'in ul an iiirh wiilr, willi a tliick nlii-ll Nli^jitlv iwiirl'}-|iiilM>si'(>nt on (lit> inner
MiirfaiT and |inr|>li> M>|>arulilt> I'otvli-ilonK ; tlu> rup, uliicli i<nilirari>N only the liaM' ol' lIu' nnt, in rn|>-
>liM|iril, NlialliiM, ihii'ki'ni'li lu'lnw ami thin at tlii' lini, li;;lil lirown luiil iinhcHct'tit on (lie imici' Knrfaci',
anil loMTi'd liv thin ovate aciili' kc.iIi'm, wiiIi lit'c clu'itnnt-hi'iiwn ti|iN more or 1i'»h hiildcn hv a tliirk
coat of hoary tonicntiini.

(JiiirriiM tiiiiii nil //ii inhaliitH deep narrow canonN and lii^li wind-HWept >>1o|H'n on Santa ttowi and
Santa Crn/ IxlaniU Hniitli ul Santa Hailiara and on Santa Catalina Ulaiid nonlh of Cape St. Vinci>nl in
Cilironiia, and on (iiiadaliiiipe Island oil' the coa^l ol' Lower ('alil'ornia, where it waN discovered liy Dr.
Kdward I'alnicr in the Nprin^; of IST'i.

The wimd of (Jiuriiin fniiii iih Ihi in heavy, hard, close-jjr.iined, and compact, with a satiny Hurface ;
it ii pale yellowdiroun, with lighter coloicd sapwond, and containn liroad hands of o|M'n diictK parallel
with the wide conspicuous nu'dullary rayH, The specilic gravity of the ahiudutely dry wood u 0.7211,
a cuhiu fuut wei^hin;; it.O,'*) pounds.'

' ^)argf■nl, 'inn/ci nwl I'lirrn, in ;V10.

K.MM.ANAriON «iK THK IM.ATK.

V^Ktr ('('('('II. tjcrMi'UK TnMr.vrrLLA.

1. A (liiwiTint; linini'li, nntiir:il %\ii-.

.. \ tloui'riiik,' lii-iiiii'li. nntiiriil !ii/.».

.'t. A %ta>iiiiiiit<> IliiwiT, I'lilurj^ml.

4. A 'Uinii'ii, i'iilar;;i>il.

Ti. A iiutilUti' lluwer, enliirKiNl.

)i. A fniltlii;; lirniii'h, iikliiral niu.

7. A nut, natiiml m/c.

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ClI'l'LUEU.i:.

It an iiii'li uikI a
I'lit on llin itiiiiT
tlitt iiiit, in ciii*-
It' iiiiii>i' Hiirriici>,
lilfii li^ a lliii'k

Siinta Ihiwi aiiil
i> St. Viiircnl ill
iHcovori'd li\ Dr.

I witiiiy Hiirfuri' ;
I'll tliii'tN |iai'all<'l
A'uud itt (I.T'Jl I,

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iilt, :UJ HJ'
. 'i! 111! l:

U)m. aivl

< ,' !it ill

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Till' s|.)i'ri!ic j.H'avity ul

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)»il :\n inch mv\ .»

. ut oil till! inner

nut, i» PlUr

itu'i' Mirfin'i',

liV U lllick

luMWl Jlinl

l.fCIlt til

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..itf:ii'<' ;

■Vlll.'l

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Silva (il North Am'^rica.

TaL. CCCC!

/: t: f.i.r,'': M

Lhu-nJ.i

OUERCUS TOMKNTELLA Knielm

.•\.!^tiu-f^u.r t/irt'.t *

/f*i/> . ^ Ihr.fHf /'tt/:.'.

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CUrUUFEILE.

SILVA OF NOltTU AMEIUCA.

QUERCUS AQRIFOLIA.
Live Oak. Encina.

Ill

Lkaves oval, orbiculiu-, or oblong, entire or siniiutely spinose-dentate, eonvcx on the
upper surfaee.

Quercus ogrifolia, NAs Ann. Cieiie. Xut. ili. '.'71 ^lii.irri/>-
linn tie riiriaa Jisjieiiea niiems <le Knciiiu) (IX(tl). —
Willdonow, Slier, iv. |>t. i. \'.U. — IVrHooii. Si/ii. ii. "iliS. —
l'ur»li. Fl. Am. Sej.t. ii. <'.'.'7. — Xiitlall. den. ii. I'll;
Si/li'tl, i. r>, t. 'J. — .\'' II ret in Dnhiini'l, vii. t'lCi. —
Spri'ngel, Syst. iii. 8r>',>. — Ixjuildii. Arh. Urit. iii.
N'.M. — llrnlliiiiii, I'l. Utirtire.j. X\7 : litil. I'ttij. Snl/,/ii'r.
'h>. — lluokur, /I'uH. iv. t. .'177. — lloDkcr it AriiDll, /^|^
I'tiij. lleechei/,'tK)\. — Uii'Irirli, .Si/ii. v. .'ilW. — Caniiiv. /•'/.
tten .Serreii, vii. K>7, f. — 'Vtivrt^y, S!t(jretirr..i' Ileji. 17.*^;
I'lirijir Ii. H. /i'e/i. iv. |)t. i. i:W ; v. ;1(m ; vii. '-'0 ; JIttf. .Mrjr.
litmntl. tStirr. '.'itC; Ifet AV/,. '.'^ ; /.^<^ (r/7/tr.« AV/./.-r.
A'.r/W. -tlKI. — ruxtoii, llrit. /•'/. Hnnl. ii. It. — Xi'W-
liiTry. I'litijir II. Ii. tie/i. vi. .'I'.', f '••. — lliilHiidi'r. I'ritr.
Ciil. .Inn/, iii. "."J'.t. — A. ili- Caml'.il. . /' mir. xvi. pt. ii.
■'(". — Orsti-d, yiilrmk. .Metlil. j'rti ifil. Fttr. Kjuhenli.
ISri(>. (!'.*; Lirhuitinn Chene.t .\nt. Trap. t. I-I. — Kn^'t'l-
niuiiii. Trims. .SV. Ltiui.< At'titt. iii. ,'i.H;j ; litttlmirk Whre-
ler'$ Jiej). vi. ;i7» ; luetr.r A ir.i/,<."i ll..t. Cil. ii. MX. —

IIi'iii>lcy, /(•(/. Hinl. Am. Cent. iii. 107. — Kfllo),';;, Furest

Trecu of Ciili/iiniiti, 7S. — Wi'ii/.i^', ■tulirh. Hut. Hurt.

Ilerli'n, iii. 'JO.'!. — Siirgcnt. ^'ttre.^l Tree.i .V. .Iw. H)th

t'en.ti'.-< I'. S. ix. 14(). — (ireeiu*, ll'e.tf Am. Oii/t.s. 7, t. 5 ;

Mtin. Hut. Il'ii/ Jletjiiin. .'id.'!; I'lltuiiiii. ii. 111. — l)i|i])i'l.

Ilnnillt. I.iiiilthi,h.K: ii. r.'l, f. 111.
Qiuircua oxyndenia. 'rorny, Sityrenrt.i' h'e/t. 17L'. t. 17

.l.s.-,.".).
Quorcus borberidifolin. Liiliiiiaiin. Orers'fjt limifl;.

l'ltleii.</.:.S./.d: I'ltr/itiNtll. IN'il. 17'.'. — (Jrstiil. I.;,l,„i,,nn

('tii-ne.i Am. Triij'. '-"J.
Quercus arcoHlundis. Killnj,';;, I'rur. C'll. .Iful. i. '.'.I

(I.S.V.).
Quercus aKrifolia. v;ir. frutoscens. Kn-iliiianii. Ili-t irrr X-

U'tit.'iitn Ht.l. Cil. ii. -I.S (K'<.'<li). — W.-n/i.,'. .I„hr/,. Il„t.

Htirl. Ilerlln. iii. ;.'(K<.
Quorcus nKrifolia. y berberifolia, Wiii'i^'. ■I'.lirh. lint.

(itirt. Herliii, iii. 'Mi i,l»,S.".).

Thi.s is a Idw roui' l-ttipjicd tri-f, iic<M>ictii.il!y I'ijflity or iiiiicty feet in liciy;lit, with a short trunk
thrt'f iir tour or rarely six or soven tVi't in (liaiuL'tcr, (iiviilin<r a few I'ct't aliovo its hasc into Municrous
};rcat hnihs which often rest on tiie jjround anil f're(|uentiy cover an area one hnntlrei' or one hundred
and tifty feet across; or sometimes the stem, risinj;- to a iieiffht of tliirty or fiu'ty fet't. is crowned hv a
narrow licad of smaller hranciu's ; or often it is much smaller, or shriihhy in hahit, with slender stems
only a few feet hi^jh. The hark of the trunk is fioin two to three inches in thickness, dark hrown
Kli;;htly tin<;ed with red, and divided into liroad rounded rid<^es separatinii^ on the surface into small
floscly a|)|)res.sed scales; that of the youij^ stems and the hranchcs is much thinner, and is close, lijjht
brown or pale hluish jjray. The hranchlcts are slender, dark f;;ray or hrown tinned with red, and
coated at first with hoary tomeiituni which often does not entirely disappear until the second or third
year. The winter-huds are ejlohose ami usuallv ahout a sixteenth id' an inch in lenijtli. or ovate-old on lj,
acute, and sometimes (ui vijjorous shoots lu'arly a ipi;irter of an imdi Ion;;, and arc covered hy thin
hroadly ovate (dosely imhricated lij^ht chestnut-hrown jjlalirous or puhesccn* "ales. The leaves are
revolute in the hud, oval, orhicniar or oldoni;;, rounded or cordate at tlieli;isi, 'ounded or acute and
apleulate at tlu^ ape.x, and entire, or sinuate-dentate with slender riijid spinosi teeth ; when they unfold
they are tin^jed with red and ooated with caducous hoary tomentum which in di.sappcariny; sometimes
leaves conspicuous clusters of white hairs in the axils of the |)rimary veins on the lower surface of
the half-ijrowii leaves; and at maturity they are ;uhcoriaceons, convex, dark or pale n'rcen, dull and
obscurely reticulate on the upper surface, and on the lower surf;icc paler. r;ithcr lustrous, j^lahrons or
Btellatc-puheseent, and often furnished with tufts of rusty hairs in the axils of the principal veins; or,
on occasional individual trees, they are covered above with pale stellate hairs and coated below with thick
hoary pubesceiic'e ; usually from two to two and a half inches lonjj and ahout an inch and a half wide.

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112

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

CUPITLIFEIL*.

UP 1^

tli(>y vary from three quarters of an inch to four iui-heN in leii};;th and from half an inch to three inclicH
in witlth, with hli'uder midribs and few jirimary veins often forkinjj near the thiciicncd strongly revo-
liite margins and running to the points of the teeth, and ohsenre reticulate veinlets ; home cm stout or
slender pubescent or glabrous petioles from half an ineli to nearly an inch in length, tliey fall gradually
diu'ing the winter, disappearing entirely from some individuals before the appearance of the new growth
in the spring, or on otiiers persisting several weeks longer. Tiie stipules are obovate-oblong or linear-
lanceolate, brown and scarious, about half an inch long, and caducous. The (lowers open early in the
s]iring and sometimes, when insects' have injured the early foliage or abundant autumn rains have stim-
ulated a second growth, again late in the season ; the staminate are borne in slender hairy ameiits three
or four inches long from the axils of bud-scales or from those of leaves of the year, and the ])istillate
are sessile or short-i)edunculate. The calyx of the staminate tlower, which in the bud is bright purple-
red and souu'times furni^iied with a tuft of loiig pale hairs at the apex, is thin, scarious, glabrous or
glalirate, aiul divided nearly t'. the base into from live to seven ovate acute segments reddish above the
middle and shorter than the stanu'iis, which vary from six to ten in number, and are com]iosed of slen-
iler iilanu'uts and oblong emarginate glabrous yellow anthers. The involucral scales of the pistillate
llowcr, like the stigmas, are bright red, and are coated with thick hoary tomentum or are sometimes
glabrous or j)ul)erul(ius, liarely the llowers are perfect and are produced in elongated spikes.'^ The
fruit is sessile or subsessile, solitary or in few-fruited clusters, .and ripens in the autumn; or the small fruit
«)f autumnal flowers ..ometinu'S remains on the branches during the winter and increiuses in si/o in the
spring, but falls before reaching m.iturity ; tin? nut is elongated, ovate, abru]>tly narrowed at the base,
gniilually narrowed to the acute p.iberulous apex, light chestnut-brown, from three (puirters of an inch
to an inch and one half long ami from one ipiartcr to three ipiarters of an inch wide, with a thin shell
lined w ith a thick coat of ])ale tonu'Utum, abortive ovules at the apex of the seed, and yellow cotyledons ;
the (lip, which embraces about a third or rarely or.ly the base of the nut, is thin, turbinate, light brown
and coated on the inner surfice with soft jialc silky piib(>sceiice, and is covered by thin pa|)ery st^ales
rounded at the narrow apex and slightly pulierulous, especially toward the bitse of the cup.

(Jiarais (Kjri/olid, which usually forms open groves nften of great extent, is distributed from Men-
docino County, California, southward through the coast ranges and islands to .Mt. San Pedro Martir in
Lower California.' Less common at the nortli, it is very abundant and grows to its largest size in the
valleys south of San FraiU'isco Hay, and with low seMii|irostrate and contorted stems freipu'Utly covers
the sand-dunes on the coitst of the central part of thi' state. In southwestern California it is the largest
and most generally distribnteil O.ik-trcc between the mountains and the >ea, often covering low hills
anil ascending to an elevation of twent v-eiglit hundred feet above the level of the ocean in the canons
of the San (lorgonio I'ass.'

The wood of (Jiitrciis iiijrif'ilin is heavy, hanl. and close-grained, but very brittle ; it is light brown
or reddish brown, with thick darker colored sapwood, and contains nianv large open ducts arranged in
several rows parallel with the broad cons]iieuoMs medullary rays, the layers of annual growth being
hardly distinguishable. The s|)ecilic gravity of the absidutely dry w<M)d is 0.82i)U, a cubic foot weigh-
ing r>l.lii |)oiinds. Valued and largely used for fuel, it is little esteenu'd for other purposes. The nuts
are an important article of fooil to he Indians of Lower California/'

The first authentic reference to (Jiiirriix injii/iiHn was published in )7!KS in the narrative of the

' III the 111 i),'hlHirli')mI nf Hip Hay of San Kraiuiiii'o, tropn <if Ihiii ' llninilr);''<'> ^"' • "■ -'*"■

}»|MMirH lire ofti'ii HttinU>d Iiv the niinim) (IcNtnii'tinii of tlip fiiliitf;i> * S. H. I'^riiih, Xih , iv. 'Mil,

hy }*hrif<jtiutilKi Ctttt/oriiifti, I'Arknrd (/'V/'A '•'''/'' ^*' '*'■ ^-ntnmolitij. * Tlio iiiitH of (jntn-nn nt/ri/t/ltn iin* conHidercd liy the IiidiftiiK of

( V»»i;h. rjj. — liiVi^rHf Tht Otds n/ iitrhliy (inil ^utttr (tf their /nmrt Uiwer Cutiforiita Hiijicrior to tlio,it' of nil otliiT iiforii.i, Aftrr

Inha>Mliihi.<, \). tiikiii^ otf lilt' dlirllii tlit'v f^riiid tlip npimU iiitu Hour, \vliii-)i i«

» 111 ISH.') I'rofrsHor Kilw.iril 1.. Ilri'iiip ( ll>»( Am. Ilnh, s) tliimiiiijMy wailicd lo riMiiove ils lutriiigciK'y, niiil tlnii IkiIUmI

friiinil u trie on liic islmid of .Santa Criit with porfiMt »|iiiali' How- witli \ atf. into iiiii.ili or nillitd iuto liulla aiid liaked in the aHhm

en on erect rigid i«'diinclu» (I'latc cccciv. f. I). (I'alinur, Am. Ad/. lii. 5UtiJ.

T

rw^ww^

CVPVUVKHJR.

icli to three inclieH
leil stronjjly revo-
l)oriit' on stout or
hey full ^riuhially
i)f tliu new j;rowth
Miblonjjf or liiiear-

o])oii eui'ly in thu
in nuns have Htini-
liiiry anients tliroo

and tlie ])istillat()
I is bri};ht jmriihc
iirious, ffhihroiis or

rcthlisli above thu
('<>ni]>()SL'<l of slon-
's of tlie (tistillato

or arc sonu'tinicH
iteil spikes.-' Tlio
; or tliu small fruit
L-ases in size in thu
rowed at the bast>,
juarters of un inch
c, with a thin kIk^I
yellow cotyledons ;
binate, lij;ht brown

thin papery scales
• cup.

riliuted from Men-
ni Pedro Martir in

larj^est size in tlie

fre(|ueiitly eovern

nia it is the lar^je.'.t

covcriiifj low hills

can in the cafionH

; it is lij^ht brown
lucts arraiij^ed in

lual frrowth bciiiir
cuiiic foot weii;ii-

iirposes. The nuts

le narrative of the

CUPULIKEB^.

SILVA OF NOIlTn AMEKICA.

\v^

voyage of Vancouver, who arrived in the Ray of San Francisco in Novenihnr, 1702, and obtained a
supply of the wood of this tree for fuel,' and the foUowinfj year, being at Santa Marbara on thu Califor-
nia coast, had some of the trees cut to repair one of his ships."

The valleys and low hills of the California coast o..^ tl't;ii f;reatest charm to this Oak-tree, which,
dotting their covering of vernal green or their brown summer surface with its low broad heads of ])alo
contorted branches and deiiso dar)^ foliage, gives them the a))pearunco of incomparably beautiful
parks.

Introduced into the gardens of England in l.S4!)M)y Karl Theodore Ilartwug, it is occasionally
cultivated in the temperate countries of western and southern Europe.

1 " A tt'lit wa.H iniinodiatply ititrhrcl «n tilt' slinrc, wrll.H were diij;
for (il't.'iiiiiu); wiitrr. nixl n party wnn oiii)iIii_v('(l in |tr\H-uriii^ furl
front sniiill liu^liy hully-leavtMl oak.i, tho only triTs tit for our piir-
l>o.w." (ii. r». )

* "We ht'ip procured fiomo tUnii knpcs fr-un tho liolIy-lciivtMl
oak, for tlic !«i>curity of llio DiKuTcry'ti liead luol liunikin.s; tlii<(.an<l
otluT (M>i'upation.4 fully rn^a^^fHl our tinit> until tlir evening of tlin
ITtb, when pn'pamtiutu wcrv luatlu for tiailing t)U tbu day fulluw-
ing." (ii. I'4.)

I'rtrfi'ssor F.dward \j. Grceno hajt miptgcited (Eri/lhfa, ii. 40) that
the I-ivi'r^n'i'U Oak st-cn by Fatlittrs Kino and Juan de Ton|UtMnada
bt'twi'ou till' Colorado Kivt-r ami tlio e.iu.st id California, i. d inuu-
tiinn'il by ViMM'piz in tho .ViWifiu '/f Id (^uli/ornifi t/ ile xu Cnu'/uiHtii
(i. r>\), pnblishfd in IT.VS, was tliin Kpi<tni<:t, but they may as wtdl
buvo seen QiurriL-i hlnijrlmanni, Qwrfus Widizfui^ or .'ionic otln-T
Kverjjroeu t>ak of Lower California, aiw (^uprc'u.* aijri/vtUt.

■ your. Hurt. A'oc. LumUn, vi. 157, t.

idcrcd by tin* Indiann of
ill olhor ai'oru.t. Afti r
d'> into Hour, whii'b is
j;i-m'y, and then lM)iU'd
and bakftl in the ashcA

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EXPLANATION OK TlIK I'LATK.

1'l.ITK (.'('('('III. (ilKliri'S AliKIFOl.lA.

t. A Hciwi'riii^' liRiiich, iiutiiral ahv.

'J. A »t:>iiiiiiutf lliiwiT, raluri;i<!.

X A |)i.«lillati' tliiHiT. ciilari^fil.

4. A »|iike <if inTftTt Hiiwem. natural liie.

t*i. A tniitini; IiimiicIi, iiiitiiriil ^\/.r.

f>. I'jiil of a Klt-ril<* l>raii(<li. niitural ^i/.L'.

7. Kml iif a stiTtlf liranrli. natural »i/p.

K. A (mil. imttirnl si/.i'.

'A All axillary wiiiter-bml. eiilar^aMl.

nr

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fiilva :;r Norlh AiTii'n..rt.

Ub. CCO'

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QUERCUS ACRIFOLIA, ri.

A fiit'fr.tiij ,:':/ f^ '

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CUl'UUFEIUK.

SJLVA OF iXOIiTJJ AMKlilCA.

115

QUER0U8 PUMILA.
Running Oak.

Lr.AVKs oMonf? iM- elliptical, laiiccoliitc or ohionni-olmvatc', usually entire, ulabmus or
coated witii pale puhesceiice on the lower surface.

QueroUB pumilii, Wuldr. AV. r./c. 'j;U (I7,SS). — Mlilmiix
f. //.«'. .1/7.. Am. ii. SI. I. Vi. - rir-.n.iii. .S'-/i/.ii. 'A','. —
Nultull, '.''•'!. ii. 'jn. — Kllii.ll. .V,. ii. ,V,I|. — Kii|;iliminii,
TniiD. Si. I.otilji .((•./(/. iii. .'IM-I.

Qiutrcus Phulloa (pumllnK Mii'lmiix, lli.it. Chlmt Am.
N.I. 7. t. i;i, f. I (I.S(ll). — S|iii.li, IIUl. Vfij. xi. Itil.—
I)i|i|ii'l, Ihiiiilb. I.iiulihuh.l;. ii. 107 Koiliiii'. /Vh/.<.7ic
/V././r. i;ii.

n)\\. Alton). — I'iir»li, /'/. Am. Si/,!, ii. (i'JCi (,.xi|. «yn.

AitiiM). — ,\'niiiv<iii /liili'iiiirl, \n. l."ill. — . S|nrM(;cl, Si/nf,

ill. S,"i.s. - . Dii'iiii-li. .Si/ii. v. ,'lii7 (cM'l. IiiiIpIiui ).
QuorcUH cin«ren, mh-. puinila, ('iirti!<. /m/.. limhuj. Sun;

y. r.ir. I,sr,ll, iii. ;t7. — ('liapiimii. /•/. I'.'l. — A. .le Can-

.l.ilUs frmli: \\'\. |il. ii. 71.
Qii-roUH PlielloH. i niinn. A. clr ("nnclnllc. /'/■.«//•. wi, pt. ii.

:i (I.SHI,.

QuiTCUH BBri(H)a. Willili'imw, Sjifr. iv. pt. i. ViX (pxrl. njii. Qin reus pumlln, var. Horicuii. Kni^i'liiiuiiii, Truii). SI.

Aitiiii) (IMO.'i). — I'liirrl. l.'im. hirl. Siippl. ii. '.'I'.' (I'xel.

t.u.iis Ani.l. iii. ;i«t (I.STil).

A Hlinili, N|ii-)'ailiii^ l)y iiiiili'r;;r(>iiii<l stolmis into hroiid tliicki'ts soiiii'tinus several acri's in extent
iiiiil (leeaHionally risiii;j to the liei;^lit of ten iir twelve feet, with many sleriiler intrieately hraneheil stenis
line or two inehiw in ihanieter ; usually smaller ami often |iroiluein^; llosvers anil fruit when only a few
inches hi^li. The slemliT rijjiil hranehlets are eoated at lirst with hoary tomentnni or are eoveieil with
se.ittereil ('.'iilneons stell.ite hairs, lint soon heeoine irlahrons ami dining their tir^t winter are l>rii;ht or
ilark reddish hrown or ashy ;jray. The winler-lnids are ai'Ute. from a sisteenlh to .in einiith of an iiicli
in lenijth, and eovered liy numerous thin hri^ht ehestiiut-lirowii elosely imiirieated scales. The leaves
are revolute in the hnd, olilon^, elli|itii'al, lanceolate, or oliovate-olilon;;;. wed;;e-sha|ied or rounde(l at
the narrow ha.se, and acute or rarely rounded and a[iieulati- at the apex ; or on vigorous yiinni;' shoots
tliev are sometimes ovate or olilon<; and dee|ilv and very irregularly lohed with acute s|ireadiii;;' ajiiculate
liilies, <ir are sometimes hroadly ohovate and entire or sli;;htly sinuate-ilentate toward the roiiniled
a|iex ; when they unfold they are eoated with hoary tomeiitum which is thickest on the lower surface or
with scattered stell.ite hairs, and at maturity they are thick and tiriii, dark ^reen and lather liistious
ahove, yellow-jjreen and <;lahroiis or coated with pale lustrous puhesicnce helow, from one to four inches
lon<; and from one half to three ipiarters of an inch »ide, with stout \ellow midrihs slii;|iilv roundcil on
the u|iper side, ohsciire |iriiiiary veins arcuate and united near the mar;;ins, and line rcliciiiate vciiilcts ;
they are home on .stout yellow grooved [letioles rarely a ijuarter of an inch in leiit;th ami fall j^radiially
in the spriue; with or after the appearance of the new i;rowth. The stipules are oliovalc-olilmii;'. lirown
and Ncarious, from one half to three ijiiarters of an inch loiii;, and caducous. The flowers appear in
April with the lirst iinfoldini^ of the leaves, the staminate liorne in villous ameiits twn or three inches
in leii}i;tll, the pistillate sessile tir r.iised on short peduncles. The calyx of the staminate llowcr is lij;lit
yi'llow, thin and scarious, and divided into hroatlly ovate sliLjIilly ciii.ite >eL;nicuts slnuter than the
stamens, which are usually four in nunilier, with slender liiameiits :ind ovate emar;:;inatc ^lalirons yellow-
anthers. The involueral scales of the pistillate flower are <'oatcil, like its |)eduncles, with hoary
tonientum, and the styles are huiji; and recurved. The fruit, which ripens in the autumn of the first
season, is sessile or sidisessile and usually solitary ; the nut is suliL;loliose. <i-enerally rather lontjer than
hroad, full and rininded at the apex, which is covered with pale pnlicsceiice. aliont half an inch lonif
and diirk chestnut-hrown, lustruus, and sometimes striate at maturity, hut heconiiui;- lii;ht hrown in
drying, with a thick shell lined with pule tomentuni and l>ri<rht or:in<;'e-coloreil cotvlcdons: the cap is

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HI 1. 1' A OF sour II AM /■:/{/(■ A.

cui'fLirKR.t:.

(Iiiii, Hjtiiri>r-)ilia|ifil or mort' nr Ichh iltM'ply ru|i^;liii|ii'il, li^lit lirnwii iiml |iiili«'nil(iiiM within, uiiil rnvcriMl
l)y lliiii iiviitfiiltlnii^ rliMt'ly ii|>|ir('HM>(l riMl-lmiwii nchIi'm tninrutc or roiiiuli'tl ut tlit* ii|k>x iiiiiI ^liiliroiiH
nr cnati'il witli soft pale silky inilii'sci'iici'.'

<jii, riiis jiiiiii'ilii inliaiiits namly liarrt>ii Hoil in tlu> iinin<><liat«' iu*i);liliurlio(i<l of tin* t'lNut fruni North
Carolina t< rthraHtcrii and wi-Ntcrn Kloriilii.

Stimtcii liy llifs wliicli i-xtv spring; swrcp ovi-r tin- rcH;ion tliat it iiiiiahitH, ilcNtroyii)}; the jj"""**''
of till' pri'vioiis M'ar, tlii' liiiniiiiifr (>ak is usually ili'|M>ii)lt'iit on an annual growth for its i>xiHtt'niT, and
is ahlc only uniirr I'M'i'ptionaily favorahlf conilitioiis of Im-ation to ^row In itN full Hi/i>.

' Two fiinimof (Iii4 olindt. iliitiriri Ml iipiM-iiniiM-i- lull «i nin'iti'il IimiiiI iitul tlxf, niiil i-ii\i'ri-tl tjy tlitM'lv ii|>tm'<»<M'il Kl'il>r<Min h^jtit

)>> iitlfriiictlialt' fi>riii« (It.it llifv imii«I Im> titiHiiltTi'il ini*rt<ly ti«rii-> limwii mi'mIi** tltirk ri>il-l>riiwii nlsivf ttii' iniildl*'. On tin' %«-t<)nil

tti'H nf Mill' li|M-i'ii'H, ){niw ln)(i't)lrr lit llllllTtiMI, StMltll rKrnllllll, III fiirill {ijHrrrUK trru-rn^ Wlllill'llim, I'liltl* i-l't'l'iv. f. t, U) tlw >"llllt{

llii' «iiiiii' itiii'ki't« iiiiil iiiti'riiiiiit;lt*il in mirli ii wiiy thiit it \* iliftli'uU liruiiclili'ta hihI IfAVf* u* riNiti-il with tiitnrr liitiipiitiitii, llii* limi-r

III ilfi-iilf tliitt tlii'V liiiVF hilt i*|iriiti^ frmii tin* kiiiiii' rtsit. t>ii tlii> mirfiii'i' nf tlir iiiiiliiri' Imvi-a 14 ilnihi'il willi Nilhy piilit'M'i'iirt', iiimI

first ((^'i^r.-ii* i>nmini iif \>'iiUiT iiml Kii^'i'liniiTiii, I'luii' I'lHriy. ( •"», lhi» i'ii|i* "f tin' iifnriiv, »linli ^nty fmiii iiiiiir*T-«liii|M-il to il»T|ily

7)llii' yiiiiiij; liriiiii lii'i mul li'iivi'^ art' Htrlliilr-imls'^i-t'iit )>ut «ihiii i'ii|>-nIiii|h-iI ami Noiiirlniit'v iiii'Iimc twnlliint* ut iIh' iiiii.Hr*' i'umti'iI

U'niiiii' ^Lihri'ii'*, •Hill till' riip« of till' nciiriiH, wliirh iiiiiiiiri' Iwii nr tiy imiri' liiuai'ly tuiliruMti'il ih'u1i-« i-tutlu'il with )mIi* ^iilk^ piiU-A-

llirci' m-rki Ijktrr thiui llijit i>( tlii' iitlirr fiirtii, iin' Miiirt'r>fihii|iril, rnii-v.

H

KXI'I.ANATION OK TIIK I'l.ATR

I'l UK (C'CCIV. 1^1 Kill 1 « l'|-\III.A.

1. A lliiwi'riiii; I'miii'li. iialiiritl niu'.

S. A Ktnniiiiiili' lliiwir. i'iilar;;i'tl.

M. A |iii>tilliiti' tliiwir. <'iilnri,'i'<l.

4. A fniitiiiK l>r»iii'li. nntunil >i/<<.

■V A Iniitiii;; lirnnili. imliiral t'\tv.

(I. A fruit, nutiinil -i/i*.

7. A friiil, iiutiirni 'iti-.

H. A li'iif fniiii till- liiuH' iif n viKiirnii> shrait. iintanU •iw.

'.'. A li'iif nf II \li;iin>iiii aliiMil, tiiitumi M/i'.

to. A li'af of a vi);iiroici shiMit, iiMursl niie.

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CL'I't'I.IKK.B.t.

itiiiii, mill coviTfil
ii|M-x and ({liilirouit

• ctiiiNt from Nortli

oviiiK till' ^ritwtli
r itN t'xiHtciic)'. luiil
I*.

il'lirpnuMl KlitlinniK light
iiihlille. (hi llir •I'luiul
I lilt r. I, 0) Ili4< M'liMK
.tr\ toiiii'iitmn, tltt* Itiwrr
nil »ilkv imln'mrlMf, iillil

•III r<liu|»'<l to ili'i'i'lr

U «'( thf init, lirt' riiMTftI
il with |i«lt" "ilk J |illlir»-

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. llir' rcfjioii that it inliatntK, ili'stTnyiug ti
I ' iin an anmiiil annvlh fur it;. kicwIvi
.-li III ■,'riitt 1.1 i'- fn!! -«i/.f.

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iKioi. B«tarml iuMt>

H'l I ! Hi

Silva of North Ainenca.

Tab. CCCC.'V.

yjHW'lii'c.

/ .'.''.i^-, M

OUERCUS PUMILA '.V.ui

A ^uufw-iu- Jt.-t\r'

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cui'ULiFER^:. SILVA OF SORTJI AMERICA. Ill

QUERCUS HYPOLEUCA.

Lkaves lancfolatc or oblon^-liiufi'olntc or (Hiptical, entire, or spinosc-dentato above
file iiiiddli". eoati'd below with j)ale or fulvous toinentum.

Quercus hypoleuoa, KiiKeliiianii, Tnuis. St. l.nnit Am, I. QuerouB confertifolia. 'roircy, I'u'l. M,j-. Uninid. Sin-r.
iil. ;i,Sl (ISTC); li'nt/iiwk- Whi-fln-'f /{•■/: vi. L',">1. — L'dT (licit lliiiiilM.lilt, liimpland iV; Kuhtli) I ISriS,.

Ku liy. /("//. Tuirt'i/ Hut. Ciiih, is. 7S. — Saiiji'iit, Fni-fsl Quorcua Mexicana, > confertifolia, Wiii/ij,', ■hihrli. JIuf.
I'rfes S. Am. HWi (■»■;«»« r. X. ix. l,"il. — (iruiiir, W'lM 0:trt. llu'lin. iii. '.'(I'.t (in jiait) (l«8ii).

Am. (hl;.i, '.t, t. <i.

A trt'f, usually fnini twputy to thirty or, soiuptinies, sixty feet in hci^lit. with a tall trunk from ti'H
to fiftt't'U iui'hts in dianii'tiT, ami slender lirauches wliieli spread into a narrow roinid-topjied in' erselv
conical head ; or frei|nently reduced to a shrui>. The i)ark of the trunk i-, from three ijuartcrs of an
incii to an inch in thickness, nearlv Mack, and deeply ilivided into liniad ridges hroken on the surface
into thick plate-like scales. The hrauchiets are stout, riijid, eovereil with minute pale lentieels and
4oated at lirst with thick hoarv tonieiitum wliich jjradually disappears duriiiij their lirst winter, when thov
hceonie tiuuentose or ejl.ilirous. liy;ht red-hrown and are often covered with a f;iaueiius liioum, j;i(iwin;;'
darker durinjj their second year and ultimately nearly Mack, 'i'he winter-huds are ovate, olituse, ahout
an eif^hth of an imdi lon^;, and covered hy thin li;;ht chestnut-iirowri scales with |iale scariiuis margins.
The leaves are revohite in the liud, lanceolate, olilon^f-lanccolate or elliptical, occasionally somewhat
falcate, wcdj^t-sliaped or iounded or t.irdate at the narrow liase, acute ami often apiculate at the ajiex,
ami entire or repandlv serr.ite ahove the middle with a few small minute rii;id spimise teeth, or on
vijjorons shoots ihev arc serrate-lolled with oMii|ue acute lolies ; when tliev unfold they arc lii;ht red,
covered with close pale di'cidmius pnlicseeiu'e ahove and coated lielow with thick hoarv tomentum. ami
at maturity are thick ami tirm. dark yellow-ijrecn and lustnuis on the upper surface, clothed on the
lower with thick silvery white or fidvous tomentum, from two to four inches lonir and from half an
inch to an inch wide, with slender niidrihs raised and rounded on the upper side, ninuerous stout
primary veins forked near the nnich thickened and revolnte marejins, and line eloselv reticidate veinli'ts;
they are Ihuiic on stout llattened yellow puhesceiit or tiunentose petioles aliruptly enlarged toward the
hase and varyin;; from an ei<;hth to nearlv a ipiarter of an inch in length, and tinii vellow or lirown
and fall gradually durinj^ the Hprinc; after the appearance of the new j;rowth. The llowers appear in
April, the sterile lioriu' on slemler aments coated rtjth loose pale tomcntinn ami four or live inches in
lenfjth. and the pistillate mostly solitary, and ses.sile or raised on short tomentose peduiudes. Tlie calyx
of the staniinate flower is thin ami s<'arious, slijjhtly tinj^ed with red, covered on the outer surface with
pale hairs, and deeply divided into four or live liroailly ovate roinuled lohes shorter than the four stamens
with slender filaments and ovate acutt' apiculate jjlahrous anthers which arc hrin'ht red as the flower
opens and •;'radnaliy turn yellow. The involncral scales and the calyx-liilies of the pistillate flower are
thill mid scarioilH and coated with soft puheseence, and the stiirmas are recurved and dark red. The
fruit, which ripens irrej^ularly duriiifj the second suiumer,' is sessile or home on a stout peduncle some-
times nearly half an inch lon;j, and is usually solitary ; the nut is ovate, acute or rounded at the narrow
apt'x. which is covered with hoary juihesceiice, dark j^reeii and often striate when ripe, but boconiiufif
lifjht chestniit-hrown in drying, and from one iuilf to two thirds of an inch loiii;;, with a thick shell lined
witli while tomentum ; the cup, which incloses ahout a third of the nut, is turbinate, rather thick, pale

* The fruit nf (i'tfrnui h{/fH>tru*'ti luw lit't'u ilo.Hi-rilK'il iw iiiiilurini; iimliinttitin is bifiinial, llic fniu iH-jjiiiiiiiif; to ri]>»'ii in iliiiu' ami
(It tlie t'liil (if tho t^rnt scHDun, liut in tlio ttpocinicnH I liiivc hocu lliu ifiit}

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SILVA OF NORTH AMEIilCA.

CVVVLIVIMJK.

ami i)uliesi'ent on tlip inner surface, and covt'ird l)v thin broadly ovate light ehestnnt-hrown Ncnleg
ronnded at the apex and elotlied, esi)eeially toward the liase of the .mj), with soft silvery puhesecnce.

(Jill reus liiijiiiliuvii is distrilinteil from the Linipio >[onntains in west4'rn Texas over the mountain
ranjifes of New Mixieo and Arizona south of the Colorailo plateau, and on those of northern Chihuahuii
and Sonora. Nowhere very aliundant, it is scattered tiuough the I'ine forests on the slopes of eauons
and lii^h ridfjes usually lietween six and seven thousand feet ai)ove the level of the sea. hut sonu'tinu'S
ill shrulit)v forms deseendinj; a thousjuul feet lower.

The wood of (Jm mix /ii/piili 'icn is heavy, very stronj;, hard, and elose-fi;rained ; it is dark hrowii,
with thiek lighter eolored sipwood, and contains liniad conspicuous nu'dullary rays, the layers of annual
ffri>wth lieing marked liy I'arrow hands of small open ducts. The speciiic gravity of the absolutely dry
wood is ()..S(KI'.I, a cubic foot weighing llt.i'l pounds.

Tliis tree, one of the nuist distinct and beautiful of the small Oaks of North Anu-rica, was
discovered on the uKuiutains of southern New Mexico liy Charles Wright," one of the botani»tH of tho
United States and Mexican Houndarv Survev, in IS'd.

KXn.ANAlION OK TIH". IM.ATE.

I'l.ATK ("C('("V. CJl Kill C-i IIVrOI.HCfA.

1. A tlinroriiij lirmuli. natiirnl »i/i'.
'J. A nluiiiiiiatc tlDWer, tiilnr^;ril.

-till.ile

■1. A fniitini; 1

5. Kllil of ;l Vl|

0. A It'uf. iiatu

llower.

t'liliirj;

iraiiili.

iiaiuni

^iiri)iin

>liout. 1

iiral nir

.1.

natural nixp.

] I

cuini.iKr.uyvi

'stmit-lnowii M'lili's
•ry iml)i'S('i>ii(,'P.
liver tlic iiioiiiitain
(irtlu'rn Cliiliiiiiliim
U' slopes of eanoim
sea, liut soiiK'tiiiiL'8

; it is (laik brown,
lie layers of annual
; the absolutely tlry

ortli Anieriea, was
ju buUiuiiiUi uf tliu

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I ' • ^1'- ( Jiii

■ «it niinuiit
■ :>-i/iut«Iv dry

\llHTU ..
Ni-.\ Aji \.tO li\ I |j.ul«... Will, lit,' jUl; oi Uu liuUili.sIb ol Uln!

V I 1..

. 1.11 Is lltll>Vtl.

lyi'rs of aiiinml
f t,t»«« absoluUily dry

orth Anifrici. > .i
hc> b<it»ukt« u( tin'

)a

Silva ol North Ani'-n'- 1

/■: K1.1M ,if/

gUERCUS HYPOLEUCA EnOolm

A Hu'lf^'U.! ,flt.-

i"U' J fi

aUfHf _ C iiri.

lil

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iiJLVA OF AOh'T/f AMKlilL'A.

119

QUER0U8 WI8LIZENI.
Live Oak.

Lkavi'.s usually oMonn-laiu'roliitf, iiitiri', scrratt' or siuuatc-diiitatc, dark grccii
and lustrous.

r^uorcuB Wializenl, A. ilt> ('amlnlli', I'roilr, xvi. pt. II, (i7

(uxrl. ImliiUl) (l«ti-l) Ur»tcil, i'i<lrm/c. Mnlil.j'm mif.

for, Kjiilienh. 1H0(>, 73. — K.ii);cliiiuiin, Tnint. St. Loiiin
Aeiiil. ill. ;t'.«'. ; Itri-Hfr A- ir.ilt.m /(../. f.//. ii. <W. — Wen-
tiff, •fii/irli. Iliit. (Iiirt, Hfrliti. Ml. 'Jl'.l. — Sur^'eiit, Ftirrst

Tret* S. Am. KVA ('i-tinim I'. S. ix. U7 Kflli>>,'({. t'^nst

T'rt» <>/ ('iili/tirniu, 1,'i-l. — (Iri'i'iii', H'i»l .liii. OuLm, Ti,

I. ;f, 1; .lAiH. /(()/. /I'll/ h'lijI'iH. ;Ui;t. — Mayr. U'lil.l. QuorcUH parvulii. (irci'iic. y'lV^J/l|■'/, I. Id (1SX7).

I'lirxliim. '.'tl'J, I. '.'. ^t. — Mirriain. Sortli .imrrirait

Fiiiinii, Nil. 7, 3;tJ (Ih'ilh I'lillfi/ Kxped. 11.). — Covilli',
Ciiiilrili. I'. S. \'il. Ili-rli. iv. 1'.I7 (IM. Denth VnlUii
Hriml. ).
QuercUH Wializuni. mr. frutoHCons. KiiKi'liiiann, Tram.
SI. Limli, .Uml. ill. ;i'.tO (ISZl'ii ; l!n:i-rr .V IV.it.ifin J!i,t.
Citl. ii. '.W. — Wciizii,'. .hihrl: lint. O'lrt. Heiliii, iii.
•.•I'.». -.S, It. I'ari»li. /n,-. iv. ;i|(i.

A (riM', ot'fii.sioiiiillv M'vcnty or <'i>;lity (wt in Iieijjhf, with a short trunk from four to six fi'ct in
(iii meter unil stout spreiidiiiir hranclirs wliicli form a rouu(l-to|i|i(M| head ; usually mucli sin.'illcr and
M nit'timcN rt'iliiccd to an intricately lirauehed sliruli witli nuuu'icius stems only a few feet tall. Tlie
oark on old trunks i.s from two to three in(du>s thick, and is divided into liroad rounded often eonneeted
ridj;es separatin;; on the surface into small thicL closely a|i|)rcsned dark lirown scales slijriitlv tin<;;ed
with reil ; on younger trunks and on lar^e liranehes it is much thinner, generally smooth and rather
li};hter e(dore<l. The hranehlets are slender, ritjid, and markeil with minute |i:de scattered lenticeis,
ancl when they tinit .'i|i]iear ant coated with hoary tomentum or covered with loose scattered stellate
]iuhescence ; durinjj their first season they are puherulous or jjlahrous and rather lij;ht red-lirown or
jjray-lirowfi sli;jhtly tiuf^ed '.\itli nd. and in their second vcar l)e;;iu to ;;row dar'^cr. The winter-liud.-.
are ovate or oval, acute, from an eighth to nearly a i|uarter of an inch lon>;, and covered liy closelv
imiiricated li^ht chestnut-hrown scales ciliatc on the margins with occasional soft white hairs, cs|ieciallv
on those near the apex of the hud. The leaves are revolute in vernation, mostly oiilon^j-lanceolate hut
varying from narrowly lanceolate to hroadly oval, rouiuled cu' Innicate or <;radually narroweil and
wedfji'-shaped at the hase, acute or rounded and jjeiU'rally apiculale at the apex, and entire, Kerrulate
or serrate, or sinuate-dentate with spreadin<; rij^id spiiu'scent teeth ; when they unfold they arc thin,
dark red, ciliatc on the margins, and covered with pale scattere<l cadiu'ous stellate hairs, an<l when fully
l^rowii they are thick and coriaceous, jL^lahruus and lustriuis, dark ^reen *mi the upper and jialer aiul
\cllow-;;reen <Mi the lower surface, usually an inih or an inch and a half loiiif and ahout two thirds of
an inch wide, hut varying from half an inch to tlve ijuhes in Ien;;th and from oiU' third of an inch to
an iiu'h and a half in width, with narrow yellow midrihs rouinleil and raised on the iipiior side,
oliseure primary veins arcuate and united near the thickened slij^hlly revolute marifins. ami conspicuous
reticulate veinlets ; they are home on sleiuier nearly ter"te jietioles coated at first with hoary tomentum
and usually puhescent or puherulous at maturity, and from an eighth of an inch to nearly an inch in
leii<;th,and fall gradually dmiii);- their second summer and autumn. The stipules are ohovate-lanceolato
or linear-lanceolate, hrown and scarious, ciliat*- with itale hairs, nearlv an inch lon<r, and caducous. The
flowers appear in early spriu};; with the unfolding of the leaves, the staminate home in hairy aments three
or four inchi'H in length, the pi.stillate heinjj se.s.sile or short-stalked. The calyx of the staminate flower is
tinj;;ed with retl in the hud, and is deeply divided into hroadly ovate filiate <;laludus lifjlit yellow lohes
shorter than the stamens, which vary in nuinher from three to six and are composed of slender lilainent.s
and ohlonjif slightly apiculat^> ghihrous yellow anthers. The involucral scales of the pistillate flower and

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120

SILVA OF \OIiTJl AMEIU(\L

CCrLLIFEILK.

\\> prdiiiu'It' ;u't' ilothrti witli hoary toineiitunu and tlio HtylcH, often nioiv than thico in nuiiihcr, iwv.
hlonder and recurvi'd. The fruit, which riprns in tlu* auttnnn of the Meeoud Heamin, is Hessihs Kliort-
peduncntate or ocea^ionally s|ticate ; the nut i*^ ^K'ii(h'r, ohlon^-oval, ahi'ii|itly narroweil at the Itase,
gradually n:ii'rowtMl tn the jiointed |»ilose apex, from three <|uarterH of an inch to an inch and a half
loii<*'. aliottt a thiid of an iticli \\id(>. au<l li;;'ht ehestnut-hrown and td'ten striate, with a tliin liard Nhell
hned with a M-anty coat td' \k\\v tonientuni ; the ciip is tliin, turliinate, Honietinies tuhular, and from half
an inch to an inch tleej). or rarely cnp-shai'ed and hliallow. li^ht ;<;reen and jaiherulons within, and
4*overed hy ohl(»n;>;-lanc(Mdate li<;ht hrown closely imhricated scales which are thin or sometimes toward
thr haM* of the cnp are thickened and roinided on the hack, and are usually jtuheseent or |mherulouH,
e>[ierially ahove the niidtlle, antl frei|uently ciliate on the margins.

(Jinrt-ns W'isli:, ni is a »li^tincl and handsome trie, and is distrihuted frtun the lower slopes of
Mt. Shasta southward through the coa^t r<>:;ion of California to the Santa Lucia Mountains and to Santa
lios;i and Santa Crn/. Inlands, and aloni;- tlie foothills and lower slopes of the Sierra Nevada as far smith
as the Tejon Pa^^ ; in shrnhhy forn».s it j;rows in canons on the desert slopi's (d' the San Bernardino,
San Jacinto,' ami (.'nyamaca Mountains, and finds its most southern homi> on Mt. San Pedro Martir in
Lower California.' Althfui^h nowhere very cunnaon. (JtnrrHs ir/.<<//::f ;/(' is nuist uhundant and ^rows
to its lar;:jest si/e in >onie of the xallcys (d' the coast n';;ion *d central Calift>rida at s(mu' distance fn>m
the sea and on the toothills t»f the Sierra Nevada; witli (J/f rrns t/nmnsti it is the connnon Oak in
tile canons (d" the doert slopes td' the mountain*^ of xuuhern California. Ni-ar the coast and on the
i>lands it i> ^mall and id'ten >hrnhl>v.

loflividnal trees ' liist initiced hy Dr. Alhert Kello^^' in I«ike County, California, are helieveil Ui he
hybrids hetween tlii> specie^ and the tleeidnous-leaved (Jtft rvi/ft Ctill/tn'ittnt.

i III Snow Creek ('iinoii, <>)K>itiii^ iiit«> the i]e>i<-rt itt tlie iiorllieni iiiititut, anil |tu-4t4-il \wk \u,\\mhA m^lns futliir'^ t'.irin iii tliul town
bnte 4if Mt. >an .lueintn, art' tuiiny hhiiiU Imi^Iiv trein uf (/'j/rri<A In rarly uHitli, after reeeiviii^ li I'lniiiituii-trlittnl i <(it( ulioti, he U-^aii
Wixhzrui^ U ariiij; fniil with shalluw iii]»-shaiM»l eujw ^riuti' rcrt'vi- thr ^tinly of meilu lite witli a {)h\Hii-uiii in Mnltllrtnwii, ('. jiiie.-tieut,
f. tl), w form that I have imt elsewhere ^ei-u,

a Uran.leif.e, /.^,. , iv. '-Hn».

• Qiif^rcus W'tAlizfHt X (.'nli/itrnifa.
Qurmu Morehtu, KvUo^f^, l*rf»\ Cnl. Aeaii. ii. 'Mt (|H«hi).—

('.ropiie, Wf.it Am. Otth, 3. 7l», t. 'J ; .\t>itt. Hut. lUiif Iir»p'>f,,

y<X<. — Siirjjpiit. ffitnlfi aiyi Fortut^ ii. 171.

(^u/r«iw Winltzrni X KtlUnjijii, Marv K. furraii, Hill. t'nl.

Arwi. i. Iir. tlHH.*i).

\n\X tielieafv nf the liiiiK-* ihterfereil with hit utintien and he went tn
C'h.irlestiHi, Snah Caroliim, when* he inten>il the Meilu-iil ('nlh(;e
lit* rri'fivfd hit nieititml ilff^rcc, Iiowcvit, in l^'xiti^tmi, Keiiiiiek,\,
itiitl thru |trai'tici'il \\\% prufi'iiiiiun iliirin^ *M>verul yeunt in tlilTtTeiit
partA of Kentiieky, <ii>nr^iH, ami Alahaiitn. llin onrly latlf for
natural history was no tlouht sunhrint-il )<y a rhaiire nirctin^ Hilh
AuiliiUin, whote eoiii|tanioii he tMM-aiiii' in a lon^ journey thmui^h
the N lilt )l went , wliieh evi-iitnally hruu^^ht liilii to .Sau Antonio,
Thi^ IS a Miiall tree ( I'lati' eeeevii. ) rai-t-'y more tlian thirty ft-ft in I'exnji, in IHI.^, I If wtu in Nt'W Kn^laml a^ain when f;otil ua?* tlift>
height, witli witle-spr* a<tin;; tinineheo, dark ^eiier.dl\ siiKHith l>ark, (ovrrt-d in California, and joining a parly of miners, reached thi>
anil lar)^' ovale aeiite pnlM'Hi'i-nt hiid-s. The leaven are ohlonj^^ hrttad I'acith' eonnt in Au^it!*!, 1H|1), hat mt; tniule thevo\a};f fnini New
and rounded or eonlate at the Uihc, aonte at the apex, reimitely and York in a small Midiooner. After piL-»tinj; three or ftuir years in tho
coarsely !>inuato-lubed with broad Auliuhtte and often tuollieil lol>e<>, mining di»triet4, I>r. Ktdlo)»^ eitahli^lird himself in Saji l->aiiri:4eo,
dark ^reew and glahruuR un the iip[>cr and yetlow-f^reen and ^la- whieh was hiA home during thr> n-niaimler of In* life. In IK.VI he
hrons or stelhite-pul>c«eent on the htwor mirfuee, from two to four was one nf the neveii founders uf the California Aeadeniy of Sei-
iiK-hes lon^ and from one to nearly two ineheH bnmd ; ami, Ixinie enees, in whieh he wtu Klway>i deepl\ inlerented ami which he

oil blender ^'lahroiiH or pu)H>seent i>etiole<i Hoinetimes an ineli in
lenj^th, they fall during the winter or early in the <tprint; with the
nppearam-e of the nr>w ^iwth. Thu fruit, whieh ripens at the end
f'f the seeoml M-.uion, i.-* sessile or pnMlueed on a .thort stout jM-dun-
ele, anil is .isually so'iiary ; the nut is frnui hii inth to an inch and
ft half in length, ol.''on;{-<»val. and rather full at the acute apeic ; the

faithfully served until hi* death a-, eiiralor of the hotanieal depart-
ment. As a l>otanieal eolleetor l>r Kelhijf^ niaile u any journey*
in hir. iulopted state, and in 1>M>7, U'inf; apiMiiiited surgeon and nal-
nraliMt of the Cnited Male* Coa.sl .Survey, he visited Aln-ska, where
he made an im|Kirtant enHci-tion of plaiitit. N'e\i'r ehtimin^ to W
a neientitlo IxitaiiiMt, Pr. Kello^^ was an ardent and devoted lover

oup, whieh incloHCit two thirtU of the nut or HoinetiiueA only itn lia^e, uf nature. I'artteularly inten>Hted in tree*, lie waa the author of

is deep or slmlluw, eu|>-sha]>ed, and coveriMl hy thin li^ht hrown a work im the fon^st tn-es uf California which eontainn pieturesipio

Bcarious glabrous or piilMTuloiift uhlung>ovatc Rcalei rounded or u-eouutn uf many of tho important inhahitantfi of the I'aeille for-

aeiite at the a{>ex. ests ; and liia 4rawin^8 of western Oaks were publi.thed afti>i \x a

l^utrcuM Morfhux ha.H also )>een found near Newcastle in I'liuer death hy I'rofeftiuir KdwanI \.. (ireene in the first part of his Wtit

County, at KiiUoni in Sacramento County, on Mt. Taraalpaia north Amfrifun Ottka.
of the (ioldeu (iate, and on the hilU near lk>rkeley. KrHoijijui, a monotjpU genua of the Siem Nerada dedieated t»>

* Albert Kellogg (181^1S87) wiM born at New Hartford, Con- him by Torrey, will preserve among l>otauist!( thf* ineinory of a

CLl'Ll.ItKIl.i:.

•(>(> ill uumlitT. aio
)li, i» sessile, sliolt-
rowftl at tlif liiisu,
an iiH'li and a lialf
li a tliin liai'il sluH
ular, anil I'linii lialf
['ruldUM witliiii. and
r Nonictinit's towjrd
•cnt «>i- iinliiTulon^*,

tlif lower sldjH's of
ntains ami to Simla
Nevada as liir Mintli
lie San Bernardino,
Ian Pedro Martir in
diiind.int and ;;iii\\>
Miuie ilistanec Ironi
le fonnnon 0.d< ni
llie eoa.st and on the

I, are iielieved to lie

tullicr'* f.inii ill timl diwu

-•M-lliHil I'.lllilltluU.llr lKi;ilII
11 M|,lllll'l"»ll.t 'l'""'!!'''!'.

lin ntililii •" mill III' «• "< '"
trmi Ihi' M.mIiiuI CiiMh;.-.
r, ill UiiiiK'"". Kiiitii'liv,
M'vrral yi'urn ill ililtiTi'iit
iiiin lli» cftrly ta«tc fur
liy a I'liMiiop mrctiiii; »itli
II II lout! joiirliij- llimii^li
lit liini til >«ii Aiitiiiiiii,
it ris»iii «li'ii Kiilil »i" il'»-
riv iif iiiiiH-r*. ri-ii"lii'il tlio

nil' till- MIUIRI' frnlll SiW

llirt'i' or fiiiir uMrit in tlu'
liiiimlf 111 Niii Kr:iiiiivii,
r uf lull lifi' 111 !'*•'>• I"-
'uli(iiriii« Ai'iuli'iiiy "f Si'i-
iiilirfntcil mill wliii'li III'
■r iif till' iKiliiiiiiBl iliimrt-
■lh>);^• iiiiiili' II liny jmiriii'y »
it>)»Mtitt-il utirf^foii mill nut-
Ill' visitril AliwkH, wiiiri'
[!l. Nr\rr l-hlilllin^ to In*
iirilint mill ili'votril lour
• 1, 111' wuH till' antlior of
\slii.li i-iiiititiiiii |iirtiin«nio
iliilmitu of till' IVilii' for-
wi'ri* |>iililiHlii>il iifti'r h'li
tho Unit imrt of liin ll>»'

iorr» N«TRiIa iloilii'ftli'il ti>
otauista tliii liiciiiory of il

rl'I'IMKKU.T:.

,s7Ar.i o/' yoirni amicuwa.

\i\

Tile wootl of Qiivrnin Wmlc.i iii is lieavy, verv liuid, stronjr, and closfjjraiiiod ; it is li;>'lit ln'owii
tiii<;'(>d with red, with thick li^rhtei' colored sapwood, and eontains ninneroiis lar^e o|ien duets ari'aii>;'eil
ill irri'^uliir biiiids parallul to thu hroad cuiiKpienoiis inedidlai'v rays. The H]iei'itie frravity ot the
iilisolntely iliy wood is (>,7S.">r>, a euhie foot wei;;liin;^ IS.it.l poinids. Soiiii'tiines umiI for Inel. it is not
distin<riiished for this |)ur|ios(> from the wood of (Jm reus fiijrij'i)liii.

Discovered liy Fremont on the Sierra Nevada in the winter of lSI4-l."i.' (Juirinn \\"is!l:i ni, whiih
was nt first coiifoiiiided with Qui n-iis iii/rl/nliu, was deserilied from speeimens ^lathered liy Dr. F. A.
Wislizeniis' in 18*il on the Aiiu>rieaii fork of the Saerameiito River.

giMitli', I'lilliiiiiiiifitii', mill Niiiiiili' niiiii of Htii^ilur (lurity aiiii upright'
lii'u uf I'luuttctor. (See I'lllunia, i. 14&.)

' 7i.''' Hurl). Torrey, iu whiuli Ft'i^aiunt'ii speciiiu'ii ii prisiTvi'iL
' twe vi. IM.

It
III

i ll^

■

1 '^I'lik^j

''P'

KXl'LANATION OK TIIK IM.ATKS.

Platk CC'CCVI. 1^1 Krti r» Wisi.izKNi.

1. A Mi>Hi'iiii^ liniiii'li. iKttiiml i>i/.a.

*J. A Ktiiiniiiatr Hnwrr, riilurgtul.

•<. A |iiiiliU»t<' lliiwi r. i'iilar);i'<l.

4. A frui'iii^' lirnnrli. natural Ki/it,

C. A (rtiitinK brnncli, natunil tiie.

Ti. A fruit, iiaturul n'lrv,

7. A fruit, natural aix*.

H. All axillary wiiil«r-liud, snlar^iHi.

PU4TR CCCCVII. C^IKIli !■■> WlHl.IZI«l X CALimRNlrA.

1. A fruiting lirtiiii'li, natural Mi/i>.
L*. A wintiT liranrhlet, tlio loavci reiiiuvwl,
natural niw.

IX

X

i

^

il

III

i

iLi
li.i

IJ: !l I

ii

I- III

!f

KXI'LANVli'iN (iK TlIK i'l \ri-^

l't.\tK (CC ' \i. IJi t.ii' i » \Vim.i.>:m.

* '■ '•*■.-'(, ttutuml hiMt.

■ ' •"iiliirevi).

iV fr !■■ i.j.'.:ir»l »ii<v

l:ilur-l>iii1, enlitrgiij.

■W.l

• " ( AI.IFt>ll.VI<*

i 1 ....... .. .. . ., ;l... -...'.

\ »m!<r i'lHiiriitcl, iJie ii»v?» irniorvil.

I! •

il

■j\\vA of North Anu'i-;ra..

T.ib. CCCCVl

;;^i

f ' .'/ .'it.n''i tU'i

QUF.RCUS WISLIZENI

A Hu*tttH».t iltrtsi'

'!{• '. ''t.'i^H^ /*iirijt.

I

i \

!:|^

.

m'

fV' .

'

ih'}\

• tT~R

I if '

1

hi

ill

:< !■

I

f.

oilva of North Amcnra

Tib. CCCCVII.

v'-;/

I .'. /,(.,..•' ./«'

,'f,.-;,'J» .u-

que:hcus wisl.zeni ■ californica

iQUERCUS MOHRF.US Kellogg.'

A iiu>' y-etd.f tltrmj '

.tir.tH^r .'tirf

m

I,

I

1 1 i

);

' 5 I

'• i:

.ill

n

'

: 1

1

1

f i

!

I !

CUrUUfEIUE.

aiLVA OF A'OliTlI AMinUCA.

12a

QUEROUS MYRTIFOLIA.

Scrub Oak.

Lkavks oviil to oblong-ohox atf, mostly ontiic, with thickened revolute marj^ins.

QuorouBmyrtifolia.\VilKl.'ii(iw..S>.r. iv.pt. i.lL'l (l.sor,).— Quorcus PhoUoa. vui. nrennria. t'liiiiuimii, I'l. I'.'O

ri>iivt. hint. hill. Sii|ii>l. ii. 'Ji;!. — Tursli, /•'/. Am. Si'j.f. (IHtid).

ii. (!'.'(). — Niittull, (Jen. ii. '.'11. — .\'iiii ivi 11 Diihaiiii/, vli. Quercus aquatica. ( ? myrtifoliii, A. ili' CmiiUjllf. I'l-mh:

161.— Kllii.ll, .S7.-. 11. "lOT. — S|iieii|,'ol, .syr. III. H.'.S. — xvi. pt. Ii. (iS ( 1 SOI i. — Win/.i;;. ./((/((■/<. lint. (;„,■/. I!,r-

Diflricli, Sijii. V. 'M'. — Kii(ji;liiiai'ii, 'J'raiia. 67. Louis ^i«, iii. 181.'.
Ariul. iii. It'.Mi.

An iiitrii'ilti'ly liraiu'liod sluul), witli sU'iider ripid Htcins fjonorally tlirec or four or, sonii'tinu's, fif-
ti'cii or twenty feet liifj'' '""' '''<>ni one to tlirct" inclics in dianu'tor. covcrcil liy sniootli Itark wliicli near
tlic ;:round i.s dark ami sli(i;litly furrowed. Tht' slcndi-r Itranclics arc coated at tirst witli a tliick palu
or fidvons toiiiciitinn of articidatc liairs wliicli usually persists duriuj; the suiniiicr. and in their first
winter are li.Ujhf hrowii more or less tini;cd with red or dark ;jray and puliescent or ]• .ncndous. heconi-
luir darker and fjflahrous in their si'cinid season. The wintei'-huds are ovate or oval, ijradualiv narrowed
to the acute a|ie\ and eovered by elosely indiricated dark ehi'stnut-hrown slijrhily puherulous scales.
'I'lie leaves are involute in the Imd, oval or ohloni^-ohovate, }fradnally narrowed and wedi^e-shaped or
hroad and rounded or cordate at the base, acute and a|iiculate or hroad and roumh'il at the apex, and
entire, with much tiii<'kened and revolute, somctinu's undulate, hut occasionally thin Hat margins ; or
sometimes, on viy;orous shoots, the leaves are sinuate-dentate or lolied aliove the middle; when they
unfold thev are thin, d.irk red, and coated helow anil on the petioles with a clammy rusty tomentum of
articidatc hairs ami covered ahove with stellate puhescenee, and when fuUv ;frown are thick and coria-
ceous, lustr(uis, dark fjrcen, •'lahrous anil conspicuously reticulati'-venulose on the up|ier surface, and
paler and yellow->(reen or lijjht orange-hrown on the lower surface, whicii is <rlal)rous or ]uiliesccnt
ami is ^eiH'rally furn' heil with tufts of rusty liairs in the axils of the veins; often ahout an inch and
a half long and an inch wide, thev varv from half an inch to two inches in length and from a (piarter
id' an inch to an inch in width, with conspicuous inidrihs raised and nuindcd on the upper side and
few mostly oliscurc primary veins usually forked iialf wav hetween the midrih and the margins ; they
are lionic on stout puhtwccnt vellow petioles rarelv more than an eighth of an inch long ainl fall grad-
ually during tliiir second season. The stipules are ovate-laiu'colate, lirowii and scarious, and ahout half
an inch in hngtli. 'I'he tlowers open in .\pril ; the staiuinate are home on hoary stellate-puhcscent
aiiieiits fnsni an inch to an inch and a half in length, and the pistillate are sessile or suhsessile, and .soli-
tary or in |>airs. The calyx of the staminate llower is coated on the outer surface with rusty li.iirs and
is divided into live ovate acute thin and scarious segments shorter than the stamens, which ;ire generally
two or three in iiumher with small acute apiculate yellow glalirous anthers. The iiivolucral scales of
the pistillate tlower are tomentose and tinged with red, and the stigmas are long and recurved. The
fruit, whicli ri|)ens usually at the end of the second season or occasionally during the first autumn,' i.s
solitary or in pairs, and is sessilu or borne on a stout peduncle rarely more than a quarter of an inch in
length; the nut is subgh)l)osf or ovate, acute, from one ipiarfcr to one half of an inch in length, dark

' Tim ninliiratiun iif tliu fruit of this njici':!'!! In iiornmllv liloiiiiial, nail spccliiioiis from Florida show oil tin- siuiic Ijraiiili iicuriis thnt
liiit Dr. J. II. Mellii'lmmp HmU iit DliilTtoii, Soiilh I'liroliim. curly Imvc ripi-iii'il in imc und in two yean.
Iliiworiiip plants :*In"!i lialiitimlly ripen tlirir fruit in oup si-iisoii ;

' ,,

I'll

i

i

1) •

' J

1 1

I !■

! " ■

'■ 1

i

''^^,i

IJl

S/f.Vi OF XOIiTIl AMh'/ilCA.

CL'PULIFKICK.

i I

liruwii, liisti'DUs and i)ftcii Ntriutt', and piilicridoiis at tliu a|ie.\, with a thin Hhvll lined with a tliick I'oat
id' ni>tv tdiMt'ntiMii, a red si'i-d-i-oat and Avvy tiianf^c-colori'd cotyli'thins ; tin- fU|i, wiiicli cndnari's from
a i|ii.irli'i' tti a third ol' tlio nut, is thin, .sinciT-shaix'il or turliinati', li^lit hrowu and pniifruliius witiiin,
and I'liMTcd l)_v i;Iosi«ly induicated hruadly ovato li^ht lu'own |)nl)i>Hccnt ncidi's viliatv on thi- margins
and roun(h'd at tlii' hroad apex.

(Jill mis iiii/rli/iilld ;;rows on (h'y sindy ridj^cs on the seaslioru and islands of tin- sonthern ntjitoH,
wln'ic it is ilistrilmted from South Carolina to casti-rn Florida and from tlio shores of Hay Hiscayne to
eastern Louisiana. It is most almndant on the islands olY the eoast of Alabama anil Mississipiii. often
toverin{;i; larjje areas with low nearly impenitralile thit-kets.

> ' I

EXPLANATION OK TIIK I'LATE.

I" i

I't.ATK. CCCCVIM. tjl KUi IS MVIITIFIII.IA.

1. A llowi'riiii; linimli, nnlural fiiv.

'J. A Rtaiiiinato IIowit, i'i)liir^;i'il.

3. A iiiotillati' lliiwiT, cnlarj;!'!!.

4. A fniilin^' l>rr>iirli !.liiiHiiii,' Meiiiiinl niattirntioii. imtiirnl 'he,
• <. A fruilini; lirani'li slinwini; annual ni^itiiration, nntiiral si/i'
<!. A tniitiii); lirn'iih sliowin^ annual maturation, natural >iiA!.
V. A winUr IjraiicliKt. llie liavfs rfiuuvud, iiuturul niie.

tf!

.

I Tl'l 1.1KKU.K.

I'd with u tliirk ttmt

liitli I'Uiliiuct'H from

|)ul>(iuliiiis within,

iiti- till thf niiirjjiim

t\w Kdiithurn Htuti-s,
(if Uiiy niscayiic to
ml Mi»Hi(t»il'i>i. "f'l"

ii

¥ i

• I

T.N

'/ f'.i ot \hir/.

.1' 'i| L lllllll', at Um* ■>)

li:i*irii tit 1 I'l'tKI'tlV t»\.ilr u;;

I I lit ,M .1 I

.1 M"

'II

l^r riilj^-M III) till' KCMUilik.rt^ utd Uliuidx

I'li liuiji .-iiu.li l..u<i.iuii to oiihtci'ii I'Miiridii hoiI friir. 'lu' ■•Ikui'.
1, !< [Ml -,1 il. 11, 111. lilt (in lilt' isLiiiili oil' lilt' cMKisl i-l Alili.'uu.i 1111

1 . Iini>t>ln'tiullli' tlliolirl

CLl'lLll'k-.BA.

itli (i tliirk coat
■■i)il>ra('«ii from ,
■ I* witliiii,

r |liar}r|M><

.Men

I , ar il'.AVIU. 1^1 • I. ,. MVKiiri.u.i.1,

*• ni»»<t»^lii"i natiirnl tite,
•11. nniuriil ^tw.
-. .Ill, iialuntl n'ui:
i. n4|iir«l tit*.

cLi'iLiri.a-t.

• Ii a itiii'lt CO. It

''iilinuoM from ,

ruloUH •.Vitllill,

ci uiar);iiii<

■lili'H,

lie lo

Ml 11

Silva of North America

Tab "'■•rrvill

< .• .',k,..r ./,«'

OUERCUS MYRTIFOI.I/^. Wili.i

^ 'iu'ifV*tU liUt^r

(i

'!;

V^

I

\

I :'

I

I' I !

CUi'ULU'KIUL.

tiliyA OF yuUTIl AMKlilCA.

QUERCU8 RUBRA.
Red Oak.

Lkaveh oblon^-ohovatc to ohloiiK, piiiinitili.l-lolK'd, tho lobes tiijU'rinK Kriuluiilly
troiu broad Ikim's, jiiuI acute and iisualh dentate at tlie (luU.

Queroua rubra, I.iiiiiii'iia, .S'/.w. ".tiMl (K.'i.t,. _ MilliT, /'i<7.

»>il. N, Nil. M. .— Murllrllliuilai'll. Il'illni', \. '.'."il. — |)i| |t<ii.
Ob; 'X> ; lliirlik. It'innix. ii. '.'(l.'!, t. '<, f. '-'. — Wminiii-
lii'ilii, tlrmhiiili. .S'nit/'iin. Ifn/:. 1.14 (ixil. nyii. (inmii-
viu"). — I.aiimrrli, I'iit, i. 7'.'ll. — .Mufiiili, ll'innir Wri^.t.
04 i Mtlh. ;»4H. — .Si'lioepf, .1/.//. .)/../. ,1m.,. l,W. —
WjJler, /■■/. ('ill'. •.'.'14. — ('iiMliKliiiiii, Ci''/;/. i/iy/i Sloli
I'liilu ii. 'Ml. — Willili'iuiw, //,(•/. Iliiiiim. 'JT'J (ixri. «yii.
WttlliTI ; .S'//<i\ iv. |il. i. 4 I'l ; Knnm. '.I7li. — Itm kliiii^in,
HhikIIi. f'lrtihil. i. 7li;i.— Miilimn. Ili*t. ilii,i,„ Am. Nn.

'.ti. I. ;k>, ;mI( /v. iinr.-.tin. ii. '.'(mi. _ ivih,h,m. %«. ii.

riti'.l. — IV»(iiiituiiii'», llinl. Aril. ii. .'ill. — Dii Mniii ilc
<'iiiir»i'l. lU. i'ull. vi\. '.', vi. 4'.';t. — Mirliiiiix f. llUt. Ai-/>.
Am. ii. I'.'li. I. •Jtl. — I'lir.li, /•'/. .1 m. .V/.r ii. CMl — lli^i-
I<i«f, t'/. lliiMtnii. '.".'7, - Niiltall. lirii. ii. 'Jl I. — \niiriiiii
Jhihiimrl. vii. 170. — lliiyiie, llrmlr. Fl. Vu . — Klliiitl,
Sk. ii. (Ml'.'. — Sprcin;.!. .s',v<r iii. MOit. — II.Hiki'r, Ft. /(..r.-
/I»ii. ii. I.">H. — .S|n<-li, lliat. I'iij. »i. It'h'i. — 'rmri'y. Fl.
y. y. ii. 1W. I. lIMl. — KlliiT«.iIl, Trnt .)/.(..». US. t. Ill;
fil. L', i. IfiK, I. — Diitriili. .S'y.i. v. ;t|0. — Durliiinl.m. /?.
«'«rr. wl. :t, '.'()l». — Itrrnilrl. /"ci/m. ///. Jyrir. No.', iii.
;«•.'.». t. 'J. — CiirtiH. AV/,. (,',■.,/..;/■ .Vi'i-i'. -V. r,.r. lNt», iii.
41. — Clinimiiiii, /'/. 4'.".' I in |iart). — A. >li- ('mulnlli'.
i'nili-. \vi. |it. ii. M (ill |intl). -tlmliil, liJiiLik. .\l„l,l.
frit nut. F"r. Kj.'l'fnh. IMI'Ml. 7'J ; /.iVAm-iim i'fit'titu Am.
Tr<,,i. t. A. It. — Wcnina..!, /J"//. Fed. .V.«'. /A.rt. /Wy.
iKti'.l, 'M'>. — Kiicti, /Viii/r. ii. pt. ii. 70. — KiiK>'lni»nii,
Triint. Si. L-mit Afml. iii. ;tVM (in imrtl. — Ijiiii'lir,
lttiit»rh^ (teintr. *_"»**.*. — Sjiri»eiit. F'irr.it Tm-^ S. A't.
\Oth i'rntiux I'. S. ix. 147 (in [wirll. — Wrii/.i^, .fiihrlt.
Hot. Hurt. Ilerlln, iii. 180. — lluulx, ('hrnf$ Am. m lift-
yi'/iif, r.'4. I. — WatMin \ CoiiltiT, t/ray't M'lii. ctl. ti.
477. — Miiyr, ir.i/(/. .V.,r./,i»n. 1 4fi, t. 1; '.'l. — Dipihi.
ii. until. Ititutihiiiik. ii. 117. — KiM.'luu», /Vli/.tr/ii' Itrint''.

i;t;i.

QuercuH rubrn, lU l.iniiat>uii, .S'/ff. (KHl (KSMl.

QuarcuH rubra. \\ Dn Uui, llnM. ilnnm.:. ii. 'JGl, I. ."), I'.

:i (I77'.'i.
QuurcuH rubrii, .i liitifolln. I.iiiiiiink. i'iet. i. 7'.'0 (17H.'l).—

Dii .M.iiit ■!.■ (.'iiiii-.it, /ill. Intl. I'll. '.'. vi. I'.M. — Aituii,

Hurl. Kni: v,\. 'J, v. '.".)'.'. — I.iiinliiii, .1,/,. ilrlt. iii, 1S77.
? QuercuB rubrn, y Bubaerrnta, 1 iiiuik, /'i''^. i. 7'Jt)

(I7h;1|. -('u..iiL;li"iii. Viiiij. mill! Sliiti Tin'^', ii. .'I4S.
QuercUH rubrn niiiximn. Mai-luill. Arlmnl. Am. Vl'i

(l7.S,"i|.— Iluikliausili, liniilli. Fiir^lliiil. I. 70l. — .Miiili.

linUTi; A Willilfiiiiw, .Vfin .'■irhrii'l. (Iraill. .\ it. Fr. Hi r-

till. iii. .'I'.l7.
QuercuH rubrn montnna, I»iirklmii-iii, llnmlli. F.irnllml. i.

7l'."> (mil .Miu-lmlli (|H(KI|..— Ail.pii. //",/. Ken: ril. '.', v.

'.".I'.'.— l/iiiiliin, .l//i. Hril. iii, I.S77. — Dipiifl, ;/.,;..,',',.

I^liil.hiilik. ii. Il.s
QuurcuB nmbiuun, Miiliaux f. Itiat. .Irli. Am. ii. I'.'O, t. '.'I

(l.'<r.'l — I'ur.h, Ft. Am. .Sij.t. ii. tV'iO. — Xiittiill, lirii.

ii. '.'I I. — biii.l.iii. .1/7.. Hril. iii. l.S.M, f. I |7'.l, t, — l)i|i-

|H-I. ilniilh. i.„„l,h„t'.k. ii. r.'d.
QuurcuH coccinoa. /i, Simcli. II'ikI. I'l;/. \\. WCt (isr.'i.
QuuruuH cocciueo, vitr. amblnrua, limy, .Unn. <mI. ,*i, 4,''il

(l,>ir,7|,_ W.'ii/i>,', .Ai/i,/.. ,';..'. liiirl. Hrrliii. iii. KHii. _

U'aiHi.n ,v CiiilliT. llr'ii/a .Mm. iil. d, 17.H.
? QuercUH rubra. -, Muhlonburitii. Win/i|;. ./.i/irli. Hut.

Hurt. Herttn, iii. 1*1 (iNM.'i).
QuercuB rubrn, a viridis, I)l|i]«l, llun.t/i. l.tmh/in/zk. ii.

Il.s (l,S'.i'.'i.
QuercuH rubrn, !• Suhrufuldii. |)i|i|.il. itamtli. i.iiiilihutik.

ii IIS (l.S'.i'.'..
QuurcuB rubrn. >l beturupbylln. I>i|>|.i'l. ILukIIi. I.nulh.

h.il'.h. ii. IIS (IS'.IJ.,
QuurcuH rubrn, c nurun, l)i|i|H.|, llniulli. l.iiiili/int;k. ii.

I 111 (1H'.I'.'),

A trt't', UHiiiilly Hfvoiity or I'ijjiity <>r (wcii-siniially iioarly "iif liaiulri'il ami fifty tVet in lu'ijjlit, with a
trunk tlirt>t' or four ffi't in (liainotor aiul stunt lirani'lics wliiili, s|iivailin;; jj^radiialiy, usually furm a
t'uiii|iarativL'ly iiurruw r(uind-to|i|K'(t lirad, (ir. p-owin^ nt-arly at ri^rjit angles with tin* stoni, a Itroadur and
niuru Hyniinvtriral licad. Tlie hark uf the trunk is an inch <u' an inch and a half in thicUni'ss, dark
lirown tin<;L'd witii red, and divided into hniad thin roniidt'd rid^c.s lirtikcii into .small thick apprcssed
|ilatc!t scaly on the Kurfact- ; on yonnij stems and on the upper part of the limits of lar<;e trees it is
smooth and lij^lit jjray. The liranchlets are slender, lustrous, and marked with small scattered palo
lunticels ; wlien they first appear they are hri;;ht jjreen and lustrous and covered with pale scurfy caducous

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23

12G

siLVA OF your 11 amebic a.

CUITUI'KU.K.

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imbi'SC'cnec, ami diiriiifj tlit'ir first winter arc dark red. l)i'('()iiiiii;r niort- or less tiiijjed witit olive-green
in tlieir second and third vears, and idtiniately dark lirown. Tile winter-linds are ovate, <jradnully
narriixved to tile aente a|iex, aliont a (jnarter of an inch lonjj, and eovered l)\' nnnieroiis closely indiri-
eatid thin o\ate acLite lijjlit eliestnut-hrown scales. The leaves are eonv(dnte in tiie Itiid, {generally
(ili<iv:ite or ohlon:;; in ontlinc, ahrn]itly or i;radually \veds>e-siia|)e(I or nnmdeJ at the hroad or narrow
haM', and usually divid"d ahout hall' way to the niiihihs hy wide ohli(|ue sinuses rouinled at thi' bottom
into eleven, or sometimes into seven or nine acute oi)lii|Ue ov.ite lohes; these taper "gradually I'roni hroad
liases, and are mostly sinnately three-toot iieil at the a])ex with elonjjated hristli^-pointed teeth, iiicreasin;j
in size from the hottom of the leaf to those of the last pair hut one, which are usually the larijjest ; or
sometimes the lia\es are ohlonn-oliovate. ^laduallv narrowed and wedj^e-sha|icd at the hase and sinu-
atc-lcilicd with hroad acute usually entire or slightly dentate lohes; when they unfold they are jiink,
covered with soft silky pale imheseence on the niijier surface and clothed on the lower with thick white
tomeiitiim, hut soon liecome nearly jjlahrous, and when ahout one third jjrown are lii;ht fjreen and very
lustrous, and haiiLr on tinir lonij stalks close ay;aiiist the hranchlet ; at maturity they are thin and linn,
dirk •;reen. dull ami i^lalirons on the upper surface, and on the lower surface paler yellow-j;;reen,
>;lai>rous or rarely puheniloiis. and sometimes furnished with small tufts of rusty hairs in the axils of the
veins; they are from live to nine iiiciics loiij; and from four to six inchi's hroad. «ilh slender yellow
iiiidiiiis and primary veins which are r(mndeil. e4)iispicuous ainl often red ahove. especially the niidrih
toward the hase of the leaf, ohseure lateral veins arcuate and united near the sliejhtly thickciu'd
niai;,nns, and conspicuous reticulate veinlets ; tliey are liiunc on stout yellow or reil petioles from one to
t\No inches Ion;;, and fall rather earlv in the autinnn after liavin;; turneil a dull or sometimes a hrii4;lit
(uaiiee-eiildr or luuwn. Tlie stipules aie lineai-ianciiilate. thin and scarimis. at first white hut soon
li;;ht hrown. aliout twn thirds of an inch in leii^tii and caducous. The llowers appear when the leases
are ahout Iralf <;rown. the stamin ite honie on slender peilieels ahout one twelfth of an inch loiitj in
jiiihesceiit ameiils lour or live inches in leiiijtii. and the pistillate lUi short f^lahrous peduncles. '1 he
ymne.; liiid of the staniinate liower is pink hut soon turns jfreen and is furnished at the api'X with a tuft
of slender pale hairs ; the calvx is deepiv divided into four or IInc narrow o\ ale roundeil hdies shorter
til. HI the stamens, which are usually four or live in niimher. with larj^e ohlon^ einar;,'iiiate jjlahroiis
yellow antie rs. The hud of tiie pistillate liower is liiii;lit red aii<l tipped with a cluster of white hairs;
tile iii\oIiieial .scales are hro.idlv ov.ite. darK redilisli hrown, shorter tlian the conspicuous linear acute
hiMct of the tlowi'r. and as loie.^ as tlii' I. inceolate acute calvx-lohes or much shorter ; the stif^mas are
eloiiLTated, spnadin;;. .ind liriL;lit ijreeii. The fruit, which ripens in the autumn of the second year, is
solitary or in jiairs and sessile oi liorne on a thick peduncle rarely more than a tpiarler of an inch in
leiii^th ; the nut is ohloiiij-ovoid or o\,ii. with a hroad hase, and is full or jjradually narrowed and
roiiiide<l at the apex, from three ijuarters of an inch to an inch and a tpiarter lonjj ami from half an
inch to an inch wide; the cup. which emhiaces onlv the hase or sonietimes nearly ii "piartcr of the nut,
is thick, siiallow and saiicei-shapeil. or turhiiiate, with a thin or thick rim, and is reddish hrown and
puherulous within and covered hy thin closely imhricated ovate acute hrij;ht reddu'own pnheriilous
•scales.'

' A Irrr ft.iiinl l)y I>r. Knyflm.inri nu tin- ln.ttuin-!;iii<ls nf tin-
Mi.s>i>'.i|tpi UiviT o[)pii!«itc M. Kouia (iiutrriui mhru, B runcttiala,
A.(|p CuiHli.llc. I'riP'Ir. x\i. pt. ii. (M) { IH«H). — (iniv. Mnu. vt\. \
■I'M. — Kn|;«-]iiiiiiin, Tntn*. Si. /.imiw Artnl. iii. ;('.*!. — Wt'iizl^,
Jiihrfi. IU}t. <iart. lifrhu, iii, IS*i), wtlli (ihluiifr narrow ficiili'ly ilcnirtti'
«ir fiitin* ItilM-il Icnvc!! ami siimll fruit, rri'iilh in tin- fi-rni^Miipniin
r"li»r iif tlie lower nurfn<T of tlir Icnvcti am! in tlu'ir iH'i:iHinn;illy
fiiltalc lobfH Nonii' forms of tifirrru.i titfjiltilOf antl in pii!t.siMy n
liyliriii ln'twtrn tlial Njn'riiB anil (^x/tciw mhrn.

A trt'c, foiini! in IHJKi I>y Mr. H. K Himli {finnUn nud iurr^t,
viii. 'X\) ohi' mile Pii>t uf Inilfpt-iulfni-i', MiNnoiiri, li.i.s tlu* apprur-

an<-«', rt-i snjfvfi'Jitc.i liy tin- (ii^<<Mi-nr, «>f Ik'nik ii hvljrul Iji-twrrn
QtirtV'ui ruhni ami (iufrru.i tmfmrfirin. 'I'lit' IcaM-s an' tlitt'i' i.r four
inehrn lonjj, <»Moiij»-ol>ovatr, nunnlnl at tin* l>asf. .tiniiuU'Hirtitatn
with ltr^^tIy point«ii trrtli, ami pulxHi-.nt on the lower Mirfaic
Till- fruit rp«i'nihli*H in llie pilm|M* of tin* nut ami rup that of Qu>rru.t
ruhm, Itiit in only tlirw ijuartiTH of an uicli lonjj

A trvv alHMit forty ftul In^li foumt hy rrof*'ssor T. ('. IN<rt.T
on Cnllr^i' Hill in Kanton, l\M)niiylvanim Inui tliv wiiitt*r-buiU nml
till' fruit of Qutrnu vrlutiutt, but the IravM n-noinble in (fincml
ontlinr tlitwi' of QuiTnui nthni^ although tlu'V an' coatt'il on tin*
luWiT surfaci' wluMi fullj ^rown with pah* pulM'rti'cni'o uml furniH)it<il

; i « ' '

curn.in.ii.i;.

I'll witli olive-fjit'in
V oviitf, <;railually
pniiis (•U)sel}' iinlni-
tlic l)Uil, {ji'iiiTiiUy
le liioad or imrrow
nili'd at till" liottom
adiiallv I'lom liroad
I'd ti't'tli. iiicicasiii};
ally the lai;j;cst ; or
the liasi" and siim-
I'lild tlicy arc i>iid{,
«■!• with tliH'k white
iijlit irrci'ii anil very
,■ all' thin and lirni,
paler yt'llow-rjn'on,
s in the axils of the
with sli'nihr vflliiw
sjicrially the niidiili

slij^htly thickciii'd
lu'tiiilfs troiii iini' to
Minu'tiiiif^ a liiiifht
lil>t white liiit so'.n
[luar when tlif Icavi's
of an inch lon;^ in
lu^i iicdundcs. '1 he
the apex with a tuft
ninlid hdies shorter
iiiiai;;inate j;l.iliiims
nster of white hairs ;
.pienoiis linear aeiite

r ; the sti<;iiias are
■ the seconil year, is
uarler of an iueii in
Inally narrowed and
^ and from half an
I ipiarter of the nut,

reddisii hrown and
■dd)rown |inheriilons

li,. li;iM-» nr.' till.'.' "T f.iiir

Ihf Imsf, !.innult'-»l«-iit»l"

inl nil llif liiwir »urfiiii'.

lint mill iiiji lliat lit yiiiriiK

i-il tnll^

l.\ I'rofissnr T (' I'lTl. r

111, lilW till' willllT-llllll" llll'l
ll'ilVOH ri'Hl'lllllll' ill K"'"'™'
;;h lIu'V liri' Wlltl'll nil lln'

li' iiiil»'!«i'oiiii' mill l^iiriii«l»'il

cupulU'Eilji;.

SILVA OF NORTU AMERICA.

127

QmrvuH nilini, which is tiio most l)oreal of the Oak-treos of eastern America, {generally iiihahlts
rich uplands, j^rowinfj; to a larj^e size on i^laeial drift and the well-drained horders of streams and
Hwamjis. It ranj;t!s from Nova Scotia and southern New ISrunswick throu;r|i (Juehee, wh e it reaches
the hanks of the St. liawrence in ahout latitude 17 ' ilU' north, aloiif:; the northern shuros of Lake
Huron to the neif;hhorhood of Lake Nameka<ron on the divide west of Lake Superior,' southward to
middle Tennessee, and V'irjrinia and alonj^ the iii^h Appalachian Mountains to northern Georj;ia, and
westward to eastern Nehraska " and central Kansas.' Uare anil of small size toward the northern limits
of its ratifje, the Red Oak is ahunilant in Nova Scotia, southern Quehec, and Ontario; it is one of the
larnfest and most common trees in the forests of the northern states witii the exception of those which
cover the mountains of northern New Kncrland and New York, and reaches its larj^est size in the states
north of the Ohio Kiver. Farther south it is less common and usually siuall, and on the southern
Allt'ijhany Mountains is exceedinj^ly rare.

'i'iie wood tt( (Jill rill ■< riihrn is heavy, hard, stroiiij. coarse-ji;rained, and lialile to check liadly in
drvin;f ; it is liirht or reddish hrown, with thin darker colored sa|nvoiiil, and contains remote conspicuous
medullary rays and hands of several rows of lary;e open ducts marking the layi'rs of annual irrowtli.
The specilic ;^ravity of till' aliMiIiilely dry wood is ().f!(J'Jl,a ciiliic foot weii;iiini; ll.'i.') iiouiids. It is
u.seil in construction, for the interior llnish of houses, and in the manufacture of cheap furniture.

(JiH rni.i riihrii was introduced' into Bishop (.'oni|)ton's jjarden' near London hefore the end of
the seventeenth centurv, and the earliest account of it. prepared from these cultivated trees, was
pul.li-hcd hy rinkcnet in If.ltli/'

Kndowed with a constitution which cnahles it to withstand climatic conditions unlike thiiM' of its
nati\e land, (Jm nnx nihru' has succeeded in Kurope hitter than any other Ameriian Oak. and
individuals more than a century old may he seen in Kni^land, Krame, and (ierniany.' No Oak of the
northern states ;;rows more rapidlv or can more easily he transplanted, ami tew trees are hotter suited
to ornament the parks and roadsides of the northern United States.'

Willi l-nlllpit'UnilH tuft.H nf li:iirH ill till' aYlU nf 111)' VIMIH, ;||ii| ;it

iiiiitiirily nrc glalirtitit ur piilMTiilnii.<, U-Iow; it in |irnl>iil>l_v it Ii\liriil

Ih-IWI'I'II tlU'SI' Il|M'l'il'(l.

t'liiiiilly wrll i-liiiriirtiTui''l liy iti liir^,- mil mul H.it !iti.-illnw (-ii|>.
niiil liy till' iiuiiirrniis luttTil IoIm-h nf till' Iruf wlih'li laptT ijniilu-
iilly frinn tlii'ir liriHiil Iiuhi'^, {^wmui n*hnt Hour tlit* iinrtlu'rn tnir-
ilrm nf till' I'luti'il Stati'i mill Hntiiti Aiii«'rii*a nfti'ii In-up^ Iravm

Witll fpWIT InU'H Ullll NlllliUlT fruit with tlirllilllltl' flipH (l^»l»Tl''l*

amf'ii/'tit, Mirtimit), liitt tlii-M' i<\tn'iii«' fnriii:i ;in' in iiiti'riiiivril :iii<l
illi'nillltiuit tlml it iliK'H lint st'i'iii prii'tli'iitili- In I'nIlHiili'r tlli'tll I'Vi'll
varii't it'll.

' llruni't, Cm. r.y. I.nj. din. tU. — Hell, lirmnj. lUp. Can. 1S7D-
m, .•.!• — Miii'nmi, f.il. (Vin. PI. Ul.

« ltfi«i.'y, Itrp. Stlimtl,! Stair lUoml Agrif. IHIM, 110.

• MfUtnll, Ktithth /iii-fin. lirji. Slate Itottni .li/rir. A'lirwil*. '-'7'J (ill
imrl).

* .\itnii, Iforl. Ktic. lii. 357. — Luiitlnii, Aril. lint. lii. IS77, f.
I7U) nil, I.

" iiitemi.1 Enenli f/irwiirii, yii/iw ampiiaribnjt ncuteati.it l*hijl. t. ,M,
f I ; .Ifm. 1!)^. 'MJ (I'ltil, iiyii.). — t'utfsliy. .ViK. Iliit. Car. i. SI,
I. 'ja (fruit).

' iiarriitu Vtrriiiuaita ruhrin I'fiiw, inurfnta, I'liiki'tli't, I'hijt. t.

r,\. f. .". ; Aim. lUil. mm. — .MilU'r, Did. No, 7. ^ Diili.iiiiil. 7V«i(.'

</*-.< .Ir^r^.t, li. '-0;l.
* (jiiTci^* (\trt>iittrn.tii rirmfi/iifc, rnii.t murtittfa, Catt'^lty, .Viif,

IIkI Car. i. 'Jl, t 'Jl.

' 111 Muilit* tiui'rrn.< r'thra in tniiirtiiiirs i-iillcd Yt'llnw (Ink.

' Wt'iiiiat'I. I iaritni awl l-'fri'^t, lii. rj'.l. - K. llarti^, .\usl. Uuh.
liaiirr. StaatmiM. :W ( /■'iir<f -ri,i(. /.fit. IS'.CJ).

In (itTiiian otilli'i'tinii.-t a iiiiuilior nf varit'tii-i. incliiilitifr iiiu» tvith
VpUnw li'itvi'it, an' ncni-sinimlly ciiltivitti'd (Dippi-I, llamlh. l.anh-
hohk. ii. US).

" (iardfu anil Kirest, iv X\~. i. 'tK.

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EXPLANATION OF THK I'l.ATKS.

I'l.ATK C'C'CC'IX. (.JlKU. IS Kl'HKA.

1. A flowerlnj,' liriimli. natural the.

2. A staniinato HdwiT. t'lilarjjt'd.

3. A stamen, front anil real view, enlnrfrml.

4. A pistillate inHorcsccnee, enlarReil.
o. A |)i»tillate Hower, enlarijed.

C. A ])i.'"tillate flower, the involuere removed, enlarged.

7. Vertical section of u pintillate lluwvr livforu fecundation, eaUrged.

8. A leaf, natural size.
1*. .\ leaf, natur.il ■.i^.e.

ill

I'l.ATK C'C'CCX. (.ifERlVH Rl'HRA.

1. A fruitinn liraneli, natural site.

'J. A fruit, natural site.

3. A fruit, natural si/e.

4. A cup. natural size.

r>. Vertical section of a fruit. natunU alie.

ti. A Heed, natural si/»*.

7. A li'af. natural iii/e.

8. A fertile winter branclilet. natural nine.

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Silva ol North America..

Tab. CCCCIX.

f'.Jf.F'ttrttn {/m/.

QUERCU3 RUBRA, L.

A. /{ii'i-rttAf t/irr*r.

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'ab. CCCCX.

(.£ fa.r,m ,ir.'

Ht'/^iriy

QUERCUS RUBRA \.

A Jiu'tffHta- iitrm-^

Imp . ' Tiin^tw /'ti.

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aiLVA OF KOltm AJ/L'JilCA.

12!i

QUEROUS TEXANA.
Red Oak.

Li;avi;s ohovato. triincato or abruptly wcd^c shaped at tho base, deeply piimatitid-
Idbed with broad rounded sinuses, the lobes sinuatc-dentate at the usually broad aj)ex.

QuerouH Texoan, IliU'lilc)-, I'rm: I'hil. Arntl. IHtiO. I tl iiimiii, 7'niiis. Si. /.mii.-i .Inid, iii. :ni| (in |iiiii). — Sur-

Vmiiitf, It'll. Tt:rn.i, I'lOT. — SurKPlit, (iiiriliii ami t'l ri-!'l. «'"'• /''"■'■<' '/Vim .V. Am. IIIM Cuhiih I'. S. ix. 117 (in

vii. ">1 I, (. Nl, M'.'. |mrti. — Wutsuii & C'lHiltvr, Hi<iif.i .I/./h. n\. (1, 477 (in

Quercus palUHtrls, 'lurny .t (iray, I'urlfir A'. A'. Jir/,. u. purl I.

|it. iii. I7r> (n>>t Mui'iiilihaiiHi'n) (l8.Vi). — ('liii|iiiiiiii, A'/. Quurcua cooclnea, Cliapiniin. /7. I'.".' (in pnrt) ( l><lill). —

vil. '.', Siippl. tVIU. — CouUiT, C'oii/nVi. r. .S'. .V'l/. //fW). ii. W'Mmm, I'l'ii. Am. A''iil. xviii. l.'iii. — .Sur({ent, t'lirett

■»17 {.M,>n. I'l \y. 7V.--,,,,).
Quurcua coccinoa vm-. ? luicrooarpa, Turrcy, Itol. iltx.

Ilnuml. San: •.'(«; (|S.".H|.
QuuroUH rubra. Clmpnmii, !•'/. I'.".' lin purl) (IHCiO). — A.

iU< t'amlulle, fnulr. xvi. pt. ii. tKI (in pari I. — Kii){t'l-

TniH .V. Am. lll//i CrMii.H r. S. ix. I |S i,.x,|. Iml.. Klnr-
iilni.
Quurcua rubra, var. Tuzann. Iliuklcy, I'nir. I'hil. Amil,
ISSI, r.':i. — KnK'i'linaiin, H't. Iii:.,tlv. \n. 14. _ Siir-
(•■•iit, F'lr'nl Tri'S y. Am. UUli Cvimi.^ I'. S. ix. MS.

A tree, oci'iiMiiiictlly aliiiost two liiiiiilrril IVft in lici^lit, witli :i trunk t'icf iif lirimclics for ciniitv
or iiiin'ty IVt't iiinl hovcii or <'i>;lit fi'i't in cliaim-ti'r jiliovi? a niacli fiilar^cil ami .stronj^ly Imitn'.s.siul liax',
and coniimrativt'ly small iiranclics wiiirli spread into a narrow o(i<'n licad ; often niniii ^iiiaiicr ainl
toward tin- western limits of its ran^e in Texas nsnally not more tiian thirty nr forty feet tall, or

Minietimes rodtieed to a siirnli. The hark of the trunk is from thr piarters of an ineh to an inch and

a lialf in thickiu'ss, light lirown tinned with red, and diviiled into Inoad lidges lirokeii into thiek s(|iiare
|ilati-like seales ; tiiat of \ouiit; trunks .mil liranehe- i-, thin, smootli, and iij^ht ^ra\. 'I'lie hraiiehlels
.ire >tont, hriltie, and m, irked with ohion;; |iale h'litieels, and when thev tii-<t ippear are eo.ited with
lioiiry imhesoeiice, hut soon heconie fjialiroiis and lirij^ht j,neen ; diirine; tin ii- lir>,t winter ihev are
histrons, oran^ri* or reddisii itrown, and in their second Kt-ason ashy j;ray or dark iirown. 'I'lie wintei-
liiids are ovate or ohovate, full and alirii|iliy rounded at the a|iex, and from one ei;;iith to one (jii.irter of
an iiii'h lon^, with tiiin eioseiy imiiric.ited dark hrowii sealer. 'I'lie leaver are eoiiMilnte in the iiiid,
ubovato in ontliiie, truncate or ahrn]itly or rarely );radually wedge-Hliaiieil at the hmail liasc, and ii^iialiv
seven, rarely nine, or sometimes tivt-lohed by wide or narrow ohliijiie siniise-, nuindcd at the hottoin ;
the terminal lolie is ohiong, dentate or entire toward the acute apex, and furnished witji iwn s|ii'eadiiiii;
lutt'ral toi'tli ; the lutoral hdx's are eontriu-ted below the broad apex or occisimially taper from the lia^i',
and above the middle are coarsely repaiidly dentate with slender bristle-pointed teeth ; they increase in
si/.e from the lowest, which are freipiently trian|:;iilar and entire, to the upper, which arc usually broader
and longer than those below them, although freipnntlv the midilie loins are the largest, or in western
Texas, where the leaves are often tiv»«-lobed, the lateral lohes are oft<'n nearly tri.ingular and entire lU'
oliHciirely dentate ; when thi'y unfold the leaves are light reil ami . nated with pale Miirfv puhocence
which is thickest on the lower side ; this soon disjippears, and when they are fully grown they are thin
and firm, bright green, lu8trouH and glabrous above and on the lower >iirface paler and furnished with
large tufts of pale hairs in the axils of the primary veins, from two and a half to six inches long an<l
from two to live inches broad, with slender red or yellow midribs and primary veins raised and rounded
on the upper side, and obscure lateral veins arcuate and united within the thick cartilaginous margins
and connected by tine reticulate veinlets, which are iiiori- prominent above than below; ilieyare borne
on sleudcr nearly terete reddish petioles from one to two inches in length, and late in the autumn turn

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180

SU.\'A OF SOUTH AMh'JUCA.

CUri'l.l»'KH.K

Ki'.iilually (lark viimuM red nr lirowii, or nl'li'ii rliiiii^i' inlor Inil nli^rlitl^ IxTon- I'alliti);. 'I'lic Hli|)iili>H ari>
uliltiii^iliovatf, li^lit liritwii, thin aiiil Hcurimis, I'mm i)iii> Imlf to tliriMi i|iiiirl(>rH nl' mi iiirli loii^, anil
cailiiriiiiH. Till' lliiwi'i'H a|i|ii'ar I'loiii tin- niiiliili' ol' Marrli in 'I'cxaN to tlii< lii'^itiiiiii;; ol' May in llliiiiii->,
till' >laiiiiiiatt' lioi'iif ill nIi'IhIi'I' Hli^litly iinlii'Nci'iit aiiii'iit'* lioiii two to lliri-i' iiirln'N in li'ii};tii, llir |iislillat(i
on slioi't |ifilniii-lt's clotlicil willi hoary totiii'iitinn. 'I'lu' ral^x of tli(> htaiiiinatc llowcr is tliin ami
M'ariiiii^, villoiiH on tin- oiitiT siii'tacf, ami iliviilril into I'oiir or tivi' acnli' l.iriniatriv nil si'^iim'iiIh Hlmrtcr
than till' NlaiiU'iiN, whii'h arc nmially four in iiiiiiilicr, \\itli oliioii;; >li^lillv t'niar;;iiiali> ^laiiroiis yellow
antlu-rs. 'I'lu' involnrral Hcaii'M of tln> piHtillati' (lower are hrowii tin^eil witii reii ami |iiilii'N«'ent, ami the
■ti^inas lire reeiirveil uinl often liri;;ht reil. 'I'lie fiiiil, wliirh ripeiiH at the etui of the Neniml Niiniiiier,
IH Hi'ssile or raini'il on a Kliort in'iliiiicli' oriMsioiially half an iiirli loii<r, ami is nsnajly Military ; tl>i' nut is
oval, alMii|>ll\ iiarro\M'il ami roiinili'il at llie liase, full ami roiinili'il or ^railiially or alini|itly iiarroui'il
mill rniiiiilril at the a|ii'\, |inlierulons, li^ht reililiiih lirowii ami HOinetinies i'iiiis|iieuonsly striati' witii
liroail liiii;;iliiiliiial ilaik liamls, anil fniiii half an iiirli to an iiirli ami a half in li'ii;;tli ; the riip, wliirh
I'liilirai't's finm one tliini to one half i>f the nut, is Inrliiiiale or i|ri'|ily eii|i-slia|ieil, li^ht reihlisli luoun
mill piihernloiis within, ami nivereil liy thin eliisi'ly iinhrieatdl ovate li^lit lirowii NealeN rinimleil at the
narrow emls ami eoateil, exiept on the leil-liniwii margins, with lliiek hoary totiientiilii.

(Jill rills 'I'ljiiiiit is (lislriliiiteil fioiii mirtheastern Iowa' ainl eeiilral Illinois, thinu^li soutlu'rii Illi-
nois ami Imliana ami western Keiitiirky ami 'I'eiiiiessee, to the valley of the Appalai liirola Iviver ill
Fliuiila, ami through southern Missouri, Arkaiisaii/ iiinl LouiKiaiia tn the l.impio MoiintaiiiM in western
Texas.' On the low riiir hnttoin-l.inils of the Mis>,iHsi|i|ii li,i-,in, ^rowiii;; with the .'swamp White dak,
the Iteii .M.ipir. the Siiiir tiiini, the l.iipiiil.inili ir, the I'iii (l.ik, .iml the Swamp ( 'iittiinwiiiiil, it alt.iilis its
largest si/.e ami is eM'eeiliM;;lv eoininoii, espirialK in western .Mississiiipi, southern .\rkaii.siis, ,'inil eaiitern
Texas, where it frei|Ui'iill\ foriiis a ^reat part of the hiwl.iml forest. It is less ahnmlant in the soiithrrn
|iortiiilis of the eiiMterii (iillf states ami pruhalilv iloes not reaeli the roast. in western 'i'ex.is it often
{Trows on low limestone hills with the I'nst (^ik ami the Western Cellar, ami is tlieii il Hiiiall tree or m'l-H-
Hiuiially a shriili, nr lieeotiies a lar<rer In ii the moi.-,ter liottoin-lamls in the iiei^hhorhooil of streams.*

The woml of a small speeiiiieii of (Jiurms 'I'ljniiii ^rowii on the liineslone hills near Austin,
Texas, is heavy, lianl, ami elose-;;i.iiiieil. li;;ht reihlisli lirowii, with few eoiispieiioiis meiliill.iry rayi* ami
iiaiiils of small liuetx marking the l.ivrrs of annual growth. 'I'lie speeifie ^;i'avity of the ahsolutely ilry
wooil is t(.!MtS((, a eiiliie font wii;;liiii;; ."iti..V.t poiimls. This lieterminatiiin prohaiily iloes not represent
the value of the wooii of (Jm riiis 'J'l.iiiiin from the Mississippi \allev, as iiiniliernieii anil iiiaiinfai'tiirerH
eoiisiiler it more valuahle than that of the eastern iu'ii Oak, with which it li.is alw.iys Im-i'Ii eonfouinleil.

(Jill mis Tifiiwt wiw (liwovered near the mouth of the I'eeos iJiver in Texas hy tin- hotaiiists of tlui
Cniteil States ami Mexican Moiiiiilary Coiiimission in 18,'itl. As a street tree it is frei|Ueiitly plaiiteii in
C.irnillton. il siihiirli of New Orleans, where it also ^rows spoiit.'ineoiislv.

(Jill mis Tij'inin, which iiunietimes [;rows ti a jjreater heijjht than any other .\nierican (Jak," may

' Qitrrrut Trifinn wm tliwoviTfti n.-iir Wtiirrltn'. Iowa, l>y I*n.-
IVssor A. ;< lliti'hr.Mk in Isrill

' llfirifV, .tin. ./('Mr. Formlrlf, i. I.'»l {llnrrt-yut rtil>ni).

' ll.iMinl, I'nir. I'. S. .V(i(. .Uut. (ill ."lO.".

* Tlii-ri* 1* "till liiiicli to li'urn willi is-j^inl Ic llic (llxtritMitii.n
of this tns<. Till' fiii-t thut it m m> cnniiiiiiti Hiiii L^n.wH with -.iirli
liixiiriHli(-i- lit till- itiiiiilli iif till- W'liiti- Itivrr in Iniliium wmilil iiidi-
r^itt- that It liii^lit In' liM.Jti'il for iTiiirli f.-irttifr north tliiiil it in linw
known to ^row in Iniliunii, unit tluit it pnilmhly I'Xti'iuU into Ohio.
i'uMilily, iiA su^j^-Htrii tiy Itiil^way {tUjt. (tiizftu, viii. 'M\}, u l^fwr-
ruj rv/irri). it ^^nM thi* tn'a which wu foiini] hy Willimn Ilarlnim
ni'ar l.itth' Kivcr in (ffor^in. and whii-h. without ilriH-ription, \»*
rallcil ilurmu Inictirrm. "To kcfp within till' ImiiiihIh," he iinvii
{TravrU, :t7), "of truth anil n-ality in dficribing the inaguilude

aii'l ^mnileiir of theiM* lree«, woiiM, 1 fear, full of I'rrtlittilitjr; rrt,
1 It. ink 1 ran liMftcrl. that iiiaiiy of the hiai-k oak.« mrtuure,! elKht,
nine, ten. unit elt-\«-n fei-t tliaineler live frt-t alnite the i^ruunil. a*
we nii*ajiiir*-il iteveral that wi-re ahote thirty feet >;irt, ami from
hence thi-i aM-enil ts'rfeetly iitniit, with a ^railiml tit|H'r. forty or
Hfty feet to the liinU ; hiit. lielnw li\e or mi feet, theiie tninkl

wontil nieiutiire a thinl more in cireninfen'i , on ais'oiint of the

|>roje<'tin;{ jaiiiir*. or ioip[Hirta, which are nmri- or leM, areonling to
the iiiiinher of horizontal risita that tln-y ariHe from." I have
founil, however, no evuleius. eieept lUrtraiii's ileacription of the
rnlarffrtl antl linttreiuMsl liuam of theae trvc* tu prove thai Querruf
TfTtitttt j^ruwi in any of thi* AMantii' utateii.

• Kiiljpray, I'ror. t'. S. .\iil. Mum. v m (Uittmu rorruwo), 83
( (^uerruj ruhm ).

!

cui'ri.iif'i:H.ti

IliiiK. 'I'lii' Hli|iiili'H iiri'
I of an iiirli Ion;;, iinil
linp; of May in lllinoi-.,
in Icn^tli, llif |iiHtiiliitt<
liitt' llowi'i- it tiiin anil
■\\ rill si'^nu'nfH Hliortcr
"iiiiitc );liiliroiis yt'llciw
iinil |iiilii'N«'t'nt, anil tln<
iif till' MM'iinil Hiininii'r,
ilU solitary ; tlir nnt in
y or uliiii|>tly imrrowiul
[i«|iii'iionsly Ktriatf with
iiiiijtli ; flu- <ii|>, wliicli
'd, li);lit rriliii--li iuown

I KcalrH roiinili'il at tlic

'lltlUII.

4, tliioii^h soutlirrn llli-
A|i|ialiti'liicola Uivor in

II Mniintains in wcstrrn
till' Swainp Wliili' ( lak,
iiltonwooil, it attains its
n ArliaiiHiiN, anil raKtcrn
Imnilant in tin* soiitlitTii

Western 'l'e\as it often
leli a small frev or oeea-
^rliliorliood iif streams.'
stone liills near Austin,
loiiH mfiiiillary rays and
:y "f tliu Hhsolntely dry
alilv does not represent
rmen and niannfaetnrerH
Iwavs Iteen confounded.
IS liy the liotaiiists of tlii'
is fri'ijuently planfi'd in

lier Anu-riian Oak," muv

t'i;i'i;i,iiKlL*,

siLVA <jf xonrii amj-jiuca.

131

ho uiiHily distinguished from (Jiunns rnhi'u l)y its shi rtir and hroadei' wintiir-hudN, hy llio di'('|it>r iiiiil
wilier sinuseH of its Ninallc-r and nioru lustniiiit h-aves, and i)y its di'ii|u>i', |>alt>r, and nioru touuMitimti cu[m.
In Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri it is not possilile to di^tin^uisll it from (Jm rinf /I'lhinlri", with which
it ^rous, e\ei'|)t liy its fruit and liy the eidar;;eil and liiittressed hase of its tiuuL The leaves also
ri'semhie those of (Jm riim rocri'/ixf, although this NpiTics does not ^row in the same situations and
|irohahly not in the >utniL> ri'^ion.

' it

I, 1 (.-.ir. full "f .r.ailiililjr; trl,
ttii* bliii'll iwkii incojiiirtMl riKlit,
■ t\vt* fpt't kImi^p till* Kruunil, ■«
Ihivc tliirt; (ri't girt, anil fmiii
, willi a ^'^ullml liii»T, fiirtr iir
w llii- iir »ji fti'l, lliPM' Iniiika
in-uiiifrn-iii'c, on aivutiiit iif tin*
■h an* iiinrt' or Ii-iw, affonliiiff tt>
li.it tlii-v anif friMii " I liaim
pL H.irtram't di-wriptinn of lli«
Itirsf trts*a to provp tttat Qurmt*
ic !itatt'H.
lut. V. 80 {liuertui nccitua), S;>

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EXi'I.ANATlON UK TllK I'l.ATK.

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ATK C'Ct'fXI. t^lKKll^ I>:\AN.\.

1. A lliiwi.riii(,' lirjiiu-li. iialuriU fi/.e.
'.'• A ^la^llMatl' llinvcr, I'lilarffwl.
.'). A jH'tillatt' lluwcr. fiilar(,'«'(l.

4. A Iruitiiit; ln-aiuli.

lalaral site.

"). A fruit fniiii tin- valli y of ilu' IVids Hivcr,

natural si/r.
11. A fiuil fr.ini ii.-ar tli.' iimulli >ii Wliii,- Itinr.

lUilioi-. uatural «i/.i'.
7. A l.af fri.iM \vi'>ti'rn IVxaK. natural hi/e.
K. A wiiitfr i.ianrliUi. natural ni/.c.

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OUERCUS TEXANA.Huck:

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CUl'UUKKIL?;.

iiJLVA OF NOlt'Ui AMUIilCA.

13;*.

QXJEROUS C0C0INE3A.
Scarlet Oak.

Lkavks oblong or oljoviitc, li^lit f^iccii aiul lustrous, dci'ply lobcd, with broad
rounded sinuses, the slender lobes eoarsely repiiniUy dentate toward the apex.

Quercua coccinea. Miii'iii'lihaiisi'ii, Ifmisr. v. '.Til (cxcl. 1>)
(17^0^— W;in(,'i'nliiiiii. \'n;/,im. Ifnl-. 14.1. I, f. '.». —
Miii'liU'fibvr); Ai WillileiKiw, Sine Si-hriff. di'M'/l. .\'<if. h'r.
llfr/i'n, iii. .'('.J.S. — .Mirliaux, Ui.tt. flihicn Am. Xo. IS. t.
31, .'ij; Fl. Ilor.-.liii. ii. ID'.I. — WilMiMiiiw. S/,ec. iv. |it. i.
4l.">; h'liiitii. '.t7i't; llirt. Iloiim::. cd. '.', 'M'.i. — ^ I'tr^oull,

,Si/ii. ii. ."iti'.t. — IVsfdiitaiiies, Ul.if. Arli. ii. ."ill rnlri't,

L'nii. I>!,:'. SuiUpl. ii. '.".'1. — .Micluuix f. Jiiit. Arh. Am.
ii. 1 111, t. 'SX — I'iirsli, /■■/. Am. Si'j.t. ii. •;;«(. — Hi),'i.|(,w,
/•■/, /A«r«.H. 2L'7. — Niillall, 'rV«. ii. 'Jl I. — .V"».v,„, /)„.
/Mm.V, vii. 171. — lluyiic, Ih-mlr. t'l. I,"i7. — Kllinlt, .VA-,
Ii. r,ir.'. — SiiniiKil. .S'v.<r. iii. Mti,t. — L,iiiilmi, .1,7,. ISrit.
iii, 187'.l, f. 17I»>-17IS, 1. — Spmli. Il.st. i;.,. \i. in.".. —
Tiirrry. Fl. .V. )'. ii. IN'.'. — KimTsiin, />,c.i .l/ii.«.<. Ill,
t. It; til. '.'. i. lt'.;i. t. — Uiftriili, .Si/ii. v. 310. — Curl i'*,
lie,". <h''il't'j. .Siirr. y. C'ir. I.SIlO. iii. |ll. — (.'luipnian.

Fl. I'.".', — (Irstfil, Viilni.'ik. Mi'il'l.fra not. For. KJ:,henh.
l.Sljr,, 7'.'; I/iflinioiin C/triiis Am. 7',-.//.. t. II. — Wvsiiiail,
/;„//. /•'.■,/. .V,,,'. //.„■/. /(./;/. LSI',',!. ;!|7 (i'.\rl. Viir. /i).—
Kocli, /h'U'lr. ii. pt. ii. *'»'.l. — Kiii^^'linanii, Tniii.^, St. L'ltii.^
Ai-'t'l. iii, 3',U (I'Xi'l. var. tinflnri.i). — lluiilia. Chi'iii's Am.
en Hi/./i,iiie. 'JO,'!, t, — I--»iirlic, /)e'its'/ie Demlr. L"'.l'.l, f,
I'.'O. ^ Sargent, F<)re.^t Tnes .V. .1//,. lOtli (',,/,<„.< l'. S.
ix. ll.S (.•xcl. Iial). Fldiida). — W.ii/.i.,'. ./,//,,/,, Ilnl. <„irt.
Jtr/iii, iii. 1,S," (I'xrl vars. /i anil y). — Wat.i(pn iV C'oiillif,
(iroi/'i Moil. I'll. (>, 177 (I'Xpl. var. Ino-torio). — ^ Mayr.
Wol.l. .\.,nlom. 117. t. 1, '-'. — Dippi'l, //<!/,<//,. Loiilf
hnl-J;. ii. ll'.l, f. ,"ii;. _ Kiii'lims liiKl.i.J.e Dnolr. I,'i3,

? QiiorcuB rubrn. ji coccinea. Aitmi, //•■,•^ K'lr. iii. ,'(,">7
(17.S'.i).

Qut-rcus cfpcc-inea, a coccinea, .V. dc ChikIoIIc, I'r'ulr. \\\.

pl. ii. I'll (iMil).

A tree, scvi-nly or ({".jhty fri't in licij;lit, with ii trunk frtxii two to three I'l'i t 'i iliiimeter uiul
I'Dinpantivi'ly small lirancht's wiiich .sprcail fjradually and foini . latlier iiairow open head ; or usually
luueh smaller. The l>ark of the trunk is reil interiialiv, I'roni h.ili an im'' to an iiu'h .: thiekness. and
divided liv shallow ti^:^ures into irregular rid^jes covered l,v small linlit brown ^o.des >.':.r|itiv tiiii;ed uith
red ; that of tiie youny; stems and tile liranehes is smooth and lii;ht hro-vi'. ^ li^' Ur iiehlets an siend 'r
and m.irked liy small scattered pale leulicels. anci when thev first a[)pi , i' eoatc.l with loose sourfy
caducous puliescenci' hut soon hecome li<;ht jjreen ,ind lustrous, and da., ij; tlii'ir lirst winter are lijfht
re<l or orani;e-red and in their second year li^ht or dark lirown. The '-, li.tei-tnids ,i:(' ov.il ,.: ovate,
irradually narrowed to tlie acute apex, from an eiffhth to a i|uarter of an inch Ion;', dirk reddish hrowii,
and foveroil above the middle with loose |ialf |iul)c- jice. The leaves are cuvoliae ai the bud, oblono-,
obovatf or oval in outliiu', truncate or wed^c-shapccj at the base, and ileeply livided by wide sinuses,
which are rounded at the bottom, into seven or rarelv into nine lobes np.iiidiv dentate at tile aiie\ witli
slendi r briNtle-pointed teeth; the terminal lobe i> ovate, acuio and thiie-touthed, thi' middle division
beinjr niui'li lonjfer than the others .ind furnished with two small lateral teeth lu'ai its narrow apex ;
the lateral IoIm s are obctvafo, obliipie or spi'eadinjf and .sometinies fak-afi , iimI usually broad and obliipie
at the coarsely tiHtthed apex, the miildle l(d)e-, liein;j much lari;er tiiaii those below and above them ; cu-
occasionally the leaves are sli-^htly siiiuatt-lobed v itii broad or a( utc dentate lobes; when they unfold
they are brif^bt red, covered with hiosn pale pubescence on the upper surf ice and coated on the lowi'r
with silvery white tomciituin ; tlioy lu'coiue ^reen at the end of a fi'w day-, and wiien half ^rown aro
thin and lustrous, pubescent above ami still covered below with tomentum which now fjrailr.ally disap-
pears; and at maturity they are thin ami firm, bri^rht jfreen, glabrous and very liistrou;) above, [i.-iler
and less lu.strous below, where they are sometimes furnished with stnall tufts of rusty pubescence in
the axils of the veins,' from tiirei to six im he- '■)ni; ,iml fnuii two and a half to four inches broad,

1 III Ihi- I'a.Htcni Htali's llio iiiatiim liiivci iit (Imn-iii iim-ima are iii»licil witli tufti of hairs in tin axils of the viMiis, iiiiil siuh liavn
umially K'l^lirtpus, hut in Uliiiuis anil Miniii'milii tlii-y iin- ofti'ii fiii^ air nut ilistiiigui»iialili' from tliusi- of Q'lrrcii.i 'hxonn.

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134

5//,r.l OF NORTH AMERICA.

Ct;PUMFEniK.

with sli'iulcr yellow iiii(li'i1)s i'lnl priiii.iry veins i'duikUmI on tlic uppiM' sitlt> and obscure lateral veins
ninni'ctcd liy coarsfly ifliciil.ito vi'inlcts ; llicy ale lionir on slender terete |(etioles from one and a half
to two and a hall' inelies in leii^tli. and late in the antunin hel'ore tailing tnrn a lirilliani scarlet eolor.
The stipules are oliovate-lanceolate to linear-Iance.date. lirown and searious, and f'riun one hall' to two
thirds ol' an inch loiifj. 'i'he llowfrs appear when tlu' leaves are alioiit hall' ;''rowii, tiie staniinate home
in slender ;;lahrons anu'Uts three or four inches in len;;th. the pistillate on puheseent peduncles sonie-
tinu's half an inch louji^. The calyx of the .staniinate liower is jiuhescent, and liefore opening; is hrij^ht
red and tip|)ed with a luft of pale hairs; it is divideil into loiu' or live ovate acute segments shorter than
the staiui'ns. whii h are usually four in nuiuher. with ovate a|iiculate lij;lit yellow j;laIirons anthers. The
]iislillati' Ihiwcr is l)rij;lil red, with ovate puliesceiit inv(dueral scales shorter than the acute cah x-lohes,
and elongated spreading' recurved stigmas. The fruit, vhjch ripens in the autumn of the second year,
is sessile or often liorne on a stout |ieduncle soniclinu's almost an inch in length, anil is solitary or in
pairs; the nut is oval. oldcinjj;-ovate or hcnusphcrieai. truncate or roinided at the hase, rounded at the
apex, from half an imh to nearly an inch lonj^ and from one third to two thirds of ,'in inch hroad,
li<rht reddish liniwn aii<l occasionally striate, with a thin shell lined with a thick coat of li^ht redilish
lirown tomentum : the cup. which incloses from one third to one half of the nut, is deeply eu|>-rhaped
or tmhiiiale, tiiiii. li^ht reddish hrown on the inner surface, and covered hy elo.sely indiricated oldoiij^-
ovatc acute linht reddish lirowu slii;htly puhcruhius scales.

The .'^carlet dak inhaliits liLfhl. dry. aiul usually sandy soil, and is distrihuted from the valley of
till' .\i' IriiscoiTijin liiver iu Maine' throuj;h southern New Hampshire and Vermont and central New
York to southern Ont.irio.' westward throu<rh central .Miclii;^aii and MiniU'sota to southeastern
Nehrask.i. .ind southward to the District of ('i)luiiiliia ' and north<-rn Illinois, and alon<; the AUejrhaiiy
Mount. lius to North Carolina. It is extremelv ahundant in the coast rejjion from the southern shores
of Massachusetts Hay, whiic. on lii^lit smdy seil. it often forms a I.irjje part of the forest y:rowth, to
soilthi in New .Kiscv ; it is less ,i, .nilnil in the interior, j^niwin^ on dry <fravelly upl.inds with the
Idick O.ilv. the Keil U.ik. and the l'i;4nut Hickory; anil in the prairie rej^iiui of Miniu'sota it is mixed
with the Hui (t.ik in the scattered ;;rovcs that form the outposts of the eastern forests.

The wniid of (Jill fills ritrrhii 'I is heavy, haid, and stroiijj hut eoarsi-j^raiued, and is li<;ht or
reddish lirown, with thick darker colored sapwood, and contains thin eonspieuous medullary rays and
hands (pf laiL^c ojien ilucts markini;; the lasers of annual jjrowth. The specilic ^jravity of the ahsolutely
dry vii 111 is O.TO'.t."', a cuhic foot wii^hin-; r_'."JO pounds.

(Jill mis iiirriniii is ehietlv valualile for the hrilli.int sc.irlet colnr which its leaves assume late in
the autuuni after ihoie of most of its cnmpanions have fallen. The .iiitumn colors of the foliaf^e of no
other .Vmerican tree are more splendid or retain for a '. iu;;er time their heauty. which is ofteo intensilieil
hv the first snowtlakes of winter. Less commoidy iilanted in parks and pleasure-grounds than the Ked
t )ak and the Pin Oak, the hardiness and rapid ijrowth of the Searlet Oak and the lieautv of its foliae;e
iii.dic it a most desiralile ornamental tree.

1 .\t .v.uth I'niaiiil, /r.f/- .M. L. luriittld.
' Mwouii. ''ai. Can. /'/. 4i:i.

' Dpkw). iu,,. Xrhnula Sinu liaanl Agrf IH'.K, 110.

• L. V. Want, Hull. I \ S .Vii(. .Wui .Nu. ■£:, ll:i ( /?. Wattimglmi )

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CUPI'LIKEU/K.

I obsruro latcnil veins
's from one and ii liulf

II lii'illiant scarlet color,
from one liall' to two

n, tlic staniiiiatc l)oriic
I'Nccnt ]ic(luiicli's stmic-
L'forc o|ii'niiif; is liri<jlit
• scjjincnts sliortcr tiian
i;laliiinis anthers. Tlu?
II till! acute caljx-lolics,
ui of the second yeiir,
th. and is solitary or in
ic liase. rimiidrd at the
liirds oi' an imli liroad,
coat of lin;iit reddish
it, is dct'iily cill)-: lia[)ed
istdy imbricated oblonjj-

ited frnin tile valley of
'riiiont and central New
lU'sota to soiitlieastiTli
d alon^ the Aliejijliany
mi the soul hern .shores
I' the forest jjrowth. to
avelly n]ilaiids with the
f Minnesota it is mixed
irests.

ruined, and is lij^ht or
oils inediillaiy ra\s and
ravity of the absolutely

its leaves assume late m
irs of the folia;je of no
hich is ofteii inteiisilled
i-grouiids than the lied
lie beauty of its foliapt

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KXPI.ANATION OK THK I'LAIKS.

I'l.ATK ('(('('XII. 1^1 FBI IS (IKIIVKA.

1. A Hi>wt<rin^ Ur.inrli, iintiirul Aire.

2. A nUminilr Howit, «nliirj»fil.

3. A luMilliiti' iiiHunwdirc. iiilarjfwl.

4. A piatiUaU- tluwrr, enlnr|;t>tl.

I'l.ATK rccrxiii. giKKri« .Aonsr.*..

1. A fniilinif liramli. natural i<i«i'

". A frull ((riiin Mini Ul. n»lur»l ni/i-.

'A. A mil (frcim Miu"»<liiiwH»i. imtiiml niu.

t, Vi'rtlral '<ii-tiiiii (if n mil. natural «iw.

r». A -f*^'\. imtumi ni/p.

C>. A » inter brani'lili't. natural siw.

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QUE Reus COCCINEA V/nt.-,

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TEST TARGET (MT-3)

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Photograidiic

Sdences
Cbrporaition

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WEBSTIR,N.Y. I4S80

(716)t72-4S03

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CUPULIFElliE.

SILVA OF NORTU AMERICA.

QUEROUS VELUTINA.
Black Oak. Tellow-bark Oak.

137

Lkavks ovat(> or obovate, slightly or deeply lobed, with broad or narrow nearly-
entire or dentate lobes, usually pubeseent on the lower surface.

Queroua velutina. I.iiiiiurck. /''W. i. T'.'l (IT.s.i). — Kocli,

Demlr. ii. |it. il. t!S. — l.iiiii he, Ihiit.whe Ih-iiili: '.".!'.>. —

Siiilwi nil, Itfji. S,u: A.jrii: f. S. l.S'.tL', .'(L'.S.
Quorcua nigra, Hii Uoi, llnrhk. llnumz.W. 1.'7'.' (ixil. nii. i.

1. 1), f. I (n(>l I.iiinaMis) (177'.') Murstiall. Arlniat. Am.

120. — ^Vlln^'l•llll(•iln, Snnlnm. llnh.. 7".>, t. (i, f. lf>.
Quurcus discolor. Ailmi, llirt. Km: iii, ;'i,"i.S (17}t'.»i. —

Willdi'iiinv, lliil. Iliiiiinx. 1'74 ; .S'/zcc. iv. pt. i. 411;

/•,'/!"«(. !t7t>. — Aliliiit & Siiiltli, limntu nf (Irnrijii. ii. 111.

t. ("lO. — HiirUliiiuHC'ii, llitnilh. Fonllmi. •. 711. — IViscmn.

Sijn. ii. ">ti'.». — I'dirct, I.nm. llirt. Siipjil. ii. '.".'1. — Niil-

tiill. '»Vh. ii. •,'11. — Kllicitl. .S7.-. il. r.<ll._S|ircn;;i'l. .S>f.

iii. H(Kt. — Di.'lri.li, .S'./h. v. :I|ii.
Quurcus tinctoria, Miilnuix. Ili.it. ('/litnn Am. Nn. l:i.

I. L'l. '-'."i (l.SOl ); F/. Ihr.-Am. ii. 1'.»«. — Willil.iii.w. .S>«-.

iv. pt. i. 411; Fniim. l*?*!, — I'itviioii, .V///i. ii. ."pI>'.). —

lliwc l/.m. l<\.it. S'lt. .S'.i. /'Ay<. .I/.1//1. viii. pi. i. :!17. —

I)f«fiiiitaiiict Hi.'l. Arl'. ii. .Milt. — I'liirit, l.'iiii. l>irt.

Siippl. il. •-'■-'l. — Mirluiiu f. Ills/. A,/,. Am. ii. 111). I.

'.".'. — 1'iin.li, /v. Am. .S.7,^ ii. (i'.",i. — NiitUill, (i-„. II.

'J14. — ,V"i(iv.i« IhiliiiiHel. vii. 170, t. 47 f. 1. — ll.iviu'.

IXwtr. h'l. l.lll. -^ Kllicitl, SK. ii. t'pllj . — .Sprcii^.l. Sijtl.

iii. sr,'.'. — .\im1u1 /.'iV./,«, t. .S'.'. — lliM.liir, /•■/. Itnr.-

Am. Ii. 1.-I.S. — Sp:i.h. //l.^^ IV,/. xi. IlVl. — r„riiv. /■'/.

.V. )■. ii. I.S.S. — Kiiicnimi, 7V.t.. .I/„.«... 141, t. 7. .S; nl

'.'. i. ItiO. t. — (iniy. M'tn. 4111. — Diiilin^'ton. /'/. ('•:ilr.

.mI. ;!, '.'IW. — Mcrrcii, //-/y. Ilmt. iii, litWt, t. ."4. —

Iln'iul.l, 7V(i;i.< ///. A'irir. .S'.x- iii. Ii'.'7, t. S. — ('iiili->.

AV/i. (Iri'lnij. Sun: .V. ' ■ii: LSl'ill, iii. .'I'.l. — C'li;ipiiiiiii,

/■Y. I'.'l!. — ( )r»tc.l, Vhh-iisl;. Meihl. fro ii'it. J'.r. Kj'.hnih.

l.SOti, l."i, 7'-', f. 18; LiihiiKinn Chhirti Am. Tioji, '.),

f. t>. — .Siii'ijiMit, Fnival TrifH y. Am. lO^/i r<,v/.s».« (', S.

i\. 141). — lliiii'ia, Clii'iif.i Am. (•» /lil'ji'/m: 1K7, t,
Quercus tinctoria, u anguloaa. Miclmux, Fl. Jl'ii:-A>ii.

ii. I'.IS (l«l),l). — Lcmd !(•//. //nV. iii. \SHr,. f. 17r>;t,

I7.-.1.
Quercus tinctoria, /i sinuosa, Miili;iiix, 77. II"!-- Am. il.

HIS (ISo;!). — Lmilim, .!/•/,. J!,!/, iii. ISS.',, |. 17.V>-

17.*7. — Or^tfil. hiihm'tiiti Vliritfs Am. Tt'op. t. (".
? Quurcus Shumnrdii. liiuk'.cy. I'rnr. I'hll. Ar.nl. l.Siid,

441.
Quercus cocoinea. /i nigrescens. A. ili' I iiiuli.ll.', Fr^ih:

\\\. pi. II. I'll I ls(;4).
Quercus coccinoa. ■, tinctoria. .\. ilr C'liiuldlli', /'< /(//•.

xvi. pt. il. 01 (1.S04). — (;r;iy, .M<tii. t-il. .", .|.-, 1. — W,.s-

ln;l.4. /.'"//. /'.,/. .S',„'. Il.nl. I' hj. LSO'.t. :;|7. I. II. —

\V:it!*iiii iV C'ouUiT. frr>n/\<t M'tn. I'd. *>. 477.
? Quorcus coccinea, e> Rugelii, A. ilo ('.unliilli'. I'rah: xvl.

lit. ii. IV.' (isr.li.
Quercus tinctoria. 1 discolor. Dippfl. //■ni'/li. /,<iii/,/i„/:/..

il. r.'l. f. .".S rl.S'.C).
Quorcus tinctoriii. /; niagnifica. Dlppd. Ihin.li,. l.,uil,-

ll„l-l;. ii. I'.-J f. .-,S IMI'.'I.

Quorcus tinctoria. y niaorophylla. Dlppd. Ihithlh. /..mli-

iini-.k. Ii. r.'.'i. i. .V.I ii.s'.i-.'i,

Quercus tinctoria. n nobilis. DIppil. //ci.///. /.■iii/,/i;l:k.
ii. r.'4, f. 00 (l.s'.il.').

A fri'i', iiftcii scvt'iity or ci^lity and Docasioiiiilly <mi> liimilicil ami fifty fci't in lioiijlit. witli a tiiiiii<
tlirt't' or t'citii- I'i'i't ill iliaiiiftcr anil slfiuici' hruiiclii's wliirli siucail >ji';iilually into a iiannw o[m'Ii 1i(';i(1.
Till' liark of tlii> trunk is ili'i'p nrani^'c-cnlor iiitiTiiallv, froin tliici' (|iiarlt'rs of an inch to an iiu'li anil
a lialf ill tliickni's.s. anil is (K't'|ily ilividi'd into liroad rixindi'd ridtjfs lirokeii on tlii' surfaro into thifk
dark Itrown or soiiii'tinics nearly Mark tdosi'ly appri'sscd [iliti-liki' scales ; that of the yitiiiiL' stom and
tilt' lirani'hi's is smooth and dark lirown. The hranehlets are stout and iiiarked ^^ith paK' lentieels and
coated at lirst with jiale or fulvous scurfy toini'iitniii which friadiially disaiipcars diiriiij;; the suniiner,
and in their lirst winter they are didl red or reddish hrowii, i>ri)wiiii;' dark luown in their second year
or hrowii slij^htly tinfj;ed with red. The wintei--huds are ovate. stron;;ly anijlcd. j^radiially narrowed
and iilituso at the a|)ex. from one ipiarter to nearly one half of an inch in lenp^th, and clothed with
hoary toinentinn. The leaves are convolute in the litid. ovate or ohovate. rounded, wedge-shajied or
truncate at the ha.se, mostly .seven lobed and sometimes divided nearly to the middle liy wide rounded
HiiniseH into narrow obovute more or les.s repaiidly dentate lohes with stout rij;id hristle-pointed teeih,

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siLi'A OF yoirni amkiuca.

ci'i-lmfrka;.

Ill' intii i'loii<rat('(l iicarlv fiitiro iiiiu'iiiiiiitc IiiIicm lii|ifi-iii^ ^I'ailiii.lly I'loin a l)i'iia(l liaso ; iir tlicy an*
slii^litlv iliviilcd into liroail ilciitatc IoIx'h or ar<> Hiiiiiatc-tli'iitatt' ; tlii> tt'nniiial IoIk> is olihiti);, clon^ati'tl.
aciilf. ami l'uriii>licil with lai<;i' or siiiall lali'ral It'clli, or it Ik liroail, •;i'iicrally miitiiltMl and coarKcly
r('|>anilly ilcntatis wluii the; iiiilolil tlii' Iravcn ,iri> liri^lit iriiiisiiii, i ovfrcil altovc with Ion;; htosc Ni'att<'ri'(l
whiti' liiiiiN, mill I'oatt'il iiclow with thick pah- or Nilvcrv wliilf toiiiiMitinii, thu IoIk'h liciii^ tippcil witli
tufts of luiiii; |ialt' hairs; wli"ii half ^rowii the leaves, like (he yniiii;; sliools, are lioarv-|iiilieseeiit, anil
when fiillv ^rowii they are tliiek ami linn or siilu'oriaei'oiis, ilark ^reeii ami histroiis on the n|>|ier siir-
faee, ami yillow-^reeii, liniwiiish or ilnll eo|p|ieri'oliir on (he lower, whieh is more or less thieklv riotheil
with rlo>e |iiihi'si'eiie<', or is soinetimo (omeiitose, or ;;l.iliroiis with the e\re|itioii of tufts of riis(v hairs in
the a\i!-. of the |iiiiiri|ial veins ; n-<iially li\e or si\ inelie-. Ion;; and (line or fmir inelies wide, they vary
from three to (weUe inehes in leni;th ami from Iwn (o (en iiirhei in width, with stout miilrilis and
jirim.iiy wins r.ii-ed an I rounded on (he ii|p|ier side, slender seroiidary \ein> areua(e near (he thiekeiied
revolnte nii!'L;ins, and eon^iiieiioiis retiriilale veinleti ; (I. y are liorne on s(on( vellow ;;lahroiis or
pnlteriiloiis petiiiles ;;enerally tl.itteiied on the ii|>|ier side and from three to siv inehi'> Ion;;, and late in
the autiinin turn dull red, dark oran;;e-eolor or hrown, and fall ;;r.i<lually diirin;; the winter. The
Ktipules are line ir-olmvate or linear-l.im eoLit", eoated »illi pale hairs, luown aiel searioii». and ahont an
iiieh in lin:;th. The llnwer-. appear when the leave-, are e,;..iily half ;;ro«n, the staminate liorne in the
a\il> of linear aellte villnus lirown -.earious ami eadileiius liiaet'* in tomi'litoM' or piiliesrent anients from
foar to >i\ imiies in leni;tli. and the pi-tillate on ^Imrt tomentose peilnnelis. The ealy\ of the staminate
(lower is eoated with |iale liair>, ^'.ml in the hiul is ;;reeii (iii;;i'd uitli red and furnished at the ape\ with
a tuft of pale hairs : the lolies are ovate aeiite and shorter than the slaineiis, whieh are n>.uallv four in
niiinlier with ovate ariili' apienlate ;;lalirous yellow anthers. The hud of the pi-»tillate tlower is hri;;lit
red, eoated »illi ^nfl jMle piilirseeiiee, and liiiped li\ a liift of p.ile liaii>; the ilivolui ral .se.de.s are
ovale and ^h.irter tliiii the a. Ite hirsute i alv vIoIm-., and (he >;i:;iiias are relieved and lirii;ht red. The
fruit, whieh ripeii-> in the autuiiii of the seiiuid year, it sessile or honie on a slioit thick peduiiele rarely
mole th.iii half an iiicli in lenL;lh. .iml is sulit.iiy ir in p.iiis; the nut is ov.iti-oMon;;, olio\ate, o\al
or lieinis|ilierieal, liniad and ruiiinled at the li.ise and full and roiimleil at the apex whieh is some-
times dejiresseil and is erowiied with a short or elon;;.ited ntoiit iiinlio ; it is li;;h' reddish hrown,
often striate, freipieiitly eoated with suit rufous piiheseenee, and from one half to three ipiarters of an
iiieh in leiijlli ; the eiip, whieh emluaees ilioiit half the nut. is thin, deepiv eil|i-siiaped or tiirliin.ite.
dark red-lirovn and |iuliei iiloiis on the inner surfaee, ami "iiviied liv thin li;;ht ehestniit-lirown ii\i le
aeilte seaies eliitl.ed witl' lio.irv puliesreiiee ; at the liase of the eii|i these are usiiailv iloselv I'.ppresvd,
hut ahove its middle are loosely imiii ii'.ited with tree si.iiious tips which form a friiieredike holder
to its rim.

(Jill mis n/iiliiiu, •.vhieh inhahits dry ;;ravelly uplands and ridi;es, is distriluited frinn the eeast of
southern Maim- to northern Vermont, southern ami western Ontario,' and eeiitral Minnesota,"' .kiid
southward to mirthevn Florida, southern .Mali.'ima .iml .Mississippi, eastern Kansis, the Indian Territory«
and eastern Texas. One of the eoniiuonest species on the ;;ravelly drift of the southern New Kn;;land
and Middle .States, and in (he foothill re|;ioiis of the southern Appakichian .Mount, lins, where it koiiiv-
tiiiies forms a lar;;e |iart of the foresl-;;rowtli. it is also ahnndant in all parts of the .Mississippi liiiHili,
]irolialilv ;;rowiner to ils liir;;est size in the valley of the lower Ohio Kiver.'' It is the only speeies of the
Hed O.ik <;rou|i which reaches the south .\dantic and (iiilf coasts, where, althou;;h not eoiiunon and
never ;;re;;arious. it is ;;eiierally scattered on dry rid;;es throii;;h (lie maritime I'iiie helt.

The wood iif (Jiuriiin rihttiiiii is heavy, hard, and stroii;;, iiltlioil;;h not toii;;li, e()arse-;;railieil, and
liahle to cheek in dryiii;; ; it is l)ri;;ht hrown ti>i;;ed with red, with thin li;;liter colored .sapwood, and
contains con.spiuuous medullary rays and hrcad hands of ttevural iows of large open ducts plainly

' Miic.iiin, Cm. Can. I'l. U:\ Ki.l|{»»y, I'roc. U. S. Sal. Mm. v. M.

' Mai-iiiilliUi, .MtliifinTmit of the Minnesitta yalUi/, I'M.

cui'Ui.ikkua:.

il liiisc ; (ir llii'V art'
is (ililoii^, rloii^atcd,
imnilt'd and ctiarHt-lv
I loiiir liiosc scatloi't'd
I'.s lit'iii^ ti|i|i('il witli
lioarv-|iulii>M('viit, and
s (in tli<> u|i|M'i' Niir-

r ll'hS lliiclily rlcitlu'il

nits III' ru^ty liiiii's in
clu's wide. llii'v vary
il stunt niiilrilis and
L> near tlic tliiil^i ncd

yt'lidw ^laiinins <ir
Ill's liin^. and late in
ji I 111' winliT. Till'
iriouH, and ulxiiit an
iiiiiatc liiirnf in the
lii'sccnt anicnt.s I'luiii
ilyx iif the staiiiiiiatt'
iii'il at tlif a|i<'\ uilli

ari' iiMi.illv iiinr in
lati- lliiwi'i- is liii;;|it
iiMiiurral M'ali's arc
111 lin^lit rrd. Till'
liick |»'ilnii('lc rari'ly
liliini;, iiliovatf, iival
\»'\ wliicli is soiiiu-
uli* rcililisli liiiiwn.
Ini'f i|iiart<'rs iil' an
liapi'd iir tiirliinatf,
ii'stnut-liriiwn <iv! <i'
iy (liisi'lv :'.|i|ir('ss"d,

I Cringc-liki' liordiT

I'd froiii till' I'li'ist (if
a! Minnesota,' iind
III' Indian Territory,
tliern New Knjrland
liiis, where it koiiio-
II' .Mississi]i[)i liaHiii,
i only species of tlio

II nut coiiunun and
iclt.

eoarsc-frraiiicd, and
ilured Hajtwood, and
opeu dnt'ts plainly

4.

CtlPIIMFKII^;.

SfLVA OF NOIITII AMh'INCA.

V\'.i

niarkinjj tin- laycrH of iinniial fjrowtli. The specilic jjravity of the absolutely dry wood Ih O.TOI.', ii
ciiliic font wei);hinj; *II{.!MI |i(MindH,

'I'lie inner hark, which aliiiiinilK in tannic acid, is largely used in tannin<r ; ' it fnniislies a yellow
dye, and nii'iliiiiially is sonietiiiies enipliiyed, in the form of decoctions, as an astrinjreiit and in external
applicatiiins.'

Accorilin^ to Ailnn,'^ Qmrriis ri/iifiim was introduced into Kii<;;lish jilaiitntions in li^'M). I^ess
stately than the IJed Oak. and far less heantifiil in I'liliai^e, esperially in antniiin. than the Seaiiet Oak,
the Hlack Oak' is rarely pla ited as an oriiaineiital tree.

None of the North Aiiierir.in Oak.s with hiennial fruit vary in the form of the leaves as imicli as
this species. The narro\N-li licil leaves of siin.i^ individii.ils ,ire not distin<riiishiilile in outline fi" 'i thosu
of (Jill rrii^ nut III, II, It iiiay he always ri'('i)y;iiized imwever, in early spring liy the deep ml .iijnr of
the nnfol'liii;; leaves and liy its pale silvery a|ipearani'e a lew days later at the thnveriiiM- pciioil when
(Jill fi's iniiiiiiii is hri^lit jfier!!. The riistv lower Miriace of the mature leaves, the lal<;e toiiieiiloso
winter-liiiils, the ilaik rolnr ol the outer and tiie deep iir;iiiL;e-color i I lliv inner hark, r.iid the f;('neriilly
more Inosely iii,l:rii';iti'd eiip-scales also seive to distiiitjnish the Hlaek Oak from the .S'arlet Onk,
althoiiirh the latter especially in MinncHoUi often prmlnci ■. fruit with eoiiip iratively loo>ely imhricatcl
cu|i-seales.

1 \;,TA\i-r, limnurcn iif Simlhrrn Fiihlfwul l\irr<l.t,---^-iniii- ll.iiU.-y ,V 'I'riiii.'rj. .U../. /'/. iv. 'J."il, t. IJ.'il. - T .S'. /<.</.«.,(. imI.
I.li', Thr Titumiui, ;ll, f. •.Il, -Jl. lli, l-'I'l

' lluMi.', ,lr:i., ill. 1(1, t. 1(1. - (iriflilh, Mnt /i.f. .VHC. - (Jui- ' ll.irl. A".'.- i',l, '.', v, 'J'.ll. I.cud.'li, .Ir/.. Dril. iii. |SS|

Iwiirl, Hint. />iiy. uii. 7, ii. 'M6. — Snt. Oupeiu. t-il. 'J, MHO.— ' Tlir lll.ick (lull is souii'liiiics iilso called tiutTcitruii I hik iiiul

^■'lluw i)ak.

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KXri-ANAIION OK IIIK I'l-AIKS.

I'l.VTK ('('('('XIV. (^I KIK ri« Vn.l'TINA.

1. A tlunrriii^ lirancli, luitiirul n'ltv.

2, A !itutiiiiiut(' lliiwiT. riiliirK<Ml.
H. A i>tanii'ii, i'iilar;,'fil.

'(. A iii'till.ilc iiilliiriai'i'iii'i'. < iilnr^pd.
Ti. A pi"!!!!.!!!' tlowiT, inhiru't'il.

0. VlTtil'lll ni'l'lilMI <l( II jiKtilluU' llllWlT, ('llllir|{0>l.

I'r.MK ('('('('XX. t^i fH. r* vKri'TisA.

1. A fniiliii^ lirnncli, luitiintl ^i/c.

". \ >Ttii;il '■I'l'liiin 111 11 fruit, iiatiirul niie.

.1. A <'ii|i, niitiiriil 'ill',

t. A lull, iialiii'iil si/i>.

I*. A nut. natural i>i/v.

*i. \ Hcftl, natural ni/o.

7. A l< af, natural -l/i-.

8. A wiiitiT liraiii'lilt't. natural file.

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T.ib. i\::.'xiv.

I .f.r,i.i,m .it-:

gUF.RCUS Vfc-.LUTINA

.t.'fifu /'v*.' lif.'.

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QUERCUS Vt;!.UTlNA

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CUPULIFEIMC.

SILVA OF NORTJI AMEltlCA.

QUERCUS CALIFORNIOA.
Black Oak.

Ul

TiKAVKs oliloiifi; or obovatc, ^l;il)i()iis or piilii'Mcnt on the lower snrf'iicc, ])iniiiitifid-
lolu'd, tlu' lolu's tiiporiiij; and jicutc or l)ro:id and ol)ovatt', ri'])and-dc'ntatc or entire.

Quercua Californica. C< "per. Siiiit/i.tnniiiii lliji. 1,S."S. 'J(!l
(l,S."i'.l). — Su.hvDilli, (iii-:li'ii iiiid I'nnal. v. '.IS. — Cuvillc,
i\...i..;i. #' c v..* //.,../. :.. nut / /• .^ it...,*!. l:.il....

Cun/rih. r. S. yat. Ilrrh. iv. I'.Hi ( /;„^ lirntli VnlUii

Quurous tinctoria, v:ir. Californica. Torri'v. I'urlji,- /;. /,'.
Ji'i/i. iv. pt. I. i;i.S (IH.'iC.i ; ll„l.
/-•,■,«• I,-,;,. L'8.

'■•1. Mij: l!''i(wi. Siirr. 'Jil.". ;
Irrs lii'/i. L'fl.

Quorcua rubra, Ituiitliain, /'/. Il-ii-tirii/. )>li7 (luit l.iiiiiiiii-)

(I.S.-.7).
QuurouH KnUoKgii, .Niwluin. I''i-iiii- II. I!, /u/i. vi. 'J.s.

f. «1; «'.» (l.S.->7). — Turri'y, Uut. iVUh.^ J-J.r/,lo,: AV/„./.

■U!;». — It. Ill-mvil ('uiil|.-t. Il«nr Si//nlii.r. :,!<. f. t (i. —

Kii(,'i'liiiaiiii, llcnrri-A-\\''it.^:ii, It„l. Cit. li. '.I'.l. — Killii>,'i,'.

h'lire.il Trifn nf < 'ulifuriiii, S.'i. — .Sarjjcnt. Fmv.it Treea X.
AiK. lli^// (Vmii.1 r. S. ix. 1 l'.». — Wiii/ii;, ./'i/irli. JM.
(rirt. IlirHii. iii. LM.". — Cri'irir. HVs7 Am. (hil.s. 1. t. 1 ;
M'ln. n.l. Itini UrijS.m.Wm.-- .Mavr. (!'«/(/. .V.'a///w.L'S'.'.
t. '.'.— Dipiul. ll.m.lh. I,.inl,h,.l:l;. ii. 117. — Ku.hm-.
I h' I It. -if III- /t*'iii/i\ l.'i'J. — Mcri'iaiii. S'li-tli AiHfi'lritn ^intuit.
No. 7, :i.it {Ikiith Villi,;/ Ki/.i'/. ii.i. — S. n. Parish. /oi',

iv. :;!('>.
QuornuM SonoraenHia A. ili' ('aiidulli'. I'rmli: xvi. pi. ii. (12
(isr,|,._ |l,,laii,l,.,-. I'r.H-. (■■il. A'„./. iii. '_':!ll. — Orsti'd,
Hi/iii.i/.. .I/.-././. /,■■! nut. Foi: K'fh'iih. ISt'iil. 72. — Kn-
),'<'lniaiin. /i"t/iror/.- U'/ieilir'.i Ji'e/i, vi. ;'>74.

.\ tree, (Hc;isii)ii:illy niic IihihIiimI I'l'ct in ln'i;.^lit, «itli :t liiiiik tlircc or tour IVct in (lianictrr ami
.stunt spriiiilini;' InMnclics wiiicli I'orni an ippfn r()Uii(l-l(i|i|)iM| head ; liiMpicntly iiuuli .sniailfr. and at lii;;ii
clcvaticiiis i'i'(iii('i'<l to a small sliiiili. Thr liaik >il thi' trunk i-^ Ironi an inch to an inch and a halt' in
ihickni'ss, dark hrown slij^htly finiffil with red or nearly hlack, divided into hioud ridj^vs at the liasc of
old trt'i's, and hrokon aliovc into thick sm'jjnlar (dilonLj plates coveicd with ininnte <'loselv ajipressed
scales; tiiat of the youni; 4eins and the hranches is sniooih and li^ht lirown. The liianchlets are stout.
:ui{| niarkeil with minute pale lentiiels and are coated at first with thick hoarv tomiiiliim which soon
hetjijis to disappear; dnrini,' their tir>t winter they are rather l)rii;ht red or iirown tini;ed with red and
usually jjlahrons, Imt sonietinies puhescent or pnlieinlons or <'o\ered with a ulancons liloom. and urow
dark red-hrown in thi'ir second year. The wititer-limls are ovate, jfradnally narrowed ami acute at the
apex, ahont a ipiarter of an inch lonuj. ami covered hv closelv imhricated pale cliestiiut-l)rown scales
ciliute on the thin searious mar;.^ins with pale hairs and puheseent toward the point of the l>nd. The
leaves are convolute in vernation, olilone; or oliovate, truncate, wcdire-shaped or rounded at the narrow
ha.se, seven cu' rarelv live-hdied hv wide and deep or shallow ami olilii|ue sinuses ninndcd at the liot-
toni ; the terminal lolie is ovate, tiiri'e-toothed at the apex with acute l)ii>tie-pninted teeth, and tlu*
lateral lolies, the central pair of which is usu.dly much larijer than the others, taper gradually from the
hase or jire liroad and oliovate, and are coarsely repand-dentate with acute pointed teeth, or sonu'times

entire; when they unfold the leaves are dark ri'd or purph', ,ind pilose on the upper -ur
on the lower and on the petioles with thick silvery white tomeiituni. and when h.ill

rface. and coated
lii-ht

[frown are

^jreei

I, stellate-puheseent aliove and puheseent or touieutose helow ; at maturity they

thick aiul tir

lustrous, dark vellow-e;reen and jjlahrons or r.irelv stellate-])ul)eseenl aiiove, and li^ht yellow -eiveti or

hrowni-.h .iml elahr

ous or imliesci

rut 111

or, on oci

asional individual trei's, the mature leaves atid

their petioles are covered with hoary pulieseence ; thev are from three to six inche. lOiifj; and from tw(
to four imhcs wide, and, boine on .slender marly terete yellow petioles from oiu' to twii inches in leiiLjth

late to linear-lance(

turn yellow or lirown in the autumn hefore falling;. The stipules are olilon>;-laneeo

late, hrowii and .searious. ahout three ipiarters of an iui'h lonc^, atid caducous. The tlowers appear

April and May when the leaves are ahout half grown, the siamiuate liorne in hairy aments four or live

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SUVA OF X OUT 1 1 AMKIilCA.

rui dLiK.'-'.UA:.

( !

iiirlii's ill Iciiijtli, ;iii(I tile ])istill:itc <m sliort toiiicntosi' iicdiiiiclcs. Tlii> calyx of tlic stai"iiiiiU' fhnvi-r is
luilicscciit and dividfil iiitc I'diii' or live liroadly ovate ai'iito M'jjfincnts shorter tiiaii the stiiiiieiiH, \v!;icli
are four or five in iiiiiiilier, witli ovate acuti' aiiieiilate ffjalirous anthers l)riif|it red wlien the flowers oceii
and ,iftcr«ai(l yellow. The iiivohicral seales of the pistillite (lower are ovate, and, like tile aeiite ealyx-
jiilies, are eoii>i| willi jiale toiiietitiini ; the slii;iiias are reenrved and dark reil. Tlie fruit, which ripens
ill ihe autniiin of the seeoiid season, i- usually lioriie on a stout ]iediiiiele rarely more than iiaif an ineli
Ion;;, and is solitary or rlii>lerid ; the nut i- ohloiij;'. oval or oliovate. hroad and roiimli'd at the liase,
full and louiidecl or <|radually narrowed and aeiile at the |inlieriiloiis apex, from an ineii to .in in. h and
a li.ilf loll;;-, .iliout ihice c|iiarteis of an ineli liroad. linht eliestnutdirown .ind often striate with dar!;
lon^itndiiiid li.ind^ ; the lliiii shell is line I with a thick coat of jiale ferrn<;;iiieous tonieiituiii and th;
astriliijciil seed is covered li\ a d.irk rcd-hriiwii co.it ; the cup, which eiidiraces from one ipialtcr to
nearly l"ii thirds of the nut. is eiip-sh.ipcil. lii;hl liro»n and pnliernlcnis on the inner siirf.ici', and
(•o\iied liy lliiii ov.ile laiicecdale lustrous lii^ht <hestnut hrow n scales. whi(li are sometimes rounded and
thicKciicd on tlic li.ii'U tiiu.inl the li.ise of the cup: their tips ale cloni^ated, thin and ero.se on tile
niar;;ins. and often form a n.-rrow frin^^'cdike liorder to tlie rim of liie cup.

.\ii inliahllaiit of valleys .and mount, lin-slopes. (Jm rciix ('i-'ir'nniiin is distrihiited from the iiasiii
of tile M.ickeii/ie i:i\cr in Western Orei;on southward lhrou;>ii tlie California coast niimntains and alonj^
the vM'sierii slopes of the ."■icir.i Nev.id.i, which it sometimes ascends to elevations of from seven to ciiriit
thousand feet, ami tlie San Itern.irdino and San .lacinto Mcniiitains. liiniin^ its soutliern iionie on tlie
(nyiinaca Mountains iii.irthe soiithi'rn lMlllIldar^ of I'.difornia. ('oiiipar.itively rare in the iminediate
iici;j;ldporliooil of tile Cilifoinia coisl, (Jm rni.t Cnl (jurii'in is tiie largest and most almiidaiit Oak-tret)
of till' vaiievs of soiilliwestern < )ie;ioii anil of the J^ierra Nev.ida, wiicre it is (d'teii found scatlerecl
thronj^ii the coniferous forests, sometimes formiii;^; ;;;roves oi eoiisideraldu extent, aud jjrowinjj to it.s
larjjest si/e at elevations of aliollt six thousand feet almve the sea-level.

'I'he wood of (Jih rciiK Villi l'(iniir<i is heavy, hard, and stroiin', altiion^h very hrittle ; it is iif^lit red,
witii thin lighter colored sapwiiod.and cont.iins hroail remote medullar} rays and hroad hands of se\eral
rows of iar;;e open ducts coiis|iiciioiisi\ mirkiiif^ tile layers of annual j^^rowtii. Tlie speeilie fjravity of
the alisoliitelv drv wii ni is (».(i|i!."). a culiic foot weij^hiiij; lO.lO jioiinds. (»f little value for eonstriie-
tioii, it is sometimes used for fuel, anil the hark is occasionally employed in tannini^ ieat!ier.

Qiiirni.-! Cii/i/iji-iiiiii was discovered in IS It) iiy Kari Theodore llurtweg near Soiioma, aniun^ tlie
footliilis id' tile (Jalifuraiu Isierras.

EXl'LANATION OK TMK I'l.ATE.

m I

1'l.ATI ('('('('XVI. (ifKUi IS C.Vl.lKllR.NlrA.

1. A llou'erln^ lininrh. iintunil hi/.u.
'J. A stuiniitale tluwer. onlar^LHl.

.'i. A |ii»lilliiU> llowir. enlnrgvil.

■\. A friililii^' lii:inrli. natural size.

.'>. A fruit, natural si/c.

0. A winter Immclilt't. natural iiiti'.

ill

If Ktai"iiii»U' fldwcr u
II till- stiiiiii'iis, vv.icli

llCII till' IlllWCI'S ()|'CI1

like llic ariitf CMlyx-
lii" J'luit, wliii'li riiu'iis
ire ticiii liiilf an imli
i'i)iiiiiii'(l at tlu> liasf,
I iiicli ((I an ill. I: anil
tell stiiatc witli ilai!:
s tiiiiii'iitiiiu aiiil til;

l':i)iii one ([iialtc r to
ic iniii'i' siii-faii', ami
iiH'tiiiu's niiiii(K'<l ami
ill ami t'l'iisc mi tlii;

iiiti'il from till' lla^iIl
miiuiitaiiis anil aliiii<^
il' tivim seven to eifflil
(Mitliel'li liniiic on till'
rare in the imniediale
Dht almmlaiit Oak-tree
)fteli foiiml seatleieil
t, aijil jjniwiiig to it.s

Itiittle ; it is lifjlit red,
•road liamls of several
riu' sjiecilio gravity of
tie value for eonstrue-
ig leather.
Lir Soiiuuiu, uiuoiig the

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QUF.RCUS CAi.IFORNlCA Coop

.'t. ,'^'t*ti /*•{., I ,//rf\i

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CUI'UUrEiUL

ajLVA OF sonr/i amkuica.

W.i

QUERCU8 OATESB^I.
Turkey Oak.

liK.WKs oblong, olxivatc, or triiiiimiliir, nl;tlir«)us, or ni>*ty pubt'sccnt on the lower
Hurfiu'i', dc'i'pl) lolud with acute sprcjuliiiK ot'toii fah-ati' lohis.

QueroUH Cnteabmi. Micliuiii, llUt. ('In' net Am. No. 17.1. '.".),
:il» (ISdll. AV. llor.Am. ii. l'.t',». _ AMkiI A Sinitli, In-
net In I'/ llrnn/ii, i. '.'7, I. 1 I. WilliliMinw, .S'/.t-c. iv. (it. i.
•J Hi- — I'l'l-iiiiin. Si/n, ii.."i('i',l. — lt.i»r, Mfiii. In»t. S''ll, Si i.

I'fiil». Mfil/i. \u\. |il. i. ;UH. — |)i>i>(iintiiiiii'ii, Ni.il. Arli,
ii. .Ml. — I'liiii'l. hiin. I'iii. Sii|>|il. ii. '-",'1. — Mii'liiiiix f.
Ilinl. Arh. Am. li. HH. I. JO.— I'iir»li, ft. Am. S.,,l. ii.
rhtll. - Niitliill, li'iti. ii. '.'I 1. ~ .V.iKi'iUH t hi /ill iiirt, vii.
17'.'. Klliiill. .SI., ii. (iO.I. — .S|iii.|ii;,.l, Si/^l. iii. Hill. —
I,mi.lnn, Ai-I'. Itrif. iii. l.S,Slt. t. 17li'.', 17l'..l. .Sl.^ull.

IIUl. I'i'j. x\. Hi'.'. — Diftrii'li. Syn, v. .'00. — Curtin,
/i''/». (Iriilii;;, Sun: iV. Cur. IWitl, iii. .|| — ('liii|iiimii, /•'!.

t'-".'. — A. ill' ('iiiidull.', /Vr«/c. xvi. |il. ii. .V.» Ornli'il.

i III, lis/;. Mrii/./r.! 11,11. F„r. hi'iln-n/i. IMlill, 7'.'. — W,*-
IIIU.1. /;«//. Fill. AV. Jlorl. lli'/j. IMtill, .'lU. — K.wli,
piiiilr. ii. |il. ii. (17 Sanji-iit. Ai/ri.«^ Tirm .V. Am. \^U/^

('iH..i(.« r. .S'. i\. I.M. — llnlllin. C/l'llfn .till. I'll llrl'li'lllf,

■J'.Ml. I. — .Mu\r. ir.i/,/ Soi:/im. Il'.l, t. 1. '.'. — Dippcl,
HiikII.. Uiil,/in/i/<. ii. lU, t. 7>4.

A tree, iisuallv twciilv or thirty, or (prcasiiiiiMllv lil'tv or sixty, IVct in liriiilit, Nvitli a trunk rarely

.1

t'MccdMiy; Iwii left in ili.iniclt'r linl j^ciHTally niiirli Mnalii r, .iml stunt s|ii(Milni'4 ninri- or less ((inlnrtic
lirani'lii's uliii'li Inrin a iiarrutv ii|i<-n irri';rul.ir ^rnrr.ilU r<iuni|-l>i|i|M'(l lirail ; or Miiiit'tiiiii's .liriiMiy in

ly, ilark i^ray

I inti

luliil. rill' liark of the trunk i-< troin li.ilt' an iiii'ii In .m imli in tliii kiirss, iim
liii<ri><l with ri'il on the >nrtan', nr at ihr hasc ol' uM trunks siuiirtinii's marly hl.ick, ili'i'|ily ainl irrr;.;ii-
l.irlv rnrniNvi'il, anil liruki'ii iiiln small tliirk a|>|irfsst'i| scah'H. 'i'hc hramhlits, »liirh are stout ami
m.irki'il with iiiiniiti' Initiri'ls, are niati'il at first with IVrni^iiirous tniiii'iitiiiii ol' stt'll.iti' ami artirulati>

.11'

rayi's arc liall irro\yn they art' iioar

till

h.iii's \>liirli soon lM';riiis to ilis.i|i|ii ar, atnl whrii tin- Ic

ilii'|i ml ; tliry arc il.trk ml in tliiir lirst winter, ami tin ii i^r. ' iil\ ^row Inowii.

rly -lal.

il

Tl

le w llitel-luii

are eloii;;,ileil, ariite, hill' an iiirli l>

'leil liy li^ht I'l' stnnt-lir

own siiles \M

th tl

iary;ilis ami loateil, is|n ci.illy lowanl the |ioint ol' tiie liiiil, \yith rusty luilieseeliee. The leaMs an

iilutr

n yeriiatinn, o

iiloli^

' or ohoyate or iiiMily tri.iiiu:ular in luilhne, lirailnally iiarrowei

'il aiiil

weiij^i-sliapeil at the liase, ami iheply iliyiileil hy yNiiJc roumleil sinuses into three or liye or rarely into
seven liilies ti|ii>eil with short stoiii hristles; the teniiiii.il lohe is oyate, minh eloii;;ateil, ami acute ami
entire or rc[iaml-ilent.itc towanl the apex, or it is olmy.itu ami coarsely ei|Ually or irrei;iilarly tliiee-

tootlicil at the apex ; t!ii> literal li

usually iaicate, entire ,iml acute, ainl taper

rey-ii

l.irly from their hro.iil hasi's, or they are hmail ami oMiipic an<l r

rp.

-hill

lll.ite at the

the haves arc thrcc-tootheil at the liroail apex ami ^railu.illy n.irroweil to the hasc, or imliyidiial

e loiies

when they iin

I'ohl the Icayi

.ire oi'ten slightly umliil.itc-lolii'd or pi inaliliil with niiliipie acut

are coaleil with rnl'iius artieiil.ite liaiis vvhieh slowly ilisappc.ir, ami when they arc I'lilly <,jrown they

are thick ami ri^riil, hrii^ht ycllow-^rccii ami lii.stroiis on the upper surface, ami paler, lustrous, ami

^ri.iorouH, w

itii till

I'ptioii

if l.iri'c tufts (if rusty hairs in the a\ils of the veins

the I'l

KUrfaec, which, howeycr, is ofti'ii coyeicil with scurfy ft'rrujjincous puhcscciicc ; {generally alioiit liye
inches Ion;; ami hroail, they yary froiii three to twcKe inches in length iiicl from one to ten inches in

width, yyith hroad yellow or rcil-lirowi

drill!

d

irimarv veins

raised and roumled on tin

'I'l

le nplicr snte,

|il'(>iniiii'nt .Hucoiiilary yeiiis arcuate and united near the slijfhtly thickened iiiar<;ins, and coarse reticulate

vcnilct.H

th(

home on stout tlattcned jjrooved petioles from a ipiartcr of an inch to nearly

inch in lenirth, ami turn hrovvii or dull yellow hefore i'.illiii>r in the aiiti

The stipules are coated

with rusty tonieiituni, about uii inch loii<;, obloiijf-ohovati.', and are gradually uurrowucl into stalk-like

H

1

1

1

•

f '1

(

1

rp-

. t

t

lit

A//JM OF Sairril AMHinrA,

Ct'l'CMVKHA

IhiM'n, or tliosc of till' l:i<it liMVfs iUT liririii--laiirrol.iii>. 'I'lic tlnuns n|i(-ii in M.irt'h Mild A|iri). wIumi tin*
liM\(>H an* aliniit halt' ^lowii. the staiiiiiiati' Itoiiir in tlir axiU of linrai-lancnilati' liaii-\ catlncons luartN
on Htcinlfr liairv ri'tl-hti'innird ainniU from four to tivr inrliiM in Im^tli, and tlir |ii<«(illat(' on hlioit htont
toint'htoM* |i('diiiii li's. Tlif ralvx of tlu> Htaininat(> tlowrr Im piilirriilottN atid divided into fonr or tlvo
ovate aiMiti* loKci hlntitir than thr stamens, \\ hit-It ari> fonr or tivr in imnihn, >ulh ithjitn^^ apicnliili*
M'llow antht 14. *V\w involun il M-alc^ of the |ti<<tillatr llowi-rN arc hri^lil red, jHihrMiiit, and hairv at
the nmr^iiiM with h»n^ runtv liair«i ; the idon;;atnl ntlexrd Nti^maM arr (tarkir n-d. The frnii. whirh
riprns in tlif antnitin of the <«ri-nnd svm\ U n<«itallv Military and \h horne on a htiuit [U'dnnrlc marked
with pale tiiitieels and rarel\ more than a ipiartir of an ineh lon^. The nnt is oval, fnll and niunded
at hoth en<U. aliont an ineh in length and three ipiartern of an ineh in hreailtli, dnil li^rht hrown, and
4-overed at the apex with a thin eiiat (»f niiow-white tonientiitu; tlie enp. whieh einhraeeN {ihont a third
of the nut. i< thin, turhinate. and utten ;;i-adudly narrowed into a stout ^talkdiki- haHe ; it in li^ht red-
hrown. lustnai-i and |aih(>ntlons on the intu'r nurfaee, and eovered hy o\ate-oh|nn^ rounded Heale<« wliirh
4-\ti tid iiNrr the ritii and ilnwri dmi the upjirr third of (he inner nurfaee ; and are I'oatrd with deime
hair\ puheM-enee. rxt'tpt al-ait; their thin hri;;ht n-d niar^in-^.

fJ>hrt"M Cift.slifti inh.iliilH dr\ li.irrtii sand\ iid;,n-» and sandy hlull^ ami Innnmoek'* in the

iiei;;hl>orh 1 <>l th** i iM-^t irotii North Carolina to r.ipc Malaliar Jind the nhoreH of l*t>aM> Treek

in Florida, and to fastrrn l.oiiioiaiia. i 'i»niparativel\ rare toward the wi'stern hniitH of itH raii^e, it in
most aliundant and <;rt)ws to its lar;^i'st si/e on tin- lii;;h lilnir-likr shores of ha\s and estuaries in South
raroliiia and (tror^ia.

If.di\ idii il tiiTs siippoM'tl to III' h\liiids hctwcen f^tK t'rnA f 'tftt siitt ', and (J'ttfiHs nitjrn have hern
otiNiivi'd oil till' i-oast of Soiitli Carolina.' and Dr. .1. 11. Mi-llithamp ' has found in the Mime r<*^ion
another tree wliirh is supposed to he a hyhrid hetweeii (Jtn mtH (titislttii and (Juti'run hiitrijn/iu.

1 Qu^rui i\ttf»i»ti . myrvi

(^i^-fcta i\Uf»htf% X a'funthv, Kiif^t-liimiin. Tniuit St hmu
Jrtji/. Wi. urn (is::)

' t^i^rru» uujni, 7 xtt-i, \.miv.\t\\, l*»t. i "'Jl (I7H;|)

</'*rr«tw .iHUfif^r. W.iitir. A", r.ir J;*.'! (ITSM). - A. lir (iiiHli.llr,
Vr<.th. xs\. |((. ii. 7t.

A trvi', iiUiut forty fri't lii^h. fnimtl h\ l>r. J II Mi-IIk Iminp
iiiuiiy yi-im Af((i ^ruwiiijf on n luihily rttljfo near Uliitttim, Niutli
CiirMliliJi. witli Qufrntt ('ultiifnn, Qutnuji itn/iMtii, fuxl Qurr^it* I'lr-
^inifi'"!, nihl ill 111'" n<>ii;lilM»rli<MK| of l^nn^i* *\i*frf\ iiiul (^'*»r<-'« /-r-
vi/tHiii, unit miw ili-ttmyi'il, wii^ U'lifvi-d Uy \h. Kiit^i-liiianii (i> Im* k
livl>ri(l iN'twis'ii tilt- rurkt-y lunl tlic Wutrr * 'akn iiritl i<l<'riti<-iil with

Ihi* Qurrmt ii'tUill'l of \\ :ilti'r ( iM.ttc i'i-fi-&ViII ). Mil- liatt'o \:irir<l

from uliliHit; (•> olHtv.tti* i^r iitiirly rhuiitluc ; (In y W4TI' Krudiiatly
ii.irr>)wt')l iiiul hiiI^* <i|i.i|ici1 :tt (lit* Ii.i4t>, mxi uiMitr ii' tht- )i|Hi. u illi
niimali' sliallnu olitHHc |i>Im>4, nr ^oint'tiiiifH tb<-y wm- tlriitali-lolM-a
Willi tpn'Oiliiig aeiitt' hnulf iHuntrd UtU-n ; wtuu (lit-y uiif»t<li'il th^y
wrn* coven-il. r«|MTially Im-Ihw. with nwty articiilnto Iwiirm anil at
maturity wen' tliivk and ttrtn, dark ^ri'i*n and lu^lnxit aiNivi', pair
attil ^Uut'oii^ In'Iow, with llit* riri-ptinn tif tiiftH of dark hairn in
tin- :ixiU of tJH' prinwir} viins. from four (<i ^ix inrhi'M in Icn^tli mid
from h:df an im-li lo tUrw ituUvn m width. Tl>« frnit wa-* M-^-.df
iir \vr\ Mliurt-KlulkHil, with an oval nut full and roiiiidi-d at tin'
a\fx, aUiul two tliird<< of an inrli l>>n^, and iiirloHi-d for oni' (Inrd
of it<* length in thr tlon lifnii<<|ihrrii al tiirliinatr i-u[i rovcn-d h\
thin (ivntc njilon^ m'uIi>4 rnundcd ut thi'liroud a[H<i and matrd with
pith* pulK'-^rciicc. In thi* wintcr-hiids, tht* colur of tho hruinMt t-<,
and ilio arti<-ulat)> hairs (d thi' \onng It-aves. ihia troi* rt'temhli-d
QuercM Ctilrxfuri, but the thin eiip of the fruit without the Acah'H
turning down into the interior, which an* no markiMl in that fpet ;fii,

indiciiti't a • r<M!i with umir othrr, either (^ttrrrui uo/rii nr, lu Mr.
Itat)>li(l Im lii>ti-d, i^-trmn hnnfiiiiii

'* .1 ph lliii-u'ii Mrllhhiinip. lh«- Roii of iIm< Itevertiid .Stde*

Mi'llit-h.tinp. who for iii.iiiv ^f.ir* Hii^ pn-optor of lU aiif< rt t u|-
Ir^e and aftrrwariN |trt<ttiir of St .lainrfi* Chiindi on .IninrM IwUiid
iM'itr ('harli">ton, and of Sarah < tMinwri-ll of t'harlrKton, v>n% Intrn
ill M l.iike'ji CariAh. Smth ('arolinn, on the INh of .Mii\, IH.U
A Ur^e part of hm ImiUmhmI wan piuiM'*! in lU-auforl, and M thi«
time he imhilNMl fnmi hi'* father, who m%n a lotrr of (In* wimmU
and tlrldn, that (iLite for Inttany whuh he hut never h^l. IIi> wat
L:railiiuted from (he Nmlh Cartdiiia ('olle);i* in IHI'J unil from thn
Mi-ilical ('olli-^> of (harlrtlun in lH,V.', and then iiilahlithi-d liim-
fii-U itN H ph\^i>i.iti at lUtilTh>n, Ninth t arolirm, Mhere hf ha« niix-e
rr^ided, eiei'p* itiiriiiit the War of Sf»r«*ion, nheii he iH>rvi-d hm
Hiir^eon III the anri\ lionpituN of hl^ native ittate AlworlH-d in the
lam ami aiiiniif^ of n lar^e pnifiv'iion.il | rartu'e in a n-^ion of
'tt-atttred population .md hiul roaiU, l*r .M< llM-hamp haw Ihtu ahle
to render hii eorreMpondentu Aiihttanlia) atiiliitrtnre hy hi4 patient
and i-ntienl itudy of the thtni >>f i rfKimi partunlarly rndt in inter-
etting plant*. A keen olmener anil tinde<i<i eolleetor, with ini
dixire lieyoml that of ini-reaiiin>; knn,f li-d^r, he lia-t done a real
tM-rvii*e to >4'iiMH'i> through the aid he ha> j^iviii <»ther Hlndeiit;*, and
I atii f(lad to tnki> tins opportunity to aiknouhd);!- my indilittil-
nt'HK to hull for llif a-tMittanrt* hi> han rendered mr hy Htuduii}^' tho
tn'eA, and eH|H>i-iiil]) the Oakn, of the Carolina roant nt;>on.

.U'.'.'i' A(i"i/M(i, a f^-niiK uf Mcxiian Milkw U, wan dedieatrd to

him hy Aiu Uray.

(iurrrui Cah t/xrt x lautyvtui, Kngtdnmiin, 7'nini. St. Aoiiu
Jr,|i/. ill. o31»(lK77).

(-1 I'LLIKKIIJC.

mill Ajiiil, wlii'ii ilii>
lail'N iMiliit'DiiN liiiirlH
itilliili' oil Nliiirt Nlitiit
I'tl iiilo I'liiir iir t'iv)>
ivitli iililiiii^' M|ii('iiliili'
lirvi'iit, ami liiiii'\ lit
1. Till' fruit, wliii'li
lilt |i<'iliiiii-li' iiiiii'ki'il
\al, full Mini t'liiinilril
lull li);lit Itrowii, ami
iiliran-n aliniit a tliinl
last' ; it in li^lit f*''!'
nuimlnl HcalcH uliirli
iri' cii.iti'il u illi ili'iiMi'

<l lllllllllUM'ks ill till'

iiirt iif I'lMM' CiTi'k
il?« of it-, raii^c. It IS
mil fxtiiaiirs ill Smtli

fills iiii/rii liiiv)' lufii

I ill till' Hiiiiif rt'^iiMi

f« niin liiiinliil III.

vT Qiitriu* •iii/rii or, AM Mr.

mm i.f llii< Iti'vrri'llil Mlli«
|irrr.|iliir ii( lUiiiif' rt ( mI-

'•' Cliiinli on .l*iiii'> iDlaiul
I'll i>l CliiirlrKloii, wif, Uirii
on llo' '.Nil of Mit>, IH'.-V.

hhI in lU-unforl, niiil Hi thi«

II MAN » \u\vT n( tin* wimnU
lu' hiu iii'tiT li"! Ilr WW
illi'Ki' in IHIl) »nil fruni lb«
!, itnil thin inliiMinhiMl liiin-

iirntinit, wlii-ri* In* low ^nu'i'

•ri-Kilon. ullrn hi' iMTvril ll-i

itin' •tail' AU'tIh'iI in tin'
iii.'il ( niitii'i- in A ri-^'o'i i»f

I Mrlli. h:ini|i lull iH'in hIiIii
liil iiHiiipiliint-i' hy liM {iiitient

ion (ijirtii'tiliirlv rii'h in inti'r-

I linli'" I'olli'itor, »ilh no
.vlril^i-, hi* huA ilonu a ri-iil
iL^ ^'ivi'ii othiT NtniU'iiU, mill
I iii-knowtfil^r my inili-htriU

■i-iiiliTi'il nil- liy sillily 111^ tlio

I'jiriiliiiii roivt ri-Kion.

Milkw U, «a« ilrilii'uliil t'l

<'t I't'LirKUX

.s//,IM o/' SDirni AMHIIICA.

iir>

'Hii' wikmI of Qinrriis f'litixhiii in liravN, haul, ■.tioii;;, ami latliiT rliwc-jjrililli'd ; it is li^jlit lunwii
tiii^i'il with ml, wilh tliirii li;{liti'i' euliirril naiiMoiiil, ami roiitiiiiis liioail hamis of ncvcral iouh of hiiKO
o|M'ii iliii'tK iiiarkiii); tin* lavt<rM of iiiiiiiiiil growth, anil iimiiy Hiiiiilirr ilucU arraii^i'il in HJinit liiii>H
paralli'l to tlii> liroail coiisiiii'iioiis iiii'ilullarv riiVH. Thi' N|M'i'ilii' ^nivity of tlii> iiliHoliiUJy ilry wooil lit
4).7'-".)t, Ik L'liliir fool \vi'i);liiii;r (.'lITi |ioiiiii|s. It is larp'lv iinciI for finJ.

(^inrriix Cull xltiii ii|i|N'ai'H to liavr Ih'cii lit'st ilrnt rilit'il liy thf iiatiiraliNt wIiom- iiaiiii' it lirais in his
S'liliinil ll'mliirii iif Ciintliiiii, |iiil>lislii'il in ITiil.'

As an oriiaiiii'tilal trt'i' thi' 'I'lirki'V Oak ' has litih- to i'oiiiiid-ikI it, iiiiil it ix cliii-tly valualili' fioin its
iiliility to ({rou ra|iiill} ami inoiliirc ;;ouil fiii'l on Imrreii soil.

Tlii'lr,'!' ( I'Inli' I I'lit ) whnh n iilmnl dirty fi'i'l liidh, ifnim

ill Ihi' limii of IttiitTton I'loM' Ion tr t liurr< m l,i'inf"^in. tin' two,

M'l-n from u lilth' ili^tiinrr, iip|irariiii; iihiitinil in foiin uml ^I'lii-rnl

HI'in'iirjitM'i', III Ih lor of ihiir folui);!', iiiiil in tliiir >niiHiih iliirk

liiirk I'lii- liMvi>4 itri* liUii-t'oLili' lo oviiti* or otdoii^-olioviitr; on tlio
ii|>|H'r hrnni'lir* tliry nn* imrrow itnil i-iiliri- or uli^htty IoUmI, or ^nnir-
tinix |iiiitiitliltil, ami on tin' lowrr hriiiii'h<'< iir* liroiuh r unit iiiiiiilly
fiiriiKlii-il with oni* or mr,'ly with two iniirn of wiili--^|>ri'iiililii; «otnr-
tiiiif* f.iIrMli* jti'iil,, I'liiir!' IoIm'm ; or lonii' I1-101-4 iir,' lirimilly olMitiitc,
tiiKliiliit,-, mill iliriT-lolN-il )it till' I'liiK ; whi-n llii-y nnfoM (lir, .,ri'
|iiiti*-«<'i'iil In-Iow iinil fiil\oii4-^'hiiiiliiliir liiit HiNiii ^lihriti' iiUiti' ,
mill ill iniiiuriiy Ihfy tin* i>o(M|iiriiou,ly ri'lii-iiliii*'-vi'nulo«i>, iLirk
^'rrrn iiiol liixtroiiii on tin* ii|i|i'r «iirfiti'i', iiliil yi'Uow iiiiil oriin)(r-
i'"lor on till- nnih r ^urf;iff, wtiirli 1, i;I;ihrou* or ^lij;litl\ jhiUtii-
lou« i In till* lowfr hraiu'hoft tlirv mrv Hotui'timi'N mi or M'Vfn ini'liri

loii^ anil tlim' «r fmir inrlit'i wiili', wliili' on tlif np|M'r tlipy viirv
from two to ll\i' inrhri in h'iii;th iiinl from our lo two nu'tii", in
wiilth 'lilt- fruit M ^rwmli' or nliorlotiilkril, with n ^iiI'^IoIhisi- nni
tlin-i' iiniirti-r^ of iiii iiirli lout; iinil iiu lo^i'il f,)r iilHint <i i|iiiirti'r
of II- li'ti^tli in 11 linn riiii-iliuiii'il i-ii|> i'ii\rri'il liv oviiti* iii'iiti- or
Irnitciiti- "i-ult", i-oiili-il with |iiili> itiiU'ii'i'tii-c. In Ilii* wiiili-r<liniU,
iiIiIioiikIi mthi'r Niniilh'r uiiil iiiori' k''!''*^"!"' ^'''^ *'^'*' ri'M'inlili'*
t/irri'i, f ''ii',/"ri, lint till' thin ni|i<iiliii|H'it rn|ii« inili'iili' it i-ro^n with
roinii* ollirr ^pi I'll'-, proliiilily (/'Of,-',, liinri/nliii, win, li ii iiUii rr^i-iii-
lili-* 01 till- lriivi-« oil it4 n|>iH'r liniiii'ln-i.

' ijurrrtt.* /i*i'»i/l ilil'murtl /■■Iii4 iinifitiiinfui* ilnilttifii, 1 'JM, 1. L'M
(mil I'liilii'iii I I

' IliK I'Miki-v Oiik I- Ills., i.ilh-il .Nriili ()»k, llhn-k .taik, ami
h.rk-lnoi'il ltl..i k .hii-k

!

II

I

n);i-lmanii, 7nirn. .S'( /.•*»<

f|(i

T

T

in

1

' }

'11

1

t

I . !

r

li

If

;

i

;! 'I

]

KXl'I.ANAIKlN OK IIIK ri.ATKS.

I'nn ('('('('X\ll (^l F.Ilrls ('Air-illKl.

1. A ll.iwi rill',' liniiirli. iiiiliiriil -i/i'.

'.'. A -l.iinin:itf ll.iwir. iiiliirj;..!.

:i. A lii-tillalf tl..w.r. .nl;uj;(il.

'(. A fiuiliiiL; I'niiirli. naliinil ^i/|•■

."i. A cull. ''•'''"'•'' "'"'•

(i. A wihti r liraiiclili'l. iKituml i-i/i'.

1'I.ATK (('CrXVIII. CJlKKil!! ('aTK.SH.KI V MMIV iCJlKIUls SIMATA).

1. A imitiiiu' I'lTiu'li. nalunil »i;.r.

'.'. Kiiil c.( a virllli lilalirli. lialliral fi/c

(■(('CXIX. C^l Kit! ^■^ ("Air-SllKl < l.AI'KIKO!

I'l. XTF.

1. A tniilini,' l.riiiicl]. natural si/r

A sli-rilf liranili willi narlcm- iii'ul.-ly liil"'il liavfii.

:{. A larj;.- l.af lik.- lli,' l«-a( "f tjio'n-us

tin- lt>«rr bniiifhc?*.
I. A laiiri-ulali' .■i.lin- leaf 111.'- ll"' li'i»< "f (Ji'frr'i.

fnuu llu- upixr |iurl .if llir irfc.

( '.ilfslni i. f nun one uf

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Silva ut NcrUi Amerira.

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Tab. ■■CCCXV'.I.

iiri:.

OUERcus catesba:! :,:•. h:

A ,'iuufu.f ..*V>w.-

/j"W' . ' /Iffl/Uif Pt2r\

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Silva of North Am<>r;r.i

Tao. ccccxvin,

/■ f t'.uor iM

gUERCUS CATESB.C! • NIGRA
Q'JKRCUS SINUATA ',V lit

( ffti..' lii/nr ■

Kfur ."itrw

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Tab. r.cccxix,

guF.Hcus catf.sba:i • i.aukie'olia

^ M.

Uh flHi.t ,U/tKt

>:^iif d' I/.-.

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CVVVUYKH.V..

s//.v.\ or SOUTH am nine a.

QUERCUS DiaiTATA.
Bpantsh Onk.

117

I.F.wr.s oltloiiK or ohovatc, :t to .Vlohcd. thu lohfs u-imllj (.'loiigati'tl iiiid talciitt', I'lil-
Mills III' |)ali'-|)ulu'M'('iit on the lower ^iirtiicc.

Quaroua dlultiitn. Snilwurtli. li.n-ilin niul t\irttt, v. DM
(IHW)! H>-l: Sn: .|./nV. f. S. IN'.IL'. II'.'H. — CmiIut,
rmilrih. r. S. \.,> tf.rl,. ii. IK ( .l/.i». /'/. H'. IVr.,.,).

Uuitrcua nlurii illuitiitii, Miiralmll, .\rlni.it. Am. t'.'t

,i;h.-,i,

?Qui<roUM rubra inontann. Mitmlmll, Ailnnt. Am. I'.M

iir.<*-ii.

QilKrcUH ruUiMitn. W.uii-iiilMiiii. .V..r.Ai«i. //./:. "M. t. ."i, I.

II lITHT). — KimIi, Ihn.l,: ii. |ii. ii. i.l. — l,nmln.,

l>,ul„h,- /V,i,/r •.".Mi. — |)i|i|*l. //ill.//., l..n,U,..hk. ii.

111. f. .".■-'. .VI. — K.«llll.'. l>.uU,/„ llinilr. l;f-'.
Quurima rubrii. /i Iliapiinlcii, ('u<ii»{lii>iii. I xiy. nfjli Sf.iti

I iiiii, ii. .'IIT (i\.l. .J II. I (IT'.Mii.
(JutircuH rubra. /J. Al>lnil \ .Smiili, Intuit ./' (hurji'i, i.

'.■:. I. 1 1 ,\;'y. .

QuiTouH rubrn. WAkA \ Mniili. hixiti ..r'fV.ocyi.i. i. W.
t. I'lO (tidt I.iniin'iiKi ll7'.i7|.

QuiToUH falcnta. Micliiiiii. Hint. I'hinm Am. tin. I)>. I. '.'H
(I.Sill) ; /■/. /(..r.-.l«i. ii. I'.ni. — rir«iK.ii. S,,h. ii. ."itW. —
I'liirel, J.um. Ih.l. Siilipl. ii. '.".'1. — Miililiux (. IHtt.
Arh. Am. ii. lot, i. 'Jl. — I'lir.li. H. Am. Mr,. I. ii. ivU. _
NiitUll, Oni. ii. .14. — .Vimrr.iii Ihi/i'imil. \ii. Ki'J. —
KUiiitt, .S'*. ii. •'•<»». — |)»rliiiKl'>ii. f'l- (''■»lr. v,\. :t, 'JiHt. —
CiirtiH, tii-i,. (imU,. .Siin-. .V. <'.ir. l.SlKl. iii. ;t'J. — ('Iiu|h
iiinn, ^V. 4'.".'. — A. lit! I'limliilli', l'r<ulr. «vi. pt. ii. ."iM. —
(iiitwl, I i,leii,k. M,;l,l.joi wit. f„r. S,,Ui,/i. IHi'iC. 7'J ;

l.iihiiiiitiii I'liiiim .Im. Tniji, t. A. I. '.".'. f.M. — WVmiiiuI.
/(»//. ^•,,/. //.„•/. .S,„, //,/,/. IMIllI, .'HI!. — SurKf lit. fnr,:if
T1...1 .V. .I/H. Ili^/i r',/MH« /■. .S. i\. l.-|0. — lloiiliii, (■*.»..«
.Im. rii Itil-ji'/iii; 'Jl.'l, t. — WulHiiii tV t'lililtcr. 'f'c",v'»
.!/.-». i-,l. 11. I7H. _ Miiyr, l\:,l,l. .\.ir,lnm. I |H. t. '.'.
QuvrcuM triloba. .Miiluiux, llini. CIi.'iha Am. Nu. II, t.
'.'I'l (IXill). — Will.liihiw, .S/.c'. iv. |.i. 1. ll.l; n.rl.
Iliminx. I'll, 'i, ;U1. — I'lTHiioM, Stjii. ii. ."illll. — lln.i', .1/. m,
Innl. \.it. Sil. I'hiju. Mull,, viii. |it. i. ;US. — I'uirel,
/.'i/(l. hi'f. .Sll|i|il, ii. '."JO. — Aitnll, III'/, hi 11: 111.'.'. ».
'.".H. -I*ur..li. Fl. Am. Sr,,l. ii. (I'.'.S. — Huyi,,., /(,/„/,•, /'/,

l.^ii;. — S|l||■ll^<l•|, Siini. iii, Miij. — Dioirioli. .s'.v". v. :ilo.
QiuiriniH ulutiKata. Willili'imw. .Unr/ilinl,. r./ a- H'illiliiinif
.\ .SJu-i/f. t;,;,ll. .\„t. Fr. Iltrlin. iii. 4iiO(IH01)i

.N,. n |,l. i. III.

QuorcuM falcata. /i triloba, Niiii:ill. '.•;/. ii '.'II (1S|H)

Klli.ilt, .S'A. ii. ri<i4. — A. ill' Ciiiiil'illr, /'/'.«/,■. xvi. |il. ii.

,V.l. - Wiifiiiiel. /(.///. h;:l. ir.rt. .S-,.-. It,! I. I.HC'.i, ;t4,l.
Quercua falcatn. vnr. li paiioUiufolin, Klliutt, .SV.-. ii. lid.'i

(IH'.'I). — Ciirtii, /i".'/.. tiinl,,.,. ,'\,ii-i: .\. fii: iMlli. iii.

.•I'.t.
Quorcua cliBciilor. ">|. Illll. //..<'. 1./. \'. li'i;! iiiot Ailnm

.l.'<l'.'i.
Quurc'UH falcata. ,; Lmlovtciana. ,V. ili' ('uiiilull''. l'r«ir.

\\\. |ii. ii. .'I'.i I lKt'i.|).

A tri'«', u.sually seventy nr ('i;;lity feet tall, with a traiik rniiii two tii thri'c feet in iliamctor .iml
stiiut "ineailiiiij lir.cirlif -. wliirli tniiii ,1 liniail niiiuil-tniiinil ii|iiii liraii, liiit m rasinnaiiv yrnwiiii;' to ,1
lu'i^lit III' a hiiiiilri'il ii'i't. witli a triiiiU live tVi't in iliaiiit'tcr. Tlii' li.irk nl tlii' tiiiiiU i> I'l'iini tiiii'i'
i|narti'rs nl' an inch tu an imli in tiiii'kiii's>, ami is ilaik hniwn lin^r<l with icil or >.iinu'tiMiiK |iali'. anil is
(liviilril hv shallow tissiiri's into hroad riily;i's covitciI with thin rathcf I'losflv apiirrssi'ii siali's. 'I'lu'
liranchlt't.s are stout, iiiarkud witli iiiilliy liiiiiutc liMitict'ls, ami coatcil at liist, a.s ari' the yonn;,;' leaves,
with a thick rusty or oraiiire-i'iiliireil elaniniy loiuentuiii of articulati> hairs; iliirinir their lirst winter
they are ilark reil or reihlish lirowii, anil |iuheseeiit or rarely o;lahrous or nearlv so. anil in their secoml
Near iijrow il.irk leiMish lirowii or ashv ijrav. The wintei-hmls are oMiiil or oval, aiiite, i'roiii an eiijhth
to a niiartir of an im ii Ioiil;. ami are nivereil liy hriijiit ilieslnnt-lirown |iiiliernliiMs or [lilose scales
'li'teii ciliate with short pale hairs. The leaves are eonvnhite in the huil. ohlony; or oliov.ile in ontline.
ikml ;;enerallv liarrowcl ahil wi'i|j;e-sh,i|ieil or .ilirilptly weiliji'-shapeil. or ronmleil ami slii^htly narroui'l
at thu hasi' ; in one iurni thi'V are iliviileil hv ileep wiiie iiMii|Ui' sinuses ronmleil at tiie liottnni into
three, five, or seven hristh'-pointeil lohes ; the terminal lolie is then usually mufh eloiiijateil, ol'leii scythe-
Hhapt'd, acute ami entire or repaml-ilentate near the apex, with one or two larije hristle-iiointeil teeth,
ami the lateral Inhes are ohliijue or spreading ami often falcate. f;radually narrowed from a hroad ha.so

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148

1>ILVA OF NOliTJl AM K nil' A.

CflTI.IKKU.K.

Ill

V'f

rll

i^lH

Mild iicuti' iiiiil ciitii'i'. <ir ill \\\v or st'vcii-lolu'd leaves, tliose of tlie middle or upper piiirs, wliieli lire ;;eiu'r-
:dly tile lari;tsl. are (dilii|iie and loluilate at the apex ; in another I'onii tile leaves are oMoiijf-oliovate
and divided at the iiroad apex In' wide or narrow sinuses hroai) and rounded at the liottoin into tlirop
rounded or aeiite entire or dentate lolies, and are entire anil ;;raduallv narrowed lielow into an acute or
rounded ti. " ; the leaves of the two forms usually oeeiir on separate trees, altliou;;h sometimes on the
same liraiiih ; when they llrst unfold tiiey hanj; closely appresseil ajjainst the stem, and when fully
j;r(iwii they are thin and firm, ilark j;'reeii and lustrous on the upper surface and coated lielow with soft
close jtale or riisty pnlie-ceiice ; tliii--e of the tirst form are six or seven inches loii^ and four or live
inches wide, and those of the si'cond \,iry from three to eijjlit inches in leiiuth and from two to live
illche•^ in width; tlie\ arc oliseurely retii idale-v eniilose, with stout toiiienlose iiiidrilis. and primary vi'inn
which are stout when running:' to the |ioints of the lolie^ or thinner in the entire portions of the leaf,
and are then arcuate or forked within tlie n volute and slii;;litly tlii(l»ened mari^iiis ; the leaves are iioine
on slender tiattened petioles from one to two inches in leii<:^tli. anil in the autumn licfore falling turn
lirowii. dull oraiiLje-coliir. or sometimes lirieht (dear yellow The stipules are oliloiif^-oliii\ate to liiiear-
lanceol.ite. lirown ami scaiious. ciliate on the margins, especially toward the .ipev. and caducous. The
tlowcrs. which appear from March in the south to May at the north, open with the uiifoliliii<; of the
leaves, the staminate lioriie in the axils of acute li iir\ caducous lirnts in tomeiitose ameiits from three to
five iiiihes ill leiie^tli. and the pistillate on stout lomeiitose peduncles. The calyx of ilie st.iminate tlower
is thin aiiil se.ti'ioiis. pulicscciit on the outer surface, ami ilivided into lour or live o\ate rounded
se:;meiils shoiier than the st.imcns. whieli are loui or li\e in niimlicr, with oMon;r emar^inate ^lilliroiiH
\cllow anthers. The iiivoliicr.il stales of the pistillate tiower an' coated with rusty tomeiitum anil are
as lone; as the acute calyxdolies or rather shorter ; the stij^mas are eloiiLjated anil dark red. The fruit
ripens in the antnmn of the second year and is sessile or lioriie on a short stiuit pedum le rarely half an
iiii'li ill length : the nut is suli:;loliose to ellipsoid. d. full and rounded at the a|>e\. truncate and ronndeil
at the h.ise. .iliout h.ilf an inch loiii;. and ratlnr linlit oraiiy;e-l>rown ; the cup. which emiiraces only the
liase or sDiiiilimis ,i third of the iiiit. is thin and saucer-shaped, and llat on the hotlom or often jjrad-
u.ilK nai rowed fiom a si. ilk-like liasi. or it is dee|)er and tiirhiiLite ; it is hrii^llt reddish lirown and
piilicriilous on the inner smface. and covered liv thin ovate-oldoiii; reddish scales, aciitt' lU' niiiiided at
tile apex and covend. except on llnir m.irfjiiis. with pale puheseeiiee.

The .''^panis'i ( ).ik is dlsliihuted from southern New .lersev soutliward to central Florida, lliroii^jh
the (iiill states to the \alli\ of ilic Mia/os Itiwi ill Tcx.is. and tlirouy;h .\rkansiis and southwestern .Mis-
souri to central Teiiiiessee and Kentiick\, and southern Illinois .mil Indiana. ( 'i>mparati\clv rare in the
north .Atlantic states, where it is found only in the nciehliorhood of the co.ist. in the south .\thiiitic and
(iiill stales it is one of the commonest inhaliitaiits of the forests which cover the dry hills hetween the
cnast |il,'n and the .\ppalacliiaii mount. liiis. Much less ahiindant in the niaritinn> I'iiie licit of the south,
it there pioiliiies, more y^eiierallv than in other parts of the country, the Iiroad ohovate three-lolied
li.iM's. .Mthoii^h iisiiallv an inhaliitanl of iir\ L;;r;ivellv uplands and study liarrciis. in the southern
states from the \allev of the .\ppalachiciiia llivei in western Florida to Arkansas, Illinois, and Indiuilil,
the ."Spanish < >.ik occ.ision.illy inli.ihits the rich and often inundated liottom-lands of streams, upon
wliiidi it ;^rows to its laii^est size with the Sweet (iiim, the I'ecaii, the Swamp White Oaks, the Texa.s
Oak. the I'iii (»,ik. and the western Shellhark Hickory.'

The wood of the ii|iland tree is h.ird and stroni;. hut not dliralde in contact with the ;^rounil,

' 'Dif Rwanip lotmui (inerrnf ttiyitatit in |>rf-uliar in iu pali- !iOa)y mnvt' I<NtH<-ty iniliririitril witli ilarltiT iimr},nnii tliaii thoAc of u|)laiut

iiurk, larp' IkuIh, anil idiloii^ li'avri* ilef|ily (liviiti'it into fnni llirn' trfrn. I.itllo in yet known i»f the rliami-tiT anil ntnii'liin- of liie

to wvt'H ariito Bprcailing I'ntiif or luliiijiiii' IoIh-h. 'I'hr li-iivfi' iin- woihI priHliiriMl liy tliitt Hwnmp tree, lint by liiiuU'nnon it m i-iin«i<l-

friiln MX to niiii* ini-lii*!* lon^ ami fnun four to itix iiK-lifH wiilt'. ami i-rt'd atinoat an valilalili> aN tLat of the Wliitt* Oak (Uiil^way, I'nir.

ill thr aiitilliin turn lilij'lit i-li-ur yrllnv* iM-fori* fallillff. Tlii' riqm /' >' ,\'.i/ ,t/u.t. v, H*l ; xvii. -Ilii. — (iantrfi tlml Fttrmt, viii. 101,

iif till' fruit an' fri'i|iii'iitly flat on llii' Ixittoin, altl i^h liirlniuiii' t Hi).

ctlpH iiImi ofti-ii ocriir on tli«> itanii' tiraiii'li ; thr sc'alrH an' taltiiT

CUl'l'I.IKKU.V..

niirs, wliicli urc j^ciu'r-
's lire oliliiiifj-dliiiviiti'
lit' l)<)tt(Mn into tliroo
iflow into ;iii at'utc or
ij;li soiiictimt's on tlii>
stein. Mini \\\\vn I'nily
(iiitfil lii'low with soft
iinj;- Mild four or tivc
.mil from two to live
ills. Mild |iriiiiMry veins
IMirtioiiH of till' leaf,
; till' liMvt's arc Inn ne
n lii'forc fMlliiii; turn
n;j-(ilici\Mt(' to lincar-
ainl radiicons. Tlie
the iiiifoMini; of the
Mincnts from thrtM' to
f ilu' stamiiiMte tlowcr
r live ovate rounded
eiiiari^inate i^lalirons
:y tomentiiin and are
dark red. The fruit
diinele rarely half an
trnncate ami niiinded
•h einhraees only the
ittoin or often ^rad-
t reddish lirown and
aeilte or niiiiided at

tral l'"lorida. tliroiiijli
lid southwestern Mis-
i|iarati\ely rare in the
lie south .Atlantic and
liry hills lietweeii the
'ille lielt of the HOIlth,
ohovate three-lohed
reus, in the southern
Illinois, and Indiana,
lis of streams. u|iiiii
liite Oaks, the Tevas

laet with tlie L^round.

ftrgiiui tliitii tho'ti' uf ii|iliiiid
rai'tiT [iiiil ^trIll'tu^' iif tin*
liy liiiiilH>riii<<(i ii 111 i'nii«iil-

A'llitt' Olllt (l{ill)rwnv, /VfW,

tmtfu unit Furitt, viii. 101,

ClI'L'MKKll.K.

SHAW OF xoirrif AMiniicA,

119

eoarse-j;taiiied. and liahlc to check liadly in diyiiii^- ; it is linht red, with thick lijrhter colored saiiwood,
and contains remote coiis|iiciioiis midiiilMiy rays and liaiids of several rows of lari;e open ducts marking-
the layers of annual i^n-owth. The s|i.cilic <,rravity of the alisolutely dry wood is O.d'.lli.S. a ciihic foot
weiii;liinf; IIJ.IT iiounds. It is sometimes used in construction and largely as fuel. The hiirk is rich in
tannin ami is employed with th.it of otiur sjiecies in taniiiiif;' leather,' and .sometiiues medicinallv in
domestic practice in the form of decoctions.

The Sp;iiil-ii Oak was mentioned liy Kaliii ' in the account of his travels in North America duriii"-
the middle of the last century, and appears to have heeii (Irst descrihed in the second edition of Clavton's
Hunt I'ii-'ihiica, puhlished in 17<i'j.' A year later, accordini; to Alton.'' it was introduced into Knulish
pLuitations.

Tho Spanish Oak is one of tiie most distinct of the Hlack Oaks of North America whii h hear lolied
leaves, and, in spite of the v.irions forms its leaves as...ume, it may alwavs he easilv recoijiii/ed hv their
droopin;^ hahit .mil tlic peculiar rusty coverin^r of their lower surface. Their ample si/.c. ciuions forms.
and distinct eoloriiii; make the S|)aiiish O.ik a coiis]iicuous and a most desirahle ornament.il tree, and it
is often used to shade houses and villaije streets in the upper districts of the south Atlantic .iiid (Julf
states, where iiolile old specimens mav often he seen.

' rriiuliU', Tlir 7'iiinii;u, ii. aV. f. S.l. « (iurrni.i nhra tru flisjuitiira hir difla, fidii.» am/'Ht mrir pnifnii-

' l.imlli'.v. /-v. .Ur./. •-".••J. - I'orelicr, Kttmnt$ nj Smillipni h'uitl.i dn/ue iii<-i.<i.«. Curi,.r ml .nrium ././;<->N,/iim i./iVi,..<iraii,, 1 HI.

i"i'' '■'"■'■•'»■ -f'*'' ' Hurl. Kew. 1,1 ■_'. \ -JlU ( (^um-uj </.»/;;i»(i). — l.im.lon, .Ir/,.

• Traitit, Kiiglwli cil. i. 00. JInl. iii, IMS'.', f. IT.Vi. 17."il.

I!'

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f>XI'LANAlH)N OK IHK I'LATKS.

PlATK ("CCC'XX. til-KK('f» niclITATA.

1. A tliiwpriiij; limiii'li. iiatiirnl nte.

'.'. A ntaiuinnti' tlowiT. oiiIiirj^tHl.

;t. A pi!<lilluti' llciuor. i'iiliirj;i'il,

•I. A fniiiin;; liruiirli. ii;it!inil fi/r.

.I. A winiiM- l.niiK-lili t, iialiiial niziv

I'lati: ('(."('('XXI. liifu. is miiiTATA.

1. A \>:ii. iiaiiiral ^iiv,

-. A I'raiu'h. natural >ize.

.'i. A li'af, iinturnl •!/<•.

1. A fruit, iiutiirnl nhe,

*i. A fi^iit. iiutiiral Kite.

Ci. A fniil. natural •■\iv.

7. A fruit, natural i,'ut!.

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gUKRCUS DICITATA .'uiw

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gUERCUS DICITATA

,-1. /ftWri't4tt* t/ir^kt ■

AvA ./.7itr-**nr. Pttru.

s'

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CUI'UUFEH^.

aiLVA OF NOHTJl AMKKICA.

QUERCUS PALUSTRI8.
Pin Oak. Swamp Spanish Oak.

ir,!

liKAVKH ohoviitf, sinuatt'-lobod by (Iccp wide hinusof*, the spreading lobes acute or
obtuse, usually coarsely rcpaiid-deutate.

Queroua polustris. MuinililmuHcii. ll.iinv. v. '.'.Vl ( WTiii. —
1)11 |{„i, (M.<. X,; Ihirhk. Ilaiuii-.. ii. ■.'('.«, t. r>. f. I. —
Moi'iicli. /inline HVm». ',•."!. — Wiiii^t'iiliciiii, .Vun/iiw.
//"/*, 7fi, t. ."i. f. I (P. — IliirUlmiisi-n, ll'iih//i. FtimtlKil. i.
7lM>. — Mhluiiu. IIUl. Chhi,/, Am. No, I'.l. t. Xi. M ;

t'l. Hnr.:\m. ii. -.'(Ml. — Will.lciiiiw, Si iv. |it. i. mi;

AViHw. itVli; llfrl. Il.iiiiii;. I'll. '.', .'ll,'t. — I'lrsoipii. .S'////.
ii. ."iti'.t. — lldMC, Mi'iii, li>.il. Snl, Si-i. l'>ii/». Mit/i. viii, |il.
i. ;MSt. — U-HfiiiituiiU'ii, //|■.1^ Ark ii, ,M1. — I'niri't. hn,:.
Itift. ,Sii|i|il. ii, '.".".'. — Micli.iiix (, lll.tf. . I i-k . I III. ii, I '.M. t,
■-Ti. — Ait.m, irn. Ki-ir. .■.!. •.'. X, 'J'.r.'. _ |'iir«l,, /■■/. Am.
Si-Ill. ii. t>;U. — Nilltiill. (ten. ii. 'Jl I. — S.iiii'eiiii Ihili.iiin I.
vii. I"'.', — lliiyiir, pfinlr. Fl. l.'i.S. — S|iri'iii;t'l, ,S'v.«'. iii,

wi;!. — i.„ii.ii.ii. Art: jiiii. iii, 1.SS7, f, ir.^H-iriii, i —

,Simi-li, //M^ I'.;/, \i. Ititi, — T.irri'v. AV. .V. V. ii, I'.Kt. t.
id;. — Diririili. .S'v'i, V. :U I. — Diifliiiutiiii. Fl. Vinlr. nl,
.i, 'JtV.t.— llrinil.'l. Iriiii.i. III. Ajrie. ,S'.»-. iii, ti;tl, t, 1", —
A, ill' C'ftiiili)lU'. l'r:nlr. xvi. |it. ii. (>(». — (Initixl, \'iiUii»l;.

.Miulil. Jhi lint. Fur. Kjulien/i. IHIiti. .'ll. 7'.'. f. l ; LM-
miiiin Vhhieii Am. Trnji, t. A, — Wiiiiimt'l, Hull. Fill.
Su,: llort. Ilil'j. lH(J'.t,:t4ti, — Ko.li, Deiiih. ii. |pt. ii. 71. —
Kiiii'Moii, Treet Miut. isl. '-'. i. 107, t. — L.iiiclii', Ikitlnehe
Ihnilr. L'O'.I, — .Sar^jcnt, Fureal Trim X. Am. lOtli t'eiiniin
r. .V, ix, l.'il, — \Vtll/i^', ,/ii/irli. Il"l. (Inrt. I'irliii, Hi.
IS7. — lloulia, Clone* .1 III. en llil'jiiin; Iti'.t, t, — Wilt-
soli ,\: ('.piiliir, llni^/'.s .l/oi». I'll, ti, 17.^, — Miijr. ll'nlit.
Sonhnii. Its, t, '.', — l)i|,|,..l. //-«.//,. L.tiilihAik. ii.
ll,"i, — Ko.linc, /irtiis,./,,. Ihwir. l;i'.'.

QueroUH rubrii ilisHuctn, l.aiiiiink. IHil. i, T'.'n llTS.'i), —
I III Mont ill' Cum -It, /;../. Cull, nl, '.'. vi. l'.',).

Quorcim rubra rnmouliiBima, .Mm>liitll. .[rlmai. Am. 1'.".'
(l7S."ii. — MiifliliiilKTy A; Willilciiow. .Yii/c .S.liri/I.
'/•.<•'/. .V.^ Fi: Itn-lni. iii. ;i',IH.

Quorciw piilUHtris, ,i cuculliita. \\ , -mail. /)'"//, /■'<./, .s'l/c.
II. .rt. II. Ij. ISC'.l, Ulli.

\ tree, iisii.illv sfvcrity or <'ii,'Iity fct't in liiMLjlit. witli a tmiik twii m- llircc I't'ct in ilianu'ti'r, iit'ti-n
rliillu'il willi -.III, ill Iiiiil;Ii ilii>i>|iiii;j lpianrlir>. nr, «lu'n rrnwilcil in tin- rnicst iiy otiirr tiii'>. -.niiiiliim'S
Hill' liunilrcil ami Iwciitv lift lii;^li. «illi ,i rlian tiiink sixty m' si'Vriity Ifft I, ill ami Iniir of li^c tVet
in iliaiiiftcr near tin- f^rouinl, I'ntil il is liiit\ m- lil'ty yrais ulil tlu' slcnilii- (•l()no;atiMl liianclics of tlii'
I'in dak, wliirli ,iii' iicsfi witli sjiiiit riili^nl spiii-liki' lateral luanrlilits a tVw ini'hcs in li'notli, tmrii a
liiiiail svimiirtiir.il |p\ i.iiiiiil.il lii'.nl, tin- luwist Inaiiclii's luin^' ^I'lu'iailv slioitcr than tliosi- almvi' tlniii
on (III' till' ; as it irarlns niiililli' lilV tlii' luaiu liis luriinu' i'io;ii| ami nini'i' |ii'mliiliiiis ami ,ur nltt'li
riiMTi'il with till' siimII ili'iiii|iin^ hranrlili'ts ('h.ii'.irtiiistu' nl' this ttcc. wliili' tlii' narriiu hrail i^rnWs ii|i('n
ami in'i'i;iil,ir in iiiilliiii', 'I'lii' liaik nl tlw trunk is triim tlirci' ijiiarli'is uf an inrli ti> an inrli anil a
i|uarttr in tliiikiii'ss, ainl is lii^ht j^i-iv-Imuwh. ^^cni'iallv siiiniilli ainl cuviiiil with siii.ill rliKilv aiipii'ssiiil
srali's ; that oi' wuin^ trunks ami tlu> hraiichi's is smiinth, liistriiiis, anil li^^ht limwii. Iii'ijiirntly tinofd
with i^riTii. Till' hiaiii'hli'ts art" sl'iiiirr, very toujfh, anil niarki'il with luinuti' sratteii-tl pali' lontii't'ls ;
tlit'v arc ilark rril at lirst anil ciiviifil with short pali' silvi'rv toiiicntinii, hut soon hcroiiu' "ii'i'ii aiul
f4;lal)riius, ami in tlu'ir lirst winlir are lustrous, ilark rrihlisli luown or oranui-rolor. i;rowini;- ilarki'r in
thrir siTiiml M'.ir, whin thi'\ art' ol'trii tinj;i'il with oll>i-;;riiii ami ultiiiiatily .iii' ilark ijray-liroun,
'riif winti'r-liuils arr o\ati'. i;railuallv narrownl ami .iriiti' at tin- a|ii'\, alioiil .iii riijlith ot an iiirh loni;',
ami covcriil hv nuiiii'rous tliisfK imhrirati'il lioht clii'stiint-lirowii sralis ottrn jniln'riiloiis towanl thi'
thin ami soiiictimi's riliati' iiiaro;ins. 'riic h>avi>s an* ciinvohitc in thi' hiiil, oliovatc in imtliiii', iiarrowril
ami w('ilift-sha|>t'il or liroail ami truncati' at tin- hast', ami si-vi'n or ol'ti'ii livf-lohi'il hy usually wiile
ami ili'i'i* hut occasionally narrow shallow sinuses roumlcil .it the liottoiii ; the teriiiiiial lolie is ovate,
acute, thrce-tootlu'd towanl the apex or entire, anil the lateral lolies are spreailiiio; or iihliijue. soiuetiines
falcate, esiiecially the lowest pair, i^iailually ta|ieriiii; anil aeiile at the ih'Utate a|ie\. or ohovate and
luoad at the apex, particularly those of the iip[ier or of the iiiiilille pairs which are longer than the others

<1

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fe.

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>/AI.I OF xoirrii AM /:!,•/( A.

<ipi'i.iKi.u.f:.

Mini ili'iilalf-liduMl. llu' loln's Mini tcrdi oT llic leaf ti'riiiiii.iliii^; in loiij; sli'inliT lirlitit's ; wiirii tlu'V
iiiilcilil ilicy arc li;;lil liri>ii/,(-t;r('i'ii staiiicc! uiili icd im (lie iiiaij{iiiK, lii>,tiiiiH ami |iiilit'i'iiliiii.H on tliu
ii|i|Ni' >iiilafi'. ami coati'il on llic Inwi r iinl cm ilic |M'tiii|i<K wiiji |iali< HciirtV pulM'M'fnn'. ami at iiiatiiritv
tlii'X ail' llilii ami linn, dirk ^i'im'ii and vciv liiHtroiiN iilxivi-, |)alt> Ixdow and I'liriiiHlii'd witii laifri- tiiftx
of |ialt' liaii's in tlii> axils oj' I lit' |iriiiiai'_v vciiiH, ritiin I'liiir In nix inclii'M Inii^ and I'loiii two to t'onr iiu'lii'H
>vidi>. Nvitli stiMit niidriliH l)i'oai| and roumlcil on tlii> ii|i|ii>r Nidi-, ron<^|iii'iioiis jiriniarv vriiin riiiiiiin^
olilii|iii'l\ III till' |ioiiits III' till- lolii's, and liiiii N(<i-oiulary v(>iim arcnatf and iiniti'd »iiliin tin' sli^r|itlv
tliirki'iii'il .mil I't'Miliili' iM.iiL^iiis and rniiiii'i'ti'd liy olisi'iirr ii'tii'iiialt' vi'iiili't'< ; tlii'v arr linini' on sliiidrr
iiimiIn U'K'tc M'llii» |ii'liiil<>^ t'i'oni liair an imdi to t\Mi iiiilirs in Icn^lli, and i.iti' in tlic antiiiini turn
frradiially to a lit'aiitil'nl di'r|i x'aiii't rnlor umt tlir niiin' or ovrr mily a part ol tlirir Kiirfacr. 'I'lif
Nti|iiiK's, wliirli arr red and M'arioii-< Init turn lirnuii liilnri- lalliii;;, art> li|i|ii'il with iln-ili'rM ol' Hott uliiti*
liaii'x. and arc aiioiit hall' an iiicli in length. The lloucrs appear in May when the leaves are ahoiit a
third ^rown. the Ntaiiiinatc lioriii' in li.iiry anients from two to three inehcH lon^ and the pistillate on
sliort tiinii'iitiKc peduncles. 'I'lic calyx of the st.iininatc tlnwer is piilieriiloiis and divided into fmir or
live oliloii^ roiindi'd scM^nieiils more or less l.iciniatelv cut on the marf^iiis and sliorti'r tiiaii the sl.imeiis,
which are four or ti\e in iiimilicr. with olilmi;;- sli^'liliy emar>;inate ulaliroiis \cllow anthers. The
iiiMilncral sc.ilcs nf the pistil!, ite llowcr .ire liroadly ovate, toiiielitose, and shorter tliaii the aeiiniiii.itc
c.ih xdolies ; the stiirnias ire ImI^IiI red .iiid recurved. The fruit ripens in the autinnn of the secniid
hc.ison and is si'ssije or shorl-slalliid and solilarv m often cliisteied ; the iiiit is nearly heinispherical,
.'iliiiiil ii.ilf an inch in length and ~iimewhat Ic^s in hreadth, .ind li;;ht hrowii and ufteii stri.itc, with a
ihin slnll coated on the inner surfaee with pale ferrii;;iiieoiis tomeiitnm , the eiip, which enihraces only
tile \eiy li.isc of the nut, is thin and sliallmv. s.iiicer-sliaped, dark red-lirown and piiliernloiis within, .ind
covered liv closely appressed ovate liu'lit reldisli lirowii thin puliernlous scales darkest aloiij^ the iiiary:iiis
and loiiinli i| at the clids.

(^>", /■<//.»■ piihisli''^ inlialiils the liorders of swamps, ami ri\ci'-l)ottoiiis where the siirf.ice is freipieiitlv
ovcrlliiHid. ^lowiiiij in deep iiiiiisi rich soil, ainl is distrilmteil from the \iilley ol the ( onnecticiit Kiver.
where, iic.u Amherst, MassMcliusitts. it liinls its easicrii Inime,' to southern Missouri, .ind soiithw.ird to
the valley of the lower I'otiimac KiMr in \'ir)rinia, and to ceiitr.il Kciitiick\, northern .\rkan.s:is. .ami the
e.i.stern liorders of the Indian Territory. Itare and of small si/.e in New Kn;;land, and alis«'nt from the
elevated rec;ions of the interior, it is e\ceediii;;lv common on the coa.st plain south of the llinlson Hivcr
.iinl in tlic liasin of the lower Ohio l!iM r, where it jfrows to its larj;est si/e in the forests which cover
the liroail liottnm-lands of the priiici|i.il strc.iiiis.

The wiiocl iif (Jii, rniM jiiilii.~tris is heavy, h.ird, stnni;;, .ind ci)arse-;;rained, Init liahie to check and
warji in iIiuijl; : it is li;;ht lirnun, with thin r.ither dark colnred s.ipwood, and contains niimeroiis liro.id
conspicuous nicdullarv lavs and liro.nl liamU of se\er.il rows of l,ir;;e open ducts marking the Livers of
annual (growth. The sp.'cilic j^ravity of the alisolutely dry wood is t).(i'.tlt,S, a enliic foot wei^hiiiji IIJ.'JI
poiimls. It is sometimes u.sed in construction and for shingles and claphoardN in the regions where this
tree is cnllinioii.

First dcscriliiil from a specimen cultivated in (lermany, (Jiii reus /mhislris has Itccii for more than
a ccntnrv an inhaliit.iiit of tlic parks of Kiiro|ie. where it often ^rows vipiroiislv ami attains a lar;;e si/e.
AltlnniL^li less commiiiily pl.inted in its native land, its symmetrical lialiit and the lieaiity of its summer
and aiitiiiiin foliage make it always a di.stinct and dcsiralile ornamental tree, and no other Oak is hetter
suited to shade the hii^hways or adorn the parks of tlie northern states.'

The I'iii Oak, which owes its name to the small liranches which are insertod on the limbs and trunk,
is eaiiily transplanted ; it jrrowH rapidly und is hardy heyond the limits of itt* iiutivu home.

' Sl.ini', Hull. r„rr,i n.J. Cliil; ii. .17.

' iiiiii,'w.iv, I'rur. r. s. .V.I/. .»/•!,« V. s;t,

• 'V\w valiii- uf llip I'in (Ink (ur iitrrrt-pliinting m •liuwn hj- tin-

tM-atitiful niwH of thii tns. iii llit- utrvt-u uf Uk> town uf KIiiiiIiiiik,
,111 I.uii^ l^liuiil, N<-w Ycrk.

im^m

( Tl'l'MH.II.K
!■ Iil'i-<tlt's ; wlli'll tllt'y

mil |iiilit'riiliiiH oil tli(>
K't'iii'i', mill at iimturity
iHlicil willi i.irp' (iift>*
mill twii III liiiir iiiclit'H
|iriiii!irv vi'iiiH iiiniiiii^
I'll within tli)> HJi^rlitly
V .ii't" liiiriit' on hIi'iiiIit
ill' ill tlif .iiitiiiiiii turn
il' llicir Mirfiirc. Tlui
li cliiKdiH III' Mill wliiti'
till' Iriivi's air aliollt il
r ainl till' |ii.-<tillali' nil
III iliwili'il iiitii I'niir iir
ii'ti'i' tliaii till' Htaiiii'liH,

M'llllW lllltllcrH. Till'

tcr than tin* aciiiiiiiiatc
iiutiiniii III' till' M'ciiiiil
H iit'aily lii'inis|ilii'riral,
il iitli'ii sti'i.iti', with a
, ullirll I'liilirarrs iilllv
|>iilii'riiliiiis williiii. aiiil
ki>t aloii)^ till' iiiai^iii'"

ic siirfarc is fr('i|U('litly
till' ('oiiiifclirut HiviT,
iiiri. ainl Htiiitliwaril to
iiTii .\rkaiis;i'<. ami tlic
I, ami ali-M'iit Iruiii tin*
I III till' lliiilsiiii Itivcr
111' I'lircNts wliiili rover

lilt iialili' til clircli anil
iiitaiiis niiinoroiiH broad
iiiaikiiij; tlu' layer!* of
lie font wei^liiiijf |."{.'JI
the ri'j^iiiiiH where tlii>

has I II fur mure than

mil attaiiiH a lar^e size,
e lieaiity of itH Miiinnier
no other Oak in lietter

on the limbH nnil trunk,
ve home.

tt'ti lit till' tiiwii ut Klimliillg,

lli

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KXri.ANATION OK IIIK IM.ATKS.

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PlATK (("('('XX 11. (Jl KK< IS lAl.lslltW.

1. A tliiwi'riii;.,' hranch. natiinil t.i/o.

-. A ^taiiiiiiuti* tlowiT, nilar^i'il.

;i. A pi-lilliiti' indiiri'^i'i'ncr. iMilar(,'ciI.

•I. A pistilUlc llowiT, tilt' iiiviiliuri' riiimvol,

fitlarj^tMl.
"i. Vortiral MM-tioii cif a pislillatr llonir licfuro

firiinilalluii, >'rilart;i><l.

*'. A It'af. natural •■

A li'af. natural »iic.

l'l..Ur ((((aXIII. (^IFHi C < 1AI.I-«TKI»

1- A fruiliij; I'raiirh. natural "i/c.

'J. \ nip, natural ni/r.

."V A H('f<l. natural bi/*'.

4 A uinti'r liranclilft. natural iiiu'.

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Silva cl Ncmrh Anierii

Tab. CCCCXXI!.

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II

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gUFRCUS PAI.USTRIS Mut-iuh

A..'U,t,r,s- I ilit^

.mr ' ..7.'N

f '.JTU'til- ."i!f i.

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oi'iva ol' ;Jorth Anii'ricv.

■ 'CXXIII.

'%iSm0lf

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gUERCUS PALUSTFnIS,

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cl'I'Li.ikkiia:.

SlU'A OF NOliTU AMEHWA.

ir,;

QUERCUS NANA.
Bear Oak. Scrub Oak.

Li'..vvi.s ol»oviitc, mostly aeutcly o-lohud, coated on the lower surfaci- with palo
pubi'sccnei'.

Quuroua nnnii. .Suui'iil. (inrilrii umt Fi'nn/, viii. 'Xi
l\H<X,).

QuurouH rubril Uiuia. Mursliall, Ar/umf. Am. I'.'.'i i ITS."). —
.Miirlil'Milirii; \ \\ ill. I. now. .Wiic Si/iri/r. lirailt. Snt. Fr.
l:,i-i:i:. \u. nil.

QuurcUM ilicifolia. WunKiiilnini. S'^r'/iM. Ilnh. T'.l. I. •!. f.
IT I IT."*? I. — WilMiiii,«. /;.;■/. K'lKiii::. '.'7.") ; .S'/.cc. iv. |it.
i. -tlT; h.iiiim. '.»;7. — llDikhaiiMii. llni.lh. r.,r.il/int. ii.
I.'iOl. — IVriiinii, S'lH' ii. •"'•i'.* — llljfilciw, F/. /!'i.it::ii.
L"J«. — Nutlall. (liii. ii. '-'l.'i. — Kllii.tt, .SV,-. ii. <;o.".. —
(;iiimiH'l. ()iti> & Ilayiir. Ah/nl.l. //•./.;. <17, t. ;i|. —
.SpriMinc'l. Sii.i'. Hi. SC.I. _ Tiirrcy. Fl. .V. Y. ii. I'.MI. ~
KiiiumiiM. /')■(.■.< M. 1.1.1. 1.".0, t. 1 1 ; I'll. 'J, 1 7", t. — Diitiiili,
Sijii. V. :!1 1. — Darlini.'tiiii, Fl. Cestr. <il. 3, litlH. — (.'iirii-.,
/ie/i. (•ri>lii'/. .S'l/ri'. .V. (nr. LSIiO. iii. H. — ('lia|iinaii. /'/.
4'j;t. — A. lie Ciuiilullo, I'filr. xvi. |it. ii. .VJ. — (tmlwl.

Viil,-ii.<k. .!/«/./. /■/•„ wil. Fir. K;:I„;iIi. IHdC. 7'.!; /.»■/'-
mniiii C/i'-ncn Am. '/';•"/., t. I). — W.'^inaol, J!ii//. Frtl.
S:r. Ilnrl. 11,1'j. IS',1".», Ii lit. — K.mIi, lli-iuh. ii. lit. ii.
till. — Liiiiclu'. JlfiiUfhr Jhiidi: L".I7. f. I'.'l. — \Vi'ii/,i(,'.
.hiln-h. l;„t. frirt. Ilirlhi. iii. IS-I.— Il.iiilia, C/iriir.i Am.
ni ll'l'ii'iiiv, '.'ll'J. t. — Watson & t'liiiltiT. (Srm/.i Mtin.
1(1. t;, ■I7.S. — l)i|,|„.l, llamlh. l.„,il,hni-J;. ii. I l;t. —

Kn.lihc. l>,ill.*rUi' l)iHill\ V.Vl.

Qucrcu.s Bnnistori. .Micliaiix. ///.<'. (' .« Am. Nn. I."i.
t. '.'7 (INtll): /■■/. Il.r.-Am. ii. !'.>'.». — I )csfuiitainfs. IIUl.
Arli. ii. TilO. — I'liiivl, L'im. l)'u-I.Sny\A.'\\.'l'Sl. — .Mi-
.•liaiix f. llUt. Ai-h. Am. ii. '.h;. t. I'.l. — I'lii-li, /''/. Am.

.^^/.^ ii. i'l.'ii. — Snuf-^m jiu/i.imri, vii. i7.i. t. ."in. —
Il..„k,'i-. /•■/. /.•",•.-.(«. ii. l.-.,s.
Quurcua diacolor. •, BiiuiHteri, S|ia<li. I/I.sf. I'iy. xi. 1(11

(i«r.'i.

An iiitiicatclv liniiiclicd ^liritli, witli mmicroiis cDiitortctl steins from tlireo to ton feet tall ; i)f
()C('a-<iiinally ri.iiiij; with a siii;;lf tnink live tii si.\ iinlics in (lianictcf ti> tlic liciijlit uf cinlittMii nr twenty
i't'et ami foriniii;; a small tree with a i'miml-tii|i|i(Ml spreailin^ lie.nl.' The hark ol' tiie tnink is thin,
HUioutli, ilark liiowii, ami coveicd with small ehisi'jy aiipfesseil scales. The hfanehlets ai<' slender and
niarkeil with small pale iif ilaik i-.iiM'd lentieeU ; when they ti 1st aiipear they are dark tureen, imire or
lesM tinj^ed with red, and eoatecl with hiiarv ]inlieseem'e, and darini;' their first winter are reil-hniwii or
Ubliv K''"y '""' I'liheseent (ir pnlieriihiiis, j^rowinj^ i;;lal)ri)iis and darker in their second year and nitiniately
dark hrown or nearly Idack. The winlerdiiids ale ovate, ohiiisc, aliont an eii;hth ot an inch lonu;, and
covert'd liy dark cliestnut-hrown rather loosely imhricati'd ^laliroiis or pilose scales. Tito leaves are
convolute in thu laid, ohovate or rarely ohlon;; in outline, j;radnally or ahrti|itly wedfie-shupcd at the
ba.su, iiiul from tiireu to miveii hut mostly livedohed, with acute hristle-tip]icd lidies and wide shallow
sinuses; tiie terminal lohe i.s ovate, elonijated. and roii'ided and three-toothed or acute and dentate or
cntirt^ at the .ipi'x ; the lateral lohes are spreading;-, mostly triaiin'idar ami acute, or the tipper pair,
which arc j^uiiurally much larfjcr than the others, are hro.id, oliliipie, and repand-lohtilate at the a]icx ;
or the h'aves are hroail at the apex and sliu;htly ihreedolied and entire lielow, or deeply three-iolied
ahove and sinuate below, or occasional leaves are ohlon^' or ohlone-oliovate anil I'litire with tindiilate
niarfifiiis ; when they unfold they are dull red and piiliertilous or pnliesccnt on the upper stirface and
coated on the lower ami on the petioles with thick pale tomeiituni ; when hall' j;fo\vn they are lijjht
yelh)w-;^reen, lustrous, slijrhtly |)uhe.scent ahove ami tomento.se lielow, with couspicuons tiii'ts of silvery
white hairs in the axils of the veins; and at maturity they are thick and tirm, dark i;;recn and In.strmis
ahove, and covcreil hclow with pale or silvery white puliescence, from two to live inches lonpj and from

I l>avi^, /'(prrf'\' li'tl. Ctuh, xix. IkXJ. ft'iitnil t'lMiiiHylvaiiia, at the cnsteriL base of tlio Allogliany Mouii-

'I'lii' larp'Hl iim-iuu'iiH i)f (^twniM luiuii that 1 liavo stH'ii art- uti tiiiii-s. (.Si'e iv. 'JS.)
tliu ilry r\.\f,v* . i the so-culU'il " Uirn'as " in llamiu(,'ihiii t'nuuty in

Nil

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S/I.VA OF y OUT II AMKIUVA.

lll'Ul.lKKU.K.

an iiirli and a hall' to tlircf ini'lii's and a hall' widr, with Ntont Vfllow inidrihs, Kh'ndcr |iiiniaiy vciiiH
rnnninp; (ilili(|n('lv to tlii' |ioint.s of tlu' lohi's, and (discnri' st'conihiry veins ari'nati* iind united near the
margins anil eoiinet ted l)y eonsiiienoiiN priuian' reticulate veinlets ; they are lioriu- iiii hieniler nearly
terete <;lalirous or puheseeiit |ietioles I'roni an inch to an inch ami a iiall' in leu^'th, and in the antnnin
turn dull scarlet or yellow hel'ore lallin;;. The stipides are linear-oliovate to linear-lanceolate, hrown
and scarious, |mhescent on the onter surl'ace, ciliate on the niar^rins. and caducous. The llowcis a|i|iear
in A[iril and May when the lca\c>< are ahout hall' ^ro\vn ; the staininate in the axils of liiiear-laiiceolato
hrii;hl red caducous liracts furnished at the ends with tufts of Ion;; |).de hairs are li<u-ue tui hairy-
stciiinicd anlcnt^ four or li\e inches in Icni^th and often |iersi>tent until uiidsuiiinier ; the pistillate are
r.iiM'ii on stout tonientosc |icduucles. 'I'he hud of the staniiiiatc llowcr is hri^ht red and coated with
matted soft white hairs; the calyx after opcninn' is red or ;;rccn tiup'il with red, and irrc;j;idarly divided
into from three to live ovate rounded lohcs shorter than the stamens; these are from thive to live in
nundier, with ohiony; somctiuu's apiculate anthers at first hrijjht red hut <rradually l)ecoinin^ yellow.
The involucral scales of the |iistillate Howcr are ovate, ahout as lou^' as the acute calyx-lohes, red and
eovcrnl with toiiuntuni, ami the stiy;iii,is are darker red. Thi' acorns, which are produced in fjreat
profusion and ripen duriii;; the autumn of the second sc:ison, aic si'ssile or lioriie on stout peduncles
sumcliiiio half an inch lon^. ami are in pairs or rarely xilitary ; the nut is ovoid, lir<iad, Hal or rounded
at the hase, <rrailuallv narroueil and acute or rounded at the apex, ahout half an inch in length, anil
suuiewhat hs-, in hreadth, lii^ht hrown, lustrous and usually faintly striate, with a thin shell lined with
a thick coat of pale tonientiim and lijjht yellow astrinj;cnt cotyledons; the cup, which enihraces ahout
half the nut. i> riip->hapcd or saucer-shaped and often ahruptly cnlarp'd ahove the stalk-like hase; it Ih
thick. Ilnht redili^h hroun and puhiriduus within, and cuvereil hy thin ovate closely indiricated reddish
hrown piilieiujiiu^ mmIcs darker on the mar^in> and acu'e or trnneate .it the apex, the minute free tips
III till- upper Mills fiiMimi'^- a frin;4;e-like liorder to the iU]i.'

(Jill r< ii.< iKiiin inh iliits dry --auily harreiis and rnckv hillsides, and is ili>trihuted from the island
of .Nit. Desert. olV the iii,i>t ot Miiiie. soiitliward throu;;h eastern and southern New Kn^laiid, where it
i> coiumoii : it incurs on the shniis ,if l.;d»e (Ieorj;e ;tml in the valley of the Hudson Kiver in .N»'W
York. .Mill is aliiindant in the I'liir h irrens ot New .lerscy .ind in eastern I'ennsylvania, and rank's
alonn the .Mlc^^hiny Mountains to southwestern \'ir;rinia.'

l)iscii\ered in \'ir^inia hv the Kujjlish missionary .lnlin Manister,' (Jm riiis luniii was included in
Ills eataloLCue of American plants puhlished hy Kay in Iti^r^.' and was lirst deM'rihed hy Okiylon in the
/'/o/V( I iii/iniiit,'

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■ A iri't', forty ft«i lii^-h. fuiiiiil K> I'r. .1, W Uul.liiii.s in IS.V. in
a woimI liitlf a mile itouttiuitt ut Wliitiiiivilli' in Nortlilinilp',
Wurt'cnterruiiuty, MAJMai'liUsctU, is lirlirrril tu huvi* bi*cii ii h\bri<l
ljctwo(«u U'ttrfus ruin/t untt (^'i^-mi-i rtHfittm {i^uf.-ntif rtM-nuni a
ili>'it'HVi, (iray, Af'in. **]. ■"», J.>|. — Qurma litnt'itiui x owrifuri,
Kn^;L<ltii:itiii. Tntfui. >r. /.nun .\niil. iii. ."Vlli). Tin* Ii-uvc-i ntv uU
Imi;; nr fl)Inii-;-*>l»ov;itt', ^iniifito-lolH-d with five ariitc ItriHlN'-jMniilid
1.i1k-!i, eonsjiii-utni-sly ntifiiI:tl»*-vtMUil<»Hc. rtnitcil U-I'W with ni^ty
])ulM-fi<'(MM't', fiiur nr tlvi* iiii'tii'd ill Ii-n;,'th iiixt iihoiit tlirct- iiii<( n
half itiilu's ill hn-a<Uh. The intt \* uvjil, iiarrnmil ami rtuiiuli-tl ut
thr Ti]K>i, friiiii mil- Iwilf tu thn'<> ifiurtcrs of im inch lon^, nml in*
cltm'il In (111' miiliilc in thf tttrhinatt* rup, whicli in covt-n-d t>\ lliin
cl»s**ly inihriratfd litcht tin'stniil-liruwn ftcalcjt. TUt* piiU'sccnct'
whii'h i.-lulh<'S thu lirnnchh'ti (luring tho Hmt M'tuon ar.it tho luwtT
Murfacc of the K-avcs rvwnihli'.'* that of ilutrrun mtna. 'HiJ leavrs,
RN Pr. Knp'liiiann pointt-il out, art' inori- liUr thiHttMif (^u^rruj rnhni
than of (^u^>rr\^!^ riM-ntmi in iihH|H<. The fnitt, althongli thi* I'lipii
an* a Utile fli-e|tor, in othi-rwi.si' hardly ilistin^^uishahle from that of
some fonnst of Qiuritm uttua.

At Ocf'iin (Jrove, Ni'W .lerM-y, in \H\rj, Mr. .1. K. Ilaywanl
found ill a small wimmI a plant without fruit which haii the a|>)Har*

ance of Iwinjj a hyhrid Ix'twron iiurrrw unun and i^urrnL* rriutina.
The h'avcs an- oM. nj;, •niiiiatc-loUd with fl\t' uculr ni*url> trniii-
fpilar bri»tlf-|M>tnlcd hd>«'ii which an* i>ntiiv ur funtiiihed with occh-
KJotial nhnill tei-tli, frotu i\\v to iwvcn inrhfM huig anil fn)in three lo
four incheit wide, dark ^n*eii and lustruuii on the up|>er •urfaco nutl
hrown and )tul>ei<-eht on the lower- The winter-tnidtt un* o\:ile,
piloKc with pah' hiiirH. and interniedintc in nize iM-tweeii tho^e of
the nuppoHetl parentH. Tlii.t plant iH a nhrnh, with three or four
hteniH riftin;,' to ii hei^dit of twelve feet.

■ Kand .V Itidllel.l. f'l .\tt. tir>.Tl i^lwul, 1 1*».

' Ifstr Merh. Hnj,'clinann.

* In 1H<U <^rirri'ti.<f utum wan fotintl l>y Mr. J, K. Small on KiiiK
and Oowder'N Mountains on the northern )N>uiHlary of North Car-
olliia, the moMt Miuthern n*enrded Htjitioiiii for thin it|H'cieii, which
apparently d(H'» not n-ach central New York, nor croa* the AIIp-
glmny Mountains into the MiMMiutippi Ihuiiii-

ft See i. tJ.

' tjurrcuM pumilii, Utxt. /'/. ii. Wfll.

^ Uurmm jmmiUi hifieiiatUtJuitit ohlvtitjix nimtatii fuhtun ttmentoii»t
1HI».

Cll'LI-lKi:U<K.

slt'iuli'f iiiiiiiary vcinn
mill united iii'ar tlir
lie 1)11 hlfiiilcr nearly
ill, anil in tlir autumn
U'ar-lanrriilati', ln'own
The JliiwiT.s apiM'ar
Is (if lincnHanri'iilato
H arc Ihiiiu' iiii liairy-
i)>r ; tlif iiistillatc art)
it I'i'il and runti-d with
mil incfjiilaily di\ iiU'd
fmni tl'i^t to live in
ally liceoniinj; yclliiw,
■ calyx-liilii'H, ri'd and
111' jiroiliiccd ill fjri'at
III' nil stout |ii>ilunc'leM
hroail. Hut or rounded
I inch in length, and
I thin .slii'li lined with
*hiili enihrares ainuit
e stalk-lilic liasc ; it is
!>ly iiiiliricatcd rcililiHli
. the minute friH' tijis

lilted frniii the island
lew Kiij^l.ihil, where it
iliidsoii liiver in New
iiisvlvania. and ranp's

iiiiiiii was iiii'luded in
ed hy Clayton in the

UK unun niu) (Jiirrrw lylutintt.
witti Ihr iiriiti' iu'ur)> triiin-
rutin- itr fiirniiilii-il with i>ocu-
iru-lit'K toll); liiitl fn)Mi tlirev tu
ruiM oil tlto ii|i|H'r Biirfiicfi himI
'Die vriiiti'r-l>uiU art) uMiti*,
iate it) silo iH-twecn thunt* iif
a ii NJinil), witli tltr«e or four
t.

Iiy Mr. .1 K. Smnll on King
hrrn iH.imilury of North t'lir-
talioiit for tloH Kpt'cii-fi, which
i)'w York, iitir rroan Iho AUe-

Itiuiu.

hniijU fimtnlU tuhtun lomefilutUt

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KXI'I.ANATION OK TKK IM.ATK.

I'l.ATK ('('(('XXIV. (^IKMII^ N\SA.

1. A llcmi'riiii; liriiiicli. iialiiral «i/i'.

'.' A Hi.iiiiitiiiti' lliiwrr. 1 iiliirui'il.

;t. A |ii»lilliili' iiill.iii' nw. I'lilnrinxl.

J A (niilim; lirunrli. iintiinil »i/i'.

r>. A fruit, iiiitiiral niif

<i. A fniil, nntiirnl 'he.

7. A fruit, iintiinil aiie.

H. A U'lif, imtiiral >i/iv

'.). A li'iif. iiiitiiril «iti>.

111. A Iriif. niitiirnl i>\>e.

II .\ Miiili-r lirnnclili'l. iinliuni «i/i'.

1'.'. .All axillary »iiitiT-liiiil. I'liUrip-d.

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iUva of Norlh Ainei

lXXIV.

fiMt'l i^ ■

QIJERCUS NANA

4 ffu^vrt».f iJi/v

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CLI'L'LlFEttit:.

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

QUEROUS QEORGIANA.

159

Lkavks glabrous, oval or obovatc, variously sinuatdy lobed with usually acute entire

lobes,

QuercUH GeorRinnn. M. A. Curtis. Am. .Innr. Sri sit. '_',
vii. IIIC, il.SI'.)). — Cliiiimmn. F/. 4L".>. — A. .!.• C^.nilollc.
J'roilr. xvi. |it. ii. I'lll. — ()r>li'(l, Vhliiisl:. Mi'lit. J'nt ikiI.
For. Kj"lini)i. ISiiii, 71.'. — Kn^'i'liiiaiiii, Tntiis. St. I.om'.i

Ai-ifl. iii. .",'.1,-,. _ Wuii/.i;;. .Iiiliih. Ivil. finrt. lln-Uii. iii.
ISC. _ |)i|,|„.l. Il.ni.ll,. huihlitiUI;. ii. IIG, f. 55.—
K.H'lmo, Ih'iii.wlir Vemlr. l.'i'J.

A hiisli. witli stcMiis usually six or ci^lit t't't't tall siucailiuj^ into broad tliiekfts ; or rarciv of arbo-
ri'sct'lit habit and thirty tVct in hfij;iit. with a trunk twdvi' or I'ourtccn inihcs in (liauictcr. The bark of
the trunk is thin, lijjht brown, and covcri'd with sniall apiinsMMl .mmIcs. TIh' hratichhts iirc slender and
tnarkt'cl with minute pah' lonticels ; j;lalaous and dark jjjreen more or less deeplv tin^■ed with red when
they a|)[iear, in their first winter they are red anil lustrous, and tjrow darker in their second season, and
ultimately dark brown or j;r.iy. The winter-lmds are ovate, aeute or olituse, about an eii,dith of an ineii
lonj;, and eovt'reil by li^ht ehest nut-brown scales thiu and searious on the niarn'ius. The." li'aves are
e(Ui\dlute in the bud, ov.il <M' ohov.ite in outline, ijradually narrowed and wedj^e-shajied at the base, and
divicled, irenerally about half way to the miilrihs. liy wide or narrow obliinu" .sinuses, which are rounded
at the liottoni, into from three to ^even liri>lh-li]i|ied hilio; the terniiiid lobe is ovate, acute uv rounded,
and entire or frei|ueully furui-hi'il with one or tw.i small lateral teeth; the lateral lolie.>. are olilii|ne or
sprcadirijj, mostly triaimul.ir, acute and entire, or those of the upipcr or of the middli' pair which are
usually much l.irj^er than the others are often liroail and rcpanddolpulali' at the olilii|Ue emls; sometimes
the leaves are slij;htly three-lolied at the hroad apex and i^radually narroWe<l and entire lielow. or are
eipiallv threc-lolied with liro.ul or narrow s|ueadinij lateral lobes, or occasionally they are niunatilid. and
entire and often undulate ; when they unfold they are brii^ht jjreen tiiijjed with red, eiliate on 'he uiarnins
and I'oated on the miilrihs, \eius, and jietioles with loose |iale stellate puliescence; and at matuiiiv thev
are thin, bright j,'reen and lustrous ahove. and p.ilcr lielow and i;l.iliriius or furnished with tufts of villous
hairs in the axils of the primary veins; iisu.dlv aliout two and a h.ilf inches lon^' and ,in inch and a half
wide, thi'y vary from one to four inches in ieuu;th and from hilf an inch to three ,nid .i half inches in
width, with slender yellow midrilis .ind primary veins roiinded on the upper side, oliscure secondary
veins arcuate and united near the thin linn mar;;ins, and conspicuous reticulate veiidets; they are home
(III sleuder sli<;htlv grooved jietioles from one half to three ipi,irter> of ,in inch in leneih, and turn dull
oranjje ami scarlet in the autunni liefore falliu'.;-. The stipules are lim'ar-lanceolate. about half an inch
lon<,', lirown and searious, and caducous. The llowers appear in A|iril when the leaves are about half
fjrown, the staminate borne in slender ^labriuts or puliesceiit anients two or three inelivs lU length, aiul
the pistillate on short j^lalirous slemh'r peduncles. Thecal\xof the sl.iminate llower is divided into
four or live liroadly ovate rounded sc'^ments rather shorter than the stamens, which are four or li\e in
number with olilouff slii;htly emareinate j;lalirous yellow antluMs. The involucral scales of the iiistiUate
llower .ire rather shorter than the aeute calyx-lobes and are pnliesccnt or puherulous; the elongated
stigmas are brij;ht red. The fruit ri|iens in the autunwi of the second season lud is home on a stout
peduncle rarely more than a ipiarter of an inch in length ; the nut is ellipsoidal or subulobose, from one
third to one half of an inch lou<f, and lii;hl reddish lirown and lustrous ; the i up. which incloses from
oui' third to nearly one half of the nut, is cuii-shaped, thick, li;;lil rid-browu and lustrous on the inner
surfaee, and covered by thin ovate liri-rht li};lit red-lirowu truncate scales erose on the niarf;ius.'

' \ iiii|iiii«i'il liyhriil lii'twrrti l^'.. •■.■ii.< inoniuiuii Aiiil li'iircu.i iivjr,!, I',:,il. /'.irr. V /i'./. f Vu/i, xsii, ?.'>,(. 'j;!!!!, wlin I'uuml it on tin'
Miiriliiiuluti ia ili'striljc'il li\ .Mr. ,1. K. Siimll (Uuemu (iVdn/iiein x imrtlurii slopi' iif Sluiii' Muiiiitiiiii ill .laiiiKirv, tS'.M.

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S//.\'A or yoUTH AMElilCA.

C'lTULIKKIi^K.

(Jill rriis CiurijUtnu inhuliits tlic sloiics of Stone Mountain, an isolated frraiiite roek with an altitinlu
of nearly seventeen liundred feet al)ove tlie level of the sea, in Do Kalh County in eentral Georj^ia,
wliere it was diseoveieil liy .Mr. II. W. Kavenel,' and on •> few other jjranite hills hetween tlie Yellow
and Oeonee Hivers in the tefjion immediately south and east of Stone Mountain.'-

luti'odneed into the .Vrnold .\rl>oii'tuin in ISTti. (Jm riii< (iiiiri/iiiiin has jiroved iierfiTtly hardv in
eastern Massaeiinsetts. growiufj as a tall shruli. and ilowerinji; and ripeninj; it.s fruit.

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I Il.tir. WiUiun Knvfiirl ( 1SU-1SS7) «;is l-urn in tlic Titrisli
of St. .ImIii:'-. Hrrkt It\v, SiMilli Ciiroliim. uiiil wj.s ^ni()uiil(-il from
tin" Nmth I'liruliiiii t'*»Urp' in l>*:i'_'. AfltT t\vriit\ yruri ilt-MJlftl
111 I'laiitiiiL' in iiis imliM* p:iri>li, Mr. Uavriii-I innvrd to Aiki ii, Stmtli
Ciirolinn. wlttTf tlic rrii>.iiiiili>r nf his lifi- wiis jm^MMi. Hitrn uitli
It toiiihu'jt*- for imtnral luHtiiry, lif >lr\"'ti<l liiitiM'lf (o liotiiny villi
iMitliiisiit>tii and siu'cch.s, cxplnriii^ ininiitcly in hit Muitli ttii> rr^'iun
iiIhiuI >i. .Inlm's, nii»l latt-r witli i-ijual t'lirc thi- vicinity nf Aikm.
Ill" criiii'uily hlinliiMl liowpriiijj plant-* ami Mits^r-i, l.ii-lH>n*«, Knnfji,
am) Alj;ir; a Ijut,'** numlMT of i'ry|itt>j;nnious and a ft-w tlowt'rinjj
plant* wi Tr ili-covt-ri'il I'V luni. and his kltowlid;;* of *lii> (ryi'lo*
^aiiiit lloraot thi- •iomhtni sttatt's was unsnrpasM'd. • r. Kavinrl
w.i". at onr tiiiii' tin- ajirirultunil t-ditur i»f the Wrfllft Sfira tvl
f iMiriVr of Clmr'f^ttxi, and at tin- tiim- of hii di-alh wuh iHktnni.Ht to
tlif iVpnrtini-nt «>f A^rifulliin- of hiit native btati-. Although liot
a vi'hiniinoiis writer, Mr. Haviiud Ult^ tlit< nulhttr of it niindH r of
cniit'al Uitaiinul pn|H-rs. hnt lie is Ih-hI known hy liis l-'um/i f -ir-^'i-
»iMi'ii A'jMf.fifi in tivp viihinif*-. the lir*>i pulili-hcd si riis of nanii-d
nm'cii't of Aiiirhran tanj;i. Tliit wa» foUowt'd hy a wrond x-ru"*

in whii'h ho was o^smMatrd with Mr. Af. ('. ('(wko, nil Kn^lish inycol-
o|;ist, (if which ri^ht \olunit>H dcvotml to thi* Hprcics of South Canv-
lina. (icor|;ia, and Texas were J.H.Hurd. His imnit> i.s ulnn pri'Acrvi'd
liy l^'trmiliii, j\ jjonus uf tho rrrdincii', and hy many spi'cicN of
('rypt(.?j:inis.

No othiT Amcriciin hotanist. )»rrlmpi, has niinutrly Ktinlicd s.i
many forms of thr vcvjiMahh' kinphun as Kavt'nil, and nonr h.is
U'l'ii inon- ri'.Hpi'i'tt'd or U lovrd. Ituined (Inamially hy thr War of
yi'iMsMoii and afllii-tcd for nmuy yt*nrH by dcafnriis whirh nlmoHl
deprived him of the luiund of the hiimnii voiee, he Utrvi hi.s nii>for-
tnm>s with elirerfulneiw nml eipinnimtty, nnd hUH>r«>d indiiKlritMi.tl*-
tnitil th* i-nd of hi.s life tu int'n'n.M' kiiuwledj^e and bt-nelit hit nice.
(Se Farlnw, liot. *in:rttf, xii. VM)

• For many yean* known only on Stone Mountain, in .lulv, lS<t;i,
tjurmiA (intriiiiitui was fouuil hy Mr. ilohn K. Small on l.ittte Stone
Moimtaiti, nine niih.s Hoiitli of .^tone Mountain, tm an iMilutid );mii-
ite lull ■ i|,diteen niile.s vtxst of .stone Moiintaiii» aud uii ii necoml
fjraiiilt hill tw{'t\e mileA e.iAt of the tint.

KXn.ANATlON OK THK I'KATE.

I'J.AIK (■(<( XW. l^l I-.U. I'M <il '.lit.IANA.

1. A tlo\vi titii; hranch. natural ni/e.

'J. A <>tainiiiate tiow.r. enhir^^ed,

;i. A pi*tillat« (loUiT. ehlar^od.

•I. A fruitin;; hraneh, 'intnral "ile.

A. A fruit, tiatural -i/e.

r». A leaf, natural si/e.

7. .» I'-af. natural "i/i..

K. A winter hram hh t. nalural fiiv.

C'i:i't'LiFi;i{^K.

'Oi'k with ail ultitddo
ill irntral Gt'()r;;ia,
iu'tween tlie Yi'Ilow

(I perfectly lianly in

. ('(Kiko.nn KngliHli tnyrnl-
thf Hpceirs iif Sniith Ciinv-
lin iiiinii> i.s iiIhh pri\>irr\(>(l
, 1111(1 li_v niiiny sin'rit'** *>f

, liiis iiiinntf'ly r«tu<li('tl s<i

IS Kavt'iirl, mill itotu' Ii.ih

tinamiuUv hy thr War nf

liv UfafiicsH, wliii-h aliiuiHt

I VdiiM', \iv Intro l(i<( ini-'for-
niitl laluiri'il iiHluMrii)ii!«ly
Irtlj^r 1111(1 U'lii'llt Ins rate.

t- MiiiiDtaiii, in Jiilv, l^'.l.'l,

II K. ^inail on I.iltlf Mnni*
ntain, mi mi iMiIulrJ ^Tati-
uunUiiii, luiii uii a »ft;oni|

'^ilva nC NnrtVi A?n*.>~w'o

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Silva of North Amf^rica.

Tab. CCCCXXV.

t'. K.fi'u^nm »M -

QUERCUS GKORGIANA MA. Curtis

A.Hioi /,■<..,■ ,/,n„ '

.•.'V>. . '. 'lit^fur riir:j.

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IV

d rn.iKKUA:.

>•//. iM or yoirni amkn/ca.

U\]

QUERCUS MARILANDICA.
Black Jack. Jack Oak.

I,i,.\vi;s ltiii;i(ll\ ol'dNatc, dilated and ot'tcii <i or niril\ .'i-lolK'd at tlii' ajU'S, ru^ty
])ul)i'>c('iit on tlir lower Ninraee.

QuurcuH Miirilimilica. Miii'iii'lLliaii'<i'M. /Ahi.m'. v. '.''>.'<
{I77ll|._ |),i K,,i. iil.A. .ili ; ll.irl'L //.;»».;. ii. 'JV I, t. H.
f. '.'. — M.Mihli. ll.nniii' IIV/Vv. !tl. — Miiilil.i.l..ij. ,V
Willdi'iunv. \eiir Silirifl. (I'lsi/I. .Wil. /■'/•. fl< rliii, iii.
'■>'.<'.).

QuercniM nigra. /J. I, iTirmMH, ,s'/"v. '.''.»« (IT.'i.'ii. — \Viiiij;cii-
liiiiii, .V.c/.iwi. //../;. ;;, t. "i. f. 1.1.

QlUTCUH DlKni. WaM>;iiilu'iiii, It, .trim ih. Sufiiin. Jl^h.
1.1:1 (17S1 I. — Kvihii. .s'lV'".!'.!. Iluiiii'i. i. 7ii. — S,li(..|.f.
Mit. Mr.l. Am,r. 1.17. — Wallir. /■/. ( '<,-. '.Ml. C.i-li-li-
ulli, ll"y. lir'jli Sliiti I'llili. it. ;liri. — Alili"! iV Sliiilll.
Jimeft-i 11/ (inir'/iii, ii. Il.'i. t.."i.S. — .Micluiiix. //<■<^ I'liini.t
Am. N... rj. I. '.".', 'iA. h't. Il.i:-.\m. ii. I'.W. — ll.irk-
liiiiixeii. Il'iii'll'. K,r»lli.it. i. 711;. — Willili-rinw. .S'/'c'. \\.
pt. i. II'.'. M..ki'.. /.'.'. .1/r'. .1/../. iv. I"-*. — I'lTNoun.
Syii. ii. .Vi'.l. — l)i-«(.iiituiiii», lli»l. .I''', ii. "''I'.'- — Dii
Mi.lit ilo ('.>nr««l. It.,l. Cull. I'll. •.'. vi. I'.'l.— I'lii^li. ft.
Am. S'fl. ii. ti'.'>». — .V.Miv.iii liiih'iHifl, vii. ItW. — Klli-
iitt, S/.. ii. tUMt. — .S|ir.-iii;il, S</.sf. iii. SIlJ — Sparli. //i«'.
IVy. xl. 111'.'. — nirrry. /•" .V. J', ii. j.S.S . /.^.^ .1/,..-.
ll„iiii,l. S'irr. 'JIMi. — AikIiiIkiii. /(iV/<. t. tUV l).,iii.li.

,S;//i. V. .ilO. — |)arliri;;l.Mi. /■'/. ('■■.it,: i.l. ;i. '.'117.—
Iti'i'iiilrl, TniiiM, lit. A'jri'. S'l,-. iii. I'l'.'."!. t. 7. — Curtii,
III/', (ii'itnij. ,Siii'r. .V. '"(•. iHiKI. ill. ;18. — l'lia|j|iian,
y'/.4L'l. — A. ilr Ciiiiili.llr, /'.■.../,■. xvi.i.t.ii. (!;!. — ( )i>l.. I.
r/./i-zMA-. Medil. fni wit. I',>i: Kj„tinili. l«Ot>, 71'; /./i/.-
«i'i»// t'liini-.i Am. 'J'rn/i, I. A. — Wfsiimi'l. Jiiill, I'ul.
.S.„: ." '. /,'.■/.;. I.W.I. ;i.".l). — Viwi-y, .!«/. A'/l^ '/«'/ /^/^
ii ;'; .. !"■< — Kcifli. l),-iitr. ii. pt. ii. 01. — Kiilv;wiiy,
/",■."•. ■. .S. ,1. .Mils. V. .<*'.'.— UuK'lic. l)e:i'.t III' li,,„l,,,
•J'.i'' — Sar..-. /■'.w.',,Y rctv.i .V. Am. Uitli I'n. < t'.S.
\\. - iltitilia, Cliliii-i* Am. I'll llit'ji/'i'* -."il. t. —

AValv.i, ,v t'.MiU.r. iln ,\i 1/ //:. .•,!. ('.. .|7,S.

Quuri'U • niiira, ..' liitifolia, I.ainaick. I'irl. i. 7-1 (KH;!).

Quuri-u tiitTii iutUK'nfoUii. .Marshall, Artmst. Am. I'Jl
; I, ■.■>.•.,.

k .-CUH furruKiuoa, Miiliaux f. Hint. Ar'i. .iin. ii. II'.'. t.
l.S (l.Sl'J). — l.ailfllf, lli'iitni'll. Ihndi: '.".Hi. — Dipinl,
//-/..//.. I..i,il,li.,l:l.. ii. llli. I. .-,1.

QuorcUB tiiKrii. /! quiuquelobu. A. dv CaniloUo, l'r,i,lr.
\vi. pt. ii. Ill pistil I.

.\ tfff, (wfiity nr tliirl\, or (K'ca.sioiialiy forty or til'ty feet in liiii;lit, witii :i trunk rarely n\ori' than
•■i^litccii iiniifs ill ilianii'ti-r. and short .-.tout spicailini; ottcii roiitorttMJ Ipraiiclifs which form a narrow
I'onipart roinnl-topiMMl or soini'tinu's o|icn irrt';;iilar hiMil. 'Iin- iiark ol' tin- trunk is from an iiirli to an
iiii'h anil .1 half ni thickni'ss, ami i> ili-('|>ly diu.h'd into nc.irU >ii|nari' |>1:iti'-. from oiu' to tln-cr imlics
ill lrn;;tii and roNrrid with small ( losiK .iiiprcsM'd dark lirown or almo'-t liiack scali'^. Tlii' lininfliKts
ari' stout anil marki'd with miniitt' pali' li'iiticcls, and arc coati'd at tirst with a thick |)al(' toniciitum of
nrticulato and stfllatc hairs ; diiriiii; the sunniicr tiny arc li^lit red and scurfv |inhisccnt. and dnriiii"-
tiieir lirst winter lijjht or d irk redili>h lirowii, .'ind ijhdirous or puhenilous, gradually fjrowin;.f dark
hrown or ashy j;rav. Thf winter-hmls are o>ate or oval. |iroTiiinently ani^led, acute, lijjht reddish hrowii,
covered with riistv hrown hairs, and ahont a i|uarter of an inch Ioiilt. The leaves are convolute in the
i)uil, iiniadly tihovate, and rounded or iorilat<' at the uarrowid liase. and arc usually three or rarely tlve-
loheil at tlu" luoail and often ahru|illv dilated aiicx. with short or eloiiij.iteil, hroad or narrow, rounded or
acute, entire or dentate, hri^tle-ti|>]icd lohes ; or thev are entire or dentate at the apex ; some individual
leaves are ohioiiff-ohovate, nndulate-lolied at the liroad apex and entire liclow ; others are almost »'i|uallv
threedolied with eloiifjated spreading' lateral lohes hroad and iohiilatc at the ajiex. and others are sinuate-
luhed or deeply diviiled hy shallow sinu.ses into hroad ohliipu' rounded hthes ; when they mifold thev
are coated with a pale clammy tomentum of artieulate hairs and are hrijjlit i)ilik on the upper sm-face;
wliou Imlf grown they are thin, covered with pale puhe.sceiiee. dark <;reen above iiiid rusty brown on the
lower surface, which is furnished in the axils of the veins with larsje tufts of whitish hairs; and at
maturity they are thick aiul linn or subcoriuceous, dark yellow-jjieeii and very lustrous above, iiiul yellow,

' .1:

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I I

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162

SILVA OF NORTH AM Eli IP A.

CVVVUVVMA.

oraiijjc-*'!)]!)!-, <tr lnown and N('mf}-|ml»i'8i'i'nt liulow ; iimially six or Hcven iiu'lu-s lonjr ami lnoail, tlu'j' vary
from tlirt'f to rif^lit iiiclifs in Iciif^lli and from two to ci^lit inidii's in width, with tliick hroad oran);o-
colored miilrilis imndi raised ami rounded on the upper Hide, primary veins that are stout when they run
to the [loints of tlu' lolies and Miemler anil aronato on the Iowt>r piirt of tiiu leaf, thin seeoiidary veins,
and eoarsely retieulate veinlets ; they are iiorne on stout yellow ^ialirous or pulieseeiit petiides frroovetl
(Ml the upper side and from one half to three ipiarters of an ineli in len<;th, and turn lirown <u' vellow in
the autumn liei'ore fallin<r. The stipules are oMonjr-ohovate or linear-lanceolate, eoated, espeiially ahovo
the middle, wi'li lon^ hairs, about three ipiarters of an inch in length, hrown and searious,and eailueoiis.
The lliiwer> appear from March in the south to May in the north, when the leave-, are aliout half ^niwn,
the slaiLiinate Iiorne in hairy aments from two to four inches lon^', the pistillate on short peduncles
clothed with thick rusty tomentum. The calyx of the staminate (lower is thin .mil scarioiiH, tinjjed with
red aliove the middle, coated on the outer surface with |iale puhescence, and divided into four or (iv«
broad ovate rounded lolies ; the stamens are usually four in number, with oblong apienlate dark red
}:r|abrous anthers. The involucral scales of the pistillate llower are coated with riistv tomentum and are
about a> lon<j; as the acute calyx-lobes ; the short broad stiy;m;is are rellexed and dark red. The ai'orns,
wliii'b ripen in the autumn of the second year, are Military or in pairs and are ;.;enerally borne on stout
pi iliiijeles rarely half an inch in length ; the nut is obloiii;;. full and roinided .it both ends, rather
bru.idei' lielow than above the iniildle, about three ipiarters of an inch Ion;;, li^ht yellow-brown luiil
often striate, with a thin shell lined with a coat of dense fulvous tomentum ; the i'U|i, which iucloscH
from one third to nearly two thirds of the nut. is thick, turbinate, li^ht brown and puberulous on the
inner surface, and covered by larji;e reddish bro^vii loosely imbricated scales often ciliate with loii;; hairs,
and eoated with loose |iale or riislv toiiieiituiii ; iiisi'rted on the to|i of the cup in several rows smaller
scales -taucl erect and form a thick rim .iround the inner suriace, or oecasionallv are rellexed and cover
the upper ball of the inner surface ol the cup.

Tile 111. Ilk .l.iek j^rows on iliv saiidv barrens or soim tinier in the southwest on heavy days, and in
distriiiiited from KoriieH's Landinj; and I'iiie Island, Loiij; Isl.ind. New York. tliriiu;;h northern Ohio
and Indiana to southea.sti'rn Nebra.ska.' central Kansas' ami the Indian Territory, and southward to
the shores of .Matanzas Inlet and Tampa Hay. Florida, and to the vallev of the Nueces Itiver in Texas.
K.iie in the north, it is very abundant in the south, and west of the Mississippi Kiver, forming; on
sterile soil in some parts of western Missouri .iiid e.istern Kansas, in the Indian Territory and central
Texas, a ^leat part of the forest-growth, and attaining its largest si/.e in southern .\rkans;u« and eaHtcrn
Texas.

The wood of (Jill rriii Miir'iliini)'iiii is heavy, hard, and stronj,', but checks badly in dryinjj ; it is
dark rich brown, with thick lighter eolort'd sjipwood, and contains broad conspicuous medullary rays
and broad bands of several rows of large open ducts marking \\w layers of annual growth. The specilic
gravity of the .ibsolutely dry wood is (t.T.'f'JI. a cubic foot weighing l.'i.tJI pounds. It is largely used
as llrcwood and in the manufacture of charcoal, but has little value for other inirposi's.

(Jill mis Miiriliiiii/iiii a|ipears to have been lirst described by liav in the llislnrid I'/niitiiriiin,

I IlosHcy, Hill, .\rhmtl-l SliUr llimnl Ai/rir. ISIM, HO.

^ .MiL>iMi, l-.t'ihth Itirim, lirp. Slixlf flmmi .tyric. A'<i'i,*fw, 'J7'J.
A Ki^'"!' "f '•n'^ill slirttlilty Iri'i** «ii^'ti\»?n'il in SfjilciulH-r, tSiyj,
lit Wiit.lii.^'u.-, Stali'ii I»Uiul, New Vurli. liy Mr. \V<lliaiii T. llavia
ftiiti (li-nTilH'fl l)v him iis {I'urnai Jirilltjiti ( JiuiL T'trny Hnt. ( Vu//,
xix. iml ) w*Tc lu'licvt'il liy till' uulliiir t«t»' h) liriilh iK-twri'U Qii^ri-ita
Miiru'iinliifi unit (^if rritji ittliui wliicli ^ruw lop-tlitT iit IIiih jililri'.
The It-aTi's an' tiniinily nlNivatc, (^nulii;iU_v imrrnwcd to tlir wi-iij^i*-
ti)ia{H->«l iMUf, siiiiialt^ly IuIm-i) towartl tlii' bruiut a|M*x witli brinlli--
lipiM-ii iii(i>tly i-iitin.' or n-iiiotcli (leiitau* 1uIk'» ; wlieu llii-v iiiifulil

tlifiT are rwl and covi-nil on ttie iippcr ■urfiii'i' with pali* «ti*lljite
lutini, anil art* pah' anil toitii'iitoM' on tin- lowrr, with lar),'i' t'lfi^ of
Mhitinli liaim in tin' axiU of tin* |)riinury veins; anil wlicn fully
^rown thry an* ulioiit fonr iiu-lit'H hni^ iiiul from thn-r to four
ini-lit-1 liroail, tiark i;n-(-n anil luMtroiM ahuvi* anil riitty tirown iind
fUMirfi -|>itlM'!it-4-iit Ih'Iow. 'I'lu' fruit I have not Hn-ti. Frnin the
\>ii\f rulor of thfir hark, llu-n' Hii|>poHtsl liyhniU are miiil l>y Atr,
I>avii* to |in-s('nt a li^jliti-r a|i)H-anini-tt than t/utr'un .Uuri/dni/ica,
whii'Ii thry ri'M'nihli- in thi' i^t'lieral iupfrt of tlifir k'UVi'H.

?J

*. *

CUI'ULIKKUiK.

r iinil broail, tlu'y vary
I lliick lnoail oraiifje-
' stiiut >vlu'ri tlii'V run
tliiii si'ciiiidary M'iiis,
.(•I'lit |it'tiiik'H jjrniivnl
rii liriiwii <ir yellow in
>alt'(l, ('.s|ii'i'ially alinvd
carioiiH, and cadiicoiiM.
arc aliiiiit liali' ^rowii,
(' on short iK'iliinclt'H
1 scarious, tinned with
viilcd into lour or livu
m;; a|ii(-ulati' dark red
sty toiiicntuni and arc
ark red. The aeorns,
iicrally lioriic mi stout

at lioth ends, rather
;lit ycllow-lirown and
u> cn|i, which incloses
mI |iulicrulous on the
iliate with lon^; liair>,

several rows smaller
re rellexed and cover

on heavy day--, ajid is
rou^h northern Ohio
ry, and soiithwar<l to
lucces Itiver in Texas.
i|>i liivcr, forniiiifr on
Territory and central
.Vrkansan and eastern

iiadly ill dryin^j ; it is

iciioiis niediillarv ravs

j^rowth. The spccitic

is. It is iarp'ly used

OSes,

/fistiirid I'/iiiilitriini,

trr (lurfiii'o witti palt* ^ti-llutt*

lit' lliWIT, with \nri(V t'ifli (if

iiurv vi'iits ; litiil wlu'l) fully
■ n^ luu] fruni thns- In fuur
I lilxivi* »iul ruMty lirowii ami
1 liuvi' not Ni'i'ii. From tlie
Ht-a li\ltrl(U uru mii*l l>y Mr.
(♦ thiin t/utr'HH .Uuf-i/um/ira,
iiiit of tiiiir liun'ii.

Ctri'Il.IKKUiK.

,S7/JM OF AO/,'77/ AMKIIKA.

]('>:)

jHililished ill 1701.' Accordin;; to Aiton, it was cidtivated l>y I'liilip Miller in the Physic (iardcii
at Chelsea, near Kondiili, in ITH'.t.

The HIaek .lack is one ol' tiie most distinct Oaks of North America. Its |ireseiice iinlicatis Kterile
soil, liiit it is ol'teii liandsome in haliit. and its larj;u lustrous and peculiarly shaped leaves arc always
lieaiitit'ul.

' (^wr«M (./;.r^) Uin7nn//iivi/;</i<.m>V/», <W.S'(iM'i/Wi«(irm/,-n/., ' Hnri A',"-, iii .T.?. - I l.ni, Ir',. Ilril. n\. IHim, f. ITIil,

iii. /Vrii/r. 7 — ('iite«li.v, .V<1'. //«'. ('•>'. i. IH, t. I!'. ClmrlfviMX. 17ll.'i
lli'hiirr tl, III .Vofiiv//. Fniner, eil. ll!~, iv. \a\, f. H. •- lloumii»,
Siil. lift. I'liiriilii, 18.

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KXri.ANATION OK TIIK I'LATI-X

I'LAfK ('('l'( XWI. (^im.

I utri.ANnii A.

1. A ll"»iriii;,' )irnii< li, natural >i/i'.

'J. A •tainliialr llnwiT, i'iil.in;"il.

•'t. A pl-'illali' inlliiri'M'i'iioi'. i'iiliiri;i'il.

1. A fniiliiik; I'r^tirli. iintiirul aiu.

r>. A nut, iiiitiiriil »i/f.

I'>. A liif. nutiinU >i<i>.

7. A wliiUr lirsiii-lilil. natural *\u.

Vx.Kfv (TrCXXVII lirrriii-t M akii.vxdha.
1. A fruiting lirnni'li. natiiriil ^\'v.

lip.

atural i

.'i. A i-up. iiatiiriil ni/p,

4. A leaf, natural iii/i'.

il. A liaf, naluril >i/i'.

0. K leaf. natiinU niiv.

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Iva (it Niirili Ani»'iica-

Tab. CCCCXXVI.

gUKRCUS MARILANDICA Mi;

r:t'itf J,lf!.f

n

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11

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,n

ilva. of North Amnnca.

■:a:':',\

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{' f'-}'.t.r<tn 'ifi. ■

QUKRCUS MARIL.ANDICA Mi

A H^»ttm*'.t titrm^*

/nip..-' 7itntu*:- P<ifL

il' i

,•» Hi

I

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CUPULIKEK^.

SILVA OF NOItTlI AMKRICA.

QUERGUS NIGRA.

Water Oak.

Lkavks glabrous, usually obloiig-obovatc, entire or obscurely .'Mobed at tlie broad
rounded api'X.

Quercus nitfra, I,iiimru«, .<?/»•<•. 09."> (IT.'.'l). — Millir, I>!rt.

I'll. 8. No. II'. — MiiL'iiclilmiiseii, Ifmi.tr. v. '.'."I'J. — Miiili-

li'iilirrj; iV Willdrmnv. .\Vh<' Srhri/I. (iraell. .\iit. Fr. Ill r-

liii, iii. il'.Ct. — Kuril. Ih'nifr. ii. pt. II. (il (In part).
Quercua niKrn. i nqunticn. Ijmmri'li, Piit. I. T'.'l ( ITXM). —

tVliuliMrii, yi'fj. //../// Shil'i I'niti, il. ;!■»(!.
QuorcUB ni«rn triflda. Murxlinll. .[rliuxt. Am. \2\ (178.")).
Quercus uliifinoHa. \Viiii;;i'iiliiliii. S'lnimn. l/nl-. 80, I. ti.

{. I.S (17S7). ^ K.i.:lme, lleuliche Dindr. 131.— Dlpprl,

llaiulh. L^inhhiJik. ii. Kt'.l, f. Trft.
QuercUH aquiitica. Walter. I'l. Cor. 'JM (17HS). _ AMua

<V .Sihitli. Inxri'tA I'f (lenrijiii. il. 117, t. t'l'.t. — Mii'liaiix.

IIUl. Chima .im. N... II, t. 111. I'll. IJl ; /■■/. /uir.-.lw. ii.

I'.t8. — I'BriiiMin. Si/ii. ii. ,"i(H>. — Hum-. .Mrin. lii.it. S.it.

Sci. I'hija. Miilh. ■ lii. pt. 1. .'t-l(i. — Di'sfiintniiii'A, lli.-.i.

Arh. ii. .'iO'.t. — I>| M..nl ill' I'mirnil. IM. Cii/t. I'll. J, \i.

4'.'l. — I'liiret. f.im. hi,l. Suppl. 11. '."JO. — Mii'lmux f.

Ili»t. Arh. Am. il. W. t. 17.— riiiHli. h'l. .\m. ."ir/t. ii.

fi'.'S. — .V,/i(i'r<ii( Itiihimrl. vii. llW. — Klli.itt, .SV,. ii.

."I'.Kt. — SprfiiKcl, .S'/.<'. iii. .Sti'J. — Aiuliilinii. Iiir>l.t. I. L't. —

Spiuli, ir<.*l. IVy. \\. It'll. — Dii'triili. .N'yi. v. .110. — Cur-

ti.i. A''"/', fifu/nf/. .Siirr. .V. t'.ir. 18tiO. iii. ^17. — ('liiipiiiun.

/'•/. I'.'l. — A. .1.' (\iihlMll,., l-n^lr. \\i. pt. Ii. f.7. — (do.i'il.

Viilrnsh: .\fflil. t'r" nut. For. K/nliPii/i. \Hm. 7'-'; Licli-
Hiiinii Clihir.t .tin. Trnj). t. I). — Viuvy. Am. Fnt. itnil
Urn. ii. ;',r.'. f. 1'.I7. -Sai-Ki'iit, Fiireiit Trees N. Am. UUh
f''(i.i».« r. .S'. ix. 1,'i'J. — Watscm it ('(Milter, (lm>i'.i Mmi.
I'll. (1. 17H. — .M.iyr, 11'.//./. Snr,l,iii,. l.-n. t. 1 , •_>. _ CoultiT,
C.iiitrih. r. .S. .V"'. Iln-I). ii. 117 {.Mun. Ft. W. Tixan).

Quorcufl liruiiaphitTicii. Willilnuiw. .S/." . iv. pt. i. IP
( 180,"i). — I'liirit. J.nm. llUt. Suppl. ii. 'JJii. — l'iii>li. Ft.
A„i. S.-i.f. ii. I'l'.'.S. _ Niittiill. Urn. ii. '.'II.

?Qiiorru.'j nana. Wlllil.iiuw. .S'/.,v. iv. pt. i. li;; (ISO,")). —
r.ilr.t. I.nii. /Il, t. Siip|.l. II, '.".'0.

QiiurcUH aquatica. .i cuuuata. Ailim, Hurl. Knr.
■-".10 (isi:ii.

Quercus aquatica. •, t'lonjjata. Aiton, ll"rt. A'. »•.

:".") I l,si:!i.

QuurcUH aquatica. •', iiuUvisa. Aitmi. Il'irt. A'l ■'■. iil. '-. v.

'.".Ml iisi;i|.

Quercus aquatica. c attonuata. Aitmi. //..rt. Kr

s. ■-"."I (IM.u.
? Quercus homisphaTica. v:ir. uanii. .Niittall. (in

(IMS I.
Quercus aquatica. var. hybrida, C'liapiiian. Fl. I'.'l

ll.SCO).

',1. 1', V.
'.1. 'J. V.

',1.

ii. 'J II

1^

A Irit'. oi'casioiiallv ri^lilv feet in lii'lijlit, with m tniiili Irum tun to llifcf aoil a li.ili IVct in diaim'-
tiT aiiil iiuimTous r.itlitT sh'iiiler liranclics wliiili, >|iri'ailiiiL;; ni-ailiiaily t'lom the ^tciii, tonii a sviiiiiutrical
ctiiiiial r(iuiiil-tii|)|)('(l lu'atl, or iillcn. iin vomiu; titi"., spicailioi;' iicarlv at ri^lit aiinlc^, t'urm a flat atiil
hroadcr licid. Ilit' l),irk of tlic tnmk i.-- I'roin oiu' hall to llircc ijuaiti rs of an iiic h in thickiii.s.s, with a
Htiiootli liu;lit brown surface slii;litlv tinned witli icd and covcii'd with Muonth closdv appioscil scales.
The braiiclili't.s arc shMidcr, j;lal)roii^, marked witli minute lentiiel>, liyht or dull red diuini;; tlieir tirst
winter and jjravisli brown in tlu'ir second season. The winter-lnids are ovate, acute. stroiiLrlv angled,
and covered by h)osely iinliricatcd dark red-browii |)id>ernloiis scales slifjlitly eiliate on the thin scarioiis
m.-irj^ilis. The leaves are comolnte in the hud, usually ol)loni;-olio\.ite, ;;iadii;Llly narrnui'd and wednc-
sh.iped at the base, enlari^ed, someliines abniptU, at the iiroad jfincrallv rounded or soMicliincs puinted
entire or sli^htlv or decplv three-hibed liristlt-ti|ilted apex ; ir thcv often ta])er from ni.ir the middle
to the acute ends, or on upper litanches arc often lineai-laiiceolatc or line.ii-ohov.itc and acute or
rounded at the apex ; on the sjime shoot they are freipiently divided above tiie middle hy deep wide
sinuses ronixled at the hottoni into ehiii)fated lanceolate acute entire lobes, or are pinnatilid iibnve the
middle; anil on vi);oroiis shoots tliey are often iihlon^-ohovate, sinuatt'ly lobed with iiinneroiis acute
dentati' lobes, ami four or live times as larije as on fertili- hraiu'hes, or are linear-l.inceolate. entire
or furnished with a few small ronnded lateral lohi's ; wli 'ii they unfold they ;iie thin, licht ureeii
more or less tioy;ed with red, covered with !in.' caducous pubescence, and furoishod on the lower surface

l\ '

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CUrUMKKll.K

with ('oiiH|ii('iioiis tiit'ts ol' |imI(' li.iirs in llii' ;i\ils nl' the veins; ami :it iii.itiiritv tiicv iiri- tliiii Iml tirm
in ti'xtnrt'. dull Idnisli i^rrcn. \v.\V'\- lu'low than on the iipiu'r Hurl'act'. ami <>!,il)r()ns or niarkcil witli
axillarv tults of nistv liaiis ; usually ahout two and a half inches Ion;; and an inch and a half wide,
they vary on fertile liramdu's from an inch ami a half to hIx inches in length and from one to two ami a
half inches in width, with midrilis raised and rounded on tin' upper siile, slender primarv veins ^ciu'rally
arcuate and iniitcd within the slijfhlly reviilute iuarf;iiis, and conspicuous reticidate veinlets ; they are
liorne on stout tlattened <;;rooveil prtioles from one ei;^lith to nearly one half of an inch Ioiil;; and fall
fjradually din'in;j the winter. The flowers ;ippear from Fehruary to April, the staniinate liorne on red
hairy-steinmed auients from two to three inches in length, and the pistillate on short lomeiitose pedun-
cles. The calyx of the staminate flower is thin and scarioiis, coateil on the outer surface with .short
hairs, and deeply divided into fiun- or live ovate ronniled .se^nu-uts; the stamens are four or live in
liumluT, with oldoiifj; emar^^inate jjlahrous yellow .intluis. The invidiicral scales of the |ii.stillate flower
area little shorter th.in the acute calyxdotics and are coati'd with rusty hairs ; the stifjmas are rellexed
and ili'cp ri'd. The fruit rijiens late in the antunni of the second sea.son arnl is ses.ile or liorne on a
stout |>eduMcie r.irely n\ore tli.in an ei;^lith of an iniii loii^, ami is nsuallv solitary : the nut is ovoiil,
hroad and flat at the lia>e, full and rounded at the ape\, which is covered with rul'ons puhesceuce, lij^ht
yellow-hrown ami often striate, from one third to twd third-, of an inch in len;;th and a little less in
hreadth. with a thii '> shell liied \titii fuKoiis tomentiim, and luie;ht yellow cotyledons: the cup is thin
and flat on the liottom .iinl is p'Uerally sancer-shaped, emltracinjj only the very liase of the iiiit, hut
occ.isionally is cnp-sha|iei| and incloses fidiv a third (d' the nut ; it is coated on the iinu>r surface aliove
the lari^e yellow sear with pale silky toiiicnluin. and is covered liy ovate .acute closely a|i|uessed livjht
rcil-lnown s<iili>s uhi( h .ire cIoiIkcJ with p de puliesceme, e\cepl on their il.irker colored mari^ins, and are
sometimes slij;htly thiikened toward the li.ise id the cup.

^tinrcii-' iii'/m inh.diits the hii;h sandv honlers of swamps .and stre.ims and the rich hottcuudands
of rivers. , Mill is disirilmled from sontliern Delaw.ire southwanl to I'.ipe Malahar ami the shores of
Tampa Hay. Flmida. ran<;iii:!; inl.iml through the south Atlantic states to the hase of the Appalachian
mountains, and westward throu;(h the (iulf states to the v.dlev of the Colorado Kiver in Texas, through
the eastern horders of the Indi.in Territory ami throu^di Arkaus^is to the valley of the IM.ick Kiver in
southeastern Missouri, and to central Tennessee ,ind Kentuckv.

The wood id (Jill mis ini/rn is heiw. iiard. stronu;. and closi^-ijraiin'd ; it is lif^ht Iirown. with thick
li^l tir colored sapwood, and contains thin conspicuous meilnll.irv rays and hroad h.mds of opiMi ducts
marking the layers of .annual ;;riiwth. The specilic ^r.ivitv of the ahsolutely dry wood is (t.T'JI I, a
cuhic foot wei^hiu); I.1.1I jiounds. Kxci'pt as fuel it has little value.

(Jill nils iiii/ni' was first descrihed hy Catesliy in the Snlnrnl /iisturi/ uf ('umliii'i, puhlished in
ITUl,- althouirh .iccordin;; to .\itoii^ it was eultivateil hy Mr. Thomas Fairchild ' in Kn^land hefore
I'Xi. The ease with "liich it can he tr.insplanted and the r.ipidity of its jjrowth h.ive made this Water
Oak a favorite shade-tree in the southern st.ites, .iml it is freipu'iitly planted in the streets and sipmreg
of towns and in ple:isin-e-;;rounds.

' Qurriim niffnx U aIho iiiiiiit>tiini*« I'lillnl I)iii'k Ouk. INmsiiiii OuIi, Lr C\7nr iVi'tiu, i'linrli'^itii, Hi.'tiurr itr la \tnirrllf Fmnrr, eil.

ami I'liiik 0;ik. l'.*. iv. XV\ I 17

3 linerniJ j'-iito riirti terrtUo, in mmtmlillf 'fwlit trmutjiti'i, i, I'O. t thirl. AVt/v I'lt. "J. \ »*.U. — t^'udou, Arfi. lint. 111. IHIW, f. I7ll7,

St) — I{"iimii», Sill. Ili'l. FUmila IH. I7rt.s,

Qitf^i'UM fifliu cutuiJurnniAU uhtixftf trdoint, ('Uytull, /■'/. Vtrijlli. * S'O v. OJi.

117

'\

i , *'

(■i'i'iiiKi:ii.K.

lii'V arc thill l>ut Unii
irons or iniirlit'il with
lu'li and a liali' wiilc,
roni one to two and a
iimirv veins >;(iii'rally
lite vfiiih'ts ; ihcy arc
III ini'ii ioii^' and tall
niiiiiiatc lioriic on red
iirt tomi'iitosc ]u'dnii-
er siirfaci' witli short
IS an- four or livi' in
if tlu> pistiilati- llowi'r
> stiirinas arc n'llcxcd

sessile or lioriic on a
V ; the nut is ovoid,
'oils |inlieseenee, lifjlit
li and a little less in
Ions ; the eiip is thin

liase of the nut, hut
le inner --nrtace aliove
loselv a|i|ii('ssed lii^ht
Died niarf^iiis, and are

the rieli hottoiii-laiids
ir anil the shores of
:> of the A|)|ialaehiali
rer in Texas. tlirou;;li
if the lU.U'k Itiver in

;lit lirown. with thiek

hands ot open dnets

Iry wood is (1.7'i-H, ii

nroliii'i, piihlished in
* in Kn^land liefore
lave made this Water
lie streets and sijiiureg

V il^ ill SintrrlU Fmnrr, I'd.
. Arh. lint. Hi. l(tlK, (. 171)7,

r

1

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KXl'I.ANAIION or TIIK J'l.AIK.

1)

I'r VTK (■((( XXVIII. lilKKIlS MUKA.

I. A lliiwcriii- liriiiiili, imtural »i/.p.

'J. A Ktiiiiiiimli' lliiwiT. <Miliiri;fM.

li. A lii-lilhllf llciHIT. I'llllir^ril.

t. A fruiting' liniix li. iiiitiintl .<i/.i'.

r>. A li':if. n;ltlir.ll ^i/r.

ti. A Iciif. naliinil »i/i'.

7. A li'uf, lutiirnl »i«'-

8. A liiif, iiatiiral -i/i*.

U. A wuiiiT braiii'lilut, iiatuml niu.

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IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

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Hiotographic

Sciences

Corporation

23 WIST MAIN STRUT

WIBSTIII,N.Y. 14510

(71«)t72-4S03

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I'lirp (111 \\Vlil <{I1.|!IV? Mi.KA.

.1,

'I *■-

Silva of Norih America.

Tab. CCCCXXVllI.

11

/■..K.y.l.ni.; M.

QUFRCUS NIGRA i,.

Ze-**"/*/? .re-.

A. !^ii>t^Ht,f fiir^f '

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CVVVIAVVAIM.

SILVA OF NUllTU AMERICA.

QUER0U8 LAURIFOLIA.
Water Oak.

1G9

Lkaves oblong-oval or oblong-obovate, narrowed at both ends, dark green and
lustrous.

Quercua laurifolia. .Michaiix, IlUt. C/ienen Am. N(i. 10. t.

17 (I«OI) : /'/. Ilur.-Am. ii. 1".)7. — Willdimnw, ,S>c-. iv.

]it. i. 4'J7. — I'crwmn, Si/ii. ii. Ml. — I'urali, /'/. Am.

Se/it. ii. <>'J7. • — NiittiUI, (leii. ii. 214. — Xuiu'eitii Dnhu-

mrl, vii. l.'i.'i. — Klliott, tSk. ii. .')97. — S|ircii(»el, ^'//»^ iii.

8"i7. — Diftrii'li, Syn. v. .'M)6. — Curtis, /{e/i. l/eulo'j. Sun:

iV. Ciii: ISIiO. iii. 'Mi Orstwl, J.lilimniii Chiiii's Am.

Tni/i. t. I). — Kngi'liimnn, Tniiin. Si. I.r'iiM Ann/, iii. liHIi,

3!)r>. — SarKOiit, F'imf Trffn N. Am. Wlh I'mi.ius V. S.

ix. l.VJ. — Miiyr. Wu'l. Snnhm. l.")0. t. 1. '.'.
QueroUB laurifolia hybrida, .Miiliuux, Hint, i'/n'iie.i Am.

No. 10, t. 18 (1801).

Quercus laurifolia. a acuta, WillJenow, S/jcc. iv. pt. i.

■IL'S (ISO.-)). — Aitoii, JJoii. Kiw. od. '.', v. L'«H.
Quercua Itiurilolia, fi obtusa, Willdeiiow, S/iec. iv. pt. i.

•IL'S (ISO.-.i. — Aiton, Hurt. Ken: cd. '.', v. '.'88.
Quercus obtusa. I'linli, /V. Am. Si'jil. ii. (127 (1814).
Quercus Phellos. viir. laurifolia, Clmpiimii, Fl. 420

(ISdOi.
Quercus aquatica. n laurifolia, A. di' ('iindnlli'. I'm'lr.

xvi. pi. ii. GS (18GI). — ll»ubii, CIthus Am. en Jh/i/h/iie,

300, t.

A tree, oi'C.isioimlly one liiindred feet in licifjlit, with a tall trunk three or four feet in diiimeter
and coinpar;itive!y sU'nder hrunelit's whicli spread gradually into a hroad dense round-topiied sh.'ipely
head. 'J'lie hark at tiie ha.se of old trees i.s one or two inches in tliickne.ss, nearly hlaek, and divided
by deep fissures into liroad Hat ridges ; higher up on the trunk and on the main stems of young trees
it is from lialf an inch to an ineh in thiekne.ss, dark lirown more or less tinged with red and roughened
witii small elosely appressed .scales. The hranehlets are slen<ler. covered with pale lenticels, glabrous,
dark re<l when they first appear and dark n 4-hrown during their fir.st winter, liecoming reddisii brown
or dark gray in their second year. The winter-l)ud8 are broadly ovate or oval, abruptly narrowed and
acute at the apex, from one si.xteenth to one eighth of an inch long, and covered hy numerous thin
closely imi)ricated bright red-brown scales ciliate on the margins. The leaves are involute in the hud,
ohlong-uval or ohlong-ohovate, sometimes falcate, gradually narrowed and acute or rarely rounded at
the hase, acute or occasionally rounded :;t the hristle-pointed apex, and entire with slightly thickined
cartiliginous often undulate margins, or near the extremities of the vigorous hranches of young trees
they are freipiently unetpially lolieil, generally lielow the middle or near the hase, with small almost
trianguhu' acute l>ristle-pointed lohes ; when they unfold they are thin, green tinged with dark red,
and slightly puheruloiis, especially on the lower surface, and at maturity are thin but firm in texture,
green and very lustrous ahove and light green and less lustrous helow ; usually three or four inches
long and three quarters of an inch wide, they vary from an inch and a half to six inches in length
and from half an inch to two inches iu width, with conspicuous yeUow midribs much raised and rounded
on the upper side, and ohscure primary veins arcuate and united near the margins and connected by
many closely reticulated veinlets which are more conspicuous on the upper than on the lower surface ;
they are buruu on stout ^ jovetl yellow petioles rarely more than a (juarter of an inch long, and fall
irregularly during the winter. The flowers ap|)car in March and Aj)ril when the leaves are about one
third grown, the staminate borne in red-stemmed hairy aments from two to three niches in length, and
the pistillate on stout glabrous i)eduncle8. The calyx of the staminate Hower is thin and scarious,
pubescent on the outer surface, and deeply divided into four ovate rounded lobes ; the stamens are
four or five in uinuher, with oblong slightly enmrginate yellow glalirous anthers. The involucral scales
of the pistillate flower are hrowu and luiiry oiid about as long as the acute calyx-lobes ; the stigmas are

■|

170

SILVA OF NORTH AMKllWA.

CUl't'UFElUK.

f

short, recurved, and dark red. The acorns ripen early in tiio autumn of the second year and are sessile
t>r subsessile, and generally solitary ; the nut is nearly ovoid or honiispherical, broad and slightly rounded
at the base, full, rounded and puberulous at the apex, dark brown wl>en first ripe, but as it dries some-
times becoming striate with brown and dark olive-green stripes, and about half an inch in length and in
breadth, with a thin shell lined with a slight coat of pale tomcnt\nn and bright orange-colored bitter
cotyledons ; the cup, whicii embraces nearly a cpiarter of the nut, is thin, siiucei^shaped, and reddish
brown and silky-pubescent on the inner surface, with a large bright orange-colored scar, and is co'-ered
by thin ovate light red-brown scales rounded at the ends and coated with pale pubescence except on
their darker colored margins.

(^iiircits lintrl/olld inhabits the sandy banks of streams and swamps and rich hummocks in the
neighborhood of the eoiist, and is distributed f rimi the Dismal Swamp in Virginia ' southward to the
shore.', -f Mosquito Inlet and Cn\ie Komano in Florida, and along the Gulf coast to Louisiana. Nowhere
very abu:ulant, it is most conmion and attains its largest size in eastern Florida.

The woml of Qiit rviin liniri/nlid is heavy, and very stn)ng and hard, but coarse-grained and liable
to check badly in drying ; it is dark brown tinged with red, with thick lighter colored sapwood, and
contains broad conspicuous medullary rays and bands of small open ducts marking the layers of annual
growtli. The sjiecitic gravity of the ttbs«)lutely dry wood is ().7G7IJ, a cubic foot weighing -17.82 pounds.
It is ]>robably used only as fuel.

Qinrnis Imiri/o'ld a]ipears to have escaped the notice of early botjinists, although among American
species it is surpas.sed in beauty «>nly by the Live Oak, with wiiich it frecpiently glows on sandy coast
hunnnocks. It is the ctmnnon Water Oak in the streets and sipiares of the cities of the south Atlantic
and Gulf cootit^ fron> Wilmington, North (Jarolina, to New Orleans, often adorning thiui with its tidl
column-like shafts and noble heads of lustrous tlark green foliage.

* Uurrrwi latin/Uia waa collected in the DiHintil Swtunp in 1877 hy Mr. L. K. Ward.

KXPLANAIION OF THE 1'LATE.S.

PlaIK. t'CCCXXIX. (^l-KKCCS LAl-HIKOLIA.

1. A llntriTin^ lirnncli, natural Hue.
'.'. A iituiiiiiiut4' tli>wer, I'lilar};!-)!.
'•i. A piatiUati' Huwer. t'lilar^nl.

4. A fruiting branrh. natural n\ie.

5. A leaf uf a Hicrilc branch of a young tr«e,

natural Kiro.
0. A winter branrhlvt, natural iiize.

Platk CCCCXXX. Qckbcuh LAitHiroLiA.

1. A fruitinf; bmncli, natural »ite.

2. A fruiliD); branch, natural liu.

ClIl'UMKEUi*:.

;oiul year and aro sessile
tad and Hlightly rounded
)e, but at) it dries some-
III ineii in li-ufrth and in
lit orango-i'olorod hitter
luer-slmped, and reddish
)red scar, and is co'-ered
u pubescence except on

rich hummocks in the
-^inia ' soutliward to the
to Louisiana. Nowhere

oarso-grained and Uable
ir colored sapwo(Hl, and
ng tlie h>ycrs of annual
weigiiing 47.82 pounds.

Jiougli among American
_v glows on sandy coiwt
i>s of the south Atlantic
irning tluui with its tall

rard.

Silva of North Amprica .

Tab. CCCCXXIX.

\

¥

ii

I:

i I

li

Ifl

i>r ~uiiM .^-ilf. uiifl genc'ntlljr iMilit.ipy . tlu' ni i .

.a tlu' !>,(.■«', full. roiiii<l<Ml and ptilxiruloa.-i at i.in> iipo.\. Urb

tiin.v ' .ci liiij >iii.if. .^iili hroxvi) tu\i\ (birk olivi'-jfrccn HfrijHn,

'in«?il with a .sliijlu coat (if palt- toinmi! ,i .
iDtvu-diiii.-. ; iht> uiiis vt'luvh oDibnwr ..(rtet of the m

'' " ' ''liy-inibt'sci'iit on t!;- uni.', «ith a Lirifo hnju;? ir in^

lijfht rvHl-bn»w!i ^. ..mi at tht' eiulM hiiiI loutwl wiin j

their (turiit'j: cularinl margin.-.

.|Mlr,l

.olllt-

I ■ .

iKjiglilxir'
slirirsy* of Miis((mi'
M-.y .-tLiiMdunt, it
Tijo woe! ■ •
!<i ihet'k }>!m|: >
contJiins '

k."'>'«th. iiif ■.jiiuni. -invity of fhc ul>(w>lutel\ '

h I- riroli.itiiv .!■.', I oiilv ii. fiii i.

I i(nt* till- it.iii(i_v I'.iiilvs of ■*tri-,nns iiiiil ftwanijii ;in.l luU hu' -i th»

iiiit N ilwiiiliuiiMi frorii ill, Hi t:i il S«!iim) in A'irgiriia' (MM;:.! . . ••» the

III tiiiif iHmNt to Lviniii.knA. Ni.«her»
l itttaiiis Its krjjfs! --tern Fl«ri<la.

' is heavy, mid very r-ii.n- .iml liani, hut (•ii;irii"j,',riiim>(i iiiul iwiitj

ilark hrown tiiigo<l with red, with t'li'l: lifhiiT foloretl K:q)w<><»l, t«i<l
medullary lay.n iiml Ijuiids of «uiull oj iiirking the layers of iinnual

> • ' * ■^i ptmudn-

X fri

: : y liotuiistA. although among Auu-riean

nth * bieh it f retjuently jfrowi* on sandy coast

iind ri^narn* of the cities of thi Kouth Atlantie

Nuw t>rl«'iui», i»ft«ii ndiiruiri>r them with its nill

a fuliago.

\[ I-

if. i--nUirj;(>'!.
' t'Jiiarjffil.

iih of a yonug tnio.

.ral site.

rjt

f .

Silv* ot North Amerira,

Tab. CCCCXXIX.

1 lull hii' •. 'I I

■i)iir!«'-j;r(iin("(l Jiiiii iw^iits
or I'oloretl wpwoiht, mul
in^ the laren of .lanual

tlioiitjli Hiuong Aiufrican
\y grtiWM on luiiuly cuoht
i«M of tilt Kouth Aflaiitic
iirtiin^ tlifin witli itt nUI

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OUERCUS LAURIFOLIAMichx,

A Huu-rt'a.r JirtM- .

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Uh. CCCCXXX.

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OUF.RCUS LAUF^IFOLIA, Muhx^

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CUVULU'EUJi.

SJLVA OF NORTU AMERICA.

171

QUBROUS BREVIPOUA.
Blue Jack.

Lkaves oblong-lanuoolute or obloiig-obovutc, pale and tonientosc on the lower
surface.

Querous brevifoUa.

Quercus PhuUos. /i brevifoUa, Lamarck, Dirt. i. 722

(i7.H:t).

Querous humilis, Wnlu-r. Ft. Car. 'SA (uut Loiiiarck)

( 1788). — Koch, Dcwlr. ii. jit. ii. "iS.
Quercua PUellos, /i eerioea. Ailoii. Hort. h'riv. iii. .'(54

(17«'.>).— l^u.Ioii, Ark tUit. iii. 18'.>5, f. 177;5. — Sj .cli,

llUt. IVy. xi. Kll.
Quercus Phellos, ji latifolia, (".istiKlioiii. Ii'/iy. nnjli Stati

I'liill. ii. M'l (I'xcl. nyn. Marslmll) (17'.M().
Quuroua Phellos, fi, .Smlili, AMot .V- Snilli Inaertu of

lifiiri/i't. II. lO.'!, t. tt'2 (17'.t7).
Querous oinerea. Micliuiix. //iW. (7i("hm Aih. No. S. t. II

(ISt)l; ; Fl. Jliir.-Am. ii. I'.t7. — WilMi'Iiow, Sjirr. iv. pt. i.

425. — Pcrsoon, Si/n. ii. I'tiT. — Poirot, Liim. Vict. Supiil.

ii. 212. — Michaujc f. /liM. Arb. Am. ii. 82. t. 14.—

Aitun. n.irt. Knr. ,,1. 2, v. 2.'<S. — Pursli, Ft. Am. S.-j.t.

ii. ti2C. — Niittall, Hin. ii. 214. — Xoiirenii Ihilmmcl.

vii. l.")l KUiott, Hk. ii. 'Mi. — Spreii^'i-l, Sijst. iii. 857. —

.Scliwli', lincmrr Texa.i.i\'. — Diutrii'li, .S')/h. v. SOU. —
Curtis, 7i«7;. (leulnij. Sun: A'. Oir. 18()(l, iii. ;!7. — C'lmi>-

iiuiii, Fl. 421. — A. ill' CiuiJoUu, I'niilr. xvi. jit. ii. 73

()r»lLil, I'iilaitk. Meilil. fra mil. Fur. Kjnbenh. 18(i(3,
7it. — (jiay. .)/'(». ihI. ,'). 452. — Kngflinanii, Trniis. Sc.
Lull is Arm/, iii. ;58(). 3",).">. — .Sargent, Furesl Tree.i X
Am. U)th Cen.iii.i C. S. ix. 153.— Dippil, //.i«<M. Limb-
hulsl;. ii. 105, f. 47. — Koelini', Deiit.iche Diiidr. LSI. —
Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nut. Ihrb. ii. 417 (Man. VI. IC.
7'..n/,v).

Quercua Phollos. ft humilis. I'lirsli. /•'/. Am. Sr/jt. ii. G2."i
(LSI I). — A. ill' Ciiiululle. J'nnlr. xvi. pt. ii. 74.

Quercua cinerea. fi dentate lobnta. A. tie C'liniloUc,
I'niilr. xvi. pt. ii. 73 (18t>-l).

Quuroua cinorea. y htunilia. A. lU' CuiuloUe, I'mdr. xvi
pt. ii. 74 (KSG4).

i

A tree, usually liftiM-n or twenty t'oet tall, with ;i trunk live or six inches in diameter ami stout
rijjid liranches wliicli form a narrow irrejjular head, but occasionally rising to the iieiylit of tifty I'eet
and forming a trunk eigliteen or twenty incites in diameter and a hroad rotind-topjied shapely liead.
The hark of the trunk is from three cjuarters of an indt to an inch and a half in tliickne.ss, and is
divided into thick nearly square |ilates from one to two inches lon^ and covered witli pmall dark brown
nearly black scales slightly tinged with red. The branclilcts are stout, rigid, and roughened by
nunieroiiH elevated lenticels, and are coated at lirst with dense fulvous iuiary tomentitm of articulate and
steili'.te lirtirs ; tlieir covering gradually disappears, and dtiring tiieir lirst winter they are dark brown
Moiaetimes tinged with red, and glabrous or puberulous, becoming darker in tlieir second sca.son. The
winter-buds are ovate, acute, covered bj numerotis rather loosoly imbricated bright chestnut-brown
scales ciliato on the margins, and often a ipmrter of an inch long on vigorotis branches, or freiitiently
obtuse and much smaller. The leaves are involuto iu tlio bud, oblong-lanceolate or oblong-obovate,
gradtially narrowed and wedge-shaiH'd or sometimes rounded at the base, acute or rounded and
apiculatu at the apex, and entire, with slightly thickened tindulate margins, or on the extremiti'.'s of
vigorous sterile branches occasionally three-lobed at the apex and variously lobed on the margins ; when
they unfold they are bright pink and pubescent on the upper surface, and coated jn the lower with
thick silvery white tomentum, and when fully grown are tirm in texture, blue-green, lu.strous, and con-
spicuously retictilate-veinilose above and coated below with jKile tomentum, from two to the inches long
and from hidf an inch to an inch and a half witle, with stotit yellow midribs raised ami rounded on the
upper side aiul remote obscure primary veins forke<l and united within the margins ; t'ley are borne on
stout grooved and llattened petioles from one i|iiurter to one half of an inch in lengtl- and fall irregularly
late in the auttimn or early iu winter. The stiptdes are oblong-obovate or linear-lanceolate, from one

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172

SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA.

CUl'ULlKEll*.

half to tliroo quartora of nn inch loiij;, hruwii iiiul scariuus, and caducous. The floworN appear with
tlio unfol(lin<^ of tiio leaves, tlie staniinate produced in the axils of linear acute hairy caducous bracts in
hoary touicntuse anicnts two or three inches in len^^th, and the pistillate borne on short stout touientoso
peduncles. The calyx of the staniinate llower before expansion is bright red, c< ited with pubescence,
and furnislied at tlie apex with a thick tuft of silvery white hairs ; it is divided into four or live ovate
acute sejjnients and becomes yellow as it unfolds and turns brown before falling; the stamens are four
or five in number, with ovate acute apiculate glabrous anthers which are dark red in the bud and yellow
at m.itnrity. The involucral scales of the pistillate tlower are about as long as the acute calyx-lobes, and
are coated with pale tomentum ; the stigmas arc dark red. The fruit, which ripens late in the aui.imn
of the second year and is occasionally found on branches three or four years old, is usually jiroduced in
great profusion and is generally sessile or is sometimes rai^xl on a short stem rarely a (juarter of an inch
long ; the nut is ovate, full and rounded at both ends, or subglobose, about half an inch in length,
light brown, often striate, and coated at the ajiex witii ho.iry pubescence ; the cup is thin and mmcer-
8ha|ied, embracing only the bottom of the nut, or it is cup-shaped and incloses its lower hidf ; it is
bright red-lirown and coated with lustrous j)ale pubescence on the inner surface, and is covere<l by thin
closely iniiirieated ovate oblong scales coated, except on the dark red-brown margins, witli hoary tomen-
tum.'

Qiurcns brcrifulid iiiliabits sandy barrens and upland ridges, and is distributed from North
Carolina southward to Cape Malabar and the shore- of I'easi- (."reek in Florida, and westward along the
Gulf coast to the valley of the Brazos Kiver in Tt-xas. In the Atlantic and eastern Gulf stjites it is
usually I'ontined to a maritime belt from forty to fifty miles in width,' although it extencls across the
Florida peninsula, and in Texas ranges as far inland as the neighborhood of Dallim in about thirty-
three di'grees north latitude.

riie wood of (Jidrriis linri/n/iii is hard, .strong, and clos«"grained, and is light brown tinge<l with
red, with thick darker colored siijJWocMl ; it contains thin conspicuous medullary rays and bands of .small
open ducts marking the layers of annual growth. The specitic gravity of the absolutely dry wood is
().tj4l:!0, a cubic foot weighing J().(K( pounds. It is probaiily only use<l as fuel.

The Hlue .lack ^ was first figured and described by Mark Catesby in his Nutiirnl lUxlory of Caro-
lilHi, published in 17151.'

* Specimen* of two )>Iiuil!« ftmnd by Mr. Tieorffe V. Nuh in Au-
gust. lS!>t, i.n till' road In'turen I'niHtillii awl Like Klla in Ijikr
I'liunty, Kluriila, are \-(nHitliTi-(t liyhrids ttf Qwrnut hrrrif'itiin nnil
<^u-Ti-ui Citlrtliti hy .Ml. .1. K Small. The tirst (/Ji<;;. Tijrrrii IM.
C'l'i/', xxii. "'•. t. 'JiU ) \vAn piiU-Kcrnt lirnm-liletA. anil ovate aeutc ami
entiri- nr iiiniulati'-loU'ti ii-avei* Minietiniet tliree-lolieil at the a|M'x.
glal)l^»u-H ou the upiHT and pale and tttellate-piilM>!ioeiit on the lower
nnrf.nee, and, eicept in the eharact^'r of the eoveriuf; of the luwer
■nrfitce, not unlike thow of donie fttruiR of Uttfrna hrevifolui. The
scales of the lialf-^rowu fruit, however, are Urge and nearly gla-
brou.*, and in shape aiul s\v> reM>nib1e those of Qurrrta Cuteainti
rather than thme of (jit^niM hrei'tfWin.

'ITie seeond of llifH,- Nuppofle<l liybriils (Hull. Tnrreij liiit. Ctuh,
L r.U^l^ii) has oltlong-^jvate or til)long-4ilH)vate leaves tlinH> or four
inrhea in lonetli. variously siniiately lola'd or ileutute with acute

apirulatr lubes or t««th, or at the baae of thr shoot thrco-iobed at
the liroail a[M>i. and entin* ami grailually namiwe^l towanl th«
ronndetl Imlsc ; they an* bright green and rather lustrous above
and paler and glabnms In'Iow with the exc4<ption of iH'easioual tufta
of ham in the aiils of the veins, and am nut distinguishable from
the leaves sometimes pnxluced un vigorous stunip-shouta of Qu^rruf
utffni.

* \ M|M>eimeti without tlowera or fniit gathensl by Mr. .lobn K.
Small in July, ISlKt, on the Yelluw Kiver in (tumelt County ia
northern freorgia, is probably of this species, although far outside
its nu)ge as otherwise knuwn.

' iitiimui Wrvi/ittitt is also sometimes oalled I'pland Willow Oak
and Sanil .laek.

* iluerctu humitior taticit folio bnciort, i. '£i, t. '£i.

CUI'UUKEICK.

Tlio flowePH appear with
hairy cathicous hracts in
on sliort stont toniontosc
, c( ited with pnbesct'nce,
111 into four or five ovate
it; the stamens are four
e<l in the hnil and yellow
:he acute calyx-lohes. and
ripens late in the auuinin
li, is usually produced in
irelyaquiirter of an inch
t half an inch in lenpfth,
I' cup is tiiin and sjiucer-
ises its lower half; it is
', and is covennl by thin
r^fins, with hoary tonien-

distributed from North
and westward alonj^ the
eastern Gulf st^ites it is
;h it extends across the
Dalhis in about tliirty-

lijfht brown tinned with

rays and bands of small

absolutely dry wood ia

ilural IliMory of Curo-

ue of th* ihoot tlnvo-lotxKl at
nuluallr iiarrowiit lnwnnl t>M
wn and retlicr liutniua stxira
lip riceptiiiii nf (K'CiuiiuiuU tufti
i Hro uut •li>tiii|;iii«lu>bl« from
igoruiii iiluiii|>-shiKitii of Qurmu

fruit gnthfml liy Mr. .tulin K.
» Kiver in (iiiuji'tt Cuuntv in
> «iiTOie», although far nnUiila

nei called Ipland Willow Oak

ion, i. 22, t. 22.

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KXl'LANATION OK THE PLATK.

Platk CCCCXXXI. l^rKKci-H nKKviroLiA.

1. A lli>wi'iirig liraiii'li, nntiiral Kite.

L'. A »tuiiiiii»tc lluwiT, i'iiluri;iHl.

•i. A |>i«tiUuto tlonrcr. i'iilar);iMl.

4. A fruiting' liruiicli, natural size.

5. A nut, niituriil itizo.
G. A Ivnf, natunil size.

7. A lc>nf. natural tizo.

8. A leaf, luitural hire.

U. A nriiittr hrauclilvt, natural nita.

Vi

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KXPIANAUIJN O*' IHK PLATK.

', tuUrnJ itiMi.

; , fr I

ilva ol North An

Tab.CCCCXXXl.

i'.£.f\ij^,fi M

Hapttie Jr.

Q U E R C WS BR KVl FO LI A , ?arg.

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CUPULIVKUiC

81LVA OF NOliTU AMEltlCA.

QUEROUS IMBBRIOARIA.
Shingle Oak. Laurel Oak.

17.>

Lkaveh obloug-kiict'olate or oblong-olMJvatc, iwuiilly untire. pubt'sctnt on the lower
Hurfacf.

Queroua imbricaria, >iii'hsiix, HUl. Chrnm Am. No. 9. t.
LI. It; ( INIII ); F/. Itnr.Aih. ii. I'.C. — Will.lun.iw. .Vr. iv.
|>l. i. r.'H : Herl. Ilium*, cd. 1" W i A'/iui/i. Siipid. »^. —

iVnuMin. Sjin. ii. TiGTi Poiivi. Lai.i. Virt. .Suppl. ii.

IM 4. — Miplmiix f. Hint. Ar/i. Am. ii. T«. t. I.'l. — I'umli.
/•'I. Am. Kri,!. ii. fi'JT.— Niitull. Ceil. ii. '.'It. — .V.wiv.iii
Ihihiimil. vii. I."i1. — llttviio, llfmh. Fl. I."). — KUiott,
.^■.'.•. ii. .V.W. — S|iroTi({fl, .S'y.^r. iii. 8."»7. — Dietrich, Si/n. v.
;«M>. — Urmiil,.|. Tniiu. III. Aijrie. Sdc. iii. OL'.J, I. fi. —
CiirtiK. Ki'ii. llfU,,,/. Sun: \. Cur. M<m, iii. ItC. — Cliiil>-
iimii, Fl. r.'O. — A. di' Ciiiiiliilli-. /'n»/r. i\i. pt. ii. Cht. —
()n>tv<l, I'iilfiitk. MnlJ. fni n,U. fur. tiJn/iiiiA. IXdll, 7,H ;
Lielimnnn Chi-nm Am. Tru/i. t. I), t. xxii. f. .">. — Wi'n-

nrncl, Hull. h\'il. Il„rt. Siir. /I,l;/. 18(i',l, ;«<), t 17.

Vimuy, Am. Kill, nml lint. ii. WVi, f. I'.Hi. — KcM-li, Denilr.

ii. |it. ii. tiO. — Lniidio, Deiitm-he Drnilr. '."J<i .Snr({eiit,

F'imil Trees X. Am. U)Hi I'eiuim IK S. ix. 154. — Wcn-
ii({. .r.t/irh. /lot. (i.irt. Ikrlin, iii. 1.S'.'. _ Wntaoti & Coul-

tor. Uriii/n M,ni. ,.i|. tl. ITS Mayr, IP';/'/. .N'mA/m.

l.'>0, t. I,'.' — Dippvl. //.(»,//,. l.i,ihl,„l-k. ii. KKi. f. .|i;._
KiM'lllU', Ihlltarhe ilfii'Ir. I.'il.

Quurcus PhoUos. /> imbricaria. .Spiirh, Hist. I'e'/. xi. ICO

(IH41').
QuorcuH imbricaria. li spiauloaa. A. Uu CaiuluUu, Frmlr.

xvi. pt. ii. ('•.'! (t.Slvl).

\ trco, iiMiiallv til'ty or si.xty (vvt in licijjlit, witli a trunk rarely <'xci'f(lin}r tlirei- feet in iliamctcr, or
oocanionally on low rich ^roiiml ;i liiinilrpil I'lt't in lifigltt. with a sti'iii cloar of Itranclics for fifty or sixty
fiHft iMul from three to fotir fee; ni diameter. In its youth the Sliiiijjle Oak, iinleiM (jreatly crowded by
otlier frees, forms with toiij;li sleiiih>r horizontal or somewhat jtundiiloiis hraiiehes a liroad pyramid tapor-
in>J jjradiially from near the ground, and in olii ajje a narrow roinid-topped open pictiire.scnu' liead. The
hnrk on yoiin^ stems and on their hraneiies is thin, li^lit i)r<)wn, smooth and lustrous, and un old trunks
it is from three i|iiaru>r8 of an ineh to an ineii and a half in tliiekiiess, and slightly divided liy irre<rular
shallow tissiires into hroad riiljjes covered with thick closely appressed li<;ht Itrown scales .sonievfhat
tinj{e<l with red. The hranchlut.s are slender, marked with pale lenticels. piilieniloiis and dark j^reen
anil lu.strous at tirst and often siilTiised with red, but they soon become irlabroiis. and durin<r their
first winter are rather li<;ht reddish brown or li)?lit brown, jjrowinjj dark brown in their second year.
Tlie winter-buds are ovate, acute, aliout an eijjhth of an inch lonj;, obscurely anjjled and covered
witli closely imbricated li)jht chestnut-brown bistrou.s st-ales erose and often ciliate on the scarious
margins. The leaves are involute in the bud, oldonj^lanceolate or oblonij-obovate, }:;radually narrowed
and wedjje-shap«>d or rounded at the base, apicidate and acute or rounded at the apex, and entire, with
sli^rhtly thickened and ret'olute often undidate margins, or they are sometimes broader and more or less
three-hdied, or on vijrorous sterile bmnches occasionally irrejjularly repand-lobulate ; when they first
unfold they stand at nearly rijjht anj^les with the steii: and are i)ri>;;ht red. soon becomint; lisj^ht yellow-
green and covered with scurfy rusty pubescence im the up]M'r surface, aiul or. the lower with thick hoary
tonientum ; and at maturity they are thin but firm in texture, glabrou.s, dark green and very lustrous
uliuve, jMilo gi jen or light brown behiw and coated with soft fine pidiescence. from four to six inches
long and from three quarters of an inch to two inches wide, with stout yellow midribs broad and
grooved on the upper side, numenuis slender yellow veins arcuate and united at somt; distance from the
uiurgiiis, and tine reticulate veinlets ; they are borne on stout pubescent petioles flattened and grooved
above and rarely more than half an inch in length, and late in the uutinnii before falling the ui)per
surface resenddes dark red leather, while the lower remains pale, and the beauty of t'lo leaf is height-
euotl by the darker and more brilliantly jolored midribs. The stipules are oblong-obovate to lanceolate,

I.

176

s^L\'A or yon' 71/ ameujca.

vvvvA.wrMm.

W '■

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iii'iitc. wnrinii^. from niic Iim)'. to twi» iImkIn of mm iticli lonjr, ami <i|(Iiu'ouh. TIic IIowith o|m'I1 in Apri!
1111(1 Mav wlu'ii tlif leave, are alioiit one third );rown. the Htumi:iiite Itoriie in the axiln of linear lanreo-
liite aoarioiiN enilucou''. liraetN on hoary tomentoHe 'inientM two or three iiu-hex in length, ami the |ii.>lillatt)
on nleiidiT toiu<;itose jiediimleK.' The ealyx of t' .o tlower i* linht yellow, |>nlH-Heeiit and

div''!'"l i;!io four acute seirments ; thi> stamens iiiimhi >r live, with oltlonjr emarfrinate ami slightly

apienlate ••laiproiis villow anthcr>t, 'I he invohieral scales of the pistillate llower are ahout as Ion;; as thu
•'■ate calyx-lolies and are coated with pale pnliescence ; tlie stijjmas are short, rellexed, ami usually
^rccni'-h vcjlow. The fruit, vshich ripens duriii|; tin' autumn of the second >ear, is solilarv or in |>airit
an I is liorne on a stinit peduncle siunetimes le-arly half an inch lon^' ; the nut is nearly t\n hroad as it \n
jon^, full and roinided at the hase, gradually narrowed hut full and rounded at the a|H>x, dark chestnut-
brown, often ohscurely striate, and from om> half to two thirds of an inch in len;rth, with a thin shell
lined with rusty |cimcntuni,and dark oranp'-hrown cotyledons; thu cup, which endiraces fnuu one third
to oiii- half of the nut, is thin, cup-shaped oi' turliinate, lu'i;(ht red-hrown ami lustrous on the inner
Hurface, and covered liy thin ovate li^ht red-hrown scales roinided or acute ul the u\)i>x and coated with
liale pnliescence except on their darker colored m^U'^ins.

(^iiiriKs niiliririir'nt is distrihiiied from l,ehi;rh County, IVniisylvania, westward throuf^h southern
Michi^^an and Wisconsin to northern Missouri '^ and northeastern Kansas,' and Nouthward to the District
of ('olinnhia,' aloii^ the Alleghany Mountains, whicii it »HceiidH to elevationH of ahout four thoiisjind
feet, to northern (leor^ria and Alahaina and to middle Tenness4'e and northern Arkansjis.'' It iiihahitM
rich uplands and occasionally the fertile hottom-lamls of rivers, and, comparatively rare in the east, Ih
one of the most ahundaiit Oaks of the liasin of the lower Ohio, ;;rowin^ prohalily to its lari^est si/.e in
hoiitheni Indiana and lilinois,'' Trees wiiicli are lielieved to he hyhrids hetweeii (Jin mi h imbrintria
and (Jmriiis MurHniiilini,' (Jiii rnis riliitiiin,' and (Jin rni.i jiuhtuli is' have heeii oh.served.

> (litiiyiHiii^ tn.|. in the AriuiM ArLun'ttiiii tttf piHtilUu* llnw-
en art! iK'CJuitiimlly •cntt?rt.tl at llie 1nu« uf th« Rtaiiiiiuitc Hiiirnlff.
' Uniiullii'.-ul, /!./(. (InzrUe, iii. 00.
' MaH.iri, F.fihth litrnu. Jirp. Slolf lUtnrti Atfric. Kanaii', -7'J.

• I.. K \V.ir.l, Hull. V. S. Sni. .Uw. No. •.".', li:» (hi Wa.hmq.
ton).

• llarvi'V. Am. Jour. F'irttlr\f, i, I.Vl.

• KiilKwnv. /V.»-. r. >-. S.ll. Ilrrh v. 80.
' Qtierx'tts imi/nntria X Afarilitwlirit.

H'trrnu l.nl'ul, Xiitlall, .Sy/ni, i. VA', t. S liu ( I»4'J). — l^'a,
fill. I'l. Cmnnwli, :I0. — A. ilo Candollc, /. r. O'.'. — I.. K. WarJ,
FiM ami Furttl. 141; /trf. tlnseltr, v, VSA; Hull. I'. S. \ni. Mut.
Nit. ^J^2t 1 14 ( Ft. WmKmgioii). — Sargriil, (ittntm aiut Forrtt, ii, 471.

liiu-n-tii iin'Ttiitrul m I'firr-nirti, Kli^'Illutnii, .'.<'.( 1H77).

TliiK (HTutiAr Irt'i' ( I'lati. t-ccfxiiiv ) wiui iliM'uvf'rfsl near Ciiii-in-

imti. Oliiii. Kittv tir fifvi'iity yi-ani a^ii liy Mr. Thiiiiia« (i. I>c.a, and

haji niiiri. )h-|.|i ftiunil, iiiiiiallT in Notitary ii)M'riu)rnii, in wiili'ly iw>(>-

anitrtl liN'nlitit'ji fnini tin. lliitni-t <>f ('ttliiuibta ami t)ii. liankft uf

Qufmit tiufra, B irxiirnUihit .\. dt' Ciindtilli', I'rtulr- xvi. pt. u. 01 thf TitckaM-^.-i. uud iif tlii' r>'uiu>M4.t. in wfntern Niirtti rurotina

(Isi.ti. to KiMitlii-rn Mii-lii^an, (M-ntral iiml nnrtherti llliiiuia and itiinthraat-

i^iier'-ut itiO>ru iiriti X tityni, Knt(t')innnn. Ttkiuh. St. hiui.i .Icii./. rni Miuouri. The wintt'r-bnd* an? acute, iiuUtuIhuk, ajul alsini

iii. XSO (1S77). kalf an Ineli lung. The leaim are nnividute in the lind, fnim ob-

A Niuall trtH' ( Plate rccrxxxiii.) fciicd l>y ll.'. Knp'lnmnn i'i);ht lnnf;-4ilMivate to lanerntate, entire, Hinuate-ilentate iir di'ntate-lnltwl

miles west of St. l.(>ui» in thtr n*ituitiii of l^lll. and 1,0.111 af(iT\%iinlii with at'iite or roitiidrtl ltriittli.-li|i)M-tl loh,.* unite or roundi.it or

dcRtrtiy.'d. wa... U'lieved hy him ti> Is' a hyhriil lN.tw.'.-ii the .shingle hriMul and iili^litly three-luU-d at the a|K.x ami gradually narniwetl

(hik and (he Itl.-o'k .l;ii-k. The leaves were elliptiral to olMivate in and wedge-shii|N.d or rounded at the hase ; when they iinrohl they

outline, entire or threr-t.silhed .>r loU'tl at the apex and (s't-asion- are Hciirfy-piilieNeent on the iipiter surfaee, and eonted on the lower

ally funu.she.l with IiitiTuI tei-th, ntuiided or acute at the bu.v, with thick |)ale tonientiiin, ami at maturity are thiek and linn, dark

diirk green and lu.'.trou!. .ii.o\e, pale and ^lahnite lielow, fnilii fmir green iind luitroiis aU.ve and rusty lirowii and pulieruluiis 1m-Iuw,

to seven inches long and from t's'i> to three inches hniad. The fi-uit from four t.i nix inelies long and from two to tlire(. inches wiile,

was sessile with a glolsise nut inclosed to the middle in a hcmi- with slender midrihs and primary veins, ami slender (H'tiolei from

spherical turliiiiatu cup cuvensl by thin rather cloaely oiibricat«d one to two inches in length. The fniit is subsessilo or is Isirne on

■I'ales dotlied with eauesc<!nt pitlM'scence. A mimlwr of trees with a stout pedunclu randy half an inch long and is usually solitary;

simi'-ii foliage have U'eii found iiy Mr. fleorge W. Letterinaii the nut it oblong, full and nninded at Isith ends or subglolMme, and

near .\lt.-li(.>n, Missouri ; sluwits of Qitrrnia imhruiirul with largt. is iuchnM'd nearly to the middle in the tlirliliatc hemispherical cup

ubovale thn-e tmjthed leavei, were collt?cted Ht !.aiicajit«r, I'eiui- coven'tl hy uvatu lousidy imbricated pubesi-ent light n-d-bruwn

sylvania, hy .Mr. .lohii K. .Small, ;n .Viigiist, IHIM); anil it is not M'ales. .Some individual leavei of this tn'e an* nut distinguishable

impniNahIc (hat all these individuiiU an* extn'ine forms uf Qufnti.i from those of Quema imhrifuria, which it reseinhlea in habit and

imliT't-tinit nithcr than hybrids, as this si>cviofl showa a atfuilg ten- genenil apitearunee, but the cup is that of Utten-^ui vrlutiiui.
deiiey to leaf and cup variation. " QurmH iiiilincarin x jmluitru, Kngelmann, /. r.

* (^u^rcwjt imlinrarin x vtlutiiui. A siiiglo small tree noticed by Dr. Kngcluiann near 8t. I..uuU in

ni'LI.IKKUA

0 lliiwiTs open in Apri!
(' iixIIh of lineal lanci'ii-
I'n^th, ami tin' |ii^tillat(t

yi'llow, |)ulH'KC(>nt and
cniarfrinatt' ami Mli^litly
iri' alidiit aM \i>\\'^ :is tint
't. I'cllcxi'il, antl nNually
II'. is sitlitarv nr in pairrt

nearly aH liroad an it in
hi- a|H>x, dark chcHtniit-
n^rtli, with a thin hIii'II
iniiraccH from oni> third
i hiHtronH on thi> inner
ii> a|ic>x and coatL>ii witli

ward through Miutliern
iiilhward to the Distrirt
>f aliout fonr thouwiiid
ArkanHiiH.'' It inhaliiti*
lely rare in the eant, iH
Illy to itH lar);eHt hIzu in
en (^mrriis iiiihrirnria
■n oliwrved.

1 i;i«, t. fl iiu (iwj) -i-«,

'imilollc, /. c Oa. — I-. K. Wurd,
r, V l'^«; llul!. r. .S .V,i(. .Wtu.
rp'iit, fiaritm aiut ForrtI, ii. 471.
'.ii^-liiuiiiii, *. <". (IH77).
V ) WAA iliM'MviTiMl hcur Ciiifin-
K<> t)V Mr. TlioiiiM <i. I.4*ii. And
Iitiirv it[M'('iiurnii, in widt'ly im<|>-
tif C'lilninbiii ftnil tin* banliK of
M«(> in wrftltrn Nurtti CiiriiliiiA
inirthern lUnuiis nnil NmithoaMt'
I' ncutr, pnUTiilouM, uul «Unit
' rnnvtilntf in tlir lind, fnnn ob-
linuHtt^-tlrntntt* ur ilentHte-ltitiwl
K'tl luU*ii urnte nr ruuiitlitl ur
(■ n|H'X anil g/ailually narruwetl
II* Imwh* ; wtifh tliry nnfnlil th«*y
urfarf, nnd ciiHtcd un tliu liiwpr
iiitnrity hf** thick Hiiil tirni.ilitrk
y liniwn Hntl |uilM*ruluiu U-luw,
from twii lit thri'4* inrhfA wiilp,
■finit, nni) hlt-ndrr {H-liutrs fnnn
Fniit in Hnhftfttaile or in liorni* un
:h Umg and U unnally HoliUry;
at Uitli t'niU or HultKlol)iMi<, and
tin* turlinutt' tii'niiK)ilu>ri**ul nip
A'd |iubfHccnt liglit rt'd-bruwii
tliiji trt>e nrv nut distin^iinlmUe
liiob it reseinblea in habit and
;hat of Quen-u4 vrlutina,
Knjvolnninn, /. r.
>r. Kngulmann near 8t. LquU In

CUI'lTLirKltA

tULVA OF N OUT 1 1 AMHltlC'A.

177

The wood of (jKcmtn imhrlriirin in heavy and lianl Imt rather eoarse-<(raiin'd, and eliickn hadly in
dryin;;; it is li^ht In-own tinjred with red, with thin ii^rhter eolored Napwood, and contains iiroad
coiiNpiL-uouH inedullary rays and wide hands of lar^e open diielH iiiarkin^ the layern of annual ^rrowth.
The dpet'ilie jjravity of thu ahsoliitely dry wo<mI in (».7"i'J!t, a enliie loot wcij;hin>5 Ki.JCi poiiiidH. It iH
oceaMiiMially used in construction and for claphoardH and siiin^les.

(Jiiiiriin iiiiliriciiriit was lirst riescriited liy Audit'' Miihaiix, who found it anion^ the sonthurn Alhi-
j^lmnv Mountains towartl the end t>( the last century, althonjjh, aecordiii)^ to Alton.' it had heen intro-
duced into Knj,'lish jjardenx hy John Frasir ■ in thu year when Michaux jiist visited tl lonntaiiis id'

Carolina.

(juivriiH iiiihriiiiriii, with its symmetrical hahit, smooth hark, and liistioiis dark jfreen entile h-aves.
18 one of the most heaiitifiil of the American Oaks and a most distinct and desirahle ornament of the
parks and jjardens of eastern America, when- it is perfectly hardy as far north at least as the shores of
Massachusetts liay*

1H7I), anil aftirwnril^ ilmtrnypil, wan Iwliovcd by him to 1h* ii hybrid a utonl piiliiiicli' hiiiiiitiiiiii Imlf all inih in K'n^th; tliB nut wiu iil>.

bi*lwi*.'n (^irniK im/.ri. iiri.i iiiiil l^i-r. ■« /wi/iKlri... (Sii* Itruiin, Sii:. img, full ami ronmli'd at tin' iiiu'i, alinmt lis bnmil iw it was long,

Urtrll. .V.I/ l-'i: llrrhii, ISTll, S.' ) Till* li'avi's wiri' broailly bin- lixht brown, and iiuluHiil for uliout oiiu third of its b'nglli in tho

(Tolati', nimlly ainti' iit tin' ii|k*i, and I'litm* or u»\uilly fiiriii«hi*il tliin in|i-«lmiiiil or tnrbiniiti' I'lip i-ovi'ri'd by iiviiti' ncabu routubd

with iiiani' lrmii);nUr-ti>othid iinitr brntb'iiointcd lii'lli ; tlipy at tlii' npix unci clulbiil, i ii'i|it on the bri(;lit nd-bniwn nmrgiiiH,

wi*n' |iiil»*nci*nl 111 llr«t i^jH^iially on thi* lowir «iirfiui' but ao<in In*. Willi lioiiry |iiibi*wni.i'.

ranio ijlalirnli*, mid at inatiirity wi*r« thin, dark Kniii and luntroun ' llnrl. hnr. cil, 'J, v. 'J«S- London, Arli. linl. in. IHUS, f.

aliovi*. |ittb'r Iwlow. from four to mt im'lit'n long and from ont* to 1777.

two inrhM «ida. I'lo' fruit wu muatty aulitary and waa burue on ' tieii i. tl,

I

\r

>! !

;i

J.

; »

EXPLANATION OK TJIK VLATVM.

Pt.ATT. fCCCXXXM. Qi-rmiit imhhicahia.

1. A llowrriii){ liruirli, nr.tunl *iu>.

'i. A •taiiiinati- llowrr, ciilar^tnl.

'A. A |iiritilUti' llowiT, piiIm-ki'<I.

4. A (niitiiii; liranrh, nslunU UM.

fi. A fniil, nnliiral •itr.

0. A leaf, iiaturiil ulta.

7. A It'iif, natural siu<.

8. A winter Iriuiclilct, natunl •it*.

PtATK CCCCXXXIII. QrEKrrt i»ih«iiakia k MAiiiLAMniCA.

1. A fruiting liranrli, natural aiic.

Platk CCC'CXXXIV. Qi-KKdd imiikilahia « vilitwa.

1. A tlowcrini; l>raiirli. natural *\ije.

'i. A iitaniinal« lloirer, enlar){nl

.'<. A iiMlillati- llDwur, i'nlarv{«l.

(. A fruiting liranrli. natural turn.

^ i

^

■V,-

^^

il.

„.J^'

M

i 1

; (

II

II I

J

1^ i

KXPLANATION Ml.- rnK PUTT'S.
'/ \rr. CCCCXXXU. iJiFttiri j iMUHji;;A>ti<.
>inuutti< fli'

•I A ■!

It 11 Hi

>

Tm!^^^^^^^^^^

Silva nC Norlh Anierira.

Tab. CCCCXXXll

li

I

QUERCUS IMBRICARIA Mk-Kx

>^

JMIW

•'

■ir

fiMfi

■If

i

1

f i.

i!

hiill

If

i

1 ■ ! '

1

i

1

i

1,

1

Ml

1

:

ki

.^'^

1

i

M

1^

ii^;:

ll

'

r

1

1

i

1

1 ■

n

II

{^

] i!t

!' I

k

i

1 !

s

'iilva oC N irth America.

Tab. ecccxxxii:

QUERCUS IMBRICARIA' MARILANDICA

,V ItitJi/iUui iU/nr f

Ifip. J. Tttttt-u • , ."flfit.

.J-

< I

I M ■

I- !

"^'•^(•SIWW"

■I

/-

r

\m

{■

>»

r** #

.>r^"

.?r

■I

■ I I

I

i ii;

Ml

; f

i .

':1i

' 1,

A

' ■

Liilva *>* North America

f '. K . Ftunt-n limi .

O'JF.RCUS IMBRICARIA VELUTINA
0UF.RCU5 l.KANA :i,/.;

A fiuh riSi.1

f.a\'i

V-r

I

'

t

If

1

!

1 1

.'t

■ t

h-

criri.iKKKX

SU.rA OF NORTH AMEliWA.

17!»

QUEROUS PHELLOS.
Willow Oak.
Leavks liiu'iii-lanceoliito, narrowed at both ends, f^labrons, usunlly eiitiro.

Queroua PhoUos, Muiiiimia, .S'/«"<'. '.»il4 {v\A. vara.) ( IV5:i)- —
MilliT. IHit.vii, iS, Ni). I'J. — Mui'iii'lilmiiHi'M. Hitiijir. v.
•J."pI (.■>i.'I. .). -- Dii H.ii. /larl'k: ll.innix. ii. •.'7S. _- Wiiii-
^'I'lilii'iiii, /if.ir/irlili. S'lnl'iiii. Il'ih. 111'.': .V"/v/i(m. tl'ih..
'i>. t..">, f. 1 1.— Kvtijii, .S'lVi'.i, fd. HiiiiUT, i. Til. _^, li.ii |if,
.!/.(/. Mr.l. ,1m.)-. 1,!7. — WiiUiT, f7. (■../•. 'j;U. — Will,l...
now. Sjiec, Ir. jit. i. •I'-'.'); A'lii/m. 974 i //<•)•/. Jlmimx. iil. L',
H.'t7. — I'lTKiwiii. Si/ii. ii. ,"iU7. — Di'sfmilaiiii'ii. Ilinf. A rl\ ii.
r.o7. — Dii Mimt .If C'imrHrt. /;../. Cilt. wl. 'J. vi. Vli. —
Mil liniix f. //.'.ir Alb. Am. ii. 7 1. 1. I'.'. — I'urrili, /■'/. Am.
Se/Jt. ii. (ili.'i (I'xcl. var. /(). — Niittull, li>n. ii. '.'11. — .N-".
I'WIH Ihihumel, vii. I'lO. — llayiii'. /Iriflr. /'/. I."i.'>. — K.l-
lioH, Sk. ii. .V.l.'t. — S|ir«Mm>l, Si/.tt. iii. K"i7. — Spai'li. //(«'.
(Vy. xi. !•'<' (••xrl. vari.). — Tcirroy, l-'l. .V. J', ii. t.S7,
I. KM. — Diftricli, .S'./)i. V. .■tlH'i. — t'lirlii.. lie/:, tiffin./.
A'xri'. .V. r,.r. I.SCmi, iii. ;!(;. — Clin|iliiaii, /'/. 4'.'(». — A.
iIb Caiiildllt', J'l-iKir, xvi. |p| ii. •>.'{ (I'xol. var. /i). — (>r«ti'.|.
IV./.-IMA. .Mf/.l.tht iMl. K>r. Ki.h^nh. 1 8f,C>. 7.'!. — W, .-
iimol, lltdl. fU. S,x-. Ihrt. M.j. I.SCH, 348. I. 15, 1«. —
Viw.'V. .I'M. /■;/!/. ..'1./ /(..Mi, ,T 11. f. I'.i:.. _ K.'.li. Ihn.lr.W.

|(l. li..")U. — li'irti'iijloni. xxix. L".'l, f. — Lauclio, Dfiiticlm
Ihmlr. -'.10. — Sari{uiit, t'urenl Trrm .V. Am. Wth ('eii.iii.^
r. .v. ix. 1,'".l. — ^V.•n/i^^ .rifir/: /Int. Unrt. /trrlln, iii. 1.SI
(I'Xcl. vars.). — lliiiilia, ( 'Ih'iiih .tin. en Jlil./l./ui'. '.'12, t. —
Watmiii & Ciiiilter, (jlrin/x Mm. eil. (i. 471). — Mayr,

W'llil. .V.ii'il'iiii. I'lO, t. i! Koelilie, Dnitsf/iv Itewlr.

I.U. — Dippcl, llanilh. L'liihhoUk. ii. KMi, f. 48, 4'J, —
('.mll.T, V>: trill, r, .S' S'lt. Il.rh. ii. .117 (.If/;/. /V. W.
Ttriin ) .

Quercua Phfllos. a longifolin. Lamarck, Jiirt. i, 7L".'
(I7.>*:ii.

Quurcua PboUuH, n subrepnnda. Lamank, t>i'-t. i. 7'.".'
{17h:1).

Quercua Pholloa. c aublobntn. I.ainarck, I'i't. i. 7'S.l

Queroua PhoUoH, .. virkli.s. Ailoii. H-^rt. h'r'i-. iii ,';."i|

il7.S'.i(.
QuorouH PhuUoa iHylviilicni. Midiaiix, llUt. C/ihii.i .Im.

.N... 7. t. IL' (l.Sol) ; /■/. t!,„:-AM. ii. 1117.

A tnr, ifTa^iiinally sovriily or ciijlity fi'ct in lici>;lit, with :i trunk two or three or r.uilv t'lmr icct
in (haiiictiT, hut usually uiuch siiiallcr, anil sli'iidcr hrantht's spreading; ;.;ra(lually intn a ('iini|>arati\('i\
narrow ii|ii>n nr '■onirai ri>unil-tii|i|>t'c| head. 'I'lic harl< nl' the trunk is from oiu' half to thri'i' (iii.'trtci-,
of an inch iu thickncs.s, linht rt'dth.^h lirown slightly tiii;ft'il with rcil. and j;cn(rally suioolh hut hrokcn
on old trees hy shallow narrow tiHHuri's into irrejjidar jilatos eo\ered with small closely appressed .scales.
The hrauchlets are slender, roughened with dark lentiei'ls. tjlahrous and re(ldish limwn, and in theii'
seeoncl year j^row dark hrowii tinj^ed with red or grayish hrown. 'I'he winter-liuds are ovate,
acute, aliout an eii;iith of an inch loun', and covered hy dark chestnutd)ri)wii >calis, with ]iale
.scarious margins. The leiive.s are invohite in the iiud, ovate-lanceolate or rarely lanceiilate-ohovate,
often Nomewhat falcate, fjr.idually narrowed and acute at the hase, acute and apiculafe at the ai)ex.
and entire with sliy;htly undulate mare;ins ; when they iiid'old they are lii;lit yellow -i;reen ,ind lustrous
on the upper surface, and coated on the lower with pale caducous puhescence, and at maturitv are
fjlahrous, liijht i^ri'eu and rather lustrous ahove, dull and paler, or rarely coaled with hoarv puhescence
helow,' conspicuously ri'ticulati-venulose. from two and a h.ilf to live inchi's iu lenntii anil from ;i quarter
of an inch to an inch in width, with slender vellow midrihs raised and rouiuled on the np|ier side and
ohseure ])riniary veins forked and united ahout half way hetween the midrihs and thi' inari;;ins ; they are
home on stout j^jrooved j)«tioles from one eitjhth to one i|Uarter of an incii in lenijth and turn j)ale
yellow in the autumn hefiue fallintj. The (lowers open when the leaves are idiout a tpiarter y;rowii. the
staininute home in hairy sleiulei-steinined anu'lits from two to tiiree inches in !en<;th and the pistillate
on slender jrlahrous peduncles. The calyx of tiie staminate llower is yellow and hairy, and is divided
into four or live ovate acute sejjnu'nts ; the stamens are four or five iu luunher, with ohlonj;' glahrous

! !l

' I l)»vi' nci'H thin fonn uuly ou n Bpeciiuou coUoctod uear Wiluiiugtuii, Ui'luwart", by Mr. W. .M. C'auby , .■luil juvsn'rvod iu tlio Gray
Ilerbariuni.

il

III

' l!

: •

ISO

.S7/JM OF snirrn amehka.

Ctrl I.IKKU.K

Viilow .sli;;litlv iiimiiliUn antluTM. Tlir involiu ral hialrs i»l' tin* |»iNtiltat«' lltiwcr an* hrowii aiitl n»v»'r(Ml
with paK' liaiiH, ami altoiit as l»mjr aH tlu* aruti* nilyx-itilifM; the Hti^uaH iur iiimh ulU'Mtl ainl liiij;lit
riMl. Till* I'l-iiit ri|K>iiH in the aiituniii of tlit* m^h\\\A yi>ar and in Nlioit-Hialkrtl or imirly m^knIIi . and
Hitlitary or Koiat'tinus in pairri ; tlu* nut in ht'niiH|il)(>riral, half an inch in dianit'ltr, li^ht vfllow-liniwn,
anti roatrti with pah' imlicM-fncc ; tin* ( up, whidi rrnlnarrH only the haM* of ihr nnl, ii thin, haurrr-
shapcd or Kuhtniliinatc, light rrthliNh Inoun. ilothi'd with hntroUM nilky pnlM^Mccnrc on the innt r surfaic,
and t'(»\iii'd hy thin i'lonj;atrd ovatr Inincati* hoary pnhrx'i'nt M-ah's tiark rcd-hiown mi ihrir niar^'ins.

Thi* WiUow Oak inhahjts the htw wvX hordiTs of swamps and >^tr('aiaH and ri»h Hiindv nplandn, and
itt dintrihuttMl from Tttttt'nvillc, Statrn Island. Nrw York, to nortluMHtcrii Fhirida, lhron;;h tlir (iulf
MtatcH to tin* vaUcy td' the Sahinr Wwvt in TexaH, jind (hrongh ArkaiiHjiM to NontlnMiMtcrn Missonri,
ciMitral 'rmni'ssn', and sontht-rn KiMttncky.' I'snally i-ontiihtl in tht> Atlantic states to the low
maritime plain, without, however, approaelnn>; cIom* to tlu' seacoast, it in h'<^H common in the middtu
di.strict.H, and rarely ranges to the Appalachian foothills.

Trees lielieM'd to he h\ luids hetweeii (^m I'run i*hi //us and (Jui f'rtis n /tttlnnC' and hetween

' TIh' iH'i'iirrt>iirt< nf (^imhim /*h*il>>i m Stlmylfr i'oiiiit), wctttcrii
IlliiHtM, in titi'iitiom-tl liy Wnrtlirn ('i'Mt.'i"/y o; IIIuhom, i. \k'A), Imt
1 Uaw *vi't\ itn ii|M'('ititi'ri<« of tliiA K|M>(ii>« 1t**»i till- n'^imi iiurtli nf
\hv Oliin Uivir (Sim- llulKWuy. /*n« . /' \. \,U. .»/»«- v M;| ; iU>t
tinzfflf, %iii 'MM)

» Qijrmiji /'An'/"* « rWw/MMi (1'ljtU> rrrciiivi).

Uutrnui hrlrr^'phtiilit, Mii'lmtii f. Hut. .Ir'». Am. ii. M7, I Hi
(IMI'J). — l*ur»h. /■*/, Am. S^/*t. u. IL'7 Uiirti.n, Cnmi^tut /■'/.
Phtl. ii. lit". — Ntiiull, frrn. ii. 211; Sitlnt, i. I.V — l^tuduii, Arf:
lirit. iii. IHlU. — lijiU-. Vnm. S.tt. iuM. \K\\ To. f | - Hurklt-v.
/'rw. Vhil. .I.ij*/ \M\\, ;U1I ; |S*l'J, |U». -Or»|ii|, (A.r.r. Am.
Trof>. t. I*. — KiH'li, tt^'ulr. ii. \n. ii. O'J. — Mirlmii. /V.*.-. Phil.
Ar,t,l. |H7:.. kM, Iti.'. ; fU.t. fhu^tu, \\\. !0. - Um.Iv. /v.... /'A.V
Ai^t'i. |h7.\ n.'i. — Mitrdmtiilf. S"lrt on thr lUirft^tm **.ii, .\\ H»t.
Uazrttr, vi. 3l«. — I,. V Wnni. /;««//. T. .S. .V.i'. .U.w. No. '-"J. 1 1 1
(/■v. U'djAiHyfi**)' — Nargviit, /•''Tfji/ Tret* -Y. I"». UWA TftMUJi
£/. .V. ii. irA — IIuuIm, CK^'ura Am. m Itrh/t.fur, T2\. t. — Mior,
Walit. .Vurr/fim. IV). — Ili}>|wl, //umM. hinhh^zi. li. KlH
CuulUT. t'outnf: f. S- .Viir //rr/.. li. |I7 ( .l/.ei. /'/. H". 7'f/(|«).
Qurr.u* il'juittti'f, $ htUri>i,httlUl^ AttiUI, }lori. AVu'. V\\. 1!, ».

•J'.H> ( is|;i). — A tl< ( .»iiilnll4-. /V.Wr, ivi. |it II. «;m

tV-.T.-.*^ myr'i, \ar , ('(»«'|Mr, Sm\th%<mtiin lie/>. 1H.V*, 'iVi (IH-Itt)
Qurrruf t'SeUcn X finWiTi'l, (iniT, .l/dM. I'll I. |Oli ( lS*»;i)

<^.«T.iM Phfilof, var , (iniy, /. r, t-a. .'i. I.'fct ( |H«17).

Qitrrrw i'htHtM X (■<*( riKf (f , Kn^'liiiiiiiii, 'J'rtnui. Si. /-ohk .I'II'/.

iii. r>\\ (1S77).— Walwm & Coulter. 'iVfiy'ji .»/im. ed. «I, |7l»

( X n*/»ro ').

A "jH'riintii iif tliii iM*ruIi»r tre*', jfrt)witijf in n tii<l<l iH-Iutiifiii^ to
.foliii lUrtruin on iIm' .S-Iiii\ tkill, ntur I'hil]uli'l|tliii4, yuk* flfKt ili--
(tcrilM-d liytlir* yc>un);t'r Mit liiiux in ISlJ, althnu^li it ii|>|N';irH to luivr
Ik-i-u knttwn much i-;irlii-r, :iti '* tliiit )iiirtii-uhir N|M-t'ii'n uf ( >uk th.it
Dr. Mitrlii-U found m thv mrruluw." Hi-t-iU of whiih IVtrr Colliii^ou
RKkfil from *' niv >;<kk| fri.'ini John " in Miirrh. 1T."»0. writ imihahly
thi« trt'o. {St'v I^iirhn^^on, .Mt^ttonnU »/ lUtrlmm nrut .Mnr$hii'A,
\K\.) It w:i« iIi">tro\)*<| hiii>; »^i), but ft M-fillin^ fmrn it whi* )i wa.1
planti'il bv Humphry Mnr^hull in hiji arlHiri'tiim Ht Murslmllton
UHire than a n-ntury him-i* ntiU fiurvivc«,an(l nffitpriiit^i of lUrtrani'ii
tri-e bavo ul*o bt't-n ffniwn in Kiiro|>c>. Alxtnt twfuty-tive yeam nj^fi
sevcml individual of ap|>ariiitly tht* fuini)' piircnta^i' wrrc found in
tht* W(xkIh on Uith hanki of thi* Ui'liiwurt- ciiHt of Canidfii, Ntw
.Irix'V, iind otlii'M w»-rf hiihfMt|ui'ntly divovi-ri'd m-ar Witinin^'toii,
DrUwari'iun .^taU'U InliUid, New York. In thr |)i<*trii-t of Ccduinhui.
in wettUrn North Citruhuji, northern .Muhunia, and m-ar ll<iiiston,
Ti'xaf.

Thi-M* tn'i>ii an* ti<«uiilly thirty or forty frrt hiuh, with Inink*
fi^litrt'U or Im'Uty im hfa m diaini*ti'r, altliough thn ^iHTinifn in
Mar'»hair<« arlN>n-iuui it iirnrly twu-f thit mxi* ; thi* Iwrk h fnun
thn*i' <|iiHrti-r<i of nn im li to an im h iii thirknrH^, t;riiy or b^ht
brown tin^-d with r««d. NiniMttb Hnd covrffd wUb uniall tdittrly
n|t|imis4-4l Mali'*, '1*1)1' bramdib'tii art* Klrndrr, inarkril with |wb' trn-
tu'rt«, and toUM'htoM* at Itnil, liut immui Inmouk* ifUbroui and turn
hrtKhl rfil-brown during thrir ttr«t winti'r and ultiinatrly dark
lirnwn 1 lii< wi'itfrhuilx art* ovad', ai'iiii*. ib^htly aiiKl d, niOo-r
nitin' than an ii^hth of an inch bui^. and lovcri'd wi'.b ht;la n-d*
brown Mtalt'i ttarioitn on lht< inar)(iii*t. glahrouii lui miimi' indit hbialn
and |tihi<*<> or |iutKM<rt on othi'r« I'ht* b'iOt'4 an* rrvobtl*- iii
the bull, htiMM-olali- or obbm^-olNivatc in oiitbm*, i-iilir*'. iniimtrly
npiniiiow-ib'iitati', cotintidy M-rrati*. or h>lN-d with «pri'Mdiii^ or fat-
tatt< at III I' tMitin- briKtb'-|Muiit'.'d b>lN'4, thi' dilTrn-ni fornix a|)|ifanu)(
on thi< tame trt*t* and on Ihi- mhiio branch. Ihf b'aTi>« on ii|<|ifr
tiranchrv hnwrvrr, U-iiii{ usually rutin'; wlti^n tliry nnfohl thry
an* |tulM'M-i'nt on the nt>|M<r Nurfacr and tomrntuM* on thi* b'wrr,
and at inatitrit\ art' dark ^'i- ' ti and bi*troiifi alntxr and runty )>roMii
U low. and ^liibroitit with th* < iri'|ition of oiTational tnfl^ of h)tini
in thr aiil'o <<f tlii< \iiiii lUi ihi- b>wcr mirfartv Thf tlowrrt o|M-n
whrii thi' li-a\i-ii an* alMMit a third );rowii. tlu' utammatf tN>rnr iii
hairy ami- \\% from two to thn'i- inthrti in b'ti);lh, and thi> iiKtilliilr
on aliort tonifii(oitit prdiini b <t Thr ralyt of ttii* ittaniiiiali' Mowrr m
luiiry on tlir outi^r mirfai'i' ami in ^'t>iii-rally ihtiib-d into fitur o\at«
at-ntr bdN'K ; tht* ntanu'iiN an* four or t\vi> in nuinlMT, with o\attf
arutt' nbfcbtly apifulate anthrrt. Thr invulucral acaltfi of the pit*
tillatt' ttowt'f an* rown-d with pair haim and arr rathrr Rhnrti'r
tliaii the a< uti' I'alyxdidiri ; tht* Nti^iiian art' rfilt<xfd and dark rt'd.
Thr fruit, whii-h \* pnibirrd «partn(;l\. ri|K-u« in th«' aiitunni of thn
ftct Olid yi'ar and i* Rrt^ili* or thort-tttalkfil ; tlu* uiit \* oval to %\\\*~
^\\>\i\m', half an inrh loii^. l>K^>t yrllow or n-ddinh brown, and
piitHriiloiiit ; tlit> rtip, whu-h int-lo.<u'!« nearly half tin* nut, m thin,
turbiiiatr or alnuMit luMiiiiphfru-al, li^ht ri-d-bn>wii, pubr»c(>nt on
tht- iiiiuT mirfai-*', and lovm-d by iton^atnl ratht'r hroM'ly tmbri-
i-attil a<Mitr m ali't roatrd with luwiry toini-ritum. On trt'cn dimov-
fri'd by Mr, Arthur llollii-k at Tottrnvillc, Statrn Kland, New
York, in IHHH {i^imta PhrlUit x ru/»m, HhU. Torrry lUtt. Club, XT.
;W)3. t H-l. H."i), till* mon* obbtng fruit and the nhallower cup«, with
li>«N tomt*ntoii«< Kcalt-!! ^labtoiu and bright r«d uu their mar^inH,
iiidirati* pi'rhaiM, an hi- BU^i^'i-ttwl, thi* inltuciiei* of Qurmm ruhra,
althoiiifh till' travcH do not ditTi-r fnun tho»c' ou trvcit out- uf whuRv
parciitn wai i-vidciitlv Qturcui Vflxttttta.

h'

CL'l'l I.IH.H.K

'(< lirowii iiiiil I'livci'i'il
I'll ri'lli'M'il luiil liri|;lit
III' iiiMi'l^- wmnIIi', anil
'I', li);lil M'lliiw-lirown,
I' nut, ii lliiii, Naiirrl'-
■ nil till' iniii'i' Niirfari',
nil on tlit'ir iiiiir^iiiN.
'Ii Naiidy iiplaiiiU, anil
(la. llii<iu;;li till' (iiilf
tiiiitliraNti'i'ii MisHiiui'i,
tic stati'M to till' low
iiliillioii ill tllL' iiiiilillu

hitliiii,' anil ln'twi't'ii

fnrn (.•ft hmli. mill Ininkii
r, iilllxMigli llm i|H'i'iliii'li III

lliu IKK 1 till' Iwrk m rnnii
I in lliU'linpiK, liny nr Iiiiil

rcin-n-il with miinll rlixrly
Irnilir, liiurki'il viilli |inli' li-ii-
I Ih-.diiic ^l.tliriMH jijiil iiirii
wiiilir mill iilliiiiali'lv iliirli
ruti', »liK'litlv aliKl, .1, nillii-r

mill I'livin'il Willi liifht rt'il-
{liiliniuK nil xnw iiiilohliiiila

Til*' li'itvi-N iirt' rfviiliilt' III

ill iMitliiiii, riilm', liiiuiili'ly
li)l»il oith »|iri'iMliii|r iir f«l.
tilt' ilitTi'iviit fiiriii« Hiippitriiiif
•miii'ti, tilt' U'iiri'« (111 ii|i|>fr
irt' ; wlifii IIm'v iiiifulil lli.'jr

mil tllllirlltllMi till till' loMIT.

iMiiB »U»\t' mill rujtl) liriiwn
iif iii-f-ii^iiHuil tiifi.^ tif lijiira

r mirfili'f. 'I'll.' lluwtTH npt'li
riiwit. lilt' Mtuiiilliatt' Imrnf ui

III lt'li|;lli, Hiiil till' |ii>tilliil«

vx iif the KtMiiniiatt' lliiwt-r la
rally ilitiilfil iiilii fuiir utata
flvp ill niitiilit'r, with ovate
iliviilurral M'liltfM nf the pin-
laim anil an* nittitT uliiirtiT
« art- rt'Ilfti'il ami ilark rvti.

ri]it'iiii ill tilt' liiiliiiiiii nf tlw
It'll ; thi* nut IN iivnl to RuU
iiw iir ri'ihliKli hriiwii, anil
I'srlv half till) nut, in (hill,
lit rfil-hniwii, pulM'^t^'lit till
i^att'il rather Iikim'Iv iiiihri-
iiiit'iitiiin. On trfvH tliat'uv-

niiUf, Statrn Iilaiiil, Nt'w
. /lull. Torrry /W. Cluh, l».
nil tlif Rhallowtir ctipa, with
i^ht reil uu their niar^iiiH.

intlui'iicf of l^nyrt-ttM ritlira,
thutHi uu tnwH uiif uf wkuMi

rill'UtJVKU^K.

.S7/JM or N OUT 1 1 AMKIilCA.

ItSl

(Jihi-ciiM I'hiHiiM anil Qui riiiH Murl/diii/iin,^ iiavi- Im'cii rfjii-atfilly I'liiinil, anil tliu Npveieit u|i|iart!iitiy
I'l'OHHi'H aln« with (Jill nils luiiin:'

Tlu' wooil of (JiniTiiM I'liilliiM Im lii'avy ami Htroti);, altlioii^li not lianl. riitlu-r I'liarNf^ruiiit'il, ami
light liruwii tin);i>il with ri'd, with thin liohti'i' rolot'i>il ^<a|l^vooli. anil I'ontaiiiK tiiin nii'iliiilai'y rayM anil
liaiiilH III' Mi'Vi'ial I'owH nf Ntiiiil! njn'ii iliii'tN marking llii' layi'iH ol' aiiiiii.il growth. Thi' Niiciilii' ^lavitv
III' till' alihoiiiti'ly iliy woml isD.TlT-, a riiliii' t'o<it wi'i^rhing Ki.tVi |iouniU. It in ucfaNiuiially ii.ifd in
coiiNtrurtioii, I'or i'la|>hiiai'ils, ami lor ihr i'l'llicH of wIu'I'Ih.

An Oik-ti'iT with narrow I'litiri' li'avi'-< mtiiii'iI a I't'iiiarliaMi' oliji'i't to Kiiro|U'ans of tlii' si'vi'iiti'cnth
I't'iitiii'v, ami tim Willow O.iii attiaitt'il tlic atti'iitioii of honii' of tlii' i'ai'lii"<t liotanii'ai )'\|iloi'i'i's of
{•iwti'rn Aini'i'ira. It w.i^ inrlmiiMl in tiic I'atalo^'iii' of Nii-o-inia |ilantH whii'li .lohn H.iiiistcr sent to
Kn|.;laml in I('kS(),' ami wan lirHt ih>itrriht>il iiy Kay in tliii thinl voiiiiiii- of th>' /ln/nrin I'luiitiirinn,
|iiilili>hi'il ill 1701.' Arroi'ilin^ to Aiton ' it waH in I'liltivation in Knolanil in IT'Jl.

A iliHtiiii't ami hi'aiitifiil, l'a»t-|;rovsin;r, hanly tri'i'. tin' Willow (i.iL' altliiniuh ailiiiirahlv Miiti'il to
einhi'llish till- |iarl<H ami );arili'ns of I'aslcni North Aiiifrica, in lairly ciiltivatcil in tlii' mirtlii'rii Ntatcx.
Assoi'iatcil witli thi< WatiT Oaks, it may NiiiuL'timus ho muuii Hhailing the stri'its of MiiitluTii towiH .iml in
Kiiro|it'an jilaiitatioiis.'

• Qwrt-uA I'hrtltn * M'Iritiinitinl

i^it'rrtm t'htU'H, fi tuhiintiruilful, A. lit' Callilottr, frmlr \\i

pi II. ii;t (iMt^ii

l^iifn-uj UutUiitt {iiurri-ta I'htlltn n. ttiijr<i\, llritton, /fii,7. '/'-r-

nil IM. Iluh, u. 1,1, t, to I'J, l\gH. l-.-i ( ISH.'i

Kintt tliiitiiiKUKhi'il HA a hiliriil in 1HMI la-twi't'ti K">'|iort iinil
Siiitli .ViiiUiy, N't'w •It'nM'V, wht'rt' m iiuiiiUt uf iiiiliviiliniU went
MMMi hv \V. II. Kiiilkin ami W. Ituwfr. tliiti iifciiliar tn't* U now
tlioii|{ht to Ih' riuiiparati\i-ly fuliiliioii un Matin Utiiliil anil in
itoiitlii-rn Nt'W .ItTsi'V. 'riu* li-a^p* vary in oiiiliiii' from o\ult"-
Uni'eiitatt' to nliloii^-tival ami to liroiully i>l'o\:i(i., and urt« ftitirt*
tir funii^hfil with I'lit' iir inort' irrt'^ul.ir hittTiil loU-it, iir un* tlirt'i'-
liilN'tl at ill. ii|H-i with at'iiti' loU'rt, ..r rt-pamt'il.iilati' at iht' hroail
aitvi, or miiiiali'-li'lM^l with wiilo or luirrow miiuv'n, tin' ilitTrri nt
foniiJt apiwarin^ on tlit* miiiit. trt-i' anil Aonii-tiinri on (lit* i.iiiii*
bmiii^b ; thi'y art* from llin't> to tivtt ini'ht'4 in If ii^tli, iiinl fniiii oiif
ti. IhriM' iiu-hrfl III wiiltli, ami tliit-k ami rathfr linn in li'&turf, ami
art' nt.iiif tiiiifn ^lihroiM uii tlif liiwf r mirfiu'r . likf tlif Ifavf* of i^iur-
n*jt I'KrlliM, Itut iiiort* fn'i|iifiitly an- fovfrt'il Ifluw with tin' rn^iy
piibfiff iirt' of I^Hrri-un Mttritanilu^i. 'Y\\f nii(4 vary on ilitTf rf lit trfi't
frtilii iiuhyliil»tt«t' III ovatf-rtrutf, anil art' iiu-loitfil ut tlit- haw- only
or for tuon> than half tlii-ir Ifii^tli in ^li.illow saut-i'r"tha|>t-il, I'liji-
iillu|M'il, or liirhinatf i-upn with rutlu-r Iihi^.I) iiiihru'iitfil ovatf ui-iitf
M'slfa I lothrtl. f li't'pt on thi'ir ilark nil lirowii iMarifint, with pali<
tiiiiifntiini. .\ tn'f. prohahly of inuiliir pan'lita^t-, wa'« fonml Ity
Mr. .1 K. biiutll at tlif full.^ of tht' Yailkin Kurr in Nurth t. aruliun.

in AiiRiiil, I**'-' ; mill one foiinil hy Mr Kavriifl in ar Aikiii, South
Carolina,!^ ht'tii'Vril to havf liuil tin* '•anu' orii^in l>v l>r. Kritton,
who I'oii^iili'rt tli.it all triTi in N'fw .IiT^fV anil on statfti Nlainl
whii'li havr U'fii ri'fi'rrt'il to tjnin-n.^ tnit>n<'irni art' hyhiiiU of tlii.i
pari-llta|;i<

' .Spfiiiiii'iM of an llak without fruit lolliiii i| at May'" l.amlin);.
Xfw .Ifrifv, liy Mr. .1 ('. (olfonl ami .Mr .). K IVlfrn in .Inly,
ISIIO ( (^iifr.-.« I'hill'M K il,iii„i„i, IVtfrK, ll"ll. T''rr,ii li,ii. ( ■;.,/,,
vv. '.'tli't), Willi oli|oitjf*tivatii Ufiitf iipifulati* h'U^i'^ t'titiii' or far*
iii^liril with a lar^ft' latiTal ai-iitt* or roiimlfil lolio, .sitvi-ry wliiti' ami
piilw Ki't'iit on till* lowi-r '.iirfai't', four or llvr iiulii'» loiiy ami fiuni
all ini'h ami a half to two intlii"! with', havi* t'vi-ry uppt'ar.iiii'i' of
laliiiiifin;; to a hyhriil Iw-twri'ii l^'urru* /'Ati'/o.t ami l^wrr't^ inifiii.

' (^r,,roi.t l.in, III,/ Siili,-i.< i',Jii.i, Hay, llul. I'l. ii, Ill-J".

' lititn-'ui, iln fntli>i,i Iter Mtiriiiimltfit f'liltn Inrtt/o iluiin^tt S'iln'i:<,
lii. llfiiilr. H. — I'atfuliy, .V.I/. Hitl. Car. i. Ill, I 111 — ('liarl.von,
llulmrr i/f III .Voi«-.;.'t h'niiur, fil. \'1~, iv. ',\X\, f. It.

l^urrriu/>/iu fnm'rii/iirii in(fy>>muii'.<, Clayton, /•'/. Viri/iii. 117.

l^writM f'otin Iniujti ttiiijit.itti »<i/iV(*, Itiinmiu, Xnt. IliAt. Flitriitn,
'J.I.

' ll.''i K--i: iii. :i.M - l-ontlon, .Ir'.. Ilril. ill. 1.M>1, f. 1771, i

" In .Vrkanvm tin' Willow Hak m »i>Miftinn"t oalliil Wale r Oak
ami I'm llak (llar\iy, .Im. Ji>t,r. i''^rt*irti, i. WX).

NirlioUoii, liiinlm and h'vntt, i. Kki. — J. (i. .lufk. Hiinliu wiil
t'urtil, \. liO-J.

I

' M

M

A\

IM

i

KXTLANATKlN (IK TIIK PLATKS.

I'l.ATK CCCl'XXXV. l^lKUns 1'llKl.l.lW.

1. A tliiwi'iinL; liraiiili, natural ••he.

1*. A 'tt.'iiniiiati' lloWfT. »'iihiri;t'il.

.'(. A ]ii>tlllnl<' lliunT. i'nliiri;>il.

4. A fruiting' linimli. imtural xiii'.

fl. A leaf frniii a y"iiii(; vif,'iiriiin shoot, natural siic.

ti. A wiiitir l.ratii'lilit. natural niic.

Plate CCCCXXXVI. ()iKnri-s PiiKi.i.Oi) x vklcti.va (QuKKrcs ihttkhoi'iivlla).

1. A tlowirini,' liranrli. imliiral »i«e.

2. A slainiiiato tlowir. I'lilari^'i'il.
.'►. A |Hvii]lalf (lowiT. t'nlar;;«'ti.

•1. A friiitih:,' l>raiH'li. natural si/e.

r». A wirili-r ))rani'lili'l, natural »i/o.

PlATK ('{'('('XXXVII. I^IKII. ts I'llKt.l.i, . MAKll,AM>lrA tt^UKHd's liUDKINI).

1. A fruitin;,' liranrli, natural BUe.

'-. A li'af. natural size

.'i A liaf. natural <iw.

4. A Iraf, natural ni7.e.

|i

A. .

,^" "\

I

J

*'^

i*^

I

fl

1

Jm

r

t

f

1

1 ■

1
f

Iff

I

I

\

^r
]■

llf'i "

ii : if

III

ii!

fif li! !

tli

:;!i

1 \

:icii.n'urf..A).

Silva of Norlii Amenca..

Tab.ccccx/.y;.

I

t:f:fa.f-t iv

gUF.RCUS FHKLLOS

///>'j/i/V •" ■

A.!Uturm4.r i/trrit

hnf* .f.Ti.

annu : aris

Ufii

I

1

r

i

:

1

^

Silv-i ot N.Jrth Amorifii.

Tab, ITCCXXXVI.

f I' f'.Uf! </.<.

QUF.RCUS PHELL03 ^ VELUTINA
OUKKCUS HF.TKKOPMYLl.A MiJix I i

.1

I

4,"rt/». ./, .a/t0v,^

i' I

' :

'•;

i

i

1

F

IT

'

1

f

1

it II

1

|t

t t

II'

Hi I

m.

i

'Jilva. ol N';r'h Ainnrra.

CXVll,

i

OUERCUS PHKI.I.OS . MARII.ANDiCA
iQUERCUS RUDKINI 1m. i:

.Af-ni '

', TtififuJ' }\ir>.t.

p

plif

'

. i

4^ I ^

f I !

LUl-LLll'tlCi:.

aiLlA OF SUllTll AMJJIiWA.

W,

QUER0U8 DEN8IFLORA.
Tan Bark Cak. Obeatnut Oak.
Lkavkh ohiong, ontlri' or (U'litatc, tomcntctsr on tlu' l<)w«'r Mirliici', |)«.'r>.istont.

Queroua dunHiilurn, Iluukor A Arniitt, //'<^ Coy. /Iffhri/.

■.m ( iiiiii). — iicMikiT, /rt.«. iv. t. .'wn. — Nuttttii. .syc.i.

i. II, U r.. ~ TiirrKy, I'.itilli- II. H. Ur/,. iv. pL i. I.W;
lh>l. Ifllh^i Hri'l'ir. AV/.r./. »,%M. — llriillinm. /''. Il.irt-
UV.J. 3;J7. — NBwbsrry, IWijU- li. U. li>i>. vi. .U, «>J.
I. H. — A. >lu ('aiiiliilli'i I'rodr. xvi. |)t. ii. N12. — Kulandir.
I'rxif. I'ul. Afiiil. iii. IMt. — KiiKvliiiiknii, Trnnt. Si. I.miit
Ainil. iii. ;W0; llreiier \ \\\il>n„ llnl. Cil. ii. V»'.». — Ki I
lo(U(, Fiirml Trei» nf t'ulij'urniii, H."i. — harK>iit, t''ir>iil

TiifA ,V. Am. liiM CfMun r. S. ix. I.'i.'i. — W«iui({,

./■i/irli. Ilot. a<trl. Jlerliii, iii. 'Jl'J. — (irwiu'. H'mt Am.

(hihx. Jl, t. '.Ml .UiiN. llnl. Hay lie'jim. .'lua. — .Miiyr,

\i,il,l. .\;nl'im. '.'(•..l. t. '.', .1.
Quurcun ocbiuiiuuii. Tdrriy, i'acijif li. Ii. lieji. iv. jit. i.

l.tT. I. II (l«r.(i).
Pnimnla dunHlUora, OrBtid. VUlituk. .Multl. j'ru mil. I'ur.

hj"/,tit/i. l.Miti, «;i, l.Uliiiiann tlii nei Am. Trup.'ii.

Tliu Tim Hark Oak ix iiHuully Mtvi-iity or t'i^lity ttut witiictinifH iicai'ly imi' liiinilri'il tVi't in lici^lit,
iiiiil altliiiii;r|i its trunk ^rcni'ially iloi-s nut I'xcct'il tliri't' IVct in tliaiiii'tcr, imliviiliials witli sti'ins iloulilu
that Ni/c iiccanionally niTiir ; on trtrs in tlciiM' conil'i'rous lorcstn tin.' .stcnit liranclu-s aMctiil anil loriii a
narrow Hpirc-liku top, or in niort- o|icu positions ami wlii'ii H|iai'(' |it'riuils, tlic lower liranc'lu's spreail
lioriAont.illy, anil the lirail is liroail, Nvnnni'trii'al, ilcnst', anil rounil-top|iri| ; ur snnu'tiuii's it i.s rciluccil
to a >lirnli witli kIi'IiiIii ^tcnis only a fi'W ft'ct lii;;'li.' 'I'lii' liark ol' tlii' trunk in I'nuu tliriM' i|iiarti'rs of
an iiirli to an ini'li an . .i hall' in ihirkiii'ss, ami is (l('('|il\ iliviihtl hv narrow lUsuri's into lirn.nl roiuiijnl
riilp's lirokcu triurnvfrscly into ncirly si|uari> jilatcs coviTud with clost'ly a|i|iri'ssiMl \\'^\\\. rt'ilili>ii iuiiun
M'alcs. Till- hranrlilcls an- stout, covi'ri'il with niinutf |ialf Icntirrls, anil roatril at lirst witii thii'k
I'lilvous toincntuin of .stellate hairs which often does not entirely ilisa|i|iear until the Mcoml or thinl
yi-uro, when they are dark reddi.sh hrowii and freipiently eovered with a ^lacoits lilooni. The winter-
IiuiIh iiri> ovate, ulitU)M>, from one ipiarter to one third of an ituh in len<;tli, rovered with toiueiitose
loosely indiricated seales, and often surrounded liy the persistent sti|iuli'S of the iijiper leaves; the scales
are linear-lanceolate in the outer ranks, hut incre.isin;; in width tnw.ird the interior of the hud. those of
the iinu'r ranks are ovate or oliuvatL> and rounded at the apex. The leaves are coiivolute in tiie hud
and iihloiifT or oli|on;>'-oliovate, roinided or acute or rarclv cordate at the hase, acute or occasionallv
rounded at the ii|>ex, and repaml-dentate with acute callous teeth, or entire, with thickened reviilute
niar^iuH, dentate and entiru Ivuvi-H oftfii ap|>eariii^ on the .H.iine lir.inch ; when they unfold they are
coated with fulvouit toinentuni and furnished on the inari^ins with dark caducous jrlands, and when
fullv ji;rown are pale ^reeti, lustrous and ^lahrouM or more or less covered with scattered stellate
puhe.si'eu'e on the upper surface, and coated on the lower with rusty tonu'ntiuu, hut idtimately hecimie
^lahruUM ithuve and ^lahrato ami hluisli white helow ; they an.> from three to live imhes inn:; and front
threu (|uurter!) uf an inch to thrt'u inches wide, with stout midrihs rai.sed and rounded on the upper side,

' Qu^n'tij tir.unjlimi. vtir. rrhtutinlrM. utul a Imlf to Ivn* iiii'lii'!! ill It'iij^tti itiut from oiii* luilf tti twu tliiriln

i^nrrrwi rih'tundff, It. Itrtiwn <'/tin|i«t. .I'lri.u'u/ .l/tiy. .Vii/. Htst. uf ml iiu-li iu wiiitli, ^liilinuiA uImivi' iimi li(Kirv-|mlM>!H.>oiit U'low,

Mtr. 4, vii. '.^^1 (1H71). - (ins'iM-, .Mttu. li«i. /;tiy Itrifmn, ;uv|. with iitiHt-tii^> iiiitirtliH luul priinivry \«'itiH. I'lie nut is i>v!itt>, ;;r:ul-

Hiu-n-nt lirtit^/iin-ii, iinviw, W't-at Am. Criijt, t. *.i-t (IH^'.I). tially ii;irriiwt-tl uiitl lu-uto lit tli** u|m'X, llt'iirly all iiu-li loii^, luiii

'I'liia »U'ii,lrr n) ruli (I'liiti- I'ci'eiixviii- f. II), ii)i(uirt>iitly tinit in*- iuflu.Ht-il iit tin' l'ii>« ill tlii' iMi|t-»liii|)i-<l fii|i cnviTi'il Ity loiij; sli'iidi-r

ticml liy ItolsTt llruwit mi {'iifli'li I'rt'flt in MiutlaTU On-^tiii uii.l rt,'iir\i'(i itiali-s. \'iTy ilij*tiiu-t in tin- sliiiiM-, si/tMUnl ruvrrini; I'f itn

laiit I'y liiiii til ii!ir..|iil till tlif .Siitkiytiil .MtiniititinH to flrViitions uf Iuim-h from tin* litrp'-lt'iivftl forma of tj'u rft.* ittn.^illnrti,thiA sliriili

rigbt tlioiikuuil ft'ut. in not run' on thf KlojH.rt of ,Mt. SluiHtit or on ia i-oniu'i-tiil witli tlii'in tiy smalt tri't'ii wliiv-li priHlm-c k-aves inter-

tliu .Sirni Ni'vuiln ill ilorllurn California. Thu liitvi'i uri' u>al or nuiliiti' in uliapi, ilintlition. iiizi', am) I'oloriiij; Tin- fruit of tho

ul>li)iig-4>tH)Vftt(', narrowi'd at tiotli r\u\i ur ut'i'Ajiioniilly roinultil aliriili ililftTH from that of the tree uiiiy in its uauuUy smaller sizo

lit till) a|)«x, entire ,ir ul>M.urt*ly Miniiale-dentate, from an iiu-h aiul less Iiairy eiiiv-Heales.

1

184

SfLVA OF NORTU AM K RICA.

CUrUUFEK.fi.

! « >

f 1^

I- 15

f I 1 .

I '

ami thin or tliick inimaiy veins rnnninj; obliijiiely to the points of the tueth, or in ontiri? li-iivis nsually
f()rl<0(l and united near tlie niai'fjins, and connected hy straij^ht secondary veins and line consiiiciions
reticulate veiniets ; they are borne on stout rifjid tonientose jietioles from one lialf to tliree (jnarters of
an iiK'li in length and do not fall until the end of the third or sometimes not until the end of the ftuirth
year. The stipuh's vary from ohlontj-ohovate to lineaHanceolate, and are brown and scarious, coated
on the outer surface, esjiecially ...onj; the midribs, with lonj; pale hairs, and caducous, or those of the
last leaves ire frequently ]>er>istent during; the winter. The ilowers nsually appear in early spriujf and
freipicntly also irre^xularly during the autumn and winter, and are borne in unisexual staniinate and in
androtjynous amenis which are produced from the axils of leaves of the year or fnmi the inner scales
of the terminal bud, or sonu'times from separate buds in the axils of leaves of the previous year, and
arc erect, stout-stenimed, tonientose, and three or four inches in lenjjth. The staminate flowers are
borne in three-flowered clusters crowded on the aments, covered before anthesis with thick hoary
tomcntuni, and subtended by ovate roanded tonientose bracts, the two lateral Ilowers in tlie cluster
beinjj furnished with simil '■ .dthough smaller bracts; the calyx is tonientose and divided into live
nearly trianijular acute lobe. ; there are ten stamens with slcider eloiifjated lilaments, small obloiijj
eiiiar-iiniite anthers, mii'iite [xillen ;^iains. and an iicute hairy abortive ovary. The pistillate Ilowers,
which are scattered at .'le ba>e of tlie upper anieuts, are solitiry in the axils of acute tonientose bracts,
and are furnished with two acute bractlets; the ovary is ovate-obloiijj, slij^htly contracted below tlio
six rounded calyx-lobes, coaled like them with pale hairs, and inclosed in the lomentose involucral
scales; at the base of each calyx-lobe is inserted a brij;;ht red stanieii with a slender exserted illameut
and a minute aliortive anther; the styles ari' elonjjated. slightly spreadinij, three in number, lijjht jjreen,
and dark and stif^matic at the a])ex. The fruit, which ripens at the end of the second seaiton, is Holitnry
or often in pairs, and is borne on a stout lomentose peduncle from half an inch to nearly an iiK'h in
length ; the nut is oval o: i vale, iiii) and rounded at the base, <jrailually narrowed and full and rounded
or acute at the apex, coatei. v.hei, fully iri'own with scurfy pubescence, but frlabrous lifjht yellow-browii
and lustrous at maturity, from three <|r ters of an inch to an inch and a half long and from half an
inch to nearly an inch broad, wi' a thiik hard s-liell lined with a thick coat of fulvous tomentum, ii
thick reil-brown seed-coat, abortiv- ovules near ?'',o apex of the seed, ami light yellow bitter cotyledons;
the cu]), which embraces only the base of the nut, is thin and woody, shallow and cn|>-sha|M.'d, tonientose
with lustrous red-brown hairs on the inner surface, and covered by long linear rigid spreading or
recurved light brown scales coated with pale stellate hairs, often tip[)ed, esjiecially while young, with
dark red glands, and often clothed ne^ir the base of the cup with thick pale or fulvous tom<>ntum.

Qui reus i/i /isijjoni is ilistributed from the valley of the I'mpipia Uiver in southern Oregon south-
ward through the coast ranges to the Santa Inez .Mountains ' east of SauUi ISarbara, ('alifornia, and
along the western slopes of the .Sierra Nevada, which it ascends to an elevation of four thousand feet
above the level of the sc'i, to .Mariposa ( bounty. Exceedingly abundant in the humid California coast
region north of San Francisco Hay, the Tan Hark Oak grows to its largest size in the liedwood forests
of Napa and .Mendocino Counties; farther north and south, and on the Sierras, it is niueli less abundant
and of smaller size.

The wood of Qui rcn.'< ihnn'ijlord is liard. strong, and close-grained hut brittle ; it is liright reddish
brown, with very thick darker brown sapwood,' and contains broad bands of small ojien ducts jiarallel
to the thin dark conspicuous niedidlary rays. The specilic gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.(»S27,
a cubic foot weighing Vl't't pounds. Of little value for construction, it is largely consum<'d as fuel.

The bark, which is exceedingly rich in tannin, is largely used for tanning leather,' and is preferred
for this purpose to that of aiiy«other tree of the forests of I'acilic North America.

1 Barclay llazanl, Erythnij i. 15U. and twt'iity-Hfvrii ta\i*ni of aiuiual f^rowth, of wliicli mm hiimlred

* Tlur log R{H.'ciiiMMt ill tlic .!fiiii|i ('nlK'ftioii of North Aincrioaii ami mn" an; HupwiHHi.

WihnIh ii) thi< Aiiicriciin Miihpuiii nf Natiiml Ilintory, Ni-w York, * TIk* value iif tliK bark liaa causctl tlio dfiitructicm of luost al

U t'ighteLMi incht'8 in iliauiotor inaidu tlir Itark, with ww liiiniireil f.tio large s|)eoinif>tM of Uuercut tletunjOira ill all aoccsaiblu ■itn*'

CUPULIFEK^

curuuFEUiK SrLVyl OF NOItril AMERICA. 185

tiro leaves U8uiilly

The only American representative of a peculiar group of Asiatic trees in which are comhined the

tine coiisiiiiMums

characters of the Oak and the Chestnut, (jiurms (hnaijlora is, from the point of view of hotanical

tliit'L' (jiiartirs of

geography and hotanical archieology, one of tiie most interesting inhabitants of the forests of the

oiul of the fourtli

United States. No Oak-tree, moreover, of western Nortii America excels the best representatives of

(1 Hcarious, coated

this species in massive beauty,' in symmetry of outline, or in richness of color ; and in early spring the

s, or those of tlio

elongated tender shoots and unfolding leaves coated witii iiright hairs, appearing like masses of flowers

II early spriiif; and

against the dark background of foliage, light up the dark coniferous forests where the Tan Bark Oak

staininate and in

finds its most congenial home.

1 the inner wales

)reviou» year, and

tioiiM, Imt thi> nhuolH which Hprinj; profusely from the stmiipn iinil ' Sue Garden and I'orent, v. 517, t. 80.

ninate flowers are
witli tliiek hoary

f^iw with rciiiarkiihlu vigor will prevuiit tUo uxturmiuatiuu ol the
■porics.

ers in tlie i'liiHt(T

divided into tive

>nt8, small ohlon^

|iistillate (lowers,

toiiientose liracts,

traded helow tiio

lelitose invoiucral

exserled tllainent

inber. lijjlit jjreeii,

Hetutun, is solitary

nearly an in<l> in

1 full and rounded

ijjlit yellow-hrown

iiid from half an

vous tomentuiii, a

hitter cotyledons ;

slia|)ed, tomentUHe

•i^iil spreadin;^ or

while youiijj, with

i toni«utiim.

ern Orefjon soeth-

ra, ('alifornia, and

our thoiisiind feet

id California coast

e liedwood forests

lucli less ahuiidaiit

t is lirijflit reddish

pen ducts parallel

*

ry wood is ().(W27,

isunv'd as fuel.

r,' and is preferred

, of which niip hundred

.' '

dfiitruction of moiit of

ill all uceuiblu litii*-

r

li

^!f i

EXl'LANATIUN OK THK I'LATK.

Platk I'CCCXXXVIII. lifKiiruK iiKNairLuRA.

1. A fluwcr^iiL; liraiicli. imturul site.

'J. Dia^nini iif a Btaiiiiuutv liillciroM-i'iire.

.'i. Diii^Tum of 11 pistillate tlowir.

t. I'orliiiii iif ail aiiili'ii^'yiioiii anient. ciilar);e(l.

"i. A staiiiiiuite tldwi-r. i*nlar^;r(l.

G. A ^i.^tiUuti' tlowiT. iMlar({c'l.

7. A iiistiUiitf flower, llie iin )lurr<> removed, enlarged.

H. A fruiting liratii'li. nalural ■<izc.

9. A friiitinj; branch, natural she.

10. A leaf, natural -i/e.

11. A wint<;r-l)U.I, enlait(vd.

m I

/ :

k

;

%
■^

\.

-'^gr

/

If' iS I

I; '

j:M"

I!

ii

I ,

i)i

U'^

i-'XPr.AN'

\rK

I 1 ; I

Iff '

i^ !

Silva of N'jti.h Anitrira.

Tab. CCCCXXXVIll.

(' E. FtHfr: tit*/

Ol'FlRCUS DENSIFLORA H.ok S Arn

1

1

, 1

\
n

!

1 ,

1

'1

i

1
i

i'

(

A

INDEX TO VOL. VIII.

Names (if Onli'rs lire in HM.vi.r capitals; of adrnitleil Ccnera niiil Species mid nthor imijier imiiies, in Ionian type;

of ?,yiuHi\ Ills, HI itmici.

AmpliiliolipH nponf^iflen, 12.
.Initriii/iirii; I.
Aiii.siit.i pulliii'iila, I'J.

Allisot.'i srillltnrill, I'J.

.\liiMilii Slipim, I'J.
Aiitlieni'H lln>l.-i. II).
AiitliiiMtdiiiii Htropuiii'tiitu, 12.

niiliminu4 TmMi'iciiN, I'J.
MHlaiiiiMiH Ijiirrt'iin, I'J.
hiiLiiiiiiii.t iniiforiuiH, I'J.
It:i.tk>'l I )iik, I'i7.
It.nr ( l:ik, I.V..
Illu.'k .1.1. k, ir>. nil.

Ill.u'k .l.i'k, i .>rk-li'iiv<'<l, ll.->.
IILlek Ihik, IIKI, l:i7, 111.
M..e.l..ek, 171.
III;;.' Milk, 711.

I>..r.'r, I lil-lieml II.

ilor.'i'H. I),ik. tl.

Ilrewcr, Williiiiii Henry. 'JH.

ilrewtTiim. '^><.

Uri.wii, liolurt, lij.

Iliir I )uk, l;l.

CoMtnttfiifmi, 4.
fVmj, 1.
( 'rrniiil' i, I.

Ciie^ihiii u.ik. ."ii, "., isa.

('Iiiiii|iiapiii Oiik, .'rfi, .'I'.l.
('Imni.isp«'j« (^iit-ri'iiH, II.
C'iiliiin\ili>)iiiliiiMM, *.
(.'lir\s.ti>titIiriH feiminita, II.
Cluiulii nepieluleeitll, 11.
Ciemlll, The Scv|.|lteell-yf:ir, 1 1.

C'li^iiH'aiiipu I'atif.iriik'il, 11
C"!:.».x;-.:M]ia emettneta, 11.

('liiti(K'lllll)ia tlMHlri... II.

Ctici-i/iTfi, 4.

('*'<-ei>iiiyi'eH triani^iilari.t, 13.

C'lH-e.i, ili.is 10.

C'lirk lmr>e»ling iif, «.

Ci.rkOnk, ,■<.

C'tx^iita liiti^nitli-a, II.

C"t>H?*iiJ» (.^iiereiperda, 11.

(\tt*Hu<i reticiil.itilH, II.

l'u» t )ak, t!7.

I'ryptuleeliia i|iiert'ievllA, I'J.

CryptiiU'cliia Selila^eiiella, 1*2.

I'l iri.iKKii.v:, I.

C'yi'lutialaiiiipMiit, -I.

( '*/r/o6ii/«n(ywi,<, 1 .

C'yelolialaiiiiH, 1.

/ 't/f/(»^Hl/(l'm.*, 1.

C'y iiipa ( iailu; tineturiic, 0.

DwdalU qiiort-init, I'J.

Dnvid'i link, 111.
Dink ll.ik, li:«i.

Ktapliiiliiin villnsiini, II.
Kiieiiia, 111.

Kniiiiilm-iir/ioti, I.
Klip'llnann, (ienri^e, HI.
Mii^elniaiiiiia, .SI.
Krinsiiia (^iierei, II.
I'^rijthrohitlitua.if '1.
/•.'.if'i(/'t.«, I.
I''.ii;i<talis iiiiLtita, 1 1 .
l;nr;,'reiii Wliilf ( hik. S;t.

Kisliilina Ilepiili.'M. I:l.
I'lal-hea.l.il H..r,i-, 11.
I''..lk.lrav,,l l;l.i,k .laek, 11.-.
Fiitliaiii Oak, tlie, 7.

fiiiliihm, 1.

(iall ilnri'ts (111 i^liierell'.. IJ.

(laIN, Nllt,'.l.

CalU. O.ik. '.I.

lialliU'l, William, 'X't.

(;aliil«lia, .-l-..

( itTlllinall.ill i.f l^liieri'lls, t.

ttld'ospi.riiini (aiiiiileiiM', I J.

(ireelie. IMwanI l.ee, HI.
(in-eliella, Hi.
O'l/rtttefuHat 4.

lleiiiileiK-a Maia, I'J.
lliek..ry Oak. Iil7.
llyl.riilH „f tjiiereiis, ."i.
lis pliautna eiiliea, 11.

/iVi-, I.

JaeV, Illaik, 11.",, If.l.
.laek, Itlii.., 171.
Jack Oak. U;i.
Jaek, Saii.l. 17'J.

KclliiKK, .\IUrt, I'JO.
KellujiKia, I'JO.
Keniu's, the I lak, 111.

Laiii'el ( lak, W.'i.
lAMif-iiiineiN on (^iiereilil, 12.
[.ei-anilllll (^u.'ll'ifev, 11.
Leealiiiini (^iiercitlunis, 11.
I.epiitohalanus, I.
l.epiilobalaims, Inid.s of, 1.
I.eiieolialanns, t.
I.iopiis t^iierci, II.
LithoearjiiiM, 4.
/.irAoeiiryiiu, I.

Live Oak, Hit, 111."., Ill, llil.

Live O.ik, I'. .S. reservatiuli.s of, lUl.

Loeliiiiii'iis iiianteo 12.

1.1 nilie Oak, tlie, 7.

Malloduii iiK'lai.opu^. 11.
M.irsliall, Ijiiii.plin, ;i;i.
Marsliallia, ;l'.l
ManI Oak, 111."..
M< lanoiialamis, 1.
Ml lialianip, .Icisepli Ililivm, . tl.
Millieliaiiipia, 111.
MuTiispluera i|iifrfina. III.
Mcis>y I'lip Oali, l:l,
Monntain While Oak, 70.

N.'i', I.oiii>, J.-i.

Neea.'J.-..

Niiiniiiiilaria C'lypein*, 12.

Niiniiniilaria piiiietiihlta, 12.

Nul Kails. 11.

Oak
Oak
Oak
Oak
(lak,
Oak,
O.ik,
Oak,
Oak,
Oak,
( lak,
Oak,
(lak.
O.ik
Oak
Oak.
(lak
(lak.
Oak
Oak
(lak
Oak
(lak
Oak
Oak,
Oak,
(lak.
(lak.
Oak,
Oak,
( lak.
Oak,
(lak,
(lak.
Oak,

.■.1. .■..
pin, .'ili

. 1h;i.

.'ill.

apple, I'J,
ltask,t,i;7.
Iliar, l.V,.

, lilaek. iii:i, i:i7. 111.

nine, 711.

Ihir, l;!.
, (hi .Htnii
, Cliiltipiap
, Cork, H.
, Cmv, r.7.
, llan.l\. 111.
, Ihlek, nUi.
, Hverjxreeli White, HJJ.
Kails, It

, lliekorv. 1117.
, .laek. nil.
kerines, 10.
. I.anrel, 17''».
, Live, 1111. 10.
. ManI, HI.-..
. .Mossy Cup, ,.,.

. Miiiintaiii White, 7i».
of Mature. 10.
, Oven ap, 17.
, I'in, .M, .">ll, l."il, LSI.

, l*OSSllItl. ltU>.

, I'ost, ;i7.

, I'liiik, ll'il!.

, (jnel'eill'on. i:t9.

, lied. I'J.\ I'Jd.

Hoek, .'•ll.

Koi'k (.'hestniit, ."il.

UiinniliK. 11^'

.Saul's, 1«.

Siarlct, 1211.

111. 111).

, I."..

,1

■4 1

j

1

1

1

i

ill

n !

i \

1 "S

■7:

188

/A7>/vA-.

0;ik. S.TUI.. 7:1, *).-.. \'SX \\\ I.Vi.

Qurrnu ii'i'irttirn, i * ni>/rti/oliii, I'SA.

Qufrnu tii»f"lor. y /'.liuintfri, l.Vt.

ouk, Mini. ■J7, :i;i. 7.V

Qutrru,t ii'/uiUuiit \iir. h;fftnihf Um,

(jni'rniti Poii^laHii. 7U.

();ik. Mmii^'K-. 17.-..

Umrnijt iiiri>i/itin»li.'it lit.

Quirni.i l>outjln»ii^ 0 ' (iinnhtlii, X\.

l>:ik, S|>aiii^h. 1 17.

i^iit'r(Mii4 .\ri/oiiu.., H'.l.

Qurri'ux lUimjhistt, y \nnmniftiuit, 33,

(».ik. Swiiiii|i >|Miii..Ii, I.".!.

Qutn'tut AuM(rnit-ii^ 7.

Qurri'iu /hmi/iiimi, viir. Ac<ri, 'M.

(»;ik. >wiuiii. Wl.il-. 17. ii;i.

(^Nfrrrj.0 /inllrtii, 7.

QwrruA hrumuu'fuht, 37.

<>;.k. V.iu W.ivU, is;t.

QuifU.i fill! uit, 7.

QiirrniR tliitnimu, lO.

O.ik. ilif I'lillutiii. 7.

i^iurru.t I'mlixit, 7.

iJmretL* itutmtAU, y m^utitinm, lift.

O.ik, till' l.iirMnil**'. 7.

Quin'ns Ontiitti ri, I.Vt.

i^iurnm flumo.^n, var. f<ul!i'in, ItO.

(>,ik, tlif \VuiU«"ttli. iuV

QufrrunhirlHritlifiu'iil, ill.

Qutrru.i itumoMit, var. munitn, ik*».

l>;ik. link. 7. Ilii.

i^ut'rru.1 I'tiitlitf, (hi, 07.

ijiiimui iluniiffi, var. fnfli/ittr/m, iCi.

Oak, 1 |.l.iii.l Willu-v.

<^ijfri*'W hrni'iir, fi innili.i, Ik'V

Qiicri-UM tliiiiiosa. var. ri-voliitn, tX).

(►.»k. V;.llf\.-j;(.

<^ti*r«*fw hii-ftior, 3 fiUiUiuoiilrn^ 0,'l.

Qurrni* />.(»!'.(*, 107,

<l:tk, \'.iloin;», H.

<^'(/ri iw I'iiular, -NuliHuuc. .1/m Ad'u-ii, 07.

QiwrriM Ihini'iiiii, 71.

(i;.k. w.ttiT. It;-.. It'.!), mi.

(^iirri'iH i.n'\ifnlia, 171.

(jurrcif^ rrhniiicfi, \H'\.

n.ik. Whit*', m. 'sx -jt*. ;i;t, 71, h7, 8a

(jihTfUH l.n'vifolia ■. i'alr<«ba-i, I7'J.

(^iwTf'tw nfntiniiin, |H3.

tt.ik. \ViIl..w, Kit.

IjiMTirus liri'\ifnlui, liUiriild I'f, 17'J.

QiiiTcim, ri'iMiiuiih' proixTtirK of, .'1.

(»;»k. V.llow,.V.. I'J7, \'M

(^iiiTru.t lirt-vilolta 71.

QutrriLn tl.mijnUi, 1 17.

Oiik, Vrllou-biirk. ia7.

i^ui-rcuH hri'm-n, -7.

CJiuTiMH Kiiiorvi, t03.

O.iko. Anu'rii-aii, vuluvaltMl in Kuropc, 11.

l^Utrrii^ I'.riU'tut, lli'J.

(^nrri'N.1 Kumrtu, 7"i. f*l*.

i)\rr*iii. O.tk. 17

IJiUTiUH. Itiiiln t.f, 1.

Qiii-rcuM Kn^t-liiiaiiiii, Kii.

(/U»rr '(.« iiUT>/'ril, 1 1.

i^mmLi himuitui, 7.

VaUuvt, i:.l«.inl. KKI.

l^iuTciiH Hiiii^i ana. 3, 10.

(^riffrii.* rjy>flN,<i|, 7.

I'.tliiirnlLi. lIKl.

(^'(( n'li.* (fji'tnud, 7.

tjutrctui hilnilii, 1 17.

l'.i.'>;4lii:i. 1.

(JiuTi'itj* i'aliforiufa, 1 11.

QutrrtiA itiitiitii, ti l.uiiiH'innnit, 117.

/'(IM'iiii, 1

Qurrru.1 t'(i//i/.n»MW, \ imttiilft, 10.

ijurrru.* f<i!>yif>i, 0 tnhJni, 1 17.

I'ilhJUliil. I'lhU of. 1.

Qurrt'H.i i'tlftitttrtt, .'ll, ,Vi.

Qiitn-if f'tilrntti, var. I> /Mii/fM/<^'r)/Hj, 117.

}*<i*nuoi >itH.tif{i>rit^ 1H3.

(Jiicn'tin (lUi'nliH'i. 1 Kt.

{Jnrrrtw f-VrniUrt, 7.'i.

Pliryi,'aiii<li:i Califiiriiira. 11. 112.

(^n<m(.t f 'if/rji'M.-i X (i'/ri(i/iWi. IM.

Qufrnts hrrm/tuni, 101,

I'm Oak. .".l.-'tt;. l.-.l, ISl.

Qiirrcii!* ('atf^liifi X laiinfulia, 1 1 1.

(^N/T(*tU /(JtX.f rii, Kk*!,

Plt\<>|)lltlinru> |Ullii{.(>lilii<., 11.

l^iUTtMi-H ("airsha-i \ iiif;ra, 1 H.

Qiii'n'UH, fiMiKat iliHi luti-i t)f, 1, I'J.

I'llMiphtlutrn^ ilniTfipcnla, 11.

QiifTfiiN Ci-rri*, X 7.

Qiii'rniH (iatiiliilii, ICt,

roIviMtni-. i;rii\i t.li-iis, Ki.

(JiUTt'itn Crm.*, IpuiN of, 1.

Qiurriu titituf>,!ti, var. ^itmriMfiin, :i;i

l'..-".um < Kik. I'H!.

(JurriUH I'l-rrij* ilfntii-ulata. 7.

QiirrciH ( iarr\aiia. -1>.

I'l.M Oak. :t7.

(^urrrfiA i'trn* /-'ui hilintu.n.s, 7.

QiKTiMi-. (iarrwtiia. ilwarf form of, ;iO

rritiimxx -tiiH Kt.l.tiiijv. 1 1.

QiiiTcuit ('crri.-. IiUtpIs ui, 5.

iJui-rcuH <it iir^iaiia. I.V.t.

rM.>iiii> l.iluulhs, It.

(jiit-n-U!4 ('lia|>ii)aiii, U.

(^ urt'tiM 1 tritrj^iaiia m M:irilaii<lit*a, 159.

I'uttk Milk, Ii'>t;.

QurrnLi i'h,ur»ij'in, 'til

Qiirrrtui fr'i'ori/iiiui$ ■: nu/ni, ITitl.

QutTt'tu* ('hm* ft.iLi, 10.

QlltTl'IIM, ((ITIIlllllttioll of, 1.

(^n ntlri'ii Oak. \'^\}.

QiiiTi-iiH clirvsolfiti-*, lOilS,

Qurrrw liil''rrti, 'J\*.

iinvrvw-, 1.

l^tifrrtLt iHn/so/rfn.M, HH».

Qiicn-ii.t glabra. 1, 1 1.

(^tiirri'ii'* ariliiiili.il.i. "».

Qtll-r\■u^ tliMMili'pi<>. .lul.HiH*'. l*aliiit-ri, 107. (^ihti-iii ^Uuta, 1, 11. ■

(^iiiTrii* afiniiiN.iI 1 ■ iiiafnH'ar(«i, Tifl.

ijiit-n'Ut rlirv^ulcju.i, !iiili<t|H-i' \:u'i'iniifolia, Qwrrux tinirnutifin, 7. B

L^iitTt-iiH ai'Uta, -1, 11.

imi.

QiH-rtMH (innithii. 3. 0.

t^'itrcH* tiniti'itn»t '•>."».

Qiirrm» ciufrtti, 171.

Qurrrtui ifn.tfi, 7.">, H]!

(^luTi'iis .Kjjiinn^*, :j, h.

{^tirniut cmrnn, 0 fitnUUi^tJ-^lUl^ 171.

Qui-rt'iiH (fn»HM"u-rrala, 0.

tjii^riii* .i^<fii>ijn, 7.

Quf-mis ruifrnt, y hunuliji, 171.

yi«r«tiji /iiijtiiitit, UK\.

Q'itrrfi.t .i'l'jtUifif, 0 miUTi>ir/n.i, 8.

Ijufrfun finrrrit, M\r. fiunnUi, 11,'».

Hturvua htmi.*ifh'rrutt, tiw.

(^utTiMih aKrifnlia, 111.

IJinrciiH (MK'(if<r.i. '.\. 10.

(^urrriLi hrmiif'h<rrica, \.ir. fidnu, ItJ5.

y.irr.tM nijnjUiH, 7 fifrf»*-r>f'»ini. III.

iJMi-rriiH ('(N'(-irt-r:i, ^ Palrstiua, lU.

Uurnta, hrtrntphuilit, ISO.

yii/rrtw it'/nf),iiit, var. f'rutrscnuif 111.

l^iitTi'iis riM-inifa, \'Xi.

Qurn-iu //iri'/«ii, "ja.

(jiiiTf'iit alli.t, 111.

Q'trrttui rmf'iii/-(i, IJ'J.

Qiurni.1 hum tit.*, 171.

t^urriu:* allia, l(\ l<ruU of, 18.

QurrriiM rtiTfiWti, a nn'rima, \'X\.

QiiiTi-iiN, livt>rii|)i, r*.

tjiHTfU-* alki, iiirflk'al |>rti|KTtit'§ of, 3.

Qiwrnis riM-ritinl fi, VSt.

Qiiercnit liv|M>lt>u('a, 117.

U'urrtiJi ai'tfi, a pi'mntifi'i't sinunta, IG.

U'itrnu .(xi'iii/fi, 0 uufrfsceng^ \'M.

Qiti>ri-ii<t Ilfx, .3, 7.

Quentis ol'-ti, a ' fiutiiiiji->nii, 'Si.

QufrruJi *t*<'rinf*i, y ti'n'li'ruif 137.

Qiii'rciiM Ilrx, y jtallotn. 7.

Qiifrriuf alfni, ^ simuita, 1*».

.' <^'*/T(*tu OKVi'iiKj, 8 lt<i«/rln, KI7.

QuiTour Ilrx. \ar lUlIuU, 3.

Qi.tnii.i iiifxt, y micn"<ir;»(i, 10.

Qttrrats cttci-inm^ var. nnifni/utt, TJ.*!.

QumiUI IliX .fjArnw*!, H,

Qiurrtui ttlKii ii4i!<i*1rv, tKI,

(^.(f-rnwi f(>rnii/-»i vnr. ^ mirrmurjHi, 12\).

i^ufrru.f liinhHut, l.Vi.

(^iiiTfiii .illiii • ina*'r«KMr]>a, 18,

Qurri'^tA fH-rittm X ilin/olui, 100.

QttrrrtiS iltntiHitl > rrwi-jrirfl, l."i*i.

(^ih-rtuH ailiii - iiiiiittr, IH.

<^u^/*rijj roit/crtt/itiifi. 117.

QuvrfUH iiiil.rii'aria, 17.1.

Qu.riMiH all.a ■: I'riiiti'.. IH, 19.

iiurma rriLtxifHjctu'd, 105.

Qntmu tmf>nriinti, 0 fpiuulu.<ni, 17.'».

tl'iemiA ulhit mtii'ir, 1(7.

QurrClV <TINl//l, 7.

QuervHi imhrirnrui X nn'ruuil, 170.

t^uerots hUhi ftintnttifiilti, 10.

tJuiTctis rriK|iu)a, 0.

Qiifrcini iiiilirii-nriii x Marilaihliou, 170.

li'trrruA nihil (rrfMtmlu), 10.

(^(i^rfuji t'fj/fifKi, l**.*.

Qu4rnt$ {mfirirtina \ tnijnt, ITfJ.

f Qurmu ftHntdt 0.

(^ijrrnw ruutata^ 1 17.

Qi»Ti"iin inil.riraria x paliistri.H, 177.

Qiu-rruM nmhif/ttn, iJo.

QufTriin riiH|iiilutii, -1, 11.

Qtit-riMiH iitiltrifaha x vclutiiia, 1 70.

QurrriLi aurtiilulu, 71.

Qnrrciis dfcipirtif, 1)1.

Qitrri'iis iiiCHiia, 3, 10.

Q'if-rrn.% fi(y»(i/(i>l, lti."i.

(^luTi'iiH (IriiFtiMura. IH.I.

Qitrrnu tuf'ti-torin, Vt.

i^iu-rrta iViutttira, a runfftta, 10.5.

QutTi'^t^ li'iiAifhtni, 1H3.

(JuiTtMiit, iiwfct fiirniits nf, 1, 11.

iiwrnui it'i>t/itira, a iuuri/oltii, lOt).

Qucreti!* (li-iiHiHora, var. ficliinoidfs, 183.

Qtu-rntn llhitfiurrrt.ti.i, H

QttfrriLi ffjwilint, Q h(lfr"i>hfjUfl, IHO.

QiHTim (IfiiUta, 3, 10.

(jut'n.'iiN, itd iiii-rcaw ui Xurtb Aincncu, 5.

H'lrrrtiA <t'/unttrtt, y v''ini/it!ilt lfJ."t.

l^iiiTiriiii ili^'itata, 1 17.

Qiirrnt^i Jii'-itfii, 'J'.».

(^utrifLi tl'/iuttira, 8 irultrii'l, Ith"i.

(jiitfrciiH iliUtata, 3. 0.

yrirrciij hrlliufifii, \\l.

Uuircuf ti'fuutiifi, « tittrH'tittn, 100.

Qitenux ilistuior, 137, 117.

Qw-cwt lanala, a iucuna, 10.

fttittiiilfri, l.Vt.
1, 7l».

> .Vi»r<.»i//)(V|H(I, 33.

viir. Afiri, 1!U.

/m, :i7.

iVi.
itniti'trtiH, lla,

iir. I.nilfhl, '.Kl.

iir. HH<((iM. "A").

b'ttr. ri'viiliitAt ml.
il7.

71.

IHM.

pnuMTtiiH iif, .'I.

117.

mil.

."i, Kit.

Ill), Ki.

/. i<'/.'cu'i((H(i, 1 17.

Inl.J.,,. 117.

ir. h /Mtiftuiff/itiut, 147.

r.'i.

. ir.i,
Ilk-..

IHt lUll'l llf, I, I'J.

viir. ftunutMiiin, 'X\.
, '.'(•

, ilwnrf form uf. ^K).
I, I.V.I.

I X M.'ir.hiii.luu, l.'il).
X ni//ril, 1,'iil.

ion uf, 4.
II.
II.

II.

I, 7

;i. (1.

Nil

^lli^ (1.

Kl.

i.ti, li>."i.

it'll, \ur. ritjrHj, 1(15.

,1, IWI.

;i.
1.
r».
i, 117.

M.Ui. 7.
IUII..U, 11.
u<l, H.
.V>.

1. 1:.-..

, ^ fpiiinlumt, n't.

X tlM-nitril, 17(1.
I X Miirilaihlic», 170.

X tii»jni, ITli.
I K pniii''tri.s, 177.
i ■ vclutiiut, 1 70.

10.
U.

i>iiiiei( uf, i, 11.
w, H
u< in North America^ 5.

in.

Qiiirt'iis Iiuirifiilin, IflO.

Uurrnm l,i»r[fnhn, a tinittt, 1(10.
(/i«rfr(.< lti>irif>i/i,t, 0 uhlunit, 100.
ti'irrriLi li$fin/n,'i,i hi/hmitt, 100.
U'trntii InliHI, no.
IJUITI'IH Intiiita, 'Jll

Qu^rniit lo'-iilii, NulmptT, /Vti/(V(i«i, 'J7.
Uurri-ns luhnUi^ vur. iirrtrrn, 'J7.
Qu^rru.i InhnUi, viir. Hinilui, lill,
i^f/rrrn.-r (imijujUiuihi, I'H.
fjiirrt'ii'^ Liitidtiiicii, M, 0.
iiurrrfin /.' .ii(ii>iirii, a '/''""/'Ml, 0.
(^iifrciiH l.tiHthitufii. a tiifiTttiriii, H.
t^iuTiiit l.iiHitamni, Miln|M'i'. Hu:liL'ii, a Mir-

iH'vkii.O.

Qiif'ri'ii.t l\rala, 17.

Qtrrrut Miirhoiutldi, U'.,

<^u^r.iw« .\tiirhnttti!fii, var. rlrfjiiutuhi, \Ki.

Qiit-rt'iH iiiiiiTiK iirpu, IM.

Qtun-tn mirriM-iirfHi, fi afihrTtiitii, \'\.

Qfwrrun mwrocfirf'ti, y ituuitr, {'A.

QitrrtiM tiuirr'M'iirfHi, viir. lUivtr/nnmji, 13.

(^u/TftM mtu'rutrtu*, rt.

Qurmi.t Htiiri/ituitti, II.

l^itin iiH Miiriljtii<lirit, 101,

t^iii'i-.ii* Miinluii(hi;i < tuuiii. It't'J.

Qutrrtix miintitnii, |(M).

(jii<'rrii<«, iiitMlinil prit|i«rtii-!4 of, 'A.

Uufr'Ui l/mxiN'r, 7 < .,n/;Tnyi»/»i, 117.

(jiirn iM MifhiiiiMi, 07.

I^iii-r<-ii4 iitiiinr, ;t7.

i^ricriMit iiiirMT K nll>a, :M.

Qiienu.^ Mtrfitrlit, 0.
ijiii-rtMM .Miiii;;i»lii-ii, 'I, 0.

Querrus .\t>*rrHtij*, ll;0.

t^umui Muthlr'tfitn/ii, .Vi.

Qu*Ti>iM Murhlrut-rr'ixtt viir, httmilui. '"

(juiTt'iii Mtrtiftilm, |j;i.

iJHt'ri'ii't n^tiiu, I.V'i.

f Q'wrrtLt (Mind, lli."»,

(^iii rriti imiia ' luiiiiiiMt, I.Vl.

QtirriMH ititiiii o^ M-ltititi:i, 1,'rfi.

Qdcrt-iii iii>;rii, lt».~i.
Qurntu nnjni. H. I;l7. 101.
QiuniLS ui'/ni, a w/unUoi, lOTi.
^iuert•^^.■l nnjrn tJ, |tl|.
{iurrrm ntijrn, Q Ititifnlut^ \\\\.
Qwritis uii/ni, 3 '/'itn-jtulohn, \f\\.
Qiu-n-iu ni'jnt, 0 trultnlii!'!, 170.
f t^ufmu uijni, y ttnuitfii, lit.
QwrriiM rii'/rii litijtlillit, 1 17.
Qurn-tht uit/nt iutrijri/'itlut, 101.
Qtirrrtui fii</ni trtfi'l'l, 10."),
Qiurru-t tm/ni, var . IMI.
QlllTi-ll.-* ol.Inll;;tfuliu, H7.

QurrrtLi ttf>i"Uf/if't4iii, ITi, KM.

f l^iwrrilA iJ'iinu/if'nUit, 71*.

(^•jfrr(i.< nltlotiififoiia, vnr. firrviMHita, 70.

yurrrii,* nfitusn, l(il).

QufrniA iJ,(ti.ii/,iii,i, var. .' hreviU)b<t^ 71.

<Vl**T<'(U nfttlLillitf'fl, M7.

(^fwrrri.* itfitjt^ilufMi, var. /xin'i/b/irt, 41.
y*jfrc'iw <»/»oi*(ifri, 10.
Qiii-rt'iiH tH't'iiliittiilis, U, !>.

Qiifrrtts viit'i/ormi.i, \'A.
QnfrrtLi oiytutfiiiii, HI.
QufrriLi t'lilr^tttmi, 10.
Qitfrr^ui l*Mmrrt, 107.
Qiirrt'tis palurttri.4, l.~)l.

<^r((TC(*.< /Mt/lM/n,". I'JO.

/.\7>A'A'.

QwrriiM pnrt'uUi, WW.
Qnrrri,i fiifliitirulutu, 0.
(^iifn-iH I'rrNJia, H.
QiH'i('ii<t riit'tliH, 170.

U'ltrffi.i J*ft>l/:i.i, tt!'ini/if],]i,i, 170.
(/(»rc.i.* /V,f //..-. ann.l H, 170.

(^lirrfu.* /'Ai//m*, a l'nr,f,>l»i, 171.
(^(i»m(.< /Vi<//..., ^himili.*, 171.
QwrniM J'hflloi, B imhrii'-irut, 17.".
(^•»mj.j l*htUm, $ liilifhlut, 171.
Qurrnn f*/iflloM, fi .i.n>;,i, |7I.
(^KfT'-rw PhfUni, fi nthiinfinrann, IHl

(^tifniL* I'hil!->t, S .iiifinfuih'lit, 170.

(^ri#rr(fc< /'Ai/Am, f mifci, 1 l.'i.

Qwrni.1 /%ll,-i, ( iuhlnKn'ii, 170,

(M'*'"'" Pfi'iliM {mitntimit), UK),

(^i-rrr-.i.. /*A»V/.... (y,.j,»,/„), ll.-|.

<((j»TCFw l*hflli>A Hfmprrvirrn.i, 1H*.
ViHTrij* /*fu!in.t (Mi/lnitiru), 170.
<^i/rrf/,< rh'llnn, var.. IHO,
Quimtjt /'hfll'Ki, var. ttr*urtriitt IJ3.
Qtitrru.i /'hrllitf, var. Itturif'niui, 100.
Qufr.-fii I'hrllii* X ritrrin'U, IHO.
U'ifrrui fhrlln-i v (Vici/n/f/l, |H|.

t^mn.iiH rii.-lln-i . Marilainlu-a. l.-l.

<^ti« n-iH I'hrUui * liana, 1H|.

i^nrmuf Phellon .< ntfjra, IMl.

(^it»rrt« Pheli't* X niArn, IHO.

QtirrrttM /'hrlloi K lihffnriii, ISO.

QlUTI'lKH I'lll'IliM •< Vl'llltllta, IHO,

(^'trrrrwi finirnitir'ila, |0.

Qtu'rriiH plataiiniilrs, O^t.

l^iit-rcus priii»M(l<'», "lO.

(^'itrr-ii.< finfii'fl'i. Tut.

(/..mil'* IVinm, .'d.

(^KT.'fu /'nn>ijt, 07.

Qwrrii-i /Vi'Hi.^ dfumi'idM, '10.

(^urrni* I'rifi'tn Chmcitfuu, .VJ.

<^rj/TciiJt Prinn.1 tlt.in>lttr, iii\.

i^'irrnin f'nntu huintli.*, r»0.

Qiwrt'tiA PrintLi {Moutit-fUn), Til.

<^(irn(i^ Pnnu.i ( //(i/fM/ri.<), 07.

Qitrrrnit I'nuHM ( /lumilii). ."lO.

yurri'ii. /Vi/iiw tomeiiU>m, Oil.

(^ If r-',.* Priii'i.i. a /<if((, Til.

,' (^'('-ri-ri.* f'nnu.i, a /•iirrif'o/itt, .M.

(^r«rr»w /Vi/HW, fl hu-oliir, \u\.

f Quemi.'t i*rinn.i, $ nK/un'/ittii, 51.

i^mfiw /'riniki, $ puitniniitlit, IKI.

<^t(fT((« /Vinr*.*, \ar. tliscffior, 07.

(^(wn-rM /Vinu.*, var. .l/ifAuttrn, 07.

(^t«Tri« I'rffiimi, H.

Qutrcti.-t psfwlit-riH-ri/'era, 10.

QlltTl'US pUlllilll, tl.').

Qutrrfu* puitnln, var. .*cri('t'(i, 115.

(^(icrcn.t ffiuiirti.i, 7."'».

(^'*fmi.* /'vr'mju'i, H.

(^''Tcrw iiiiti.'O'ini. 70.

QtiiTcii.M rt'tifiilata. Ol,

M^Uf-rcrw ntir'iUUtt, Q ^ii'"J'jii, 01.

Qufrr'ts rrtfi.^11, !*0,

ijiu-rriia Kobtir, It, 0.

yuMcu.^ Unhurt •'».

(^UffCfW liitfiur I'fihmrulittii, 0.

(^tuTi'its UulMir. ;.iiI)NptM*. jHMliiin-iiIata, 0.

Qucren-s itolmr. .-.ulispco. .^*•s.silltlura, 0.

Qlurl^u.^ rufmt'hfiiUtt, 7.

(jiitTfii.H rultra, 1^5.

t^«'mw nj/zni. li'O. 1 11, 117.

Qui reus ruhni, a Idti/hHn, I'J."*.

yutrcuj rutira, u viriiiU, llio.

18D

Qn^rntM ruhrtu It. I'J.*.

(juirni.i ruhrti, fi, K'~i, 1 17.

fUurrriiS ,->il;;i, firurrinto, I.XI.

Qiffrrn.i riifini, ft /fi.ijuiuirti, 1 17.

QurrriLi rnhni, 3 runriiiuftj, I'JO.

il'tenu.* I'lfira, r Srhn fi ''Hi, I'J.'j.

.' (i'urrm ruhm, y Mnhhuhr'fii, 1*^5.

,' tlurrni.i ruhrit, y unhsfrrnUi, rj."i.

Qurrrnji ruhru, <l ftrh mitfiifiUtf VSt,

QiitrrtiM ru/irn, r nurfti, I'Jo.

QiitrniA ruhfii 'li.'',nrfiit 151,

U'lfrcu.'i rn/mi mnriimt, ll.'5.

(^nirriiM ruhrn niniitatui, lL'5.

f t^iti rruM ruhrn mnulttnn, 117.

t^'iiriiis ruhrn iiiinn, 15.',

(^iHTcii.s rulii-a X vrliitiiin, I'JO.

iiutriu.t rul-rn rfimn.'iis^iiinn, 151.

(^';' rf'i..* ruhrn. vur, Ttxitun, I'-'O.

(^iicn-m nilmi < tli^'ituta, I'JO.

(^iii-rnis riiliia ■: imltrii-nria, iL'O.

Uutrcn.4 iiuilkiiti, 1H|.

(^utTrUK, Kiu-(')iariiii> fMidatiuii.H fruin, 8.

i^ufrciis Siiillt-riana, 01.

Qi'irriiM Sai/riHitin, {H».

<iuirnui Stiii-Snhrnnn, 71.

(^Urrcus, Hfctiolis nf, I.

(^UfrruM S' injit rrircu.-i, 00.

(^'wrf.,,< .v*r,r-Mi, 11.-,.

(^iitTcu.'* strnita, II, 10.

Querrtt.1 Atrratn, 10.

(^ucrr'/.-t lerrnlit, a Cfiinrnjii.^t 10.

QiirniLi scrrata, 3 l!(t\liiir|;Iiii, 10.

(^N*T(VM ,-msUij/iirn, 0.

<^ufn-iu .ir.i.fi!i/iorn, vur. Mtrngoiin, G.

Qufrrux Sftumnnlii^ 1.'17.

(^r(»Tf'i(.< simiiifn. 111.

Qurrrtui Sonnin/'Uiis, 1 II.

(^KTCfw ,'<iiii-nfn, 01.

Vrifrcu.* MifUittij, M, 11.

Uuirnui itillntn, $ Ft-iri>iinia, M7.

(^'MTCfM itttlUitn, y •ltf,ris*n^ 45.

(^iwriu.* sitllntn, 8 /'/'i/jf7wi>, iKJ,

(^•«'r«-ri.< .itolomfrro, H.

QutTcua SuImt, M, 8.

(^NfMiw l'ttu:in, S.

QiitTCu-H Tcxaiia, I'JO.

(^'i^Titj.* linrtiirin, Ki7.

Qutrcu.* titit'torin, anm/ulom, 1117.

Qut'rru.t tiucfnnn, a 'lismlitr, 1117.

(^li^-rcfw Imvlnriti, & ninifnijirn, I'M.

U'n rcfi.i tiHvtiiriti, ti .<ifiu'isit, 1117.

(^firrftw ^''l<■^<^I(l, 7 mnrrophi/lln, 1;17.

W'i(r»vM linctnrtii, 8 nnhili.-t, Kt7.

(i''i»/VN.< tiuc'orin, var. f Vi/(/ltr»uV(i, 111.

(^mTcus timipiiti'lla, 100.

QutTi'u.1 TuuiiH'vi, !KI.

(^ucrrrf.* Tiiurih forlii, 7.

Qiierfus Tu/a, 11, 7.

(^riM-ct(.< triitJn, 1 17.

Qucrru.i Trojana, S.

Qufrnui lurhinrlln, 75, 05.

(^»«r<7i.< uliijirtosn, 10.~i.

t^'iUTiMi.s muliilata, 75.

Qufrru.t unilulntn, X\, 71.

(^nfrc'M uu'luhila, a <inmhdii, .'13.

Quercus uwluhtln, 0 ithtusi/olia, 75.

Qurrcus untiuhttd, y Jitmeiiii, 75.

(^fi»r»'i(.« uniluhila, y fifiunculnta, 75.

(^'if'rc**.'* utuiuUitn, 8 ijrisen^ 87.

Qufrciut umlidtttit, 8 \\'n<fhlii, 75.

(^Ufrc((.'( uiiiluintn, var. f/mcu. 75, 87, SO.

(^(«TCh.f uuiluUttn, var. ohlnm/ntn, 75, 87.

(^'j<r''r(.<: ut.iiuuitii, var. puti(ft>i>; 75, 05.

iiutrcus f 'ni/iri, h.

y»t.-fti.i vucvinii/olitt, 100.

T.H)

IXDKX.

(^K* rrnn Vftllimfft, H.

(jiiiTiua Viilliiiii'ii 0 nutcrulepia, H,

(jurri'iiit M-liiliiia, lit".

(iuirCUH Vinlt:itfllfl. 'X\.

1 t^irrruji fi//(Wfi, 117.

t/iur'-HM rirrm, vnr. titnutui, 101.

(iutrt-ui riViM.*, Mir. nmnlinm, lUI.

i^iirrcin* \'ir|;iiiiiriii, Itll.

IjitiTciiA Virj;iiii;iim, \ur. iiiiiritiniii, UK).

l^iifi'i'iiH \'ii'^iiiiiiiui. \iir. iniiiiiiia, Ult.

(jiiiTi'iiM Wixli/i'ni. 111*.

^^tfr^•t^l^ W'ulilthi, viir. yr»j/»«r'-nji, II'.V

QiKTi'iis Wi»li/i'iii \ C'lilifiiriiii'ii, I'M.

IJiirmn iriWi':irii > Kril'i'i'Ji', 1-".

liuvi'iK'l, lli'iir.v Williiiin, l(i(i.
Kiivi'iii'liii, HUI.
H.'.lOiik. IJ.'i, IJll.

Ithi^ot'.H-CIIM l^lttT*.'!!*, 11.
Ii..hw, I.

KiD'k Chistiiiit Diik, .*il.
l;.i.'k();ik. 5i'>.

Ilollinxk. ,loM'|.li Tniiililr. irj.
Uuiiniiig i >itk, ll.'>.

hmlliT, Jdliti. <1J.

.Smii.I Jjii'k, IT'J.

.Siiul'., (Ink, IX.

S'litii't (Ink, 1-JII.

.s.nili ( Ink, 7.-.. II."., VS.\, 1 1,\ 108.

Srl.unhiii (^iii'n'iiH-iill)a, tl'.

,S'\riit«'i'n-\i-.tr ('ifiiiiii, n.

.Sliii-takr, I'lihivatinii iit, 11.
.Slim (Ink, JT. :t:l, 7.".
.sIiiiikIi' (Ink. t7.'i.
,Silk■»Hllll^ dak, :i.
>|>iilli>li llak. 1 17.
S|ilui'i-ntlit'i'a liiiH">lriH, 13,
,Si./..., 1.

.Swuiiip .Spatii^li dak. l-M.
.Hniiiii|i Wliiii' dak. 17, li:i.
.S'vN.i./n.S 1.

Tan-htiik, (i.

Ian Hark dak, 1X.I.

TaphriiiA t'a<ritleiKM'iiii, 13.

Tait/m, <S.

Tilia lV'ly|ilii'iiiin, 1:!.

'rt'lniiiM'liiiH (I'liriiifl, t'J.

Tfrtrix •)iii'rrif<ili:iiia. 1-

r»uiiit'i, •lami's Willuuii, 'M.

TiiliiT Imiiiiali', 7
'I'ltlicr iiH'taium|Mtniiii, 7,
Turk) y dak, ll:i.

I'litaii.l Willow dak, 17^.

I'lVlIu (juiTI'llt., 111.

Vi,ll,.v dak, 'SX
\'aliaiia, X.
Valnuia dak, H.
VtMituria diliifiilii, I'X

WaiUwi.rtlidak. ll»', tkt.

Wal.r dak, liri, Kilt, ISl.

Whilr dak. HI, •-':(. '.Ml, Xi, 71, 87, TO.

Uinli' dak, KiiTKriiii, Kll.

Wliili' (Ink, SMalnp, 17, (;.l

WiIImw d.ik, I Til.

\Vill.>» d.ik, I plau.l. IT'J.

WihhUiuii.m-, .'^mtiurl Wunhiu^toii, HM.

Yrll"W dak, .■."., 1'.'7, i:iU.

Yiii.w-i...ik dak, i;i'.i

/aS'ii, till' Al>;('ruiii, ii.

^..

,7.

1.

, HI.

II, Xi. 71, rt7, m

■II, Hit,

IT, r.:i.
. 17.;.

WllHlllU^ttltli HH.

, i;ii».

i'j.

1.