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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^ THE SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA A DESCRIPTION OF THE TREES WHICH CROW NATURALLY IN NORTH AMERICA EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO CHARLES SPRAGUE SARGENT OIBECTOR OF THK ARNOLD ARHORETVM OF HABVABD UNIVEKSITT SlUujStvateD tDttl^ f iQureiei anu analtiseiei tiratsn from Mature BT CHARLES EDWARD FAXON VOLUME IX CUPULIFER^ — SALIC ACEM BOSTON AND NEW YORK HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY OTije Uttbetjeiitir ^tt^$, Cambridge MDCCCXCVI Copyright, 1896, Bt OBARLKa BrRAGDif SAROKNT. AU riyhts reserved. Thr RlrerMr Prrtt, Camhrtigi, Men., V. S. A. Sltotrotnied anil Printad by U. O. UougliUiQ and Coupuiy, A l^' THIB VOLUUE IS DEDICATED TO THE HEHORT OP GEORGE BARREL EMERSON, AUTHOR OP THE BEFOBT ON THE TBEE8 AND SHRUBS OF MASSACHUSETTS, WHOSE INTEIXI6ENCE AND FOBBTHOUOHT IN FROVIDINO FOB THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ABNOLD ABBOBETUM HAS MADE POSSIBLE THE PBEPABATIOW OF THE 8ILVA OP NORTH AMERICA II i: I TABLE OF CONTENTS. * n Synopsm op Orders Ca^T » V0P8H CiiSYSOPHY LLA Oahtanea DENTiTA . , , CastankA' pum, la . . Faous Americana OsTRYA ViKMNIANA . Ostrya Knowltoni Cakpinuh Caholiniana . . BeTULA LENTA .... Betula lutea .... BeTULA POI'ULII OLIA Betula papyrifera . Betula niqra .... Betula occidentalm Alnus Oreoona .... Alnus tenuikolia . ainus rhohiiifolia Alnus acuminata . Alnus maritima . . . Myrica cerifera Myrica inuoora .... Myrica Calikornioa Salix niqra Salix Wabdi .... Salix oocidentalis Salix amygualoides Salix l^viqata .... Salix lasia.vdra . . . Salix Bonplandiana . Salix lucida .... Salix flitvtatilis .... Salix semilipolia . Salix taxifolia . . ' . . Salix Bebbiana Salix discolor .... Salix cordata, var. Mackenzieaua Salix Missouriensis Salix lasiolepis . , , Salix Nuttallii .... Salix Pipep; .... Salix Hookeriana Salix Sitciiensis POPULUS tremuloides . POPULUS ohandidentata tU Plate ccccxxxix. ■•••■.., 3 Plates ccccxl., ccccxli 13 Plates I'cccxlii,, ccccxliii. ....... 17 Plate ccccxliv 27 Plate ccccxlv 34 Plate ccccxlvi 37 Plate ccccxlvii. 42 Plate ccccxlviii 50 Plate cccc'xlix. 53 Plate ccocl 55 Plate ctccli 57 P'ate cccclii gi Plate ccccliii (55 Plate ccccliv 73 Plate pccolv. ■••.,,,., 75 Plate cccclvi 77 Plate cccclvii 79 Plate cccolviii gj^ Plate cccclix 57 Plate cccclx. 91 Plate cccclxi 93 Plates eccclxii., cccclxiii 103 Plate cccclxiv. •■■...., 107 Plates cccclxv., cccclxvi. ...... 109 Plate cecclxvii. m Plate cccclxviii JJ3 Plates cccclxix., cccclxx., cccclxxi I15 Pkte cccclxxii IJ9 Plate cccclxxiii. ■•...... 121 Plate cecolxxiv. ........ 123 Plate cccclxxv. •••..... 127 Plate cccclxxvi. ........ 129 Plate cccclxxvii. ........ 131 Plate cccclxxvili. ........ 133 Plate cccclxxix. . , . . . . . 135 Plate cccclxxx 137 Plate cccclxxxi 139 Plates cccclxxxii., cccclxxxiii 141 Plate cccclxxxiv 145 Plate cccclxxxv 147 Plate cccclxxxvi 149 Plate cccelxxxvii. igg Plate cccclxxxviii , _ Jgl ^ CONTENTS. PopULus HmmopiiTLLA ''l»'e coocUmIi. . POPULU. BAUIAMirKBA ?'»'" <=«<"'"•• O"™"'- Poprans anouhtikoma Pl»'» cccpxcii. . POPLLU. TRICllOARPA PUtO CCCOXciii. POPULO. DKLTOIDKA ^^ CCOCXcW.. oeoOXCT. PoPULOS FBBMOirni "•*• "e*""'*- 163 1«7 171 176 179 183 SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS OF PLANTS CONTAINED IN VOLUME IX. OF THE SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. Clam I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Stoma increasiiiK in diameter by tba annual additiun of a layer of wood uiMe the bark. Leaves nottsd-volned. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons. Sub-Class I. Aaglospermffi. PistU, a closed ovary containing the ovules and developing into the fruit Division III. ApetalBB. Corolla 0. Stamens inserted on the petaloid calyx, or hyiHigynous. ni. CupullferaB. Kl.nveis monajoioua or rarely perfect. Stamens 2 to 4 or indefinite. Ovary inferior, aftur anthesis imperfectly 2 to a or rarely 4 to (Vcelled. Ovule solitary, or in pairs, ascending or descending, anatropous. Fruit a nut usually inoru or less inclosed in bracts free or united into a woody involucre. Leaves alginate, stipulate. 02. BetulaoesB. Fl.,w«rs monoecious. Stamens 2 to 4. Ovary inferior, 2-cellu.l. Ovule solitary, suspended, anatropous. Fruit a nut covered by the deciduous or persistent scales of a strobile. Leaves allernate, stipulate. 53. Myrioaoeae. Flowers moiiceclous or diujcious. Stamens usually 4 to ti. Ovary inferior, UAUl Ovule soli- tary, erect, orthotropous. Fruit drupaceou., often covered with a waxy exudaUon. Loaves resinous-punctate, alternate, rarely stipulate. 64. SalioaoeBB. Flowers monoBcious. Perianth 0. Stamen. 2 or many. Ovary UeUed. Ovuleg numeroui, oacending, anatropous. Fruit a 2 to 4-valved capsule. Leaves alternate, stipulate. 4i ,.i> SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CASTANOPSIS. Flowers unisexual, monoecious, apetulous, in erect unisexual or androgynous amcnts; calyx 6 to 6-lobcd, or parted, the lobes imbricated in aestivation; stamens usually 10 to 12; pistillate flower included in an involucre of scale-like bracts; ovary inferior, 3-cellcd ; ovules 2 in each cell, ascending. Fruit a nut inclosed in the accres- cent spiny or tuberculate involucre. Leaves alternate, penniveined, stipulate, persistent. Caatnnopaia, Spach, llitt. Vig. xi. 185 (1842). — A. ile Caiidulle, Jour. Bot. !. 182. — Benthaui & Hunkur, Om. iii. 409. Caatanea, Endlicher, Otn. 276 (in p»rt) (183G). — Haillon, Hiat. PI. vi. 257 (in part). — Prentl, Kmjler & Pruntl Pjianxenfam, iii. pt. i. 64 (in part). Oalleeooarpua, Miiiue!, PI. Jitmjh. i. 13 (1861). Trees or riu-ely shrubs, with watery juice, scaly bark, astringent wood, terete branchlets, buds covered l)y numerous imbricated scales, stout perpendicidar tiip-roots and thick rootlets. Leaves convolute in tlie bud, alternate, five-ranked, usually coriaceous, entire or dentate, penniveined, the secondary veins inconspicuous or rarely prominent, persistent. Stipules obovate or lanceolate, scarious, generally caducous. Flowers monoBcious, unisexual, auemophilous, in three-flowered cymes, or the pistillate rarely solitary or in pairs, in the axils of minute bracts, the lateral flowers subtended by small although otherwise similar bracts, on slender erect anients from the axils of the leaves of the year, the staminate flowers on usually elongated and panicled aments, the pistillate on shorter simple or panicled aments or scattered at the base of the staminate inflorescence. Calyx of the staminate flower canipanu- late, Ave or six-lobed or parted, the lobes or segments imbricated in the bud. Stamens indefinite, usually ten or twelve, inserted on a slightly thickened torus ; filaments filiform, elongated, exsertcd ; anthers oblong, attached on the back, introrse, two-celled, the cells parallel, contiguous, opening longitudinally. Ovary rudimentary, minute, hirsute. Pistillate flowers surrounded by an involucre of imbricated scales. Calyx urceolate, the short limb divided into six obtuse biserrate lobes. Stamens inserted on the limb of the calyx, usually as many as and opposite its lobes, abortive. Ovary inferior, three-celled after fecundation. Styles generally three, linear, spreading, slightly exserted from the involucre ; stigmas terminal, minute. Ovules two in each cell, attached to its interior angle, semiana- tropous ; niicropyle superior. Fruit maturing at the end of the second season ; involucre containing from one to four nuts, ovoid or globose, sometimes more or less depressed, rarely obscurely a»v;.'/ 1, dehiscent or indehiscent, armed with stout spines, tuberculate, or marked with interrupted vertical riJj'v Nuts inclosed in the involucre, more or less angled by mutual pressure when more than one, often pilo*^, crowned with the remnants of the styles, attached at the base by If rge conspicuous circular depressed umbilici ; pericarp of two coats, the outer cartilaginous or bony, the inner thinner, sometimes tomentose on the inner surface. Seed usually solitary by abortion, filling the cavity of the nut, marked 2 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUFULIFERJB. at the apex by the abortive ovules,' exalbuminous, hjrpogeeoUB; testa membranaceouB ; cotyledons plano-convex, fleshy, farinaceous ; radicle minute, superior, included between the cotyledons, the hilum basal, minute.'^ Of Castanopsis, which is intermediate in its characters between the Oak and the Chestnut, about twenty-five species are now recognized. One inhabits the forests of Pacific North America, and the others southeastern Asia, where they are distributed from southern China through Malaya to the eastern Himalayas.' Comparatively little is known of the economic properties of the Chinese and Malayan species. Some of those of India produce strong durable wood used in construction, and edible nuts.* In North America Castanopsis is not known to be seriously injured by insects and is compara- tively free from the attacks of fungul diseases." Castiinopsis, from xdarai'a and o^ii, was first used as the name of a section of Quercus,' to which some of the Indian species were originally referred. & * A. de CiiiidoUe, Ann. Sci. Nat. sdr. 4, xviii. 53. By A. dc CandoIIe (Jour. Hot. i. 182) '',ie Hjteeies of Castanopsis are proiippd in lWO sections : — EucASTANOi^is. Frtiitiug iuvolujres beset with ridged spines, dehiscent or indeliistent. CALL.KOCARrrs. Frnit'.g invohiores tuberculatc or ridged, de- bi&eent or indcliisoenf. ^ By Biiillon (Il'tt. PL vi. 233) Ciistanopsls was considered a section of Castani-a, from which It diifers j)rineipally in its three- ceUed oMtry, aiid lliis view has been adopted by IVantI (ICrujlcr ^ Prantl Pjianzen/am. iii, pt. i. 55), while (i. King (.Inn. Hot. Card, Calcutta, ii. 18 [Imlo'Malat/an Sftfcie.'* of Quercus and Castnnop- sis']), ftlthongh retaining the genus on the ground of convenience, could find no characters by which it could be satisfactorily scpa^ rated from the section Chlamydobalanns of Quercus. " Blunie. JSij'dr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 525 (Castanea) ; Mus. Hot, Lugd. Bat. i. 282 (Castanea). — Spach, H'lst. Veg, xi. 185. — Blumo & Fischer, Fl. Jav. i. 37 (Castanea). — Miquel, Fl. Ind. Bat. \. 868 (Castanea and Callfeocarpus) ; Suppl. 352 ; Ann. Mus. Lngd. Bat. i. 118. — Bentliam, Fl. HongV. 319 (Castanea). — A. de CandoIIe, /. c. ; Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 109. — Hance, Jour. Bot. xiii. 367 ; xvi.200 ; xxii. 230. — Kurz, Foreat Fl. Brit. Burm. ii. 477 (Castanea). — Friuichet, Nouv. Arch, ^fu:^. s^r. 2, v. 277 [PI. David, i.). — llouker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 010. --G. King. /. c. 03. * Br.nulis, Foreat Fl. Brit. Ind. 400. — Gamble, Man. Indian Timbers, 388. * Castanopsis chri/sophi/lla is subject to the attacks of Taphrina ccerulesremt, Tulasne, a fungus which is also eoinmon on the leaves of several species of Quercus, fornting ash'^olored patches on their under surface. « D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 56 (1825). IUPULIFERjB. cotyledons i, the hilum jtuut, about ica, and the laya to the ^an species. is compara- 18,' to which 85. — Bliimc & rml. Bat. i. 888 Mwi. Lugd. Bat. i\. de Candolle, i.3C7iivi.20O; (Ciistancn). — 7. i.). — Hooker 3, Man. Indian cks of Taphrina on on the leaves patches on their CUrULIFtIL«. 8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. OASTANOPSIS OHRYSOPHYLLA. Ohinquapin. Oolden-leaved Ohestnut. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, coated on the lower surface with bright golden yellow scales. Involucres of fruit covered with stout divergent spines, dehiscent ; nut usually solitary. Castanopsis ohrysophylla, A. de Candolle, Jour. Sot. i. 182 ( 1863) ; Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 109 Watson, King's Hep. V. 322. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. ii. 100. — Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Explor. Exped. 463. — Sargent, Forest Trees N". Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 150 Coville, Contra. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 198 (Bot. Dmth Vallei/ JSxped.). — Dippel, Handb. Laubliolxk. ii. 59. Castanea obryaopbylla, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 150 (1839) ; Land. Jour. Bot. ii. 496, t. 16; Bot. Maij. Ixxxii. t. 4953. — Niittall. S or 1847, as his correspondence with Sir William .1. Hooker, jireserved in the library of the Koyal Gardens at Kew, shows that in Xovemocr of the latter year he was in Inindou. Of his subse- (pient career nothing is known. liurken, a genus of south African woody plants, was dedicated to bin) by Hooker. ' Oiinl. Chron. n. ser. xiv. i;).') ; scr. 3, iviii. 710. CUrULIFERiE. lostly appear in ixils of broadly iients from two 3 flusters being e calyx of the into five or six ider the niatf^in e calyx of the turn, divided at which have red lunted by three son ; the invo- 2red, tomentose 1 coated within contain one or the broad base les coated with oats, the outer Bous, and lined )f the nut, and uthward along [• thousand feet the California elevations and tnut attains its vhere, scattered forest, with its nee and golden ng; it contains y^ers of annual I of from fifty )..')574, a cubic to that of the cture of plows iscades of the sh gardens by ably icinainccl until Villiain iJ. lluoker, nt Kew, uliows that lion. Of liiH fliibse- Ls of south African no. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Plate CCCCXXXIX. Castanopsls cHRYSOPnYLLA. 1. A flowering branch, nntural size. 2. Part of the base of an androgynous ament with staminate and pistillate flower^lusters, enlarged. 3. Diagram of a staminate inflorescence. 4. A staminate flower, enlarged. 5. Diagram of a pistillate inflorescence. 6. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 7. A jiistillate flower with calyx and stamens removed, enlarged. 8. A fruiting branch, natural size. 9. An inrolucral spine, enlarged. 10. A nut, natural size. 11. Vertical section of a nat, natural size. 12. A seed, natural size. 13. Winter-buds, natural size. II ir ii|i / ^ t "S^ ':Sv / >i- ■■§: •'"4'-^--->'i'f" ¥ m J" f .,^ I5XP1-ANATION OK T! icrcxxxiv 1 A ti>-»oring branch, oahiml hIj.. I Pwt of tUe l>«st' of ftn oudrojjjii. ' ■ •. l>t«ffr»ni of a iiUiiiimli' infloww»»v. , 4 A iUinimito fiowt^t, jiilai-jfi-l. !. \ 'I.I. ri. ,.«(.-, i>ii))iir{;w) -r w>Ut I'sJ;. ."! :\ i; ^-■. , -iincli, nn^ 10. A nuL i!*««rU f 11. Vertic*! «••"••..■. 12. A w!«^, J. ■• lili Silva of Narth A.nerica. T.b. CCCCXXXIX. C.£J-\i.ai!i. ,M . Jlf^naauw- JO. CASTANOPSIS CHRYSOPHYLLA ,A,DC. j4 . Ititicrmi.r d/rr^D . Imp. t/ Taneiw, faris. CUPULIFERiK. 8JLVA OF NORTU AMERICA. CASTANEA. !lfi'LOWER8 unisexual, monoDcious, upctalouH, in erect unisexual and androgynous amcnts ; calyx usually 6-parted or lobed, the divisions imbricated in aestivation ; stamens 10 to 20; pistillate flowers included in an involucre of scale-like bracts; ovary inferior, 6-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell, ascending. Fruit a nut inclosed in the accrescent spiny involucre. Leaves alternate, dentate, pennivcined, stipulate, deciduous. Castanoa, Adaiieon, Fam. PI. ii. 375 (1763). — Endlicher. Oea. "To. — Mubner, Gen. 346. — Baillon, Iluit. PI. vi. 25! (excl. sec. Caatanoptii and CaUwoear[iu»). — Bentham & Hooker, Oen. iii. 409. — Engler & Prantl, Pjlanxenfam. iii. pt. i. 54 (excl. sec. Castanopais). Fagua, LinnieuB, Oen. 292 (in part) (1737). — A. L. de Jui- Hieu, Gen. 409 (in part). Casanophorum, Necker, JClevt. Bot. iii. 267 (1790). Trees or shrubs, with f.stringent properties, watery juice, furrowed bark, porous brittle wood, terete branches, sliort ovate or oval acute buds formed in early summer,' covered with two pairs of slightly imbricated ecales, those of the lower pair lateral, the others aci-rescent, becoming oblong-ovate and acute, and marking the base of the branch with narrow ring-like scars," stout pei-pendicular tap-roots, and thick rootlets, producing, when cut, niunerous stout shoots from the stump. Leaves convolute in the bud, ovate, acute, coarsely dentate with slender glandular teeth, penniveined, the slender veins running to tha points of the teeth, petiolate, deciduous, leaving, when they fall, small elevated semioval leaf-scars marked with an irregular marginal row of minute fibro-vuscular bundle-scars. Stipides ovate or linear- lanceolate, acute, scarious, infolding the leaf in the bud, caducous. Flowers moncecious, unisexual, anemophUous, strong-smelling, the staminate appearing with the first unfolding of the leaves on elongated simple deciduous aments from the inner scales of the terminal bud and from the axils of the lower leaves of the year, the pistillate scattered or spicate at the base of shorter persistent androgynous aments from the axils of later leaves.' Staminate flowers in from three to seven-flowered cymes in the axils of minute ovate bracts, the lateral flowers subtended by similar but smaller bracts. Calyx campanulate, pale straw-color, slightly puberulous, deeply divided into six ovate rounded segments imbricated in testivation. Stamens from ten to twenty, inserted on the slightly thickened torus; filaments filiform, incurved in the bud, elongated, exserted, white ; anthers ovoid or globose, pale yellow, attached on the back, introrse, two-celled, the cells parallel, contiguous, opening longitudinally. Ovary rudimentary, pilose, minute or wanting. Pistillate flowers sessile, two or three together or solitary, within a short-stemmed or sessile involucre of closely imbricivted thick oblong acute bright green scales ' Cantanea does not form a terminal bud, the end of the branch diving and dropping oft' at midsummer, leaving a small circular scar close to the upper axillary bud, which prolongs the branch the following season. ^ Henry, Nov. Act. Acad. Ct<'ii(l(Ml l>y u l>nirt luul two liitoriil liriicth^tH. (*iilyx 'in»"t!ut»', itH till)*) luiimte to the oviiry, tim nliort limit ilividtMl into nix olitiim' IoI»ch. St^imohH minute, Hl'.ater than the lulyx-hihes, Htfiih'. Ovary intViutr, Mix-rea(lin^, white, eovered helow with Hiender liairN, tipped hy niinute aeute Hti^iuH, exHerted from c!ie invohiere; ovules two in each tell, attached on itn inner an^Ie, deseendiiij^, MemianatropouH ; micrtipylu Huperior. Fruit maturiiijr -** hhimi, itH iavolueru tontjtining from one to three nuts, ^lolioHe or olilon^f ^hJ)rouH or tonn t deUHely eehinate on the outer Hurfaee with elonpited riJf^i'd hrif^ht l^een ultimately liruwn branched KpineH faMeieled l>etween the deeithiouH HcaleH, eojkted with pjd« tomentum on the inner Hurfaee, Kplittin^ at maturity into from two to four valves. Nut inchmed in the involucre, ovate, acute, crowned with the remnantH of the HtyleH, bright clieHtnut-brown and luHtrouM, tonu'ntoNe or pubescent at the apex, cylindrical or, when more tluin one, flattened l)y mutual prcHHure, attached at tlie base by a larg*^ couMpicufMiH pale circular or oval thickened innbilicuH; p(>rianth of two coats, the outer cartilajrjnou.s, the inner thicker and lined with pale tomentum. Seed Holitary Ity abortion or rarely two or three, filling the cavity of the nut, marked at the apex by the abortive ovidcH, exalbuminouH; teHta membranaceous, li^ht cheHtnut-brown ; eotyledouH thick and HcHhy, more or lenii un). — Willkoniin & Laiifjr, J*roiJr. Fl. lUsfmn. i. liir». — Hui^Hier, FL Orietit. iv. 117-"). — Lugiiua, /•'/. Forestal Esfmt\"Ui^ pt. i. iiO;t, t. !•«. CaManm vfnca, CiiTtncr, Fmrt, i. 181, t. 37 (1788). — WilMe- liow, Spec. iv. pt. i. 4(>0. — Uficln'iiiuich, Icun. Fl, fiinunn, xii. 0, t. (VlO. ~ Hnrtijj, Font. Cultnrj>fl. Drutuchl. VtO, t. 19.— Heinpel & Wilht'im, /Uiume uwi Striiucher, ii. ;«», f. 14-J-144, t. 19. An iiiliJil)it«iit of moiintaiii forests in the tfinperato rcginna of Kiirnpc, the Chestnut jiniww spontanoonsly from Ptirtnpil to tlu' Mhon-H of ill" Cuspiim Sea and iia far north prohalily as the Ctcrinan Rhlnr-proviiicc" iind Hi'^n-iin, altholl^h its cultivation hm boon practical in Kiimpc fur so many ceiitnrirH that it is not poAsihh^ to fix witti prci !si(tn the area whirh it occnpifd before man rccojjnizod the valiH' Iff its fruit as food and )«'j;an to plant it. It j;rowa, appan-ntly naturally, on thi> mountains of Algeria near the iKirilcrs of Tnnis ; hut it h not iniposttihlu that the Cln^stnut-trves of Alge- ria, ^^hil-h du not form foresLi as do thuHc on the mountainH of fittnthcrn Ktiropp, wero Hrst carried to Africa tty the Romans, who prohahly also intrmlnccd them into (Irtat Itritain, where the Chest- nut is not helieved to he indi<^enous (liiirrin^ton, Fhil. '/'nttis. xlix. ii3. — Rentliam, ///. Hamlh. lirit, Fl. ii. 741'). allhongh in the southern cunntirs i)f Kni;l;tnd it |,'rows to a larp- si/f anil attains a great age. The 'I'ortworth Clu i.. . -tree on the est.ite of the Karl of Dueie, in (IIonee>^tei>hire, whii'h is still in a healthy condition, was reinark- ;iMr ftir its groat sizi' in tin- reign of Steplirn, who ascended the Kngli>h tlirone in lllVi, ami is pmhahly considerably more than a thousand years old, In 177G the short trunk of thi.s remarkable tre measured Hfty feet in circumference at tive feet above the ground. (See Strntt. Siflm Ilritannua, 17, t. 19.) Thin is probHbly the hirgeiit tree phinted hy man which in now living, nnleriH, aH nome authors Indieve, the great ChcHtnut-lreeii on Mt. Ktna in Sicily were planted (I'hilippi, Liniimt, vii. 713 [f/ther die Vetjttation am Aetna]). The trunktt of two of thetto Sicilian trees measure sixty- four and seventy feet in circumference ; and at the end of the last century the low trunk of the Castagnodei Centi CavalH, the birgest of these trees, wliich owes its name to M»e popular and oft-repeated fable that John of Aragou with a hundred uMuintcd followers once fcuind protection under its l)road and leafy crown, had a circumfer- ence of nearly two hundred feet at the surface t)f the ground. For centuries it had consisted of Hve separate pieces with an open s])aee between them in the centre of which a small house had been built. (Seo Houel, Voyage Pittorenf/ue des litlex tie Sicile, tie Afalle et de LijKtri, ii. 70, t. 114.) Subsequently two sections of the trunk dis- appeared, and a road now runs thniugh what is left of this ancient tree. (See Nature^ iv. 100.) Trees with trunks from twenty to thirty feet in circumference, and believed to be at least a thousand yeurs old, are not uneoininon in southern Kurope, where the Chest- nut is the largest and, with the exception perhaps of the Olive, the bngest-lived inhabitant of the forest. The woinl of the Kuro|)ean Chestnut is pale or sometimes nearly white, with dark brown heartwood, and contains numerous flno medullary rays and bands of large open cells marking the layers of annual growth. In construction it is not so durable as oak, yet in Honthern Kurope chestnut-w(HHl is largely used for building, for furniture and in cooperage, anrl is often grown in coppice to supply stakes for vineyards, hoi>-}ioles, and barrel-staves. It is as a fruit- tree, hovever. that the Kuropean Chestnut is most liighly valued ; antl in l^pnin, France, and Italy, where ehestnuts often form a large part of tin* food of the peasants, especially in tin* mountain districts of central France and northern Italy, attention is given to the selection and propagiition of varieties with large well-II.ivored nuts. Olivier de Serres, early in the seventeenth century {Thiiitre de VAgricidtun; 114), praised the Chestnut-trees which prodtu>ed CUI'ULUKH^. inictluU. Calyx 'iUiueiiH niiiiiitv, yli'N Hix, linear, Hcrtvil fniiii t!i() jKiiiH ; nii('vii|iylu luitH, ^loliom* or (I riil^cd l)i'i};lit oaU'd with pale t inel()H(>(l ill the k'li and liDttroiiH, niiitiuil pifSHiiro, ]ii>riaiitli of tw(i ;>wd military by >, aliiirtivu ovuIch, liy, niorit or l«88 iijiorior, incloHed rrl and Hoiitlivrn Four Hpeeies are Europe, Africa, in.) T)ii> in prubHl)ly living, iiiileHH, an Homo 111 Mt. Ktnii ill Sii'ily t'bfr itie Vetfftntiim am ,11 triH's ineaHiin^ sixty- at the end of tliu laiit 'iiti Cavulli, the largi'Ht pillar iiiul uft-rt'p«>att>(l loiintcd fulIuwiTR fince 'uwii, had a circiiiiifer- a of tilt' gruiiiid. Far vs witli an open space tioiiHi^ liail Ihumi liiiiU. Sirile, lie Mallr el tie tioiiH of tlio trunk din- is \ih of tills ancient riiiiks from twenty to be at least a tlioiisand rope, where the C'liest- liaps of the Ulivo, the or Honietinies nearly intaias iimiieroiis tine niirkiii}; tlie layers of iliiralile lis oak, yet ill ised for hiilldin^, for ■II in eoppiee to shpply lives. It is lis a frait- s most hif^hly valued ; ttiiuts often form a •eiiilly in the iiioiiiitain y, iitteiition is ^iveii to ilh lar^'e well-H.ivored ■nlh eentury ( Thli'itre •trees whieh produced cui'LMFKU.*: SILVA OF NORTH AMKltlCA. 0 ttnd Ahiu ; tho other Hpecion iiro eonauud to the inwtt«rii Unitc^l StiiteH ; two of them iirt) troen, uiid till* iimrroiiM of LyoiH, miil tlici*'* itill huld the llrMt iiliuie ainoiiK ttie viirii'tii-H iif i\w ('iM'Htimt. riitt lu'iit Fn-iu>l) iiiitiToiiit, or lui tlicy arc t'lilti'il ill tlitt Initt'd Stiitri*, S|)iuiiHli clifNtniitM, iiri< imHtiiiTil on till' iiiiiiiiitaiim t>f rrovrtirf, iit-ur VivU-rcH, anil in thti llt'i^lllMlrlllMKl of I.yorifl, wliicli, m tin* cltii T rtnitrn of (liNtrit)titioii, liitM Kivi-ii tlitiii Un iiuinn. At li'iiHt Hfty otlu-r viuii'liiH of Urn Clu-itiiiit uro i><)W iliNtiiiKiii-tlii-il Ity imiiin in Kurn|M', [iUlu>ii}(lt ilttTiTcnt iuuui'h iirr ftunxtitiii-ii givni to thti Hunu* viirirty in ililTtrciit ooiintrii-tt mid lirovim't'N, ami tliu niiiiilier of nHtnnt Im cultivuti-d on \\ liir|^ iciilf, ori'liurdi* bciii^ cMtultliitlicd liy planting in wtll prvpart'd soil ■et'dtin^ trtM'M wliirli urt> ^raftL'il wlifn Hvn or hIx yrant old, nttitully by niiMin.1 uf a nw^ Kraft, with tlx' Marron. The trccx, which aru varofuUy pruned to keep them in tihape and to iniinre their prixlnc- tivenen!*, he^iiLto l>ear when ten or twtdvu yearn nKl) they tl» not produce lar^e cropN heforo the :.)(r of forty or fifty yrarfi. The iiutH aru ^i^theri'd aM they fall and placed in deep trayH arranged under thu roufii of HMiall huts, in whieh nhiw HreM uf green w(H)d are kept iHirnin^ 'I'ltil the nutM hecumo dry and hard. Tliey aro then gruund into Hour, whieh is inadu into n thiek porridge. — U polita of Limunitin nnd Pdrigord, — or into thin uakeH or n Hurt uf bread ; or when intended for eiport the nuts are nlightly dried in the Hiin, and then paeked in eankH in Hand. (See Parnientier, Traite de 1(1 Chtilttif/ue. — Se(|ucirn, Mem. ICcon. Aratl. Set. LUhito, i'\. liOfi [.leered da Culltira, e utilidndc don (\iHtankeiron tut Comarca de Por- tategrf]. — Uuiuy, Emtai MonographUiue »ur If. Chtitiugne. — Decaiano ct Naudin, Manuel de VAmateur den JardttiSt iv. 013. — Suima Pinientel, PinhaeH, Suuton e Montados, pt. ii. — Spons, Envtjclopirdia ojthe /ndiutrial Art.i, Manu/aclureH, and Haw (.'ommereial Products^ ii. XXy'l, — Reports on the Cultivation of the Spanish Chestnut [India Ofllec, IHO'J].) Thu Kuroppun Chostnut was probably intrmlncod into the United Statc» by Kleuth6re-Ir(vinccs. It is tliu Cnsianea Bungmna of Illume (.l/fiv. Hot. Lufjd. Hat. i. 284 [1850]), referred by Bunge {Mhn. Sav. Etr. St. Pt(er»hourgy ii. IIM) [Knum. PL Chin. Ihr.]) and by A. du Candollu (I'nnlr. xvi. pt. U. Ill) ti»*hu Kurupean it(MM;iei. Aeeurding to Bret^hneider {.four. ^,trlh China /trfinrh liuifal Anialir Snr. n. mt. xxv. 3IH [fhttanirm Sutu'Htn, ii.]), who duen ni)t di.itingui(»h the Chineiie fiont thi- Ktirt*- |H>an tree, the Cln -^tnut i* gmwn throughout the empire and i* fretpirntly nu-ntioned in thi> Chineiie ulaiiNie*. Abel, in IHUl, fnuinl near the village of Tatiing dwarf Chentnnt-buHhes, ami their small fruit uxposed fur sale in the nnirkeln {Surrativi' <>f' a Jnurnnnn the Interior of China, HIT.) ; and near Ningpo Fortnnu found lw» i|H>eiild & Zuccarini, /. c. (18-10). Ca^tanea strictat Sicbold & Zuccarini, /. c. *J*J5 (18-10). Castanea Japonwa, Bliunc, Mas, Hot. Lugd. Hat. i. 284 (1850), — Gray, Mem. Am. Acad, n. ser. vi. 400 (On the Hotauy of Japan). — Mhpiel, .Inn. Mus. Lugd. Hat. \. 121. Castanea vulgari.^, t Japonica, A. du Candolle, Proir threads used as woof in coarse fabrics (Rein, !ndu.' middle tc^rtiHry poriod CiiHtJincu i^xiMttnl ill nurtluTii (iri'*'nlimd, and in Alanka, wlicm tnui'H of tin* li'avcH and fruit of CnHttntm i'mjiri,- llrcr, havo lu't'ii diHtiiijt»i'«li»'d ; aiid iiiipn'HHiw ft-ct lii^h. It liiiN bt'iMi ititrixliiri'il iitto tho pintciin nf rnntiTii N'urth AinrriiMi, whtTc '*cver»l nriiiicii Mirirtien art' rrcn^iiized \\y pinli'iiiTH, itml wliriT it in hunly nml pnititie a» far north ah nistiTU MhhhA' cliiiHettfl. It if alio ocduiunaUy cultivated in Califuniia and in Kuropp. ) (\tslanea alui/'oUa, Nuttall, Oen. ii. 217 (1818) ; Syhii, i. 10, t. II. f Fatfta fmmila, var. prtpnn, Wultcr, Fl. Car, 233 (17H8). Ca.olftnrn uann, Klliott, .S"/. ii, tJlf) (IKL'J). — Rafiufuque*, AW Ft. iii. H:». — Niittall, Trnm. Ant. Phil. Siu\ u. ser v. ItJH. — Kearney, Ihll. Torretf Hot, Club, xxi. 'JtU, t. LMMl. Cnalanm pumila, $ »innrt, A. do CiiiHlolIf, i'roiir. xvi. pt. ii. llfi (IHtVl). *^iuitatiea nlnifolia is u (thruli with strnm rarely exceediuff tlir»'o t%\ . in height, forming anmll thieketa by meaim uf stolons in sandy barrenn in the iH>i|;hlM)rheen confounded, it \a diHtiiifvuished hy its larger ovaMancco- hite inustly olituso leaves, dark green and lustrouB un tho upiHT surfaee and green and slightly pulwscent ur tomentoso ou the lower, and by its largir nuts, which usually ripen rather earlier in tho season. « Fl. Arct. ii. 170, t. 45, f. 1-3, t. 40, f. 8. — Lesquereux, /?*•/». U. S. Ofolotj. Surv. viii. lilfl. t. 5;*, f. 1, 3-7 {Conlrih. Faisil H. Weitem Territirrie.i, iii.). • I^s<|uereux, /. c. vii. 103 (/. c. ii.). * SajM^rta, Oriijine Paltuntologitpte de$ ArbreUt \S6. — Zittel, Handh. Pnhronlolog. ii. 4'J9. ■^ The extract of Chentnut-wmxl, whieh contains from seven to eight y>cT cent, of tannin, in lurg -ly used in the United States and KunnH' to corrcL't tlio eoltir of hemlock and other thinning mate- rials, and tu prmluee a black dye. It is principally prepared in the mountainous reruns uf the middle Atlantic states of North America! where it is an extensive and important industry, and in France. To obtain the extract the logK are cut into lengths of from four to Hvo feet, the largo ones are split, and they are then chipi>ed or shaved across the grain into small pieces by maciiinery constructed for the purpose. The chips are boiled in open wooden vessels or in ch)3ed copper or iron Iwiilcrs to extract the tannin, and the prmluet is then evaporated in vacuum pans. (See Sheldon, Am. Jour. Sri. i. 312 [The Application of Chc'tluut \VH. * Although the insects that prey upon Castanea in Anu>riea have not U'en exhaustively studied, nearly seventy species are known to affect the living trees arul woimI ( Packard, Tith Hep. Fntmnohg. Comm. ;t-l3). Among the species which destroy tho wood ii largo undetermined Coleopterous larva is sometimes found boring into the solid trunks. 'Ine beetles whose larvio are also known to affect the Chestnut are ArhofHjlit.t fulmiuiinn, Kabrieius, (\tHoidrii nobili.i. Say, anil Callidiutn trreum, Newman. Tho larvie of varioni species of Iteetles live in the bark, or in the branehlets after thoe have flicd or become diseiued. hepidoptcrous borers sumotimen attack the trunks, f*ritmoxtfittu.i Hobinia:, I'eck, having been noticed on Chestuul-trees, whieti are believed to bo injured also l>y the imported Kumpean Zeuz*ra pi^riua, Fabrieiu i. Insects living upon the leaves rarely do much injury to Chestnut-tre>-'s, Fall Wol>- worms, however, the larvie of Tussock Moths, and of species of Datann, Apatela, and other moths are common upon them. Eugo- nia 9ubsignaria, Ilubner, has been reported as destroying forests uf Hickories and Chestnuts in (ieorgia ^Hep. Ikpt. Agric. U. S. 1880, *J71). Leaf*miners, principally species of Lithocollctis, Tischcria, Hiid Nepticnia, are rather eonnnon on Chestnut-trees, and the leaves are also affected by such tree-hoppers as Smilia Castanea, Fiteli, and by Callipterm Cantanea, Fitch, and Phylloxera Caatanea, Ilahleman. The larvic of weevils from eggs deposited in the ovary of the Hower frequently destroy the nuts, Baianintui caryatrypen, Huhenuui, often devouring them, and they are aUo oaten by the grubs of Ptalnninus rectu.^, Say. * The Chestnut in America probably suffers less from fungal diseases than other trt^^s of the same family. In midsummer a fungus, descrilK'd originally by Berkeley & Curtis as Svptoria ochroUura, and later by Cooke & Kllis under tho namo of Cri/pto.yH>- rium epiphi/lluin, sometimes produces on the leaves small yellowish brown well-defined spots which the Italian Iwtanist Herlese con- siders identical with the Italian scccume, a disease priHiuecd by Cyliiutrosporinm va.*tanicolum, Herlose, aUhough the injury, which has lK>en noticed in several places, seems to be less serious than it is in Kurope. The trunks and stumps of Chestnut-trees arc favorite habitations for a number of species of large fungi, and it is on them and on the trunks of different species of (juercus that tho three species of Fistulina known in the United Estates are fourd. CUI'UUrKHiC, cuPDLnritRjii. SILVA OF NOIiTn AMERTCA. n ClicHtiiiit-trcpH VM\ be caHily ruiHi'(riiftiii>(, (!iMt»iieii, the CheHtnut-tree of the Uoiuuiu uiid the pre-Liniiwuii liotHiiintit, wo* united by Liiuiwuit witii the Hueeh-tree in iiiH ((enuti Fiikuu. Thv l«*Tei of the Chaiiiiut %n attaokwl b; ureni Mlldawi, (ml, fidia, Ncennlo, !• mnr »o oonipiaooiu M 11 U on tin (itUta ChMt> altbuugh cuiiiiuoii on th* !•»»• of Mtanl inn, Vhyilactinia i^f- uut-lHVpn in (hn Kiilumn. > Cobbttt, Woodland; 103. CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES. 303 j Muiv. 408 I S. DUpna. od. 10, L«»TU oblonK-UnoeolitU), long- pointed, green and iiUbroaa on both surfaeei; nuti 'i or .') in each involuore, ''»"»""' 1. C. nUNTATA. Leave! oblong, acute, lilvery white and pubeicent on the lower lurface i nut lolitary, cyliudrical 2. C. I'UMILA. Ktmnliei, ii, 158, t. I i I 4^ CUPnUFERiB. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 13 OASTANEA DENTATA. Chestnut. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, long-pointed, green and glabrous on both surfaces. 2 or 3 in the involucre, flattened. Nuts Oastanea dentata, Borkhausen, Handb. Forstbot. i. 741 (1800). — Sudworth, BvU. Torrey Bot. Club, xix. 152 ; Rep. Sec. Agric. U. S. 1892, 328. FagUB Castanea, Wangenheim, Beschreib. Nordam. Holx. 90 (not Linnaeus) (1781) ; Nordam. Holx. 47. — Schoepf, Mat. Med: Atner. 139. — Walter, Fl. Car. 233 — Caati- glioni, Vrng. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 239. Fagus Castanea dentata, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 46 (1785). Castanea vesca : Americana, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 193 (1803). — Peraoon, Syn. ii. 572. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 624. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 217. — EUiott, Sk. ii. 614. — Torrey, Fl. N. Y. ii. 195, t. 111. — Emerson, Trees Mass. 164 ; ed. 2, i. 187, t. Castanea vesoa, Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. i. 460 (in part) (1805). — Desfontaines, Hist, Arb. ii. 500 (in part). — Michaux f. Hist. Arb, Am. ii. 156, t. 6 (not Goertner). — Bigelow, Fl, Boston, 224. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 165 (in part). — Sprengel, Syst, iii. 8uC (in part). — Rafinesque, New Fl. iii. 82. — Gray, Man. 417. — Darlington, Fl. Cestr. ed. 3, 270. — Chapman, Fl. 424. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Sure. N. Car. 1860, iii. 46. Castanea Amerioana, Rafinesque, New Fl. iii. 82 (1836). — Nuttall, Sylua, i. 24*. — Spach, Hist. V6g. xi. 191. — Dietrich, Syn, v. 305. — K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 23. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 289. — Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 177. — Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. ii. 57. — Koebne, Deutsche Dendr. 122. Castanea Americana, var. angustifolia, Rafinesque, New Fl. iii. 82 (1836). Castanoa Americana, var. latifolia, Rafinesque, New Fl. iii. 82 (1836). Castanea wilgaris, y Americana, A. de CandoUe, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 114 (1864). — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am, 10th Census U. S. ix. 157. Castanea sativa, var. Americana, Sargent, Garden and Forest, ii. 484 (1889). — Watson & Coulter, Gray's Man. ed. 6, 479. A tree, occasionally one hundred feet high in the forest, with a tall straight columnar trunk three or four feet in diameter, or often, when uncrowded by other trees, developing a short trunk which in some exceptional individuals attains a diameter of ten or twelve feet, and which usually divides not far above tlie ground into three or four stout horizontal hmbs forming a broad low round-topped head of shghtly pendulous branches, frequently one hundred feet across. The bark of the trunk varies from one to two inches in thickness, and is dark brown and divided by shallow irregular often interrupted fissures into broad flat ridges separating on the surface into small thin closely appressed scales. The branclilets are slender, and when they first appear are somewhat angled, light yellow-green sometimes tinged with red, lustrous, slightly puberulous, and marked with many small oblong white lentieels ; they soon become glabrous and gradually turn olive-green tinged with yellow, or brown tinged with green, and ultimately dark brown. The winter-buds are ovate, acute, and about a quarter of an inch long, and are covered with thin dark chestnut-brown scales scarious on the margins. The leaves are oblong- lanceolate, acute and long-pointed at the apex, and coarsely serrate except at the gradually narrowed wedge-sliaped base ; they imfold late in the spring, and are tlien puberulous on the upper surface and clotiied on the lower with fine cobwob-hke tomentum ; at maturity they are thin and glabrous, dark dull yellow-green above and pale yellow-green below, from six to eight inches long and about two inches wide, with pale yellow midribs and primary veins and stout yellow slightly angled puberulous petioles half an inch in length, and often flushed, especially while young, witii red. The stipules are ovate- lanceolate, acute, yellow-green, puberulous, and about half an inch long. Late in the autumn before falling the leaves turn a bright clear yellow. 'I'lu llowers opea late in June or early in July .after tiie leaves have grown to their full size, and exhale a sweet heavy odor which is disagreeable to many 14 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. cupulifera; people. The aments of staminate flowers, when they first appear, are about half an inch long, and are green below the middle and bright red above ; when fully grown they are from six to eight inches in length, with stout green ])uberulou8 stems covered from the base to the apex with crowded or sometimes below the middle with scattered flower-clusters. The androgynous aments are slender, pubendous, and from two and a half to five inches in length ; near their base are scattered irregularly two or three glabrous two or three-flowered involucres of pistillate flowers, which are raised on stout peduncles some- times nearly half an inch long, and are subtended by short broadly ovate bright green bracts and bractlets ; they are about a third of an inch in length, and rather longer than broad when the flowers are expanded, their scales being scurfy-pubescent, especially on the lower surface near the bast ; ' above these involucres of pistillate flowers are scattered clusters of staminate flowers ; tbsse are smaller than those on the staminate aments, and fall in fading from the persistent rachis, which continues to rise throughout the season above the short raceme of fruit. The involucres gi-ow rapidly and attain their full size by the middle of August, when they are from two to two and a half inches in diameter, sometimes a little longer than broad, and often somewhat flattened at the iipex, with walls coated on the inner surface with lustrous rufous pubescence, and glabrous and covered on the outer with crowded fascicles of long slender glabrous much-branched piickles; they begin to open with the first frost and, gradually shedding their nuts, fall from the branches iiTegidarly late in the autumn or during the wnter.- The nuts, which are usually much compressed, vary from half an inch to an inch in width and are usually rather broader than long, although ovate-oblong nuts twice as long as they are broad are not uncommon ; they are coated at the apex with thick pale tomentum which often extends to the middle and occasionally nearly to the base of the nut, and when dry are frequently marked with dark longitudinal bands ; the shell is lined with thick rufous tomentum, and the seed is very sweet.^ Custanea deiitata is distributed from southern Maine to the valley of the Winooski River in Vermont, to southern Ontario* and along the southern shores of Lake Ontario to southeastern Michigan, soutiiward to Delaware and southeiistern Indiana," and along the Alleghany Mountains to central Alabama and Mississippi, and to central Kentucky and Tennessee. Very common on the glacial drift of the northern states, where it grows rapidly to a large size and lives to a great age, it is rarely found on limestone soils, and, except at the north, does not range far beyond the Appalachian hills, upon which, in western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee, it attains its noblest dimensions. The wood of Cdxtdnen dmtutd is light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, liable to check and warp in drying, easily split, and very durable in contact with the soil. It is reddish brown, with thin lighter colored sapwood composed of three or four layers of annual gi'owth, and contains numerous obscure medullary rays and bands of many rows of large oper. duets marking the layers of annual growth. Tile specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is O.liiOi, a cubic foot weighing 28.07 pounds. It is largely used in the manufacture of cheap furniture and in the interior finish of houses, and for railway ties, fence-posts, and rails, its durabihty, due to the large amount of tannic acid which it contains, being its most valuable (luality. The nuts, which surpass those of the Old World Chestnut in sweetness and flavor, are gathered in great ipiantities in the forest, and are sold in all the markets of the eastern states." ' Oil ix-easioiml individual trocs tlic iiivultiercfl uf jiistiUiUo flowprs ri'phii'e tin* staniiiiiitr tlowerH on tlic aiidrt»(;ynous aiiicnls, either piirtly iir ciitirfly, uiid so beeimio racumost'. (See Martiiultilo, /'n«-. I'hI. Acml. 18S0, Itr.l.) 2 A tree near l-'ri-i'luilil in (ireciie Cniinty, New York, sujiposed to be from sixty to seventy years (dd, jirocliu'es uiiiforiuly involueres that arc reduced tu a Stimli torus-tike eushioii upon whieh the naked and unprotected nuts stand. Tlieso are well formed, but arc never allowed by birds and stpiirrels tu ripen. • The American Chestnut, whieh many botani.sts Iiave considered a (;eogra|ihiial lornj of the Olil World species, dilfers from the Kuropean tree in its thinner leaves, which are narrower and more euneatc at the base, in its better llaviired and swtjctcr seeds, and in the tliiniuT shell of the nut, ami is best treated as a distinct s])ecics. ' Urunet, Ciil. Vi'ij. I.iij, Can. 50. — Hell, Itep. (ieiilng. Sun. Can. IHT'J-SO, ,1,f. — Miu'onn, C,i(. Cm. I'l. I-I3. ' Kid(,'way, I'roc. U. S. Niil. Mns. v. 84. ' l.ittio attention ha.s yet bi'cn paid to improving by selection and cultivation the nuts of the American Chestnut. Of better flavor and largi'r size than those of the uncultivated forms of the Knropcan species, and with an e<[ual tendency to variation, there is no reason why thev should not Ik* made tu surpass the best varieties i CUPULIFERi*; m inch long, and are lix to eight inches in Towded or sometimes uler, puberulous, and ^ularly two or three tout peduncles some- ht green bracts and ad when the flowers iuv the basfc ; ' above '386 are smaller than ch continues to rise idly and attain their inches in diameter, 1 walls coated on the outer with crowded h the first frost and, umn or during the io an inch in wdth g as they are broad often extends to the y marked with dark ery sweet.^ Winooski River in I'io to southeastern hany Mountains to ry common on the to a great age, it is id the Appalachian )lest dimensions, to check and warp II, with thin lighter numerous obscure of annual growth. .07 pounds. It is ies, and for railway 1 it contains, being CUPUUTEita:. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 15 The Chestnut attracted the attention of several early European travelers in America, and what is probably the first account of its fruit appears in the narrative of one of the followers of De Soto, pubUshed in 1609.' More than a century later it was described by Clayton in the Flora Vlrginica? Castanea dentata is one of the most useful and beautiful trees of the forests of eastern North America. No other tree grows so rapidly or to such a great size on the dry gravelly hills of the north- eastern states. Always beautiful with its massive trunk, its compact round-topped head, and slender dark green leaves, in early summer, long after the flowers of its companions have disappeared, the Chestnut covers itself with great masses of spikes of yellow flowers, and is then the most magnificent object in the sylvan landscape.^ of the fruit of that tree. In recent years in the middle states Chestnut-trees grown in the woods have been successfully grafted with varieties of the European Chestnut, and productive orchards have been established. (See The Rural New Yorker, liii. 661, 677, 693.) ' " Where there be Mountaines, there be chestnuts : they are somewhat smaller than the chestnuts of Spaine." {Virginia richly valued. Wrillen by a Portugall gentleman of Eluas, emploied in all the action, and translated out of Portuguese, by Richard Hakluyt, 131 [Force, Coll. His'.. Tracts, iv. No. 1].) " Chestnutt, of this sorte there is very grcate plenty ; the tym- ber whereof is excellent for building, and is a very good commod- ity, especially in respect of the fruit, both for man and beast." (Morton, New English Canaan, 44 [Force, I. c. ii. No. 5].) " In some places we fynd ohestnutts, whose wild fruiot I male well sale equallize the best in France, Spaine, Germany, Italy, or those so commended in the Black sea, by Constantinople, of all which I have eaten." (Straohey, Historic of Travaile into Vir- ginia Britannia, ed. Major, 117, t.) "The Indians have an Art of drying their ohesnuts, and so to preserve them in their barnes for a daintie all the year." (Roger Williams, A Key into the Language of America, 90.) " Chestnuts ; very sweet in taste, and may bo (as they usually are) eaten raw ; the Indians sell them to the English ioT twelve pence a bushel." (.losselyn. New England Rarities, 97.) ' Castanea fructu dulciori, 118. " Garden and Forest, iii. 369, f . — Rotbrook, Forest Leaves, ii. 35, f. or, are gathered in li nre narrower and uiore ml sweeter seeds, and in ited US n distinct species. Hell, Rep. Geotng. Surv, .443. f improving by selection II Chestnut. Of better I'liltiv.'itiMl forms of tlie lev to viiriatioii, there is iirjiass the best varieties EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Plate CCCCXL. Cahtanea demtata. 1 A flowering branch, natural size. 2. Diagram of a staininate flower-cluster. 3. Diagram of a pistillate flower-cluster. 4. A staminate flower, enlarged. 5. A stamen, front and rear views, enlarged. G. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 7. Vertical section of a pistillate flower, enlarged. 8. Vertical section of an involucre of pistillate flowers, enlarged. Plate CCCCXLI. Castanxa oentata. 1. A fruiting branch, natuiiil size. 2. An involucral spine, enlarged. 3. A nut, natural size. 4. A nut, natural size. 5. Vertical section of a nut, natural size. 6. A seed, natural size. 7. End of a young i)ranchlet with unfolding leaves, stipules, and partly grown aments. 8. A win'pr brancli, natural size. 9. An axillary bud and leaf-scar, enlarged. -*■* / S!lv/ ■^•*- ^ I .f t / % V^^Vl ■^ I hi m A .i.werin!; !>'■-.' ■ 2 Diagram <>< 4. A »t!.i 5. A etauncM, r 5. A pidtillikto ;'.- — ('. Vertical •acUon f> VcrupsU *ut\ Pa, iij! « I CUfULUKlLC. aiLVA OF NORTU AMEliWA, IT OASTANEA PUMILA. Ohlnquapln. Leaves oblong, acute, silvory white and pubcrulouB on the lower surface. Holitary, e) liiidrical. Nut Cutanea pumlla, Millar, Viet. td. 8, No. 2 (1768). — Lniimrck, Out. i. 700. — Miclwux, Fl. Rar.-Am. ii. 103. — Willilenow, Spte. iv. pt. i. 401 ; Enum. 080 1 Rerl. liaumM. eil. 2, 78. — Nouoeau Ou/iamtl, iii. 70. — Penoon, Si/n. li. 672. — Deafontaiiiei, llUt. Arh. il. COO.— Uu Munt its Counot. Rot. Cull. ed. 2, vi. 418. — Michaux f. Hut. Ark. Am. ii. 160, t. 7. — Ailon, Uort. Km: eU. 2, v. 208.— Purah, Fl. Am. Sept. il. 025. — IUHiie»i|ue, Fl. Luduuie. IfiOi New Fl. iii. 83. — Nuttttll, Gen. ii. 217 ; Tram. Am. I'M. Soe. n. ler. v. 108. — llayne, Demlr. Fl. 105. — Elliott, Sk. ii. 015. — Spacli, Ui$t. V^g. xi. 102. — Toi^ rey, Fl. N. Y. il. 100. — Audubon, lUrJe, t. 85. — Die- trich, Si/n. V. :((I5. — Durlington, Fl. Ceatr. eel. 3, 270. — Cliupnmn, Fl. 424 (in part). — Curtis, Jieji. Oeoloy. Suru. N. Car. 1800, iii. 47. — A. de Cantlollo, I'rodr. xvi. pt. ii. 115 (excl. p nana). — K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 24 — Lauohc, Dtulteht Dendr. td. 2, 289. — 8»rg«nt, Forut Tret If. Am. lOM Ctnttu U. S. Ix. 160. — M»yr, Wald. Nordam. 177. — WaUon * Coulter, Orny'i Man. td. 6, 479. — Dippel, Jlandb. LaubhoUk. ii. B8, f. 25. — Coul- ter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 418 (Man. PI. W. Textu). — Koehne, Deutifke Dendr. 122. Fagua pumUa, Linnaui, Spec. 908 (1753).— Du Rol, llarbk. liaunut. 1. 275. — WnnKenhoim, Beechreib. Nord- am. Uoh. l.tO i Nordam. //«/». 67, t. 10, I. 44. — Moench, BUxtme Weisa. 41. — Solioepf, Mat. Med. Amer. 140. — Cwlinlioni, Viag. nr-jli Slati Uniti, ii. 2.'t9. — Aliliot & Smith, Inaecta »/ Georgia, il. 113, t 67. — Stdkeii, /Jot. Mat. Med. iv. 415. Fagua Caatanea pumlla, Muenchhauien, Hauav. v. 162 (1770). — M«r»lmll, Arbitat. Am. 47. FagUB pumlla, vnr. aerotlna, Waller, Fl. Car. 233 (1788). A round-topped tree, rarely fifty feet in height, witli a short straight trunk from two to three feet in diameter, and slender spreading hranches ; or usually a sliruh spreading into hroad thickets by prolific stolons, with numerous intricately branched stout stems often only four or five feet tall. The hark of the trunk on large individuals varies from half an inch to nearly an inch in thickness, and is light brown tinged with red, slightly furrowed and broken on the surface into loose plate-like scales. The branchlets are slender, marked with numerous minute lenticels, and coated at first with pale toraentum, wiiich soon begins to disappear, and during their first winter they are pubescent, or tomentosc at tlie apex, and bright red-brown, becoming glabrous, lustrous, and olive-green or orange- brown during their second season, and then gradually darker. The buds are ovate or oval, and about an eighth of an inch long, and are clothed, when they first appear in summer, with thick hoary tomentuin ; during the winter they are red, and covered writh pale scurfy pubescence, or are occasionally tomentose. The leaves are oblong-oval or oblong-obovate, acute at the apex, and coarsely serrate with slender rigid spreading or incurved teeth except at the gradually narrowed usually unequal and rounded or wedge-shaped base ; when they unfold they are covered on the upper surface with pale caducous tomentura, tinged with a red color which increases in depth until they are half grown, and coated on the lower surface with thick snowy white tomentum, with the exception of their midribs and primary veins, which are clothed with long silvery white hairs ; when half grown they are yellow-green and slightly puberulons above, and silvery pubescent below, and at maturity they are rather thick and firm in texture, bright yellow-green and lustrous on the upper siu:face, hoary and silvery pubescent on the lower, from three to five inches long, and from an inch and a half to two inches wide, and are borne on stout pubescent petioles flattened on the upper side, and from one quarter to one half of an inch in length. The stipules are light yellow-green, and pubescent on both surfaces, with margins infolded below the middle ; those of the two lowest leaves are broad, ovate, and acute, and are covered at the apex with rufous tomentum ; those of the later leaves are ovate-lanceolate, often oblique, and acute, and at the extremity of the brancu sometimes linear. The leaves turn a dull yellow I > i I iili iHl til % •■1 I 18 SILVA OF NORTU AMERICA. CUPULIFERiE. color before IdUing in the autumn. The fragiant flowers open after the leaves are fully grown, from the end of May at the south to the end of June in the middle states. The catkins of sttvminate flowers appear with the unfolding of the leaves, and at first are about haK an inch long, pubescent, green below, and bright red at the apex ; when fidly grown they are from four to six inches in length, with stout stems covered with hoary tomentum, and crowded or scattered flower-clusters. The androgynous aments are coated with silvery white tomentum, and are from three to four inches in lenirth. The involucres are one-flowered, and are few and scattered at the base of the ament, or they are often spicate, and cover its lower half ; they are sessile or short-stalked, coated, like the lower half of their glandular pubescent scales, with pale tomentum, marked with two deep red lateral spots, and about as long as their ovate acute light green puberulous bracts ; the staminate flowers clustered toward the apex of the anient are rather smaUer than those on the staminate ament. The fruiting involucres, when fidiy grown, are from an inch to an inch and a half in diameter, with thin walls coated on the inner surface wth lustrous pale hairs, and are tomentose on the outer surface, and covered with crowded fascicles of slender spines tomentose toward the base, or with scattered clusters of stouter spines. The nuts, which faU late in September and in October, are ovate, cylindrical, rounded at the slightly narrowed base, gi-adually narrowed and pointed at the apex, which is more or less coated with silvery white pubescence, dark chestnut-brown, and very lustrous, from three quarters of an inch to an inch long, and one third of an inch broad, with a thin shell lined with a coat of lustrous hoary tomentum, and a sweet seed. C'antunea pumila inhabits dry sandy ridges, rich hillsides, and the borders of swamps, and is distributed from southern Pennsylvania ' to northern Florida and the valley of the Neches River in Texas. Usually shrubby in all the region east of the Alleghany Mountains, the Chinquapin becomes truly arborescent west of the Mississippi River, and grows to its largest size in southern Arkansas and eastern Texas, where it is also more abundant than in other parts of the country. The wood of Castanea piimila is light, hard, strong, coarse-grained, and very durable in contact with the gi'ound. It is dark brown, with thin hardly distinguishable sapwood composed of three or four thick layers of annual growth, and contains numerous obscure medullary rays and bands of several rows of large open ducts marking the layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.5887, a cubic foot weighing 3G.69 pounds. It is used for fence-posts and rails, and for railway ties. Tiie sweet nuts are gathered in the forest and sold in the markets of western and southern cities. Differing from the Old World Chestnut in its low stature and solitary cylindrical nuts, the Chinquapin was noticed by several of the early European travelers in America. Captain John Smith published the first account of it in 1612,^ and it was described by Banister in bis Catalogue of yirginia Plants, published by Ray in 1688.^ The Chinquapin was one of the first American plants * In Peimsylvanift Castanea pumila is almost confliied to the nountiefl of Ad.inis aiitl York,wliere it is often common, altliongh it crossi's over the western slope of the South Mountain into Franklin and Cuniberiand, occurring on the Susqne!ianna a few miles south of the city of Ilarrisburfj. (See Daird, Literanj Record ami Jour- nal Linn, Assoc. Pcnn, Cnllefff, i. .'lO [-■! Catalogue of the Treex and Shmtis of Cumherlaml Counli/, PennxylvaniaJ.) 2 "They haue a small fruit growing on little trees, hnskcd like a Chestnut, but the fruit most like a very small ncorne. This they call ('hcchin- tion of the Present State of that Country, 7.) • Castanea put'ula racemoso frurtu ftfirco, in singulis capsulis echi' iiatis unico, The Chinquapin, Hay, Hist. PI. ii. ID'JO. — Miller, Diet, No. .1. Castanea pumiliti, Virginiana, racemoso frtictu parvo, in singulis capsulis echinatis, unico, Plukenet, Aim. Hot. 90. — Catesby, Xat. lliat. Car. i, U, t. 9. f :M % % CUPULIFEBiE. .ve fully grown, from catkins of sttiminate nch long, pubescent, six inches in length, lower-clusters. The ee to four inches in i the ament, or they , like the lower haU ed lateral spots, and vers clustered toward ) fruiting involucres, walls coated on the iovered with crowded stouter spines. The ided at the slightly is coated with silvery an inch to an inch )us hoary tomentum. CUPULIFEBiE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 19 cultivated in England, where it was introduced by the Duchess of Beaufort' at the end of the seventeenth century.' Castanea pumila is perfectly hardy as far north, at least, as eastern Massachusetts, and in the Arnold Arboretum it flowers, and ripens its fruit in profusion. Castanea humilis, Virgiiiiana, racemom, fructu parvo in singulis capsulis echinatis unicOf Duhamel, Traite des Arhrest i. IJM. Fagus foliis lanceolalo-ovalis acute serratis, amentis Jili/ormibus no- dosii, Clayton, Fl. Virgin. 118. — Royen, fl. Leyd. Prodr. 79. Fagus humilis {seu Castanea, pumila) racemosa fructu parvo ; in capsulis echinatis, singula, Romans, Nat. Hist. Florida, 19. 1 Mnry C»pel (1630 7-1714), the daughter of the distinguished Royalist leader, Arthur, Lord Capel of Haddam, married tlrst Henry, Earl of Beauchamp, and afterward the third Marquis of Worcester, who, in 1682, beoanie the first Onke of Beaufort, and was more famous for the magniflcenoo and hospitality of bis bouse of Badmington at Chippenham, in Surrey, which ho built and surrounded with gardens, than for constanc)»in politics. At Bad- mingl on the Duchess maintained a botanic garden in which several plants were cultivated for the first time in Europe. Beaufortia, a genu." of Australian shrubs of the Myrtle family, was dedicated to her memory by Robert Brown. " Alton, Hort. Kew. iii. 361 (Fagus). — Loudon, Arb. Brit. iii. 2002, f. 1927, 1928. 8 of swamps, and is the Neches River in Chinquapin becomes ithern Arkansas and ■y durable in contact omposed of three or and bands of several dty of the absolutely sts and rails, and for Had southern cities, cylindrical nuts, the Captain John Smith n his Catalogue of irst American plants y small ocron, this they call utta, they boile four or five 1 and bread, for their chief Tachey, Historic of Travaile ) not unlike the Hazle, tho '.'hocolate, not uiueh iuferiour Asho, Carolina or a Descrif>~ 7.) trvn, in sinf/ulis rnpnuliH ecki- PL ii. liniO. — Miller, Did. mo fructu parvo, in sinffuli,t I. Bot. IK). — ('atesliy, A7i/. I !» EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Platk CCCCXLIL Castanka pumila. 1. A flowering branch, natural sine. 2. A Stan inate fluwer, enlarged. 3. A pistillate flower in its involucre, enlarged. 4. Vertical section of a piHtillate flower in ita involucre, enlarged. 5. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 6. The end of a young branchlet with unfolding leaves and young staininato anieuts, natural size. Platk CCCCXLIII. Ca.stasea pumila. 1. A fniiting branch, natural size. 2. A nut. natural size. 3. Vertical section of a nut, natural size. 4. A seed, natural sizo 5. An enibryi), natural size. 6. A winter branch, natural size. 7. An axillary bud and leaf-scar, enlarged. .CCCCXl.H. t* iiiroliipre, nilar)^. tavca and young , 5 ■ ■ i •1 H ! : A :':^t Siiva of North America. Tab.CCCCXl.n. CKfoii-on tM . Mifftif'ftUiC „rc. . CASTANEA PUMILA, Mill. AJU'otvtftif t/ifi\v ' /rrtp. J. Taneur, Pan's. :ccx; ■»/ .1 / if J iiiill !l!i IH Silva of North Americd. Tdb.CCCCXl.ai. {'./../■a.ftift t.W . NftfiUie- ^v CASTANEA PUMlLA.MiU. AJiivftu'u.r ,/i/-tSr {■ ImfK . '. Tiin.'tir, 7'iiri.f. i if l!M' ^i#f* !l}|(|f| f ^\m :f ci; CUPULIVUUA SJLVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 81 J m FAGUS. Flowkus unisexual, moncDcious, iipetulous, in unisexual clusters ; calyx 4 to 7-l&bcd, the lobes imbricated in estivation ; stamens 8 to 40 ; pistillate flowers inclosed in an involucre of imbricated scale-like bracts ; ovary inferior, 3-celled ; ovules two in each cell, suspended. Fruit a nut inclosed in an echinate involucre. Leaves alternate, pennivoined, stipulate, deciduous or persistent. Fagus, Liiinieiu, Gen. 293 (in part) (1737). — A. L. do Jus- NothofairuB, Hliime, Mui. Bot. Liigd. Bat. i. 307 (18fiO). — Biuu, Gen. 409 (in part). — Knilliclier, Gen. 275. — Meis- Prantl, Enijler it I'rantl I'Jtanxenfam. iii. pt. i. 52. ner. Gen. .'J46. — liaillon, ///*<. iV. vi. 257. — Bentlmm Lophozonio, Turczauinow, Bull. Soe. A'at. Moio. i. 396 & HoukcT, Gen. iii. 410. —Prantl, Jingler coiiliiuMi tii tnupcrat*' rr>;ioMH, wlu'it' in tlii' nortliorn luuninpliiTo it j^rowH in cMWtt'rn North America, ov(*r ncarlv tliu wholu of Kiiropts on t\w niounUuHH of Ania Minor anil n(»rtlii>rn IVrHia, anrn Ama, (7hina, and Japan ;* three iire endemic to Anntralia;'* fonr are t'onnd in New /raland;" and (ive occur in the t'orestH which Hpread over tlie niountainH ami cover the nlioreH of mmthern ('lull and Tierra del Kni'j;oJ The type iH " My ni-iitliiini it UoukiT (fi>n. Hi. H<») tho spocion of Kagu« art) jfniii|n'(I ill iIh' fotl(iwin){ wM'titiiM ; — KlKAiun, llt'iiiU iif Mtjimiimt.' ttowcru rIoIm.ih', mftiiy-tlowen-il, Imig-(ttiilkiM| ; dlylfHcliiri^ntt)!, pilot*', Htijfiimtir nii tli« inner two ttiwar-il tin* iipn »nl,v ; yonn^ Ifiives pliviite at tUe wins. Inhabit- niitit of till' mtrthcrn lionuMphtTo. NoTHciKAm'H, IK'iulii tif Htiuntnatt' HowrrM 1 eo IKInworcil, Ninirt- Htttlkcd or Hiihiit'Hiiili' ; MtyleK iiliort, ofttMi bromi, HtiKinutiu uver the iuiiiT HnrfHce ; yoiuifc li'ivcM not pliratfl. Inhiil)itunts of weiitern nml iintuntif Sdidli Anit-rieft, Nrw Xt'iiliind, iiiul AuHtmlin. " A. (If Cuminllf, /V.Wr. xvi. pt. ii. 117, • Fitjpui j«r//m/t(d, MiimiMiH, Sfirr. IMW (ITW). — llonuMnann, /■?. Dan. viii. t. I'-Wl. — IVoureou Ihthamel, ii. HO, t. '24. — Smith & Sow- erby, /iny/wA Itot. xxvi. t. IHMI. iliirti^s h'umt. Culturp/i IhnUchl. IM, t. 'JO, t. !0;i, f. «(, — KiML-hfiibiuh, Iron. Fl. (Immtn. xii. 0, t. (i;U». — A. tif luntbillt', l.r. UH. — I'urbitort', Fl. ttnl. iv. \m.— Willkoinni & Lin>,'i', /Vfw/r. Fl. liiifHtft. i. Iil7. — HoisHior, Fl. Orimt. iv. 1175. — l.iif;niia, /•'/. Forrnlal K^fMiUi>la, pt. i. IW, t. 'J7. — ilempel & Wilht'lni. Ihume utitt Strduchrrt ii. U, f. 115, 110, t. *Ji). Camnea Faffw, Scopoli, ^7. Cam. ed. Ii, ii. 'J12 (177'J). Fiujus s^lvextri.i, (Jwrtncr, Fruri. \. 182, t. 37 (17HH), FiUjm frhinata, (nliU'rt, Excrrit. PHift. ii. :\\H\ (171)2). Fttiffi-'* ii^lralira is uiii' of tliu I'oninioii forest trt-cH of temperatt' KumiM', wliiTf it is dintributiMl from nouthcrn Norway and Sweden to thu fthoroN of the Mediterranean ; it tiHeeiidit ttie Swims AlpH to elevations of about live thou.Haiid feet above the Mea-tevel, and in Houtlurn Knrope in uHually n»ntined to lii^b mountain slopes, uften marking the upper liniitH (if forest growth ; it abounds in Routhern HuM!tia and in the forests that eovir and swine, and tbt>n ns a tindM>r-tn'e. Kndurinj; a ^reat amount of shade, it bus been found a valuable tree to plant untler Oaks and Pines in the forest. Ku- ropean foresters use it largely in tins way, esfM-eiully on limestono and chalky soils, in which the Iti-ech f^rows with the greatest vifror, ciUtin^ it at the end of frum ei;;lity Ut a bundred years wlien its assoi^iutcK in tbc forests have not advanced more than half way to maturity (Hurgsdorf, Venurh (it.trh. liolzart. i. />«■ liiirhe). The W(M)d is ix^ny finped with red, and contains inany small evenly distributed ilucts and numerous often interrupted medullary rays whit-b, on a vertical S(M'tion, appear as .Hbininj; plates. It is hard, close-praiued, and nicHieratcly heavy, althou^b not durable. Heccli-wotKl makes excellrnt i'ucl and charcoal, and is also used for furniture, the bandies of tiiol.s, the jiaiuds of carriaf^cs and the keels of boat.t, and tor woihIcu shoes, which in some of the mountainous districts of central and S(mtherr< Knrop(! arc made almost exclu- sively from this wood. Impregnated with sulphate of copper or ottier prcHcrvatives a)(ain>«t attack, it has been used advuntagfooiisly for railway ties (Mathieii, Fl. Formturr^ ed. \S, 272). Its broad crown and ample lustroun leaves, iti suKHitb pale Ih'au- tiful liark, and the delicate spray of its brancblcts, nnike the lieech (MM' of the most ornamental inbabitantN of Kuro)H!an wimhIs and parks ; and for more than a burulred years it has adorned tint plantations of eastern Anu'rica, where thn Willows aru the oidy Kuro|H>an tn-es which have shown themselves Wtterable to thmrish in the severe climate of the northern states. * Fdffm nijb'titivti^ var. 8 Sir.hoUliy Mnximowiez, lUUl. Acad. Sri. St. IVtrnhourf/, xxxi. 101 (.\/,7. Hwl. xii. 'AA) (IHHfi). Fiif/uit ffrrugififat Siebold, IVrA. llnUiv. (ifimtt. lii. 25 (not Alton) (IH:U)). Fnfjm Sifhnhii, Rndlicher, firtt. Suppl. iv. pt. ii. 20 (IR47). — A. d« Cundidle, /. c. IIU. — Kmnchet & Savatier, Fnum. PI. Jap, i. mi. Fntftui crennta, Blume, Mw. lUtt. huftl. lUU. i. :M)7 (1850). Kiyw .iiflrntirtt, y AHintica, A. de CauiloUo, /. c. IIO (1864).— Fraiudiet & Savatier, I. r. 150. Id Ja)Hin the lleeoh, whieh is hardly distinguishable from the Kuropean tree, is one of the noblest iidiabitants of the forest. It ranges fnun the .sh(>res of Volcano Hay in southern Ye/o, where it grows nearly at the sea-level, southward over the mountains of the other islands. On those itf central Hondo it is the most abundant of all deciduous-leaved trees, and one of the largest, often cover- ing great areas lying between three and four thous'ind feet above the sea level with pure forests or those in which it is mingb'd with Oaks, C'hcstiiutR, and scattered Firs and Spruces. A see(md Hoech with snuill leaves and small fruit l)(»riu> on long slender {leduncles, from the Ilukone Mountains and thu Provineo of Nambii, and describiMl by Maximowicz (/. r.) as Fngu» Japommt has not been seen since it was first c(dlected by Maximowiuz's native senrant, and is a doubtful species unknown to dapanese botanists. In (Japan the woihI of the Iteech is little esteemed or used, and the fon-sts of this tree, which usually grow in comparatively inao- ccssible places, appear to be spreading rather than diminishing (Sargent, Fon-nl Fl. ./(I/mih, 70). * Hooker f. Fl. Ta.man. i. ."VIH. — IJentham. Fl. Amtral. vi. 209. « Hooker f. Fl. New Zeal. i. 220 ; Unndb. AVro Zeal. Fl. 219. ' Mirbel, Mt'm. Mux. xiv. 4G5. — Hooker, Jour. Hot. ii, 15H. — II(.oker f. Fl. Antarvt. ii. :H.5, t. 123, 124. — C. (iay, Fl. Chil. v. 387. — Philippi, Litmtra, xxix. 42. Thn dense dark forests which cover the shores of the Straits of Magellan ami the mountain slopes of Ti(>rra del Kuego ar(! princi- pally composed of two Iteech-trees, the Kvergn'en Fatjuji hvhUoideit (Mirbel, /. r. 4(i!», t. 25 [1827]. — Hooker f. /. c. :Mi>, t. 124. — A. de Caudolle, Pnnlr. I. c. 121) and the deciduous-leaved Fafjun antarrlira (Foratcr f. ('(mm. Sor. GiUtimj. ix. 24 [1780J. — Hooker f. /. r. :U5, t. 123. — A. de Candolle, /. r. 120). Fagua betuloides '* forms the prevailing feature of tho scenery of CUrULIVRHJe. 8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 23 an anrii'iit ono. VVi'IImK^HikhI triiceH of Faj(UH diwMwered in tlii> croUfwrnH nwlcn of tin* Diikotu ^rniip/ in tli« inirouM jfriivcln of Ciiliforniii;^ hIiow that Ht'ccli-trH'H onri» iahal)itml tlioHo |)ai-tH of tho Amcriian continent from wliicli tJiry liavi^ now cntirrly diHappoart'd ; and in Enropt) Htweial foHHil MpiuicH, principally (»f tlu' inior*>n*» i^poih, have heen rwoj^nizi'd, clowdy ulattMl, with a Hin^lo exception/ to the Heechen which n(»w inhahit the forentn of the northern heniiMphere.'^ Faf^iiH produccH hard cloH«>-^rained wood, and Heverid HpecicH are important timlter-trrcH, particu- larly t hone 4»f Knropo and North AnuM-ica, the Sonth American Fa tj u ti pr overt t'^ and Fuijkh uh/itptftj'' the Now Zoahind Fagus AtemieMii,* Fagnn fuacaf FatjUH A'oAirtc/ri,"* and the Auntralian Fhijuh Chnn'uitihnin'tl^^ The Hweet needn of the European and American HjiecieH are ii favorite f(lir\toly nuccofldii it," iiMil " wliii-h evt'u ill Vn\w Horn iiiii'uiiiU much liiffhrr thau FiiguA hrtutoitlf^, nnil lU'iii-ly to thu Nuuiiiiit of tlio iiiouutuiim which un* 11 thouHiuwl fi'i't ht>low l\w lino of perpetual nuuw, whilt* at tho ■ca-levul it furin-* a lurj;er tree" (Hooker f. Fl. AuUmt. ii. 'MTt. Si-e, aNo, 1*. i'arker Kin^, Narrative of the Survrying Voyageg of His Mnjfutif'ii Sfii/nt Ailrrulure and Hemjlv^ i, iJ'J, 'SI). ' LeMipiereux, U. S. iitoUuj, Hep. vi. 07, t. fi, f. 0 ; f/. S. Geolog. Snrv. vii. 145, t. 19, f. 1-3 ; viii. 37 {Coutrib, FohkU Fl. W. Territorie»t i., ii.). — Newberry, Note$ on the Later Extinct Flora of N,A.'SX * Heer, Sveruk. Vetensk. Akad. Handi Mr.4, viii.30, t.5, f. 4A ; t. 7, f. 4-H, t. 8. f. I (Ft. Fo$t. Alatik.). • Lesrpioroux, Mem. Afm. Cump. Xoiil, vi. pt. ii. 3, t. 2, f, 13, 14 (Fosnil Planl.i of the Auri/enmn dravel Ihpositit n/thf Sitrra Nemda). * Ffigm p'jgmteat IJn^er, Heiie in (irievhenkvul umi in den junischen /fi,*Wn, l,">fl, f. 0. " Saportii, Origine Palrontohgifpte des Arbres, 150. — iiittel, Ilandh. Pfiliidulolog. ii. 4'J5. • Pueppig & Kndliehur, A'oe. Gen. et Spec. ii. 09, 1. 197. — Iluuker, Jour, Bot. ii. 154. — C. (lay, Fl, Chil. v. 387. — Philippi, Linn;m. vii. t. 630, 631 (1844) ; Fl. New Zeal. I c. ; Handb. New Zeal. Fl. I. e. — A. de Candolle, /. c. — Kirk, /. v. 1 79, t. 91. Fagits ftm'a, the New Zealand Black Beech, Bull Beech, or Red Beech, is the most widely distributed and important of the New Zealand Beeches, and probably the most valuable timber-trei; of the genns. It is described as a tree more than one hundred tvf^i liigh, with a trunk from two to ten feet in diameter, covered at maturity with deeply furrowed bright brown Imrk. In some moun- tain regions it focins n«-arly pure forests of great extent, and in others it is luixed witli Fagm Sulandri and FaguM Meusiegii. Thu W(hh1 is red, strcnig, tough, and very durnbli* in contact with the »iti\. It is valued for fence-posts, railway ticx, and wharf-piles, ami for all sorts of construt-liim in which strength and durability are re- quired (Kirk, liefHtrtn on the Durability of New Zealand Timbtre in Conntruetitr Works, 15). '0 HiMiker i. limker leon. vii. 639 (1*1-1) ; Fl. New Zeal. i. 2:«) ; Uandb. New Zeal. Fl. ^50. — A. do Cmdulle, /..-. — Kirk, F>re:it Fl. New Zeal. 91, t. 56. Fagnn Snlandri is an evergreen tree which, iu many parts of New Zealaml, forms extensive forests. Occasionally rising to the height of one hundred feet, it is usually not nmru than seventy or eighty feet tall, with a trunk sometimes four feet in diameter. The wood is pale red or gray often streaked with black and handsomely fig- ured. It is heavy, strong, and very tough, and durable if the tree is cut after it has reached unitnrity. It is used in construction, for fence-posts and rails, and for railway ties (Kirk, Ueportu on the Ihrafiiltlif of New Zealand Timbers in Construrtire Work.'*, 17). '> Hooker, Jour. Hot. ii. 152, t. 7 (1840). — Hooker f. FL Tan- man, i. 346. — A. de Candolle, /. r. — Benthum, Fl. Auittral, vi. 210. The Australian Myrtle or Evergreen Beech inhabita the nioun- tains of Victoria, where it is not common, uiul Tasmania, where, growing with Eucalyptus and Atherosperma, it forms a large part of the dense dark forests which cover the western districts and the mountains, which it aseends to elevations of four thousand feet above the level of thu sea. Growing sometimes two hundred feet tall and forming a trunk seven feet iu diameter, it generally does not rise above a height of one htmdred I'eot. The wood is hard and solid, richly colored, and often beautifully marked with a wavy grain. It is esteemed by the cabinet-maker, and is also used in the interior constrnction of houses and for thu cogti of wheels (Maiden, Useful Native Plants of Australia, 535). '^ " The kernels or mast within are reported to ease the paine of the kidneics proceeding of the stone if they bu eaten, and to cause the grauell and sand the easier to come foorth : with these, mice and stpiirreU be greatly delighted, who do mightily increase by feeding thereon ; swine also be fattened herewith, and certuine other beasts ; also deere do feedu thereon very greedily, Tliey be likewise pleasant Iu thrushes and pigeons." (Gerarde, Herball, 1255.) Animals are sometimes affected by the little known poison of lieech-nuts, which is believed to be eooGned to the shell, as flour M 24 SUVA OF NORTH AMEBIC A. CVVVhlFEUM, m Tar obtained by distillation from the wood of the European Fagim sylvafica is valued in the manufacture of creosote,^ and has been used in the treatment of pulmonary diseases.^ The northern species of Fagus have long been used to decorate the parks and gardens of the United States and Europe, and many curious forms of the European Beech with cohired or hiciniately cut leaves, or with pendulous branches, have been multiplied by gardeners/ In North America Fagus is generally exempt from the ravages of disfiguring insects" and destruc- tive fungal diseases.^ mwlo from the husked seeds is free from it. (See Cornevin, Des Plantes Veneneuse, 137.) Tar of Beech-wood sometimes causes in- flammution of the skin. (See J. C. White, I}ermali(ui Venenata, 147.) » Beech-oil ip manufactured iu several Kuropean countries al- though principally iu France, the forest of Couipiegno being the chief seat of this industry. The ripe fruit is shaken dowu from the trees upon cloths spread to receive it, and is then sorted ; the best nuts ai-e selected, slightly dried, and crushed to break the shells, which are removed from the mass by fanning ; the kernels are pounded iu troughs into a paste which is put in a bag and subjected to presHurc, and the oil which escapes is poured into broad pans and allowed to deposit the mucilaginous matter which it contains, and is then ready for use. About one g:illon of oil is obtained from a bushel of nuts, and us much as twen* y-two gallons have been obtained from a single trti Beech-oil is of a clear yellow color and pos- sesses a slight tiftvor. It is principally employed to adulterate olive-oil, and is sometimes used in cooking instead of butter, in the manufacture of soHp, and for illuminating purposes. The refuse left after the oxtnictiou of tlie oil is made into coarse bnMid or serves as food for cattle (Sponp, KncyclopYidnaI trees of this variety have appeared at dif- fero''t time* in the forests of Europe. Wagner, in the Historia Naturalis Hdvftirt Curiosa, published in 1080, speaks of three Beech-trees with red leaves growing in a wood in Zurichgau. Twenty-six years later Seheuzer {Htschreibung 'ier Xatur-fwe.srhirhtrn des Schtceizerlandrs, pt. i. 2) givi's a more detailed account of this tree, repeating the popular legend that the red-leaved Beech-trees spranj* up in a forest wliere five brothers had nmnlered ench other. A purple-lcavt'd Hei'ch di.'rived from tlio trees of tiie forest of Buch was cultivated in a garden of the canton of Zurich brforu 1703, when Ott's Dendrologie was published ; on page 245 of tins work this cultivated tree and the group of trees in the neigliboring forest arc mentioned. Most of ttie Purple Beeclu^s now in culti- vation, however, are probably dcrivi-d from a tree of this variety discovered in the last century in the Hanleiter Forest near Son- dershausen in Thuriiigia, which is suppiiscd to he at)out two hun- dred years old and is fitill alive. (See Lut/e, Mittkeibmgen */«.« Thuringer liolitni.trhfu VWeinct, 1892, pt. ii. 28 [/^ur (Jcsrhichlf und Kultur der Blutfiurhcn], — -liiggi, (iarleiyiitra, xlii. 150 [/i'wr Gt- srhichle drr Blulhnche]. — Garden and Forest, \i\. 2 [The Origin of thf Purple Beech].) The Weeping Beech, a variety of Fat/fis sylvalica, with long pendulous branches which form a broad-based pyramidal tree, is also frc(piently planted; and several Beeches with pendulous branches differing slightly in habit are now propagated in nurse- ries. The first to attract attention appears to have been found in Great Britain, and Loudon (I. c. 1952) refers to individuals of thij variety which wore probably planted at the end of the eighteenth century. The Fern-leaved or Cut-leaved Beech (Fagus sylvatica, hetero- phylla, Loudon, /. c. 1951, f. 1875, 1870), a form in which the leaves are more or less laciniatoly cut and divided, is also often found in collections of curious trees. It is probably of British origin, and has been cultivated for nearly a century. • Although several species of insects feed on the Beech in North America, it is less seriously injured by them than many other American trees. The hymcnopterous Tremex Columha, Linmeus, is common in the trunks, and several species of Coleoptera some- times damage the stems and branches. Goes pulverulentus, Halde- man, bores into large branche.i and does considerable injury to the trees. Larva; of species of Dicerca, Chrysobothris, and of other beetles arc also frequently found in the trunk, although some of them do not attack the wood until it has begun to decay. Among foliage-eating insects the Fall Web-worm is sometimes conspicuous on the Beech ; the Forest Tent-caterpillar, Clisiocampa dis.ftria, Hiibncr, also occurs upoTi it ; und other species of leaf- eating Lcpidoptera are frequent although not very abundant. The larva of ^(ro/j.sw/a^ijrmmn'ana. Chambers, lives in a case formed of the bud-scales and feeds upon the leaves, and Cryptoleckia faginella, Clminhcra, fastens the leaves together with silken threads. Plant-lice and scale insects belonging to such genera as Schizoneura and Aspidiotus are occasionally plentiful on the Beech, although more noticeable on cultivated trees than on those in the forest. The fruit is often infested by weevils, • The North American Beech-tree is the favorite home of a large number of fungi. This is especially true of trees in northern and mountainous districts, whero the fallen trunks are attacked by many characteristic species of great interest to mycologists. It cannot be said, however, that the Beech suffers in North America from any specitic disease. It is one of the healthiest trees of the American forest, and t)ie fungi which grow upon it are rather sapropliytes than true parasites. Scorias .spougiosa. Fries, which produces spongy excrescences often of considerable size, is not infrt'quently seen on its trunk. This fungus belongs to the group of species which are not strictly parasitic on the trees and shrubs upon which they are found, but follow the attacks of insects on whose «ixcr('se«'nces or renuiins they grow ; but whether Scorias spont/iosa grows on insect exudations or is really parasitit' on tho Beech itself has not yet been determined. Of the many Pyrenoinycctes found on Beech-trunks, Ilypoiylon turhinuhUnm, Berkeley, is the most characteristic. It appears in tho form of black cushions, so numerous that they are eoidlucnt at times and extend over the trunks in patches several feet long. Nannn»}nira criH'ea, Persoon, is a common pariwite, forming on the s" and destruc- CUPULIFERiB. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 25 Beech-trees can be easily raised from seeds, which should not be allowed to dry before they are planted, as they soon become rancid and lose their power of germination.' The varieties can be propagated by grafting. Fagus, the classical name of the Beech-tree, was used by Tournefort," and afterward adopted by Linnseus, who joined, however, in his genus the Chestnut-tree with the Beech. ■urfaoe of the branches amall pustules from which exude yellowish gelatinous masses. Of the Hymenomycetes which abound on Beeoh-trunks the most striking and common arc Agaricus adipmust Fries, which is abun- dant in the autumn, Panua conchatua, Fries, Panua dorsalia. Fries, Phlehia radiala, Fries, and the conspicuous and beautiful Hydnum corattoideHf Scopoli, which forms variously branching masses some- times as large as a human head, of a brilliant white color, with long depending teeth. Onygem faginea, Fries, is a charaoteristio and not uncommon fungus on the Beech ; it grows on fal'- : trunks, appearing like small stalked puff-balls. The so-called Frineum of Beech-leaves, which is no longer considered a fungus, but merely a distortion of epidermal cells dne to the attacks of Phytoptus, is the habitat of the fungus Microsphaera erineophila, Peck. » Cobbett, Woodlandi, 145. « Insl. 584, t. 351. H m CUPULIFERiB. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 27 PAGUS AMERICANA. Beech. Lobes of the calyx of the staminate flower short and rounded, ovate, coarsely dentate-serrate, deciduous. Leaves oblong- Pagus Americana, Sweet, Hort. Brit. 370 (1826) Spacli, Hist. Vi'J. xi. 201. Fagus Americana latifolia, Muenchhausen, Hauao. v. 162 (1770). — Waiigenheim, Nordam. llolx. 80, t. 29, f. 55. Fagus sylvatioa, e Americana latifolia, Du Roi, Harbk. Baumx. i. ?69 (1771). Fagus sylvatica atro-pvmioea, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 46 (1785). Fagus sylvatioa, Schocpf, Mat. Med. Amer. 140 (not Liii- iiajus) (1787). — Walter, Fl. Car. '.C'S. — Castiglioiii, Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 239. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 624. — Darlington, Fl. Cestr. ed. 2, 538. Fagus ferruginea, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 362 (1789) Du Roi, Uarhk. Baums. ed. 2, i. 371. — Abbot & Smith, Insects nf Georgia, ii. 149, t. 75. — Willdenow, Berl. Baumx. 112 ; Spec. iv. pt. i. 460 ; Enum. 980. — Persooi;, Syn. ii. 571. — Deafontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 496. — Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult, ed. 2, vi. 416. — Michaux t. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 174, t. 9. — Poiret, Lam. Diet. Suppl. iii. 49. — Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 224. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 624. — Sprengel, Sgst. iii. 856, — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 159. — Torrey, Fl. N. T. ii. 194, t. 110.— Darlington, Fl. Cestr. ed. 3, 271. — Chapman, Fl. 425. — Curtis, Bep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 47. — A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 118. — K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt ii. 19. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed, 2, 286 Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. XOth Census U. S. ix. 157. — Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 176. — Watson & Coulter, Gray's Man. ed. 6, 480. — Dippel, Handb. Laubholxk. ii. 63, I. 22. — Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 121. Fagus sylvestris, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 170, t. 8 (1812). —Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 159. Fagus alba, Rafineaque, Fl. Ludovic. 131 (1817) ; New Fl. iii. 80. Fagus sylvatioa, p Americana, Nuttall, Gen. ii. 216 (1818). — Elliott, Sk. ii. 613. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. iii. 1953. — Emerson, Trees Mass. 158 ; ed. 2, i. 180, t. (excl. staminate flower). Fagus rotundifolia, Rafinesque, Atlant. Jour. 177 (Flo- rula Texensis) (1833) ; New Fl. iii. 81. Fagus heterophylla, Rafinesque, New Fl. iii, 80 (1836), Fagus nigra, Rafinesque, New Fl. iii, 81 (1836). Fagus ferruginea, latifolia, Loudon, Arb. Brit. iii. 1980, f, 1916 (1838), Fagus ferruginea, Caroliniana, Loudon, Arb. Brit, iii, 1980, i. 1915 (1838), Fagus atropimicea, Sudworth, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, XX. 42 (1893); Bep. Sec. Agric. 1892, 328. — Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. U. 418 (Man. PI. W. Texas). A tree, usually seventy or eighty, but under exceptionally favorable conditions occasionally one hundred and twenty feet in height, with a trunk three or foui- feet in diameter, often sending up from the roots numerous small stems, which jometimes form broad thickets around the parent tree. When crowded by other trees in the forest the Beech g^ows tall, with a long and comparatively slender trunk free of branches for more than half its length, and a narrow head ; in open situations, where the branches have room for free lateral growth, it is short-stemmed, and the thick trunk divides into numerous limbs, which spread gradually, and form a broad compact round-topped head of slender slightly drooping branches beset with short lateral leafy brfinchlets. The bark of the trunk is compact and from one quarter to one half of an inch in thickness, with a smooth light steel-gray surface. The branchlcts are slender, and when they first appear are pale green, and coated with long soft pale caducous hairs; during their first summer they are olive-green or orange-color, and conspicuously marked with oblong bright orange-colored lenticels, and, gradually growing red, they become bright reddish brown during their fir.st winter, darker brown during theii' second season, and ultimately ashy gray. The buds are formed before the beginning of summer, when the growt'.i of the year is completed, and are covered with numerous closely imbricated scales, increasing in length from the bottom of the bud upward ; they are ovate, rather abruptly pointed, and puberidous, especially toward II Hi 28 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPULIFERJB. Ill II the apex, during the summer, when they are not more than an eighth of an inch long ; they lengthen in the autumn by the growth of the inner scales, and during the winter are from three quarters of an inch to nearly an inch long and about an eighth of an inch broad, and are gradually narrowed toward the base and the slender pointed apex; the scales are boat-shaped, thin, light chestnut-brown, and lustrous, and are often furnished at the apex, especially those on the upper part of the bud, with tufts of short pale bail's; the upper scales, which are clothed with pale hairs on the inner surface and along the margins, lengthen with the young branch, and when fully grown are often an inch long ; they are thin, very lustrous, brown above the middle and sufifused with red below, and fall before the scales of the outer ranks, marking the base of the branchlet with numerous narrow conspicuous persistent ring-like scars. The leaves stand rather remotely on the ends of the branches, and are clustered on the short lateral ranchlets; they are plicately *olded in the bud, oblong-ovate, aciuninate with long slender points, and coarsely serrate with sp ling or incurved triangular teeth, except at the gradually narrowed wedge-shaped rounded or cordate base ; when the bud expands in very early spring they are pale green, and clothed on the lower surface and the margins with long pale lustrous silky hairs, which also cover the upper side of the midribs and veins ; when fully grown they are at first light bright CTeen, but soon grow darker, and at maturity are dull dark blue-green on the upper surface, light yellow-green and very lustrous on the lower surface, which 's furnished with small tufts of long pale hairs in the axils of the veins, from two and a half to fi , inches rn length and from one to three inches in breadth, with slender yellow midribs raised, rounded and covered with short pale hairs on the uppv' side, and slender primary veins impressed above, running obliquely to the points of the teeth, and connected by obscure reticulate veinlets; they are borne on short nearly terete slightly grooved Iiairy petioles from one quarter to one half of an inch long, and turn bright clear yellow in the autumn before falling. The stipules are ovate-lanceolate on the lower leaves and strap-shaped or linear- lanceolate on the upper, brown or often red below the middle, membranaceous, very lustrous, from an inch to an inch and a half in length, and caducous. The flowers open when the leaves are about one third grown. The staminate are borne in globose heads an inch in diameter on slender hairy peduncles produced from the axils of the inner bud-scales or of those of the lowest leaves, about two inches long, and f lU'nished near the middle with linear-lanceolate hairy caducous bractlets sometimes a quarter of an inch in length. The calyx is subcampanulate, coated on the outer surface with pale hairs, gradu- ally narrowed into a short pedicel, diWded above the middle into short ovate rounded lobes, and not more than half the length of the stamens composed of white filaments and pale green anthers obtuse at the base. The pistillate flowers are borne in usually two-flowered clusters on short clavate peduncles from one half to three quarters of an inch long, coated with thick hoary tomentum, and produced from the axils of the upper leaves of the year; they are surrounded by an involucre of closely imbricated persistent scales clothed with long white hairs, and subtended by several deciduous pink bracts, increasing in size outward, the lowest being rather longer than the flowers, bright red and furnished at the apex with a tuft of white hairs, and nearly twice the length of the bract opposite to it. Tile lobes of the calyx, which is coated on the outer surface with pale hairs, are linear-lanceolate and leute, and rise about as high as the scales of the involucre. The stigmas are strongly reflexed, light green, and stigmatic on the inner face along the central line. The fruiting involucre is ovoid, thick- walled, about three (juarters of an inch long, and is raised on a stout tomentose club-shaped peduncle from one quarter to three quarte.s of an inch in length ; at midsummer, when it is fully grown, it is puberulous, dark orangf^green, and covered with slender straight or slightly recurved prickles, red above tiie middle ; in the autumn, at maturity, it is light brown, tomentose, and beset with strongly recui'ved pubescent prickles, and, opening with the first .severe frosts, it remains on the branch al ter the nuts have fallen and often late into the winter. The nut is ovate, graduaUy narrowed to the rounded base, wJiere it is marked by the small dark umbilical scar, acute at the apex, wing-angled, and longitudinally lidged between the wings, flattened on the inner surface, ligWt chestnut-brown and i CUPUUFERJB. CUFULIFEILfi. SILVA OF NORTE AMERICA. lustrous, and about three quarters of an inch long ; the shell is crustaceous, and coated on the inner surface with appressed rufous tomentum which is thickest toward the apex. The sweet seed is covered by a dark red-brown coat. Fagua Americana, although less common than several Oaks, is one of the most widely distributed trees of eaotern North America, inhabiting the rich soil of uplands and mountain slopes, where it often forms nearly pure forests of considerable extent, and sometimes at the south the bottom-lands of streams and the margins of swamps. From the valley of the Restigouche River it ranges to the northern shores of Lake Huron' and northern Wisconsin, and southward to western Floridft and through southern Illinois and southeastern Missouri to the valley of the Trinity River in Texas. The Beech attains its largest size in the forests which cover the rich intervale lands of the valley of the lower Ohio River,' on the slopes of the southern Alleghany Mountains, which it ascends nearly to their summits, and on the bluffs of the lower Mississippi, where, associated with the Evergreen Magnolia, it grows in great perfection. The wood of Fagua Americana is hard, strong, tough, very close-grained, and susceptible of receiving a beautiful pohsh ; it is not durable, however, in contact with the ground, and if difficult to season, being inchned to check badly in drying. It is dark or often light red, varjdng greatly in color in different locaUties,^ with thin nearly white sapwood composed of from twenty to thirty layers of annual growth, and containii broad conspicuous medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.6883, a cubic foot weighing 42.89 pounds. It is largely used in the manufacture of chairs, shoe-lasts, plane-stocks, and the handles of tools, and for fuel. The oweet nuts are gathered in the forest, and sold in the markets of Canada and of some of the western and middle states. Confounded by early European travelers in America with the Beech-tree of the Old World, from which it differs in its paler bark and lighter green and more sharply serrate leaves, Fagtis Americana was first distinguished by Clayton in the Flora Virginica, published in 1739.* It was cultivated in Europe soon after the middle of the eighteenth century,^ and was first described from trees gprowing in German gardens. The Beech, with its noble habit, its smooth pale bluish gray bark and its cheerful foliage, is one of the most beautiful inhabiutnts of the forests of eastern North America. It is delightful in early spring when the lengthening buds display the closely folded leaves between their dehcate lustrous brightly tinted scales, and when, a few days later, it is covered with graceful drooping clusters of staminate flowers. The tender green of its vernal leaves enlivens the forest when the Oaks and Hickories are but just beginning to awaken from their winter slumbers ; and the contrasts of light and shade, as the sun plays through its wide-spreading branches, increase its beauty when it is clothed with the deep green foliage of summer or with its brilliant yellow autumnal garment. But it is in winter, when the color of its bark is brightest, when the structure of its head is pL'inly seen, and the fine spray of its slender shinin Brnnet, Cat. Vlg. Lig. Can. 50. — Bell, Rep. Geolog. Sun. Can. 1879-80, S2'. — Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 444. » Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mm. v. 8", ; Bot. Gazette, viii. 3S0. » " Beech there is of two sorts, redd, and white very excellent for trenchers, or chairs and also for oarcs, may be accompted." (Thomas Morton, New English Ca-'aan, 43 [Force CM. Hist. Tracts, iii. No. 2].) These different colored woods of the American Beech are pro- duced by individual trees which are otherwise apparently iden- tical, and have always been recognized by American lumbermen ; ani? the younger Micbanx and Fursh tried to find botanical char- acters by which the trees producing them could be distinguished. * Fagus vulgaris, Clayton, Fl. Virgin. 118. Fagu.\ft>liis ova''S obsolete serratis ; fniclu triangttlo, Romans, Nat. Hist. Florida, 2f » Alton, Hort. Keic. iii. 362. — London, Arb. Brit. iii. 1890, f. 1917. ' Garden and Forest, viii. 125, t, 19. — Rothrock, Forest Leaves, v. 40, f. 'il 30 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPULIPER^. Easily raised from seed, and easily transplanted, the Beech is admirably suited to decorate the pleasure-grounds of our eastern states, where, however, it is as yet less commonly planted than the European species and its varieties. \ I EXPLANATION OP THE PLATE. Plate CCCCXLIV. Faous Ahbbicana. 1. A flowering branch, naturnl size. 2. Diagram of a pistillate inflorescence. 3. A staminate flower, enlarged. 4. Vertical section of a staminate flover, enlarged. 5. A cluster of pistillate flowers with their involucre, enlarged. 6. Vertical section of a cluster of pistillate flowers with their involucre, tnlarged. 7. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 8. A fruiting branch, natural size. 9. A nut, natural size. 10. Vertical section of a nut, natural size. 11. Cross section of a nut, natural size. 12. A seed, with the hairy dissepiment attached at its apex and slightly separated below, and the abortive ovules, natural size. 13. An embryo, natural size. 14. A winter branch, natural size. 15. A leaf-scar, enlarged. 16. A seedling plant with cotyledons and young leaves, natural size. u "^™'*^' CUPULIFEIt«. Tab, CCCCXLIV to decorate the anted than the ^ >U x//'.'- >rC . 30 SILVA OF NORTH AMFP'^ ^ flll'IM.tKKll.V vcr, it in Hit yot li*iM couimoiily |>laiiti>il than \\\<- L' l»i II ■ ri p.itui .«i !• xpHic aiul iili^litly '>. t "kUibk piiii.. " - *■• I CnPUUFKHJK. ijilva of North Amfrica. Tab, CCCCXLIV (••(1 to (locoratp lliii y plaiiti'il than llto r h.f.ij.m ,/,■/. FAGUS AMERICANA, Sweet. MoUXl'^^r JC , A. Hittcf\'UT^ i/i'ri'.r : fntp. ./ Taflt'Ur P.i CDPULir Fl amcnts to the tary in from tl strobile Oatrya, $ Qen. I Gen. i iii. pt. Smi elongate the inne: lowest 8 the hud, the veins semioval vascular caducoui clustered hranchle in erect to fourti of the a margins branch 1 cell opei inclosed pairs on midsumr Ovary ii linear si; ovule sol by the ei ovate, ai spicuous base wit ' Ostrya dying in su cular scar t bmnch in t! 164, 1. 148, CUPULIFERiK. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. OSTRYA. 81 Flowers unisexual, monoecioua, apctalous, the staminate naked in long pendulous amcnts ; stamens 3 to 14 ; the pistillate in crcet lax aments ; calyx denticulate, adnate to the inferior two-celled ovary, surrounded by a bract and two bractlets ; ovule soli- tary in each cell, suspended. Fruit, a nut inclosed in a sack-like involucre formed from the accrescent bract and bractlets of the flower, and loosely imbricated into a Btrobile. Leaves alternate, stipulate, deciduous. Oetrya, Scopoli, Fl. Cam. crt.2, " ^43 (1772). — Emlliclior, Carpinus, Linnieuii, Oen. 292 (in part) (1737). — Adannon, Oen. 274. — Meisner, Gen. 346. — Dentlmm & Huokur, Fain. I'l. ii. .'iTf) (In part). — A. L. do Jusiiieu, Oen. 409 Oen. iii. 406. — Prantl, Engler & Prantl Pjianxenfam. (in part). — lialllon, Uiat. PI. vi. 255 (in part), iii. pt. i. 43. Small trees, with watery juice, scaly bark, hard close-grained wood, slender terete branchlets, elongated conical buds ' formed in early summer and covered by numerous imbricated scales, those of the inner ranks accrescent and marking in falling the base of tlie brand) with narrow ring-like scars, the lowest sterile, the upper the stipules of the first leaves, and fibrous roots. Leaves open and concave in the bud," obliquely plicate .ilong the primary veins, alternate, ovate, acute, doubly serrate, penniveined, the veins running obli(piely to tlie points of tiie teeth, petiolate, deciduous, leaving in falling small semioval or crescent-shaped slightly oblique leaf-scars displaying the ends of three equidistant fibro- vascular bundle-scars. Stipules strap-shaped or obovate-oblong, scarious, infolding the leaf in the bud, caducous. Flowers appearing in early spring with the unfolding of the leaves, the staminate in long clustered pendulous aments developed in early summer from lateral buds near the ends of sliort lateral branchlets of the year, sessile or pedunculate, and naked and conspicuous during the winter, the pistillate in erect lax aments terminal on leafy branches of the year. Stiiminate flower composed of from three to fourteen stamens crowded on a pilose torus adnate to the base of a broadly ovate concave scale of the ament, which is rounded and abruptly contracted at the apex into a short point, ciliate on the margins and longer than the stamens ; filaments filiform, abbreviated, two-branched near the apex, each branch bearing a one-celled erect oblong extrorse half-anther tipped with a cluster of long hairs, the cell opening longitudinally, or rarely undivided and bearing a two-celled* anther. Pistillate flowers inclosed in hairy siick-like bodies formed by the union of a bract and two bractlets, and inserted in pairs on the base of the elongated ovate acute leafy ciliate scales of the ament persistent until midsummer, the lowest scales sterile. Calyx adnate to the ovary, dentate on the free narrow border. Ovary inferior, two-celled after fecundation, crowned with a short style divided into two elongated linear subulate spreading branches stigmatic on the inner face and exserted above the leafy scale ; ovule solitary in each cell, suspended, anatropous, the micropyle superior. Fruiting involucres formed by the enlargement of the united bract and bractlets of the flowers, closed and flattened, bladder-like, ovate, acute, slightly unequal on tlie margins, pale, membranaceous, much longer than the nut, con- spicuously longitudinally veined, reticulate-venulose, aj)iculate and hairy at the apex, hirsute at the base with sharp rigid stinging hairs,^ imbricated into a short strobile fully grown at midsummer and ' Ostrya does not form a terminal bud, tlio end of tliu branch dying in summer and leaving during tlio winter a minute dark eir- cular scar at the side of the upper axillary bud which prolongs the branch in the following spring (Focrstc, Bull. Torrey 'Jol. Club, xz. 164, 1. 148, f. IG). - Henry, Not'. Act. Acad. Cits. Leap, xviii. 530, t. 39. B In hiuulling a branch of Ostrya in summer and autumn the t . iff shnri>-pointed one-celled hairs which surround the base of the fn. ing involucre become detached and, sticking into the flesh, BILVA OF N our If AMKlilCA. CUPUUViCRiV. aiutpoiKled on a slendor bibrnctcolato pudunclo. Nut ri|)cninK in imtumn, ovate, ncute, flHttonecl, obncnruly lonjfitiidinully rihbed, crowned with the romnantH of tlio calyx, marked at the narrowed hiwe witli a wnall circuhir paUf und)iliou» ; |)cricar|) of two eoatu, tlie outer thin and menibranaceoiiH, the inner thicker, hard, and liony. Seed Holitary by abortion, Hllinff the cavity of the nut, »iw|>eniled, exalbuminoiiH, marked at the t\\wx with tiie abortive ovule ; testa membrana(>eou^, lijjht cheBtnut-brown ; cotyledons thiuk and tleHliy, plano-convex, epigtuouH in germination, much longer than the iihort nuperior radicle turned toward the minute hilum. Four HpecieH of Ostrya are now known ; two are North and Central Anieripan, one of them beinf^ widely distributed over the eastern part of the continent, while the other has been seen only on the upper slopes of the cailon of the Colorado Uiver in Arizona ; one specieii ' inhabits southern Euro|)e and western Asia, and the fourth is a native of northern Japan." Traces of leaves and fruit discovered in the eocene and miocene rocks of P]uro|>e show that several species of Ostrya existed in Kurope during the tertiary period, when it ranged as far north as Greenland ; ' at that time it inhabited the (central mountainoiu part of the North American continent * and ,lapan,' and impreHsions of the leaves of what are believed to Im) the existing s])6cies of eastern America have been found in the yellow sandstones of southern New Jersey." Ostrya produces exceedingly hard close-grained wood, and bark rich in tannic acid. In North America the genus is not seriously affected by insects ' or fungal diseases.' Plants of the different species can be easily raised from seeds, which usually do not germinate until the second year after they are sown. produce in the rue nf toniii pcoplo an acute intUmnution which docfl not entiraly diuippenr fur several houra. ' Oilrya Otirya (not Macmillaii). CarpinM Ortrya, Liniieim, Spef. 008 (exol. hftb. Virgin!*) (ITrhl). — iVouiTOu Ihihamrl, ii. '.'OO, t. 50. Oflri/a carpinifolia, Scopoli, Fl. Cam. ed. 2, ii. 244 (1772). — Keiulienbach, Icon. Fl. (lerman, xii. B, t. OSIi. — A. de Candolle, Prclr. xvi. pt. ii. I'Jfl. — I'arlatore, Fl, Ilat. iv. 152. — Boiuier, Fl. Orient, iv. 1178. Chlri/a mlgaru, Willdi-uow, Spfc. ir. pt. i. 400 (1806). — liar- tig, Font. Cullurpji. IXvttM. 269, t. 22. — Hempel & Wilhelm, BHumt uiul titrtiuiker, ii. ;)5, f. 141, t. 18. Oslrya Ilalica, Spavh, Ann. Sci. If at. tit. 2, ZTi. 246 (1841) ; Hut. Vig. xi. 210. The European Hup llornbeam, which ia aeattered through the forest on low mountain iilopefl, is distributed from the coast region of southeastern Frauce eastwani through Ital;, Sicily, southern Aua- tria, Dalmatia, and tho countries of southeastern Kuropo to north- em Syria, Armenia, and Transcaucasia. It is sometimes cultivated as an ornanicntal tree in tho gardens of western and central Kurojic, and has bern introduced into those of the United States, whore it is hardy as far north as eastern Massachusetts. * O^lrya Japotiiftj, .Sargent, Gnrtlen atu{ Foreity vi. 383, f. 58 (180;i) ; Forrtt Fl. Ja/ian, fK), t. 22. Oftrtja Virffmu-fiy Maximowicz, RuU. Arad. Sci. St. Pfternbourg, xxvii. an (.1/.;. lUol. xi. 317) (not Willdenow) (1881). Nowhere abundant, the .Tapaneso Hop Hornbeam inlubits with isohited individuals the forests of deciduous-leaved trees which cover central and southern Vezo, and occurs also in the province of Nambu in uorthern Hondo. Occasionally rising to the heiglit of eighty feet, and forming a tall straight trunk eighteen inches in diameter, it is usually much smaller, with an average height of from twenty Ut thirty feet. Although very similar to the species of eutem America, the Japanese Hop Hornbeam differs from it in its thinner leaves and smaller strobiles, in the color of its hark, and in habit. Ottrya Japonicn was introduced in 1888 into the Arnold Arbore- tum by seed sent from .Japaii by I>r. II. Mayr, and has proved hanly in tho climate of eastern Massachusetts. Of the Oilrya ManiUhuricn of Budischtsohew, included by Traut- vettcr in Iuh Incrementa Flora Phctnogama Rouka (^Aet liort. Pelrnp. ix. l(i(l), from the Transussurian districts of Manchuria, I have no knowledge. For gengrnphioal reasons it may be supposed identical with the .Tapanese species. ' Sa|iorta, Origine Piilionlologieck, which bean a striking resemblance to a closely related species found on Ostrya in Kurope, need be alluded to hero. It makes small patches of a deep purple color on the leaves in early summer without being specially injurious to the tree. I'Li VVPVlAtKHM. rminate until F iU Wk, and la ) Arnold Arbora- and has proved oluded hj Traut- utflB (Act Horl. of Manchuria, I raajr be luppoied 6. — Leiquercoz, 7. Waltm Ttrri. are recorded in iitly neon on the least one of the Lcaf-mincrB ry to the foliage. Jatrytt, Clemens, ytr/tUiella, Clem- >ecie!i have Iwen royed by a small licb in its larval CUPUUrBRJB. 8ILVA OF NOHTll AMERICA. Oiitrya, the olMnioal name of tlie Hop Horii))«ain, wn» adopted l>y Micheli' for thew tree*, wliicL wore afterward united hy LinnaauH witli tiie Horiiheainii iu hiit (^enuH Carpiiiun. > Ntt. Pi am. U-A t. KM. CONSPECTUS OK THE NOKTH AMERICAN 8FEC1E8. Ltavai oblonfi-UnoeoUt*, uaminate or ««at« at the kp«x 1. O. ViRomiANA. LuavM oval or oborate, acute or rouodtid at tha ap«x .,,..,... 2. O. Knowltoni, rm ' ca^ nearly all aro nn Oatryftt IjA'Ip- ly related specieH hero. It makoH in early summer I;: i if i 34 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. OSTRYA VIRQINIANA. Hop Hornbeam. Ironwood. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or acute at the apex. CUPULIFERA Ostrya Virsriniana, K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 6 (1873). — Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. ii. 139. — Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 117. — Coulter, CotUrib. V. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 414 (Man. PI. W. Texas). Carpinus Ostrya, Linnaeus, Spec. 998 (in part) (1753). — Wangenlieim. Besehreib. Nordam. Hoh. 137; Nordam. Hoh. 48. — Marshall, Arbust. Am. 25. — Abbot & Smith, Insects of Georgia, ii. 151, t. 76. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii. 53, t. 7. Carpinus Virginiana. Miller, Diet. ed. 8, No. 4 (1768). — Du Roi, Harbk. Baumx, i. 130. — Moencli, Bdume Weiss. 19; Meth. 694. — Lamarck. Diet. i. 708. — WiUdcnow, Berl. Baumx. 53. — Noiiveau Duhamel, ii. 201. — Du Mont (le Courset, But. Cult. ed. 2, vi. 413. Carpinus Virginioa, Muenchhausen, IIuusv. v. 120 (1770). — Desfonlaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 493. Carpinus Ostrya: Americana, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 202 (1803). Ostrya Virgrinica, Willdenow, Spec. iv. pi. i. 469 (1805) ; Untim. 982 ; Berl. Baumz. ed. 2, 260. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 573. — Alton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v. 302. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 62j. — Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 232.— NuttaU, Gen. ii. 219. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 169. — Elliott, Sk. ii. 618. — Sprengel, Syst. iii. 856. — Audubon, Birds, t. 40. —Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 160. — Spach, .4nn. iSci. Nat, tit. 2, xvi. 246; Hist. V(g. xi. 218. — Torrey, Fl. N. Y. ii. 185, t. 102 Emerson, Trees Mass. 177 ; ed. 2, i. 201, t. — Darlington, Fl. Cestr. ed. 3, 274. — Chap- man, Fl. 426. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Sum. N. Car. 1860, iii. 75. — A. de CandoUe, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 125. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 158. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 284. — Watson & Coulter, Gray's Man. ed. 6, 474. Zugilus Virginioa, Rafinesque, Fl. Ludovic. 159 (1817). Ostrya Virginioa, a glandulosa, Spach. Ann. Sci. Nat. h6t. 2, xvi. 246 (1841) ; Hist. Vig. xi. 218. Ostrya Virginioa. /? eglandulosa, Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. s^r. 2, xvi. 246 (1841) ; Hist. V^g. xi. 218. Ostrya Ostrya, Macmillan, Metasperma of the Mitmesota Valley, 187 (1892). A tree, occasionally fifty or sixty feet in height, with a short trunk two feet in diameter, but usually not more than twenty or thirty feet tall, with a trunk from twelve to eighteen inches thick. The branches are long and slender, and furnished with thin lateral braiichlets, which spring from them at acute angles, and, spreading nearly at right angles with the stem, droop at their extremities and form a round-topped open head frecjuently fifty feet across. The bark of the trunk is rarely more than a quarter of an inch in thickness, and is broken into narrow thick oblong closely appressed plate-like light brown scales slightly tinged with red on the surface. The branchlets are slender, very tough, and marked with numerous pale lenticels, which lengthen horizontally as the branches increase in size, and remain for many years and until the bark becomes rough and scaly ; when they first appear the branchlets are light green, and coated with pale hairs; at midsummer they are light orange-color and very lustrous, and during the first winter they are dark red-brown and lustrous, gradually growing darker brown, and losing their lustre in the following year. The buds are ovate, acute, a quarter of an inch long, and covered by loosely imbricated light chestnut-brown slightly jiuberulous ovate acute sc.iles ; those of tlie inner ranks lengthen slightly as the bud expands in early spring, and are green at the base and bright brown tinged with red toward the apex. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, gradually narrowed into long slender points or acute at the apex, narrowed and rounded cordate or occasionally wedge-shaped at the base, which is often une(jual, and sharply and doubly serrate with small triangular slender incurved callous teeth terminating at first in tufts of caducous hairs ; when they unfold they are light bronze-green, glabrou.i above, and coated below on the midribs and primary veins with long pale hairs ; and at maturity they are thin and extremely tough, dark dull yellow-green on the iq>per surface, light yellow-green and furnished with conspicuous tufts of pale hairs in the axils of the veins on the lower surface, from three to five inches long, and from an inch and a half to two ^^- CUPULIFERA CUrULIFEItfi. 8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 35 inches wide, with slender midribs impressed and puberulous above, and light yellow and pubescent below, and numerous slender veins usually forked near the margins ; they are borne on slender nearly terete hairy petioles about a third of an inch long, and turn a clear yellow before falling in the autumn. The stipules are strap-shaped, concave, rounded and sometimes apiculati- at the apex, ciliate on the margins with long pale hairs, hairy on the back, white and scarious, about half an inch long and an eighth of an inch broad, and caducous. During the winter the aments of staminat* flowers, which first appear at midsummer, when they are coated with hoary tomeutum, are about half an inch long, with light red-brown rather loosely imbricated scales, gradually narrowed into long slender points, and at the opening of the flowers in April at the south and early in June at the istillate inflorescence. 6. Pistillate flowers with their scale, front view, enlarged. 7. A pistillate flower incloseil in its bract and bractlets, enlarged. 8. A pistillate flower with its bract and bractlets laid open, enlarged. 9. A fruiting branch, natural size. 10. A fruiting involucre, natural size. 11. Vertical section of a fruiting involucre, showing the nut, natural size. 12. Vertical section of a nut, enlarged. 1.3. A seed, enlarged. 14. An embryo, enlarged. li). A winter branch with staminate aments, natural size. 16. A leaf-scar, enlarged. A CUPOI-IFERJB. lous brauches tive masses of .8 very hardy, so tough that of groups of tops and in all ix layers of annual / 'J r ■■A -it,/: '■ \-.,:^ ■\ 1 i) 0 ■1- :,»*' # ,/ ; '; I :,;U nVMMWMMwK ui ./, AMERICA. CUl'ULIFKU » boAttf 1 hritact bt(i'.d of fdender hmtrous pendulous braucht liiiljfp, which form in th« Hunshint! effective niasscs < ' >t»piirntiv(> rapidity,' tHpfx'ially in good soil ; it is very haid> ■ nimxJt enamit'ti, and it* hr ' «ix iRjri'n of antiiwi CE.FcUTcn Jel. Monyufi^ .eo. OSTRYA VIRGINIANA, K.Koch. A. liuuTtMUj (iirtw / Imp. X.T Tarwur. Paris. . ll CUPUUVIiKiB. 8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 37 OSTRYA KNOWLTONI. Ironwood. Leaves ovul or obovate, acute or rounded at the apex. Ostrya Knovltonl, CovUle, Qarden and Forest, vii. 114, f. 23 (1894). A tree, from twenty to thirty feet in height, with a trunk from twelve to eighteen inches in diameter at the base and usually divided a foot or two above the ground into three or four stout upright stems four or five inches thick, and slender pendulous often much contorted branches forming a narrow round-topped symmetrical head. The bark of the trunk is an eighth of an inch thick and separates into loose hanging plate-like scales light gray and slightly tinged with red, from one to two feet in length and an inch or two in width, which, in separating, disclose the bright orange-colored inner bark. The branchlets are slender, and when they first appear are dark green and coated with hoary tomentum ; during their first summer they are dark red-brown, marked with minute pale lenticels, and covered with pale pubescence ; in their first winter they are light cinnamon-brown, glabrous and lustrous, and, growing lighter colored during the summer and autumn, they become ashy gray the following year. The leaves are oval or obovate, acute or rounded at the apex, gradually narrowed and often unequal at the rounded wedge-shaped or rarely cordate base, and sharply or often doubly serrate with small triangular teeth ending in stout spreading callous tips ; when they unfold they are covered with loose pale tomentum, which is thicker on the lower surface, and at matup^^ they are dark yellow-green and pilose above, pale and soft-pubescent below, from one to two inches ' Jug and from an inch to an inch and a half wide, with slender yellow midribs slightly raised on the upper side, and few slender primary veins connected by obscure reticulate veinlets, and occasionally forked near the margin ; they are borne on slender nearly terete hairy petioles from a quarter of an inch to nearly half an inch in length, and turn a dull yellow in the autumn before falling. The stipules are oblong-obovate, pale yellow-green, and often tinged with red toward the apex, half an inch long, about an eighth of an inch wide, and caducous. The aments of staminate Bowers appear in July, and at first are coated with thick hoary tomentum ; they are raised on stout peduncles clothed with rufous tomentum and sometimes nearly half an inch in length, or occasionally are sessile or nearly sessile, and during the winter are about half an inch long, with dark brown puberulous scales gradually contracted into long slender subulate points ; they lengthen in May, and when fully grown are from an inch to an inch and a quarter in length, with broadly ovate concave scales rounded and abruptly narrowed at the apex into nearly triangular points, yellow-green near the base and bright red above the middle. The pistillate aments are about a quarter of an inch long, with ovate lanceolate light yellow-g^een puberiUous scales ciliate on the margins. The strobile of fruit, which is fully grown by the first of July, is from an inch to an inch and a half in length, about three quarters of an inch in breadth, and hangs on a slender stem half an inch long and coated with long pale hairs ; the involucres are furnished at the apex while young with conspicuous caducous tufts of pale tomentum, and are an inch long when fully grown, nearly glabrous at the apex, and sometimes slightly stained with red toward the base. The nut is about a quarter of an inch in length, and is gradually narrowed at the apex. Ostrya Knowltoni, which is probably one of tlie rarest trees in the United States, has only been seen on the southern slope of the canon of the Colorado River in Arizona at a point seventy miles north of Flagstaff, where the post-ofiice and camp of Tolfree have been established, and where it grows by the trail leading to the bottom of the caiion at elevations between six and seven thousand feet above H'l 38 SILFA OF NORTH AMERICA. CUPUUFEKit:. the level of the sea. Here it i» ahundtiiit, growing with PiiiUH ednlia, Pumdotrnga taxifolia, Ahien voncolor Cercocarims ledifoUux, Qiierciis Gumbelu, Cownnia Mexkann, Fraxiiinn anomala, Fraxlnua cuKoidtda, and Amilnnvhicr idnij'olia, and here, remote from the other species of the genus, it was found hy Mr. Frank 11. Knowlton ' on September 10, 188{>.'^ The wood of Onirya Knowltoni is hard, close-grained, compact, and light reddish brown, with thin sapwood." ■M 'It IF *" ' Frauk Hall Knowlton was born in Brandon, Rutlnnd Comity, Vermont, September '.', 18(!0. Ho wiw educated in tlio Bchools of his native plnee and at Middlebury College, Vermont, where he was graduated in 1884, and was then iippointoil an aid in tlie United Sti'es N, tional Mnseuni at Waaliington, a position in whicli he re- ij;»' >ed for three years. He was then made assistant curator of b'il.4ny in ihe National Mnseniii, and in 188U he wiui appointed ,• . ««nt palieontologiat of the t'nitoil States (Jeologieal Survey, I) ^ : ^ion which he still m'cupies, and passed several months in CI dec .iig in the southwest. Since 1887 Mr. Knowlton has tilled the eh., .. ''otany in the Columbian University in Washington. He is tbt a-ithor of many important papers on palfDobotauy pub- lished in the Pri>cee(lini/» of Ihe fJnileil Slalea National Muieum and in the HiUUtitut of thf United Staten (reotttifiral Survey. ' Oslri/a Kwiirlliini was subso(piently 'lollected in fruit by Pro- fessor .1. W. Tourney in iluly, 18U2. The trees were visited by Professor Touniey and myself in September, 1804, when no traces of fruit could bti found upon them. For tlowering specimens col- lected in May, 18US, I am ind btod to Mr. L. H. Tolfroe of Tol- free, Arizona. ' The trunk specimen of Ostrya Knowltoni in the Josup Colleo- tiiiu of North American Woods in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, is four inches in diameter inside the bark, and shows seventy-aix layers of annual growtb, aiz of which ore of sap- wood. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Platk CCCCXLVI. Ostrya Knowltoni. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. 2. A scale of the stauiinato ament, rear view, enlarged. 3. A stAminate flower with its scale, front view, enlarged. 4. A stamen, enlarged. 5. Pistillate flowers with their scale, front view, enlarged. 6. A fruiting branch, natural size. 7. A fruiting involucre, natural size. 8. A nut, enlarged. 9. End of a winter branch with staminate amenta, natural size. CUPULIIfEHit;. taxi/olia, Abien miala, Fraxinus he genua, it was lish brown, with National Museum and Survey. I'tod in fruit \)y I'ro- Lree« wore viaittMl by 1804, wlivn no triiueH trcring specimens ool- L. il. Tolfroe of Tol- in the Josup Colleo- il Museum of Natural r inside tlio bark, and I of which are of sap- Tib . (. h %^ !.]' f '■Mf'^f^ -%. \ ji lit ifilii :«^ \}/Km,\'i. CDPUI.ll I >'tli I'inuii eiMix, I'lu^idiUmfja tnj-ij'ol a, A> •n, I'oifinnin Aferinf'-u Fraj-lniiH anoimtlfi, Fro'i .:».i-, iflll'itK from (ill i-thiT -tpocifs of lln- po iim, it . ii.Ut 10. 1889 ' u i-toiwt, whnr« hr wit* M 40 M ia the I ■ •• . t-t^ici MiwiiUd l.ttid Iw - ' fA« ('niui( Sfnti'M National ASiuu^m ■ ' »iaiti'tl I «M, wheu lui I I'M ii'iwi^ring MjwoiniPRft i Mr I. II. r..lfre« o( 1 Iff I ■ nq of 5r KntMfitttui tn the JeHUp CVi: V ■rit. I* foM» .1. h"*i iu (liumvlv)* inniiif tlio bftrk. -'■ ' i > .1 ! '.. : I wlh. )>ii of wiiich v oi coPUurRfc * Silva of North America. Ub . CCCCXLVl . itiimal Miurum * d in fruit by l°< .'• w4*ro visUcil I M, wlx'ti ito lt«- ' nig >( .u V i !| !:i'' CE.Ft2irt>n 8. — Smith & Sowcrby, English Hot. xxix. t. 2032. — Ueiehenbnch, Icon, Fl. German, xii. 4, t. <>32. — Hartig, Font. CnUurpfi- Oeulsrhl. 229,t.21.— A.de Candolle, /Vw/r. xvi. pt. ii. 126. — Parlatore. Fl. Ital. iv. 145. — \Villk(imm & Lauge, Prodr. Fl. Ili.span. i. 237. — Hoissier, /•'/. Orient, iv. 1 177. — llempel & Wilhelm, BiiHvte und S:nittrhrr, ii. 30, f. 137-139, t. 17. Carpinus Carpinizza, Host, Fl. Aust. ii. ()20 (1831). Carpinus intertnrdln, Kfii-hcnharh, /. r. xii. 4, t. G3;J (1850). Tlie Kurnpean H(trnbearii. which 'tsui.Uy grows in cold heavy clay sod mi low situatiens, often near streams, and rarely in nn)un- tain forest-s sometimes attains the height of sixty or seventy feet, with a straight trunk and a dense synimetrical round-topped head. The wood 's nearly white, strong, heavy, and coarse-grained, and is marked with numerous broad conspicuous medullarv rays ; ignit- ing (piickly and pnnlucing a bright clear thune, It is chielly used as firewood ; it also niakis excellent eiiarcoal. and is eni|)Iciyrd for the banilles of tt)oIs, wooden screws, the teeth of (-og-wheels, and other smalt article!). Car/iiun.'' liftulus priwluces vigorous stump shouts in great i>rofu- sion, and is often planted in eojipiee. The dried leaves are valued and largely e(tnsunied in central F.urniHf as forage for domestic animals (Mathieu, Fl. Forrstirref cd. 3, 341), The ability of this tree to support frequent and .severe pruning makes it a valuable hedge |>lant, and it was formerly largidy em- ployed for this purpose, and for the clipped borders of ulleys and mazes in the formal s< veiiteenth century i;ardens of Franco und as eastern Massachusetts, where it grows vigoi-ously to a large size. « Scopoli, /. c. t. GO (1772). — A. de Candolle, /. c. 127. — Parla- tore, /. c. 148. — Hoissier, /. r. — Hompel & Wilhelm, /. r. 3-1, f . 110. Carpinus orienlalis, I^imarek, Diet. i. 707 (1783).— Watson, Dendr. Jirit. ii. 98, t. 98. — Keichenbach, /. c. 5, t. 6;t4. This snudl bushy tree with rather closely imbricated fruiting invo- lucres, entire or somewhat lobnlate and slightly infolded at the base, is chiefly interesting as showing the close eonnei;tion between the specie^ of Euearpimis and those of the Asiatic Distegocarpus group. It is occasionally planted in the gardens of eastern America, and is perfectly hardy as far n()rth as eastern New Kugland, an old sp<>einien twelve or fifteen fe.-t tall and broad which stands in the Hntanic (Jarden of Harvard College, in Catnhridge, Massachusetts, ripening its fruit in the greatest profusion. * Hrandis, Forest Fl. liril. Ind. 492, t. (Ml — Hooker f. Fl. lirit. Ind. V. (i25. ^ <^f the nature anil character of the Chinese species of Carpinus little is yet known. What appears to be the Carpinus rimincn, lAmWvy (Wallich, /'/. As. liar. ii. I, t. KH'. [1831]), of the Hinm- layas has been found by \h\ >\ugustine Ileury in the Province of Szerhuen ; utid oti the mountains m^ar Peking tlu^ Uussian botanist Tur(/.aninow found a small shrubby Carpimis reseiidiling Cd'piuus /htinfnsi.t (<\irpinus 'J'urrzaninnvHt Hanee, .four. Linn. Soc. J. 203 (IHGD), — Maximowicz, Hull. Acad. Sci. St. Ptter.\hourf/, xxvli. thlTi [Afi'l. Hint. xi. 315]. — Frauchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. st*r. 2, vii. 278 [ /*/. David, i.]). The Japanese Carpinus larijhra is said to grow in central China (Franchet, /. c. 279) ; and Carpinus cordatn uf .lapan prohiibly occurs in the northern part td the Chinese empire, as it is a eomnuui inhubiUuit of the Manchurian forests in the neigh- CUPULIFEItffi. CUPULIFERjE. 8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 41 compressed, irked at the le autumn at iner thicker, linous; testa s in germina- through the tral America. I through the and southern mtral Russia, II and south- j from Sicily d Turkestan, c in China ;° ardener^ ii. 741. — ii7tra, cd. Hunter, ii. 52. — Loudon, [1 Hornbeam linve ino8t distinct aro growing branches I incisely cut and 140). f parks and gar- far north at Icaft dy to a large size. /. c. 127. — Parla- Ihelm, /. r. 3-1, f. 1783). — Watson, t. o:vi. ited fruiting invo- oldcd at the bane, tion between the tegocarpus group, •rn Anierii'a, and Knghind, an old hicli Htands in the re, Mas.saelnisettA, looker f. FL Brit. leeieH of Carpinus 'urpinu-t vituinen, I), of the Iliina- the Province of KiissitU) botanist inbling Cwpitnis Imiu. Soc. j . 203 hourfff xxvii. rhVi t. M('r. 2, vii. 278 •a is Siiiil to grow rpinn.'i rnrihUii of Ohinese empire, L'ttts in the neigh- and three are indigenous in Japan. Of these two species, Carpinus Cnrpinns ' and Cnrpinua cordata,^ constitute the section Distegocarpus, and the third, Carpinus laxiflora,^ is a Eucarpinus. Traces of Carpinus have been found in the tertiary rocks of Alaska,* and in the upper miocene of the Colorado parks and of Nevada,^ regions from which the genus has now entirely disappeared ; and in those of the eocene and miocene of Europe palaeontologists have discovered impressions of the leaves and fruits of several Sjjecies.** Carpinus produces hard close-grained wood and astringent bark sometimes used in Europe for tanning leather. In America Carpinus is not seriously injured by insects^ or subject to fungal diseases.* Carpinus can be easily raised from seed, which usually does not germinate until the second year, and the varieties can be grafted. Carpinus, the classical name of the Hornbeam, was adopted by Tournefort,** and afterward by Linmeus, who united with it the Ostrya of earlier botanists. borliood of Vladivostock (Regel, Mt'm. Acad. Set. St. Petersbourf/f Btfr. iv. 130 [Tent. Fl. Umtr.'}. — Trantvetter, Act. Hort. Petrop. \x. 165 {^Incrementa Fl, Rons.]). » Sargent, Garden and Forest, vi. 304, f. 50 (1893) ; Forent FL Japan, 64, t. 21. Diitegocarpm Carpinuif Siebohl & Zuccarini, Abhand. Akad. Munch, iv. pt. iii. 227, t. 3, C (1840). — A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. iii. 128. Carpinus Japimica, Rlunie, Mus. Hot. Lugd. Bat. i. 308 (1850). — Miqrel, Ann. Mns. Lugd. Bat. i. 121. — Kraucliet & Savatier, Ennm, PL Jap. i. 451. — Maxiinowicz, BuU. Acad. Sci. St. Pi'ters- bourg, xxvii. 533 (.1/(7. BioL xi. 311). Tills is a tree forty or fifty feet in height, with a straiglit trunk from twelve to eighteen inches in diameter, and wide-spreading branches which form a beautiful round-topped symmetrical liead. Very abundant at two thousand feet above the level of the sea in the deciduous-leaved forests of the Hakone and Nikko Mountains in central Hondo, it does not appear to range far northward in tliut island or to reach southern Yezo. Introduced about twenty years ago into the gnrdons of central and western Kurope and into those of the United States, Carpiuu-^ CarpiutiA flourishes on the Atlantic seaboiird as far uortli as tastern Massachusetts, and is conspicuous in American gardens from its couipact pyramidal bahi*^, its dark green leaves, and large hop-like strobiles of fruit. « niume, /. r. 309 (IHoO). — Mi(piel, /. c. — Franehet & Savaticr, /. c. 452. — Maximowic?, /. r. (L c. 312). — Sargent, Garden and Forest, viii. 20-1, f. 41 ; Forest Ft. Japan, L r. Distegocorpu.t fcfmlata, A. *le Candolle, /. c. (1804). Carpinus confata is one of the most distinct and beautiful of the Hnrnbeanif. It is often forty feet lu heii^lit, with a straight trunk eighteen inches in dlanieter covered with dark deejdy furrowed sealy hark, a broad round-topped head of large- ihin deeply cordate leaves, winter-luids often an inch long, and tniit-dusters live or six inches in length. Comparalively rare at high elevations on the mountains iif Hondo, Carpinus rordafa is one of the commonest trees in the deciduous leaved forests of central Yezo, an;i). — Willili'iiow. i?/«v. iv. pt. i. 4(18; l!erl. lidiimx. cd. 2, '!!> : Entim. Suinil. 64. — I'ersoon. Si/ii. ii. "I'i. — Poirct, Lnm. Dirt. Suppl. ii. 202. — Mirlmnx f. Hht. Arli. Am. iii. 'u, t. 8. — Alton. Ifnrt. Ken: cd. 2. v. 301 Pursh. Fl. Am. .SV//^ ii. C23. — Nuttall. Gni. ii. 218.— Haync, Demlr. Fl. 1G8. — Elliott, Sk. ii. 618. — IJigelow, Fl. Boston, ed. 2, Xu. — Watson. Demlr. lirit. ii. 1,')7, t. 157. — Sprenjjel. Si/st. iii. 8.")>'">. — Guinipcl. Otto & Hayne. Alihild. Iloh. 107, t. 84. — Loudon, ^ eft. lirit. iii. 2013. f. 1930. — Hooker. Fl. lior.-.im. ii. 160. — Spach, Atiii. Sri. Nat. tiit. 2, xvi. 252 ; Hist. Vfij. xi. 224. — Torrey. Fl. N. Y. ii. 185, t. 103. — Emerson, Trees Muss. 174 ; ed. 2, i. 198. t. — Dietrich. ,Spi. v. 304. — Darlington, Fl. Ce.itr. ed. 3. 273. — Cliapnmn, Fl. 425. — Curtis, Fep. Geolor/. Sum. N. Car. 1860, iii. 75. — Mayr, if'alil. Nordam. 177. A bushy tree, rarely forty feet in lieijrht, with ii .short fluted trunk occasionally two feet in diameter, and a wide graceful airy head ; usually nuich smaller, and at the north generally shrubby with minieroiis slender spreading stems. The bark of the trunk is light grav-brown. sometimes marked with l)road dark lirown horizontal bands, .smooth, close, and compact, and from a sixteenth to an eighth of an inch in thickness. The branches, which are long, slightly zigZcag, slender, and very tough, spreading gradually from the stem at lirst, are pendulous toward the extremities, and furnished with numerous short thin lateral branchlets growing at acute angles, the whole forming in summer broad Hat-topped masses of foliage; when they first appear the branchlets are pale green and coated with long white silky hairs, soon becoming bright red on the side exposed to the sun ; during the summer they are orange-brown, conspicuously marked with small white lenticels which do not disappear for two or three years, and .sometimes slightly j)i!ose ; they become dark red and lustrous during the first winter, then gradually lighter, and tdtimately a dull gray tinged with red. The wintei'-buds are ovate, acute, about an eigiith of an inch long, and covered with ovate acute pubenilous light chestntit-brown scales white and scarious on the margins ; those of the inner ranks lengthen slightly with the branch, ai.,1 when fully grown are light red above the middle and green below, and .sometimes nearly !ialf an inch long. The leaves are ovate-oblong, often somewhat falcate, long-j)ointed, sharply and doubly serrate with stout s|)r('ading glandular teeth exce])t at the base, which is rounded, we(lge-sha]>ed. or rarely sidx'orilate, and often inieper axillary bud, which prolongs the branch the following season. ^ Ilcnry, Nov. Act. Acad. C(t.i. Leap, xviii. 527, t. 39. The sterile leaf-buds, whicli are usually confined, except on young plants, to the terminal branches, are covered with two opposite pairs of scales, and the buds on the short lateral branchlets, which con- tain two leaves and the pistillate iuHurcscence, are inclosed by sev- eral loosely indjrii'Hted scales, the lowest being sterile. The short lateral branchlets continue to produce pistillate aments and pairs of leaves for many years, and finally grow into branches which may also develop flowering branchlets from the axils of their primary leaves. ^ In Behda pumita and BettUa nana the staminato aments aro usually produced singly from leafless or rarely leafy buds in the axils of all but the three or four upper leaves of the shoot, and arc therefore below the pistillate catkins, which are terminal on the leafy shoots of the year from buds in the axils of the last leaves of the previous year. In the other species of Betula which I have been able to examine, the staminatc aments are higher on the branch than those containing the pistillate tlowcrs. A i' 'i' 1 m 46 SUVA OF NORTH AMERICA. bktulacea:. the 8tanieii8, much longer tlmii thv> minute iMJHtcrior lobe. Stamenn twi), anterior and poiiterior, innerted on tho biwe >f the ciilyx ; tilanionls iibbreviated, divided near the apex intii two branolieH, each division bearing an erect subHensile balt'-anthoi', its cell ojiening longitudinally. FiMtillate anient!* oblong or cylindrical, jiedunculate or 8iil)se»Hile, solitary, terminal on the short two-leaved lateral spia-like branch- lets of tbo year, or rarely raeemorte, their peduncles bibraeteolate ; scales closely imbricated, oblong-ovate, three-lol-i'd, rounded or acute at the apex, light yellow-green often tinged with retl above the middle, accrescent, becoming brown and woody at maturity and forming a sessile or pedunculate, erect or pendulous, short or elongated, ovoid or cylindrical strobile, usually deciduous with the nuts from the slender racliis. Ovary sessile, naked, compressed, two-celled, crowned with two slender spreading filiform anterior and j)osterior styles stignuitic at the apex ; ovule solitary, suspended from the interior angle of the cell, anatropous, the micropylo superior. Nut minute, light chestnut-brown, compressed, oval or obovate, crowned by the persistent stigmas, marked at the base with a small pale umbilicus ; pericari) of two coats, the outer thin and meuibranaeeous, produced into a narrow or broad marginal wing interrupted at the apex, the inner cnistaceous or slightly indurate. Seed solitary by abortion, filling the cavity of the nut, exalbuminous ; testa membranaceous, light brown ; cotyledons Heshy, flat, much longer than the short superior radicle turned toward the minute apical hilum." Betula is widely distributed through North America, Europe, and central and northern Asia, its species sometimes forming vast boreal forests or in stunted forms covering high mountain slopes and inhabiting polar regions to the limits of ])eri)etual snow. About twenty-four sf)ecies may be distin- guisiied.' Nine occur in North America ; of these six are trees, and three, liclitlu jmmila,^ Betula ' lij RcKcl ( lie Varulolle I'nulr. ivi. pt. ii. 162) tlio species ul Hetula lire groupiMl in tho following sections : — KiiiKTCLA. Strobiles solitary, their brncls longer than tho fruit. Hetclasteb. Stroliilis racemose, their bracts sin. iter than tho fruit. To tho seennd section Ix'long only the type of .Spaeh's genus Iletnlaster, the Uiiniilayan Ililula tihioidn, 0 Don (I'nulr. I'l. Ne- ;«/. .W [IS2.5]. — Hooker f. Fl. Ilril. Iml. v. G'.MI litlula aeuminala, Wiillich, I'l. A>. Iliir. ii. 7, t. W.) [1S31].— liranilis, I'lireat I'l. lint. Iml. tM, t. fiC. /jf(ii/ii (■iilm,lni., t. 024. — Kegel, Bull Soc. Nat. Mosc. I. c. VM; Ik Candolle I'rodr. I. c. 170.— K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. i. 657. — Dippcl, llandh. Laulihdzl: ii. 170, f. 82. Betula hiihrida, Kefjil, .Voiii'. Mim. Soc. Nut. Moic. I. r. 1)4, t. 8, f. 1-12 (1860). Betula nana x pubescent, Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 112 (180,3). Betula intermedia is an erect much-branched shrub with rhoiiibic- ovate or ovate-subrotund acute glabrous leaves and cylindrical strobiles. It has Iieen found on the Swiss .lura, in Sweden, in ihu iicighlxirhood of St. Petersburg, and on tho Altai Mountains in Siberia. It often seems iiiterincdiatc between tho two supposed parents, some individuals most strongly resembling the one and some tbo other, but their hybrid churaeter usually disapj)ears in succeeding generations. lu the Arnold Arlioretiini leveral plants appeared in 1888 among seedlings of Betula pumila which arc supposed to bo hybrids be- tween that species and Betula Ititta (Betula pumila X lenta, ,). (,. .lack, Garden and Forest, viii. 2t;t, f. ,'10 [ISO.IJ), as they are inter- mediate between tbce sjiecies in the size and color of tho leaves, in the position and si/.e of the staniinatc anients, and in the size and shape of the strobiles of fruit and their bracts. Some of thcso hybrid plants possess tlie uromati.- tlavor and perfume of Betula lenta, while others lia\'' no trace of it. Some produce terminal staminate aments like Betula lenta, and on others the staminate aments are axillary and lower than tbo fertile nnients, as upon Betula pumila. In their small size and shrubby habit, in the color of their I 'ranches, and in their usually obovate bluntly toothed leaves pah- on the lower surface, the hybrids ap{iroach Betula pumila, while they difTcr from it in their greater vigor and larger size and in their larger fruit and leaves. In difTerent places in northern and eastern New Kngland individual trees which are almost exactly intermediate between Betula fiapyrifera and Betula jiopuli/olia are known and are perhaps natural hybrids between these species (Sargent, Garden and Forest, viii. 3.Vi, f. 50). • Liniwiis, Manl. 124 (1767). — Dii Roi, Ilarbk: Baum=:. i. O.'j, I. 3. — .laeiiiiin, Horl. Vind. ii. TiO, t. 122. — Wangiiihcim, Nordam. Ilolz. 80, t. 29, f. 61. — Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. i. 467. — Tucker- man, Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. 29. — Macoun, Cat. Can. I'l. 437. — Wat- son & I'milter, Gray's Man. ed. 6, 472. Betula Grayi, Kegel, Bull. Six. Nat. Mosc. I. c. 406, t. 6, f. 9-13 (1865) ; De Candolle I'rinlr. I. c. 171. Betula pumila is a glandlcss shrub with slender erect stems from two to eight feet tall, small coriaceous obovate or orbicular leaves pale and coated below, like the young branchlcts, with soft pubes- cence, staminate aments in tho axils of lower leaves and below the pi.stillate aments, and oblong glabrous erect strobiles. An inhabit- ant of iKjgs, it is distributed from western Connecticut, New Jersey, *■ \ bktulacea:. fiKTULACrA:. SJLVA OF NOItTU AMERICA. 47 lally (liflai>i>t>ars in KH), t. (i, f. 'J-i;i ijlmduliiHd,^ and lietula nana;' are low shrubs. Six or seven species inhobit Europe, the most iinp«)rt«nt, liitula alba,^ also ranging; in several forms through Siljeria to Japan. Two specii-s are unil duitorn MawmchuioUa to lodiuw knd Minnuota, northwunl to NuwfoiiiKlluiiil, l.uliru'liir, Quebeo, unci Untariu, and wontwanl in Utitixli Aiiji'i'iia to tlio eaatorii fcKitliillii of tlio Kac'kjr Muiintaiiii. 1 Muliuiii, Fl. llor.-.im. ii. IW) (IHOII). — lIiHikur, Ft. llor.-Am. ii. IBO. — Brewer & \\'iit»on, Jliil. Cut. ii. H(l, — Mavoiiii, ('«(. C'uri. /'/. 437. — Watioii & C'lniltiT, ^rny'/r M»n. ad. 0, •I7'.'. Ikliila niimi, Uigeluw, Ft. ISmlim. ed. 'i, IITiU (not I.iuniimii) ( 1821). — Tiickorman, .1 m. Jour. Sd. xl». 31. — Torrey, Fl. N. Y. ii. 101, t. 114. — (iray, Man. 423. llrlulii /lumila, Honker, /. c. (nut LiunBiu) (1830). Uetuld Lillelliami, Tirtkennnn, /. c. 30 (1H43). Iltliila ijhtmlulmn \» a shrub with );lal>riMis erect or proitrato gteniH from one to four feet lung, glabrous oliovate or orbieiiliir leaves green on both Hiii'(';i<'>'S, and ithurt obh)ng or oval ntrobileH. It is distributed t'nnii Newt'uundland and l,al>rador westward by the slioren of Hiid.Hon Hay to the vaUey of the Yukon Itiver in Alaska, ranging Houthwunt to t)ie alpine HiiMiniitsof ilu- liigh moun- tains of New Kngiand and New York, to tbo nortln;ru shores of Lake Superior, the Koeky Munntaius of ('olora«lo, and the high Sierras of northern California. '' Liumens, A'/*'. U«3 (17."i;i). — MIehaux, /. c. — Ouinipel, WilMo- MOW & Hayne, Abtiilil. IkiiUrh. Huh. ii. 200, t. 148. — Hooker. I. r. — Smith & Snwerby, Engluh Hot. xmiii. t. 2320. — Hartig, Forsl. Culturiill. Dmt.ivhl. X)ii, t. 31. — Macoim, (. c. Jietuta nana is a seniiprostrato shrub with slender eglandular ptd>escent or tomentoso branchlcts and glabrous iniimte subrotund or Habellale leaves (var. jlahellifolia, Hooker [/. f.]), and glabrous oval strobiles half an ineh in length ; it is an iiduibitimt of all arctic and subarctic regions and of the alpine summits of the high mountains of central Europe. In America, where it grows in cold sphagnouB swamps, it ranges from Newfoundland to Ahuka. • Linnieus, /. r. U82 (1753). Of this widely distributed species, which is spread all over north- ern Europe and Asia, growing nearer to the Pole than any other tree of the Old World, and in}ial>iting swamps and gravelly plains at the north, and the mountain ranges of southern Kuropo and .Asia .Minor, two subspecies are now generally recognized. The Fra- grant Birch, — Beluln iilha oilomta, Dippel, Handb. Lauhhdzk. ii. 172 (1892). Betula (xlorala, Bechstoin, Diana, i. 74 (1815). — Reiehcnbach, Icon. Fl. Herman, xii. 2, t. 026. Belula glulinosa, Wallroth, Sched. Cril. I'l. Fl. Hat. 496 (1822). Belula torjacea, Custor, Flora, xx. pt. i. Bcibl. 41 (1837). Belula alha, Horuemann, Fl. Dan. ii. t. 1407 (1823). -Smith & Sowerl)y, I. c. xxji. t. 2198. — Keichenbach, I. c. t. 023. — K. Koeh, Dendr. li. pt. i. 049. Betula alba, a vultfarU, Regcl, Noiw. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xiii. 75, t. 4, f. 1-18 (.Monographia Belulacearum) (1800). Belula alba, subspee. i-errucoaa, a vulgaris, Kegel, De CandoUe Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 103 (1868). and the Moor Birch, Betula alba, subspco. puhescens, Dippel, /. c. 174 (1892). Belula pubeacenn, Ehrhnrt, Beitr. vi. 98 (1791). — K. Koeh, /. i: The White Birch and some closely related species which are not di8tinguislu\d commercially are the most useful inhabitants of the forests of the extreme northern parts of Europe and Asia. The wood of Belula alba is wliito slightly tinged with red, straight- grained, and moderately hard, although it soon decays when placed in the ground or exposed to the action of the weather. It makes execllent fuel, and fur tiiis purpose is ua«d in great qnantitiea in northern Kurope in smelling furnaces | it is also largely emphiyeil in making iharcoal, in turnery, and in eabinet-nuiking j anil in Itussia the manufacture of wooden spoons from the wood of Iho Hirih in i eonHiib'rahle industry in the N'izhui-NovgoriHl district (Iniii.tlrtei n/ ltu.i»ia, iii. ;t3«). Tbu JMrk, especially the corky outer layer tuiind on the lower portion of the trunk, is rich in tannin and is employed in tunning leather ; a resinous bnlsamie essential oil distilled from it commu- uieutes the pecidiar color and the characteristic odor of Kussia leather (I'allas, Heiie, Kreiuh ed. ii 20-1). The produetiria. It is ubtaine I by a simple pr(M'ess of di.itillation, and the yield >>f the pure oil by weiglit is about ont^ tliird of that of the bark used, ubfuit one hun- dred and hfty pounds of oil being obtained from twelve trees from thirty to Hfty years old and of average size. Formerly the trees were cut duwn befun^ the removal of the hark, but their increased value has caused the adoption of a system of cropping, the outer layers of bark being now stripped from tho standing tree which survives tlif operation and yields successive crops of iiark (Malliieu, Fl. ForcHi'rf, ed. 3, 3."!* — .Spons, Enrgelop(rdia of the InduMrifn, ArlH, Manujactnyeii, and llauy Cnmmerrial Prnduettt, ii. 1417). The peculiar resin, betuliu, which is finind in the white Imi-k of the upper part of this tree aiul can be extnietcd by aieolu)! ami crystidli/ed, renders it impervious to water and preserves it uneor- ruptcd for ages against the action of alternating heat and cold, moisture liud dryness. This (piality makes tho bark of the Wliite Birch valuable fur many purposes : it is used to envelop ami pro- tect posts sunk in the ground and the silts of buildings, to cover tho roofs of houses, the tops of walls, and the masonry of under- ground vaults, and in the manufacture of durable boxes, baskets, shoe-soles, and eords. It supplies tho Laplander witli a cloak which protects him from rain and snow, and the Russian peasant with boots and shoes (London, Arb. Brit. iii. 109.j). The starch contained in the cellular portion of tho bark gives it alimentary importance in the extreme north, and mixed with the fat of the sea-wolf it is the principal food of the inhabitants of the coast of Kaintschatka during periods of famine (Lesseps, Travelt in h'aml- tchiiika, English ed. ii. 89), From the sweet sap obtained in early spring from holes bored into tho trunk of the tree vine'^ar is nuido, and a pleasant and wholesome eifervescent wine is distilled. From tho young branches, once the terror of youth, are made hoops, brooms, hurdles, baskets, and the ties for fagots. Tho leaves, wliich are bitter to the taste, afford a yellow dye and liavo been used in medicine ; they are sometimes dried while young and fed to cattle and sheep, although few animals browse upon them after they hare attained their full size. The pure white bark of Betula alba, its graceful habit, its long slender pendulous branches, and its cheerful foliage, nmke it a popular inhabitant of parks and gardens of all cold countries, where, with its numerous varieties, it is very generally planted. Betula alba and some allied Old World species have been intro- duced into the northern United States, and here, although it, is not long-lived, it is very hardy and grows rapiilly, and is more often planted than any American species, especially in forms with pen- dulous branches or with laciniately cut leaves. :» kfl^ ^^a*)* IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) k A •^^^,V^. J r/. ip I/. 1.0 I.I ■ 56 1^ 1^ ^ 12.2 i 11^ 1.25 1.4 III 1.6 < 6" ► wV^i '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation # ■1>^ v Brandis, Forest Fl, Brit. Ind. 467. — Kurx, Forest Fl, Brit. Burm. ii. 476. — Hooker f. H. Brit. htd. v. 699. ' The Birch is a common tree on the high mountains of rorthern China, thi-ee or four species having been recognized which resemble those of Manchuria, where several Birch-trees, principally varieties of European and Siberian species, form a considerable portion of vast forests (Maximowicz, Aim. Sav. 6tr. Acad. Set. St, Petersbourgt ix. 249, 391 [Prim. Fl. Amur.']). ' In Japan Betula does not form great forests, but several species are abundant at high elevations in Hondo and among the decidu- oii.s*lcnved trees of Yezu. The common species of central Japan is Betula Ermani, Chamisso (Linnaa, vi. 637, t. 6, f. D. [1831]), an inhabitant also of Saghalin and Manchuria, and, as it stands among the dark Hemlocks in the great coniferous forests covering the high mountain slopes of centnil Japan, is one of the most beautiful of Birch-trees, with its silvery stem and wide-spreading bright orange-colored branches from which the bark separates in great plates. Still more l>eautiful, however, is Betula Maxitnowicziana, Kegel (De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 180 [1808], Betula Maximoimczii, Kegel, Bull. Sac. Nat. Mosc. xxxviii. pt. ii. 418, t. 0, f. 1-8 {Gat- tungen Betula und Almin] [not Kuprccbt] [1865]), which flnds its home on the hills of central Yczo, and is a nr\'c. tree eighty or ninety feet in height, with a trunk often three fe. ; in < iameter, cov- ered, except at the very base, with smooth orange -colored bark, dark red-brown branches, thin lustrous cordate leaves from four to six inches long and often mure Mian four inches wide, and racenioito strubilcs. Tlic bark, which Rejmrates in large plates from tlio trunk, iH very durable and is tiacd by the Ainos in* the manufacture of numerouH articles of domestic use. Btlula alha in at least three forms is common in northern and cpntral Japan, where four other species are believed to occur, although i:one of tlieni are common or well known in any part uf the empire, (See Snrgcnt, Forest Fl. Japan, 61.) * Lesquercux, Hep. IJ. S. ficolog. Surv. vii. 137. t. 17, f. 18-*J3 ; viii. 3*i, l.V). t. ii7, f. 11, t. 28, f. 7, 8 ; 242, t. 5(), f. 12, t. 51, f. 6 (Contrih. Foml Fl. W. Territories, ii., iii.). * Sajwrta, Origine Paleontologique des Arltre.t, 146. — Zittel, Handb. PaUeontolog. \\. lO'J. " Htihnel, Die Gerberinden, 62. ' Nat. Dispens. ed. 2, 286. — Johnson, Man. Med. Bot. N. Am. 262. — U. S. Dispens. ed. 16. 1728. ^ In the fifth report of the United States Entomological Com- mission, published in 1890, one hundred and seventeen species of insects known to affect the Birches of eastern North America are recorded. Their number has alreaecies sometimes damage them. Callaphis beta- Itlla, Walsh, has been described as abundant on Betula nigra in Illin Betula abounds in fungi, several of which are peculiar to it ■nd easily recognized. The most striking and familiar species is Polypona betulinus. Fries, very common at all seasons of the year on the white-barked Birches. It forms flattened hemispherical or diah-like masses of a corky substance ; at first these are nearly white but i)eoome brown with age, reaching sometimes a diame- ter of five or six innhes and projecting at right angles to the trunks. The much larger, flatter, and harder fungus, Polyparut applanalui, Fries, from which ornamental brackets and so-called vegetable cameos are made, is also very common on the white- barked Birches, although it is also found on other trees. A number of the smaller species of Ascomycetes growing on Betula as Hy- poxylon tramstrnm, Saocardo, Hypaxylan multiforme, Frioa, Cenan- gium seriatum. Fries, have the peenliuity of bursting through the bark in transverse lines similar to the elongated lentioels which form the familiar streaks in the bark of the Birch. Diatrype ditci- /armis, Fries, dots the surface of the bark with nnmerous round bhiok disks. Other Pyrenomycetes common on the Birches belong to the genera Hypozylon, Massaria, and Melanconis, which ore especially inclined to infest trees of this genus. The leaves of Birches are attacked by Melamptarc betulina, Ta- lasne, one of the rusts, and in early summer the leaves of Betula p hottom of the receiver. An average of about four pounds of oil is obtamcd from one ton of wood, the largest yield being in April and May. The oil of Birch is identical in flavor, perfume, and chemical constituents with that obtained from Ganltheria procumbens, Linnteus ; it contains a large percentage of salicylic acid, and has been employed as a remedy for rheumatism. It was most largely used, however, as an aromatio stimulant, and as a Havoring agent, genemlly under the name of wintergrecn oil, until replaced by the artificial oil of wiiitergreen made from salicylic acid and wood-alcohol, which has now largely replaced it, except in medicinal uses (Kennedy, Am. Jour. Phartn. scr. 4, xii. 49 ; xiv. 85. — Johnson, Man. Med. Bot. N. Am. 252. — Breiseh, Am. Jotir. Pharm. Ixiii. 579. — (/. S. Dupens. ed. 10, 17i!8. — Trimble, Garden and Forest, viii. 303). * Porcher, Resources of Southern Fields and Forests, 265. m if 62 8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. BETULACEUE. Rc. .8,' published in London in 1672. It watt first described by Clayton in his Flwa Virginica in 1739.= The Black Birch,' which is a handsome tree with its tall dark stem, graceful fragrant branches, and healthy dark green foliage, is especially beautiful in early spring when its long staminate aments hang from the leafless branches, changing them for a few days into fountains of golden spray, and making it the most conspicuous of the American Birches. > " Birei, whito and bliuk ; the bark of Birob is uaed by the Indiam for bniiiicd Wounds and Cuts, boyled very tender, and ■tampt betwixt two stones to a Plaister, And the decoction thereof poured into the Wound ; And also to fetch the Fire out of Bums ■nd Scalds." (Josselyn, New England Raritien, 61.) " The Birch-tree is of two kinds, ordinary Birch, and black Birch, many of these Trees are stript of their bark by the Indiatu, who moke of it their Canows, Kettles, and Birchen-dishes." (Josselyn, An Account of Two Voyagett to Virginia, 60.) ' Betula jiili/era /ruclu conoide, nminibtu lentit, 115. * Betuta lenta is sometimes also called Sweet Birch and Mahogany Birch. iiiiji • ■ T a' «». Kf.ll"«, fcnil HIrrhen-duliM." (JoMolfn, ■ ■ "i-trnde, I'tminiAui Uniis, 116. ^ ■' ' illed Swc^t llirch uiid Itulio^Hb; 1 •;' ' 1; ' *X"XI.VI1I. |[. .. . .htih, niitunil Mr.*-, I =-1 fllHUrr tif lUttliniitt^ lli.W'l'.- ■ 1 a ('Ia^t«^ of piHtiUut^ Huwt^ni. . iicaininatc uocnl. i«ur view, rr'uytNl. ''.•.TBni irllh thair sralc, fionl view, iiiiiitrgn . -If..'.,.).., . .,1 .r,r I t * if'?' ! f^ i ■;«■■ iTK !;•'. 'Mtnrsf ^' •it •(• .xr (^oiarypf ■' -.-lil"' - 'i¥ M •" I I »l: TfLACK/K. I Plrt/iiiifii in ;r.iiit briiiiclK'M, iulimt<' uiii« lisluit." (JiiM«lfn, 115. :ir.-li:ii..i M„l ,., . Silva. of North America. Tftb.CCCCXLVlIl. r.F.F.i.rnn ,/,•/. Nimoit/ ar. '1 !i! : ■9 i. J, lii BETULA LENTA. L A.Hu>r'^t'n,r ifin\r( Imp. . /. TiifuHif Pufij. J BKTUUICKJK. filLVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 63 BETULA LUTEA. Tellow Biroh. Oray Blrob. Stuodiles oblong-ovoid, HCHsilo, or short-stnlkcd. Leaves ovate, oblong-ovatc, cuneato, or slightly heart-shaped at the base. Bark yellow or silvery gray, slightly aromatic. Betula lutea, Michnux f. Hut. Arb, Am. ii. 162, t. 6 (1812). — Spuch, Ann. Sci. Nat. xir. 2, xv. 191 (Iteoiw Betulareariim) ; Hint. Vig. xi. 24H. — Kndlicher, Qen. 8up|il. iv. pt. ii. 20. — K. Kucli, Denilr. ii. pt. i. 640. — Snrgont, t'oreat Trees iV. Am. lOtk Cetunu U. S. ix. 161. — Lauchu, Deiituhe DenUr. eng, with acute scales pale f^recii Iwlow, liirht red and tip|>ed with clustcrH of long white hairs at the apex, and pilose on the back. The Htroi)iles, which ripen Ltte in the autumn, are erect, sessile, or short-stalked, oblong-ovoid, from an inch to an inch and a half in length, and about three (piarters of an inch in thickness, and are covered by broad or narrow wedge-shaped scales pubescent on the buck, especially toward the bitse, and irregularly and sometimes e.').')U, a cubic foot weighing 40.84 ])ounds. It is largely used in the manufacture of furniture, of button and tassel moulds, pill and match boxes, and the hubs of wheels, and for fuel. Tile Yellow Birch, as it grows among the Pines, Maples, and Elms of the northern forest, is often a magniKcent object with its great trinik, lustrous bark, and broad head of graceful branches, but it re(|uires low temperatures and abundant moisture to develop its beauty, and even in southern New England it is rarely a handsume tree. ' Hninet, Ciil. Viij. Li;/, Civt. 5;t. — Hi'll, Hep. Genlmj. Sure. cut in northern Now York, is tweuty-three and a half iuohea in Can. lS7U-8{), .TO*. — Miicoiiii, CtU. Can. I't. \'M\. (liiinii'tvr inside tlie Imrk, nnd ia three hundred and six yearn old, ' The lug npeeinien in the .K'»ii|> Colleetiun of North American with two nnil n half inehes of sapwood uoniposed of suventy-nii Woods in tho Ainerioiui MuHeuni of Natural History, New York, layers of annual growth. I EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. 1. A Dowering branch, nntnrnl »\u'. -. Scale of a staminatc nmcnt, rear view, enlarged. .'!. Pidtillate (lowers with their scale, front view, enlarged 4. A fruitlM); hrnnch, niitunil An: '>. Scali' of a fniitin;,' anient, enlarged. 0. A nut, enlar),'cd. Pi.\TK CCCCXLIX. Urtui.a i.i'tra. 7. A seed, enlarged. H. A winter branch with staminate nments, natural size. i). A fertile wintcr-buil, anil Icaf-scars, enlarged. 10. A sterile winter-liud. enlarged. 1 1. End of a young branchlet with stipules and unfolding leaves, natural site. i ff BrruLAciLa. foreHt, Ih often riinchcR, but it gouthern New id a half inches in ) nnd six years old, Dsed of Mventy-sii ^ r^ '*-'\ f^'^ N^ >N. ' i: % 4] IV I : :-1 (l 1 . 1.' i:,l 1 i '■ \ • < i '■'■ii 1 ill H Ml' 'I" ' gli. I iff i\uiir/J AMEHICA UBTULACRA 'rVftJj ..t '•OU .nmn, tiiipwl «lth i)ink almve tlie mu'dUs .ind .ihoiit liiiU an iiuli kin^ •.\Kt tin- iifl>'Wiii)f of the loaf. Tlu' stamiiiatc aiiicnts avc from tiu., .«•{, uiul about au eig:bt!i of »« inch thick during the winter, witli i. . Ill luid lurtroun nl»ovt» ti>» inifii {>*;<• ytfllow-jjreeu hcJow tlu; iniddli! uiid ; likiim aro adout two ihirHii of tut inch long, with acute scales pale g! ■ : Aiiii clustors of Ifinif whito liiint »t the apex, and )>il(W(.' mi the back. ,..., li tiie autumn, iiro »t cI. «<.tvs»lis (.' short-ntalked, oblong-ovoid, from an li length, and .dio'it thrw qiutrtorn of s..' inch iii thicknnsa, and aro covonnl 'v«il4»-*ha|Mfd Healed puU-sceiit ou thu b»tk. !«}i«'i«ilty townrd the ba.se. and irreguL jHi»;ly tbrwiolwd at the tpox with atiiu- or swrnH^d iobw. The nut ia ovat .1' an eighth of an intli long, with a wing ralher MMri'* r than th« sued, luw Biruh. which in ou« of the utrgwit d»teidut>tt»-W¥«»l mh^ t)f the northern forest* ':< , i libutftd f"rt>m Mi'wfouiidland K.jiir titf nortliori) slior<« of the (iu' ,..( \^\(,t- and ilif valli'v of {Liiuy Uiver/ and .-iontliward throu;.' .t«.t1. nn:'<'ei%'ing a Hwmtifui polish; h ' 'ill iiumorouB obsi'ure nieduU i- f. .. .. 'iifhing •H).fi4 poiitn. '.il and match bntii thiJi iiinr!* of 'he absoliiti'ix isiulafture of tu^- :',ieat trubi, ! abundnsii ,( M.- ni.iiiM'iii fiU-i'st, is-. '■ ,\ Head of gr.«*ful branches, bo: up its beauty, aad even in soutlicrn .N cut in Bfirtii'Tu X«7.- York, U tw*-aty-thre« ami u hiU iuebr- «if«r»#titr iiu(Mi(> ilip bnrk. and ii» ihnv \\\\m\Tt\\ iumI six yean, ■ l»ii niirt A half inc'wo of napwixxl i;i>in|K«iec. ltKTUI.ACOi Silva. of North America. Tab. CCCCXLIX. branches, inr. I Koiithorii .N ajif] ft hi'f \uciw ■*m1 nnd Bu years lex niid nnfuldiuK C.E.Fin Brunut, Cat. Vig. Lig. Can. 52. — Mocoiui, Cat. Can. PL 430. ' Betula popuiifolia is also sometimes called Old Field Binh, EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Plate CCCCL. 1. A flowering brancli, natural aizo. * 2. Scale of a staminate anient, rear view, enlarged. 3. Scale of a staminate anient with bract and bractlets, the flowers removed, enlarged. 4. A stamen, enlarged. 5. Pistillate flowers with their scale, front view, enlarged, b. A fruiting brani^h, natural size. Betula populipolia. 7. Scale of a fruiting ament, enlarged. 8. A nut, enlarged. 9. An embryo, enlarged. 10. A winter branch with staminate ament, natural size. 11. A sterile winter-bud, enlarged. 12. The end of a branch with unfolding leaves and stipules, natural size. / BBTULACEJK. n inch and a iwere open in ute apiculate B pale green 1 length and ictlets. The d hang upon g, are coated lateral lohes. wings rather B8 of eastern 'rence River,' Delaware, and 9 of eighteen and compara- tr sometimes, md ponds, is up profusely ering. leck badly in ^ite sapwood, dry wood is lis, shoe-pegs, clear bright >ng stems as short life of ground and Jecoration of in sterile soil trees. Field Birob. tural size. 38 and stipules, BF:Tr .. ! :i 1 11 t; . . '»^ I, I \ SJLVA OF NORtn AMERICA. nwrvLKCtA North A Mil! Ar AM'' thi- injuretl and ill 0' lid T rn |Mur», v«rj during Utn wintnr fnuu «ii .tirh and a quarter to an inch anu from two rtinl » half t») four ii'ulBt ''it.> amuntji arc ^Wmlor •■umI nl>oiit Iwlf an inch long, with ovate iirnttj palu gnxv . 1 III! raiM«d '>n «in8piciiniu uvat« acul« acinous bractleta. Th< 'ni'lr-.'.J, nhttt*t< at tUc t^m$, und stUmnt thrive ((iiartorM of an inrh long, and hang u|»>' . of iiboiit th«i .*»<*• 'i'» If* «ritl«a, whinh asts umiuUy broader than hmg, arc tioati'' hu'k p»^' ■(■•*ii<«tr«- ' ■■i*t«» at the l)H«o,with broad divijrging lateral UiIrih be )mhc, and furni<.. I '.i*i muA ^MMtt widely diatitbut^d of thp Birch-trees of eaater- ■ .'UMW^ek, »nd tbe Yilley of the lower St. Ijawronco Rivot •shiKKl 'if the uiKutt. to Neweantle County, Delaware, an ■ Ne* YiM'k, lisronding Mnnelinies to altitudes of eightci- lif southern shores of Lake Ontario. Rare and compare vhicli jrrows on dry gravelly barren soil, or sontttiuu" . :utii*ard, on the moist niargiim of swamim and pondh, . NM 'if N«w Kn;rland and the middle .states. Hpringing up prr fusel. i> lamu nmt <»n »ii«»«e wliioh liave b« iB«dtdi» Th*' KfMH-jfit' gmvjts of the absolutely dry wood •-".iXt |H>UUli». 1". i. i.HipB of barrel*. ': i ■ bark igniting quickty. '(.' witli its pale bark and \en, is an inU'i-cfitiiiu: ■ ' •I'i the flexibility of its »!i '••V, nudice it one of thi- i. > ' ■ . >,i;tMt«.st utility lies in it« |ki«. ni-.:t>..-i'!i!i it affords to th" sim-iUh^ . ' II'. thi> It' sufai'ture of spools, shce-peg^ ,• r.? Uii ' ^".rniug with a clear bi-igt 'w. ttnTtenug on their long stems ti • •<. ^fiifl^reiHji*** object. The tdiort life <■' wfii'-b ;ire often bent to the ground -m'.- ' .Anwrkwn fcrees for tlie decoration >i. i( profeael} and grow riipidly in steriia mm' :.i4able but nuire slowly growing trees. /{•ni/n p.ift.Ji/Hia 19 oUu loinntiuica o«ll«l Old Field BircL. KXI'LAN.VTION OP THK IV.ATK. Platk CCCCL. ■. nalnrfti mte. ."' mn-'Ot. '<» onjT, lire ooiit*'' riff lateral 1(iIk te. winjfs rath. Silva of North America. Tab. CCCCL •1.1 FialJ lliroU latiinU Bizo. ives unit stipoii^ r.F.f„.r,m ,M.. /Jimr/it . I; j;i- * BETULA POPULIFOLIA, Marsl A. It'utvr,'ii.r i/irt'.r ( ffnn . , A 7tf/!t'//r. /'u ■\\ I BETULACBiK. 8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 57 BE'riTLA PAPYRIFERA. Oanoe Blroh. Paper Biroh. Strobiles cylindrical, elongated, pendulous, long-stalked. Staminate amenta clustered or in pr'.s. Leaves ovate, cuneate, or rounded at the base, dull dark green. I .i Betula papyrifera, Marahall, ArhuM. Am. ''9 (1785). — Burkhuiiaen, llniulh. Fonthot. i. 604. — Michauz, t'l. Bor.- Am. ii. 180. — Sargent, Foreit Trees N. Am. \OtK CmuuH V. S. ix. 169. — Watson & Coulter, Gray i Man. eil. 6, 472. Betula lenta, Wangenheim, Noniam. Ilolx. 45 ^'..ot La - nciis) (1787). Betula papyraoea. Aiton, ffort. Kew. iii. 337 (1789). — Willilenow, Berl. Baiimz. 40, t. 2, f. 1 ; Spec. iv. pt. i. 464 ; Enum. 981. — Noitveau Dukamel, iii. 205. — Per- (oon, Si/n. ii. 672. — Deafontaines, Hist. Aih. ii. 477. — Poiret, Lam. Diet. Suppl. i. 688. — Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, vi. 408. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i. 133, t. 1. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 621. — Nuttall, Oen. ii. 218 ; Sijloa, i. 26. — Hayne, Deiidr. Fl. 167. — Bigelow, F^. Bostm. ed. 2, 366. — Watson, Dmdr. Brit. ii. 152, t 162. — Sprengel, Syst. iii. 864. — Audubon, Bi^ds, t. 88. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 166. — Emerson, Trees Mais. 210; ed. 2, i. 239, t. — Gray, Man. 422.- Die- trich, Syn. V. 303. — K. Koch, Vendr. ii. pt. i. 646. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 274. — Dippel, Handb. Laub'olzk. ii. 177. — Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 110. ? Betula ezoelsa, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 337 (1789) Willdenow, Berl. Baumx. 41, t. 2, f. 2 ; Spec. iv. pt. i. 463. — Borkhausen, Handb. Forsthot. i. 506. — Nauveau Duhamel, iii. 203, t. 52. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 572. — Dcs- fontaines. Hist. Arb. iv. 477. — Poiret, Lam. Diet. Suppl. i. 687 Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, vi. 408. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 167 Watson, Dendr. Brit. ii. 96, t 96.— SpacU, Ann. SH. Nat. ait. 2, xv. 188 (Se- vis'j> Betulaeearum) ; Hist. Vig. xi. 243. — Endlicher, Oen. Suppl. iv. ]it. ii. 19. Betula alba, c papyrifera, SpacK Ann. Set. Nat. tir. 2, XV. 188 (Keviaio Betulaceanim) (1841) ; Hist. Vf.g. xi. 2.34. — Emlliclier, Gen. Suppl. iv. pt. ii. 19. — Regel, Noiw. Mem. Soe. Nat. Moic. xiii. 81, t 5, f. 5-16 (Mono- graphia Betulacearum). Betula oordifoUa, Regel, Nouv. Mim. Soe. Nat. Mosc. xiii. 86, t. 12, f. 29-36 (Monographia Betulacearum) (1860). Betula oooidentalls, Lyall, Jour. Linn. Soo. vii. 134 (not Hooker) (1864). Betula alba, subsp. 5. /3 oommutata, Regel, Bull. Soe. Nat. Mosc. xxxviii. pt ii. 401, t. 7, f. 6-10 (Gattungen Betula und Alnus) (1866) ; De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 166. Betula alba, subsp. 6. a oommunis, Regel, BuU. Soe. Nat. Mosc. xxxviii. pt. ii. 401 (Gattungen Betula und Alnus) (1866) ; De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 166. Betula alba, subsp. 6. /3 oordifolia, Regel, Bull. Soe. Nat. Mosc. xxxviii. pt. ii. 401 (Gattungen Betula und Alnus) (1865) ; De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 166. Betula Ermani, Rothrock, Smithsonian Rep. 1867, 464 (Fl. Alaska) (not Chami««o) (1868). Betula cJba var. populifolia, Winchell, Ludlow's Rep. Black Hills Dakota, 67 (not Spach) (1876). Betula papyraoea, a oordifoUa, Dippel, Handb. Laub- hoUk. ii. 177 (1892). Betula papyraoea, b oooidentalls, Dippel, Handb. Laub- hoUk. u. 177, f. 84 (1892). — Koehne, DcuUche Dendr. 110. A tree, usually sixty or seventy, or, on the northwest coast, occasionally one hundred and twenty feet tall, with a trunk from two to three feet in diameter and clothed while young with short slender spreading branches with elongated lateral branchlets forking at acute angles, more or less drooping at the extremities, and forming a regular narrow pyramidal rather compact head ; or in old age, or when crowded by other trees, with a branchless trunk supporting a narrow round-topped open airy head of pendulous branches ; or on the mountains of northern New England sometimes reduced at high elevations to a shrub or small tree with smallei and less elongated leaves and smaller fruit.' The bark on old trunks for a few feet above the ground is sometimes half an inch thick, dark brown or nearly black, sharply and irregularly furrowed, and broken on the surface into thick closely appressed scales, ' betula papyrifera, var. minor, Watson & Coulter, Gray's Man. ed. 6, 472 (1890). Betula papyraoea, B minor, Tuckerman, Am. Jour. Sci. ilv. 31 (1843). 1. ii :;4;i.l nr' til 8JLVA OF NO It Til AMKHICA. BETULACBVK ;fi!i^ and at the bane of joiinRer trwH it in brown tm^wl with rod, and Ht'paratc* irregularly into largu pluteH covcrt'd with tiiiii and somutinicH Milvory Htalwc. Ilij,'li«'r on the truiikH of old tr«'«'n, wliiih hke tliu biutu of the hirfje brum Iu-h are nearly Hiirroiuule;! by broad irrefrular horia!ont4il n.Mirly black bandn, on yoiinj,' gtems and on the laixe linibH, the bark is thin, ireaniy white and hwfrouH on the outer Hurfa:i()ery layers whiih, when lirMl expomul t4» the lijrht, are pale oran>rt).(.(,l„r. The branehlet« am glend-.i-, and, when they KrHt appear, are li; -ilislitly vineid, marked with mattered yr.uiije-coiored oldonj,' lentirels, and covered with hinjf , .. .i.iirs; throujjh the Nunimer tliey lire dark orantfi>-<'olor and ulabroiw or pidtewcent, and conHpiciiouHly marked with pale lenticelH ; dnring the first v .iter they are dull red, growing gradually a darker orange-brown and mor»! lustrouH for the next four or five years, and are then covered with the white papery bark of the older branches. The bads, when they are fully grown at midsummer, are ovate, acute, ami about a ipiarter of an inch long, dark green, pubescent beh)W the middle, and coated with resinous gum, and during the winter they are dark chestnut-brown, gbdjnms, ciul sliglitly resiiu)us ; in expanding, the inner scales, wliich are light brown and scarious, beeonu* t-Hhaped, rounded at the apex, id)out half an inch in length and an eigiith of an inch in breadth. The leaves are ovate, rather abruptly acuminate at the apex with short broad points, and coarsely, usually doubly and oft^Mi very irregularly serrate with nearly triangular callous spreading teeth, except at the rounded or slightly cordate or abruptly wedge-shapud base ; when they unfold they are bright green, gl.iiulular-resinous, pubescent, and clothed below on the midribs aiul prinuiry veins, and on the petioles, with long white hairs ; at maturity they are thick and firm in texture, dull dark green on the upper surface, which is glandless or rarely marked, especially while young, with minute pale glands, and light yellow-green and glabrous or puberidous on the lower surface, which is furnished with snuill tufts of pale hairs in the axils of the primary veins, and is coated with minute black glands ; they are from two to three inches long, and from one and a half to two inches wide, with slender yellow midribs raised ami roumlcd on the upper side and marked, like the few remote prominent primary veins, with miiuite black glands, and conspicuout> reticulate veinlets ; they are borne on stout yellow petioles covered with black glunds, much enlarged toward the base, flattened and obscurely grooved on tlie upper side, gl-ibroiis or pubescent, and from one halt to three quarters of an inch in length, and turn a light clear yellow in the autumn before falling. The stipules are ovate, acute, ciliate on the margins with pale hairs, light green, and caducous. During the winter the stiuninate catkins, which are produced in two or three-Howered clusters, are from three ipiartcrs of an incli to an inch and a quarter in length, and about an eighth of an inch in thickness, with ovate acute nearly triangular slightly apiculate puberidous scales, light brown below the middle and dark red-brown above ; and when they are fully grown, and the flowers open in early spring, they are from three and a half to four inches long and about a third of an inch thick. The jiistillate catkins are from an inch to an inch and three (piarters long, and about a sixteenth of an inch thick, with light green lanc(^olate scales, long-pointed and acute or rounded at the apex, and bright red styles; they are borne on slender glandular peduncles, bibracteolate with conspicuous acute scarious caducous bractlets, and from three quarters of an inch to an inch in length. The strobiles, which hang on slender stalks, are cylindrical, and about an inch and a half long and a third of an inch thick ; their scales are glabrous, or rarely puberulous, cuneate at the base, aiuI rather longer than broad, with short wide-spreading rounded lateral lobes. Tiie nut is oval, about a sixteenth of an inch in length, and much narrower than its thin wing. The Canoe Birch is one of the most widely distributed trees of North America. From Labrador it ranges to the soutlicrn shores of Huilson's Bay and to those of the Great Bear Like, and to the valley of tla; Yiikon Kivcr and the coast of Alaska, fh and till) liordurH of HtruaniH, lakcH, and HwunipH, tlui ('anou liircdi, aItlioii)(li it never fiiruiM u lar^u part of tilt! fort'Mt, M very I'oiiiinon in the niaritiiiiu proviiiccH of ('aiuida, in tint roffioii ininicdiatcly north of tlie GrLMit LikeM, and in nortlicrn Now Kii);liind and Now York, wln^ro it aHcondM to lii^iicr olovatioiiH than any othor docidiioim-loavud true ; it Ih Ninall and uoinparativoly raru in tlio roaHt ro^ion of Honthorn Now England, in Houtiiorn New York, and in central Minntmita; widely diHtriliuted at lii^rli latitiideH from Labrador to the oaMtorn liaHe of the Kooky MoiintaiiiH, it w never voiy ahnndatit here or a oonH|ii('UouH object in the land8oa|ie, and within the Arctic Circle becomeH HUiall and crooked ; went of the Uocky MountuinH, whore it attaiiiH itH largeHt itizc, the Canoo Hircli iiMually f^rowN Hingly, and iH found only alonjf the hankn of HtroaiiiH. The wood of lUhild papj/rl/ern Ih light, strong, hard, tough, and very close-grained ; it is light brown tinged with red, with thick nearly white sapwood, and contains nunierouH obscure medullary rays. The Hpooilic gravity of the abstdutely dry wood is ().•'>!).'>.'), a cubic foot weighing !t7.11 pounds. It is largely used in the making of spools, for which purpose it is preferred to the wood of other American trees, and of shoe-lasts and pegs, in turnery, in the manufacture of wood-pulp, and for fuel. The Indians of the north employ it for their sledges and paddles, the frames of their snow-shoes, and the handles of thoir hatchets. The tough resinous durable bark of this tree, easily separated into thin layers, and impervious to water, is iiiilis])onsable to all the northern tribes of Indians ; with it they build their canoes and manufacture baskets, bags, drinking-cup.'), and many other articles of domestic use ; and when the skins of large animals cannot be obtained, it protects their wigwams from the inclemency of the boreal winter." The sweet sap, which Hows freely in early spring from wounds made in the trunk of the Canoe Birch, furnishes the Indians with a pleasant cooling drink, or by boiling can be made into syrup.' According to Alton,' Jietula papyri/era was introduced in 1750 by the Duke of Argyll" into English plantations. ' Bninot, f (i(. Veg. tig. Can, 5'J. — Bell, licp. (leolog. Surv. Can. ISTlMtO, Vt'. — Macuun, Cat. Can. I'l. 430 j YVnru. Hog. Soe. Can. xii. r>, ' ResMiy, Uep. Nehraska Slate Board Agric. 1894, 110. * Williiuna, Hull. No. 43, Smith Daknia Agric. Cnlkgt, 108. * In 1882 Uetnlti fiiipyrifern wiih eulleutuil nuftr Seattlo, Wuahing- ton, by Mr. C. V. I'ipor. The western furiii of this tree differs from the eastern in its f^rcater h.'ight and rather darker colored bark, in its more puhes- eent branuhlels, wliieli sometimes do not Iwconic glabrous until their second season, although vigorous shoots of young plants in the east are often clothed with thick pubescence, and in its rather larger leaves, which, on the lower surface, arc also more pubescent. * " Birch, of this there is plenty in divers parts of the Country. Of the barck of these the .Salvages of the Northerne parts make them delicate Canowes, ho light, that two men will transport one of them over Land whi^thcr they list, and one of them will trans- porte tenno or twelve Salvages by water at a time." (Morton, New English Canaan, l.'i [Force, Cnll. flint. Trarl.i, ii. No. 5].) " Ceux-ei sont sures & ne tourncnt jamais ipiand ils soni d'dcorce de liouleattt la(|uelle so leve ordinairement en hiver avec do Teau obaude. Les plus gros arbres sont les ineillcnrs pour faire de grands Canots ; cpioitpic sonvent une seulc e. Jree ne sufiisc pas. Le fond est pourtant d'une seulc pidco anquel les Sauvagcs s<,>avant coudre si artistenient les bords avec dcs racines, ipu; lo Canot paroit d'une seule ^corce. lis sont garnis ou do clisses & de to- ranguoH d'un bois de cddre presqne ausai leger que le lidge. Lea clisses ont IVpaissour d'un dcu ; I'L^corce, ccUe de deux, & lea va- ningucs celle de troia. Outre cela il :)c h droit & h gauche d'un bout du Canot k I'autre deux MaitrOb m preeintcs dans Icsquela sont enehassdes lea pointes dcs varanguv t & ofi les huit barrca qui le licnt & lo traversont sont attachdea. Ces bntimunta ont 20. pouccs do profondeur, c'est-ti-diro dcs bonis jusqu'au plat del vaningncs ; ils ont -8. pieda de longueur & 4. & demi do largeur vers la barre du milieu. S'ila sont commodca par Icur grande Icgcretij & par lo pen d'eau qn'ils tirent, il faut avoiier, qu'ils sont en recompense bien incommodes, par Icur fragility ; car pour peu qu'ils touehent ou ehargent sur lo caillou ou sur le sable, lea cre- vasses do rdeoi.?e s'entrouvrent, cnsuite I'eau entre dedans, & mou- illo les vivres & les Man-handi-ses. Chaquc jour il y a quclque touvclle crevasse ou quelqne couture h gonimer. Toutes lea nuita 0 1 est obtigt< de lo d(5charger h flot, & de les porter ii terro, ofl on 1 jH attache h des piquets de peur que Ic vent ne les cmportc ; car lis pesent si peu que deux hommes lea portent ti Icur aiso aur I'fjpaide, chaenn par un bout. Cettc aeule facility me fait juger i[u'il n'y a point de mcillcure voiture an monde pour naviguer dans les Uivierea du Canada qui sont renipliea de Cascades, de CaUv- ractcs & de courans." (Labontan, Nouveuux Voyages dam I'Ami- riquf, i. 35.) • llichardson, Arctic Searching Ezped. ii. 310. ' llort. Kew. iii. 337. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. iii. 1708, f. 1661, t. » See i. 108. Ii 60 HILVA OF NO It Til AMKIitCA. ■■Tm.ACKA With iU tfloamiiiff wliitt* trunk unil liixiiriitiit ail which it \m\n at niatiiiity, tin* ('unoti liiri li '\* alwayH a |ii('turi'Hi|iiit ft'atiirii of 'ho fiiroHt, and no trctu uf itit riu-u i« inuru dcHiralilu for tlii: ducorutiun of |)lviMurt>-){rouniiH in countrivM with cohl i'liaiut«it. Hi " 1 ' '4 EXPLANATION OK THE PLATE. Pl.ATIS CCCCLL llHTIII.A l-AI'VUIKKHA. I. A riiiwi'i'iiii; l>riini'li, iinliiriil ni/i'. '.'. Si'iili' iif till' utiiiiiinali' iiiiii'iil, riMir vii'W, iiiilurK<'. l*i«lillat<' ll'iwiin willi tlii'ir uriilc, front vluw, viilitrgi'il. i\. A fruiting liiiiiii'li. imtiinil n\t\*. 7. Si-nli' iif III!) fruiting iiniunt, iMilarKcd. H. A nut, onlnrt((Ml. 0. VtTtit'al mM'tiiin of a nut, enlargo<'il, i'nlar^'i'i('turi>H<|iiu ^grouiidH ill V ^ \ fli '^ ^ I n MS ■ I J 1 1 1 'ir ' fir 1 ' ' ff^ u . ■ : J r ) I ' i ' ! l 1 nl 1 K '' 1': ' Jbl 7 turn AMEB/CA. BRTULACE.*. ■i;int f«, rti. compact symiiuitrical liahit in youth. Imvjs at 111 • Ui* Ciituwi JJireh 'm iilwayH a piit.ni-is.|;i<- .s moru di- t the decoration of jjlfasuii^^rniiiiidb ii. EXPLANA HIE I'LATK vi'i Kiri.Ht .'r. *i\\c VIO^, f-n'nrjT-.i. 1 -i,, - unlttrgoU. Mniiiate ouienU. natural »>te. .'/fwidimr l«(irc», »tip.il«-. tii.t a piistillatc ItKTOLACEA liahit ill youth. '8 a picturL«8i)rriui.r t, HI. '' Macniilliui, Mi Insjurmir of thr Minnesota Valley^ 18i). ' JUIuIn nigra Virginiana, Aim. liot. 07 (eicl. syn.). — Ray, Uiit. PL iii. Ihnilr. I'J. Btlut I foliii ovalis oblongit acuminatii aerratin, Clayton, Fl. Virgin. 188. Bptula nigra Jotiis rhombeis ovaliif acuminatis tluplicato serratii, Konians, Nat. Hisl. Florida, 28. ' .See i. 8. ' Alton, Hort. Kew. iii. 330. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. iii. 1710, f. lMi2, 1563, t. «;;*^r« DETULACEJB. BETnLACEJB. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 63 aquatic Birch, and its seeds, like those of several other trees which are partly inundat««^ during a portion of the year, ripen in early summer when the water of streams is usually at its lowest level, and, falling on the damp rich soil of their exposed banks, germinate at once and produce plants which libtmn a firm foothold and grow to be several inches high before the autumn. Other Birches inhabit cold northern countries or high mountains in warmer regions, but the River Birch flourishes and attains its largest size in the damp semitropical lowlands of Florida, Louisiana, and eastern Texas. Tiie River Birch is a beautiful tree with its massive dark trunk, its graceful branches roughened by the curling flakes of its bright bark, with its lustrous leaves and delicate winter spray ; ' and to its presence upon their banks, dipping the ends of its sleider flexible branches into placid or bounding waters, the charm of many southern rivers is often largely due. When cultivated the River Birch grows rapidly in good soil and does not need the vicinity of water to insure its development into a large and graceful tree ; but, although it is admirably suited to decorate the parks of cold and temperate countries, it has rarely been planted except in a few of the old pleasure-grounds of central and northern Germany. • Sargent, Oarden and Forest, ii. 691, f. 149. — Rothrook, Forest Leaves, iv. 186, f. S' BHI. iii. 1710, f. J t> ■Hii IBH ' K BK 1 1^ :' mtl ^ iil* I : EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Plate CCCCLIL Betula nioba. 1. A flowering branch, natural iiizc. 2. Scale of a staniinate anient, rear view, enlarged. 3. Pistillate flowers witli tlirir scale, front view, enlargeiL 4. Scale of a pistillate ament, rear view, enlarge. ■V 'I!' 1 h; Ml i i J.i t ! BBTULACBJL aiLVA OF NOBTU AMERICA. M BETULA OOOIDENTALIS. Blaok Birch. Strobiles oblong, long-stalked, erect or hanging, shaped or rounded at the base. Leaves broadly ovate, wcdgc- Betula oooidentalla, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. !i. 155 (1839).— Spucli, Ann. Sci. Nat. tir. 2, xv. 197 (Revuio Uetulacea- rum). — Nuttall, Sylva, i. 22, t 7. — Kndliclier, Gen. Suppl. iv. pt. ii. 20. — Torrey, Frimonl'i Rep. 97 ; Jiot. WUkes Kxplor. Exped. 466. — Dietrich, Syn. v. 304. — Nowborry, Pacific B. S. Sep. vi. pt. iii. 89. — Cooper, Am. Nat. iii. 408. — Reget, Nouv. Mint. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xiii. 131, t. 15, f. 35 {Monographia Betulacearum). — Porter, Haijden'a Rep. 1871, 493. — Watson, Kimj'a Rep. v. 323, t. 35; PI. Wheeler, 17.— Rothrock, Wheeler'i Rep.yi. 239. — Brewer & W«tiion, Boi. Cat. ii. 79. — Sargent, ForeH Trees N. Am. lOth Cetuiu If. S. ix. 100. — Dip|)el, Handb. LaubhoUk. ii. 176. — Koebne, Deuttche Dendr. 110. Betula alba, aubap. 5. oooidentalla, a typioa, Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. M (t. M. UawMii, Can. Nat. n. sit. ix. SS\. — Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 437. ■' Willuiiin, Hull. No. 4:i, Soulh Dakota Agric. Coll. 108. • IkiBscy, Itrp. Nehraska Slate lioaril Agric. 181)4, 111. * tluliiry of the lizi>edUim under the Command of Lewii and Clark, I'll. Couea, ii. 4fi7. ' ilulin Sooulvr (1804-71), a native of (ilaxKuw, wu |;nuluntcd from thf Meilieal Scliuol uF hia irntivo city, aiul bfcamn a 7.(HJlt)|rit,t and pM)l(i^-i!tt. In 18124 he wiia nttat'lied tu the IIikIkuu'h Hay Cuni- pauy'a aliip William and Ann oa aurgcon and naturaliat, and vittitt'd, in I'ouipany with David Uoiiglaa, Matleira, Brazil, and tho north- wost cuHMt (if North Aincrii-a, whtTo lu^ roniained from 1825 to 1827 and ni.iitr col left ionfi of pliintH whicli h(^ sent to hia teacher uf botany, ^->.Vl Dr. Scouler was pro- fessor of loology anil Siotany in Trinity College, Dublin. (See Tram. Geolog. Soc. Glatgow, iv. 104.) EXPLANATION OK THE PLATE. Plate CCCCLIII. Uktula uccidentalm. 1. A flowering branch, natural si/.o. 'i. Scale of a Htuniiimti! anient, rear view, enlarged. 3. Pistillate flowers with their scale, front view, enlarged. 4. A fruiting brunch, natural si/.e. 6. Scale of a strubilo, rear view, enlarged. 6. Scale of a strobile, front view, with nut, enlarged. 7. A nut, enlarf,'c(l. 8. A winter brancli with staminato anient*, natural size. 9. A young branclilet with unfolding leaves aiid atipules, natural aize. "I.lll 1 H H^^^B t H ' Iffllril' 11 T ■ h ^»r;1 \fl i>F S'^vrn AJUKiiicA hktulaci'. ' :i> ;ir<' .•>!. rt sijjilttvl liiiil iboiit three ((uarters of an iin i iioil bright r»-il utO.'s.. The wtrobi'i's ripen in August. iU' i.inh U> un iwjii ami a ([iiurter limjj, ami erect or peiiduloiis ■ V three (jimrters oF au ini h in leiifjtlt ; tl\e sciili .- ■; ^ , • ^u, h)nii[er than they are l)r()ad, ami we(l}>;H-s!ia[i« > rill lohtMi. The nut is ovuio «-«Kiil <.f lif.tuln oi'eidtntiiti.i i. • .^. altboii^h brittle, and iKiHe-jfTiiined ; it is light -vith thick lijfhter colored *it < uum<>rous obscur«3 medullary rays. The Kpecifli ':.r<'Iy dry wood ; T»»5ijjbing 37.r»8 pounds. It is soiiietime- n. tiLntfji tU' iiai, lU tH'UULii'lli lu>tlf ' •■'; '0 AllofUSt S, 1'''■ 'V nf thu h'r/mtiium un.. ii. iST. .•n*»4-71)[a MI tntui thp MedicJil Si;h-Ml of hi« an' a&ii (^('•ilojpiit. ]u 1824 lie wu-" '^1. piny'o WUIism and Anu > ited vnlleys with its ntas.ses of griicoful 'if its foliajje, was discovered bv * t :-t the eastern ba.se of tln^ (t;ust of British Colimibia, where, as a small shrub. r- Yiiiit, Mtuleira, ttmzi!, and the iiurtU. •' rs iw romaiued from ISlio to1H'.17 .tnr-h hft M>lit to lita tflftchtrp uf ■ i .t named iu hU bonor Hcotdirw. . hiiu in North Arauriea- On hi*i • mind India, and aftciward »vl . I rufessor «f natiind historr iti th« (utn KVl li> lrt.54 Pi*. Secular was pr<* Aiijr m Trinity College, UnUiu. (Sec l». tW ) t. ^ 4. :\ 5. ^.■.,.. 0. Soail; ■ 7. A i..it 8. .\ 9. A y.,.ir ^ fK i.IariTX'il. ■■■». onlarpHl. .i.d. iViial nzo. ■ '. Nli|iiiloi(. naluriil aht. Ili. Silva of North America. Tab. CCCC1.1II r-£ Fii.ron JbI ^ehrtifv J BETULA OCCIDENTALIS, Hook. A Hio,r('u.f Jwt\t t Irnp.J. Taneur , Paru . 1^1 i I?' ii^ . \ 1;. . 1 1 1 1 i;!;: w. 1 1 \K:'- ffS ^■' k 1 1 w 1 M f 8 ^ B f 1J ■ i 1 s-'- 1 ' 1 \ 1 1 iJ ' »llP ^ ■11 ih BETULACKS. Flow aments; c aments: ( or wingles generally AlnuB, Linna Meisner, tbam & H Pflanzenf Betula, Linn son, Fam. 409 (in ps Trees branchlets i scales, stipi formed in resiiious, dt lowest nexl expansion, petiolate, < displaying ovate, acut the leaves, the peltate in the axi] elongated, and erect c from three from ten t( as many, i anthers ei longitudini of the lea staminato and naked an upper 1 adnate to truncate a brunch aft bright ch( the remni ll^ BETULACKS. 8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ALNUS. 67 Flowers unisexual, monoecious, apetalous, the staminate in long pendulous aments ; calyx usually 4-parted ; stamens usually 4 ; the pistillate in erect cylindrical aments ; ovary naked, 2-celled ; ovule solitary in each cell, suspended. Fruit a winged or wingless nut covered by the woody persistent scale of a strobile. Leaves alternate, generally serrate, stipulate, deciduous. AlnuB, LinnsBus, Gen. 285 (1737). :.;.fldlicher, Gen. 272. — Meisner, Gen. 351. — Baillon, Hist. PI. vi. 254. — Ben- tbam & Hooker, Gen. iii. 404. — Frantl, JSngler & Prantl PJiamenfam. iii. pt. i. 46. Betula, LinnieuB, Gen. ed. 6, 485 (in part) (1764). — Adan- 8on, Fam. PI. ii. 375 (in part). — A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 409 (in part). Clethropsia, Spach, Ann. Set. Nat. »6i. 2, xv. 201 (Revisio Betulacearum) (1841). Semidopsis, Zumaglini, Fl. Pedem. i. 249 (1849). Alnobetula, Schur, Verh. Siebenb. Ver. Naturw. iv. 68 {Enum. PI. Trans.) (1858). Trees or shrubs, with watery juice, astringent scaly bark, soft straight-grained wood, terete branchlets marked with pale lenticels, often stoloniferous roots, and fibrous rootlets. Leaf-buds without scales, stipitate, elongated, slightly three-angled, oblong and acute, or clavate and rounded at the apex, formed in summer, nearly inclosed by the united stipules of the first leaf becoming in winter thick, resmous, dark red, and glabrous or scurfy-pubescent.' Leaves in the bud inclosed in their stipules, the lowest next tiie branch, open and convex, but becoming conduphcate or sometimes even revolute in expansion, plicately folded along the primary veins, alternate, penniveined, serrate, or rarely entire, petiolate, deciduous, falling without change of color, and leaving small semioval elevated leaf-scars displaying the ends of three equidistant fibro-vascular bundles. Stipules, except those of the first leaf, ovate, acute, scan ' us, deciduous. Flowers opening in the early spring before or with the unfolding of the leaves, or rarely in the autumn, monoecious, sessile, in from one to six-flowered cymes in the axils of the peltate short-stalked scales of pedunculate aments formed in summer or autumn, the peduncles in the axils of the last leaves of the year or in those of minute leafy bracts. Staminate aments elongated, pendulous, panicled, or rarely soUtary, in the axils of the last leaves or of leafy bracts, naked and erect during the winter ; scales usually three-flowered, rarely one-flowered, the flowers subtended by from three to five minute bractlets adnate to the base of the scale. Calyx usually four or irregularly from ten to twelve-parted. Stamens as many as the number of the divisions of the calyx or rarely half as many, inserted on its base opposite its divisions ; filaments short or rarely elongated, undivided ; anthers erect, attached on the back, introrse, two-celled, the cells parallel, contiguous, opening longitudinaUy. Pistillate aments ovoid or oblong, erect, pedunculate, produced in summer in the axils of the leaves of a branch developed from the axU of one of the upper leaves of the year, below the staminate inflorescence, and inclosed at first by the stipules of its first leaf, emerging in the autumn and naked during the winter or remaining covered until early spring, or rarely solitary in the axil of an upper leaf ; scales fleshy, two-flowered, the flowers subtended by from two to four minute bractlets adnate to the scale, becoming at maturity thick and woody, obovate, from three to five-lobed or truncate and thickened at the apex, and forming an ovoid or subglobose strobile persistent on the brnnch after the opening of its closely imbricated scales and the escape of the nuts. Nut minute, bright chestnut-brown, compressed, ovate, orbicular, or obovate, pointed and crowned at the apex with the remnants of the styles, truncate, and marked at the base with a pale umbilicus, wingless, or ' Henry, Nov. Act. Acad. Cea. Leap, xviii. 228, t. 39. ' J : ! \] ; \ Ii m\ \ I Mi i •1 Hi ( •■ { ; -I 'I I i 68 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. BETULACE^. furnished with a narrow wing^like membranaceous border ; pericarp of two coats, the outer thin and membranaceous, the inner thicker and crustaceous. Seed solitary by abortion, filling the cavity of the nut, suspended, exalbuminous ; testa membranaceous, light brown ; cotyledons fleshy, flat, much longer than the short superior radicle turned toward the minute apical hilum.' An inhabitant of swamps and river-bottoms and high mountain slopes, and often, especially in northern Europe and Asia, a conspicuous feature of vegetation, Alnus is widely and generally distributed through the boreal and temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, ranging at high elevations southward in the New World through Central America to Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia,'' and to upper Assam in the Old World.' Fifteen species and many varieties are now distingtushed.* Of the North American species five attain the size and habit of trees, and three, Alnua Alnohetula,^ Alnus incana,* 1 The species of Alnus may be grouped in the following sections : Alm ASTER (Endlicher, Gm, Suppl. iv. pt. ii. 20. — I'rantl, Engler A- Pranlt Pfanzenfam. iil. pt. i. 45 [subgen. Alnobelula, K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. i 025]). Flowers in three-flowered clusters appear- ing in spring with the leaves. Staminate aments solitary or in pairs, naked during the winter ; pistillate aments pedunculate, in terminal panicles on short two or three-leaved branchlets, covered during the winter ; calyx of thu staminate flower regularly four- lobed. Nut surrounded by a broad thin wing. Inhabitants of eastern North America, Europe, northern Asia, and Japan. Clethbopsis (Endlicher, /. c. — Prantl, /. c). Flowers appear- ing in spring with the unfolding of the leaves, or in autumn. Stam- inate aments elongated, pedunculate, the pistillate racemose or soli- tary ; calyx of the staminate flower from teu to twelve-parted, the divisions scale-like, unequal. Nut surrounded by a narrow wing. Inhabitants of the temperate Himalayas. Alncs (Endlicher, /. c. [sees. Phyllothyrsus and Gymnotbyr- sus]. — Spaoh, Ann. Sci. A'a/. s^r. 2, xv. 201 [fieiisio BetxUacea- nim]. — Regel, De Candolle Prodr. ivi. pt. ii. 183, 184 [sec. Gymnothyrsus.] — Prantl, I. c. 46). Flowers appearing in the spring before the unfolding of the leaves from paniculate or race- mose aments formed during the summer, and naked, or the pistil- late rarely covered during the winter, or {Alnus maritima) appear- ing in autumn in aments of the season, the pistillate usually solitary ; calyx of the staminate flower regularly four - parted ; stamens four or rarely two or three. Nut wmglcsa or surrounded by a narrow coriaceous border. Inhabitants of North and South Amerita, Europe, northern Afric:/, western anti northern Asia. " Humboldt, Donpland & Kunth, Nov. Ci ,. et Spec. ii. 20.— Kunth, Si/n. PI. Aiquin. i. 363. — Mirbel, Mem. Mus. xiv. 463. — Henisley, Hot. Biol. Am. Cent. iii. 165. « Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 600. * Spach, ;. c. 200. — Endlicher, /. c 20. — Kegel, Nom. item. Soc. Nat. Moac. xiii. 131 {Monogrnphia Betulaceamm) ; Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosr. xixviii. pt. ii. ■IIU (Ontlungen Betula unit Alnug) ; De Candolle Prmlr. I. c. 180. Several pljint.s thought to bo intermediate in character between species of Alnus have been noticed ; they are l>«li(!ved by some Europt'.in hotani.sts to be natural hybrids, while others consider them vnrit.'ti*-a. The best known of these plants is .■ilnu.i pulienfens (Tauseh. Flora, xvii. pt. ii. 520 [IS.'H]. — Regel, Pe Cimdolle Prodr. I. c. 187), a supposed hybrid l>etween Alnus tjlutinosa and Alniij incana, known in several localities from Lapland to the Cn tu'iLsiis. (See, also, for hybrids of .Muus, K. Koch, /.*.■. 637. — Uippel, I/tmdh. Luuttholzk. ii. 162. — Koehne, Iteutsche Dendr. Ill, 11."..) ' K. Kiwh, I. c. 025 (1872). — Otto Kuntze, Itev. Gen. PI. ii. Betula Alnobelula, Ehrhart, Btitr. ii. 72 (1788). Betula viridis, Villars, Hist. PI. Dauph. iii. pt. ii. 789 (1789). Betula ovata, Schrank, Baier. Fl. i. 419 (1789). Betula crkpa, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 339 (1789). — Miohaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 181. Alnus alpina, Borkhausen, h'andb. Forstbol. i. 477 (1800). Alnus viridis, Ue Candolle, Lamarck Fl. Franf. ed. 3, iii. 304 (1805). — Chamisso, Linnaa, vi. 538. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 157. — Torrey, Fl. N. Y. ii. 203, L. 116.— Reichenbach, Icon. Fl. German, xii. 3, t. 628. — Regel, De Candolle Prodr. I. c. 181. — Parlatore, Fl. Itat. iv. 130. — Franchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. v. 281 (PI. David, i.). — Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 438. — Watson & Coul- ter, Gray's Man. ed. 6, 473. — Hempel & Wilbelm, £aume und Strtiucher, ii. IT, f. 126, t. 14. Alnus umlulata, Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. i. 336 (1805). Alnus crispa, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 623 (1814). — Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. xlii. 42. — Tuckerman, /Im. Jour. Sci. xlv. 33. Alnus ovata, Guimpel, Willdenow & Hayne, Abhitd. Holz. ii. 199, t. 147 (1820). — Watson, Dendr. Brit. ii. 96, t. 96 ; Lod- diges Bot. Cab. xii. t. 141. — Hartig, Forst. Culturpft. DetUschl. 372, t. 20. Alnaster viridui, Spach, I. c. 201 (1841). Alnus incana. Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Voy. Beechey, 117, 129 (not Willdenow) (1832). Alnus frulicosa, Ruprecht, Fl. Samoj. Ciaur. 63 (1845). Alnaster fnilirosus, Ledebour, /■'/. Roia. iii. 665 (1849). Alnus Brembana, Rota, Prosp. Prov. Bergamasco, 79 (1855). Aln'is glutinosa, y Sibirica, Miquel, .-Inn. Mus. Lugd. Bat. iii. 191 (Prot. Fl. Jap.) (1867). Alnus Alnobelula, which is a shrub two or three feet high, or sometimes on the mountains of northern Japan attains the height of flfteen or twenty feet and assumes the habit of a tree (Alnus viridis, /3 Sibirica, Regel, Nouv. Mi'm. Soc. Nat. Mosc. I. c. 137. — Sargent, Forest Fl. Japan, 63), inhabits the Arctic Circle and high mountain slopes in the northern hemisphere. In America it is a common plant in all the north from Newfoundland and Labrador to Alaska, and in the United States grows on the mountains of New EuHlimd and New York, along the coast of Maine, in north- ern Minnesota, and on the high peaks of the southern Alleghany Mountains in Carolina and Tennessee. « Willdenow, .S;)fr, /. c ,335 (180,'>) ; Knum. 905; Borl liaumz. ed. 2,20. — De Canilollu, /. c. — Hurnemann, Fl. Dan. xiii. t. 2301. — Emerson, Trees Mms. 220 ; ed. 2, i. 251, t. — Hooker f. I. c. \r,~. —Spach, ;. c. 200. — Nuttall, Sylva, i. 30. — Tuckerman, /. c. 32. — Torrey, I. c. 202. — Ledebour, /. <•. 656. — Reichenbach, /. c. 4, t. 029, 030. — Hartig, /. c. 368, t. 24. — Maximowicz, Mi'm. Sar. ttr. Acnd. Sci. St. I'itmbourg, ix. 2.'j8 (Prim. Fl. 'Imiir.). — ParUtore, Fl. Iial. iv. 128.— K. Koeli, /. r-. 036. — Franchet & Sava- BETULACEJE. BETULACE^. 8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. echey, 117, 129 and Ahiua rugom^ are shrubs. During the tertiary period species of Alnus ^^'e^e probably much more niunerous, especially in Furope, where palaeontologists have described about thirty from the eocene and miocene formations.^ Alnus produces soft straight-grained wood, very durable in water, and astringent bark and strobiles, which are used in tanning leather " and in medicine.^ The most valuable species are Alnus glutinosa " tier, Enum. PI. Jap. i. 468. — Boissier, Fl. Orient, iv. 1180. — Sar- gent, Forest Trees N. Am. lOlh Census U. S. ix. 164. — Watson & Coulter, Gray's Man. ed. 0, 473. — Hempel & Wilhelm, BauvM und Slraucher, ii. 15, f. 124, 125, t. 13. Belula Alnus, 0 incana, Linnnus, Spec. 083 (17S3). — Du Roi, Harbk. Baumz. i. 109. Betula ineana, Linnfflus f. Suppl. 417 (1781). — Roth, Tent. Fl. German, ii. 477. — Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 45. Belula-Alnus glauca, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 20 (1785). Alnus lanuginosa, Gilibert, Eiercil. Phyt. ii. 402 (1702). Alnus glauca, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii. 322, t. 4, f. 2 (1813). — Bigelow, Ft. Boston, ed. 3, 367. Aluus incana, var. glauca. Gray, Man. 423 (1848). In North Am,irica, where it is the common Alder of swampj and river-banks in the northeastern parts of the continent, forming dense shrubby thickets rarely more than ten or twelve feet high, Alnus incana is distributed from Newfoundland to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, ranging southward in the United States to Staten Island, New York, Wisconsin, and eastern Ne- braska. In many forms it is spread all over northern and central Europe from northern Scandinavia and Russia to France, northern Italy, and the Caucasus, growing in the extreme north on sandy plains near streams, but in the south usually on mountain slopes, and some- tiroes attaining a height of seventy feet ; it is the common Alder of Siberia and northeastern Asia, and is very abundant in northern Japan, becoming, on the island of Yozo, a stately tree fifty or sixty feet in height, with a trunk often two or three feet in diame- ter. Here it flourishes in moist rich soil on low slopes rising from streams bordered with the largest of the Japanese Alders, Alnus Japonica, Siebold & Zuccarini, which is a pyramidal tree eighty or ninety feet tall, and clothed to the ground with large dark green lustrous leaves (Sargent, Forest Fl. Japan, 63). In Japan the wood of Alnus incana is used in turnery, and is manufactured into boxes and other small articles. > K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. i. 635 (1872). Betula Alnus (rugosa), Du Roi, /. c. 112 (1771). Betula- Alnus rubra, Marshall, /. c. 20 (1785). Betula serrulata, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii. 338 (1789). — Willde- now, /. c. — Abbot & Smith, Insects of Georgia, ii. 183, t. 92. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 181. Alnus serrulata, Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. i. 336 (1805) j Enum. 965 ; Berl. Baumz. ed. 2, 21. — iVoui'rau Ihthamel, ii. 210. — Per- Boon, Syn. ii. 550. — Ucsfuntaines, Hist, Arb. Ii. 488. — Alton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v. 259. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii. 320, t. 4, f. 1. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 623. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 206. — Elliott, Sh. ii. 507. — Torrey, Fl. N. 1'. ii. 202, t. 115. — Spach, Ann. Sri. iV«(. s4t. 2, xv. 205 (Itevifio Betulacearum). — Emerson, Trees Mass. 218 ; ed. 2, i. 248, t. —Chapman, /•?. 429. — Ilegcl, Bull. Soc. Nat. ,Mnsc. xxxviii. pt. Ii. 432 {Gattungeti Betula und Alnus) (excl. y nhlongifnlia) j De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 188 (excl. y oblongifnlia). — Curtis, Hep. Geolng. Surv. N. Car. 1800, iii. 108, — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. lOth Census U. S. ix. 104.- Watson & Coulter, /. c. Alnus incana, 0, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. iii. 157 (1839). Alnus rubra, Tuckerman, Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. 32 (not Bongard) (1843). Alnus glutinosa, Sserrulata, Regel, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xiii. 164, 1. 11, f. 6-10 {MonograpUa Betulacearum) (1861). Alnus glutinosa, var. rugosa, Begel, /. c. 165, t. 11, f. 8-10 (1661). Alnus rugosa is distributed from Essex County, Massaobnsetts, westward to southeastern Minnesota and southward to northern Florida and the valley of the Trinity River in Texas. Less com- mon in the north than in the southeastern states, where it is very abundant and the only species of Alder, Alnus rugosa sometimes grows to the height of twenty-five or thirty feet, sending up from the ground numerous slender stems, and forming a broad round- topped shrub with cuneate-obv ..te leaves rounded or acute at the apex, green on both surfaces, and smooth or puberulous on the lower, and ovate strobiles. " Lesquereux, Rep. U. S. Geolog. Surv. vii. 139 (Conlrib. Fossil Fl. W. Territories, ill.). — Saporta, Origine Paleontologique des Arbres, 142. — Zittel, Handb. Palaontolog. ii. 411. » Neubraud, Die Gcrbrinde, 220. — Dreykorn & Reichardt, Ding- ier Polytech. Jour. cxcv. 157 ( Ueher den farbigen Gerbsloff des Erlenholzes); Archiv. der Pharm. ser. 2, cxlli. 213. — Eitner, Erlen- rinde als Gerbmaterial, Der Gcrher, iv. 84. — Hohnel, Die Gerbi- rinden, 56. * Alder bark is an alterative and astringent, and in the United States is sometimes used in decoctions, in domestic practice, to purify the blood, in diarrbcea, htematuria, and intermittent fevers, and as a gargle (Johnson, Man. Med. Bot. N. Am. 253. — U. S. Pispens. ed. 16, 1705). ' Gaertner, Fruct. ii. 54, t. 90 (1791). — Willdenow, Spec. I. c. 334. — Brotero, Fl. f.usitan. i. 210. — De Candolle, Lamarck Fl. Franc, ed. 3, iii. 303. — Hornemaun, Fl. Dan. xiii. t. 2302. — Gulm- pel, Willdenow & Hayne, Abbild. Holz. ii. 180, t. 135. — Hayne, Ann. xiii. 48, t. 48. — Ledebour, Fl. Ross. III. 657. — Rclchenbach, Icon. Ft. German, xii. 4, t. 031. — Hartlg, Forst. Cutturpfl. Deulschl. 338, t. 23. — Kegel, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. I. c. 159 ; BuU. Soc. Nat. Mosc. I. c. 430 ; De Candolle Prodr. I. c. 186. — Parlatore, Fl. Ilal. iv. 124. — Boissier, /. c. 1 180. — Hempel & Wilhelm, I. c. 11, f. 121-123, t. 12. Belula Alnus, B glutinosa, Linnteus, Spec. 983 (1753). — Sco- poli, Fl. Corn. ed. 2, ii. 233. Betula glutinosa, Lamarck, Did. i. 454 (1783), Alnus nigra, Gilibert, ;. c. 401 (1792). Alnus communis, Nouceau Dukamel, ii. 212 t. 64 (1802). Alnus glutinosa {vulgaris), Persoon, I. c. (1807). Alnus rolumli/olia, Stokes, Bot. Mat. .Med. iv. 369 (1812). Alnus elliplica, Keiiuien, Ann. Sci Nat. s^r. 1, v. .ISl (1825). Alnus barhala, C. A. Jleyer, Vers. PI. Caucus. 43 (form with Icavoa liairy below along the i)rinL*lpal veins) (1831). Alnus denlicutala, C. .\. Mey^r, (. c (form with leaves conspic- uously denticulate) (1831). /i;»it;.« .Morislaita, BeitolonI, Fl. Ilal. x. 103 (1854). Alnus Feliruaria, Otto Knntzc, Taschenfl. Leipz. 283 (1867). Alnus glutinosa is spread all over Europe, where it tlourlslics on the borders of streanis and swamps in situations too wet even for nm ji ;*;f ..Uv V \ 'i i 70 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. BETULACEA. of Europe and Asia, the American, European, and north Asian Alnus incana, the Himalayan Alnua Nepalensia ' and Alnm nitida^ and the American Alnua Oregona. In North America Aluus is injured by numerous insects,' especially by those which bore into the living wood, but is comparatively free from the attacks of fungal diseases/ the Willow Uii Poplar, growing aometimes under favorable condi- tions to the height of fifty or sixty feet, but at high elevations and in the extreme north often reduced to a low shrub ; it also inhabits northern Africa, Anatolia, Armenia, the Caucasian provinces, and Siberia. It hoa a symmetrical pyramidal or ultimately round-topped head, cuneate-obovate subrotund loaves obtuse or retuse at the apex, green on both surfaces, and glutinous while young, ovate strobiles, and nuts surrounded by a narrow coriaceous wing or wingless. The wood, which is probably not often distinguished commer- cially from that of Alnus incanit the second arborescent species of central anil northern Europe, is soft, straight-grained, and light reddish brown ; soon decaying when exposed to changes of temper- ature and to alternations of moisture and dryness, it is practically indestructible as long ns it is kept under water, and ia therefore valuable for wharf and bridge piles, water pipes, and the barrels of pumps. It is also often employed in turnery and for carving, in the manufacture of basiua, platters, wooden shoes, and *'ght chairs, light packing-cases, and in cooperage. (See industries nf Russia, iii. 338.) The durability of the small branches makes them valuable for lining drains. The wood, however, is most largely used in the I)rocluetiou of charcoal for the manufacture of gunpowder, being surpa^ed for this purpose only by that of some species of Willow and of Rhamnus Frangula, Linnieus ; and in Europe it ia extensively planted in coppice, and regularly cut for this purpose. The baric and the fruit are used in tanning leather, and from the bark and the foliage a yellow dye is obtained. Linen and woolen cloths are dyed black by boiling them with the flowers, young leaves, and branchleta. The Kuropean Aldera are used to form hedges on low swampy ground, and are planted to hold the banks of streams with the'r strong stoloniferous roots. (See Loudon, Arb. Brit. iii. 1681.) Aluus glutinnsa has been introduced into the northern United States, where it is perfectly hardy, and while young grows very rapidly ; it suffers seriousl , however, from borers working in the tnnik and branches, and is usually short-lived. A number of vari- eties with variously cut or divided, or yellow leaves, or with fasti- giate branches, are propagated by nurserymen, and occasionally planted in the gardens of northern Europe (Dippel, Handb. Laub- holzlc. ii. 100). ' D, Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 68 (1825). — Wallich, PI. As. Rar. ii. 27, t. 131.— Kegel, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xiii. 141 (Mmo- graphia lietutacearum) ; Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxxvlii. pt. ii. 421 (fjntltmgen Betula und Alnus) ; De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 181. — Kurz, Forest Fl. Brit. Burm. ii. 476. — Hooker (. Fl. Brit. Ind. V. 600. Clethropsit Nepalensis, Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat, sf'r, 2, xv. 202 (Itevisio Betulacearum) (1841). Alnus Nepalensis, which is a tree fifty or sixty feet tall, with a striii^ht trunk covered with thick compact smooth silvery bark tin;;ed with purple or yellow, and broad rounded leaves, is common in tlie forest.i of the temperate Himalayas from southern Cashmere to upper Assam an'l Yu-nan. The bark is used in India for tan- ning »"'! djeinp (lirandis. Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 400. — Gamble, Ma. I.*dian Timbers, 373). " Endllchcr, G'eri. Suppl. iv. pt. ii. 20 (1847). — Kegel, Nouv. Mem. Soe. Nat. Mosc. I. c. ; Pull. Soc, Nat. Mosc, I, c, ; De Candolle Prodr. I. c. — Brandis, I. c. t. 67. — Hooker f. /. c. Clelhropsit nilida, Spaob, I, c. ^1841). — Daoaisne, Jacquemont Voyage, 169, 1. 160. Alnus nitida, which is probably the largest of the Alders, aome- times rises to the height of a hundred feet, with a trunk five feet in diameter. It is a common inhabitant of the northwestern Hima- layas and the Punjab, at elevations of between three and nine thou- sand feet above the level of the sea, fringing the banks of streams, and occasionally following them into the plains. The aoft tough pale red wood ia used in northweatem India in the manufacture of furniture and for the supports of rope bridges ; the twiga are em- ployed in binding loada and in the construction of bridges. The bark is used in tanning leather, in dyeing, and for making red ink (Gamble, I. c). * The insects which affect Alnus in North America have been little studied, although about fifty are now known. Lepidopterous borers like Fitua denudata, Harris, and Hepialus argenteomaculatut, Harris, appear to do the moat damage to the stems of our Alders, the latter particularly affecting parts near the ground. Speciea of Saperda and other Longicorn beetles also injure tlie stems. Among foliage destroyers, a Flea-beetle, Haltica bimarginata, ay, is one of the most destructive known, and in some parts of the u'ountry the leaves of Alnus are eaten by the small dark-colored larvffi of this insect. Calligrapha scalaris, I.ieconte, also feeds upon the .Alder in its larval and beetle stages. Saw-Hy larvse of several species are troublesome, either feeding extemaily or within the tissucL uf the leaves. Fenusa varipes, Norton, a small black Saw- fly, is sometimes very destructive to the leavea of Alders, the larvee eating out the parenchyma, and causing them to turn brown and fall before midsummer, the successive broods destroying new leaves as they appear. The larvie of a few of the larger Lcpidoptera feed on the foliage, and Lepidopterous leaf-miners are common ; among these are several species of LithocoUetis and two or three of (iracilaria described as peculiar to Alnns. Lyonetia alniella. Chambers, makes large brownish blotch-mines in the leaves. Mites frequently form immense numbers of minute galla on the upper surface of the leaves ; and scale insects and aphida often seriously infest the trees. The so-called Alder Blight, Schiioneura tessellata. Fitch, sometimes occurs on the branches in large clusters covered with a white floccose secretion, and seriously affects the vitality of the plant. A species of Lepidopterous larva often lives within and destroys the staminate aments. * Of the many species of fungi found on Alnus in North Amer- ica, thi greater number are common on this genus also in northern Europe. A mildew, Microsphara Alni, Winter, is common on the leaves of Alnus incana and Alnus rugosa, and Gnomoniella tubifor- mis, .Saccardo, is frequently found, although rarely in its mature condition, on leaves .jf Alnus AtnobettUa, where it forms discolored spot.1, from which small black spines, the necks of the perithe- cia, project. The common Pyrenomycetea IMatrypella Toccioiana, De Notaris, and Melanconis Alni, Tulasne, frequently infest the brunches of Alnus incana. Of Hymenoniycetous fungi on Alnua may be mentioned, beside the common Tragia crispa, Fries, of Europe, a largo form, Tragia Alni, Pock, peculiar to America, and Cyphella fulva, Berkeley & Itavenel, which appears in the form BETtriiACB. 11 ore into the c. ; De CandolU isiie, Jacquemont DETDLAOE^. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 71 The species of Alnus can be easily raised from seedn,' and the varieties propagated by grafts and layers. Alnus, the classical name of the Alder, was adopted f.>r this genus by Tournefort^ and afterward by Liinneeus, who subsequently united it with Betula. of small woolly cups of brown color on the small branches. The aments of Alnus incana are attacked by two curious fungi, Ezo- aacua amentorum^ Ladebeck, and Eryaiphe aggregata, Farlow ; the former causes some of the scales of the catkins to enlarge so that they project bu ir jh or so in tho form of more or less twisted olub- sliaped or ligulate masses ; the latter forms a white web over the aments, upon which are borne the small black sporangia. ' Cobbett, Woodland!, No. 96. « /n»/. 587, t. 350. CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES. Alnus. Flowers opening in early spring before the unfolding of the leaves from ainents formed the previous year. Stamens, 4. Leaves ovate or elliptical, rusty-pubescent on the lower surface 1. Alnus Orkqona. Leaves oblong-ovate, glabrous or puberulous on the lower surface 2. Alnus tenuifolia. Stamens, usually 2 or 3. Leaves ovate or oval, pale and slightly puberulous on the lower surface 3. Alnus khombifolia. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, pale and sometimes puberulous on the lower surface . 4. Alnus acuminata. Flowers opening in autumn from aments of the year. Leaves oblong, ovate. or obovate, dark green and lustrous above, pale yellow-green below ti. Alnus mabitima. ■' Mm^II 1 i r ;M| Ilil k III li BETULAC Le AluuB O b'jrry, Puciji Alnus n Acad. Betuh Bor.-/. 205 ( iv. ])t. Bull. Betuk Usi diametei is one oJ and a k close, sn or nearl; are slenc •with Loi second i lighter a covered gradual! dentate are coat white hi five incl branche the upp and con terete s' very lat flushed aments in leiigt are abo red-bro very ea quarter and fo filamcn BETULACE^j;. 8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. ALNUS OREQONA. Alder. 78 Leaves ovate or elliptical, rusty-pubescent on the lower surface. AluUB Oregona, Nuttall, Sylva, i. 28, t. 9 (1842), — New- berry, Pacific R. R. Rep. vi r>* iii. 25, 89. — Cooper, PMiflc K. R. Rep. xii. pt. ii. 28, 68. AlnuB rubra, Bongard, Mir., Phys. Math, et Nat. pt. ii. Acad. Sci. St. Pitembciiiy, ii. 162 [Vig. Sitcha) (not Betula-Alnus rubra, Marshall) (1833). — Houker, PI. Bor.-Am. ii. 158. — Spacli, Ann. Sci. Nat. »6t. 2, xv. 205 (Bevisio Betulaceanim). — Endlicher, Geti. Suppl. iv. Jit. ii. 21. — Lyall, Jmir. Linn. Soc. vii. 134. — Kegel, Hull. Soc. Nat. Moac. xxxviii pt. ii. 429 (Qattungen Betula und Alnui) ; De Cat ioUe Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 186. — Torrey, Bot. Wilkei Jixplor. p:x;icU. 407. — Brewer it Watson, Bot. Col. ii. 80. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. XOth Census V. S. ix. 163. — Parry, Bull. Cat. Acad. ii. 351. — Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 285, t. 5. — Dippel, Handb. Laubhohk. ii. 157, f. 77. — Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 114. — Herder, Act. Jlort. Petrop. xii. 73 (PI. Radd.). — Greene, Man. Bot. Bay Region, 298. Alnus inoana, ri rubra, Regel, Nouv. Mhn. Soe. Nat. Mose. xiii. 157, t. 17, f. 3, 4 {Motwgraphia Betulaceanim) (1860). Usually forty or fifty fe st high, with a tall btraight trunk varying from six inches to two feet in diameter, and a narrow pyra .nidal head of slender somewhat pendulous branches, Alnun rubra, which is one of the largest trees r f the genus, often attains the height of eighty feet and forms a trunk three and a half feet through. The bark of the trunk is rarely more than a quarter of an inch thick, and is close, smooth in generfil appearance but roughened with minute wart-like excrescences, and pale gray or nearly white, the tliin outer layci- in separating displaying the bright inner bark. The branchlets are slender and marked with minute scattered pale lenticels, and at first are light green and coated with hoary tomentum which does not entirely disappear, especially from their extremities, until the second season ; during their first winter they are bright red and lustrous, and then gradually grow lighter and ultimately asliy gray. The winter-buds are about one third of an inch long, dark red and covered with pale scurfy pubescence. The leaves are ovate or elliptical, acute at the apex, abruptly or gradually narrowed and wedge-shaped or rounded at the base, and crenately lobed, the lobes being dentate with minute gland-tipped teeth and slightly revolute on the margins ; when they unfold they are coated with pale tomentum, and at maturity are dark green and glabrous, or pilose with scattered white hairs on the upper surface and clothed on the lower with short rusty pubescence, from three to five inches long and from an inch and three quarters to three inches broad, or sometimes on vigorous branches eight or ten inches in length, with broad midribs and primary veins green and impressed on the upper side and orange-colored on the lower, the veins running obliquely to the points of the lobes and connected by conspicuous cross slightly reticulate veinlets ; they are borne on orange-colored nearly terete slightly grooved petioles from one half to three quarters of an inch in length and fall gradually very late in the autumn, or iit the south during the winter. The stipules are ovate, acute, pale green flushed with red, coated with pale tomentum, and from an eighth to a quarter of an inch long. The aments of staminate flowers, whicli are produced in dark red-stemmed racemes from two to three inches in length, first appear at midsummer and are raised on short stout peduncles ; during the winter they are about an inch and a quarter long and an eighth of an inch thick, and are covered with dark red-brown lustrous closely appressed scales, and when they are fully grown and the flowers open in very early spring before the unfolding of the leaves, they are from four to six inches in length and a quarter of an inch in thickness, with ovate acute orange-colored glabrous scales. The calyx is yellow and four-lobed, with ovate rounded lobes rather shorter than the four stamens, which have included filaments and yellow anthers. The pistiflate aments are produced in short racemes, and are usually ! { ill: ' 1 T ' ' ' ?"i! li^ \^ 74 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. BBTULACBA inclosed during the winter in buds which iiit,' furmud during the early summer and open in the spring ; they lire from ono tliird to nearly one hulf of un inch long und uliout one sixteenth of an inch thick, with dark red acute scales and bright red styles. The strobiles are raised on stout orange-colored peduncles sometinies nearly half un inch in length, and lire ovate or oblong, from half an inch to almost an inch long und from one third to one hulf of an inch broud, with truncate scales much thickened toward the a]>ex, and orbicular or obovato nuts surrounded by narrow membranaceous wings. AInus Oregona ranges from Sitka,' where it often clothes mountain sides to elevations of three thousitnd feet above the sea, southward through the islands and coast ranges of British Columbia," und through western Washington and Oregon and the caiions of the California coast runges to those of the Sunht Inez Mount^iins near Santu Barbara. A common tree by the hanks of streams in all this region, Alnua Oriyona grows to its largest size in the neighborhood of Puget Sound, where it springs up on moist soil and forms a considerable part of the forests that cover the banks of streams. The wood of A/iiuh Orefjona is light, soft, brittle and not strong, hut close-grained and easily workcil, with a satiny surface susceptible of receiving a beautiful polish ; it is light brown tinged with red, with thick nearly white supwood, and contains broad distinct medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.4813, ii cubic foot weighing 2i).{)9 pounds. In Washington and Oregon it is now largely used in the manufacture of furniture, and by the Indians of Ahiska the trunks are hollowed into canoes.^ First described from specimens gathered in 1830 in Sitka by Russian collectors, the Oregon Alder had been found in 180^ on the banks of the lower Columbia River by Lewis and Clark.* 1 Ledcbour, Fl. Ross. iii. 656. — Rothrock, Rep. Smithsonian Insl. 1867, 454 (Fl. Alusla). » G. M. Oawsou, Can. Nat. n. Ber. ix. 231. — Macouo, Cat. Can. PI. 437. > Meehan, Proc. PkU. Acad. 1884, 01. * History of the Expedition under the Command of Leioit and Clarh, c(l. Coucs, ii. 08U, TI4, 740. In the Alder uf the lower Colninbia River of Lewis and Clark the two arborescent species of the region are no doubt oon- founded. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. iit Plate CCCCLIV. Alnus Orboona. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. 2. Diagram of a ataminate flower-cluster. 3. Diagram of a pistillate flower-cluster. 4. Scale of a staminate ament, rear view, with flowen, enlarged. 5. A staminate flower, enlarged. 6. Pistillate flowers with their scale, front view, enla.ged. 7. Vertical section of a pistillate flower, enlarged. 8. A fruiting branch, natural size. 9. Scale of a strobile, front view, with nutlets, enlarged. 10. An embryo, enlarged. 11. A winter-bud and leaf-scar, enlarged. 12. Dia^-ram of a leaf-bud. il JETULACK^. the Hpritif^ ; inch tliick, njje-coh)rocl h to alinoHt I thickened ns of tiiree unibiit,' und iiuse uf the thiii region, rings up on and easily tinged with cific gravity and Oregon trunks are •egon Alder { of Leivu and BwU nnd Clark no doubt oon- itt .Mm lit AMhUK A MTTVLACSA Bl ) ' I ti > • ' s i *4 •i " «iM«li are fonrii'il iluriiiK iK< (^arlv Kumiiicr nni) niwn in tb*' K|)r'iti^ ; "K iw* hiilf of All iiu'ii liiii}( .util altiiut lino kuUtutith of nn iiioh thick, xhl rtnl «tYl«>*. Thit »(rt>liilim aro riiiiuHl mi utotit nrMnifo-cHilnrtvt ' «n iiuih in liuijfth, and art< otiiUj or oblitni;, from luUf nii iiii'h to ulmi».t iiTii to Dili- liiitf 'if an inch liro.wl, with truncate M-ahi» milch thickunud oi tilHiv>«t«4 nuU mirrouiiilol h) imrniw nimiiliriiniu't'oiu winj^H. I iN^i'. from iSitka,' whem it uft«u clotheM mountain aiduii to vluvationn of thr(>i> < :4iiiiihwi«rc| lhroii|rh lhi> iil.iiiiiK !iiiiiiiUiii« utmr SantM Darluira. A coinniun trtw hy th«* l>ankjt of utrouiuit in all thiit rA^)ijoni' uttt'i* to itH larKf^t him* in tht- iiiriif>t>t that covtir ihv h.inkt of iitr(>aniK. 'I'lui wood of Ahum Ortijona w lijfht, i.'>f(, l>r^ttlo and not «tronf(, but closi-jfrained and easily «t.rli(Kl, with a Mtiny nurfooii iiuiiy luyH. The Hixicific gravity (»f thr iLiiDliitciy dry w(M>d is O.lJSl.'l, a -■ ^ . ■ • ; .■ In Waidiinf^ton and Orejjou V UrK«lT UMxl ill thn niani]tiM}turt> w«^l into eainnt*.' Kir»t dtwcribod from itpfi-imfnN giitbnri>'i v • '•*• IluMian rotlrctorH, the (iic>{oii Abler H»d bc«oar, Ft. Ret. iii. •'-■■'l - li.ii!.r,:.> :i,i, \«.jj„ .J I|II7, 1M (n Atathi) > «: M. l)mwi.-.. ■•-' V- ' MmImui, ;'r«-. /'*W. U'"l iv+l I -.1, TIM, 7-1' < rUrk fTPLANATION 09 THI 'J. :- 10. .-., 11. A».. • 12. Dia,;i. ^f»rii, oDlargetL 'tUiged. -^ n Silv*. of North Am«no» T«h CCCCIJV. IT^^^-^• m.'i C K.Fturvn aW Htifiintf jr . ALNUS OREGONA.Nuti , / /fuuri'UV t/ifrKrf /nw.. /. 7ii>ifti/\ Pitri.c. 1 m BETULACl AlnuB te 9Alnu8 i Alnus in Mosc. (1861) tungen xvi. pt. Alton) Can, 1 ? Alnus f A 1 spreadin; in habit, four or i red-b^o\^ branchle and coat or ashy and lose red pubi or occas lobes, at are lighl tomentu and glal half inc running colored half an staminai in lengt winter 1 about a unfoldii which ( apiculat and wh( length, or sligh Ai ' II BETULACGiB. SILVA OF NORTH AMEIilCA. 76 ALNUS TENXnFOLIA. Alder. Leaves ovate-oblong, glabrous or puberulous on the lower surface. AlnuB tenuifolia, Nuttall, Sylva, i. 32, t. 10 (1842). 9 Alnus incana, /?, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 157 (1839). Alnus incana, a glaiica, Regel, Nouv. Mim. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xiii. 154 (Monographia Betulacearum) (in part) (1861) i Bull. Soo. Nat. Mosc. xxxviii. pt. ii. 433 {Gat- tungen Betula und Alnua) (in part) j Da Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 189 (in part). — Watson, Kin.j's Sep. v. 323 (not Aiton) ; PI. Wheeler, 17. — Macoun, Jiep. Oeolog. Suru. Can. 1875-76, 210. — Rothrock, Wheeler's Rep. vi. 239. ? Alnus seriulata, p rugosa, Kegel, Bull, Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxxviii. pt. ii. 433 (Gattungen Betula und Alnus) (1865) ; De Ca7idolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 188 (in part). Alnus viridis? Cooper, Am. Nat. iii. 408 (1869). Alnus incana, var. virescens, Watson, Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. ii. 81 (1880). — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 165. ? Alnus rhombif olia, Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 438 (not Nut- taU) (1883). ? Alnus occidentalis, Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. ii. 158, f. 78 (1892). — Koehnc, Deutsche Dendr. 114. A tree, occasionally thirty feet tall, with a trunk six or eight inches in diameter, and slender spreading slightly pendulous branches which form a narrow round-topped head ; or more often shrubby in habit, with several spreading stems, and at the north and at high elevations frequently not exceeding four or five feet in height. The bark of the trunk is noi more than a quarter of an inch thick, light red-brown, generally smooth but broken on the surface into small closely appressed scales. The branchlets are slender, and when they first appear are marked with a few large orange-colored lenticels and coated with fine pale or rusty caducous pubescence ; during theii- first winter they are light brown or asliy gray and more or less deeply flushed with red, and in their second season gradually grow paler and lose their lenticels. The winter-buds are from a quarter to a third of an inch in length, with brigiit red puberulous scales. The leaves are ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate, broad and rounded or cordate, or occasionally abruptly narrowed and wedge-shaped at the base, usually laciniately lobed, with acuce lobes, and doubly serrate with nearly triangular spreading gland-tipped teeth ; when they unfold they are light green often tinged with red, pilose on the upper surface and coated on the lower with pale tomentum, and at maturity they are thin and firm, dark green and glabrous above, pale yellow-green and glabrous or puberulous below, from two to four inches long and from one and a half to two and a half inches wide, with stout orange-colored midribs impressed on the upper side, slender primary veins running to the points of the lobes, rather conspicuous cross veinlets, and stout slightly grooved orange- colored petioles from half an inch to an inch in length. The stipules are ovate, acute, thin and scarious, half an inch long, about an eighth of an inch wide, and coated with pale pubescence. The aments of staminate flowers, three or four in number, are borne in slender-stemmed racemes about three inches in length, and are nearly sessile, or are raised on stout peduncles often half an inch long ; during the winter they are naked, light purple, from three quarters of an inch to almost an inch in length and about a (luarter of an inch thick, and when they are grown to fuU size and the flowers open with the unfolding of the leaves they are from an inch and a half to two inches long. The pistillate aments, which during the winter are naked, dark red-brown, and nearly a quarter of an inch long, with acute apiculate loosely imbricated scales, enlarge slightly in early spring before the appearance of the styhis ; and when fully grown the strobiles are ovate-oblong and from one third to one half of an inch in length, with scales that are much tliickened und truncate or three-lobed at the apex, and nearly circular or slightly obovate nuts surrounded by thin membranaceous margins. Alnus tenuifolia inhabits the banks of streams and mountain canons, and is distributed from the 1 ^ r ■ii;:' .l;< f \ 4 15^ T 76 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. BETULACE^. = ( ! shores of Kicking Horse Lake' to the valley of the lower Fraser River in British Columbia, and southward through the Rocky Mountains to northern New Mexico, to the Sierra Nevada of southern California, and to Lower California.' In the northern interior region of the continent it is the common Alder by mountain streams ; it is very abundant on the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains and of the California Sierras, and forms great shrubby thickets six or seven thousand feet above the sea along the head-waters of the rivers of southern California which flow to the Pacific Ocean ; it is the common Alder of eastern Washington and Oregon, Idaho and Montana, and is very abundant in Colorado and northern New Mexico, where it grows to its largest size, often lining the banks of streams. The wood, which has not been examined scientifically, is sometimes used for fuel. Almis tenuifoJla was first distinguished by Thomas Nuttall,' who, in 1834, found it, during his journey across the continent, by the banks of small streams on the Blue Mountains of Oregon. Subse- quently it was considered a variety of Alnus incamt, the Speckled Alder of the northeastern part of the continent, but this differs from it in its thicker and less pointed rarely lobed leaves, pale and pubescent on the lower surface, its darker bark, and the conspicuous persistent white spots that cover its branches. ' Macoun, Cat Can. PI. 438 {Alnxu incana, Tar. vireaceru). ' Brandegee, Zoe, it. '210 {Alnus incana, Tar. viracens). ' See ii. 34. fl EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Plate CCCCLV. Aln-us tenuifolia. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. ' 2. Scale of a staminate ament, rear vievr, enlarged. A staminate flower, enlarged. Pistillate flowers with their srale, front view, enlarged. A fruiting branch, natural size. Scale of a strobile, enlarged. A nut, enlarged. 8. A winter-bud, natural size. :3 m I :ccLv. A... j: It N *. J/ ALNUS TENUIFOLIA 76 or .vonrri amehica. UETULACEvK. nJfor a*.. ' l-> till- vail.') ol the lower PrsuMir River in British Cobauliui, and s'l' ■ V Mfiintiiins to northern New Mk-xii'-o. U) the Sierra Novaiti of Houtherii jfornia,' In tlio northern iiit«nor region oC the continent it \a thi? common ■ i is very obunilant on the e;i»U.Tn slopes of the Ciscafle Mountains and • ; ;>iJ (.jiiiis gr»>at shruhliy lliickets six or seven thonaand feet iibove the scii > hmi^mt^litm *! t*. of wutb-ro California which How to the Piwific Ocean ; itia the ! 1 It* w**t«rti W,4aliingl* Oregon. Suhi« fjuently it wiis consi.iered » variety of A/mm inmnn, tlie Sjietkl^d Alder of the r ) lieaatern part of th« eoutinent, but thi^ differa from it in its thicker and bss pointed rarely lobed leaves, pale aiid pub«*(-«nt on the lower fturface, its darker bark, ami the conspicuous persistent white spots that cover iN bwiH'lfw* ■< Sm ii. 34. 'i ' t i I \ -V \ \ i I Vmtj; CCCCI.'v 1. A a6*rCTmg hranc! 2. Sf»i» iiif tt staniiniiir 3. A i.Mmi«at« ftn»r- - .'>. A (rattiiig tnuwh. 6, ^nuM ol i» <)trokiiis, T ,A tim. cnisrgtxt Silva of North America,. Tab.CCCCLV. ^V''"'V""i-'-i, ( f I'. I I ; ) ■'! ' ;|. I ii I :! (\K.Ftur/ . Mapii ALNUS TENUIFOLIA.Null,, A.iiu>cy'on*i' diiv^'i f'nf/. ./ 'J'ti/UHiT. /'arut. U 1 . ■ PJi'^' i;' I' ^ If i ■ I if 1, _ ^' ■ - i ■•■•' BETULACEiB. 8ILVA OF NOItTH AMERICA. 77 ALNUS BHOMBIFOLIA. Alder. Leaves ovate or oval, pale and slightly puberulous on the lower surface. Stamens usually 2. AlnuB rhombifolia, Nuttall, Sylva, i. 33 (1842). — Torrey, Bot. Wilket Explor. Exped. 467. — Brewer CMOAfle Mout* uf Wnnhiii^tou iiud NiiiitlieiixtHni Orcp^oii, Mouthworil thrnuKli ' '■•tn' ih«* wohUtii h!()i><-h o( tliH Sierrii Nuviubi, whii-h it aHiciiitii U> ftt't nliore the Iovl'I nf the mt siroii)^, hiittlt-, and I'lufi'-ijriiiii' >; , ii i.i Ujjlit j < I'l, tvliidi iM ofti'ti iii'iu'ly wliilt*, iiuil contuiuH nuinprouit ult»n it« lou)^ ^oKloii 8taruiiiaU> iinx'iitH, Imngin;; oii Hlth«Kl in thu wHt(> 'rhotn&^ Niittitll in 18<'{/> in the n(ti^hborhout aliovo the sea-levol, itloiig ttie banks 'of atreama with Willowd, miiiori in the luoimtHiu iiaooiis of northern Mexico, and rang! - .1,1 Amorica U> (iifc .Vmlea ot t'eru, whore tlie 8j)e«jit;s was tiiseoverii from M«iiio rnngle, No. 4361, Vallrj »f Mexico. — Nelson, N.> U>56, Iluaju- \) \>y ibe fnigni««iiU preiK^rvud paJi. H<3ltor luiuwiedg<; tbuu i^ now obUiimbW with re^ni tu the . '• >«. The folluvriug, liowever, Mexican itnd Ceulral Amoriciui Aldcni umy fihnw tUil Cb« tyKciea y. I f[>' t-ne of Nt^w Mexico luid Aritoua.: of hnrtiiem Mitxiot- ':» distinct fn>nj tbe A»iic-»u Aluu» or'iir.iHaUi, ^t Sloi\f> — Luttiholtj, No. Hi'?, Sierra in wlii;;!i r»si: lhi> ntune f.ir thin tree would itjipear tu b« Ainu% 't' Michoft^an, neM Patrx'uutK- ^)fikmf/t/oiui .■ i'LATE. I'l,.-, ri 1. A fiowcrinf li. . 2. Seti'' ai » jtDM 4. V: r>. A . 6. S.-^. 7. A uiu ■ -.Lirgtid. P Silva of North America. Tab. CCCCLVII. M'^ r./L.F,i.,;»l ,/,■/. N.„ ALNUS ACUMINATA. H H K. A./i'iii,/vfi.r .///>',/■ ^. Intp. ./, 7'tineuf\ PfiruT i 11 •1 nil I; in F 1 I Ti r ■• iii' '1 BBTULAC Le. below. AlnuB n Canby 270.- ix. 16! Forest Wateo Act. I. Betular.^ At and slen numeroi eighth c slender summer orangec reddish slightly scurfy p acuminc with mi they un above covered inch an and ma stout gi one hal inch loi year, th leaves, early inl with ov the ape in leng scales stamen I aments green betweei BBTULACSiE. 8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 81 ALNUS MARITIMA. Seaside Alder. Leaves oblong, ovate or obovato, dark green and lustrous above, pale yellow-green below. Flowers autumnal. Alnus maritima, Nuttall, Syloa, i. 34, t 10 bis (1842).— Canby, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1864, 18; Bot. Gaxette, vi. 270. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. Wth Census U. S. ix. 162 (excl. hab. Manchuria and Japan) ; Oarden and Forest, iv. 268, f. 47. — Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 185. — Watson & Coulter, Qray's Man. ed. 6, 473. — Herder, Act. Hort. Petrop. xii. 73 (PI. Radd.) (excl. y arguta). BetulorAlnus maritima, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 20 (1786) Alnus oblongata, Regel, N'juv. Mini. Soe. Nat. Mote. ziii. 171, t. 6, i. 3-9 (Monographia Betulacearum) (in part) (not Willdenow) (1860). — Dippel, Handb. Laubhohk. ii. 151. — Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 113. Alnus maritima, a typioa, Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxxviii. pt. ii. 427 (Gattiaigen Betula und Alnus) (1866) ; Z>e CandolU P^odr. xvi. y ii. 186. A tree, occasionally thirty feet in height, with a tall straight trunk four or five inches in diameter, and slender spreading branches which form a narrow round-topped head ; or more often shrubby, with numerous slender spreading stems fifteen or twenty feet high. The bark of the trunk is about an eighth of an inch thick and is smooth and light brown or brown tinged with gray. The branchlets are slender and slightly zigzag, and when they first appear are light green and hairy ; during '-heir first summer they are pale yellow-green, very lustrous, slightly puberulous, marked with occasional small orange colored lenticels, and covered with minute dark glandular dots ; they turn duU Ught orange or reddish brown in the winter, when the pale lenticels become rather conspicuous, and ashy gray often slightly tinged with red in the following season. The buds are acute, dark red, coated with pale lustrous scurfy pubescence, and about a quarter of an inch long. The leaves are oblong, ovate or obovate, acute, acuminate o. rounded at the apex, gradually narrowed and wedge-shaped at the base, remotely serrate with minute incurved glandular teeth, and somewhat thickened on the slightly undulate margins ; when they unfold they are light green tinged with red, hairy on the midribs, veins, and petioles, and coated above with pale scurfy pubescence ; and when fully grown they are dark green, very lustrous, and covered with minute pale glandular dots on the lower surface, three or four inches long and from an inch and a half to two inches wide, with stout yellow midribs and primary veins which are prominent and marked with dark glands above and are slightly puberulous below, coarse reticulate veinlets, and Blout grooved yellow glandular puberulous petioles flattened and grooved on the upper side, and from one half to three quarters of an inch in length. The stipules are oblong, acute, about an eighth of an inch long, dark reddish brown, and caducous. The flower aments appear in July on branches of the year, the staminate in short scurfy pubescent glandular punctate racemes from the axils of the upper leaves, and the pistillate usually solitary from those of lower leaves, and are fully grown in August or early in September, when the flowers expand. While they are growing the staminate aments are covered with ovate acute dark green and very lustrous scales slightly ciliate on the margins and furnished at the apex with minute red points, and at maturity they are from one and a half to two and a half inches in length and from one quarter to nearly one half of an inch in thickness, with dark orange-brown scales raised on slender stalks from an eighth to a quarter of an inch long, and bright orange-colored stamens, and are borne on slender peduncle^ sometimes a third of an inch in length. The pistillate aments are raised on stout pubescent peduncles, and before opening are bright red at the apex and light green below, with ovate acute scales slightly ciliate on the margins ; when the styles protrude from between the scales the aments are about an eighth of an inch long ; during the autumn and winter they i i!i! 82 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. BETULACE^B. ' it Yr !(ii i :\\ do not enlarge, but early in the spring begin to grow, and attain their full size at midsummer, when they are broadly ovate, rounded and depressed at the base, gradually narrDwed to the rather obtuse apex, about five eighths of an inch long and half an inch broad, with thin broadly obovate dark green and very lustrous scales slightly thickened and crenately lobed at the apex, which is now often tinged with brown and from which the withered styles still protrude ; they are borne on stout glandular pubescent peduncles about a third of an inch in length, and turn dark reddish brown or nearly black and open late in the autumn, remaining on the branches until after the flowers unfold in the following year. The nut is oblong-obovate, gradually narrowed, and apiculate at the apex, with a thin membranaceous border. Abuts maritima inhabits the banks of streams and ponds in the southern part of the peninsula of Delaware and Maryland, growing usually near but not immediately upon the seacoast ; it also occurs in the centre of the peninsula, being abundant on the banks of the Nanticoke River near Seaford, Delawpre, where it flourishes with the Sour Gum, the Red Maple, the Bald Cypress, the White Cedar, and other swamp trees at the head of tide-water, and on the Wicomico River near Salisbury in Mary- land. It also grows on the banks of the Red River in the Indian Territory.' The wood of Alnus maritima is light, soft, and close-grained ; it is light brown, with thick hardly distinguishable sapwood, and contains nuuierous broad conspicuous medullary rays. The specifio gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.4996, a cubic foot weighing 31.13 pounds. Alnus maritima was introduced into cultivation by Mr. Thomas Meehan,'' by whom it was sent in 1878 to the Arnold Arboretum, where it is hardy and flowers and fruits abundantly. Its brilliant foliage and its bright golden staminate aments, hanging in September from the ends of the slender leafy branches, make it at that season of the year an attractive ornament for parks and gardens. * Alma maritima woa diacovered on the Red River on Jal; 10, 1872, by Mr. Elilm Hall (Plania Tezantt, No. 612). ' Thomas Meehan was born at Potter's Bar, a village near Bamet on the borders of Middlesex, England, on the 4th of March, 182G. From his father, who for nearly half a century was gardener to Colonel Francis Vernon-Harcourt at the Castle of St. Clare in the Isle of Wight, he learned the art of gardening, and then, after two years' service in the Royal Gardens at Kew, came to America in his twenty-second year on the invitation of Mr. Robert Buist, the Phila- delphia florist. In 1853 Mr. Mcohan established the nursery in Germantown which he still carries on and which has been a most important factor in increasing the cultivation of American trees and shrubs. For fifteen years Mr. Meehan was one of the editors of Fomey'i Pros, and for many years the editor of The Gardener'n Monthly, the principal horticultural journal of its time in the United States. In 1878 he began the publication of the Native Flowers and Ferns of the United States, a work illustrated with chromo-lithographs, of which four volumes appeared. This in 1891 was followed by Meehan's Monthly, A Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and Kiiuired Subjects. Mr. Meehan has long taken a promi- nent part in the mnnngeroent of the affairs of his adopted city, serving as one of the Board of School Directors and as a member of the City Councils ; and it is through his intelligence and zeal that Philadelphia luis secured the small parks which are now scattered through the city. Active also in the management of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the records of Mr. Meehan'a numerous observations upon the habits of plants are found scat- tered through the printed pages of its Proceedings. For many years he served the State Boa-xl of Agriculture as professor of botany. Mr. Meehan has taken a permanent place in the horti- culture of the second half of the nineteenth century in hia adopted country. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Platk CCCCLVIII. ALNU.S maritima. 1. A flowering ami fruiting brancli, natural size. 2. Staminate flowers witli their scale, side view, enlarged. 3. Pistillate! flowers with their scale, front view, enlarged. 4. Scale of a strobile, rear view, enlarged. 5. Scale of a strobile, front view, with nuts, enlarged. 6. A nut, enhirtjoil. 7. Vertical section of u nut, enlarged, 8. A winter brancli, natural size. \ X \ \ N.. \ K^-^ \ ->~^ N, ) m, "*v~ V AL;^'JS MAR.TIM/ n I ^1 I' H2 SILVA OF NOKTU AMERICA. nKTL'I.A( K » do imK tnitt- t^x' spnu]; Ixtgin U> giow, ami wttaiii liifir full mm Ht niidftumtnir, whon Ux-^ iw« hru«4t« 'I >uii) (leprewed at thf '•'i>4<, f^nniu.tily narrowbd to the ruthor ubtutM> Hp«>t jl,,. : ■ iiiJ h»Jf xTt \,A> iirorti], with thin bnWly olH>v»lti dark ^enx ■.\u v eil at th« apex, wliii'h m nuw otuni tin^^d \>i' ^ it>l>w iitili |jrulrud)i ; lliey Hre borne on »t<>ut ({landuliir |)ubo8i.-i'i «it luiti lit It'iii^tb, mid turn diirk rcildlHb liniwp or i - ' >> niid o|h > •..jiir i.-n the branidiea uutd aftor the tlowurs unlold iai '. .. •*'">» y-'*" iifdJy narn>wed, aud uptculiiU> at thu apox, with a thin mitiul>r;ii)aceou- I' i.ililK die liuuks of sLjetilii^ ^iil'i jhiuiIm hi iIh- .-mmliciii jian ul ihii jirniu-^iila -n i, i^rowinj^ iiiiuiil)'' .iM.r hi.', not iiiiro«diutcly ujm)'i tin- seiU'o.wt ; it hJ'» n, Mitrv- it n\m grows on the banki< of u.t; Kel 4MI11SJ1ICUOUS ini'diillary rays. Tlif hpocific *' fo-it wviirhintr 'U.l.'J pounds. ■ Mir. Miwhan,'' by whom it wa« wnt in ' fniitjj abundantly. lt« liriMiant 1 . ' ■'■T from tlii> ends of i(ip siiiidcr k>»i\ branches, make it at that HMMon "f tiw v««r ao i>t< iiaiiiunt for parks and garden ' Aimt wmrUitna wu ducarvrwl on Ih- isre, b^ Mr Klihii Ha'.l (PUirU.^ Tetnw * Thnina* MflctiAn wiu born ftt PoUcr's '■ ito tb(^ bitrtlKpi of Middlesex. KufifUnd. uu V'luiB hii (ail»r, wko tur nMuly hAlt a Colnml Knutoia Vtinion-Hw«nin st the < < lale of Wight, lin lL*jirn«d tlif^ urt of fptrU.-. jfvan' »«rvioe in th« Royal Ganlcna «i R-» twrnty-Kcoiid year 'It ihe invitation iif Mr ;: ilal|ibi« florist In l»53 Mi MiM^haii r;:. 0«rinnntoirn which bo itill liurriaa 4*u and iiti|K)rtaut factor in iurTmitn;.; thorultivii!" «bn)l)s. For flftorn yeara Mr. Mci>bfln wax >> .i'vmtft Presw, and tor loauj yertrj tbti rdu^. Menlklf, tb« principal horticultural jniurj ' t'nit*d States. In 1S78 b* barad. Thia in 1801 I . - H-mlhlti. A yttit/iuinf <\f //'»rti>N.'lt*r*, /iiAi*i.ageinciit of Ibo iilTiira of hm af wliieh ubout thirty are known, are Hhritbii or mnnll treeH, imd are widely ('ieH are diNtiniruiMheiite7. — (iililiiiiel, Willdenov & lliiyiio, .Ihhilil. Dmhth. Wn/;. ii. ;i«<), t. '.IK). — Boiigiird, /.' .. I'kyn. Malh. el Sal. pi. ii. Arwl. Sri. Si. I'krrtluniry, ii. 16'J (V.'g. Si(rA(i). — IIiHikor, Fl. lUir.-.im. ii. ItH). — Ileichiiibacb, /i-wj. /•'/. fiemrnn. li. IK), t. tlLH). — Ledoboiir, /•'/. Ilm.). iii. «fll. — Miui- iiiowict, M('m. Arait. Sri. Si. I'Uerslioiirfi, \x. i'i9 (I'rim. Fl, .■Imiir.). — C. dc Cuiidolle, /. r. — F. iSchiiiiilt, Mrm. Amil. Sri. Si. P^lernlmitri/, ti^T. 7, xii. 175 (Hfiseti im Amur-Laittle). — Willkuiiiin & Liiiif^e, Prmir. Fl. Uispau. i. *JiJ4 ; .Suppl. 57. — Mucoun, (\it. Can. Ft. 1;M. — Wat«un & Coulter, liraif, Man. ed. 0, 400. — Kurz, li(nnIon, .1 rh. liril. iv. 20.VJ. — Bcringer, .-Im. Jour. Fharm. Uvi. 220) ; and gukvoil with a pleas- ant bulsa'uic (Htor and styptic llavor is distilled from them (.Spons, Fncyclt>piW. ii. C92. . f Myrira etri/rm humilit, Manhall, Arhuil. Am. (Hi (1785). Myrira rerifera, g lalifnlia, Alton, Uitrl. New. iii. 30(1 (1780). Myriitt Peiuiylvnnira, Ivoisfdeur-DesIongcbainpN, Noui'eau Iht' hamrl, ii. lOO, t. 55 (1802 ?). - Desfontaines. Hinl. Arh. ii. 472. — Furth, /. c. — Sprengel, Synl. i. 403. — llaHnestpie, /. r. 10. — 8pach, /. r. 202. — ri('ii.' Onu H|M!ciL>NMiiliuliitH tho Atlitntii; IhIiukIh and NouthouNtvrii Fiiiropi' ; th(> (;•'■>">* l"^'* ""vnrul ri'iircMJiitittivcH in Houthcrn Afrint,' iiiiil in foiind in Miidii^iiHCiir * iind AI)yHMiniii,'' Hoiitlicrn AHiit,* tlui Miklityiin AruhiiwIiiKo,' tliu I'licitic iNlitndH," and (/liinu nnd Japan.* Myricu exiMtud in North Amorit'u and in Kui'ii|hi during tliu iTi'tuciMinH p«ri)d, iind the tertiary rocks of Kuropu hIiow what aro l><>lit-vi>d to U) till) ruiiiainM of a ^ri^at niinihur of HpBcitm. In Nortli Ainurica tlu; nunilx-r of HpccicN m'vmn to huvu in(Tt*ittu>d Hluwiy, and it w only in tlie Park* and Green Iliver ^^roupH of tlie upper tertiary period that numerouH forniH appear with Muvcral HjMicieH referable to the seution Coniptoniu, now re|)reHente(l by a Hin)(le livinjf HpecieH of eaHtern Nortli America.'" Wax is obtained from the exiidationH of the fruit of oeveral HpecieH," especially from that of the North American Mi/riat (•crifirn and Afi/rlm CitroHnU'imiH, the South American Afi/rica piibegretiH,''' and the south African M;/ric(t cordijhiiii." The bark of Myrica in aHtrin^ont'* and is somctimeB imed as ' lluiiibulilt, 1Iiiii|iIhiiiI & Kuiitli, ,V»i'. dm. n .S/zrc. ii, 1(1. — Kuiith, .Vyn. /'/. .fi./iiin. i. :I01. — lleiithniii, /'/. Ilarlirtg. 71, 1B7, 'iai, -MO, ;iM. — Marti'iM & (ialnotti, Hull. Acuil. llrux. i. pt. ii. i:VI. — llitniilvy, Hill. Itiot. Am. Crnt. iii. KVI. » Myricu Fayn, Aiton, Ihirl. Krw. iii. ;)((7 (1780). — Hriitero, I'l. Lmitan. i. 211. — Nouveau Dukanul, ii. IIH, t. 50. — C. de Caii- di>ll<-, I'rtxlr. xvi. pt ii. 1S2. — Willkuiiim & Ungo, I'rodr. h'l. Hupan. \. 'i'Si. h'liyann Aii)ricn, Il«flno«|ue, Ahograiik. Am. 12 (1838). Fayn fngiffra, Webb & lierthelot, Pkytogr. Canar, Met. iii. 27'J, t. ■iia(lHJJU). • Tbunberg, Fl. Cap. od. Sohultes, 163. — Chsminao, Linnaa, vi. ct;. • Mirbel, Mem. Mm. ziv. 474, t. 28, f. 1. — Bakor, Jour. Linn. Siie. XX. 267. • A. Kichard, TfnI. Fl. Aliyn. ii. 277. • Hooker f. /■/. lirit. Iml. v. 597. ' Blimie, liijilr. Ft. Neil. Ind. 617 ; Fl. Jav. iii. 6. — Miquel, H. Iml. Bat. i. 871. " Kolfe Jimr. Linn. Sue. xxi. HIO. • Bciithani. ^V. Hongk. .122. — Kraiiohet & .S.vatier, Enum. PI. Jiip. i. 45-1. — llitnrc, Jour. Ilol. xxi. 357. '» Le«(iiicrciix, Hep. U. S. Ueuhij. Sun', vii. 120, t. 10, f. ;H0 ; t. 17, f. 5-15. 17 ; t. ttJ, f. 1 ; t. (K, f. 7-0 ; viii. 1 15, t. 25, f. 1-0, 15 ; t. 20, f. 1-14 i t. ;i-', f. 8-18 ; t. 4.".', f. 10-15 (Conlrih. Fimil FL W. TerritnrieM, ii., iii.). — .Saporta, Oriijine Faliontohijique dvs Arbrex, 110. — Zittel, llundh. Palirimtnlng. ii. 452. " Myrica wax in obtained by Ijuiling thu fruit and straining the supt-rimtant wax through cotton clotb. Formerly largely niannfac- tured duuieHtieally and used in the United .States fur illuininatiug, it in now rarely madu in thitt country, and in probably employed only tt the year 1722, 11. .See, also, an article on Un Arbriueau iVAme'riipie qui parte de la cire, Ibid. 1825, p. 39. In 17.'>8 Lepage du I'rmtz publiihed in his Histoire de la Lnuisiane (ii. 30) an account of .Myrica wax, in which he declared that " Le cirior est un des plus grands liiens dont la Nature ait cnrichi la Louisiane, ot'i les .\beilles n'ljtahlissent en terre, pour mettre lenri trdsors tk convert des ravages des Ours ipii en sunt tr^s friands, & qui craignent peu leurs pi) ; in Japan an astringent pigment obtained from the bark is eni])loyed to color and preserve ftsh-nets (Kcin, Industries of Japan, 177). 1 Wallieh, Tent. Fl. Nepal. m,i. 4r. (18'.M). — C. de Candolle, Protlr. xvi. pt. ii. lo2. — Brandis, t. c. — (tainble, Afan. /ndian Tim- bers, ;Htl. Myrira Farquhariana, Wallieh, l. c. 01 (1824). — C de Can- dolle, /. .-. Myrica integrijhlia, Roxbnrgh, Fl. Ind. ed. 2, iii. 70.5 (18112). — C. de Candolle, /. r. 151. .Mt/rica nihra, Siebold & Zuccarini, Abhand. :ihid. Miinch. iv. 23. 13 pounds. Mijr'iQu ceri/era was first described in IGOl by Plukenet in the J'hi/tof/raphia.'' ' Myrica ceri/era was coUtscted near IViint Lookout on the shores of Conilield Harbor, Marvlaiid, in 18{>l, hy Mr. Kubort Ridgway. '•' Myricu ceri/tra was ('oUected near Uoekport, on Aransas Hay, in 189.1, by Mr. ,1. KeveriOion. ' Mijrica cerifera was eoUeeted in Bermuda by C. S. Sargent in May, 1891. * Urban, Hot. Jahrh. iv. 3.")8. • Afyrira rrri/era, y pwniln, Miehaux, Fl. Hur.-Am. ii. 228 (180,'i). — I'urali, Fl. Am. .Sipl. ii. «•_'(). — London, Arli. liril. iv. SiOJS. — Chapman. Fl. 427. Mitrica cerifcrat 3, Willduuuw, Spec. iv. pt. ii. 710 (not Liunuius) (ISO.")). Mi/riea sessili/olia, Raflnesque, Ahograph, Am, 10 (1838). Myrica i»uiUla, Raflnesque, /. r. 10 (1838). " 'f'Mte ('. Mohr. ' Myrtns. lirahantictr .fimiViV, Caroliniftt.ti.t liacaita,fructu racertwso .» '.isiVi mmopyretin, I. 18, f. 9 ; ,ilm. Hot. 2(iO. — Catcsby, Nal. Ilisl. Car. i. 09, t. 69. Myrica foliis lanceolatix./ructu baccato, I.iininMis, Ilorl. Cliff. 4.'>5 ; Hort. Upa. 295. — Clayton, Fl. Virgin. 120. — Roycn, Fl. Leyil. I'rixir. 527. Gale Myrtiu lirahautietK similii Caroliniensis baccata fntctn race- moso semli Mimopireno. Duhamel, Traite des Arbres, i. 254. Myrica (.tcu) Myrtii.t (brabantica similif) Jloriilana, haccifera, ImC' ci.H .^esuiii.i ; fructu cer\fero, Ronnuis, Nat. Iliit. Fhrida, 28. '■ , I tICACE*. imewhat ide, and with a ng year, during lies, the ing, and of the long as inged at id stout- iirrowed ipens in in the tiighth lie waxy testa. he Gulf ssippi to rids, y- ceri/era company 3r-Ioving . As a 1, and in tna, and i brown, ravity of 838). u racemoso Nal. Hist. Cliff. 405 ; Ft. Le^l. nirtu race- 4. ^ i| •f: ''%kili !• li !:• i :l i 1 i . 1 [ ' » li ■ EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Plate CCCCLIX. Myrica cERirRRA. 1. A flowering branch o{ the staininate tree, natural size, 2. A flowering branch o( tlie pistillate tree, natural size. 3. Diagram of a dtaminatc Hower. 4. Diagram oi a pistillate Hower. 5. A staminate flower with its scale, rear view, enlarged. 6. A pistillate flower with its scale, front view, enlarged. 7. A pistillate flower with its scale, enlarged. 8. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 9. Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged. 10. A fruiting branch, natural size. 11. Verticid section uf a fruit, enlarged. 12. An embryo, much inagnifled. 13. A sterile branch of the dwarf form. I! ■ t ^ V '«1^^ > m\>', Siil ' HI in MYRir/^ )■ .£' ';!^:i' iif «: fi Ji' > I EXVi.. '•!!■ I'LATE. I'lATK ' . f ■:1FKB», 1. \ Howcrin;; • ' -. iiaturni kizo '» A, riiiirn-i',^.- t „' itulurai aiie. ■ I ihnt-ram iif * «j • 4 LHagmm of b fnv .< r. \ .I "f M./rini l/iii.'frii hoM uc»» f>w;n »'X;niuiiinl. ^^^ j,j AncI !i**ar Poplarvillp, Mi^iHsippi, Octolwr 18, (>*W, by l>r. L'su- Myrka inedom »u (otimJ bom swwkti*. .\)»h»m», thitubrr 10, Molir \ v EXPIJVNATION OF I'lIK 1'I,A1T^ r. !> 1 . A rtowerir.^ 2. A lloworins bf^" 3. A "tjimmiilc How- . 4. A »!iiitni)»tf Ho*. . 5. PwulUt* ttowen wiU' i -. 6. Vcrti*'«i *e«li«m of a p"-" 7. A (ruiUtii; briuit'.)ii lovtu 8. Vftrlicat Mwtiua <»i ;• i i 9. A /ie«r. Cm Silva of North America. Tab. CCrCLX. (\yj;i.,:.'i ,.',-1. X'.y>,.;uc.f ..r. MYRICA INODORA.W. Bartr. A.li!,:-r,i,.r ./in:i'. .'■ri/>..'. .':»i,'i,r- P,ui.r. I " !' r i li' I ! . J f i ■ H . H" 1 :k: i If i« •*' li ^J. -^- UYRIC dark Myrioi Jet Ho< Voy vii. n. 1 short the n( or foil thickn stout, dark i much lenf-bi acute fuUy, acute, dccuri coatee grown lower two midril revok fragrt cicute are si wliicli of th( an ini amen with are o stame are d » Til the ste UYRICACEiE. 8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. MYRIOA OALIPORNIOA. Wax Myrtle. 93 Leaves lanceolate-cuneate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, coriaceous^ dark green and lustrous, puberulous on the lower sui-fuce. Myrioa Oalifornl'sa, Chamisao, Linncea, vi. 636 (1831). — Jentham, Fl. Hartweg. 336 ; Bot. Voy. Sulphur, 66 Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 160. — Hooker & Amott, Bot. Voy. Beeohey, 390. — Lindley, Jmir. Land. Hart. Soe. vii. 282, f. — Torrey, Pacifie B. R. Bep. iv. pt. v. 137 j Bot. Wilkes Exjilor. Exped. 465. — Newberry, Pacifie R. B. Rep. vi. pt. Ui. 89. — Cooper, Pacific R. R. R^j.. xii. pt. ii. 68. — C. de CandoUe, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 153. — Hall, Bot. Oaxette, ii. 93. — Brewer & Watoon, Bot. Cat. ii. 81. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10 See ii 90. ' See ii. 04. > See ii. 39. * Hybrids between tbii tree luid the shrubby Myrica Caroliniauu have been raised at Santa Rosa, California, by Mr. Luther Bur- bank. (See Uurbank, New Cnationt in FruU) and Floioen, June, 1894, 27, f.) EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Plate CCCCLXL Myrica Californica. 1. A flowering branch, natural size. 2. A staininate flower with its scale and bractlets, front view, enlarged. 3. A staininate flower with its scale and bractlets, rear view, enlarged. 4. A pistillate flower with its scale and bractlets, front view, enlarged. r>. Vertical section of a pistillate flower, enlarged. 6. A fruiting branch, natural size. 7. Vertical section of a fruit, enlarged. 8. Cross section of r. frjit. enlarged. 9. An embryo, much nia^rnified. ' ( '.t .' : -Wn ol K ') 6) ■jY^. Tdb, CCCCIX ^ V^ I- 1 M «< i. , !: 1-:i ■a SUVA oh liin WIKRWA. M villi a(:';a" ti.-r toiiffi'V than tlii' ritiiJe ol llii' .inuuil. Tli«< 'Hnr)»»h i.c nviit^ aiij (rr'uliuilK ■ •■•(1 <'x«erte>.|i!ktiK, npenH unuiilly fall* (iuniig tti« wintvr; it ia gluhoHe, pupilluiM*. lUirk (iiirplv, unit .if gniy»>'> wtiiUi wivK. Tim nut is thick-wallod, :ii>(l tii« tosta uf t\w im'ikI is t< . .- i>i't>nn Han()-<]uiief< and nxiint liilltiiJ'tH in thv vicinity of the coiuit. and U lJlIl^rllrt^t»^<^ from t^f short's vS, I'ujfet fvuind to th«> noighliorliood of Snntu Mnnirn, ( 'itlifnrniii. Dia- ■ h\ Mon/iti*.' tli«< Hiirijt'on and naturalist nf Vniii'ouvj'r, iMid of the . ._ . . iitiiry. iind bilfr liy Diind Donjjhut^ on thi- .short's of I'njjot .Sound, it wu« first dcsirihi'd hy tii« Gt-niian poet ^w\ Ixitauiat, ChiiriixMi.' vchn found it on the fihores of the Buy of Sau FrAncUco, when- thw HjHH'i«>« gr^'WH tti ilH liir^risHt siws and att«»fn» it* ((nuiimt bwiuty. The kimmI of M- •" d Mipwood, .nd eont«iinM nunieroiut thin >'>< »uu« niednllary nyH. Thf .il>w»lut*ly dry wtwd in ().!< li'^iir.tU- trardi'iis.' Np« ii. 90. .•w ii. .10. < livkriils IwtwiiOii ibin inv. a:i>t -'''4 ut Suiitu K(.sa, (.'.-hlif.iriiia. by M., Luthtr Rur- ■irbaiik, .V_'(r Crt-iliunt in FruitA ami tfi'utra, .lunt, S PLATE. I Ii! C A fiv 7. \ K. I • 'J. A ( ,- Silva of Nortli America. Tab. CCCCLW. < ', ' I I; C l-J.Fa.niy: iM . JIfiffns&ux JO. MYRICA CALIFORNICA.niam. A Hiorr-fHi.f //Jr<\r( Imp. . / Taneur. Farw I HAUOACKiV. HJLVA OF NORTH AMEHICA. m SALIX. Flowers dioDcious, solitary on the scales of erect or pendulous aments ; perianth 0 ; disk glandular ; stamens 2 or many ; ovary one-celled ; ovules numerous, ascending. Fruit a 2-valved capsule. Leaves often acute, penniveincd, stipulate, deciduous. Balix, Linnnut, Gen. \'M (1737). — Adanaon, Fam. PL ii. 37U. — A. L. de Jiuaittu, Oeii. 408. — Endliclier, Oen. 200. — Meianer, Oen. 348. — Uentham & Hooker, (Jen. lii. 411.— BaiUon, Hist PI. ix. 252. — Pax, JSnffler & Prantl Pjlanxenfam. iii. pt. i. 30. Diplimp, Ilatineaque, AUogmph. Am. 13 (1838). Vetriz, Itafineaque. Altoijrajih. Am. 13 (1838). Argoripa, Rafineaque, Aliogra/ih. Am. 13 (1838). Oisodix, Rafineaque, AUograph. Am. 13 (1838). Vimen, Rafineaque, Aluogmph. Am. 13 (1838). Usionia. Rafineaque, AUograph. Am. 14 (1838). Biggina, Rafineaque, AUograph. Am. 14 (1838). Neotopix. Rafineaque, AUograph. Am. 14 (1838). Ripselaxis, Rafineaque, AUograph. Am. 14 (1838). NeotUBion, Rafineaque, AUograph. Am. 14 (1838). Urneotia. Rafineaque, AUograph. Am. 14 (1838). Sokolofla, Rafineaque, AUograph. Am. 14 (1838). Diamaripa, Itafineaquo, AUograph. Am. 16 (1838). Neotolia, Rafineaque, AUograph. Am. 16 (1838). Psatheripa, Rafineaque, AUograph. Am. 16(18,38). Telesmia, Itafineaquo, AUograph. Am. 16 (1838). Dlplueion, Rafineaque, AUograph. Am. 16 (1838). Neatyllx, Rafineaque, AUograph. Am. 16 (1838). Amerina, Rafineaque, AUograph. Am. 16 (1838). Ripsootia, Rafineaque, AUograph. Am. 16 (1838). Pleiarina. Rafineaque, AUograph. An.. 16 (1838). Capreea, Opii. Sexnam, 25 (1862). Oruenera, Opiz, Sexnam. 48 (1862). Knafla, Opii, Sexnam, 56 (1852). Lusekia, Upiz, Sexnam, 01 (1852). Trees or shrubs, with watery juice, scaly bitter bark, soft usually light-colored wood, slender terete tough branches easily separable at the joints, and fibrous often stoloniferous roots. Buds * sessile, appressed, acute or obtuse, covered by a single scale of two coats, the inner membranaceous, stipulur and rarely separable from the outer, inclosing at its base two minute opposite lateral buds alternate with two small scale-like caducous opposite leaves coated with long pale or rufous hairs.^ Leaves variously folded in the bud, alternate except the first pair, simple, Innceolate, obovate, rotund or linear, entire, serrat« or rarely dentate or subspinulose, their teeth often glandular, penniveiued, petiolate with subterete short or elongated petioles, sometimes glandular at the apex and more or less covering the bud by their enlarged bases, turning yellow or falling with little change of color in the autumn, or persisting during the winter and leaving U-shaped or arcuate elevated leaf-scars displaying the ends of three small equi- distant fibro-vascular bundles. Stipules oblique, usually serrate, small and deciduous, or foliaceous and often persistent, generally large and conspicuous on vigorous young branches, leaving, when they fall, minute persistent scars. Flowers dicecious,' often fragrant, appearing before or wth the unfolding of ■ Salix doea not form a terminal bud, the end of the branch dying during the siininier or autumn, and leaving a minute sear oloso to the upper axillary bud, wliich prolongs the branch the fol- lowing aciiaon. (Sec Ohlert, Liniuta, xi. 640 YKnosp. Bilume umt Sirmicherl). '' According to Henry {Nnr. Acl. dtn. Leap. xiii. 329, t. 31), who appears to have overlooked the fact that the bud-scale of Salix cor' data, Muchlculwrg, separates readily into two coats, the buu-cover- ing of Salix consists of the union of two opposite connate leaves bearing in their axils the two rudimentary buds, while Lindley (Introduction to Botany, ed. 3, 144) considers that the minute oppo- site buds under the scale of the bud of Salix help to contlrm his view tliat stipules were only moditlcd leaves. ' Androgynous n-.icnts iu Salix are not rare, and occasionally staminate and {)isttllate aments are found on tlic same plant. (See Linnieus, Spec. PI, 1015 [Salix liermaphrodilica'], — Willdenow, Spec, iv, pt. ii. CM [Salix lloppeana']. — Host, Salix, 13, t. 46 [Salix mirab- ilis] ; '12, t. 73 [Salix montanaj. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. iii. 1*54. — .1. G, Jack, Garden cid Forest, vii. 103.) , i aiLVA OF NORTH AMERICA. HAtlCACKJl. the IcHvrs in wm\e or |)e(1uni-ulut« tJoii(ifat<« CanMlt Prmlr, ivi. |it. ii. 102) the spocifs of Salix nre gruu|)iHl in the foUuwiiif; tribefi and scctiunii : A. Plkiani>r.k. Scales uf the mnent pale, one*uulored. ca* duiTOUB. Stamens three tir iniinj. Sec. 1. Tetriuperma, Amenta few-Howercd. Capsules ovate, aiihangidar. I.^'avea broad at the base, sharjil) iiermto, ri|;id, liistruus. Treea, inhabitants uf tropical and aiihtiopical re- gions. Sec. H Ai-mophflUt. Anionts donsiily flowered. Capsules ovate-conical, lliiek, short-atalked. Leaves elooKiited, nar- rowly lanceolate, entire or suhentiru, glaucous below. Trees, inhabitants of western Asia. Sec. 3. Oftanilrit. Amenta densely Bowered, abbreviated. Capsules subglubose. I^eavea lanceolate, cuspidate, glaucous below. Trees and tall shrubs, inhaoitauts of northern and tropical regions, and of southern Africa, and Madagascar. Sec. 4. JIumliotdliaiur. Araents elongated, rather sparsely (lowered. Capsules conical, iiubrostrate. Leaves linear-lanceo- late, often more or leas falcate, finely serrate, usually one- colored on both surfaces. Trees and tall shrubs, inhabitants uf tropical and subtrtipical America. Sec. C. Ami/gdatimr (Kovh, Sal. Kurop. Comm. 17. — Kenier, Verhamll. Zoiil.-lSiH. Gmell. Wien, x. 40 [NkdniMerr. llV«/ni]). Amenta pedunculate on leafy branches. Capsules narrow, long- stalked. Leaves linear-lanceolate, atuuiinato, usually glaucous below. Trees or tall shrubs, inhabitants of the northern hemi- aphere. Sec. (). Peitlandrfr, Aments pedunculate on leafy branches, their scales deciduous before the ri|H'ning of the fruit. Ca]>- aulcH more or less stalked. I^eavea often loMfr-cuHpidate, aliarply glandular-Hcrrute, luatrouN. Trees or shrubH, inhabitants of temperate regions in the northern hemisphere. Sec. 7. Fraffilfn. Aments i>edunculate on leafy branches, their scales one-culorcd, caducous. Capsules suhscsaile or rarely stalked. Leaves laneeo'ste, long and often obliquely pointed, glaucous lielow. Trees, iubabitauts uf temperate and boreal regions in tho Old World. U. DiANDH.K. Scales of the anient two-colored, persistent, stamens two, free or slightly united. Sec. 8. Lonijifoiia. Aments pedunculate on leafy branches. Capsules obtuse, usually ahurt-atalkcd. I.vate, sharply and obliipiely acuminate. Small trees, large shrubs, or undershrubs, inhabitants of both hemispheres. Sec, 10, lloMK. Aments pedunculate on leafy branches. Capsules usually long-stalked and glabrous. Leaves thin, ellip- tical or lanceolate, rosy while young, usually glauoescent at maturity. Low shrubs, inhabitants of boreal regions. Sec, 11, Argenltit (Koch, /, c, 4fl [Incufiacea, Fries, Nov, Fl, Suec.Manl.i.M, — Kerner, /, c, &>]), Aments subsessile. Cap- sules more or less stalked. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elon- gated, usually silvery tomentose below. Shrubs, mostly small, inhabitants of temperate and boreal regions uf the northern hemiaphere. See, 12, PhyUcifolm (Kries, /, c, 48), Amenta oval-cylin- drical, subsessile. Capsules mure or less stalked, usually silky. Leaves subobovatc or ovate-lanceolate, glaucous lielow. Shrubs, usually tall, inhabitants of boreal, alpine, and arctio regions. Sec, 1.3. Rigidir. Aments more or less coetaneous with the appearance of the leaves, their scales yellow, and darker and bearded at the apex. Leaves elliptical or lanceolate, usually short-|iointcd, sharply serrate, pale on the lower surface. Trees and large and small shrubs, inhabitants of temperate and boreal regions of tlio northern hemisphere. Sec. 14, PriiiiiMie (Koch, /. c. !i'2. — Kerner, /, c, 51), Aments SALICACKA g-vylindrical icud to Rmall >r |iulo Imint, iru or riiruly uqile above, It. Dink of >r ^liiiid-like to twelve, or li^ht yellow, ick near the 'o-ctslied, the ate-rootrate, r two-parted ul placentatt, acuminate, ddle. Seed lirH attached 'n or nearly on vex, much often obliquely if temperate and orad, penistent. I Icafjr branchea. tveii lanceolate. I tropical regioni , uaually leatless. s uaually oval or nail trees, large luispheres. leafy branchea. «ave8 thin, ellip- I glauocscent at vgiona. , Kriea, A'ou. Fl. subaeaaile. Cap- anceolatc, elon- M, nioBtly amall, uf the northern lenta oval-oylin- italked, usually glaui'oua below, piue, and arctic ineoua with the >ud darker and ccolate, uaually lower surface, a of temperate ^.61). AnientH BALICAC&A. BILVA OF NORTH AMEItlCA. 97 Solix, of which from one hundred and sixty to one hundred and seventy ipeciei are now diitin- guiithe Salic Madagascariensis, Andersson, Si'ensk. Vetitetusk. Akad. llandl. I. c. 15, t. I, f. 12 (1867) ; De Candolle. Prodr. I. c. 198. Salix australia, Fries, Nor. Fl. Suec. Mant. i. 77 (not Forbes) (18,12). — Traatvetter, Mim. Sar. £lr. Acad. Sci. St. Pilersbourg, iii. 622. ■' Salix muronala, Thunberg, Prodr. PI. Cap. 0 (1794) ; Fl. Cap. 140. - Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. ii. 685. — Fries, (. c. 76. Salix Aigyptiactt, Thunberg, Prodr. PI. Cap. 0 (not Linnicus) (17»t). Salix hirsuia, ThunWr-, /. c. (1794) ; H. Cap. 141. — Willde. now, I. ■,•. 695. — Trautvetter, /. c. 623. — Fries, (. c 77. Sa;>i Capemis, Thunberg, Fl. Cap. 139 (1807). — Andersson, Scensk. Velensk. Akad. Handl. I. r. 13, t. 1, f. 11 ; De Candolle Prodr. I. c. 197. Salu Gariepina, Burchell, TravtU, i. 317 (1822). — Pappe, Syha Capensis, 30. ' Andersson, Smisk. Velensk. Akad. llandl. 1850,463 (Ost. Ind. Pilarler) ; Jour. Linn. Snc. iv. 39. — .''raudis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 461. — Hooker f. Fl. Bril. Ind. v. 026. * Kurz, Fl. Brit. Burm. ii. 493. » Mici'iei, Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. ii. 460 ; Suppl. 187, 474 ; III. Fl. .irch. Ind. 11. ' Andersson, Ofters. Vetemk. Akad. Fiirhandl. xv. 109 (Bidr. Nordiim. IHlarter) ; Proc. .4 in. Acad. iv. 50. ' (j. F. Hoffmann, Hist. Sal, — De Candolle, Lamarck Ft. Franf. cd. 3, iii. 282. — Wahlenberg, Fl. Lapp. 257. — Seringo, Saules de In .Suiw.— Koi^h, Sat. Eump. Cumm. — Host, .S'n/ij. — Ledebour, Fl. /.'an. iii. 596. — Smith, Englt.^li Flora, iv. 163. — M. Sadler, .S'//)j. Sat, Hiingar. — Andersson, SaliccK l.apponiit. — Kerner, Vcrlmiidl. Hotit.-Bvl. Genell. Wien. x. 3 (iSiedenisterr. Weiilen). —Wimaxt^t, Salices Kuropaere. — (laiidoger, Sat, Xot\ ' Turc/.aniudw, Fl. lSnit.alen. diameter, and f forms through f the Mediterra- liern Africa, and '. It must have ir the settlement 0 naturalized in Lawrence River streams and on (AndersBon, De 1, /. c 18 [1828]. t.24;!l[lH12]), leaves glaucous J. Sitlir alho. y, 1(![17,J3]), with 1 \iu-th America id silvery wlilte tinental plateau Salix alba have the most severe jften Hourisiiing 'scent speelcs is ig of carts used RAUCACEJB. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 99 fragilis,^ and Salix daphnoides^ being the most valuable timber-trees of the genus. The flexible tough branches of several species of Salix are employed in the manufacture of baskets, and some of thera, especially the European and north Asian Salix viminalis^ and Salix purpurea* are largely in the tranaportation of stone, in turnery and cooperage, and as charcoal in the manufacture of gunpowder. The strong vigorou- shoots of pollarded trees are used for Uoop*poleB and stakes, ii in the making of coarse baskets ; and in several of the proviuceti uL European Russia plantations of Salix alba are carefully made to produce the strong vigorous stems used in the manufacture of the shaft-bows of Russian carriages. (See Industries nf Russia, iii. 336.) The wood is preferred to all other woods for crioket-bats. The leaves afford excellent forage for domestic animals, and the bark 13 employed in tanning leather and in medicine. (See Loudon, Arb. Brit. iii. 1468.) ' LinniBus, Spec. 1017 (1753). — Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. ii. 689. — Host, Salix, 5, t. 18, 10. — Forbes, Salict. Wobum. 53, t. — Iteioh- enbaoh. Icon. Fl. German, zi. 28, t. 609. — Ledebour, Fl. Ross. iii. 698. — Hartig, Forst. CulturpjI. Deuttckl. 419, t. 42. — WiUkomni & Lange, Prodr. Ft. Hispan. 226. — Andersson, Sventk. Vetmsk. Akad. Handl. sor. 4, vi. 41 (Monographia Salicum) ; De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 209. — Parlatore, Ft. Ital. iv. 220. — Boissier, Fl. Orient, iv. 1184. — Watson & Coulter, Gray's Man. ed. fi, 481. Salix decipiem, G. F. Hoffmann, Hist. Sal. ii. 9, t. 31 (1791). Salix persirifolia, Schleicher, Cat. PI. Helv. ed. 2, 30 (1807). SiUix Wargiana, Lejeune, Fl. Spa, ii. 322 (1813). Salix fragilior. Host, t. c. 6, t. 20, 21 (1828). Salix Monspeliemis, Forbes, I. c. 59, t. (1829). Satix ezcetsa, Kooh, Syn. Fl. German, i. 643 (1837). Salix fragiltima, Schur, Fnum. PI. Trams. 016 (1866). Salix fragilis is widely distributed over Europe and western Asia, and is frequently cultivated for its reddish wood, which is consid- ered more durable than that of the other European Willows. It is naturalized ia eastern America, and, although less abundant here than 5a/iz alba, it is the common arborescent Willow of the mari- time provinces of Caiuulu, «bere it grows to a large size, and of southern Pennsylvania, and Delaware, where it is cultivated as a pollard to produce charcoal for the important gunpowder works at Wilmington. From this tree a saccharine exudation is said to be obtained in Persia (FlUckiger fi Hanbury, Pharmaeographia, 373). Salix Russelliana, Smith (_Fl. Brit. iii. 1046 [18(M]. — Smith & Sowerby, English Bot. xxvi. t. 1809. — Forbes, /. c. 55, t. 28.— Reicbenbach, /. c. t. 610), the Bedford Willow, which is considered by soiiie authors a variety of Salix fragilis and by others a hybrid between this species and Salix alba (Wimmer, Sal. Europ. 133), is a large tree not infrequently found in low grounds in central and western Europe, where it is often planted for the sake of its timber or to produce poles (Loudon, /. c. 1517). " Villars, Hial. PI. Dauph. iii. 765 (1789). — Udebour, t. c. 602. — Reicbenbach, /. c. 26, t. 602. — Hartig, I. c. 416, t. 43. — Parla- tore, /. c. 232. — Andersson, De Candolle Prodr. I. c. 261. — Bran- dis. Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 489, t. 62. — Boissier /. c. 1191. — Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 631. Satix higemmi.% Hoffmann, Deutsche Fl. ed. 2, 260 (1804). Salix cinerea. Smith, (. c. 1083 (not Linnffius) (1804). — Host, Salix, 8, t. 26, 27. — Forbes, /. c. 249, t. Salix pracox, Willdenow, /. c. 070 (1805). — Scringe, Sautes de la Suis!.;,!i5. — Mazimuwicz, Mem. Sav. Etr. Acad. Sci. St. Petersbowg, ix. 242 {Prim. Fl. Amur.). Salix Pmneranica, Forbes, {. c. 281, t. (1829). — Reichenbaob, I. c. t. 26, 602. Salix Reuleri, Moritzi, Fl. Sehteeit, 469 (1844). Saiix daphnoides, which is often shrubby in habit, but in India sometimes becomes a tree sixty feet high with a tall straight tmnk three or four feet in diameter, is a common inhabitant of the moan- tain regions of central Europe aud of northern Germany, southern Scandinavia, northern Russia, Siberia, and Manchuria ; it is also common in the arid regions of the inner Himalayas, which it some- times ascends to elevations of live thousand feet. In northern Europe Salix daphnoides has been successfully used to hold the soil on railway embankments and to fix shifting sands, its stout far-spreading roots making it especially valuable for this purpose. It is often cultivated in northwestern India to supply fodder for cattle, the bi-anches are used for fe' 'ing, baskets, and bridge ropes, and the wood is employed in construction and in cooper- age, and for the handles of tool<. (Gamble, Man. Indian Timbers, 377). » Linnaeus, /. c 1021 (1763). — G. F. Hoffmann, I. c. 22, t, 2, f . 1, 2 ; t. 6, f. 2. — Willdenow, I. c. 700. — Host, I. c. 16, t. 64, 55. — F -MS, I. c. 266, t. — I.«debour, Fl. Alt. iv. 285 ; Fl. Ross. iii. 605. — Reichenbach, I. c. 25, t. 597. — Hartig, /. c. 398, t. 46. — Willkon:m & Lange, {. c. 228. — Maximowicz, I. c. 243. — Anders- son, /. c. 204. — Brandis, /. c. 470. — Boissier, I. c. 1191. Salix longi/olia, Lamarck, Fl. Franf. ii. 232 (1778). Salix Gmelini, Pallas, Fl. Ross. i. pt. ii. 77 (1788). Salix virescens, Villars, I. c. 786 (1789). Salix serotina, Pallas, Reise, iii. 759 (1776). Salix viminalis, a shrub or small tree, is widely scattered over northern, central, aud southeastern Europe, western Asia, north- eastern India, Siberia, and Manchuria. Its long tough branches are used in basket-weaving, and in Europe it is considered the most valuable of the Osier Willows. * Linnfflua, /. c 1017 (1753). — Host, I. c. 12, t. 40, 41 Forbes, 1. c. i. t. — Ledebour, Fl. Ross. iii. 802. — Reichenbach, I. c. 22, t. 682, 583, 584. — Hartig, /. c. 413, t. 53. — Willkomm & Lange, ;. c. 227. — Wimmer, I. c. 29. — Parlatore, /. c. 229. — Andersson, /. c. 306. — Boissier, t. c. 1186. — Bebb, Watson i" CouUer Gray's Man. ed. 6, 484. Salix Helix, Linnreus, /. c. (1753). — Desfontaines, Fl. Atlanl. ii. 362. — Forbes, /. c. 3, t. Satix rubra, Hudson, Fl. Angt. 364 (1762). — Smith & Sowerby, /. i;. xvi. t. 1145. — Reichenbach, I. c. t. 586. — Andersson, I. c. 307. Salix pratensis, Scopoli, Fl. Cam. ed. 2, ii. 262 (1772). Salix monandra, G. F. Hofi'irann, I. c. 18, t. 1, f. 1, 2 j t. 5, f. 1 (1787). — Seringo, I. c. 5. — Do Candolle, Lamarck Fl. Franf. ed. 3, iii. 297. — Forbes, /. c. 7. Salix fosa, G. F. Hoffmann, I. c. 61, t. 13, f. 14, f. 1-t (1787). Satix membranacea, Thuillier, Flore J'ar. ed. 2, ii. 515 (1790). Salix olivacea, Thuillier, /. c. (1790). Salix Forhyana, Smith, I. c. 1041 (1804). — Smith & Sowerby, /. c. xix. t. i;i44. — Forbes, /. c. 9, t. 5. Salix Lamhertiaua, Smith, I. c. (1804). — Willdenow, /. c. G73. — Smith & Sowerby, /. r. t. 1359. — Forbes, I. c. 6. Salix mollissima, Wahlenberg, Fl. Carp. 317 (not Ehrhart) (1814). 1:^ ^' 'll. r V, 100 SILVA OF NOETH AMERICA. 8ALICACEJE. cultivated for this purpose.' Saliz ia also cultivated to furnish hoop-poles, to protect the banks of streams by preventing the soil from washing away from steep slopes, and to supply fodder for domestic animals. The bark of Salix is rich in tannic acid, and is employed in tanning leather ; ' and salicine, a bitter principle, makes it valuable as a tonic and antiperiodic, and in the treatment of rheumatism.^ In North America Salix is attacked by numerous insects,^ which, with few exceptions, afEect only r v"^ B: P Salix Potuederana, Schleicher, Cat. PI. Helv. ed. 3, 26 (not Willilenow) (1815). Salix roiea, J. £. Gray, Nal. Air. Brit. PI. ii. 231 (1821). Salix bifunata, Chevallier, Flan Envir. Pari; ii. 367 (1827). Salix opposUi/olia, Hot, Salix, 11, t. 38, 39 (1828). Salix Camiolica, Heat, I. c. 13, t. 44, 4S (U>28) ; Fl. Amtr. ii. 641. Salix mirabilii, Host, {. c. 13, t. 46 (1828). Salix discolor. Host, {. c. 18, t. 60, 61 (not Muehleaberg) (1828). Salix Austriaca, Host, I. e. 19, t. 64 (1828). Salix pendulina, Wenderoth, Schrijt, Nat. OettU. Marb. ii. 235 (1831) Salix Woolgarinna, Borrer, Smith ^ Souxrby English Bot. Suppl. i t. 2651 (1831). Salix concolor. Host, Fl. Auitr. ii. 639 (1831). Salix pallida, Ledebour, Fl. Alt. iv. 261 (1833). Salix tmuijulis, Ledebour, /. c. 262 (1833) ; Icon. v. t. 463. Salix Ledehouriana, Trautvetter, Mem. Sav. £tr, Acad. Sex. St. Pilerabourg, iii. 031 (1837). Salix amplexicaulit, Bory et Chaubard, i=79re Pelop. 64, t. 36 (1838). Salix Elbnuentit, Boissier, Diag. Pi Or. Nov. i^r. 1, fasc. zii. 117 (1846). Salix purpurea, q Lambertiana, Reichenbaoh, Icon. Fl. Gemtan. xi. 22, t. 686 (1849). Salix hippophat/olia (»), Ledebour, Fl. Roii. iii. 601 (not Thuil- lier) (1849). Salix Kockiana, Hartig, Forst. CulturpJI. Deuttchl. f&i (1861). Salix Wimmeriana, Grenier & Godron, Fl. Franf. iii. 130 (1865). Salix Baumgarteniana, Schur, Enum. PI. Transs. 618 (1866). Salix monadelpha, Schur, I. c. (1806). Salix purpurea, which ia e. tall shrub and one of the most variable of the Old World Willows, is distributed through Europe from central Scandinavia southward, and through northern Africa and western Asia. It is often cultivated as an osier plant, and in the United States it has been more frequently planted in osier beds than any other species, although in the dry hot climate of the cen- tral states it appears to produce less valuable material than in Europe. Tlie bitterness of the twigs and leaves protects it from browsing animals and increases its value as a hedge plant (Scaling, The CuUimlion of the Willow or Osier, 25). ^ The cultivation of Willows to produce vigorous shoots for baski t-making has been practiced for centuries in Holland, Bel- gium, Germany, and France, and became an important industry in Great Britain during the first yeant of the present century, many thousand acres of ground being devoted in Europe to it. Several species are used in different countries, and nearly all Willows when properly cultivated yield shoots suitable for the purpose. Strong low but well drnined soil, heavily manured and kept free from weeds, produces the most valuable shoots. Plantations are made by inserting cuttings in straight lines, the distance between the plants varying according to the species used and the practice of different cultivaton. Oiier holta, as these plantations ore nstudljr called in England, continue productive for many years, and annu- ally furnish five or six tons of shoot* to the acre. (See Wade, Salices, 407 Loudon, i4r6. Brit. iii. 1468. — Motrier, Traite Pratique dtla Culture de V Osier.— SaXmg, The Cultivation of the WilUmor Osier.) The cultivation of Willows for basket-making has become estab- lished in the United States, especially in the neighborhood of Syni- ouse in the state o! New York, where several thousand peraoni are engaged during the winter months in the manufacture of couae baskets, and in New Jersey and Maryland, and in the neighborhood of Cincinnati and St. Louis. Osier holts in the United Statea are rarely more than a few acres in extent, and are usually composed of Salix purpurea, only coarse baskets being made from American grown material, a large part of the Willow shoots used in the United States in the manufacture of baskets being still imported from Europe. (See Porcher, Resources of S uhem Fields and For- ests, 335.— Rep. Dep. Agric. U. S. 1872, 402 ; 1873, 254 ; 1886, 223 ; 1888, 285.) In Japan Osiers of different species are plaited into coarse hats, baskets, and other articles of wicke>work. (See Rein, Industries of Japan, 173.) The tough bast-like inner bark peeled from Osier shoots is used in Europe in dyeing, and is manufactured into paper. (See Spona, Eneyclopadia of the Arts, Industries, and Raa Commercial Products, i. 995.) ' Bartholdi, Allgemeiner Journal der Chemie, viii. 294 (CAemucAe Untersuchung der Rinde der gemeinen uxissen Weide). — Johanson, BeitrUge zur Chemie der Eichen, Weiden und Ulmenrinde. — Eitner, Neue Be:ug»quelle fur Weidenrinde, Der Gerber, iii. 109. — Hohnel, Die Gerberimlen, 87. • Porcher, /. c. 334. — Aubert, £tude sur les Sautes et la Salicine, 49. — Guibourt, Hist. Drag. ed. 7, ii. 312. — Johnson, Afan. Med. PI. N. Am. 253.— '^ S. Dispens. ed. 16, 1316. * With the exception of the genus Quercus, Salix affords food to a larger number of insect species than any other genus of North American trees. Kaltenhach gives a list of three hundred and ninety-six species foiind upon Willows iu Europe, and Packard enumerates two hundred and twenty-three whtch occur upon Salix iu North America, although not all of them have been identified. Little is known of the borers which infest the wood of thp living trunks and branches ; but among the Lepidoptera one or more species of CossidfC have been observed, and among beetles several species of Bupestris and Saperda. One of the most destructive pests to the plants of this genus is Cryplorhynchua Lapatki, Linmeus, a beetle of probably recent introduction from Europe, whose larvie havo become exceedingly destructive to the stems of many species of native Willows in different parts of the Atlantic states. Leaf-eating Lepidoptera are abundant on Salix in North America, be'ng represented by many genera, and in some genera, like Cato- cala, Apatela, and Cerura, by numerous species. The gregarious and bristly black larvffi of Vanessa Antiopa, Liunffius, are some- times so abundant as to strip limbs or whole trees of their foliage, and species of Limeuitis and other buttcrHies are often common 9ALICACEJE. baucace;b. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 101 tbe leaves and young grrowing shoots ; and the genus is subject to serious fungal diseases, although these are not so numerous as those found in some other large genera.' The species of Salix can be readily raised from seeds and from cuttini^s of large or small branches inserted in the open ground in the spring. The hardiness of most of the Willows, the ease with which they can be cultivated, and the beauty of their flowers and foliage, mfjte many of the species desirable ornamental plants. Several of the arborescent forms grow rapidly inco shapely trees, although they are often disfigured by the breaking of the branches, which are easily separated at the joints by high winds. Salix, the classical name of the Willow, was adopted by Tournefort' and other pre-Linnsean botanists as the name of the genus. on Willowi, although rarely troubleBome. A few specie! of Sphin- gida live upon the Willowa. Bombycidis are much more abun- dant, and larrn of most of the birge Amerioan silk-worms will feed upon the leaves, while Tussock Moths and Fall Web-worms fre- quently do them much damage. Deilinia variolaria, Gnen^e, and other span-worms occur upon Willows in varying numbers in dif- erent localities and seasons. Species of LithocoUetis, Geleohia, Neptioula, Aspidisca, and other Tineids mine the leaves, their larve living within tortuous or blotch mines between the epidermal layers. Larv» of Crepidodera Helx- ina, Linnnus, Lina acripta, Fabricius, Lina Lapponica, Linnaeus, Galeruca dtcora, Say, and other Chtysomelidie are sometimes very abundant and are fi'equently the most destructive of the foliage- eating beetles. Saw-fly larvn of numerons species prey upon Amerioan Willows. The large Cimbex Americana, Leach, has been found to damage seriously the young shoots by gnawing and girdling them, while the larvte feed upon the foliage. Larvie of Nematut vetitralia, Say, are sometimes quite troublesome, several broods being produced during the season ; and the larvie of other species of Nematus, of Selan- dria, Dolerus, and other Tenthredinidee, are frequently destructive to the foliage. Phyllotcua integer, Norton, has been found to girdle and destroy the tips and young shoots, in which tbe larvs live as borers. The leaves and twigs of the various species are subject to distor- tions and gall growths caused by many species of hymeuopterous and dipterous insects. Among the farmer, various species of Euura and Neraatus produce diversely shaped and often thick-walled galls which are borne on the leaves or twigs. But the most generally conspicuous and peculiar galls on daliz in North America are formed by the action of various species of Gall-gnats or Cecido- myidie belonging to the order of Diptera. These galls are usually borne on young twigs and sometimes on the leaves, and are of a woody or a leafy character according to tbe species. Cecidomi/ia Salicis-tiitiqua, Walsh, produces a smooth oblong woody gall which occurs near the tips of the twigs of several species of Willow. Other galls of similar character but of various forms peculiar to certain Willows are recorded as distinct species. Cecidomyia Sali- cis-lriticaides, Walsh, arrests the growth of the branchlets of Salix cordata and other species, causing the leaves to become more or less •■rowded, the affected part of tbe twig appearing after the leaves fall as a long swelling roughened by the prominent leaf-scars. The most interesting and carious galls aSeoting the Willows are thwe which assume a cone-like shape at the tips of the branches of SiUix ditcolor, Salix humUit, Salix cordata, and other species. Ceci- domyia Salicis-ilrobiliicui, Walsh, may be taken as an eiample ; it is an ovate cone-like gall usually about an inch and a half long and three fourths of an inch or more in diameter in its widest part. It is formed of many overlapping scales which are suppressed, modi- fied, and crowded leaves, and the solitary larva lives and pupates in its centre. Minute galls of curious forms are also produced upon the leaves by species of Phytoptus or mites. Willows are often infested by several species of aphids of such genera as Lachnus, Chaitophorus, and Rhopalosiphon ; and scale insects, chiefly of the genera Chionaspis and Aspidiotus, sometimes injure them. ' The leaves of most species of Salix are infested by a common mildew, Uncinula Salicii, Winter, which covers them late in the season vrith a thick white web, and are. also liable to be attacked by fungi of the genus Melampsora. Several species of this genus have been noticed in North America, but their distinctive charac- ters are not well understood, and, as is the case with the Melam- psorte which attack the species of Populus, writers do not agree in regard to the plants on which the eecidial conditions exist. Rhy- titma talicinum. Fries, a common and conspicuous fungus which forms slightly raised black patches often of conBideiu'>le size on the leaves of Salix, is found on many of the American species. This fungus is abundant in all parts of tbe country from ihe sea- coast to alpine regions. In spring and early summer the small branches of Salix discolor arc so densely covered with small pow- dery black spots that tbe hands of a person breaking off a branch are often blackened. This fungus, which belongs to the group of Fungi Imperfecti, has received several names in America, the latest being Trimmatoslroma Americanum, Thilmen, although it is probably not different from Trimmatoslroma Salicui, Corda, of Europe. Of the larger fungi belonging to the Polyporei, or Punk-fungi, 7Va- metes suaviolens. Fries, recognized by its color, which is at first white and later yellow, and by its anise-like odor, and Polyporits salicinus, Fries, are found on Willows in the United States. Among the other hymcnomycetous fungi that attack Salix in North America arc Agaricus mlignus, Schrader, the characteristic Corticium Oakesii, Berkeley & Curtis, and the pretty blood-colored Corticium cruentum, Schrader, found on fallen branches in moist places. ■' Inst. 590, t. 364. il , ! 'fl 102 8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SALICACG^ 14' .1 CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES. Pleiandbjc. Amente terminal on leafy branches ; stamens 3 or more, their iilaments free and hairy at tlie base ; scales deciduous from the pistillate ament before the ripening of the fruit Bark dark and deeply furrowed, or in No. 8 nearly smooth. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, long-pointed, often falcate, green on both surfaces, glabrous at maturity 1. S. niora. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, silvery white on the lower surface . . . 2. S. Wakdi. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, pale, often silvery white, and glabrous or puberu- lous on the lower surface 3. S. occiOBNTALig. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, pale and glaucous on the lower surface 4. S. amyodaloideh. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, blue-green on the upper surface, pale or glaucous on the lower 5. S. lavioata. Leaves lanceolate, taper-pointed, often pale or glaucous on the lower surface, their petioles glandular 6. S. lasiandka. Leaves lineai^laiiceulate or oblong-lanceolate, often falcate, silvery white on the lower surface, persistent during the winter 7. S. Bonplandiana. Leaves lanceolate, long-pointed, coriaceous, dark green and lustrous, their petioles glandular 8. S. lucida. DiANDRX. Stamens 2, their filaments glabrous or slightly hairy at the base, free or more or less united in Nos. 16, 18, and 19. Bark usually smimth, or deeply fissured in No. 11. Aments terminal and axillary on leafy branches. Leaves linear-lanceolate, usually groen on both surfaces 9. S. flwiatilis. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, villous on the lowe^ surface with lustrous pale hairs 10. S. hrmilikolia. Leaves linear-lanceolate, pale gray -green, and puberulous . ...... 11. S. TAXIFOLIA. Aments terminal on abbreviated branches, their leaves often reduced to deciduous bracts ; scales colored at the apex, persistent under the fruit. Leaves oblongK>bovate or oblong-elliptical, conspicuously reticulatc-venulose, dull green on the upper surface, glaucous or silvery wliite and pubescent on the lower 12. S. Bebbiana. Leaves oblong, oblong-obovate, or lanceolate, glaucous or silvery white on the lower surface 13. S. discolor. Leaves lanceolate or oblonceolate, acuminate, dark green on the upper surface, pale on the lower 14. S. cordata, var. Mackenzibana. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate. long-pointed, i)ale aud often silvery white on the lower surface 15. S. Mih.sourienhu. Leaves oblanceolate or lanceolate-oblong, dark green on the upper surface, pale or glaucous and pubescent or puberulous on the lower 16. S. lasiolkfis. Leaves oblong-obovate, acute or acuminate or rounded at the apex, yellow- green on the upper surface 17. S. Nuttallii. Leaves elliptical-oblong, obovate, or oblanceolate, dark green on the upper sur- face, and glaucous on tlie lower 18. S. PlPEKI. L latifolia, a brevijulis, Andersson, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl. ser. 4, vi. 21 (Monographia Sa- licum) (1867). Salix nigra, b latifolia, /) longijulis, Andersson, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl. ser. 4, vi. 21 (Monographia Sali- cum) (1867). Salix nigra, b latifolia, y brevifoliEi, Andersson, Svensk, Vetensk. Akad. Handl. ser. 4, vi. 21 (Monographia Sali- cum) (1867). Salix nigra, b latifolia, y brevifolia testaoea, Anders, son, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad, Handl. ser. 4, vi. 21 (Mono- graphia Salicum) (1867). Salix nigra, subspec. marginata, Andersson, Svensk. Vet- ensk. Akad. Handl. ser. 4, vi. 21 (Monographia Salicum) (1867) ; De Camlolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 201. ? Salix nigra, subspec. longipes gongylocarpa, Anders- son, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl. ser. 4, vi. 22 (Mono- graphia Salicum) (1807) ; De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 201. Salix nigra, /3 latifolia, Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. ii. 226 (1892). A tree, occasionally one hundred and twenty feet in height, with a trunk three feet in diameter, and stout spreading rather upright branches which form a broad and somewhat irregular but handsome open head ; or usually thirty or forty feet high, with trunks which are often clustered. The bark of the trunk varies from an inch to an inch and a quarter in thickness and is dark brown or nearly black, or 104 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SALICACEA ! ' sometimes lighter brown and slightly tinged with orange-color, and is deeply divided into bread flat connected ridges, their surface separating into thick plate-like scales. The branchlets are slender, very brittle at the base, rather bright reddish brown or in the desert region of New Mexico and Arizona pp'e orange-color, and glabrous or often coated at Hrst with pale pubescence or snowy tomentum which soon disappears. The winter-buds are acute and about a sixteenth of an inch long, and in color resemble the branches. The leaves are involute in the bud, lanceolate, gradually narrowed above the middle into long tajtering and usual'}' , urved tips, and below into a wedge-shaped or somewhat rounded base, and seirate with minute reflexed remote teeth ; when they unfold they are coated, especially on the lower surface, with pale pubescence, and at maturity are thin, bright light green, rather lustrous, obscurely reticulate-venulose, and glabrous, or often pubescent on the under side of the midribs and arcuate veins and on the short slender petioles; they are from three to six inches long and from one eighth to three quarters of an inch wide, varying greatly in size and outline on different individuals, and are fre- quently conspicuously scythe-shaped,' especially on trees growing in the northeastern states ; the first pair are ovate, acute, coated with pale silky hairs, and disappear when less than an inch in length. The stipules are semicordate, acuminate, foliaceous, and persistent, or ovoid, minute, and deciduous. Late in the autumn the leaves turn light yellow before falling, but often, especially in the south, fall without change of color. The aments, which appear from the first of February in southern Arizona to the middle of .Tune in northern New England, are borne on short leafy branches often prolonged by one of the upper axillary buds, and ar 3 narrowly cylindrical and from one to three inches in length ; their scales are remotely subverticillate, short, rounded at the apex, yellow, and coated on the inner surface with pole hairs. The stamens vary from three to five in number, with free filaments hairy toward the base. The ovary is ovate, glabrous, und gradually narrowed above the middle to the apeit, which is crowned with nearly sessile thick slightly emarginate stigmatic lobes. Before the fruit ripens the scales fall from the pistillate aments, which, when fully grown, vary from an inca and a half to three inches in length. The capsule is ovate, conical, short-stalked, glabrous, about an fc^hth of an inch long, and light reddish brown. Salix nigra inhabits the banks of streams and lakes, over which it often extends its trunks and branches, and is distributed from southern New Brunswick and the northern shcres of Lakes Huron and Superior ' southward to southern Florida, westward to eastern Dakota,^ Nebraska,* Kansas," and the Indian Territory, and through western Texas," southern New Mexico and Arizona, and southward into Mexico, and along the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada northward to the valley of the Sacramento River and to the shores of Clear Lake at the eastern base of the Coast Range in Colusa County, Cali- fornia. It is the largest and most conspicuous native Willow of eastern North America, and is most abundant in the basin of the Mississippi River, growing probably to its greatest size in southern Indiana and Illinois and in the valley of the lower Colorado River in Texas. It is the common arbores- cent Willow on the hanks of streams in western Texas,' and southern New Mexico and Arizona, where ii frequently attains a height of forty feet and forms a trunk four feet in diameter, and a broad round-topped symmetrical head. The Black Willow apparently does not grow in any part of the northern interior region of the continent, and is comparatively rare in California. The wood of Salix nigra is light, soft, weak, and close-grained, checking badly in drying; it ■ Satiz nigra, var. falcala, Torrejr, Ft. N. ¥. ii. 209 (1843). — iJarcy, Gray's Man. 429. — Darlington, H. Calr. ed. 3, 280. — Bcbb, Gray't Man. ed. 6, 481. — Dippel, Handb. LaubhoUk. ii. 226, f. 112. Saliz falcala, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 614 (1814). — Poiret, Lamarck Diet. Suppl. v. 70. — Sprengel, Syil. i. 107. — Forbes, Naliel. Wolmm. 279. — Trautvettcr, Mem. Stiv. Eir. Acad. Sri. SI. Petenbourg, iii. (!i;!. — Hooker, Fl. lior.-Am. ii. 149. —Dietrich, Syn. V. 420. Salix Pumhiar.n, A. F. Sprengel, Syft. v. 608 (1828). — Traut- vetter, /. c. 626. — Darlingtoa, Fl. Calr. ed. 2, 560. — Barratt, Sal. Amer. No. 21. " Provanoher, Flore Canadienne, ii. 620. — Haooun, Cat. Can, PI. 451. » William«. Bull. No. 43, South Dakota Agric. Coll. 107. * Beuey, A(rp. Nebraska Slate Board Agric. 1804, 103. ' Mason, Eighth Bienn. Rep. Slate Board Agric. Kantas, 272. " Bebb, Garden anil Foretl, viii. 363. ' lUvard, Proc. V. S. Nat. Mm. viii. 502. 1^ SALICACEjB. 8ALICACEA 8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 105 contains obscure medullary rays, and is light reddish brown, with thin nearly white sapwood. The specific gravity of the absolutoly dry wood is 0.4456, a cubic foot weighing 27.77 pounds. The bai-k ia frequently I'sed domestically as a tonic in the treatment of fevers. First described by Humphry IJarshall ' in the Arhuatum Americanum published in 1785, Salix nigra was introduced into the Botanic Garden of Berlin before 1805." > S«e rUi. 38. • Willdtnow, Spec. it. pt. u. 667. u m i a drying; it S60. — Bamtt, Mun, Cat. Can. > .. f ■ ( r EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Plate CCCCLXII. Salu niqka. 1. A flowering branch of the staminate tree, natural siu). 2. Diagi'am of a ataminate Hower. 3. A ataminate flower witli iUi acale, front view, enlarged. 4. A atamen, enlarged. 6. A flowering branch of tiic ylstilUte tree, natural aize. 6. Diagram of a pistillate flower. 7. A pistillate flower with its acale, 'ront view, enUrgod. 8. Vertical section of a pistil, enlarged. 9. An ovule, much magniHed. 10. A fruiting brnncii, natural size. 11. A capsule, enlarged. 1". A seed, enlarged. 13. Vertical section of a seed, enlarged. 14. A summer brancli, natural size. 15. A winter branch, natural size. Plate CCCCLXIII. Salix nigra, var. faloata. 1. A flowering branch of the staminate tree, natural size. 2. A flowering branch of the pistillate tree, natural size. 3. A staminate flower with its scale, front view, enlarged. 4. A pistillate flower with its scale, front view, enlarged. 5. A fruiting branch, natural size. 6. A capsule, enlarged. 7. A sterile branch, natural size. \h fj- % t .■<4-' '" '"1 . "% % * ) If I M mi f It! ] n f ■ KXI'LANATION OK TIIK I'LATKS. 1. A riiiwioiMf kimtmk ai ttu utaminiU* tnx, nkUirml iiil«. 2. F>im|{T»ni lA » Maaiiiata fl. A flowariiig hfMipli ■■< 0»' »«" . ■; "'••I mf- 6 Pi«Knuu uf :> |«iatilIaU) (»««•• • .•iil»rgpil. > Vntioal Matiw SI. An uTiiU. n»t<-> 10. A l. 'i <"' tiuw, oDtargtwl. Cilvd of Noith America. Ikb. CCCCLXIl. \K.f'n.rot} ,M . l.ovt't'Hn^ SALIX NIGRA.Marnh. I :riHi I \' '-■\ 1 . ji. tftU ,rr , ', f f ,' i i 1 Irl Silva or North America. Tab. CCCCLXIII. C£./'iiJ."i iM Zop-'ntfii/ .rr . SALIX NIGRA,-...: FALCATA. orr. I '» » I; '- i?r; - 1 1 1 h i 1 1 i, ♦ . 1 V' li W:' ,.. SAUCACEiE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 107 SALIX WARDI. Black Willow. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, silvery white on the lower surface. Salix Wardi, Bebb, Garden and Forest, viii. 363 (1895). — Glatfelter, Science, n. ser. ii. 582. Salix cordata, /3 angustata, 1° discolor, Andereson, De Candotle Frodr. xvi. pt. ii. 252 (1868). Salix nigra, var. Wardi, Bebb, Ward Bull. U. S. Nat. Mm. No. 22, 114 (Fl. Wanhington) (1881) ; Watson & Coulter Crray's Afan. ed. 6, 481. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 166. A tree, occasionally thirty feet in height, with a single trunk six or eight inches in diameter, and slender spreading sUghtly drooping branches ; usually smaller and frequently shrubby in habit. The bark of the trunk and principal branches is from cue quarter to one half of an inch in thickness, dark reddish brown or nearly bLick, and deeply divided into broad connected ridges covered by small closely appressed plate-like scales. The brauchlets are slender, and when they first appear are coated with hoary pubescence which often persists on vigorous shoots during the summer ; and in their first winter they are chestnu*^ brown and rather lustrous. The winter-buds are bright chestnut-brown, lustrous, and about a sixteenth of an inch long. The leaves are involute in the bud, closely and often unequally serrate with minute incurved teeth, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sometimes slightly falcate, rounded or cordate at the base, obliquely long-pointed, from four to seven inches in length and from an inch to an inch and a half in width ; or they are linear-lanceolate, gradually rounded at the base, and often less than half an inch wide ; whcji they unfold they are coated with pale pubescence thicker on the lower than on the upper surface, and at maturity they are bright light green above and silvery white below, with slender yellow midribs raised and rounded on the upper side and puberulous or pubescent on the lower, slender arcuate veins connected by obscure reticulate veinlets, and broad flat petioles which on the large leaves are sometimes three quarters of an inch long. The stipules are foliaceous, reniform, rhomhoidal or oblong, obtuse, serrate above the middle, frequently half an inch broad, and sometimes persistent. The aments appear in May and June, or two or three weeks later than those of Hal'w nUjra, and are terminal on leafy branches, which, before the ripening of the fruit, sometimes grow to a length of twelve or eighteen inches from one of the upper axillary buds ; they are narrowly cylindrical, the staminate three or four inches long, subflexuose, and rather longer than the pistillate ; their scales are subverticillately arranged on the slender villous rachis, and are ovate, obtuse, glabrous on the outer and villous on the inner surface, and orange-yellow. The stamens vary from three to six in number, vnih. free filaments coated at the base with numerous long slender hairs. The ovary is globose, ovate or ovate-conical, short-stalked, and surmounted by the nearly sessile minute two- branched stigma. The fruiting aments, from which the scales fall before the capsules mature, are lax, spreading, and from three to four inches in length when fully grown. The capsule is globose-conical, about a quarter of an inch long, hght reddish brown, minutely glandular, and long-stalked. The range of SalLv Wardi has not yet been well determined, but it is known to inhabit the banks of the Potomac River near the city of Washington, those of the Ohio in Kentucky,' c<; '•ral ' Salix Wardi vnm collected by Ur. Cliarlos W. Short near the Fulls of tho Ohio River (now Lexington) in Kentucky, in 1840, ami npou Ilia Bpeoimeu {irescrved in tho Gray Herbarium Audemsou founded the subvaricty dUculor of bis Salix cordata, $ angustata (lesle Bebb, Garden and Forest, viii. ^03). I 'i 106 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SALICACEJB. Tennessee, Horse-shoe Lake near Venice, Illinois,' southern Missouri," and m a few localities in the Indian Territory. The wood of Salix Wardi is dark red-brown, with thin nearly white sapwood. It has not been examined soientiiically. Salix Wardi was first made known by Mr. Lester F. Ward,* who found it in 1876 in the neigh* borhood of the city of Washington. > Salix Wardi has been found in 1805 by Dr. N. M. Glatfelter of St. Louis on the banks of Horse-shoe Lake, Ave miles west of Venice, Illinois, and eight miles northeast of St. Louis. It has also been observed by him at Bonterre, Pilot Knob, and Irondale, Mis- souri ; and in 1804 it was collected i the vicinity of Sapulpa and of Verdigris in the Indian Territory, by Mr. B. F. Bush. ' In southwestern Missouri, where it is the only representative of the Black Willows, and is very abundant, Salix Wardi is usually a bush less than fifteen feet in height, and is confined to the rocky banks of streams xsd the beds of stony brooks that are usually d.-y during a large part of the year. ' Lester Frank Ward, the youngest of ten children, was bom in Joliet, Illinois, on June 18, 1841, his father being a native of New Hampshire, and bis mother, whose maiden name was Itulph, a member of the Loomis family of western New York. His boy- hood was spent ou his father's farm and in his wheelwright shop ; but in 1859 he went to Pennsylvania to obtain an education. In 1!'62 he enlisted as a private in the 141st Regiment of Penusylvaniu Volunteers, and served in the field nntil the battle of Chanoellors- ville, in which he was severely wounded. At the close of the war Mr. Ward obtained a clerkship in one of the government offices at Washington, and later was made librarian of the United States Bureau of Statistics, but resigned this position in 1881 to become a member of the staff of the Geological Survey of the United States, with which he is still connected. In 1881 he published, in Bulletin No. 22 of the United States National Museum, a guide to the flora of Washiugton and its vicinity, but since his connection with the Sur- vey has occupied himself with fossil botany, upon which he baa pub- lished important memoirs in the Ctb,6tb,8tb, 15th, and 16th Annual Reports, and in Bulletin No. 37, devoted to a description of the Types of the Laramie Flora. Mr. Ward prepared the botanical definitions for The Century Dictiimary, beginning with the letter H, and has contributed largely to scientific and popular journals. He is the author of Dynamic Sociology and the Psychic Factors of Civ- ilization^ EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Plate CCCCLXIV. Salix Wakdl 1. A flowering branch of tho staminatc tree, natural size. 2. A starainate flower with ita scale, front view, enlarged. 3. A flower-scale, bock view, enlarged. 4. A flowering branch of the pistillate tree, natural size. 6. A pistilliite flower with its scale, front view, enlarged. G. A fruiting branch, natural size. 7. A capsule, enlarged. 8. A sterile branch, natural nize. 9. A winter branchlet, natural size. 10. An axillary bud and leaf-scar, enlarged. '\ m ^■lA "A I lib CGC: SALICACEiB. ities in the B not been the neigh- if Chanoellora- ose of the war iment offloea at United Statei )1 to become a United SUtei, led, in Bulletin ide to the flora n with the Siir- ich he has pub- nd 16th Annual icription of the 1 the botanical th the letter H, r journals. He Faclon of Civ- %' 3 . 1^" Hi':' : ■ fint madp kmtwD by Mr._l«eKtor F. Ward,' who found it in 1870 in tho neigh- 's jf WdnhiiMfton f V: — r (^wl .n i.tur. by Or. N M. CTlntfnltcr f .r.fta 1*1 tloHH Hilicii* hako, five miteji wMt of iM, arii r)f bt mtioa BQrtlwiat of St. Louit. It hiu alio . , .-ij f.j liiiD ftl B4>nt»rr«, Filut Knoti, wkI ImnJaJc, Mi»- w^«i : J»i 111 IrttH it WM niil1«ct«({ in the Ticinit; uf f^pulpa and ■■■I Vtrtiftit ID lh« luiUaii Ti'rntoi^, bj Mr. B. ¥, JkuUi. > |> wwthwenterD MiuuHiri, whem it i* liw 'Wiy WjuwmiitXtwi tf ilM Bliwlr Willown, atHl \» it^Tj abuiiclKiit. Sittt* ffvth a otcukltjf « b^tli >u (Imii Hftwn ffvt in hdiglit, uiiil ia eouBiMtl to tlM roxky IkuIu uf >tKains and th<- b«iia of alon; brooka that an ii»ii«lh >; during: a Ur(^' part of ilio ynar. ' ].v«t«r Krauk WartI, the ;oiin|tv^t of ton childn'i JoUst, Ulinoim on Juni! IH, 18-11, his father Iwiiiif Now Ilainpyhir*?, and \i\» moihrr, ivhose ntiiidcd imtt.- a mpDibet of the L^wmi* family of wcatern Now V'tl hi.^ Volnntmn, and serred in the Aeld nnlil the Iwttle of Chanoellun vtlle, in which he was tpvcrel; woiindril At the ctoae of tliu wn. Mr. WanI ubtained a clerkship in one of the ^overuraent ofHce* tir Wa^uiii^ou, and Later was made librarian of the L'ltited Stat^^ IWif aH of Statistic, hut rrai^neil thin pueition in 1881 to beoom,* a looioher of the staff uf tlwt trc»hi);i<:ftl finrvv)' of tlir United State> with which hi i« vtdl eoaneeted. In 1881 h« published, in Bulletin No. 2*J .if the rm>d States National Muaeuni, a jfuidt; to the tlon, •A Waidunjrtou Mid its vioiuity, hut smco his counei-lion witli the Siir «-. ^Aa iicuupird himself with fossil liotam-, upon whiw-h lie hajs pub. r.v%ff ifaptiriant inentoirs in tiie wthftltlif^th, luth, and 10th Auunal ^n^\ in Britietni No. .*J7, df'voted to n dpscription of ti-*- ' -»»-%mie Klor.i. Mr. War** prepared the botanical ' r^Uirif D'n'tionanti be^innin^ with the letter H, ■ X^'ly to wientijic and popular journals. He -.fc Sodiiogy and the I'li/ehw FacHm c/ Civ- HY. I'LATK.. y. ^ ataMiimt* h 3. A ilowerH»,«ic. biv'- 4. A Howcii: V (>r«i,^l- 6. A ..j.i'irat size. ••w. enlarg«: til the tlon ill witli tha Sor- tvli li« hnj puln ind I'Ult AniiuiU ^oriptimi nf the i] tliv Ixitanioftl itii the lettur H, T jotirtiajx. Iln f'aclorn of Cm- Silva of North America, Tab. CCCCLXIV. 6! £. FiUTtm . U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 199 (Bot. Death Valley Exped.) (1893). - Salix occidentalis, var. longipes, has bee.i collected in the neigh- ;:^ ! 110 8ILVA OF NOIiTII AMtUtlCA. BALICACKiK. In the United States Salix occidentalin, var. longipen, was first collected by Gharlea Wright' in New Mexico in 1851, and in Florida was discovered by the German collector Kugel.' The wood of Halije occidental in has not been examined. borhood of .r»ck»onriII», Florid*, by Mr. A. H. Curtb* (S«vmrf Ditlrihulim nf Smlhrm I'lanli, Not. 48'A 4a'J4), by Rup-l at Saint Mnrk'i, by Kaiun *tid Surpint, in tSHU, un the Imiika of the MiHiiii River, and liy Chapman and Mohr iwar Appalai'liioola. In Tuiao it waa colleiitcd in IHIM near Kerrville, Kerr County, by Mr. A. A. Heller (N'oe. KH.'I and lOOti). It appeam to be nut unconinnm in the deaert region of southern Nevada, and un the Tulare FlaiuH of California, where it grows in moist soil near springs and streams, and is planted as a shade-tree (Covillc, Conlrih, U. S, Kal, llerh. iv. UK) (Hoi. Drnlh Valley Exiieil.). > iJMi. 94. ' Ferdinand Kug«l (I)eeenib«r 24, 1WMI-I)eeembtir 31, 1879), who waa born and educated at Weingarten in liaden, came to the United States in lH40and devoted several years to collecting plants in the southern states and in Cubi. for the Knglish liotanist Kubvrt •lames Shnttlcwurth, whose herbarium is preserved in the British Museum, liugel afterwards established himself in Knozville, Ten- nessite, as an apothecary and doctor, and for many years also oar- rii'd un n farm in ileffurson County, Tennessee, on which he died. His serviri's to Aniorioan Itotaiiy ant cunimeniorated in lingelta, now rtMluccd to Seneciu, an herb discovered by him on the high sum wits of the Uig Smoky Mountains of Timnessee and North Carolina. KXl'LANATION OF THE PLATEa \ • i ' i< ■ f! Platk CCCCLXV. Salix (kxiukntalis. 1. A flowering branch of tliv ataminate tree, natural size. 2, A staininate flower with its scale, front view, enlarged. !i. A pistilliitu flower witli its scolu, front view, enlarged. 4. A fruitiii),' brancli, natural size. 5. A capsule, cnlurKcd. « U. A sterile branch, natural sizq. Plate CCCCLXVI. Salix occidentalih. 1. A flowering branch of the stuniinatc tree, natural size. 2. A staiuinate flower with its scale, front view, enlarged. 3. A fruiting branch, natural size. 4. A capsule, enlarged. 0. A capsule with ui>eii volvea, enlarged. HALICACKiV. ight ' in New imbor 31, 1870), ulen, cam* to th* I cullecting pl»nU boUiiiit Hob«rt ml ill the Britiih II Kiiuiville, Ti-n- iiy yeHFM also oftr- III wliii'li he died. hI ill lliigttia, now III tlie high auin d Nurtb Carolina' / / Ir ¥ I f ii: : It ! V4<. >// 1 , "/■ .S'Oirni AMKUWA "> • t ■ iiitinl StatM Sah* iH'idmtaltM, \at. /umii/iei, whii Wr»l ooU«rt*d hy ChMiM VV ri(;lit m Now I . ,„ i.Nil. and in PWida wm dwcovi-risJ Ij thp (mrniaii noUtwUir Ki^l.* r'h*. wikm) of .SfWu i>rcHifHt .1 ... .*.«»<11». Hon*. »«» Mr » II r«rli« i.S«««l U«>k'i, l>1 Kainn ■■'i Sar«r«> • l"^. •»• the loiika u( Ihii Muklnl Itt.Kr mH In CUpnan <«< ^l'>l>'' I'or A|i|Ml«<.-bi«uU. In T«U4 iwl .1. IKlMi - •• K»»r»ill». Kurt I miuly, b» Mr. A. A Uwi;^ ■r..4 t*«Vl ll «|)pP*|.« W \^ !)*»( lll1«'Oltini*HI 111 ikr ».-.. 1 -.(wfii NrrwU, Mul ..n iIh. TiilHtti I'lniiw ■ < .1. .,w> in iiLjitt toil Mar «|iriuK4 uhI itnwnm, . !• Itw (l.'«.»ill», Ctoxri*. f/. 8. N»l. Iln* i» • rvidiiMMi R«f^ (livMmbw ..>4, ime- IWmkar 31, l»V»), who mu )«»« umI MtuMtiia Ml W«ia(iirtw) i* H«tMi, oMiw la Dm t'nilatl Suiw in IMOaiW drntad Mvvnl >•>•> h- ••tlwtitiK |i1mI> lu 111* vihtlwrn lUtu uttl ill Cubit lor tb* KiiglMk )MUii>at Kuhcrl .IwnM Shiiill»worth, wh-ne h*rh«riiiiii i% |ir«»f»i.il « «h» Hntub MiiMuiii. KiiKi'l iifli.rw*nl> i otiililiKhrH hini»l| "< K ii.»«>ll«, Tru- iif»ww, ■« lui ii|Mit)i«H.iiry Kntl itiivttir, nwl f.ir ntui^ i*ittv kUo «iir- rif'l (m • fHriii in .laffiinM>n I'uuiit;, 'tVamiM**' mi wkft' b« dint IIm Mrrviiif^ 1*1 Aiii^Hran iMitmiv iiri* roiiiiimniiimlrd tn Httifeltn, nnw railii<.> .H«aa<'H., Hii hvrli (linouvrnid br kiln mi ttio iiinh «ini ituu iif Uw Hig Hinuky MmnUiua of 'rrniie«M« kiul Nurtb CaraliMk KX»'f,A> M« I'LATTH. «mr«t M7.e. 4 vilargHl. enlirgMl. • .'. natural nii*. i; -'•' ' in New 31, l*T»), l«B,aMiw to tl» •alkrtinK |il*n(a «,T*»- f >Mui »Im or- whmk Iw dlmL I 111 MuyrfiA, iwiw I tba UixH Mioi MtffU CaraliM. Silv» or MnrUi Ame'ir.i. T»b.rCOCLXV. ('.A'./':i.rim M, flimoJif . SALIX OCCIDENTALIS, Koch. A. NitHVfti.r f///t\r ■ Imp. J. J\int^-/\'i/./ ,//f>\r ' ///l^. . /. Viruftr, Piiri\ Rafinii .re. ' h ;?: i i 1 r jfrpat plums luid tliroiigli the Rocky Moiiulaiim 1 Tcxju ' to Ori'jfon, Waahiiijfton, and liritiHli (Jolumiim ; cnnipurutively r»r»' in tli*^ niint.iiit ill the n^g'ion aUtut tlui mouth of tho Ohio Uivct. whcip it grows witli HiU'j- "«tpU<^«H tliAt tTv« Hod m tho rommoii arhor^Kcont AVilluw iiU:i); thn bankii of thft ■\(-:\ iiu.twarfl frnui the Rocky MountaiuH, hikI in idl the Rc-iiti:4l moiint(jpon of tlif< •isil iinjN'rtofdy known in the territory west of the Kot-ky MoiintainM, Sitii, ihn/iidoloiiifM ly lem ronunon ihero than on HtteainH fhiwing toward the Gulf of Mexico. 1 tie wihhI of Siiitx anii/adnloifif.n is liglit, soft, not strong, and cloho-gr/iiiiwl ; it ('ontiull«j, Hitl!. ComtU l/nittrtit), U. S7 (Cayuin Fl ). '•*./■. S. JVn(. Htri. ii. 411> . V I'txai}. l! fl.AtK. -iiK:'. uatprftl •!(«. '!! MAUOArrJK. Silva of North America Tab. CCCCLXVll. ns iminerouf) avity of tho «,^. ' ( '. E. Ffi.rtm tle^.. Loveniiiii so. SALIX AMYGDALOIDES, Anders. A fiuiff r-u.r (iirt'o- ( Imp. J. Tanf^tr^Parit n t ^ 1 ; iffll 1 ' ll • f \', *i ; M. I I J: |i m 1 1 1^ mk 'r BAUCAC'KA aiLVA OF NOHTH AMERICA. 118 SALIX L-fflVIQATA. Black Willow. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanccolutc, acute or acuminate, pale or glaucouH on the lower surface. Bolix leevigata, Bebb, Am. Nat. viii. 202 (1874) -, Brewer & Wation hot. Cal. ii. 83 ; Boi. Oaxette, xvi. 103. — Sar- gent, Forest Treea JV. Am. lOth Centus U. S. ix. 107. — M«yr, WaU. Nordam. 287. — CovUle, CorUrib. V. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 198 {Bot. Death Valley Jiiped.). — Greene, Man. Bot. Bay Region,'im. — ^. B. Pari»h, Zoi. iv. 347. A tree, forty or fifty feet in height, with a straight trunk occasionally two feet in diameter, although usually not more than twelve or fifteen inches through, and slender spreading branches ; or often much smaller, with an average height of twenty or thirty feet. The bark of the trunk is from three quarters of an inch to an inch in thickness, dark brown slightly tinged with red, and deeply divided into irregularly connected narrow flat ridges broken on the surface into thick closely appressed scales ; that of young stems and of the branches is dark and broken by shallow fisHures. The branchlets, which are slender, and coated when they first appear with hoary deciduous pubescence, are light or dark orange-color or rather bright red-brown. The winter-buds are ovate, somewhat obtuse, from an eighth to a quarter of an inch in length, pale chestnut-brown and lustrous above the middle, and pale below. The leaves' are involute in the bud, with slightly revolute obscurely serrate margins ; they are obovate, gradually nar- rowed and wedge-shaped at the base, and narrowed and rounded or acute and mucronate at the apex ; and on sterile branches they are lanceolate or oblong-lunceolate, and acute or acuminate; when they unfold they are light blue-green and coated on the lower surface with long pale or tawny deciduous hairs ; and at maturity they are glabrous, dark blue-green and lustrous above and paler or glaucous below, from three to seven inches long and from three quarters of an inch to an inch and a half wide, with broad flat yellow midribs, slender arcuate primary veins prominent and conspicuous on the upper surface and obscure on the lower, and broad grooved puberulous petioles rarely half an inch in length ; those at the base of the shoot are scale-like, coated on the lower surface with long pale or tawny hairs which also form at their apex a long conspicuous fringe which protrudes from the unfolding bud. The stipules are ovate, acute, finely serrate, usually small, and caducous. The flowers are borne on leafy branches in slender lax elongated cylindrical pedunculate aments which vary from two to four inches in length;' their scales are pallid, dentate at the apex, and covered with long pale hairs, those of the staminate ament being obovate, rounded and broader than those of the pistillate ament, which are more or less truncate. The stamens are usually five or six in number, with free filaments hairy at the base. The ovary is ovate, conical, rounded below, rather short-stalked, and glabrous; the style is short or wanting, and the broad spreading stigmatic lobes are notched at the apex. The capsule is elongated- conical, long-stalked, and nearly a quarter of an inch in length. Salix Iceoigata inhabits the banks of stri ams and is distributed through western California from Siskiyou County, near the Oregon boundary, to the southern borders of the state, ascending on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada to elevations of from two to three thousand feet. > A form with narrow long-pointed falcate leaves three or four inches in length and three quarters of an inch wide near the rounded base, found by Mr. Edward L. Greene near Yreka, Cali- fornia, is described as var. anffuatifolia (Bebb, Brewer ^ Wataon Bot. Cal. ii. 84 [1880]). ' A form with short densely flowered aments and globose conical short-stalked capsules is desoribed as var. congata (Bebb, /. c, [1880]). ilH 1 i' »'i ' ■ t: 1 pif I 114 SUVA or NOHTIl AMKIilCA. HALIL'ACKiC. El.! !t. \ The wood of Sulix Icnignla \» light, soft, not Htidiig, brittln, and cloi*«>-gruined. It ia light brown tinircd with red, with thick nearly white Hiiitwdod, jind coiitiiinH niinieniuH thin medullary rayg. The Hpeeitic griivity of the ubmilutuly dry wood iH 0.4872, u cuhie foot weighing 30.3G |ioundH. . EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Platk CCCCLXVIH. .Salix i.^viuata. 1. A tlnwuriii); branch of tlu' Htaminatc (r««. natural nite. 2. A ■laiiiiiiati' tliiwcr with it* aralK, front viuw, enlargo)!. 3. A flowvrinK liranch of the pintillate tree, natural iiize. 4. A piHtlllatc Howcr with itn Hcnlo, front view, enUr|;e X / / / ^ Y' r ■.'^.. w '■HtK" w ill ;■* «■ -a I '^Iwf' ii ' \ SfLVA or NORTH AMEtiK'A. HA(.1( ACKiS. Ti' II, ^...K, .. ..,.. lijntiij(Kl, and coutains ruitni'ioua thin nied ilkry rays. :,'T»vjtT «f the abscjlutely dry «roeciom, Niittall, Si/lra, i. .")8, t. 17 (not Hooker & Ar- nott) (1841!). Salii lucida angitati/olia lasiandra, Andersson, 6/vers. Vetenah. .Had. Fiirhandl. xv. 115 (Bidr. Nordam. Pilarler) (not Salix an- gmli/olia, Willdeiiow) (1858) j Proc. Am. Acad, iv. 54. ii « •' 111 li^i! mi i 116 SUVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SALICACEiE. usually white on the lower surface and often seven or eight inches in length, in its more glandular petioles and the rather narrower and less hairy scales of its pistillate aments. Another variety, 8alix lasiandra, var. caudata^ is distinguished by its thicker and more coriaceous usually smaller and often more or less falcate leaves wedge-shaped at the base and green on both surfaces, by its much thicker and more densely flowered staminate aments, with scales generally dentate near the apex only, by its yellow branchlets, its larger buds often villous, especially below the middle, and its smaller size. Salix lasiandra is a common inhabitant of river banks and the shores of lakes in California west of the Sierra Nevada. In western Oregon, Washington, and southern British Columbia, where it ranges as far north, at least, as the Selkirk Mountains,'' it is often replaced by the variety Lyallii, which is one of the most beautiful of the American Willows, and in western Oregon and Washington one of the commonest trees on river banks and in other \> -x/r. xvi. pt. ii. :i06. Salix lurida, subspec. macrophylla, Anderason, Svmik. Vetensk. Akad. Handl. I. c. 32 (not Salix macTophylla, Kerner) (1807) ; De Candoile Prodr. I. c. 205. Saliz latiamlra, var. lancifolia, Bebb, Brewer if Watsori Bot. Col. ii. 84 (1880). — Sargent, Forest Treet N. Am. VXh Cenius U. S. ii. 167. — S. P. Pariah, Zoi!, iv. 347. > Sudworth, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xz. 43 (1893). Saliz pentandra, B caudata, Nuttall, Sytm, i. 61, t. 18 (1842). Salix Fendleriana, Andensou, Covert. Vetensk. Akad. FSrhandl. XV. IIB (Bidr. Nordam. Pilarter) (1868) ; Proc. Am. Acad. !t. 54. — Wilpers, Ann. v. 745. Salix arguta, Anderason, Sventk. Velentk. Akad. Handl. I. c. 32 (in part) (1807) ; De Candoile Prodr. I. c. 206 (in part). Salix laiiandra, tot. Fendleriana, Bebb, I. c. (1880) ; Coulttr Man. Rocky Mt. Bot. 334. — Sargent, /. c. • ' Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 459. ' Saliz lasiandra has recently boen found on the banka of Hatwai Creek, Nez Percea County, Idaho, and the variety Lyallii neat Thompson's Falls, Montana, far from other recorded stations of theae treea (Holzinger, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iii. 261). Is" i SALICACEA aore glandular variety, Salix ller and often ) much thicker 5X only, by its r size. ]!alifornia west rhere it ranges \allU, which is ton one of the in growing in ited from the lerous obscure ipwood. The . The specific of the variety a cubic '. A roe. Am. Acad, iy, ad. Handl. I. c. 32 i (in part). :. (1880) J Coulter I banks of Hatwai riety Lyallii near !orded stations of iii. 251). I' 'if rv I' ! ■ J EXPLANATION OP THE PLATES. PiuiTE CCCCLXIX. vSalix laslutdiu. 1. A 6owering branch of the ■taminate tree, natural aixe. 2. A ataminate flower with its scale, front view, enlarged. 3. A flowering branch of the piitiUate tree, natural size. 4. A ;ii8tillate flower with its scale, front view, enlarged. 6. A > immer branch, natural size. Plate CCCCLXX. Salix lahiandra, var. Ltallii. 1. A flowering branch of the staminate tree, natural size. 2. A staminate flower with its scale, front view, enlarged. 3. A flowering branch of the pistillate tree, natural size. 4. A pistillate flower with its scale, front view, enlarged. 5. A fruiting branch, natural size. 6. A capsule, enlarged. 7. A leaf with its stipules, natural size. 8. A winter branch, natural size. Plate CCCCLXXI. Salix lasiandra, var. caudata. 1. A flowering branch of the staminate tree, natural size. 2. A staminate flower with its scale, front view, enlarged. 3. A flowering branch of the pistillate tree, natural size. 4. A pistillate flower with its scale, front view, enlarged. 6. A fruiting braixh, natural size. 6. A capsule, enlarged. 7. A sterile branch, natural size. 8. A winter branch, natural size. .^1 ■t% / ill 1 ^ %■ / f r ? (I- 1 i\ 1 ' i f ? 1 ^ ; ;; 1 i : 1 EXPLANAllON OF THK PLATES. VuAiv rC(X;LXIX. Salix r.*suNnKA. 1. A riowerioK brwiiti ii{ tlio sUiaiimte lr«*, imtnnil «!»«. 2. A slamiuttto Howsr with ibi leal*, front view, «ulari;»( lb« iiUmunt» trm, niAinil kiu. 2. A iiif ''■ 4. A (iintilUi*! down witi' !>. A fnntiii|{ britnch, MtMkni •<' ''.. A cap . 'ft tirniifth, MJit«r'.» :>-»' )i»tural Kue. .1 ' new eiiliv.'g>«l. 2 A , • i jl m : \ 5 i ! I ^ tinn's If* ivsst vjr-t' X ^ 1 ! t t •.cci.xx. I' ^ t •^ ^'i M « 1 1 1 !1 n&fy .iv. «;■ i r. II ii i:!i i;l ;m? i; P'J Ml -^■ i Silvfl of North . m«ric4. Ub.CCCCl.XX. H ^■1 i I I C.t'.Faa'art tifJ . SALIX LASlANDRA.vdi.LYALLII.Sarg. A. Hi^C'otur i£ir/\r /'n/>. .y. 7'antUir, /'a/'is. /fifriii/if so. I I i Iti iJ ' ) 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 I . ii' i I i' I ' i \ ' i t'i .', \ Silva of North America. Ta'o. CCCCLXXI. CH.FaJi(in. cici. . K In February, 1894, Salix Bonplandiana was diacovered in Sa- bino CaBon about fifteen miles from Tucson, Arizona, by W. M. Canby, J. W. Tourney, and C. S. Sargent. ' The cup-shaped glandular disk of the pistillate flower, which is not represented in Andersson's figure of this species (Svemk. Vetmtk, Alcad. Handl, ser. 4, vi. t. 1, f. 14 [Monographia Salicum]), is well developed in the speeimena from Sabino CaBon which we have been able to examine; and among the Willows of the United States Salix Bonplandiana is the only species with a cup-like disk. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Plate CC("CLXXII. Salix Bonplandiana. 1. A flowering branch of tlie staminate tree, natural size. 2. A staminate flower, enlarged. 3. Scale o{ a staminate flower, rear view, enlarged. 4. A flowering branch of the pistillate tree, natural size. 5. A pistillate flower with ita scale, front view, enlarged. 6. A pistillate flower with its scale, side view, enlarged. 7. A pistil, enlarged. 8. A fruiting branch, natural size. 9. A capsule, enlarged. 10. A summer branch, natural sizf . ii SALICACEiB. ilina Moun- Ekt has been ilicum]), is well which we have e United Stotea kediik. ff // 1,\ / t i il 1 if ill 190 XOHTfl AMKliU'A. -..«i-ivAlh-*> '' '. -v •'.i.'ii .11 'All ^.lluIKl Cii'ioii nil the H4)utli»in iiIo|H} of tht< SanUt Cii tu ihi: ('uniiiiit i)t' thu C'lirrit'itlitm aiif the tropiral Willows, Sultjr Ihrnphuuiutna ib tlio ouly 8|Msciuii that Iuih b«en ' ^t.'tt^!/* witti ii-iiveti which do not fall in the autumn.'' t;>.*i :-^uit* lUn/'iandvtria w«j* iliwovcrwj in S*- Akal, llnnUi «pr. 4, vi. t 1, f. II [Mono/rnji/iia Satimm]), la wr.H .; tift««'n nii)*« fr»ru I'ui'^tMi, Ariiuitai hy W. M. dffVf^loped iu tLa Hpvciutans from .SiatiiiKt CKi>i)Q which wi Iiati' >> ■ ]\t ««p-«lwp«.l gUndalv disk ol thn piatilliiUf (lower, which i^ Salu JtutiiUarytmna m the oiit^ n\i«oih» with ii I'up-hkt* iJuk. >»4 npnWBlMl w AaduMon't Agnn of thi« (pMica (iSmnil:. V'tlimt. VI'LJ! TION wK THE PlJiTE. I 1. .\ 1. '-'. A *' .■<. Sr;- ■ 4. A Ii 5. A I' 6. A |.. 7. A I.. K. A ( M. A .■ . lit A 'O: Am •tanau>«t» Irm, nitturftl six*. . .• rnlar|(«- I iiitxd 8Uli>ii Silva of North America, Tab CCCCLXXII, C.E.Fiuam del. Him^ix^ .fC. SALIX BONPLANDIANA, H BK. A.Hzocrmtia'. Jireo' . Imp. J. Taneur, Pnru. \ v V- \ '"! I'L' I i , ''.. , >. 1: i ,1 ! 1 i . 1 i |ii 8AUCACKA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 181 SALIX LUOIOA. Shining Willow. Leaves lunccolute, long-pointod, coriiiccous, dark green and luHtrous, their petioles glandular. Sallx luolda, Muehlenberg, Neiw Sekrift. Geiell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iv. 239, t. (i, f. 7 (ISOJt) ; Konig & Sima Ann. Bot. ii. 66, t. 5, f. 7. — Willdenow, S/;. — Luuilon, Arb. Brit. iii. 1504, f. 1301. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 148. — Barratt, Sal. Amer. No. 17. — Torrey, Fl. iV. Y. ii. 208, t. 119.— Emerson, Trees Mats. 267 ; ei). 2, i. 310, t. — Dietrich, Syn. V. 418. — Anilerssoii, Offers. I'etensk. Akad. FSrhandl. xv. 115 {Bidr. Nordam. Pilarter) (excl. var. angustifolia lasiandra) ; Proc. Am. Aead. iv. 54 (excl. angustifolia, forma lasiandra) ; Svenek. Vetetitk. Akad. Uandl. »er. 4, vi. .'10, t. 2, f. 21 (Monographia Salicum) (excl. var. angustifuliu and var. macrophylla) ; De C'u/i- dolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 205. — Dudley, Bull, Cornell University, ii. 87 (Cayuga Fl.). — Bebb, Watson & Coul- ter Oray's Man. ed. 0, 481. — Dippel, Handb. Laubholxk. ii. 215, (. 108. — Koehnu, Deutsche Dendr. 90. Ballx luoida latlfoUa, Andersaon, Of vers. Vetensk. Akad. Fiirkandl. xv. 115 {Bidr. Nordam. Pilarter) (1858); Proc. Am, Acad. iv. 54 ; Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl. ser. 4, vi. 31 {Monographia Salicum) ; De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 205. Salix luolda ovatifoUa, Anderaaon, dfvers. Vetensk. Akad. Fiirhanill. xv. 115 (Bidr. Nordam. Pilater) (1858) i Proe. Am. Aead. iv. 64 ; Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl. ser. 4, vi. 31 {Monographia Salicum); De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt, ii. 205. Salix luoida pilosa, Anderaaon, Ofvers. Vetensk. Akad. Fiirhandl. xv. 115 {Biilr. Nordam. Pilarter) (1858). Salix luoida, var. angustifolia, forma piloaa, Anderaaon, Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 54 (1858). Salix luoida rigida, Anderaaon, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Ifandl. aer. 4, vi. 32 (Monographia Salicum) (1867). Salix luoida tenuis, Anderaaon, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl. aer. 4, vi. 32 {Monographia Salicum) (1867). A bushy tree, occasionally twenty or twenty-five feet in height, with a short trunk six or eight inches in diameter, and erect branches which form a broad round-topped symmetrical head ; or usually smaller and shrubby in habit. The bark of the trunk is thin, dark brown, slightly tinged with red, and generally smooth. The branchlets are stout and glabrous, and in their first season are dark orange- color and lustrous, becoming darker and more or less tinged with red during their second year. The buds are narrowly ovate, acute, light orange-brown, lustrous, and about a quarter of an inch in length. The leaves are involute in the bud, lanceolate, gradually or abruptly narrowed and wedge-shaped or roiuided at the base, acute at the apex with long tapering often falcate points, and finely -serrate with glandular teeth ; when they unfold they are covered with scattered pale caducous hairs, and at maturity are coriaceous, smooth and lustrous, dark green on the upper surface, paler on the lower, from three to five inches long and from an inch to an inch and a half wide, with broad yellow midribs raised and rounded on the upper side, slender primary veins arcuate and united within the margins and connected by reticulate cross veinlets, and stout yellow puberulous petioles grooved above, glandular at the apex with several dark or yellow conspicuous glands, and from one quarter to one half of an inch in length ; the first leaves are oblong, acute and coated with pale hairs, and usually fall when not more than three quarters of an inch long. The stipules are nearly semicircular, glandular-serrate, membranaceous, and from one eighth to one quarter of an inch broad, and often do not fall until the end of the summer. The aments are erect and tomentose, and are borne on stout puberulous peduncles terminal on short leafy branchlets whose leaves usually vary from an inch to an inch and a half in length ; those of the staminate plant are oblong-cylindrical, densely flowered, about an inch long and half an inch broad, and those of the pistillate are slender, elongated, from an inch and a half to two inches in length. I i I I! (!! W'A- Hi! K Ii II i| Ml 122 8ILVA OF NORTH AMKIUCA. HKIAVKCVM. Iiecominff three or four inche* long when thit fruit ri|)«nR, and often perautent until lute in the Heiuion ; the Hcnlt'H are oblong or obuvate, rounileil, entir«, eroHe or dentute at the apex, light yellow, nearly gluhroui or coato(>, natural aize. 3. A staininuto flower with its iinale, front view, enlarged. 3. A dowering branch of tliu |iiiji pt^rsisttxit until late m u.. - nt the apox, light y»1Iow, oeariy . -»l>H.i»ij or w>i»t«>H on the hmik with i»al« hairH, often ciliatw on the margins, and deciduouK b«foiw tho 'i|(Hsitog of the t'rnit. Tbn utairmnni «iu usually fivo in maiihi'r, with i'lonjTat<«l free filainent*i xli([»ht.l« hair; fit the v«»ry hi«f;. Tht? ovary \h narrowly cylindrical, el<;.'ij^atui-fif)s.»U; stif^as. Tlu; ciipsulo ia cylindrical, about ono thini of an inch long, hiBtrous, and ri^id iSa/w' Im-^li^ whuih inhabits the baukw of streams and swamps, and \» very abund.tiil it I'lu- north, is diatribur*d from Newfoundland ' to thu shoruti of Hudson's Bay, northwestward lo ihijiwi of Great B<«r L»k*i ita'i the vallt^y of tho Mackonzio Kiver,' and westward iu British Amt!ricn t^t thf paxtern huse of tb« Ro«ky Mountains; it rang«»s in thu United States southward to aj)utbern Pennsylvania,' where it is m/is and westward to eastern Nebraska.' The wood of Salix ludda has not been i-« llw Inniu •■< itx KiploiU Uitur, NuwfiHUidliuiit, b; H. L K4«i«ju nod H behrauk. ' I'MTinnher, Florr CnrMdiimnf, ii. li'JS. — iiLifmt: I jiS Can. itnriingtoii, Fl. Ceslr. rd. 3, '.'80, H«.««j', Ktp. Nelirathi Slal^ Board .lyric ISttt. JiKl ' :iiitiu;il HtZfc. tw liistiiuitn ;roM. iiiitur:il si».e. '<« wa!f. fi lui vliw, iiilarici'd. ^\i in tti. «,!.. n ; ■yellow, nearly niB bufoiw tlio merits nlighr.l_» 1, !ind iToVfiit^d an inch long. lUf iturtb, hoiw of Great If wistern hum .-K.'nij.i,* where \ xllii*- wake it Silva of North America. Tab, CCCCLXXIII. Cnn. \\.¥i ( S^:. ■■ CE.F,ia-rrr'i4^r t/irfa'f SALIX LUCIDA, MueW. fmf. J. Taneur, Paris. f «<■ ll 4 > i Ml; ■I % r I 'i I'll I ffi ! :' SALIOAOBiB. SILVA OF JSORTH AMERICA. 123 SAT.TX PLUVIATILIS. Sand-bar Willow. Leaves linear-lanceolate, usually green on both surfaces. Salix fluvlatUia, Nuttall, Sylva, i. 73 (1842). — Sargent, Oarden and Forest, viii. 463. SoUx longifoUa, Maehlenberg, Neue Schrift. Oesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iv. 238, t. 6, f. 6 (not Lamarck) (1803) ; Konig & Sims Ann. Bot. ii. 66, t 5, {. 6. — Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. ii. 670. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 600. •—Wade, Solum, 119 Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 613. — Nuttall, Oen. ii. 231. — Torrey, Ann. Lye. N. T. ii. 248 ; Nkol- let's Rep. 160 ; Fl. N. Y. ii. 209 ; Fremont's Hep. 97 ; Emory's Rep. 412 ; Sitgreaves' Rep. 172 ; Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 204. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 149.— Barratt, Sal. Amer. No. 23. — Dietrich, Syn. v. 420. — Parry, Owen's Rep. &1S. — Andersson, Ofuers. Vetensk. Akad. Furhandl. xv. 116 (Bidr. Nordam. Pilarter) ; Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 55 ; Suensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl. ser. 4, vi. 54, t. 4, f. 35 (Monographia Salicum) ; De Can- dolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 214. — Walpers, Ann. v. 745 Watson, King's Rep. v. 324. — Bebb, Rothrock Wheel- er's Rep. vi. 240; Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. ii. 84; Coulter Man. Rocky Aft. Bot. 336; Watson & Coulter Qray's Man, ed. 6, 482. — Ward, BuU. V. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22. 116 (Fl. Washington). — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. XOth Census U. S. ix. 168. — Dudley, Bull. Cor- nell University, ii. 89 (Cayuga Fl.). — Dippel, Handb. Laubhohk. ii. 246, t. 115. — Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 91.— Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 419 (Man. PI. W. Teaxw).— Coville, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 199 (Bot. Death Valley Exped.). — Greene, Man. Bot. Bay Region, 299 Holzinger, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iii. 251. Salix rubra, Richardson, Franklin Jour. Appx. No. 7, 765 (not Hudson) (1823). Salix lonsifolia pedioellata, Andersson, Svensk. Vetensk. Aktkl. Handl. aei. ' vi. 55, t. 4, f. 35 (Monographia Sali- cum) (1867) ; De CandoUe Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 214. — Macoun, Rep. Geolog. Surv. Can. 1875-76, 210. Salix Nevadensis, Watson, Am. Nat. vii. 302 (1873) ; Cat. PI. Wheeler, 17. A tree, usually about twenty feet in height, with a trunk only a few inches in diameter, and short slender erect branches, spreading by stoloniferous roots into broad thickets ; or occasionally sixty or seventy feet in height, with a trunk two feet in diameter ; or often a shrub not more than five or six feet high. The bark of the trunk is from an eighth to a quarter of an inch in thickness, smooth, dark brown slightly tinged with red, and covered with small closely appressed irregularly shaped scales. The branchlets are slender, glabrous, light or dark orange-color or purplish red, and rather darker after their first season. The winter-buds are narrowly ovate, acute, chestnut-brown, and about an eighth of an inch in length. The leaves are involute in the bud, linear-lanceolate, often somewhat falcate, gradually narrowed at both ends, long-pointed, and dentate with small remote spreading callous gland-tipped teeth ; when they unfold they are coated on the lower surface with soft lustrous silky caducous hairs, and at maturity are thin, glabrous, light yullow-green, darker on the upper than on the lower surface, from two to six inches long and from one eighth to one third of an inch wde, with yellow midribs raised and rounded on the upper side, slender arcuate primary veins, conspicuous reticulate veinlets, and stout grooved petioles from an eighth to a quarter of an inch in length. The stipules are ovate-lanceolate, foliaceous, about a quarter of an inch long, and deciduous. The aments are borne on stout peduncles covered with soft silky pale pubescence ; their scales are obovate-oblong, entire, erose or sparingly dentate above Mie middle, light yellow-green, densely villous on the outer surface and slightly hairy on the inner ; on the stiiminate plant they are oblong-cylindrical, about an inch long and a third of an inch broad, and terminal and axillary on short or elongated lateral branches whose leaves are often reduced to ovate acute scarious pubescent deciduous scales about a third of an inch long, the flowers of the Icrniinal ament opening before those of the axillary aments; on the pistillate plant the aments are cylindrical, elongated, from two to three inches long, about a quartev of an inch broad, and terminal on leafy branches. The stamens are two in number, with free filaments slightly hairy at the very base. *-v \r itA n II 124 8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 6A.i.-^\\.y:M. The ovary is obkng^Hjylitidrical. acv.te, short-stalked, gkbrous or covered wit»i tiilky ijuhepcimr'i. Hn<^ '".<>-.i.'ed with the iarge sessile deeply lobed stigmas. The capsule is light red-bro- i, giabn.js or /ilious, and about a quarter of an inch long. Salix JIumatilis is distributed from the shores of Lake St. John ' and the Island of Orleans in the province of Quebec southward through western New England to the valley of the Potomac River ; it ranges northwestward to points within the Arctic Circle in the valley of the Mackenzie River, across tlie continent to British Columbia'^ and California, and southward through the basin of the Mississippi River to northern Mexico and Lower California.^ An inhabitant of river banks, the Sand-bur Willow is the first tree or shrub in all the northern interior region of the contir.'ut which springs up on the newly formed sand-bars and banks of rivers, consolidating them with its k.ig rigid roots and helping to build them up with the mud retained on the surface by its flexible crowded stems, and so prepares them for the growth of the Poplars which line the banks of western and northern streams. Exceedingly common in th<^ basin of the Mississippi River, where it probably reaches its largest size in southern Indiana and Illinois,* Salix JIumatilis gradually becomes smaller and more rare as it approaches the Atlantic seaboard ; it is abundant in all the prairie regions of British America and lines the banks of streams flowing eastward through the central plateau ol the continent, where it is the commonest Willow, as it is in the arid regions immediately west of the Rocky Mountains ; in Texas it is abundant as far west as tlie valley of the Pecos River, but is rare in the tenitory south of the Colorado plateau, in New Mexico and Arizona. It reappears west of the Coloraiio Desert in southern California, and is not rare in all the region adjacent to the Pacific coast from Lower California to northern British Columbia. Salix Jlmnati/is, var. argyraphylla^ which is distributed from western Texas to northern C,\tifornia, has leaves and capsules clothed with lustrous silky pale tomentum ; and in the variety exii'iu'^ of the same region the leaves are Unear, two or three inches long and often not more than a third of an inch wide. The wood of Salix fluviatilis is light, soft, and very close-grained ; it is light brown tinged with red, with thin light brown sapwood, and contains numerous obscure medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.4930, a cubic foot weighing 30.72 pounds. I'le wood of the variety exigun is rather heavier and darker in color, with a specific gravity of 0.5342, a cubic foot weighing 33.29 pounds. ^ SiUix JluviatUis was oullected in Augtut, 1801, by Mr. J. (r. Jock un the shores of Lake St. John. ' ProTanoher, Flon Caiiadimne, ii. 531. — Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 4.W. • Brandegee, Proc. Cat. Acad. ser. 2, ii. -.iOS (PI. Baja Cal). • Ridffway, Proc. U. S. JVo/. Mus. xvii. 414. ' Salii JluviatUii, var. argyrophyUa. Salix argyrophylla, Niittall, Sylm, i. 71, t. 20 (1842). SfiUz hngifoiia argyrophylla, Andersson, Svensk-. Vetcnsk. A tad. Handl. scr 4, vi. 5£ (Monographia Salicum) (1867) ; De CandoUe Pradr. ivi. pt ii. 214. — WaUion, King't Rep. v. 324. — Bebb, Rolhrock PI. Wheeler, 50 ; Breuxr .V Watton lio(. Cal. ii. 85. — Sorter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Sure. Mite. Pal). No. 4, :':■■ - ;;, igent. Forest Treed N. A?n. 10(A Census U. S. ix. 108.— .il.i. li 1, ■?«(. Can. PI. 450. — Coulter, Contrih U. S. Nal. Herb. ii. ; .1 (Mm. PI. W. r«a<). — Covillc, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 100 (Bol. Death Valley Exped.). Salix longifolia opaca, Andersson, iSixruit. Vetensk. A had. Handl. I. c. (1867). ' Salix Jluviatilis, var. exigria. Sa'ix eiigua, NiitUll, Sylm, i. 75 (1842). Salix longifolia angustissima, Andersson, Ofvers. Vetensk. Akad. Fiirhandl. xv. 116 (Bidr. Nordam. Pilarter) (186t) ; Proc. Am. .lead. iv. 60. Salix longifolia, var. eiigua, Bebb, Breiner ff W^.l .'I ^UpaJa. lutunU aizo. Silva of North America. Tab. CCCCLXXIV, (^ S Fa.t\m i^oi . Jiapin*' SALIX FLUVIATILIS, N.itt. A.fim.v^ar Jm\r' /mp. J.Tanfur P„ru. i ii i:i f I I I ! 'i ! ' [^ HALICACEiK. 8ILVA OF NORTU AMEliJCA. 127 SALIX SE88ILIFOLIA. Willow. Leaveh lancoolutc or linear-liinccoluto, villous on the lower surface with histrouH pule hiiirH. Saliz Besailifolia, Nuttall, >9///va, i. 68 (1842). — Anders- Hon, Ojiiem. Vetensk. Atuil. Fdrhandl. xv. 110 (BUlr. Nonlam. Jfitarter) ; Proc. Am. Aeail. iv. 56 ; Svennk. Vetensk. Akad. llanill. aer. 4, vi. 55, t. 4, f. 36 (Mutioijra- phia Sulicum) ; l)e Caiulol/e Prodr. ivi. pt. ii. 214. — Walpers, Ann. v. 746. — Bebl), lirewer iH- tVatHon Kol. Cal. ii. 85. — Sargent, Fiire»t Trees N. A in. lOlh t'enmis U. S. ix. 168. — Mayr. Wnld. Nordam. 288. Sallx Hindsiana. lieiitlmni, PI. llartwey. ;i35 (1857). — Torrey, Parijir K. h'. He/), iv. |)t. v. 138. — Aiidersson, Suenak. Vetensk. Akmt. Hi'.ndl. ser. 4, vi. 56, t. 4, f. ;I7 (.Vonoijraphia Salieum) s De Candulte Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 215. — Walporip, Ann. v. 740. Saliz aesaillfoUa Hindaiana, Anileruon, Ofveri. Vetensk. .Ikad. Pfirhandl. xv. 1 17 {B'uh. Nordam. PHorter) (1858)| Proe. Am. Acad. iv. 56. — Hebb, lirewer & Watson Hot, Cal. ii. 85. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. Wth Census U. S. ix. 10!). Saliz Hindaiana tunulfolia, Andersson, Svensk. Vetensk, Akad, Ilandl. iter. 4, vi. 56 (Monoi/ra/i/iia Salieum) (1867) ; Pe C,i,h/o/le Prodr. xvi. jit. ii. 215. Saliz seusilifolin, /I villoaa, Andursaon, De Candotle Prodr. xvi. |,t. ii. 215 (1868). A tree, occasionally thirty feet in lieight, with a trunk a foot in diameter, and slender erect branches forming a narrow head ; or often, especially at tiie soutli, reduced t(» a tall or a low shrub. The bark of the trunk is nearly halt an inch in tiiicknesa, dark brown, slightly fissured, and covered with thick irregular closely appressed scales. The brunchlets are slender, coated at first with hoary pubescence which gradually disiippeais during the summer, and are afterward rather reddish brown. The buds are narrow, ovate, acute, and nearly an eighth of an inch long. Tiie leaves are involute in the bud, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, often slightly fulcate, naiiowed at both ends, long-pointed at the apex, and entire or denttite above the middle with spreading remote rigid glandular teeth ; when they unfold they are covered with hoary tomentuui, wliich is thickest below, and at maturity are light yellow-green, glabrous or puberulous on the upper surface, villous on the lower witii silky lustrous white hairs, from an inch and a half to five inches long and from one twelfth to one quarter of an inch wide, with yellow midribs, obscure arcuate veins, and stout pubescent petioles rarely more than an eighth of an inch in length. The stipules are acute, hoary-pubescent, about a (juarter of an inch long, and deciduous. The aments are cylindrical, densely flowered, terminal and axillary on leafy branches, about three inches in length on the pistillate plant and hardly more than half as long but broader on the staminate ; their scales are oblong-obovate, pale yellow-green and villous on the back with pale silky hairs, those of the staminate being rather broader than those of the pistillate ament, and erose or denticulate above the middle. The stamens are two in number, with free glabrous filaments. The ovary is oblong-cylindrical, short-stalked, villous, and crowned with the nearly sessile bifid stigma. The capsule is elongated, cylin- drical, short-stidked, bright red brown, more or less villous, and about a quarter of an inch in lengtii,* (salix: nennUifottu inhabits the banks of streams, and is distributed from the shores of Puget Sound ^ Satix sessiti/olia, wliii-li l\ still very imperfectly known, is here treated as a species, nttliuiigb it is not always easy tu distinguish it from the variety argyrnphylla of SnlUjluviatilis. and it might ]»er- hnps with equal rcusun be eunsidered one of thr numerous forms of that variable species. The linear lubes of the stigmas which are sometimes found in Salij: se.isiU/ulia and have been used to distin- guish it have little speciflo signiHcauce and eannut be relicil upon. Indeed, constant characters by means of which the purely Ameri- Ciui and well nu\rked group of LongiHono can be satisfactorily di- vided into species cannot be detincd, and, although for the sake of convenience the principal forms are usually considered speciHcally distinct, they can with equal reason be grouped under a single spe- cies. (See Bebb, Bot. Gazette, xvi. 103.) '1 \ ji < ij . ■ . , » i - ii ..^... IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /^ ^ .^4^. <° 1.0 I.I 1^128 ■: ■50 i^^~ Hi iM 111112.0 125 12.2 1.8 m III u i 1.6 V] / Photographic Sdences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SaO (716) S73-4503 fc Me 128 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SAUCACEiB. southward through western Washingtoii and Oregon, where it appears to have boen discovered by Thomas Nuttall ' on the Willamette Bivt^r, and along the western slopes -md foothills of the California Sierras to the valleys and foothills of the coast ranges of the southwestern part of the state, where it is one of the commonest Willows.' The wood of Scdix seaailifolia is light, soft, and close-grained ; it contains thin obscure medullary rays, and is light red, with thin nearly white sapwood. The specific g^vity of the wood of a tree from the region adjoining the mouth of the Willamette River in Oregon is 0.4397, a cubic foot weighing 27.40 pounds. >Swii. 34. ' 8. B. ParUh, ZoU, ir. 347. EXPLANATION OP THE PLATE. Plate CCCCLXXV. Salix sessilifolia. 1. A flowering branch of the . i; I !■ 8ALICACE2S. iacovered by iie California tte, where it re medullary E a tree from rat weighing -r j> w f ¥ ^ vs \ t .\. m f'f! i I ; i'J siLVA f Nourn amehiga. SALICACKiK. j) througii wostwn Wa»hii);iton and Oregon, wlierB it appears to have been diacoverod bj ■nii:-«iv«» Nuttall ' on tho W ilkniette River, and alon^ th»! western slopes and fuotliillH of thi^ Oiilifomia .'•iwrrsifi tJ> the vaHwys unci foothills of tln> i-ouitt .-anj^s of the liouthwestern p.irt of tho Htatc, wIilth it i» luw of the eominoiuwt Willow*.' The wood of SiUix »eMil^olia in light, soft, and oloM>-grained ; it contiiiuH thiu obscuri; ntudullary MV^, and i» light r«7, a cubic foot weighiiig 27.10 pounds. • Sm U. 34. ' IS. ». IVwh. Hof, IT :W. EXVlAWTtON OF THE Pf.AI'K. I*I,ATR (A 1 < I X )« V SaLU AIM81LtF«)I,lA. 1. A fli>w<>nn({ braf.>-; <' 't t lUniijiktr trw. natural size. 2. A •Uu»iiUit<. Hn«t<> II ; i'-^ •calo, front vinw, euUrf^od. 3. A flix^ni'if hnuieK '':'i'- tree, natura'. niii'. 4. A jii«»iii»t.- Hv-r^r ■: 'ifrtit now, enlarged. 5. A {raiUn); u«w *. Haibrai «>»■ 6. A oapaai*., ttuifs'' ' ' 5 ' i ; I :.! 1^ iifi'ovprt'd })y • ();ilifornii» aiv, wIkth it 111' ciiDihilluiy )f a tree truQi "oot weighing Silva of North America. Tab. CCCCI.XXV. ' A! i'li.von (M. M^ujnt*iiu,r. .r,' SALIX SESSILIFOLIA, !lu!'. M ■ r ' . AJiuytven.v i/t/i; Imp.^f. Ttt'u'ur Pa. u, 5 I: If I I ! :ii' \ ( ;1 I iH 1 i ri! f It; !i MM !K'i t{ i yALlCACEJt. aiLVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 129 SALIX TAZIFOLIA. Willow. Leaves linear-lanceolate, pale gray-green and puberulous. Salix taxifoUa, Humboldt, Bonpland & Kanth, Nov. Oen. et Spec. ii. 22 (1817). — Kunth, Si/n. PI. Squirt, i. 364. — Dietrich, Syn. v. 421. — Andersson, Ofvers. Vetensk. Akad. FBrhandl. xv. 117 (Bidr. Nordam. PUarter) ; Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 56 ; SOensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl. ser. 4, vi. 57 {Monographia Salicum) ; De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt ii. 216. — Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 419 {Man. PI. W. rexo*). — Bebb, Qanu.i and Forett, viii. 372. Salix mioTOpbylla, Schlechtendal & Chiunisao, Linncea, vi 354 (1831). — Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Voy. Beechey, 310. t. 70. Salix taxifolia. var. a serioooarpa, Andersson, Svtnsk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl. ser. 4, vi. 57 {Monographia Sali- cum) (1867) i De Candolle Prodr..xn. pt. ii. 216. Salix taxifolia, var. /3 leiooarpa, Andersson, Svensk, Vetensk. Akad. Handl. ser. 4, vi. 215 (Manographia Salicum) (1867) ; De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 215. In Arizona a tree often forty or fifty feet in height, with a trunk eighteen inches in diameter, a broad open head, and lower branches long, drooping, and slender at the extremities. The bark of the trunk is from three quarters of an inch to an inch in thickness, light gray-brown, and divided by deep fissures into broad flat ridges covered with minute closely appressed scales. The branchlets are slender, clothed with hoary tomentum which does not disappear until the end of their first season, when they become light reddish or purplish brown and much roughened by the elevated persistent leaf-scars. The buds are ovate, acute, dark chestnut-brown, puberulous, about a sixteenth of an inch in length and nearly as broad as long. The leaves are involute in the bud, subdistichous, linear-lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, acute, slightly falcate and mucronate at the apex, and entire or rarely obsciuely dentate above the middle with occasional minute teeth ; when they unfold they are coated with long slender white soft hairs which gradually disappear, and at matiuity they are pale gray-green, slightly puberulous on both surfaces, from one third of an inch to an inch and one third long, and from one twelfth to one eighth of an inch wide, with slender midribs, thin arcuate veins, thickened and slightly vevolute margins, and stout puberulous petioles rarely one twelfth of an inch in length. The stipules are ovate, acute, scarious, minute, and caducous. The aments, which are oblong-cylindrical or subglobose, densely flow- ered, and from one quarter to one half of an inch long, are terminal, or terminal and axillary on the staminate plant, and borne on short leafy branches, and in Arizona expand in May, the lateral aments developing later than the terminal ; their scales are oblong or obovate, rounded or acute and sometimes apiculate at the apex, coated more or les>} densely on the outer surface with hoary tomentum, and pubescent or glabrous on the inner. The stamens are two in number, witV free filaments hairy below the middle. The ovary is ovate-conical, villous with pale hairs, short-stalked or subsessile, and crowned by the nearly sessile deeply emarginate stigmas. The capsule is cylindrical, long-pointed, bright red- brown, more or less villous, short-stalked, and about a quarter of an inch in length. In the United States Salix taxifolia was first collected in 1849 by Mr. Charles Wright near El Paso, Texas.* It was discovered in May, 1883, by Mr. C. G. Pringle '* in the neighborhood of i;l ]■. i n » No. 669. * Cyrus Guernsey Pringle was bom on the 6th of May, 1838, on a farm in Charlotte, Vermont, near the shore of Lake Cham- plain. His father was of sturdy Scotch stock and his mother of Puritan descent. The necessity of aiding bis mother and younger brothers after (he early death of his father compelled him to leave college before graduation and to assume the care of the farm, upon which for many years he practiced horticulture with conspicuous success, and, with other flowers and fruits, cultivated a collection of Lilies which has probably never been equaled in tba United States. From 1868 to 1878 Mr. Pringle devoted himself princi- pally to the study and practice of the hybridization of plants, in 130 SJLVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 8ALICACEJ£. Tucson,' Arizona, and is scattered along mountain Btreanm in southern Arizona, through Mexico to Guatemala " and Lower California.^ The wood of Salix taxifolia has not been examined. 'I , ! which he acbioved reioukable results. At this time he produced, by crouing and Mlection, the Snow Flake, Kuby, and Alpha pota- toei, and supplied potato-breeders with seeds from which man^ other named varieties have been obtained ; he rkised the Champion, Defiance, Superior, Green Mountain, and other varieties of wheat which have been cultivated suooessfully in the eastern states, Cali- fornia, and Australia, the Triumph and other varieties of oats, and the Conqueror and Little Gem tomatoes ; and from the crossing of Apples, Pears, Plums, Grapes, Raspberries, and other plants he obtained many interesting hybridc. Satisfied with his labors in this field, Mr. Pringle turned his attention to systematic botany, in which he bad been interested from boyhood, and about 1876 commenced to make seta of the rare plants of northern New Knghind for dis- tribution. As a colleoior he was as successful as he had been in other fields of activity, and no one has ever selected and prepared specimens fur the herbinum with greater intelligence and skill. In 1880 Mr. Pringle was appointed special agent of the Forestry Divi- sion of the 10th Census of the United States, and for two years eiplored the forests of northern New England and New York, studying' their composition and resources. This duty performed, he made .'or the Jesup CoUection of North American Woods of the American Museum of Natural Hijtory a large ooUeotion of timber specimens from some of the most inaccessible and difficult regions of Ariiona, California, Oregon, and Washington. Becom- ing interested during this journey in the flora of Mexico, he has for the last twelve years devoted himself exclusively to its ex- ploration. During hi* annual journeys, which have extended over many of the states, he has made large and unrivaled collections which have been acquired by the principal herbaria of the United States and Kurope, and has discovered many undescribed genera and specicb. In recognition of his services to botany, Asa Gray dedioateii to him the genua Pringleophylum, an herb of the Acac thus family which he found in 1884 in a region of northern Sonora, which he was the first botanist to traverse, and his name is asso- ciated with many other Mexican plants of his discovery. ■ In Arizona Salix taxifolia has also been collected in cafions of the Santa Catalina Mountains by C G. Pringle, and in IfOl in canons of the Santa Kita and Swissholm Mountains by Professor J. W. Tourney. > Homsley, Bol. Biol. 4m. Cent. Ui. 180. ' Brandegee, Zoe, iv. 400. EXPLANATICN OF THE PLATE. Plate CCCCLXXVI. Salix taxifolia. 1. A flowering branch of the staminate tree, natural size. 2. A staminate flower with its scale, front view, enlarged, .S. A flowering branch of the pistillate tree, natural size. 4 . A pistillate flower with its scale, front view, enlarged. 6. A fruiting branch, nati'ral size. 6. A capsule, enlarged. », . iiM SALICACE^. Ugh Mexico to I large coU«)t!on of !ce8sible and diCBoult ^ubington. Beoom- u( Mexico, he has xoluaively to it* ex- 1 have extended ovet unrivaled oolleotioni rbaria of the United undeaoribed genera to botany, A«a Gray n herb of the Acac 1 of northern Sonora, ind hia name ia aaao- discovery. allected in caOona of ngle, and in lf04 in auntaini by Profeaior tly .'.- \\k\ IP I Ml I i I i^ , I !1 i Mjilrtl i- i li'^ wo T.«. SUVA OF SOUTH .\31EUIVA. ii]un;\ nioiiiitain Htrvunit iu iiouthvru ArixuiM. tAUCACIU- I .«!. Mekico t(> '. itliforniii.' huifuHa hoa ui)t boM nuMniniM]. '•'MttiaMii rraulU. At Ikii tiai" Imi | uaudiHl, cj'h., Ui> Siiiiw tlakv. Kitbjr, wiil Alpha pa>i- ;r« with Modj f^Hll whioh mJiiijr ,1 ■!'-• ■»>• lilitiuii*fl ;lw rmiaaii the('li*iupiiiii, f.,^ ,,: I •■.-), uiwii M'^uutWn, iukI oUiffff variciutf of wboiit > . „ 'iiltimud nurarMfiillr in tba owUrn lUtM, C»li- lUiilia. ilui 'r>iiiiiiph itud oUwrTwltjM iif imla, Mi' \|>pl«>, l*wi>. i'liunn, l!npr«, KiM)il><>rri«i>, ami ntlh r pUntJi In- i>httuu''i\ 'imn; Miti Tr!)itin^ hybrids. SMtiiifteti with Inn UUim in tbtx fl«U, Mr. Pnn|{l« tunicil kit attimtiun tu iiy>l6iii.tti(- I>i>t.- a collrcUir b« ma w »ttem»if»l u ki' ka- fur lh« Uril tw«*Na yr*n davotml hiini** pIonUoB. Duriaf hia finnual jmimvyo ■• • many of tha atatai, ha hiu mada Iatk* > wbix'b hav*t Iwhii a«t|U)reil by the priitri}M ^tatM -4nd K(irop<7. and ha^ dijtcoveruil i;i.*. and nia-rtn (u n.tqrnitii'n ii( bii aarriaaa l>i ititdicatad to hiui th« ((rnuR t'rwqlfirfAytuti^ m thna family whith he fnund in 1B84 iu ii ragiuu ' whioh hr iraA ih*- ftrat Itol.iuist to trarnnw. aw' i*iat<>d with many othar Mexicun plantn tif hia d- ^ t,^ \ -i ''Mvt Saii.1 Mjri/.j/ii haa also bean foi ■ «■» 'i.-4fii . I'utaliiifi MonnttiiiiM by <.'■ fi Hrir.^ vmAoiui of tlu* Saala Uita and Swiasholo) Mui>'<- J. W. Tf>»iM-y • ll«.ii.l«y, IM. n.iU Am. CoU. Ui. 180. ' Hrandagor, /«, iv. I'HI. EXPLANA»U'> •»»• THE PLATE. 1. A rioworini; hraiu-i< ol Am •t>«ai«aiit U«*, nataral aiic. a. A ■' iLuvfcl. "^ "ttHtiki iti7.e. ..I now. euIargCMl. I iii Silvd of North America » j T«>). CCCCLXXVI. f'.y.Fn.titri tivl . tfwifihf SALIX TAXiFOLIA.H B K. !l . . *( I; * t" ii :i H , ■ 11 V m « - 1 J 1 MMNuau 1 _-. ■.^..■■-^■:-».^^|i(mgyHJ|jj,. -^h 8AL1CACKA SILVA OF NORTII AMERICA. 181 SALIX BEBBIANA. Willow. Leaves oblong-obovute or oblong-cUiptical, conspicuouHly reticulutc-venulose, dull Kreon on the upper Hurfuce, glaucous or silvery white und pubescent on the lower. Sklix BabbUui*, Ssrgant, Oarden and Forttt, viiL 463 (i89n). Balix rostrata, Rioh>rilion, Franklin Jour. Appx. No. 7, 705 (not Thuillier) (1823). — 8prengel, Syt. iv. pt. ii. 20. — Hooker, Fl. Bar.Am. ii. 147. — Barntt, Sal. Amtr. No. 26. — Torrey, ^i. JV. Y. ii. 211. — Emenon, Tret* ila»,. 274 ; ed. 2, i. 302, t. — Dudley, BuU. Cor- ntU Uniuer$it!/, ii. 89 (Cayuga Fl.). — Bebb, Rothrork Whttltr'i Rtp. vi. 240 ; Coxdter Man. Rocky Mt. Bot. 337 ) WaUan A Coulter Oray'e Man. ed. 6. 482. Balix vaaana, b oooidentalla, Andeneon, 6fueri. Vetmik. Akad. FOrhaiuU. xt. 122 {BUlr. Nordam. PUaHtr) (1868) ! Proe. Am. Acad. Iv. 62. Balix ▼agans, lubipen. roatrata, Anderuon, Sventk. Vettntk. Akad. Handl. ier. 4, vi. 87 {Monoyraphia Soli- eum) (1867). Balix vagana, fi roatrata, Anderuon, De Candotte Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 227 (1868). A bushy tree, occasionally twenty-five feet in height, with a short trunk six or eight inches in diameter, and stout ascending branches which form a broad round head ; or usually much smaller and often shrubby in habit. The bark of the trunk is thin, reddish or olive green, or gray tinged with red, and slightly divided by shallow fissures into appressed plate-like scales. The brauchlets are slender and coated at first with hoary tomentum which gradually disappears ; during their first winter they vary from reddish purple to dark orange-brown and are marked by scattered raised lenticels and roughened by the conspicuous elevated leaf-scars, and in their second year grow lighter and reddish brown. The buds are oblong, gradually narrowed and rounded at the apex, full and rounded on the back, with thin margins, flattened on the inner face by pressure against the stem, bright light chestnut-brown, and nearly a quarter of an inch long. The leaves are conduplicate in the bud, oblong-obovate, oblong- elliptical or lanceolate, gradually narrowed and wedge-shaped or rounded at the base, acuminate and short-pointed or acute at the apex, and remotely and irregularly serrate, usually only above the middle, with small incurved glandular teeth, or rarely entire ; when they unfold they are thin, pale gray-green, glabrous or villous and often tinged with red on the upper surface, and coated on the lower with pale tomentum or pubescence ; and at maturity they are thick and firm in texture, dull green and glabrous or puberulous on the upper surface, and on the lower pale blue or silvery white and coated with pale or rufous pubescence, especially along the midribs, veins, and conspicuous reticulate veinlets which are impressed on the upper side, from one to three inches long and from half an inch to an inch wide, with slender often reddish pubescent petioles from one quarter to one half of an inch in length. The stipules are foliaceous, semicordate, acute, glandular-dentate, sometimes nearly half an inch long on vigorous shoots, and deciduous. The aments appear with the unfolding leaves, and are erect and terminal on short leafy branches with small and often scale-like leaves ; their scales are ovate or oblong, rounded at the apex, broader on the staminate than on the pistillate plant, yellow below, rose-color at the apex, coated with long pale silky hairs, and persistent under the fruit ; the aments of the staminate plant are cylindrical-obovate, narrowed at the base, from three quarters of an inch to an inch long and from one half to three quarters of an inch broad, densely flowered, silvery white before and pale yellow after the opening of the flowers ; the aments of the pistillate plant are oblong-cylindrical, loosely flowered, and about an inch in length. The stamens are two in number, with free glabrous filaments. The ovary is cyUudrical, villous with long silky white haiis, long-stalked, gradually narrowed at the apex, and crowned Ii! ii U' ! il 1 Ii \j l: f 132 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SALICACBA. by the broad sessile entire or emarginate spreading yellow stigmas. The capsule is elongated-cylindrical, gradually narrowed into a long thin beak and raised on a slender stalk, sometimes half an inch long, much longer than the persistent scarious slightly villous scale. Salix Bebbinna inhabits the borders of streams, swamps, and lakes, dry hillsides, open woods and forest margins, usually selecting moist rich soil. In British America, where it is one of the commonest and most generally distributed Willows, it ranges from the valley of the lower St. Lawrence River to the shores of Hudson's Bay, the valley of the Mackenzie River within the Arctic Circle, and the coast ranges of British Columbia,' forming, in the region west of Hudson's Bay, almost impenetrable thickets with twisted and often inclining stems twenty or thirty feet high.' Common in all the northern states, ii. ianges southward to Pennsylvania and westward to Minnesota, and is scattered through the Rocky Mountain region from western Idaho ' and northern Montana to the Black Hills of Dakota,* and western Nebraska," and southward through Colorado, where as a low shrub it ascends to elevations of ten thousand feet above the sea, to northern Arizona." The wood of Salix Bebbiana has not been examined scientifically. The specific name commemorates the labors of the most accomplished American salicologist, Michael Schuck Bebb.^ * ProTancber, Fl. Canadienne, ii. C30. — Macoiin, Cat. Can. PI. 463. - Hichardsoii, Arctic Searching Exped. ii. 313. " Holzinger, Conlrib. U. S. Sat. Herb. iii. 251. ' Williams, Bull. No. 43 South Dakota Agric. College, 107. ' Besaey, Jiep. Nebraska State Board .iyric. 1894, 103. ' In September, 1895, Salir Bebbiana was found by .1. W. Toumey and C. S. Sargent on the northern slojies of t)u' San Francisco Mountains in Arizona at an elevation of eight thousand five hun- dred feet, forming in moist ground great shrubs with many spread- j.ig stems Hfteen or twenty feet high ■ Michael Schuck Ikib (December 'J3, 1833-Dccerober 6, 1895)' was born in Butler County in southwestcr.. Ohio, where his grand- father, Edward Bebb, a Welshman, had been one of the first white settlers in the fertile Miami valley. His father was a teacher and then a successful lawyer in Hamilton, the county town to which the f.unily removed in 1835; and in 1846 was elected governor of Ohio. The well-kept garden surrounding the Bebb mansion in Hamilton was stocked with flowering plar.ts and fruit-trees, and here, while still a boy, the future botanist nc(piired his first ki.owledge of plants, aiid, without the aid of a text-book, learned with elTort the rudi- ments of the science .from a copy of Torrey's re|>ort upon the Flora of the Stall' of New York, which had been sent t0 the family moved to a large tract of land which Governor Bebb had purchased n the Uock Kivcr valley in northern Illinois, near the present town of Fonntnindale. Mr. Bebb's love of botany was then increased by the acquisition of a few more botanicn^ books and by an acquaintance with > ir. George Vasoy, which began five or six years later, and w li still further stimulated by a visit to New Eng- land, where be met several men of science. During the War of Secession be was a clerk in the Pension OfBee in Washington, and then, returning to Illinois, purchased the paternal homestead at Fountaindale and devoted himself to botany and especially to the study of Willows. The largest and most complete collection of these plants which has ever been made in the United States was planted at this time by Mr. Bebb, but, unfortunately, was destroyed a few years ago, when ho moved to Rockford, Illinois. Since the year 1874, when ho described his first Willow in The A merican Nat- uralist, all the collections of Willows made in North America have been studied by him ; hu has described the California species in Brewer & Watson's Botany of California, the southwestern species, gathered by Rotbrock, in the sixth volume of Wheeler^s Report, the Coloiado species in Coulter's Manual of the Botany of the Rocky Mountain Region, and tlie species of the eastern states in the sixth edition of Gray's Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States, and has contributed to botanical journals many papers upon the American species of the genus. (See Garden and Forest, viii. 510.) The specimens of .Salix which are figured in this work have all l)ecn selected by Mr. Bebb, and I take this opportunity to acknow- ledge my great indebtedness for the advice and assistance which be has freely given me dnring the last fifteen years. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. ,^:| '! m I :• Plate CCCCLXXVII. Salix Hkbhia.va. 1. A flowering bntnch uf the stuniinate tree, natural size. 2. A staminate Dower with its scale, front view, enlarged. 3. A flowering braneli of the |)istillate tree, natural siic. 4. A ])istlllatc flower with it« scale, frint view, enlarged. 5. Scale uf u pistillate lluwcr, enlarged. 0. Portion o' u fniiling branch, natural size. 7. A capsule, enlarged. H. A summer branch, natural size. U. A winter brunch, natural size. 8alicace;g. ited-cylindrical, an inch long, pen wooda and the commonest rence River to and the coast strable thickets lorthern states, ugh the Rocky ta,*and western evations of ten !an salicologist. e of botany woa then itanic^l books and by ch began five or six ' a visit to New Eng^ During the War of I in Washington, and itemal homestead at and especially to the uuplrto collection of be United States was nately, was destroyed I, Illinois. Since the in The A merican Nat' I North America have California species in southwestern species, of Wheeler's Report, \e Botany of the Rocky rn states in the sixth Vortherti United States, inny papers upon the and Forest, viii. 510.) in this work have all [iportunity to acknow- and assistance which years. m\. V ■( I'i I ! if' 1:1 m 1 i « i MJuJaUA, Ht^ACACKM. \ -l li \i ^ ,U n m ^ ? wMtl« entire oar e»wi^^!-*j-' f. ; i 'i^ --> ^*tu^ua«. Tin* rapAule »s * t. " adrical, f^rrowod into a kmv ^*^*« i^»«* mmJ^ fj^/«!M -vr. ^ bUt^nder stwlk, bomotinuM u^ - Ji long, *i t^ion thi) ptti>w(«» - tiix)t&lj viliou« MUile. f B'btnwiit inluUfv* ;U> i^ir^wi., of atroHmii, swumpH, and lakct*, dry hillsiden-f o|hh) *mi«*ti*«»J>i it^pon from western Idaho ^ and northern Montana to the Rlaek Hills of Daki N»*ivrn«fcA," and southward through C-olorado, whei-e ai> a low shruh it ascends to i.i . {iv attaxtd feet above the aea, to northern Arizona/' The wood of Snlix Bcbhiana haa not been examined scientifically. The aj)ecific name commemorates the Lilw^rK i^f the most accomplished AmericAo Michat*] Schuek Bebb.^ ^'»t#;tern >^ ten i'^ i;iat» ' Protitncher, Fl. Canadienne, ii. t'i.'M). — AlAooun, Cat, Cot*. P 453. * KichArdson, Arctic Sratrhintj Expfl. it. \WX •^ Ilolaingcr, Cantnb. U. S. Nat. li'erh. iii. 251. * WUliaiiiJi, liuil. No. 43 Swuh I^kvta Agric. CMUg^, t()7 » BcftMy, Hep. Nebraska State Bottrd Ai/Hr. 18<>i, 103. •^ Iji Sontt'mbtr, lW»o, Snlix Ikbhiana viai'. found by J. W. \^%tw\ ajid C. S. .Sargi!Dt on the northern slopes of the Sau TranrUtS' MoiintJLinJi in Arizona tit tin rlovAtion of etght tbuuti&ijd > Hred feft, fonuinj^f in moUt K''n>iind ijriMkt Bbraba with inar: ■ idg Bt«tiu4 IfteoD itT twrntr feet high. ■ MichMl S^bn.k U-»jJ< ; .|[k-4^int«c>i'7*^i« . ' wa3 born in JiuUer C<»wi»tf tn -toM^wiftfttiitni (HkM, ii^i< ffttUor, W-rnnl IWh»N » iv....,..^.. :, . ■ ...^ ..^ ,.• flcttters ID tJto ffT*.-,! then a snci^easjul Ihw)-* family remmed lu 1^35, unu Tbc well-kept ^rdf^n HuriouniUi^' w>ia stocked with Htjtrvtring plants a!U: still a Ikij", tlm future lHJtani»t AtM{uin.'d f . and, wicltimt the aid of » tfvt-lHKik, hun^ raeuU of tbn sRicnre from a r*»ch ikrr»' parcba«ed in the Uock Hivt-r valUiy iit ut^'fikct'n h' prua«nt town of Kountaiadalf. Mr. Bebb'i \ow oi wh^reMad hj thr* »r«iuif(itioo of a few inoro lM>fcanu-:t. - -^ : an acquaintaaoe with L>r. George Vasoy, whinlt W**"' jrajra Uiittr, and waa still further stimulated by a - 1 land, whcrs be met lerfral nun of Bcienee. Oi Secf-AutHi he was a clork in tbt> l^enoion Oftice in ' then, TvUuiiiog to Illinoiii, purchased thi" patvMi ^ Ko-jnlAitnlAlo and devoted liimself to botany anM < •Midy of Willowa. Tbf largf^af aud n»i«t ^roiupu -i.se pLAutj wbjiih luM ever l>een mado in tho !> !a.nli!d =«*- t^-« «tiw by Mr. Bcbb, bni, unfortunatcl), *>/. ■ f.-« .--'- *4*-.-, whi»n bo niovtd to fWkford, Jllin-v.. .'J- h- -leaBrib^d hi:* llntt Willow in Tht! Jk- ■. K^\- ..-oiiitcticas uf Willows made in North -nv- « -n^M l>y btm ; he ha« dci^uribed tlie Califorou. »c "Ai^Ajif'j h^anif of Calif tmiia, the aontl'f ,1 by Eotbrock, in the sixth volunio of H' i v-lorado «peci«'s in CouHur's Manual of the /iotr Mimritatn Hf-pvn, and tht- Bj>ecip« of thi? cxstern jtuf- T*ti»pii uf f Bolnn*^ of the NitrOu-rf, '• ■ a. ..<.,} ^^is eontributed to bfttaiiical jixirnal/i many p^i^tti-f: ti rM'viui spt?i*ii»fi -.if tho j^^.i!U8. (Sen fjardtn and Forr^i < Vlif tf.ttt'impns of Salijt which art- flgnrod in this wi'^^ ■■'■.v'.i selected by Mr lifibb, and 1 take thie opportuuitt '*«^ my great indebt*'dtM'M for tho advice and H«ttixt^. - ■ ha** freely jfiven mo dnring tbo la«t flftocn jcara, =vl l,y f AZ ■ •>«- ■ ..{ .11.1 > *t ihc of • ..lie •.JO.) -. ,!l KXJ ;. i>K THK PLATE. f'l.ATe ^11. Salix Ukbbiana. • <■ id tl " I till' ntaininaUi tree, iiulurii) aiza^. '.' ^ r i • itli it* ical', front view, enlaVKod. ■f tln' pistilUlc tie^, natiil'.il aijn. ■ .1 jj.-i.. . jih iiH Lc.tlc. front view, enlurg«(l. 6. ^leAit i<( luwci, enlurKi'd. -.i-l>. iiKturul uxe. !• " 1 ■ i'lwal siie. ii.iCACEA Silva of North America. Tab. CCCCLXXVll. Ml ■ >ri»i)*»fe«Jj;Ml't, t of ■ *^ "■ then »Ku-al ' 'Ki . ^^^l by l> i-^in. ^- V «r «x » •*»■ jfc V »;o,f. Ou: .r^^' 1V«f o( ii. \. .xA tern:.. at lUl'l t fliU lu\tU. ■f 0 I'b •■.* *U>I;. .. -.1 ]llm<»: ot4r> ()m a r.v. 1 . ■ - v.«. Nortl. e (Jftlif»t. n OUtItT .», of «•. " Hot'!-. n :lUll' ■ ^'.ii itrtKrr:. ■''*» \ily pM^v^> .V „ 'iitt im/ /■>r" ' . -aoj n this w«** vkm- *a portiiDity tr •«• %wr*- ami »MutMc<' eV«k nan. t1?! r £. FiVj'ofi (ii'i Jiapine- jo. SALIX BEBBlANA.Sarg. i 7 SAUCACEA SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 188 SALIX DISOOLOB. Qlaucous Willow. Leaves oblong, oblong-obovate, or lanceolate, glaucous or silvery white on the lower surface. Balix diaoolor, Muehlenberg, Ntiue Sehrlft. OeteU. Nat. Fr. Berlin, it. 234, t 6, f. 1 (1803); Konig & Sim» Ann. Bot. ii. 62, t. 6, f. 1. — Willdenow, Spec. It. pt. ii- 666. — Fenoon, 8yn. ii. 699. — Wade, Salicet, 76. — Fnnh, M. Am. Sept. ii. 613. — Poiret, Z^m. Diet, Suppl. ▼. 66. — NuttaU, Qm. ii. 231. — Elliott, Sk. ii. 669. — Bigelow, n. Bolton. ea rgent, I. e. — B«bb, (1814). — NutUIl, 7. — Sprcngel, Syil. Koch, Sal. Europ. 1317, 1612, f. 40.— rrea Man. 259.— tcoun. Cat. Can. PI. f.ilva of North Amcrif i Tib. CCCCLXXVIII. SAL! A DISCOLOR '/i/ .re \ i! il i .if lit: If; • >• f: n *.»T-,:^y3»««iaaMi 1.-M SUVA Of NOHTN AMERICA. KA LICACKA t '■■xk'ML, and vmtherti «cni with ml'vwy lustrouM bain, m v«r itiid a fuim wifli oa/n)«r liMMM>ly HowMriMi »ii(i lem huirj anieufct, long t^yUm, i 'hviilml •li 1^ .iiii Um0 |«utiMC«lil rH))»ui ■ <. ... ■. .aiitttty lUtal ni>rtiiuMt«-rn MiiMOun. r^ *»I (rf .Sa/iJT iii»fulor M light, kvift, « id tioue-graired ; itiH brown ntrrakod wild 'fanj^i, with iJKht*? br(w.^ jxmnd*. ■ .Nn'ij . •;./ «u!apvr. marrpiaUi, AnclrnrHMi, .Siviui' Kolinii-. .H«<( /.V^.'i 41T I, vi. 8ft ( MmngrcifJiia SaUruK) (IMD, l»t t'm- dalit fnJr. iti pt. ii IWfl. — bnrRcnl, f-'oretl It-tt S \m \'Mk (Ww r. S. \t t6U. -. Muuan. Cat. ( Vm. /'/. 447. — bovb, Ainwr f lli'l.>w, AI. Axrim. 2.10. -- Kuonian, 7 nri .VoM. 269 ; «!. V, i. 2U0, t. - Citny, rVray't Man. iM. — AiuUmor, OA»n. CafafuL /1ini<. Fdrhandl. it. It? (/JWr. Soniim. PUarler); Pnt. Am. A'-ad. i». f.7. - Walp»«. .Jnn. >. 740 ,S'ti/« rnujuj, Itarntl, Sal. .Xmer. No. 7 (184ra. Ajidtinjon. A'«ii*l. »■>»i>c rfui'ij>ir, lulapet ,Drtni>i>/c*, AndtTHO*. •■ ftnY. D* ■loiu /rrMotdM, rnnih, fV Im. X^il. ii. 61? < i'%A4! t'uttall, ttm. i. "SI. — INiirel, tai.i Ihct. Siippl. v n»l, A>(. I. t(« -.F'.rbM, .SoiM. HVnium. 70, I . Hump. CovM. 46. — London, Arb. Brit. iu. ISaO, t l*i. •••./ > 40.— Uook-r, n Hot.- Am. ii. ISO. — Emenon, T.-.. « ..a 'J-M).--- Uielrich,. .'•■yn. v. 41U. ' i'rovwwhfr, Fi. Canaiiiennr, ii. fi'J?. — Ms. .> ■ /'/ 4-J7 EXPLANATfO?* OK TIIK IM.ATE. 4 A ,.. .S A w:' .J '•««•<&. nManl niu. ■>I!«X)I.OH. • ■ It irn) «»«. xriUrgiMl. i.v^ifeas***-'' nail a livided '• «, aiitl ^iithern l(.ii '^r^i<^i. with t* II "'Virljt thf i;hii I •.■!» ■'ft'igh- idenMn, Silva of North America. Tab. CCCCLXXVUl. J« m;- 1 • /)« ^.^^■. li.il.b, l3vl(. - li. . 1. * ' .* Kurap. lar. ■ •1/ t 40.— TrMl .w«» *M)..-. in. C. E. ^'a^ziorv d»l. /linieli^ J-c. SALIX DISCOLOR, Muehl. A. RwcreUM Jife.c .' ''"F- ^' TanMu; Pai-U- : % m. % f ■ '■ \\ ''' >lli 1 1 \ ! -J 4 V-\ i w !^.i iiiOf^M'XK^i^.tiefliiaSSIittUlM- ■ HALIOAOKA SUVA OF NOliTU AMERICA. 136 8ALIX OORDATA, var. MAOKENZIEANA. ■ Willow. Leaves lanceolate or oblanccolatc, acuminute, dark green on the upper Hurfucc, palo on the lower. Baliz oordata, y MaokeniiMUia, Hooker, Fl. Bar.- Am. ii. 149 (1839). — Bebb, Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal. ii. 80; Coulter Man. Hoeky Alt. Bot. 'di>6 ; Qardtn and Forest, Tlii. 473. 8«Uz oordata x vasana, Andenion, O/hers. Vetensk. Akad. Flirhandl. xv. 126 {Bidr. Nordam. FUarter) (1868). Balix oordata x roatrata, AnJaruon, Proe. Am. Aead. iv. U5 (1868) ; Ve Candollo Frodr. xvi. pt. ii. 282. Balix oordata, lubipao. Mackenaieana, Anderuon, Suensk. Vetensk. Akad. Uamlt. Mr. 4, vi. 100 (Monogniphia Sal- icum) (1867). A amall tree, with a slender trunk,and upright branches forming u narrow shapely head. The bark of the trunk is smooth, pale and yellowish or gray in color. The branchlets are slender, marked with scattered lenticels, glabrous or slightly puberulous at iirst and often deeply tinged with red, but soon become yellow and lustrous and grow lighter colored in their second year, when they are more or less tinged with green. The buds are ovate, rounded on the back, compressed and acute at the apex, flat- tened by pressure against the stem, bright orange-color, and about an eighth of an inch in length. The leaves are involute in the bud, lanceolate or oblanceolute, gradually narrowed or wedge-shaped or rounded at the base, long-pointed and occasionally slightly falcate above the middle, and finely and obscurely crenately serrate, or entire ; when they unfold they are reddish and pilose with caducous pale hairs, and at maturity are thin and firm in texture, dark green above, pale below, from two to three inches long and about half an inch wide, with slender yellow midribs and arcuate veins, obscure reticu- late veinlets, and thin yellow petioles about a third of an inch in length. The stipules are reniform, conspicuously venulose, about a sixteenth of an inch broad, and usually persistent during the season. The aments are oblong-cylindrical, densely flowered, erect, often more or less curved, about an inch and a half long, and terminal on short branchlets with leaves sometimes reduced to scale" on the staminate plant ; the rachis of the staminate ament is covered by a coat of thick white tomt. um, and that of the pistillate ament is tomentose ; their scales are oblong-obovate, acute, dark-colored, glabrous except at the base, and persistent under the fruit. The stamens are two in niunber, with elongated free glabrous filaments. The ovary is cylindrical, elongated, gradually narrowed into a (blender style crowned by spreading emarginate stigmas, and raised on a slender stalk three or four times as long as the scale. The capsule is elongated, long-stalked, hght brown slightly tinged with red, and about a quarter of an inch in length. Salix cordata, var. Mackemieana, which is still very little known, is distributed from the shores of Great Slave Lake southward through the region at the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains to northern Idaho and to Lake County, California, and .'s i\ow usually regarded as a western form of the shrubby Salix cordata,^ one of the commonest and mof i variable Willows of North America, ranging 1 Mnehlenbergf, ffeue Schrifi. Geiell. Nal. Fr. Berlin, iv. 236, t. 6, f. 3 (1803); Konig i' Simt Ann. Bot. ii. 64, t. 5, f. 3. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 225. — Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. ii. 666. — Peraoon, Syn. ii. 599.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 615.— Juttall, Octi. ii. 231. — Forbes, Salicl. Wobum. 277. — Trautvettor, Mem. Sao. ttr. Acad. Set. SI. Pitertbourg, iii. 623. — Iloolccr, Fl. Bor.-.lm. ii. 140. — Barratt, Sal. Amer. No. 26. — Torrey, Fl. N. Y. ii. 211. — Emer- son, Trees Mass. 275 ; ed. 2, i. 299, t. — Andersaon, O/vers. Vetensk. Akail. FSrhandl. xv. 124 (Bidr. Nordam. Pilarter) ; Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 64 ; Svemk. Vetemk. Akad. Uandl. ser. 4, v. 157 (Ato- nograpkia Salicum) ; De Caiidolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 261. — Ward, Bull. U. S. Nat. Miu. No. 22, 116 (Fl. Wmhinglon). — Behh, is fl 1 1 1 ■f ' 1 » 1 >i ■ •' " 186 SUVA OF NOUTIt AMKlilCA. RAMCACBA from the Arctic Circle to the northern United State*, and from the iihonM of the Atlantic Ocean to liritiah Columbia and California. Thu w(nmI of Salix curdata, var. Atarkemieana, ha* not tieen exuniinud. /Jmvr A- Walxm Bd. Col. U. M ) CouUir Mm. Horiy Ml. Hoi. aan ; n'lUim \ dmlltr Urof't Man. ad. e, 4M. — Dudlajr, Hull. VornM Univmit^, li. 80 (t'ajiuyrt /■/.). Salit nfula, MiirhUnlwrg, Mnu .Srkiy). Ilttrll. Sal. Fr. Htr- tin, ir. !£i7, I. 6, (. 4 (IMU): Kunig tr Sim Ann. Hoi. ii. M, t. A, (. 4. — WilldaDow, Sptc. IT. |>t. U. (W7 — ihinb, A7. .4m. ,!<<;i(. li. fllS. — Korlwi, .Va/>r(. WiJmm. VTI. — iluolur, Ft. Bor.-Am. U. 140. — TraiitVHtUir, Mem. Sav. Ulr. Acad. Sci. Si. /•iltriiourg, m. 0!M. — Barratl, Sal. Amer. No. ST. — Turny, A7. N. Y. li. 1I1-.2. — EiQcniin, Trtti Matt. U7«. Salix angtulala, Punh, I. e. 013 (1814). — Csnjr, flray'i Man. ilil. Salix Tarreyana, Bwntt, /. i'. No. M (IMO). — Emenoo, I. e. 277. Salix cordnin, tw. rigida, Caraj, /. r, (1048). .SaJix eordala, tubipco. rigida, Andaruun, 6'twnji. Kcfnui:. .1 tad. Handl. Mr. 4, tI. 1B8 (Moniigraphia Salievm) («icl. van. a myri- nxV/M, d v«(i/a) (IWI7). Salii cnnlala, tulwpm. rigida, a latifolia, Andei-Hoa, /. r. (1807). Salii cordata, lubipm. rigida, b anguiti/olia, Andsiuon, /. c 150 (18«7). Satii cordala, tubapeo. angmlala, Anderuon, /. r. (1867). Salu cimlala, iiibapcc. angmlala diteolor, AnderHon, 1. r, (1807). Salii cordala, lubipm. angtulala viridida, Anderuon, (. c. ( 1807). Salix eordala, (ubapM. angi^"ala vittllina, Andemoo, (. c. (1807). Salix angiulala rroMa, Aodanwn, /. e. ( 1807). Salix myrimiiln, K. Kuoh, thnlr. ii. pt. i. 570 (in part) (not MuchlanhorK) (IH7'.'). - Kocbnii, Dtulickt Dtndr. UH. Salu mj/riruiilt; a eordala, I>ip|Ml, Handl). LaiMuUk. ii. 83, f. 134 (180!i). Salix myricoiilr; h rigida, Uippal, (. r. (180t<). Salix mgricniilit, e augutlala, Dippal, /. c, (1802). A form of Salix cimlala, tb* MMiallcd Diamond Willow (Salix cantata, var. veilila, in part at l*ait of iiianjr authon but not of An- denaon), frequently confounded with Salix Mititruritntii, ia remark* able for tbe arreat of wood growth at the atrophied branehleta, cauiioK the preienoe of large diamond-ahaped depreaaioni on the atema; it ia a tall ahrub of thu middle Miaaouri Kiver baiin, where in South Dakota it ia the moat ohaiactariatio wood; plant, ita peculiar clumpa of numeroua atama aometimea thirty feet tall forming one of the prominent featurea of tbe vegetation along tha bortlera of atreama. In uaatern Nebraaka, where it ia leal abnn- daut, it ia called Red Willow. Thu reddiah wood ia aaid to be dur- able and uaed for atakea and fenae-|>oata, (See Williama, Oardm and Fortil, viii. 403.) A amall and little knoivn arlioreacent Willow of thia group (5a- tix tutia, NutUll, Sflm, i. 03, t. 10 (1842). Salix curdala, var. lulea, Bebb, (Innlm and Foral, viii. 473 [180S]), of aouthem Aaaiuiboia and northern Montana, ia not included in thia volume, ai it baa been impoaaible to obtain aufllcient material from which to make th* plate, which, it ia hoped, will appear later. EXPLANATION OK THE PLATE. Plate CCCOLXXIX. Hai.ix cordata, vab. Mackknzikana. 1. A flowering branch of the ataniinate tree, natunU size. 'i. A atominate flower with ita acale, front view, enlarged. •'). A flowering branch of the piatillate tree, natural size. 4. A fruiting branch, natural size. C. A capaule, enlarged. ■AMCACKA llllltiu OctMUl to \ 7l) (in put) (nut trttiir. UH. h. UuihuUk. U. 83, f. WW). ( IHIU). ni.Mid Willow (SiUU iithiira but nut of Ai>- amntnttitUi ill rsmftrk- Htru|>bi«ii bntnohleti, III ilepniHioni on tho ri Uivor buin, where tio wood; pbuit, iU mm thirty («t tall T«g«t*tian along the rhere it ii leu kbun- rood i< laid to be dur- Sm Williams, Oardm iw o( thi( granp {So- Uix curdala, var. tiUta, if eouthem Auiniboia volume, ai it bai been 1 whioh to make th* t f \ \ I -I ' ' n of- MKlilCA. ~^r. M<" ktfnzieuna, Laa not hoeii exiitninuil. • ■III to I iti 1 ■' • •■•■iy Ml. I\ul. ■..I tir*,i Mm v4 », VH. -- ViMty, Bull. , «l> I ( iiyvya /■" ) , UiiHhinBUr|>, .V»« A'Miyl. ''ia«U. ^a(. Fr. litr- (1, f. i (IdOH); KoMiif if Sima Ann. Hot. ii. tH, t. 6, M.now, A/w. i». pt ii. fl67. — I'linih, ^7. Am. Sept. ; (iv KWlKiii, .Saiu.1 K'lihvm. 277. ~ Hi>oker, Ft. Ilor.-Am. . 149. -TiautTol>«T, Hem. San. tttr. Acad. Set. St. Viltrrhinirj. •, I.".'!. — Harratt, .W. An,cr. No. 27. — rorn-)-, fV. iV. 1'. u iri — Kiiieraoii, Tra.i Altai. 276. Salix anguibtla, Piirtli, / f . 013 (1814). — Caroy, firtisU Uim. l'.!7. Salix Torreyana, Hamtl, /. c. No. 2» ilH*)) V.av aTT. .Sq/« furdala, T»r. njiitn, Cany, / f. (1»48). Saiix ronliUa, suhapec rigiJA, AiMJcrsion, Sv«kfk. » -j/"...» - • u.i Htindl. Mr. 'l. »> liifi ^Mmitgi-ajiliiii S7). .%U>r, .AiulunMon, I. ■.-. (IS. Salii cordata, iiuiw|>««. angtulalu viriiluin, Andpraaon, /. c. ( t8»i7 ). Sniix curdal'i, subapfxi. onrjutMhi niritina, .AudrrsaoD, I c, (1S«7). KXl'!-.tl^ Saiir nnguMlata cnuM, .Vndcruoit, L t. (tttn Saiit myricywiea, K. Kocli, iiemlr. i». [>i Muchlenlwrft) (I87'J). ■ Kooline. IhniL-'. Haliz myricoiilti, ft rori.m. '•rtrdata, var, umm>), in pari at letwt t>f niftny ..r^i tier u*;i 1, trwqiicnUy confoutidnd with Salix Mi*. ■ able fi>r thf iirrv^st nf w»mk1 growth ftt thv ■ rAiiaii)^ tlK^ prwPiio*' of large diamn»d-*liA|M. i 'V-iti., >( i« A t)!^'i »lki«lio(a It is the uiont < liortutenx ^mim* climipft of uuinervuB at^MiiA soiiMrtitro -< I'lTuing oil* of th( proiuiuent fooliires of th« > v l.vfHii-rs "f •trMiin)' 111 eaateni Nilirnika, wliei ttint. it io ij>:i<: ,'KnrHKAMA. ,;.< itaiuii ..u> tn^. iiainJ aiie. ■ nilli it» iicalf. frunt viuw, enlarged. M.'li of tJio i>istilUt'- lfe», natural iiiio. • li, iLitural -I.". -n (not .1 '' J I J; SALICACEiE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 187 ■■ » SALIX MISSOUBIENSIS. Willow. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, long-pointed, pale and often silvery white below. Balix MiBsourienMs, Bebb, Qarden and Forest, viii. 373 (1895). Balix oordata, subapec. ricrida, d vestita, Andenson, Svensk. Vetenik, Akad. HaruU. aer. 4, vi. 169 {Mono- graphia Salicum) (not Salix veatita, Purah) (1867) ; De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 252. Salix oordata, vu. veatita, Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census V. S. ix. 170 (1884). A tree, often forty or fift^' feet in height, with a tall straigLt trunk ten or twelve or rarely eighteen inches in diameter, and rather slender upright slightly spreading branches which form a narrow open symmetrical head. The bark of the trunk is thin, smooth, light gray slightly tinged with red, and covered with minute closely appressed plate-like scales. The branchlets are slender and marked with small scat- tered orange-colored lenticels, and when they first appear are light green and coated with thick pale pubescence ; this continues to cover them during their first year, when they are reddish brown, and in their second winter they are brown tinged with green and glabrous or puberulous. The buds are ovate, rounded on the back, flattened or acute at the apex, closely pressed against the stem, bright reddish brown, clothed with a thick coat M hoary tomentuni, and nearly an inch long. The leaves are involute in the bud, lanceolate or oblanceolate, gradually narrowed from above the middle to the wedge-shaped or rounded base, acuminate and long-pointed at the apex, and finely serrate with minute incuived glandular teeth ; in the bud they are furnished with a fringe of long silky lustrous caducous white hairs, and when they unfold are coated with pale hairs on the lower surface and are pilose on the upper ; they soon become smooth, with the exception of the upper side of the stout yellow midribs, which are often pubendous during the season, and at maturity they are thin and firm in texture, dark green above, pale and often glaucous below, from four to six inches long and from an inch to an inch and a haU wide, with slender veins forked and united within the margins and connected by reticulate cross veinlets, and stout pubescent or tomentose petioles from one half to three quarters of an inch long ; those of the first pair are ovate, acute, clothed with long silky white hairs, about an eighth of an inch long when fuU grown, and united at the base to the membranaceous hght green glabrous stipular separable inner coat of the bud-scale. The stipules are foliaceous, semicordate and pointed, or rarely reniform and obtuse, serrate with incurved teeth, dark green and glabrous on the upper side, coated on the lower with hoary tomentiun, reticulate-venulose, often half an inch long, and deciduous or persistent during the season. The aments are oblong-cylindrical, erect and densely flowered, and appear before the foliage early in February on short leafy branches ; the stpminate is an inch and a half in length and nearly half an inch in width and rather longer than the more slender ament of the pistillate plant, which at maturity is somewhat lax and from three to four inches long ; their scales are oblong-obovate, light green, and clothed on the outer surface with long straight silvery hairs. The stamens are two in number, with elongated free glabrous filaments. The ovary is short-stalked, cylindrical, rostrate from a thick base, glabrous, and crowned by a short style and spreading entire or sUghtly emarginate stigmas. The capsule is narrow, long-pointed, light reddish brown, and raised on a slender stalk about the length of the persistent scale. Salix Missouriensis grows on the deep sandy alluvial bottom-lands of the Missouri River in the extreme western part of Missouri,' where it is associated with the Red Maple, the Green Ash, the '.. MM > Salix Missouriemui has been collected by Mr. B. F. Bush at Courtney in Jacksou County, twenty miles from its origiiml station at Fort Osiige, where it is abundant on the Missouri River bottoms, and near Watson, Atchison County. 138 SILVA OF NOKTH AMERICA. BALICACEJB. Liquidambar, the Black Willow, the Sand-bar Willow, and the Cottonwood, and in the neighborhood of St. Louis.' The wood qf Salix Miasourienais is dark reddish brown, with thin pale sapwood, and is said to be very durable in contact with the ground and to be used for fence-posts ; it has not been critically examined. Salix Miasouriensia was first collected at Fort Osage on the Missouri Biver by the Oennan naturalist, Maximilian, Prinz von Neuwied,' and was first described by Nils Johan Andersson,' the Swedish salicologist. : .: I M: > In the neighborhood of St. Louii Salix Miumrietuit has been collected at aeTeml pUcea bj Dr. N. M. GUtfelter during the ■ummer of 18t>5. ' Maximilian Alexander Philipp, Prinz von Neuwied (1782- 1867), was bom at Neuwied and entered the German army, from which he retired in 1815 with the rank of major-general to devote himself to the study of science. From 1815 to 1817 he traveled in the interior of Brazil with the naturalists Neirciss and Sellow, the scientific results of this journey appearing in a number of memoirs. In 1832 Maximilian visited the United States, landing in Boston on the 4tb of Jily. lie remained for nearly three years in this country and penetrated to the then little known region watered by the upper Missouri River with the intention of crossing the Rocky Mountains. Failmg in this, he retraced his steps and returned to Europe, where, assisted by a number of specialists, be published an account of his jnumey. His collections made in North and South America are preserved in the museum of his native city. Maximiliana, a genus of Brazilian and West Indian Falms, was dedicated to him by Martins. • Nils Johan Andersson (February 21, 1821-Marah 27, 1880) was bom in Linkiiping, and in 1845 graduated as Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Upsala, where he resided for several years as assistant professor of botany. As naturalist he took part in the voyage of the Swedish frigate Eugenie in the years 1861-63, and in 1852 made collections of plants in California. In 1855 he became demonstrator of botany at the University at Lund, and in the fol- lowing year was appointed professor of botany, director of the Botanic Garden, and superintendent of the botanical division of the Royal Museum. An author of numerous botanical memoirs, text-books, and books of travel, Andersson is best known by his studies of Salix, upon which he wrote many papers and the classi- cal monograph of the genus published in the sixteenth volume of the Prodromm of De Candolle. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. :: :i ); 'i Plate CCCCLXXX. Salix Missoothensm. 1. A flowering branch of the staminate tree, natural size. 2. A staminate flower with its scale, front view, enlarged. 3. A flowering branch of tlie pistillate tree, natural size. 4. A pistillate flower with its scale, front view, enlarged. 5. A raceme of fruit, natural size. 6. A capsule, enlarged. 7. A summer branch, natural size. 8. A winter branch, natural size. r • ^ 8ALICACILS. sighborhood of id is said to be been critically y the 6erman Lndersson,' the Indian Falnu, wu luoh 27, 1880) wu Kitor of Philosophy for several yean as e took part in the years 1851-53, and In 1856 he became ind, and in the fol- ny, director of the otanical division of botanical memoirs, best known by his ipers and the classi- sixteenth volume of .ry< ■^^Ht'. ^ li * I 1 1 I : ' t : I i IfW v;/ r,( or Nor.rn .\mi:iuca. -,.,,1.1,.,,. H'ill<.w, ;iiii| tilt' f'ottoiiwood, and n. • -'Hiod of .tfi«KO(inefi«i« u ditrk rrddiMii hrown, with thin pale Hap-wud v^ to be with the 'ground iind to he used for fence-posti ; it hat* ii" .r.dly ^Mmrit%$i» WM tint collected at Fort Omige on the Missouri Kiv> iii..itaii, Prinz voii Nmiwied,* and was first describod by Nils Job* '•'U*t. (CI man the ! , J'i tv t^ utfi^hKtrttouil '>f St. I^uiH Siilix Mumourimsu hM lio«n 4(HM*! binMU ta Uw «tad; of Kieni;?. From 1815 to 1817 Im- trarotfc'i m tlu intnrior of Kriizil with 'Me naturiiliiit.ii Neirciiu and Satluv, •>.>. Aoianttfic re:tiiltfl of thiii joiirof^r nppearinjf in a itiiinb«r of iikeuKN/« in IMi Masiiniliaii rinitod tbe Unitmi .staton, landing in lUwtoii ou ihs tth of .lul)-. Ilo I'emaio'.'d for iotitIt tliive VMkn in ihi> ^•oi-ntTy aii'l |H'n..tn4t*Ml to th*i llwm lift'*, known rcffion wiiteivij by tfafi nppor .MiH«(»un Hiver with tlio int«nt\on of oros«ing th« Kur.ky Mountains failing in tltin. lit' retmood hia Hicpa and rf^tiinied lo Kiimpo, whero, oMisied by a niii.'*bfr uf MpecinlistA, h« puhliaU^t an aocunnt of kiji jouraoy. Ilia ooUoctiouH made in Nortii and Stmih AnKriua aiv pn^jwrTpd in the mnncnm of liiii native «^ity. Marmituitut, a f^rnuH of Hrnnilian and H f d«'licat«.4l u> him by Martiiui. • SiU Johan Auili.rMon(Fi;l.niar>21,l8'.;lM. Inirti yii Li>tlA>ping, ^^v^ in 1H45 gnuliialcd ait !>«.. at tlifi L'uiv«raity of Upiiala, whtre'he n'aid^l f<< awiatant profvuaor of butauy. A> naturali.'^ )k royagv of tha Swwli^b frigate Eugenia in tb« . H i^'/. T'inii ooll*«lionM of plants mi California dvm.«ar of twtanv at th'* (Inivpnit^ ai I.h . ii'H.ag yrixr ttaa nppointi'tl proftissor of bvtii. Uotanio tiar*len, aivi suficriutonJcnt of tlu> U>' the Roval M»aeiiooks of travel, Andeiiuiou i* li. HtiidieK of Salix, upon which bo wrote many |iap<. cal monograph of the ^'.nuit puhlishod iu t\ip 'H'- tlw Pmirvmut of De C'ai>dolle. : waa ■ (''•T .^ a* . tlw .•ad .■ame tol- , .>f ' hia ■nMU- -■■■ «« RXnjk.NAti' 1. A 9»w. ' ■■■n , oaturiil ^tt*. •I I ■ ■: .ii»i, „,. . ,..„,, ,,ie. 8 A wiotar bnuiph nAlunki mie. 1 ^- : Silvd of North Amerioa. , Tab.CCCCLXXX. ''1 ^ I it ■ ! 5 ;• ^' f' Fa.i'Ofi f/M fiapinc- so SALIX MISSOURIENSIS.ReU A fiii>('t'ou.r (fi/'L\i Imp . f Tani'ur, /\i/-ts 11 _i I ■] • 1 ' ! 'I ; H| ii ■ i |:|||^ i^ i; I f I! ! ■ » , . IP i • i II t 4 SAUCACE^. 8ILVA OF NORTH AMEBIC A. 188 SALIX LASIOLEPIS. White Willow. L"'A.VE8 oblanceolate or lanceolate-oblong, dark green on the upper surface and pale and glaucous and pubescent or puberulous on the lower. Balix lAsiolepis, Bentham, PI. HaHweg. 336 (1867).— Andemon, Ofxtri. Vetemk. Akad. Fdrhandl. xv. 118 (Bidr. Nordam. PUarter) ; Proe. Am. Acad, W. 68 ; De CandolU Prodr. zri. pt. ii. 264. — Walpen, Ann. v. 747. — Babb, Brewer & Wation Bot. Cal. ii. 86 ; Bot. Oatette, zri. 104. — Sa ■gent, Foreit Tree* N. Am. 10th Cemus U. S. ix. 170. — Coville, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 199 (Bot. Death Valley Exped.). —Greene, Man. Bot. Bay Region, 300. Balix BiKelovU, Torrey, Pac\fio R. R. Rep. iv. pt v. 139 (1866?). — Andemon, Of vera. Vetenak. Akad. Fdrhandl. XV. 118 {Bidr. Nordam. PUarter) ; Proe. Am. Aead. iv. 68 ; Svensk. Vetenik. Akad. Handl. ser. 4, vi. 163 (Mo- nographia Salieum) ; Ve Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt ii. 256. — Walpen, Ann, v. 747. — Greene, Man. Bot. Bay Region, 299. Balix Bigelovii, a latifoUa, Andemon, Svenak. Vetenak. Akad. Handl. ser. 4, vi. 163 (Monographia Salicum) (1867) ; De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt ii. 265. Balix Bigelovii, b anguatifoUa, Anderuoo, Svenik. Vet- enak. Akad. Handl. ser. 4, vi. 163 (Monographia Sali- cum) (1867) ; De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt ii. 255. Balix Bigelovii, var. fuaoior, Andemon, Svenak. Vetenak, Akad. Handl. aer. 4, vi. 163, f. 94 (Monographia Sali- cum) (1867) ; De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt ii. 255. Balix f, Watson, King's Rep. v. 325 (1871). Balix lasioIepiB, var. Bigelovii, Bebb, Brewer & Wataon Bot. Cal. ii. 86 (1880). Balix lasiolepis, var. (?) fallax, Bebb, Brewer & Wataon Bot. Cal. ii. 86 (1880). A tree, from twenty to thirty or occasionally fifty feet in height, with a trunk from twelve to eighteen inches in diameter, and slender erect branches which form a loose open head ; or often, at the north and at high elevations, reduced to a low shrub. The bark of old trunks is dark, about a third of an inch thick, roughened by small lenticels and broken into broad flat irregularly connected ridges ; on young stems and on the branches it is much thinner, smooth, and light gray-brown. The branchlets are stout, coated at first with hoary tomentum, and during their first year bright yellow or dark reddish brown and puberulous or pubescent, becoming darker and glabrous in their second season. The buds spread slightly from the stem and are ovate, acute, compressed, rounded anteriorly and posteriorly, contracted laterally into thin wing-like margins, light brownish yellow, and glabrous or puberulous. The leaves are involute in the bud, oblanceolate or lanceolate-oblong, often inequilateral and occasion- ally falcate, gradually narrowed and wedge-shaped or abruptly contracted and wedge-shaped and cuneate or rounded at the base, acute or acuminate and apiculate or rarely rounded at the apex, and entire or remotely serrate with minute spreading callous teeth; when they unfold they are pilose above and coated below with thick hoary tomentum, and at maturity are thick and subcoriaceous, conspicuously reticulate-venulose, dark green and glabrous on the upper surface, pale or glaucous and pubescent or puberulous on the lower, from three to six inches long and from half an inch to an inch wide, with broad yellow midribs and slender arcuate veins forked and united within the sUghtly thickened and revolute margins ; they are borne on slender petioles which vary from one eighth to one half of an inch in length, and at the south often remain on the branches until the appearance of the fiowers in winter or early spring. The stipules are ovate, acute, coated with hoary tomentum, minute and caducous, or sometimes foliaceous, semilunar, acute or acuminate, entire or denticulate, dark green on the upper surface, pale on the lower, and persistent. The aments, which appear from December at the south to March at the north, are erect, cylindrical, slightly flexuous, densely flowered, and nearly sessile on abbreviated tomentose branchlets which bear two or three small leaves or caducouc hairy scales ; V i I •rMi > :' N: f'.' 140 3ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. BALtCACKJK. they are about an inch and a half long, and those of the staminate plant are half an inch thick and nearly twice as thick as those of the pistillate plant, which, when the fruit ripens, are sometimes nearly three inches long ; the scales are oblong^bovate, rounded or acute at the apex, dark colored, clothed with long crisp white hairs, and persistent under the fruit. The stamens are two in number, with elongate Braiidegoe, Proe. Cat. Acad. ier. 2, ii. 206 (PI. Baja Co/.). ' A ibrubby form of Salix Uuioltpis, with numerous atenu eight or ten feet high, oblanoeolate lesvea gradumlly iwrrowed and wedge- shaped at the base, acute and oocasionally rounded at the apex, mostly remotely and finely crenately serrate, especially above the middle, and pale silvery white and puberulous on the lower surface, was found in 18IM by Dr. T. 8. Wilooz of the United States army in Tanner's Caflon on the Uoaobuca Mountains in southern Arizona. It was also found by Professor J. W. Toumey in White Kiver Caflon of the f^hericahua Mountains in July, 1894 ' In one of the ordinary forms ok t.uis S|^eoies the leaves are olv lanceolate or occasionally oblong-oblanceolnte, acute or acuminate, more or less pubescent below, irregularly and unequally serrate, and subooriaceous, those at the base of the aments being reduced to minute scales. In another form (var. Bigelovii, Bebb) the leaves are thinner, obovate or euneate-obovate, often obtuse or rounded at the apex, and hoary-pubescent below, and the aments are raised on short leafy brancblets ; and in another (var. faUax, Bebb) the leaves are lanceolate-oblong, abruptly contracted and sometimes rounded at the base, and glaucous and pole below ; the stipules are larger, semilunar, and persistent, and the smaller aments are nther less densely flowered. * Salix Uuioltpis is reported to be common on the banka of streams in the valley of Hatwai Creek, Nez Perces County, west- ern Idaho (Holsinger, Conlrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iii. 261). • See ii. 34. ' Bigelow's specimens are the types of Torrey's 5a(ur Bigelovii, published in the fourth volume of the Paciflo Railroad Reports. The date on the title-page of this volume is 1850, but the introduc- tion, signed by Torrey, ia dated .lanuory 12, 1867, and in his de- scription of other Willows in this Report reference is made to tlie fasciculus of the Plantuc Ilartwtgiarut of Beutham which was pub- lished in Londou in 1857, and in which Salix latiolepit waa first described. Whatever may have been the real date of publication of the fourth volume of the Pacific Railroad Reports, it ia evident that the portion of it in which the Willows are described did not appear until after the publication of the lost fasciculus of the Plantat Hartwetjiana, and that Bentbam'a name for this Willow is the older. ' See i. 88. A EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Platr CCCCLXXXI. Salix la.siolepis. 1. A ftowerinf' ui-»nch of the statninato tree, natural air.e. 2. A staminate flower with its scale, front view, enlarged. 3. A flowerin); branch of the pistillate tree, natural size. 4. A pistillate flower, enlarged. 6. A fruiting branch, natural size. 6. A cttpaule, enlarged. 7. A summer branili. natural m.e. 8. A winter branch, natural size. i' i BALICACEJC. inch thick and metimes nearly colored, clothed number, with ow, cylindrical, id nearly Bessile inch in length, ibuted from the lia,' and to the the California he north and on ur thousand feet itains numerous a gravity of the fornia it is often tor Hartweg " in Uar amenta are nther ion on the banks o( Parcel County, weit- trb. iii. 261). 'orrey's Salix Bigelovii, :iflc Kailroad Reports. 18S0, but the introduc- i, 1857, and in hii de- ference ia made to the ntham which was pub- ilix Icuiolepis was flrat eal date of publication d Reports, it ia evident I are described did not last fasciculus of the koie for this Willow is VI i % I' Ij !• ir f 1 ,^t, ^U . • ..' ! 1'"' "• '''I' ■« ■ -■ ■ :""' *» fc «• tlwn* •♦ *'• ' ' '" '''"' iil'viiM. 11.1 hi. II, •> II • ••'!'; t. . .^..■h^ (uaf . ill* Mak« MO uhk)U|p fruit. Tlio in,j, fyliiidm-al, liglit re«lili«th brown, ab«>»it a quiirt«r of an inch in Ittngth, 1 1. iipf4i* in M<»rrh. vj ., .„„..,;. fUM inkAliiU th« bankii of iitroamii and low moi»t ((cound, and in di*triJ>uUMl from the valWy of tbn KUntalh Rjv«r southward through wcntafn Cyifornia to Uwnr California,' and to tho mouuUinti of iHiuthvrn Arizona.' It ih tin- • oniinoiiMt and out' in i.l.>|»txi of tho Sierra Nmadiw, which it >unitnAi> bt idnvatiMOt o« thrwi or four thomtand fwt alwTt! tho na, rmluwd to a low nianyittvuiiutMl ahruh.* riiA wood of i^i.'iV I'iilnhpi* ii li|{ht. Mift, idii«t<-Kr>noi-il. l.iii m-.i 1,11. ...i; it » intttiim nuiiioroua thin nu'dullary rayn, and \» light hrowii, wiih Uuc'k uoarly *hii« wipwKid. The sputil'ri! (friivitj of tho aUolutely dry wowl ih l).rt5Sl, a cubic foot wpighiiig 'M.H** jKiunds. In nouthem (Jalifornia it ih often uiu, and nour San Frauciaco in 1854 * by Dr. J. M. Bigi-low ' Bramlogw., I'ne. Cat. Aaul. tt. U. >i. 20IJ (/'/. %« Cal). • A ibnibiij' form of SdlLr hutJtpu, with niiinimm* lUiiiiii eight or l«ii fwt hi({h, pi)!*!"*!!!*!* Warn Kfarfiuilly imrrowDd itiul weil]5«- iibipiHl ftt tliii Wo, ,u-.utq and iM.eiuii'nAlly n>itfule4 nt thi, A\tf\, mi«lly rnniotcly «M ttimly fnntXulj •emun, rapwikllr »b«iT» th* nilddl*, kad p»li> •iWsry wlutif ukI pulwniU-aii m Uw Ui«<-« of Tonwy'ii Saiit lUijrlomi, Twuier'n ('kil"a on Uw liiuwbuaa M«iiul«iBi in MinUirra AriwtMi. (iiblitlaMl in tW fourth nluuw of tlw IV'illo Kaitroitil ll<,p.irt)i. • • - T- '-• ■ -^^ ■ !■' !«(• of tliM tnlamn ui 1>VS tha , ..f of Itriitliaui which ww puU- , lii tA >. a^^ i.'i whiib Salij ttuuHepit ww Ant .^ ,iL»v«r may li»« Uu-n tho rtui uhlinati«u of Um titurth taliiOHt ••' tli* Ciunfi.' tUtlniuil '- (KirtB, il. in ovii!oii(, , .'. lb»t tha pi^-tion ut it lu whiith thn Willowii ai't doKrilvd dirt nut ..liwd it|i|>aaT until «it«r tliu |.ublin'ioii of tha liwl f.m'iculiu i>' tho i„i.iji llie I'imiiT //..".-•,,.?.,., jii,l llw*. Iti'iithain'. lutuio fur Lliin Willxir ii iKfTUittiiueA ihn older 'lipuloH iin. ' S*« i '"w< It wna kliu fouiKi ■ M ■ of tho l.'lirrcaba. • hi tma of Ihf >, lanoaiilata or oorjwjn'.. . mora or laiiii piiiieaeaut Lnlow 'i.' and •ubooria. •tmi, thoae at Iho *>a»i to uiinulc tcahif. lu unHber form I ara tbiunnr, clwrale .r cuuaMa-obo , ■ tho apoi, ami buarj-pubaaaaut b>l<>.> »u ibort leafy braochlota ; and in lua ,ii' IcAvo* arv huieoolaU' oMoDg, abruptly ' •> ronndad at th» bate, and glauao.u and pii tho of tho CuliCuruM tliH luirtli uiiri on ,I..„.-....| fwst MiUkiMH iiiiinnrouB (^riivity "f tho it'oiiiiti it i.s oftfiii >iiin Flurtwu);' ia lailar luncnU tro ntlmr iinun on the btnkii of Utrb. iii. 'M). 'Viyrr^y\ Salix Itiijftovii, 'M'illo Kulroiul ili'porU. a IfVMI, lull Uiii inlrotlno- n\ I HOT, lUiU III hit de- KfrraDCO U m«itu Ut th« u tmi\ l'-'{Kirtfl» il. Ill rviitriil WA an: dcscrilied did nut 0 lo-Ht fasviculus iiC tho niuuo (ur IhU Willoir i* li f C.K.FaJcvn tJri . ffi/n^y SALIX LASIOLEPIS. R-nth. A HiiM:r('4i.r tfi/^cr^. Itnp . J. Taneur, Paris. i E , 'Ml • 1 1 !! ( ; 1; •fi : ; i 8AUCACKS. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 141 SALIX NUTTALLH. Black Willow. Leaves oblong-obovate, acute, acuminate or rounded at the apex, bright yellow- green on the upper surface. Salix NuttaUii, Sargent, Garden and Forest, viii. 463 (1896). Balix flavesoens, Nuttall, Sylva, i. 66 (not Host) (1842). — B«bb, Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal. ii. 86 (in part) ; Bot. GaxeUe, rii. 129 ; xri. 105 ; Coulter Man. Roeky Mt. Bot. 336. — Sargent, Forest Trees N.Am. 10th Censu U. S. ix. 169. — CovUle, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 198 (Bot. Death VaUeyExped.) — F. Kurtz, Bot. Jahrb. ziz. 406 (Fl. Chilcatgebietes). A tree, occasionally thirty feet in height, with a short trunk rarely exceeding a foot in diameter, and slender pendulous branches which form a rather compact round-topped shapely head. The bark is thin, dark brown slightly tinged with red, and divided into broad flat ridges. The branchlets are stout and marked with scattered yellow lenticels, and at first are coated with pale pubescence which soon disappears or often continues to cover them until midsummer ; during their first season they vary in color from bright yellow to dark orange-color, and in their second year are dark red-brown and roughened by the conspicuous elevated leaf-scars. The buds are ovate, acute, nearly terete or sUghtly flattened, with narrow lateral wing-like margins, and are light or dark orange-color, glabrous or pilose at the base, and about a quarter of an inch in length. The leaves are involute in the bud, oblong- obovate, gradually narrowed and wedge-shaped at the base, which is often unequal, acute or abruptly acuminate with short or long points or broad and rounded at the apex, and entire or remotely and irregularly crenately serrate ; when they unfold they are pilose above and coated below with pale pubescence or tomentum, and at maturity are thin and firm in texture, dark yellow-green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale and glabrous or pilose on the lower, from an inch and a half to four inches long and from half an inch to an inch and a half wide, with broad yellow pubescent midribs, slender veins forked and arcuate within the sUghtly thickened and revolute margins and connected by conspicuous reticulate veinlets, and slender puberulous petioles from one quarter to one half of an inch in length ; the lowest leaves are ovate, acute, and coated with thick hoary tomentum, and fall when less than an inch in length. The stipules are foliaceous, semilunar, glandular-serrate, from an eighth to a quarter of an inch long, and caducous. The aments, which appear before the unfolding of the leaves, are oblong-cylindrical, erect, and nearly sessile on short tomentose branches furnished with two or three small scale-Uke caducous or persistent leaves coated with long white hairs ; those of the staminate plant are about an inch long and rather more than half an inch thick, and those of the pistillate plant are an inch and a half long, about three eighths of an inch thick, and rather lax, becoming from two to three inches in length when the capsules mature ; the scales are oblong, narrowed at both ends and acute at the apex, dark-colored, coated with long white hairs, and persistent under the fruit. The stamens are two in number, with free glabrous filaments. The ovary is cylindrical, long-pointed, coated with hoary pubescence, crowned with the nearly sessile broad emarginate stigmas, and raised on a short stalk about one third as long as the scale. The capsule is light reddish brown, coated with pale pubescence, and about a third of an inch in length. Salix Nuttallil inhabits the borders of mountain streams usually only at high elevations, and is distributed from southern Assiniboia and the banks of the Columbia River, near Donald in British • -1 .-I 1 ) ' V F lii ,1 ii li ' % i 11 . I; I 'I * 'I f I ! I; 'f i f lit Mi. i 142 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SALICACE^. Columbia ' southward through the Rocky Mountain region to northern New Mexico and Arizona,'^ and along the California Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino Mountains, upon which it grows as a low shrub at elevations of from seven to ten thousand feet above the level of the sea.' The wood of Salix Nuttallii is light, soft, and close-grained, but not strong ; it is light brown tinged with red, with thick nearly white sapwood, and contains numerous obscure medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.4969, a cubic foot weighing 30.97 pounds. In the Pacific coast region Salix Nuttallii is represented by the variety hrachystachys* which is distributed from Alaska to the vicinity of Santa Barbara, California, and is sometimes a tree sixty or seventy feet in height, with a tall trunk often two feet and a half in diameter, or frequently a shrub with stems not more than two or three feet in height. The bark is about a quarter of an inch in thickness, light gray, slightly fissured, and irregularly divided into thin plate-like scales which in falling disclose the dark red inner bark. The branchlets are stout, Ught yellow and pubescent at first, and in their second season dark reddish brown and usually glabrous. The buds are coated with pale pubes- cence, and are about a quarter of an inch in length. The leaves are obovate, rounded or acute at the apex, about an inch and a half long and nearly an inch wide, or on large trees often three or four inches long and an inch and a half wide ; on vigorous shoots they are sometimes oblong-obovate, coarsely crenately serrate, hoary-pubescent below, from four to six inches in length and from an inch and a half to two inches in breadth, with larg^e foliaceous semilunar dentate stipules si'very white and pubescent on the lower surface. The pistillate aments are rather shorter than those of the mountain tree and often curved. Salix Nuttallii, var. brachystachys, is the most abtmdant Willow in western Washington and Oregon, attaining its greatest size in swan.ps and ou the bottom-lands of rivers near the shores of Puget Sound ; it is less common in the California coast region, where it usually grows on hillsides near springs, and is rarely more than twenty feet in height, with a contorted stem and bushy head, and sometimes in the neighborhood of Monterey in dry sandy soil under the shade of Pine-trees as a shrub only a few feet high. The wood of Salix Nuttallii, var. brachystachys, is light, hard, strong, tough, and close-grained ; it is light red-brown, with thick brown sapwood, and contains numerous obscure medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.5412, a cubic foot weighing 33.73 pounds. > Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 448. ' In September, ISM, Salir Nuttallii waa fouud by J. W. Toumey and C. S. Sarf^nt on the northern slopes of the San Franciaoo Mountain, at an elevation of 8,000 feet above the sea, growing as a large shrub. " S. B. Parish, Zoi; iv. 347. * Salix Nultallii, var. hrachystachyi. Salix hrachystachys, Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 336 (1857). — An- dcrsaon, Ofveri. Velen»k. Alead. Ftirhandl. xv. 121 (Ridr. Nordam. PUarter) ; Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 60 ; Svemk. Ve'.msk. A tad. Handl. ser. 4, vi. 8'i, t. 5, f. 48 (Monographia Salicum) ; Dt Candnlle Prndr. xvi. pt. ii. 2'.i4. Salix Scouleriana, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 14S (in part) (183U). — Cooper, Paafic R. R. Rqi. xii. pt. ii. 29. Salix capreoida, Andersson, 6/ver> I'ftemk. Akad. FUrkandl. I. c. 120 (18fl8) ; Proc. Am. Acad. I. c. Salix brachytlachyt, subspec. Scouleriana, Andersson, Soenik, Vtlemk. Akad. Handl. I. c. 83 (1867) ; De CandolU Prodr. I. c. 224. Salix brachyatachy), subspec. Scouleriana tenuijulis, Andersson, Svcfiik. Vetemk. Akad. Handl. I. c. (1867) ; De Candolh Prodr. I. c. 226. Salix brachystachys, B Scouleriana cratrijulit, Andersson, De Candolte Prodr. I. c. (1868). Salix flavescem, Bebb, Brewer If Watson Bol. Cal. ii. 86 (in part) (1880).— Coville, Conlrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 198 {Bot. Death Valley Eiped.). Salix fl--.,... --"«. var. Scouleriana, Bebb, Bot. Gazelle, vii. 129 (1882). — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. lOlh Census U. S. iz. 170. — Macoun, /. c. — Uolzinger, CoiUrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iii. £61. Snlix Jlavescens, var. capreoida, Bebb, Garden and Forest, viii. 373 (1895). Salix Nuttallii, var. capreoides, Sargent, Garden and Forest, viii. 463 (1895). SALICACE^. id Arizona,'' and grows as a low is light brown Uary rays. The Is. achys* which is a tree sixty or iquently a shrub r of an inch in which in falling t at first, and in tnth pale pubes^ 1 or acute at the n three or four oblong-obovate, ad from an inch i'very white and of the mountain (Washington and ir the shores of on hillsides near bushy head, and trees as a shrub d close-grained ; Uary rays. The ds. I, Andenson, Svetuk. indoUe Prodr. I. c. 224. tenuijulia, AndersBon, I ; De CandolU Prodr. ijulii, Andensoo, De n Bot. Cal. ii. 86 (in t. Herb. iy. 198 (Bol. Bot. Gazette, vii. 129 10(* Census U. S. v.. ^ S. Nat. Herb. iii. £61. irden and Forest, viii. t, Garden and Foreil, ! ; 1 ■i :* ' ': \-f :! ■ I i i^ 5' i :( i ■ il < Ii. P!' ! f I , f 1 i 1 < ' EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Flatb CCCCLXXXIL Salix Nuttaliji. 1. A flowering branch of the staminate tree, natural size. 2. A staminate flower with its scale, froDt view, enlarged. 3. A flowering branch of the plstil]ate tree, natural size. 4. A pistillate flower with its scale, front view, enlarged. 6. A fruiting branch, natural size. 6. A capsule, enlarged. 7. A summer branch, natural size. Plate CCCCLXXXTIL Salix NnxTALLii, var. brachtstacbts. 1. A flowering branch of the staminate tree, natural size. 2. A staminate flower with ,it8 scale, front view, enlarged. 3. A flowering branch of the pistillate tree, natural size. 4. A pistillate flower with its scale, front view, enlarged. 6. A fruiting ament, natural sizo. 6. A capsule, enlarged. 7. A summer branch, natural size. 8. A summer branch, natural size. :^f i 1 im •-•'■, i M. i *■- ' ^■. I -¥ M \ \\\' r" K .•. r * iV .N -^ i i ' > .-^ ■ • - ' PU4TK CC(X;r,XXX' NmrAUJj. 1. A Howcring hranoh . ,i.i..- irrm. natural aixo. 2. A otanMnuK* Hn>fi>r Mu'i <^ m-jlI* {nwt view, milorged. .'!. A flowetriiii; bnnxli nl lixe )ii«(llUtr n&hiiitl nixe. 4. A jiiatiiloto Uiwur wisti iU wain, fmnl sitw. eiilarijwl. 6. A (Tuitiug brftneh, niUitra) «ita. 6.' A I tt|Mul«, snUrKiHl. 7. A «uiiiDi)ir liriuicH, uittiir:J ^iw. Platb CCCCLXXXnT. Saux Ntm* «. v«r. BBACuvsTAcajfi. 1. A flo«r«tin{( bnuirh oi the K««iaiu'>t« Uw>. nutural sizu. 2. A ttuiHniktt- S.»'v«r with ■>• ■■ • ■ •' -- lsrn»U. ■i. A tlowuriiiff iir»ne)i ol lb> •♦ ■ -4. Silva of Horth Ainenca Tab CCCCLXXXll. C.l'.f\i.t\'ii ./<•/. //uneii/ SALIX NUTTALLII, S^r£-. i.h'j*>crot4.r ciJr*\. hnfi.J. TaneuJ-. Parif . H '■ *i fi' ■^^ ■^^# *f' \ J'-:; ^ 1 •' 1 . 1 1 ^ ij ! I< , (/ '4^: i r ■ •i ; It ? I !. I' m ' !: I I I Mt! ■il ' ^ i Pi I 'jilva of Ncinh America. Tab. CCCCLXXXUl i I t C.U.Fo.r.-n ,M . Hi'meli^ SALIX NUTTALLlI.var BRACHYSTACHYS, Sara. A.Jiiorri'iur €iiroj\ Imp. ,/ 7'an&ur . PnrL\. 'V\ :''y. ' Ml 1 1 ^=i M' ' i:- I' i;! ^ir^ I! i'il f!':'^ I. ■!: Ufc i HALlCACKiK. aJLVA OF NORTH AMEliWA. 145 \*\ SALIZ FIPERI. Willow. Leaveh cUiptical-obloDg, obovato, or oblunceoluto, derk green on tho upper surfuce. gluucouH on tho lower. BaUx Piperi, Bebb, Gardtn and f'orut, yiii. 482 (180r>). A shrub, with several stems rising from the ground to the height of eighteen or twenty feet, luually free of branches except near the top, four or Kve inches in diameter, and covered with smooth light brown bark. The branchlets are stout, glabrous, dark red-brown, very lustrous, and marked with scattered light orange-colored lenticels. The buds spread slightly from the stem above the middle, and are ovate, rounded at the flattened and somewhat incurved apex, full and rounded on the anterior side and flattened or slightly rounded on the posterior, compressed along the margins into narrow wings, dark or light chestnut-brown, lustrous, and often a third of an inch in length. The leaves are condupli- cate in the bud, elliptical-oblong, obovate, or oblanceolate, gradually narrowed and rounded or wedge- shaped at the base, acuminate with short broad and often oblique points or acute or rarely rounded at the apex, which is tipped with a minute gland, and coarsely crenate with small spreading glandular teeth, or entire with slightly undulate margins ; when they unfold they are pilose above and coated below with pale caducous pubescence, and at maturity they are thin and firm in texture, glabrous, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface and silvery white on the lower, from four to seven inches long and from an inch and a half to two in> lius wide, with stout dark orange-colored midribs, prominent primary veins arcuate and united near iliu margins and connected by conspicuous reticulate veinlets, and slender slightly grooved glabrous or puberulous petioles from one half to three quarters of an inch in length ; the leaves of the first pair are oblong-obovutc, rounded above, gradually narrowed below, and coated with thick pale or rusty tomentum, and fall when less than an inch long. The stipules are foliaceouB, reniform, silvery white on the lower surface, at least a quarter of an inch in length, and caducous, or often wanting. The oments are terminal and oblong-cyUndrical, and appear with or just before the foliage ; those of the staminate plant are nearly sessile, furnished at the base with two or three scale-like bracts coated with long silky white hairs, from an inch to an inch and a half long, two thirds of an inch thick, silvery white before the appearance of the stamens, and nearly twice as thick as those of the pistillate plant, which are raised on short branches covered, like the under surface of their small leaves, with hoary tomentum ; the scales are oblong-obovate, rounded at the apex or nearly orbicular, dark-colored, and coated with long straight slender lustrous hairs which are longer and more brilliant on those of the staminate ament. The stamens are two in number, with slender glabrous filaments free or often united nearly to the middle. The ovary is oblong-lanceolate, rather abruptly narrowed above the middle, glabrous, raised on a slender stalk nearly as long as the scale, and surmounted by an elongated slender orange-colored style and erect entire stigmas. Salix Piperi has been distinguished only in western Washington, where it was discovered in April, 1889, by Professor C. V. Piper.' ' CharleB Vancouver Pip«r waa born in Victoria, British Colum- bia, on June 10, 1807, and in 1874 moved to Seattle, Washington, where he was educated in the grammar and high schools, and in the State University of Washington, from which he was graduated in 1881. Botany and entomology had been his favorite studies from childhood, and before and after he left college Mr. Piper had ex- plored nearly all parts of the state of Washington and made large collections of plants and insecte. In 1892 be was appointed to the chair of botany and zoology in the Washington Agricultural Col- lege and School of Science, and was made botanist and entomolo- gist of the State Agricultural Experiment Station at Pullman, ( S^:' I-IG SUVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 8ALICACEJG. Salix Piperi, which is one of the rarest and least well known of American Willows, is, with its large white silky precocious '^'•minate aments, its bright branches, and its large brilliantly colored leaves, one of the most distinct and beautiful among them.' > Three plant* of Salix Piperi are known in the vicinity of Seat- tle. One of them, growing on the gravelly Iwaoh at Lake Waah- ington with Salix cordala, Salix Siichmtit, and Salix NuttaUii, var. brachj/stachyt, is the only piatillate plant of the apeciea that has yet been diiouvered, and is a shrub with stems not mora than three or four feet tall. About three miles distant from it are two ataminate plants, one growing in a swamp near Lake Union, and i other in a sphagnum covered bog on high ground in the same neighborhood. A third staminate plant has been found by Professor Piper several miles south of Seattle on the margin of a oreek near Yalm Prairie in Thurston County, and a fourth about ten miles south of the same city. Although Salix Piperi is not known at present except in a shrubby form, it is admitted into The Silva, in which only the arbo- rescent species are described, because many Willows an both shrubby and arborescent in habit, and therefore it is not impossible that arborescent individuaU of this species may yet be found. EXPLANATION OP THE PLATE. PtATB CCCCLXXXIV. Salix Piperi. 1. A floweru - branch of the staminate tree, natural size. 2. A staiui> i'« flower with its scale, front view, enlarg' 1. 3. A stami'.ate flower wi'Ji its scale, front view, enlarged. 4. A ';ianch oftlie pistillate tree, natural size. 6. A pistillate flower with its scale, front view, enlarged. 6 A capsule, enlarged. 7. A summer branch, natural size. ' '» 1 I i i i -i-^ il^ PHP ■ I North Amtnri Tab.CCCCLXXXPA SALICACEJE. billows, is, with its itly colored leaves, Frofeuor Piper nTeral creek near Yalm Prairie miles south of the same at present except in a , in which ouiy the arbo- lany Willows are both efore it is not impossible may yet be found. ,t ? SALIX PIPE; TLtUAJ Sty . hi ii! i ; SiLV i or NOHTU AM K tin: A. ,1, which in o)»« ^ Ittw is»w«t nnd Uiasl well known of Anien( '-^ ilky prt'COciouN ' •'-TiTa, it8 bright branchus, ami itn large bri.'liiwi' «l<)Ht ili.-jlini't .111- ■1.;; llu'iii.' KAUCACEJC. . nitk its ^ '.caves, J, v,r-- HP- 1. r -rt*. . (. iiut_y u/ .Si'at.. '.i- ^ -# •#^v HMdh at ijnk*t Wuith- t-.-M- mmI cUiiix ^\tttiiUuj var. Ai*t ul tha iipericM that liiu ynt I Hit-irti, not more Umn thwo o.* ' -tuat from it are two iifHntiiiiLtc I' -ir l.H.ke Oiion, Mi(i tlie (»tlior in jt-viood ill the name noigliburbtxxi. A third staminate |ibiiit hatt bena fniiml (*;, ^ - miles Dtmth of Seattle oii the; iimrgin of n « <«■. ill Tlmraton Count)', and a fourth r,boLi( t**'*. i»i. oi(j', Although ,S«/ij- Piperi w not knuwu M shruliby (onn^ it is admitied into The S^sn, t» rfiujfint !»i>ecies iiro descrilwd, becauflit mw- ihrulthv and Hrbi>rcAi:ent ia hitbit. liiiit N: < that ttrUirtiMeut i&dividualji of thia speci4-^ f-vpral t'rairie ■ '; Haiae I't in a , < «ibo- . both M KXPLANATION OK THE PLATK. H'ff*! l'r.ATR CCCCLXXXIV. Saui Pifkbi. 1. A floHiTing hraucli iif tho stsmiiialt' tiv«, natural size ". A stauu'.xUo l)pw>n ,;r ( Jmp. . /. r,inei. , sapw'toil, Hiid ('iiiitAiii.<< tliin v. .if tli» putillate IrM, oaturnl "i/e. 4. A pintillntv flower with il« jinU, front uiew, i-alorj^i-d. G. A (rntling l>rnnrh, iukrf>f\ur tiif(\f i /■•up. > ^. Ttintuir. /'nrr'j-. p I I f liiiiii HI ' 1 1 f: i ! ; i ; 1 1 NALICACKA. 8ILVA OF NORTH AMEIUCA. SALIX SIT0HEN8IS. Willow. 149 Leaves oblong-obovate to oblanccolute, usually acute or acuminate, coated below with lustrouH silky white tomentum. Balix Bitohenaia, Bongard, Mim. Phij». et Nut. Pt. 'J, Acad. Sci. St. I'itersliourrj, ii. 162 ( l^etj. Sitcha.) (1831). — Ixs- debour, t'l. Jioia. iii. 609. — Andenaon, UJ'ixtrt. Veteiuk. Akad. Fiirhandl. xv. 126 (Bidr. Nordam. I'ilarter) ; Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 66; Svemk. Vetensk. Akad. UaiuU. »er. 4. vi. 106, f. 59 (Monographla Salicum) (t exel. mibsiK'c. AjanenaU) (1867); De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 2%i (Vexcl. y Ajanen»i*). — Walpers, Ann. v. 752. — Bebb, Brewer & Watmn Bnt. Cal. ii. 87 (excl. var. anijiiati/olta) ; Bot. Gazette, vii. 25 ; xvi. 105. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10 clotluul with iihort pale or riifouR piibfHCfiico.- The Htuiuiimte Huwor I'oiiHiNtH of a Niiiglu Htimuii with uii floiiKatuil gliibrouii Hiumeiit, or very rari'ly of two Hbuneim with HlumentH united hulow the midiile ur iiiMirly to tiiu apex. The ovary iH HJiort-NtJilifud, ovate, conical, acute, and (gradually narrowed into the elon^^ated Htyle which iw crowned hy thick entire or Hli^htly einar){inato Htignias. The capnule in ovate, narrowed above, light reddish brown, pubeiicent, and about a quarter of an inch long. Snllx SUchrns'm inhabits the banks of streams and other low moist situations, and is ilistributed from Aliiska, where it was discovered by Kussian collectors, southward in the neighborhood of the coast to Santa Barbara, California. The wood of Sal'ix Sitchengis is light, soft, and close-grained ; it is light red, with thick nearly white Biipwood, and contains numerous thin medullary rays. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is U..')072, a cubic foot weighing 31. Ul pounds. One of the most beautiful of the North American Willows with its lustrous shoots and brilliant foliage, ISalix Sitchenais is a desirable ornamental plant, and is now occasionally cultivated in European gardens. nl .*':. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Platb CCCCLXXXVI. .Salix Sitche.vsw. 1. A flowering bruncli of the xtninlnate tree, natural »ne. 2. A ataminate flower with itn acale, side riaw, enlarged. 3. A flowering branch of the pistillate tree, natural nie. 4. A pistillate flower with its scale, frjut view, enlarged. 5. A fruiting branch, natural size. 0. A capsule, enlarged. 7. A summer branch, natural size. 8ALICACEA. ort jHilo or nifouH ithrouH Hliimeiit, or ii|)ex. Tlu) oviiry i< which iH crowiiL'd Ixivu, light rediliuh hikI ih iliHtrihuttid orhood of the const I, with thick nearly the abfiolutely dry thootg and brilliant tivated in European :y| I I ■* \m\ \ i 4. 'CltjB. Jhm» f.iJlate aiueiit, whioli lire clothed with ^i V... I ijiibiiitti of SI sin^flif ytrtuu-ii with un oltnigntoil glnbr>,. ■Mir. tiiamciitji uiiiu»«} l)tl«w tho niiildlu or nearly to the iipex. ■luinl. w-iHo and jfrjiiiuilly narrowud iuto the olongated style which in i v'titiy puMi^fiaio ittigmas. The capsule is yvate, narrowetl ubove, light r«Hifli.sf .i iticii loiifj. the hauks uf .struanis imd othtT low moist intuatioitH, and is distrihutt^i •iiNC'Overed by Russian collectors, southward in tho neighborhood of the coast ' I aiiiurnia. .1 •'{ Sttiu Si/cfiensin is light, Hoft. and cU)se-gr»im-d , ., .. ..„hl red, with tbi>,V nearly ini, and contains numerous thin meduiUry i«y«. Tha spwitlc gravity of the absolutely dry U MTI, a cubic foot weighing JJl.Gl pounds. Ihie of tho most beautiful of the North American WiJlows «iiti it, lustrous shoots and brilliant ■li.sgi', S-ilix iiitiheti.^i.-i is ;i t\- iiih. oriiiunciit*' (>lui'i j.iv] is now occasionally cultivated in fjiu-opean t< JeDR. EXPLANATION OF THK PLATE. Platk CCCCLXXXVI. Saluc StTCHRxsiK. 1. .V flowpriiig briuuli uf tin* '•tjuiiinato tree, n.\turii) siic. 2. A staminale flowrr nritli iu Male, siilo vionr, vnlargeil. 3. A flowering brwich of tha pivtUlatv ireo, natural the. 4. A (lislill.Ue fl»w»r wtiii ii« »c«le, (roiw Tiew, enlarged. !"• A fruilinj; Ih-aiw*!, furtnin) «i»i> 4 rap«ali-. (>nl.irjf<^J s ■ ; ami ib distribiiU^i thoixl of the cotist wll.h tiiii » uoiirly tho ubwjlsiutly dry lots and Jirillmiit uated in European Silva of North .\t!iMi'i>'a.. Tab, CCCCI.XXXVl :!l !l 'W C'. F. ?'a^ttn lie/ . Touiet J SALIX SITCHENSlS.Bo , DOligp. A.HiocnHw liirtf^V' . Imp. J. TajuuLT, Paris. 1 m^ Ul ri' I 1 1,' 1 1 fi "I ♦■ SALICACEiE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. POPULUS. 161 Flowers dioecious, solitary on the stipitate variously divided scales of pendulous aments ; perianth 0 ; disk cup-shaped, often ohlique ; stamens 4 to 60 ; ovary 1 -celled ; ovules numerous, ascending. Fruit a 2 to 4-valved capsule. Leaves alternate, usually ovate or ovate-lanceolate, penniveined, stipulate, deciduous. Populus, LinnBus, Oen. 307 (1737). — Adanson, Fam. PI. ii. 376. — A. L. de Jussieu, Oen. 409. — Endlicher, Gen. 290 Meianer, Oen. 348. — Bentliam & Hooker, Oen. iii. 412. — BaiUon, HUt. PI. ix. 252. — Pax, Engler & Prantl Pflanitenfam. iii. pt i. 36. Tremula, Dumortier, Hall Bijdr. Nat. Wet. 146 (1826). — Rafinesque, Alsograph. Am. 42. Ootlma, Rafinesque, Alsograph. Am. 42 (1838). Aigiros, Rafinesque, Alsograph. Am. 42 (1838). Moniliatus, Rafinesque, Alsograph. Am. 42 (1838). Leuoe, Opiz, Sexnam, 69 (1852). Large fast-growing trees, with watery juice, furrowed bark, soft straight-grained pale or rarely hard dark-colored wood, stout terete or angled branches much roughened after their first year by the enlarged and thickened leaf-scars, and thick tough and flexible frequently stoloniferous roots. Buds terminal and axillary, resinous, covered by several membranaceous scales, those of the first pair small and opposite, the others imbricated, increasing in size from below upward, accrescent, and marking the base of the branch with persistent ring-like scars.' Leaves involute in the bud, alternate, usually ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, dentate with usually glandular teeth, the glands frequently nectariferous at the base of tho leaf, or lobed, penniveined, often three-nerved from the base, turning yellow and deciduous in the autumn, long-petioled, the petioles sometimes laterally compressed, those of the lower leaves fur- nished at the apex on the upper side with two nectariferous glands,'' leaving when they fall oblong often obcordate elliptical arcuate or shield-shaped leaf-scars displaying the ends of three nearly equidistant fibro-vascular bundles. Stipules caducous, leaving in faUing persistent scars ; those of the first leaves oblong, concave, rounded at the apex, thick and firm, as large as the bud-scales, smaller higher on the branch, and on the last leaves hnear-lanceolate, brown and scarious. Flowers dioecious,' appearing in early spring before the unfolding of the leaves in sessile or pedunculate elongated pendulous aments from separate scaly buds formed during the previous season in the axils of leaves of the year, the pistil- late becoming elongated and rarely erect at maturity. Scales of the ament one-flowered, obovate, gradu- ally narrowed into slender stipes, dilated and lobed, palmatifid or fimbriate at the apex, membranaceous, glabrous or villous, usually caducous. Disk of the flower broadly cup-shaped, often oblique, entire, dentate or irregularly lobed, fleshy or membranaceous, glabrous or rarely villous, stipitate, generally per- sistent under the fruit. Stamens from four to twelve or from twelve to sixty or more, inserted on the disk ; filaments free, short, Ught yellow, glabrous ; anthers ovate or oblong, attached on the back near the base, purple or red, introrse, two-celled, the cells parallel, opening longitudinally. Ovary sessile in the bottom of the disk, oblong-conical, subglobose or ovate-oblong, cylindrical or slightly lobed, glabrous or rarely villous, with two or three or rarely four parietal placentas ; style short ; stigmas as many as the placentas, divided into filiform lobes, or broad, dilated, two-parted or variously lobed ; ovules numer- ous on each placenta, inserted below their middle, ascending, anatropous, short-stalked ; the micropyle inferior. Capsule ripening before the full development of the leaves, greenish or reddish brown. m ^! I ! 1 1 i \ iii' > Henry, Nov. Ad. Acad. Cm. Leap. %xi\. .T.!?, t. 31. " Trcleasc, Bol. Gazflle, vi. 284. ' Individual trees, bearing stnminato and pistillate aments and also aments with staminato and pistillate tlowers mixed together, occasionally occur in the United States. (See Davenport, Bdt. Ga- zelle, iii. 51. — Mcehan, Proc. Phil. .icad. 1893, 289. — J. C . Juok, Garden and Forest, vii. 103.) 162 SILVA OF NORTH AMElilCA. SALICACEjE. glabrous or villous, oblong-couical, subglobose, or ovate-obloug, one-celled, separating at maturity into from two to four thin or thick recurved valves placentiferous below the middle. Seed exalbuminous, minute, broadly ohovate, or ovate, rounded or acute at the apex, surrounded by a tuft of long soft white hairs attached to the short funiculus and deciduous witii it ; testiv light chestnut-brown. Embryo strai^iit, filling the cavity of the seed ; cotyledons elliptical, much longer than the short radicle turned toward the minute hilum.' Populus inhabits boreal and temperate regions in the northern hemisphere, often in the extreme north covering great areas with nearly pure forests, and ranging southward in the New World to northern Mexico, and Lov,-er California, where one endemic species occurs,'' and in the Old World to northern Africa and the southern slopes of the ilimalayas, upon which Populus ciliata^ and Pojmhts iiilcroriirpa* are found. Of the eighteen or nineteen species" which have been distinguished, nine inhabit British America and the United States, where Poplars are distributed from within the Arctic Circle to Mexico, ar.d from the shores of the Atlantic Oct m to those of the Pacific, lining the bankd of streams in the northern and central regions of the continent, and growing on high mountain slopes. In the eastern hemisphere Poplars extend north of the Arctic Circle and cd in the following sec- tions proposed by Sereiio Watson (-1 m. Jour. Sri. aer. ',\, xv. lllo) : — 1. Stigmas two, two or three-Iobed, with narrow or Hliforin lobeH. Capsnle ubiong-conicnl, tliin-wallcd, two-valved. Luaves ovate ; petioles laterally con»pre.s.se«I. Muds slightly resinous, glabrons 4ir pul>escent. (Seetiona Kcuee [Duby, />c C^imlollfi Syn. PI. Fi Gall. ed. li, i. A2~ (18L'H)] and Leui-oidt's [Spacb, Atiu. Sci. Nat. s^r. 2, XV. 30 (1841) (liensio rnpHhrum)].) "J. Stigmas from two to four, '^lited, two-loln'tl, thei* lo\>e8 variously divided. Cansule subglobose tn ovatu-oblong, usually thick-walled, two to four-valved. Leaves ovate, cordat*', lanceolate or deltoid ; petioles terete or laterally compressed. Buds very resinous. (Sections Ai},a'iros [l>uby, L c. (1828)] and Tacamahaea [Spach, /. r. 32 (1841)].) " Populus Mimticola, Hrandegee, Xoi\ i. 274 (1890). — Sai%"^ut, Garden and Forest^ iv. ;i;M), f. 5(i. /*iipulu,i Mduticola, which is the Amerii-an representative of the Old World Populus aMo, and a tree often nearly a hundred feet in height, with a tall thick trunk, young bmnclies and buds coated with hoary toincntuni, and broadly ovate leave* covered with silky white hairs, inhabits cailons of the high mountains iu the interior of southern Lower California, foUowi ig them ajwn toward the warm lowlands, where it grows to its laigest size, and where it was discovered in January, 1890, by Mr. T. S. liraiidcgee, wlio found it flowering in Kchruary and losing its leaves in the early autumn months when other plants associated with it, stimulated by the late summer rains of the region, were just entering the period of lutivc vegetation. I'rilike tliat of other Poplars, the wood ()f this noble tree is li^ht red, hard and heavy, witli a luindsome satiny surface capable of receiving a high polish. (See Garden and Firreiil, vi. 190.) • Uoyle, III. ii. :J40, t. 84, f. 1 (1839). — Wesmael. l)e Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 329 ; Mem. Soc. Set. Hainaut, srfr. 3, iii. 243, t. 5 [Monm/r. /'o/j.). — Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. v. OIW. This is a large tree common in the mixed fortjsts of the tem- perate Himalayas from Cashmere to lUiutnn. Water-troughs and other articles of tloniestic use are made; from llit; wood, and the leaves an- used im foflder for goats (Hrandis, Forest Fl. firit. Ind. 470. — Gamble, Man. Indian 7V;/j/tfr.'(, 379). * Hooker f. /. e. 039 (1890). ^ In addition to the species uf Poplars of which several are still very imperfectly known, a number of plants believed to be hybrids have a])peared at ditferent times either naturally or as the result of artiHcial fecundation, and the ease with whicli the trees uf tliia genus appear to intercross ar. Nat. Mttar. xxii. pt. . Pttcrsbuiirg, sdr. 7, xii. f Vemlr. HI. . 07, t. 41 (nut Linnieus) WrheyAn. — Trautvet- f Fl. K Populus versicolor, Salisbury, Prodr. 396 (1790). Populus Neapolilana, Tenore, Fl. Nap. v. 279 (1830). Populus caudina, Tenore, I. c. 280 (1830). P.pulus nigra is a large tree of rapid growth, with erect spread- ing branches ; it is distributed from central Europe to northern Africa, Persia, and southern .Siberia, and through cultivation has become naturalized in Great Brittiin and southern Scandinavia (Bcntham, Hi. Handb. Brit. Fl. ii. ViO), and sparingly in North lerica, where the younger Michaux found it growing spontane- ously on the banks of the Hudson River above Albany (Populus Hudsonica, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii. 293, t. 10 [1813]), and Pursh on the shorts of the Hudson and of Lake Ontario (Populus betulifolia, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 019 [1814]). It now grows on a small island in the Delaware River near Eoston, Pennsylvania, where it was found by Professor Thomas C. Porter ; and in the neighbcrhood of cities it occasionally occurs along the borders of highways apparently as an escape from cultivation. The wood ot Populus nigra, which is soft and splits readily, is largely used in central Europe in making packing-cases, trays, bowls, dishes, and the soles of shoes. The bark is used in tanning leather, and that from the base of old trunks for the floats of fish- nets. The vigorous young shoots sometimes replace those of the Willow in coarse baskets ; the hairs which surround the seeds have been uiuL' into cloth and utilized as a substitute for cotton in wad- ding gam.ents ; and extracts of the balsamic buds are employed domestically in the treatment of nervous diseases. (See Loudon, Arb. Brit. iii. 1052.) The most distinct in habit and the most widely spread through cultivation of all the Poplars is the tree with fastigiate branches known in the United States as the Lomhardy Poplar and now usu- ally considered a variety ot Populus nigra. It is : — Populus nigra Italica, Du Roi, Harbk. Baumz. ii. 141 (1772). Populus Italica, Moench, Bdume Weiss. 79 (1785). Populus dilalata, Alton, Hart. Kew. iii. 400 (1789). — Willde- now, I. c. — Hayne, Arzn. xiii. t. 40. Populus pyramidata, Moench, Meth. 339 (1794). Populus pyramidalu, Borkhausen, Handb. Forstbot. i. 541 (1800). — Spach, //«(. Veg. x. 388. — Koch, Syn. Fl. German. ed. 2, 700. — Wilkomm & Lange, I. c. 233. — Boissicr, I. c. Populus fastigiuta, Poiret, Lam. Diet. v. 235 (1804). — Des- fontaines. Hist. Arb. ii. 405. — Dn Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, vi. 399. Populus nigra, 0 pyramidalvt, Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. I. c. 31 (1841). — Parlatore, (. c. 289. — Wesmael, De Candolle Prodr. I. c. 328 ; Mem. Soc. Sci. Hainaut, I. c. 239, t. 19, f. 2. It is believed that the fastigiate Poplar originated in Afghanis- tan. It is said to grow wild in the forest at Shakkabad, near Cabul, at an elevation of seven thousand Ave hundred feet above the level of the sea ; in early times it was commonly cultivated in the couu- ' I ), I » i' .'' !l 154 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. HALICACE^. Populus alba,^ and Populm tremtila,'' and the curiously heterophyllous African and Asiatic Populua U' ii J i 'Mm ' tries of wcstorn A»iii, and may Lavo been introdueed into Europe by the Arabs or by some Kuropeaii traveler in the Orient, as it is not mentioned by I'liny and other iiomau agricultural writers. (See Loudon, Arb. lirit. iii. 1000. —Griffith, III. i. >'M4. — Brandis, Forest Fl. ISril. Inil. 1 liM.) Manetti, however ( (Jaril. Mag. n. scr. ii. tW.)), and K. Koch (Denilr. ii. pt. ii. 40O), considered it indige- nous in Lonibardy. The fastigiuto Poplar is cultivated in the valleys of the uorth- westcrn IIiinal.iyit.H, especially in Cashmere, where it sometimes attains the height of a hundred feet, and up to elevations of twelve thousand five hundred feet in western Thibet. The date of its in- troduction into Europe is iinkuown, but, according to Loudon, it was not planted iu Tuscany until I8O.7, a fact which oonUruis his belief that it was not uidigenous in Italy. In 1745 a French en(pneer offi- cer sent from Italy Ave cuttings to the director of the work on the canal at Montargis, along the banks of which it was first planted iu France. (See Pelde de Saint-Maurice, L*A rt de Cuttiver les Peuplier.* li'Ilalie.) According to Alton (Hort. Kew. iii. 400) it was first intro- duced into England about 1758 by the Earl of Kochford, Uritish ambassador at Turin. It was brought to the United States in 17H4 by Mr. William Hamilton, who introduced many foreign plants into his garden at Woodlands, near Philadelphia, which was the richest and most famous in America at the end of the last century (see Darlington, Memorials of Bartram and Marshall, 577) ; and in 17U7, when .Mr. ,]ohn Kenrick established a nursery in Newton, Massa- chusetts, he devoted two acres to its cultivation, as the Lombardy Poplar was the only ornamental tree for which there was then any active demand in this country. (See Hist. Mass. Ilorl. Soc. 33. ) It has since been planted all over the continent from the valley of the St. Lawrence Hiver to Mexico ; and the fact that it docs not suffer from the cold of the Canadian winter indicates that this tree origi- nated in a climate much more revere than that of northern Italy. The wood of the Lombardy Poplar is considered less valuable than that of Pojnilus nigra, although it is occasionally employed in southern Europe for packing-cases and small articles of domestic use. The Iximbardy Poplar has been more generally planted on the borders of highway.^ in central and southern Euroj>e than any other tree. No other can send up so rapidly a tall slender shaft, and to hi-cak a low or monotonous sky-line it is invaluable ; but used as it hiis been in all sorts of situations, without regard to its sur- roundings, and in long formal avenues, it has done more perhaps than any other tree to disfigure the landscape in many parts of France and Germany. In the United States the Lombardy Poplar is now a short-lived tree. Insects boring into the trunk and branches often kill it ; and 05 it is also aL .ted by fungal diseases here and in Europe, it is now much less generally planted tliah was a century ago. ' Linnieus, »S;«r. WH (1753). — Desfontaincs, Fl. Altanl. ii, 308. — Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. ii. 802. — Ue Candolle, l.umarck Fl. Franf. ed. 3, iii. 298. — Noureau Duhamel, ii. 181, t. Nl. — Smith 6 Sowerby, English Hot. xxiii. t. 1018. — (iuinipel, Willdenow & Hayne, Ahhild. Ihulschc Holz. 205, t. 202. — Spach, .Inn. Sci. Nal. wfr. 2, XV. 29 {licvisio Populomm) ; Hist. Vig. x. 379. — Ileichcu- bacli. Icon. Fl. (Jmnan. xi. 29, t. 014. — Ilartig, Font. Ciilturjijl. iJpMtschl. AX^, t. 32. — Willkomm & Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hiiftan. i. 233. — Parlatore, Fl. llat. iv. 280. — Wesmacl, Ik Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 324 ; Mi:m. Soc. Sci. Hainaul, sdr. 3, iii. 225, t. 1, 2 (Monngr. /'(,/).).— Boissier, Fl. Orient, iv. 1193. — Hooker f. Fl. lirit. Ind. v. 038. PojnUxu major, Miller, D.ct. ed. 8, No. 4 (1708). Populua nivea, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 227 (1Y90). The Abele or White Po|ilar, as Populus allm is usually called, is a tree sometimes uearly a hundred feet in height, with a trunk three or four feet iu diameter, light yellow-gray or ash-colored bark, except at the base of old stems, where the bark is dark and deeply furrowed, and young branches, buds, and petioles covered, like the under surface of the orbicular or broadly ovate leaves, with thick hoary tomontum. It inhabits the borders of streams and open moist woods, spreading rapidly by long vigorous stolonif- erous roots, and is distributed from eastern and southern England all over central and southern Europe to northern Africa, western Sil)cria, Syria, Asia Minor, and the foothills of tbo northwestern Himalayas. It has been largely planted in Europe, western Asia, and eastern America, and iu the New World bos become sparingly naturalized from the valley of tbo lower St. Lawrence Kiver to northern Alabama. Several varieties of Populus a'.ha are cultivated, the most diaiiuct being a tree with fastigiate branches {Populus alba, Tar. Bolleana, Masters, (rurd, Chron. n. ser. xviii. fioO, f. 90 [1882]. Populus Bolleana, Ijuuehe, Deutsche Garten, 1878, 500 ; Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 315. Populus alba, e pyramidalis, Uijipcl, Ilaiulb. Lanbholzk. ii. 191 [1892]) sent by General Kurolkow from Tashkend in Turkestan to Berlin in 1875, and now a common inhabitant of ganlcns in the eastern United States and Europe. The Gray Poplar, a larger tree with smaller less deeply lobed and darker leaves, inhabits the same region as the White Poplar and is equally abundant, and by many authors has been considered a true sjiocies {Populus canescens. Smith, Fl. Brit. iii. 1080 [1804]. — Willdenow, /. c. — Do Candolle, /. r. — Gnimpel, Willdenow & Hayne, /. c. 202, t. 201. — Ucichenbach, /. c 30, t. 617. — Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. I, c. ; Hist. Vcg. I. c. 381. — Willkomm & Lange, /. c. — Parlatore, /. c. 282. — Dipiicl, /. c. ii. 192). By other authors the (iray Poplar is considered a hybrid between Populus alba and Populus Ircmula (Populus hybriila, Marschnll von Bieberatein, Fl. Taur.-Cauc. ii. 423 [1808]. — Wcsmael, Z)e Can- dolle Prodr. I. c. 325 ; Mem. Soc. Sci. Ilainaut, I. c. 228, t. 18, f. 1. Populus albo - trniiula, Krauso, Jahrb. Schles. Geselt. 1848, 130. Populus alba x tremula, b canescens, Koehnc, Deutsche Dendr. 79 [1893]) ; and it has also been regarded as merely a variety of the Abele (Populus alba, (3, Lamarck, Fl. Franf. ii. 2;J5 [1778]. — Bcntham, ///. Ilnndb. Brit. Fl. ii. 709). a LinnieiU), I.e. (1753). — Willdenow, (. c. 80.3. — De Candolle, /. c 299. — Smith & Sowerby, /. c. t. 1909. — Guimpel, Willde- now & Hayne, I. c. 200, t. 203. — Spach, Amt. Sci. Nal. I. c. 29 ; Hist. Vig. I. c. 382, t. 152. — Ledeliour, Fl. Ross. iii. 027. — Ueich- enbach, /. c. t. 018. — Ilartig, /. c. 431, t. 31. — Turczaniniiw, Fl. Bai- calensi-Dahurica, ii. 125. — Mixiniowicz, Mem. Sac. Ktr. Acad. Sci. St. Pclersbourij, ix. 245 (Prim. Fl. .-Imur.); Bull. Soc. Nat. Mo.sc. liv. pt. i. 49. — Kegel, Mrm. Aco'l. .Sci. St. Pitersbourg, 8L', /. c. — Parlatore, /. e. — Wesmael, De Candolle Priulr. I. c. ; Mem. Soc. Sci, Hainaul, I. c. 229, t. 18, f. 2, 3, 1. — Fr. Schmidt, Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Pitersbourg, sdr. 7, xii. 174 (Fl. Sachalinetisis). — Kranchct & Savatier, JSnum. PI. Jap. i. 403. — Boissier, /. r. — Franchet, Nouv. .'irch. Mus. st5r. 2, V. 284 (/'/. David, i.). — Herder, Act. Ilort. Petrop. xi. 40O (PI. /i'a(/(/.). — Miyabc, .Mem. Host. Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 200 (Fl. Kurile Islands). ,» Populus Graca, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 407 (1789). — Willdo- now, /. I . SALICACEJE. Asiatic Populua (1708). 127 (IVOfl). fia in uliually called, in height, with a trunk w-gray or ash-colurod re the bark is dark and and petioles covered, broadly ovato leaves, he borders of streams long vigorous stolonif- and southern Hngland orthern Africa, western Is of the northwestern Kurope, western Asia, has become sparingly St. Lawrence River to ivatcd, the most distinct ulua alba, var. Bollenna, f. 90 [1882]. Populut ) ; Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, Inmih. Laubholzk. ii. 191 Taalikcnd in Turkestan bitant of gitnlcus in the nailer less deeply lobed un 08 the White Poplar lors has been considered ./(riV.iii. 1080 [1804].— jnini|)el, WiUdenow Sc <•. 30, t. 017 Spaoh, — Willkomm & Laiige, li. 192). iidered a hybrid between » hrjhrula, Marschall von I]. — VVesmael, De Can- innut, I. c. 228, t. 18, f. 1. chlea. GeatU. 1848, 130. lino, DeuLiche Denilr. 79 as merely a variety of Fraiif. ii. '1X> [1778].— (. c. 803. — Do Candolle. KW. — Guimpel, Willde- , Ann. Sci. Nat. I. c. 29 j '. R(MH. iii. C27. — Ueich- — Turezaninow, FL Jlai' thn. Sav. Ktr. Acad. Sci. Hull. Snc. iVrt/. M(Mc. liv. terithourg, s(5r. 7, iv. 132 /. c. — Parlutore, /. c. — . Soc. Sci. llainaut, I. c. I cad. Sci. St. l*etcrsbourg, diet & Savatier, Fiium. :, Nouv. Arch. Mus. 8(5r. 'lort. Petroji. xi. 40O {I'l. llitt. iv. 2U0 (F/. Kurile i. 407 (1789). — Willdc- SALICACELS. 8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 155 Euphratica} Tho bark of Populus contains tannic acid, and tliat of several of the species is employed in Europe in tanning leather ; ^ in the United States Populus bark, in which popuhn,' a crystalline principle, occurs, is occasionally used as a tonic* and in homoeopathic practice." The fragrant balsam in the buds of several species, which is readily separated by boiling, is occasionally used medichially as a tincture for its reputed tonic and stunulant properties," and by distillation yields a colorless oil of pleasant odor.' Numerous insects' prey upon Populus and several of the species suffer seriously from attacks of Populus australia, Teiiore, Syll. Fl. Neap. 482 (1831) j Fl. Nap. V. 278. — GusBone, Enum. PI. Im. Inar. 310. Populus Sieboldi, Miquel, Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. iii. 20 (Prol. Fl. Jap.) in part 'teste Maximowicz, Bull. Soc. Nat. AIosc. liv. pt. i. 49) (1807). Populus Iremula, the Aspen or Trembling Poplar, is a tree sixty or seventy feet in height, with vigorous atoloniferous roots, smooth bark, slender branches, and small glabrous or pubescent nearly orbi- cular leaves which are borne on long slender petioles and flutter with the slightest breath of air. It inhibits plrius and mountain sides, usually in humid soil, and is more common at the north, where it is generally gregarious, than at the south ; it is found from the Arctic Circle to northern Africa, and from the shores of the Atlantic Ocean to Asia Minor, and through Siberia, where it often covers large areas, to Kamtschatka, northern China, northern Japan, where it is common on gravelly plains and usually of small size, and the Kurile Islands, the variety villosa, Wesmael {De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 325 [1808] ; Mem. Soc. Sci. Hainaut.Rii. iii. 321. Pup'i- lus villosa, Lang, Reichenbach Fl. flerman. ^.jcnurs, 173 [1832]), being the common form of western Asia. In Europe t^o wood of Populus tremula is used in tho manufac- ture of matches and paper ; the bark is employed in tanning leather, aid the young shoots and leaves are fed to cattle and goats (Lou- don, Arb. Brit. iii. 1615, f. 1509. — Mathieu, Fl. Foresiiire, ed. 3, 422). In gardens a form of the Aspen with long pendulous branches is often cultivated (Populus Iremula pendula, Loudon, I. c. l&iO [1838]. — Wesmael, De Candolle Prodr. I. c ; Mem. Soc. Sci. Ilai- naut, I. c, — Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. ii. l'^7. Populus pendula, Burgsdorf, Anleit. Anpji. pt. ii. 175 [1787]). > Olivier, Voyage, iii. 449 ; Ath«8, t. *5, 40 (1807). — Kegel, Act. Ilort. Pelrop. vi. 473. — Kremer, Descrip. Populus Euphratica, 1. 1-3. — Trautvetter, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xl. pt. ii. 91 (&ium. PI. Songor.) ; Act. Hart. Pelrop. i. 281 (PI. Turcom.) ; ii. 589 (PI. Badd.) ; ix. 190 (Incremental Fl. Boss.). — Wesmael, De Candolle Prodr. I. c. 320 ; Mem. Soc. Sci. llainaul, I. c. 2M, t. 10-13. — Boissier, i'7. Orient, iv. 1194. — Frauchet, Ann. Sci. Nat. air. 6, xviii. 253 (PI. Turkestan). — Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 038. — Liico & llcmsloy. Jour. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 309 (Sk. Veg. Brit. Balu- chistan). Popidus biformis, liaflnes(|ue, Alsograph. Am. 43 (1838). Populus diversifolia, Schrenk, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersbourg, X. 253 (1842). — Fischer & Meyer, Enum. All. PI. Nov. Schrenk, 15. — Ledebour, ^7. Ross. iii. 027. Popxdus Euphratensis, Hard. Chron. 1849, 800. Populus Euphratica, which is believed to be tho Garab-tree of the Arabs, the Weeping Willow of the Psalmist upon which the .Tews hung their harps (see Aselierson, Adan.^onia, x. ^8), is a large tree remarkable for the variability of the sliape of its leaves, which on seedlings, young trees, and vigorous shoots arc linear, and on older branohes brood and ovate, rhomboid or cordate ; it inhabits the banks of .streams, where it is often gregarious, from the province of Oran in Algeria westward through Egypt, Palestine, Syria, and nortliem Persia, to northwestern India, western Thibet, where it ascends to elevations of thirteen thousand five hundred feet above the level of the ocean, Turkestan, and southern Siberia. In India the wood is used in turnery, in Sindh being made into boxes and lacquer-waxc ; on tho Euphrates it is said to be employed in boat-building, and in Sindh and Thibet it serves as fuel ; the bark is employed as a febrifuge, and the twigs are used as tooth- sticks by the Hindus ; the coppice shoots, which are produced for a long time with great vigor, ore sometimes used for ratters. The leaves furnish forage for goats and cattle. (See Brandia, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 474. — Gamble, Man. Indian Timbers, 378.— Bal- four, Cyclopaxlia of India, ed. 3, iii. 262.) It is this tree and the Date Palm which are believed to have furnished the rafters for the buildings of Nineveh ; and it is still used for rafters in Kurdiston, the trunks being floated down the Khabour and Tigris. (See Layard, Nineveh and its Remains ii. 259.) ' Wehrs, Ueber EichetUohsurrogate, 06. — Neubraud, Die Gerb- rinde, 220. — Hohnel, Die Gerberinden, 20. " Kraconnot, Ann. Chim. et Phys. xliv. 206. * A. Kichard, Hist. Mat. Med. ed. 3, iii. 187. — Johnson, Man. .Med. Bot. N. Am. 254. — U. S. Dispens. ed. 16, 1897. ' Millspaugh, Atn. Med. PI. in Homoeopathic Remedies, '•. 162. " The buds of several of the species have been employed in the treatment of pectoral, nepluitie, and rheumatic complaints, and those of Populus nigra were one of the ingredients of the Ungtten- turn nopuleum, an anodyne ointment of the old European pharmaco- pceias. ' Spous, Encyclopatdia of the Industrial Arts, Manufactures, and Raw Commercial Products, ii. 1427. * In the Fifth Kcport of the United States Entomological Com- mission, published in 1800, Packard enumerates ono hundred and eight species of insects found living upon Populus in North Amer- ica, and further study will no doubt greatly increase this number. Many of the species which feed upon Salix are also found upon Populus, although as compared with Salix the trunks and branches seem much more liable to serious damage by borers, several species of wood destroyers being known on the Poplars, Among Coleop- terous borers, Saperda calcarata. Say, is one of tho most destruc- tive, its large white fleshy larvEB sometimes completely riddling the trunks with their burrows and causing the death of the tree. B.yth indigenous and exotic -Poplars are attacked by them, and other species of Saperda affect the trunk and limbs. The larvfe of Prionus laticollis, Drury, a common large black beetle, are often abundant in the roots and lower part.s of the trunks, and Ptecfrodera scalator, Fabricius, is also said to bore into tho roots. Species of Oberea are found in the twigs, and Mecas inomata. Say, by boring into small trunks and branches, causes them to become much swol- len. The imported Willow borer, Cri/ptorhynchus Lapalhi, Linntcus, has been found on Populus in America, and may become trouble- some. In some localities Lepidopterous borers have been found to infest i 'm J , . i>iiim,ii«iiii 156 8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SALICACEiE. borers in the living trunks and branches. It is also subject to numerouB fungal diseases,' although in North America the trees of this genus are more injured by insects than by fungi, of which only a species of Fusicladium appears capable, so far as is now known, of seriously affecting them. Many of the species of Populus are planted as ornamental trees and for screens and wind breaks, the rapidity of their growth and the ease with which they can be propagated by cuttings making them valuable for such purposes." Populus, the classical name of the Poplar, of obscure derivation, vas adopted by Tournefort' and other pre-Linnaean authors for this gen as. Puplars serioiiHly ; and Connun Centfrmm, I.intner. bai done lunch harm to Popultu Iremuloiilet and Popului haUamifera, as their larvm live ir ^n trunks of these trees. Other species of t.us genus k of allied ^onera have also been found on Poplars in A''' ''mt Tiarts u: the country. Among foliage destroyers one of the most serious , ^ •« .i It ' beetle, Lina Sfripto, Fabricius. which in neveral of the '.em a .d southwestern states has been destructive tecies of Acronycta are common on them. Of other Noctuids the genera Apatela and Catocala are represented on Populus by numerous species, but are rarely abun- dant enough to be noticeable. Species of Orgyia or Tussock Cater- pillars are sometimes troublesome ; and Clisioeampas and Hy- phantria sometimes defoliate these trees in the southwestern states and territories. The leaves are often mined by the minute larvn of LithocMetia poptUietta, Chambers, Phytlocnuttu popiUiella, Chambers, and other Tineidn?, and the larrse of other species sometimes roll or twist the leaves or their edges. Apliids are frequent on these trees, and galls formed by different species of the genus Peraf iiigiis are often abundant, sometimes oc- curring as peculiar wrinkling or twistings of the leaves eras more or less spherical or hemispherical formations on the leaf-blades or leaf-stalks. > Tlie most serious fungal disease of Populus in the United States is probably due to the attacks of a fungus originally described by Libert as Oidium radiosum^ and recently redcscribed by Frank as Fiaicladium Tremula;. It is related to the fungi which cause the breaking and cracking of pears and apples, and is common on Populiis tremuloideSf having been observed twenty years ago on a tree in the Arnold Arboretum ; it is said to occur also on Populus f/ahami/era in the northeastern states. The disease manifests itself by the blackening in early sumn'er of the young bronchlets and lenves, which have the appearance of being killed by frost. No reaedy for it has proved effectual, although it is evidently for the advtjtagr of the tree to remove the blackened branchlets as soon as they are seen. A very curious and beautiful fungus, Taphrina rhizophora, tJo- janson, attacks the young ovaries of Populus tremuloides and Populus '•'Imlala in the early spring, and has also been reported on i ,, ,us nigra Italicn and Populus Frmumlii in the United States. The ovaries affected by it are much enlarged and turn a golden yellow, so that the amcnt seen from a distance resembles a Mower- ing raceme of Laburnum. The leaves of Populus are attacked in Xorth America by a num- ber of species of fungi. Uncinula Salicis, Winter, the common mildew on the leaves of Willows, is likewise known on those of several species of Populus, which are also frequently attacked by Rusts belonging to the genus Mclanipsora, whose uredo condition apiiean as yellow spots on the leaves in bummer and their toleuto- sporic condition as dark spots on the fallen leaves of winter and early spring. Another leaf fungus, Olaosporium Populi, Desma- zidres & Montagne, is occasionally found on Populus alba and other species in the United States. The trunks and branches of Poplars are infested by a number of Ascomycetous fungi, Valsa nivta. Fries, being especially common on branches of Populus tremuloides, which are often covered by the white mouths of the pcrithecia. Ncemaspora chrysosperma, Per- soon, abounds on Populus tremuloides and Populus nigra Ilalica, appearing as small particles from which protrude minute yellow tendrils. Hgpoxylon pruinalum, Cooke, covers large patches of the trunks of Populus tremuloides with its flat ashy gray tubercles. Of Ilymcnomycetous fungi peculiar to Populus in this country, Corli- cium pezizoideum, Schrenk, frequently covers the branches of Popu" lus tremuloiiies and Populiu grandidentata with circular cushions ol a deep red color. ' Wesmael, Bull. Fid. Soe. Horl. Belg. 1861, 336 (Monogr. Pop.). — Bailey, Bull. Cornell University Agric. Exper. Stat. No. 68 (The Cultivated Poplars). " Inst. 59'.', t. 366. SALICACEiE. pes,' although in ph only a Rpeciea Ind wind breaks, Iga making them Tournefort' and roung branchleta and killed by frost. No lit ia evidently for tho Ul branchleta aa toon Anna rhitopkora, Jo- \remuloidei and Popuhu lio been reported «ii i in the United Statea. od and turn a golden u'tt resembles a Howcr- th America by a nuni- Winter, the cominoit iso known on those of frequently attacked by whose uredo condition nmer and their tclcuto- > leaves of winter and porium Populi, Desma- 1 on Popultu alba and nfested by a number of iing especially common re often covered by the Dora chryionperma, Per- Populua nigra Italicaf [)rotrude minute yellow era large patches of the ihy gray tubercles. Of s in this country, Cortt- s the branches of Popu- ith circular cushions of ;. 1861, 336 (Afonoiir. Igric. Exper. Stat. No. HALicACE*. 8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 157 CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES. Stigmu 2, 2-lob«d, their lobea filifonn ; capaule oblong-conical, thin-walled, 2-Talved ; leaves ovate | petiolei elongated, compressed laterally ; buds slightly resinous, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves ovate or semiorbicular, short-pointed, slightly cordate or truncate at the base, finely serrate ; buds usually glabrous 1. P. tkemuloides. Leaves broadly ovate, coarsely crenate, coated at first with hoary tomentum ; buds tomentose 2. P. ohandidentata. Stigma* from 2 to 4, 2-lob«d and dilated, the lobes variously ilivided ; capsule subglobose to ovate- oblong, usually thick-walled, 2 to 4-valved ; leaves ovate, cordatu, lanceolate or deltoid ; petiolei terete or laterally compressed ; budi very resinous. Leaves broadly ovate, acute, short-pointed or rounded at the apex, crenately serrate ; petiolei terete 3. P. HiirncROFiiTi.i.A. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale and often ferrugineoui on the lower 4. P, ualsamifera. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, green on both surfaces 5. P. anousti folia. Leaves usually broadly ovate, acuminate, rounded or cordate at the broad base, dark green on the upper surface, pale, ferrugineous or silvery on the lower ; ovaries tomentose 6. P. tbichocabfa. Leaves deltoid or broadly ovate, usually abruptly acuminate, coarsely crenate ; petioles laterally compressed 7. P. deltoidea. Leaves deltoid or reniform, usually short-pointed at the apex, coarsely and irregularly crenately serrate ; petioles laterally compressed S. F '!<'ilEHOitTli. ! 1M SILVA OF NUliTU AMERICA. HAMCAC£iK POPULUS TREMUL0IDE8. Aspen. Quaking Asp. Leaves ovnto or semiorbiculur, whort-pointcd, Hlightly cordate or truncate nt the base, finely serrate ; petioles (>l()ngated, compressed. (.' i' ■ Populus tremuloides, Micliuux, Fl, Bor.-Am. ii. 243 (1803). — Noiweiia Diihumel, ii. 184, t. 53 Puriooii, Si/n. ii. 01.'3. — UeHfoiiUiinvH, ///»/. Arli. ii. 4(15. — Du Mont lie Courset. Hot. Cult. ed. 'J, vi. 39i>. — Micliaux f. Hint. Arl). Am. iii. -85, t. 8, f. 1. — Williletiow, Knum. Suppl. 67. — nigelow, Fl. lionton. 241. — Poirot, Lam. Diet. Supj)!. iv. 377. — Hooker, F'. liar.- Am. ii. 154. — Spach, Ann. Sri. .\'tit, »6t. -, xv. 30 {Hevinio Poptilorum) ; Hist. }■/■;/. X. 384. — Torrey, Fl. N. V. ii. 214 ; Hot. Wilkea Kxplor. Kxjied. 4(>8. — Niittall, Syli'a, i. 55. — SerinKe, /7. des Jard. ii. 66. — Darlington, Fl. Ceatr. ed. 3, 281. — Ni'wberry, Pitcip K. It. Jie/>. vi. pt. iii. 25, 89. — Coo|)er, J'arljie Ji. K. Hep. xii. pt ii. 2'J, (W ; Am. Siit. iii. 409. — Wcsmn..| IMl. Fnl. Sor. Itort. Hflij. 1801, 322, f. 2 (Monoijr. J'oji.) ; Df Cmiilnllf Prmlr. xvi. pt. ii. 325 ; Mim. Soe. Sei. Hainaut, a(r. 3, iii. 231, t 3 (Monogr. i'o/A). — Watson, Kitvft Rep. v. 327 ; I'l. Wheeler. 17 ; Am. .Jour. Sri. ser. 3, xv. I.'i5. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Cnlorailo ; llnydena Snrr. Miar. J'uh. No. 4, 129.^ — Hrewcr & \Vnt«on, Bot. Cal. ii.91. — Itotlirock. ffheeler'a Rep. vi. 51, 242. — Deal, Am. Nat. xv. 32, f. 1. — .Sargent, Foreat Trees X. Am. 10th Ceiiaiia V. S.ix.l7\. — Mills- paugli. Am. Med. PI. in HomtKOjmthie Remedie*, 11. 162, t. — Ciniltor, Man. Rocky Mt. Hot. 339. — Mayr, H'ald. Nordam. 287. — Watson & Coulter, Gray's Man. ed. 6, 486. — Dipjiel, y/ly divided into broad Hat ridges broken on the surface into small ap]>ressed plate-like scales ; higher on the trunk and on young stems it is much thinner, pale yeUow-brown, orange-green, or nearly white, often roughened with interrupted horizonbil bands of circular wart-like excrescences and fre(iu('ntly marked below tlie branches with large nearly black raised lunate scars. The branchlets are slender and covered with scattered oblong orange-colored lenticels, and when they first appear are clothed with caducous pale hairs ; during their first year they are bright red-brown and very lustrous, but gradually turn a liglit gray tinged with red and then become dark gray, and for two or three years arc niucii roughened by the large elevated leaf-scars. The leaf-buds are siiglitly resinous, conical, acute, slightly incurved, about a ipiarter of an inch in length, narrower than the more obtuse flower-buds, and covered with six or seven lustrous glabrous red-brown scales scarious on the margins, and more or less tinged with green and sometimes puberulous toward the base, the lowest emarginate. Tiie leaves are ovate or semiorbicular, three-nerved, abrui)tly narrowed at tiie apex into short l)road points, and regu- larly serrate with small incurved callous gland-tipped teeth except at the broad slightly cordate truncate or rarely wedge-shaped base ; when they unfold they are glabrous, light green and lustrous, and ciUate t in. ! hai.icacka: cute ut tho to Setntditt, ii, t;tO. — M«yr, r, Oray'i Man. ii. 1!)7, f. 94.— Il'.t (Man. I'l. If. Herb. iv. 200 AnpJI. pt. ii. 174 i. 803 (1805). — Fl. Am. Sept. ii. , Syit. ii. 244. — /(«». 243 (1846); ii. pt. i. 486 (in V. 80. r. ed. 2, 316 (not «1, llandb. Laub- cat three feet diameter, and ute, and often netrieal round- B in tliickness, itc-like scales ; mge-jfreen, or i;rescences and ?he branchlets rst appear are very luKtroiis, or three years conical, acute, )wer-buds, and id more or less riie leaves are nts, and regu- irdate truncate )us, and ciliate HAL1CACE.«. 8JLVA OF NORTH AMEIiWA. IM on the margins with long palo caducous hairs, and at maturity are thin and firm in texture, dark green and lustrous on the \i\\\wx surface, palo dull yellow-green on the lower, and from un inch and u half to two inches in length and breadth, with yellow nerves raised and rounded on the upper side and slender veins forked and united near the margins and connected hy reticulate veiidets more prominent above than below ; they are borne on slender yellow petioles compressed laterally and from an inch and u half to three inches in length, and turn bright clear yellow in tho autumn before fulling, when they leavu small throo-lohed leaf-scars. The stipules of the iirst leaves resemble tho inner bud-scales ; higher on the branch they are linear-lanceolate, white and scarious, about half an inch long, and caducous. The flower anionts appear in very early spring and vary from one and a half to two and a half inches in length ; their scales aro deeply divided into from three to five linear acute lobes fringed witii long soft gray hairs. Tho stamens vary from six to twelve in number, and are inserted on the disk, which is oblique, with entire margins. Tho ovary is conical, crowned by a short thick style and two erect stigmas thickened and club-shaped below and divided above into linear divergent lobes, and sur- rounded at the base by the broad obli([ue slightly crenate disk, which is persistent under the fruit. The capsules mature in May and June, when tho fruiting ament, which has a slender pubescent or tomentose rachis, is about four inches in length ; they are oblong-conical, light green, thin-walled, and nearly a quarter of an inch long. The seeds are obovutc, light brown, about one thirty-second of an inch in length, and surrounded with long soft snowy white hairs. Pojmlus tremuloides, which is the most widely distributed tree of North America, ranges from southern Labrador to the southern shores of Hudson's Bay, thence northwesterly nearly to the mouth of the Mackenzie River and the valloy of the Yukon River iu Alaska,* southerly through the north- ern states to the mountains of Pennsylvania, northeastern Missouri^ and southern Nebraska,^ and through all the mountain regions of the west, whore it often ascends to elevations of ten thousand feet above the level of the sea, to the Sierras of central California,'* northern Arizona and New Mexico, the high mountain ranges of Chihuahua, and San Pedro Martir Mountain in Lower California.' The Aspen rarely exceeds a height of fifty feet in eastern Canada and the northeastern states, where it is a generally distributed and common tree, preferring rather moist sandy soil and gravelly hill- sides and growing most luxuriantly near the borders of swamps and open forest glades. On the western margin of the Atlantic forest north of the forty-ninth degree of latitude it grows beyond tho Spruces and Larches of the east, and borders the mid-continental prairie region with a belt of varying width ; in this prairie region, outside the river- valleys, which it does not enter, the Aspen grows with its greatest vigor and to its largest size, indicating by its presence soil suitable to the pro- duction of cereal crops ; farther to the northwest it forms with the Birch and the Spruce the forests of the high ridges, but does not invade the Hood plain of rivei-s or their islands." In the west and southwest it grows, on the high slopes of mountains and along the banks of streams, and is usually not large, although individuals a hundred feet tall sometimes occur.^ The wood of Populua tremuloiden is close-grained but soft, iind neither strong nor durable ; it contains numerous very thin hardly distinguishable medullary rays and numerous minute scattered open ducts, and is light brown, with nearly white sapwood composed of t'lom twenty-five to thirty layers of annual growth, and sometimes six or seven inches in thickness. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.4032, a cubic foot weighing 2.'). 13 pounds. In the east it is largely manufactured into wood-pulp for the manufacture of paper, and in the west is occasionally employed for flooring and in ' Provancher, Flore Canadienne, ii. 632. — Brunet, Cat, Vig. Lig. Can. 65. — G. M. Dawson, Can. Nat. n. ser. ii. 331. — Bell, Rep. Geolog. Surv. Can. 1879-80, 46'. — Macoiin, Cat. Can. PI. 45C. ■' Bush, Kep. Stale Ilml. Soc. Mumouri, 1896, 300. » Bcssey, {iep. Stale Board Agric. Nehraaka, 1894, 103. * Hansen, Flora of the Sequoia Region, 11. ' Brandegee, Zoi, iv. 20P ° Macniin, Tram. Roy, Soc. Can. xii. 6. ' On the slopes of the San Krancisco Mountains in northern Ari- zona, at elevations of seven or eight thousand feet above the level of the sea. Aspens nearly a hundred feet in height with gleaming white trunks from two to three feet in diameter near the ground are not uncommon. I ij I i. luo iilLVA OK NUltrtl AMEltWA. HALICAOK^. turnery. In nnrthorn Dritiah America it Im the principal fuel of the Ind'r.nii, and, oa it bum§ freely while irroen and without H|>arkH, ijt un«(1 in the u|iea tiroplHcoH at the poiitH of the Hudoon Bay Company.' The Hwuet inner bark in eurly npring in uiMid aH food by the IndiunH of the north.' The f^itt value of the AH|)en lioH iu the power of its Hnmll HcedH, Nupported by their lon(( hairs and wafted fur and near by the wind, to (^emiiiiate ipiickly in miii which tire liaH rendered infertile, and in the uhiUty of the Hcedlin^ plants to ){row rapidly in expoHed HituutiouM. Preventin^i^ the wiuthinff away of the 8oil from Htoep mountain HlopuH and ulTording Hhelter for the youn^ of lon^^er-liwd treeit, it has phtyed a chief part in determining tliu compoHition und dJMtribution of the Nubolpine foreHtM of weHtern America, and in recent ycurH it Iihm Hpreud over viwt areuH uf the h1o()«i« of the liocky Mountuiuit from which Kre had Hwept the coniferouH 'reea. I'ojmliin traiiiilfiidcM, which in hiiliit and general appearance resemlileit the Old World Pojmlun freinula, waa introduced into EngliHli gardens by Frederick I'urtih^ in 1812/ but ia probably rarely cultivated. A graceful tree with its nlender ])endulouH branches, shimmering leaves, and pale bark, the Aspen enlivens the Spruce forests of the north, and marks steep mountain slopes with broad bands of (rolor, light green during the summer and in autumn glowing like gold against backgrounds of dark cliffs and stunted Pines. ■ Richanlaon, FVanklin Jour. Appx. No. 7, 766 (I'opuiiu tnp- ida); Arctic SearcUng Eiped. ii. 315. * Sm Uolmu, Am. Jour. I'harm. Ivi. 010. • S«e ii. 3ft < Alton, Uorl. Kne. ed, 'i, v. U06. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Plate CCCCLXXXVII. Popitlus TMCMULonin. 1. A flowering branch of the ataminnte tree, natural lite. 2. Diagram of a starainate flower. A ataniinate flower with ita acale, enlarged. A stamen, enlarged. A flowering branch of the piatillate tree, natural size. Diagram of a piatiUnte flower. 7. A piatillate flower with ita scale, enlarged. 8. Vertical section of a piatil, enlarged. 9. A fruiting branch, natural size. 10. A fruit, enlarged. 11. A fruit with open valves, enlarged. 12. A aeed, magnitied. 13. Vertical section of a seed, magnified. 14. An embryo, magnifieii^er-li\i>il trees, alpine foreMts of turky MountainH World J'ojtulut prohalily rarely bark, the Aspen bands of color, )f dark cliffs and Silv4 Jl> - — ■ V UlJ. 0 .4; ■f ^ ■<•►■ \ m •,AI II' ATK* ' - idJiiHii" m, ,tn>t» «»f •);« 'J«v ■•, ^jJ without ■; rh* »i«*et rimt-r *»»fli m. "nwly iilMittf( in ii»ed m foixl by the Iiidians of the in>- I vrJvh- of tiiM Ai!|>«n ii«» III the power of iu ■iiiiall sei-ds, Mipportotl Is it . u,inl w^ar f«j tilt wind, i" gunuinate quickly in soil which tiri' iia« rendert:«l i. ' . )f the w«ilUti|K pLiMts to ^row mpidly in exposed situatious. Preventing the wa. till noil irvm stmip mountain sIojh* and iiffordiiig shulter for tha yoiiug of longoi-lived tr<"f*. .vfd a into whicli Ktp htid *w<>pt the oonifeniui* trwt*. Popubm trk'iiiuU/i'Un, which in hivKit «l milt Kn^■l'•^ll ■' ■('■ . - I.- ' cultivtttt'ii A gniwrfMl ti*e with lu «i«a[ * Richairdson, fVanJciin J'Mtr. Apiix. Vu. 7, 766 (/*'i;u;i.* tr^-p- ain); Arrtie Srar!:kmii Expvi. ii. 315. • See [Jolmcs, <4m. Jour. f*harm. Ivi. i>ly. a,Mm, ilpn. Xmo. <.>d. *^. t .306. EXPLANATION OF THK PLATK. ilaM »»•, uianni via. -i L.JI '.ntii iw txwle, «lti«lfKt !). A fruiting bnuteli. 10, A fruit, enlarged. I'l. A fruit »irti opuii ' '•-'•■■•• ■•■!!. .r....,i 12. A ijemt, inagnii)i>» l;J. Vertical «iwt>on i.f .> . nl. uu^'iiiUed. 14. An cmi'ty.j, mii^'niA' 1. J 5. A irint«r bnuach. niuarai size. 10. A iKof^tTif, onlaru^tl ■i ji ) I irACK*. >! ti ii,' hu'X tlif ^. - - .. i. J. Iii'ftsiu-, Paris. -U«,r ' J ' iKj 1 ! ■' i: h , i 1 vrij 1 ; i 1 i:! : , SAUCACEiK. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 161 POPULUS GRANDIDENTATA. Poplar. Leaves broadly ovate, coarsely crenate, coated at first, like the buds, with hoary tomentum ; petioles elongated, laterally compressed. Populua Krandidontata, Michaux, ^Y. Bor.-Am. ii. 243 (1803). — Persoon, Syn. ii. 624. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 466. — Da Mont de Coursct, Bof~ Cult. ed. 2, vi. 400. — Mioliaux f. HUt. Arb. Am. iu. 287, t. 8, f. 2. — Fursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 619. — Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 241. — Poiret, Lam. Diet. Suppl. iv. 377. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 239. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 200. — Elliott, Sk. ii. 710. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 244. — Tausch, i^fora, xxi. pt. ii. 763 {Dendr. Sxot.-Bohem.). — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 154. — Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. s^r. 2, xv. 33 (Revisio Popuhrum) j Hist. Vig. x. 384. — Torrey, Fl. N. Y. ii. 214, t. 121. — Emerson, Trees Mass. 242 ; ed. 2, i. 278, t — Seringe, Fl. des Jard. ii. 56. — Darlington, Fl. Cestr. ed. 3, 281. — Chapman, Fl. 431. — Curtis, Hep. Oeolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iu. 73. — Wesmael, Bidl. Fid. Soc. Hart. Belg. 1861, 324, f. 3 (Monogr. Pop.) ; De Can- dolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 326 ; Mim, Soc. Sci. Hainaut, b6t. 3, iii. 233, t. 4 {Monogr. Pop.). — K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. i. 487. — Watson, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 3, xv. 135. — Beal, Am. Nat. xv. 34, f. 2. — Lanche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 316. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 172. — Watoon & Coulter, Gray's Man. ed. 6, 486 Dippel, Handb. Laubholxk. ii. 195. — Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 79. Populus grandidentata, /3 pendula, Nuttall, Gen. ii. 239 (1818). — Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 375 Lou- don, Arb. Brit. iii. Ifi.'Jl. — Vfesmael, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. 2, 326 ; Mim. Soc. o. ' Hainaut, s6t. 3, iii. 234 {Monogr. Pop.). A tree, often sixty or seventy feet in height, with a trunk occasionally two feet in diameter, and slender spreading rather rigid branches which form a narrow round-topped head ; or generally smaller and usually not more than thirty or forty feet tall. The bark of the trunk near the base of old trees is from three quarters of an inch to an inch in thickness, dark brown tinged with red, irregu- larly fissured and divided into broad flat ridges roughened on the surface with small thick closely appressed scales ; on younger stems and on the branches it is thinner, smooth, and light gray tinged with green. The branchlets are stout, marked with scattered oblong orange-colored lenticels, and coated at first, as are the unfolding leaves, the young petioles, and the stipules, with thick short hoary tomentum which soon disappears; during their first year they are dark red-brown or dark orange- color, and glabrous and lustrous, or covered with a delicate gray pubescence, and in their second year become dark gray sometimes slightly tinged with green and much roughened by the thickened elevated three-lobed leaf-scars. The buds spread from the branch at wide angles and are terete, broadly ovate, acute, with light bright chestnut-brown scales which, when the buds are first formed in summer, are coated with hoary pubescence or tomentum, and during the winter are puberulous, especially on their thin scarious marg;ins ; they are about an eighth of an inch long and not more than half the size of the flower-buds, which otherwise resemble them. The leaves are broadly ovate, three-ribbed, short-pointed, and coarsely and irregularly creiiate with stout incurved callous teeth except at the broad abruptly wedge-shaped truncate or rounded base ; they soon become glabrous, or occasionally on vigorous shoots they remain tomentose below during the season, and at maturity are thin and firm in texture, dark green on the upper surface, paler on the lower, from three to four inches long and from two to three inches broad, with prominent yellow ribs raised and rounded on the upper surface, conspicuous forked veins and reticulate velnlets ; they are borne on slender laterally compressed petioles from one and a half to two and a half inches in length, and turn bright clear yellow in the autumn before falling. The stipules are linear, from one half to three quarters of an inch long, and caducous. The flower amenta, which appear during the month of April or late in March, the staminate flowers usually opening i: f ! \': U. V ^ fl 162 SL'.VA OF NORTH AMERICA. 8ALIL.A<";E-T!. V's , >fl i[ befce i'lo f)fstil'ite, are from one and a half to two and a half inches in length, with blender y^t'Ttin coiit . ' > .it i , pale hairs ; their scales are pale and scarious below, divided above into froi- +ive to six small irreuiilar acute lol)es and covered witli soft light gray hairs, which also clothe the disks of the flowers. The stamens vfvry from six to twelve in number, with short slender filaments and light red anthers, and are inserted on the sliallow very oblicjue disk, which is entire on the margins. The ovary is oblong-conical, bright green, puberidous, crowned by a short style and spreading stigmas divided nearly to the base into elongated tiUform lobes, and inclosed at the base in the deep, slightly oblique, crenate disk, persistent under .he fruit. This ripens in May as the leaves are unfolding, when the ])istillate aments are from four to five inches in lengtli ; the capsule is often more or leKs curved above the middle, light green and puberulous, thin-walled, two-valved, about an eighth of an inch long, and raised on a slender pubescent stalk. The seed is minute, dark brown, and surrounded by rather short snowy white hairs. Popubix (jrmuUdentata, which is a common inhabitant of the forest, usually selecting rich moist sandy soil near the borders of swamps and streams, is distributed from Nova Scotia through New Brunswick, southern Quebec and Ontario' to northern Minnesota,^ southward thro'igh the northern states to northern Delaware ^ and southern Indiana and Illinois,* and along the Alleghany Mountains to North Carolina, and westward to central Kentucky and Tennessee. The wood of Populus grandidentata is light, soft, and close-grained, but not strong ; it contains thill obscure medullary rays and numerous minute scattered open ducts, and is light brown, with thin nearly white sapwood composed of from twenty to thirty layers of annual growth. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.4G32, a cubic foot weighing 28.87 pounds. In northern New Engliir/d and New York and in Canada it is largely manufactured into wood-pulp, and is occasionally used ii; turnery and for wooden-ware. ' Provancher, Flore Canailienne, ii. 533. — Brunet, Cat. Veg. Lig. Can. ■■)5. — Bell, Heji. Geolog. Sun: Can. 1879-«0, 50". — Macoun, Cat. Can. PI. 4o6 ^ Maomillan, Metasperma of the Minnesota ValUy, 180. « Tiitnall, Cat. PI. Neircattle Co., Delaware, 70. • Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nal. Mia. v. 87 (Populus Iretnuloida), xvii. 414. If > I l,'^ EXPLANATION OF THE PL.'.Tt: Plate CCCCLXXXVIII. Populu.s orandidehtata. 1. A flowfring branch of the .stominato tree, natural size. 2. A staminate ilower with its scale, enlarged. 3. A flowering branch of the ])!Htillat« tree, natural size. 4. A pistillate flower with its scale, enlarged. 5. Vertical section of a pistil, enlarged. 6. A fruiting branch, natural size, 7. A fruit, enlarged. H. A fruit with n|ien valves, enlarged, 9. A seed, magnified. 10. Vertical section of a seed, magnified. It. An embryo, magnified. 12. A summer branch, natural size, 13. A winter branch, natural size. I ! h aleiidev vtcmii loi, ♦Ive to Hix the disks of the 8 and light red ins. The ovary stigmas divided slightly oblique, Iding, when the ■;8 curved above n inch long, and by rather short Bating rich moist ia through New (rh the northern my Mountains to ■ong ; it contains brown, with tliin le specific gravity ern New Engliioil casionally used ii: re, 70. 7 (Populus trniiuloida), ^' 4 i / / ir** -T m KiNiMi«(«N;i»!r'«W9 .siLVA OF SORTU AMtmWA. BAI.ICACBJC. H \ ! > . are frum oo« MtA it b^if t<> twa niui k Iwlf incheH iu length, witli HUiidxr Htouis '■ 'jairs ; (hiMr WHi>^'< srr iml*- front l':>^ (•■ MX . r uciiU' IoImtm ntid t^-ntticHi virtth roft ligbf ^niy luurH, wiiiidi almi clotiio tlio (liitk:. <■) fiio riv; atitmenA v«ry from Mx ti> twelve in nuuibttr, with uhort sluiider iilHnivuts and liglit tvA -. »ud are iii)H;rt*!d <>n tHo «b»llu« wry obiir^ut' disk, which is entire on the luarfjinM. 1'he (nary 'iiji;H(>nii-al. hri •' ' •■ • jMilnirnloust, crowned hy a Hhort style iunl sprwidinj^ «ti|Tniiis divi(ftMl .<, (<) tilt) lvii«c nil ■ A liUfortn lubes, uik! itielo8<; h\c inclitw in length ; tho caphulw is oft• (/rriw/iV/j-n^/^rt, which id a common .. ^.lU near the bordeiii of jiwauipb and Htnant- Itruoinvick, Nouthern Q'lebec and Ontario' to nortiteru MiA)i« iitiitAN to northern Dola ware,' and Hontht-rn Ii' ' "i North Csioiina, and westward to cei;fr:il KiMi' Tho wood of Pnpulua grandidmhUd is lij^ht. soft, and elo»e-^frou»ed, but not strong ; it contains ibin o!ii,i ore rawlull'iry rays and nnnicrou*' wiiuute sciiitered open duoH, and is lighi brown, with thin nearly white sipwood eomponeil of from twenty to ihivty i;iyen> of annual growth. The Kpecilic gravity if the absiilu»fly dry wood is ().-lG.'3'2, a cubic foot weigluag 2S.W7 poundb. In northern New England and New York and in (Janada it is largely nianafatitured into wuod-pulp, and is occasionally used in tnrnerv and for wooden-ware. . .t. iihually Kelecting rich moist • *^ova .Scotia through New '•'>>\igh the northern aoiij; IU- Aiii^finoj Mountfuns to Cat. Cm. PI. t Ltnniiamni.y i.i3. - Urunct, Cat. V'j. Lw. /7...i,i,' .«!./.,. Cim. l*""** *■. UY Ma.'.i.uii. ' I\lnall, Cat V NetKiul!i! Cn,, Miiniire, 70. I Tviit.<\A\. /v. .■ '. S* i\'iti. .Mux V. K7 I /'f)f)ii/fi trMliii'inHet), ■ ! I'lATW COlX' I I- ^ S-UIDKNT.WA. 1. A ri<)vr»Tin)f hnU'ii '^ the ttaminiUp treu, natural si/.e. 2. A, stai^iuikb) fiowei v-sUi iU ikaIi:, eniarged. 3. A Cowering brwiitli oi Uw! fontiUato tTi>r. nnturai nhe. i. A pUtillkfaj flu«r*r with iti iirsii>, volargeu. 5. Voiti'a' 'f.'Ct.n of it, pintU, enlari^d. 0. \ fru'ljr T-wvrh, natural »iiie. 7. A '--uil. . ">a. '<. A fmii vulvM, enlarged. 9. A »«..». i4-ii^ il. to. Vi ticn! teou f u aecd. magnlfiod. 11. An »nilir)!i., inagniiicH. 12. A ■umintir brunch, natural »uso. 13. A « i; N'j- braneli, natural the. :|r » i 'l: ••iidiir Ntoius I .>It! tiM< to MX , hi' (liiiks iiS :t j I ■ -i^-7 .V i^^M-JWataq' "^awVajiJi^^ia .^, . ■ - 164 aiLVA OF Noitrir amekica. 8ALICACKA ',' glubrouM, from one half of an inch to an inch in luugth, and cadiicoug. Tho flower amenU appear from Marcli at the Houtli to the huginning of May at the north ; the staminate are broad, denHvly flowered, about an inch long imd erect wlien the HowerH HrHt open, but graduiilly become penduh>UM by tlie ulongatiun of the thick peduncle, and wiiun fully grown are from two to two and a half inchcH in lengtli, with Htiiut Ijiittle puberuluus Rtema ; their m-itli s arn narrowly oblong-obovate, brown, HcariouH and glabrouM below, divided above into numerous clon^^ated filiform light red-brown lobeH, and fugacious as the anient lengthens. The stamens vary from twelve to twenty in nunilxT, with slender tihiiiicnts about as long as the large dark red antliers, and are inserted on an obli({ue slightly (M>nrave disk with u spreading border. The pistillate auients are slender, pendulous, few-Howered, and from one to two inches long, with thin glabrous stems ; their scales, which are concave and infold the Howers, are linear- ohovate, brown and scarious, laterally lobed, tiuibriate above the middle, and caducous. The ovary is ovoid, terete or obtust-ly three-angled, with slightly concave sides, crowned by a short stout or elongated style, deciduous from the fruit, and two or three much thickened and dilated two or tlu' e-lobed stigmas, snrroiiiidcd at tho base by the thin and scarious deciduous disk which is irregularly divided into numerous triangular or linear acute teeth, and raised on an elongated slender stem. In maturing the fruiting aments become erect and from four to six inches long and the pedicels half an inch in length ; the capsules ripen in May, when the leaves are about a third grown, and are ovate, acute, dark red- brown, rather thick-walled, two or three-valved, and about half an inch long. The seed is obovate, minute, dark red-brown, and surrounded by a thick mass of rather short lustrous silvery white hairs which are often more or less tinged with orange-color toward the base. I'ojni/uH heterophijlhi is distributed from North Guilford, Connecticut, and Northport, Long Island, southward near the coast to southern Georgia, tluougb the Gulf States ' to western Louisiana, and through Arkansas'' to southeitstern Missouri,' western Kentucky and Tennessee, and southern Illinois and Indiana.' In the north Atlantic states, where it is rare and local, the lil.ick Cottonwood grows in low wet swamps ; in the south Atlantic and Gulf regions it is more common, and grows on tho borders of river-swamps which are often inundated ; and in the valley of the lower Ohio River, in southeastern Mi.ssouri, eastern Arkansas, and western Mississippi, it is very abundant, growing to its largest size on the borders of swamps with the Texas Oak, the Swamp White Oak, the Red Maple, the Sweet Gum, and the Sour Gum. The wood of I'opulux hvlerophijlhi is light, soft, and close-grained ; it contains numerous very obscure medullary rays and small scattered open ducts, and is dull brown, with thin lighter brown supwood composed of twelve or fifteen layers of annual growth. The .specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.408!), a cubic foot weighing 'J."i.lS pounds. It is now often manufactured into lumber in the valley of the Mississippi River and in the Gulf states, and under the name of black jioplar is used in the interior finish of buildi.'igs. J'oj>iiliin hcttroj>/ii/llfi was first described in the Natural Ilixtory of Carolina,'' published in 1731 by Mark Catesby, .who discovered it in the coast region of South Carolina. According to Aiton," it wiis cultivated in Kngliind by Dr. John Fothergill ' as early as 1765, and it is now occasionally found in gardens in the United Stjites and Europe. iiM i i , . i I ' ' I Imvc DM eviilencf tliat I'o/iulux hfttrti/ihi/lla growH in Klorldii, but as it is abuiiduiit in tliu alluvial swamps of tho Mobile Hiver and un tlic lower Tnndiigbee and Alabama Kivera in Alabama, it probably raugctt oast ward at lca«t aa far a3 tlio valley of tlio Ajk palarhirula. - Harvey, Am. Jour. Forextrij, i. Ai'A\. » IJusli. H'}>. State li'xtrd Ilort. Missouri, 1805, Sol). * Kidgway, Proc. U. S. Xut. Attm. y. 80 ; Bot. fr'azette, viii. •XA). * Po}iulii.t nigra folio maximu gemmiit BaUamum odoratissimum fundeiUihas ^ i. 'V4, t. 3-4. — Charlevoix, IHstoxre df. la Nonvelle Franco, ed. lii*", iv. :J:M», f. 48. -Komann, Nat. Hist. Florida, 20. Popultts magna /oULi amplis, n/iw rordiformiUm, aUit HuhrotundiSf juniorihiis tomentuHut, Clayton, Ft. Virgin. VM. Poiinlas foliut rordatit erenatiSf LinnaMis, Hort. Cliff. 400. — Royen, Fl. Leyd, Prodr. 8li. Popultis alba majoribus foliia .iuhcordatis, Koinans, Nat. Hi^nt, Florida, 'JO. « Ilort. Kew. iii. 407. — Loudou, Arb, Bril. iii. 1672, f. 1531 T See vi. 10. 'm 8ALICACEA. r amentH nppeiir e bruad, denH«ly ne pendulouH liy , a half int'heH in , hrown, scnrioiw es, and fugacious Hlendur tiUuiieuts loncave disk with from one to two lowers, are linear- iB. The ovary i» itout or elongated r. t!-Iobed stigmas, arly divided into In maturing tiie n ini h in length ; B, acute, dark red- 3 seed is obovate, ilvery white hairs Northport, Long western Louisiana, see, and southern IJliick Cottonwood , and grows on the ■er Ohio River, in nt, growing to its ,he Red Maple, the ins numerous very thin lighter brown y of the absolutely ctured into lumber of black poplar is '■ published in ITM )nling to Alton," it f occasionally found , IlUluire lie la Nouvelle 18, NiU. Hilt. Florida, 20. U/ormilnis, aliii .luhrulunilit, I'M. iiiiMis, Horl. Cliir. 400.— latis, Komans, Nal. Hi.il- Bnt. iii. 167'2, f. 1C34. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // ^^ ,<^4g. ^o 1.0 I.I |5o "^^ HIH ^ U^ 12.2 1.8 1.25 II ,.4 , ,.6 < 6" ► Hiotographic Sciences Corporation «• ^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. MS80 (716) •73-4503 ^ '9> ^o fA EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. : H: Plate CCCCLXXXIX. Populus HHTEaoPHTtLA. 1. A flowering branch o{ the staminate tree, natural size. 2. A staminate flower >.rith its scale, enlarged. 3. A stamen, enlarged. 4. A flowering branch ot the pistillate tree, natural size. 6. A pistillate flower, enhkrged. 6. A fruiting branch, natural size. 7. A winter branch, natural size. i ■ ! : I ■ 1 SUvA of Nonh Aitj^rk-i ,f -4 Tab. CCCCLXXXIX. I! ; , 1 f fa i"'OFl: EX1-!.A> AU^iN Hi- ii'l. i'LATK. it PlATK CC!CCLXXXTX. PoPIXLim BKtKiUtfHYl.hA. 1. A floweriiiK branch of thn nUmitiate trre, uatural nize. 2. A 8taininatd. 3. A sUruen. milargeii. ■i. A fiovii>rinK bnunth of llm [.i»liilate trou, imtural ai/.p. /> A {•i<(ii!i^IU^*h. iiaUtTHl hi?-.' 7. A winter brTincli, nnUiral «;« Silva of North Amenca. Tab. CCCCLXXXIX. C. i'. f,uvn .i*'. Mit^neii POPULUS HETEROPHYLLA, L. A.BiorrtHhV i/uy.t .^ frnp. .f. TfUitiur, PiiHj- . nnn^ '»('! ifwis*"^ m-taw** I I BALICACK^. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 167 FOPULUS BALBAMIFERA. Balaam. Taoamahao. Lbaves oTate>laiiceolate, acute or acuminate, dark green and lustrous on the upper siirface, pale and often ferrugineous on the lower. Populua balaamifera, Limueui, Spee. 1034 (azcl. syn. Cateaby & Qmelin) (1763). — Da Roi, Harbk. Baumx. ii. 143. — MkialwU, Arbutt. Am. 107 — Moench, Bdume Weill. 79; Meth. 338. — Cutiglioni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 334 (ezel. syn. Gmelin). — Sehoepf, Mat. Med. Amer. 161. — Wangenheim, Nordam. Bol*. 86, t 28, f. 69. — Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 230; Sjiee. ir. pt ii. 806; Enum. 1017. — BorkhauMn, Handh. Foritbot. i. 644. — Nouveau DuKamd, ii. 179, t. 60 — Miciiaaz, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 244. — Penoon, Syn. ii. 624. — Desfon- tainei. Hilt. Arb. ii. 466. — Da Mont de Counet, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, vi. 401. — Michaax f. Hiit. Arb. Am. iii. 306, t. 13, f. 1.— Pursh, fJ. Am. Sept. ii. 618.— Nuttali, Oen. ii. 239; Sylva, i. 55 — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 202. — Sprengel, Syit. ii. 244. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 163 (in part and ezcl. var. y). — Spaoh, Ann. Set. Nat. tir. 2, zv. 33 {Reuiiio Populorum) (ezcL ayn. luaveo- lens) ; Hiii. Vig. z. 393. — Fiacber, Oartenzeit. iz. 402 ; Bot. Reg. zziz. Mi«c. 20. — Torrey, Fl. N. T. ii. 216.— Seringe, Fl. dei Jard. ii. 66. — We«maal, Bull. Fid. Soe. Hort. Belg. 1861, 336, f. 14 (Monogr. Pop.) (ezol. Tari. /3 intermedia and y lalicifolia) ; Mim. Soe. Sei. Hainavt, Ut. 3, iii. 245, t. 8 (JWonogr. Pop.) (ezcl. p iuav». Ueni, y laur}folia, and S viminalit). — K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. i. 496. — Watun, Am. Jour. Sei. aer. 3, zv. 136. — Beal, Am. Nat. zr. 34, f, 4. — Laaebe, Deutiehe Dendr. ed. 2, 317 (in part). — Sargent, Fareit Trees N. Am. 10th Cenmi U. S. ii. 173.— Mayr, Wold. Nordam. 181.— Wataon & Coulter, Gray's Man. ed. 6, 487. — Dippel, Kandb. LaubhoUk. ii. 205 (ezcl. van. a, b, c), f. 99. — Koebne, Deutiehe Dendr. 83. Populus balsamifera lanoeolata, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 108 (1786). Populus balsamifera, a ^nuina, Weamael, De CandoUe Prodr. zri. pt ii. 329 (1868). A tree, often a hundred feet in height, with a tall trunk six or seven feet in diameter, and stout erect branches usually more or less contorted near their extremities, and forming a comparatively narrow open head ; or smaller toward the southern limits of its range and usually not more than sixty or seventy feet tall. The bark on old trunks is from three quarters of an inch to an inch in thickness, gray tinged with red, and divided 'nto broad rounded ridges covered with small closely appressed scales ; on younger stems and on the branches it is much thinner, smooth or roughened by dark excrescences, and light brown tinged with green. The branchlets are stout, marked with oblong Ught orange-colored lenticels, and after their first year much roughened by the thickened leaf-scars ; when they first appear they are dark red-brown and glabrous or covered with pale caducous pubescence, and in their first winter are bright and lustrous, losing their lustre and becoming dark orange-color in their second year, and then gray tinged with yellow-green. The leaf-buds, which are saturated with a yellow balsamic sticky exudation, are ovate, terete, and long-pointed, the terminal beiug nearly an inch long and one third of an inch broad, and the axillary about three quarters of an inch long and one sixteenth of an inch broad ; they are covered with five oblong pointed concave closely imbricated thick scales dark chestnut-brown and lustrous on the outer surface and light green on the inner, and begin to open soon after midwinter. The leaves are ovate-lanceolate, thise-'ibbed, gradually narrowed and acute or acuminate at the apex, roimded or cordate at the broad or rarely narrowed base, and finely crenately serrate with slightly thickened revolute margins ; when they unfold they are light yellow-green, coated with the gummy secretions of the bud and sometimes slightly puberulous, especially on the upper surface and on the petioles, and at maturity are thin and firm in texture, deep dark green and lustrous above, pale green and more or less ferrugineous and conspicuously retieulate-venulose below, from three to five inches long and from an inch and a half to three inches wide, with slender ribs raised and i I f iwii mi in a>>»f»jjiyp R?) 168 8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 8ALICACEA. rounded on the upper side, thin veins running obliquely almost to the margins, and slender terete petioles from on inch and n half to two inches ia length, enlarged ubruptly near the base and leaving vhen they fall large semiorbicular obcordate leaf-scars. The utipules of the first leaves resemble the bud-scales in size and shape and are caducous ; higher jn the branch they gradually decrease 'n size and thickness, and on the upper leaves they are oblong-lanceolate, thin, vhite and scarious, slightly ciliate on the margins and about a third of an inch long, and often (!o not disappear until tiie leaves are almost fully grown. The flower-buds resemble the terminal leaf-buds in size and shape, and are covered by five or six deciduous scales similar to those of the leaf-buds. The aments appear in very early spring befo.-e the leaves, and are pedunculate, thin-stemmed, pendulous, densely flowered, from two and a half to four inches long and about a third of an inch thick ; their scales are broadly obovate, light brown and scarious, and often irregularly three-lobed or parted at the apex, which is cut into short thread-like red-brown lobes. The stamens vary from twenty to thirty in number, with abbreviated filaments and It.ige light red anthers, and are inserted on an oblique slightly concave short-stalked disk. The ovary is ovate, slightly two-lobed, and sessile in the deep cup-shaped disk, which has a thick and undulate margin, and is crowned by two nearly sessile large oblique dilated crenulate stigmas deciduous from the fruit. The fruiting aments become four or five inches in length when the capsules open at the end of May or early in June ; these are ovate-oblong, acute and often curved at the apex, two-valved, slightly pitted, light brown, about a quarter of an inch long, thin-walled, surrounded at the base by the membranaceous disks of the flower, and raised on slender stalks from one twelfth to one eighth of un inch in leng;th. The seeds are oblong-obovate, pointed at tho apex, narrowed and truncn'^e at the base, light brown, about one twelfth of an inch long, and surrounded by slender hairs which envelop tb-j aments of the ripe fruits with thick masses of soft snow-white notton, and becoming detached from the capsides are wafted with the seeds to great distances from the tree. Popuhis hahamifera is distributed from about latitude sixty-five north in the valiey of the Mac- kenzie River, and from the Alaskan coast sou*^^hward to northern New England and Now York,' central Michigan and Minnesota,'' the Black Hills of Dakota,' northwestern Nebraska,* northern Montana, Idaho, and Oregon and Nevada. It inhabits the low and often inundated bottom-lands of rivers and swamp borders, and ia common in all the regions near the northern boundary of the United States from Maine to the western limits of the Atlantic forest, in the maritime provinces of Canada, and in southern Labrador as far north as the shore of Richmond's Gulf on Hudson's Bay ; it is abundant, although not large, along all the streams which flow into James's Bay, and into Hudson's Bay from the southwest as far north as Fort Churchill ; it is common and of large size in the region north of the Great Lakes,° and it is the characteristic tree of the alluvial bottom-lands of the streams which flow through the prairie region of British America, attaining its greatest size on the islands and banks of the Pease, Athabasca, and other rivers which form the Mackenzie, whiuh carries down great trunks of the Balsim Poplar, imdermined by the shifting cm-rents of the turbulent streams of the north, to bleach upon die shores of the Arctic Sea ; ° it is also abundant in the valley of the upper Yukon ; ^ and on these northern bottom-lands is replaced by the Spruce as the subsoil becomes cold by the dense shade made by the Poplars and Willows which first cover the surfaces exposed by the washing away vi" banks and the formation of inlands ; in the United States west of the Red River of the North it is less common and of smaller size. f!it< ■ Profeuor William K. Dudley found Ln 1885 on tho steep woody banks of the ravine at Taughannock Falls, near the west side of Cayuga Lake, in western New York, a number of old trees of this species which may have grown there without the intervention uf man, although this is much farther south than Populm baUamiftra usually extendr, in New York state (Bull. Cornell University, ii. 92 {Cayuga Fl.]). ' Macmillan, Ik'eUup^'Vuz of the Minnetola Valley, 180. ■' Williams, Bull. No. 43, South Dakota Agric. Coll. 104. * Hesscy, Rep. Nebraska Slute Board Agric. 1894, IM. ' I rovancher, Flore Canadien<%e, ii. 533. — lirunet, Cat, Ve'g. Lig. Can. 55. — Bell, Rep. (leolog. S'lrv. Can. 187f>-80, 45'. — Maoouo, Cat. Can. PI. 450 ; Tram. Roy. Soc. Can. iv. 7. • Richardson, FranLlin Jour. Appi. No. 7, 766. ' G. M. Dawson, Garden and Forat, i. 68. ',\ • SALICACELO. id slender terete laae and leaving ves resemble the decrease 'n size scarious, slightly ppear until tlie size and shape, le aments appear densely flowered, scales are broadly e apex, which is in number, with slightly concave cup-shaped disk, e oblique dilated e inches in length r, acute and often long, thin- walled, lender stalks from linted at tho apex, ind surrounded by snow-white notton, i from the tree, valiey of the Mac- New York,' central northern Montana, ands of rivers and United States from da, and in southern idant, although not Tom the southwest f the Great Lakes," t flow through the )anks of the Pease, nks of the Balsim to bleach upon she on ; ^ and on these B dense shade made away v." banks and 1 it is less common Agric. Coll. 104. gric. 1894, 104. — Brunet, Cat. Veg. Lig, 187(V-80,46'.— Macoun, iT. 7. . 7, 766. J8. SALICACEiB. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 169 Tho wood of Populus bahami/era is light, soft, not strong, and close-grained; it contains numerous obscure medullary rays and many minute scattered open ducts, and is light brown, with thick nearly white sapwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.3035, a cubic foot weighing 22.05 p junds. It is mpde into paper-pulp, and in northern Michigan is manufactured into pnils, tobacco boxes, and small packing-cases. On the northern shores of the Great Lakes the thick bark from the base of old trunks is used as a substitute for cork to float fisheniien's nets. In the northeastern United States and in Canada the Balm of Gilead, Populua balmmi/era, var. candicanH,' is frequently cultivated as a shade -tree. It differs from the common form in its more spreading branches, forming a broader and more open head, in its broader cordate leaves which are more coarsely serrate with gland-tipped teeth, more or less pubescent when young and at maturity puler on the lower surface, ci'Jate on the margins with short white hairf and I'sually pubescent along > he ribs and principal veins, a.id in its pubescent petioles and rather heav' jr wood. The Balsam Poplar, which is the largest of the subarctic trees of America, is the most conspicuous featuio of vagctation ovtr areas thouRands of square miles in extent, and its great size, its stately trunk, and the brilliancy of its leaves, disp! lying in turn, as the vnnd plays among its branches, their dark green upper i.nd their rusty lower surfaces, often make it a splendid object. According to Aiton, 1 opulua balaamifera was introduced into English gardens in 1731.' I Populia baltamifera, vmr. eandicam, Gray, Man. ei. 2, 410 (I860). — Watson, /Jm. your. Sci. sir. 3, xv. 130. — Bu/Z. Tnrrey Bot. Club, vii. 57. — Lauche, Deuliche Dendr. ed. 2, 318. — Sargent, Foreil Treei N. Am. 10th Cemui U. S. ix. 173. — Watson & Coulter, Cray's Man. ed. 0, 487. Populw eandicam, Aiton, Hurt. Kew. iii. 406 (1789). — Willde- now, Eerl. Bourns. 231 ; Spec. iv. pt. ii. 806 j Enum. 1017. — Borkhausen, Haniib. Fo'tlliot. i. 045. — Michaux f. Hut. Ar''. Am. iii. 308, 1. 13, t. 2. — Piirali, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 618 -Poirct, Lam. Did. Suppl. iv. 378. — Nuttnll, Gen. U. 2.39.- Hayne, Dmdr. FL 202. — Bigelow, Fl. Bmlon. ed 2, 370. — Sprengel, Sytt. ii. 244. — Hoolcer, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 154. — Fisclier, Garten- zeU. ix. 403; Bot. Reg. six. Misi. 22. — Torrey, Fl. N. Y. ii. 217. — Audubon, Bird», t. CO. — Spach, Ann. Sci. A'at. air. 2, XT. V3 (Reviiio Populorum); Hist. Veg. x. 392. — Emerson, Trees Mass. 245 j ed. 2, i. 281. — Seringe, Fl. del Jard. ii. 63. —Gray, Man. 431. — Wesmael, Bull. Fed. Soc. Hort. Belg. 1861, 334, f. 12 (Monogr. Pop.) ; De' Candoile ProJr. xvi. pt. ii. 330 ; Mem. Soc. Sci. Hainaul, aii. 3, iii. 248, t. 9 (Monogr. Pop.), — Dippcl, Handb. LaubhoUk. ii. 203 (excl. var. a) Koehne, Dtutache Dendr. 83. The origin of this noble and beautiful tree is uncertain. It does not appear to be indigenous in New England or eastern Canada, where the pistillate plant has been used as a shade-tree from very early times, as it has been in the niiddU states and in Europe. It is jtatod by Professor L. H. Bailey {Bot. Gazette, t. 01 ; Bull. No. 68, Cornell Univenilg, Hort. Div. 221 [The Cultivated Poptari]) to be indigenou3 in Michigan, where it is said that groves of it existed when the country was first settled, and were afterward cut down for lumber. I have not seen it except in the neighborhood of human habitations or in specimens taken from trees which had evidently been cultivated. The width of the leaves, their ciliate margins, and pubescence are the only characters for distinguishing it from the ordinnry forms of Popului baUami/era, and they hardly afford sufficient grounds for considering it, as many authors have done, specifically distinct, at least until more knowledge with re- gard to it as a wild tree -t obtained. ' Hort. Keic. iii. 446. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. iii. 1637, f. 1036, 1036, t. liHaill EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PlATK CCCCXC. PoPULUS RAUtAMirKHA. 1. A flowering branch of the itaininate tree, natunU >ize. 2. A itaminkte flower with ita eoale, enlarged. 3. A flowering branch of the piatilUte tree, natural aiia. 4. A pistillate flower with its Male, enlarged. 6. A scale of a piatillate flower, enlarged. 6. A fruiting branch, natural aize. 7. A fruit with open valrei, enlarged. 8. A aeed, magniiied. 9. Vertical aection of a aeed, magnified. 10. An embryo, much magniiied. Plats CCCCXCL PoruLOfi hai-iamifeka, var. canoicans. 1. A flowering branch of the ataminate tree, natural aize. 2. A ataminate flower with ita scale, enlarged. 3. A flowering branch of the piatillate tree, natural aize. 4. A piatilUte flower infolded in its scale, enlarged, 5. A piatillate flower, enlarged. 6. A pistil, enlarged. 7. Croaa section of an ovary, enlarged. 8. Vertical section of an ovary, enlarged. 9. A fruiting branch, natural size. 10. A fruit, enlarged. 11. A seed, magnified. 12. Vertical section of a seed, magnified. 13. An embryo, magnified. 14. Portion of a branch with the base of a petiole, and stipules, enlarged. 15. A winter branch, natural size. 'I: Bilvu I. ■%i^ Y»h . 'I, 11 ■j RXPIANATION OV rilK I'l.ATKS. Ptarii CCCCXC. Pofi'Lu* luxxAMimn*. 1. A rioworiiiK branch ol Um •tanuoBt* uw, nkhiral ."irx, 2. A •tuniinaU Hu»«i with ita mbU, •nlalf*<*td. 6. A fruiting lirnni'h 9tU'*t*l -vi 7. A fruit willi u|ien <»lrat ''i«i<.<-|;»i X. A Micd, ni»^W«H. 9- Vtrticitl Melius of httttt. HMftiiAwl. 10. An •mbryu, aw IYatr CCCCXCI. rorvi.t'H KVLMAMirKgA, v«r. cAyDKiAin. 1. A t.iivrenng lirnnch of the aininiii»t« trne, iisUiral um. U. X (tiUiiinntH llnwxr witli iU »«iilr. iuilnD(«peciiueii (No. 2990) without tlowen or fruit of a Poplar colli'cted by Mr. S. B. Parish in ,liinc, IROi, in KnttlesDake Caflon, at an elevation of 5,i")00 feet at the eK.stern base of the Sun Beniar- (lino Mountains in California, preserved iu the National Ili'rbarinm, is probably of this species, althiiugh I have no other evidence that it crosses the California deserts (S. B. Parish, Krtttken, iii. 00). " .^ Poplar (t'opiUwi ammmata, Ryclberg, Bull. Torrey Bot, tVuft, zx. 40, 1. 149 [189.'!]) with rlioniboidal leaves rather coarsely serrate at the middle only and long {>etioles, described as a large tree with a broad pyramidal crown of spreading branches, is distributed from the Black Hills of South Dakota and western Nebraska to the east- crt> base of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, aiid ap]karenUy 'iUo occurs in Mexico ; although often confounded with Populua angus- tifolia^ \ is probably a distinct species, and vill be included in a supplement to The Silva if sufticient material can be obtained from which to prepare a plate and description. 'On Juno 0, 1805, the party was on the Tansy (now Teton) River, a tributary of the upper Missouri, where they found "a species of Cottonwood, with a leaf like that of the Wild Cherry," and on th^ I'JtIi of .June they noticed that " with the broad-leaved Cottonwood, which has formed the principal timber of the Mis- souri, is h'-;-e mixed another species, differing from the first only in the narrowness of its leaf and the greater thickness cf its bark. This species seems to Im preferred by the beavers to the broad- leaveJ, probably ^ecauBo the former affords a deeper and softer bark." (See A History of the Brpedilion under Command of Lewis and Clarlc, ed. Cones, ii. 3G0, 304.) > See ii. 90. 8ALICACEA. US from the fruit, d on the margins re, and when they ;h pedicels often a above the middle, mbranaceouB disk iighth of an inch from five to ten ililk, Belly, and restern Nebraska,' ranges of central izona,° and is the n Idaho." numerous obscure rly white sapwood the absolutely dry ive of the expedi- i04-180(),' but the Dr. Edwin James," IS, under command resembles some of 1 of the towns of in forms a shapely id Europe, and has adod with Populus angui- lid vill be included in a rial can be obtained from the Tnnsy (now Teton) •i, where they found "a liat of the Wild Cherry," it " with the broad-leaved sipal timber of the Mis- •ing from the first only in tcr thiekness of its bark. ;ho beavers to the broad- ords a deeper and softer under Command of Lewis 1 ( !.. EXPLANATION OP THE TLATE. Plats CCCCXCII. Fopulux ANouHTiroLiA. 1. A flowering branch of the ai. vte tree, natural size. 2. A ataminate flower with ita aeale. enlarged. 3. A flowering branch of the piatillata tree, natural aize. 4. A ataminate flower with ita acale, enlarged. 6. A fruiting branch, natural aize. 6. A fruit with open valTei, enlarged. 7. A aeed, magnified. 8. Vertical aection of a Med, magnified. 9. An embryo, magnified. 10. Portion of a branch with a petiole, and atipulM, enlarged. 11. A winter branch, natural aize. ■ : 51 ii ' Silva KXPlJVSAriON OK THR PLATE. Plats CCCX' It'll futvtm i.i«iiLU. 1 . A iluwcring bnuMh M Um (Uminsto int. ixaUtni aiu. 'i. A aUniinkto flnvM- oltti iU tcmie, vuUrfni 3. A flowrritii; )cli ••! ii.« piMtlUu tn*. naxiirftl aiin. 4. A lUniiiiaU- Hiiwrr with ill Mkle, tnlargwi. 6. A Iraiting brunch, luilural »ita. n. A (nut with o|ii>r r»lre*, oiiUrxtd. v. A araal magniftMl. , 8. \'<>nii'«! Mvtion i>( a 9. Al> •mbryu, utaKiufMrt 10. Pnr«i..r. ■' i ma^nifiMj. >1, w<'l. . ..^> I- .tl atitwilK^ MiiJii n . I ; SlWa of North America. T»b. ccccxni, \ 6". /.". ^"•'VJ'/ c/t*/. /fimtil^ so. 1 POPULUS ANGUSTIFOLIA, James. A.HiorrfHW Juiw ■ /nu)..J. Tantvir.J'iiii.' ■'.I i ' 'ii If I /! ! i i HALICACBA 81LVA OF NORTH AM K RICA. 175 POPULUS TRIOHOOARPA. BUok Cottonwood. BaImdi Cottonwood. Leaves usually broudly ovute, acuminate, rounded or cordate at the broad base, dark green on the upper Hurface, pale, fcrrugincous or hilvery on the lower. Ovaries tomentoHO. Populus triohooarpa, llooktr, lean. \x. t. 878 (1802).— Wklpen, Ann.i. 767. — WMmmcl, De CamUilU Pmlr. xvi. pt. ii. XiO i Mim. Soe. .SVi. Uainaut, Ur. .'<, Hi. 240 (Monofjr. Pop.). — WaUon, Kiny'i He/i. v. 31'8 ; Am. Juur. Sci. a«r. 3, »v. 136. — Tomy, Hot. Witkf Kxiilor. Kjtped. 409. — Hrawer St WatMii, Bat. Cat. ii. t)I. — Sar- gent, Foriut Treft N. Am. lOth Censtu U. S. ix. 174. — Dipptl. Nandb. Laubholtk. Ii. 21U, f. 104. — Ko«liii«, DtufcKe Deniir. 86. — Coville, Vontrib. IT. S. Nat. Hiirb. iv. 2(M) (Hot. Death Valleij Kxped.). — Onmo, Man. Hot. Hay Hnjion, IKK), Populua balaamifara, y, Houlcer, /'/. Bar.-Am. ii. 1C4 (1830). Populua anvuatlfolla, Ntwbarry, Ptuiifie K. H. "if p. tI. |it. iii. 8!) (nut JitmM) (18fi7). — Cooper, Vaeifie K. R. Hep. xii. pt ii. 29, 68. — Torr»y. Hot. Wilktt Kxplnr. KrpeJ. 4(!H. Populua balaamUera, Lyall, i/otir. Linn. iVor. vii. 134 (not Liunaua) (18U4). — Hull, JM. Uaxette, Ii. 03. Populua balaamlfera, var. (?) Californioa, WaUon, Am. •Iimr. Sri. ler. 3, xv. 13/5 (1H7H). Populua trlohooarpa, var. oupulata. Wation, Am. Jour. Si-i. ur. 3, XV. VM (1878). — Urawar & WaUon, Btt. Col. ii. 01. A tree, often iieurly two hundred feet in height, with u trunk seven or eight feet in diameter, stout upright branches, and a broad open head ; or toward the eastern and southern limits of its range much smaller. The bark of the trunk is from one and a half to two and a half inches in thickness, ashy gray, and deeply divided into broad rounded ridges broken on the surface into thick closely appressed scales. The branchlets are stout, terete or slightly angled while young, and marked with numerous orange- colored lenticels, and when they first appear are coated with deciduous rufous or pale pubescence ; they are light or dark orange-color and lustrous during their first year, and then gradually grow dark gray and become much roughened by the greatly enlarged and thickened elevated lunate leaf-scars. The winter-buds are resinous and fragrant, ovate, long-pointed, frequently curved above the middle, and often flattened by pressure against the stem ; they are about three quarters of an inch long and a quarter of an inch broad, and are covered by six or seven light orango-brown scales thin and scarious on the margins and slightly puberulous on the outer surface, especially at the base of the bud. The leaves are broadly ovate or occasionally oblong-rhombic, gradually narrowed and usually short-pointed or rarely acute at the apex, broad, rounded, or slightly cordate, or occasionally gradually narrowed and wedge-shaped at the base, and finely crenately serrate with minute incurved gland-tipped teeth ; when they unfold they are coated with rufous or pale pubescence which is thicker above than below, and at maturity are thick and firm in texture, dark rich green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale and rusty or silvery white and conspicuously reticulate-venulose on the lower surface, glabrous, with the exception of the upper side of the stout ribs and veins, which is usually covered with a fine short pubescence that occasionally extends also over the whole upper surface of the leaf, from three to four inches long and from an inch and a half to three inches broad ; they are borne on slender terete puberulous petioles from one to two inches in length, and turn yellow or brown late in the autumn before falling. The stipules of the first leaves resemble the inner bud-scales in size and shape, but higher on the branch they gradually become smaller, and those of the last leaves are linear-lanceolate, white and scarious, and about half an inch long. The flower aments, which appear in February at the south and in early spring at the north, are pedunculate and pendulous ; the staminate are densely flowered, from an inch fi 176 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. saucacea:. \[ and a half to two inches long and a third of an inch thick, with slender glabrous stems, and the pistillate are loosely flowered and from two and a half to three inches in length, with stout hoary tomentose stems ; their scales are dilated at the apex, which is irregularly cut into numerous filiform lobes, and glabrous or slightly' puberulous oii the outer surface, and fall before the ripening of the fruit. The stamens, from forty to sixty in number, are inserted on a broad slightly oblique glabrous disk, and are composed of slender elongated filaments longer than the large light purple anthers. The ovary is snbglobose, coated with thick hoary tomentum, crowned by three nearly sessile broadly dilated deeply lobed stigmas, and inclosed at the base in a thick deep cup-shaped glabrous membranaceous disk with an irregularly crenate or nearly entire revolute margin persistent under the fruit. When the capsule ripens the leaves are almost fully grown and the pistillate aments are from four to five inches in length ; the capsule is subglobose, nearly sessile, pubescent or rarely almost glabrous, rather thick-walled, and three- valved. The seed is obovate, apiculate at the gradually narrowed apex, light brown, puberulous toward both ends, one twelfth of an inch long, and furnished with a tuft of long lustrous white hairs. Populus trichocarjxi forms open groves by the banks of streams, and is distributed from southern Alaska ' southward through western British Columbia, where it extends eastward to the valley of the Columbia River,'' through western Washington and Oregon, and along the mountain ranges and islands ' of western California to the southern slope of the San Bernardino Mountains.* In the valley of the lower Stikeen River and southward through all the coast region to northern California, it grows to its largest size not far above the level of the sea ; farther south and beyond the influence of the ocean it is smaller, often not more than thirty or forty feet tall, and ascends into mountain canons, frequently reaching elevations of six thousand feet on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada of central California ; in western British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon it abounds iu all the river-valleys and is the largest of the broad-leaved trees. The wood of Pojm/un (richocnrpa is light, soft, and not strong, although rather close-grained ; it contains thin hardly distingu:'<)>able medullary rays and minute open scattered ducts, and is light dull brown, with thin nearly white sapwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.3814, a cubic foot weighing 213.77 pounds. In Oregon and Washington, where the demand for the wood has already caused the destruction of most of the old trees, it has been largely made into the staves of sugar-barrels ; and it is also used in the manufacture of wooden-ware, bowls, and butter-tubs, although its bitter taste lessens its value for these purposes, and by the Indians of British Columbia in the building of canoes." Tlie soft pliable tough roots were formerly used by the Indians of Oregon and northern California in the manufacture of hats and baskets." The earliest account of Popuhiti trichocarpn appears in the journal of Lewis and Clark for March 2G, 180G, where the Cottonwoods growing near the mouth of the Columbia River are mentioned.' The tallest and one of the largest of all Poplars, I'opuliis trichocarpu, is conspicuous throughout the fluvial regions of the northwest coast, while it enlivens the coniferous forest of the California Sierra Nevada with the brilliancy of its pale stems and the fluttering of its beautiful lustrous leaves.' 'li ^1'- ' The fiTtreine iiortlicrn range (if Pnpultis Irirhocnrfm ia still undetermined. In 18H7 Dr. (r. M. Dawson, while exploring the region between 5<>° 'M' nud 60' north latitnde and I'-iH ' and l,'i8^ west longilnde* found it on the lower Stikeen River, and in the drier rpgioii east of the coaflt ranges, a.tsociatcd with i*op\dns balsfviii/pni of the east, and a Poplar, proliably «>f the same species, on the Pi-lly and I.icwis branches of the Yukon Uiver. (See G. M. Dawsun, fiardpn and Ftfrcst, i. 58.) 2 Maeouii, Cat. Can. PL 457. ^ Greene, Hull. Cal. Arnd. Sci. ii. 412. — Brandegee, Proc, Col. Acad. Set. ser. 'J, i. iiUi (Fi. Santa Barbara Island,-*). * S. B. Parish, Zoi\ iv. 348. * G. M. Dawson, Can. IVut. n. ser. ix. 'X\\. " Ilavard, Garden and Forest, iii. OliO. ' A History of the Expedition wider Command of Lewis and Clark, ed. Coucs, iii. 908. 8 Garden and Forest, v. ii77, f. 52. l>l\i SAUCACE^. and the pistillate hoary tomentose lifonn lobes, and the fruit. The ous disk, and are i. The ovary is [ly dilated deeply 30US disk with an he capsule ripens es in length ; the railed, and three- uberulous toward e hairs. ed from southern the valley of the itain ranges and .* In the valley rn California, it >nd the influence ds into mountain ;he Sierra Nevada >ound8 in all the close-grained; it , and is light dull wood is 0.3814, a for the wood has into the staves of »r-tub8, although Coliunbia in the jrthern California as and Clark for er are mentioned.' icuous throughout of the California istrous leaves.' - Brandegee, Proc. Col. hlaniU). land of Lewis and Clark, ' :H ll 'J- • I ■ Hi fi, ! iH iii '. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Plate CCCCXCIII. Populus tkiohocarpa. 1. A flowering branch of the staminate tree, natural size. 2. A staminate flower with its scale, enlarged. 3. A flowering branch of tlie pistillate tree, natnral size. 4. A pistillate flower with its scale, enlarged. 6. A fruiting branch, natural size. 6. A fruit with open valves, enlarged. 7. Portion of a branch with a petiole, and stipules, enlarged. 8. A winter branch, natural size. ^ f-*" ■>* II ?^ ; EXVLANATION OF IHK I'T.ATK. Pi.AtT. CCCCX' Hi. r(ipiM,u» tkich<»;*mi'A. 1. A Howcring; liranrli of llie sUmiimte IrcA, natural nixe. 2. A ataminate flower with ita scaic, eiilur^ed. 3. A fliiwcrinj; branch of the [lUlillali! tree, iiatiiral nis«. 4. A pixtilLitt' rii)W«jr witli iix uriile, pnlargt*!. 6. A fruiting bmnih, natural ai/.e. 6. A fniit with open valvpH, tJl. pt. ii. 177. — Castiglioni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 334. — Borkliauaen, Handb. Forst- bot. i. 552. — Michaux f. llUt. Arh. Am. iii. 298, t. 11. — Spach, .4/1)1. Sci. Nat. iir. 2, xy. 32 (SevUio Populorum) ; Hist. V6(j. X. 390. — Seringe, Ft. dea Jard. ii. 66.— Fiscali, Deuttch. Forstoulturjijl. 128, t. 8, f. 10-14. — Weimael, BuU. FM. Soc. HoH. Bdg. 1861, 330, f. 8 (Monogr. Pop.) ; De CandoUe Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 329 (excl. y anguatifolia) ; Mini. Soc. Sci. Hainaut, »4x, 3, iii. 242 {Monogr. Pop.) (excl. y angustifolia). — K. Koch, Derdr. ii. pt. i. 491. — Beal, Am. Nw xv. 34, f. 3. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 317.— Dippel, Handb. Latibholxk. ii. 199. — TS-oabne, Deutsche Dendr. 81. Populus Virginiana, Fougeroux, Mim. Agric. Pari*, 87 (1786). — Du Mont de Courset, Bat. Cult. ed. ?, vi. 400. — Nouveau Duhamcl, ii. 186. Populus Isvigata, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 406 (1789). — Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. ii. 803. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 619. — Poiret, Lam. Diet. Suppl. iv. 378. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 239 ; Sytva, i. 54. — Sprengel, Syit. ii. 244. — Emeraon, Trees Mass. 246 ; ed. 2, i. 283. Populus angulata, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 407 (1789). — Willdenow, Berl. Baumx. 234; Spec. iv. pt. ii. 805; Knum. 1017 Borkhausen, Handb. Forstbot. i. 548. — Nouveau Diihamel, ii. 186. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 466. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii. 302, t. 12.— Punh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 619. — Ratinesque, Fl. Ludocic. 116. — Nuttall, Gen. ii, 239. — Torrey, Ann. Lye. N. F. ii. 249. — Elliott, Sk. ii. 711. — Sprengel, Syst. ii. 244. — Jaume St. Hilaire, Traiti des Arhres Forestiers, t. 53 Loudon, Aro. Brit, iii. 1670, f. 1633, t. — Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. sir. 2, xv. 32 (Revisio Populorum) ; Hist. Vig. X. 391. — Seringe,/?. des Jard. ii. 64. — Chapman, Ft. 431. — Curtis, Kep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 72. — Gray. Man. ed. 6, 467. — Wesmael. Bull. FM. Soc. Hort. Belg. 1861, 328, S. 7 {Monogr. Pop.). — De CandoUe Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 328 ; Mitn. Soc. Sci. Hai- naut, sir. 3, iii. 240, t. 20 (Monogr. Pop.). — K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. i. 494. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hoyden's Sura. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 129. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 317. — Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Bat. 339 Dippel, Handb. LaubhoUk. ii. 201 Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 82. Populus monilifera, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 40G (1789) Abbott & Smith, Insects of Georgia, ii. 141, t. 71. — Willdenow, Berl. Baumx. 231 ; Spec, iv. pt. ii. 805 ; Knum. 1017. — Nouveau Duhamel, ii. 186. — Persoon, Syn, ii. 623. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 465. — Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult, ed. 2, vi. 400. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii. 295, t. 10, f. 2. — Pursh, Fl, Am. Sept. ii. 618. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 239. — Hayne, Dendr, Fl, 202. — Sprengel, Syst, ii. 244. — Wateon, Dendr, Brit. ii. 102, t. 102. —Loudon, Arb. Brit. iii. 16,57, f. 1517, t. — Spach, Ann, Sci, Nat, s^r. 2, xv. 32 (Revisio Populorum) ; Hist. VSg, x. 389. — Torrey, Fl, N. Y, ii. 215. — Emerson, Trees Mass, 249; ed. 2, i. 287.— Waga, Fl, Pol. ii. 669. — Seringe, Fl, des Jard, ii. 63. — Watson, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 3, xv. 136 Ward, Bull, V, S, Nat, Mus, No. 22, 116 (F/. Washington), — Chap- man, Fl, ed. 2, Suppl. 649 — Sargent, Forest Trees N, Am, 10th Census V, S, ix. 174. — Trautvetter, Act, Hort, Petrop. ix. 191 {Incrementi/>is (l(ltii'i(ha inhabits the banks of streams, where it often forms extensive open groves, and is distributed from the valley of the lower Maurice River in the province of Quebec ' and the shores of ' Provaiichcr, Flore Canadienne, ii. 533 Uruuet, Cat. Veg. Lig. Can. 53. — Boll, Rep. (leolog. Surv. Can. 1879-80, CC*. — Macoun, Cat. Can. I'l. i". 8ALICACKX eight feet in which spread ad frequently Imoat at rignt 1 an inch and H broken into )ranche8 it is nth K)ng pale their second sides and the e. The buds an inch long, rd the base of ate with long nally abruptly ivith incurved covered more with a sliort texture, light to five inches md raised and spread nearly argins, slender petioles pilose from two and \ autumn they acute, slightly [ose higher on 1 length. The 'e scales which jlop before the I four inches in itillate tree are if the capsules, the scales are 'orm lobes, and ind are inserted ,'olute margins. lobed stigmas, iider the fruit. ly pitted, thin- ir-valved. The in length, and mature ament pen groves, and id the shores of -80, ijG'. — Mncoun, 8ALICACKA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 181 Lake Ghamplain in Vermont, through western New Enghind and New York, Pennsylvania west of the Alleghany Mountains, and t!ie Atlantic states south of the Potomac River to western Florida, and westward to the base of the Rocky Mountains from southern Alberta to northern New Mexico. Com- paratively rare and of smaller size in the east and in the coast region of the south Atlantic and east Gulf states, the Cottonwood is the largest and one of the most abundant trees along all the streams between the Appalachian and the Rocky Mountains, marking their course over the mid-continental plateau to the extreme limit of tree growth, and growing to its largest size nearly to the one hundredth meridian. The wood of I'opuhiH deltoidva is light, soft, and not strong, although close-grained ; it is dark brown, with thick nearly white sapwood, and contains numerous obscure medullary rays and minute scattered open ducts. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.11889, a cubic foot weighing 24.24 pounds. Warping badly in drying and extremely difficult to season, it is now used only in the manufacture of paper-pulp, for cheap packing-cases, and for fuel. The Cottonwood, however, played an important part in the settlement of the prairie states west of the Missouri River before railroads joined the forests of the east with the western plains, furnishing the material for their first buildings from the rough stockade, raised to protect the struggling settler against the Indian, to the hotel and schoolhouse of the infant town.' PopuluH deltoidea was probably introduced into Europe in the eighteenth century, and the first description of it was published in 1755 by Duhamel, who extolled its value for the decoration of parks.- It is still freipiently planted in Europe, and no North American tree is more often seen there, the form with bright yellow leaves ' especially. In the United States no other tree has been so generally planted on the plains and prairien east of the Rocky Mountains. Along the banks of streams in moist soil Cottonwoods have grown with remarkable rapidity and attained a large size, but in dry soil they soon begin to fall, and gradually disappear at t!ie end of a few years, and without irrigation in regions of light and irregular rain-fall they have not proved successful.* With its massive pale stem, its great spreading limbs, and broad head of pendulous branches covered with fluttering leaves of the most brilliant green, I'opuhts deltoidea " is one of the stateliest and most beautiful inhabitants of the forests of eastern America. > Mason, Garden anil Forenl, iv. 182, f. 34. ' Populus magna Virginiana, foUb amplmimLi, rarnia nervoiii, qtuui quadrangulu, Traile den Arbres, ii. 178 (excl. Byn. Clayton). ■ Populus Canadensis, d aurea, Dippel, Handh. Laubholzk, ii. 200. * Corbett, Garden and Forest, viii. 173. — Waugb, Garden and Forest, viii. G02. ' Populus deltoidea is somotimes called the Carolina Poplar in European gardens, where it is also known as the Necklace Poplar on account of the supposed resemblance of the elongated fruiting aments and their long-stemmed capsules to strings of beads. (See Loudon, Arh. Brit. iv. 1C,')7.) In France it has long been known aj lo Pcuplier Suisse (Mathicu, Flore Foresti'are, ed. 3, 439). IM EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Platk CCCCXCIV. Populuh dbltoidra. 1. A flowerinK branch of the tttuniiuita tree, natural size. 2. A ntaniinate flower with its scale, enlarged. 3. A flowering branch of the pistillate tree, natural siM. 4. A pistillate flower with its scale, enlarged. 6. Cross section of an orary, enlarged, 6. A stigma seen from abore, enlarged. 7. Portion of a branch with a leaf, natural site. 8. A winter branch, natural size. Plate CCCCXCV. Populus oeltoiuea. 1. A fruiting branch, natural size. 2. A fruit with open valves, enlarged, 3. A seed, magnified. 4. Vertical section of a seed, magnified. 6. An embryo, magnified. 11 r f • t T*V. ■>. ^ •■tN \y # « ; ,1. 'Ul !!v' li E\V\JiSkmHi OK TUK Pr.ATEH. Pl,AT» iX ' • V '^ C.illLl'. ■ A. f. A Howitrinff l'nui<-l iiut* tn», tialur*! lito 2. A •t»ii>in»ty i ,1 3. A tliiwitrini; li . 4. A pi«tiUitt» linirer with lU m-iUp. •oUrgml R. Crom WTti'in nf an poi.u« urvihuuca. 1. A fniiUn)( hnuH'h, natural sU«. ■■•'■■ ■ ■ ■ ,;*!. 4. VwrliiaJ «t'u 4rr • •*-., nil Silva of Niiiih Americ4. T*b. CCCCXCIV ' \£,Fairtjn- Uel POPULUS DELTOIDEA, Mjr.sh. .... ,■ / Imp. .ITiinfiiir, Pan.,: TuiUof i ij w.u ' ■!: f • I ! ",w»^" 4 •**. 4- -,^ Sllva of Nopfh America. (\ F. f'ajron t/fl . POPULUS DELTOIDEA , Marsh. Tab. CCCCXCV. Hunti/i/ AJUui^'iHdO^ JU'CW. Imp. J .Tarxt'uf, Parut. '■ ' 1 'V i!.' SALICACEiB. 8ILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 183 POPULUS PREMONTII. Cottonwood. Leaves deltoid or reniform, usually short-pointed at the apex, coarsely and irregu- larly crenately serrate, their petioles laterally compressed. Populus Fremontii, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 360 (1875) J Am. Jour. Sci. scr. 3, xv. 136. — Brewer & WataoD, Sot. Cat. ii. 92. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 175. — Dippel, Handb. Laub- holxk. ii. 201, f. 96. — Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 82. — Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 420 {Man. PI. W. Texas). — Coville, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 200 (Bot. Death Valley Exped.). — Greene, Man. Bot. Bay Region, 301. Populus monilifera, Torrey, SUgreaves' Rep. 172 (not Aiton) (1853) ; Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 204 ; lues' Rep. 27 ; Bot. Wilkes Explor. Exped. 468. — Bigelow, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. 21. — Newberry, Pacifia R. R. Rep. vi. pt. iii. 89. — Watson, King's Rep. v. 327 ; PI. Wheeler, 17. — CovUle, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 200 (Bot. Death Valley Exped.). Populus Canadensis, Wesmael, De CandoUe Prodr. xvi. pt. a. 329 (in part) (not Moench) (1868) ; Mim. Soc. Sci. Hainaut, se'r. 3, iii. 242 (Monogr. Pop.) (in part). Populus Fremontii, var. (?) Wislizeni, Watson, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 3, xv. 136 (1878) ; Proc. Am. Acad. xviiL 157. —Brewer cfc Watson, Bot. Col. ii. 92. — Rusby, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix. 79. —Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 420 (Man. PI. W. Texas). — S. B. Pariah, Zoe, iv. 348. A tree, occasionally a hundred feet in height, with a short trunk five or six feet in diameter, and stout spreading branches pendulous at the extremities and forming a broad rather open graceful head. The bark on the trunks of old trees is from an inch and a half to two inches in thickness, dark brown slightly tinged with red, and deeply and irregularly divided into broad connected rounded ridges covered with small closely appressed scales which in falling display the bright red inner bark ; on young stems it is Ught gray-brown, much thinner, and smooth or only slightly fibSMed. The branchlets are terete and slender, and when they first appear are light green and covered with short pale caducous pubescence ; they become light yellow before winter, and in their second year are dark or light gray more or less tinged with yellow, and but slightly roughened by the small three-lobed leaf-scars. The buds are ovate, acute, and covered with hght green lustrous scales, the terminal bud being about a third of an inch in length and usually two or three times as large as the lateral buds, which are much flattened by pressure against the stem. The leaves are deltoid or reniform, generally contracted into broad short entire points or rarely rounded or emarginate at the apex, truncate, slightly cordato or abruptly wedge-shaped at the wide entire base, and coarsely and irregularly crenately serrate with few or many incurved gland-tipped teeth ; when they unfold they are coated, like the petioles, with short spreading pale caducous pubescence, and at maturity are thick and firm in texture, bright green and lustrous, from two to two and a half inches long and from two and a half to three inches wide, with thin yellow midribs raised and rounded on the upper side and four or five pairs of slender veins spreading at slightly oblique angles, forked at some distance from the rather thickened and revolute margins, and connected by obscure reticulate veinlets ; they are borne on flattened yellow petioles from an inch and a half to three inches in length, and turn a clear or dull yellow in the autimin before falling. The flower aments appear in February or March ; on the staniinate tree they are densely flowered, from one and a half to two inches long and nearly half an inch broad, with slender glabrous stems, and on the pistillate tree they are sparsely flowered, and about two inches in length when the flowers open, with stouter glabrous or puberulous stems, the staminate and pistillate aments occasionally appearing together on the same branch ; their scales are Ught brown, thin and scarious, dilated, and irregularly cut into filiform lobes at the apex, and caducous. The stamens, with large dark ii il i: 11 184 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. SALICACEA. red anthers, to the uumber of sixty or more, aie inserted on a broad oblique disk with slightly thiekenfil and entire margins. The ovary is ovate or ovate-oblong, glabrous, surmounted by three broad iiregu- larly crenately lobed stigmas, and inclosed at the base in a broad cup-shaped membranaceous disk which is persistent under the fruit. The capsules are ovate, acute or obtuse, slightly pitted, thick-walled, three or rarely four-valved, from one third to nearly one half of an inch long, raised on stout stems from one twelfth to one sixth of an inch in length, and borne in slender drooping racemes four or five inches long. The seeds are nearly an eighth of an inch in length, ovate, acute, light brown, and surrounded by a thick tuft of long soft white hairs which entirely cover ^-he mature ament with masses of white cotton.' Pojmlus Fremontli, which was long confounded with Pojndus deltoidai of the eastern states, is distributed from the valley of the upper Sacramento River southward through western California to Lower California,'' and eastward to central Nevada, southern Utah, southern Colorado, western Texas, and northern Mexico. The Cottonwood lines the banks of streams in all this great territory, and is exceedingly abundant in the valleys of central California, where it grows to its largest size, and in all the region adjacent to the boundary between the United Stfites and Mexico. The wood of Pnjmlus Fremont'd is light, soft, close-grained but not strong, liable to warp badly in drying, and difficult to season ; it is light brown, with thin nearly white sapwood, and contains very obscure medullary rays and minute scattered open ducts. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wooii is 0.4767, a cubic foot weighing 21).71 pounds. The inner bark was made into petticoats by the Indians of some of the tribes of the southwest.^ Splendid avenues of PojjuIuh Frcmonlii adorn the streets and squares of the cities of northern Mexico, wher' ' has long been planted as a shade-tree.* In the southwestern United States it is now cultivated fo; . ..e same purpose, and for the fuel which pollarded trees produce quickly and abundantly. The presence of the Cottonwood indicates the existence of water to the traveler on the arid deserts of the Mexican plateau, cheering him with the hope 6f repose and grateful shade, and enlivening the sunburnt plains wit'; a freshness and beauty which are unequaled in ei.rly spring before drought has parched its leaves or the larva? of the Tussock Moth have stripped them Uom its branches." ■ Sereno Watsop osited on the bmuchcs and the larvie are hat('h«d as the leaves are unfolding. During May their webs are fully developed and the trees defoliated. After the rains of tluly and August a aecoud crop of leaves is produced, which fall late in the autumn. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Plate CCCCXCVI. Populus Fbemonto. 1. A flowering branch of the staminatc tree, natural size. 2. A staminate flower with its scale, enlarged. 3. A flowering branch of the pistillate tree, natural size. 4. A pistillato flower, enlnri;cd. 5. A fruiting branch, natural size. 6. A winter branch, nUurol size. 8ALICACE*. tly thickeiifid )road iiregu- 18 disk which thick-walled, t stout Btems Bines four or it brown, and t with masses item states, is California to estern Texas, rritory, and is ize, and in all ;o warp badly contains very absolutely dry southwest.' IS of northern ates it is now id abundantly, he arid deserts enlivening the e drought has in northern Souora arvic of Hyphantr'm ited on tlie brandies unfolding. Dnring 8 defoliated. After leaves is produced, '•/% c^ / s -.?>--■. #■ /■ /'y^ Iw, ''''/ * «* liji p p i:fi- : !- t "/ ' UEIilCA. '»i (iuk with Kiiglitl . il ■ •• i.i •.'.Hi«, MiriiuMiiiU^ii by tlirir I ■!• uu-ltaiwH .' I ■:> H hruHd ei'.{)-Hli«|>f>n .414' ovute. H<'uU> re obtuw, ■ilijjhtly jutted, liui v, ■.<«i> oM*^ tliiitl to iieiirly one half of an inrli I»j«i^, nONttd on dtoui ■■i <>f an inch iu lonj^li, and liorno in ideii, mnU-. li^ht brown, nud ,. ; iiii! of ioiijr soft white h;iirH which entirely i-ovt-r the matiir- i«itiit witli msiBwe'- / ritiumdi, which wa« iong confounded with J'njin/us ddtoidfu of t!i- .t>n ri. ofates, in • iniiii the v.'dhiy of the uj)jR'r Saorainmito River southward t)iri>ii^h *r;\, ■ i to ...:I«riii;i,' find eastcard to contrid Nevada, soiitliern Utah, Moiitheru Ci)hM'M>'i i". •twii atirtiiern Mexico. The (N)ttonwood lintM the hHiiln of atreums in all tliifl ^x*^' ■Kt<>d!ngly ahuutlant iu the valleys of eontral ( «iif<)rnm, where it ^rows to its U»rj;' ill tho rejjioM .'nljitcent to the houiulary between tlie ('nitwil StJiU-s luul Mexieo. The wood of I'o/iuluii FifiMinlii i» light. »|i»H-i) 'Jiy wood i;4 O.4707, a cubic foot weighing 'J0.71 jiouuds. The inner bark was made into petticoats by the Indians of some of the tribes of the southwwrt.* Splendid .'ivenues of J'opulus Frinnontil adorn the streets and squares of the cities of northern Mexico, wheri' it hiw long (xHsn |»l.uitcd as a shade-tree.* In the southwestern Unitei with u IreslmesB and beauty whic'i are uiicfpiah'd in early spring before dnjutrbt has ivirchen itiiitni|r>u»Hi->l ;kc trM of the territorj iulJM< lit tlie iKMiinlai'y brtwifon llw t inirj Stetc* *ikI Mtfs'tco a* Mi ■ rietj- H'lj/tsem by its sb»rplj iu'unuii»t« Imvw iniXf^t " -'■•■•'■ )niiir»l« at tlir Ihim, Irns diUtml vtamiiutte iImIl, if-. slcnilor )iUtill}tt« ftnit-iit, ami Riigif*? t.Nr*« or four-tjHv^^i but tluwo oharait*r» an- hf no mPttiiK omwljirt nr rvln. ' cinoat ft4'j»arat<' ttip (VittoiimMMi of th*^ Mxxii^an plateau -^h pm ("alifiTnii.i fi«m \\\v itituibit.itst uf the valkrs '>f the 'm -,( of that Htatf. » Hntndcpi'i-. ' •■ '-i-i ■■■-■ -. •' -" ■ ''■. '»';' ■ "v MeVH;^' M»4 A^'^*t nif fujji iif thin moth are dppo«itril on th« brsDrlics ' i.irvip lire batvbrd a« the leavi-a are iinffilding. Puring ■i .;, thtiir w«b« tu"" (tdlj duvt'li'pt'd aud Hip trct-j* ili'foliatcd. Afit-r :i.- miti« of .Iul» aiid Aiipuit a swutnl crop of Itaru* i-t produced, w:>ieh f«U latf iu the autuuu. KXl'LANAI l\)\ iK i'l.ATE. I'l MK CCCCXCVL HoroH» Frkm 'wm. 1. A Howt-riug braiwii of lUk' st«miiiat» tree, natural aiie. 2. A Rtamiriatii (lowi-r wiih it» scale, etilargrd. .'1. A tliiwcring branch of the jiiatUlnte true, nntura) sue. 4 A piKlilliite flower. i.ril»ri;e h wtout "'. 1" IK'S fimi '■' lirown, iiud HJtli muaiteH , •■,, is .>.!•>■ 'suia to • i w «ll •<.::u>uti POPULUS FREMONTII. Wais. .7. MSiti'ftVMj: iMrt'w . Imp. J. Tatu'ur, I'luU . INDEX TO VOL IX. Karnes of Orden aro in BMAIX Oapitalb; of oilniitted (ri^non And Npeoiei uid other proper namei, in roman type; of ftyaonyuu, iu italia. A1>ole, 154. AuiuophylUe, 0(1. AcoptiiB siituriiliii, 41. Aoronyota Pi>puli» 154). £uidium luyrioatuin, 86. AgaricuB atliposiuif 'J5. AguricuB HuUgnua, 101. Aigeiron, 152. Aigiroa, 151, Alder, 7:», 75, 77, 70. Alder BliKlit, 70. Aider, Seaside, HI. Aiders, Kiiropetui, wood of, 70> Almond Willow, HI. Alnaster, (18. Alnaater fruticonM, 08. Alna$ter viridu, 08. Alnobetula, 07. Alnus, 07, 08. Alnna aeuiniiiatii, 70. Alnus acumiualUf a genuina, 79. AlnuB Alnubetnla, 08. Alnus alpina, 08. Alniis harbata, 00. Alnus lirembana, 68. Alnus communis, 00. Alnus crispa, OS. Alnus tlenticutatn, 00. AJniu, eeonuinio uses of, 00. Alnus elliptica, 00. Alnus Fehruariat 60. Alnus fruticosa, 08. Alnus, fungul diseases of, 70. i4/ntM glauca, 00. Alnus glutiiiosa, 00. Alnus glutinosa in the United States, 70. Alnus glutinosa (vulgaris), 00. Alnus glulinwa, y Sihirica, 08. Alnus glutinosa, 8 serrulala, 00. Alnus glutinosttf var. ruyosa, 09. Alnus, hybrids of, 08. Alnus inoana, 08. Alnus incana, 08. Alntia incana^ 0, 69, 75. Alnus incana, a glauca, 75. Alnus incana, n rubra, 73. jilnus incana, var. glauca, 60. Alnus incana, var. nrescenx, 75. Alnus, insect enemies of, 70. Alnus Japonii-a, 69. t /l/nu« Jorutleiksis, var. acuminata, 79. Alnus lanuginosa, 09. Alnus niaritima, 81. Alnus maritima, a typica, 81. Alnus, medical properties uf, 09. Alnus Mormana, 60. Alnus Xepaleusis, 70. AlnxM nigra, 09. Ahnis nitida, 70. Alnus oblongata, 81. Alnus oftlongiJ)>lia, 77, 70. t Alnus nccidentalis^ 75. Alnus Oregonu, 73. Alnus ovata, OH. Alnus pubeseens, 08. Alnus rhombifolia, 77. Alnus rhombifolia, 75, 70. Alnus rotund if olia, 09. Alnus rubra, 09, 73. Alnus rugosa, 09. Alnus serrulata, 00. f Alnus serrulata, ft rugosa, 75. Alnus serrulata, y ohltmgifolia, 79. Alnus tenuifolia, 75. Alnus undulata, OH. Alnus viridis, OH, 75. Alnus viridii, $ Sihirica, OS. Amerina, 05. Amygdalinte, 06. Andersson, Nils Johan, 138. Argentete, 06. Argorips, 05. Arhopalua fulminans, 10. sAsp, Quaking, 158. Aspon, 155, 158. Aspidisca ostryrefoliella, 32. Athysanus variabilis, 48. Australian Myrtle, 23. Balaniuus earyatrypes, 10. Balauinua rectus, 10. Balsam, 107. Balsam Cottonwood, 175. Beaufort, Duchess of, 10. Beaufurtia, 10. Bebb, Michael Sohuok, 132. Bedford Willow. 00. Beech, 27. Beech, Blue, 42. Beech, Bull, 23. Beeeh, Copiwr, 24. Beech, Cut-leaved, 24. Beech, Evergreen, 23. Beech, Fern-leaved, 24. Beecl), Japanese, 22. Beech, New Zealand Black, 23. Beech, New Zealand Silver, 23. Bcccli-nuts, poisonous properties of, 23. Beeeh-oil, 24, Beech, Purple, 24. Beech, Bed, 23. Beech-tar, 24. Beech, Weeping, 24. Betula, 45. Betula, 07. Heiula acuminata, 40, 65. Betula alba, 47. Betula alha, 47. Betula alba, eeonomio properties of, 47. Betula alba in Japan, 48. lietula alba odurata, 47. Betula alba, a vulgaris, 47. Bttula alba, $ populi/olia, 55, Betula alha, t papyri/era, 67. Betula alba, Bubsp. 5. occidentalis, a tgpica, 05. Betula alba, subsp. 5. fi commutata, 57. Betula alba, subsp. 0. a communis, 57. Betula alba, suosp. 0. $ cordifolia, 67. Betula alba, subspee. populi/olia, 55. Betula alba, subspee. pubeseens, 47, Betula alba, subspee. verrucosa, a vulgaris, 47. Betula alba, var. popul{folia, 67. Betula Alnohetula, 08. Betula ainoides, 40. Betula Alnus, fi glutinosa, 00. Bitula AlniiK, $ incana, 00. Bvtulii-Aluus glauca, 09. Betula-AlnuH maritima, 81. Betula-Alnus rubra, 09. Betula Alnus (rugom), 09. Betula carpini/olia, 50. Betula cordi/olia, 57. Betula crispa, 08. Betula cylindroatachys, 46. Betuhk, econoniie properties of, 48. Betula Krniani, 48. Betula Ermani, 57. Betula excelsa, 53, 57. lietula excelsa Canadensis, 55. Betula, fungal diseases of, 40. Betula glandulosa, 47. Betula glutinosa, 47, 09. Betula (irayi, 40. Betula hgbrida, 40. Betula, hybrids of, 40. Betula incana, 00. Betula, insect enemies of, 48. Betula intermedia, 40. Betula lanulosa, 61. Betula lenta, 50, Betula lenta, 55, 57. Betula lenta, a genuina, 53. Betula lenta, 3 lutea, 53. Betula Littelliana, 47. Betula lutea, 53. Betula Maxiniowicziaua, 48. Betula Maximowiczii, 48. Betula, niedicfil properties of, 48. Betula nana, 45, 47. 1S6 INDJCX. ;r; Hft^Un nann, 47. iWtiiln iiAim, iiillor«Mflino« of, 4A. lift Ilia iiiiiiu, viir. tUbt:, 45. H«>tiila«U'r, 40. ftetulmlfr, 45, Ifi'tiiliii, 47. Dirt'li-liiirk lanuefl, 50. Hiruh'Imrk oil, 47. Hirch. liluck. 5(), 05. Itiri'li. CiimM', 57. Hirch, Clu-rry. 50. Hiri-li, Kni^nint, 47. Hirch, (iray, 5^1, 55. Hirch, Maho^uiiy, o*2. Hinh, Muur, 47. liirch-tii), luaiiufactiiro of, in the ITnited SutoM, 51. Hirch, Ohl Fiehl. 50. Hirch, I'lijK'r, 57. Hiich, Uc0, 05. Hhli-k Cnttniiwoml, Uu\, 175. HIack Willow, 10;j, 107, 113. 115, 141. HliKlit, AMer, 70. Hliic Heceh, 4li. Hull Hi'cch, 'SA. Hiirkc, •luscph, 4. Hurkea. I. Hurlcss Chestnut, 14. Callfpilu Japoiiica, 9. Calla'ocarpiis, 'J. ( 'tillirofdrptt.t, 1. Callaphis iH-tulella, 48. Callidiiiiti lureuni, 10. Callijfniphu sciilaris, 70. CalliplcniH Ciistimcie, 10. Calloiih-s riohilis. ll». Canoe Hirch, 57. Canoefl, Itirch-bark, 59. Cap.l, Mary, I'J. Caprtra, *,io. t'lipmr. Ofl. C^qtiiiu*, 30. Cfirfitntu, 31. ( Vir^MfMM A mffitfimit 43. Carpintts .Inuri'vimi, var. tnypiftilin, 43. i'arpihiiii HctuliiM, 40. ( 'nrpmwi lUfuiuM, V.i. Carpinua B«tuliia, hortioulturml forma of^ 40. Carpinnn ItrtulitJi I'ln/miiina, 42. Carpiiiufl Caroliiiiuna, 42. Curpiniui Cnrpitimit, 40, CurpiniiA (*arpiiuiN, 41. CarpiniiM, i'hincHe, 40. CarpiiiiiN conlatrt, 40, 41. CarpiiiiiH OiiiiiciiMix, 10, Carpiiiiu, eooiioiiiic proiwrtiflt of, 41. Carpintii eroMi, 41. Carpiiiiiii, fungal ilixciiHCN of. 41 CarpiiiiiH, inticct encinius uf, 41. Carpinw iuUrmrdm, 40, Carpiniui JitfHmirtt, 41. Carpiniis luxillora, 10, 41. CitrpiniiA orirtititlii, 40. Cnrpiwis (htrytt, 3-, 31. CnrpiniLi (htrtfn : .ImfWivifui, 34. CarpiiiiiM 'rnchoiioBkii, 41. Carpinuii Turczamnovii, 40. Carpiiiiiit viniinca, 10, 41. iUirpmm Virginians, 31. Cnrpiniki Wirt/inicit, 31, CarpiniiN Vcilucnaiv, 41. Caiatuiphftntm, 7. ('asta^i)o tlei Ceuti CaTalli, 8. CaHtaiira, 7. CflHtiinrti, I. Cantaiica aliiifolin, 10. CanfaiK-ft Amrricitnn, 13. i'diffiiifa Amtriidna, var. fingutttifolm, 13. VtmUtufn Amrrirtina, var. Intijoiin, 13. Ciislanfft iUtntjmutt, 1». CaHtaiM-a CaHtanca, K, Cantaiica Caittanca, var. laclniata, 0. CaHtanea CaHtanca, var. ptihiiiurviH, 0. CuAtaiica CaMtutii-a, var. vanegata, 0, (\int(tneti chri/itipfitfltit, 3. Canlanea rhrifunphi/Uti, var. minor, 3. Cnstanea rreniitu, \i. CaHtanca dcntata, 13. CaHtanca, ccunoinic pro|H'rticii of, 10. ( \i.ifanea Fagn.i, li'J. CaHtanea, fertilization of, 7. ('a.stjuica, fiinj^iil iliscfincs of, 10. CaHtanca, iii.Hcct cnoniies of, 10. Ciislnnen Japonii-ti, *,). Castanea, medical propertied of, 10. CnnUinni nana, 10. CaHtanea puinila, 17. Castanea pumila, & nana, 10. Cnxlanea sativa, H. Canlanea mtiru, var. Americana, 13. Ca/tlanea semperrirentt, 3. Castanea utrirta, 0. CaHtanea Un^eri, 10. Caftanea vesra, H, 0, 13. Ciiittanea rfsca : , 1 mf nVtW/i, 13, Catttinea Vf-n-a, 0 puhinerrui, 0. Caittanfu nilt/ariA, H, Ca-ttaneu rulfpiri.t, y Americana, 13. CanUinea rulyariif, • Japonica, 'J. CaNtanopHi.4, 1. Caatnnopsi.s ehrvKophylla, 3. CaMtanopsis chrysophylla, 3 minor, 3. CaMtanopai« chryitophylla, var. pumila, 3, Cutanopiln, nrnnoniln pnipoKlfli of, *2. CaaUiiopiia, fiiiiirnl ili^eHAen of, 2. Cvc'idoinyia Salici«-iiiliruitiim, 41). i 'irnph'ira. K3. Cernphnra antputi/olui, 8-1. Crrtiphiira luui/ora, 1*1. Vtruphurn tanteoiala, M7. Caruphora »puan», 8-1. Cherry Hireli, 50. Chmtniit, 13. Chi'Ntnut, Anieriran, mi Iti ration of, 14. CheHlinit, HiirlcNH, II. Chi'Ntiiut, (tohlcn-lcavrd, 3, Cheitimt Spinner, 0. CheHtnutrt, Spaiiifih, 0. Cht'Mtnut-trec, Cliineiie. t^ CheMtniit-tree. Kiiropcan, eultivation of, 8. Chent nut-tree, Kiimpeaii, iutruduetiuii into the t lilted Staten, 0. CheHtnut-trce, .JapaneNc, 0. CheHtnnt-tree, the Tort worth, 8. CheHtnut-treeN of Mt. Ktna, H. CheHtinit, 155. Cryptnsporiiiin epiphyllum, 10< Ci;i»rMi-KH.i-:, 1. Cut-leaved Hceeh, Li4. Cy)indro!i{H)riuni eaNtaniculum, lU Cypliellu fiitva, 70. Dciliiiia variohtria, 101. Diamarips, 05. Diamond Willow, 130, Diandne. *M\. Diaporthe Carpini, 41. Diatrypc diacifortnlM, 40. I>iatryiH-lla Toeciieanu, 70. iJiplima, 9-"*. />i/)/(w((»i, 05. DiHtegoenrpus, 40. hiittttforiirpn.'t, 30, Uinteyocarpun Carpintis, 41. : ::; INDEX. 187 rtlna u(, 'i. of, 2. (II. , 101. !», lUl. ktiun of, 14. iiUivation of, fl. introtluction into rth, H. 1. '<• III. n). 175. ved, 171. 1. 1)1, ISU. 1, 8U. !4. i, 100, lOfl, im, 10. ooluni, lU ,41. l>ule;fiM-(trptu f iitrtlata, 41. HulnjwtirpuM Injyiimt, 41. I)u rout 4I11 Nimiimri, KUmthAra-Inn*, 0. KMiiiiiriiim, "JA. h\ryf*i\Aw H^grugitU, 71. KiilH'tiilii, Ul KiiiMr|iiiiii)t, 40. KuUttMtllll(>tMill, 'J, KiiKutuu MiibHigimriKt 10. Kiiri>|MMM) Hop lloriilwam, 32, 40, Kv«rf(rt'<>ii lltMTh, *.'^. Kxr ChttHtniit-wuod, 10. Faf[«M, Ul. Faijtt^, 7. Fayuit alhitt 27. KttguM AinrriuKiiA, 27. Fagtu Am^icatut latifoliat 27. Fngiiit Hiitaretit'u, *J'J, 23. Fagot atropunicfit, 27. Fb{(ii« Iwtiiloidcfi, 22. /•ci(/iM CiiUanea, H, 0, |3. Fayuji (Miitanefi dmtata, 13. Fagui Cantan*fi pumita, XT, Fagu$ crefiata, 22. Kagiia CminiiiKlminii, 23. ^ayufl «('Airui/(], 22. Paxils, euuni ^niu properties of, 23. FaguK ferruginea, 22, 27. Fagua ferruginea, CttroUniana, *21. Fagu'4 ferrugitieat lati/olia, 27. Fiigus, fiuigttl tlUuasca uf, 24. Kttgim fusca, 23. Fagua heterophyUay 27. Fngus, iiiHcvt onoinies uf, 24. FAgiis Japunica, 22. FttgiiH, inudioal proportios of, 24. Fagua Menziesii, 23. Fagus nigra, 27. Fagus obliqua, 23. Fagus proeera, 23. FaijuM pumila, 17. f Fagwt pumila, var. prcecox, 10. Fagwf pumila, var. sero/ino, 17. FaguA pygiuma, 23. Fagua rotundifulia, 27. Fagm Sieboldi, 22. Fagus Sulaiidri, 23. Fagiis sylvatica, 22. Fugun fylvatira, 27. Fagus ngtvalica, atro-punicea, 27. Fagwi ayivatica, c Americana laf\toliat 27. Fagua ntjlvatica, 0 A tiiericatta, 27. Fagus ayU'atica, 0 purpurea, 24. Fagus aylvatica, y Asialica, 22. Fagtis sylvatiea fuliiii atronilMiitibus, 24. PagiKs sylvaticii, hoteropliylla, 24. Fngiiit Hylvutica, vur. 8 Siebuldi, 22. Fagus sylvestris, 22, 27. Fall Web-worm, 10, 24, 32, 41, 48, 101. Fatua douudata, 70. Faya, 83. Faya fagi/era, 85. Fayana, 83. Fayana Azorica, 86. Foim»a varipcs, 70, Fern-leaved Beech, 24. Kern, Sweet, 84. Fore.<)t Tent-caterpillar, 24. Fracohisa oalliBto, 41. FragiUfl. 00. Fragrant Hirch, 47. Fiimrlulium Trt'iiiiUa too. (i»le, H3. tiau, m. (Jatt iMgiea, 84. (title Califitmiin, 03. (Jiilu-iii), HI. Gale uhgimma, HI, (ialrriieu decora, lOl, (iulU on llrtiila. 4H. (iiilU un I'opuliKi, 150. (ixlUon Willow. 101. (ilitiiroiiii Willow, l.'lt't. (ilieonporiiiin I'opiili, 150. (inonioniellii tabiforiuiii, 70. (t(Hti pulveriilentiiM, 24. (tolden-leaved ('lioAtnut, 3. (traeilariu ohtrywella, 3U, dray Birch, 53. 55. (iray IN>plar, 154. Gruenera, 95. Gymnothyrnua, 08. IliiUica bimarginata, 70. llcpialus argenteouiaeulatus, 70. llolu, Osier. 100. Hop llonibeani, 'M. Hop Hornl>eain. Kuropean, 32, 40. Hop ilurnbeani, JapaueHe, 32. HorniaphiH papyra^-ua, 48. Hurnbeani, 42. Ilurnbeani, Kuroiwan, hortioultunl forms uf, 40. Hornbeam, Hop, 34. IIiimboldtianfB, 00. HyduuiH coralloidus, 25. Hylotoma dulciaria, 48. Hyphantria cunea, 48. 184. Hypoxylon inultifurme, 40. Hypuxylon pruinntum, 150. Hypoxylun transverHum, 49. Hypoxylon turbinulatum, 24. Ineanie, 07. Irunwood, 'M, 37. Japanese Beeuh, 22. Japanese Birch, 48, JapaucHc Clicstnut-trce, 0. Japanese Hop Hurubcum, 32, Knujia, 05. Knowlton, Frank Hall, 38. LacLttema aUerttum, 87. Lacutema Herterianum, 87. Leptura vagans, 48. Leuve, 151, 152. Leticoides, 152. Lina Lapponicn, 101, Lina scriptn. 101, 150. Lina Trciniilie, 150, Liijuidambar aspleni/ulia, 84. Liquidavibar peregrina, 81. LitbocoUetis betulivorn. 48. LithocullettH oatryicfoliella, 32, LitliucuUetis populiellu, 150. Lombardy Poplar, 153, Lombardy Poplar iu the United States, 154. Longifulie, 00, Lophozonia, 21. Kiiwlihi, OR. t.yunetia alnlcHa, 70. Mahogany Binh. 52. Marroupi, 0. Maximilian Alexaudvr PhiUp|i| Prioavou Ntu- wicil, t:tH. Maxiniiliana, I'W. Mfi-iw inoritata, I5A, Mfcliiui. ThoMias, 82. Mi'laiiipaora iH'tiilina, 40, Mt'lanconiN AIni, 70. Microi4pl>u*ra AIni, 70. MiiTOHplniTii I'rineophiU, 85. MontU-itun, 151. Moor Birch, 47. Morella. 83. MorfUa, 83. Myrica, 83. Myrica altera, 87. Myriva arguta, 85. Myrica arguta, B tnarrorarpa, 85. Myrica arguta, y tmrloria, 85. Myrica argula, fl /Vnitrtom!, 85. Myrica aapteru/olia, 84. Myrica lirahauticn, 84. Myrica Ciiliforniua. 03. Myrica Carncaaana, 85, .Myrica Caruliniensis, 84. Myrica Carolinetiaia, 87. Myrica cerifera, 87. Myrica cerifera, 84. f Slyrica cerifera humilia, 84. Myrica cerifera, 0, 84, 87, 88. Myrica cerifera, a anguatifulia, 87. Myrica cerifera, a arhoreacena, 87, Myrica cerifera, 0 latifolia, 84. M;/rica cerifera, 0 media, 84. Myrica cerifera, y pumila, 88. Myrica Comptonia, H4. Myrica eurdifulia, 85, Myrica Farquhariana, 86, Myrica Faya, 85. % Myrica, fungal diseases of, 80. Myrica Gale, 84. Myrica Gale, 84. Myrica Gale, economic properties of, 84. Myrica Gale, medical properties of, 84. Myrica Gale, 0 tomentma, 84. Myrica Gale, y Portugalenaia, 84. Myrica Hartwcgi, 84, Myrica Helerophylla, 87. Myrica, hybrids uf, 04. Myrica inodorn. 01. Myrica integrifolia, 86. t Myrica Laureola, 91, Myrica macrocarpa, 85, 87. f Myrica macrocarpa, 0 angusti/ulia, 87. Myrica, medical properties of, 85. Myrica A'aiyi, 80. Myrica nhovata, 01. Myrica palustris, 84. Myrica Peutiaylcanica, 84. Myrica peregrina, 84, Myrica pcregrina, medical properties of, 84. Myrica pubescens, 85, Mt/rica pusilla, 88. Myrica rubra, 80. Myrica sapida, 86, Myrica sessilifolia, 84, 88, Myrica sessilifoUa, var, latifolia, 84. Myrica wax, 85. MvRiCACEJi:, 83. 188 INDEX. Myrtle, Aastralian, 23. Myrtle, Wax, 87, 91, 93. Namaipora aureo, 41. NiDinaspora chryBosperma, 156. Nfeiiiaapora crooea, *2A. * Narrow-leaved Cottonwood, 171. Necklace Poplar, 181. Neclolii, 95. Nectopix, 95. Necluaion, 95. Mematiis vontralia, 101. Nepticula OBtryiefoliella, 32. Neslylii, 95. Neuwied, Prim von, 12 . New /.I'nland Black Beech, 23. New Zealand Silver Beech, 23. Nitidulo), 97. NivciB, 97. Nothofagos, 22. Nothofagw, 21. Ootnndne, 96. Octimiaf 151. Oidiiini radiosum, 156. Oil, Birch-bark, 47. Oil of Birch, 51. Ouawtix, 95. Olil Field Birch, 66. Onygena faginea, 25. Osier holts, 100. Ostrya, 31. Ostrya carpinifoliat 32. Ostrya, economic properties of, 32. Ostrya, fungal diseases of, 32. Ostrya, insect enemies of, 32. Oilrya Ilalica, 32. Ostrya •laponica, 32. Ostrya Knowltuni, 37. '^•-'rya Mandshurica, 32. '■■atrya Ostrya, 32. Oatrya Ostrya, 34. Ostrya V giniana, 34. Ostryn . 'rijinica, 32, 34. Ontrya V-ryinica, a glnnduloiU, 34. Oili i/a Virt/inica, fi ' -tiandulota, 34. Ostrya vulgaris. 32. Panus conchatuB, 25. Panus dorsalis, 25. Paper Birch, 57. Peach Willow, 111. Pcntandne, 96. Peuplier Suisse, 181. Pezicula carpinea, 41. Phfgof, 21. I'hiehia radiata, 25. Phylicifolife, 96. Phyllactinia suffulta, 11. Phyllocnistis populiclla, 156. Phyll(ccus integer, lUl. Pkylliithynwi, 08. Phylloxera Castanefc, 10. Piper, CharleH Vancouver, 14fi. i'lectrodera scalator, 155. Pleiandne, 96. Ptf^iarifta, 95. I'olita, 9. Polyjiorus applanatus, 49. Polyporus betulinus, 49. Polypurus saliciuus, 101. Poplar, Kil. Poplar, (iray, l.'>4. Poplar, I.ombanly, 153. Poplkr, Neeklooe, 181. Poplar, Trembling, 155. Poplar, White, 1S4. Fopulin, 16S. Populus, 151. Populus acuminata, 172. Populus alba, 154. Populus alba, 0, 154. Populus alba, $ pyramidalu, 154. Populus alba, var. B,.'.leaua, 164. Populus albo-tremula, 154. Populus alba X Iremula, b caitetcens, 164. Populus, androgynous amenta of, 151. Populus angulata, 179. Populus angulata, a serotina, 17ft Populus angulata tortuosa, 179. Populus angulosa, 179. Pnpulus angustifolia, 171. Populus angustifolia, 175. Populus argentea, 103. Populus AtbeniensU, 158. Populus australis, 155. Populus bolsamifera, 167. Populus halsamifera, 152, 163, 175. Populus haUamifera, a genuina, 167. Populus balsamifera, $ tauri/olia, 153. Populus balsamifera, y, 175. Populus balsamifera lanceotata, 167. Populus balsamifera suaveolens, 162. Populus balsamifera tnminaiur, 153. Populus balsamifera, var. angustifolia, 171. Populus balsamifera, y»T.(?)Califomictt, 176. Populus balsamifera, var. oandiouu 169. Populus betulifolia, 153. Populus biformis, 155. Populus liolleafia, 154. Pojtulus Canadensis, 179, 183. Populus (-'anatlensis, $ disaolor, 179. Populus Canadensis, y angustifolia, 171 Populus candicans, 169. Populus canescens, 154. Populus Carolinensis, 179. Populus caudina, 153. Populus Certinensis, 153. Populus ciliata, 152. I'o/mlus eordifolia, 163. Populus deltoidea, 179. Populus dilatata, 153. Po/nilus dilatata. $ Carolinensis, 179. Populus diversifolia, 165. Populus, economic properties of, 165. Populus Euphratensis, 165. Populus Euphratica, 155. Popultts fastigiata, 153. Populus Fremontii, 183. Populus Fremontii, var. (?) Wislizeni, 183. Populus, fungal diseases of, 156. Populus glanitulosa, 179. Populus (Jrctca, 164, 158. Populus grandidentatfi, 161. Populus grandidentata, 3 pendula, 161. Populus hctcrophylltt, 163. Populus belerophylla, 179. Popidus heterophylla, 0 argentea, 163. Populus liwlsonira, 153. Populus hybridfi, 154. Populus, hybrids of, 152. Populus, insect enemies of, 156. Populus Itiilica, 1,53. Populus Ifevigijtn, 179. Populus UUifolia, 161, 179. Populus laiirifulia, 153. Populus longifolia, 153. Populus major, 154. Populus MarUandica, 179. Populus, medical properties of, IBS, Populus miorooorpa, 162. Populus monilifera, 179, 183. Populus MonticoU, 152. Populus Monticola, wood of, 162. Populus Neapolilana, 153. Populus nigra, 153. Populus nigra, 179. Populus nigra, B Helvetica, 179. Populus nigra, B pyramidalis, 163. Populus nigra, fi I'irginiarui, 179. Populus nigra in the United States, 163. Populus nigra Italica, 163. Populus nivea, 154. Populus pendula, 165. Populus pseudobalsamifera, 162. Populus pyramidalis, 153. Populus pyramidata, 153. Populus salirtfolia, 171. Popuhu serotina, 179. Populus SUboldi, 166. Populus suaveolens, 162. Populus tremula, 164. Populus tremula, var., 158. Populus tremula, var. villosa, 166. Populus tremula pendula, 165. Populus tremuliformis, 158. Populus tremuloidcs, 158. Pojmlus tremuloides, a pendula, 168. Populus trepida, 158. FopuluB tricbocarpa, 175. Populus tricbocarpa, var. cupulala, 176. Populus versicolor, 153. Populus villosa, 166. Populus Virginiana, 179. Pringle, Cyrus Guernsey, 129. Pringleophytum, 130. Prinz von Neuwied, 138. Prionoxystus Ro'u.iiiie, 10. Frionus laticollis, 166. Fruinosffi, 96. Psatberips, 95. Furple Beech, 24. Purpureie, 97. Quaking Asp, 168. Ramularia monilioides, 80. lied Beech, 23. Kcd Birch, 61. Khytisnia salicinum, 101. KigidiB, 96. Ripselaxis, 95. Ripsoctis, 95. River Birch, 61. Kosefe, 96. Rugcl, Ferdinand, 110. Rugclia, 110. SAI.ICACK.K, 96. Salicine, 100. .Salix, 95. Satix jEgyptiaca, 98. Salix alba, 98. Salix alba, economic properties of, 98. Salix alba in the United States, 98. Salix alba, 0, 98. iSVix alba, 0 vitellina, 08. Salix alba, y, 98. Salix alba, subspec. Pameachiana, 07. Salix nlba, var. ciurulca, 08. Balii alba x lucida, 97. ? Salix ambigua, 103. W •' INDEX. 189 Salix amplexicaulu, 100. Salix amygdaloidea, 111. Salix, androgynous amenta of, 06. Salix anguttata, 130. Salix anguatata cnusa, 136. Salix argula, 110. Salix argula laaiatidru, 115. Salix argyrocar))a X phylicifolia, 97. Salix argyrophylla^ 124. Salix auslmlis, 08. Salix Austriaca, 100. Salix Baumgarleniana, 100. Salix Bebbiana, 131. Salix hi/urcala, 100. Salix Bigelovii, 139. Salix Bigelovii, a lati/olia, 139. Salix Bigelooii, b angtuli/olia, 139. 5ae.dicellata, 123. Sato longi/olia, var. exigua, 124. Sato longipes, 109. .' Sato longipes pubescens, 103. Salix liicida, 121. Sato /uriV/a angustifolia lasiandra, 116. Sadi /rifiV/n luii/olia, 121. Sato /ucufa oiia(i/b2ta, 121. Sato z vagam, $ roitrata, 131. iSo/u: va^fu, aubipeo. nxfnKo, 131. Salix viminalia, 00. Salix virescem, 90. t Salix virgala, 103. 5a/iz vilellina, 06. Salix Wardi, 107. Salix Wargiana, 99. 5a'tz Wi'mmeriano, 100. Salix yVoolgariana, 100. Suiii Wrightii, 109. Sand-bar Willow, 123. Saperda calcarata, 1G6. Schizoneura tessellata, 70. Scorias spon^M t, 24. Scouler, John, (id. Scouleria, 66. Suaaide Alder, 81. Semidoptit, 67. Septoria ochroleuoa, 10. Shining Willow, 121. Smilia Caatanen, 10. Sokolqfia, 06. Spanish Cheatnnt, 9. Spinner, Chestnut, 9. Swamp Cottonwood, 163. Sweet Birch, 62. Sweet Fom, 84. Swret Fern, medical properties of, 84. Synandne, 97. Tacamahao, 167. Tacamdkaca, 162. Taphrina ccerulesoena, 2. Taphrina Ostrjrie, 32. Taphrina rhiiophora, 166. Telea Polyphemus, 32. Tttama, 95. Tent-oaterpillar, Forest, 24. Tetrasperme, 96. Tortworth Chestnut-tree, 8. Tragia Alni, 70. Tragia crispa, 70. Trametes suaveolens, 101. Trembling Poplar, 166. Tremex Columba, 24. Trmula, 161. Trimmatostroma Amerioanum, 101. Trimmbtostroma Salicis, 101. Tussock Moth, 10, 101, 166. Uncinula Salicis, 101, 156. Umtetii, OS. Uiionit, 05. Valsa nivea, 156. Vanessa Antiopa, 100. Velrix, 05. Vimen, 96. Viminalis, 97. Ward, Lester Frank, 108. Wax, Myrica, 85. Wax Myrtle, 87, 91, 93. Weeping Beech, 24. White Birch, 47, 65. White Poplar, 164. White Willow, 139. Willow, 109, 110, 127, 120, 131, 135, 137, 146^ 147, 140. Willow, Almond, 111. WUlow, Bedford, 99. Willow, Black, 103, 107, 113, 116, 141. Willow, cultivation of, for basket-making, 100. Willow, Diamond, 136. Willow, Glaucous, 133. Willow, Peach, 111. Willow, Sand-bar, 123. Willow, Shining, 121. Willow, White, 139. Wine, Biroh, 47. TeUow Birch, 63. Zenzera pyrina, 10. Zugilui Virginictt, 34. / if ,135,137,146, 115, 141. buket-makiog,