•MAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) #/^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historlques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. n n n Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur Covers damaged/ Couverture £< cold blood, is intended, it is umverBally generau, ^^^ ^ bloods-meaning, by bloods, 2^^^^^^^^^ of transmitting their own type ^^' ^llufet nndeteriorateS, by a continnal ^oco^^^ L-wiuch have been preserved up to this day and still exist " V^'-if by the word pure we imply unmixed with any otlier bood-as that of the highest form of racer. _ Of these dis inct fammesrtl--Bt remarkable is the gigantic dray-horse, nsod * This Bhould be imported Fellow, a son of Cade.-ED. Vol. 11,-3 I i I 18 THE HORBK. principally, if not ..nly,l.y the London l.rov '■ (Imtillorn, vu8t, p..nroUK, hIow nn.nmlH, of ,.n(.rMi..nK p...v.. nt .Inu.-ht, but in,-a,.nl.l.' of tmv.llin^' boyoua u foot'^ pace Hk-ho huge nu«.lnn..as, four of Nvl.ioh l'«'i«'K once irosentod by tl.o Last India (\m.pany to Hon.c native prince, were not inappropriately named bv l.ini EngliHl. elephant., vary f.<.n. sixtec... to inneteei, bandH i^ height, and are .listinguished by the.r l.roa.l_ el.eHt., short l.aeks, round barrels, their inmienHC voluino ot mane, resembling that of a lion, their heavy tails, great hairy letloekH, and immense, well-fonned feet. The lighter of these horses, l)efore the days of railroads, wero used lor t'caming, and for carriers' wagon-horses; and the very lightest in the reign ..f (iueen Anne, for carriage-horses, and even for mounting the heavy cavalry with which lV[arll.orough and Prince Eugene rode over the splendid squadrons ot Maison Roi at Oudeiiarde and MalpUupiet. Now they arc restricted entirely to the use whence they derive their name, and arc employed only in the metropolis, and there perhaps, rather as a matter of pomp and class-pride, than of real ntilitv, bv the wealthy breweiv, and distillers, who keep stables lull of these great costly beasts, as fat and sleek as brew- ers' grains, hot stabling, and careful grooming will render them, and parade them a few times in every year, glittering in splen- did brass-plated harness, and driven by human bipeds almost as bulky, a« useless, and as slow as the animals they conduct. These horses are, it is supposed, originally ot Handei-s ' descent; but tliey have been bred for many centuries in the fons of Lincolnsl'.ire, where they reach their highest pertection as to size, and still exist entirely unmixed. The cause ot tlic preservation of this singular race of animals, in a pertectly pure state, seems to be its untitnoss, even when crossed with lighter breeds, for any thing but the slowest work, which has long led to its disuse even for farm-work and the heaviest teaming on roads; carriers' wagons themselves having, long since, passed into abeyance as complete as the pack-horses which ihey super- '*"' iVis needless to say, that for carriage horses, much less for the mounts of dragoon regiments, no cross, however remote, ot thesehuge,slow-stalking,hairy-hoofedmasse8offatandexuberaut / ..MaftiHIWI mimmmmmmmmmmmmmm OLKVELANt) BAYK. 19 mu'^clo, wouM in tbcfio flyin;; days bo t..U-niti'(l, when ....ihinK will suit tho purpose but iuumuiIh, wlildi nui K'> tlui piieo nnd keen It up, uihUt tlu* hikI.IIo, or betoro u (huuiKht, in u stylo which can bo (lone by nothin- but u hiryo mlinixturo ..f tlu> boHt thorou^'h blodu. Tho HffoiMl Rront Englisli family which may, perhaps, bo roganlod as tho true typo of tho Kn-lish horHo of tho Midlan.l Counties, from tho remotoHt tinuM, in that of the iur-fanied Cleveland J?,ivh. Cleveland, a district of the Kasl-ndmg ..I Yorkshire, and the Vale of IMckering, in the name county, has been from a very distant period tho principal breeding region tor carriage horses, hunters, troop horses, and hackneys, of the high- est grade ; and it still preserves its char:u^ter in that particular; although tho character of tho animals themselves, used for all these purposes, is now entirely altered ; and altlmugh, in con- sequence of tho alteration of tho demand, the original breed 19 rapidly passing away, and a pure Cleveland liay. of m.niixed, or unimproved blood, is now rarely to be met with, even in its own native district. . , r. Tho Cleveland Bay, in its natural and unmixed ionn, is a tall, powerfully-built, bony animal, averaging, I should say, fifteen hands three inches in height, rarely falling short ot tit- teen and a half, or exceeding sixteen and a half hands. Tho crest and withers are almost invariably good, the head bony, lean, and well set on. Ewo uecks are, probably, rarer in this' family than in any other, unless it bo tho dray-horse, in which it is never seen. Tho faults of shape, to which tho Cleveland Bay is most liable, are narrowness of chest, undue length of body, and flat- ness of tho cannon and shank bones. Their color is universally bay, rather on the yellow bay than on the blood bay color, with black manes, tails, and legs. ' They are sound, hardy, active, powerful hoi-sts, with excel- lent capabilities for draught, and good endurance, so 1 jng as they are not pushed beyond their speed, which may be estimated at from six to eight miles an hour, on a trot, or from ten to twelve— the latter quite the maximum— on a gallop, under almost any The larger and more showy of these animals, of the tallest io TIIK IIOKHK. uikI lii'iivioHt typo, wcni tlio I'livorito coach horwcrt of thoir day ; tln! uum' Hjtiry ati«l liglitly-hiiilt, nl"c(iiial Iici^jjlit, wcro tlio liuiit- orH, in fill! (lays when tlio fox waH liuiitctl by liin «lnig, imkcii- ncUi'il, an the jmco with a weij^ht on itH hack, nor to hint the time. From thcHO Cleveland Hays, however, though in their pure Btate nearly extinct, a very superior animal has descended, which, after several steps ami ;;nidatii.iiH, has settled down into a family, connnon throughout all Yorkshire, ami more or less all the Mid- land coinitios, U8 the farm-horse, und riding or driving horso of the farmers, having al)Out two crosses, more or less, of blood on the original (ylovehuul stock. The lirst gradation, when paco becunie rt desideratmn with lumiuls, was the stinting of tho beat Cleveland Uay nuvres to good thoroughbrc' horec with a view to tho progeny turning out hunters, troop-horset or, in tho last resort, stngc-coach horses, or, as thin' were termed, nuvchiners. The most promis- ing of these half-bred colts were kept as stallions ; and mares, of tho same type with their dams, stinted to them, produced tho imjtroved Englisii carriage horse of fifty years ago. The next step was the ])utting tho half-bred fillies, hy tho- roughbreds out of Cleveland liay mares, a second time, to tho- roughbred stallions ; their progeny to be ;omo the hunters, while fhemselves and their brothers were Ic vored into tho car- riage horses ; and the half-bred stallions, which had been the getters of carriage horses, were degraded into the sires of tho new, improved cart-horse. From this, one step nu)re brings us to the ordinary hunter • of the present day, of provincial hunting countries, for light Aveighfs, and persons not willing, or able, to pay the price of tlioroughbreds. These are the produce of the third and ftuirth crosses of thorough blood on the improved mares, descended in the third or fourth degree from the Cleveland Bay sf^ock ; and ^ are in every way superior, able and beautiful animals, possess- TttR MODKBK nrNTKR. SI Hint- WllH Imrt- K'Vrt ; iili- illi a puro liicli, tiio iiif; ppood nnd piidiinuico Hiiflloiont, to llvo with thn host lioiinda in (iiiy (•(tiiiitrlcH, except tlie very facteHt, Hiieh as the Afelton Mdwltray, thi^ Northam|)tiiiihhire, and, perhnpK. tlie Vahi of llelvoir, where the IU'UIh are ho hirj^e, the land all in jxrawn, nnd the Bcent (■'» tine, that fox-hiintinf? in them Ih in fact steeph'- ehaninj;; Ko tliat no fox ea:i live before th(* honndH on a lino Bcentiiif^ d.'y aitove half an hour, nor any horne, execpt a tlio- rriighhred, live even tliat time with the hoiindn, havinjr fourteen Htonu or u|>ward on his hack. The three or four parts hred horwes, of which I have heon Hpealviiif;, are in j^eneral better h'apern tiiaii ]>ure-hloo(h(l horses; are jxTfectl^) up even to nixfeen or eij^hteen ntone witli hounds, HcroHs any of tlic phtugli countries in which the hcent (h)e8 not He HO liotly as on the j^rass hinds ; and, indeed, across any coun- try, wliotlier jLjraKS or pjoii^di, in wliidi the fields are small, the enclosures fri'(jU(iit, and the dividing fejices lar^e and dlflicMdt. For it must bo borno in mind, first, that fences iinpcdo liounds, which have to scramble over them, more than they do horses, which take tliem in their stroke ; secondly, that it is necessary, nine times out of ten, to take a horse by the head, when ^oing at his leaps, nnd to gjivo him a shght pull on alight- ing, which in some degree allows him to catch his wind; nnd, thirdly, that in narrow fields of six or eight acres, which is per- haps the average si/e in the arable coutitries, a horse cannot extend lumsolf in a racing stroke, as he can over the great forty and sixty aero pastnrcs of Leicestershire and llutlandshire, but must be kept going within himself, at a three-quarters galloj), and always under a ])ull. Severe fencing, although it takes something out of a horse, on tlio whole, undoubtedly favors the lower bred Imnter; because it always in a degree diminishes tho pace, and, as every sportsman knows, it is tho pace that kills ; and also, because the part-bred horse is, for tho most part, both the bolder and the hardier jumper — the thoroughbred, from the thinness of his skin and tho fineness of hit coat, disliking to face stiff thorny hedges, and having, in mai7y cases, an insurmount- able objection to cross bright water. These three or four part bred hunters are, I think, as a gen- eral rule, tho most beautiful horses I have ever seen ; far supe- rior iii form to the average of thoroughbreds. They have a good 22 THE H0K8E. deal of the Avab form m their lean, bony heads ; have almost invariably fine, lofty, arched crests, and high, thin withers, and show their blood in the softness and fineness of their coats, and in the flat shape and solid' construction of their cannon bonen and shanks. They have, in a great degree, lost rheir distinctive bay color, from the numerous blood crosses cf other shades ; and are often found chestnuts, iron greys, blue and red roans, and dark browns with cimuxmon muzzles ; which last is a favorite color, being supposed to indicate hardiness. Blacks are not so conn^^on, and are held to indicate an inferior cross, often of the black Lincoln- shire cart-horse, unless where the line is distinctly traceable to the thoroughbred sire. Many of the most distinguished race-horses have been the most favorite" and most successful hunter-getters, and have acquired as much celebrity for the transmission of their qualities to their half-bred stock, as they have for their racing descendants ; just in the same manner as Messenger has gained celebrity, in this countrv, for his roadsters. ^ In some districts, particular colors are very prevalent ; indi- catiiu-- the preference felt for some particular stallion, which has stoodin tliat neighborhood ; as greys in the West riding of Yoi-k- shire, where Grey Orville,^' a St. Leger winner hmiselt, and tlie lire of Ebor, Emilius, Muley, and many other racers in a very hio-h form, was a most favorite hunter-getter, and the sire of many of the very best part-bred horses that ever crossed a coun- ti.y_browns, with white locks in the tail, in the East riding, where Woodpecker, of whom that is the distinctive mark to the fourth and fifth generation, stood for several seasons— blacks in the vicinity of Doncaster, the descendants of Smolensko— chest- nuts, wherever that beautiful horse, Comus, covered country mares ; and, in yet later days, dark browns in the North riding of Yorkshire, where that undeniable racer and progenitor ot. racers, hunters, and steeple-chasers, Lottery, formerly Tinker, by Tramp out of Mandane, has deservedly been the favorite ot all favorites. It is no wonder, that the ofi'spring of such horses as those named above, out of dams begotten by such sires as Hamble- tonian. Sir Peter Teazle, Doctor Syntax, and Filho da Puta, from * See Note 5, p. 56. BREEDING. 28 e almost lors, and )at8, and )n bonef\ ay color, are oftei\ k browns or, being inon, and Lincobi- ceable to I the most acquired 8 to their mts ; jnst y, in this nit ; indi- tvhich has r of York- [', and the in a very lie sire of jd a conn- ast riding, lark to the -blacks in ko — chest- d conntry )rth riding ^enitor of. ly Tinker, favorite of es as those .8 Hamble- Puta, from marec themselves half-bred ont of Cleveland Bays by thorough- bred stallions, should be hunters and Btoeple-chasers, m the highest possible form, and little, if at all, inferior, tor any pur- pose, except that of actual racing, to full-blooded horses. The price which the breeders pay for the service ot these stallions is very considerable, although it is usual lor horses, whicli stand for thoroughbred mares at twenty and twenty-hvo guineas the leap, to serve country mares for sums varying, according to the popularity of the horse, and the quality o he inares likely to be sent to him, from live to seven and ten guineas. But the farmers willingly pay the charges, and are tmply rewarded for doing so. The colts and fillies are usually broken at two years old, to the lightest sort ot larm harness work, such as brush-harrowing, in order to render them tract- able and hardy; and, when three years old and rising tour, are broken to the saddle, and taken out with the hounds by their owners ; who are generally hard and determined riders, though they have rarely good hands, and are yet more rarely capable of making or turning out a made and pertect hunter. If such young animals are of good promise, gallop well, fence boldly and cleverly, and are of good form, they will real- ize to the breeder trom eighty to a hundred and twenty guineas, at four years old ; and, it\ in the dealers' hands, into which they generally fall secondly, they realize their promise they become worth from a hundred and fifty to three hundred guineas, ac- cordingly as they are weight-carriers, and have a greater or less turn of speed. If they prove, on the otliei- hand, as colts, too leo-gv, cumbersome and slow for hunters, with high-stepping action and fine show, they will bring the breeder nearly as much for first-class carriage-horses, as they would have done had they proved suitable for hunters. If they should tall short of size and show for these, but be sound, active, and clever horses, up to fifteen two inches high, they are sure to reahze thirty -five guineas, the regulation price, for light dragoon and huzzar chargers; and if yet smaller, say from fourteen hree to fifteen one, with beauty, style, and action, they wi 1 be worth from fifty guineas, upward, for roadsters, cover hacks or boys' hunters. At the very worst, if they go^wrong in the wind, short of being decidedly broken-winded, throw out bad u THE H0R81C, curbs, or even incipient spavins or ringbones, they arc certain of fetcliiiig at least tAvcnty-fivc pounds for leaders of the fast coaclie? ; and probably are now worth as much for horsing the rural onniibuscs and railroad tenders. No sort of breeding in England is so profitable as this. The breeder is comparatively secured against any thing like ulti- mate loss, while he has a fair chance of drawing a capital prize, in the sliape of a first-rate hunter, or a carriage horse of supe- rior quality ; and it is to the breeding of such class of animals that the attention of the farmers, in horse-breeding counties, is wholly directed at this date. For tliis reason, one has no more pure Cleveland Bays, the use of tlie stallion of that breed being entirely discontinued ; large, bony, slow thoroughbreds of good form, and great power, which have not succeeded on the turf, having been substituted ibr them, even for the getting of cart and farming-team horses ; and the farmers finding it decidedly to their advantage to work large, roomy, bony, half or two-third bred mares, out of which, when they grow old, or if by chance they meet an accident, they may raise hunters, coach horses, or, at the worst chargers, or machiners, rather than to plough with garrons and weeds, the stock of which would be valueless and worthless, except for the mei-est drudgery. It is of these horses, that I am ]>orfectly convinced, trotters might be made of the highest quality, if those most fitted to the purpose were selected for that end by men properly quali- fied to judge of them, and were then trained and trotted, ac- cording to American rules, by such nien as Spicer, "Woodruff, or Wheelan— and that such could be furnished, even in greater numbers, than they are here, in America, from hunting stables, and farm-studs devoted to the rearing of such animals, I have no sort of doubt. I have seen several American trotters, which, from their ap- pearance, would have passed as English hunters— especially those of Messenger's get — and which, I doubt not, if trained for that purpose, would have shone as much across country ne they did on the trotting turf. I would particularly specify that very ex- cellent and game animal, of the olden day, who accomplished the then— I speak of twenty years ago and upward— rare feat PAUL PRY. 38 of trotting above eighteen miles in the hour, Mr. Wm. McLcod's Paul Pry. This horse lived to a good old age, and was last owned by Mr. William Niblo. As he grew old, he became gaunt and raw-boned, but, in his better days he presented to my eyes very nearly the cut of an English, or, perhaps, I should say, rather an Msh hunter— for he had something of a goose rump— of the highest fonn. I have repeatedly ridden him, as he stood for many months in my stable, and ho was a fine steady galloper, and could take a four-foot fence in his stroke and think nothing of it. I have often wondered that, among the many importations of stock by our spirited and enterprising breeders, who are doing so much for the imjirovemcnt of horses and cattle in America, no one has thought of importing some fine, roomy, sixteen hands, half or two-third parts bred mares, by highly reputed sires* lam satisfied, that such mares, judiciously bred to the strongest and most powerful of our American or imported stal- lions, such horses as Consternation is reported to be, or as Bos- ton was, in all but the fatal defect of his blindness, would do more to improve the stock of the United States in size and sub- stance, without loss of speed or blood, than any other plan of breeding can effect — since I am satisfied that all attempts at giving strength, bone, and substance to the offspring of light, under-sized, weedy, highbred mares by stinting them to Mor- gan, or Black Hawk, part-bred trotting stallions, or to im- ported Normau horses, are moves in the wrong direction, and must lead not to the improvement, but to the deterioration of .the stock ; which wWlprobaUy not gain much in size or power, and will certainly lose in blood, and consequently in the ability to stay a distance. In order to improve a race, it appears to be indisputable, that the superior blood must be on the sire's side, the size, form and beauty, on that of the dam. Tliis is, however, a portion of my subject which will be considered more at length in another part of this volume, under the head of breeding, where all the considerations of that in- teresting topic will be reviewed at some length. I shall now proceed, shortly, to the other more remarkable * Boston was not blind when lie died. '1 % -♦ 20 THE nOBSK. English fjunilios of the horse ; treating them, however, far more succinctly than I have done the Cleveland Bays, as they have been less often imported into this country, and have contributed little, if at all, to the formation of any part of the stock of the United States, having left scarcely any perceptible trace of their blood in any existing breed. This is not true of the Cleveland Bays, whose mark is clearly discernible in the work- ing horses of several of the Eastern States, Massachusetts, and Vermont, more especially, into the former of which several mares and one stallion were imported by the late Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, beside others, I believe, at a more remote period. The second distinct, old English breed is the Suffolk Punch, which is said to bo originally descended from the Norman stal- lion and old Suffolk cart-marc. It is now, like the Cleveland, nearly extinct; but has been replaced by an animal possessing many of the characteristic peculiarities and excellences of its ancestors, with higher blood and more perfect finish. " The true Suffolk," says Mr. Youatt, » stood from fifteen to sixteen hands high, of a sorrel color ; was large-headed ; low-shouldered, and thick on the top ; deep and ronnd-chested ; long-backed; high in the croup,, large and strong in the quarters ; full in the flanks; round in the legs, and short in the pasterns. It was the very horse to throw his whole weight into the collar, with sufficient activity to do it effectually, and hardihood to stand a long day's work." I should here observe, that what is in England called sorrel is a very different color from that which we understand by the same name ; which is, in truth, chestnut, in all its various tints, from something nearly approaching to real sorrel, up to copper- colored brown, with golden reflections. The real Suffolk sorrel trenches very closely on the dun, with a kind of bluish or nmd-colored under-tint running through it. Their manes and tails are heavy, inclined to curl or wave, and are invariably of a far lighter shade than the bodies ; they are often cream-colored, and sometimes even pure white, though without the silvery gloss and sparkle peculiar to the mane of a gray or white horse ; and the legs, which are also invariably light, from the knee downward, have a dull, dingy, whitey-brown hue, which is the reverse of pleasing or beautiful. THE SUFFOLK PUNCH. 87 In fact, the clmracteristics of the Suffolk are all those of utility as opposed to show. He is peculiar to the Saxon coun- ties of old England, and is pretty nearly to the horse what the Saxon man is to the human race at large — a shortish, thick-set, square-built, stumpy, sturdy individual, with a good many ster- ling, solid q\iulities, and a plentiful lack of graces and amenities ; he is stout of body, but slow to move, and when moved, yet slower to desist from motion ; persevering, of indomitable will, iron resolution and determined obstinacy, not far removed from stubbornness ; but of little spirit, and less fire. He was a useful cart-horse and excellent for teaming; but, in proportion as rail- roads and locomotives have superseded vars and wagons for the transportation of heavy merchandise and slow passengers, ex- cept in cities, the Suffolk Punch has made way for quicker travelling and lighter, if not more honest, or intrinsically valua- ble animals. "The present breed," Mr. Youatt contimies, "possesses many of the peculiarities and good qualities of its ancestors. It is more or less inclined to a sorrel color ; it is a taller horse ; higher and liner in the shoulders ; and is a cross of the York- shire half or three-quarters bred horse. " The excellence and a rare one of the old Suffolk— and the new breed has not quite lost it— consisted in nimbleness of ac- tion, and the honesty and continuance with which he would exert himself at a dead ]nilL Many a good draught horse knows well what he can effect ; and after he has attempted and failed, no torture of the whip will induce him to straia his powers beyond their natural extent. The Suffolk, however, would tug at a dead pull until he dropped, it was beautiful to .see a team of true Suffolks, at a signal from the driver, and without the whip, down on their knees in a moment and drag every thing before them. Brutal wagers were frequently laid as to their power in this respect, and many a good team was injured and ruined. The immense power of the Suffolk is ac- counted for by the low position of his shovilder, which enables him to throw so much weight into the collar. " Although the Punch is not what ho was, and the Suffolk and Norfolk farmer can no longer boast of ploughing moro 88 THE nOBSB. land in a day than any one else, this is undoubtedly a valuable breed. "Tlie Duke of Richmond obtained many excellent carriage horses, with strength, activity, and figure, by crossing the Suf- folk with one of his best hunters. "The Suffolk breed ib in great request in the neighboring counties of Norfolk and Essex. Mr. Wakefield of liarnham, in Essex, had a stallion for which he was offered four hundred guineas." Few of this useful breed of working horses have, I believe, been brought to the United States ; and I find no record of any marcs, whatever, being imi)orted. A Suffolk cart stallion was, liowcver, sent into Massachusetts, in the year 1821, l)y Mr. John Ooflin of New P.runsvnck; and, although I do not know in what i)art of the State he stood, or Avhat mares he served, I have sometimes fancied that I could detect something of the character of the Tunchcs in tlic short-built, active horses used in the cartmen's drays of Boston, in that State ; a widely difl ferent animal from that used in the New York trucks, many of which show a considerable degree of blood. Tliere are two other well-known families of working horses in Great Britain ; the first of which is the improved Clydesdale cart-horse, which is said to owe its origin to the Duke of Hamil- ton, who crossed some of the best Lanark mares, with stallions he had brought over from Flanders. " The Clydesdale is longer than the Suffolk, and has a better head, a larger neck, a lighter carcass, and deeper legs." " It is strong," says Mr. Youatt, " hardy," pulling true, and rarely restive. The southern parts of Scotland are principally supplied from this district ; and many Clydesdales, not only for agricultural purposes, but for the coach and the saddle, find their Avay to the central and even the Bouthern parts of England." I am not aware that any of these horses have been brought to America ; nor do I know that any particular advantage is to be looked for from their introduction, although they are good and faithful horses, excellent for farm purposes, and would make, without any improvement of blood, extremely useful stage-horses, especially for hilly and heavy roads, where more power than speed is desired. THE OALLOWAi. 99 Tlie Heavy Black Horse of Lincolnshire is. another distinct variety, bred "in all the nudhmd counties from Lincoln to Staf- fordshire. They arc, in fact, only a Rinullor and lighter style of dray-horse, improved by admixture of Flanders, and, i)ei- Imps, of a small percentage of thorongh-blood. They are stdl inunense animals, standing seventeen hands high, with better forehands, iiner withers, and flatter and deeper logs than the dray-horse. The imi-rovement in their blood has increased their t-ace from two and a half to about four miles an hour, on a walk, which is their only pace, since they are incapable of raising a trot. Tliey are used for wagon-horsoi^, and for draw- ing heavy teams froiri the wharves throligh the streets of Lon- don, and occupy much the same position in England, as is held, here, by the Conestoga horse, which I believe to be in great part, if not entirely, of this blood. There was an excellent breed of little horses, varying from thirteen to fourteen hands high, existing in the district of Gal- loway, on the shore of the Solway Frith, in the south of Scot- land, which had their name from the district in which they had their origin. But it is now nearly extinct. "There is a tradition," according to Mr. Yonatt, "that the breed is of Spanish extraction, some horses having escaped from one of the vessels of the Grand Armada, which was wrecked on the neighboring coast. This district, however, so early as tho time of Edward I., supplied that raonarch with a great number of horses." I^ is much to be lamente(i, that this admirable race of ani- mals is ahnost lost, and where it exists is sorely deteriorated, owing to the non-perception and non-appreciation of its peculiar excelTences as a roadster and hackney, either to drive or ride :^ and to its nnsuitujility to ordinary i'urm work from want of power and size. ^ To increase these, and obtain a race more suitable to the purposes of agriculture, the larmers of its native region have crossed it with larger and coarser farm-stallions, which has had the very effect, that may always be looked for, under such cir- cumstances; thepecubar excellences of the race are lost, and those, which it is desired to ingraft upon it, are not attained. It is to be regretted that the truly admirable qualities of the ^.8ifigiai»w»" .f.^^^^'ft^^Bir 80 THE HORBE. Galloway wore never l.rongl.t into notice, nntil it was too late; the t.n.niovn.ent of it, while the nice was in its hest ionn, being conliiu.l, iui- the n.OBt part, to the better cla.« of farmers, sma.l rural ]>roi.r;etor8 and little country gentry, who were not, in the last century, perBons of exten.le.l vieWB, «.r liberal educati..... I uin disponed to dwell on this animal a little m<.re luUy than I Bhould otherwise do, not that it exists in these States, or has ever-so far as we know or suspect-been imported to tbeni ; ■ but because it is closely analogous to a kindred animal, ot, I believe, the same stock, i>articipating in a high degree ot the eame virtues, which has in the same manner become extinct, to the deep regret of all true lovers of the horse. It must be remembered, that in Great Britain, m consc- nnence of the existence of this peculiar pure race of smal -sized animals, in the district of Galloway, whence they obtained their name, all very small horses came to be called Galloways; and that in the North of England, particularly, the word Clalloway ■ is now Pvnoiivmous with pony, conveying no pretence that the animal, so called, has any distinctive blood. I will here add that the word ponv, in England, is used to imply a horse under thirteen hands in iieight, which is not subject to taxation-not, as it is nsed in America, an animal of a short stocky iorination, such as, or even larger than, one which would, across the waier, be called a Cob. I well remember my surprise at being shown a pair of clever, close-ribbed, round-barrelled horses, of full fitteen hands, and perhaps something over, under the appellation ot vonies, on mv lirst arrival here. I proceed, however, to Mr. Youatt's description of the true Galloway, to which I shall ap- pend a few observations of my own, on the original breed, its failure, and the attempts which have been made to replace it. "The pure Gallowav," says he, "was said to be nearly tour- teen hands high, and sometimes more, of a bright bay or brown, Avith black legs, and small head and neck, and peculiarly deep clean legs. Its qualities were speed, stoutness, and surefooted- ness, over a very rugged and mountainous country. "Dr Anderson thus describes the Galloway. 'There was once a breed of small elegant horses in Scotland, similar to those of Iceland and Sweden, which were known by the name of Gal- loways the best of which sometimes reached the height of tour nCKKOKMANCK OF OALLOWAYB. 81 or teen and a half luuwls. One of this description I po88C88od, it h-xviii" l)ecn bought for my ubo when I was a boy. In point ot eioKiv.^e of .hape, it was a pc-rfoct picture ; an.l in d.spns.t.on it was gentle and con.pliaut. It moved alm<.st to a w.hI., and never tired. I rode this little cr.uiture for twenty-hvc years, and twice in that time I rode v, hundred and Hfty miles at a Btreteh, without st<.pping, excej.t to bait, and that not tor above an hour at a tin.e. It came ia at the last stage with as much ease and alacrity as it travelled the iirst. I could have umler- taken to have performed on this boast, when it was in its prime, sixty a miles a day for a twelvemonth running, without any extraordinary exertion.' , . ■ "Adallowayin point of size— whether ot Scotch origin or not we are uncertain-performed, about the year 1814, a greater feat than Dr. Anderson's favorite. It started from London w.tli the Exeter mail, and notwithstanding the numerous changes ot horses, and the rapid driving of that vehicle, it arrived at hxe- ter_ropor- tions — viz. one half tliorou<;;h, one half Cleveland Hay, blood ; thourive vitality and vigor. Hy coutinwiil interc(iniu'cti<»n with the white, it rises nearer niul nearer to the higlier typo ; l>y recurrence to the hhick, it relapses into that, from which it was tenii)orarily lifted by tho lirnt hybridization. So it is with horses, to the letter. Tf the half-bred filly be united to n thoroughbred, nnd her female progeny bo so con- nected ad injinitiim, after a few generations, altliongh the drop of base blood must still be there, until the end of time, the progeny will be but a little removed in quality, and entirely undistinguishable in outward appearance, from tho pure- blooded animal. If, on tho contrary, the half-bred filly be bred back to tho Cleveland Jiay, or cart-liorse, even more rapidly than in tho other case, will the process of assimilation, or, in this instance, of re-assimilation advance. Before the third or, at farthest, tho fourth cross, the outward characteristics of the pure blood will have wholly disappeared; and, although, as in the o*ber in- stance, the drop of n(d)le blood must continue there ad infini- tum.) its effects will be to all intents and purposes lost, and the animal will be, in spirit and endurance, as in show, little su- perior, if at all, to the baser of its original i)rogenitor8. That the same process should occur, where halfbreds are inter-bred with half-breds, generation after generation, is inex- plicable; but it is certain. "Why tho pure blood, whicli, where it exists unmixed, seems to be indestructible, sliould be incapa- ble of a prolonged existence when mixed, and must, slowly, but certainly, die out, no man can say, or conjecture. But that it is so, is shown, beyond a peradvonture, by the experience of centuries in the system of breeding, and is confirmed by tho opinion of all distiiiguished physiologists. Like democratic conquests, it can only bo preserved by far- ther conquests. Acquisition must be added to acquisition, or the first gain must become a los;-. To this consideration I shall have occasion ere long to re- vert, when dealing with the pretensions of what assumes to be a i . 'IW 86 THE HORSE. peculiar and distinct family of the American horse, and again when treating of the theory and system of breeding in general. Now, briefly, to revert to the subject matter whence I have recently been led devious, I would remark that the attempt to reproduce the Scottish Galloway, of which I have spoken as a failure, was simply the stinting clever, active, pony-mares of twelve and a half or thirteen hands in lieight, purposely select- ed for their shape, legs, feet, general soundness and hardihood, and easy action, to thoroughbred stallions of the best blood, chosen with as much care as the dams, low in stature, but bony and close-ribbed up, with the line heads and necks, the sloping shoulders and thin withers of the oriental type. From this union was produced a stock of extremely neat, liighly bred and finely formed animals, with pretty action and a fair turn of s])eed. These are the animals which are used as boys' hunters, up to the time when the aspiring Etonian or Harrowite is supposed to be arrived at the supreme height of his ambition, the capacity to manage a hoi*se. I have myself ridden, in my younger days, two and three- part bred Galloways, from an original pony stock, which, with a boy's seven or eight stone upon their backs, were quite able to hold their own and live, not perhaps quite in the first flight, but in a very fair place, among hard-riding and well-mounted men, through a racing run with fox-hounds, and win a brush for their rider at the end. On these same Galloways the young ladies of the family learn to ride, while the masculines of the rising generation are construiwg Homer, cricketing, or sculling wherries on the Thames ; and ultimately, as the boys, promoted into men, as- cend the backs of veritable horses, the girls obtain possession of the little favorites, transmitting them each to the next younger, as they, too, mount up to the thoroughbred park-hack, with its darling bangtail, and become, ex. oifi,Gio, young ladies. Tlie larger and heavier of these become covert hacks and roadstere for non-hunting, elderly gentlemen, clergymen and country doctors; tbej' are usually sure-footed — a quality which they inherit from the pony mother, probably of Scottish or Cam- brian mountain descent, — have good, round action, and a reason- able turn of speed. fie WELL-BRED PONIES, 37 If tliey increase to full fourteen and from thence np to fif- teen hands, powerfully built, with short backs, round barrels, deep, clean logs, coupled with lofty crest and carriage, fine heads, the ability to carry fourteen stone, or upward, at their ease, to trot fourteen, or gallop eighteen, miles in the hour, having two, or more, authenticated crosses of pure blood, they are called cobs of the first class, command immense prices, often above a hundred guineas, and are intrinsically, apart from the consideration of mor'^y price, extremely valuable quadrupeds, and much sought after, by men who ride heavy, and who ride much, on the road. Still, they are not Scottish Galloways, nor any thing resem- bling them — if oidy in the one point that the Scottish Galloway could and did, and that the artificial Galloway cannot and does not, transmit either its form or its qualities by hereditary de- scent. Of the other English or British breeds, it is needless to speak at large ; as most of them are known and imported, though rare- ly, if ever, bred in this country ; and the others, which are not known, have no interest attaching to them, as having no espe- cial utility or adaptation for any purposes here. The former are the little Shetlander ; rarely exceeding twelve hands in height, and often much smaller ; which, for such an atom of horseflesh, has greater weight-carrying power, greater comparative speed, and greater endurance than any ani- mal in the known world ; and the larger and less finely formed Highland pony, which, while acknowledged inferior to the genuine Sheltie, still possesses many of its qualities, especially its hardihood, sure-footedness, power to carry weight, and gal- lant endurance. In neatness of form and limb, it is inferior, as much as it is superior in size, to the Shetlander ; yet the smaller of the Highland ponies are frequently passed off' on those, who are not firet-rate judges, as their tiny northern couoins. Tlieir great good-temper, docility, and sureness of foot, ren- der them the best of all animals on which to put young chil- dren, and they are commonly used for that purpose in Amer- ica ; the ass, which is decidedly better than the pony for giving a firm seat and controlling hand, inasmuch as it is far more dif- ficult to sit, and as it requires both a will and a way to 88 THE nOBSE. compel it against its own will, being hardly known at all, and never used for such purposes in the United States. In England, it is invariably the first stej), and it is curious to see what power it gives to the young rider, wlio, having learned his rudiments on the obstinate but long-enduring grizzel, finds himself impregnably seated on a liigh-spiritcd pony, which an inex])erienced spectator would imagine infinitely the more difficult to ride, and able to defy all its cabrioles or soubresaults to unseat him. A boy who can sit an ass, so that he cannot be kicked over its head, can sit any thing, and is in a fair way to make a first- rate horseman. Ilence its extreme fitness for teaching cliil- dren ; its form rendering it very difficult to sit, its temper very difficult to control, while, at the same time, its stolid and lazy habits avert all danger of its doing more than depositing its young rider gently in the dirt, and then falling to graze on the nearest dock leaf or Canada thistle. It never shies, never plunges, and, above all, never runs away. It is, perhaps, at once the least dangerous and most difficult animal to ride in the whole range of the quadruped creation. I well remember tlie fun of a scene, which occurred at some rural merry-makings in the park of a gentleman in whose neigh- borhood I was brouglit up ; when donkey races being a part of the programme, half a dozen young men, all of them first-rate performers across country, and able to handle the wildest thor- oughbred, relying on the fact, that they had all once been donkey -riders themselves, undertook to act as jocks on the occa- sion, to the racing neddies. It was all very well at first, but when the tug arrived, and the spur was exhibited at tlie run-in, up went the heels and down went the heads of all the neddies simultaneously, and away ■went the gallant jocks, yards over the long ears of their inon- tures, who at once betook themselves to munching the green- sward, much to the amusement of the lady spectators, and to the delight of the ten and twelve year-old urchins — legitimate owners of the neddies, and younger brothers, or cousins, of the discomfited Meltoniau jocks — who shortly after, legitimately jjerclied on the croups of the animals, delivered a sweepstakes, which came oft' with great eclat, among universal cudgelling |^ggp!*»rw^ THE IRISH HUNTER. 39 and spurring, none of the riders caring an iota more for the nod- dy's kicking up, than neddy cared for his rider's spurring, or losing so much as a stirrup in the race. Before passing to the next branch of my subject, I suppose I should say a word as to the Irish hunter, as he is, in some sort, a distinct animal ; not as producing himself from original pa- rents, but as originating from a cross of the thoroughbred with the native Irish horse, and as possessing a peculiar way of going, which, at first, I presume, acquired in conformity with the re- quirements of the country he is called upon to cross, has be- come characteristic, and now appears to be native to the breed, as it seems to be " to the manner born." Tlie Irish hunter is in general a less highly-bred horse than his English competitor ; not often, I should say, having more than two crosses of pure blood, and is not unfrequently some- what ragged in his shapes. He has, almost always, a good forehand and crest, not a particularly blood-shaped head, but bony and well set on. Ho is so often goose-rumped as to render that point, in some degree, one of his characteristic marks ; and, in the old day, if he had oeen long in his own country, he was too often nicked, so as to :nake h m carry his dock curled over his rump, greatly to the detriment of his appearaii o, and tending to make him look even less blood-like than he leally is. His legs and feet are almost invariably good ; he is apt, I think, to be a little short and straight on his pasterns, but is sound and suve-footed. He is quick, rather than fast j nimble, rather than swift; a clever jumper, rather than a slashing fencer. He goes, owing to the nature of his country, wherein there is little, comparatively speaking, of good galloping ground, the soil being for the most part either deep and soft, or broken, rugged and stony, far more within himself and upon his haunches, and far less extended, than an English hunter. For wall-leap- ing, where there are no ditches, he is unrivalled, though very uneasy and difficult to sit ; taking nothing in his fly, but stop- ping short with his forefeet almost in contact with the obstacle, and then bucking over it with all his legs together, and alight- ing not unusually on his hind feet — a practice, which, however 40 THE nORSE. unpleasant to sit, and difficult to iinaccnstomed riders, nnqnes* tionably spares the back sinews of the forelegs many a severe jar. lie is particularly adapted to the broken, rudely tilled, and rugged country, in which ho is used ; where stone walls are the most ordinary fences, and next to them double ditches, with a turf bank or dyke between them. These latter he has a partic- idarly clever trick of spurning with his hind hoofs, as lie tops them, so as to gain a purchase whence to make a second spring, thereby clearing the second drain — the whole fence being usu- ally too wide to be cleared at a stride, while the turf dyke is too rotten and insecure to admit of its being leaped, on and off, like the somewhat similar banks of Hertfordshire and Essex. In England he is not a favorite, his mode of leaping causing him to lose time at his fences, when the hounds are flying as they do in the grass countries, and also rendering him liable to jump short, in case of there being a large ditch, as there usually is, to the stake and bound fences. He is, moreover, not gene- rally a good water-jumper, which is a fatal defect in countries abounding, as the best English hunting counties do, in large brooks and yawning drains. For American hunting, where hunting on horecback exists, he is, of all others, the very horse required ; his immense pow- ers, as a jumper of height, enabling him to hop over the stiifest six-bar Virginia rail-fences, as if they were nothing ; while the woodland and otherwise encumbered character of the country would render his vant of speed of comparatively small accoimt. I know not Low, or wl y, it should be so ; for I have no know- ledge that Irish horses have ever been imported into this coun- try in sufficient numbers to have any effect on the character of tlie American horse ; but the resemblance of the two families struck me, on my first arrival in the United States, nor can I yet divest myself of the idea. The American Stud Book, from the earliest times, records but three or four importations of Irish race-horses ; I myself re- member biit one, Harkforward,* the brother of Harkaway, by Economist, out of Fanny Dawson, by Nabocklish, inij)orted by tlie late Judge Porter into Louisiana; and he died, almost im- mediately after his arrival, of the bite of a rattlesnake. * See Note 6, p. 56. TUB COVEK-SIDE. il ip3 Had there, however, been many thoronghbred stallions cov- ering here, it could not account for the similarity ; since the pe- culiar points of the Irish hunter, in which the similarity resides, are not those of his thoroughbred sire, but of his Irish dam. It does not seem likely that Irish hunting mares should, at any period, or in any part of the United States, ever have been largely imported, as there has not, at arty time, been a demand for such animals ; and it is next to a certainty, that common Irish farm horses never have been brought hither, ad they are — those of the native and indigenous type, I mean, unimproved by mixture with the Cleveland bays, the Punches, or the Lincoln- shire blacks — as wretched a race of raw-boned, straight-shoul- dered, ewe-necked garrons, as a man had need to behold. Still, the resemblance is so striking, that I am certain the first impression of an American horseman, on seeing the gather- ing at an Irish coverside, would be that two-thirds of the field were mounted on American trotting horses ; while, at a similar scene in England, he would be half inclined to set down the liighly-blooded and highly-groomed two and three parts bred cock-tails, as gigantic thoroiighbreds, until corrected by a fuller estimate of their bone and weight. And I could instance scores of trotting horses here, such as old Top-Gallant, Columbus, Paul Pry, and in later days, Tacony, Lancet, and others, which have precisely the cut, to the life, of an Irish hunter in a very high form, and which, I have no doubt whatever, if tluy had been trained to leap and gallop, instead of to trot, would have won their laurels as decidedly on that field, as on this which tlioy now occupy with so much distinction. I now come to the American application of the facts collected above, in regard to the different races, or families, of English horses, which do, or did recently, exist in that country, entirely pure and unmixed ; although it is not usual to apply the word " pure " to any stock or breed except that of the thoroughbred race-horse. It will, of course, have been observed and understood, by any one who has read attentively what has gone before, that the effect of the improvements, brought to pass in horses of every caste, intended for every purpose, in England, has been to destroy and abolish distinct races, other than that of the 48 THE IIOKSE. thoroughbred ; and tliat there is, probably, now in England no breed or fiiniily whatever, entirely without mixture, in some greater or Icsa degree — some, of course, infinitesimally snuiU — of thorough blood, unless it bo the dray-horse and the Scottish pony. There is constantly going on a prodigious f|uantity of that, which Mr. Cai'lisle is })lea8ed to designate as inarticulate howlimj, over the decline of the good old English hunter, the t-xcellcnt old English roadster, and, in a word, of every thing that is old in the way of horse-flesh. All this is, in my opinion, the merest of stupidity — precisely on a i)ar with the regret, expressed by some wiseacres, for the docline of the good old English squires, of the oays of the first Goor^res — the ridere of these id( ntical excellent old English roudstere and hunters, concerning whoso loss ilia lachi'yinoe. These good old English squires, be it observed, en passant, were generally ignorant, stolid, besotted, and brutal, to a degree com- parable to nothing which exists in any class, however abject, ot the present day, that is not positively vicious. Kising at i'our o'clock in the morning, in the saddle and trail- ing the fox to his kennel before six, ti;ey plodded along thr • h mud and fallow, on great hairy-fetlocked brutes, as coarse, and Blow, and uneducated as themselves, for eight or ten mortal hours ; they adjourned from the saddle to the dining-room ; whence, gorged with half-raw beef and venison, besotted with October and punch, roaring out stupid or obscene songs, through an atmosphere reeking vith tobacco-smoke, they were carried ofl[', by nine at the latest, by their clownish servants, only less drunk than their masters, to their beds, there to snore off the evening's debauch ; and thence, on the next morning, by a repe- tition of the past day's exercise, to earn an appetite for the next evening's revel. And this no casual occurrence, no picture of an accidental or occasional lapse of a minority, but the daily habitude, during seven or eight months of the year> of nine-tenths of the resident rural ]>r()prietor8 of this good old England, from the times of Queen Anne nearly to the commencement of the present cen tury. During those dark and corrupt ages, the basest and most dia- (. ^iJJW OLD ENOLISII II0R8KS. 48 creditable, to my mind, of any in tlio whole l-.istory of England, all tliat there was of edueatiiMi, of ^race, or of retincment, waa crowded into the metropolis, mixed even there with inconceiv- able coarseness, inconceivable corruption ; while the whole gentry, and, with a few rare exceptions, even the elegy of tho rural districts, were steeped in ignorance, imbrued witli brutal debauchery, and marked by a coarseness of manner and lan- guage— even in the presence of their women — that has no parallel at t^ie present day, in the wildest frontier taverns of the farthest South-west, in the rudest camp of California or Aus- tralia, in short, any where among civilized men, unless it bo at a wake or a. pattern in Galway or Tipperary, if tho performer at those celebrations can be called civilized. In one word, I believe that there is exactly the same degree of comparison between the English or American country gentle- men of the present day, and the English si^uire of those dark ages, that there is between tho English and American hunter, roadster, trotter, carriage-horse, and cart-horse, of the latter half of the nineteenth century, and the corresponding animal of tho first half of the eighteenth ; and that there is just as much sense in howling over the decline of uic horses of that age, O'* pretend- ing to desire their reproduction, as there would be in aft'ecting to desire to introduce the Squire Westerns, tho Bumper Squire Joneses, and the parson TruUibers of 1757, in place of the edu- cated and accomplished gentlemen of 1857, on both sides of ttio Atlantic. Furthermore, I believe, that very much of the absurdly exaggerated estimate which tradition has set on the mythical performances of the horses of the olden time, on the racing turf, such as Childers, Eclipse, and many othere of the same period — an estimate which still miraculously befogs tho judgment even of men capable of judgment, long after it has been proved to bo founded on nothing — ^Iias its origin, in a great measure, from the incalculable superiority of thoroughbrpd horses, even of ordinary excellence, to the coarse-bred road-hacks and scarcely superior hunters of that day. To men, accustomed to ride Cleveland Bays, with no cross of thorough blood, in their unmixed state, as the host style of huntei"8, and to trot along the road on animals which no u TUE HORSE. (J teamster wonld now put into his cart-sliafts, the pace of even a very slow ruce-liorsc would naturally seem so enormous, that one easily ceases to wonder at the spectators believinj^ that FIyiii, even with all the improvements which have been made in them, have fallen down three or four stages ; and if the much bemoaned good old English squires conld arise from their lowly beds " At brcozy c«U of incen»o-brcathliig iiiorn," and resuscitate with them Towler and Jowler, and all their deep- mouthed, crook-kneed packs, with which to badger a fox to death in a run of eight mortal hours, they would find infinitely superior hunters to any they had ever backed during their lives, going indeed not as hunters, but drawing the slowest second- class gentlemen's carriages in the cauntry, and the very best beasts of their own precise class, in tho better style of vans and omnibuses, in the towns and cities. There are hundreds of horses to-day in New York carmen's trucks, superior in blood, form, and powers of every kind, to tho best hunter that went in England in the reign of the first or second George ; and the best road-hackneys of tho same date were not comparable to the smaller and lighter cart-hoi-ses of the present day, such as go in the baker's or the butcher's wag- on. So much for the croaking of tho praisere of the age that has just departed ! In all branches of equestrianism, speed has been for years the end aimed at, in connection with tho ability to carry weight and to endure continued exertion. Mere weight and the ability of dragging enormous loads at a foot's pace, have ceased to bo qualities desired or desirable, in tho horse ; while quickness is, and ever will continue, so long as time shall have its value, the valuable consideration. Whether the present modes of racing, either in this countiy or in England, are the best devised to preserve the breed of race-horses at their utmost perfection, is another question, and is open to much doubt — doubt fully as great on this, as on the other side of the water — the absurdly light weights adopted in America, being in my opinion fully as detrimental, in encouraging the maintenance of a wrong typo of thoroughbred, as are the short distances now run in England. 46 THE nOR8B. For my part, I coiiM wish to rpo four-mile races introduced in Eti^lan lbs. and 14011)9., on the back of five and eix-year-old liovseH. Whatever may be the effect of the present system in Knf the WeHtern Statew. The Vermont dranght-lmrHe and the j^reat I'ennsylvanir. horse, known as the Conewtoga horwe, appear to mo in some con- siderahledej^rec! to merit the title of distinct familieH, iiiaHinnch art they seem to reproduce theniKelves eontinmUly, and to havedono 80 from a remote period, ct)mparatively speaking, within certain regions of country, which have for nuuiy years been fnrniniiiiig them in considerahle numbers to those markets, for which their qualities render them the most desirable. I had hoped, on commencing this work, to be able to obtain authentic and satisfactory accounts of these various fairnlies, and t.o have aj)proxinuitely at least, fixed their origin and derivation. "With a view t ) this end, I addressed circulars to the oflicers of the agricultural societies of all the principal breeding States of the Union, to whom I take this oi)portunity of recording my obligations for the aid which they have rendered mo in my un- dertaking; but I regret to say, that the result has generally been disappointment; for, with scarcely an exception, these most useful societies being but of recent origin, and having turned their attention rather to improving the present and providing for the future, than to preserving records of the past, have in their possession no documentary evidence whatever, as to the sources whence their peculiar stocks have derived their origin and excellences. All, therefore, that can now be done, is to describe the characteristic points of the breeds in question, and by comparison with existing foreign races, and by the collation of such scanty notices of importations as can be gleaned from l)eriodicals, to approach, conjectnrally, the blood from which they are derived, and also the manner in which they have been orig'nated, where they are now found. •"^ ^v^ ■■■ ► — -' -^ t 1 i i Si ' 1 • • 1 1 M fl.K:i:r,MnDrl. HISTORY OF THE VERMONT DRAUGHT- HORSE. /j In the first place, of the Vermont dranght-horse, I have been able, from his own locality, to obtain no information whatever ; all the horse interest and ambition of that State, and indeed of the Eastern States generally, appearing somewhat strangely and injudiciously, I must say, it seems to me, to centre in what they are pleased to call the Morgan yawit^y. The above cut is a portrait from life of a fine gray draught horse, in the possession of Adams's Express Co. ; height, 16 hands ; weight, 1160 lbs. Incomparably, however, the best light team-horse, or ex- tremely heavy carriage-horse, and another yet lighter horse of somewhat the same type, are raised in Vermont, and in Vermont alone, in perfection. Vol. II.— 4. 50 THE HORSE. No persons familiar with the streets of New York can fail to liave noticed the magnificent animals, for the moat part dark bays, with black legs, manes and tails, but a few browns, and now and then, but rarely, a deep rich glossy chestnut, which draw the heavy wagons of the express companies; and I would more especially designate those of Adams & Company. They are the very model of what draught-horses should be ; combining immense power with great quickness, a very respect- able turn of speed, fine show and good action. These animals have almost invariably lofty crests, thin withers, and well set on heads ; and although they are em- phatically draught-horses, they have none of that shagginess of mane, tail and fetlocks, which indicates a descent from the black horse of Lincolnshire, and none of that peculiar curliness or waviness which marks the existence of Canadian or Norman blood for many generations, and which is discoverable in the manes and tails of very many of the horses, which claim to be p^tre Morgans. The peculiar characteristic, however, of these horses, is the shortness of their backs, the roundness of their barrels, and the closeness of their ribbing up. One would say that they are ponies until he comes to stand beside them, when he is astonish ed to find that they are oftener over, than under, sixteen hands in height. These horses are, nine out of ten, from Yermont, and not only are they the finest animals in all the United States, in my opin- ion, for the quick draught of heavy loads— for which opinion of mine I have a reason to produce in justification— but the mares of this stock are incomparably the likeliest, from which, by a well chosen thoroughbred sire, to raise the most magnificent carriage-horses in the w orld. In proof of what I assert, I will relate two circumstances connected with this breed of horses, which have come under iny own immediq,te observation, and which cannot fail to have weight with candid judges. During the Canadian rebellion of 1837, the English force being largely augmented in the provinces, two cavalry regi- ments, with a considerable park of artillery, were among the number of the reinforcements. The cavalry conpisted of the EASTERN STAGE COACHING. 61 to ,rk nd ch lid le; :Ct- lin m- of the ess lan the be the the are ish ,nd8 )uly pin- 11 of ares )y a 3ent iices ader lave brce regi- the the First Dragoon Guards and of the Seventh Hussars ; the latter of which, a light regiment, brought its horses with it from Eng- land. Tlie Dragoon Guards, which is as heavy a cavalry regi- ment as any in the world, except the Lifeguards and the Koyal Horseguards, which are cuirassiers, came dismounted, and were all horsed from Vermont, with scarcely an exception, the C:ina- dian horses not having either the size or power necessary to carry such weight. i saw this magnificent regiment several times under arms, after the horses had been broken and managed, and certainly never saw a heavy regiment more splendidly mounted in my life. The whole of the artillery was horsed from the same region, and with precisely the stamp of horse which I now sec daily before the New York Express Vans ; and I myself heard a very distinguished officer of rank, who has won still higher distinction in the Crimea say, that the artilleiy had never, in his knowledge of the service, been better, if so well horsed, as it was while in Canada. It may be worth while to add, that the hussars, when ordered home, as is usual, in order to save the expense of transporta- tion, sold their horses ; but the dragoon guards and artillery, unless I have been most wrongly informed, took the greater part of theirs, and especially the mares, home with them, owing to their superior quality. Of the existence of this breed, therefore, there can be no doubt, nor of its excellence. In the old days, while staging was in its perfection in Kew England, before the railroads had su- perseded coaching, it was the lighter animals of this same breed and stamp, which drew the post-coachee, in a style that I have never seen approached, out of 'New England, in America ; nor do I believe that it ever has been approached elsewhere. For several years it was my fortune, some twelve or thirteen yeai-s since, when Salem was the extreme eastern limit of railroad travel, to journey a good deal between Boston and Bangor, in Maine ; and, as I always preferred the box, with the double object of observing the country, and seeing the horses work, having, also, a tolerable knack of getting on with the coach- men, who, by the way, were coachmen, on those roads, in those days, not stable-helpers— each one coaching his own team along, 52 THE H0K8B. I' 1 as well or as badly as he coxild, according to the fashion of all the other States in which I have journeyed— I contrived to pick up some information, concerning the quick v/orking, active, powerful, well-conditioned, and bound animuls, m Inch excited both my wonder and my admiraHon. My wonder! for that, in my stage-coach experiences in New York, New Jersey, Tennsj Ivania, and Upr.er Canada, from the year 1831 to 1830, of wV.ich I Jiad ';7yoye'o considerable oppor- tunity—having once voyaged in what was called, by a cruel irony, the Telegraph Li;)e, from Albany to Buffalo, through, in three days and two nighto— I had formed any thing but a favor- able estimate of American stage-eoaching. My admiration! for that over roads, though very well kept for the state of the country, which would have made c'l English whip open his eyes, and probably his moutli also, in impreca- t" jnb both loud and deep, and through a 7ery rough line of country, bo fur as hil't. and long stages were concerned, I never saw any horses, in ray life, do their work more honestly, more regularly, or more quickly. The rate of going was nine miles, including stoppages ; to do which it was necessary to make between ten and eleven over the road ; the time was pimctually kept— as punctually as on the best English mail routes, at that time, when the English mail was the wonder of the world ; and I have no hesitation in saying that ten and a half to eleven miles an hour, over those roads, is fully equal to thirteen or fourteen over the English turnpikes, as they were at the time concerning which I am writing. And I speak, on this subject, with the conviction that I speak knowingly ; for, between the years 1825 and 1831, there were not a great many fast coaches on the flying roads of the day, on the boxes of which I have not sat, nor a few of the fast- est, on which I have not handled the ribbons. All these horses were evidently of the very breed and stamp which I describe ; and I learned, on inq -.iry, that it is from the region I have named, the northern part of Massachusetts, namely, Vermont, and perhaps some portion of New Hampshire, that most of the horses came, and that from those quartere, moreover, is the origin of the horse of Maine, almost without admixture. ->-' Whence this admirable stock of horses came, or how it has %^ .aWMWiJiiwrt 1^'"" '"'* THE DKAUvJHT HOE8E OF VERMONT. 53 been created, there is, as I have observed, no record. I do not, however, think it L.ipossible, or even difficult to arrive at some- thing not very far from the facts of the matter ; if one look to the sources whence he might reasonably expect such a strain to be deduced, and then find that such sources are not wanting, and that nearly in the proportion one would have suggested. In the first place, then, the size, the action, the color, the comparative freedom from hair on the limbs, the straiglitness of the longer hairs of the mane and tail, and the quickness of movement, would, at once, lead one to suspect a hUfjC cross, perhaps the largest of any, on the original mixed coimtry horse, of Cleveland Bay. There are, however, some points in almost all these horses, which must be referred to some other foreign cross than the Cleveland, not thoroughbred, and, as I have men- tioned above, certainly not Norman or Canadian, of which these animals do not exhibit any charactei-istic. The points to which I have referred, are, principally, the shortness of the back, the roundness of the barrel, the closeness of the ribbing up, the general punchy or pony build of the animal, and its form and larger and more massively muscular than those of the size. Cleveland Bay, yet displaying fully as large, if not a larger, share of blood than belongs to that animal, in its unmixed form. The prevalent colors of this breed, or family, if I may so call it, also appear to point to an origin different, in part, from that of thv. pure Cleveland Bays, which, as I have before observed, lean to the light or yellow bay variation, while these New Eng- landers tend, as decidedly, to the blood bay, if not to the brown bay or pure brown. Now these latter are especially the dray-horse colors, and ' the points which I have specified above are also those, in a great measure, of the improved dray-horse. The cross of this blood in the present animal, if there be one, is doubtless very remote^ and whether it may have come from a single mixture of the dray stallion, long since, or from some half-bred imported stallion, perhaps got by a three-part tho- roughbred and Clevelander from a di ay mare, must, of course, be doubtful. At all events, I should have little hesitation in pronouncing that what I call the l.,i\ Iraught horse of Vermont 54 THE HORSE. has in its veins principally Cleveland Bay blood, with sonio cross of thorough blood, one at least, directly or indirectly, of the improved English dray-horse, and not impossibly a chance admixture of the Sufiblk. And to bring this hypothesis, which, thus far, it must be admitted, is in the main conjectural, to something more like fact, we iind that so long since as 1821 a Suftblk cart-horse stallion was imported into Massachusetts by John Coffin ; that in 1825 a Cleveland Bay stallion and mare, and a London dray-horse stallion ; and that again in 1828, another Cleveland Bay stal- lion, with two thoroughbreds, Barefoot, the St. Lcger winner, of 183.^, and Serab, who unfortunately proved impotent, were imported into Massachusetts by the late Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, no less distinguished for his patriotism than for his eccentricity and gallantry, in the British service. I cannot, of course, pretend to assert that the race of the animals in cpiestion are ipsofaclo the descendants of these very imported mares and stallions ; but when one finds, in any region or district of country, o certain stock, be it of horses or of neat cattle, of sheep, or even of swine, strongly showing the characteristic marks of some well-known distinctive race or races, and thou ascertains that progenitors or progenitrixes of those very races were actually introduced into that district, for the avowed purpose of improving the native breeds, at a period prior to any positive notice or description of the now existing stock, he would hardly, I think, be rash in ascribing the present family to tlie intermixture of the bloods of those ancestors in a greater or lesser degree. This view, it must be observed, concerning the draught-horse of Vermont, which I have ventured to term a family, is not intended to militate against the opinions set forth above as to the possibility of creating, by intermixture of bloods, a family which shall reproduce itself unmixed. No such claim has been set on foot for the Vermont draught- horse, although something of the kind has been attempted, con- eeniing a single highly-bred branch or offset, as I regard it, of the general stock of the region. I do not even mean to assert that these horses can claim any one, or more, individual family ancestors, common to all ; or EFFECT OF IN-BKEEDING. 56 that they have any 8\ich actual blood connection among them, as should constitute them, in actual fact, a family. All that I believe, or desire to put forth, is, that there now exists a peculiar type of horse of great merit for many purposes, over a large district of country, sub're cross are disqualified, in America the same view is now generally adopted, and a horse of the fiM PM« cross is considered a thoroxighbred. 5 (P. 22.) Orville. the winner of the St. Leger in 1802, was a; bay colt by Bcningbrough, out of Evelina, by Highflyer. « (P. 40.) Harkforward, imported by Hon. Alex. Porter, of Oak Lawn, near Franklin, La. He did not die immediately after his arrival. Imported mare Vaga had a filly foal by him in 1844, which ran at New Orleans in the spring of 1847. . » 'J, w :i 10 a tio. HISTORY OF THE CONESTOOA HORSE. Of tliis noble dranght-liorse, I regret to say that there is nothing more certainly on record, than there is in relation to the Vermont hoi-se. Tlie above cut is the portrait of a fine brown Conestoga horse, in the possession of Adams's Express Co. ; height, 16 hands and a half inch ; weight, 1440 lbs. In appearance, he approaches far more nearly to the im- proved light class London dray-horse, and has, in so far as I can judge, little, if any, admixture of Cleveland Bay, and, most emphatically, none of thorough blood. He is a teamster, and a teamster only ; but a very noble, a very honest, and a moderately quick-working teamster. In size and power, I have seen some of these great horses, employed 68 TIIE HORSE. 0^ in drawing the cnnal-bonts down tlio railroad track in Market Btreot, Pliiladc'lpliiu, little if at all inferior to the dray-liorHCs oi the best hrcworieH and distilleries in London ; many of them coming np, I slionld nay, fully to the standard of seventeen or Boventecn and a half hands in height. In color, too, they follow the dray-horses ; being more often blood-bayH, browns, and da})i)le-gray8, than, I think, of any other shade. The l)ays and browns, moreover, are frequently dai»iiled also on their quarters, which is decidedly a dray-horso characteiistic and beauty ; -.mie it is, in some degree, a deroga- tion to a horse pretending to much blood. This peculiarity is often observable also in the larger of the lieavy Vermont draught-horses, and I believe it is not unknown in the light and speedy Morgans. Tliey have the lofty crests, shaggy volume^ of mane and tail, round buttocks, hairy fetlocks and great round feet of the dray- horae. But they are, I should say, longer in the back, finer in the shoulder, looser in the loin, and, perhaps, flatter in the side, than their English antitypes. They do not run to the unwieldy superfluity of flesh, for •which the dray-horse is unfortunately famous; they have a lighter and livelier carriage, a better step and action, and are, in all res])ect8, a better traveller, more active, generally useful ai d siqierior style of animal. They were, for many years, before railroads took a part of the work oft" their broad and honest backs, the great carriers of produce and provision from the interior of Pennsylvania to the seaboard or the iT)arket ; and the vast white-topped wagons, drawn by superb teams of the stately Conestogas, were a dis- tinctive feature in the landscape of the great agricultural State. The lighter horses of this breed were the general farm-horses of the country, and no one, who is familiar with tlie agricul- tural regions of that fine State, can fail to observe that the farm-hoi-ses, generally, whether at the plough or on the road, are of considerably more bulk and bone than those of New York, New Jersey, or the AVestern country. It is probable, though I am not qualified to say how far, that the heavy draught of the mineral wealth of the State, may, in a measure, foster the use of a larger horse, the mule being, at TlfE CONEBTCKJA IIORSR. 69 least in those portions of Pennsylvania witli wliioli I nnn fami- liar, loss gonorally usotl f(ir toaniinj^, tlian fartlior South. Of tho Coiu'stonfa horse, although it has long been known and (listinguislK'd by name as a separate family, nothing is posi- tively authentieated, from the fact that such ^Muligrces have never been, in the least degree, attended to ; and, perhaps, no less, from the different language 8|)oken by tho German farmers, among whom this stock seems first to have obtained, and by whom principally it has been preserved. It is much to be feared, that it is now too late to obtain any satisfactory data concerning this, as concerning many other matters of much interest to tho equestrian and agricultural world ; so long a period having elapsed since the arrival of the early settlers, that tradition is almost dumb concerning their advent, much more the luituro of their importations. It seems tome, however, taking into consideration the thrifty character and apparently ample means of the early German settlers, their singular adherence to old customs aiul conserva- tism of old-country ideas, most probable that they brought with them horses and cattle, such as Wouvermans and Paul Potter painted ; and introduced to the rich pastures of the Delaware and the Schuylkill the same type of animals, which had be- come famous in the similarly constituted lowlands of Flanders, Guelderland, and the United Provinces. So early as 1775 a stallion named " American Dray-IIorso," sixteen and a half hands in height, got by the " Old English Dray-Horse," imported by Col. Francis, it is not stated out of what mare, stood at New Garden, in Chester county, Pennsyl- vania ; and if, as I am inclined to suspect, the Conestoga-horse is descended from a mixture of the Flemish cart-horse with the English breed, to which it bears so considerable a resemblance, it may well bo that this remote importation may bo one of the forefathere of the family, which, it is earnestly to be hoped, will not be allowed to fall into abeyance, although the railroads have deprived Othello of one half his occupatiou. In reply to a letter, addressed by myself, to the worthy pre- sident of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society, who has done so much for that State in the line of fine cattle, inquiring what information could be afforded to me concerning the horse-in- 00 THK IldUHK. tcreet of tlio State, niid oHpccially conceriiinjf tlio ConcHtoj^n horse, I recfivcil tlio sulijo'mcd U-ttor, from a jjfriitlemaii, whom ho c.fa horse, or hors(^s. The valley of tho Conestoga having been originally settled by (Tcrmans, who took a great deal of pride in keej)ing fine, large, fat horses, and — before rail- roads were constructed — their large heavy teams being em- l>loyed in tran8i)orting their siirphis prnduce to market, and in conveying inerehandise from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, those teams attracted attention and admiration, wherever they went ; and the region, whence they came, became noted and exten- sively known, as producing the finest horses in the country. Jhit there was not, I think, any distinctive, original stock to which the appellation of Conestoga could, with propriety, bo applied. Some sixty or seventy years ago, a horse was intro- d\iced in this ;ounty called the " Chester County Lion," and a great nuiny horses have been raised from that stock. About the same time, or perhaps a little later, another was brought hither called the " English Bull," a large, heavy, clumsy horse, probably of Flemish stock, apparently well calculated for heavy draft. This horse struck tho fancy of our German farmers, and that stock was extensively bred for some time ; but experience proved iiiat they were sluggish, slow in their movements, and incapable of performing as much service, or standing as much hardship, as a smaller and more active breed. There have been also several blooded or English horses brought into Cones- PREBKNT cormmoN. ei fo^a VulU'}-. which, heing crossed with other breeds, hnvo pro. (IiicimI hoiim) very tine, active, scrviceiilde horses, and all these liuve been ciihitU'red IJonestoj^u horses. 1 recollect a horso lluit was called "Concstoga Lion" but the name was only a t'aucv of tho owner, who resided in Conestoga townshij) ; and the horso was generally kiinwii in the neighborhood as " Sto- man's horse ;"' and, though many lino colts have* been raised tVoni him, ho had no more claim to tlio distinctive title of a Concstoga horse than a hundred others. Eespectfully yours, JuiiN Stkoum. It will be understood frotn this clear and intelligent stato* mcnt, which is just what such a Btatement should be, telling exactly what tho writer knowti and surmising nothing on i)roba- bilities, that tho origimil or early horso of this celebrated local- ity, when it fii-st gained its renown, was of the heavy stamp, which, and not tho more recent improved typo of tho same stock, I have described above as the Conestoga horse ; and that it was descended, in part at least, from Flemish and English dray-l.orso stock. Nor is it at nil impossible that tho "Chester-County Lion," spoken of, may be sprung from the loins of tho dray-horHOS 6i)0cified heretofore, the dates seeming to corroborate the hypo- thesis, as also tho country whence he came. Whether there was an earlier Flemish stock brought by the Germans to that locality, or •whether they merely raised tho standard and size of tho liorse by breeding, carefuily and exclu- sively, from the finest and largest animals, both dam and sire, is not now a point worthy of consideration. That such judicious and scientific breeding will produce its effect after a time, with whatever animal, down to a BakewoU sheep or a Suffolk swine, is an indisputable fact. It is enough that the family is there ; that it was created for a certain purpose, and yet exists and is in demand for analogous purposes, wherever such occur, to tho present day. That from this, as from all other strong, bony, cold-blooded stocks, highly useful horses are raised by adopting the service of thoroughbred sires, is merely corroborative of what I have written before, and particularly in relation to the Vermont draft-horse. It only re- 62 THE HORSE. mains to hope, that in improving the stock "by the introduction of blood, the breeding of mares of the original type, from parents of size, power and shape, of the same stock on both sides, will not be neglected ; for it may, I think, be taken as an established physical fact, that when the mares of any family have degene- rated in size and bone, from being brought too nearly to oriental blood, the stock cannot be improved, or brought back to the original bulk' and bone, retaining the game qualities of the blood, by the use of large coarse sires. And this brings me to the Canadian horse, which I regard, as in its unmixed state, and I believe very many to exist in Canada perfectly unmixed, to be of the purest and best Norman blood. wha stoc His HISTORY OF THE CANADIAN HORSE. The Canadian is generally low- sized, rarely exceeding fifteen hands, and oftener tailing short of it. The above cut is a portrait, drawn from a photograph in the possession of Mr. Wm. T. Porter, by Mr. Fitzgibbons, of the celebrated Canadian trotting stallion St. Lawrence, taken at the St. Louis Agriciiltural Fair, in the fall of 1856. It is thought to be a particularly good likeness, and the horse him- self is a fine type of this peculiar breed. His characteristics are a broad, open forehead ; ears some- what wide apart, and not unfrequently a basin face ; the latter, perhaps, a trace of the far remote Spanish blood, said to exist in his veins; the origin of the improved Norman or Percheron stock being, it is usually believed, a cross of the Spaniard, Barb ., by descent, with the old Norman war-horse. \ His crest is lofty, and his demeanor proud and courageous. ' His breast is full and broad ; his shoulder strong, though some- Ml y 64 THE nOKSK. what straight and a little inclinod to be heavy ; his back broad, and his croup round, ficfihy and muscular. His ribs are not, however, so much arched, nor are they so well closed up, as his general shape and build would lead one to expect. His legs and feet are admirable ; the bone large and flat, and the sinews big, and nervous as steel s])ring8. His feet seem almost unconscious of disease. His fetlocks are shaggy, his mane voluminous and massive, not seldom, if untrained, falling on both sides of his neck, and his tail abundant, both having a peculiar orlmpkd wave, if 1 may so express myself, the like of which I never saw in any horse which had not some strain of this blood. He cannot be called a speedy horse in his pure state ; but he is emphatically a quick one, an indefatigable undaunted travel- ler, with the greatest endurance, day in and day out, allowing him to go at his own pace, say from six to eight miles the hour, with a horse's load behind him, of any animal I have ever driven. He is extremely hardy, will thrive on any thing, or al- most on nothing; is docile, though high-spirited, remarkably sure-footed on tlie worst ground, and has fine, high action, bending his knee roundly and setting his foot sc[ua-:ely on the ground. As a farm-horse and ordinary farmer's roadster, there is no honester or better animal ; and, as one to cross with other breeds, whether upward by the mares to thoroughbred stallions, or downward by the stallions to common country mares of other breeds, he has liardly any equal. From the upward cross, with the English or American thoroughbred on the sire's side, the Canadian has produced some of the fastest trotters and the best gentleman's road and saddle horses in the country ; and, )n the other hand, the Cana- dian stallion, wherever he has been introduced, as he has been largely in the neighborhood of Skeueateles, and generally in the western part of the State of New York, is gaining more and more favor with the farmers, and is improving the style and stamina of the country stock. He is said, although small him- ■ self in stature, to have the unusual quality of breeding up in size with larger and loftier mares than himself, and to give the foals his own vigor, pluck and iron constitution, with the frame and general aspect of their dams. HIS BAKB BLOOD. 65 This, by the way, appears to be a characteristic of the Barb blood above all others, and is a strong corroboration of the le<'end, which attributes to him an early Andalusian strain. THE INDIAK PONY. Tlie various breeds of Indian ponies found in the West, gene- rally appear to me to bo the result of a cross between the South- ern mustang, descended from the emancipated Spanish horses of the south west, and the smallest type of the Canadian, the proportions varying according to the localities in which they are found, those farther to the south shai-ing more largely of the Spanish, and those to the north of the Norman blood. On my first visit to Canada, in 1831, I had an opportunity of seeing great herds of these ponies, running nearly wild on the rich meadow lands about the Grand Eiver, belonging to the Mohawk Indians, who had a large reservation on that river, near the village of Brantford, which took its name, I believ^e, from the chief, who was a son of the famous Brant, Thayendanagca, of ante-revolutionary renown. These little animals, which I do not think any of them exceeded ♦hirteen hands, had all the characteristics of the pure Canadians, and, except in size, were not to be distinguished from them. They had the same bold carriage, open counte- nance, abundant hair, almost resembling a lion's mane, the same general build, and above all, the same iron feet and legs I hired a pair of these, I well remember, both stallions, and they took me in a light wagon, with a heavy driver and a hundred weight, or upwards, of baggage, over execrable roads, sixty miles a day, for ten days in succession, without exhibiting the slightest di tress, and at th^sJiS^ of the journey were all ready to set out on the same trip again. I was new at the time in America, and was much sm-prised and interested by the performance of this gallant little pair of animals. They were pierfectly matched, both in size and color, very dark brown, and twelve hands and a half in height ; and where the road was hard and good, could spin along at nearly nine miles in the hour. Tliey were very merrj* goers. Vot. IL— 6 66 THE H0E8B. It was their wonderful eure-footedness, sagacity, and docility, however, which most deliglitcd me. Tliey were driven without blinkers or bearing reins, and where, as was often the case, bridges seemed doubtful, the bottom of miry fords suspicious of quagmires, or the road otherwise dangerous, tliey would put do-AMi their heads to examine, try the difficulty with their feet, and, wlien satisfied, would get through or over jjlaces, which seemed utterly impracticable. In short, I became perfectly in love with them ; and, as the price asked for tliem was fabulously small— considerably, if I re- collect aright, under fifty dollars Ibr the pair— I should certainly have bought theui, had there been any way of getting theiu down from what was then almost a wilderness, though it is now the very finest part of the province. Whence this pony breed of Canadians has arisen, 1 am un- able to say ; but I believe it to be almost entirely peculiar to the Indian tribes, wherefore I atn inclined to think it may have been produced by the dwarfing process, which will arise from hardship and privation endured generation after generation, particularly by the young animals and the mares while heavy in foal. These animals had, I can say almost positively, no recent cross of the Spanish horse ; but I have seen, since that time, ponies approaching nearly to the same type, which showed an evident cross of the mustang ; and I have seen animals called mustangs, in which I was convinced that there was Canadian blood. With this, I take my leave of what I consider the last of the families of the horse, now existing, peculiar to America ; here- after, I shall proceed to give some statistics and general infor- mation, for which I am indebted to my friend Col. Harris of the Ohio Cultivator, and to Messrs. A. Y. Moore and Joshua Clem- ents of Michigan, and to Mr. J. H. Wallace of Muscatine, Iowa, with various friends and correspondents of these gentle- men, concerning the breeds of horses, and the general condition of the horse interest, in the West. In none, however, of those newly settled, but vastly thriving agricultural Slates, is there any thing that can, with die least propriety, be claimed as ia dis- tinctive tamily of the horse. THE NARRAQAN8ETr PACER. 67 I pass, therefore, briefly to the consideration of what was, while it existed in its purity — I fear one may now say, while it existed., in broad terms — a truly distinct, and for its own pecu- liar use and purpose, a most valuable, as it was a most interest- ing, curious and beautiful variety, or species — for it seems to me that it almost amounts to that — of the Equine Family. THE NAKBAQANSETT PACER. Tills beautiful animal, which, so far as I can ascertain, has now entirely ceased to exist, and concerning which the strang- est legends and traditions are afloat, was, I think it may be positively asserted, of Andalusian blood. The legends, to which I allude, tell in two wise ; or rather, I shou' ' say, . there are two versions of the same legend. One saying that the original stallion, whence came the breed, was picked up at sea, swimming for his life, no one knew whence or whither ; and was so carried in by his salvoi-s to the Providence Plantations ; the other, evidently another form of the same story, stating that the same original progenitor was discovered running wild in the woods of Ehode Island. The question, however, thus far seems to be put at rest by the account of these animals given in a note to the very curious work " America Dissected," by the Rev'd James McSparran, D.D., which is published as an appendix to the History of the Church of Narragansett, by Wilkins Updike. Dr. McSparran was sent out in April, 1721, as their mission- ary, by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, to that venerable church of which he was the third incum- bent, and over which he presided thirty-seven years, generally n jpected and beloved, uatil he departed this life, on the /rst day of December, 1759, and was interred under the communion table of the church, which he had so long served. In his "America Dissected" the doctor twice mentions the pacing horee, which was evidently at that remote date an estab- lished breed in that province. " To remedy this," he says — this being the great extent of the parishes in Virginia, of which he is at first speaking, and the distances which had to bo travelled to church — ^" to remedy this, as the whole province, between the mountains, two hundred i1 -rssR rrsK^ m 68 THE H0B8E. miles up, and the sea, is all a champaign, and without stones, they liavo plenty of a small sort of horses, the best in the world, like the little Seotch Galloways ; and 'tis no extraordinary journey to ride from sixty to seventy miles, or more, in a day. I have often, but upon larger pacing horses, rode fifty, nay, sixty miles a day, even here in New England, where the roads are rough, stony, and uneven," And elsewhere he speaks more distinctly of the same breed. "The produce of this colony," Rhode Island, "is principally butter and cheese, fat cattle, wool, and fine liorses, which are exported to all parts of English America. They are remarka- ble for fleetness and %vr\it pacing ; and I have seen some of them pace a mile in a little more than two minutes, and a good deal less than three." If the worthy doctor of divinity were a good judge of pace and had a good timing watch, it would seem that the wonder- ful time of Pocahontas was equalled, if not outdone, above a century ago ; at all events, he establishes, beyond a peradven- ture, tlie existence of the family and its unequalled powers, as well of speed as of endurance. To the latter extract is attached the following note, which I insert entire, with all the quotations as they stand in the origi- nal. These are, however, somewhat confused ; so that it is not altogether clear, at all timfes, who is the speaker. " The breed of horses, called ' Narragansett Facers,' once so celebrated for fleetness, endurance and speed, has become ex. tinct. These horses were highly valued for the saddle, and trans- ported the rider with great pleasantness and surencss of foot. The pure blocds could not trot at all. Formerly, they had pace races. Little Neck beach, in South Kingston, ot one mile in length, was the race course. A silver tankard was the prize, and high bets were otherwise made on speed. Some of these prize tankards were remaining a few years ago. \ Traditions re- Bpecting the swiftness of these horses are almost incredible. Watson, in his 'Historical Tales of Olden Times,' says: 'In olden time, the horses most valued were pacers, now so odious deemed. To this end the breed was propagated with care. The Narragansett racers were in such repute, that they were sent iSSfS^RE" niSTORT OF PACERS. 69 for, at much trouble and expense, by some who were choice in their selections. "The aged Tliomas Matlock, of Philadelphia, was passionately fond of races in his youth — he said all genteel horses were pacers. A trotting horse was deemed a base breed. All races were pace races. " Thomas Bradford, of Philadelphia, says they were run in a circular form, making two miles for a heat. At the same time they run straight races of a mile. " Mr. I. T. Hazard, in a communication, states, that " within ten years, one of my aged neighbors, Enoch Lewis, sinco de- ceased, informed me that he had been to Virginia as one of the riding boys to return a similar visit of the Virginians in that section, in a contest on the turf; and that such visits were com- mon with the racing sportsmen of Narragansett and Virginia when he was a boy. Like the old English country gentlemen, from whom they were descended, they were a horse-racing, fox- hunting, feasting generation. "My grandfather. Gov. Robinson, introduced the famous saddle horse, the ' Narragansett Pacer,' known in the last cen- tury over all the civilized part of North America and the West Indies, yVoOT. whence they have lately been introduced into Eng- land as a ladies' saddle horse, under the name of the Spanish Jenette. Governor Robinson imported the original from Anda- lusia, in Spain, and the raising of them for the West India mar- ket was one of the objects of the early planters of this country. My grandfather, Robert Hazard, raised about a hundred of them annually, and often loaded two vessels a year wi 'i them, and other products of his farm, which sailed direct from the South Ferry to the West Indies, where they were in great demand. One of the causes of the loss of that famous breed here, was the great demand for them in Cuba, when that island began to cul- tivate sugar extensively. The planters became suddenly rich, and wanted the pacing horses for themselves and their wives and daughters to ride, faster than we could supply them ; and Bent an agent to this country to purchase them on such terms as he could, but to purchase at all events. " I have heard my father say he knew the agent very well, and he made his home at the Rowland Brown House, at Tower 70 Tin: HORSB. Hill, wlierc ho commenced purchasing and shipping, until all the good ones were sent off. lie never let a good one escape him. This, and the fact that they were not so well adapted for draft as other horses, was the cause of their being neglected, and I believe the breed is now extinct in this section. " My father described the motion of this horse as diflfering from others, in that its back bono moved through the air in a straight line, without inclining tuc rider from side to side, as the common racker or pa i . +.)*•» present day. Hence it was very easy; and, being of gn >ow i-ind endurance, they would perform a journey of one In. .'L-ed nr'^' . a day, without injury to themselves or rider. '"Those kept for family use were never used in harness, drafting stiffened their limbs. In the revolutionary war, trot- ting horses became more valuable for teaming than pacers, and would sell better in market, and could bo easier matched. Af- ter the war, trotters were more valuable for transportation, and the raising of pacing horses consequently ceased. Only a few of the country gentlemen kept them for their own use. In the year 1800, there was only one living. *' -An aged lady, now living in Narragansett, in 1791, rode one of these pacers, on a ladies' side saddle, the first day to Plainfield, 30 miles, the next day to Hartford, 40, staid there two days, then rode to New Haven, 40, from thence to New London 40, and then home to Narragansett, 40 miles more. She says she experienced no sensible fatigue. " Hoi-ses and the mode of travelling, like every thing else, have undergone the change of fashion." The latter reasons, I presume, assigned for the extinction ot this breed, are probably the nearest to the truth ; for one would imagine that, how grefit soever the Spanish demand, and how- ever large the prices the agent might be willing to pay, there would be some persons of sufficient foresight to retain animals enough to support a breed, which must naturally have become the more valuable, the greater the demand for it. The fact seems to be, that, up to the beginning of the pre- sent century in this country, much as it was half a century yet farther back in England, tlie roads were so bad, as to be, except in tlie finet t weather, wholly impracticable for wheel carriages ; . "■^^i»SS!^^"" CAU8K OF TIIEIB DECLINE. 71 and that, except on the greut turnpiko roads, and in the immedi- ate vicinity of large cities, private jdcasuro veliicle8 were almost unknown. Ail long journeys, at tliat time, with lew e-xceptions, and all excursions lor pleasure, I'or ordinary business, such as calls the rural population to the post town on nuirket days, and all visitings between friends and neighboi-s, were performed, by both sexes, on the saddle. At that time, there was therefore a demand, not as a matter of plciif urc or display, but as an actual necessity, for speedy, and above all, for pleasant and easy-going saddle-horses — since to ride a bone-settiug trotter, a journey of successive days, over the country as it then was, would have been a veritable peine forte et dure. No horse, kept consta.-tly at harness work, particu- larly at farming work, can possibly be an agreeable, if even a safe^ saddle horse to ride, For the use of hanging on the collar accustoms a horse to depend on it, as if for support, although in truth it can afford none ; and, when he cannot feel it, ho is sure to bear heavily on the hand, and is likely, if not delicately handled, to come upon his head. Hence persons who are particular — not to say fanciful — about their saddle horses, never allow them to look through a collar ; and as, when the possession of an easy-going saddle horse was a matter of as much consideration as that of an easy-fitting shoe, every one was particular about his riding horse, pacers, when- ever they could be found, were more than a luxury, and almost a necessity, to men or women, who were used to be much in the saddle. The expense of this was, of course, considerable, since the pacer was useless for any other purpose ; so soon, therefoie, as the roads improved, in proportion tc the improvement of the country and the general increase of population, wheel carriages generally came into use, and the draft horse supplant- ed the saddle horse. At the same time, as property became subdivided among many heirs, the fortunes of the country gen- tlemen diminished, and, in process of time, country gentlemen, resident on their own estates, in affluence approaching to luxury, ceased to be. It was soon found, that, whereas one could not have a toler- able saddle horse, if he were allowed to work in the plough or i 79 TIIE nORSE. draw the team, the same labor in no degree detracted from the chaise or carriage Ijorse. Ilenco the pacer was superseded by the trotter; and tlio riding liorso from being an article of necessity, became one of exclusive luxury ; to such a degree, that, until comparatively a very recent period, when ladies again began to take up riding, there have been very few distinctively broken riding horses, and still fewer kept cxdimvely as such, in the Northern States of America. Probably, there never was a country in the world, in which there is so large a numerical proportion of horses to the popula- tion, and in which the habits of the people are so little eques- trian, as the States to the north and east of Mason and Dixon's line. In a day's journey through any of the rural districts, ono will meet, beyond a doubt, a hundred persons travelling in light wagons, sulkies, or chaises, for five — I hardly think I should err, if I were to say for one — on horseback. And this unquestionably is the cause of the decline, or ra- ther the extinction, of the pacer. For, although there have been, since my own recollection, pacing horses in this section of tlie country, professedly from Rhode Island, and called by names implying a Narragansett ori- gin, and although it may well be that they Avero from that re- gion, and possibly from that blood, in a remote degree, they did not pace naturally, because they were Narragansett Pacere, but were called Narragansett Pacers because, coming somewhere from that region of country, they paced by accident — as many chance horses do — or, in some instances, had been taught to pace. It is a matter of real regret that this family has entirely dis- appeared, and I presume without any prospect or hope of its re- suscitation. In England, notwithstanding what Mr. Hazard states, in the note I have quoted above, concerning the impor- tation of these pacers, under the name of Spanish jennets, I never saw or heard tell, having been among horses and horse- men since my earliest childhood, of any such race of ladies' rid- ing horses ; nor have I ever read, to the best of my memory, THE LABT OF THE MOmOANS. 78 of pacers, la satire, pooin, or romance, as a feature of feininino luxury. In Andalusia and Spain generally, I have no knowledge of a breed of horses to wliieli that gait is native and chanicteristie ; and if it were ko, all the English military and nuiny of my own friends and relations, in my younger days, being thoroughly familiarized to all the Spanish provinces during the course of the Peninsular oanjpaigns, I could hardly have been ignorant of the fact. IJeyond which, I well reinend)er the cpiestion being mooted as to the acttuil reality of natumlpacerH^ when, by the mention of this particular breed of Narragansetts by Mr. Cooper, in his "Last of the Mohicans," they were first introduced to the English horseman. It would almost appear that various species of domestic animals have their own all(»tted period of existence contempo- raneous with the dates of their greatest utility ; and that when the requirement has ceased to exist, the race itself speedily passes away. For it wouhl seem to require further causes than the mere cessation of care in ])reserviiig any given species to produce, in so short a space, the total extinction of n family, as lias been the case within the memory of man with several varieties, both of the dog and the horse. f )f the latter I may instance the true Scottish galloway and the Narragansett pacer, which it would seem have some claims to be considered pure races, besides several of the coarser breeds already noticed — the former two entirely, the others nearly, obliterated from the list of horses now in use, or even in being. Of the former, the pure Talbot bloodhound, the great Irish wolf-dog, the genuine rough-haired Highland deer-hound, and the old English mastiff, not crossed with bid!, do not, it is believed, exist at all in their original purity ; yet on many of these much care has been expended, in the hope of perpetuating their breeds ; and efforts have been made to reproduce them by a course of artificial breeding. At all events, even if it were possible, as I am satisfied it is not, to recreate these varieties of the horse, the attempt is not likely to be made, for the age of long journeys on horseback, or in private vehicles, has passed away for ever in the civilized countries of the world ; and for riding horses of mere pleasure, - MJMMI-ikJWiitl u TIIR nORSE. Bpoed, Ktjio, l)oaiity, hlood, and action, not nn cnsy gnit and the nmintoMiuKU! of n hIow pnco for nmny succcHHive hours or duys, aro the dt«Hi(U'rnta at the prortent time. Witli tho Narrn^'anwrt paci-r I (-1)80 my ncconnt of tho dis- tinctive families of tho Aiiioricau hurso. I cannot bo hronght to boliovo that what is caIU'(l tho Mor- gan horso IS in any truo senso of tho word a family ; or, in phiin English, tluit tho qnalitios attributed, and jtrobably attribnt»>d with truth, to tho very useful Mtii/nj) of horse, known under tluit name, aro derived from any ono peculiar strain of blood, still less from any one particular individual. That ono stallion, himself not a thoroughbred— or oven if lio had been a thoroughbred, which is scarcely claimod for tho Justin Morgan— shoidd bo tho i)rogenitor, to the sixth generation, of Btallions, all out of inferior marcs, or at best, nwires of their own precise strain of blood, possessing and transmitting tho saino qualities of excellence, year after year, is an anomaly unheard of, a prctonco which has never been elsewhere put forward, and one may say, founding tho dlotuin on tho oxporionco of all time, a physiological impossibility. In anf)thor jtlace I shall consider tho Morgan horse at sonio length ; for I admit that tho animals so called have their merits ; and then I shall endeavour to show what they aro, and what thoy aro not ; but I cannot admit them to be a distinct, or oven a new family ; nor can I recommend the use of stallions of that blood for mares of tho same type, and still less for mares of higher blood, with a view to propagating animals of tho like speed, finish or courage. From inferior mares such sires will unquestionably produce offspring superior to the 7narca, but, as certainly, inferior to themselves ; since of whatever blood it bo that gives the merit, the offspring must have one-half loss than the sire. I pass, therefore, for tho present, to a review of the origin and present condition of tho liorse stock of several of tho Western States, which, with the 3ole exception of Vermont, are becoming daily more and more the great hoi'se-breeding regions of the United States, and in respect of numbers such without exception. This review is made up of reports by most intelligent and competent gontlomeu in the several States, and their informatiou MOUOAN AKD BLACK HAWK STALMONS. 78 nrny bo doubtlcBS roccivtul as authority. It will bo booh, that not II few ofthcKO rted "Monarch," owned by Eeber : ''utz, of Fairfield Co. " Grey Eagle," brought fi-om Iventuckv i . Messi-s. Smith, of Richland, and " Bush Messenger," from Maine, by Messrs. Ladd, of Jefferson Co. The Sciota Valley Horse Com- pany have also the imported " White Hall," stand'ng in Boss and Jackson Counties, and the Butler Co. Horse Company have " Gray Highlander " and " Victor " from Kentucky. In north- ern Ohio, besides the noted Morgans, " Onderdonk," " Napo- leon," " Flying Cloud," Eastman's " Green Mountain," &c., the trotting stallion, " Kennebec," in Trumbull Co., is owned ])y L, Pelton, and the half Arabian " Hassan," got by the stallion wlr', J', the Emperor of Morocco presented to Pres- Van Buren, and uwn^d by Chas. Cornwell, of Salom, Columbiana Co. m '-■^iSfSX DIfiUSB OF THE 6ADDLB. 81 Tliis summary mention of individuals embraces only a few comparatively of the best representatives of the horses of the west. Many others of like strain or blood are equally worthy of mention, but it is not necessary at this time, as enough has been said to give a comprehensive view of the general origin and style of the horses of Ohio, and consequently of the States farther west, which have received tlieir stock through this channel. The present number of horses in Ohio, as returned for taxa- tion, is about 600,000, valued at $32,000,000. Tlie last year has shown a falling off in the number of horses returned in the State, but the present continued high prices must induce a more numerous propagation. With the advance of wealth and cultivation in the country has come the passion for fine horses, so that a handsome turn- out is not confined to the gentlemen of the towns and cities, but the farmers themselves delight to appear in public with as good teams and carriages as the most fashionable aristocrats of the land. Tlie sports of the turf have hardly kept up their ancient renown in Oliio ; trotting matches are much more common than races, especially since the introduction of the Morgans.* The Queen City Course, at Cincinnati, the Capital City Couree, at Columbus ; a course at Monroeville, in Huron Co. ; one at Hayesvillo, in Ashland Co., and others more or less in disuse, are what remains of the regular stamping grounds of the Jockey Clubs. In place of these, most of the county agricultural societies have well graded driving rings, to which the boys re- sort for exercising their fast stock. Aside from the regular exhibition and trial of horees at the agricultural fairs, it is becoming quite customary, either for the society, or an independent one, to get up an exclusive horse show, some time in the spring or fall, where liberal premiums are awarded, and decided for the most part on the ground of speed. The general introduction of carriages had nearly done away with saddles, except in the most sparsely settled parts of the country and with drovers ; and, in towns, it was difficult ever to obtain a saddle horse at a livery stable, until an original idea ♦ See Note 4, p. 87. Vol. II.— 6 mmemtm 89 THE nORBK. was developed by the exhibition of ladies riding at the agricnl- tural fairs, which has grown so rapidly into public favor as to have become an institution of itself, and the most attractive feature of tlic M-hole exhibition. The result of this practice has been, that gentlemen cavaliera beinff ashamed to be outdone in boldness and skill in the saddle by the ladies, have taken to horse, as escorts of the fair riders; and a taste for horsemanship once created and the facilities of equipment at hand, there is a great demand for saddle horses, both in town and country, and many of the best nags of tliis class are in the hands of girls, who have trained them to an admirable style of performance. The docility and obedience of the highest Bpirited horses in the hands of a resolute woman is truly wonderful. There is scarcely a courser in the country that will not yield to a petticoat— even old Grey Eagle, that had not felt the saddle for years, and was pronounced by his owner impracticable, bore a woman proudly upon his back at the Ohio State Fair in Cleveland, in 1856. And the fiery Hassan yields kindly to the rein of his mistre-s, as he bears her over the field, like the wind, with his wide thin nostrils, flashing eyes, and tail like a great banner in the bi'eeze. The contagion of this Btirring example of petticoat chivalry in Ohio, has extended itself in all directions.* Westward to Iowa and Wisconsin, the ladies' riding has become the feature of the agricultiu i; fairs. Southward to Kentucky, where modish belles iirst received the idea with prudish horror, the new pas- sion has become fully inaugurated ; and eastward, in New York, and even in old Puritan Massachusetts and Connecticut, in this year of grace, 1856, have the long skirts of the lady equestrians fluttered in the astonished eyes of the sons and daughtei-s of the pilgrims, while they — not knowing what else better to do— have looked on with amazed delight and finally clapped their hands in approbation of the new heresy. The petticoats have con- quered, as they always do. So mote it be, for ever ! S. D. HAKRIS, Ohio Cultivator. * Equeatrian exercises, by both sexes, have been time out of mind vory cha^ acteristic of Kentuckians and the Southern States.— Ed. r THE HORSE STOCK OP 8 O U T n E U N OHIO. Southern Ohio Lusatio AiTWTM, I Dattok, March iiSth, 18S6. J Mb, H. W. Heebeet. Dear Sir,— My time is so much employed, that I find it impossible to do full justice to your request. But I will give you my own recollection, and as far as it goes you can rely on it as authentic. My observation goes back to 1825, and is limited to south-western Ohio. The original stock of horses was brought from New Jersey, Long Island, Virginia and Maryland. About 1825 some good stallions were brought into Ohio, but we have no authentic date of any good brood mares ha/ing been intro- duced. None were imported from England with undoubted pedigrees, prior to 1825. Among the early importations of horses from the old States, the first exerting a decided influence upon our stock, was one Blossom thoroughbred stallion from New Jersey, by Mr. K. PhiUips. In 1825, Mr. William P. Strader brougiit from New Jersey two fine stallions, Defiance, by Ball's Florizel, out of Miss Dance; she by Eoe Buck, &c., and Flag of Truce by Sir Solomon. About the same time several stallions were brought from Kentucky into western Ohio. They were by Cook & Blackburn's Whip ; he by imported Whip. A few years later, about 1827, a fine stallion, by imported Expedition, was brought from New Jersey, and about the same time the Messenger and Imported Diomed* stock were also intro- * Messenger was foaled 1780, died 1808, aged 28 years. 1777, died 1807, aged 30 years. Biomed was foaled 84 TRB nORSB. duced. TI1080 horflcfl stood in ft part of Warren Comity called the " Jersey Settlement," and their influence is still very mark- ed in horses for all work. The farnierH of the " Jersey Settle- ment" are owners of the best stock in this part of the State. In 1829 or 1830, Governors Me Arthur and Trumbull brought from Virginia some fine thoroughbred stoc'k, descendants of old Sir Archy and the Medleys, the best of Virginia blood. With this importation was a lot of lino brood mares and the stallion Tariff, l)y Sir Archy, out of Bet Bounce; she by imported Sir Harry, &c. These gentlemen, McArthur and Trumbull, estab- lished a large stock farm for raising thoroughbreds in Ross Co., near Chillicothe. The influence of that importation was very great, and is still apparent in that region. About the year 1831, Mr. M. Beach brought from New Jersey and Long Island several fine horses and brood mares. Among them, the Orphan Boy out of Maid of the Oaks by im- ported Spread Eagle, «fec. The Admiral, by imported Barefoot, and several fine brood mares and colts from the stock farm of Messrs, Bathgate and Purdy, New York. These' stallions, Orphan Boy and Admiral, stood in Hamilton, Butler, Warren and Montgomery Counties. Their influence for roadsters and all work is stdl to be seen. About the same time, Mr. David Buchanan introduced some fine thoroughbred stock from Kentucky, descendants of old Sir Archy, and some of the most noted of his get, such as Ber- trand's, Kosciusko's, Whipster's, Whip's, Hambletonian's, and Spread Eagle's, Their influence is also apparent among road- sters, hacks, «fec. In 1832, Mr, John Garner brought to this section the stal- lion Robert Burns, by Stockholder, standing for a number of years in this and adjoining counties south, producing a very durable stock. Many of his get, however, were affected with string-halt, as was the sire. In the same year, Mr. Peter Voorhees brought from Ken- tucky a brown horse, Friendly Tiger, descendant of Cook & Blackburn's Whip. This stock for " all work " had no superior, and were particularly valuable for coach horses. Cadmus, ly American Eclipse, out of Dii Vernon, she by Ball's Florizel ; and Washington, by Timoleon out of Ariadne, i" ^^PHPBS BLOOD BTAL.LIONB. 86 bIio by importod Citizen, wore imported from tho old Staten in ISJJH. WjiHhington stood in l^uyton two seasons, getting some of tlio finest sto(;i{ we have. In 1831), Capt. Ililey's imported Uarb horse Mayz»d)e, was brouf?ht to Oldo, Some of his get were very durable, tough. Lardy horses, as fann horses and roadsters. In 1840, Civil John by Tariff, tho son of Sir Archy, &c., out of Mary Uaxall by Ilaxall's Motios, &c. Good stock. Also a Mcdoc horse brought from Kentucky. In 1842 or 184;{, Mr. William Y. Barkalow, of Franklin, War- ren Co., introduced Com. Stockton's imported horse Langford, also ten or twelve tine brood mares and lillies, and established a stock farm in tho " Jersey Settlement." Among the mares, both native and imported, were of the former Miss Mattie and Caroline by Eclipse.^ These were of the best. The get of Langford and Eclipse mares constitute decidedly the best cross wo have, all large, line, good tempered, gentle and kind, and of the most durable. We have at present very few well authenti- cated pedigrees of brood mares in western Ohio ; the cause is negligence, very little attention being given to the Register. Also in 1842, the famous old horse Bellfounder, not more than a half-bred, if that, took up his quarters in Butler Co. His get are large, moderate trotters, looked upon as good coach horses, of early maturity, doing their best at 4 and 5 years and old horses at 7 and 8. Also the half-bred Archy Lightfoot, from Kentucky, son of Archy of Transport ; getting fine, large coach horses, early maturity — bays mostly — not lasting. In 1845 and 1846, two fine thoroughbred Kentucky horses, Gazan and Marco, bred by Doctor Warfield, Lexington, Ky., both got by his famous horse Sir Leslie, son of Sir William of Transport, he by Sir Archy, made three or four seasons in south- west Ohio. The stock is stylish, superior quality ; both of the horses are now in western Illinois and are greatly prized for their produce. Young Iron's Cadmus by Cadmus, he by Eclipse, dam by Sumpter, son of Sir Archy, was bred in Warren Co. This horse is the sire of the famous pacing mare Pocahontas, * Miss Mattie was by Sir Archy, and was the dam of Caroline by American Eclipse. 86 TIIK ItORAK. now owiumI on Lonj? Tsliind. She was raiwd in this region. Many of Young CiKliniis's got aro of the best wo have. A Htock farm in an ailjoining comity has Homo lino »to(!k, some of them probably tlioronghbrod, btit I am rtiabio to give tlioir podigreon. There 'm n Htook farm being emtabliwhed in FairticM Ooiinty, cast of us. Tiicy have purcliased of Mr. Lewis (i. Morris, of Mount Fordham, N". Y.. the celebrated imported horse Monarch, also Fashion, and seme others. A trotting stallion, C'assiua M. Clay, Jr., stood in Cincinnati in 1855, but I know nothing of his stock ; lio by old Cassias M. ('lay, lie by Ifenry (Jlay by Andrew Jackson by Young Bashaw, ♦fee. Dam of C. M. Clay, Jr., by old Abdallah, the sire of Ilys- dyk's llambletonian ; grandam by Lawrence's Eclij)sc ; ho by American Eclipse. Cassius M. Clay, Jr., is still living, the property of K. S. Strador & Co. of BuUctsvillo stud farm, lioone Co., Ky. White Hall, a Messenger horse, was at Chillicothc, and a horse called Highlander, in Eutler Co., both doubtful. There has been recently introduced in this region a small, and I believe, very indifferent Injrse, claiming to come from Ver- inont, and by the famous old Justice Morgan. These horses, Morgans of to-day, all that I have seen aro very unprepossessing. Square shoulders, short body, head and limbs, scrubby, not suited for anything — badly gotten up and bogus stock in general. Road horses for " all work " are mostly the produce of early importations from the old States of New York, New Jersey, Maryland and Virginia. The very best are the descendants of imp. Messenger, imp. Diomed, and imp. Expedition. Draught horses are mostly of the old Pennsylvania stock, large and strong, built something like an elcpJiant and will do as much in propor- tion. As early as 1825, we had a few race courses. Annual fall meetings were held at Cincinnati, Chillicothe, Dayton and Ham- ilton. The number of race courses increased considerably up to 1838. Since then the races have been published in the old " Spirit." In the fall of 1838, the Buckeye Course, near Cincin- nati, was established, regular meetings were held, and sport fine. The contending horses, mostly from Kentucky, \ ore Roanoke, Bertrand, Archy, Muckle Johns, Woodpeckers, &c. About the ^J '^ <. ^'A^ ^ ^ . s- k^ ^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques *4l pro tha bee To 811 RACE-COURSES IN OHIO. 87 same time the Chillicothe course opened anew ; the reports were published, which can be seen by reference to the old " Spirit." Tliere were at that time about 15 regular race courses in the State. Meetings were held at Columbus and Dayton every fall, and racing was continued over these courses until 1846. There Avere also some additions of new courses in the northern part of the State. In 1846, however, it all died away, and has never been revived. The action of our loise Legislature has done this ; there is not a single course in Ohio, where regular meetings are held for turf racing. There have been a few trotting matches. The Queen City Course belongs to Ohio, but is situated in Kentucky; it is the only show we have. The interest that was becoming so prominent in the raising of Mood stool', has subsided, and with that of course oiir stock must depreciate. In the eastern and north-eastern part of the State there have been a few trotting meetings, but I can say nothing about them. I regret that I am unable, for want of time, to send you a more complete history. This as it is, I most cheerfully fu'iiisb, and wish you mucli success for your commendable undertaking. Believe me, sir, very respectfully yours, JOSHUA CLEMENTS. To II. "W. Herbert, Newark, N. J. BDrrOKIAIi NOTES. ' (P 77 ) The great West has been supplied from Kentucky and Tennes- see for the post fifteen years, which has tended greatly to improve the stock. In many of the northwestern States large breeding farms have been estab- lished.—Ed. » (P. 78.) Printer, it is claimed, was by Imp. Janus, out of a thoroughbred mare Nothing is known positively about his breeding. He came to Kentucky a suckling colt, and died in Kentucky about 1835 or '26. His stock were very speedy for a quarter or half mile. » (P. 79.) Cadmus, son of Am. Eclipse, was owned in Ohio ; he was tl a sire of Iron's Cadmus. « (P. 81.) Since this was written, horse racing and trotting have taken a fresh start at Cincinnati, Columbus, Chillicothe. and various other points in tha State. ^:''it 1^ r THE HORSE STOCK OF MICHIGAN. Schoolcraft, April 9th, 1858. Henry "Wm. Heebert, Esq., Kewark, N. J. Dear Sir, — I have delayed Avriting you much longer than I had anticipated, owing to not having received some letters that I considered important. Perhaps those to whom I applied ha\e thought it too much trouble to give the details of my inquiry, therefore I am obliged to answer your inquiries much less per- fectly than I would desire, not having an extensive kxiowledge on the subject. Some of my own views I will set forth, and enclose the letters of a few other gentlemen for your perusal. The original stock of horses in this State may be considered what we call the Indian pony — a very inferior race of animals. Yet occasionally one, in the hands of the French settlers of ancient date, would turn out an exceedingly fast pacer, or per- haps fast trotter, but not to equal the time now given of trotters of character. The introduction of horses from the States of New York and Vermont, has been a great impro.ement; those from the latter State have been of recent importation, com- paratively speaking ; they are of the Morgan and Black Hawk stock, now becoming quite celebrated as roadsters and fast trotters. At an early day, Gov. Porter introduced some fine blood stock from Pennsylvania, Lexington and Kippalo as stal- lions, n^e pedigree of the former I have not. Tlie latter were got by John Richards, he hy Sir Archy. I had one of the HORSE STOCK OF MICHIGAN. 89 Kippalo stock, who was a horse of great bottom as a traveller, and a hardy work horse, but rather small. " Bay Roman," kept in our State for several years, a thoroughbred, got some good colts, but too small, except for the saddle ; they were tough, durable hoi-scs, but did not become celebrated in consequence of lack of size. In fact, we have not yet had a thoroughbred here that has produced the desirable size for the popular uses of this State ; yet no very superior horse has been produced that was not from good blood of pretty high grade. Some of the stock of old American Eclipse has been kept in the State, and these prove excellent horses for business, having fine action and endurance. I have had two stallions of that breed myself, one a son of the old horse, the other a great- grandson. The latter was called Bucephalus, and was the most perfect horse that I ever saw ; nor did I ever hear a person say that they had ever seen a horse so perfectly beautiful. He was got by Eclipse 3d, he by Long's Eclipse, and he by American Eclipse. The dam of Bucephalus was got by Florizel. Bucephalus was a horse of great bottom, and could run his mile in 1.56, and keep it up for four miles. He was taken to California by my son, aitd there died at the age of 11 years. I have five lilly foals, all from high blood mares, they are not only fast run- ners, but are excellent trotters. No stock of horses has ever been introduced into this section of the State possessing so much bottom, style and gaiety as th. -.olts from Bucephalus, yet un- fortunately they .re too small for high prices to those unacquaint- ed with their superior qualities. " Post Boy," by Henry, that matched John Bascombe some years since for $20,000 a side, was brought to Lenawee County in this State, some four years since ; he was then 21 years old. What his success has been as a stock horse I have not been able to learn ; but if put to good mares must undoubtedly have been good. He is a very superior horse, of good size, and at Long Isla. d was one of the best runners ot his day. Tliere are many good horses in the State called the Bacchus stock, got by Old Bacchus of Ohio, owned by Cone, who was shot at a race-track, a noted horse-racer of that State. They are the fastest horses for short races that have ever been in our State, not large generally, but very strong and muscular. I have the largest one, a stallion, that I ever saw, full 16 hands •mmm»^ 90 THE HORSE. liigh, wcigliing about 1,300, ran fast for his size, a four-minuto trotter, ami tlie best farm-horse that I ever owned. My neigh- bor, Mr. Armstrong, owns the liorse well-known in this State as John IJiicchns, as good a half-mile horse as I ever saw; his dam was "Printer." "Telegraph," owned by John Hamilton, of Flint, Mich., is a full brother to John Bacchus, and said to bo equally fast. It is said they can run eighty rods in 23 seconds. I cannot vouch for that, but believe it to be, at least, very nearly correct. The liacchus horses generally are road-horses, draught- horses and running-horses combined, and I believe, if trained, will make fast trotters. Some Morgan horses from Vermont were introduced into Kalamazoo County some ten years since, line in their style and action, but too much of the pony order to liave been a real benetit to the country. The colts were small, except where crossed to very large mares. Since that time a good many have been brought into the State of larger size, mostly from the IJlack Hawk part of the family, and very fine trotters. some (iuite superior, of which I will speak again. 11. R. Andrews, Esq., of Detroit, and Dr. Jeifries, of Dexter, Washtenaw, have got some very fine stock and thoroughbreds. "Bob Letcher," » of Lexington, Ky., was a very favorite horse of theirs, and died last summer ; he doubtless will leave some good stock. For the balance of the stock and performance, I refer you to Dr. Jeffries' letter herewith enclosed. 1 will say, however, that I have seen the stock of Mr. Andrews and Dr. Jeffries, and consider it of the most superior class of thoroughbreds— especially Madeline ; being very fine, and above 16 hands high, and every way well pro- portioned. I believe her, in reality, the best blood mare that 1 ever saw. Within the last two years, a number of very superior trotting horses of the Black Hawk stock have been brought into the State, and Coldwater, Branch Co., appears to have the best. Mr. A. C. Fisk, of that place, has been the importer of three, which I will name. The first horse is now owned by Messrs. F. \. Smith and J. B. Crippen, of Coldwater, called Green Mountain Black Hawk ; he was got by Sherman Black Hawk, exhibited at the National Fair at Boston, and was next to Ethan Allen in speed— 2.35. Green Mountain Black Hawk is now coming 6 years old, nearly 16 hands high, and weighs in good condition very nearly 1,200, and can trot in less than * See Note 1, p. 99. MORGANS IN MICHIGAN. 91 3 ininutca considerably. His colts are very fine and uniform in tlioir ajipearanco ; he bids fair to be No. 1 of this State, if not of the nation. The next importation of Mr. Fiek, was Vermont Hero, lialf-brotlier to the above-mentioned horse, tlie sire beiii^ the same ; n larger horse, and i)erhaps as fast — but this is not known, they never having been tried together— every way well formed, but does not show quite so much style forward. The third importation of Mr. Fisk appears to be his favorite. lie is called Black Prince, got by Old Black Hawk, and a fast trotter ; a little smaller, but very handsome. Dr. Hayes notes a black horse of his that is a good horse ; took second premium at our State fair, aiul bids fair to be a valuable stock horse. William Johnston, of Marshall, also has a good trotting horse, called " Black Tiger," of some Morgan blood. I perhaps have said more in this confused manner, than can be well understood. I will now speak of some of the horsemen in this State, and their success. Eben Adams, of A .rian, perhaps, stands first as a horse-dealer, to make it pay. He matches horses, trains trot- ters, and sells at high prices, as his letter will show, herewilh enclosed, H. R. Andrews, of Detroit, has good blood stock, and is a good judge of horses generally. Di-. Jeffries also is a good judge. Dr. Hayes, of Marshall, is one of the best trainers of trotting horses, to got them ready for market. F. V. Smith, of Coldwater, has a peculiar faculty to see an animal, and for his practice is a fi'-st-rate horseman. My friend, J. Starkweather, of Ypsilanti, is a good horseman, trains horses, and sells at high prices. There are many more in the State, too many, indeed, to mention, of the same capacity. Tliere are but few farmers that hr<,ve made it much of a business to raise horses, and as a gene- ral thing we have bought more than we have sold ; but the time has now come when great attention will be given to raising fine trotting horses. Michigan feels capable of producing as good horses as Vermont, by breeding frjm the Black Hawks and Morgans. Tlie thoroughbred turf-horse is esteemed very highly by some, and I am one amongst tlhi number ; but I think to cross them with the Black Hawk stock will produce the best trotters. I have been a breeder of blood horses myself, perhaps more extensively than any one in the State, having numbered as high as 48 at one time ; am now reduced down to 12, and in- IP^^^SSMfiraSBSBMUBHRSSMa i^BSBlBMWPPr— 02 THE UORSE. tend to make tlie blood cattle sometlimg of a btisincss hereafter, as wt'll urt tine horses. I will give you a list of stallions now owned and kept in the State, which I consider very superior horses. " Green Mountain Black Hawk " will be six jxjars old in July, is a beautiful golden chestnut, 10 hands high, and weighs over 1,100 lbs. ; was bred in Addison Co., Vermont, and got l)y Sherman Black Hawk — who trotted at the National Show in Boston, last fall, in 2.35 — he by Hill's Black Fiwk, who was by Sherman Morgan; ho by the origin&l, or Justin Morgan, by True Briton; by Moreton's Traveller, imported; he by the celebrated Croft's Partner, &c. ; Justin Morgan's dam was by Diomed ; he by the Church Horse; he by im- ported Wild Air. Tlie dam of Black Hawk was a large black mare from Lofty by Wild Air; Grand dam Doll by Wild Air; she was a fast trotter. The dam of Sherman Morgan was im- ported, and a fast trotter. Sherman Black Hawk's dam was from Messenger, Leonidas, and Belifounder. Tlie dam of Green Mountain Black If'iwk was got by Glfford Morgan ; he by Burbank, who was tho o: iginal or Justin Morgan ; grand dam, a Morgan mare, supposed to be by Sherman Morgan. It will be seen by the above pedigree, that Green Mountain Black Hawk possesses tlie orginal Morgan blood, in such purity as is seldom found at the present day, and descended through two of his best sons, "Sherman" and " Burbank." II<^ combines size, stylo, beauty, speed and action, in perfec- tion— very rarely found in one horse. Among his ancestors are numbered the best trotting stallions ever known. He can trot a iiiile under three minutes. " Vermont Hero." — Black ; sired by the same horse ; dam, a Hamiltonian mare ; fast trotter and of large size ; owned by A. C. Fisk, Coldwater. » Black Prince."— Black ; got by Old Black Hawk ; fast trotter; medium size; stands at $25 the season; owned by A. C. Fisk, Coldwater. • This pedigree ■'s given, which I omit, ia all erroneous. Moreton's Traveller vaa by Partner, dam v<< bloody Buttocks. See Catalogue of btallions. MORGAN BTAI,LT0N8. dS « Green Mountain Bey."— Livingston Co. Soo Dr. JcflFrles' letter. A tivc-ycnr-old colt of the " North Horse," at Lanaiiifx, a very fiuperior horse in beauty, stylo and action. Name of owner and horse not known. Mr. Starkweather, in his letter, speaks of two good horsos of that breed in Washtenaw Co. I have heard, from a diftorent source, that they are very good. « Billy Boston."— Owned by H. R. Andrews, Detroit, and Dr. Jeffries, Dexter. See Dr. J.'s letter. "John Bacchus."— Bay ; 15^ hands high ; very muscular; fast runner. Sire, Cone's Old Bacchuo. Dam, Old Nell, by Printer. " Telegraph."— Full brothe;- to 3ohn Bacchus, and larger; fine and fast ; owned by John Hamilton, Flint, Mich. " Black Eaglo."— Black; owned by Dr. Hayes, of Marshall. See his letter, good trotte. and fine horse. « Black Tiger."— Black ; good size ; pretty fast trotter ; some Morgan blood ; owned by Wm. Johnson Marshall. There are three Morgan horses at Kalamazoo, brought from Vermont, good travellers ; medium size ; owned by a company and individuals. "Old Post Boy."— Thoroughbred ; chestnut; by Henry, he by Sir Archy, hifl dam by Diomed, grand dam by Bel- Air, Postboy's dam ; Garland by Duroc ; grand dam. Young Dam- sel ; g. g. d. Miller's Damsel, the dam of Eclipse. " Abdallah Chief."— Sired by Old Abdallah ; chestnut ; a fast trotter; large, being 16i hands high; weighs 1,200 lbs. ; a good horse ; owned by a company. In charge of J. Parish, at the race-course, Detroit. At D<:^troit there is an established race-course, which has beeuke L under the direction, principally, of Mr. J. Parish; 6ome ex ;ellent running and trotting has been performed there. At Adrian there is a race-track, more for the purpose of training than for general racing. At Cold water, the horsemen have a private race-track to train upon ; no public racing allowed, but occasionally a match race or trot. 94 TITB nORSE. At Kulaiiinzoo tliero is n raco-courso of two-thirds of a milo, vritli petty races occaHioiiulIy; ko])t mostly for tniiiiiiii!;. At Marshall there was one, but it has not been kept up for the last year; also ono At Jackson, wliich has shared the same fate. Yours, »fec. &c., A. Y. MOOKK. Grand Rapids, February 29th, 1800. A. Y. MoouE, Esq. JJear Sir, — Your favor of yesterday is received. I am Borry that I' can impart so little information from this section of our State which will ho of any moment to Mr, Herbert. You arc aware that wo do not raise any thing like horses enough liere to supply the local demand. Hundreds of horses arc l)ro\ight to this i)laoe every year for sale from Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and southern Michigan. We have now at work daily in our streets two Morgan hoi-ses, which are known to be over 30 years old, anted for most kinds of farm work, ami possess the advantages of thorough acclimatizing, longevity, soundness of limb, and docility; they .re, however, below tho medium size, wanting of action and of that gay aj)])earanco which fills the eye of the connoisseur. They may be emphatically termed the poor man's horso, and are hence, if hence only, u desirable family. Our best breed of horses in this county formerly came from the Middle and Eastern States. Occasionally can be met one that shows his breeding from Messenger all over. They arc, however, rare ; wo almost reverence such an animal. Tho tales of our father, now no more, instinctively rushes in memory, con- corning his faithful and enduring Megsenger, while a soldier in his country' service. Never will our hand forget to imitate his example, in showing kind and gentle treatment to this noble animal. The Messenger stock has indelibly stam])ed its excel- lence on most of our first-class horses ; though we have none here that can show their pedigree with certainty. Our county also, previous to the introduction of the blood horses owned by Mr. Andrews, struck out of the list of premiums this class, simjdy from the fact that none could show reliable pedigrees. Moreover, the animal's appearance, when exhibited, belied the thoroughbred parentage claimed by his owner. Thus it ivill be seen that our horses are of no known parentage ; yet we havo many good horses, and some of them have shown speed. " Frank (EBPSSS^SSSf?? 90 THE IIOKHK. Hays" wn8 bred in tins county. " 8havo Tail, or tlio Ciiicinnnti Pet," wns also raiHod iicrc, fVoni a French niaro and Ilaniiltoii's *' Hickory," the hitter claiiiiiiij,' thoroiif,')! hlood, hut we (l(>u})t it. Nnthiu;; irt lan(hy nnd tlio scienco of breeding thoni, wo aro n nuiteh for our contemporaries of tlio Old World ; hut when wo como to horses, neat stoek, and swine, W(> aro deliei«Mit. Afany elaiiii that (tur horses aro fully e(iual, in the aggregate, to those of any other country. This nuiy ho so. One thing is certain — that wo arc at a loss to give their history ; hence it nuvy ho inferred that their excellenee is as likely to he the residt of ehanee as of skil- ful hreeding. If frequent crossing he of permanent benefit, wo aro entitled to much praise, for it is seldom that a farmer puta his niaro to the same horso tho second time. Y'oura truly, Adrun, March 3, 1860. A. Y. MooKK, Esq. Sh'y — Yours of 27th Fehrnary is at hand, and contents no- ticed ; hut I must say that I am not in possession of tho neces- sary information to assist you much in your undertaking. Still, I might say wo aro much in want of blood liorses in our county. There is a sorrel horse that is owned by a Mi: Bemas, of this county, called Constellation, said to he thoroughbred, brought hero last spring by a Mr. Mason, now in Detroit. In Cold Water, Branch County, Mr. A. C. Fisk has two Black Hawk stallions; also Frederick Smith has a nice stalliim, said to bo good blooded. I have n6 stallion at the present time. I have a pair of bays valued at $2000 ; aleo a pair of hays, $1500 ; also a pair of greys, $1200 ; also a pair of blacks, $800 ; also, some half dozen nice single horses, ranging in value from $250 to $000 a piece. I sold a pair of bays four years ago to S. Douglas for $1000 ; also, a year ago last December, a large prime jiair of brown geldings to N. C. Baldwin, of Cleveland, for $1200 ; Vol. II.— 7 82500 1500 450 600 (500 98 THE HORSE. also this last fall I sold a gelding, Chatauquo Chief, to Mr James Carlisle, of Toledo, Ohio, for . . . . ' Also Charley Howard, a brown gelding trotter. Also a brown trotting gelding, Dan. Uarrett, Also a black gelding trotter, called Frank Hubbard, And a brown mare trotter, called Olive Rose, $5(550 A pretty good stable of speed, all of which can spoil three min- utes in liarness on che trot. There is a race course on my farm, established three years ago, called the Prairie Trotting Course, which has and is doing very much to improve stock of horses in this county. Yours truly, E. Adams. Dexte?, March 22, 1856. Andkew Y. Mooke, Esq. Bear Sit;— It is with much pleasure that I comply with your request, to give you the pedigree and performances of the ijlood stock owned by Mr. li. E. Andrews and myself. You must excuse Jie delay ; it was in consequence of my absence in the northern Avilds of Michigan. I will commence with Bob Letcher. Bob Letcher, b. h., by Medoc, tlam by Rattler. The only race of Bob's thit I have a record of is reported in Mason's Stud Book, and was run on the Lexington Course, Kentucky, May 26, 1S43 ; three-mile heats ; time, 5.52—5.46—6.12—5.51. His time in other races can be found in the old " Spirit of the Times." Died Nov., 1855. Madeline, s. m., foaled 1849. By Boston, dam Magnolia, by imp. Glencoe, owned by J. M. Clay, Lexington, Ky. Time on Ilamtramck Course, 1853, mile heats, best three in five, 1.49— 1.48—1.47. Two miles, 3.42^, same year. Two miles, 3.50— 3.49, 1855. Hebe, b. m., foaled in 1849. By Berthune,* dam sister of Alice Carneal, the dam of Lexington. Time, best three in five, mile heats, on Adrian Course, Michigan, 1.53 — 1.55 — 1.53— October, IP "14. Dnva, s. m., foaled 1850. By Boston, dam Moonlight, by imp. Emancipation, her dam the dam of Donna Maria. * Berthane, Alice Carnoal had no Bister. Hebe was out of Marigold by Sir Leslie, half sister to Alice Carneid. MU. JEFFRIES' STOCK. 99 Fiir}', 8, in., foaled March 4tli, 1851. Bv Altorf, dam by Imi>. Stamboul, g. dam by Sumpter. Tiirn lost three in five, mile heats, 1.49—1.50—151. ^Madeline, Ilebe, and Dora, are in foal by Bob Letcher. liilly Boston was got by Boston, but I have not the certificate of his pedig'.'eo in full. It was given to the commissioner at the State Fair in 1854. anf', not returned. I will write to Mr. Bhick- burn, of Kentucky, wlio bred him, and procure his pedigree, wliich I will send lo you as soon as I receive it. Boston will stand i'>r mares at my stable the coming season. T consider him the best horse now in Michigan, but it is quite unnecessary for me to give an opinion as to the merits of a horse that you have seen. You being a much better jndge than myself. There is a- very good horse at Ann Arbor. He was got by old Black Hawk. There is also a very superior Morgan horao owned by an association of gentlemen of Livingston County. He is good size, fine style, and superior action. He is called " Green Mountain Boy ;" was got by old Green Mountain Boy ; he by Sherman Morgan. These ai'e the only horses of •superior merit in this vicinity. If you wish any farther j^articulars regarding my stock, or the horses in this vicinity, I shall be very happy to furnish any information within my reach. Yours, respectfully, Ciias. A. jEFFRn:8. EDITOBIAIi NOTES. ' (P. 90.) Bob Letcher by Medoc, son of Ani. Eclipse, dam by Thornton's Rattler. * (P. 96.) Bay Roman has no turf record, and never ran a fuBt heat or race. own, THE HORSE STOCK OF IOWA. Secretary's Office, Mdscatine, February 21, 1856. Mr. IIl'.IiCEUT, Bear Sir, — Your favor of the 28tli ult., addressed to the Secretary of our State Society, reached me this evening, through the politeness of Mr. AVarden of Ottumna, in this State, to Avhoni it appears to liave been addressed. Your enterprise is an excellent one, and permit me most heartily to -wish you entire success. Such a work is much needed. In a few days I will endeavor to give you all the informa- tion that is within my reach ; but it Avill necessarily be very meagre, and probably unsatisfjxctory. At the present time, I do not believe there is a thoroughbred in the State, and it is doubtful whether ever there was one in the State. My impres- sion is, however, that as eariy as 1838-40, one man brought Bome three or four stallions, which have been bred with com- mon maros until there is very little good blood perceptible. Within the last two years, a very commendable ambition is prevalent to improve this noble animal, which has set princi- pally in the direction of the Vermont Black Hawks and Mor- gans.* I take the liberty of enclosing you a cut of a horse f of my • Ethan Allen, owned by J. II. Walbce, Muscatine, Iowa. By old Black Hawk, he by Sherman Morgan, it is not stated whether S. M. 1 or 2. Dam by Tippoo Saib, he by old Duroc — not the race-horse Tippoo Soib. f This cut represents a very fine and stylish horse, in slow action, exhibiting ni jst of the points which are claimed as peculiar to tho Morgans — the high crest, IOWA AGRICULTUEAL SOCIETY. 101 own, which by judges is said to bo an excellent likeness, except the head, wliich is too low to represent his style, and not just the right shape. And— pardon me for saying so — ho is tho fastest stallion in the State. He has never been trained, but does his mile in 2.50 very nicely. You will hear from me soon. Yours truly, J. II. Wallace, Sec. Iowa State Agr. Soo^y. P. S. — I also enclose you a slip showing the action of our State Society on tho breed of horses. J. H. W. \'J PROVE THE BREED OF YOUR HORSES. Iowa State Aorichltcral Society, Secretary's Office, | Muscatine, February 2, 1856. f Mb. Editor, The Directors of the Iowa State Agricultural Society at the last Annnal Fair, passed the following resolutions ;— ^'■liesolved, That the owners of stallions in this State, claiming either that their horses are ' thoroughbred,' or belong to a par- ticular distinguished family of horses, be required to file an authenticated copy of their pedigree— so far as they may be able to obtain it— with the Eecording Secretary of the Society. ^'■Resolved, Tliat every newspaper in the State favorable to the improvement of stock, be requested to publish the foregoing resolution." It may not be improper to remark, that the action of the Directory on this subject was had with a view to correct an evil which, it is feared, exists in many portions ox the State. It is known that there is a very general fever for the introduction of horses of the Messenger, the Black Hawk, and the Morgan families. This arises from the fact that good specimens of any of these families, as well as some others not enumerated, bring enormous prices in all portions of the country, for the pui-pose of improving the breed. The Directory do not under- well-set-on head, powerful chest and shoulders, round barrel, and deep quarters. It was not, however, found possible to add a cut of this fine and showy stallion to our list of illustrations, for reasons above stated. 102 THE U0K8E. take to decide whether this is wise or unwise, or whether these families are any better than many others not half so much talked about. Hut it is feared that frauds are being practised in many portions of the State, by horses beinjr represented as Messenger,* when there is not a drop of Messenger blood in their veins ; or as Black Ilawk, when neither old Black Hawk, nor any of his sons or grandsons, ever saw their dauis. It is no difficult matter, if a horse has any pedigree, for liis owner to procure it in legal form, and file an authenticated copy of it at my office. Then when a Morgan horse goes into a neighborhood, it is a very easy matter for some one in thai neighborhood to make the inquiry of me whether the pedigree of such a horse is in my office, and if so, Avhat it is. And it will afford me great pleasure at all times to answer such interrog- atories. It is hoped, therefore, th;ii all persons interested in the im- provement of this noble animal will give the necessary attention to the above resolutions. J. II. Wallace, liec. Sec'y Iowa State Agr. Soo'y. i No information has been received from any other of the Western States, although all means have been taken to procure such ; but it appears that, in fact, nothing is definitively known, no registries or records being preserved, and pedigrees but little attended to, in those newly settled communities. In Illinois it is supposed that there exists a considerable mixture of the French horse, and that in the South-western States some Spanish blood may yet be discovered. There has, however, been a veiy general intermixture of all breeds and bloods; and it is improbable that, until very recently, any horses of unquestionably pure blood have had much to do with the general stock of those States, the nearest approach thereto being in all probability half-bred stallions, got by thorough- breds, for the production of carriage-horees and roadsters. It is, I believe, generally from the horses of these States that the cavalry of the United States are mounted ; and although they are not supposed to be any thing extraoi'dinary in point of blood or speed, it is understood, that in making long continuous * Imp. Messenger died 1808. CAVALRY IIOB8E8. 103 marclies of many weeks, or even months' duration, insubsistinnj, without material deterioration or logs' of condition, on sj^rassaU^ne, witliout g-.-ain or dry forage of any kind, and in oiuhiring all inclemencies of weather, hot or cold, wet or dry, picketed in the open air, they are not to be surpassed, if, indeed, they can be equalled, l)y any cavalry horses in the world. What they would do in a single charge against the elite of European cavalries, mounted on liorses of at least three parts pure blood, is very doubtful; since, if the charge be made home on both sides, the more swiftly moving body, of any thing like equal weight, must of the two prevail — inasmuch as the iin])etus of any moving ])ower is necessarily in the ratio of its weight into its velocity — but in the preservation of efficiency for long periods, and througli more severe hardships, unless it be the Cossacks, it is probable that no cavalry iu existence could compete with them. (Jn this head, however, before closing this volume, I hope to have fuller information from head-quarters. I now proceed, not without some delicacy, but without the slightest hesitation or distrust of the correctness of my opinion, to the consideration of a branch of this subject, which has, of late years, created much excitement, in particular quarters; and which has been debated and discussed, as is too much the case with all debatable matters in our excitable community, with an eagerness of partisanship, that falls but little short of degenerating into personal acrimony and recrimination. I mean the stock, type, or family, of horses, as they claim to»be considered, generally known as the Morgans; which, it woidd appear, are, in the eyes of some persons, in the Eastern States more especially, the only horse in existence which pos- sesses any merits ; and the only one fit for real service on the road, or in the stud. Fully admitting the peculiar excellencies of this stamp of horse for the purposes and uses to which ho is applicable, yet by no means going to the extreme length of its ultra advocates, I proceed to give my views of its origin, present condition, and general utility ; as well as of the mode to be observed in main- taining the character of this typo of animal undeteriorated. I scarcely expect that my views will be satisfactory to the 104 THE nOBSE. exclusive advocates and exclusive admirers of the Morgans' but I am certain that they are founded on correct and Lccr- tained i)rincii)lc's of luiture, in regard to tlie breeding of ani- mals; and, as I have no possible interest, pro or twi,'aiid only desire to advance, to the utmost, by all means within iny power, the horse-interests of the country, I put forth what I believe to be true, iiduenced by neither fear nor favor. . THE MOKOAX II0E8E. Recently there has become familiar to the sporting world a class or type of horse coming f-om the State of Vermont, known as the Morgan horse ; and siill more recently, a claim has been set up that this class is neither more nor less than a distinct family, direcily descended from a single horse, owned a little before and a little after the commencement of the present cen- tury, by Mr. Justin Morgan, of Tlandolph in Vermont, a school- master, and teacher of writing and singing in the ui-^trlct schools of that region of country— from whom the name is given to the family — as it is pretended to be. In this place, therefore, it is convenient to refer to the por- trait of Ethan Allen, from a painting executed for this work from life by Mr. Attwood, a pupil of the celebrated animal painter Ansdell, who is spoken of as the probable successor to the great Landseer in this peculiar line. Ethai Allen I ha^e selected as the type of the Morgan horse, just as I clios'^ Young Black Hawk as the representative of the highbred trotting horse— which does not claim its excel- lence as arising from any exclusive breed— not because I assume to decide that either is the best trotting stallion, or is better than the other, or than any other or others, but because they are beautiful specimens of the style of animals to which they are admitted, without dispute, respectively to belong, and strongly exhibit the characteristics of their respective breeds. Ethan Allen was got by the Morgan Black Hawk- his dam a medium-sized white mare, said to be of Messenger blood. The Morgan Black Hawk was by the Sherman Morgan liorse, his dam the Howard mare, got by a colt of Hamble- tx>iuan. ETHAN ALLEN. 105 Tlie Shcrmuii boree was by tbc original or Justin Morgan, his dam variously represented as an Englisb and as a Spanish mare, of good blood. In trv.th, nothing is knov/n of her blood. Etlian Allen is a handsome bright bay horse, with an inj- meiisely full black tail and black mane. He is claimed by his owners and friends to be the fastest trotting stallion now alive, but the claim seems to 1 f^- doubtful. ; The performances of Ethan Allen, so far as known, are as I follows ; — On the 10th of May, 1853, a match took place on Long Isl- and betv.-een Ethan Allen, three years ten months old, and Kor-o of "Washington, several months older, mile heats, for one thousand dollars a side, the best three in live. The match was won by the horse in 2.42—2.39—2.36 ; which is claimed to be, and probably is, the fastest time on record for that age, since horses are rarely put to trot so early. In 1855, at the Fair of the United States Agricultural So- ciety, he received the first premium for speed, beating Colum- bus, Sherman, Black Hawk, and Stockbridge Chief, in 2.34^— 2.37. In 1856, Ethan Allen beat Hiram Drew twice, respectively, in 2.44i—2.40f— 2.40— and in 2.46^—2.32^—2.35^— and after- terward was started for the Agricultural Society's purse at Bos- ton, against Flora Temple, by whom he was most signally defeated in 2.324 — 2.36^, although at the time of his starting his friends were confident of his beating the famous mare.* The portrait of this horse, so faithfully preserved and care- fully engraved by Mr. Duthie, is said to be a very striking like- in '^ss. The horse is of a light yellow bay, and has that particu- lar redundance and coarseness of tail, which especially charac- terizes the Morgans, and which ma^ be regarded as undeniable proof of their having an admixture of Car adian blood. One would say, at first sight, that tho extraordinary length of the tail is exaggerated in the engraving ; but I am assured by Mr. Attwood, the artist, from whose very beautiful and spirited picture it is made, that \"liile he was engaged in taking his portrait, the horse actually trod upon his tail, more than once, pulling out several of the long, coarse, wavy haii-s. • See Ethan Allen's performances, p. 278. "~\ P 106 THE 1IOR8K. It is not easy to ntJcnrtaln precisely at what time the claim to the existence of this fiunily, us a peculiar, nev and distinct strain of blood, capable of rei)rodiictioii tlimu^Mi an Midctinite series (if years, was spreail abroad, beyond the bounduries of Ver- mont. l?ut it ajipears, from the fact tliat no endeavors were made to ascertain tin oritrin of ^liis so-callod family, nntil iiboiit the comnienoement of the third decade of the present century, to l)o certain that, p'-,jvious to that time, Miero was no sucli fnrei<,'n demand for the animal, as to make it necessary to discover, or in default of discovery, to trump up a pedigree for the family, ■which sliould in some sort justity its pretensions, and accomit for its alleged pow(!r of reproduction. The reputation of these horses since that period, has spread incredibly ; until, at this moment, the rage for Morgans is com- parable oidy to that which, a few years since, possessed the poi)ular mind, for the vwrus vnilticauUs; and, still more re- cently, for Shanghai poultry, and lop-eared rabbits. In the year 1850, the Agricidtnral Society of the State of Vermont awarded their " Urst premium to Mr. U. C. Linsley, of Middlebury, Vermont, for his elaborate essay on the Morgan horee." On this work, therefore, I take it for granted that we have to rely, for all the authentic information that exists concerning the origin of the first sire of the stock; concerning the cpialifi- cations assumed to bo distinctive of the stock, if such it can be called; and, lastly, concerning the points of evidence going to prove that there is any such stock, whatever, in the proper acceptation of the term, which can be shown to oe the family of that one individual animal. That Mr. Linsley has taken all possible pains to investigate his subject, is not to be questioned. That he is deeply interest-' ed in the cause, is no less certain ; since the whole volume is interwoven with a thread of ingenious special pleading in favor of this particular race, and in depreciation of all other races, but more especially in depreciation of the thorougl.ored horse. Indeed, it is not a little singular to contrast his earnestness in running down the thoroughbred horse, as a progenitbr of useful horses for general work, with his equal earnestness in TRtlE BRITON. lOT eiulcftvoriiif? to prove that -vvlmt wa« known as the JuBtin Mor- gan horso, tlic ori^'iiial t'Drctatlicr (if tlic family, was, if not absolutely, at leant as nearly as iiossible, u thoroughbred hini- Bclf. lint now, to como (.Hrcctly to the point, we find, from a mass of afKdavits, of exactly of such a character rs one woidd bo led to expect, made by the sons and grandsons of the man himself, and of the neighbors of the man, who owned this horse above lialf a century ago — a horse of whose pedigree the owner kept no records, and of which he h iseif evidently knew nothing, except what he had received from the loosest hearsay evidence, and village or bar-room gossip)— something to the following effect. ^ ♦ The hoi-so was got by a stallion, variously called "True Briton " and " Beautiful Bay," owned by one Selah Norton, of East Hartford, Connecticut. Of this True Briton., which must not be confounded with the True Briton got by the imported horse Othello out of the im- ported mare Gant's Milly, whose name is in the Stud Book— noihing can bo said to be authenticated, even if it be conceded cLtit he was the horse stolen from Colonel Delancy, at Kings- bridge, who commanded a corps of refugee cavalry, and was the son of the imported Wildair, Lath, and the celebrated Cub mare— although it depends only on an " it is said " that he was the stolen liorse. Thus far I am disposed, however, to accept the tradition. That the horse belonging to Mr. Justin Morgan was the son of True Briton, is probably a fact ; and that True Briton was stolen, as described, is probably true also ; since that is the sort of fact concerning which tradition is likely to be correct ; an exploit of that kind, during the existence of a partisan war, being of tl e very nature to create much attention, to elevate the suc- cestAil marauder into a local hero, and to render the stolen animal also notorious, and unlikely to be mistaken for another. We now, however, come to rumor number two, resting on nothing but the merest local gossip, that True Briton was the son of the imported English horse, Traveller, then standing in "New Jersey. ; From this vague rumor, elevated into a fact, we are next 108 THE noRSR. treated to a deduef ion — to wit, that tl' ' ..od l'orso,Travollor, IB no otlicr tiian the faiuoiiH horse — -.tton'H ()!ii wen* thoioii^^hljrcd, of which tiiiTu irt iiDt a rcawtiiahle Hiiji|><>Hitiui'o hh)o(l, wiiiihl havu only huoii uii iimppruciahlu iruction butter than a iialfhretl. If 'l"iiu( r.riton himself were but n lialf-hred, and I can BOO no iioHHibh; groiimlH for believing liini any thing materially better, then the JiiHtin Morgan hortie would have been a tritle better than u one-tourth-part-hri^d horne ; and hucIi, I think, any good jndge of hrrsi'tlesii woidd iironouiUMi him to In-, nioie or loss, from the deKcription of him given by Mr. Lin«ley in his agreeable and comprehensivo vohuno. MKMOIU AM) l)i:S('UIlTR)N OV TUF. JUSTIN MOIMIAN. "The original, or 'Justin Morgan,' was about fourteen hands high, and weighed abont nine hnndrest noticeable points. The former was very short; the shoulder-blades and thigh-bones being very long and obli(pie and the loins exceedingly broad and muscular. His body was i-athcr long, round and deep, elose-rihbed up; chest deep and wide, with the breast-bono l>rojecting a good deal in front. His legs were short, close- jointed, thin, but very wide, hard and free from meat, with mus- cles that were remarkably large for a horse of his size ; and this superabundance of muscle manifested itself at every step. His liair was short, and at almost all seasons soft and glog.^y. He liad a little long hair about the fetlocks, and for two or threo MWmlb IKE{fJV&!nSJS^^^ Hiiour lucicfl. Ill iiicluM altovo tho fotlock, on tliti Imrk h'kIo of tlif Irf^rt ; tlm rout (if hirt liiiilm wore i-ntin-ly five tVuru it. IIIm \Wt woro hiduII, l.iit wt-ll Am\n'd ; iirnl ho wan in cvory rcHju'ct portt'ctly Hi.tuid ami tViio from bUiiiUHli. IIo wat* u very fawt walker. In trotting liirt piit waH low anil hniootli, and liin ntcp hliort ami m-rvouH; he wart not what in tlicrtts ilays would hu calli'd fawt, aiwl wo think it doubtful wlii'tlier lie could trot ti inilo nnicli, if any, within fimr minutuH, though it ia claimed l>y iiuiny that ho could trot in three.* " Although he raised hirt feet hut little, he never Htumhled. llirt [)roud, hold, and fearlexs Htylo of movement, and luH vijf- oroni! untiring action have, i>erhai)H, never been HurpaHned, " IIo wart ft fleet runner at rtliort distaneeP. Ilnnning short distancert, for nnudl ntaken, waB very eoinmon in Vermont Hfty years ago. Eighty roda was very generally tho length of tho course, which usually commenced at a tavern or grocery, and exteiuled the distance agreed upon np or down the public road. In these races, the horses were started from a ' serat(di.' That irt, a nuirk was drawn across tho road in the dirt, and tho horses, ranged in n row u]ion it, went off at the dropping of n hat, or some other eigiud. "It will be observed that the form of the Justin Morgan was not such as, in our days, is thoiight best calculated to give the greatest speed for a short distance. Those who lielieve in long-lc'jged racers will think his legs, body, and stride, wire all too siiort, and to them it may, perhaps, seem surprising that ho should be successful, as ho invariably was, in such contests." Tho last i)aragraph quoted is wholly erroneous, and is evi- dently written by one i)ei-sonally unacquainted with racing, and fornung his idea of what judges consider the requirements of a racer wholly from hearsay, or from a preconceived opinion — which, \ think, can be discovered running through every lino of Mr. Linsley's work— that all thoroughbreds are long, leggy, Aveedy, loosely -coupled, liglit-boued bro'-es, with no qualification beyond speed. • The clain is, of course, absurd. Such a thing as a horse trotting a mile in three minutes \f as undreamed of, much more unheard of, in the days of tliis horse ; as will appear, when I come to treat of trotting. umjj_^Li!|i^ii!ii mmmtimimrmT^mimm' 112 THE nOBSE. Thau which, it io needless to say, no possible idea can bo more eiToneou;^ ; since it is especially in the texture of his sinews and nniscles, and in the character and conformation of his bones, that the thoronglibred horse of Arab descent is so immeasurably superior to every other horse in the known world. Now, so far from it being, as Mr. Linsley surmises, the case that, in our days, the form of Justin Morgan would not be thought best calculated to give the greatest speed at short dis- tances— the form described as his, and no other forra^ is judged the best for short distances, and the shorter the better, and for no other distances than short ones. Every one, Avho knows the first rudiments of racing, or of the motions of a horse, knows that a short, close-coupled, quick- gathering animal jumps at once into his stroke, and at his third or fourth stride is going at the top of his pace, which he can never much outdo ; and that, consequently, he is at the end of his eighty rods — less than a quarter of a mile — before the large, long-striding racer has well got under way. On this principle, I perfectly remember, when I was a young school-boy, that it was my especial delight to get gentle- men, visiting at my father's house, to match their three-part- bred hunters against a little rat of a Shetland pony, which I rode, for a single dash around the carnage sweep, before the hall-door, a distance of something better than a hundred yards in a circular form, in which I invariably came off the winner. And on this principle, again, it is well ascertained that, for a straight fifty yards, any man who has got the use of his legs, and for a straight hundred any good runner, can beat a race- horse nine times out of ten, both starting from a stand-still. Nor is this all. For not only is it well known and admitted that small, short-stepping, quick-gathering horses are always, cceieris parilus, superior at short distances, or in round circles of small diameter, to large, rating gallopers, which would run clean away from them at long distances over a straight level ; but it is equally conceded, that, for such distances, in a single dash, a thoroughbred horse has no advantage whatsoever, from being thoroughbred, over a half, or two-thirds, or one-fourth bred ^nay ! over a horse which has no blood at all in liis veins, if LONO-LEGOKD BACER8. 118 ho chance to be well made, quick upon his legs, and gifted with a turn of speed. Some thoroughbred horses are exceedingly speedy, some are as slow as tops ; and so of horses of all other races and families ; and speed is by no means, nor, ever has been, considered, the peculiar or exclusive attribute of the thoroughbred horse. On tlie contrary, endurance is his forte. There are hundreds and thousands of half and three-part- bred hunters, known and selected for their speed, in England, which would to a certainty beat, for a single half mile, as many thoroughbreds, of pedigree as pure as Eclipse, which by slug- gishness of temper or awkward action, chance to be heavy gallopers and slow goers. But make the half-mile four miles, or make the single dash a heat race, and you will see, very soon, where the blood tells ; for your thoroughbred will sail away at his ease, slow as he is, when the speedy cocktail is past the power of being kicked along, with tail flirting, flanks at work, in distress unutterable. And so of all the degrees, from the thoroughbred down to the lowest grade, which has a show of blood. It is not superior speed, but the power to support the speed during superior periods, and at more rapidly recurring intervals, that is given by superiority of blood — and that no more at the gallop than at the trot, or at the trot than at the walk — no more, in step- ping away with a feather on the back, than in struggling to move a ton in the shafts, until death would ensue in the collar, if man's cruelty should urge the continued efibrt. Mr. Linsley, therefore, has entirely misunderstood the opin- ion, which racing men would form in regard to the probable qualities of an animal, framed as he describes the Justin Mor- gan to have been framed. Still more does he misunderstand the points of a race-horee, which are esteemed desirable, when he speaks of " those who believe in long-legged racers ; " and when he confounds a long-striding horse with a long-legged horse, which are two things as distinct from one another, as any two things, in the world, well v-au be. Many years have passed, since I first heard the points of horses discussed ; and when I first did so it was in a country where probably more good horses, of every description, are Vol. II- S 114 THE H0E8E. raised, than in any other eqxial extent of territory in the known world ; but I have yet got to see the first man who believes in long-legged horses, or any man who ever used the term a leggy horse, except as a term of disapprobation and reproach. But now, to return directly to the point at issue, the true character of the Morgan horse, who first received that name ; I said above, that all which can by the largest courtesy bo allowed, as established, concerning the pedigree of this horse, is that he was something between a half-bred and a four-parts- bred animal ; to all appearance, nearer to the lower than to the higher grade ; and that, from the description given of him— and, I might have added, from the woodcut, but that I do not suppose the likeness to be authentic— a person conversant with horse-breeding would suppose him to possess about that propor- tion of blood, and not much more or much less. The heavy mane and tail, the hairy fetlocks, and the long hairs extending up the back sinews are more conclusive of the large portion of coarse blood in his veins, than would be all the affidavits that could be sworn to by all the people, in Vermont, who had ever heai-d their grandmothers talk about their sleigh- ing frolics before the Eevolution, and the superiority of every thing, in the good days of old, to every thing now. It is worthy of remark, that not only his dam, but his grand- Bire on the dam's side. Diamond, are both also distinctly stated to have had thick, heavy manes and tails, and hairy legs; and yet we are asked to believe that Diamond was got by the son of a thoroughbred hoi-se out of the imported mare Wildair. Now it is, of course, known that the thinness of the mane, and the absence of hair on the legs, are the first and most char- acteristic external points of the thoroughbred animal ; and that a half-bred, unless he be out of a dray mare, or a Norman, or some other breed distinguished for extraordinary shagginess, loses the hairy shag of his legs, and shows a comparatively fine mane and tail, even in the first generation. But extraordinary hairiness of legs and weight of mane and tail— extraordinary, I mean, as compared to their speed, light- ness of movement, endurance, and general finish of shape ?tnd form -is the decided characteristic of what are called the Mor- ' gan family. This, therefore, I hold at once to set aside, in con- UMMWWII Wlill HIIWIllllHllilitlWi THE SONS OF MORGAN. 115 junction with the very best face that can be put upon the original Justin Morgan's pedigree, all claim to any high stand- ard of blood, even in that horse ; much more in his posterity to the fourth and fiftli generations, unless it have been introduced from other sources ; in which case, the race and its virtues cease to be Morgan. Now, it is alleged that there were but six known or re- corded stallions, got by the Justin Morgan, which were kept for service in the stud. Bulrush, Sherman, Woodbury, Revenge, and the Fentoii and Hawkins horses ; of which the three for- mer only were noted stock-getters, no stock at all being trace- able to the Fenton, and very little to the Hawkins horse, or to Revenge. Of the dams of no one of these six Morgan stallions, of the second degree, has any thing been authenticated, in spite of attempts, the earnestness of which is shown by the number of different vereions promulgated. It is highly probable, that they were fine useful animals and good travellers, but qxiite as improbable that they possessed any considerable share of thorough l)lood ; for the reason, that, from the beginning to the present day of American hihtory, there has been less of that blood imported into the New England States, than into any other quarter of the Union. This second generation, then, cannot be held to have con- tained in their veins, at most, above one-eighth part of that thorough blood to whicli the Justin Morgan owed his worth, if he did owe it, as is assunied, to a cross of rich, pure Arabian blood on the common stock. The next generation, or third from the Justin Morgan, would, of course, contain, unless bred out of own sisters or cousins, one-sixteenth ; the fourth, such as " Green Mountain 2d," grandson of *' Woodbury," and great grandson of Justin, one thirty-second ; the fifth as " Morgan Empire," son of " Green Mountain 2d," one sixty-fourth ; the sixth as " Black Morgan," son of " Morgan Empire," one hundred and twenty-eighth ; and the seventh, as " American Eagle," one two hundred and fifty-sixth part of the pure Arabian blood, which coursed in the veins of the Justin Morgan, and to which it is pretended that the merits and characteristics of this class of horses belong. 116 THE HORSE. The above calculation is founded on the supposition that all the dams were of common stock. It is not pretended, and it is scarcely possible, that any of them should have been thorough- ^jreds — for no owner of a thoroughbred mare stints her to a stal- lion of inferior race, and it is barely possible that any of them were half-breds, as few thoroughbreds have been covering in the States w'.ence the dams are likely to have come. If, however, it be assumed — which would, in some degree, constitute the Morgan horse a ftimily— that, from the beginning to the present day, all the so-called Morgan stallions have been bred out of their cousins and sistere — then the seventh genera- tion would possess one one-hundred and twenty-eighth instead of one two-hundred and fifty-sixth portion of the blood ; but would be in far worse position, since there is no such thing known as the incestuous in-breeding of a single family of six persons, at first, to the sixth generation; without its producing utter de- terioration, imbecility, and the gradual extinction of the race. On the other hand, it is contradictory to all that is known of horse-breeding, or indeed of tne breeding of any animal of a high finish, to assume that a sire himself, having only one two- hundred and fifty-sixth part of any pure blood, whether it be Arab horse, Durham bull, or setter dog, can transmit any ap- preciable portion of that blood, or of the particular virtues which that blood may contain, to its progeny, begotten on a cold-blooded, or different-blooded animal. As I have shown above, the eighth cross from a thorough- bred stallion, on seven generations of dray-mares, woull not be distinguishable from a dray-horse. The eighth cross of a red Irish setter, on seven generations of bull bitches, would scarce show a mark to distinguish it from the true bull, and would have no more inclination to point a partridge, than he to point an ox. Consequently, in my opinion, it is idle to talk of the Morgan horses of Vermont afl a distinct family, or to attribute their qualities to their descent from the Justin Morgan horse, or from any other one, or two, or half dozen horses whatsoever. The only mark or evidence o. a family which they do show, is to their disadvantage — it is their undersize, which is probably the result of an attempt, ill-advised and unnatural, to make a "■*jl THE USE OF THE MORGANS. 117 family of them, instead of preserving them, at what they ongin- ally were, atul in some degree still are— an admirable cross of the thoroughbred horse, on that very excellent and useful ani- ,nai_itgelf a cross of several breeds— which I have described under the name of the Vermont draught-horse. This cross could have been maintained, as I have observed above, and shall show more fully hereafter, under the head of breeding, not by re-breeding the cross-bred animals, like to like— for they will not, by an absolute law of nature, produce the like again ; but by reintroducing in their purity both the strains of blood, out of which the first beneficial admixture grew. As for instance, to the finest Morgan stallion in the eighth degree stint the noblest draught-mare, or imported Norman, or choice Canadian, and stint the female progeny of that admix- ture to the finest, mind I do not say speediest, sound, short- legged, bony, muscular, thoroughbred stallion, of indisputable pedigree, and undoubted constitution— to exactly such a horse, for instance, as Boston* would have been, had it not been for his unfortunate blindness, which it is to be feared will be hereditaiy in his blood, as it has already proved to be in the case of Lex- ington, or as Trustee was. In the same way, the finest Morgan mares may be bred with advantafj3 to properly chosen thoroughbreds ; and the progeny of this cross again bred with the difierent, but somewhat similar cross, last described, will preserve the type, or class, of animal required, while reinvigorating the blood by the introduction of new strains, from the same original fountain head, though they have been flowing long through widely devious channels. I can readily believe, that many persons in reading this will imagine, that it is my object to decry this type of horse, because I deny to it the name of family. And I fancy I can already hear the outcry, that I am hostile to, or prejudiced against, the breed. It is not so in the slightest degree. Far from it— they are, or were, the very horse of all othei-s, which I believe to be the best for all general purposes ; the saddle, light harness, the hunting field, if it were required, and in a great degree, the trotting course. I mean the result of an infusion of thorough blood in a very large proportion into * See Note 2, p. 200. 118 Tira H0R8K. the BOundeBt, hardiest and most active, not desert-descended races. It is because I do like the class of horse, that I protest against its being forged into a family. It is but human nature, that the owners of stalhons, really descended from this Justin Morgan horse, now that the name of Moro-an has obtained, should claim that all the virtues which the stock or class so named do or might possess, come directly from the loins of tliat horee ; and that the nine-millionth part of a drop of his blood, infused into the veins of any screw, will produce a Morgan.* It is equally human nature, that the name of Morgan having once become tlic fashion, every breeder who has a likely stal- lion, however bred, and even if much more highly bred than any of the present real Morgans could be — if there were any— will assert it to be a Morgan. No difficult matter, by the way, since in Mr. Linsley's work there are recounted by name above two hundred and fifty Morgan stallions, now covering; and I myself know sons of some among these very stallions, which may again have sons of theirs, at this moment serving mares. In other words, there may be two farther generations of Morgan stallions, than he has named ; which, for aught tliat one can tell, may extend the present number of foal-getting Morgans to some thousands; at the same time that it reduces the quantity of Justin Morgan blood, in the veins of each, to one one thousand and twenty-fourth part. If this be not run- ning the doctrine of hereditary succession, and the divine right of blood, into the ground, I do not know what should do so. Tlio starchest stickler for thorough blood never started so untenable a position as this ; and I dare say never will. I will now briefly record the qualities, for which I believe this type of horses to be really renowned ; I will give my own hypothesis as to what this type is, and whence it sprang, and, in conclusion, how far it is to be depended on, and how used, to-day. According to what may be fairly deduced from the very conflicting accounts of the Morgans, as they now exist, it may, I tliink, be stated, that they are a small, compact, active style of * See Note 8, p. 206. ■tlUHIMMH* r\UL CLIFFORD. 119 horse, showing the evidence of a strain of good blood, not in genonil very recent, or very considerable. They rarely, if ever, exceed fifteen hands two inches, and it is probable that a hand lower, or from that up to fifteen, is nearer to their standard. They are not, I think, particularly closely ribbed up, and many of tliera are inclined to be sway- backed. Their hind quartei-s are generally powerful, and their legs and feet good. There is an evident family resemblance in their forehands, their necks and crests being so often, as to render the uuirk somewhat characteristic, lofty but erect, with- out much curvature, and the neck apt to be thick at the setting on of the head, which, though good, is rarely blood-like. The manes and tails of these horses are almost invariably coai-sc, as well as heavy and abundant, and have very often— as cannot fail to be remarked by any one, who will closely examine the wood-cuts in Mr. Linsley's work, which, although very coarse in execution, are believed to be fair likenesses, as being taken generally from daguerreotypes — a strong wave, or even curl of the hair. All these points are those of the Canadian or Norman horse, the latter so decidedly so, that I believe no such thing ever occurs, wliere there is not a strain of that blood. I should say, that any judge of horseflesh, on seeing the por- traits to which I allude, if not informed what race of animals they are intended to represent, would at once pronounce many of them Canadians. T will specify more particularly Green Mountain 2d, Mor- gan General, Flying Morgan, Golden Eagle and North Star, the last-mentioned as woolly as a Virginia negro. It is farther wortliy of special remark, that every one of the hoi-see '-epresented in this volume, which have the least of this appearance, or none of it at all, as Paul Clifford, Black Hawk and Black Jack, all of which have clean legs, arched crests, ■ well-set-on heads and straight hair, have large mixtures of pure blood, other than whatever did, or did not come, from the Justin Morgan. Thus the dam of Paul Clifford was by young Ilamiltonian, he by Bishop's Hamiltonian, thoroughbred, by imported Mes- Benger, imported Leonidas, and Bellfounder. The dam of ISO THE nOBSK. Black Hawk was an impoitecl half-bred Englisli mare. Tho dain of Black Jack was got by Medley, lio by Little Medley, tlioroiiglibred, he by imported Medley — his grunddaiii by Shep- ard's CutiHul — thoroughbred — by IJond's First Consul. In all which instances, I snbmit that it is preposterous to refer the qualities of thcs^ animals to the very remote strain of doul)tful blood, on the sire's or Morgan side, rather than to tho recent pnre strains, of tlie iiighest qnallty, on the dam's. But to proceed with the present stock, the qualities, to which they pretend, are neat style, good trotting action, great honesty, great qnickness and pprightliness of movement, apart from extraordinary speed, which is not insisted on as a charac- teristic of the breed — although some have possessed it — and con- siderable powers of endurance. There has been some conflict of opinions concerning the courage and endurance of the Mor- gans, as they are called, and their ability to maintain a good stroke of speed, say ten miles an hour, for several hours in suc- ceDsion ; but 1 conceive it to be well established that the excep- tion has not been fairly taken, and that these horses lack neither courage nor ability to persevere, though not, so far as I can judge, at a high rate of speed. And now, having admitted these qualities, I mean to assert that they are qualities appertaining to all horses, which are more or less — and the more the better — crossed with thorough blood. In the quarter, whence the Morgans come, there is an excel- lent type of draught mare, of different degrees of weight, power and speed, itself doubtless the produce of a variety of crosses, originally I think from the Cleveland Bay stock, possibly with a strain of Suffolk Punch, unquestionably with a large strain of Canadian, and unquestionably, also, with more or less admix- tures of thorough blood, ontirely distinct from that of True Briton. That from tho highest bred of these mares by crosses, sometimes with other thoroughbreds, sometimes with stallions, the sons and grandsons of the Justin Morgan, themselves out of well-bred dams, sometimes with clever half-bred trotting horses, a likely and useful stamp of horses should arise, possessing just the form and exactly the qualities, which the pretended Mor- gans do possess, would be predicted by any person, in the least degree cognizant of the principles of horse-breeding. THE NAUE MORGAN. 121 Still, thoro 1*8 not the slightest reason for attrilniting their merits or demerits to the Justin Morgan horse, or to True Briton ; nor any pretext for giving thein the name of Morgan horses, or for insisting that they are, in any possible respect, a distinct family. It may be roplied to this, that Morgan is at all events only a name, and tiiat, being as good a name as any other, the adoption of it can do no harm, and will serve to designate, as well as any that can be devised, the style of light carriage or buggy horee, which I admit to be distinctive of the region of country from which they hail. But it is not bo ; for the name, in itself false, necessarily tends to inculcate a false idea and introduce a false i)rinciplo of breeding. For, if the Morgan horses were a distinct family, so widely propagated as they now are, the stallions reckoned by hundreds, if not by thonsands, and the mares by ten times that number, with no danger existing any longer of incestuous breeding, it would be sale and wise to breed from them, Morgan horse into Morgan mare, as one would thoroughbred into thoroughbred, with a certainty that the stock would reproduce itself, with all the virtues (»f the parents. But, as they are not a distinct family, nothing but disap- pointment can resiilt cither from in-breeding, or from stinting superior mares to such stallions. Mares of this much-crossed stock, well selected with a view to bone, shape, action and other qualities, would undoubtedly throw valuable foals to properly selected thoroughbred horses ; and I should regard them as the most valuable of brood mares, where they posseas sufficient size and room. I cannot say that I should recommend the use of the stallions, at all ; unless it be to give a cross of warmer blood and higher spirit to essentially cold races, as the Canadian or Norman. And even then I should judge them more likely to transmit the inferior size produced by in-breeding, and the coarser qualities of the blood, than the diluted, pure stream. In a word, if I desired to give blood, I would rather go to the fountain-head — and no one will, I presume, dispute that it is no difficult task to find hoi-ses, of the purest thorough blood, of heavier bone, larger muscle, and greater points of size and 122 THE nORSE. power, tlinn the onliimry run of Morgan stall ioim— mid if I do- sired to bri'od cart-horses, I shonM prefer to fall back on tho Cleveland Hay, tlu' Nornuui, or the I'lnich. But, iho universe over, for general work, there ia not, and never will be any thing comparable to a high cross of tho very best thorough blood on the sire's side, with the very best general stock on the dam's. And thid very best general stock, for such breeding purposes, so far as the United States are concerned, I am willing to con cede, is to bo found on the frontiers of Vermont, of tho most approved travelling, in the iirHt iiiHtanco, and of railroad eun- Vfjanci', in the bocoikI. The nne of li^^ht one-hor«o vohiclcH, In the conntry, nnd ovon in towiiH, with tho oxcoptlon of private cabriolets and j)\d»lic cal)8, in I^oiidon and tho fi;reat cities, never very general — owing partly to the tax on jtleaHure-carriageH, partly to other canscH, on which 1 hhull t(»uch hereafter — Iiiih dccreused anuiziiigly in recent years; us ninch, perhaps, or more than it has increased in America. It is not difHcuU to nnderstand the reason of this ; nor would it 1)0 dangerous to projdiesy that, in England, the trotting-horso will never become generally jiopuhir, as it is in America; in a word, that lu; will never be kei)t to any extent, except by per- Bons of great wealth ; wlio, capable of nny expense, may choose, in addition to a full stud of hunters and general horses for gen- eral purposes, to keep u flying trotter or two, for the name of tho thing; or by those who intend to make a gain of them, by matching, as turf-men do of their raco-horses. The reasons, for this state of things, are manifold — first, per- haps, one may say, that the spirit of the English equestrian is thoroughly set on the saddle, and not on wlieels. I do not think that 1 ever knew, or lieard tell of such a thing, in my life, in England, as of two gentlemen going out to take a drive for pleasm'e in a light carriage, unless it were fast collegians driving tandem. Country gentlemen, of small fortune, indeed, often keep a dogcart or heavy stanhope, as a means of family loeon.ot'on, and of paying visits, capable of carrying a week's baggage, and drawn by a great, powerful, ten-mile-an-hour horse, often a worn-out hunter, who has seen better days ; but use, not pleas- ure, is the object, and with that use great speed is incompatible. b"> again, a smart tradesman, in a thriving country town or vil- lage, may find his profit in keeping his fast, active nag, to drive his stanhope about for orders, and on Sunday evenings to give his pretty wife a country jaunt or airing. CIS or TK«yrrKR8. 126 Trftvolling nfion\f^-hfi,jtn,n, n« tlioy uso.l to bo called— and l)iitcl.erH' iM.y-, l.iivo l..iij? Hto.ul ulon,' in tlio ixmHOHHioii ot tilHt, roally lant, tmttn-H ; and tl.cy were, nii.« tiinuB out of ten, HcrowH, crippli'H, or toiirlu'd in the wiiul. Hut tlio rail Iuih dono away with the bngnien, wlnle the oilier clanHCH rciuaiii in ntnfn quo. Tl.e fanner, an a ^v.wy>x\ tl.injf, one may Hay ninety-nine tin.oH in a hundred, keeps n.» vehicle liKhter than his market eart, nor any other nninuil to put heforo it than ono of hi« light toam- horHeH, or, at hent, a hrood nuire, or a young th.nj; whieh ho denpairri of HollinK for a hunter or a eharger, and which ho la conseciuontly breaking to liarneHS. Every man, it mny be miid, in short, in the country, or in country towns, who can ailord to keep a horso for pleasure, much more to keep two or three horscB, unless it be those who have a carriage and pair for state purposes and family use, keeps that liorse with a view, occasionally, to seeing the lioundH— fanners, well t(. do in the world, invariably so ; and the shopkeepers and buHinoss men, brewers, maltsters, millers, coni-dealers, butchers, and the like, even to the village dc.ctor, and the village attorney, almost as freeth's to bleeding Banquo's shadow — "Thou canst not say I did it ; " for it is already found as a true bill of indictment against them, and there are those awake to the subject, who will suffer no nolle prosequi to be entered up for their protection, from the consequences of their more than moon-struck madness. Persoiis who only see the trotting-horse as he now exists, an established institution of the country, and perhaps remember that within their own memory, time has been brought down from 2m. 40s. to the as yet unequalled, though we may not doubt to be surpassed hereafter, 2m. 24^8. of Flora Temple, will doubtless be astonished to learn how modern is the date of this celebrated creation, and how recent the establishment of trotting courses, and the proclamation of purses for trotters. TOM THCMB. 138 " The first time," I quote from the old Spirit of the Times of December 20, 1856, « ever a horse trotted in public for a stake, was in 1818, and that was a match against time for $1 000." The word ever in the above quotation, I presume, to have reference to America, as trotting matches on the road in England had certainly taken place earlier than that date. " Tlie match," continues the writer, " was proposed at a Jockey Club dinner, where trotting had come under discussion ; and the bet was, that no horse could bo produced which could trot a mile in three minutes. It was accepted by Major William Jones, of Long Island, and Col. Bond, of Maryland ; but the odds on time were immense. The horse named at the post was 'Boston Blue,' who won cleverly, and gained great renown. He subsequently was purchased by Thomas Cooper, the celebrated tragedian, who drove him on several occasions between this city," New York, « and Philadelphia, thereby enabling himself to perform his engagements in either city on alternate nights. " It was as late as 1830 before the fast-trotting courses were established, and public purses offered in this country. Edwin Forest made hie best time in 1834, and Sally Miller hers in 1833, and at that date 2m. 31^6. was tie maximum of speed." There is an error in the above statement, concerning the date of the first establishment of trotting courses and offer of purses, as I suspected from my own recollection, on first reading it— havina seen Tom Thumb trot his match in England, while an under-graduate at Cambridge, on the Northampton turnpike- road, much earlier than the date named, which would hardly have been the case had not trotting been already a well-under- stood sport in the United States. By reference to that excellent old work, the American Farmer, by the late J. S. Skinner, a useful and honored con- tributor to all that belongs to sporting in America, I find in vol. iv. p. 265, for 1823, the first distinct notice of trotting courses. i • u • It is embodied in an act passed March 30, 1831, which is published in the Farmer, in connection with the " Articles and Rules of the New York Association for the improvement of the breed of horses." 134 THE HORSE. "" Tliia Association, it appears, was instituted in the year first named, 1823, founded on the act alluded to, bearing date of two years previous. This enactment nins thus — " Be it enacted by the people of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assembly, that from and after tho passing of this act, the training, pacing, trotting and running of horses, upon regulated courses and upon private property, in the county of Queens, is hereby declared to be exempted and freed, for and during the period of five years, from tho passing of this act, from tho provisions and penalties of the act, entitled, ' An act to prevent horse-racing, and for other purposes.' " There are farther clauses to this act, but as it is my object, at present, only to fix dates, it is unimportant to refer to these. On page 415 of the same volume, I find the following notice, taken from a Glasgow paper; evidently showing that, although there might as yet bo no regular trotting-courses or public purses given, the art of making and training trotters was already well understood ; — " The public were informed of the speed of two American trotters, the property of Mr. Aldridge, and it seems two others, lately arrived, are superior in speed, and equal to 17 miles an hour. Tliey are the property of a gentleman named Bening- borough ; one of them was matched to do eight miles in half an hour on the Cambridge road, on Thursday, and to carry 11 stcne, 154 lbs. The horse is an iron gray, rat-tailed, and is sixteen hands high. The match was for 100 sovereigns at a week's notice, and the horse did his — fR(n.««o. Fifth mile in . . 3 32 Sixth " . . 3 50 Seventh "... 3 40 Eighth « , . 3 62 55s. " The horse broke once in the sixth mile. The other horse was matched to trot 17 miles in one hour on the same road, for 200 sovereigns." — Glasgow Herald. I can find no farther mention of these horses, either in the English or American sporting publications of that date, unless Firat mile in . . min. MO. 3 30 Second " . . 3 29 Third " . . 3 26 Fourth « . . 3 36 making the whole eight miles in 28m KABLY MATCIIM. 135 one of them be alluded to in a brief notice in the Annals of Sporting, an English work, vol. v., p. 74. " On the lOtli De- cember, 1823, the American Roan started to do one milo m 3m. 68.', upon the trot, for 50 sovereigns, and won, with two seconds to spare." , * • The next records which I find, are tliese from the American Farmer of the following year, 1824. " New YonK, Junt 2. « TBOTriNQ.— Last Monday's Evening Post contained an ac- count of an extraordinary trotting match on Sunbury Common, En-land, in harness. Mr. Giles trotted his marc 28 m.lcs, m the short space of one hour and 57 minutes, which is said to be un- paralleled, and that there is nothing like it on record. But let us see how it compares with the match between Mr. Somermdyke s horse Topgallant, and Mr. Coster's mare, Betsey Baker, who were matched for one thousand dollars a side, to trot three miles in harness, on the Jamaica road. They started yesterday at one o'clock, the horse driven by Mr. Purdy, the mare by Mr. How- ard Tlie hoi-se had the advantage in starting, as he came up hard in hand, with fine action, a little ahead of the mare. The word was given to start, and the horse led the mare in fine style and beat her about 40 yards, performing the three measured English miles in the short space of eight minutes and 42 seconds Topgallant last summer performed 12 miles on the road in 39 minutes, beating the celebrated horse Dragon, owned by T. Carter All three of the above horses were raised on Long Island. Mr. Purdy trotted the Albany pony on the same ground, against Mr. Howard one mile, which was performed in 2m 408 The Boston Blue horse trotted his eighteen miles within the hour, and the Tredwell mare trotted her mile in 2m. 34s. Tlie two last horees were taken to England, and won several matches."— ^vm»^ Po«<. , I presume that Boston Blue is the rat-tailed, iron-gray, men- tioned above in the « Cambridge Road" match, elsewhere called the Slate-colored American, and the Tredwell marc, the brown mentioned in the same extract. Boston Blue is the hoi«e re- corded in the quotation from the Spirit as winning a thousand dollars by doing, for Major Wm. Jones, the first mile ever re- corded in three minutes, in 1818. The Tredwell mare, it ap- 136 THIC HOBBK. pears, if the above Btatement be correct, had already, in 1824, brought the time down below the forties ; but for many years afterwfi. 1 .. 2m. 40h. hoi-se wan not an every-day occurrence, even among those considered extra fast, while a thrcc-miimte horse was, until very recently, considered extraordinary as a private gentleman's roadster. Again, in the same year, we find the following notice of a road-match, done nearly at the same rate as those previously noticed, which was evidently about the top time of the day. " On Saturday last, for a bet of $100, a horse of Mr, Van Buren's was trotted to a wagon, without collar or traces, six miles in 28 minutes. The time allowed was 34 minutes, and the performance wc? done on the Jamaica turnpike from the 12th to the Cth mile-stone. The horse came in without fatigue, although the whole of the tire came off one of the wheels."— New York Paper. Tlie trick of the match last named, lies in the animal having drawn the greater part of the load by the bit, in its mouth, although it is probable that the shafts were attached pretty firmly to the belly-band, and there may have been a breast- plate. In the year 1825, from the same source, the American Farmer, which is the only responsible guide on such matters until 1829, when its editor commenced, in September, the pub- lication of the American Turf Register, I derive the account of the following match. " The lovers of fine trotting were gratified yesterday morn- ing by witnessing a match between a bay horse belonging to Mr. Russel, and Mr. Howard's sorrel horee, Defiance, for a purse of $1,000. The distance was three-mile heats, and the purse was won by Defiance in very handsome style. The first heat was won by t'le bay horee, but it is presumed that Defiance would have come in ahead, if he bad not lost a shoe. The dis- tance was performed as follows — First heat, . . . . 9ni- Us. Second " . . . . 9m. OSs. Third " . . . .9m. 06s. Whole nine miles in 27ra. 25s." ^S-^'^^--^ ■' NEW -JOBK TROTTINO CLDB, 187 On a later pngo of tlio Bnrno volume, there is a record, which, as it relates to an English match, it is not worth the while to extract entire, to the ettect that "Mr. Willan s horse, which beat the Slate-colored ytmem-an"— Boston Blue, I nna- gi„c_« w«8 backed to trot three ntilcs in nine minutes, lor 100 miineus." j r », The horse did his first mile in 2m. 538., and at the end ot tlio second mile had 12 seconds to spare ; but when a hundred yards from home he broke, and was so hemmed in by the crowd when turned back, that he could not clear himself, and lost his match by 5 seconds. , i • This system of turning, by the way, when a horse breaks, is one of the erroi-s in English trotving rules, which has militated against all progress or improvement. A horse loses enough by beiii'' pulled down into his stroke again, as every driver knows. If lie^must turn back, an unsteady horse, such as Pelham, would be distanced every time he started. . . e This year brings iis to what may be called the origin ot authorized and authenticated trotting, as in it was established the association of which this, from the same journal ot May 19, 1826, is the first record extant. ^ "The New York Trotting Club was got up last year witli a view of improving the speed of road horses, which they con- sider the most useful of their species, and it met with great en- couragement from the admirers of that noble and most useful class of animals ; th. following are the inducements offered by the Club to persons owning good hoi-ses to train and enter them for the prizes, and by these means many horses whoso speed is now in obscurity will be brought into notice, and consequently their value enhanced. The Club's course is near the Jamaica_^ j Turnpike, aboiit a mile below the Union Course, L. I. "The first day's purse this spring, of $200, will be trotted for under the saddle, on the 16tli inst., at 2 p.m. Two-mile "Second day, the 17th, a purse of $200, to be trotted for m harness. Two-mile heats. , ^y a "Tliird day, the 18th, a sweepstake of $200, under the sad- dle ; three-mile heats, open for trotters, rackers, and pacers. « A piece of plate is to form the half of each purse. 138 THE nnnflK. " Tlio woijjflit to bo carried 5a 160 lbs. for tho fiftddlo, and a feather for harness. " llorHOrt t.. bo entered tho day previous at John K. Snodo- cor's, at 4 o'clock, I'. M." _ To which the editor mhls the folb.wing exhortation ;— » Wiiy are not clubs like tho above formed in this vicinity ? It would afford an excellent test for tho speed and value of h,ini,xH liorrtofl, as the turf does for the race-horse. Who will set it a-going?" It is curious to read such words, dated only thirty years ngo, and to h.(.k at the changes which have ensued within so short a space. Then trotting-lioi-ses were scarce in existence, and but one course in the Union, while race-horses and racing were as common as flowers in May. Now, a fast trotter is in every third wagon you meet on tho road, trotting courses meeting you at every corner, while racing, and all that pertains to it, except in a few Southern States, of which long may it continue tho boast and glory, has every where fallen into abeyance among us, and seems to hang " Quite out of fttMilon, like n rusty mail In monumental mockery." The next wo learn from tho Neio York Gazette, May 16, 1826, that, "The trotting purse of $200 was contested for yes- terday by Screws, Screwdriver and Betsey Baker. It was won in handsome style by Screwdriver in two heats. The lirst twc miles in 5m. 36s. "The second two miles in 5m. 388. « $100 in money and $100 in silver plate were delivered by tho Vice-president with an appropriate speech. The owners and friends of the winning horse gave a splendid dinner and champagne at Snedecor's tavern, where tho following horses were entered for this day's purse. "Two-mile heats in harness. Entries— Tom Tliumb, by Garvey Q. Brown; Screws, by Blank ; Jersey Kate, by McGuire. Great sport is expected." I find no record of the farther notice of this meeting, nor of the year, uutQ the Autumn meeting on tho Union Course, L. I., October 3, 1826. -^ '^TMWHBHiAMWg RATn-EK AND 8CRKWDUIVKR. 180 by by Wlien, on tho Bnmo day on which Mr. Stcvtnis' oh. f. Janet won tho AHH.uMiition'H purrto of tour-milo hcutH— tho HrHt in 7m. 488, tho «»i'ciin(l in a ciinter, no tinio ki'iit. "Tho silver phito of tho Now York Trottinj; (Muh was tTOltfd for in imrnoHrt, two-niilo hoiitH, tit 11 o'cbck, by TroiibU', ScrowH, Tom Thumb, and Lady Pluck. " Won l)y Trouhlo in r>.27— 5.;U. "At four o\dock in the al'tornoon, Jlotscy Ihikor, Huckskin, Bhakospoaro and liob Roy trotted for n Bweopstakcs of $100. thrce-milo heats. "Betsey Ihvkor won tho pnrHo, l)y takinj? tho lii-st and third beats. Shakeapearo won the second heat. "Time, 8.21, 8.20, 8.19." Herewith cIohcs tho brief «>f all tho American trotting, on rogular courses, of tho year 182(5. Of the foUiJwing year, 1827, wo httvo somewhat fuller ac- counts, and those of horses whose names, as well as those of their riders, are still housohohl words among our sporting men, ami who were still i)erfori. iig and winning green laurels on tho Turf, within my own personal recollection. "A trotting match against time was decided yesterday- April 23— on the Trotting Course, Long Island. The conditions of the bet were, to trot fifteen miles in harness, fifteen within the hour ; which was performed by the Long Island hor&o Whalebone, in fifty-six minutes, notwithstanding tho heaviness of the coui-so, owing to tho rain which fell die night preceding, and in the forenoon of tho day of tho race. Tho 14tli mile was accomplished in 3m. 10s., and tho last, tho 15th, in 3m. Ss.— and, what is very remarkable, the horso came in at the end of the race in gallant style, and appearing not more distressed than the common run of horses woidd in performing the same dis- tance at the rate of eight miles tho hour. The owner has offered to trot him seventeen miles in an hour for a thousand dollars. " Ameb. Fakmeb." Again, t i i " A trotting match took place, October 3, on the Long Island Course, between the celebrated hoi-se Rattler, owned by Mr. Wm. Jackson, and Screwdriver, the property of Mr. Brown, for one thousand dollars a side, two-mile heats. 140 THE HbRSB. " At starting, Screwdriver had the pole. " The horses went off in good style head and head for some distance, when Rattler made a break, and in pulling up to regain his trot, lost between fifty and sixty yards. By tlie good man- agement of hw v'dorj he gained gradually on his opponent, and finally won t'le htut by about a head. " The second leat, the horses again went off head and head. Eattler made another break, which left him considerably in the rear; but liaving more /bo^ than his opponent, soon regained his lost ground, passed him, and won the race in fine style. Rattler was ridden by Mr. M. Clintock ; Screwdriver, by Mr. White Howard. " This match was certainly the greatest treat that amateurs have probably 'vitnessed on this or any other turf in the annals of trotting. " Time of the first heat, 5m. 24s. Second heat, 5m. 26s. " JVew York Paper^'' I cai-not discover any records of the regular meetings or the contests for the purses of this year, the absence of any authentic worlc devoted exclusively to sporting up to a period of two years later, rendering it almost impossible to get at facts worthy of record as authen'^ic. From th's late. i\o\vever, trotting may be regarded as a tho- roughly au the jdc and Jf^gitiraate sport, as in the next year a second Assoc' ation and trotting course was established in the second city of the u nion, and :>om that day the progress of the sport has still been, without a cLeck, onward and upward. IIUKTING PAKK ASSOCIATION, PHILADELPHIA. "The meeting for this Association was held at the Indian Queen Tavern, South 4tli street, Philadelphia, February 8, 1828. The object of the Association was such as ought to induce sim- ilar ones at all the country towns. Tliey would promote a fond- ness for fine horses, would increase their number, and greatly augment the value of the capital wliich must always exist in the article of horses. The purpose of the Association is clearly ex- plained in the first article, as follows. " Akticlk 1. For the encouragement of the breed of fine HUNTING PARK C0UK8E. 141 Worses CBpecially that most valuable one known as the trotter, I 'exTaordinary powers cannot be developed or proper^ Itoted without trials of speed and bottom, and xn order to Xt those vicious practices which often occur on Uie com.e where it is not subject to the government and direction of au Association, empowered and resolved to maintain good order- tsubscribers agree to associate under the name and title of the Hunting Park Association." , j v„ „ To copy the remainder of the articles and rules, would be a needless waste of space ; but it may be briefly stated that-The government of the Association is vested in a President two Vice- presidents, and seven Managers, to be elected annually. "No new member to be admitted without the consent of two-thirds of the Board of Managers. « Annual subscription, ten dollars. .„ • i . "Every rider to be neatly dressed in a fancy silk jacket, ■jockey cap and boots, and all horses to carry weight accoraing to age, as follows— '^ In aged horse, .... J ^0 pounds Six years, \f , rive years, i29 « Four years, 190 « Three years, ; t . ^ e Mares, fillies, and geldings allowed three pounds. Intervals of thirty minutes between heats of four miles, twenty minutes be- tween heats of three miles, and fifteen between every other heat. "All combinations and partnership between horses pro- hibited, and their owner never again allowed to enter a horse. A horse must win two heats to win a race, unless he distance all others at one heat ; but if three horses win each a heat, no other horse to start against them. The distance on four-mile heats is fixed at . . ffyf''^^- three " " • • 240 two " " .• • 160 ' « Art 26 All trials for speed shall be under the saddle, unless directed otherwise by a majority of the members of tins Association, or two-thirds of the officers of the same ; but the first day's and largest purse shall, in all cases, be contended tor 142 THE HORSE. under the saddle. When trotting in harness is permitted and authorized, the officers of the Association shall give notice of the same, and prescribe the rules, at least one month before the purse is trotted for. " PEBFOBJIANCES ON THE COUKSE OF THE HDNTINO PARK ASSOCIATION FOB THE IMPROVEMENT OF TBOTTING HORSES. " First match was on the 15th May, 1828, when three horses were entered for the Association's purse of $300, and a splendid cup ; viz.. Screwdriver, Betsey Baker, and Topgallant. — " Distance, three-mile heats. " Screwdriver won the two first heats, beating Betsey Baker by a few feet. " Time of performance — first heat, 8m. 2s. ; second heat, 8m. lOs. " Tliis was the best time then on record." It has been done since by Dutchman in 7m. 32^8., and Lady Sufiblk in 7m. 40^8.— 7m 56s.* " Second day'b Spring races, 16th May, Whalebone, Creeper, Gentle Kitty, Grey Squirrel, and Moonshine, were entered, two- mile heats, purse $200, and a handsome silver cup. " Whalebone took the two first heats, distancing Gentle Kitty and Moonshine first heat. Distance, two-mile heats. " Performance — first heat, 5m. 408. ; second heat, 5m. 388. "October 21, 1828. The Fall Races took place. On the first day, Topgallant and Paul Pry were entered. Topgallant took the two first heats, purse $200, and a silver cup. Distance, two- mile heats. " Performance — fii-st heat, 5m. 558. ; second heat, 5m. 358, " October 22, second day. Spot, Paul Pry, and Ephraini Smooth. Purse.. $300. Distance, four-mile heats. Spot won the two lirst heats with ease. "Performance — first heat, 11m. 34s. ; second heat, 11m. 408. " In the afternoon of said day, the following fillies contended for the Colt and Fillies' Purse, $50, and a silver cup of the same value. Sally Miller and Lady Washington. Sally Miller, firet heat, . . . 3m. 9s. Lady Washington, second heat, . . 3m. 68. Sally Miller, third heat, . . . 3m. 48. * See Note 4, p. .07. •"^ma^ mm TOPGALLANT. 143 « March 19, 1829. The following horses were started for a puree of $200, as second-rate horses. Distance, two-mile heats. Creeper, Lady Jackson, Lady Kate, Moonshine, and Paul Pry. Lady Jackson, first heat, . . . 5m. 4(S. Moonshine, second heat, . . .5m. 43s. Moonshine, third heat, . . • 5m. 38s. «'M'iy 21. Match race between Topgallant and Lphraim Smooth, for $500 a side, three-mile heats. The two first heats won by Ephraim Smooth. " Time, first heat, 8m. 20s. ; second heat, 8m. lOs. ^^ ''American Turf Register, Vol. I. p. 63. In connection with the Hunting Park Course, of which this is the first record, it will be not out of place to give, in this Dlace a memoir of the celebrated old horse Topgallant, who lor mny seasons stood nearly at the head of the American Trotting Turf and for some reason, which it is not easy now to indicate, for it certainly was not dependent wholly on his real merits as a victor, for he was often defeated, and not by any means in extraordinary time-or what would now be considered such— was one of the most popular animals and the greatest favorites, with the masses of the spectators, that has ever been known on the Turf. , , , He stood, in this respect, as Lady Suffolk in her day, and as Flora Temple now. He was the " Old Top," as Lady Suffolk formerly was the « Old Lady," of the B'hoys, who were always ready to cheer them to the echo in their successes, and to sympathize, as if it were pri.vate calamity, in their defeats. , , , , He was a fine dashing-looking animal, with a blood look, a lean bony head, and fine action. AN ACCOUNT OF THE CELEBRATED TBOTTINa HORSE TOPGALLANT. Among the many horses which have acquired distinction on the Hunting Park Course, no one, perhaps, is so general a favorite as the veterah trotter. Whenever the « Old Horse, as he is familiarly and affectionately called, appears upon the course, his presence is greeted with every demonstration of enthusiasm, by the spectators, and in his performances he is Aiiaigses lU IHE HORSE. watched with the deepest anxiety. Tin's attachment to him springs from his extreme age, joined to his general good be- havior, and the fact that ho is in a great degree identilied with tlie history of our course. lie was one of the first liorses ever entornd for tho purse of the Hunting Park Association, and has fjince been engaged in every regular contest which has taken place under their auspices. In all of these — though not a con- stant winner — he has stj 'fiined an excellent repu' tion, and whenever defeated, he Las experienced more syni -thy than most ethers in success. The life of Topgallant has been strangely varied. Of his earlier years, but little is known, though he is generally be- lieved to belong to the stock of the famous Old Messeno-er. "Where, or by whom he was bred, we have been unable to learn, nor can we ascertain his precise age, th.,.igh his marks indicate twenty-five years last spring. At one period, he was used as a corainon coach hackney in New York, and has at other times, been e uplojed in various laborious occupations. Topgallant has changed owners so frequently, that it is nearly impossible to procure a regular detail of his perform- ances. Some of these have taken place at Long Island, and in parts of New Jei-sey, but those feats which are considered the most remarkable, have been accomplished at Allen's, now better known as the Hunting Park Coui-se. His reputation as a trot- ter, has been established for many years, and so high did he stand in the opinion of those who knew him, that at a meeting of the board of oflBcers of the Hunting Park Association, held to regulate the trotting for their purees, the first year of their institution, it was resolved, that Topgalljint should not be per- mitted to enter for the second day's purse, inasmuch as they considei'ed him a first-i-ate horse. On Thursday, May 15, 1828, Topgallant trotted against Screwdriver and Betsey Baker, three-mile heats, &c., for the firet purse and prize cup, offered by the Hunting Park Asso- ciation. On this occaaion, Screwdriver succeeded in win- ning. Time, 1st heat, 8m. 2s.— 2d heat, 8m. 10s. Tliough a loser, Top suffered nothing in the estimation of his friends. TOPGALLANT. 145 Tuesday, Oct. 25, 1828, Top trotted against Paul Pry, for the Association third purse of $200, and won by the first two heats. Time, 1st heat, 5m. 558.— 2d heat, 5m. 358. Ill tliis contest neither of the horses were pushed. Wednesday, 20, 1829, Top trotted against CoUimbus, Wliale- honc, Buckskin, and Ephraim Smooth, for tlie Association eighth purse, of $'M) ; Ephraim Smootli won. Time, 1st heat. Sin. 27s.— 2d lieat, 8m. 208. Notwithstanding this defeat, the friends of tho old horse immediately matched him against the winner, Ephraim Smooth, for three-mile heats, $500 a side, to he trotted the following day. Accordingly, on the 21 st May, the match took place, when Ephraim Smooth again succeeded in winning tho two heats. Time, Ist heat, 8m. 208.— 2d heat, 8m. lOs. On Thursday, October 15, 1829, Topgallant, Ephraim Smooth, Wlialebone and Chancellor, trotted for the purse of $200, four-mile heats. It was in this contest that Topgallant proved the excellence of hip bottom. Four heats were trotted. Tt)p came out ahead in the first. The second was prononnced a dead heat. Whalebone took the third, and old Top the fourth. This trot afforded excellent sport to the spectators, and was justly considered one of the best that had taken place on the course. Time, 1st hetvt, 11m. 48.— 2d or dead heat, 11m. 30s.— 3d heat, lira. ITs.— 4th heat, 12m. 15s. Thursday, May 20, 1830, Columbus, Ephraim Smooth, Top- gallant, and Lady Jackson trotted for tha Association purse of $200, three-mile heats. In this trial Columbus was victor, doing the 1st heat in 8m. 19s.— 2d heat, 8m. 27s. So sanguine were the friends of Topgallant that his loss was attributable to untoward circumstances, and not to any in- feriority of speed, that they offered a match of $500 a side, two- mile heats, against the winner, Columbus, which was accepted. In consequence of this arrangement, the match took place on the 22d of June following, when the old horse won the two first heats with all ease. His time was as follows ;— let mile on the 1st heat, 2m. 46s. Vol II.— 10 UQ THE H0B8B. — 2d mile nn tlie Ist heat, 2in. 438. — Ist mile on tlio 2(1 heat, 2m. 43s. — 2d mile on the 2d heat, 2m. 4Cb., making 5m. 298. cacli heat. Toj) (lid not hreak once during? this porformanco. On tlie 7th of Soptenihor, 1830, a match wastrottetl hctwoeii Topgallant and a gray horno from lioston, called IJustor, niilo heats, for $100 aside. This money Top won without diffi- culty, doing each heat in 2in. 3!)8. lie wonld have per- formed his 2d heat some seconds sooner, but his rider held him in. On the 22d and 23d of Oct., 1.S30, Top contended for tlio purses oiFered by the Association, hut was unsuccessful on both days, Bull Calf taking the first, and Whalebone the second, Thursday, May 10, 1831, Toi>gallant, Bull Calf, Tyro, and Sally Miller, entered for the Association purse of $200, two-niilo heats, and in this trial Top succeeded in winning the 2d and 3d lieats, Sally Miller having taken the first. Time, Ist heat, 5m. 2l8. — 2d heat, 5m. 2l8.— 3d heat, 6in. 10s. Thursday, June 2, 1831, a match race was trotted between Topgallant and Whalebone, four-mile heats, in which Top took the lead from the score, and kept it during the Ist and 2d heats, being only once lapped by his opponent. Time, 1st heat, 12m. 58.— 2d heat, 12m. 2s. In consequence of Whalebone's breaking iip continually. Top was not pushed, and, of couree, the time was not so good as had been expected. On the 20th Oct. 1831, Top trotted against Sally Miller, Bull Calf, and the Clark's Colt, two-mile heats, for a premium of $200, which was taken by Sally Miller. Time, 1st heat, 5m. 26s. — 2d heat, 5m, 23s. On the 21st, the day following. Top entered with seven horses, to trot three-mile heats, for a premium of $300. On this occasion, Top took the second heat, distancing Columbus in 8m, 19s, and worked the winning horee very closely in the third and fourth heats, both of which he lost by only a few feet. On the 29th of October, at the Central Course, Baltimore, he won a purse of $250, tliree-mile heats — winning the firat and LONG ISLAND COCU8K. 147 tiiml licats; second heat Uikvn hy Dread Tlio other horses entered were Collector, Spot, Clmiiecllor and Terror. Top is a fine, clean-lunbed, well-l()«)kinK l>ay, altout tifteen haiuls liif?li, and his movement is snre, thoiigh easy. Kvery visitor to the llnntinjr Pnrk Course is well accpiainted with him, and all, as we remarked before, are attached to him. It is said that upon one occasion, a nuitch trot was formed in some part of Xi'W JerKey, neither of the horses being known to the adverHe parties, and when the animals were brought upon the ground, a Pinall boy, who had visited riiiladelphia, after h>oking doKely for some minutes at the frame and movements of one of them, exclaimed, with a burst of admiration, " By G— d, Old Top."— Upon inquiry, it was found to be so, and the trot was declined. A few days only before the fall meeting, described above, on the I hinting Park Course, the noted old trotter, Screwdriver, finished his career, and his obit\iary is thus registered in the American Farmer ; — *' The emperor of hordes is no more. Screwdriver is dead. He died suddenly on Sunday, October 19, 1828, in his training stable at Philadelphia. This is the noble animal that trotted and won at Phihulelphia the silver cup and $300, on the 15th of Ihxj last, beating Betsey Baker and Topgallant. 0»i the 7tli inst. he won the $300 puree on Long Island, and wi . intended for the $300 purse to be trotted for on Tuesday, the 2l8t inst., at Philadelphia. He was considered the best trotter ever known in this or any other country, of a fine figure and excellent tem- per. He was the property of J. P. Brown, of this city.''— Phil. Paper. In September of the following year, 1829, the publication of the American Turf Eegister was commenced, and in its second number are the following notices ; — " On September 7th, at half-past four o'clock, a race was paced on the Long Island Course, for a purse of $500, by the celebrated horses Bowery Boy and Stranger. The distance was two-mile heats. The first heat was paced in 5m. 04js. ; the second in 5m. OTs. Both heats were won by Bowery Boy ; the first with ease; the second by a short distance. At a former race Stranger was the winning horse." " The New York and Long Island Trotting Club announce 148 THE HOUSE. to tlie public, that tlioir trottliij^ and pacing Rports couitnciico on the Hd, r)th, and 7th days of Octohor, on the trotting omrso on Long Island, at throe o'clock, v. M. Kuch day's purso will consist of $200. The fii-st, for horses under the saddle, carrying 14.") lbs., three-mile heats ; the second, in harnessi, carrying 145 lbs., thrcu- inile beats, and the third, for pacers, rackers and trotters, carry- ing a leather." " LONG ISLAND TROTTINQ C0UK9E. ' An into'wttting and extraordinary trot took place on the Long Island Trotting Course, before a large concoui-se of people. The purse was contended for by Topgallant, Columbus, Comet, Spot, and William. CoUunbus was declared the winner of the first heat ; the second and third heats were won by Topgallant, who with difficulty was succt^fulin winning the third heat from Comet. min. tie. " First heat, S mites 8 20 "Second " 8 11 "Tblnl " 8 14 " On the same course, at 3 p. m,, a paced match took j^lace between Bowery Boy, Fireuway, and Stranger, the last winning the match in two heats. The first was well contested, Fircaway and Stranger coming in almost neck and neck. On the second, all three were nearly lapped at its termination. Tlie race-couree was in good order, and an immense number of persons were on the ground. " PHILADELPHIA HUNTING PAKK COUliSE. " The following is a statement of the result of the trotting on this course ; — " Wednesday, October 14. Two-mile heats. " L«dy Jackson, 11 "LadyOhllders, S S "Collector, dist " Time, lira. 868.— 6m. 41(. *' All Philadelphia horses." 149 nUNTINO rAKK CWUKBK. ■'»'' «' Same day. Four-milo heats, in ImrnesB. It ■'fllrPet«r .,19 "Tlmo, llm. 28«.— Second, Urn. 8Tfc "The winner is a New York horse. Whulehono is owned in PhihiiU'lphiii. " Thnrsdaj', October 15. Four-mile heats. -Topitallant j 0 1 « '• WliiilDbono j„„- » A ttriiy from Now York, . ■• Elihralin Wiiiooth, . ""*• "No tlmo kept «' Tliifi was one of tlic liandHomest trots over seen on this course. Kphraim Smooth, however, after eontenting the first two miles of the first heat, side by side with Topgallant, lost a slmo and was distanced. Whalelume was side by side with Top- .rnlhiiit nearly througliout the three other heats, winning one.^ Sie second heat was drawn, there being some eomphunts of foul ridin-^ by Topgallant's rider, who came out ahead." I sup- pose this 'should read flJ7a^•nsr^opgallant'8 rider, Jis, if he won the heat, he would hardly complain, Tlie time of the three-mile heats has been brought as low as 7m 32^8. by Dutchman, in 1839, and 7m. 40^8. by Lady Suffolk, iulS41, under the saddle; and as low as 7m. 4l8. by Dutch- man, and 7m. 538. by Kipton, in harness, in 1839 and 1848.* Pet and Kemble Jackson have done it in wagons as low as bm. Is. and 8m. 38., respectively. So that horseflesh has shown its progress, in these events against time, as victoriously m this a» in any other branch of sporting. As of two-mile heats, so it may be said of two, that pace has again gained upon time.f Flora Temple and Lady Suffolk have reduced it to 4m. 57s., and 4m, 59s. respectively, and many have done it in a few seconds over five minutes, even in second lieats, and in harness. _ . .% ^ At four-mile heats there has been less improvement than at any other distance.t Dutchman has done it in llm. 198., 10m. 51s., and Lady Suffolk in llm. 15s., llm. 58s. Otherwise there has been no' gain on Sir Peter's time. In fact, of late years, three and four-mile heats have lost their popularity. * See Note 5. p. 207. t See Note 0, p. 207. t See Note 7, p. 207. 150 THE HOME. It ni>i)onrfi by n lottcr from tlio Amorienn corrpsporKlcnt of tlii* Kiiglisli SjM.rtiii^' Ma^'a/iiic, pul.lirtluMl in Au^MiRt, ISl'H, an,! qiiotcii in th« Novi'inl)crninnbor(tt'tho Aint'i-iciin Turf Uc'ri^tcr tlnit '• T(.|)frull,uit, WhuU'Ixmc, Sir Peter, Trouble and Shakes! IH'ure, were ^rot by Ifaniblefonian ; tliat iJetHey liaker was by Manibrino; Screwdriver, dam, Hull by Mount Holly ; UaitlJr by an imported Kiif^lish lir.i-so out of a (/'anadiun nuire, and Turn Tluunb a Narra<,'anHett, iin excellent breed of trottei-H, but their origin unknown." TluH is i)ocuiiarly worthy of remark, xis I have not else- where seen any notice of the pedigrees of these aniinaU ; and this is generally likely to bo correct, as written i)robably by an Englishman for an Knglish perio.lieal, wlio would naturally strive to obtain accuracy on a {)oint likely to create so niucii attention as the origin of this new race of extraordinary trotters was sure to do in the F'lglish sporting circles. There are two nambletonians in the Stud Book, one by Sir y^rchy out of Bellonu, a Carolinian mare; the other by imported Messenger, out of a niaro by imported Messenger, 2d dum u Bouthern mare.** Jt is of course the latter horse, which is the sire of these trotters, as he is k- -^wn to have served many common niaros, and it is claimed that the Morgans have some of his blood. The trotting stallion Mambrino was by Messenger, and must not be confounded with the race-horse by American Eclipse. Mambrino was owned in Philadelphia. There is soino blunder here as to BuU,\ who could not well be any one's dam, and I cannot find how Mount Holly was bred, though I believe he was by Mambrino. N'othing, probably, is known of the sire of Kattler, but the chances are that he was a well-bred horse. The statement that Tom Thumb was a Narragansett, I take to be an error, from confounding the breed of pacers with that of trotters, natural enough to an Englishman, to whom both were strange. I have often seen the horse, which had not the slightest resemblance to the Karragan setts, either in shape or color, but closely resembled an Indian pony of the Canadian tj-pe. In this same year it appears that a Trotting Club was estalv lished at Baltimore — I believe on what has been known since as the Kendal Course— and, since that time trotting has continued See Note 8. p. 207. f See Note 9, p. 907 wmam BAl.TIMoUK COtTKSK. 181 to lulviii CO nnd to giiin popularity, until nt tlio proHcnt diiy, there IS scarcely ft Stall' in the Union, North, Kiwt, or VVcHt—tiie South iu'iiij,' (lovotod uluioHt oxclunivi'ly t«t runniiiK horMM— fxci'pt tliiit in which I write thm^ liiii'H, luid which, in ivcry thiufr i.citain- iiP' t(» cither piiyHicii. or niontul ciillivatioii, irt at leant half u rcutury hchinil the rest of tho American World— that docs not p..HMCH« ft number of arenas for tho trial and exhibition of tho tipeed of itH trottinjj; horHCK, It in a little Hinj^ular that New JerBeymen, who are ho nmcli addicted to levying taxes on all who aro so unfortunate as to enter their borders, shoidd bo willing, in this instance, to i)ay a tax to Long Inland (-very time they want to test the power of their nngs, and thus to let a . Tlirci'-mik' lii-utH, T-T)!)— S.O'J, uihIoi- till) Hiiildli". Tliirt iimtoli was trottt-d October 5, IH'.]7. It is witli (liw^UHt and ri';,'n't, that I record one of those pieceg of ntrocioiiH rruelty, which diK;,'rac(' liiiinaiiity, cast a dcscrvi'il fiti^'Uia on the 'IVottiii^' Tnrt", and Itrini; all sixuisnicn more or less into int'anious odor with rij;ht-thinkin<,' men — a lonj,' niuteli against time, in wliich a gatno and f,'allant aninnil was Imrhar- oiisly overmarked, t'orced to continiio under distress, and, of course, shiutrhtered. Mischief, by Mount Holly, oiit of a iMessenj^er mare, was backed by her owner, Mr. C'liarles Siberg, a livery keeper in New Vork, to go along the post roas8el, already, tlir.Mi;;li her terrihlo exor- tiuiiH on tliat trnly tcrrihhi (hiy, waw the vrlnw. II„w nuieh Mr. Siher^' felt, one can jndt;e hy the fact, that within a week of the deed, he pid.liely ehaUen^'ed a het that ho Nv.mhl aeeoniplibh tho Bamo match in the toMowinj; September ill vine hours. It is nut too nineh to Hay that tlie (h-ive of ninety nnles over the l'hila(h'li.hia |.ostroad, on tliat .Inly .lay, wan a far greater feat than the drive of a himdred over a course in tho same time; ami that to do the same in nine hours woidd have been a far .greater feat than those perforin(-d hy either Famiy Murray, Fainiy Jeidvs, or Kate, each of whom did a hundred miles soino seconds within the time. I wish sincerely that there was an act for compelling such men, as make these nuitches, to run for nine hours, themselves, in the shafts even of an empty sulky, through a July day, with a good stiff jockey whip in a willing hand behind them, to make them show tiieir pluck and ability to stay a distance, under pun- islinuM'.t, and that hand ndne ! . ■ All these long matches against time are useless, cruel, dero- patory to the turf, disgracefid to humanity. 'riiey are never accomplished— whether tho horso bo urged bevond its powers by tho torture of the whip, or only by tho incitement of its own high courage and emulation, which, every horseman kiunvs, will sptir a well-bred animal to die, rather than to jrive in— without great present distress of the creature, great risk of its dying in tho trial— and, in nine cases out of ten, its serious and permauent injury and deterioration, even if it wm the match, and appear to win without distress. In my yv 'uient, all such matches should bo prohibited by law, at re'al i^nalties; and tho death of the animal matched should be visited on its butcher, as a high misdemeanor. _ They have no 'ling to do with sport— no connection with the true spirit of the turf— no possible influence on the brooding, oi 166 THE HORSE. If!' improving the breed, of horses— no eifect in testing any thin"' unless it be how far the rapacious cruelty of inan will drive him in tormenting the noblest of animals ; and how far the spirit of the animal can be made to strive toward the performance of what is physically impossible, under obedience to the man's sordid lust of lucre. It is never the educated man, tlie true turfman, the breeder the lov-r, tlie friend of the valuable animal which he owns, and in whose vigor and beauty, no less than in whose triumphs he rejoices, that is concerned in such cruelties as this ; and it is rarely indeed, I am happy to say, on a course of any kind, that they are accomplished. Nine times out of ten such matches arc made up by the low- est of the low — the hangers-on and outsiders of the lowest sta- bles— thimble-riggers, bonnets, and sporting men of the dog- fighting and bear-baiting order ; and the object of them is, solely, to win money. If the money to be won is larger than the value of the animal to be killed, killed it is — with as little remorse as a com- pany of grenadiers is sacriticod by a great general, that he may win a pitched battle, and finish a campaign at a blow. It has been now ascertained that horses can do a hundred miles within ten hours ; and if one horse can, then others can ; and Ave may be sure that the best bred, the fleetest, the gamest of spirit, and the stoutest of muscle and bone, are those which will accomplish it ; if there be need and cause, for life or death, why it must be accomplished. (.)f one thing, at least, one may rest very certain — that a horse which has once done it will rarely if ever do it again ; and that to all serviceable purposes, it is, and ever will be, a dam- aged and inferior creature in all time to come. For the benefit of the good souls who stand aghast at the idea of fast horses, who regard speed as immoral, and a fast horse as a delusion and a snare, let it be known, that pace, although it be technically said to kill, never yet was known to kill any thing, at short distances ; but must be combined with time and distance,before it can inflict torture and death 1 Let it be known, tliat ninety-nine horses have been driven to death, or decrepitude, at a very slow pace, far below a mile in four .15- LADY SUFFOLK. 167 minutes, unduly protracted, where one has been even slightly injured at top speed ! Let it be known, lastly, that probably more noble aninuilshave been irremediably ruined and destroyed by hauling at dead weights, on a foot's pace, beyond their abil- ity to move, than in all the time matches that have ever been run, be they long or short, fast or slow ! llaving discharged my mind, however, 1 proceed to the record. The year 1838 is celebrated for several events wortliy of long remembrance on the trotting turf. First, for the astonishing feats and challenges of Dutchman and Daniel D. Tompkins ; and, second, for the appearance of Lady Suffolk on the turf, of which she was for so many years to be the brightest ornament. The gray mare was not very successful at first, and it seems to have been the general opinion that she was ill-trained and badly handled by her owner, D. Bryan. She was beaten by Black Hawk— not the Stallion— and Apollo, in inditferent time ; then won a trot of two-milo heats, under the saddle, for animals never winners of $100, beating Lady Victory, Black Hawk, Cato, and Sarah Paif, in two heats, 5.15—5.17. . On tlie Hunting Park Course in May, Daniel D. Tompkms boat Edwin Forrest four-mile heats. First heat, ^8.07; second heat, Forrest distanced— -first two miles done in 5.30. This was a match for $10,000 ; and after winning it, Tomp- kins challenged any horse in the world to trot him three-mile heats, over the Hunting Park Course, at Philadelphia, for the sum of $1,000, without immediately finding a taker. On the sixth day of October following, however, on the Bea- con Course, New Jer ^ey, Dutchman met Rattler three-mile heats, for $1,000, and the time was such as speedily to turn the tables ; four' heats were made, and the time was less remarkable, even, than the stoutness evinced by both competitors. Tlie match was under the saddle, weight, as ordered by the rules this year established at Centreville Course, 145 pomids each, and the result as follows. Dutcliman, Battler, 8 10 18 0 Time, T.M4— T.50-8.02-S.24*. 168 THE nOKSE. This is, by very much, the best time ever made up to that date; and immediately afterward appeared a challenge from Dutchman to trot any horse in the world three-mile lieats over the Centreville Course, for $1,000 or $3,000. Should Edwin Forrest or Daniel D. Tompkins choose to enter, Dutchman will give $1,200 to $1,000, to induce them to come to the Island. No takers were found as yet, and it was well for them. On the following day, Awful and Lady Suffolk contended in harness, at two-mile heats, over the same course. Awiul, Suffolk, Time, 6.28-6.12*. 1 1 2 2 Betting was 10 to 1 on A^vfiil, but it is described by th« " Spirit" as no disgrace to the mare to bo beaten by the Phe nomenon, " the rather that she had been fed six quarts of oats and a bundle of straw, before her match." Bryan had refused $3,500 for her, and she is spoken of as a tip-top marc, but tlie world is warned, not to throw away their money in backing her, as she will hardly do aught, but lose, under her present training and management. At the end of this volume, will be found the rules of the eastern and western race courses, and trotting congress rules of the United States, as they exist at the present day, so that by reference to these it will be easy to ascertain what are the modi- fications which have taken place in the systems, in regard to each of these manly and interesting sports, from their first institution to their present advanced condition, and to perceive at a glance what are the terms to be complied with by those wishing to enter horses, to ride, or to bet, in connection with any of the regulated sports and events of the road and turf. The year 1839 produced several trotting results of consider- able interest, Dutchman, on the whole, maintaining his place at ^1 LADY SUFFOLK. 169 ,he head of the trotting turf, Awful, if any tlung, rat^u^ d d . in. than advancing, on his former renown, and Lad > Sutiolk Sa iv increasing in favor, and rising toward the K^^^ POsU.on htch'she afterward so long and so nobly occup.ed, as thefleet- l stuurest, and nv.st honest piece of horseflesh, tluit ever went on four shoes, until she at last departed from the scene ot her ^'""ITthis period of her career, however, she was, it cannot be denied, somewhat uncertain, and was in all likolihood-jis ap- pears to have been the prevalent opinion-ilknanaged by her owner, and not often at the top of her condition, when called iiDon to work. . .. , .• This indeed, is evident from the irregularity ot her tune m this present year-she Avho, when in her prime some years later, could be counted ui)on wit^-. certainty, almost to a second. _ She opened the ball, this seiison, on the Beacon Course in the first Spring meeting, two-mile heats, (saddle,) in 5m. 21s., the horse drawn, the second heat. A few days later, at the same meeting, she went two-mile heats, against Dutchman, nnder the saddle, the horse winning the two heats in 5.16 — 5.09. This was, at that day, the fastest two miles that had been done; and has only in fact, since that, been beaten by Ldwin Forrest, Lady Suifolk, and our present favorite, Ilora iemple.* Althougli th." gray mare was beaten, she made hne going, forced the horse up to his time, and, in fact, gained credit by the performance. . -p, , On the CentreviVe Course, during the same spring Dutch- man made in harness, two-mile heats in 5.11-5.16, the best two heats vet made inhar^.ss ; and, since that time, beaten only by Ladv Suffolk, Kipton, and Flora Temple. Tlie Lady beat Cato on the Centreville, in 5.39, the hoise drawn the second heat; and Dutchman, in a three-mile match distanced Awful, the first heat, in 7 41. This was the fastest three miles in harness then done, and only beat, since then, by Lady Suffolk. . ■. ^ a f ,i In July, on the Beacon Course, Dutchman again beat Awtul, three-mile heats in harness, in 8.18-7. 59, and one-mile heats, the best three in five, in 2.35—2.32—2.35. » See Note 15, p. 207. 170 THE HORSE. In the sainc montli; at tlie Hunting Park Course, Phila- delphia, Lad}' Suffolk was beaten by Lady Victory, two-niilo heats, the best tliree in five, in 5.28—5.31—5.32—5.42, tlio Lady winning tlie third heat; and on tlie following day boat her the same match and distance, in 5.38 — 5.35.- -5.40. On the third day of the meeting, in a match against Lafayette, he to draw two persons in a buggy, weighing in all 373 lbs., she in a sulky. Lady Suffolk was again beaten, mile heats, in 2.52— 2.50. The odds were two to one upon the mare, but it was evident that she had been trashed off her legs, b} the excessive work slie had undergone in the last two days : she broke up often — a tiling of which she was rarely guilty — was evidently off her foot, and was easily beaten. This was too often the case witli this noble mare. If she had not been literally made of wrought iron, and had a courage as fine and clear as tempered steel, she never could have endured the incessant and mn-easonable work, to which she was subjected by an owner, who, being possessed of an extraordinary animal, was just sensible of those qualities, without having the sense how to apply them. IIow she should have retained her foot, her courage, and \\q.t unequalled stamina, as she did so many years, as the queen of the trotting turf — never stale, never sulky, and rarely, if evfr, beaten, but when she M'as utterly overmaiched^ — was the admira- tion of all who knew her, and made her the people's pet and darling. It was on August Ist, however on tiie Beacon Course, that the great feat of the year was acco "p'.K-hed. It was a memor- able day for several causes ; at noon, the famous steamships the Great Western and the British Queen took their departure to- gether from the Battery, whicli was crowded with fitYy tliousand spectators, while every new steamer and sailing craft that was at liberty accompanied them in a triumphal procession to the Narrows. In the afternoon, there was a highly Interesting boat match in the bay ; but at cix in the evening was to come off, to sportsmen, the great event of that exciting and eventful day. On the lltli of July preceding, when Dutchman beat Awful three miles in harness, a match was made on time, against the -SmMm^MS^^^ii. ' LADY SOTTOLK. 171 winner, for $1,000, that he conkl not make three miles m ^'" The backers of the horse had the choice of harness or saddle, ,ml the right to two trials, with two hours' intermission, in case Tf a failure on the iirst attempt. The saddle was chosen, and Hiram Woodruff put into it, with a gi-ay thoroughbred mare, iockeyed by Isaac Woodruff, to keep up the horse s emulation It seems that the backers of the horse were so confident o his accomplishing the match at the first trial that they waved the opportunity of Uie second; for it wanted but a quarter of seven o'clock, wheu Hiram threw his log over the saddle, whicli ^vould have afforded but scanty time for the intermission and the second trial, even on a midsummer night. The day liaa been one of unusual heat, even for that season, which was prob- ably tlie cause for selecting so late an hour for the accomplish- nient of the match. _ The course, it is said, was dusty, but in good order, ihe match was aone as follows. Flret qimrter, Second " Third " 40 83 89 First liftlf, Second " Third 1.17. 1.15. 1.16. First mll», Second " Third " 2.84y. 2.2& 2.80. ■Whole time of tlio three miles, 7m. 8218. Dutchman thus winning his match with sixteen and a half seconds to spare. , , , ^^ This continues to the present day the best three miles evei done, and the second mile in 2.28, was then, and long continued to be, the best second mile on record, and has only been beat by Lady Suffolk, Tacouy, and Flora Temple. In October of this year. Lady Suffolk beat Don Juan, in 5 i4_5 24 ; and afterwards made her four miles under the sad- dle in 11 22, which time has never been beaten since, except by herself, nor before except by Dutchman, who got down m 183G, as has been recorded, to the almost incredible time, tor a trotter, of 10m. 51e.* w i ^ Of late years, three and four-mile trots have ceased to be tlie fashion. The trotting of the year 1840 was marked chiefly by the steady advance in excellence of that noble mare. Lady Suffolk, who had several sharp contests with Edwin lorrest and Dutchman, over whom she finally established a distinct snpe- » See Note 16, p. 207 172 THE nOKSE. rioritj. It also produced tlio following new, nnd afterward dis- tinguished names on the trotting course, Napoleon, Washington, Bonaparte, Aniericns, and Aaron Burr, as also Oneida Chief' the great pacer of his day. ' It is much to be regretted, that in the records of trots, the ages of the animals, weight not being relative to age, is rarely given, which breeds much confusion, as names are repeated, ad infinitum, here as on the tuif proper, leading to almost i'rre- mediable error, as to the individuality of the animals named. The year, 1841, opened at Centreville, with a trot of two miles in harness, between Don Juan, Ripton, a new horse in his first year, soon destined to stand next to the top of the tree, and Washington. The last was distanced in the first heat, which was won by Eipton in 5.19; the second was won by Don Juan in 5.30, and, liipton being drawn for the third, the Don took the race. May 4th, Centreville. Lady Suffolk beat Contidence and Washingtoii, the last distanced, two-mile heats in harness. First mile, . Second " First heat, 2.«} 5.18i First mile, . Second " Second heat, . 2.38 2.38 5.41 Oi the same course, a few day; later, Confidence, Lady Suffolk a: id Aaron Burr, made a fine trot, with a severe con- test, at mile heats, the best three in five, Confidence taking the purse ; and, on the following day, Eipton beat Brandy wine and Hector two-mile heats in 5.23— 5.21|. About the same date. Lady Suffolk won great distinction, and achieved her position, which she never lost, by beating Dutcliman over the Hunting Park Course, two matches, the fii-st, of two miles in harness, done in 5.21^— 5.19| — 5.21 ; and the second, of three miles, under the saddle, as follows ;— FIB8T HEAT. | gEOOWD nEAT. Fl"' m'ie 2.82} First mile, 2.88 *'<=™'«' " 2.»4 Second " 2.35 T'li'-d " 2.84 I Third " 2.45 "VVTiol* tlm«, . . . T.40} 1 Whole Ume, . Oil the Centre vUle Course, Brooklyn Maid, a green five-year old mare, by AbUaUah, whose stock now began to take high ground in public favor, beat Lady Clinton the best three miles mmm in five, tro first, fifth, 2.38. A r( pc'iforman is said by cord, mad On th( Maid agai in 8.27-^ On tlu —5.28. < three in fi on the 1 Awful, tl; heat, the heats, ru 8.16. The d do many obstinacj ever he persistin; Ontl two strai carrying Over Burr, tv Suffolk second 27tli sli odds W heats in excellec 1855 re At: • two m: himself The gr( five-mi DEBUT OF KH'TON. 173 in five, trottinj» six heats, the third a dead heat, wiiuuiig the first, tit'tli, and sixtii miles in 2.42— 2.41— 2.40— 2.40.}— ii.40— 2.38. A remarkable trot, owing to the extreme regularity of the perturmancc, and to the fact that the sixth mile was the best. It is said by the " Spirit of the Times," to be the best trot on re- cord, made by a tive-year old. On the 7th June, over the Beacon Course, the Brooklyn Maid again won, beating Mingo and Eattler, at three-mile heats, in 8.27—8.24. On the 10th, Conlidence beat Washington two miles in 5.24 —5.28. On the 12th, Cayuga Chief beat Aaron Burr, the best three in five miles, in harness, in 2.38 — 2.38 — 2.46 — 2.37 ; and on the following day Aarm Burr beat Lady Suifolk and Awful, three miles in harness; the gray mare taking the first heat, the second a dead lieat, and Awful, third in the three first heats, ruled out for the fourth. Time, 8.02}— 8.03— 8.08— 8.16. The defeat of the gray mare, who was known to be able to do many seconds better than this time, was attributed to the obstinacy of lier owner, David Bryan, who at this time, what- ever he became afterward, was a bad driver and worse rider, in persisting to jockey himself, contrary to advice and persuasion. On the Beacon Course, July 5th, Lady Suffolk beat liipton, two straight heats, under the saddle, in 2.35 — 2.37|, the horse carrying 169 lbs., being 24 over weight. Over the same course, on the 13th, Dutchman beat Aaron Burr, two-mile heats, easy, in 5.25 — 5.23. On the 22d, Lady Suffolk beat Awful two-mile heats in harness, winning the second and third, in 5.26^ — 5.28 — 5.24. And again, on the 27th she defeated Oneida Chief, the celebrated pacer, the odds 100 to 60 on the horse, distancing him the first of two-mile heats in the extraordinary time of 5.05, which has never been excelled but by herself and Flora Temple, in 1840, 1853, and 1855 respectively.* At Philadelphia, on the Hunting Park Course, Ripton won • two matches, beating Duchess and Roan Quaker ; and was himself beaten by Dutchman; the time not being extraordinary. The great event of the year, however, was unquestionably the five-mile match of Americus'and Lady Suffolk, for $5,500, over • See Note 17, p. 207. 174 TlIK HOUSE. tho Centrcville Course, in wagons, tlie drivcre to weigh 145 lbs won by tlie former in two straight iieuts. rinax iiiat. TImo of first mile, " Becond *' , " third " " fourth " " fifth " Wholo time, . 2.M> 2.,'K)} . 'iM 2.42^ ■ i.ioi 18.54 "KCOftD niAT. Tliiio of first inllc, . , . 2511 • . 2.,10 second ' third fourth fifth 2.4A 2.4T 2.+t Wholo time, 18.584 The aggregate of tlie time given is resiJectively, first lieat 13.54 ; second, 13.58^. ' Tho wliolo feu miles done, without distress, in the araaziirr time of 27in. 52^8. " This year is remarkable for the sustained performances of Lady Suffolk aiul Dutchman, the improvement of the extraordi- nary young horse Americus, and the amazing promise of tho new entries, Ripton, who long afterward proved himself nothino- but a good one, and Brooklyn Maid, worthy the noble stock ot" Abdallah. 1842. The first event of this year was the occurrence of one of those acts of savage barbarity, which have brought such dis- grace on the trotting turf, and contributed too justly to render it a scandal in the sight of all moral and kind-hearted men. This was tho driving to death of a mare called Empress, on the Bascombe Course at Mobile, in an attempt to do thirty miles in two hours, which the unfortunate animal had not so much as a ulnince to accomplish. She gave out hopelessly beaten at the t'venty-first mile, and was dead of pure exhaustion in less than two hours. In this season a number of Abdallah colts came out with more or less success, and there were several matches and purses given for competition by that horse's stock alone. Among these were Hector, Ajax, Fourth of July, and Brandywine, all of which did good work ; the last-named more especially. Over the Beacon Course, May 6th, Ellen Thom])son made a four-mile race, beating Tom Jefiereon ; the mare under saddle, the horee in harness, in 11.55—11.33 ; good time, and beaten by Lady Suffolk and Dutchman only. Tlie following day, Ripton beat Confidence and Lady Sufl'nlk, two straight heats of two miles, ia 5.10^ — 5.12^^ ; and three days imm^miMia^: ■zm KIPTON AND LAl.Y SUFFOLK. 175 ll until Flora Temple beat it, by ten seconds, n 18.,.. one else, unui 1 lom ^ i . . t^vo-uule ™>ns, to .-eigb lV5lbs.eacb, ^^'^vers, U. lbs lupton^ 08 f,l wHirim Woodruff, 23 11)8. over weiglit, in 5.14^-5.. < J:i t .lie mile l.e'ats in sulkier, »Kcn Kip.ou won m two ''"?Kerci;"!nbis raco pvoduccd much disBatlrfaCion. It waa ^, ,.,„,l .l,»t the mi mare was oat of condition, and gcnci-ally asBOi-ted .h„ Ac giay ^ ^^ ^,j^^ r;r -trke '^e .;., » wUidi .heodd. instantly ™t:Ilt';^"^;fo:^n^with.3ihs:.esswei,.tthan ""AtStillc, in October, Blpton again beat Confidence^ and Cayuga Chief bcatDucliess, respectively m 6.10i-6.20 """SJrHiSi; P^lc S^Jchman heatEifle tlie best three in five, in 2.43-2.3T-3.38-2.36. • Bee Note 18, p- 207. 176 T(iE IIORS'E. And to conclude, Lady Suffolk beat Independence, having Bcarcelj run a winner bcfuro in the whulo Bcason, wit'li great ease, the horse being amiss, in 5.37. This season was disi;;raccd by another cmelly long match IJlack Joke being matched to do lilly miles in four hours. Tlio feat was acconii>lis]iod with three minutes to spare; hut tlic animal was driven all but blind, and it was with the greatest ditHculty tliat Ins eyes were saved. In London, an English mare, Lady Hampton, did Rcvtmteon miles in one minute twenty-threo seconds within the hour; naid to be the best time ever made in that conntry, though I believe erroneously ; for if I do not err, the trotting stallion, Uellfounder, subsequently im]»urtcd to America, had done seventeen miles and a half within the hour, previous to 1831. • On the whole, the peculiarity of this year was the Avant of success of Lady Suffolk, which was attributed universally to the obstinacy and inefficiency of her owner; and the distin- guished pertbrmunces of Kipton, who was decidedly tho cham- pion of the season, beside having made the best recorded time in harness, and the best time in wagons, under an extraordinary weight. This and 1S43 were his best years, and he never ex- celled, nor indeed ever again quite e(pialled their promise. In the year 1843, the season opened so early as February 27tli and 28th, vvith trotting on the ice at Missisquoi Bay, in Canada East, not fur from the frontiers of Yermont, which has continued to be u distinguished trotting region, and has sent' some excellent animals to New York. On this occasion, al- though the sport was said to be very good, no time was kept, so that it is nsoless to enter into details. Early in this season, also, there were trotting and pacing matches at New Orleans, and on the Kendall Course at Balti- more, but nothing occurred worthy of being recorded, nor any time, to be compared with that of the Northern trotting courses. At Quebec, however, a French horse, Passe Carreaxi, who, under a different name, in after days, earned great distinction, made his debut, doing 2.3-i on ice. Of him we shall see more anon. In the n.ean time, on the Beacon Course, May 15, came olf the first great event of the season, being the first of three * See Note 10, p. 207. ^ rV^ ..^^O; ■.w. *- ■*' r^%, v«^. - .0, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) Hiotographic Sciences Corporation s CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical MIcroreproductions / Institut canadien de microreproductions historiques BEACOX COURSE. ITT inatclies in harness between Tiipton and Americus. Tliere was 11 (rood dful of betting on time, and the odds ran that the three inik'f' ill sulkies would be done nearer to 8.00 tlian to 7.50. The fastest time of three-mile I'leats, hitherto, was Dutch- niaiiV 7.41, and the next to that Ripton's 7.5(5^ ; on both which occasions the course was said to be in better order for making creat time, than now. This match was, however, won by Ripton, beating Ids for- mer time, in 7.53 — 8.03. On the 22d, the same horses went their second match, in sulkies, two-inile heats, Eipton wiiming the lirst and third heats. In the second, being frightened by a dog, lie became uncontrollable, and was adjudged to lose the heat for uninten- tional, foul driving. Time 5.12 — 5.12 — 5.17. Oti the 29th, Eipton won the last match of the mile heats in harness, in 2.43 — 2.41, the course very heavy ; thus proving himself the better horse at short and long distances. Two or three days before thin match, although I omitted it in its proper turn, in order to give the three matches of Ripton and Americus consecutively, Beppo beat Independence, the best three in five, mile befits, in th) remarkable time of 2.32 j — 2.3U— 2.33— 2.38— 2.35, beating Edwin Forrest's 2.31^—2.33 l)y half a second, his being previously the best on record in harness. On the same course, July 4th, Lady SuiFolk, Beppo and In- dependence, trotted mile heats, the best three in five, with catch weights, in the saddie, the mare carrying 143 lbs., and wimiing the first, fourth and fifth heats, the second a dead heat between her and Beppo, in 2.281-2.28-2.28—2.29—2.32. And again, July 12, trotters at catch weights in the saddle, pacers in harness with 145, Lady Suflblk and Beppo carrying 143 and 135 lbs. respectively, went against Oneida Chief with 145 lbs. in a sulky, when the gray mare won, making the best time ever recorded until the year 1853 when it was outdone by Tacony, and since byFlora Temple. Time 2.26^—2.27—2.27. On the 12th, she once more defeated Beppo at mile heats, under the saddle, in 2.30^ — 2.42^2.28. But in her next match on the Beacon Course, August 15, against the pacer Oneida Chief, the odds being heavy on the Vol. II.— 12 178 THE HORBK mare, she was defeated easily by tlie horse in 7.44—7.52. She had previously won in 7.40i, over the Ilnntin},' Park Course, Philadelphia, always a slower track than the Beacon, and in l)ad trotting order at the time. She was evidently out of cmi- d'ition, and ''dead beat, even in the tirst heat, and was also said to be very ill driven by Pryan, who, justly or unjustly, bears all the blame of the mare's defeats. In September, however, she somewhat retrieved her laurels, beating Oneida Chief, saddle against sulky, in 2.2'J— 2.3U- 2.28J ; and Confidence, a few days afterwards, in 2.38— 2.;il», and 2.41. . , -r^ , On the 25th of the same month, Americus beat Uutclnuan, three-mile heats, in sulkies, the best tliree in live, Kipton lame and paying forfeit, in 8.04-8.11-8.26, and 9.40. The trotting at Cambridge was not worthy of record, m Sep- tember ; but in October good time was made there by the after- ward famous stallion Black Ilawk. At the Kendall Course, Baltimore, Oneida Chief beat Lady Suffolk, three miles mider the saddle, in 7.48 ; and again beat the mare and Dutchman, the same distance, in 7.59, 8.15, ;.nd 8.01. A remarkable pacing match came off, over the Beacon Course, late in the season, in which Sir Walter Scott, against time, being backed to do eighteen miles in the hour, beat tmie, ^^Mth 22 seconds to spare, not having halted or broken h.s pace. After the match he was freely backed to do 19 miles withm the hour, without takers. All this year, and all the last, Lady Suffolk went unsteaddy and uncerfainly ; was often out of condition, and appeared to tire without reason. She and her driver did not seem to under- stand one another ; and, as I have said before, nghtluUy or wrongfully, on him was laid the blame of her shortconnngs. ^ On the whole, the honors of tliis year were to Eipton, wdio made some cu,.ital trotting, and succeeded in estabbslnng Ins superiority to the far-famed Americus. .,,,,,. ^f The year 1844 opened early in April, with the trotting of the New Orleans Association, but it produced no event worthy of commemoration ; indeed, to the southward it does not appear that the genius of either man or horse inclines seriously to this pace. MOSCOW OK PASSE-CAUREAir. 179 '.44^7.52. She 11^ Park Course, lieacon, and in 'iitly out of (•' II- uid was also said ir unjustly, bears 'ved her laurels, in 2.21>— 2.;5U— s, in 2.38— 2.3!t, beat Dutchnuui, ive, Uipton lame ,40. of record, in Scp- thcre by the after- \ Chief beat Lady and again beat the 5!), 8.15, ;jid 8.01. over the IJeacon liter Scott, against le hour, beat time, »r broken liis pace. 9 miles within the ilk went unsteadily 1, and appeared to not seem to under- jfore, rightfully or r shortcomings, sre to Eipton, who ' in establishing his vitli the trotting of 3d no event worthy 1 it does not appear lies eeriously to this Tlie same may be said of the spring moetings on the Beacon, Contreville and Cambridge Courses, on none of which was any time made worthy of record. On tlie 20th of May, over the Beacon, Lady Suffolk beat Aniericus, I{ii)ton, Washington and Pizarro, two miles, in iiariK'ss ; Americus, the favorite, in 5.17 — 5.19 — 5.18; and on the 2.']d, AV^ashington beat Duchess and Rifle, the sedond tho fiivorite, at 10 to 7, in 5.17—5.20. On the (Jth of June Lady Suffolk beat Columbus, three miles, in harness, at Centreville, in 7.51 — 8.02. About the same time there was a pacing match on the Metairie Coui-se at New Orleans, most remarkal)le from the fact, that Tippecanoe, who came off victor, though losing the first heat, over Grey Eagle, in 2.53—2.30—2.40, carried GO lbs. over his weight. On the Beacon Course, June 15, was a remarkable trot, liipton against Confidence, the former in a wagon, the latter in harness, the best three in five. Ripton, beside the odds he gave in the match, was so lame, that his driver would have paid for- feit, but being refused, decided to go in, when he won without distress, in 2.40— 2.41— 2.38— 2.42^ — 2.40, Confidence winning the first two heats. The same course, Cayuga Chief, in a wagon weighing 220 lbs., beat Washington and distanced Aniericus, by a bad break in his first heat, in 2.36J—2.53|— 2.40— 2.42— 2.45. "''vuga Chief made his first half mile, though he lost tho first heat, in 1.15, no such time ever having been made before in public. A few days afterward Americus beat Lady Suffolk and dis- tanced Columbus over the Beacon, in 7.53^ — 8.01. At Albany, on the 4th of July, General Dunham's Moscow made his first appearance in the United States, having been previously a winner of some note in Canada, and believed by lu- Majesty's subjects to be able to beat any Yankee horse or niaro, handily. He did nothing creditable in this, his first year, but subsequently trotted worthily of his original renown, and holds a high place in the annals of American trotting. His name " Moscow," is a vulgar and barbarous mis-pro- nunciation of his original name, Pasae-cdireau, or Pass-dia- \\ I: 180 THE HOBSE. mo7id! the title of a game of cards, in common use amoiij,' the French hahitans, who arc, for the most part, inveterate jrainhlors. 1 suppose tliat the nnuieaning name, " Poscora," under which I have observed that a trotting stallion has heen advertised tm- sale during the last autumn and winter, is also a misnoiiier for Passe-carreau, though not, of course, applied to Moscow, althougli the sound is certainly a nearer approach to the true name. Passe-carrcau, or Moscow, was a very well-bred horse. His sire was a white-footed chestnut-hoi-se, owned and ridden by C. C. S. de Bleury, of Montreal ; got by Sir Walter, he by Hickory by Whip, imported, Hickory's dam Dido by imported Daredevil, g, d. by Symmes' Wildair, &c. Whip was by Saltram, dam by King Herod, g. d. by Oroo- noko, g. g. d. by Cartouch, &c., &c. Daredevil was by Magnet, dam Hebe, by Chrysolite, g. d. Proserpine, sister to Eclipse, &c. Symmes' Wildair was by old Fearnought, dam by Jolly Roger, out of Kitty Fisher, &c. Sir AValter's dam was Ncttletop, by imported ^iomed, g. d. Betsey Lewis, by imported Shark, g. g. d. by Lindsay's Arabian. This pedigree is endorsed as mv^ect by the editor ot the old " Spirit of the Times," vol. 13, p. 85, with this addition : " Sir Walter was owned by the late Bela Badger, Esq. ; he is de- scribed to us as a horse of remarkable speed and great beauty. The chestnut horse of M. de Bleury, which showed much blood, with a smooth coat and clean limbs, is said to have been got out of a good, well-bred mare, though probably not thorough- bred ; and Passe-carreau, or Moscow, was out ot a " stou' Yankee mare of spirit and a great roadster." The correspondent of tlie " Spirit," from whom the above information is derived, an amateur and hoi-se-breeder from Sherbrooke, C. E., also states that the dam of Passe-carreau, the Yankee mare, described above, had extraordinarily large and well-opened nostrils, which descended to her son-an infallible mark of blood-and that there is no French Canadian blood in his stock. According to this account, it is probable that the siro ot Passe-carreau held not less than six-eighths, or perhaps seven- tenths of thorough blood, and that his dam was a half-bred mare or thereabout. This would make him a very high-bred horse ot I FANNY JKNKS, 181 U80 ainoiii^ flm |tonito <;ainliK'rs. J" uiuler whicli I |u advortised t.>r a misiioi.icr lor Ifoscow, altlioiiirh Itrue name, pred horse. Hit* md riddon In- V. r, lie by Hickory torted Daredevil, d, g. d. by Oroo- Chrysolite, g. d. t, dam by Jolly ted '^iomcd, g. d. -indsay's Arabian, the editor of the lis addition : " Sir ', Esq. ; he is de- id great beauty." ich showed much said to liavo been ibly not thorough- out of a " stou* I'he correspondent tion is derived, an C. E., also states, mare, described ed nostrils, which blood — and that that the sire of or perliaps seven- ! a half-bred mare ligli-bred horse of the hunter stamp. He was foaled in 1830 ; ho was u fine showy iiiiiinal, with easy and striking action. On the lk*acon Course, May 2, came off a pacing match, milo liciits, the best three in live, the horse,Unkiiown, in a sulky, against the niiiro. Fairy (iuoen, in a wagon, which was won by the horse in ^.'ja ; time that had never then been equalled on record, and wiiirh has since that time been excelled only by the famous mure I'ocaliontas, who has performed it in 2.17^.* Lady Suffolk subsequently beat Duchess and Washington, over the Beacon Couree, the best three in five, at mile heats, Washington winning the first heat, in 2.38—2.33^—2.34—2.37. Tlie course was fetlock deep in mud. Suffolk did one half mile in 1.15; Duchess had never made equally good time before. On the Centreville track came off, October 2, a remarkable match between Fanny Jenks, Misfortune and Neptune, to go ten miles in harness, with drivers of 145 lbs. weight, exclusive of siillries. It was won by the mare Fanny Jenks, who i)er- f(iriri( ' greater feats afterward, and obtained a curiouo celebrity hy the figure she cut as " Pigeon," in the sporting trials and alleged swindling case of the Alleynes, formerly of the Seventh Jlussars, who subsequently purchased the mare in New York, carried her to England, and M'on large sums, as it was charged against them, by fraudulent misrepresentations. The cases were curious and interesting, the decisions being more than once reversed or set aside, and the whole matter, I believe, recently reojtened, after it was believed to be entirely settled. The time was as follows ; — Time of first mile, . . 8.13 8.13 Tl meofsLxth mile, . 2.53 13.12 " eoconJ " . . 8.04 fl.17 " seventh » . . 2.56 21.08 " third " . . 8.01 O.IS " ilghth " . . 2.55 24.08 " fourth " . . 8.00 12.13 " ninth " . . 2.55 26.63 " fifth " . . 2.68 . 15.14 " tenth " . . 8.10 29.59 This must be admitted to be a most extraordinary perform- ance, whether we look to the character of the horses, which had no remarkable reputation, and are, in fact, designated by the "Spirit of the Times," in its comments on this trot, merely com- mon roadsters ; or to the fiict, that only twenty-two years had elapsed since it was heavy odds in favor of time, against any horse in the United States accomplishing a single mile in three minutes. Boston Blue astonished the sporting world by doing • See Note 20, p. 207 'iPlli'WirowgwaBgww *>B«»H'*i-' JTs^r.'a 182 THE H0B8E. it inside the time ; and here, within a few years, we find that feat BO utterly outdone, that it h considered nothin-; and that u. find conunon roadsters keeping up the Runc pace, manuitd,, not against time, for ten consecutive miles, and beating it la the ninth mile by live seconds. _ A. few days later, Lady Suffolk trotting against the pacers, J C Calhoun and Fairy Queen, three in five, mile heats, the horse winning the first two, won in 2.29 ; 2.31 ; 2.28 ; 2.29 ; 2.:>.0. Fairv Queen was drawn in the fourth heat, having gone third in the iiivt three, ..nd being necessarily incompetent to win. At Ccntreville, November 14th, Fanny Jenks was again matched to go ten miles against Troy, and again won easily lu 30.50, the horse not being able to drive her to her tonner ^^^lese matches long remained unequalled, hut they have Bince been far outdone by Trustee and Lady Fulton, both ot whom have performed 20 miles within the hour. The trotting turf of 1845 owes its greatest eclat to tlic con- tests of Americus, Lady Suffolk, Moscow, Duchess, the pacing of James K. Folk, the appearance of Lady Jane, who showed lo. the first time as a winner, and for the great performance by Fanny Jenks of a hundred miles in ten successive hours. ' Americus went, in all, eight trots,— Warning four thms. Three-mile heats in harness, in two heats, in 8.00; 8.05^, of Lady Suffolk and Columbus Three- mile heats in harness, in two heats, in 8.05 ; 7.59, ot Lady Suffolk. Two-mile heats, in three heats, in 5.23 ; 5.17^ ; 5.24, of Moscow One-mile heats, in two heats, in 2.34^ ; 2.38^, of Moscow, and Duchess, and Washington. , . • qao. Losinq four times. Three-mile lieats, in three heats, m 8.02 , 8 on- 817, to Lady Suffolk. Two-mile heats, in two heats, in 5 20 ; 5.29, to Lady Suffolk and Columbus. Two-mile heal, iu thr.o heats in 5.09 ; 5.16 ; 5.12, to Lady Suffolk One-„ak heat^ three in five, in 2.40 ; 2.38 ; 2.39 ; 2.46 ; 2.4o, to Kipton, Americus winning the third and fourth. Liidy Suffolk also went, in all, eight times,— Wimihig fourthnes. Three times of Americus, as above Mile-heats, three in five, in 2.34; 2.29^; 2.30; 2.34; 2.35, of Moscow, the horse winning the third and fourth. HUNDUED Mir,E8 IN TEN HOURS, 183 1 ■8, we find tlmt feit ling; and that we pace, in a niatoli, boating it in tlio gainst the i>acer8, ve, mile lioats, the iving gone third in tent to win. y Jonkfi was again igain won easily iu her to her former led, but they have idy Fulton, both of our. 'st eclat to the con- Duchess, the pacing ane, who showed foi eat per'brniance by jessive hours. ( in liarneBS, in two Columbus. Threc- '.59, of Lady Suffolk, 'i ; 5.24, of Moscow. 'dS^, of Moscow, and I three heats, in 8.02 ; lieats, in two heats, 18. Two-mile heatb r Suffolk. One-n.ilc 46; 2.4o, to Kipton; les, — Americus, as above. 2.30; 2.34; 2.35, of fourth. Losing /our iimes. Twice to Americus, as above, three-mile heats. Mile heats, three in five, in 2.37; 2.3r..j ; 2.35^; 2.31), to DiK'hess, she winning the third heat, the fastest. Mile heats, three in live, in 2.33.^ ; i;.31i; 2.40; 2.35, to Moscow, she win- ning the seeond heat, the fastest. Moscow, late Passe-carreau, whoso pedigree is given om p. is;;, went in all, ten trots,— WinniiKj six (lines. Once of Lady Suffolk as -ibove, at niilo heats; and five times, mile heats, ii trdinary time, of Lady Swan, &c. ; Euclid, &c. ; lleality, ifec. ; One-eyed Kiley, &o., and Duchess. I.(hs'nuj four times. Twice of Americus, as above, one and two miles. Once to Lady Suffolk, 'is above, mile heats. The three heats, in 2.43; 2.42; 2.43; winning the first heat. Mos- cow'c best time this year was in the trot with Lady Suffolk, when he won the third heat in 2.30. llie Duchess went in all, three trots, — Winning once. Of Lady Suffolk, mile heats ; three in five, as abov?; her best time, 2.33^. Losing twice. To Americus and Moscow ; mile heats, as above. James K. Polk, a pacer, went three times, — Winning twice. Mile heats, of Cayuga Maid, in 2.27 ; dist. Mile heats, three in five, in three heats, 2.33i ; 2,31 ; 2.39, of John C. Caliioun, Losing once. Two-mile heats, in two heats, iu 5.58^; 5,57, to John Anderson. It is on the 5th of May of this year, that one of the greatest feats ever performed by a trotting horse, by far the greatest accomplished at that time, was done by General Dunham's mare Fanny Jenks, who has been honorably mentioned before, and who was now backed to trot one hundred miles in ten suc- cessive hours, with light weight, ia harness; no time being allowed extra for stoppages, as had been the case in Mr.Theall's match, recorded above. The lowest mile of the hundred was the twenty-fii-st, done in 6.25 ; the fastest was the third, in 4.47 ; but the hundred and first mile, done within the time, and over and above the match, was performed in 4,23, stn^** MMJmB^' 184 THE IK >BSK. Flrit ten mllcH trotted In fiB.BO Stopped 0.80 Second " 14 nu.o4 41 l.Ol Third " tl f)7.4fi 41 o.ns Fourlli " tl f.s.;i5 11 1.28 Fillli 41 63.58 tt 4.09 Sixth " li 67.l'8 it 1.B8 Hi'vcnlh " 14 BS.41 II 2.09 Kighlh " 44 B».:u 44 8.10 Ninth " 14 f.H.!!y tt 1.86 Tenth " It 60.20 It 0.80 When sulky broke, 0.68 Total of trotting time, oh. 20m. 07ll. Total stoppages, 18.27 Add Htopi)ago», ()0 ins. IHm. 278. from start to finiid) Totnl time of 1 yh. 3Sm. litN. " lolst mile, 4m. 2:tc. Total time of 101 ms. «h. 42m. bla. It is Stated that llio mare was not in the least distressed: Imt one knoWK what tliat nieatis, where mute animals are concerned, who cannot tell their sufferings, and whose high spirit and in- domitaltlo courage, constantly induce them to die at their woric, ratlier than yield to weariness and stop. Every sportsman who has ridden a well-hred horse until he stands still, knows that it is a hundred to one that he will lie down in a minute or two, and that, if he do so, the odds are any thing to nothing against his over standing up again. " It is true that, in this case, the mare was not seriously or permanently injured, but, to my eyes, this in no degree mitigates the cruelty or lessens the wrong. I should like to see such matches made a misdemeanor, and the makers of them pnnished by incarceration at hard labor. It is such deeds as these that bring sportsmen into odium, and tlic fairest and most iisefid kinds of sporting into disftxvor with men of humane and religious spirit. I shall never cease from protesting against them, and I rejoice to observe tlje storm ot reprobation called forth from the press, nniversally, by the late yet more reckless and atrocious time match on the public road, in New York. No man deserves to own a horse, who would so crueLy and wantonly misuse his powers and impose upon his patient forti- tude. 8KA80N OF 1846. 185 0.80 l.Ol l>M l.'2H 4.0(1 I'.OK ».!(> 1.86 ri..io 0.68 [ipttBca, 18.27 (listrcssod: Imt uiroooiiccrtUMl, li spirit hikI jn- u at their work, lorso until lie that lie will Ho 3o, tlie odds aro p agai'i. not soriou.'^ly or legrt'C iiiitigatea sdemeaiior, and at hard labor, nto odium, and :o disfavor with Bver cease from .•e tlje storm of lly, by the late he public road, I so cruelly and is patient forti- Sninp other horses and innreH, bh BimtoM, lUack Marin, Hector HU'\ llciirv C'lay wore cotisi«leraMo winners, ho far as number of races \n concerned, but tirincipally among the same aiiinuilH, Anu'rieus, Lady Suftolk, Moscow, I)n<'hess, Lady Mos- cow, a new appearance, and the pacer, James Iv. I'olk. AiiiericuH went in all, si.x trots, — Wntinnij t/in'rc. Two-mile heats, in two heats, in 5.13 ; f).! 1, of Lady Suftolk and MoHcr)w. Two-jiiile heats, in two heats, in 5.22; r». •_*(», of Hector. Two-mile lieafs. in three heats, in 5.17^; ."(.IT; '(.22, of Moscow, who won the tirst heat. Lox'niij thr'ii'i. Mile lii-ats, three in Jive, in three heats, in t>.;]7.i; 2..'{7; 2.35, to Lady Suftolk and Mosow. Mile heats, three in live, in five heats, in 2.3+; 2.34i; 2.34 A ; 2.35; 2.38^, to l.iuiy Suftolk, winning the ftrst, fonrtli a dead heat with Mos- cow, Suftolk tl'ird. Two-mile heats, in harness, in live heats, in 6.30.V; 5.25; i..27.i ; 5.33^; 5.45f, to Duchess, winning the foiirtli, a secctnd dead heat with Moscow, Duchess third. Lady Suffolk went in all, ftve trots, — ]\'l)ui!>t(/ twice. Against Americus an|s. to spare. Not content with this, her owner matclied her to go 100 miles, against Fanny Murray and Stager, in sulkies carrying catch weight ; when, having met with an accident, by which she lost a mile and lamed herself, early in the race, she was yet driven through the whole distance, which she accomplished in Oh. nim., though beaten by Fanny Murray, who performed tho same distance in 9h. 41m. 2(58. Stager gave out after going sixty miles, in pretty good time. Such performances as these need no comment. It is coolly added that, but for the accident, in spite of which the unfor- tunate animal was pressed to the end, after it must have been \oncr evident that she could not possibly win, the result might have been different. BKASOV OK Ifl47. 187 iliroo Iiontu, in ii'iit not tiiiu'(|. 2.47. |stimft'»l, li.tJ, to if tlicycar, Iioiif- |iiicc in till) Hunio lis tiiiK^. I'liU'li, impiir run- I'T his ('jiiiae beaten • Black Hawk improved, justified his promise, and was but once beaten Lady Suffolk and Lady Sutton were the great victors ot the year. Lady Moscow scarcely maintaining hei- chanicter ot ok . Between Chatauque Chief, Jack Rossitor, Lady Jane and St L n-MK-e, a new conqueror, in the shape of a iuU-blooded Criian' stallion, lay the great and Fot-ted str^^^^^^^^^ dominion, though not for quite the hrst place. Black liavsk t twic , bearing Lady Sutton, mile heats, best three in iiven 2501b. wagons, in 2.43-2.43-2.42-2.45^, the mare taking tie second heat; and Americus, twice at three-mile heats m 2oOlb. ris, his best time in 8.28.-8.30-8.34, the geldmg taking the tirst heat; and was beaten once by Lady Suttom Lady Suffolk won four times, beating Lady Moscow and Americus; Lady Sutton; and James K. Polk, twice, saddle against a 200 lb. wagon, and harness against a 220 lb. wagon-- Indv Sutton at one, the others at two-mile heats, time not il^^^^^^ She was beaten twice; once by Lady Moscow, and once by Lady Sutton, the first defeat being Lady Mos- cow's only victory. . . -^ , Lady Sutton also came off four times a winner against Vol- cano, Lady Suffolk and Lady Moscow, Black Hawk and Jack Kossiter; but was beaten as often, twice by Grey Eagle, once by Black Hawk, and once by Lady Suffolk. Chatauque Chief was three tinges victorious; over Jack Rossiter, twice ; over St. Lawrence, twice ; and ^-th the latter once ov^r Smoke. But he was beaten, m his turn, once by Jack Rossiter, once by Lady Jane, and four times by St. Law- rence; who ^as numerically the fii-st winner of the ye. r com- ing off seven times victorious, and only three times be ten, by ',,1*1 ..,s^w**...,..=&wu.'««k.*^a' ■ 190 THE HftRSE. Cliatauquc Chief, twice, and again by La Prairie. Hia trots were all mile lieata, ond 2.34, his best time up to this date. Grey Eagle also did worthily of his name, connected as it sounds with the legends of a nobler turf ; and Trustee, the son of imported thoroughbred Trustee, by Catton, out of Eiunii., by "Whisker, his dam the celebrated trotting-mare Fanny PuUcu, won twice at two, and once at three-mile heats. It was, how- ever, by a match against time, over the Union Course, Long Island, that he won for liimself imperishabh renown as a trot- ting-horse, who has accomplished at his own gait .vhat it is not, by any means, every thoroughbred hunter that can perform at a gallop. llo was backed to do twenty miles within the hour, in har- ness, and appeared on the scene on Friday, Oct. 20, the course in good order, no sun, and the wind high. He was driven by Cor'elius S. Bertine, weighing 145 lbs. in a 150 lb. ordinary sulky. The odds were 100 to 40 on time. The word " go ! " was given so vehemently that the horse broke, but he caught his step, and never broke again throughout the whole performance. In trotting the ninth and tenth miles, the horse fell off a few seconds, and many persons thought that he was tiring; but judges remarked, as he passed the stand, that he was going perfectly at his ease, w'ith his ears playing. On the 15th mile, the odds on time declined a little. On the ITtli, a horse was galloped by his side to encourage him ; on the 18th, it was even betting ; on tlie lOtli mile, 50 to 40 was offered on the horse. On commencing the 20th mile, Bertine let the horse out, and he came in, apparently as fresh as when he started, do- ing his twentieth mile the lastest of the match in 2.51|. The time was carefully kept, in the judges' stand, by three watches ; it was as follows ; — First mile, Second " Third " Fourth " Fil\h " Sixth " Seventh " Eighth " Ninth " Tenth " 3.01 2.56 2.56 2.55 2.54 2.56 2.67 2.S8 3.00 3.01 Aggregate, 3.01 | (( 5.57 1( 8.63 t( 11.50 t( 14.44 (( 17.40 tt 20.37 4i 23.35 It 26.35 It 29.36 Eleventh Twelfth Thirteenth " Fourteenth " Fifteenth " Sixteentli " Seventeenth " Eighteenth " Nineteenth " Twentieth " mile, 3.03 " 2.54 " 2.59 . 3.03 . 3.04 . 3.05 . 2.59 . 3.01 . 2.59 . 2.51^. Aggregate, 32.89 " 35.33 " 38.32 ." 41.35 " 44.39 " 47.44 " 50.43 " 63.44 " 56.43 " 69.86^ TRUSTEE. 101 rairio. His trota I to this date. coniic'ctod as it IVustee, the son of jut of Emina, by hi Faimj Pulleii, b. It was, Iiow- lion Course, Luik' renown as a trot- [ait ,vhat it is not, can perforin at a tlie hour, in har- >ct. 20, the course Mghing 145 lbs. in 00 to 40 on time. It the liorse broke, in tlirougliout the id tenth miles, the ns thought that he tlie stand, that he playing. On the '. On the 17th, a liitn ; on the 18th, 40 was offered on jrtine let the horse lien he started, do- i in 2.51|. s' stand, by three 03 . Aggregate, 32.39 54 . (( 36.33 59 , (t 88.32 1)3 . n 41.35 )4 . If 44.39 J5 . 14 47.44 59 . U 60.43 Jl . u 63.44 59 . (1 66.43 Hi. (( 69.36^ " An hour after the match," says the editor of the Spirit of the Times, "we virtited Trustee in his stable; he exhibited no distre'ss, and on the following day, was as ' line as silk.' We liavf scon him half a dozen times since, and he never looked or trotU'd better. lie is a prodigy, but blood will tell." All this may be true. It is clear that, in this case, it was true.* Trustee was something better than a half-bred horse — for his mother, Fanny PuUen, though 1 believe her pedigree is not ascertained, showed that she bad more than an ordinary share of blood — and that of the most fashionable modern English lilood. One would think, therefore, that this wonderful per- formance, at a trot, would induce some persons, who arc con- tinually howling about the degeneracy of the modern English thoroughbred, its inability to stay a distance, and its nselessness as a progenitor, to make some pause. Trustee is bred precisely as are half the hunters in England of the class which carry heavy w^eiglits, and do stay the distance at a killing pace ; and I know no instance which better cor- roborates what I am fearless to enunciate, that if the best American trotting trainers were to take the pick of the best three and four parts thoroughbred hunters, out of the best Eng- lish stables, and take tliem in hand, they would make them the 1)est trottc'-s in the world. He was — for he is gone, alas I where the good horses go — also the lialf-brother of our far-famed Fash- ion, and the sharer of her constancy and courage. I will not say that it is not well, now that the deed is done, and that the gallant animal was none the worse for it, that the physical possibility of hoi-seflesh performing such a feat ot endurance, should be demonstrated. But now that it has been demonstrated, and that there can be no practical utility in the demonstration — for we can no more practically employ trotting-horses, at twenty miles within the hour, for any useful end, than we could have employed the north-eastern passage, to demonstrate the existence of which so many noble lives have been squandered — the experiments should cease, or should summarily be put to an end by legislation. What one horse has done, doubtless some other horse can bo found to do. But in ascertaining which is the one that can, out of the thousands which cannot, more than they can fly, w© See Note 21, p. 207. 192 THE II0R8E. shall only waiiton-ly, recklessly, and most Lnitally destroy tlio best of the race — for it is only the best, wliich will pcrsovere until the>' be destroyed — using their own highest characteristics and our knowledge of them to accomplish the destruction. Two other cruel iiuitelies of the same kind were nuide in tlie same year, but not with the like success. A black gelding, Ajax, by Abdallah, was next matdied to do twenty miles, over the Centreville Course, against a bay uiare, Marion, in the expe jtation of making Trustee's time. The mure BtO[)ped midway, and was distanced— what is a distance, by the way, in a twenty-mile race ?— and the horse got through the distance in Ih. 7m. STjs. Yet later, the same year, November 18, a fine dark chestnut horse, Woodpecker, IG hands high and seven years old, said to be half brother to James K. Polk, the pacer, was backed to do the same match. lie had only been a few weeks from grass; and had no advantage of training, to fit him for such a life-and-death trial. There was a Idunder in the starting on the part of the judges, who did not give the word when his rider expected it, and allowed him to go on two miles, imagining that he was at work, before he was stopped and called back. Thus he had to go in fact twenty-two miles, instead of twenty, at a winning pace, before he could win his match. As it was, he did his nineteen miles in 57.43, and having only 2.17 in which to accomplish his last mile, he was stopped by the order of his owner. Every one judged that, but for the judges- fault, he would have won. At all events I rejoice, with exceed- ing joy, that his owner lost; and hope that so it may be to all owners, for ever, who so mismatch the noblest and most gener- ous of animals. The year 1849 is remarkable as being that of Lady Suffolk's greatest glory, embracing her contests with Mac, who was com- ing up rapidly in the scale, and Pelhara, who rose first into high notice this year ; and of good work on the part of Lady Moscow, who also battled it stoutly with Mac and Jack Kossiter, the latter of whom was on the descending scale, as was also Lady Sutton, as ii. comparison with her former performances. The old gray mare performed this year nineteen times, and I LADY 8CFF0I-K. 193 •utally destroy the ich will porscvere licst clmractcri,itie<5 ! destruction. Two iimde in the same next matched to against a bay inare, 's time. The mare a distance, by the se got tlirougli the I fine dark chestnut 1 years old, said to was backed to do ?ras8, and had no fe-and-dcath trial, e part of the judges, expected it, and hat be was at work, IS, instead of twenty, natch. .43, and having only ! was stopped by the but for the judges' •ejoice, with exceed- so it may be to all est and most gener- at of Lady Suffolk's Mac, who was com- who rose first into 3n the part of Lady c and Jack Kossiter, ; scale, as was also ler performances, nineteen times, and cnnic oufr conqueror, twelve ; beating Grey Eagle and Mac twice, ri'lham, five times ; Lady Sutton, twice ; Trustee, four times. Black lliiwk, Grey Trouble, Ploughboy and others. OiK' of her greatest performances, which I hud tlie pleasure ot' seeing, evincing the wonderful endurance and pluck of this admirable animal, though it did not bring out her fastest time, was licr trot over the (yentreville Course against Telham and Lady Sutton, mile heats in harness, the best three in live. I liave never, in my life, seen so closely or severely contested a «tru""le, lasting till seven heats had been completed, and till it was so dark that the judges could not see the gray mare at six IcMigilis' distance. It was as follows, the sixth heat marked thus (*) being de- fliuvd void by the judges, both sides complaining of foul driving nil the part of the other, and it being already so dark that none could ascertain which of the drivers was in the wrong. What was evident to all is, that Iliram and JBryan amused themselves by horsewhipping one another, from the distance home ; that llirani had one of his spokes smashed, and David Bryan his face rendered less beautiful than its wont. * 1 « 2 Or. m. Lady Suffolk, . . . .112 2 0 Br. m. Lbdy Sntton, . , . 2 3 110 11. g. I'elbsm, , . . .88 dist TImr,2.29i; 2.81; 2.80; 2.SU; 2.32; 2.31; 2.33. Making the aggregate time of the seven miles, 17.43, which must be considered extraordinary, when we reflect that the best four miles ever made was Dutchman's 10.51, under the saddle, which would leave only 6.52 for the three remaining miles, or 2.17i for each ; time which it is needless to say never has been, and probably never will be made by a trotter. A few days before this feat Lady Suffolk did five one-mile heats, winning the firet, second and fifth, against Pelham and Jack Kossiter, in 2.32 ; 2.32^ ; 2.28 ; 2.29| ; 2.34. The aggre- gate time of the five miles being 12.36, leaving 5.07 or 2.33^ for each for the last two miles. The former is, of course, the ^^reater performance. Allowance, on the other hand, must be made for Dutchman's having performed his four miles consecutively, inst^^d of at intervals, which of course makes a difference in favor of time. Vol. XL— 13 194 THE II0K8E. A.nicricus' best consecutive; five miles mndo iu 1S40, two lioatrt, iigiiiiist Lady Siiftolk, i.-* 13,58— 13.58^, ajraiijst 12.30, as above. AVluilebone, uiul Sweotbrier, in 1830, did (5 miles mi 18.52. Tlic "Tiiy inure wiis beaten tins season, seven tini'js — by Grey Eagle, mile heats, in bad time; Lady Moscow, mile ]h\,\^; Lady Sutton, two-mile beats; and four times by Mae, wlio on the whole had the ndvantaf,'e of her, beating her time at bir.glc miles, though he did not aiiproaeli her former time, by sevenil seconds, at longer distance. Mae, on the whole, went extremely well this year, winning eight times, against such nags as Lady Moscow, twice; Laily Sult'olk, four times ; Jack Kossiter, twice ; Moscow, ( Ji-ey Kaglc and Zachary Taylor, lie made his mile once in 2.2G, and his two miles ino.Oi), 5.10; thelatter time twice consecutively; although not in the same race, when he did the faster rate. This year is enough to prove him, what he was, a first-rato aninud for his day, which, however, was a far briefer one than that of his great contemporaries. He was beat thrice only by the two Latlics, Suffolk and Sutton, and that in far worse time than he made at tther times. Lady Moscow did bravely, winning six times ; from Lady Suffolk, once ; Mac, onco ; Lady Sutton, Pelham and Moscow, who had had his day and was nearly done, each once ; and Jack Eossiter,who did not shine this season, four times. ' Lady Sutton won but once, but then beat Pelham and tlio Gray Lady. Trustee and Trouble both did honest duty, but not at extra- ordinary time, the forte of the former being his wonderful power of holding, for a length of time, a high rate of speed, not for run- ning away with a single mile. A Canadian mare Fly, the property of Andrew Elliott, Esq., is said, in the columns of the Montreal Transcript, " to have' been driven on Saturday, February 27, from Cornwall to Mon- treal, a distance of ninety miles, in eight hours and fifteen minutes, including two hours' stoppages, which, if deducted from the time, will show an average rate of truvelling of fully four- teen miles an hour, a feat wholly unprecedented in the annals of Canadian travelling. The gentleman, who drove this wonderful creature, left Cornwall at 20 minutes to 7 p. m., and telegraphed 1 IirNDUED MILK TUOTP. 103 , ISW, two lieats, i 12.30, as above. c>s in 18.52. ; bv Mac, wbd oil bor tiiiu! at feii'.,:.^lc r time, by sovcnil }m vear, Aviiinin«' 20W, twice ; Liuly Dscow, Gi-oy Y.i\ix\{i u 2.20, iuul his two [jntively; altboii. min. tec. 9 41 26 1 41 00 And wo heave the time of her ninety miles, . . 8 0 28 Now the Canadian mare is alleged to have done her ninety iniles, including stoi)page9, in eight hours fifteen minutes, and to liave stopped two hours. Therefore her trotting time of 90 miles, was At the rate of 10 miles per hour, add last ten miles, hrt. min. a 16 1 0 T 15 And we have her time of 100 miles. Thereby beating Fanny Jenks' time by 2h. lOra. OT., and Fanny Murray's time by 2h. 26m. 268. Even supposing her to have stopped but one hour instead of two, she would have beaten Fanny Jenks Ih. 10m. 07e., and Fanny Murray by lb. 26m. 26s. ; and supposing she had not stopped at all, and that the whole 8h. 15m. were trotting time, and that she could have done her last ten miles in ten minutes' worse time than the others--a much greater falling off than the other mares show, neither of which ever went at the rate of S^l'i. \JUd»'fj^»^ 196 THE HORSE. eleven miles instead of tonrtccn, in any one hour -she would have ht'iitcn them botli, Fanny Jenkti by live minutes u id Fanny Murray by twenty-six minutes. One would mueh like to know whether there was any he^ on this perfonnanee, and on the particulars, and whether money cltn'M'fd ha ids on it. For it' not, I should conclude thai the two lioiirs' stoppage were calculated, by some unknown process ot' re- tardation. Since it is not conceivable, that on a hilly road, in a sleigh and on snow, which are ascertained impediments to rate of going, this mare could have beaten time, k» marvellously be- yond all riK'ord, as by two full hours in ton, or left two such nuires as Fanny Jenks and Fanny Murray, at whose performance the ■world is still wondering, such a marvellous distance as twenty miles in a hundred, travelling ftmrteen miles to their ten. I iind the performance recorded in the Turf Register ot the year, and therefore give it ])lace here, though que-Uoning greatly its correctness. In Inct, I am of opinion that a Sporting iiovicw should follow the phui adopted by " Bell's Life in London," of never recording any sporting performance, uidess proper proof is adduced that the performance was admitted, by the pavmont of a bet by the losers, who are presumed not to pay o^t 'lieii money withont being satisfied that they have lost it. IlundrevU of feats of walking, shooting and riding are daily recorded in American journals, which never had any txist'mce except in the imagimUions of their vaunted performers. And what is worse, pedigrees of horses are published, such as those of Flora Temple, and of ilemble Jackson, in Porter's Spirit of the Times, in which there is scarcely a word of truth or even of verisimilit'^'dc. Fortunately, they are so ludicrously in- correct and stupid, that they can do little harm, and deceive no one, who knows wdiat a pedigree is. One only wonders how they should have escaped the watchful eye of the experienccf' editor. Tnrf registers, however, and stud books, have no rig,' ; to publish pedigrees on owner's or other interested person's ipse dixit. They are bound either to require evidence, widely difler- ent from affidavit, of recollection by the oldest inhabitant, or to verify the pedigrees produced, by examination of the authentic books, and so to publish none which cannot show the stamp. Had Edgar followed this plan, the number of his imported I lioiir -she would |ii>iito8 1. 1(1 Faiiiiv I " ro was any W: ,,11 wlic'thor money ^•liKletlial the two 5wn process ut'rc- IV liilly rouii, in a jx-Hlinicnts to rate J> inarvfllously be- t't two such mares performance tin; istaiice as twenty tlieir ten. irf Kegisterof the ue'-Uoningfi;reatly 1 Sporting Keviow 'it'o in London," ot' nless proper proof % by the payni-nt to pay ovt -licii lost it, Ilnndrcvls daily recorded in /^nce except in tlie re publislied, snch ckson, in Porter's a word of truth or ! so ludicronsly in- n, and deceive no )nly wonders how f the experieucer' oks, have no vi^^' ; jsted person's i'j.>se nco, widely difl'er- t inhabitant, or to 1 of the authentic low the stamp. r of his imported tilANC.INO NAMK8. 197 Btalliotis would have; been reduced to one-half, and two-thirds of the most wondi'rful lineages sadly besmirched ; but, as a work on which to place reliance, it would have gained far more than it would have lost in size. riiblislk'd by subscription, I presume lie was quasi com- ])('lii'il to insert such pedigrees as his subseriliers chose to t'oist ii[M»n him, under their own, or their great grandf.ilhers' alleged, f-igiiatiires — otherwise I cannot conceive the admission of the Mtrry I'intles by (Jld Merry I'intle, and the Hulle Koeks, going in four crosses to pure Harbor Arab on both sides, ami of a hun- dred oih • horses or mare^, of wliom, of their sires or their dams there is not a trace — or, if a trace of their })arent8, such only as ])n>ves distinctly that they never had such issu* The year 1850 was renuirkablo for a great addition to the number of trotting courses, esi»eeially in the eastern, and west- ern States, and in Camida, and to the general favor of this manly and useful 4)ort. A good nuiny new horses showed as good numerical winners, but none to contest the laurels with the old established cracks ; and this year commenced a practice most absurd, useless and inconvenient, especially when, as is the case in this instance, it occurs with regard to horses of established reputation — that, I mean, of changing the names of trotters, breeding inextricable confusion, and giving ample range for rascality, in getting bets from persons not ac([nainted with the appearance of the horses. T'"-!. tricks ought to be at once put down by jockey clubs and associations, and all horses having established names or.ght to be declared distanced, if winners, in case of their starting under any new names. One can scarcely conceive any end, but fraud, in changing the names of snch horses as Pelham and Jack Rossiter to Charley Abel and Ike Carnley. It looks anmzingly like a scheme for getting odds, out of the groen ones, against horses, on which tliey would have bet, under their own proper appel- lations. In this instance, for whatever reason tried, the cock would not tight; for people woidd not call the horses by their new lilies, and they had to return to the old ones. Still, in the Turf Ilegistcr of the year 1850, both horses stand recorded tmder both •mm'.yiM'u-i^imimi'. 198 TIIK IIORSK. niunos, p-^rt of tlioir j)orformanc(>» under ono iiamo, part iindor the ' Jan any ono roiici'ivi! Hiich nibliishi '. L. /ory year in which I write, a very j^ood flecond-riito horso, who had the luck sonic years bincc to hi, luuued after v\y liunible B'jlt', " Frank I'orertter," when he iirst canio (iut,iii Is.-.n at Baltimore, has fiiis year heconio ashamed ol' his paternity, and aH.sumed tiie more jiatrieian and sonorous denomination of '*ll Cook." Of llie, tlie f,'odfather of the horse, I have not the honor to ho cof^ni/.aiit, nor (h> I doubt lun Kuperior chiims, other- wise, to my own; l)Ut, unless on the oltl theory of the rose by any other luime, 1 confess that it ai»j>ears to mo the "Frank" has an honestcr sound than "Ike," and that the "Forester" has nioic to do with iielil sjxirts than the " Cook." Jiut to leave badinage, the practice is an abominable one; and if not meant to be dishonest, it largely facilitates dishonesty— as in the case, where Fanny Jenks was onunously rechristeiied " Pi'i-eon," not witliout a cause — and at all events produces em barrassment and misunderstantlinj;. Lady Sutton did not ap|)ear this year, being withdrawn from the turf after a brief but brilliant career. The struggle tor suprenuicy lay between the two mares. Lady Suffolk and Lady Moscow, and a gallant and protracted Htru'^'de it was, varied by an occasioiuil outside dash at Jack llossiter, who luid his own particular contest with Pelhain and St. Lawrence, the latter of wliom gave him enough to do. Lady Suffolk, for to her, as of right, I give the precedence, was eleven times a winner, beating Lady Moscow six times, at one, two and three unles ; Jack llossiter, thrice ; Hector, once, and once her old adversary, James K. Polk, in harness, against his wagon. She was beaten, in her turn, four times by Lady Moscow, at two and three uules ; and twice, at two miles, by Jack Kossiter, conung off victorious from both, in each match of three events. Lady Moscow, also, won eleven times, beating Suffolk four times. Jack Rossiter thrice, Pelham once, Zachary Taylor and Captain Walker, once each, and receiving forfeit from the latter and from Captain Davis, at Baltimore. She lost seven times ; six times to Lady Sufl\)lk, and once to Jack Rossiter. Neither of these mares made ipiito the time that they had IIPNI»KKI> Mir.i; TUOTd. 199 liiiiic, part iiiidcr U p")(l KfcoiKJ-rato imtiii'd aftor ny ti'iio out, in ls:>u, jiis paternity, and iiiiiation of ^> \\^^ I liiivo not tlio [ior cliiiniB, otlior- [t tlic roso by any " Kriiiik " has aii *'.-^lor " lias nioro iilioiiiinalilo one: iitcs (li.sliono.sty iiHly roc'lirislfMcil ■ntri prudiices oiii witlidra\yn from the two niarps, It and protracted ido dawh at Jack witli IV'lliani and •ugh to do. J the precedence, cow Kix times, at e ; Hector, once, harness, against ir times by Lady at two miles, by li, in each match ting Snffblk four liary Taylor and it from the latter :)8t seven times; isiter. le that they liad themselves n(> licfore, but they bent every thing they met except one anuther, and htoud deservedly, lirst and second ot ano thcr good vi'iir. < IJossiter also well regained whatever he inid lost of credit in the last year, contending gallantly with the mares who wcrt^ evidently his superiors, and running well with his eipials. He won, on the whole, ten tinn-s, beating l-iuly Sutlnlk twice AU \y M oscow, once St. J awrenee, twice; Tell lam twice; (irey Kaglo twice, and Telegraph once. He made the best two-mile time of thi! year at Saratoga, where lie distanced Lady Moscow in ^>A)l\. lie was beaten twelve times ; four times by St. Lawrence, three limes by I^ady Suffolk, three by Lady Moscow, and once by IVlliam. Still he gained rather than lost credit, for he was beaten by none but known good ones, and had his turn at each of them, and the best of I'elham. St. Lawrence, Lady "Washington, Lady Bevins, Mendham iMaid, Honest John, Jamea K. I'tdk, Fanny and (!ontidence, all made good and creditable trotting, and were all si.K times or more victors. Tliere were two ten-mile trots this season. Hard Times against Leopidd, in 2501b, wagons, won by the former in And Lady Agnes against Bucksk in sulkies, won by the former, in 33.17. Another hundred-mile trot came otf this year, on the part of Mr. John F. I'urdy, a gentleman of fortnne, to drive his little road-marc Kate, himself, that distance within ten hours. My opinion of the character of these matches has been given, and I cannot recall it ; still it is right to say, that, having the jilcasiire to know Mr. Purdy well, and to know him to be both a judge of a horse's pace and a thoroughly kind-hearted man, I know that tlir, j.iaro ran no danger of being distressed beyond what is necessuiy to the accomplishment of such a task, with what is called j^erfect ease. That she received every aid that attention, tenderness and experience could bestow, was inevitable ; and that she would have been pulled up and withdrawn the instant she showed a 200 TIIK iloUHK, Bvniptom of hnnpinj; on tlip bif or fuUorln};. Iiiul tlicro licon tor. tiiiH'H tilt' imiouiit htiiki'd to Ik- Kmt, ovt-ry oiu! Im iiKHiirfil.wlio kiioWH Mr. I'linly. Mr. Tunly drovi- liimHt'lf tlio whole (liHtniicc, with i*kill, jtidgtiHMit nnd cooliuw that antoiiinhiMl and chariiifd tin* hent trottiii" (h-ivcTH and ohIcKt tiufiucii |»n'sciit. lie Uh^cd a little Hidky made hy (Jodwii,, Wfij,'liiii^' oidy 4»! Ilis, with tlif li|Lrllt^•^t poHwildo hariicsB, himhclt' wcijfhiiif,' I.'VJiUm. The little nmrc was lOyi'ai-H old, 14 haiidrt hijjh, and nndcr T<»(l Ihs. wci^jlit. Shf JKHaid to 1)0 lUMU-ly a thoroU}.dil»rcd, and nearly jn'i-tt'ct also, Ixitli in hhaiic, j^'ait and action. It wan oltrtorvod, Btmnge ns it tiuiy appear, that bIio (li^n iiillca First twfiily-llvcmllpa Third ten nilli'S Fourth tell iiilli'D Fifth ten iiiUos *»•#. min. «(■«. . 0 n K) 0 BT 01 . 0 riO 6«J <2 n 0 0 M () 0 fiT 0 . 0 CO 0 Fifty rnllon Clxth ten miles . Sinintli ti'ii uilli'8 SfVinty-flvd iiillcs ];l|thth ton iiilU'B Ninth ten miles . Tenth ten inlloi hfi. mln. MS. , 4 41 0 0 .W 0 , 0 M 0 7 14 0 . 1 0 0 1 10 0 . 1 f 0 Making the 100 miles in Oh. 4l>m. fs. I copy this talile from the Turf Register of 1S50— the rather th.'t it claims this to he a greater trot than that of Fanny .leaks, lea. mot conceive why, for hov time was hotter ; and if Fanny Jcnks wore driven hy two little hoys under 75 lbs., I should judge that the exiierienco and fine driving of Mr. Turdy fully comiu'ii- Bated tho extra weight, if that even were not overcome by tlio lightness of Mr. Purdy's vehicle. But the table itself is a strange one, and cannot be directly eumined up nor very easily understood. To cast it up, one must first strike out the time of the first mile, then of the first tM'onty-five miles, then of the fifty mileu, then of the seventy miles, and then these being divided, proceed as ■with a common sum of addition. tmrnm KRROK IN TIMINO, m tliorp liooi, t,,r^ irt H(*Hiiri'(I,\vli(> '■''. with Hkill, liniicil tin. hcKt I'lc iiM'.l a liffi,, ■illi the li^'lifcst fl'lu* litrlc iiinrc lilts. Wci;;lit. She J'tTt'cctalsH, l„.tli tllllt RJIO dill ru.> tlio (Vntroviile first time riuiiid. tlic tit'ticth mile, l)t'si(ltM otiior . 4!)m. J9. An. min. $4t, . 4 41 0 0 M 0 . 0 M 0 7 U 0 ■ 1 0 (I 1 10 0 . 1 f 0 ISr^O—tlio ratlier of Fanny Jt'iiks. I* ; and if Fanny i., I should juclj,'o ly fully conijK'u- )vorconio by tlio nnot hfc directly time of the first f the fifty inilcis, divided, proceed Tl'.ifl (loiio, tho HUiii total of tlifl tell iiiiloA doca not luiioiint to !>li. 41>tii. Jh., hilt tn !>li. liliii. Nor \n thcri' tlu; hlij^htfst duo pvt'ii to iiHccrtain whiit lian li(>conu> of the 21 iiiiiiutcH said to ho loHt wlicti hIk> wuh taken out of harniMrt at the end of tlu< tiftietli mile, or of tho other utojm of loHHcr inoiuont. The latter, it in true, nii^i^ht he anial;;aniated in the \vholo tini" of the ten niileH, hut not ho, |>oHsihly, the twenty-omi iMinutes in the linu^ of the tit'th ten iiiihs, which ar(> Het down an tlono in M minutes from wliich, dedu(ttinj; twenty-one niinuten, ono will have thirty-live' iiiinuteH an the travellini; time of tt'U niilon, after iloin^jj I'orty miles in rteventiien minut»'s under four hoiirrt. The match was un(|UeHtionahIy done ami won, for the het* were lost aiul paid, and the jiidgeH were hoi)orahh> men; hut how it was done, or exactly in what time of actual troftin;; and what of stoppa<:;e, the alxtve tiihh' certainly does not show. I (lid not discover tlu! defect till 1 had trauHcrihi-d it and hei^nn to verify it. llavinj; dono so, I do not withdraw it; hecauso the Hpecimcn of tho htoso way in which mutters of this sort are done in (puirters where oiK! would least expect it, leails him to spare his womler lit tho way tho myths of (.'hildors, KclipHO, atid tho worthies of old, aroBO, when Btoj* watches scarcely were, and horses ran four miles straight uway frouj the starting (■> the winning post in u right line. They might ho timed now hy electric telogra])!!, hut not oven now otherwise. The same is the eausc of tho prodigious fallacy in Tih Uin- nuui's time at Ogdensburgli, and in Lady Kate's time at Chicago — ixilh Yxnw mi/thti ! lioth matches were done on a straight platie ; one nuin could not time tho titart and tho finish uidess hy telegraidi. So tho starting judge guessed when they got home, and the placing judge guessed when they started, and, when it was all over, the two judges compared notes and struck an average. Xo fraud was intended, nor any hoax on the pub- lic ; but it was ono noverthe'oss, and was at once detected, deceiv- ing no one. It is impossible, howover, to be too rigidly correct in tho recording of such details. IIow tho errors in tho above table came, could probably, now, bo easily ascertained, so short a time has elapsed. But had a century flown since the trot was 'sms^ii^ms.mmm^ii.iir.s^^i^mr 202 THE HOUSE. made, and did sucli a tabic accompany the only record remain- infr of it, the whole story would be set aside as false, on tiie in ternal evidence of disagreement with itself. The year 1851 was marked by the appearance of a new horse on the trotting turf, destined sfterward to wear the green- est, and all but the .highest of its laurels, the Maine cliani- ])ion Tacony ; and by ihe decline of an old favorite. Lady Mos- cow, who, irorn this year, fell into the second rank, never again to rise to lier former glories. Even on the indomitable courage and steel-springed frame ot Lady Sufiblk, time was beginning to make its inroads; and oven her admirers were forced to admit that, although still the Queen of the track, she was no longer quite what she had used to be. And what wonder, when one considers that she had al- ready seen her eighteenth birthday ; and that for thirteen years she had been almost constantly in training and at work, ready for all comers, at all distances, and the victress in almost every city of the Union, where trotting is an institution, over the be.^t that dared encounter her. This year she won seven times, beating Jack Eossiter twice ; St. Lawrence twice ; O'Blenis twice ; Cowdriver, Lady Pelhani, and Lady Jane, once each. But "the time was no longer Lady Suffolk's; such as she used to make in her palmy days of old, as she never got below 2.34, for a single mile, although she beat Lady Jane and St. Lawrence two-mile heats, at .^.OS — 5.13. On the other hand she was beaten five times ; thrice by Lady Jane; once by Jack Eossiter; once by O'Blenis, and once by the pacer Eoanoke. Not one of these animals, except, per- haps, Lady Jane, could have come near her in her best time. Lady Jane trotted a good and honest mare, this season, win- ning four times ; thrice of Lady Suffolk ; once of St. Lawrence and'o'Blcnis. She was beaten twice only, by the Lady, and the horse with the Celtic title. Jack Eossiter, also, held his own, well and improvingly. Ho was a winner nine times against all the best horses of the year, Lady Suffolk, Lady Moscow, Pelhara, once each ; St. Lawrence four times ; Grey Vermont twice ; Zach. Taylor, War Eagle, and Tacony. SMM TACONY. 203 r record rcmnin- t'iilse, oil tlic in ranee of a now wear tlic 1. I „,„ not SUV. .hat, in l,or ninoteentl. year ..>« may not be • 1 1 .t..,.l-P seemed to last in for ever. '" ":, ' 853 s I'c "» >"rcl.asod by Mr. Hill, of Bridpor, ,n J;: own J;,; *» l^, ana i,a. left no l.eir or hcwe. to hor '""',""; 1 it i, liaidly niobaljlc, after suel. severe and long- ""?;,: llorr. fofone, sl,a« cert.ainly not transfer n,y ers ot the noise , an , » ^ j proved r'^-nrr;rbSt'"afe:, brief, gi^ h 'r.belonK e^tinned trainof stilUnereaBingtri,,,npi,s, S'l^'er tli nfme of Lady Sntfolk the pride ot the tro.Ung '"'Ttr;:;anying portr.,, v.,,icb is 'naj-% «;e,be». "^Tr'iherra,:;rd^s:rra^^^^^^^^ graph by the late ia^^eme ^^^.^^^^ ^^^^^ ;'.::• ;ra^„dt,rt:rriE^^^ 4£:^reXtti;irCetr!ra'^^ .,;^!r^ri::dahabi.,.icha,n^M^^^^^^^^^ ""' "■': ttdeCi:; ::i » llrthro.- thel„ge.headed ;rg:y"rLd'*n":;«.'new styleof earieat„res,in, .h tt ll^ I 20G THE 110R8E. needs a quicker perception, than I possess, of the ridiculous, to see any humor. The spirited bketch alluded to above, of poor Clarko's— his best 1 think — is by no means free from this gross faidt; though, in other points, the likeness is perfect and uhmIs- takable. This defect, and also the very faulty seat of the rider, in the origiiiH. cut, have been at my suggestion cleverly corrected liy Messrs. Capewell and Kimniel, the excellent and intelligent en- gravers, to whose talents in representing on steel some of the very best of our American equine celebrities, I gladly confess my indebtedness. All admirers of the famous old mare will recognize her bloodlike head, her peculiar mode of carrying it and champing on the bit, lier long slashing stroke which led the way to such oft -repeated glories, and the broad white flag, nev- er displayed to ask for truce, or to give token of submisfiion. The following summary of her performances, with her pedi- gree, and an account of her winnings in purses, alone, not in- cluding bets — unparalleled, it is believed, by those of any trot- tin<' horse — are taken from "The Spirit of the Times," of June 2d, 1855. It was litting that the person who, when she was a common ''very horse, iirst detected in her the germ of her fu- ture greatness, sliould be the one to give the report of her hon- ors to ]iosterity. 1 say the simple truth, when I record my own belief, that I, at least, shall not look upon her like again. JDITOniATv ITOTES. ' (P. 109.) There is but one True Briton given In the stud books, who was by Imp. Othello, dam Grant's Milin by imp. Spark. Delancy's imp. Cub mare never had a foal by Moreton's Traveller. » (P. 117.) Boston was not blind the day of his death, and if he had been properly cared for, woul.l have lived to an old age. 3 (P. 118.) Since Herliert's day the MessenRor blood has become the popular trotting strain. Imp. Messenger" died January 28th, 1808, more than sixty-two years ago, still the papers '\re full of advertisements of trotting stallions, claim- ing to be descendants and in-bred to imp. Messei .ger. * (P. 142.) Flora Temple trotted a match against Dutchman's time on the Centreville Course, Long Island, Sept. 27th, 1860. Flora was to have three tri Js, first trial 7.333, second trial resigned at the end of the first mile, trotted .^'M^w^MBUi i*W UB'g LADY SUFFOLK. 207 he ridiculous, to poor Clarke's— this gross laiilt ; I'ect suul \iiiMis- thc rider, in the rlv corrected hv lid intelligent en- teel some of tho I gladly contess IS old mare will de of carrying it ike which led the 1 white flag, nev- i)f submisyiun. .^s, with her pedi- ;es, alone, not in- hose of any trot- Times," of June wdien she was a ! germ of her fu- •eport of her hou- \vn belief, that I, ;n(l booliB, who was by 8 imp. Cub mare never , and if lie bad been S„ 2 43 third trial 7A^. The track was 18 feet over a m.le, a.,d it v.aa claimed ,;i!t,lelil.t^ r'l; l.oat: and Flora Temple trotted 2 milen in barue.. ^Ta'\m^ ri-'f tmple trotted three miu.. in 18(10, in 7.=1.3-7.43i .• J» Trrteotritted four miles in harness in 11.00. LongM «w a ,; L nrLec 31 1809, trotted four miles to wagon, tw.. straight ^:::r™^l^" r;cl:i0.4.i-10.:i4i. TUs is BO re,.rted in the '■f irir-ar' Hamiltonian. not Ilambletonian. was by Sir Arcby. out of Bellona. ^•';J''l,t'^ We cannot find Bull's pedigree, and we think «"- "f^-j'^^^^ ,vaH in- Bull, a son of Mount Holly, who was by imp. Messenger, foaled 1807, at ""?;rCc>' Me«owan trotted 20 miles to harness in 58 minutes and 25 .eJls. ;ihn StLart 20 miles to wagon in 59 minutes -^^ --^^ ^^^ n (P 155.) Bellfounder was imported by Mr. James Boot, of ""« ' "' ^ 4561 ; General Butler to wagon, 4.50i-a seeond heat^ It m 1 71 ^ Lontrfellow has beaten it smce in 10.42^—10.^4} to wagon. .; P m\ b1 beaten in 1805 by Dexter to wagon, 4.50i. Butler, a second i.pnt to wairon 4 50i. Flora Temple to harness, 4.50^. t'i S) Since by Flora Temple, 4.50i to harness. Dexter to wagon, 4.5Ci and Gen. Butler to wagon, a second heat, 4.5Ci. „ „„h a hnlf miles with- >. (P 170.) Bellfounder. it is stated, trotted seventeen and ^ li'^™''^ ^'**^ in tli:hour,\n England. le was imported '^J-^V'^'ldlfrBuSo August «o (P 181 ) Billy Boyce. by Corbeau, paced under saddle, at Buftalo Augusi 1 !«««■ o Qil 2 i5V_2 14i-2.20i. RoUo Goldust, a trotter, won the first heat. '' i ?^: 591.!"Fanny Pullcn was Ved in Maine, and said to be by Quic.sdver. a Bon of Dey of Algiers (an Arabian). as become the popular , more thau sixty- two •otting stallions, claim- itchman's time on the a, was to have three the first mile, trotted ;-^f?-"* MEMOIR OF LADY SUFFOLK, WITH A BUMMAmr OF IIEK PEHFOnMANOKS. Ladv SiTFFOLK WHS brcd in SuiFolk Connty, Long Island, iind ■was foaled in 1833. At two years old she was purchased by Mr. David Bryan ; and, in Februaiy, 1838, she piude her iirst public appearance near Babylon, where she trotted for, ai)d won, eleven (hilars^ after three heats, the fastest of which was 3.01. The weather was very cold, and Iliram AVood- ruff had the honor of riding her in this her first public per- formance. Lady Suffolk was got by Engineer, a thoroughbred son of Engineer by Imp. Messenger, her dam by Plato, another son of Imp. Messenger, grand dam by Rainbow, out of a conunon mare. The dam of Lady Sufiblk was owned and bred by Gen. John Floyd, of Smithtown, Long Island, and sold by his son to Charles Little, Esq., of Smithtown, from whom she passed into the hands of Richard Blaydenburg, Esq., who bred Lady Suf- folk. Lady Suftblk was about fifteen hands and a half high ; of a beautiful gray, with a large sweeping tail ; small head, well set on to a fine arched neck, with a good deal of the Arab about it ; large shoulders and quarters, not too heavy, but showing immense strength and power of endurance ; long in the body, legs fine and wonderfully good. -3gssftj*aa MAN0X8. Long Island, and ■as purchased by le piade lier iirst : trotted for, and fastest of v.liich 1 Iliram AVood- iirat public per- oughbred son of lato, another son 3ut of a common ,nd bred by Gen. lold by his son to n she passed into 0 bred Lady Suf- a half high ; of a lall head, well set f the Arab about avy, but showing long ia the body, tADT BCFFOLk's RACES. 309 Tn tlio following Sumnmry of Liuly Suirolk's Porfortnanccs, the luiioiiiit of the purso irt giviii wlion bIio was tlio wiimer, iinI.II Hndillo, lliiriii'tH, Uarnt'M, Saddle, 1 Phllailolplila, Pa. Harness, mo mi 1*12 1843 I Beacon Course, N. J. I Ccntrcvllle, L. I. I Beacon Course. N.J. ! Boston, Moss. Philadelphia, Pa. ( CentrcvlUo, L. I. Beacon Course, N. .T. t, 11 t. Centrevllle, U I. Beacon Course, N. J. Centrevllle, L. I. PhlUilelphla,Pa.. Centrevllle, L. I. Beacon Course, N. J. Centrevllle, L. I. Beacon Course, N. J. u It ** Centrevllle, L. I. Philadelphia, Pa. It M Trenton. N. J. Beacon Course, N. J. Boston, Mass. Beacon Course, N. J. Oct. Nov. Saddle, Harness, Saddle, ,i Harness Kadillo, Harness, Saddle, Harness, Saddle, Harness, ti Saddle, Harness, Saddle, Waoon, Saddle, Harness, ■Wagon, Harness, Saddle, Harness, I BaltimoTe, Md.. M Centrevllle, L. I Beacon Course, N.J. Centrevllle, L, I Beacon Course, N. J. Albany,N.Y Beacon Course, N. J. H t* ** II.— 14 H.dl fi.42, B.42. l.\5.17. Saddle, Harnes^ Saddle, Harness, Saddle, ^.•2», MT, 6.40. .M7, M»l. MH, n.'2H. .'i.4ij, ^.iW^, 5.80 .MM, .Vit! S.1I, S.1T. \:v*, 6.53. •i.41i. M!l Mil, 5.(p9. 5.119 5.2S, 5.R1, 5.82, 6.42. 8.«S, 5.85, 6.40 2..V2. 2.50. .5.2S S.'.'H, 8.20 5.20, 5.2H. M4,5.'.>4 1I.22,11.!M 2.4.H, 2.4:., 2.47. 2.52, 2.5.S, 2.49, 2.47, 2.60. 5.(1.'), 5.l!fl. 7.51, 7.51. .%.2(1, MM, 6.83 11.15,11.68 Ui'celvod forfeit 5.'22, 5.21, 6.31 4..59, 6.08* Uecelvod forfeit 8.13»,6.14 !i.2U,6,19t, 6.21 7.40i,7.5fl ....... .MbI, 5.16^,6.16,6.18, 6.25. b.m, 8.08, 8.08, 8.16. 2.8.5, 2.37 6.2«4, 6.28, 6.24 5.05 18.,58, 18.68}. 7.50, 8.04. .M«4, 5.12i. 5.10,6.16 5.07, 6.16, 6.17. 5.19, double harness 6.16, 5.22. 8.00, 7.584. 6.87.6.49 .••••■ 2.28», 2.28, 2.28, 2.29, 8.82.... 2.261,2.27,2.27 2.80$, 2,42i, 2.28 7.44, 7.52 2.29, 2.80, 2.23J 2.88,2.89,2.41 6.19, 6.20, 6.22, 6.19. 7,48. 6.88,0.85 7.69, 8.16, 8.01. 6.20,6.24 6.17,6.19, M8 7.51,8.02 7.521, 8.01. 2.40,2.844, 2.884 2.44,2.264 2.88.2.884,2.84.2.87 12,29,2.81,2.28,2.29,2.80.... It 100 KM) too 200 400 190 800 200 200 1000 21 KM) 7.')0 200 600 600 IM 200 2000 1250 21 lO 1000 800 200 SOO 100 200 100 800 800 SOU 600 600 400 iSO 260 200 I Hi I 210 THE nORSE. IMfi April Mity IMA mi 1843 m» 4S ISSO " lU Tiino !t let. 4 1 t* lit tt Ifl II 29 >»i»i.t •« Irt. H " 1,^ '* «i Not. IH J una 7 »» 1) July 14 *' 2H Aug. ^ 14 «f[>U i« Out. 1 u 15 it !iH Don. 2H Miiv 111 ■lurio T July 4 ** 17 II 22 A UK. 1» Mftv 21 fliino 6 '* n " 7 •* 14 ii W .Uilv 2 '♦ 1) " 10 Aug. H Sept. 2.S Oct. H •t 17 " 2( Nov. 7 " 12 " 22 11 29 T^oc. 12 May 7 " V) »' 21 June 12 t* IS 11 19 July 1 H ii 12 *t 22 Oct. 17 14 22 Nov. 6 II 7 It la " 14 U 26 I'ninn ('iiunn, I.. I. . ('('iilri'villo, U I. I'nion Cciiirai', I.. I. I'hlli>cl<'l|>hlit, IV jli'iicun Coursf, N. J. I'lillmloliililn, r*. I'nioii (,'(iiir«i% li. I. ri'ntrevlllc, L. I. Union Coursu, L. I. tt tt tt Snmtoifa. N. T. . (Vntriivlllc, L. I. Union Courtc, L. I. tt tt tt Ccntrovllle, L. I. Stiratoirm N. Y. I'ninn ('ouri• *^ Ccntrovllle, L. I. Union Course, h. I. It tt tt tt tt tt Contrcvlllp, L. I. Itoston, Mobs. It tt Centrpvllle, L. I. tt tt tt ti I'hllailolphla, Pa. II ^* Bftltimorc, Md. 41 II 44 M Philadelfhia, Pa. Boston, Muss. Rochester^ N. T. 44 41 Buffalo, N. T. tt tt Cincinnati, Ohio ■AnnLi OH IIAIINHM. IlarnoH flKtIilla Wagon Raddle, Harnt'wi, Hnilclle, lIiirniiM, WsEon, Snililln, lIiirnusH, Pntldle, llur«i"<», tSaddlr. IliirncsH, Saddle, HarnoMf 1 1 44 1 II 2 8 Wajfon, 1 ItnrnctsSf 8 Haddip, 2 lIain»HSf 2 " 1 44 2 44 1 ^* 2 II 8 44 1 WftRon, 1 IlnrnosSf 8 •' 2 " 1 ti 2 41 2 11 1 II 1 11 1 II 2 14 1 14 2 U 1 5.20, n. 29 M>9, Mil. M» H.(NI, N.iir>i. s,i>2, H,()7i, «.17 2.117, 2.il.".J, 'iM{. 2.89. 284, 2.2',U. 2..t(>, 2.!t(, 2.8(1 2.8at. 2.rtU, 2.4<), 2.!),\ H.aV 7.M». 2..'t7J, 2.87, 2.8,'. MS, Ml. 2.81, 2.8 U,2.S4J,2.aV2.3SJ,... 7.48, 7. KH. tVOSf Mil. 7.M, 8.9(14 M(4,fi.24 «.(tS 2.871, 2.4.8 1, 2.89t 2.42}, 2.884. 2.80 2..V2, 2.^4, 2.44 7.44, 7.M. ,'..18, .Mil .V(>4J, MV. Ml), B.12 .M84, n.2.H 2.!W, 2.88, 2.VW, 2.87, 2.88, 2.81). .^2I,6.'8, B.I7, 6.22 .'..12, M4 2.81,2.82,2.82 5.22, Mfl,M7, B.IO 2.82.* 2.84, 2.811, 2,84, 2.8-1. 2.2!I4, 2.82. 2.81. 1,2. fi.2(l. 2.8,^^, 2.84, iSHJ, riiiE 2.81, 22(i,+ 2.27, 2.29. 2.29J, 2.8!H 2.82, 2..82i, 2.2H, 2.29 J, 2.81 J 2.2S. 2.811, 281,2.80. M19, .MS.t 2.29J. 2.81, 2.80, 2.31), 2.82, 231, 2.88. 2,82J,2.S8J, 2.84, 2.86 .5.16,6.17.5.28. 7.4.')J, 7,52, 7..^ 2.45,2.40.2.48 8.18,8.15 5 08J. M2. 6.19 5.67,6.84+ 2.37, 2.40, 2.88. .5.88,6.36 2.8.8 MO, 6,094. 7.44f, 7.524. 2.81 2.81,2.88,2.39,2.38 7.,584, 7.65 5.20, 6.11,616 2.81 6.18, 5.10. 5.1B, 6.08, 6.0S4. 2,87f 2.88,2.40 2.41,2.4.5,2.47 2.474,2.89,2.48,2.40 5.18, 5.17. 2.8.5,2.84.2.84 5.141, 6.124. 2.48,2.41,2.89 800 200 800 2J0 600 260 JSO iK 860 800 800 800 BOO 600 * Lady Suffolk fell lame. In this heat, which the won, but was (topped In the second, t Lady Suffolk won the second bent. X The mare was so much amiss, that she was withdrawn after the first heat .'^mii^^Amm^mmr^s--^ "S^iEl TAHI-K OF PEKFOnMANOll. Sit IIIK. , 11 IE 1 2M 400 r }. 2.nd. \'i.:H.iM ■5 m 2.V) U, i.a-i, 2.8SJ 8?<0 HOO (UK) IKH) m HO 2S0 8M 800 nno ; 1,000 , 'i.:l7, 2.08, li.HH ,6.22 ROO 8110 280 MO 200 1. It)) 200 m 7, 2.29. m H, 2.2«1, 2.)54J 10, 2.31), 2.S2, 2.31, 280 aoo 280 n. 7 m m HIIO !» 2.)0 800 . 800 280 280 J, 2.38 2.10 m ) ROO 800 40 BOO BOO 48, 2.40 800 4 9 800 too topped In the second, he first beat Tl»" 1S.M DAT!. Koh. 10 Mar. tt April 211 ■• tti( Mny Jiiiifl 1882 AiiK. Sept. Oft. N.iv. Miiy 8opt. 1888 2S IH 2!) H \<* 1» IB 2!1 2S 17 6 HI " 2(1 " HI ,1imo 24 ,luly B " 14 " 21) 20 M Now Orlrnns, I.a. Mi«blli', Alft. Ni'W (irli'iin«, !..». gt. Louis, M». Rochrtter, N. T. » " It ** Union Conri», I* 1. (APni.a I I*. TIM*. raits. Ilarncs Sii, 2.3;IJ, 2.30. 2,M. B.HJ, B.lfi. aiHt. H.llT. BIO, B.10iB.13J. 2.40, 2.3.'.|. 2.37. 2.39 2.B!>, 2.43t, 2.4Hi, 2.40. . 2.H4. 2.341, 2.30. 2«ll 2.34, 2.:iil. 2;«t. 2.40, 2.3t)f 2.86, 2.87, 2.89, 2,i.. MiT: B.OS}. 2.3U 2.30,2.32. 2.4»1.2.Hrtl, 2.3St, 2.40. 2.89i, 2..10J, 2.80J, 2.4-li. 800 800 BOO 800 400 MJO 1,000 UO It will be Been from the above tlmt Lady Suffolk was upon the turf uearlv sixteen yearn, during which time she trotted in One Hundred and Sixty-One Ilucos, winning Lighty-c.glit- and $35,011— and losing Seventy-Three. I believe, Mr. P., your own dear eelt and "Acorn Nvcre the first to discover the extraordinary powers of Lady Suflolk, while driving her to Comae, Long Island, in 1837 ; and I have been told tliat it was by your advice that her owner entered her for a purse on the Beacon Course in June of the toUowing year, when she gave such promise of speed and endurance as to obtain the admiration of all present who were capable. of """'Tli^'summary designates clearly the course of her travels, from Babylon through ten States of the Union ; but it is deemed an act of iustice to the Lady to state that her trainei-^ driver, and intimate friend, Mr. David Bryan, on their arrival at New Orleans in 1851, was unablp to attend to her on account of sickness; and although Mr. C. S.Ellis, an accomplished trainer, had her in charge, she seemed to lose her accustomed spirit, and to droop with her old master, who died there, leaving his mare in charge of Mr. Ellis. i '^1.4 THK IIOMR. At, tlio nalo of the effects of tho Into Dnvid Hrymi, I,u,ly Butlolk, I l)cliovo, was purcluiHtul by Mi-BsrH. Shnw niid White, then lessooB of tho niiion (!oiirHi>. In tht* hitter part ol" is;.;), nlm wiiH inir.'liascd hy D. Kdj^nir Hill, of Uridpurt, wlnti ^h,. wiirt put in tiie wtud and hrcd to IMiu-k Hawk, and preiuuturelv druppi'd a foal to him in is.')!. In Fiihrnary hwt, u most oxctdlont likoncHU of tho Lady— ho PoprcM'ntiMl Ity a corrcHpondent of tho "Spirit " -was taken on canvas, whitdi her owner intendod to havo lithograplieil, and on tho 7th of March, m if thJH n(d)lo old rnaro considered that her niiH«ion had ended with tho taking of her portrait, uho di'.'d in tho Btablo of ono who knew how to value her pant Hervieo8. Hut I cannot do better than copy " I'eter JJasHV/ood'H " letter from the "Spirit" of tho 17th of March, and closo;— LADT BUFFOI 19 UKADI " Duath, cold utiurcT, hitth Heizod liia bonded debtor." Slic died at Edgar llillV, I5ridp(trt, Vt.. on tho 7th of March, in Avhat Mr. Hill BUpposed to be a fit, iva alio was in apparent health but a short tiino before hho died ; Mr, II. was in tho stable when she fell to stand no mvre. Thus passed from tho turf to a resting j)lace beneath it, an old familiar. We shall BOO " The Gray Mare " no more, but lier deeds are recorded in the archives of tho " Spirit," and will live long after the epi- taph of your humble scribbler shall be written ; and when our hair shall have grow n as white as hers that were onco gray, wo shall look back through tho distance to tho deeds that she per- formed on tho lie..con, tho Centrevillo, the Union, the lluntinc; Park, and Cambridge Courees, for " There's a fueling witliin us that loves to rorert To the merry cI'J times that are gone." P. S. — Since the above was written, I have been informed that Mr. White, of Saratoga, was the owner of Lady Suffolk from the time she left " the Island " till her death, and that ho merely sent her to Mr. Hill to be bred to Black Hawk. JTrom t/u Ntvo York (olii) Si)irUof\lhe nrnti. m- FlAtKA TKJ^l'I.K. ^i:t mw 1111(1 Wliiti., '•r pnrtof Is:,.i, 'Iporf, when blu. land pri'iiiatiirflv I '» >i' the Lady— so '— wjw fakt'ii oti |itli<>|rn,,,|„,,|^ ,„i,l ' conHhU'ri'd tlii'.t I'oi-trait, hill, di-d I'l" piiHt Horvici's. isHvvood'rt" letter losu ; — l.'htor." 10 7th <.r March, wits ill aj)i)aront r. II. was ill the pafiHt'd from tlio hiliar. Wo shall 8 are recorded in )ng after the ej)i- II ; and wlieii our !ro onco gray, we eds that she per- ion, the IluntinjOf ert e been informed of Lady Suffolk mth, and that ho k Hawk, J)SjHHto/iC/u nmu. But now, littvinp dono our duty to tlio honored (IcikI, let us reHiime the thread nf ihiit yeiir'n pr<>ceediii;^H, wlii(di was doiihiy diffnalized by her departuro from tlio tnrf, the lirKt j^reat victo- rii'H of the ono and the llrHt appearance of the other of her most hrilliatit MieeeKHoi-H — ^Tiieoiiy and Flora Temple. And lifHt, of Taeoiiy, whoHe earlii'st ell'ortH I reoordeorted Tripolitan /onsul, gd. Fancy tc, to content any three-fourths of f a thoroughbred ightli of common I'cd Ethan Allen Also a very fine and fast-trotting stallion, the pride of Avbat .8 called the » Morgan breed," and a horse of undon.able merit. lie WIS -ot by the Morgan Black Hawk, dam a medium pize white inare, said to be of the Messenger breed. Black Hawk was got by Sherman Morgan, his dam a bvst black mare, said to be an English half-bred Sherman ^vas son of the original or Justin Morgan, out of a ,„are variously said to be of a "Spanish breed," and an im- ported English saddle mare. Ethan Allen trotted this year, mile-heats, m harness, for a ,)ur.e .>f S15 for 3 years old, against Chazy, a filly, and a chest- !uit\^elding, at the Clinton Co. Fair, N. Y., and won the purse in 3 20—3 21 This is noticed, not on account ot tlie time, but in view of the celebrity of the animal, who is now claimed to be the fastest trotting stallion in the world.* This year, also, appeared Flora Temple, who, so tar as present appearances can beheld to justify pix^dictions seems destined to succeed to the place lately vacated by Lady bu^olk. In ^his place I shall say nothing of her pretended pedigree, for that will come in due course with a memoir, to which her distinction entitles her, and which will follow this branch of my '"^'rita won, this year, her first on the regular turf, although she had won a private match on the Eed House track, at Harlem, and one, likewise, on the Union Course, three times, ,vi„„iug every time she started, although she was once drawn, n a pule and sweepstakes won by Lady Brooks; Pet, War Eagle, George West, and Flora Temple entered, the first two only starting for the stakes. . n . ^,„.,„ Her first trot was mile-heatc, best three m five, -for a puise and sweepstakes, in harness. In this she beat Brown Jmi ?hree straight heats, in 2.43-2.41-2.43. She also beat Young Dutchman a match of mile-heats, three m five, m 2.40-2.39- '> 3G-and, in December of the same season, Centreville, l^ie same match, in 250 lbs. wagons-all these races she won with out losing BO much as a single heat. But ^j^f^J^^J^^"'^* Par- ticularly good, and she had, as yet, excited but little attention. Another barbarous time-match-the most barbarous yet .- disgraces the annals of this year. "The spotted mare Anna * See Ethan Allen's performances, p. 278. SSl^^^^fi' ai6 THE H0E8E. Bishop," it is thus curtly related in the Spirit, " was backed to do one hundred miles in nine lioura ; she started, and, after doing forty-nine miles in four hours and eleven minutes, broke down ! " The register does not give the name of the perpetrator oi this savage atrocity, or I should rejoice to pillory it ; nor is it stated what became of the unfortunate animal, which nnisfliavo been a good one to do so much before she broke down, lamed for life probably, if not killed outright. In 1853, the interest of the season centres wholly in Flora and Tacony, the latter, however, playing, very decidedly, th«> secondary part. The little bay mare was seventeen times victorious over all the best horses of the season; boating Tacony seven times, at one and two-milo heats ; Black Douglass twice ; Bhodc Island three times; Highland Maid twice; Mountain Maid twice; Katy Darling twice ; Lady Vernon, Lady Brooks, and Young Dutchman to make up the tale, hardly losing a heat in the whole performances. Her best time was 2.27 and 2.28 at mile- lieats, both on several occasions, and at two-mile heats 5.0H — 4.59 — the best on record. She had at once started up into a prodigy. She lost four races only, one to Black Douglas, one to Green Mountain Maid, and two to Tacony, who bittled it out with her with courage, if not with success, equal to aer own. Tacony, though no longer the champion, maintained his credit more than gallantly, beating Flora twice, as has been stated ; and Mac, who reappeared very strongly this season, four times, one in the best time on record, under the saddle, lie was beaten six times by Flora, and thrice by Mac. His best winning time, 2.25f, at one mile, repeated in two consecutive heats, was half a minute better than Lady Suffolk's best, 2.2G ; and he put Flora up to 4.59 — 5.01^, to beat him in harness at two miles. To show how much horses had gained on time, recently, 2.27, only one second less than the best yet, 2.26, was made seven times ; by Dolly Spanker thrice. Flora twice, and Tacony once ; and Lady Suffolk's best time, 2.26, and beaten a half- second by Tacony against Mac. There was much excellent trotting this year, and horses of I CONQUEEOR. 217 las backed to do pd, after doing limites, broke Jperpotrator oi I'T it ; nor is it Piicb must, have down, lanied kiolly in Flora Jdecidedl}', tlio )rious over all even times, at Kluxle Island Maid twice; cs, and Yonng a heat in the 2.28 at mile- boats 5.0U— rted up into a : Douglas, one '"who bittled it lal to iierown. naintained his 3, as has been lis season, Ibnr le saddle. lie [ac. His best w consecutive c's best, 2.20; in harness at ime, recently, 26, was made 3, and Tacony eaten a half- nd horses of merit deservijig mention, too many to be recorded in a mere summary of events such as this. I must not, however, omit — in order to record my disnj)pro- butiou of them — to mention two ten-mile matches in harness, between the same horses. First, the ch. g. Prince, by Wood- pecker, a trotter, and the gr. g. Ilcro, i)edigrec unknown, a pacer. The fastest mile was done in 2.38^, the slowest in 3.1 2v^, the whole time in 28.08^. No injury occurred to eilber horse; but +liat is no justification of these long matches, — which, having tlie probability before my eyes of being set down as an old fogy and anti-progressive, I regard as both useless and cruel. Second, the same horses, with the same result, excejjt that Hero was distanced — what is the distance in ten miles 7ion con- stat. Fastest mile, 2.33^^ ; slowest, 6.19 ; whole time, 35.18. On November 12tli came off the crowning cruelty of the American trotting course. An old, good, honest, well-known roadster, bred in Orange County, and having a good deal of blood, was driven to death for the sum of four thousand dollars, which his backers, I re- gret to say, realized by their merciless barbarity. He was backed to do 100 miles in 9 hours, and did it. The total time announced by the judges was 8,55.53. I now quote frotn the Turf Register of the year. "At the conclusion of this immense performance, the horso did not seem unusually distressed. He was warmly clothed — and hied, as wo hear — carefully nursed, and every possible at- tention paid to him ; though he " came about " a little the fol- lowing day, we regret to learn that be gradually sunk, and on Monday breathed his last. No attem])t, Ave trust, will be Tuade to rival this performance. 'A merciful man Js merciful to his beast. ' " This passage deserves some remark. Tlie feeling is all that could be wished, although the condemnation is not sufficiently strong; for, be it observed, that a word of rebuke in a journal devoted to sporting, is of more weight with sporting characters, as they call themselves, than a column from other sources, which they either do not see,or regard as old fogy and straitlaced. Next, as to the race and its results; first, I would ask, was 218 THE HORSE. ever any horse distressed, nccoruing to the report of his perform- ance. Secondly, wliat is the meaning of the word usuaUij, m reference to an event never accomplished hefore. Lastly, I would say, that if this unhappy horse were bled, us it is stated he was, the bleeding was in all probability the im- mediate cause of his death. In such cases, nine times out of ten, exhaustion, not plcthory, is the result of such efforts as this; and in this case, every thing indicates that the animal was so totally overdone and outworn, that the whole system collapsed, and tliat nature failed in recuperative power. In such a case, to take one drop of blood would be as surely fatal as to blow out the creature's brains. A drench of hot, spiced ale, followed by mashes, and a cordial ball of camphor, condiments, &c., (| 2.41 2.89 2.44] 8.041 This is, thus far, tlie best time on record at tliree-mile heats, as was Flora's, recorded above, the best of two-uiile heats. Credit enough for the year '53. Dnring The spring of 1854, Flora did not appear alter Jan- ,n,.v 31, when she niet Green Mountain Maid at ^ew Orleans beinu Bold into private hands; consequently she appeared in ai ,„t four times during the year, not being in training unti October. Of her four races she won three, being beaten once bv Green Mountain Maid, which she paid oft" a few days a ter by laving her out in two straight heats. She also beat Mac-, ^vho i.ad forced Tacony to his terrible time, the best three m live, in three straight heats, also Jack Walters. In tact, to her this vear is all but lost. • • i' e ■*■ Tacony did himself no credit th^ year; receiving iorte.t once IVoin Lantern, and getting himself beaten twice by Grey Eddy and once by Mac. . Mac beat Tacony once, and Know-Nothing twice, of wdiom ,uore anon. He was himself beaten by Lady Flora and Grey Eddy, who trotted, a wonderfully good horse, m this, his first year, winning five trots, without getting beaten once agains such horses as True John ; Tacony twice ; Mac ; and Highland Maid twice. There was a great deal of good trotting this season, by many horses, who, in a few years, would have been considered first-rate animals and wonders ; but tlv3 speed of trotters had come to be so wonderfully increased since 1818, when it was odds against any horse being found in America to do his mile on a trot within three minutes, that now one liardly looked at a 2.30 horse, or cared to record time slower than 2.-7 or 28 for a mile, or 5.00 for two miles ; such was the progress ot horseflesh in so few years. There appeared, however, on the course, two or three new horses, two of them of sufficient note to deserve more than a passing notice. One of these, it is believed, had trotted a year or two ear- lier, but it is impossible to ascertain, owing to the stumd and dishonest practice of changing names-a practice which 1 am persuaded arose from a tricky system of starting tried lioi-ses,in new place8,as untried horses, and in getting bets out of flats. The horse in question, one of the best to-day on the tuH, 220 THE HORSE. the slapjnng black geldinw, who has made such 6])leiulid con- tests with Fk)ra Temple, trots now under a different naiuo tVoin that which ho claimed in 1853 ; before that he is known to liave had one or two aliases, lie was at the first called Black Dun — Avhich one would suppose was a good enough name for any liorse, man, or stioh — but one of the last was found, who, I sup- pose, incapable of discerning the man through the fogs of filthy politics, Tiot content with the title of the greatest statesman and man of his day, changed it to the two-penny bye-word Know- Nothing. Leaving his name out of tlie question, however, which is no business of mine — and to which I have only alluded in order to explain my inability to fix this year as the first, second, third, fourth, or any other given number, of his performance, he is a right good horse. His name was last year Lancet, perhaps next year it Avill be Gouge, or Chisel, there's no saying! Ivnow-Nothing, then, in 1854: trotted seven or eifjht times ; for I have some doubts whether the same horse has not trotted and won under yet other names on otlier courses. All his other trots werc! made at Boston, and in them he beat the Black Ilawk maid four times, and Blue Morgan once. These were M'ell-tripd, good horses, but slow as the times go, of the Morgan stock, n y getting below the 40s., or the top of the 30s. His best time in any of these matches was 2.36; 2.36 ; 2.37 ; which is nothing ro brag of. He was beaten twice by Mac, and put him up to 2.35 ; 2.32, and 2.38 ; 2.31:, to win ; 60 tlijit he rather gained than lost by his defeats. Black Dan, Know-Nothing, or Lancet, as he is to be hence- forth called, was got by the Bridport, or Hill's Black Hawk, commonly known as Vermont Black Hawk, in order to distin- guished him from Long Island Black Hawk, the son of Bashaw. Hill's Black Hawk was by Sherman, son of the Justin Morgan, out of an English mare, reported to be half-bred. Lancet's dam is " Old Squaw '" — a mare said to have some English blood, and supposed to be got by an imported horse called Lee Boo, in Canada. The other great event of this year, however, was the debut of the magnificent pacing mare Pocahontas, one of the most superb, and, to use a word well applied by a eulogist to that POCAIIONTAB. 331 Iplemlia con. |"t iiaiuo from j)<>\vii to have jlilatk JJaii— (aiiiG ibr any |> who, I s„p. JfogS of filthy (tatt'siiian ami pvord Know- K wliich 18 no I'J in order to pecond, tliird, Jiance, he is a [porliaps next tyjht times ; IS not trotted in them he Morgan once. times go, of ^r tlio top of ?s was 2.36; beaten twice ^•3i, to win ; to be henee- ilack Hawk, ler to distin- I of Bashaw, tin Morgan, I. Lancet's iglisli blood, Lee Boo, in 1 the debut 'f the most ;i8t to that noblo horse Grey Eagle — most aumjdiiom animal, as well as the fastest of the day. Pocahontas is a rich chestnut mare, nearly sixteen hands in height, with a superb crest, and the highest and tliiiiuest withers I have peen in America. She was I'oaled in 1840, and was con- sequently eight years old at the time of her matches, which came off at New Orleans. She is, as her appearance shows, very highly bred. She was got by a thorouglibred horse, well known in OJiio, and fa- mous as a getter of tino and fast road stock, under the name of Iron's Cadmus, by Cadmus — a chestnut horse by American Eclipse, dam Dii Vernon by Ball's Florizel, g. d. by Ogle's Oscar, gd. by Hero, &c. ]5all's Florizel was by imported Diomed, by the famous Florizel, out of sister to Juno by Spectator, gd. by Blank, g. gd, by Childers' g. g. gd. Miss Belvoir, by Grey Grantham, &c. &c. Medley, gd. Penelope by Yorick, gd. by old lianter, g. gd. by Gift, &c. Hero was by old Yorick, d. by Careless, &c. It is useless to pursue this pedigree farthei., aa it is one of the clearest and best in America, all the horses named being of undoubted blood. Cadmus, it is said, was sixteen hands high and well proportioned. The mother of Pocahontas was a bay mare fifteen and a half hands high, well put up, with powerful muscles, and a natural trotter. She was got by imp. Shakspere ; he by Smolensko, out of Charming Molly, by Rubens, &c. The grand-dam of Pocahontas was a good road marc, her pedigree unknown. I am indebted for these particulars to my friend Dr. J. S. Unzicker, of Cincinnati, Ohio, who procured them from the gentleman who first purchased her out of a team, struck by her show and style. Slie is, it will be perceived, certainly three parts of pure blood, and of such blood as is in but few race-horees' veins, Ame- rican Eclipse, Sir Archy, Herod, Smolensko, Sorcerer, the Godol- phiu. I am happy to present my readers with a fine portrait of 222 THK II0K8E. this n()l)lc animal during her great inatcli with Hero, from tho pencil of Manror, ai'd tlie l»urin of Iliiihliolwood. Slio went tlu-oc times, a niatcli and two purses, in 1S54 ; all of which bho won, at New Orleans, against tho roan gelding Silvertail twice; Tvcumseh and Dolly Spanker, the last in 2.20 ; 2.25 ; 2.2(1 ; adniiral)lc time, which she was, however, herself to outdo thereaiter, Tliero were two twenty, and one ten-mile matches in har- ness, hut with no notahle result, no great time made, and no horses, I helieve, hutchercd. In 1855, Flora Temple went eight times, and received forfeit once. She heat Know-Nothing, Sontag, Lady Franklin, Chi- cago Jack, and Mac, and Hero tho pacer, once each. Frank Forester twice. She was heaten once hy Sontag, in three straight heats, in 2.31; 2.33; 2.35. Sufficient proof, say her friends, that she was amiss. That does not, howevei, follow, for, without heing amiss, horses, and mares, yet more often, will go hetter one time than another, lliere is no douht, however, that she was the hotter mare, though not on that day, and that she coidd make hetter time. She soon afterward beat Sontag easily enough. Know-Nothing did not shine this year. He won three times; against the mare of 2.22, myth, Tib Hinman, who camo very short, on this occasion, of doing that or any other decent time, not being able to put Know-Nothing to a better pace than 2.41 ; 2.43i ; ii.±2|; 2.49 ; against Sag Nicht, half a mile ; and against Tacony, who only got him up to 2.38. He was beaten twice by Chicago Jack, of whom more anon ; on<;o by Flora Temple; once by Paddy Gill, and once by Tib Hinman. Tacony was out five times, won twice of Mac, and Belle of Saratoga, rtcievcd forfeit from Sontag, and was beaten by Belle of Saratoga, and Frank Forester— best time 2.30^. Chicago Jack did capital work for a new beginner, in his second year only ; he won five times, beating Know-Nothing twice, the second in2.27i; 2.29; 2.27^; 2.30; also Murdoclf, Belle of Saratoga, and Lady Litchfield. He was beaten four times by Belle of Saratoga, a good mare. Flora Temple, in company with Mac, over whom be came in second ; and twice and TIB nmMAN'fl TIME. 223 bj U.ly FrnnWin, a very oxccll..,.., l,«..o»t mare, ,m\ a winner, tl.ia tuman, of six iiureoB. A_ iriTat maiiytlwr licrs™ .li.l oxc.OU-iit »..il> this joai a„li.Tn ..,-'■ tir..-ra,c., al.l,...«l. a few yea,, a,,. ,1 wouM ■n,e mare Tib Ilimiia" ""'»» '»" '"' ("rjiMtiiu Sli. i» «a do,,: i,:;i::«e..is , ,»ieo a ^^ -^•■■- ,,;';;v'r.''^'^T s '^ittav: ai!;«raamiraU„l, io„/ ad iibi, - "o o.o ^""ti','"::; ;;'t:',:l. ice ,■.,. ^soo, ,1. i,e.t .,,..0 i„ ««,»„„ > T lim n i,. tl..ee lieat.. In tlio heat done at 2.22 no ^ 1 . Hvc 1 rL ,va. diBtaneed I Tin., cf course, alone, ::::,: : ^^. •n.c -econd ..at 2 27, .m-eo ...0 d,.. .r„!:B':n;::in",,e lU.,Btcr ...o,.. 0.0,^^^^^^^^^^^ ""'Tltoll'ls real time, ,vMcl, Til, made afterward, ,l,ow, pre»J exclusively wl,at sort of tiu.ing waB UBcd on the .o«. "e=i*v;,!t:i"i;-"^^^ Chatauquo Chief, • • • Eclnilcer, Tib lUnman, .•••"' BlacUKalph, _.^^^^^-^^_ ^;^. ^■^, ^^. 4^45. Same course, August 25, she was again beat by Chatauquo time matches this year. 2 a 1 1 t 112 8 2 8 8 8 2 B 4 4 4 4 4 224 THE H0R8K. FiiMt, the i;li. g. Trustee Senior niul Spnn^lo trotted twenty miles ; the wiiuier in lli. f)ni. 5%. ; the loser in lii. (ini. ^s. Then tiie HUiue horee, Spanj,'lo. was haeked to do tit'ty miles in fowr hours, wa^^on and driver to weigh 400 lbs. which ho won, doing the distance in 3h. 5J)m. 148. One luonth alter this, the same horses, Trustee Senior, and Si)angle, went ten miles, as before, to wagons, which was dono a little over the half liour, in 30m. 29^8. On the 'J4th of May, with a fatuity inconceivable, if only in a pecuniary view, with so valuable an aninud at stake. Flora Temple was started to do twenty miles within the hour. What follows I quote from the Turf Tlegister of the year; — "In the eighth round she cast a shoe, and cut herself rather severely, and from this out her speed began to decrease, until the close of the twelfth mile, when her backers, seeivg she had not a chance, withdrew her and gave up the match! " This needs no comment. The agony of the wounded animal, whoso speed began to decrease from the moment of the mutila- tion, had no effect on the flinty liearts of the backers, imtil thoy saw that she had not a chance. If she had had a chance, on she must have gone. If she could have won, alio would have been made to win — lame or sound — live or die ! Though ono would have thought that Flora Temple's life, if insured against such wanton risks as this, was worth more than five thousand dollare. A few days after this, July 12th, Lady Fulton was backed to perform the same match, and won it, doing the twenty miles in 59m. 558.* This mare and Trustee, the son of thoroughbred Trustee and Fanny Pullen — who must not be confounded with the Trustee Senior, mentioned above, also, I believe, by the same sire — are the only two animals who have accomplished this prodigious effort. It ought never, again, to be attempted. It is a mere matter of physical endurance. A mere trial of what a horse can do without dying. Tliere are hundreds of horses who can do the pace for a distance, and who will stay the distance as long as they can, and that their owners know. The only question is what distance can they stay, without death ensuing. It is enough » See Note 1, p. 228. TMIUULK-TK.VM MATCH. 9M, twenty U if'ty iiiilc'H wliicli Jio "ior, and was dono ', if only 0, Flom What -"In tlio I'oly, and )8e of tho chance, d animal, 10 miitila- intil they CO, on sbo mve been >ugh ono d against thousand backed to ' miles in ustee and i Trustee sire — are rodigioHs re matter 3 can do a do the I as long lestion is 8 enough to say that for every one horse wh(» does it and lives, twenty will die in doing it, and im many more, after it in done. Su(;h trials can »u>ower no jturj»ose whatever, and ought to be discountenanced by all true siiortsmen and lovers of the horse, and — in my opinion — to be declared a high misdemeanor at law. There was also this year a fine double-team match, between Lantern and Whalebone, bay and chestnut geldings ; and Alice Gray and Stella, gray and black mares; mile heats, over the Union Course, June Stli. Tho horses were driven by (Icoi^^-e Spicer, the mares by Hi- ram Wood rutl— time, 2.40.;.— 2 12. An exceedingly spirited engraving by Mr. R. Ilinshelwood, from the design of Mr. L. Maurer, representing the start, will be found in this volume. The great feat, however, of this season, which I have saved to the last, in order that, like the autumn forest of America, it may die in a blaze of glory, is *lio pacing match of Pocahontas, the mare described above, and Hero, whom she distanced in the first hear, to wagons, wagon and driver to weigh 265 lbs., in the unparalleled time of 2.17.* Tlie year 1856 was distinguished on the trotting turf, chiefly by the contests of Flora and Lancet, on whom was concentrated, especially, the interest of tho season, although there was much excellent trotting, and an increase, both in the number of horses and of places devoted to this popular amusement, fully equal to that of the preceding year. To show how great that increase has been, it will be enough to mention, that, whereas in 1845 the Turf Register con- tains fourteen pages of trotting records, in large type, averaging about eight trots to the page, this, for 1866, contains 36 pages, averaging twelve trots — these of course only regular contests for purses or matches on well-known public courses ; that, whereas in 1845 the whole number of trotting horses which started, named and unnamed, in the United States and Canada, were but 137, of whom 55 were winners ; in 1856 there started 610 horses, named and uiwiamed, of whom 259 won prizes of some sort — and, lastly, that whereas, in 1845, there were sixteen places of sport in all the United States and Canada, there were sixty-four * See Note 2, p. 228. Vol. II.— 16 na TIIK HORSE. in 1850, fliurt tlislrihnti'd ;— in New York, twonty-ono ; Caniula, iiix ; Wii II ti-iif,- "'" it liag f I"'Hi(i(is 'III on tilt) 111, lll'Xf, to Ic8, whore rra Toinplo, and wan dofcatfd by Imt t'lMir fimcM, iik aln>vt>. I^kKt the iianu' nf Kiiuw-Nnih- ing hi' won fwict', lu'iitiiig Chiciigo Jack and Nelly, and two othcrH, and was licatcn twi«"c l»y Chicago Jack. lie in n tine Hlahhing lilii'.'k gelding, though in past years l.o has liecii ri'iiorted us a lirowii, and is well hied. fJood sporl in expected of him the coming summer, as it is l)elieved that, like Tacony, he will make an effort to retrieve his laurels (»f tho mare. Tacony started six times, l»nt with little snoeesH, winning twice only, against Chicago ami Zii<;iiary Taylor, and losing four times, to I'loia thrice, anti oiiccs to Lady Moscow; still he con- not he said to have lost caste or to have shown himself other than a good horse, since he wau beaten only by animals of the highest character. Chicago Jack, Lantern and Lady Moscow, the latter a most Htanch and honest mare or the turf, now in her tenth season on the trotting course, all diHtinguished themselves, and did good work. Tib Hininan, the mare, concerning whom the prodigious Btory was circulated in 1855, about the trot on the ice at Og- densburgh, in 2.22, trotted creditably this year, winning five times out of seven trots for which she started, but against no first-rate horses, except Lady Moscow, and in no time which gives the smallest reason for believing that she ever went with- in eight or ten seconds of that rate, her best race this season being 2.32—2.31—2.32—2.34—2.30 against Miller's Damsel. There were three ten-mile matches this season, by Cincinnati against McComb's double team in 41.50. Duchess against Boston Girl 'and Racker in 29.17, and Gipsey Queen against Olive Rose, in 31.05. One match to go six miles and one hundred and fifty-two rods — ciglit hundred and thirty-six yards — with two men weighing three hundred and sixty pounds, in a sleigh, in twenty-five minutes — was won by Nelly Bly in 23.08 ; and two five-mile matches were won by Jessie Fremont against James Buchanan — a curious collocation of names! — in 16.15 — and by a bay mare of D. Pifer's against Hiram Wood- ruff's black horse, in 18.30. As I do not propose to attempt any notice of the early trots I I 238 THE HORSE. of this present season, since it will not be possible lo do more than commence the subject, I shall close this brief and necessarily incomplete sketch of the origin, rise, and present condition of the Trotting Turf of America, with a memoir up to the present date of Flora Temple, with so mnch of her pedigree as is attain- able, her performances, and a description of her appearance, to- gether with the pedigrees of one or two trotting horses which are distinctly ascertained. EDITOniAL NOTES. ' (P. 224.) Capt. McQowan trotted to harness, Oct. 18th, 1865, on a half-mile, at Boston, twenty miles in 58.25. John Stewart trotted to wagon, twenty miles, on Fashion Course, Sept. 32d, 1868, in 59.23. • (P. 235.) Billy Boyce, under saddle, at Buffalo, August 1, 1868, paced in 8.81i— a.l5i— 3.14i— 2.20^. Rollo Golduflt, a trotter, won the first heat. do more iGcessarily idition of 10 present i is uttain- iraiice, to- •868 whifih a a half-mile, Be, Sept. 22d, 168, paced In heat. MEMOIR OF FLORA TEMPLE. HKE PKBIOBKK, OH .K.0TKKI8TI08. A.D PEE.OB M.NOES. as a " strong, re.tlesB, fast-trotting ^«'-^^«' ;;:7land--without * See Note 1, p. 339, 230 THE HORSE. swearers to this notable pedigree had not a conception what an Arabian stallion is. Therefore, they stand acquitted here of fraud. All that appears tangibly thnsfar, on the side of Flora's dam, is this — that she was got by a spotted trotting stallion, about whom nothing is known, but who is said by common rumor to be the son of some Arabian or other, out of a Long Island com- mon mare. Flora's grandam is not pretended to be other than a common country mare. "When we come, however, to the father's side, we find a pedigree cooked up alternately out of the American and Eng- lish stud-books, displaying a mixture of ignorance and cunning rarely to be paralleled, and, with scarcely a step right from beginning to end, either in the American or English portions. Ignorance alone could not have done this, for by no natural blundering could such a mass of heterogeneous blunders have been brought abmit. So strange is the labyrinth, that even the practised eye of that admirable sporting writer " Observer," misled, perhaps, by a couple of false prints in the columns of the Spirit, although he B&w at a glance that the pedigree is false and worthless, failed to detect the forgery or find the clue. It runs thus, — Flora's sire was " One-eyed Kentucky Hunter," his dam, a chestnut Sir Henry mare, was brought from Kentucky to East Hartford, Oneida County, N. Y., where Kentucky Hunter was foaled." He was the son of " Old Kentucky Hunter." " Old Kentucky Hunter was got by Old Highlander, out of Col. Tall- madge's full-bred mare, Nancy Dawson," no sire given — "grand dam Dido, who was got by the full-bred horse King Fergus, from a full-bred mare of Sir Peter Teazle." Note here, that out of seven Nancy Dawsons in the Ame- rican Stud-book — Edgar's — not one is out of Dido — that out ot five Didos in the American Stud-books, not one is by King Fergus, or out of a Sir Peter Teazle mare. Note, also, that the only American horse. King Fergus, by Hyazim, out of Virgin, was not foaled until 1833, and therefore could not by any earthly means have been the g. g. g. grand sire of a mare foaled as Flora was, in 1846. 'Sutmf" """ FLORA temple's PEDIGREE. 231 n what an ed here of lora'sdam, lion, about 1 rumor to dand coin- other than we find a L and Eng- id cunning right from li portions, no natural iders have sed eye of erhaps, by Ithough he J8, failed to his dam, a iky to East iunter was r." " Old ' Col Tall- ti — " grand Qg Fergus, the Arae- that out ot s by King Fergus, by d therefore • S- S^^^^ ^:Z^. *e ,U.e of K.n-.y Hunte. w,.|ot by vMUVa^'—rnhm-mtior Blank. ±118 uam ujr Paymaster, son ot Blake — mispnm »^ ^^r "—another by Wildair!!" i,i.„„ip,. is bv Old Sharke, The only American horse, Highlandei, is oy w ArSbian, g. g. gi ciam "^ *! '7,,^;'p^'ralr ne,er came to Jl^^Zl^ irHV- 0. o. Na„c. false pedigree """""»'=*''=• 'VwUrAmerioan blood, a. King b„r«. k„o»„ .0 be »n-. a wuh ^"^ _, ,^^, ;„ '^^,,,^ S-^J;;-:!';:^; «- ";iout of...euee,and iadefi. t^-rb^rroi^'^L^^^^^^^^^ ». . e.po,.g ^^ ::::c»rb:X ra.t-e?e„.g «» a.. ^«- "Itay add 4at there wa, a 4.e gray English horse, High- 232 THE HOBSB. lander, hy Bourdeaux, dain Tetotum, by Mutclieni, g. g. dam Lady Bolinghroke, by Squirrel, &c., imported, as it is stated in a MS. note to Mr. C. IT. Hall's stud-book, by an English gentle- man, Mr. Harriot, who lived at Newark, N. J., and kept him there, whore he got good stock. This horse conld not, however, easily have hf.d to do with Kentucky Hunter. All, therefore, that we arrive at is tliiB, that a horse called Kentucky Hunter was brought from that State to Oneida Co., N.Y., v,'ith an absurd, forged pedigree — foritis not to be supposed that t' witnesses, who have stii idly mixed themselves up in ihe nuitter, 'ire either parties ii:, ^r guilty of the forgery— that nothing whatever being even conjecturable concerning his pedigree, he got One-eyed Kentucky Hunter out of a mare, mid to be by Sir Henry, her dam not described. Tills One-eyed Kentucky Hunter got Flora Temple in 1845, out of a clever, well-formed, fast-trotting^are, M .ame Temple, who, in her turn, was got by a horse concerning whom nothing at all it, known, except that he was not what he is called, an Arabian, out of a country mare. Divested of all mystery and falsification, nothing is known whatever about the mare's — Flora Temple — pedigree, beyond her sire and her dam. It is most probable that the sire had somehlood — what blood no one can conjecture — both from the region whence he came, Kentucky, long noted as a race-horse region, and from the . character of his stock, which certainly show blood. It is possible that Madame Temple may have had blood also, but that is far more doubtful ; and the fact of the horsp. called an Arabian being spotted is against it. Spotting, unless it be red on a white ground, or black on a deep gray, is not an Arabian mark. White spotting on a bay ground is a Hano- verian or Holstein mark ; and twenty years, or a little longer ago, the country was full of bay horses, white-spotted across the loins and quarters, of a very indifferent sort. The truth is, that the question matters not, whichever way it is settled. As " Observer " has well observed. Flora Temple's " merit rises above blood." With trotters it is not as it is with thoroughbreds, in whom it is a blot ineradicable to have a drop of false blood — and a blot, I g. dam jitcd in a (i gentle- jq t liini liowevei', 80 called [ida Co., piil)posed jes up in |iy— that Jiing his a mare, in 1845, Temple, nothing illed, an 8 known yond her lat blood 16 came, from the d blood he horpp, r, unless I not an a Hano- • longer across p way it " merit whom a blot, FLORA'C FIRST MATCH. 233 too, which is sure to crop out, as the goologists say of strata, somewhce, at some time or other, to the detriment of the per- formance and pluck of the progeny. It is adiuitted that the excellence of trotters is sui generis^ and depends on no strain of blood ; and the search for their pedigrees is more a nuitter of curiosity than of practical use. The above, then, is all that can be ascertained now, probably that ever will be ascertained, concerned Flora's pedigree. She was got by One-eyed Kentr.cky Hunter — who almost certainly had sonie good Kentucky thorough blood in his veins, but for regarJing whoin as a thoroughbred there are no grounds whatever — out of a mare, Madame Temple, who might or might not — the chances rather inclining to the not — have had some good blood. Flora was foaled in 1845, the property of a Mr. Loomis, of Sangeriield, Oneida county, New York. She passed, while quite young, through several hands, and was at length sold to Messrs. Richardson & Kellogg, of Eaton, Madison co., N. York, who worked her at livery. In the month of June, 1850, one of her owners taking a drove of cattle to New York, carried Flora with him, and on his way disposed of her for the sum of $175, to Mr. Velie, of Washington county, New York, who shortly afterward trans- ferred her for double that sum to Mr. Geo. E. Perrin, of the city of New York, by whom she was constantly driven on the roads iii the neighborhood of the city, and tried against the fast horses which are continually taking the air on the avenues, un- til he became well satisfied that he was the owner of something a little above the common. j Her first trial on a course was a match made between her and a fine horse known as Vanderburgh's gray stallion, for $500 a side, mile heats, the stallion to go to a 250 pounds wagon, the mare in harness. It came off on Union Course, L. I., and was won easily in three heats by the mare, in very handsome style. Tliis match was iiot registered, and I record it on the autho- rity of a very clever and agreeably-written series of papers en- titled " Flora Temple , written in one of our office arm-chairs," published in Porter's Spirit of the Times, and understood to be from the pen of Mr. Geo. Wilkee. 234 THE H0R8B, Flora Temple is a l)lood-bay mare, with black legs, mane, and tail, and no white marks. She stands only fourteen hands two inches hifi;li, l)\it has enormous power, combined with great lightnesB. She has a good, bloodlike head, broad between the eyes, with a little of the Arab Ijasin-face formation. A pecu- liarly long, sloping shoulder, and a set of legs and feet which are as near as may be to perfection. One of her points, and a great one it is in any horse, and in her, doubtless, one of tlie great causes of her immense speed, so unusual to so small an animal, is this; that while she is very short in the saddle-i)lace, she is very long below, which gives her the immense, low, long-reaching sti-ide, for which she is as famous as for her quick gather. It is stated in the memoir I have above named, that the stroke of this wonderful little animal has, by actual measurement, been found to equal that of a sixteen hand horse. The beautiful engraving of Flora Temple, which will be found in this volume, from the burin of Messrs. Capewell and Kimmel, designed by Mr, L. Maurer, is a faithful portrait of the " little treasure " in action, and well preserves her charac- teristics. It may be as well to say here, in order to oave misconstruc- tion, that although her best time, 2.24^, is noted under the plate, that time was not made by her going, as she is here rep- resented, in a skeleton wagon, but in a sulky, against Tacony, l^ofider saddle, whom she distanced. I now proceed to furnish a regular table of her perform- ances to the end of the year 1856, beyond which I do not pre- tend to carry this work. Where she won, the values of the purses are stated ; where she lost, they are left blank.* * We bring tbe record up to finish off her turf career.— Ed. egs, mane, eon hands with great )t\veon the A })ccu- feet which my liorse, r immense while she ow, which whicli she lie memoir ert'ul little jqual that ih will be ewell and portrait of er charac- isconstruc- under the here rep- it Taconj', perforra- ) not pre- les of the FLORA TKMPI-K. 385 PKKFOIIMANCKS OF FLORA TEMPI.K. CODBRC harneM 'i!)^> lbs. liarni'ss . TTnlon CouiuP, L. I- Wiis not In traln- In?, owing to an I llCfllllTlt. 18 Union Course. L. I. 18 CcntroMIlP, L. I. . . 10 I Cnlon Course, I-. 1. CentrevUle, L. I. . . Ilunllnirnrk, I'a. . i:nimi (nurse. I,. I (Vntrevllli, L. I. . lluntiiitf I'lirk, I'a. . Ci'iitrovllli', I.. I. . ■ , ' wagons Union Course, L. 1. 1 harness .1 II " Saratoga, N. T. ,i (i ^* Kochester, N. Y. . . TIHB. AGAINST WUAT IIUBSES. 1 2 52. 2!», 2.52, Whltuhall and 2.49 2.88J,2.86,2,H6t, 2.4;l, 2.41, 2.4;l, 2.40, 2.«9. 2.86. 2 42, 2.46, 2.44, 2 iVH 2 WH, 2.!!5,l Ulaik Douglnss, throo oliiors. Jjjdy Brook* A Vet, Ilrown .lem. . . Young Uutch- in II, CcntrovlUe . . . I M ITtlca, N. Y Saratoga, N. Y. . . . Hunting I'ark, Pa. a II >* Cincinnati, Ohio . . Oakland Course, Ky 15 Now OrIean% La. . . II II " Union Course, L. I. Centvovlllo, L. I. . . Union Course, L. 1. Contrevllle, L. L . ■ wagons harness riM-eiviil furl'i'il, 2.«U, 2,!tJ. '-'.HHJ, 2.SW4, 2.115 2.aU 2.20, 2 27. 2.H2, 2.2S, 2.:12, 2.82, 2.H!1. 281i, 2.:l5. 2.82. 2.82. 2 80, 2.2S. 2.27 2.211, 4..^9, 5 "U, 2 80,2,81,2.82, 5.04, B.10i, 2.85,2 811,2.801, 2 80i, 2.8U. 2.8IH, 2.85t 2 8iH, 2 27,2 2St, 2.29, 2 84, 2 84, 2.84, 2 82, 2,86, 2.28, 2 881, 'i 84, Diitolinmii. Lady Itrcioks . , IJluck Douglass lligliland Maid Blttok llouglass Tacony . . . wagons, 800 lbs. wagon , harness 26 Cambridge I'ark, 6 Unl^'course, L. L I wagons ;. 11 Centrovllle, L. I. . it' Tfieimy Lady Vernon. , I MuuntuinMttld, 1 2 48 2.40, 2.41, I Khodo Island. 2451, 2 42, 2.40, : Uhoile Inland . 24(1 MountainMald, 2 39 2.86i,2.B6, Green Mountain • 2 86, Maid, 5.07, n.0T, 2.81*, 2 82. 2.88 2:i8,' 2.89, 2.87, 2.81,2 83,2.85, 1,000 1,000 2,(KI0 2,IK)0 2,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1.000 1,000 1,(HH) 1,000 1,(H)0 2S0 250 hamcs Union Course, L. I. Contrevllle, L. I. . . Union Course, L. I. Fashion Course, L. i. Boston, Mass. . ... wagons in drivers. 275 lbs. wagons . harness . wagon . harness Mac Jack Waters . Sontag 20 Pulled up lame, 12th inlle, 287, 243, 5 07, 5.27. 5.121, 5.in, 2.291,2.81.4,^84, a 5.151, B.1T1, 2 Eeceived forfeit, a 4.59, 4.57, 6.214 1 2.801, 2.80, 2.80, Time Know-Nothlng, alias Lancet. Sontag.. .... Lady Franklin Chicago Jack, and Mac. Frank forester, Cliicago Jack, Miller's Damsel. Frank Forester Hero— pacer— in a wagon, Chicago Jack, — sa(]dle. Lancet 900 2,000 2,000 8,000 2,000 2.000 '500 COO 2,000 2,000 1,000 2,000 honor. Tacony— saddle I 1,000 Received forfeit, 2.801, 2 80, 2 29, 2.8U, 2.281, 2.291, a Kecelved forfeit 2.24J, best time 1 on record. _ i _ , 1 2.881, 2.84, 2.81, Lancet ria;f:^:HEtha„AiiVn.. winning in six years thirty-nine races, losing eight. Netting . Th.. her nrst trot, was made and recorded under the nam. of " Flora " .lone. IfiM 1,000 8,500 1,000 1,000 1 46,86.' -mtmmm 236 TIIU IloUBK. PBRF0RMANCE8 OF FLORA TEMPLE. TIAB. DATI. 1887 Jalr 8 JniT Ml Sept. St 5 13 Oct. 5 »t 10 1858 June It 10 July 1 n Oct 3 18 tk in It 87 Nov. 4 tl S5 97 Doc. S 18G9 May 81 June 17 »* 88 Ang. U it Hi 83 II 97 Sept. 1 H II • 1 10 Ifl II 33 Oct. 41 7 ' 15 t II 9-11 11 II 96 88! Nov. 8 6 it g 81 II 8i Dec. ll 18C0 Aug. 28' Bcpt. )?.\ Centrevillo, L. I. . . Elmlra, N. Y Albany, " Hj)rlii({rt«lil, MasB. Ifarlford, f'oiin. . . ChoMtiiut Hill, Pn. Phil, Pii lialtlmuru, Md. . . . IIARNIBI, IIADDI.I, or WAOOM. wagon., harnet*. Detroit, Mich OhlcnRo, 111 Kalamazoo, Mich. SandiiHky. Ohio. . . Adrian, Mich St. Lootis Mo FaBhlonCourecL.I. Kcllnae " Boston, Mass Saratoga, N. Y Portland, Me Sutlolk Park, Phlla. Baltimore, Md Chicago, III MuHCiitine, Iowa... Cincinnati, Ohio. . . Kalamazoo, Mich. . Cleveland, Ohio CuyahogaPall,Ohlo Bufflalo, N.Y.... St. Katherlne O W Union Cours'' i.. I Franklin Park.. Kalamazoo, Mich.. Centrevillo, L. I... wagon.. harncHH. AOAIMBT WHAT UUIUIg. 8.aOJ, 9.80, 9.37] 2.:U. Ullt 8.88, 3.37. Lancet to Had., Kcd BinI and MlllerV I)ami>"l to bar. RoBe WaBh'Kton,h. "ad2.37, S.3S. 8.a'l;,9.:)D.!,8.80. ».:«».!. a.iu. a.!w. 3.;Mi.3.8U.3.3n,8.98. 2.311, 'j.;ii,a.."». 8.31, 3.37 ■,2.29!. 2.;)0, 2.20, 2.8H. 2.!Mi, 3.nii, 8.38i. 9.31<,2.;il. 3.30), 3.!!8, 9.49. 3.38, 3.20. 3.41, 3.:r?', 8.80. 8.90, 8.28, 8.28. 9..'M,2a5. VVonflmt heat: dU. Tor foul 6.11j,5.17J. S..1U, 231,), 8.aoj, 3.a2*,2..%i. 2.25, 8.-;75, 3.27}. 7.M, 7..')9J. 5.03, 5.05. 8.23.> 8.23, S.28i. 4.504, 5.05. 3.33, 2.804, 2.,^. 8!KH,2.J18. 2.84. 2..T2, 8.2t>J, 2.20. 3.41{, 2.31, 2.28. 8.20, 2.81, 2.2S. 2.,31,2.81,8.20J. Won— no time. 8.874, 3.27, 2.214. 2.Ji24,S.Si4,2.1«). 8 10, 8.304, 2.20. 3.40, 9.:«)4, 2.29. 3.,38, 2.0(1, 2.8-I, 3. 2.28, 2.31, a.8;i4. 1 .18, 1 .47, 1 .47. Ike Cook and Belle Saratoga. 2.35, 8.89, 8.97. Ike Cook. 2.2o, 8.23, 2.W. G.M.Patchen(Md.),r.off. 2.37, 2 2T4, 2.3U, 299. Ethan Allen 2.274, 2.20',, 2.154. I 2 284.2.284.2.284,1>.284 Geo. M. Patchen... ti.noo ;«» 3,000 400 1,000 1,000 1.000 1,200 1.200 »00 1,800 600 600 1,000 Ethan Ailen ... PrIncesB— match. Prlnccen won. PrInccBB Ike Cook. PrinceBB&HoneBtAnce PrIncemt Ike Cook 84 97, Match for $500, 3 miles, agst. Dutchman. Time, 7.33} ; mare to have 3 trlalu. Lost. 1861 Oct. 3 II 13 II 97 II 83 II 17 II 81 Nov. 15 June 6 II 18 July 4 ** 10 Aug. 9 May 81 i June 13 II It u 95 Jnly 15 I 26 Aug. 8 Sept. 5 finnin( jtae KImIra, N. Y Syracuse, N. Y Gfeneva, " Rochester, " WatertowB," Corning, " Danbury, Conn. . . . Union Course, L. I, II II II Philadelphia, Pu... Union Course, L. L Fni— "adilli ., tl nnn ."•• mate to wag. i,noo 1,000 1,-.M0 l.tMO aoo 1,800 600 600 1,000 1,000 1,000 2,P0O 6,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 l,(iOO 1,000 1,.';00 1,UI0 1,000 1,000 2,000 1,000 1,(100 1,000 1,000 600 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,600 8,000 800 8,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 8,000 1,000 8,600 600 8,600 S,000 1,000 1,000 r. Netting $113,000 D the time, but the In regard to tho vast siunfi of money won by Flora, it muBt be reinarktMl tliat ino8t of lior trots weri! tor niatchcrt at bigh prizoH ; ami tliat tlie value of trotting purses has been greatly advanced of late yeaiv. The following account of the inatcli against Tacony, in •which her prodigious time, 2.24.J, was made, is tVoiii tlie columns of the New York Herald; and with it us a crvAiluhhiJinale, I close this brief sketch of the trotting turf of America, from its first inception to the present day. There seems every probability that the next season will bo rich in events ; but before the cream of them shall have been gathered, this work will, JJeo volenti', be in the hands of my readei-s, so that I judge it best to close the record with the close of the bygone year. " Union Course, L. I. "The Best Time on Record, 2.24^ in Harness. — Another contest 1)etween those celebrated nags. Flora Temple and Ta jny, came off for a stake of $1,000. The distance was mile heats; Flora Temple in harness and Tacony under the saddle. The race was won by Flora Temple in one heat, which she performed in the unprecedented time of 2.24^, distancing Tacony. This time is one second less than ever before made, either under the saddle or in harness. " Tacony, down the back stretch and to the half-mile polo, went at a prodigious rate, evidently faster than the mare was going — the gait must have been somewhere in the neighbor- hood of 2.24 or less. If this had been cont.'nued without a break up, it would have been difficult for the mare to have beaten him in 2.24^ — the time in which the heat was performed. At tho rate at which Tacony went just previous to breaking, his rider had not power to retain the horse on his centre of gravity. This occurred in both instances, and both breaks were bad. It is this power of preserving the equilibrium in the horse that con- stitutes the skill of the rider and driver, and for which Hiram Woodruff is so deservedly celebrated. " The attendance was rather slim, when we consider the ce- lebrity of the horses, owing, no doubt, to the absence of sporting men from the city and the approaching Presidential election. i 238 THE UOKBE. Tlie weather, however, was every thing that, coiihl he anked, and the out to the course was truly (U'li^'httiil, Tliu trotting track, liowcver, was not all that could have bi'cn desired, being rather dry and dusty to our mind, and did not compare favorably with its condition on gome other occasions. Some perKons, how- ever, thoui::lit it just the thing, and they nniy have been right. Time is tht- proper test. " Tacony, ridden i»y Warren Peabody, was tho fii-at to appear on the track, and as he jogged around, previous to the nnitcli, lie looked uncommonly well, we thought, and capable of makinj' as icodd time as on any former occasion. lie is u fine Bpecimen of the American trotting horse, very muscular, open gaited, and, in fact, possesses every requisite of the trotter. His rider, as he jogged along, seemed much at ease, and very confident of success, notwithstanding the extraordinary creature against whom he had to contend. " FiO'a shortly afterwards made her appearance in harness, driven by her favorite driver, Tliram Woodruff, who declared after tho race that she could beat a locomotive. She looked, as she appeared throughout tlie summer, extremely well, and jogged around the track as gayly as a cricket. Her friends were much pleased with her, and were ready to back her to any extent, 100 to 30 being current just before the start. She is a universal favorite, and since the days of Lady Suffolk no nag has stood higher in the estimation of sporting men than Flora Temple. They believe her invincible, and her race yesterday seems to justify that belief. " THE EACE. " Flora Temple won the inside position, and, at the second attempt, went oft" with the lead. She opened a gap of three or four lengths on the upper turn, and went to the quarter pole in thirty-seven seconds, with all that advantage. On the back stretch Tacony gained on her, and was closing very rapidly on her as they reached the half-mile pole — time 1.13. The mare now increased her speed, and carried Tacony to a break, from which he did not recover readily. Hiram perceiving the distance Tacony was behind, now tried to shut him out entirely, nkod, u!imt(\ I.ulo in tlio lull or early in the hiiMiiiti •f |s.')S, Mr. Uuiiu-s sold the bay (illy to Mr. II. {'. I) iiiloj), formerly of Fnyetto County, Ky., tlio prieo pnid being (j^JJOO, aiit patience, (ind did well. She trotted a trial over tho Lex- ington track in ii.27, and now her star began to rise. In tho fall, while at work on the Louisville track, she accomplished a half mile in 1.09. She did not show in public at all this year. As a six-year-old very little was done with her, having been run out of the State in consecpiejice of the war. In her seven-year- old form she trotted two races over the Louisville Course. The first was mile-heats, three in live, which she won in three straight heats. The day after this race she trotted two miles and repeat against Indiana Bello, Mountain Jack, and Belle ('haplin, winning in two heats. In tho summer of 1863 sho was sold to Mr. Keif, a gentleman living near Philadelphia, who Vol. II.— 10 ft 1/ 242 THE H0R8E. brouglit lier east iu August. The bay mare was now Ior or ea,1y m rt e fa of - , ^^ .^ ^^^^_^ ^^^ ""■'"" 8?« nd'^o W f imported Havana eigat., valned Tn' Ttesto passed into Mr. D.'s bands, bo ohaBged Wr Ue'to mS of l,b.and. /j*- ^fof ,^ '^ ^ ^fC?, ' Dr. L. Hen-, of tbis city as I '^^ ! • '" ^ ™"by Dr. Hem do no, know ber age ^-JJil^r/^'preta gentleman living Snbseqoently Dr. H. soKl uer lo , ^^^^ „earPMadelplna as I learned ft. *o n of^S , ^^^^_^_^ remember bev ago at tbo time oi i ^ |^ ^ was sire.1 by Man.brino CSnef, and ont of a ma e snc y ^^^^, the srandam of Lady Thorne ^vas bj a so" ° J" ?^rtL than this I am unable *» trace tep^bg^^^^^^ Jl'e "- of Lady Thorne -™»;i ^^^^ "itX S'- ^ ^0"'"*^ ^ 2U THE UOUSE. t,a attention to the subject ; although never trained. Her daughter Lady Thurne wa* a duplicate in her disposition, way of going, color and form of her mother, with the exception that she was a larger animal, partaking of her sire Mambrino Chief in that ^)artic'ular. I may here add that the dan) of Lady Thorne was the nK)tlier of several colts which were, without exception, very line roadsters, and would doubtless have made their reputation had they been trained. The above statements are all facts and not guesses, and com- prise all that I know of the celebrated trotting mare. Trusting that they may be of service to you, I remain Truly your friend, Levi T. Eodes. DESCRIPTION OP LADY THORNE. Lady Thorne is a solid bay inare, Avithout white, standing sixteen and a half hands high. She has a good head and neck, line shoulders, Avell laid and inclined ; great length, immense quarters and stifles, with very prominent hips ; good broad flat legs and sound feet. She has lost an eye accidentally, and has an enlarged ankle behind, from her kicking propensities when breaking. Sh ^ has a long sweeping stride, goes low to the ground, and ii'^ very reliable. Few horses can live with her when right. She generally cuts them down after going a half or three-quarters of a mile. !r daughter y of going, it she was a lief in tliat riiorne was option, very reputation ;s, and com- . Trusting KODEB. te, standing d and neck, h, immense I broad flat lly, and has tisities wlien low to the i^e with her ;oing a half PEUFOBMANCES OF LADY THOBNE. PERFORMANCES OF LADY THOBNE. AOAINBT TTBAT 245 I 1859,8cpt.l9^Woo SweupstakCB, Point Breeze M, \ Jolmny 2(1. "■, 1 W. FilZ"ater» li.m. ((ir.l, Jno- Gllclirlst'8 1). m. (dr.), Jno. TurnerV n. m. (dr ). Samuel Mc LouKlilin'B I), m. (dr.) Franlt, Lady Tompliins (dr.) John OikhritttH b m., iid ijeat. 9.38, i>. g. Jol"' Henry, »• K- Johnny, b. m. MoiuitainMaid (dr.» , Itotllertnake, re- ceived forfeit; Beilo of nart- , ford, naid for-! feit ; Port r tlOO 200 BOO 9,000 57B le.i, .-■B"5' al. l>aid forfeit. 2.32l,2,U2.34J.lL.>ve.t^ "^J, |2.34h2.^*,2.32^|M^«;;;;;3^?„r,tl'l«' crV b. e. Stone- ] I wall JackFon. I 2.94,2.96i,2.26l. Dexter, 3d heat, 2.27,2.34t,2.271.5Da-;^Mace;BFr;k| Waiker'rt b. K- StonewallJacK- L 9RV 9 271 9 m\ Geo"wilkes and I 1,500 |2.28i,^.'4OT*'-?'^i2 28U Lady Emma and 9,000 l9.97„2.28i,<(.-iBt.l oJorpc Wilkes, Lady Emma and i,»" George Wilkes. Distanced V>v Dexter, 3.21, 2.29. Beat by p^nn, 2.33, 2.2-1, 2.98. I buU. 240 THE nOESE. PERFORMANCES OF LADY TllOIlSE- Continued. =*9|l i DATE. C0UB8E. ri4 tJ a S g :*> DISTANCE. TiaE. AQAHIST WnAT u uonsEs. a asg' 1 g 1807 .Iiino 11 FaebioDCoum!,L.I. Uiir. 3 milcft and Dexter won. 1st 1 repeat. heat: Itit mile 2.24. 2(1 m.2.S7, toliil 4.;jI. Sd bunt: 1st mile 2.:J(:}, 2(1 mill'. 2..n, total .'■r.tlj. " 3D It u Wag. 3, beet 3 In 8 Dexter. It-tlical: ]»tmile2..<;n.;d mile 2.31, Uiliil 5.01. 2(1 liiat: l^t mil('2.r:.';,Sd mile 2..3(l, total 5.00. July 10 Trenton, N. J, Har. l,bCBt3in5 De.xtcr,2.:M.2.,S(;i. 2.20i. Maldi forf,'ate mcr.oy. Aug. 31 Hampden I'ark, i4 ti 2..30J, 2.32,' 2.32. B. m. Lu(y, 1st heat. 2.S1. $1,000 t^priiifrflold. Sept. 0 NnrrairauHet Park, Providciuc. ii 2.2fiJ,2.29J,2.30J. Bruno and Luc;> : Bruno, Edbtat, 2.2'Jl. Mountain Eoy, 1,000 " 80 FnshionCoursejL.I. il ii 8.255, 2.*1, 2.24. 1,000 Lmy.l!ri;ro, & fieorficW ilkes. Mountain Hoy, 2(1 beat. 2.S.M/. Oct 7 Cnlon Course, L.I. ^•. ii Mountain Toy, 2.Sfi.'..2.20. 2.i9. " 28 NarrafianHet Park, Providence, B. I. Wag. 2-niUo heats Istlieat: Istm. a.*!'-, Sd m. 2.:!.->," total r.ll}. 2(lh't: 1st m 2.40. Sd m. 2. :!2i, to- tal .').12i. Old Put, seror.d money, JSCO. 750 " 24 11 It nar. 1, best 3 In 5 2.271, Stl. Lucr, 1st. 2.28, 2.2t)i. 2.Sif,.'. £d money. JKO: Dan Rice and Bruno. Nov. 4 ii li it ii 2d beat, dead ; 3d licat, 'AsW. Lucyiwilbdrawn alter Sd l:tat) ; 1st beat. 2.30. 2,000 1868 May 22 FaebioiiOourse,L.I. 11 ii 8.24i, 2.23, 2.25. Lucy. (i(n. But- ler.Buller.CJco. WilkiR, Allan- 1 \ and Jack- son. 750 " 28 tfc iV Wag. ii 2.24, 2.26, 2.25i. Lucy. George Wilkes. Puller. 750 JonelS Nttrraganeet Park, Providence, R. I. Har. ii 2.23i, 2.21, 2.26. Lucy. Rolla, Gold- dust, Moi:r1ain Boy,Kl]ri:tIfrd 1,000 " 85 MyKtic Park, Med- ford, MasiB. '* ii 2.221, 2.845, 2.25. Lucv ar Rolla Goldd((St. 1,COO " 9 Union Course, L. I. ti ii 2.2.'ii,2 21,2.25J. Mountain P<)y,2d beat. 2.2H. 2,0C0 July 14 Narrajjnnsot Park, Providence, B. I. Wag. ii 2.27K 2.27J, 2.30. Mountain Hey, 3d beat, £.27. i,':oo " 15 ,1 It Har. ti 2.27i, 8.271, 2.30. George Milkes, 3d beat, 2.?9. Mountain Eoy. IjOOO Jug. 3 Staten Island. ti \ mile, once 1.4BJ. round tbe 1st heat, l.. 1 Bov, 2«.9.24. 1 Boy. $1,000 1,0C0 1,000 150 2,000 7B0 750 1,000 1,COO 2,CC0 1,000 1,000 1,000 8,000 PERFORM.\NCE8 OF LADY TIIORNK. rEUFOUSIANCES OF L.\DY rilOliVE- Continued. 847 DATS. cocRan. S 3 § DISTANCE. \i 3§i i Got. 16 Narm'jrani'ot Park, I'l-uvidi'ucu. nor. !l, best 3 ta r.'s.a.l, 3.24i, S.90. AOAISST WHAT IlUllKE. " 89 Wavcrh Driving " *^| I'ark.N..!. ., Nov. 9 FttfhioiiCJourKcL.I. ^_ N0V.88 ' Union C'oiirst',L. I. 1868 N0V.88 1809 May 4 > FashionCourgc.L.I. " 10 I .Innell^nii'Mand Park. Nowlmrfr, N. ^ . " 80 NnrraL'aiisot Park, I Provideu<-c, It. 1. July 19 ' FasliioaCours'j,!.!. " 2R ' rnlonCoursc, L. I.l Ang.93 ; Sarato;,^. " 88 ; Prospect Fair (irounde, L. I. Was. liar. » 07 2 2.'), 2 2.'i. 2.2rfi,2.2-J,2.:*>i ■3.2e,8.29i,2.20i. 2.30, 2.27, 9.20. sa heat, 2.27 ;. 2.91?, 8.20}, 2.21} Sept. S Point Breeze, Phil- ; adelphia. , . , 1 " 18 Prospect Park, u. 1 Oct. 1 Mystic Park, Med- 1 ■ford. Mass. " 8 1 Narrawm-Pt Park. I Providence, K. I. 1870 July 4 FasWonConrse.L.: ^3 Prospect Park, L. I Total. 8.20;,9.20J,2.30i.| 2.231, 2.91, 2.22J.i 2.21.!,9.19;,2.20i.| 2.22J, 9.23, 8.22. 2.20i, 2.80}, 2.20. 2.19J, 2.181,2.31. 2.83i, 8,83, 8.841, 8.19,V,2.20},2.191 Lncv. Isf heat, •i.i-'.i: 2d licat. 2,2-^i : liciirm' I Wilkes. ItlKxli^ 1 I'jIiiiKl, & tieo. Palmer. | Mountain Boy, ; 2..S0,2,2HJ,2.-^7. ] Lucy. ' Gooru'C Wilkes, match declared a draw II race ; 2.aHi.2.27},9.H(lJ American »iiii, .■ith heat, 2,301. .\nieilcnn Ciirl. Moiiiitain Hoy, i S.-i8J,2.33;,2 2K. I American Oirl, I 2.2;iJ.2.19.2.2(U, '. OoldsmitliMald. George PalniiT, Lucy. 2d money American iilefl in the of Oi'ange •m -ttitliout arj of that c'ker, jim., witli licr to ' her to Mr. for $;5(]0. mrness and ing lier for itive nnder quickly it lifficulty to 5r to a mis- he 2Cth of h her, Mr, 1 of §(i50. mare, and a diiferent ist trotter, ultimately eminently breaking and training her fur the trotting turf P'inding her oi a naturally amiable dispoiiition, all traditional rules were dis- carded and a new method origiiuited, the main feature of which was kiud treatment. Her high-strung nature would not brook the lash, and her sensitive ear heeded not the boisterous demand ; H gentle word kindly spoken was the talisman, the utterance of wliich subdued her hitiierto ungovernable temper and ever after won her obedience. Always high mettled and ambitious, this treatment soon made her tractable and manageable, and she be- gan rapidly to improve in speed and in her style of going, until her best points were finally developed. It may not be amiss in this connection to venture the sug- gestion that if Mr, Goldsmith's regime with Goldsmith Maid was more generally observed in breaking and training high- spirited horses for the turf, the result to their owners would bo much more satisfactory. The blooded horse, though usually high- strung, possesses a certain degree of intelligence, one of the characteristics of which is that he will appreciate and repay a kindness as readily as he will fret under and resent bad treat- ment. In the latter part of April, 1SG5, Goldsmith Maid was attacked with a severe throat distemper, and in consequence was not again harnessed until about the first of June, It was not, however, until August of the same year that she made her first appearance in public ; this was at the Orange County Horse Association Fair, when she won the premium for which she contended, at Goshen, over all competitors, in three straight heats, in 2:39 — 2:37—2:36. During the season of 1SG6 she trotted beveral times, and won all the purses she started for in pi;blic but one, when she was beaten at Copake, N. Y,, by General Butler, in 2:23|, this time being the ftistcst ever made by that horse in harness. These and her subsequent performances will be found below. In November, 18(58, she was sold by Mr, Goldsmith to her present owners, Messrs, B. Jackman and Budd Doble, for the princely sum of $20,000, mmenced 250 THE U0B8E. DESCRIPTION OF GOLDSMITH MAID. As proviou.^ly rciniirked, (loldsmith Alaid was foalotl in tlio Bpni'iJj of 1.S57; slio is a bloud bay, 15| haiulrf liiji'li, anil in iini- vtTsally coiicudtnl to lie the best liviiij,' representative t.t'the Ab- (hdlali strain. This is a roniarkablo faet when it is considered thai; although both t-iro and dam were of Abdallah stock, in form, size, and general characteristics, she bears little or no res>. ni])lance to the illustrions family from M-hence she has tprung. In procreation nature is sometimes arbitrary in her laws ; in the case of (Joldsmith Alaid this mysterious departure roin hereditary marks is most strikinp;. Though her lower lijtio^ are clean and well formed, her shoulders are sloping; though her neck and throttle ai-o arrowy, resend)ling Flora Temple's, her head small and linely cut, and her eyes sparkle with resolution and courage, yet there is an absence of syinmetry in her general contour, and to one nnnsed to horses of her pecu- liar build, her receding withers and dro()i)ii g hams, though per- haps indicating strength, are not at all suggestive of the speed and endurance for which she is so notably famous. As an evi- dence of what thorough training can accomplish, she still ])re- serves her good health, and at very short notice can be put in condition for a trotting contest. After all her labors on the turf she is now capable of as much latigue as she ever was, and doubtless will yet eclipse her past perfornninces. l^p to the 10th of October, ISTO, she has won Ibr her owners the large mm of $58,000, and if she lives, with proper care, she may double the amount. PEDIOREE OF GOLDSMITH MAID. Goldsmith Maid, bay filly, foaled in 1857, bred by John B. Decker, of Orange County, New York, by Edsall's llamble- tonian (afterwards called Alexander's Abdallah). 1st dam by Old Abdallah. Alexander's Abdallah, formerly Edsall's Ilambletonian, pedi- gree will be found under the head of " Thorndale," in this work. Old Abdallah, the sire of Goldsmith Maid's dam, Avill be found under the head of " Rysdyk's Ilambletonian." '•JfJrWi* li .ii!H^:-ihyjff- I " liiinlil:! lO., N. Y. Mldillolowii, N. J. I " ni.,'hlan-l Tnilliii',' " l"k.Ni!wl)urL',N.Y. Wntoit.iii Kivcr " I'uik Ahsii., N. Y. Ooshoii Fair, <)r- iuv,'« Co., N. Y. Niirm'^niisct Park, Provlilouco. PongUkecpBlo.N.Y, WnvcM-ly Fair (IrmimlK, N. .1. t'nion Course, L. 1. I.ilanrt Park Course, Buffalo Park. Driving ISOi) Aug. 0 " 81 Sept. 1 " 17 Oct. a ' 30 May 89 June 9 " 9 13 Seneca Falls CourHc, N. Y, PlttsllflU, Musi*. Suffolk Park, Pliila iK'Iohi'i. lllijlil vnd Pnrk, Nowburg, N. Y'. Island Pnrk, Al- bany, N. Y, Mystic Park, Bos- ton, Mass. Point Breeze. Phil. Prospect Park, BrookljTi, L. I. Union Course, L. 1. Riverside Park, Boston, Mass. Mystic Park, Med- I'ord, Mass. l,boBt8ltiB;«.8H,9.nO.S.;H). 3..T9, 9.41, 8.81. 23 Xarraf;«nfiot Pnrk. Providence, B. I. 2.89J,2.80,9.»»J. 3(1 lirat. 9.8;ii; Jkl (11*1.1 8.3S, S..1I,8.3U. 8.l)U,9.S0J,8..')0i. 8.' !.32i,9.31J. 2.":|. J.al,9.88J. Ith beat. 8.9;i; ; nth Ileal, 8.J8. 8d. 9.ai;,8.8-K,9.20J Best time, S.833 2.!)8, a.W, 9.965 2.90!,2.al.l,8.20! 2.28, 3.86!. 2.90,2.97.1,8.25. 2.2.3,9.913,9.97. 2.99.i, 8.87, 8.25. Sd. 3d. 9.8a-Sd. 8d. rnrleSnin.Moim- ti;lii ««>v. and Wild IrUlinmn Horri'll mil. Ui-at liy tiiiirral lluller, S.281, 8.2.->'., 2.27. Beat bv Dexter, 3.!W',"2.fi:l,2.i«. Tormeul. Crazy Jane, 9.20, 2 2T ; C'anlnln 'I'alluiun iillsl.) N 1' «■ b II r t' li HriM'se. May (Jucen, iW bi'al,2.!il; Coii- Iblciice, Ciil. Mavnaid.Cia/.y .laiic. Bruno. Old Put. Am. (ilrl, M li.. 2.2";: 2db.,2.2H. (leneial Butler. Am. (ilrl. 1st h., 2.2."i;2,2.10.9.2(M; I.advThoni«,2d; CJeoVfre Palmer, 4th; Lucy,5U». .'HJO BOO 900 750 1,000 1,000 500 2,000 700 1,300 900 1,250 1,500 i,oyo 350 1,500 300 I 252 THE HORSE. PERFORMANCES OF OOLDHMITH MAID— CVMMnwt/. DATI, 1«0() July s ' 111 ' ai Auf;. 11 " 88 Sept. 1 " 17 Oct. 1 COUMB. ilHi DIDTAMCB. " 81 Nov.U 1870; JlIUO 1 • 15 Myotic Pork, Hoc. i Har. Siiffiilk Park. Plill. ! " I'liiuii t'oinr'C, L. I.I " niin'nk) Drivlui; I'lirk. L. 1. Pruvpcct Park. I.anrflHtor, Pcnn. Point Hretzc, Phil. Illniflinnitoii. WcniiitDii, Priin. Myotic Park, Uob- ton. Narnnwneet Park, Providence. Hcrdlc Park, Wll- llaiiiKiKirt, PiMiii. Daltiuiuru, Md. Prospect Park, L. I BeaiOD Park, Boe- tun. 80 I MyHtlc Park, Macx. " IM ' NarratraiiRi't Park, j Providence, H. I. July 0 Fleetwood Park, Morrlt-aiiln. " 88 Protpect Park, L. 1 Auk. 10 ' niiffiilo Park, Buf- I Inlo, N. y. " 31 ' Narrajxaiifet Park 1 Providence Jl. I. Sept 10 i Point Breeze Park, I Pliiln., Penn. " 15 Prospect Park Fair Urouud, L. I. Oct. 10 31 Deacon Park Fall Meeting. Brigh- ton, Mat!i». Narragannet Park, Providence, E. 1 ProBpect Park, L. I Total wlnnlnijg. . . l,beiit81nB«.'J0' 8.ii;,a.ar, 8.aii.ii.-i4.a,!Mj. t.-ii, 8.8a, 8.iiii. 8U. «.i!)j.3.ioi,a.in;. 8d. «.SlJ,8.Sfl!,8.805. 3d. Wag. 8.9ft;, 9.85, 8.87}. 8.!i-4,8.mi,8.aj. 8d. 8(1. 8.a0},8.88},3.30}, No tlino re- corded. 2.33.;, 8.88, 8.8»!. 8.86;, 3.!M, 3.34. 3.39, S.80J, 8.86. 8.35, 9.381, 8.88i. 3.8i;,9.93:,9.8i; 3.83>, 8.31, 3.30. 3.9.3.;, 3.34, 3.96. 3.3&, 3.34, 8.36. 8.801,3.84,3.80}, 3.38, 8.93.;, 3.91. 9.8i;,8.85;,3.365. AOAINHT WHAT UUIWM. I.iicy. (ifoiKc Palmer. Aiiii'iU'iin (ilrl. I.iidyTliorncS.ali, •j.ai, a.ii;. American Ulrl. LadyThome.lct; Aiueriian 0O 8,000 4,000 3,E«0 8,000 pr,. l,B0O uin ■i()l< ey. 2,600 in- 8(1 \ e. 1,000 ...|E9,C0O DEXTER. joys a inoro deserved cdcb tv, tl.a ^ ^^ j^.^ iotcb. Inviewins^.i^noblca.u.aa.h.^^ .^ l,rdly quarter, to -"\* ^ J— ^^^ l, -upled .itUthat cine, the tir«t nnpreBsum i. that ot una ^ .^^^ ^^.^ symmetrical form, fine umBCurt ^ ^.^^^^^ ^^^^ fla.hin. eye, « 'f ;""' ^'^^'J^'^.roud port, all unite in one head, gW, nch ' -" ^ J^^J ,, jLi; origin. The.e harmonious .ns^m/A and tell ^t J the turf, combined .ualitieB, added « ^^ ^^"^ ^^^tfe triu <.f ^nind over matter. A» un u i ^^^tralian, as the reprcsenta- refer to two examples, mi. . ^^'^■■'\'\" ' ^|,,^t of the Amer- tivo type of the English rac.r, ^"^ ^^ f;\.;^^^^^^^^^ us the ican trotter. In the proportion that '^^J^l^' ^^,^,^^ ^ear lineal descendant of the Godolplun Ara^^ui, doc ^^^ ,o the celebrated Messenger ;^b^^^^^^^^^^ \j ,,,,,. being improved ^^P^^ f .*\.3ietvpe in his native wilds. Dexter, to-day, contrasted ^:^^'l'l'^^^^^ wonder,-we an \ exhibits a degree of Por^^ction J^^at pxcitc ^.^^^ ^^ amazed that human knowlc<^^|0 in its o^^^^^ ^^^^^^,^ ^^^^^^^.. \ the lights of science can «« 1^^;/^^^^^^^^ ^le noblest of the \ ,, r, in a i.ce ---^-^S^^^^ trotting horse, with Zt :l ^-nUve type, w^ cannot fail to see a con- J -x;;:rrb^>--5,-t^^ 964 TllK iioUHi:. white Htockinj^rt and ii hh/.od Ihcc IJih lioad, tlioiifjli Koincwlnit largo, irt clean ami Imiiy ; lower juw well open at tlu! Iiiisc, loav- inj? arnplo rouiii for tlio wiiul-piiu' ; carrt taiu-rin;; and livi'Iy; cycH lii-i;,dit and prominent; liuad well net on to ii rather li;ilit lU'ck, which irt well fitted to tino wlopinj; HhunlderH ; witlu^v liii.li, with great , who sultsecpiently sold a half-interest in him to a Mr. Teaklo of California. Ifo nmde hirt (Lhitt on the turf at the Fashion Courric, L. I., May 4th, 1804, for a i)urso of 8l<"), niile- lieatrt, best three in five, when ho defeated Stonewall Jacksun, Lady CoUiuH, and (Jen. Grant, hi three straight licats; time, 2M—2M—2MI Iliti iirst assay to wagon was on Mny 13th, same year, at Union Course, L. I., when ho beat Doty's bay mai-o for piirse and stake of $175, niilo-heats^ bc^t three in livo; time, 2.30^ — 2.39 ; maro drawn after sectjntl lieat. His next notable pcr- fornuinco was at Fashion Course, June 2d, J 805, -when he beat Gen. Butler in three straight lieats, for purso and stake of $2,000, mile-heats, three in live, with ease ; time, 2.2G| — 2.2(5 1— 2.244. In his Iirst exploit imder saddle, at Fashion Course, L. I., June 20th, 1805, match trot for $5,000, three mile heats, Dexter beat Stonewall Jackson in three heats, Stonewall win- ning the first ; thuo, S.02.1 — S.05 — 8.00J. The race was trotted in the rain, over a very muddy track, Stonewall being the favor- ite at two to one. It was not, however, until October 10th, 1805, that Dexter astonished the world with his wonderful speed. On that date, at Fashion Course, L. I., he was .r.atched to trot a mile in 2.19, $1,000 vs. $5,000, which he won, making OKXTKH. 2r)6 jllCWllJit r. It'iiv. lively; IT il^llf •luVI-, liVIitly >; nil- ICMIIIKlll I'llSIII'Cll 111' iinii li'iiiii li, iihI tail if ot'u tlio iirnt qiiartor in o.;; |, Imll' inllc iti IjMl.', ami \\u> mile iti 'J.1H][. Ootultor 'J7, ls nii!(i licats, in lisiniosH; tiiiu! :,.()n;i— [.:,(;]. This was lilrt liiht j»t'i't'unriiiiieu in |S(;r». On Monday, May 7th, lh(»(l, Dexter wart nold at puhl'u! nni;tii»n at tliu Fashitui Courw, to cIoho the purtneriiliii* be- tween Mr. Alley ami Mr. Teakle ; this heiii!^' eoni-idereil the fairest way to piaUe u division of intercslu. Ilo wai* purelias-ed hy Mr. Alley for i?l4,<»(;0. After wiiniing weverul trots (hu'inf^ iho fii-st part of tlio Hcason of jsdll, wo find him n;^ain defeatinjjj (ien. I'wilcr, under Haddlo at I'ldfalo, Auj;ut.t Istli, same year, in ndlo lieat-^, llireo m live ; lime --'.'.'Ij^— 2. I'D— 2.18. Another lino i)erfornmneo of Dexter waa hiri defeat of the celebrated i)acer Maj^oozler, winnin^j lirst pnrse, !i>l,r)()0, ut rittrtbnrj^di, I'a., in October, iSfU;, best lime )>.\ll'l. On Nov. L'4, ISOO, ho also defeated the famouM jmeer Polly Ann, at Washinjjjton, D. C. ; best time, 2.21.]. Dexter'iJ first triunii)h over l-ady Thome, tlio reeofridzed queen of tho trottiu}^ turf, wan ut Fashion (.'ounie, L. I., IVlay 28th, 18()7, in a match for 82,(I0(», mile heats, three in live, in harnes.H, when ho defeated th(j niaro in two heats, distuneinj); her in the second; time, 2.24 — 2.22. The second of tho series of ni:it(die8 of 82,'>')0 each, between these two favorites, came off over tho eanio cour.se, on Juno 7th, same year, mile heats, three in five, to wagon, and resulted in another victory for Dc.xter, ho malving tho best time to wagon on record ; time, 2.32 — 2.24 — 2.28. One of Dexter'.s principal defeats resulted in his greatest triumph ; this was on Juno 21st, 1SG7, when, for a match of $250, going single nnlu in liarness, against Ethan Allen and running nuito, he was beaten in three heats, on tho fastest time over made in the world, viz., 2.15 — 2.1G — 2.19. Many who timed him on this occasion assert that ho trotted a mile in 2.1G. This time, unfortunately, cannot be placed to his record, being beaten in tho match. Those who are familiar with trotting events can readily understand tho immcnso disadvantage any single horse suffers in competing with another fast trotting horse and running mate ; yet, notwithstanding his defeat, his owner vf) 256 THE HOBSE. matched him for §3,000, on the l(5th of July, same year, at the Ish'md Park CourBe, Albany, N". Y., against Brown George and running mate, and won an easy victory in three straight heats ; time, 2.22]— 2.20|— 2.20^. On July 30th, same year, at liiversido Park, Boston, Mass., he again defeated them in three straight heats, making still better time, viz., 2.21 ^ — 2.19 2.21 j^. This performance was, np to this time, the fastest har- ness time on record ; beating Flora Temple's best time by three- quarters of a second, which fact Avas the more remarkable be- cause of the Riverside being a half mile track. Dexter's greatest time, however, had not yet been fairly tested. As many were of opinion that he had arrived at the zenith of his power as the undisputed king of the trotting turf, he was challenged to beat his own fastest recorded time of 2.19. The match Avas made for $1,700, and the time beaten at Bufialo, l!^". Y., when he astonished the world by trotting the mile in 2.17|. It was then announced that Eobert Bon- ner, Esq., of the New York Ledger, had bought tliis wonder- ful gelding, the price paid for him being $33,000, and that im- mediately after his unlinit^hed engagements at Chicago, he would be withdrawn from the turf. In August of the same year. Dexter made his last appear- ance hut one in pubhc, at Dexter Park, Chicago, 111., when, for a purse of $2,800, going to wagon, he beat easily Silas Eich, Bashaw, Jr., Tackcy, and General Butler, all of them in harness, the latter being distanced in the third heat. Dexter's last public performance on the regular turf was at Chicago, September 7th, 1865, when he had the honor of again defeating his old competitors, Brown George and run- ning mate, in three straight heats; time, 2.24 — 2.22 — 2.25. Thus ei/ded his turf career, after engaging in forty-nine con- tests, losing nine, winning forty, and realizing to his owners the princely sum of $67,100, exclusive of gate money. The following is the PEDIGREE OP DEXTER. Dexter, browTi colt, foaled in 1858, bred by Mr. Jonas Hawkins, Orange County, N. Y., by Bysdyk's Ilambletonian. dexter's performakces. 257 1st dam a mare by American Star, For pedigree of Rysdyk's Hambletoniaii, see memoir. American Star was a chestnut liorse, foaled 1837, bred by Henry II. Berry, of Pompton Plains, Morris Co., N. Y., by American Star, son of Duroc. 1st dam Sally Slouch, by Henry. 2d dam a marc, said to be a full blood Messenger. DEXTER'S PERFORMANCES. he DATE. C0UR8B. 1364iMay 4 " 0 " Vi " 18 June 3 1865 June 2 ' 13 " 88 Sent. 7 '' 31 Oct. 10 ' 19 ' 27 1866, JunelS July 2 " 9 " 19- " 29 Aug. 6 " 1» " 18 " 25 Sept 3 " 8 m W O a J g 5 5?' BISTAWCB. K ^ i£ : A1AIKBT WHAT uonsEa. FashlonCourse.L.I Union Course, L. I FaBhionCour8e,L.I. Union Course, L. I. FashionCourse.L.I. :^ Suffolk P'k Course, PhUadelphia, Pa. Fa8hionCourse,L.I. Syracuse, N. Y. Avon Park, N. Y. Buffalo, N. Y. Fair Grounds, Buf- falo, N Y. Clevelauu, Ohio. HamtrancU Course, Detroit, Mich. Chicai»o Driving Park, Illinois. Har. Wag. Har WRg. Sad. liar. ? t Wag.i liar! 2 " 1 Sad. Har. f Har. Sad. Har. 1, best 3 in 5 2.38, 2.80, 2.34?. \-2M. 2.3Ci, 2.37i ia.aif, 2.;w. 12.3.% 2.33i, 2.30. Dexter drawn after 1st heat. 2.26J,2.28h2.34i 8.37. 8.02i, 8.05, 8.09J. 2.96'r.2.3H,2 22i. 2.2oi, 2.20, 2.35. 1st qnarter 0.34, luUf mile 1.06. milo2,18^ 2.27i, 2.31, 2.29. hest3in5.").00;, 4.5t)i. best3ln5i2.2!ll,2 28i,2.27i, 2.28, 2.27. 2.27i, 2.341, 2.24J. Sad. 3.2GJ,8.25,2.23i, 2.24}, 2.19, 3.23. 227}. 2.3H, 2.371 9.30i. 2.91. 2.29, 2.26. 2.21!, 2.20, 3.18. 2.32J,2.32?,2.32} 2.24} 2.30i, 2.33}. ,2.261,2.23}. 2.24.^2.i8 Stonewall Jack- son. Lady Col- Uns&Oen. Grant Lady Collins. Doty's hay mare. Lady Sliauuon & Shark. Shark and Ham- bletonian.Shark winning In 2.30, 2.39;,2.42. Prize $500. General Butler. LadyThorne won in 2.24, 2.26}, 2.26K Prize, $2,000. Stonewall Jack- son. General Butler. Gen. Butler and George Wilkei-. Against time. General Butler. General Butler. Geo. M. Patchen. Gen. Butler and Com'dore Vau- dcrbilt. Goo. M. Patchen. Gen. Butler and Toronto Chief. General Butler. Geo. M. Patchen. Gco.M.Patchen& Rolla GoldduBt General Butler. Goo. M. Patchen and Gen. Butler. GeorpeM. Patch en, Jr. GeorpeM.Patch- I en, Jr. I* $100 175 175 25U 2,000 5,000 2,000 1,000 5,000 2,000 2,000 1,000 1,200 2,000 1,000 1,000 4,000 9,100 2,000 Vol. II.— 1" t 258 THE HORSE. DEXTER'S PERFORMANCES- Con«n««A DATS. C0UB8E. is: H o ' H iJ O : : S O ^ DISTANCE. 3«g 1867 i Sept.lS " 82 " 88 Oct. 6 " 81 Nov. 11 " 17 ' 80 May 16 " 28 June 7 ' 14 ' 21 " 29 Jnly 4 " 10 " 18 " 96 " 80 Aug. 14 " 33 Sept 6 Cold Spring Course, Milwaukee, Wis. Adrian, Mlchlpan. Toledo Driving Park, Ohio. Kalamazoo Park, Ohio. Pittsburg, Pa. Ballimorc, Md. Washington, D. C. Mlddletown, N.Y. PaBhlonCourso,L.I. Har. Sad. Har. Wag, Har. TIJIE. 8.!M4,2.88J,2.29 AGAINST WHAT U0B8E. l.bestainB 2.82 8.871, 8.31i. 2.3a, 2.22J, 8.31. 8.87,2.8U,2.8U. 1 2.821,2.21 J,3.2.S:.: 2.32. i Geo. M.Patchcn. Premium, ; of fate money, atehen » beet time, 2.3t. Oeo. M.Patchcn, $8,000 No race or purho. 2.31,2.211,2.25: ... 2.241. 8.30, 8.2U, 2.271 3.2(il,2.21},2.271 " 2.38':, 2.33, 2.32. •ih] 2'.24' 3.28. 2-mllo hoat?'4.51, B.Olf 1, best 3 In 5 MorriBtown, N. J. Trenton, N. J. Island Park Course Albany, N. Y. Wa:, 2.19. Prize KS.'iO. Ladv Thorne. Ethan Allen and running male (Charlotte T.) defeated Dexter in 2.20.2.201,2.80, Prize, |2,n00. Lady Thorne. Premium, gate money. Brown George & runniiig mate. Brown George & running mate. Brown (ieorgc & running mate. Match against his own time, Bolly Lewis (un- der saddle). Silas Rich, 2d prize, $800 ; Ba- shaw, Jr., Sd pr.,$oOO; Lack- ey and General Sutler. Brown George & running mate. 1,000 1.500 2,500 1,600 3,000 2,(100 8,000 2,000 8,000 8,000 2,500 3,0CO 1,700 1,500 8,000 .$67,100 Winning in three yeare 40 trots, losing 9. bysdyk's uambletonian. 259 NST WHAT lOBSE. M.Pntchen. Ilium, ; of money, ■hen R best 1, 2.3*. M. Patchon, ICC or puiKO. ice or pnrf e. )ii7.c, |2(H). lozler (pa- cnri Gcorpu Patohen, M. Rich and i.M.Patchcn. iit>t his own t time, but not equal 2.18. Rich. Rich & Pol- kun (pacer). Abdalli.b. •Tliorncldie.) ■ Thome, r Thome. n Allen and ning mate. It IJexfer in >, 2.16, 8.19. ze fSRO. I Thome, m Allen and mine niate \arlottc T.) eatedUcxter i.20.2.20),2.80 ize, |-.:,riOO. y Thorne. (jminm. gate >ney. wn Ocorgc & nniiig mate, wn George & nning mate, wn (icorgc & nning mate, ch against his n\ time, ly Lewis (un- r eaddle). 19 Rich, 2d ize, $800 ; Va\- aw, Jr., VA .,$oOO;Lack- ■ and General :itlcr. )wn George & inning mate. |2,000 1,000 1.500 2,500 1,500 3,000 2,000 S,WO 2,000 8,000 3,000 9,500 3,0CO 1,700 1,500 8,000 .$67,100 EYSDYK^S IIAMBLETOXIAI^. Tins celebrated son of Abdallali, and tlie sire of hundreds of the best trotting horses in the United States, was foaled on the 5th of May, 1819, at Sugar Loaf, near Chester, Orange Co., N. Y., on the farm of Mr. Jonas Seely, Jr. When five Aveelvo trotting stock, or pro- duced anything like the number of valuable animals. It is estimated that he has covered over seventeen hundred mares, and is known to have been the sire of tsvelvc hundred and forty, netting to his owner nearly $200,000. Many of these have be- come among the most celebrated horse;) in the world — Dexter, George Wilkes, Bruno, Brunette, Major Winfield, Volunteer, Alexander- kiidallah, etc., being of the number. PEDIGREE OF RYSDYK'S HAMBLETONIAN. « Ilambletonian, bay colt, foaled in 1849, bred by Jonas Seely, of Sugar Loaf, Orange Couniy, N. Y., by Old Abdallah. . 1st dam the Charles Kent mare, by imp. Bellfounder. 2d dam One Eye, by Ilambletonian. 3d dam Silvertail, by imp. Messenger. EYSDYk's HAMBLETONIAi^, 261 nd the ma- stonian was d upon the rnejjsed hut the Union ik, and was leutly shied, [ling him to ind hia colts to keep him e services as red to four of the three > celebrated ier, and for [■ Woodburn I seventeen at time for- 1 is now re- n the world, tock, or pro- mals. It is idred mares, )d and forty, ese have be- rld — Dexter, , Volunteer, Jonas Seely, allah. nder. OLD ABDALLAH. Abdallah, bay colt, foaled in 1826, bred by John Treadwell, of Jamaica, L. I., was by Mambrino. 1st dam Amazonia, by imp. Messenger. Mambrino, the sire of Abdallah, was by imp. Messenger ; dam by imp. Sour Crout,— imp. Whirligig. Old Slamerkin, by imp. Wildair, etc., etc. We think it extremely doubtful about Amazonia being by imp. Messenger. By reference to this volume, on pages 135 and 13G*the Treadwell mare (which we suppose and have every rieht to think is Amazonia) trotted, in 1824, a mile in 2.34, but her sire and dam are not given. In " Tlie Sporting Magazme for 1840, page 140, will be found the following:— « John W. Hunt, Esq., of Lexington, Ivy., has recently pur- chased two very fine trotting stallions, selected in this vicmity expressly for him by the editor of this magazine. One of them, Abdallah, was bred by John Treadwell, Esq., of Jamaica, L. I., and foaled in 1826. He was got by the celebrated Mambrmo (the son of imp. Messenger), out of Mr. T.'s equally celebrated mare Amazonia, who for ten years or more had no superior on the road Abdallah Is a beautiful bay without white, fifteen hands three inches high. He was slightly trained at four jears old and was considered the fastest horse on Long Island. No purses being offered at the time for trotting, Mr. T. put hi n into the breeding stud, where he has proved himself a sure fVmi £ret- ter, and won the highest reputation. With the exception vi Andrew Jackson, for whom $5,000 has been refused, . • . lUah i8 the finest limbed and most blood-like trotting stalhon wO ever saw. For one of his get-Lady Blanche-$2,000 has b. . re- fused The other horse. Commodore, was bred by Colonel lJen> Albertson, of North Hempstead, Queens County, Long Tdanu, and foaled in 1828. He was also got by Mambrino, Ins aam by True American (a son of Volunteex-, who was got by iraportea Messenger), grandam by Tom Bogus, imported by General Bur- ..ovne of the British army. Commodore is believed to have more strains of the blood of old Messenger in his veins than any mum 262 THE HORSE. liorae remaining on Long Island. lie is a rich blood bay, witli no other w liite than a pretty star, and over sixteen hands high, of immense substance and power. He is a horse of noble presence, and unusually line action. His stock is held in high estimation by the breeders of Long Island, where everything in relation to himself and his get is Avell known." We cannot believe that a gentleman so well informed as the late W. T. Porter, would have made such a mistake as to state that Commodore had more of the Messenger blood in his veins than any horse on Long Island, when he had purchased both liorses. Amazonia was celebrated, and it seems reasonable from her celebrity that if she was by imported Messenger the fact Avould have been stated, and Abdallah been credited with this more than desirable Messenger cross, and not Commodore. The truth of the matter is, the sire of Amazonia is unknown, and cannot be clearly given or proven. Nothing is known of the pedigree of imported Bellfounder, who was imported by Mr. James Boot, of Boston, in 1823. i . VOUNO MORUILL. 263 ly, with no is high, of e presence, estimation relation to med as the as to state 1 his veins hased hoth liable from sr the fact [ with this lore. The nown, and ellfounder, L823. YOUNG MORRILL. YouNO MoEKiLL was bred by Mr. Smith, of Cabot, Vermont, and foaled in 1848. His color is a rich brown ; he is a noble looking stallion; stands ISf hands; has astonishing muscular development, giving him great speed and power, and added to these qualities are endurance and fine action. He has an ex- cellent disposition, high courage, and in his veins runs the blood of Messenger, Morgan, and Henry. His combination of some of the most eminent streams renders him peculiarly fitted tor the stud, as the getter of trotting stock, in which capacity the greater part'ofhis life has been devoted. The first public recognition of the claims of Young Morrill dates as early as 1853, at which time he was exhibited at the Vermont State Fair, held at Montpelier, where ho took the hist premium. His great beauty, grace, and muscular development subsequently won for liim first premiums and medals at Eutland, Vermont, and at the National Horse Exhibition at ^ostoi^ Mass in 1855 ; at the New Hampslure State Fair in I860 tlie National Horse Fair at Hartford, Conn., and at the Agricultural Fair at Springfield, Mass., in 1863. As a sire, his progeny is extensive, numbering among them some of the finest trotting stock in the country ; of these four may be mentioned, which alone stamps him as a remarkable sire Sitters viz., the stallions Hiram Woodruff, Draco, Velox, and (S owner claims) the lioyal Fearnaught, the la«er b-g -v lidered the fastest trotting stallion of his -g-^ "^^^^ States having beaten all competitors for the $10,000 purse at Buffi N. Y., in 1868. Young Morrill Vo^^^^l^^ able faculty of transmitting his peculiar build and beautj ot tJ:: li horse colts, and through .lis ^^^f^^^ lion, his services have been in general demand in t^^^J^^^^^^^^^^ land States, where he is most known as the sire of gentlemen I 204 THE HORSE. roadstere. It is claiineil, ami witli some jiistioc, that no stock in New England compares with the Morrills for this class of horses ; at the same time it is to be regretted that in making geldings of them for this purpose, and for the family carriage, the trotting turf is robbed of some of the best of Young Morrill's progeny. The first record of this horse's performances on the turf is at Sangus, Mass., i.i the spring of 1801, where, on a heavy track, he beat Flyaway in 2.3-i^. In the sunnner of the same year his best time was made on the Providence, K. I., track, when he trotted under saddle in 2.28^. In 1802 he was engaged in one trot, after making a season in Philadelphia, at Williams- port, Pa., where he beat Greyhoiind, in harness, in '-'.3"). At>er this he was confined to the stud until 1865, in which year he was allowed a short trotting season, when he was permanently withdrawn from the turf, and again installed as tlic king of the harem. During this short season, as will be seen froi.a ^he fol- lowing record of his performances, he won seven purses, making his best time in harness at Riverside, Brighton, Mass., on June 23d, when, in a match with Blackstone Belle, he beat her in three consecutive heats, in 2.33, 2.31 — 2.33. Yonng Morrill could well afford to retire upon these laurels, having been the winner of every purse he trotted for. Afler his retirement from the turf, his late successes made him popular, and generally sought afler as a stallion. He still preserves his reputation in the stud, and yields his owner a handsome annual income. Young Morrill is now the property of S. R. Perkins. Hartford, Conn. PEDIGREE OF YOUNQ MORRILL. Young Morrill, brown colt, foaled in 1848, the property of Mr. Smith, of Cabot, Vt., by Old Morrill. 1st dam by Locke Goss hoi'se; 2d dam by Yonng Morgan Bulrush. Old Morrill was by the Jennison horf e ; he by One Eye ; he by Bu)ru8h ; and he by Justin Morgan. The Locke Gosse horse was by Old Sherman Morgan ; he by Justin Morgan. Young Morgan Bidrush, the sire of Young Morrill's grandam, was the sire of tlie JenniEon horse. mm ao stock ill i of horses ; !jc'l(lin<;8 of 10 trotting [)n)«,a'iiy. t! turf is at .^avy truck, the satno '.. I., track, as engaged ; WiUiams- 35. At>er :;li year he jrmanently :ing of the oi.; *^lie fol- es, making 3., on June ler in three rrill could the winner t from the ally sought n the stud, mg Morrill )roperty of by Locke le Eye ; he gan;heby 3 grandam, covnii. I'ark, Cuiin. Suffolk Park, Phll- aUulplilu, I'u. Ilartfortl Vark, Iliirtfonl, f'onii. Hrtilford ('<>uri. I S(ar,i-.H, Andy Joliiison. I MurtlnV K.H.AJax ISO J. Miirlln'K g. f. AJux (dr.) For gate money. BlTm Hlftkioton Bcllo, 1st hi'ttl 2.34. Sorrel Dan. Harry Clay, iHt hcat2.:wi; An- dy .lolinKon, dr.;Miin'HMt. Vornon, dr.; Ethan AlU-n.dr ninckotono Belli", 1st heat 2.8H. 4th heat 2.48; Sorrel Dan. Harry Clay, re- ceived forfeit. 1,000 Purse 1,950 1,000 4,450 2G0 TBE UOBSE. MAJOR WINFIIXD, (now EUWARU EVERETT.) This celebrated stallion was bred by Major Adam Lilbuni, foaled May lotli, 1855, on the fann of James W. Morrison, New Windsor Bay, Orange county, N. Y. Major Winlield is a rich golden bay, 15^ hands high. Although the annexed engraving presents a faithful portraiture of this noble animal in repose, it would be difficult for any artist to properly delineate tho lofty carriage, general expression, and blood-like appearance he displays while in action. _ The pedigree of Major Winfield, as far as it is traced, m undoubted. (See pedigree below.) His dam may be incidentally mentioned in this connection as the daughter of imported Marcrrave. She was a beautiful chestnut sorrel, brought to New"" York by a Mr. Smith, and sold to Mr. Columbus Bait ; subsequently purchased by Major Lilburn, who bred her to Kysdyk's Ilambletonian, by the advice of his friend, Hon. C. 11. Winfield, from whom his name is derived. He was a prom- ising colt from his birth, and soon evinced unmistakable indications of his future. When he was one year old he was taken to Rockland county, N. Y., where ho remained until he was three years old, when he was again sent to Orange county and placed in the hands of Francis Dickerson, of Crawtord, where he made a season in the stud, turning out a lew very promising colts, one of which developed considerable speed He was exhibited the same fall at the Orange County Fair, and received first premium. He remained a second season at Craw- ford with Mr. Dickerson, during which time he sired several fine colt^ of which Mountain Bov, Sutton Green colt, Dunderberg, Booth mare, and the Eddy mare, are of the number. Later m MAJOR WINFIELD. 207 1 Lilbum, Morrison, V^inliekl is ! annexed aniinal in r delineate ippearunco traced, is icidentally import etl rouglit to ilms Balf; ed her to 1, Hon. C. 18 a prom- mistakable ^Id he was id until he [ige county Crawford, a few very Lie speed. J Fair, and n at Craw- jeveral fine underberg, Later in the full of the eamo year ho was exhibited at (JoHhen, (range County, N. Y., where he was sp.oded and reee.ved ir. pre.nimn, at which tin.e he received an injury which iml.tted him for the ntud or for training purposes tor tw.. years. n l^b.i he served a few mares, and got the Bogart colt (now Joe lUliott), purchased by Robert Bonner, Esq., for $10,000. ' In 18.54 ho was taken back to Orange County, where he was allowed to (H,ver a few marcs, and where he got the lb. colt. Bold Bubsequently to Mr. Humphrey for $20,000, and the Barker oolt; the former one of the fastest 5-year-old colts m An.enca; also a fine colt of A. B. Conger, Esq., and held by that gentle- man at a very high figure. In 1805 ho served a limited number oi mares, and got the Ferguson maro, very fast ; also the Hill eolt, Schatler n>lt, and Dickson colt. In 1800, 7, '8, and '0, ho is the sn-o ot colts whr.l: aro promising in appearance, but have to be '"-^turcd On tho 8th of November, 1809, ho was sold to Mr. John B. Ayres and Mr. David Bonner (for Robert Bonner, Esq. o ho Nev, Yorh Ledger) for the sum of $20,000, the objec o o purchaser being to use him as a stock borsc, and not foi tho ^"'^As a stock horse, Major Winfiold is second to no horse in tho United States, and though exhibiting a decided turn ioi speed, has never been placed upon the turl. He is a ^^eli- d'vei;ped horse for his i-hes, pou.rt^dly binlt, and po« groat endurance; hence his particular quabhcatu>ns or t^o ftud. His dam was a racer, as well as a trotter, no distance appearing to be too great for her ; she was also a very sagacious :Sl, fomarkably intelligent, and, before her dea b^ the theme of many interesting anecdotes. Her Bon Majoi Winfield, in many respects bears a great ^'^^f ^IJ^^.^J^^^^^^ Though appropriated entirely to the stud ^'^^^ ^J^^^^^ possesses'in an eminent degree those pecuhar q-bficatio^ Ihicb invariably fit a horse for the trotting turf._ The only difficulty with his owners has been, whether to tram him for and place him exclusively on the turf, or confine Ins services to the harem. The choice determined upon has been -^ -'«« «"f; his worth as a sire of trotters is too valuable to withdiaw lum 2G8 THE II0B8K. fr(»in the Rtiul, hcnco tlic turf in (loprlv-d of bo distiiiguirtliod a n-prt'st'iitutive. I'F.DKJHEE OF MAJOIt WINFIKLD. Major VViiilield (iifterwurds Edward Evcrt'tt) k by Uvwlvk'ft Ilamblctoiiiuii. ht dam iMiniiy I»y imp. Margrave; 2d daiii by 'rrumpator ; ad dam by Lindsay's Arabian ; 4th dam by imp. (War; Titb dam by imp. Vampire; Otli dam Col. BraxtoiiV Kitty Fisher by Cade; 7th dam by CuUeirrt Arabian ; 8th ttd}k'rt 2(1 (lam liy mi l»y imp. liraxton'rt 1 ; 8tli (lam ite of Col. HM ^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1^12^ 12.5 ■so i"^" lias ill k£ nil 2.0 12.2 1.8 1.25 M= 111— < 6" — ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4503 .msmi'Ssmssmmmsmwfsm's. immmmiwmmm mmmmtti I ><»"">'^ s' CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICiVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical /icroreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 1^ ERICSSON. 269 ERICSSON". EBIC890N, a 'bay colt, bred by Mr. Enoch E ;Lewis of Clark county, Kentucky, and foaled the spring of I80O. lie was by Mambrino Chief; let dam Mrs. Caudle. For pedigree of Mambrino Chief, see Thomesdale's pedigree. Mrs. Caudle wae a New York bred mare, celebrated as a road- ster and famous breeder, said to be sired by a horse of Messen- ger blood who stood in Dutchess county, N. Y. DESCRIPTION OF ERICSSON. Ericsson is a dark mahogany bay, standing 16^ handrf high. He has rather a heavy coarse head, with full bright eyori. His head is well set on a good stout neck running into line sboul- ders, excellent barrel, great length and powerful hips and quarters. His limbs are large and well set under him, and his Btyle is lofty and grand. Ericsson's performances. Ericsson made his debut to the trotting world at four years old beating Kentucky Chief and Albion over the Lexington Course, Kentucky, at mile heats, on the 27th of May, 1860, with only seven days' training, in 2.42^. Lexinston Ky., Saturday, October 13th, ISCO-Match for {,500, mUc heate, beet three In ilve Sh Le;u^b c. Morsan Chief (now EricBBon) hy Mambrino Chief, dam MrB. Caudle, 4 years old, to wagon „22 E M Todhuntur's b. c. Idol, by Mambrino Chief, to harness Time, 8.49— 2.41-2.38J. In a private trial, made a few days before this race, Ericsson trotted in 2.26 to a wagon. Louisville, Ky., October 2G, 1860-Pnrsc $200, for fonr-year^jlds and under, mile heato, best three in five, in harness. ... ,, .-, ii„ Enoch Lewis' b. c Morgan Chief (now Ericsson) by Mambrino Chief, dam Mrs. Caudle, A H. Brand's br. c. Kentucliy Chief, 4 years old. by Mambrino Chief, dam by Woodford 12 2 8 Time, 2.39i-8.34i-2.301-2.32. iliffiiPIIIIIIPilPRIilili^ 270 THE HORSE. We extract from the old " Spirit of the Times" the follow- ing doscriptiou of the race : For this race there were two entries, both stallions' colts, the get of Mambrino Chief, viz., Morgan Chief and Kentucky Chief The former was the favorite at 3 and 4 to 1, before the start. The latter had numerous friends, although he was complaining in one or both of his fore legs. Time was marked as low as 2.35. Morgan Chief was four years old last spring, while Ken- tucky Chief will not be four until the 25th day of next month (November). He and Brignoli are by the same horse out of full sisters. But to the race. After three efforts they got off for the First Heat. — "Went well together around the turn, when Morgan broke, and Kentucky took the lead and passed the quarter in 39 seconds, the half mile 1.16, and won the heat without a struggle in 2.39J. But for a bad break he made at the half mile, he would have passed Morgan, who made two bad breaks in the back-stretcli — they both being bad breakers, but Kentucky the worse of the two. Second Heat. — Kentucky went off very slow, while Peabody, v/ith Morgan, came to the score " boiling," took the track before they got to the turn, and led past the quarter in 37^, two lengths in front of Kentucky Chief; here the latter put on steam, and trotted splendidly up the back-stretch in 36^ seconds, caiight the " big one" in a break, but could not get by ; they passed the half mile in 1.17 ; on the upper turn Kentiicky broke, and lost three or four lengths ; went to work again and caught the " big one" one hundred yards from home, and looked every inch a winner at the gate, when he bi'oke ; just then Morgan Chief broke, but caught first, and won the heat in 2.3-11. After the heat both looked well. Third Heat. — They went off well together, and very fast. Morgan went in front on the first tm'u (when Kentucky broke) ; went to the quarter in 38 seconds, the half in 1.17|, and won the heat by two lengths, in 2.30J. As before Kentucky Chief broke at the distance when catching Morgan. Fourth Heat. — They got off at the tap of the drum ; Morgan led to the quarter in 39 seconds, passed the half mile two EEICSSON. an lencrths in front in 1.16^. After passing tho half mile Morgan broke, and Kentucky caught him, but did not get the rack; Morgan led into the home-stretch a length, down the stretch they both trotted splendidly; Kentucky closed the gap, but broke inside tho distance as before, Morgan winnmg the heat and race by less than a length, in 2.32. Thus closed the best four-year- old race on record. , , This closed Morgan Chief's trotting career, and he was sold by Mr. Enoch R. Lewis to the Hon. K. 0. Barker, of Detroit Michigan, for $6,000. After his removal to Michigan he Imd an attack of pneumonia, which left him with injured wmd. He has been standing in Michigan until the past t^^/^^^^";^' ^^^JJ he .eturned to Kentucky, where he is so highly thought of tha he has covered his full limit of mares each season. He covered some mares before his removal from Kentucky, and the few that have been trained promise extremely high In 18G8 a live-old mare by him trotted in Kentucky m 2.3G, and his son Lumber, the property of J. AVard Macey, they claim can show thirty Ve should have stated that Mr. Barker changed lus name from Morgan Chief to Ericsson after he purchased him. Clark Chief, the sire of Nicotine, Mr. Thome's tine four-year- old colt that won the Hiram Woodruff stakes at Fleetwood Park, Sept. 13th, 1870, beating three otliers in 2.40}-2.3bf , is nearly a full brother iu bh '^ to Ericsson, both by Mambnno Cliief, Clark Chief being out of a daughter of Mrs. Caudle the dam of Ericsson. . His colts have fine size and temper, and good trottmg action, and we have no doubt but they will place their sire's claims amongst the first class as a getter of trotting stock. 272 THE IIOBSE. BASHAW, JUKIOE. Tins famous trotting stallion, one of the best, if not the best representative of the Bashaw strain, is a dark chestnut, 15| hands lugh, and weighs 1050 lbs. His form is symmetrical, neck and crest large, head well cut, fine throttle, and an eye sparkling with courage and ambition. His perfonnances up to the present time have been the best of any horse west of the Allegliany moun- tams at one and two miles, and there are but few horses in any locality that have beaten his best time. He trotted at Detroit Michigan, in 2.24^ ; at Clinton, Iowa, in 2.21 ; at Eock Island,' Illinois, on a half mile track, three heats, in 2.27 : he defeated Silas Rich over a very slow track at Chicago, in 5.01. >, and has also made several broken heats in the Eastern States^low down in the twenties.* There is little doubt that when in training and in good con- dition he would now be a fit competitor for the fleetest trotters in the country. As a stallion he is in every respect unexception- able, having sired a number of winning horses, and several colts that promise in tune to rank with the flyers. A slight accident received some time since, while training, has temporarily unfitted him for the labors of the turf. This he has, however, ejitirely recovered from, and his owner is anxious to match him against any stallion in the country at one or two miles. So great is Mr. A. F. Fawsett's pride in this animal, that he pronounces hini I' the best trotting stallion in the United States." The following is his full pedigree: Bashaw Junior was foaled in 1860 ; he was got by Green's Bashaw ; dam by Young Green, Mountain Morgan, son of Hale's Green Mountain ; gd. a brown Morgan mare taken West by » Since writing tlio nbove, Baslmw, Jr., was entered in a trot at the Maryland State Pair Pomlico Fair Grounds on Sept 27tli. 1 870. when he l)cat PatcheD, Jr., and White Monntalii easily )n three straight heats, in 2.40-9.23—3.341, the best, 5f liands neck and ling with sent time ly moun- es in any ; Detroit, k Island, defeated and lias 3W down ^ood con- t trotters seeption- ;ral colts accident unfitted ejitirely I against it is Mr. ces him )llowing Green's f Hale's Vest by ^tatf! Pair, 1 Uonntain BASHAW, JUNIOB. 273 Silas Hale in 1853, along with Young Green Mountain, and sold to Jos. A. Green, of Muscatine, Iowa ; l^red by ^. L. Fobs of Muscatine; owned by Messrs. Piatt and Starr, Tipton, Iowa. Green's Bashaw, bl. h., foaled in 1855, was got by Vernol's Black Hawk (formerly Drake's Black Hawk), dam Belle, by Webber's Tom Thumb. Vernol's Black Hawk, foaled in 18i-, was got by Long Island Black Hawk, dam by Kentucky Whip. Long Island Black Hawk, foaled in 1837, was got by Andrew Jackson" son of Young Bashaw ; dam Sally Miller, by Mambrino. Young Bashaw, foaled in 182-, was got by Grand Bashaw (Arabian) ; dam Pearl, by First Consul. Grand Bashaw (Arabian), foaled in i31C, and imported from Tripoli, in 1820, by Joseph 0. Morgan. He stood near Phila-- delphia, and many of our fastest trotters have descended from him. Died at N?wtown, Pa., 1845. Vol. XL— 18 ■HMiaiubMMiaBala mmmtiis^ 274 TIIK UOKSE. THORNEDALE. I TtroRNEnAi-E, bay cf)lt, foaled in May, 1805, bred by Dr. J. R, Adams, near Georgetown, K v., pnrcbased hy Col. S. D. Bruco for Mr. Edwin Tliorne, of Tbornedale, Duteliess County, N. Y., in 18(58, by Aloxander'B Abdallah (formerly EdsaH'n Ilandjle- tonian, Ist dam by Mambrino Chief; 2d dam by a eon of Potomac ; nd dam by Saxc Weimar, Thornedale's dam is a bay mare, foaled in 1800. She was never trained, and we add bcr produce as far as known. HER PRODUCE, J8(15-b. c. Thorncdulo by Alexnndor's Abdallnh. 1800- 1807— l8«»-ch. c. by a eon of Bald Chief, a eon of Mambrino Chief. 1889— 1870-br. f. by Ahnont. Alexander's Abdallah (better known in New York as Ed- sall's Ilambletonian) was a bay horse, foaled 1853, by Rysdyk's Hambletonian. 1st dam by Bay Roman, he by imp, Roman, out of the Pinckney mare by Old Hickory. 2d dam by Mambrino, he by Old Mambrino, and he by imp. Messenger. Alexander's Abdallah was taken to Kentucky by a Mi . Love, and he made a season or two near Cynthiana, Ky., as Love's Abdallah, wlum he was purchased by the late R. Aitchison Alexander, Spring Station, Ky, Abdallah sired many good horses in Kentucky, such as Thornedale, Belmont, Almont, St. Elmo, and many others. The Abdallah cross is held in the highest esteem in Kentucky, but the most noted and far-famed of his get is the celebrated trotter Goldsmith Maid. Abdallah TIIORNEDAI.K. 276 Dr. J. R. J ). Brueo ty, N. Y, Ilamblo- L^otoinac ; Slio was k as Ed- Rysdyk's lit of the J by imp. h. Love, as Love's \.itcliison ny good nont, St. 1 in the sir-famed ibdallah died from tl»o effects of injuries received in a puerilla raid inude ujioii Woodbiirn Stud Fariii in tlio HUinuicr of istll, a {rrcat Iocs to hii^ owner, and a htiil grciiter loss U\ tlie l)rc'ediiiriuo Paymaster, he by Mand>rino, and ho by inip. Afessen- ger, dam said to ho of Messenger blood. ?.IiiiuhrIno Chief was purchased l)y Mr. Kdwin Thorne, of Thornedale, for lion, .liimes P*. Clay, and taken to Kentucky in l*^.")!. Ho made seasons as the proj)(»rty of Mr. Clay mitil 1S57, when ho was purehased by Messrs. Cray & Jones, of Woodford ('o., Ky., for )?5,0'2(t, and re- mained in their possession tmtil his death in .luly, ISOl. Mandtrino Chief was a stallion of iine trotting action, which ho in>parte(lto a niiijority of his stock. From his seasons in Kentucky we luivo Lady Thca-ne, tho Queen of the Trotting Turf, Ericsson, Clark Chief, Brignoli, Kentucky Chief, Paid Chief, Mand)rino Pilot, and a hotit of others. AVo append a hitter from (t. T. Williams addressed to Edwin Thorne, Esq., to »vhom wo aro indebted for a copy. PouonKEErBiE, DuTcnEsa Co., N. Y., lath Juno, 18C0. "EnwiN TnouNK, Esq. — Str:—lu reply to yoiU- incpnries in relation to the stallion Maud)rino Chief, I will give you, in as few words as I can, all the faets connected with him before he went to Kentucky. "lie was foaled in tho einnmer of 1845, the property of Ricihard Eldridge, of Mabbettsville. lie sold hini as a thr(>e- year-cld to AVarren Williams. Li the spring of 1851, Williams having died, his efiects were sold at public sale, and I became the purcha.ser of the Chief In tho autunm of 1852 I sold a half interest in him to Mr. James M. Cockcroft, from whom you purchased him for Mr. Clay, in the Avinter of 1854. Before going to Kentucky lie had no chance in the stud, as ho never covered over thirty mares any one Beason, and they were tho common farm mares of tho country, without any pretence to speed or breeding. His colts were more than ordinary travelers, not over size, like many of his Kentucky get. Some were speedy ; could trot in three minutes or better. I never knew of any of them being put in train. Tie never was in tho hands of a trainer. ITe Avas a natural trottei-. All the Avork he ever had was the little Mr. Cockcroft gave him in the autumns of '52 and 270 THE UOK8E. '5.1. Tlip (Ir t timo lio wns ever on a track, Soyniour TouilinHon roflo him under the naddle, a lull JniU( on the Wanhhi},'ton Hol- low track, in 2.'M\, and then drove him to liarneHH in 2.40. I held the \viit(!h. The only other time I knew of hid heinjr timed a full mile— Mr. ("oekerott, rarely npeeded hini thatdistance (lil Cary eauju;ht hin time, imknown to Mr, ('., in 'J.'A'J. I (imed him hin (|mirterrt wveral times in .'57 neeondrt, and I think ho c »nld have trotted iiirt mih* at that rate the neaHon before ho went to Kentucky. Xotli'ni'j /,v huoinn of the hnedinij of kin dam. She was a stroiiijf nuide, dark l)rown or lilack mare, about l.').] hajulH liimdi, with a fj;reat deal of nerve, and more than ordiimry Hpeed— charaetcrirttics that belonged to the MeHrtongers ; hence she was called, like many others, a Messenger mare. Hho had sav- eral colts, two besides the Chief, by Mambrino raymaster ; they were both trotters, one, (ioliah, a bay, i»lum|) 1(1] hands high, could trot better than 2.40. Iler colts by other Btailiona never developed any speed tluit I ever licard of. "The above is all that is reliably known about Mambrino Chief, prior to February, 1854, when ho went to Kentucky. " Hoping soon to have the pleasure of seeing you and your fine stock, " I am, very respectfully, yours, "G. T. Williams." DESCRIPTION OF TIIORNEDALE. Tliorneualc is a solid bay, with two white ankles behind, standing fifteen and a half hands high. He is a grand young stallion, and impresses every one that sees him with his immense power. His head is rather heavy and Roman in outline, with good shoulders, innnense length, stout back and loins, with greater length from the point of the hip to the whirlbone and thence to the hock, than any trotting stallion that we are ac- quainted with. He stands on good broad flat legs, sound feet, has superb action, with great speed, combined with immense power. He has grown and thickened much since we knew him as a three-year-old. He is quite popular in Dutchess County, covering forty mares— his limit— the past scAson, and promises to be the trotting sire of Dutchess County. '\. . TIlORNF.nALK, 277 Tniiilinson ngtoii Ilol- iii L'.40. I 'ciiiK timed (lir-tuncf — !. I timed tluiik hu >ro 1 10 wont '■ hin dam, llhout \'t\ II «)rtliiiury ; lienco she 10 luid B3V- ifttor; tlioy \i\\(h high, ;ionB novor Miimbrino ;iK;ky. aud your » .LIAH8. 68 behind, nd young 3 immense tline, with oins, with 'Ibone and ive aro ac- ound feet, immense knew him 18 County, promises TIIOUNKDALk's I'KKFOHMANCKrt. I.rxtnitton, Ky., Wcilnowlny, .Iiily l.'.lh. lHfl>* -Hwi)op»l«kM fbr tliro(i-yoor-olJ», |A0 ontnnoc, play or piiy. Mllii Iu'HIk, Iio»I llinni In flvti (II ciiliKcrlborHl. ChiirliiK U. Uufiird'n I), c. Thorni'iluK', by Aluxuudor'ii Alxlalluh, dam by Mambrliio ('l>lt>r lit Ti'ppKr Ik Rvamer'n h. g. Bimnarck il9t W. M. Y«t<>»' hi. c. riirtli«, liy AmiTl.Mii Clny. dnm r McKHomjor mnro . ill*, T. J. Maciiy'n lir f. UucIiokh. by Iron Duke, iluni lliorou«lilirml more— podljfroo kiiit diirliicllii' wnr dlx. Tlioniait Krlttou'ii r, c. Wilkla* Itudlcy, by Kentucky Clay, dam by Dlood'n Ulack lUwk (IIh. Timo-as'io)— ano-Utsu'. A rorrospondont of "Tlio Turf, Fichl, and Farm " thuH dc- Bcriboa the race: — " Tho day wuh iiitoiwoly liot, tho attendance (jiiito hirge, and tho biittiiit? ([uifo brisk upon tho diffiMTiit I'livor- itcH. Tho rnco it* easily de!S('ril)cd ; tho i»ay colt, by Abdiilhili, takinjj; tho load in oaeh heat and winning at his eauo. Wo re- gard liiui as tlio most promising young liorHe wo have seen in the West." This is tho only trotting performance of Thornedale. Ifo took tho first premium at Providoneo, II. I., in Class J], Htuliions three years old and under five, beating ton oMiei-s. Ho took the second premium at the recent -Now York State Fair at Utica. Thornedale covered three marca when a' two-year-old, and Mr. Thornohas purchased one of tho two foals, the produce of this season. Tho colt has been named Wild Oats, and from what wo can learn he promises very highly. This colt took tho first premium at tho recent fair at Lexington, in his owi; class, aud afterwards took the premium in the sweepstake ring for all ages. We were struck, upon a recent visit to !Mr. Thome's estate, how remarkably both Thornedale and Hamlet marked and colored their colts after themselves. Mr. Thome has gone largely into breeding trotters, selecting his sires and mares with reference to the fashionable cross of Messenger. Ho is attempt- ing to recur to the Messenger blood through Hamlet, by Volun- teer, a son of Rysdyk's Ilambletonian, and Thornedale, by Alexander's Abdallah (formerly Edsall's Ilambletonian), dam by Mambrino Chief, the latter giving a double cross of this blood through Alexander's Abdallah and Mambrino Chief. 278 THE HORSE. PERFORMANCES OF ETHAN ALLEN-{See m 105awrf815). DATE. 1857 Oct, 20 1833| Oct. 15 ." 88 Nov.lT 1859 Stay IS •' 31 Nov.ai Dec. 1 May 10 COUBdE. 1380 18G1 Jaly Vi BoBton, Maesi. Union Course, L. I. WagonH weli'li- in^; 1(K) Ibi . Union Course, L. I. Fa8liionCourse,L.I. Union Couree, L. I ' Baltimore, Md. Union Course, L. I. *!■ It Sratoga, N. Y. Har. Wags. D'ble liar. Wa.' DISTANCE. 1-milo heat, TIUE. 8d (dr.) 8.37, 8.36, 8.33. I8t time, 8,88. 8.39i. 8.37J, 8, 10, 8.85. A0AIN9T T, HAT uonaEs, Har, Wag, Har. 8ept,1j| Kalamazoo. Mich Oct. 8 " IS Mar. 8 July 15 St. Louis, Mo. Memliis, Tenn. Creole Courfie,New Orleanu, La. Gons tho.v jiloii^e 1883 1863 Union Course, L, I. Wi Elhan Allen and mate. 25 FashionConrse.L.I, Wag, Etlian Allan and running mate. Ans. 8 Union Co,, L,L, r.m, Sept. 5 i Fashion '• r, m. Oct, 2i Franklin Course, Har. N.Cl)elsea,Mae8 "85 Sept.lO June 3 " 37 Aug. 3 " 26 FashionCour8e,L.I, Franlviin Course, N, Cheltiea, Mass. FashionCourse.L.L Wag Riverside Park, Har. Brighton, Mass. Walford nnco " Oo'.irse. Maps. Lowell Tiiitting " Park, Lowell, MasD. 9d. l.bost.linSa.SOA, 2.25i. 2.88i,2.89t,8.89i 8d. 2,.30J, 8.33, 2,34. 2,36], 8,32, 8,41. 2d heat, S,»4. 2,22}, 2.28, 2.23J, 8d heat, 2,21}; 3d heat (dist,) 3,211,2,22,2,821.1 2,2;i, 3.19J, 2,21. I 2.31, 2.31 1, 3.28. 3.89}, 8.89, 8,31. Veto,lHt; Young St. Lawrence, 2il. Columbus, Jr., 3d; Ilirum Drew, 3d. Geo. M, Putchon, tdist.) Lantern and Pic- iolomini,2ddi». Lan;-!rn &. mate. Flori Temple— 3.!i),2,37},2,37} —prize, ip2,000. Flora Temple— 2,27, >1,27}, 8.20 — prize, J1, 000, Flora Temple— 2,.n},3,3G},2,2.ii -prize, ^1,000, QecM.Paiohon— 3.35, 3.2-1, 2.29— prize,$3,000. Geo.M.Patchen- 2,371, 8,3(i, 8,31 - prize, !iil,O0O, Princess (Ulst.) Brown Dick, 3d. Flora Temple- 3,30}, 2.25,, 2,23 —prize, $1,000, Draco, 2d prize, $100; Fox, Hec- tor (pacer sad,) D'-aco, 2(1 ; Put- nam, 3d. Emma— 3.32, 2„36, 2.35 — $iiAm ; Gladiator.Hein- deer. Flora Temple. *1,000 2,000 5,000 10,000 1, best a in 8 2,33, 2.31, 8.S 2d. 2d. U. 8d. Flora Temple , (har.); Istheat, 2.20}; pr. $1,000. Flora Temple. Flora Temple. Brown Dick, 2d, $200. John Morgan, 3d heat, 2,28. George Wiik^s, prize, $10,000; 2,2-lJ,2,%J,3.3I, Pilot, 1st heat, 2,3!)}, Henry CIny, let prize, |;],000; 2.31, 2.32;, 2,8.1, Empre-^s, 1st pr,. $2,C00; 3,ai}, 2,.S.U. 2.46J, Empress, Ist— 2,(1, 2,44. Empress, 1st pr., $500; 2,301,8,24. fiOO 1,600 500 BOO 1,000 1,000 200 ma 1,000 1,000 850 PEEFOEJxANCES OF ETHAN ALLEN. 279 PERFORMANCES OF ETHAN ALLEN lUinued. TT^HAT H ISBB. i ; YoilDJ, iwreuce $1,000 IS, Jr., Iliruiu 3(i. PutcUen 2,000 and Plc- 5,000 li.addis Hi, mate. 10,000 iiiiiplc— !7l,a.a7i , |!i,000. cniple— ari, s.ao ,^',000. LTupii: — iCi,-.>.a.ii *1 ,(«(>. ucliuii— M, 8.20- ^8,000. itclien— iti. 3.ai - 1,000. (list.) 500 Kk, Sd. 1,60(1 ■mplo— 500 i5;,a.28 *1,000. prize, 500 >x, Ilt'e- ^r pad.) ; Piit- 1,000 32,2.36, J!2,000 ; jr.Rein- Bple. 1,000 remplo Btheat, . $1,000. iple. 200 iple. ck, 2tl, 600 1,000 ?an, 3d V'ilk"8, 1,000 10,000; 5;, 2.31. heat, 260 , IV, let .1,000; ;, 2.»i! ft ))r., a.aij, 6J. ■Ist— i',2.3l Sept. 6 COUBSK. ^VorceBter, Maes. 1867 May 29 Fashion Cc -se.LJ. June 81 Fasliion Conrse,L.I. Ethan Allen and running mate. (Charlotte F.) July 4 Morristown, N. J. Ethan Alien and running mate. (Charlotte F.) " 8 National Horse Fair, Rochester, N.Y. Ethan Allen and running mate. Aug. 16 Buffalo Horse Fair, BuCralo, N. Y. Ethan Allen and romtlng mate. " 20 Sept. 87 Avon, N. Y. Etiian Alien ond runulng mate. Somerville, N. J. Ethan Allen and running mate. Netting B. CO n o S 9 < DISTAKCB. Har. Wag. Har. Wag. 1, best 3 In 5 list heat, %^\ 4th heat, diat. 2.29, 2.21, 2.19. 2.1B, 2.10, 2.19. AGAINST WHAT UURSES, a.22i, 3.20J, 2.20. 2.86i,3.28J,S21. (Distanced). 3.323, 2.S4, 8.a0|, 2d heat, 2.19i ; 3d heat, 2.a4i. Fearnaught, Ist prize, *1,W; Tl- conic, 2d prize, |100. Brown George & running mate. Dexter, 8d— 2.16 Dexter. Honest Allen and mate. Honest Allen and running mate, prize, *2,800; ist heat, 3.28.! ; 3d heat, 2.27; 4th heat, 2.27}. Brown George and running mate, 2d prize, tl,000;2dheat, ,283. Honest Allen and running mate. Honest Allen and running mate ; let heat, S.24}. |1,00(I 250 8,B00 2.000 2,000 3,000 .$87,700 In ten years, trotting thirty-six races, won 20, lost 15 ; received second money once. ■ .■«.,iiew',!,"j-»v-.*aipj-„'-;]i PEDIGREE OF T R 0 T T I N G-H 0 R S E S. It -was my hope that I should be able to give my readers the complete and authentic pedigrees of several distinguished trotting-horses, which are believed to be nearly if not entirely thoroughbred. For although thorough blood is not a necessary cause of excellence to the trotter, as it is to the race-horse, tin e can be no doubt that both for speed and endurance it is an ad- junct highly desirable. This is rendered manifest by the known high and pure blood, on both sides, of many of the most celebrated horses which have ever trotted on American soil, and, if possible, yet more so by the attempts constantly made by the owners of trotting-horses not tlioroughbred, to prove them to be what they are not. A few, however, and those the very best, are known to be of the highest strain. Paul Pry was got by Mount Holly, dam by Hambletonian, Abdallah and Messenger, trotting stallions, by Mambrino, also a trotter, by Messenger. Andrew Jackson, whose pedigree is given above in full, was got by Young Bashaw, a thoroughbred son tf the Barb Grand Bashaw, out of a grand-daughter of Messenger. Kemble Jackson was got by Andrew Jackson out of Fanny Kemble, sister to Charles Kemble, by Sir Archy, &c., &c., per- fectly thoroughbred of the highest strain. Long Island Black Hawk was by Andrew Jackson, out of Sally Miller, a famous trotting-raare, who was got by Maiabrino, a thoroughbred son of imp. Messenger. Young, or Vernol's Black Hawk, is by Black Hawk, his dam by Kentucky "Whip, a son of Blackburn's Whip, his great grand dam on the female side, the famous trotting Shakespere mare. TROTTING nORSF.g. S81 readers iiguished ; entirely lecessary ■se, till c is an ad- re blood, icli have )re 80 by ig-liorses ot. I to be of jtonian. imbrino, full, was b Grand f Fanny fee, per- i, out of iiabrino, his dam at grand mare. Lady Suffolk was by Engineer, said to be thoroughbred and a son of Engineer by imp. Messenger— her dam by Plato, also a son of imp. Messenger, grandam by Eainbow, Awful was by thoroughbred American Boy, I believe, out of a thoroughbred mare. Trustee was by imported Trustee out of the trotting mare Fanny Pullen, believed to be of good blood. Pocahontas is by thoroughbred Iron's Cadmus, out of an, at least, half-bred Shakespere mare. And, lastly, the Morgans claim to be descended frcm thorough blood, although the claim cannot be proved. PEDIGREE OF THE MORGANS.* I have just ascertained a fact, which deserves to berec >rdcd here, as it absolutely sets at rest the question of True Briton's parentage by the imported horse, Moreton's Traveller. Trav°eller was foaled by Bay Bloody Buttocks to Mr. Croft's Partner, in one of the years 1745-'6, or '7. The American Stud Book says about 1748 ; but in 1748 she missed to Croft's Part- ner, and, in 1749, bore her last colt to Forester. Selah Norton's advertisement of 1791, in the Hartford Cou- rant, states that True Briton was then in his prirm. This is never said of a horse exceeding, at the utmost, twelve years old. Now, if True Briton were twelve years old m 1791, and the son of Moretons Traveller foaled in 1747, that horse must have been thirty-two years old when he got him, which is absurd. Or, if Moreton's Traveller got him in his tioenty-second year, the oldest at which a stalUon is ever recorded to have got a per- fect foal. True Briton, his son, was in his prime at twenty-two, which is absurd.f « ,r . , m n Ergo, True Briton was not son of Moreton's Traveller.— Q. E. D.' » I may here state that I have fallen into an error on page 160 of this vol. in describing Mambrino, by American Eclipse out of Grand Duches,, as the sn-e of the trottiug-mare Betsey Baker. Her sire was the trotting-horse Mambnno, son of Mos- "*J toported Diomed. Messenger, Leviathan, Glencoe Yorkshire and American Ecilpseyall got colts after they were 25 years old. Amencau Ecbpse after he was thirty. — Ed. 283 THE HORSE. BEST TIME ON RECORD, TROTTING AT MILE HEATS. 18;50 1830 1837 1839 1S41 1843 1844 1845 184S 1817 184S 1849 18.J0 1851 1853 1853 1834 1855 1858 18G0 1837 1868 1809 SADDLE, IIA1;NES8, on WAGON. Burst.ir, Sally Miller. Kihvjn Forrest, Edwin Forrest, Charlotte Tumplo, Dutchman, Norman Leslie, Locomotive, Dutchman, Brooklyn Moid, Confidence, Lady Suffolk, Lady Suffolk, Lady Suffolk, Lady Suffolk, Ripton, Lady Suffolk, Lady Suffolk, Aggy Down, Grey Eagle, Lady Suffolk, Gon. Taylor, Lady Sutton, Lady Suffolk, Morphine, Jack Rossiter, Tacony, Flora Temple, Tacony, Tacony, Flora Temple, Grey Eddy, Lady Mac, Flora Temple, Dexter, George Wilkes, Dexter, Doxtor, Dexter, Lady Thome, American Girl, Goldsmith Maid, Lady Thome, Black wood, 3-yr-old Saddle, Harness, Saddle, Harness, SadiUo, Harness, Saddle, t{ tt {( Harness, Saddle, Iliirness, Saddle, Harness, Saddle, HarnesB, Wagon, Harness, «( Wagon, Harness, 2 3'^ 2:m, 2.37. 2.40, 2.42, 3.44. 2.3U, 2.33. 2.37. 2.30. 2.39, 2.40. 2.39, 8.38. 8.39, 2.40. 2.30, 2.35, 2.33, 2.33. 8.40. 2.38, 2.30 J, 2.38, 2.30, 3.38. 2.38, 2.30. 2.87. 2.35, 2.33, 2.35. 2.43. 3.41, 3.40, 2.40 J, 3.40, 2.38. 2.35, 2.37. 2.30. 2.30i, 3.43}, 2.28. • 3.39, 2.30, 2.38i. 888^,3.38,2.38,2 29.2.33. 2.30 V, 2.27, 3.27.— 2.32.V, 3.3U, 8.33, 2.38, 2.35. 3.38. 2.33.V, 2.34, 2.37. 2.44, 2.30 v. - 8.27, 2.39 .V, 2.30, 3.80, 2.31. 2.33, 3.33.K 3.33. 2 34. 2.34.1, 8.34J, 3.35, 2.38A. 2.37, 2.37, 3.28, 2.30. 2,81. * 2 33, 2.33. 2.35, 2.37, 2.38, 2.80. 2.29i. 2.31. 2.80, 3.3U, 8.33, 2.31, 2.3a 2.34.3.331,3.33. 3.39, 3.30, 8.80, 3.34. 3.28, 8.30, 2.20.^ 2.33i, 2.27. 3.28^,. 8.25.H 8.35i.- 2.88. 2 27. 2.29. 2.31 J, 3.38, 8.33. 2.381. 3.30i. 2 32-J. 2.27J, 3.3li, 2.28i, 2.29, 2.31. 2 24}. 2.21^2.26.2.18. 2.80, 2.27, 2.25. 2.20.V, 8.17}. 3.31f, 2.10, 2.31}. 2.32, 2.34. 2.2S. 2.34, 3.20, 2.25}. 2.231, 2.19, 2.20i. 3.191, 3.19V, 8.19J. 2.19:;, 3.181, 2.19}, 2.21. 231, fastest for that age. I I" iniwiiiiBiii mmmtmmm. 44. 3. J8. iO, 2.38. 2. ,35. II. 88i. ,' 2.30. 3, 3.31, 2.3a TKOTTING TIMK. '4S3 TROTTING AT TWO-MILE HEATS. DATK. 1 NAME. SADDLE, IHRNESS, OH WAOON. t:me. 1331 Toppnllnnt, Saddle, 5.37, 5.19, 5.23. 1835 Modt'Stv, l> 5.35, 5.10, 5.31. 1830 1 Don Junn, o,5.o:n. ti Edwin Forrest, " 5.05, 5.00. tt Washington, Harness, 5.18.V, 5.17, 5.20. 1841 Lady Suflolk, Saddle, 5.05. ti (( Confidence, Duclii'ss, Harness, 5.10.V. 5.10i, 5.10, 5.18, 5.18, 5.20. 5.25. 1843 Lady Suffolk,' Ripton, ti a 5.10, 5.15. 5.10.V. 5.13A. ti Ripton, " 5.07, 5.15. <4 Ripton, •• 5,07, 5 15, 5.17. (( Americas, a 5.14, 5.20. ti Confidence, a 5.U\, 5.27, 5.37. 1843 Dutchman, Ripton, 5.19," 5.20, 5.23,5.29. 5.13. 5.13. 5.17. 18.53* Flora Temple, |( 4.59, 5.01 J. 1055 Flora Temple, " 4.59, 4.57.' 5.2U. 1859 Flora Temple, " 4..50J, 5.05. 1803 (teneral Butler,f Wagon, 4.501, 0.04. 1805 Dexter, 5.001, 4.50J. 1.31. * No timo of any consequence nt two-mile heats during the ten years from 1848 to 1853. + General Butler camo in tti-at, but the race was given to Geo. M. Patcheu for a cross on the homo strotch. TROTTING AT THREE-MILE HEATS. SADDLE, HARNESS, TIKE. DATE. NAME. OU WAGON. About 1837 Screwd river, b.g." Saddle, Harness, 8.03, 8.10. 8.18,8 38. 1938 Sir Peter, it 8.33, 8.19. 1839 Topgallant, Saddle, 8.33. 8.00, 8.17. About " Whalebone, Harness, 8.18. «i Shakespeare. Saddle, 8.10. (( Betsey Raker, 810. it Sir Peter, Harness, 8.17, 8.13. 1831 Cato. ti 8.02, 8.18. 284 TIIK IIOKSE. TROTTING AT TIIUEE-MILE HEATS. SATE. MAHE. SADDLK, UAnNESB, OK WAOON. Tins. 1831 Lady Victory, Harness, 8.11. isya Screwdriver, cb. p., " 8.18, 8.38. 1833 Columbus, Saddle, 7.57*, 7.54, 9.01. -^ 1834 Columbus, «( 8TJ2, 8.0.17^ tl Columbus, II 7..58, 8.07. 1838 Lady VVarrinp;t,)n, U 805, 8.17, 8.19. 18:!7 D. D. Tompkins, U 7 59, 8.00. 1833 Dutchman, Rattier, II II 7.54*, 7 50,8.02,8.24^. 8.11,8.17. 1). I). Tompkins, " 8.07. 1839 Dutchman, If 7.82.}. Second mile in 3.28. Dutchman, Harness, 7.41. 1840 Duichman, Saddle, 7.51, 7.51. 1841 Lady SuflTolk, II 7.40.V, 7.50. 1843 it Aaron Burr, Ripton, Ripton, Harness, II 8.021,8.03,8.08,8.10. 8.00, 7.5"*. 8.03, 8.04. 1843 Ripton, If 7..')3, 8.03. 1843 Amoricus, 11 8.00, 8.05J. 8.02, 8.071,817. Lady SuflTolk, 11 1853 Komble Jackson, Wagon, 8.03, 8.04J. Pet, *' 8.03, 8.01. 1860 Flora Temple, IlarncBS, 7.33J, 7.48J. 7.34 1863 General Butler, .( TROTTING AT FOUR-MILE HEATS.* DATE. 1829 183« 1839 1840 1843 1849 1869 Sir Peter, Dutchman, Lady Suffolk, Lady SuflTolk, Ellen Thompson, Trustee, Longfellow, TniE. 11.23, 11.27. 11.19, 10.51. 11.22, 11.34. 11.15, 11.58. 11.5.5, 11.33. 11.06. 10.42J, 10.341. •Of lato yea™ there has heen no trotting at two, three, and fonr-mlle heat., when the timers .urr:-«ed that of pre^^oue years. We have, therefore, refrained fi-om nntinij it ber 31 iSr" C«l"^o"la V^von. This trot came off at Ban F-anciwo, Cal., Decern- TKOrriNO AND TACINO. 285 PACINO. 3.24J. lile in 3.28. 3.1C. 27. 51. 34. 58. 33. i34l. 3at!<, when the intlnu It >, Cal., Dccem- mm DAil. NAMB. BAODLB, n.\RNE8S, Oil WAOON. DlBTANCa. TUU* 1829 Bowery Boy, Paddle, 2 miles, r)M\, 5.071. tt Stranger, " 2 *' 5.10, 5.16. 1835 Top Sawyer, Oneida Cliief, tt 1 " 2.31. 2.34, 2.33. 2.31. 1838 Oneida Ciiief, tt 2 '* 5.14, 5.004. 1830 Drover, ■ i 1 " 2.80. 2.31, 2.88. 1840 Oneida Cliief, Harness, o n 8.17. 8.20i. 1841 Volcano, Saddle, 1 " 2.39, 2.31i, 2.84i, 3.88i. it Billy. Oneida Chief, 11 Harness, 1 '* O 4( 2..1!?. 7.50, 8.04. 1843 Oneida Chief, Saddle, 3 ** 7.44, 7.53. 1844 Jnmes K. Polk, Harness, 2.23. 184-5 JnmcB K. Polk, " 1 " 2.27. 1847 Itonnoko, Saddle, 1 '' 2.25, 2.27, 2.26, 2.20}. 1849 Dan Miller, HarneBS, 1 " 2.24, 2.27, 2.27i, 2.23. 1850 Roanoke, Saddle, 1 " 2.30, 2.88, 2.30. 1851 TccuniBoh, Harness, 1 " 3.21. 1852 Roanoke, tt 1 *' S.19i,3.18*,3.37,2.27.3.45. 1854 Pocahontas, giillant trotted in Jiarness, 12 miles in 38 minutes. A roan mare, called Yankee Sal, trotted in a match against time, I5| miles in 48 minutes 43 sec, Liuly Kate trotted JO miles in 5()m. 13s. In September, 1S20, Tom Thumb was driven, in England, 1(5^ miles in 5Gni. 45s.; and in February, of the same year, trotted 100 miles in lOh. 7m., in harness. In 1S31, Jerry performed 17 miles in 58m., imder the saddle. In 1831, Chancellor trotted 33 miles in Ih. 58m. 31s. The last mile, to save a bet, was done in 3m. 78. Pelham did 16 miles in 58m. 28s., without training. Paul Pry, in 1833, accomplished 18 miles in 5Sm. 52s. In 1831, Whalebone did 32 miles in Ih. 55m. In 1839, Empress trotted 33 miles in Ih. 5Sm. 558. In 1835, Black Joke did 50 miles in 3h. 578. Mischief, in 1837, accomplished about 84^ miles in 8h. 30m., ill harness. A pair of horses, in 1828, did 100 miles in llh. 54m. Mr. Theall's horses, in June, 1834, did 100 miles within lOh. In 1841, Fanny Jeuks did 10 miles in 29m. 59s. In 1845, Fanny Jenks trotted 101 miles, in harness, in 9h. 42m. 57s. See Turf Register for 1845. In 1840, Fanny Murray did 100 miles in 9b. 41m 26s., and Ariel 50 miles in 3h. 55m. 40^s. Sir William, iu 1847, at Manchester, England, did 18J miles in 1 h. mhmm AMKKUIAN TKorrKUS. 287 'OKMANCES ten. uli against England, ame year, he saddle. 31s. The 81i. 30m., n. itliin lOh. ss, in 9h. 26s., and 18J miles 1318. Tnii^teo liaH dono 20 miles within tlio li«>iir-.')Om. 'Mih. lAuW Fulton has done 2(» milos within tho lu)iir--5'Jni. .^i-w. In isi'.t, Fly did W) miles in 8h. ir»m., including 2 houre' stoi)[)agc. (Dduhttul.) In 1850, Kate di- breeding, and out-breeding, selection of blood, and choice of mares and stallions, is quoted from an excellent English work, Stonehenge on British Rural Sports. This has been done, not for the purpose of avoiding trouble or sparing time, but because I conceive the principles laid down to be correct throughout, the reasoning logical and co- gent, the examples well-taken, and the deductions from them Buch as can scarcely be denied. The examples of this writer, it will be seen, are all taken from English horses. That will, however, be found no drawback or disadvantage, but rather the reverse ; as the whole system depends on the power of tracing the blood of the sire and dam, without interruption or error, directly to the original sources, which can, thanks to the existence of regularly preserved stud Vol. II.— 19 200 Tmc noMi. boolcH bo done to a coriuinty in iiiiioty-nino cnscs nut of a hun- drud ill Kn^laiul, wlii'it'iiH witli um, utU^r a few gunoratioiiB, tho liii«> in too nttt'ii loHf, lift ill (idulit or (K'pondont on mere rumor, owing to tliu uimcnco of iiiillu'iilit' r(U!ord8. Thu inuthod wliich Stonehengit HuggoBts can roadily, howovcr, l)o carried out horo, after becoiniiig, tlirough Imh urguim^nt and ('xainplcH, iniiHtcr of tho HyMtoiii ; hiiico, although the individual pedigrecH of innny, if not in(»Ht of our horses, are loHt holore we got to a very re- mote antiquiiy, tlie original HtraiiiH, from wliich our very best blood is derived, tlirough Sir Arciiy, FV-arnouglit, JanuH, Jolly Roger, and Moreton'tj Traveller, bcMide others, are perfectly well known. So that it is easy, in selecting stallions from among tho mod- em importations, to go upon whichever system may etriko the fancy, that of in or of out-breeding. 1 think, uiyHolf, that it is made clear by recent events, and that such is shown to ite the case by tho tables of racing stock, given at the close of the first volume, that previous to tho last quarter of a century, tho American Turfman was probably breeding in too much to tho old Virginia and South Carolina ante-revolutionary stock, and that the American race-horso has been improved b_^ tho recent cross of modern English blood. It is also well worthy of remark, that every one of tho four most successful of modern English stallictns in this country, which have most decidedly hit with our old stock Leviathan, Sarpedon, Priam, and Glencoo, all trace back to several crosses of Herod blood, Glencoe, and Priam, not less than three or four several times each, to crosses of P.rtner blood, and directly sevetal times over to the Godolphin Barb, or Arabian — which are tlie very strains from which our "^ ""irginia stock derives its peculiar excellence. It is further worthy of remark, that two stallions have decidedly hit with the imported English mare Reel,* as proved by her progeny, Lecomte and Prioress, respect- ively, to Boston and imp. Sovereign. Now Reel, through Glencoe, Catton, Gohanna, and Smolen- sko, has herself no less than seven distinct strains of Herod hlood. Boston, as every one knows, traces directly, through Timoleon, Sir Archy, Diomed, Florizel, to Herod. Sovereign, * Reel waa foaled in this country, but of pur) English imported, being by imp. Glencoe, out of imp. Gtallopade by Catton. mtm IIKHOI) BLOOD. 201 of a hnn- ntioiiB, tho ero nnnor, liod which out horo, mnstor of of many, a very ro- vory boat mm, Jolly perfectly tho mod- Btriko the k'ontB, and ing Btock, f) tho hist probably I Carolina liorso hii8 ah blood. the four country, eviathan, al crosses io or four directly 1 — which erives its that two ish mare , respect- Smolen- >f Herod through overeign, i, being bj also, thn-ugh EtniliuK, hi» sire, Iuih II«'rod on both lines, as bis piitiTtial iind inatcriuil g. g. g. sire ; and Tartar, tho siro of u Ilerod, a third time, in one remove yet farther back. Now this would go to juHtify StoneliengeV* opinion, that the reciirreiicc to tln! name, (iriginal, ohl Mtrainn of bloi.d, when hucIi strains have been sutliciently intermixed, and rendered new by other more recent crosses, is not injurious, but (jf great advan- tage; and that, on tho whole, it is hviU'V, avhriti jxin'hitM, to have recourse to such, than to try experiniuuts with extreme out-crosses. On this principle, if one might venture to try prediction, tho newly imported stallion Scythian, by Orlando, out of Scy- tliiaby lictmau IMatolf, in addition to nuinyof the best crosses of out-blood, as Prunella, Highflyer, Eclipse, vVc, has at least fourteen in-crosses of Herod blood, seven in tho pedigree of Cobweb, his g. g. dam ; two through Shine, son of Orville ; one through Royal Oak, H(m of (Jatton, and four through his siro Orlanilo, by Ueningbrough, Evelina, Buzzard and Diomed, all of whom run ultimately to the strain. I have no doubt, in the world, that tins is a branch of the subject of breeding to which no adequate attention has been given heretofore ; and that it will be found hereafter, duo re- gard being had to tho remote lines of descent, and proper study being given to ascertain the proximate strains of blood, that far more is to be done for tho improvement of stock of all kinds, than can be effected by tho choice of thib stallion, or that ; merely because ho is fashionable, because ho is handsome, be- cause he has run well, both for speed and stoutness— though, of course, all theee are arguments in his favor, and, though in do fault of some of them he should not be chosen at all— nor even because he has got good stock out of mares of a strain wholly different from that to which it is intended to put him. And 1 believe that the same theory may bo successfully applied to other breeds, than the pure thorough-blood, as I shall explain hereafter. * This theory of bretding we believe to Ije correct, but it \a the merest twaddle to talk about this or that horse being in-bred to Herod. We defy any one to take up tlie pedi;;roe of a thoroughbred horse and not find him in-bred to Herod, one of the original progenitors of our thoroughbreda 392 THB H0B8B. THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF BREEDING FOR TQE TURF AND FOR GENERAL PURPOSES. THEOFY OF GENERATION. Before proceeding to enlarge upon the practical manage- ment of the breeding stud, it will be well to ascertain what are the known laws of generation in the higher animals. Tlie union of the sexes is, in all the higher animals, neces- sary for reproduction ; the male and female each taking their respective share. The office of the male is to secrete the semen iu the testes, and emit it into the uterus of the female, where it comes in contact with the ovum of the female — which remains sterile without it. The female forms the ovum in the ovary, and at regular times, varying in different animals, this descends into the uterus. for the purpose of fructification, on receiving the stimulus and addition of the sperm-cell of the semen. The semen consists of two portions — the spermatozoa, which have an automatic power of moving from place to place, by which quality it is believed that the semeu is carried to the ovum ; and the sperm-cells, which are intended to co-operate with the germrcell of the ovum in forming the embryo. The ovum consists of the germ-cell, intended to form part of the embryo, — and of the yolk, which nourishes both, until the vessels of the mother take upon themselves the task ; or, in ovip- arous animals, till hatching takes place, and external food is to be obtained. The ovum is carried down by the contractile power of the fallopian tubes from the ovary to the uterus, and hence it does not require automatic particles like tie semen. The embryo, or young animal, is the result of the contact of the semen with the ovum, immediately after which the sperrri.- cell of the former is abporbed into the germ-cell of the latter. Upon this a tendency to increase or " grow " is established, and supported at first, by the nutriment contained in the yolk of the ovum, until the embryo has attached itself to the walls of THE EMBRTO. 398 5 TURF AND ll inanage- what are lals, neces- iking their the testes, t comes in lins sterile at regular the uterus, nulus and ?oa, wliich place, by ied to the co-operate m part of until the I*, in ovip- il food is ontractile e uterus, like tie 5 contact le sperrri,- le latter, hed, and yolk of walls of the uterus, from which it afterward absorbs its nourishment by the intervention of the placenta. As the male and female each furnish their quota to the for- mation of the embryo, it is reasonable to expect that each shall be represented in it, which is found to be the case in nature ; but as the food of the embryo entirely depends upon the mo- ther, it may be expected that the health of the oft'spring and its constitutional powers will be more in accordance with her state than with that of the father ; yet since the sire furnishes one- half of the original germ, it is not surprising that in externals and general character there is retained a facsimile, to a certain extent, of him. Tlie ovum or mammalia differs from that of birds chiefly in the greater size of the yolk of the latter, because in them this body is intended to supi^ort the growth of the embryo from the time of the full formation of the egg iintil the period of hatch- ing. On the other hand, in mammalia the placenta conveys nourishment from the internal surface of the uterus to the em- bryo during the whole time which elapses between the entrance of the ovum into the uterus and its birth. This period embraces nearly the whole of the interval between conception and birth, and is called utero-gestation. In all the mammalia there is a periodical " heat," marked by certain discharges in the female, and sometimes by other remarkable symptoms in the male. In the former it is accom- panied in all healthy subjects by the descent of an ovum or ova into the uterus ; and in both there is a strong desire for sexual intercourse, which never takes place at other times in them. The semen retains its fructifying power for some days, if it be contained within the walls of the uterus or vagina, but soon ceases to be fruitful if kept in any other vessel. Hence, al- though the latter part of the time of heat is the best for the union of the sexes, because then the ovum is ready for the con- tact with the semen, yet if the semen reaches the uterus firat, it will still cause a fruitful impregnation, because it remains there uninjured until the descent of the ovum. The influence of the male upon the embryo is partly depen- dent upon the fact, that he furnishes a portion of its substance in the shape of the sperm-cell, but also in great measure upon 294 THE HORSE. the effect exerted wpon the nervous system of tlie mother by him. Hence, the preponderance of one or other of the parents will, in great measure, depend upon the greater or less strength of nervous system in each. No general law is known by which this can be measured, nor is any thing known of the laws which regulate the temperament, bodily or mental power, color or con- formation of the resulting offspring. Acquired qualities are transmitted, M'hether they belong to the sire or dam, and also both bodily and mental. As bad qualities are quite as easily transmitted as good ones, if not more so, it is necessary to take care that in selecting a male to improve the stock he be free from bad points, as well as fur- nished with good ones. It is known by experience that the good or bad points of the progenitors of the sire or dam arc almost as likely to appear again in the offspring, as those of the imme- diate parents in whom they are dormant. Hence, in breeding the rule is, that like produces like, or the likeness of some ancestor. The purer or less mixed the breed, the more likely it is to be transmitted unaltered to the offspring. Hence, whichever parent is of the purest blood will be generally more represented in the offspring ; but as the male is usually more carefully se- lected, and of purer blood than the female, it generally follows that he exerts more influence than she does; the reverse being the case when she is of more unmixed blood than the sire. Breeding " in-and-in " is injurious to mankind, and has al- ways been forbidden by the Divine law, as well as by most hu- man lawgivers. On the other hand^ it prevails extensively in a state of nature with all gregarious animals, among whom the strongest male retains his daughters and granddaughters until deprived of his harem by younger and stronger rivals. Hence, in those of our domestic animals which are naturally grega- rious, it is reasonable to conclude that breeeding " in-and-in " is not prejudicial, because it is in conformity with their natural instincts, if not carried farther by art, than nature teaches by her example. Now, in nature we find about two consecutive crosses of the same blood is the usual extent to which it is car- ried, as the life of the animal is the limit ; and it is a remark- able fact that in practice a conclusion has been arrived at, which mmimmmiMm mm IN-ANI>-IN-BREEDINO. 295 ■riother by >e ])arent8 s strenjrth by wliich ws wliich or or con- belong to As bad OS, if not . male to II as fiir- the good e almost le imme- breeding of some "i it is to hichever )resented 3fully 86- y follows se being ire. '■ has al- most hu- sively in horn the Jrs until Hence, ' grega- and-in " natural • 3he8 by iecutive . is car- •emark- , which exactly coincides with these natural laws.* " Once in and once out," is the rule for breeding given by Mr. Smith in his work on the breeding for the turf ; but twice in will be found to be more in accordance with the practice of our most successful breeders. The influence of the first impregnation seems to extend to tlifc subsequent ones ; this has been proved by several experi- ments, and is especially marked in the equine genus. In the series of examples preserved in the Museum of the College of Surgeons, the markings of the male quagga, when united with the ordinary mare, are continued clearly for three generations beyond the one in which the quagga was the actual sire ; and they are so clear as to leave the question settled without a doubt.f When some of the elements, of which an individual sire is composed are in accordance with others making up those of the dam, they coalesce in such a kindred way aa to make what is called " a hit." On the other hand, when they are too incon- gruous, an animal is the result wholly unfitted for the task he is intended to oerform. m-AND-IN-EREEDma. By a careful examination of the pedigrees of our most re- markable horses, of which I have inserted a series of tables in the course of ray first volume, it will be seen that in all jases there is some in-breeding ; and in the greater part of the most successful a very considerable infusion of it.$ It is difficult to say what is not to be considered as such, or when to make it commence, for in all cases there is more or less relationship be- tween the sire and dam of every thoroughbred horee ; at least, I cannot find a single exception — and again, for instance, exam- ining the pedigree of Harkaway, which is the result of one of the most direct crosses in the Stud-book, we find that his sire and dam are both descended from Eclipse and Herod through three or four strains on each side, as will be seen on referring to the right-hand column. The same will apply to Alarm, who also is the result of as direct a cross as is often seen ; and, in fact, whatever pedigree is analyzed, the result will be that the bulk of it in the fifth or sixth remove is made up of Eclipse, ♦ See Note 1, p. 358. \ See Note 2, p. 853. X See Note 8, p. 858. 296 THE HORSE. Herod, and Matchem, or Regulus blood. It is not that a horse goes back to one of these stallions in one line only, bnt through six or seven, and sometimes through nearly all his progenitors. Hence, it may fairly he assumed that all the horses of the pres- ent da}' arc related, either closely or distantly ; but when wo speak of in-and-in-breeding we mean a nearer relationship than this, such as a first cousin, or, at the most, one in the second or third degree. But I believe it will be found that even this amount of relationship is desirable, if not carried too far, and that a vast number of our best modern horses have been bred in this way. Examples of Success from this Plan. — The early race- horses of the 18th century were notoriously in-bred, of which Mr. Smith, in his book on breeding for the turf, gives us numer- ous convincing examples. Tlie two Childers, Eclipse, Ranthos, Whiskey, Anvil, Boudrow, and, in fact, almost all the horses of that day, were much iii-bred ; sometimes, as in the case of the dam of Leedes, to an incestuous degree. In the above-men- tioned treatise the breeder is advised to breed once in, before breeding-out ; and it appeare to mo thpt bfitter advice was never offered, except that I think it is only carried half as far as it ought to be. But, in consequence of the injurious effects of the system of in-breeding in the human family, a prejudice has been raised against it ; and the result has been, that in trying the opposite plan great mischief has often ensued. I have al- ready shown that in nature in-breeding prevails very generally among gregarious animals, like the horse and dog, and I will now endeavor to illustrate Mr. Smith's argument by modern examples. It may be remembered that he instances the Herod and Eclipse blood as having " hit " in a great number of horses, such as Whiskey, Waxy, Coriander, Precipitate, Calom«l, Over- ton, Gohanna, and Beninbrough, which were out of Herod mares, by sons of Eclipse. But it must also be known that Eclipse and Herod are both descended from the Darley Ara- bian, the one on the sire's side, and the other on that of the dam ; and that from this circumstance it is not surprising that a " hit " should follow, if in-breeding be advantageous. There are two points of view in which in-breeding should be viewed ; first, as producing successful runners ; and secondly, good stal- at a horse lit through rogenitors. f the pres- when we iship thau second or even this 0 far, and )een bred irly race- of wliich us numer- Ranthos, horses of se of the •ove-men- in, before vas never as far as iffects of idice has n ti-ying have al- jenerally id I will modern le Herod )f horses, (^1, Over- r Herod )wn that ley Ara- t of the ing that . There viewed ; )od Btal- EXAMPLES OF IN-BREEDUJO. »9r lions and brood mares ; but, though it seems to answer in both cases, yet it is in the latter point tliat I think it is chiefly to be recommended. Among the horees of the present century the following re- markable instances will illustrato this position, to which great numbers of less illustrious names may be added ; — Example 1.— In 1827 Matilda won the St. Lcger very clev- erly, and proved herself a superior mare by beating a large field of good horses. She was out of Juliana, who was by Gohanna — son of Mercury and a Herod mare — out of Platina — by Mercury, out of another daughter of Herod. — Matilda's dam, therefore, was the produce of brother and sister. Example 2,— Cotherstone— winnerof the Derby — and Mow- erina— dam of West Australian — are the produce of first cousins. Example 3. — ^Touchstone and Verbena, sire and dam of Ithuriel, were second cousins, taking from Selim and his sister. Example 4. — Priam is an example of success by in-breed- ing, after a series of failures in 'crossing. Cressida, his dam, was put to "Walton, Haphazard, Orville, Wildfire, Woful, Phan- tom, Scud, Partisan, Little John, and Waterloo, without success. At last, being served by her cousin Emilias — a son of Orville, who had previously failed, not being related to her— she pro- duced Priam. This horse and Plenipotentiary were both sons of Emilius, the latter being the result of as direct a cross as is often seen ; but the former was in-bred to ^ 'hiskey, who was sire of his dam, Cressida, and also great grandsire of Emilius. Now the above-mentioned two h ^rses were both extraordinary runners ; but whilst Plenipotentiary has scarcely had an aver- age success as a stallion, Priam, considering the short time he remained with us, has achieved an imperishable fame. See genealogical table " Priam." Example 5. — ^Bay Middleton was the produce of second cousins, descended from Williamson's Ditto and Walton, own brothers, whilst Andover, his son, is the second time in with the Whalebone blood, as follows ;— Web, the great-granddam of Bay Middleton, is sister to bota Whalebone and Whiskey, the grandsire and greait-grandsire of Soldier's Joy, dam of Andover. He, therefore, is also the son of cousins, uniting the blood of 5J98 THE HORSE. m Selim, on his si-'^'s side, with that of Rubens, brother to Selim, on that of his dam ; and thus he is not only in-bred, but the produce of an in-bred sire and dam. Example 6. — Stockwell and Rataplan are just us remarkable, being descended in the same degree from Whalebone, Whis- ker, and Web, the very same two brothers and sister as in An- dover's case, with an infusion also of Selim blood, through Glencoe, sire of Pocahontas. Exajnple 7. — Orlando has a still stronger infusion of Selim blood, his dam being a granddaughter of that liorse, and great- granddaughter of Castrcl — brother to Selim — whilst Touchstone, his sire, is a great-grandson of the last-named horse. Here, then, in-breeding has been carried out to its fullest extent. Vul- ture having been the produce of first cousins, and being put to a second cousin derived through the same strain ; and the result has been, as is well known, the most remarkable stallion of the day. Example 8. — An instance of the comparative value of two stallions, one more in-bred thftn the other, may be seen in Van Tromp and Flying Dutchman, both out of Barbelle. Tliese two horses are both in-bred to Buzzard ; but Flying Dutchman is also descended from Selim, son of Buzzard on the side of both dam and aire, Selim being great-grandsire of Barbelle and grandsire of Bay Middleton. Now, it will not be questioned at present, that Van Tromp is comparatively a failure, and that the Flying Dutchman, as far as his stock liavo been tried, is eminently successful as a stockgetter ; and such might have been expected, because his dam unites the stout blood of Catton and Orville with that of Selim, which last strain, taking with it the above valuable qualities, hits with tlie same Selim blood in Bay Middleton. Example 9. — Weathergage is another instance of success in this mode of breeding, his sire and dam both taking from Mu- ley and Tramp, and Miss Letty, his granddam, being by Priam, grandson of Orville, sire of Muley, out of a daughter of that horse — and consequently herself much in-bred. Weatherbit, llie sire of Weathergage, also reunites the blood of the two sis- ters, Eleanor and Cressida. Examj»le 10. — I have alueady adduced some examples of MKH MMMaM THE EXAMPLK8 OF IN-BREEDING. S99 to Selim, d, but the markable, ne, Whis- as in An- , tlirough I of Selim md great- men stone, e. Here, tent, Vul- being put ; and the e stallion le of two n in Van riiese two chman is 3 of both )elle and uestioned and that I tried, is ght have of Catton \g with it blood in access in rom Mu- j Priam, r of that satherbit, two sis- nples of the success of tli^ union of the Whalebone with the Selira bh'od, and I may, in addition, remark on the case of Pyrrhus I., who is by Epirus, a grandson of Selim, out of Fortress, a great-granddauglitcr of Rubens, brother to Selim ; and also in- bred to Whalebone, his dam being by Defence, the son, out of Jewess, the granddaughter of that horse.. Example 11. — Safeguard is bred almost exactly in the same way, but a still closer degree of relationship exists between his sire and dam, he being by Defence — son of Defiance, by Ru- bens— out of a mare by Selim, brother to Rubens, which sajuo mare is ako descended from the Wellesley Grey Arabian. The strongest case of success from close in-breeding, with which I am acquainted, is in a son of the above horse, the steeplechaser Vainhope, who is by Safeguard, a grandson of Selim, and great- grandson of Rubens, out of a mare by Strephon, who was also by Rubens. Now his stoutness and soundness were too well known to need further comment; and his case alone is a strong argument in favor of the breeding-in, a second time. Example 12. — Almost as strong a case has lately appeared in the Knight of St. George, who was by Birdcatcher, son of Sir Hercules, out of a grand-daughter of that horse, and with a still further infusion of Waxy blood in her grand-dam. These two last examples are the strongest modern instances of close in-breeding with which I am acquainted ; but as they were neither of them quite first class, they do not so much strengthen the argument as uome of the previously instanced horses. Nev- ertheless, being as close as they are, they show that the practice is not attended by a bad result in these particular cases. Example 13. — ^The Saddler, who is remarkable for the stout- ness, i- not for the speed of his stock, is the produce of second cousins, being descended on both sides of his pedigree from Waxy. Example 14. — Chatham, as good a horse as ever ran, is by the Colonel, son of Whisker, out of Hester, by Camel, son of Whalebone, brother to Whisker ; and he is therefore the pro- duce of first cousins. Both these horses — examples 13 and 14 — unite the Waxy and Buzzard blood. Example 15. — Sweetmeat is valuable as a stallion, not only because he is in-bred to Waxy, but because he also possesses 800 THE H0R8B. BO much of the celebrated Prunella blood, he being descended from that mare throngh three several lines — viz., throiigli Tara- Bol, Moses, and Waxy Pope. Example 16.— Grace Darling— dam of the Iloro, by Chester- field—was the produce of second cousins, both gire and dam being descended from V7axy. It is, therefore, not to be won- dered at tliat she produced so stout a horse as the Hero, com- bining the "Waxy, Priam, Octavian, and Rubens blood. His sire and dam were also third cousins through Cojlia as well. Example 17.— Wild Dayrell, speedy as he is, may trace his ■wonderful powers to a rounicn of the blood of Velocipede, which exists on the side of both sire and dam, and also to his descent from Selim and Rubens, own brothei-s, who are respec- tively his paternal and maternal great-grandsires. Example 18.— Cowl, by Bay Middleton, out of Crucifix, is the result of the union of second cousins, the sire being de- scended from Julia, and the dam from Cressida, both of them sisters to the celebrated mare, Eleanor, the winner of the Derby and Oaks. There is also another cross of Whiskey blood from Emilius, 60 that Cowl is in-bred to Whiskey twice. It would be a curious experiment to put him to some descendant of Mu- ley— such as Alice Hawthorn or Virginia, and thus unite the three sisters in one, making a third infusion of tint, blood with an intervening out-cross. It should bo bonie in mind that Young Giantess, the ancestress of all these mares, and also of Sorcerer, was the produce of second cousins, and each of these second cousins was also the produce of second cousins, both of their sires and dams having Godolphin as their great-grandsire. Tlie following brood mares may be attentively examined, and their produce by near relations compared with that by horses only distantly connected, which I have shown all horses are in the present day. This is r still stronger proof of the advantage of in-breeding, than the success of solitary horses as runners. Example 1. — One of the most successful brood mares of late years was Decoy, who bred a long list of race-horses to Touchstone and Pantaloon ; now the former of these horses was much more successful generally in getting racing stock, than the latter, and yet in this instance was beaten by him, as proved by THEORY OF IN-nKEKI)INO. 301 descended oiigh Tara- yy Cliester- aiid daai to be won- lero, com- . His sire 11. y trace liia /"elocipede, also to his ire respec- Crucifix, is being de- li of them the Derby jlood from It would |int of Mu- i unite the )lood with hat Young f Sorcerer, ese second h of their Isire. examined, h that by all horses oof of the horses as raaros of i-hoi-ses to lorses was Cjthan the proved by comparing Drone, Sleight-of-hand, Van Amburg, and Legerde- main, with I'hryne, Thais, FalHtaff, and Flatcatclier. Now, why was this? Simply because Touchstone was a more distant relation, and only one line in each was similar— luunoly, the groat-grandsire, Waxy ; but in the case of I'antalotm and De- coy, tliere was a cousinship in the second degree, each liaviiig Peruvian as a grandfather; and not only that, but Decoy herself was in-bred to Sir Peter, who was grandsire to both her dam and sire, so that Sleight-of-hand and his brother and sister wore twice in-bred to him. Now, as the Pantalof)n and Decoy blood hit, and their produce not only were fast but stout, there was good reason for returning to I'ataloon after the out-cross with Touchstone, which produced Phryne ; this mare, when ])ut to him, was successively the dam of Elthiron, Windliound, Miser- riuui, llobbie Noble, the Reiver, and Rainbling Katie ; thus still farther proving the value of in-breeding, more especially with an intervening out-cross, as in this case. Example 2. — Cyprian, again, is an example of the produc- tion of a lot of second-class horses, by crossing her with various sires not related in blood — as, for instance, Jereed, Velocipede, Voltaire, and Hetman Platoff ; but when put to Birdcatcher, a great-great-grandson of Prunella, being herself a grand-daughter of the same celebrated mare, she threw a superior animal, in the shape of Songstress. Example 3. — Virginia bred a series of middling horses, by Voltaire, Iletman Platoff, Emilius, and Birdcatdher, in all of which there was a single point, in which she was related, but in all very distantly, neither was the strain, except that of Orville, first-rate ; but when put to Pyrrhus I. she produced a Virago, who, as long as she remained sound, was very far the best of her year. On examining and comparing the pedigrees of the sire and dam, it will be seen that Selim and Rubens — brothers — occur on each side once, and Whalebone, whose name is seen twice in the table of Pyrrhus I., is represented in that of Vir- ginia, by Woful, his brother, beside which Young Giantess occurs in each table. These are over and above the Hamble- tonian relationship, which is the same in this case as is that of the result of the cross with Voltaire and Hetman Platoff. Example 4. — In the last year, after a series of failures, Alice i 801 THE IIORSB. Hawthorn lias given to the turf a race-liorfio in the sliape of OiilHtoii ; now if the podigrecs of Iuh sire and dam are examined, it will be Keen that JMelbourne, the Hire, is a grandnon of Cor- vanteB, whilHt Alice Hawthorn is also a great-graiidilaughter of the same horse— Cervante« being a grandson of Kelijwc and Herod, from which latter liorse he also receives two other iniu- sions, and Alice being descended from Eclipse, through Orvillo, Dick Andrews, Mandane, and Tramj). A very similar case of in-breeding with tiie same strains occurred in Sir Tatton Sykes, who was the i)roduce of a mare, great-granddaugiiter of Comus, and also great-great-granddaughter of Cervantes. She was put to Melbourne, a grandson of both these horses, producing tluit extraordinary horse wiiich I am now adducing as an instance of success in tjiis mode of breeding. The pedigree of the dam of Sir Tatton Sykes should be carefully analyzed, as exhibiting a curidus reunion of strains. First, Muley is in-bred to Wluskey, he is then crossed with an Election mare, producing Margrave ; the dani of Muley being Eleanor, a daughter of Youp"; Giantess. Next, Margrave, an out-cross, is put to Patty Primrose, con- taining in her pedigree two infusions of Young Giantess through Sorcerer, and one of Cervantes; and, finally, the Margrave mare, the result of one in-breeding and one out-cross on the side of both her sire and dam, is put to Melbourne, composed of the blood of all three ; being descended from Sorcerer, a son of "'oung Giantess, and also from Cervantes. If the whole of the pedigrees to which I have here alluded aro attentively examined, the breeder can have no hesitation in coming to the conclusion that in-breeding carried out once, or twice, is not only not a bad practice, but is likely to be at- tended with good results. Let him ask what horses have been the most remarkable of late years as stallions, and with very- few exceptions he will lind they were considerably in-bred. It has been remarked, that the Touchstone and Defence blood al- most always hits with the Selim ; but it is forgotten that the one was already crossed with that horse, and the other with his brother Rubens. On the other hand, the Whisker blood in the Colonel has not succeeded so well, it being made up of much crossed and more distantly related particles, and therefore not hitting with the Selim and Castrel blood like his cousins, Touch- iiaimmm^Dign HWH OUT-OK088INO. 303 ho sliupe of cexiiiniiicd, Hon of Cor- luuj^htcr of K(rlij)80 mul othor iniu- igli Orvillo, liir (riirto of ,tton Sykcs, p of Comus, Iho was put lucing that instance of the dam of xhibiting a J Whiskey, Margrave ; '".'; Giantess, in rose, con- ess through Margrave OSS on the , composed jerer, a sou sre alluded hesitation out once, y^ to be at- have been with very n-bred. It e blood al- n that the er with his lood in the p of much jrefore not ins, Touch- stone and Defence. It has, however, j)nrtially sucoodod when in-hrod to the Waxy and Huzzard blood, as in Chatham and Fjigleman, who both reunite these three strains. Tlie Hame ap- plies to Coronation, who unites the W]ialebon<* blood in Sir Hercules with that of Kubcj's in Iluby ; but as Waxy and Buz- zard, the respective ancestors of all these horses, were both grandsons of Herod, and great-grandsons of Snap, it only Btreiigthons the argument in favor of in-breeding. This con- clusion is in accordance with the 14th and 15tij axioms whieii end)ody the state of our present knowledge of the theory oi' generation ; and if they are examined, they will be seen to bear upon the present subject, so as to lead one to advise the carrying out of the practice of in-and-in-breeding to the same extent as has been found so successful in the instances which I have given. Purity of blood is intimately connected with the practice, because the nearer it is to one standard the more un- mixed it is, and by consequence the more fully it is represented in the produce. Hence, it is doubly needful to take care that this pure blood is of a good kind ; because, if bad, it will per- petuate its bad qualities just ds closely as it would the good, or perhaps still more so. OUT-OKOSSmO. By crossing the blood, we undei-stand the selection of a sire composed of wholly different blood from that of the dam, or as different as can bo obtained of such quality as i§ suitable to the particular purpose in view. Thus, in breeding race-horses it is found that continuing in the same strain beyond two stages de- rateriorates the constitutional health, diminishes the bone, and lowers the height ; hence, it is important to avoid this evil, and another strain must be selected which shall lead to the same re- sults as were previously in existence, without the above deterio- ration ; and this is called out-croesing, or more commonly, cross- ing. The great difficulty is to obtain this object without de- stroying that harmony of proportions, and due subordination of one part to another which is necessary for the race-horse, and without which he seldom attains high speed. Almost every in- dividual breed has peculiar characteristics, and so long as the sire and dam are both in possession of them they will continue ^W-'v- -- - ,~BSt~ S04 TIIIC IIOKHK. to reappear in the produce ; hut if u dam poHHosHirif? thoin in put to a lionje of a different cliaractcr, tlie rtwuit iH ofteti tluit tiu) pro- duce is not a inediuMi l)etw«'en tlie two, but in in itn anterior parts lik(! it« (lam, and in itH poHterior rcHenildinjj; ila hire, or w/Vr w/'m, tiiiin vviiicli no more niifortunato reniilt can occur. Thus, wo will HuppoHc that a very strong muHcuhir liorHO is put to a very li^lil racing mare; iuHtead of tlie produce beinj; moderately Htoiit all over, lie will often h(' very Htout and Htron/^ heliind, and very lij^lit and weak before, and an a c(»nHeqnence his hind- quarter will tire his fore limbs, by j^iving thoni more to do than they have the power of accom]iliKliin;^. This in well seen in (yrucifix, wlio was a very wiry and faHt, but light mare, with a fore-quarter hardly capable of doing the work of her own hind- quarter. Now, she luiH bci'ii several times j)ut to Touchhtone — a horse remarkable for getting bad-shouhhtred Btock, but with strong muHcular propellers — and, with the solitary exception of Snrplice, these have been a scries of failures. Sm-plice was also defective in the same way, but still ho nninaged to got along in an awkward style, but somehow or other at a great pace. Cowl, on the other hand, was a better galloper, because there was a greater harmony of ])art8 ; but he was somewhat deficient in the stout qualities which Touchstone was intended to supply ; yet he will prove, T fancy, a better stallion than Surplice, because he is more truly made, and by consequence aiore likely to perpetuate his own likeness. FxAMPLKS o^ Out-Crossing. — Ilarkaway has b'^n alluded to before as a strong case of out-crossing, his sire arl dam not being closely related, though still going back to Herod or Eclipse in almost all his lines. Ho would, however, be consid- ered a decided cr^o of crossing, and he was no doubt a vary su- perior race-horso. As yet, however, he has not done much as a sire, his stock generally being deficient in that essential quaiiLy, speed, though stout enough to make good huntei-s and steeple- chasers. Perhaps his best son was Idle Boy, in which the Waxy blood in the sire hit with the same strain in lolo, the dam, who was a daughter of Sir Hercules. Example 2. — One of the most remarkable cases of success in crossing, when carried out to a great extent, is seen in Beeswing and her sons Newminster, Nunnykirk, and Old Port. In the -^mm wmmn KXAiiri.Ks or ocT-CBosamo. 805 fill IH put tit tll(> |i|'()< •riiir piirtH rli'f vrr/ift, 'I'llllH, W«) to a vory iiiilt'ratcly K licliiiul, li.i liiiid- to do than II Hi'i'ii ill lie, witli a own liiiid- IcIlMtOIlO — , Imt with ('f|iti()ii of •jtlicH! was (id to got it a groat r, hucaiiHo somewhat I intended lion than nscquence n alluded 1 dam not Herod or be consid- a very su- nuch as a 111 qnaiiiy, J steeple- rvhich the I lolo, the success in Beeswing :. In the Tnnro hiM-KcIf the liiicM are all diittiiict, and in her croHH with ToucliHtone fliey are ho likowine for tliroo removi'M. At that dis- tance there iH a gn>at-grandHire of TouidiHtonc, Aloxander, who 18 lirctthor to Xantippc, grciit great-gnuidmotlii'r of Hi'CHwing; BO that kIio and Touclintoiio w»ru third coiiKinH, WIu'thiT or not tluH coiiHaiiguiriity, Hiight iw it wan, H\ifKccd to produce tluH happy result in Newminster and Wunnykirk, mr.Ht be left an open question ; but there can lu; no doubt that ToueliHtone suc- ceede CHOICE OF TIIE MAKE. 311 tnares and I it would produced 'S8, clover- nsable re- ig weiglit. nd no one tccn jniles d not trot e myself as as fine )st ])ertect ;t as good, d there is )rse could thereibre, I'ants, and belong to i lie is in B individ- 60 much i of more sidered — )f health ; he views ' colts he look out duce, on e varioup ad partly pable of le should the hips which is particularly nnfit for breeding purposes, and yet which 18 sometimes carefully selected, because it is considered elegant; this is the level and straight hip, in which the tail is set on very high, and the end of the haunch-bone is nearly on ii level with the projection of the hip-bone. The opposite form is represented in the skeleton given with the article "Iloree," which is that of a thoroughbred mare, well formed for this breeding purpose, but in other respect:; rather too slight. By examining her pelvis, it will be seen that the haunch-bone forms a considerable angle with the sacrum, and that, as a. consequence, there is plenty of room, not only for carrying the foal, but for allowing it to pass into the world. Both of these points are important, the foi ; .er evidently so, and the latter no less so on consideration, because if the foal is injured in the birth, either of necessity, or from ig- norance or carelessness, it will often fail to recover its powers, and will remain permanently injured. The pelvis, then, should be wide and deep — that is to say, it should be large and roomy ; and there should also be a little more than the average length from the hip to the shoulder, so as to give plenty of bed for tlie foal ; as well as a good depth of back-ribs, which are neces- sary in order to support this increased length. Tliis gives the whole framework of the trunk of a larger proportion than is always desirable in the race-horse, which may easily be over- topped; and hence many good runnera have failed as brood mares, whilst a great number of bad rimners have been dams of good race-horees. Beyond this roomy frame, necessary as the eggshell of the foal, the mare only requires such a shape and make as is well adapted for the particular purpose she is in- tended for ; or if not possessing it herself, she should belong to a family having it, according to the 13th axiom given in the last chapter. If a mare can be obtained possessing all these requi- sites in her own person, so much the more likely will she be to produce race-horses ; but if not all, then it is better that she should add as many as possible to the needful framework, with- out which her office can hardly be well carried out. But with this suitable frame, if she belongs to a family which, as a nilo, possesses all the attributes of a race-horse, she may be relied on with some degree of certainty, even though she herself should fail in some of them. Thus, there are many tine roomy mares 312 THE HORBB. which have been useless as race-horses ti-om being deficient in the power ^>f some one quarter, either behind or before, or per- haps a little too slack in the loin for their length. Such animals, if of good running families, should not be despised ; and many such have stood their owners in good stead. On the other hand, some good-looking animals have never thrown good stock, be- cause they were only exceptional cases, and their families were of bad running blood on all or most sides. No mare could look much more unlike producing strong stock than Pocahontas, but being of a family which numbers Selivn, Bacchante, Tramp, Web, Orville, Eleanor, and Marmion among its eight members in tlio third remove, it can scar^oly occasion surprise that she fihould respond to the call of the Baron by producing a Stock- well and a Rataplan. In health, the brood mare should be as near perfection as the artificial state of this animal will allow ; at all events, it is the most important point of all, and in every case the mare should be very carefully examined, with a view to discover what deviations from a natural state have been entailed upon her by her own labors, and what she has inherited from her ancestors. Independently of the consequence of accidents, 4' deviations from a state of health in the mare may be consiov,. od as more or less transmitted to her, because in a thoroughly sound con- stitution, no ordinary treatment such as training consists of will produce disease, and it is only hereditary predispositions which, under this process, entails its appearance. Still there are posi- tive, comparative, and superlative degrees of objectionable dis- eases incidental to the brood mare, which should be accepted or refused accordingly. All accidental defects, such as broken knees, dislocated hips, or even " breaks down," may be passed over; the latter, however, only when the stock from which the mare is descended are famous for standing their work without this frailty of sinew and ligament. Spavins, ring-bones, large splents, side-bones, and, in fact, all bony enlargements; are con- stitutional defects, and will be almost sure to bo perpetuated, more or less, according to the degree in which they exist in the particular case. Curby hocks are also hereditary, and should be avoided; though many a one much bent at the junction of the OH cfdcis with the astragalus is not at all liable to curbs. It ^m -. 'iiiiiiiii|iiiiiiinii 111! POINTS OF BROOD MARES. 313 oficient in re, or per- il aniinnls, and many tlicr hand, stock, bc- ilies were jould look ontas, but 5, Tramp, members ! that she 5 a Stock- fection as 'ents, it is the mare 3ver what [)n her by ancestors, leviations as more lund oon- its of will tis which, are posi- lable dis- cepted or ,8 broken )e passed irhieh the : without les, large ; are con- petnated, ist in the d should nction of urbs. It is the defective condition of the ligaments there, not the angu- lar junction, which leads to curbs ; and the breeder should. care- fully investigate the individual case before accepting or reject- ing a mare with suspicious hocks. Bad feet, whether from con- traction or from too flat and thin a sole, should also be avoided ; but wlien they have obviously arisen from bad shoeing, the defect may be passed over. Such are the chief varieties of un- soundness in the legs which require circumspection ; the good points which, on the other hand, are to be looked for, are those considered desirable in all horses that are subjected to the shocks of the gallop. Calf knees are generally bad in the race-horse, and are very apt to be transmitted, whilst the opposite form is also perpetuated, but is not nearly so disadvantageous. Such are tlie general considerations bearing upon soundness of limb. Tliat of the wind is no less important. Broken-winded mares seldom breed, and they are therefore out of the question, if for no other reason ; but no one would risk the recurrence of this disease, even if he could get such a mare stinted. Roaring is a much-vexed question, which is by no means theoretically settled among our chief veterinary authorities, nor practically by our breeders. Evei^ year, however, it becomes more and more frequent and important, and the risk of reproduction is too great for any person wilfully to run by breeding from a roarer. As far as I can learn, it appears to be much more hereditary on the side of the mare than on that of the horse ; and not even the ofi'er of a Virago should tempt me to use her as a brood mare. There are so many different conditions which produce what is called " roaring," that it is difficult to form any opinion which shall apply to all cases. In some instances, where it has arisen from neglected strangles, or from a simple inflammation of the larynx, the result of cold, it will probably never reappear ; but when the genuine ideopathic roaring has made its appearance, apparently depending upon a disease of the nerves of the larynx, it is ten to one that the nroduce will suffer in the same way. Blindness, again, may or or may not be hereditary ; but in all cades it should be viewed with suspicion as great as that due to roaring. Simple cataract without inflammation undoubtedly runs in families ; and when a horse or mire lias both eyes suf- fering from this disease, without any other derangement of the 314 THE HORSE. oye, I sliould eschew them carefully. When blindness is the result. of violent infiammatioii brout^ht on by bad nianageincnt, or by influenza, or any other similar cause, the eye itself is more or less disorganized ; and tiiough this itself is objectionable, as showing a weakness of the organ, it is not so bad as the regular cataract. Such arc the chief absolute defects, or deviations, from health in the mare; to which nniy be added a general delicacy of constitution, which can only be guessed from the amount of flesh which she carries while suckling or on poor "keep," or from her appearance on examination by an experienced hand, using his eyes as well. The firm full muscle, the bright and lively eye, the healthy-looking coat at all seasons, rough though it may bo in the winter, proclaim the hardiness of constitution which is wanted, but which often coexists with infirm legs and feet. In- deed, sometimes the very best-topped animals have the worst legs anu feet, chiefly owing to the extra weight they and their ancestors also have had to carry. Crib-biting is sometimes a habit acquired from idleness, as also is wind-sucking; but if not caused by indigestion, it often leads to it, and is very com- monly caught by the ofllspring. It is true that it may be pre- vented by a strap ; but it is not a desirable accomplishment in the mare, though of less importance than those to which I have already alluded, if not accompanied by absolute loss of liealth, as indicated by emaciation, or the state of the skin. Lastly, the temper is of the utmost importance, by which must be imderstood not that gentleness at grass which may lead the breeder's family to pet the mare, but such a temper as Avill serve for the purposes of her rider, and will answer to the stim- ulus of the voice, whip, or spur. A craven or a rogue is not to l)e thought of as the " mother of a family ; " and if a mare be- longs to a breed which is remarkable for refusing to answer the call of the rider, she should be consigned to any task rather than the stud-farm. Neither should a mare be used for this purpose which had been too irritable to train, unless she happened to be an exceptional case ; but if of an irritable family, she would be worse even than a roarer, or a blind one. These are defects which are appparent in the colt or filly, but the irritability which interferes with training often leads to the expenditure of CHOIOK OF 8TAM.I0N. less is the inngeincnt, ielf is more ioiuible, as he icgular tioiis, iVotii il delicacy timouiit of keep," or ced hand, and lively iigh it may in whicli is feet. Li- the woret and their netiines a ig ; bnt if very com- ly be pre- shment in ich I have of liealth, by which I may lead ier as will > the stira- e is not to I mare be- mswer the ather than 8 purpose 3ned to be would be re defects rritability iditure of large sums on tlie fnUh of private trials, which arc lost from the failure in public, owing to this defect of nervous system. CHOICE OF STALLION. Like the brood nuire, the stallion reiiuires several essentials — commencing also like her, tii-st, with his blood ; secondly, his in- dividual shape; thirdly, his health; and, fourthly, his temper, lint there is this difficulty in selecting the stallion, that he must not only be suitable j9t7' sc, bnt he must also be adapted to the par- ticular mare which he is to "serve." Thus, it will be manifest that the task is more difficult than the fixing upon a brood maro, because (leaving out of consideration all other points but blc»od) in tlie one case, a mare only has to be chosen which is of good blood for racing purposes, while in the other there must be the same attention paid to this particular, and also to the stallion's suitability to the marc, or to "hit" with her blood. Hence, all the various theories connected with generation must be investi- gated, in order to do justice to the subject; and the breeder must make up his mind whether in-and-in-breeding, as a rule, is desirable or otherwise ; and if so, whether it is adapted to the particular case he is considering. Most men make up their minds one way or the other on this subject, and act accordingly, in which decision much depends upon the prevailing fashion The rock upon which most men split is a bigoted favoritism for some particular horse ; thus, one man puts all his mares to Orlando ; another, to Surplice or the Flying Dutchman ; although they may every one be different in blood and form to the others. Kow, this cannot possibly be right if there is any principle what- ever in breeding ; and however good a horse may be, he can- not be suited to all mares. Some, again, will say that any horse will do, and that all is a lottery ; but I think I shall be able to show that there is some science required to enable the breeder to draw many prizes. That the system generally followed of late is a bad one, I am satisfied, and with the usual and constant crossing and re-crossing it is almost a lottery ; but upon proper principles, and with careful management, I am tempted to be- lieve that there would be fewer blanks than at present. I have already given my own theoretical views upon the case, illustra- ted by numerous examples on both sides of the question. It will 816 THE HORSE. now bo my object to apply these views practically by selecting particular instunces. In choosing the parti<'ulnr blood which will suit any given marc, my impression always would be, that it is desirable to fix upon the best stniin in her pedigree, if not already twice bred inand-iii, and then to put to her the best stallion available of that blood. In some cases, of course, it will happen that the second best strain will answer better, because there happens to be a better horse of that blood to be had than of the superior strain, which would otherwise bo preferred. If, on the other Imnd, the mare has already been in-bred to the extent of two de- grees, then a cross will bo advisable ; but I am much inclined to believe, from the e'iccss of certain well-known cases, that even then a cross into blood already existing in the mare, but not recently in-bred nor used more than once, will sometimes answer. Upon these principles I should, therefore, look for suc- cess ; and if the series of tables I have herewith given are care- fully studied, it M-ill be seen that the production of good winners has so often followed this practice as to make its adoption ex- ceedingly tempting. It is surprising to me that this very com- mon occurrence of in-breeding among our best modern horses has so generally escaped observation, and the only way in which I can explain it is by supposing, that having frequently been through the grandam on either side it has been lost sight of, because the knowledge of the sire's and grandsire's blood is generally the extent to which the inquiry goes. Thus, we find the most recent writer on the subject, who assumes the name of " Craven," asserting, at page 121 of " Tlie Horse"—" There is no proximity of relationship in the genealogy of the Flying Dutch- man, Touchstone, Melbourne, Epirus, Alarm, Bay Middleton, Ilero, Orlando, Irish Birdcatcher, Cossack, Harkaway, Tearaway, Lothario, or otherj of celebrity." Now, of these the Flying Dutchman is the produce of second cousins ; Bay Middleton, his sire, being also in-bred to Williamson's Ditto and Walton, own brothers ; p-.a Orlando, containing in his pedigree Selim twice over, and Castrel, his brother, in addition. Melbourne also is the produce of third cousins, both his sire and dam being de- scended from Highflyer. But if to these four, which he has Bpecially named, be added the numerous "othere of celebrity" coNffnTunow ov stallion. 317 y Bolecting any given able to tix wiec bred vuilablo of !ii tliat the uippens to superiof the other of two de- h inclined cnscs, that marc, but Hoinetiines •ok for 8UC- n are care- od winners option ex- very coin- ern liorses y way in frequently 1 lost sight s's blood is 18, wo lind 10 name of ["here is no ng Diitcli- ifiddleton, Fearaway, 16 Flying ileton, his ilton, own lira twice 'ne also is being de- li he has elebrity " to wliich I have drawn attention, besides a iiost of lesser stars too numerous to mention, it will bo admitted that ho assumeB for granted the exact opposite of what really is the case. The choice of }iarticular stallions, as dependent upon their formation, is not less difficult than that of the marc, and it must be guided by nearly the same principles, except that there is no occasion for any framework especially calculated for nourishing and containing the foitus, as in her cnse. As far ns possible, the horse should bo the counterpart of what is desired in the produce, though sometimes it may be necessary to sele -.t an ani- mal of a breed slightly exaggerating the peculiarity which is sought for, especially when that is not connected with the j)re- pondcrance of fore or hind-qufirtors. Thus, if the mare is very leggy, a more than usually short-legged horse may be selected, or if her neck is too sliort or ifoo long, an animal with this organ particularly long, or the reveiBC, as the case may be, should be sought out. But in all cases it is dangerous to attempt to make too sudden alteration with regard to size, as the effort will gen- erally end in a colt made without a due proportion of parts, and therefore more or less awkward and unwieldy. In constitution and general health, the same remarks exactly apply to the horse as the mare. All hereditary diseases are to be avoided as far as possible, though few horees are to be mot with entirely free from all kinds of unsoundness, some the effects of severe training, CJ^d others resulting from actual disease, oc- curring from other causes. With regard to fatness, there is an extraordinary desire for horses absolutely loaded with fat, just as there formerly was for overfed oxen at Christmas. It is quite true that the presence of a moderate quantity of fat is a sign of a good constitution, but, like all other good qualities, it may be carried to excess, so as to produce disease ; and just as there often is hypertrophy, or excess of nourishment of tiie heart, or any bony parts, so is there often a like superabundance of fat causing obstruction to the duo performance of the animal func- tions, and often ending in prematuio death. This is in great measure owing to want of exercise, but also to over-stimulating food; and the breeder who wishes his horse to last, and also to get good stock, should take especial care that be has enough of the one and not too much of the other. 1 -srxB^gjIfgjggfggeasmssr. 318 TTTK nORSR. :i \ ■1% ,>r:'- ! In temper, nlw), there is no more to bo added to wlmt I Imvo •aid relating to the nmre, exeept that there are more had-tem- perecl Htalliiiim met with than maroH, inenilently of their .imiiin^, and thin is eaiiMod hy the eonHtant Htate of nnnatiiral excitement in which they are kept. This kind of vice i», l»ow- ovor, not of HO much importance, m it does not ati'eet the run- nin;^ of the Btock, and eoleiy interferes with their stable man- agement. BK8T AOE TO BREED FROM. It is commonly Bn])p08ed that one or oMier of the paretifs shouhl be of mature ajjje, and that if both are very younjf, or very old, the ])rodnce will be decrepit or weakly. A j^reat nuiny of our best horses have been out of old marcs, or by old hoi-ses — as, for instance, Priam, out of Cressida, at twenty ; Crucifix, out of Octaviana, at twenty -two; and Lottery and Ih-utandorf, out of Mandane, at twenty and twenty-one ; Voltaire got Voltigeur at twenty-one ; Hay Middleton was the siro of Andover at eigh- teen, and Touchstone got Newminster at seventeen. On the other hand, many young stallions and mares liave succeedod well, and in numberless instances the first foal of a mare has been the best she ever jjroduccd. In the olden times, Mark An- thony and Conductor were the first foals of their dams ; and more recently, Shuttle Pope, Filho da Puta, Sultan, Pericles, Oiseau, Doctor Syntax, Manfred, and Pantaloon, have all been first-born. Still these are exceptions, and the great bulk of su- perior horses are produced later in the series. The youngest dam which I ever heard of was Monstrosity, foaled in 1838, who produced Ugly Buck at three years old, having been put lo Venison when only two years of age. Her dam, also, was only one year older when she wjvs foaled ; and Venison himself was (piite a young stallion, being only seven years old when he got Ugly Buck ; so that altogether the Inst-mentioned horse was a I'cmarkable instance of successful breeding from young parents, As in most cases of the kind, however, his early promises were not carried out, and he showed far better as a two-year-old, and early in the following year, than in his maturity. Such is often the case, and, I believe, is a very general rule in breeding all animals, whether horses, dogs, or cattle. The general practice rmiC FOR BKKF.niNO. 310 lint I Imvo I bml-tcMii- y «f thoir unnatiirnl •o in, Iiow- t the riiit- il)lu mail- 10 pardnfH ff, or voi-y iiiaiij of horses — iicifix, out iidorf, out Volti^oiir ;r at ei^!i- On tlic iucceedeil maro lins Mark An- nus ; and I^ericles, I all been ilk of su- younpjest ^838, who m put 10 was only iself was n lie got rse was a ; parents. ises were •-old, and h is often eding all practice in hrcoding is to use young Btallions with old inaros, and to ]n\t yoniig niaiH'H to ohl Hfallions; and such appears to bo the hfst plan, judging from theory as well as practice.* BKST TIMK KOlt HUKKDINO. For all racing |>urj)o»e«, an early foal is important, becauso the age takes date from the Ist (^f January. The maro, thero- fore, shoidd bo ])Ut to the horne in February, so as to foal aa soon after .Tan\uiry Ist as jJOHsible. As, however, many mares foal a little before the end of the eleventh month, it is not tafo to send her to the horse i)efore the nnddle of the second month in the year. For further particidars, see "Thoughts on Breed- ing," and the "Stud-Farm," in which the general nnui'.(?emei»t of the maro and foal is fully detailed. t • The best coUb In this country bavo been from Bln>B of mature age, InHta ico Glcncoo, Dlomed who wan not imiiortta , until 23 years old. Lexington wub foiled to Alice C'arneal when 14 years old.— Ed. f The mare should bo kept In ffood condition and well protected In bad weather, and watched at the time ot ■'luling. Wo bollovo those foals that como after the grass Is well up, succeed u well, and often better, In this country than those foaled earlier In the year. From tho middle of March to the first of May will bo found early enough In a majority of the largo brooding States.— Ed. — -* r.cJMJ- i THOUGHTS ON GENERAL BREEDING. it'- JSow in rolatior io breeding for general purposes, that is to say to breeding tho general horse, with a view to profit, on the pai't of the bracder, and to practical utility and the improvement of the horse-stock of the country at large, I shall proceed to give a few brief suggestions, and experiences of my own. And first, I shall lay down two axioms, which I consider to be as self-evi- dent, as it is that the nearest line between two points is a right line ; and those vA\o i jnnot adopt them with me, will, I fear, find nothing thi i thev \n\\ admire, or that will be of use to them, in what foUowK. T?!ey ar" these — Firet. That the excellt-ice of any and every breed of horse, and of every individual horse, jonsists in his possession of the greatest attainable degree of pu»"e thorough blood, directly trace- able to Barb, Arab or Turk, that is compatible with the weight, bulk, and strength, in hauling, required for the purposes, for which the horse is intended. Second. That to be of advantage, the pure blood must come chiefly f''om the sire's, not from the dam's, side. This second axiom or rule, is a deduction from no theory, or Bet of principles, but a fact proved by the breeding experience of ages. However pure the blood of the dam, if she be stinted to an animal of inferior blood, the progeny will be inferior to — what they should be — the half-blood. French physiologists opine, not without strong reasons for their faith, that the pure female animal, once impregnated by an inferior male, from some unknown impression on her nervous MONGREL BREEDING. 321 iliat is to say t, on the part jrovement of eed to give a And first, I e as self-evi- its is a right I, will, I fear, ■ nse to them, eed of horse, ession of the irectly trace- 1 the weight, purposes, for d must come ao theory, or 5 experience lie be stinted inferior to — J reasons for regnated by . her nervous or generative system, becomes, ever after, herself so nearly a hybrid, tliat she is thenceforth incapable of producing a pure progeny, even to a pure sire.* The case referred to above, on page 265, of the series of hy- brids, pjvserved in the museum of the College of Surgeons, fur- nishes a most singular corroboration of this theory. The circumstances are these — A thoroughbred mare, of ex- tremely high blood, from which it was anxiously desired to ob- tain a progeny, was stinted several times to thoroughbred stal- lions, but was always barren. It was suggested to the owner, that she might possibly stand in foal, if tried to some of the ferine varieties of the horse ; and tluvt, it her barrenness could be once overcome, she would, doubtless, in future prove fruitful by aninuils of her own type. She was accordingly stinted to a quagga, the striped South African animal, akin to the Zebra, — procured from a menagerie for the purpose, — and, as it was pre- dicted, stood in foal to him, and produced a striped hybrid. There- after, she was stinted three times in succession to three diiferent stallions of pure blood — there being, of course, no possible means by which the wild African horse could have had second access to her— and, in each instance, she gave birth to a striped hybrid. Phenomena of the same description are so common in the case of bitches of any pure race, which may have been casually warded by dogs of another family, or by mongrels, that dog- fanciers will not attempt to breed from such, as have once borne ignoble or hybrid litters ; knowing the tendency of the mothers, to breed lack^ as it is technically termed, to the type of the first parent. Some writers have endeavored to account for this strange anomaly, as it would seem to be, by attributing it to the effect of a first love on the imagination of the female parent; but, although it be admitted that imagination has its influence on the generative organs, and to some degree on the whole system of genei-ation, it seems to be ascribing more than a reasonable, or conceivable .duration to a mere mental affection, when one assumes its capacity to alter the whole formal and physical organization of animals, regularly bred of like parents, to the fourth generation. Tlie first thing, therefore, in my view of the subject, is to de * This is not true. See Note 3, p. 853. Vol. II.— 21 8SS THE H0E8B. termine what class of animals not thoroughbred you will raise, and I believe the most profitable to be soinetliing nearly akin to the English hunter ; that is to say, sometliing which, having one, two, lliree or more crosses of pure blood, on some excellent com- mon stock, such as the best Vermont mares of the lighter class, the best Canadian or mixed American and Canadian mares, or the best, so called, Morgan mares of the largest and boniest class, may turn out at best a very fast and valuable trotter, or, lacking the si)eed for that, a high-bred, showy, grand-actioned carriage horse, or, in case he should want height for that purpose, a thor- oughly-useful light farm-horse or roadster. All these horses are to be raised by judicious breeding of the thoroughbred upon common mares. But it requires knowledge, experience and jiulgment, to succeed in such an attempt. Nothing is more fatal, as a mistake, than to try to produce great size, or even increase of size, by stinting under-sized, weedy mares to great, overgrown, bulky stallions. The result is, almost invariably, ill-shaped, narrow-chested, slab-sided, leggy animals, with light round bone, and often altogether defective in balance and counterpoise of parts; having heavy heads, long, weak, un- muscular necks, and either the fore-quarters or the hind-quarters vastly and disi)roportionately in excess. Something of this sort is said by the late J. S. Skinner, in his Journal of Agriculture, in an article on the breeding of the American trotting horee, to have been notoriously the case of the progeny of a Cleveland Bay stallion of great size, imported by Kobert Pattison of Mary- land, and sent by him into Frederick county of that State. This is precisely the result which I should have expected, supposing the class of mares stinted to him, whose produce turned out so unfortunately, to have been of the wretched weedy, spindle-legged, raw-hipped, ewe-necked class, which one sees generally used for farm-work, in that State and Delaware, on * the smaller farms and in the hands of the poorer rural proprie- tors— evidentl}-^ an effete and run-down cross of thoroughbreds, probably both male and female, with the poorest kind of the coun- try horse. Had the Cleveland Bay, in question, that is if he were really a fine and well-proportioned animal, with good carcass, deep eloping shoulders, broad chest, arched ides, short flat caimon- CLEVELAND BAY EMPEROR. 8'^3 will raise, irly akin to laving one, client com- ^liter class, ares, or tlie iiiest class, or, lacking id carriage ose, a thor- dingof the cnowledge, npt. ;o produce led, weedy t is, almost jy animals, in balance , weak, nn- id-quarters i>f this sort griculture, g horse, to Cleveland n of Mary- 5tate. expected, e produce wretched which one si aware, on il proprie- jughbreds, f the coun- vere really 'cass, deep it caimon- bones and good quarters— such as the noble animal Emperor, lately imported by Mr. Rives into Virginia, whose figure stands at the head of this paper, and who may be set down as a per- fect type of the highest class of improved Cleveland Bay— been put to well-selected mares, of the right breed and of the right formation, he would not have been accused of deteriorating the breed of horses, but would have undoubtedly given size, but not size without substance, height without bone, much less length without proportion. In some portions of the country, and particularly in thosti portions, where there is evidence, in the character of the now existing horse-stock, that there has been an original strain of Cleveland Bay blood, subsequently crossed with other bloods, such as the Canadian and the thoroughbred— the latter remote- ly—as I think is the case in the State of Vermont, where I con- ceive the short, compact stocky Morgans to be the result of such an intermixture, I do not doubt that the services of such a Cleveland Bay stallion as Emperor, put to long, roomy, well quartered and well-proportioned mares of the Morgan breed, would be of incalculable benefit. I have no doubt that in the fir-st generation such a horse would produce admirable light team horses of great show and substance, suitable for express wagons and the like, and that the mares bred to thoroughbred horses of the right kind — selected for bone, compactness, and substance — would give in the first cross carriage-horses, and in the second trotters, parade horses, or cavalry horses, of the highest possible caste and form. I doubt, that without some such cross, giving increased cize, bone, and room to the Morgan, or light Vermont, road mares, extensively crossing with thorough- breds would not succeed in the firet instance, unless from the very cream of the largest mares, and from a horse of singu- larly well-selected points and characteristics of bone, form, and last not least, blood of some strain, such as those of Orville, Comus, Woodpecker, Lottery, Humphrey Clinker, or our own Messenger, famous for success in producing hunters or road- sters. Such a horse as Priam, whatever may be said of his racer- getting qualities, would be fatal to a line of roadsters, hunters, or chargers, from the fatal tying in of his knees. J 324 THE H0B8S. Tims, if it be turned to the proper use, I consider tJint tli« importation of Emperor, the Cleve.'and Bay, above epoken of and repretscnted, is a move in the right direction, and ono likely to have the nicst generally beneficial consequences. If, however, it be intended to set him covering run-oul, narrow, weedy Ihoroughbn Ij, or half or three-foui a part bred mares, in the hope of giving them bone, bulk, and o.amina by the new strain, it needs no prophet to foresee and forotell the very oppoi?ite results. The animals will have less than the blood — which is the only one good point left to them— of their dams, and none of the cliaracteristics of their sire. Since the mares have neither the uterine capacity to contain the fcetus proportioned to such a horae, with natural reference to its growth and development previous to its birth, nor the blood and stamina for its nourish- ment while witiiin their bodies. There is another class of importations, that of the Percheron Norman stallions, to which I 'ook with the greatest interest — although with no idea whatever that the stock got directly by them out of any class of m.ires, whatever, will be of use for any other pui-pose than draught. It is as the progenitors of mares, which will cast the finest foals for general work, to tlioroughbred horses, deriving show, size, round action, and bone from the dams, speou, endurance, courage, and blood from the sires, that I consiuor they will be invaluable, and even su- perior <^o the Cleveland Bays — in that they, in themselves, possess a share of Barb blood, and that they have by nature, with some size, the very form, and the shape, and rjuality of bone which we desire. I have no doubt that even well-chosen, pure Canadian mares would produce wonderfully improved stock to horses of this, tlieir own, original strain— -but that the larger-sized mares of Canada, the result of a cross between Canadians and well-bred English crosses — that is to say, the produce of one or two out- crossings after a long continuance of in-breeding — put onoe more to pure Norman stallions, would produce wonderful stock, can, in fact, hardly be questioned, by any one at all conversant with the theory of breeding, or its practice. And that the off- Bpring of the mares of that new strain, by properly selected •'*ifi!i--i"».^;S-Ai>SM^Ki''- PERCHERON NORMANS. 325 fer tJint tiio tpoken of ^1, and Olio jnces. ig nm-oul, 3ui 8 part Uid otamiiia (forotell tlie In'chis the none of the neither the to sucli a 3veIopment ts noiirish- Percheron ' interest — directly by of use for genitors of .1 work, to iction, and blood from d even su- hemselves, hy nature, quality of iian mares es of this, mares of well-bred • two out- -pnt onoe •ful stock, onversant It the off- ■ selected thoroughbreds, would be chargers on which a king might be willing to do battle for his crown, or which a queen might be proud to see harnessed to her chariot, on her coronation, I, for one, would stake my reputation as a horseman. Thij , n a word, is what I think is most needed, and most desirable to be done — to raise by judicious selection of parents, by large and liberal nourishment of the mares, while in fual, and by careful feeding, tending, and fostering the young ani- mals— not forgetting to protect them from severe weather, and sudden changes of temperature— the standard bone and muscle of our common country mares, and then to breed them to the best, and nothing but the best, blood-horses. And here I will proceed to extract from the American edi- tion of Youatt on the Horse, a letter to the American editor of that work, from Edward Harris, Esq., of Mooreetown, New Jersey, descriptive of his pure imported Norman stock, and giving his views in reference to the characteristics, which the stock bred from his Norman stallions are likely to possess, and to the most judicious mode of introducing this blood. With most of Mr. Harris's views I most cordially agree, especially in his positively expressed opinion, that, with sufficient niargin of time and money combined, \vith the possession of a large landed estate, he, or any judicious breeder would produce t/ie very hest of horses for all purposes, that is to say the very best horse of all work, by breeding from the thoroughbred English racer. The only point in which I entirely differ from him is,* as to the likelihood that the produce of " Diligence " — that is to say, of a pure Norman stallion, "and a large-sized thoroughbred mare would be the desired result," that result being " a carriage horee sufficiently fashionable for the city market." " Should this fail," he adds, " I feel confident that another cross from these colts " — that is to say, from stallions, the pro- duce of a Norman horse and a thoroughbred mare — " will give you tlie Morgan hoi"se on a larger scale." In all this I utterly disagree with Mr. Harris, and am cer- tain that he is in error — he admits that his horse Diligence has not had thoroughbred mares stinted to him, but that •' the mares '^••M<*wm»aMS5ar 8S6 THE HORSE. with which he breeda the best, are the mares which you would choose to breed a good carriage-horse from, with a good length of neck, and tail coming out on a line with the .back, to correct the two prominent faults in the form of tlie breed, the short neck and the steep rump." This is doubtless true, and from the mares produced by this cross, bred once to a fine thoroughbred, I have no fear that he would obtain the stamp of carriage-horse, which he desires, and from a second cross of the mares so got to thoroughbred, again, that the result would be an improved type of the Morgan horse. I would not hesitate, moreover, a moment to stmt Morgan mares to either these pure Norman stallions, or good Canadians, with a view to obtaining improved bone and size without loss of spirit, by a recurrence to what I do not doubt to be one of the original sources of the Morgan stock, and then to breeding the mares, so improved in stature, to the best formed and most compact hunter- getting thoroughbred stallions I could find. Morgan stallions, with all deference, I would not use at all— at all events only for covering large, roomy, cold-blooded mares, for which purpose they would be identical, as to the object, though far inferior in degree, with the thoroughbred horse. Mr. Harris's well-written and intelligent letter speaks for itself, and with it I shall close this portion of my work. I had intended to add some account of the cavalry horse of the United States, but, on reference to headquarters, I find that there is no such distinctive animal— that there is no regular standard of blood, size, w form required, and no organized regulations, either for purchasing or examining the animals— the whole sys- tem of the cavalry service— that ai-m having been confined al- most entirely to the frontiers— being in embryo, and, as I am given to understand, at this moment in progress of reconstruc- tion and organization de novo, after the best experiences, under a competent board of officers. "Moorestown, April 6, 1850. "My dear Sir— Your kind favor of the last of March, has been duly received. I regret that, in consequence of the de- cease of a near relative, it has been out of my power to prepare my answer as soon as you desired- 1 you would good length [, to correct 'd, the short leod by this fear that he he desires, loroughbred, the Morgau stint Morgan d Canadians, without loss 0 be one of to breeding ed and most uld find, t use at all — ooded mareS; 0 the object, sd horse. 3r speaks for work. I had of the United at there is no standard of regulations, he whole sys- confined al- and, as I am )f reconstruc- iences, under AprU 6, I860. )f March, has 36 of the de- er to prepare PEROHERON NOKMANS. 327 " I thank you, my dear sir, for the order you liave suggested to be observed in my communication. You will soon perceive that I am by no means a practised writer, therefore your sug- • gcstions are the more acceptable in aiding me to draw up ray 'plain, unvarnished tale.' " These horses first came under my observation on a journey through France m the year 1831. I was struck with the im- mense power displayed by them in drawing the heavy dili- gences of that country, at a pace which, although not as rapid as the stage-coach travelling of England, yet at such a pace, say from five to nine miles per hour, the lowest rate of which I do not hesitate to say, would, in a short time, kill the English horse if placed before the same load. In confirmation of this opinion I will give you an extract from an article on the Norman horse in the British Quarterly Journal of Agriculture, which I quoted in my communication to the Farmer's Cabinet of Philadelphia, in 1842, as follows ; " ' Tlie writer, in giving an account of the origin of the horse, which agrees in tracing it to the Spanish horse- '•f Arabian ancestry — with the account which I have given above, which I procured from French sources, says, " Tlie horses of Normandy are a capital race for hard vjork and scanty fa/re. [ have never seen such horses at the collar, under the diligence, the post-carriage, the cumbrous and heavy voiture or cabriolet for one or two horses, or the farm-cart. Tliey are endwring and energetic leyond description ; with their necks cut to the bone, they flinch not ; they put forth all iheir eiforts at the voice of the brutal driver, or at the dreaded sound of his never-ceasing whip ; they keep their condition when other horaep would die of neglect and ha/rd treatment. A better cross for some of our horses can not be imagined than those of Normandy, provided they have not the ordinary failing, of too much length from the bock downwards, and a heavy head." I think that all who have paid attention to this particular breed of Norman horses — the Percheron, which stands A No. 1 — will bear me out in the assertion that the latter part of this quotation will not apply to them, and that, on the contrary, they are short from the hock downwards; that their heads are short, with the true Arabian face, and not thicker than fhey should be to correspond with 328 THE nOKSE. the stoutness of their bodies At all events yon cnn witness that Diligence has not these failings, whicli, wlicn absent, an Englishman— evidently, from his article a good horseman- thinks, constitutes the Norman horse the best imaginal)le horso for a cross upon the English liorse of a certain description. Again ho says, "They are very gentle and docile; a kicking or vicious horse is almost unknown there ; any person may pass in security at a fair at the heels of hundreds.' " " My own impressions being fortitied by such authority from Buch a source— where we look for little praise of any thing French— and numerous others, verbal and written, I made up my mind to return to Franco at an early day, and select a stal- lion at least, as an experiment in crossing ui)on the liglit mares of New Jersey. My intention was unavoidably delayed until the year 1839, when 1 went seriously to work to purchase two stallions aJid two mares with the aid of a veterinary surgeon of Havre, Monsieur St. Marc, to whose knowledge of the various distinct breeds which exist in France, and his untiring zeal in aiding my enterprise, I take great pleasure in making acknowl- edgments. The animals in due time were procured, but the last which was brought for my decision, although a fine stallion^ showed such evident signs of a cross of the English blood— af- terwards acknowledged by the owner— that I rejected him, and the packet being about to sail, and preparations being made for the shipment, I was obliged to put the stallion and two mares on board, no time being left to look up another stallion. Here another difBculty arose— I could find no competent groom in Havre to take charge of them on the voyage, and deliver them in New York. I was obliged to make an arrangement witli one of the steerage passengers, a German, who had never been to sea before, to attend to them to the best of his ability. As you may suppose, I did not feel very well satisfied with this arrange- ment. I therefore wrote to M. Meurice of Paris, to take chflrge of my baggage which I had left at his hotel, and the next morn- ing I was on my way to New York in the packet ship Iowa, Captain Peck, where I lived in the round-house on deck, with himself and oflicers. It was the Iowa's first voyage, and her cabin had not been finished, so great was the fear of the owners, at that time, that their ' occupation was gone ' of carrying cabin I pan witness iibsoiit, an lorscrnan — jialdc liorso k'Hcription. kicking or inay ])U8s in liority from imv tliinf^ inado np 'li'ct, 11 shil- igiit inaros layed nntil rcliaso two snrgcon of the various ing zeal in g acknowl- ed, but the ine stallion^ blood — ai- 3d him, and ig made for two marcs lion. Here t groom in eliver them nt with one er been to y. As you lis arrange- ;ake chflrge next morn- ship Iowa, deck, with je, and her the owners, •ying cabin DILIGENCE. 329 passcngere, in consequence of the recent success of the Englisli sea-steamers. Wo had three hundred steerage, and I was the only cahin passenger. The horsoH were also on deck. The first night, so great was the change in the temperature, on the occur- rence of a slight storm, that all the horses took violent ccdds, and, unfortunately, witli the best use 1 could make of M. St. Marc's medicine-chest, and his very judicious directions for the treatment of the horses under this anticipated state of afl'airs, I could not prevent the death of tlie stallion from inflamnuition of the lungs, before reaching New York. The mares were landed safely, but too much stift'ened by the voyage and their sickness, to make the journey at once across the Jerseys on foot. I procured a trusty man to accomjjany them, and sent them by railroad for Burlington. The next morning I had the mortifica- tion to sec my man returned with the sad news that the finest mare had broken through the bottom of the car, and fractured one of her hind legs. Thus left with one horee out of four se- lected, tlie onl}' alternative was to give up. or go bad: for more. I did not hesitate about the latter, and in three weeks I was steaming it on board the Great Western. My next purchase was " Diligence," another stallion, and two m res. This time I was more fortunate, and procured an excellent groom to ac- company them, who succeeded in getting them safely to New York and to Moorestown, carefully shunning the railroad, I have, since that time, lost one of the mares, and the other stal- lion went blind after making one season. Not wishing to run the risk of perpetuating a race of horees with weak eyes, I have not since permitted him to cover mares; though I must say for him that his colts have all good eyes, and stand high in public favor. " Those who are acquainted with the thoroughbred Canadian horee, will see in liim a perfect model, on a small scale, of the Percheron horse. This is the peculiar breed of Normandy, which are used so extensively throughout the northern half of France for diligence and post-horses, and from the best French authorities I could command — I cannot now quote the precise authorities — I learned that they were produced by the cross of the Andalusian horse upon the old heavy Norman horee, whose portrait may still be seen as a war-horse on the painted windows 330 THE aOBSE. of tho Cutht'drnl of Rouen, sevcnil ccnfurios old. At the time of tlio occupution of tho NothorhuKls by the SpnniardH, tho Aiuhihisiuii WUH the favorite HtuUion of tlie north of Europe, and thu8 a Htanip of tlie true; l>arh wan iniphinted, which reinaiuH to tho present day. If you will allow me to digress a moment, I will give you a nhort deHcription of tho old N(jrinaii draught- horse on which the cross wan nuide. They average full nixteen lyinds in height, with head short, thick, wide and hollow be- tween the eye" , jaws lieavy ; ears short and pointed well for- wards ; neck very short and thick ; mane heavy ; shoulder well inclined backwards ; back extremely short ; rump stei'p ; cpiar- ters very broad ; chest deep and wide ; tendons large ; muscles excessively developed; legs very short, particularly from the knee and hock to the fetlock, ■ nd thence to the coronet, which is covered with long hair, hiding half the hoof; much hair on the legs. " Tlio bono and nmscle, and much of the form of the Perche- ron is derived from this horse, and he gets his spirit and action from the Andahisian. Docility comes from both sides. On the expulsion of tho Spaniards from tho north, the supply of Andalusian stallions was cut otf, and since that time in the Perche district in Normandy, their progeny has doubtless been bred in- and-in ; hence the remarkable uniformity of the breed, and the disposition to impart their form to their progeny beyond any breed of domestic animals within my knowledge. Another cir- cumstance which I think has tended to perpetuate the good qualities of these horses, is the fact of all their males being kept entire ; a gelding is, I believe, unknown among the rural horses of France. You may be startled at this notion of mine, but if you reflect a moment, you mvst perceive that in such a state of things — so contrary to our practice and that of the English — the farmer will always breed from the best horse, and ho will have an opportunity of judging, because the horse has been broken to harness and his qualities known before he could command business as a stallion. Hence, too, their indifference to pedigree. " If the success of Diligence as a stallion is any evidence of the value of the breed, I can state, that he has averaged eighty mares per season for the ten seasons he has made in this conn- iMMiiiiii COLTS OF DILIOKNCB. 881 t tlio time iiiardH, the uiropo, and iviiiniiiH to iiiomciit, I in (Irauglit- fiill Hixtceu hollow he- ed well for- loulder well iteep ; qiiar- :fe ; JiiusJcleH \y iroin the •oiiot, which iich hair on the Perche- t and action sides. On 10 supply of n the Perche )een bred in- deed, and the beyond any Another cir- ite the good males being ig the rural ion of mine, at in such a that of the it horse, and e horse has are he could indifference evidence of aged eighty n this coiia- try, and as ho is a very sure toal-getter, ho must luive produced at h'liHt four hundred colts ; uiid as I huve never yet heiinl of a colt of his that would not readily bring one hundred dollars, and nuiny of them mueh higher prices, you can judge of the benefit which has accrued from his services. I have yet to learn that he has produe«!d one worthlens eolt, nor have I heard of one that is spavined, cur])ed, ringboned, or has any of those de- fects which render utterly useless so largo a number of the line- bred colts of the present day. The o})inion of good judges here is, that we have never had, in this i)art of the country at least, BO valuable a stock of horses for farming jmrposes; and further, that no horse that ever stood in this section of the country hag produced the same number of colts whose aggregate value hag been ecpuil to that of the colts of Diligence ; for the reason that, although there may have been individuals among them which would comnumd a much higher price than any of those of Diligence, yet the number of blemished and indiffcfrent colts lias been so great, as quite to turn the scale in his favor. " In reply to your queries, I would say to the first, that Diligence has not been crossed at all with thoroughbred mareg — such a thing is almost unknown here at the present day ; but those mares the nearest approaching to it have produced the cleanest, neatest, and handsomest colts, though hardly large enough to connnand the best prices. Those I know of that cross are excellent performers. " 2. Tlie style of mares with which Diligence breeds best, ap- pears to me to be the mare which you would choose to breed carriage-horses from, with a good length of neck, and tail com- ing out on a line with the back, to correct the two prominent faults in form of the breed, the short neck and steep rump. " 3. What is the result of the cross with different styles — as regards size and shape ? — ^This may be answered in a general way by stating, the size will depend somewhat upon the size of the mare, with due allown.uce for casting after back stock, which will be well underetood by breeders. As regards shape, you may depend ujjon the predominance of the form of the horse in nine cases out of ten ; indeed, I have only seen one of his colts that I could not instantly recognize from the form. The reason will occur to you from what I have said of the extreme 889 Tine IIOK8E. purity of tlio Itrood ; such m tlicy nro tlioy linvo liccn for cen- tiirii'H ; nnd (•oiild yoii find luiotlicr race of horses of entirely different form in the eanio eiitepiry nn reiffinls their jKfdijjrce, my belief is, that when you hhould seo the first colt from thorn, you would Hee the iriodel of all that were to follow. "4. Van yo\i breein tlicrn, [asliinnalilo CUIUKlf 1)0 I'lcss ulxnit ; niid I iroii^rlihrcd I't'il IVHlllt. cross from I the Mor- II ion I c'X- I'lii IiorHi'.s rlxT action tcr under it Kufferinff hy what I ton CO. fl kind, al ithout any 'f any tJiat nong ordi- ■Iiere, was 3n of tlie I being in tlioronjrh- tion from ould liave I'tunately, ever sold valuable ; because ■ally look the best they will )d quali- ties arc diRCOvcrcd. l'erha]is Home part of what I »\y abovo will be inore clear to yon if I say, that I hold to tiie opinion that the Perchen .i blood still exists in (Jaiuidu in all its purity. " Vou will iliink, perhaps, that I have saiject whicli can terrify or distress her, such as pig-killing, or the sight or smell of bio ^d in any way. Sometimes an epidemic causes a series rf jniscarriages or j)rematuro slippings of the foals, and t iV-.\ vy maro on the farm is affected in the same way, and th ioei ifc io be no mode of preventing this untoward result. WhcK .lie ma. . near her time, she shows her state by the tilling of the udder, and by the falling in of the muscles on each side of the crou]>, which the farriers call the " sinking of the bones." When these signs appear the mare should be con- stantly watched, in order that assistance may be given her if there is any difficulty in the presentation. The usual mode for the foal to come into the world is with both fore-legs firet, and if after they appear the nose shortly shows itself, all nuiy be considered straiglitforward, and no fears need be entertained. Sometimes with a large foal and a comparatively small pelvis, a little assistance may carefully be given by gently drawing upon the legs after the head is well down ; but tiiese cases are un- usual, and with this natural presentation it is seldom required. If, however, there is any other kind of birth, and the head pre- sents without the legs, or the hind legs firet, or if the head is doubled back upon the body, assistance must generally be ob- tained, unless the man in attendance is more than ordinarily skilful. Turning is generally the expedient which is had re- course to by the regular practitioner, but it requires groat care and skill to accomplish the operation without danger to the foal. As soon as this is born the mare should be allowed to clean it, and the seciindines are removed by the attendant ; after which the mare should have a little warm gruel, and, if very much exhausted, about a pint of strong ale- -more or less according to circumstances — may be given with i',. It often happens with the first foal that the mare will not take i^ it, and not only refuses to clean it, but actually denies it the proper nourishment from her teats. When this is the case, the man should milk the mare and soothe her, and, after her udder is son^ewhat empty, and she is relieved, she will generally allow the foal to suck. They MMHS MANAOEMKNt OF FOAL8. 341 [ill purposes, [ieldti (luring loiieo t(» her light of any g-killing, or [an epidemic pings of the in the same lis untoward Ikt state by j nmscles on " sinking of ould be con- given her if lal mode for .^gs firet, and all nuiy be entertained, lull pelvis, a rawing upon jases are uu- )rn required, he head pre- r the head is jrally be ob- m ordinarily !i is had re- 's groat care r to the foal, i to clean it, after which :' very much according to lens with the ily refuses to jnt from her Ik the mare pty, and she iuck. They should never bo loft alone till this has taken ])laee, as it is dan- gerous to do so for fear of the mare doing a fatal injury to her offspring. Hefore the coat of the foal is dry, the iiuine should be conjl>ed all on one side; by which precaution that ragged unsightly look is avoided which it has if part hangs on one side and part on the other. For the first twenty-four hours nothing besides warm gruel and a very little hay should be given to tlie inare ; but when the secretion of milk is fully established she recpiiros oats, bran mashes with malt, carrots, turnips, clover, or green food in some shape, according to the season of the year. MANAGEMENT OF THE FOAL. Handling the foal should be commenced as soon as 1' is born, because it is at that time that he is most easily rendered tractable, aiul regard I '•ss of the presence of his attendant, who Bhould make a practice of rubbing his head, picking up his fe ,t, &c., long before he actually wants to do any thing wi those parts. But if these acts are postponed, till they are really .ivnted to be done, the colt is wild and unmanageable, and neither physic nor anything else can be administered withoiit a degree of violence very dangerous to its welfare. The fo.^l is very liable to diarrhoea, and it should at once be checked by a drench of rice-water, with one or two drachms of laudanum, wliich will almost always stop it, if repeated after every loose motion. The Buu should in all cases bo admitted to the box, whether in winter or summer, and without it no young animal will long be in health. If the weather is very severe, with wet as well as cold, the upper half only of the door should be opened while the sun is out; but if the weather is dry, the mare and foal may be allowed to run into the yard ; or if not very cold and frosty, into the paddock for a short time. By the end of the month the foal will begin to eat crushed oats, which may be given in its own low manger, and with the mare tied up to hers. As many of them as the foal will eat will do good ; and it never happens, that I have heard, that a young foal will eat more than enough of this food, which is the main stay of the young racer. Much of the success of this kind of stock depends upon their early forcing by means of oats ; and as far as he is concerned, the mare as 849 THE H()R8K. well nfl himself can linrflly Imvo ton ttiucIi, oonHiBtPiifly wifli a contiiiiiiiiico of liciiltli ; I)ut caution imiKt Uo imcd in forcinp^ the marc until hIio is docidodly stinted. When the inaro is tied up, the halter Hhould not he longer than necessary, nor shoidd it he fastened to a low ring; as it has often happened that the foal has heconie entangled in it when low, and has heen ruined hy his t)Wi> struggles, or those of his mother. At six months old the foal is usually weaned, previously to which he should wear a light and well-fitting head collar, hy which he may he led ahout with a length of wohhing attached to it hy a huckle. This is more easily done l)efore weaning than after, as the mare may always he made an inducement to the foal, and it will therefore be half coaxed and half led hy a little maiueuvring; whereas, if entirely alone, the foal will struggle in order to escape, and will not so easily be controlled. Two quarterns of oats may now be given to the foal during the day, which, with the grass of sum- mer, will keep him in high flesh, and hy this time he ought to have grown into a very good-sized animal. By this treatment the foals are made strong and hardy against the advent of the winter season, during which time their progress is not nearly so fast as in the summer ; and in spite of every precaution, there are constantly drawbacks in the shape of colds, dysentery, &c Feeding in this mode is the great secret to rearing racing stock and though cow's milk, steamed turnips, &c., will make the yearling look fat and fleshy, you will never see that appearance of high breeding and condition which is given by oats, nor, when put into training, do they pass through that ordeal in the way which corn-fed colts and iillies may be expected to do. At this age, when fed in this way, foals are as mischievous as monkeys, and great care should be taken that they have nothing in their way which can possibly injure them. Brooms, shovels, pikes, and buckets must all be kept away from their reach, and all gates and fences must be carefully put in order. Indeed, with every precaution, they will strain themselves in their play ; but if all these points are not attended to, the consequence is almost sure to be fatal to life or limb. During the winter young racing stock should all be carefully housed at night ; and their oats may be increased to three quarterns a day as soon as the grass fails, with plenty of good sound old hay, and occasionally a few care- fmmm FOOT) OF THE FOAt. 343 fly wifli a 'iirciiifT tlie i'h tied iij>, loiild it 1)0 at tlio ibal niiiiod l»y iiioritlis old ould wear iiy 1)0 led ucklc. Tllifi ' inaro may II tliorotbro whereas, if )o, and will lay now be •ass of 8UII1- le ought to i treatment vent of the »t. nearly so ution, there lentery, &c icing stock, 1 make the appearance I, nor, when in the way 0. At this 8 monkeys, ng in their vels, pikes, 3h, and all ideed, with play ; but 36 is almost ung racing ir oats may grafis fails, a few care- fully sliced carrots or turnips. During all this time they fihould still bo coimtantly handled and led aliout ; and when removed from one pasture to another, they hlionid always be eauglit and led by the length of webbing. The absenee of this preeaution is a fertile source of accidents, while its adoption is only an instance of that constant haiulling which must be attended to oven were no removal necessary. These remarks will carry on the treatment of the yearling to the time when he is broken in and put into training. At this time — that is, in the second sum- mer, and as soon as there is j)lenty of grass, the yearling should begin to assume the ap])earanee of the horse, with arms and thighs well developed, and with a fair allowance of fat, which, though not necessary for racing purposes, is always an indica- tion of high health, and will make its ajipearance on the ribs of a stout and healthy colt in spite of all the exercise in the shape of frolics and gallops which his high spirits induce him to take. During the early spring inonths this cannot always be expected, from the nature of the food ; but after May, the flesh ought always to be rather full and round than wiry and free from fat, which latter condition indicates a delicacy of constitution un- favorable to the purposes of the race-horse. Physicking the yearling or the foal is sometimes necessary, when he is getting off his feet, or is bound in his bowels, or his eyes become inflamed, or otherwise indicate that he is over-fed with oats. This is a very common state of things, and the remedy is a dose of the common aloetic ball, for which see the Diseases of the Horse, for the dose and mode of administration. About one-quarter of an ordinary ball is the smallest dooe likely to be beneficial to the young foal. BREAKING. THE STABLES NECESSARY FOB YOUNO RACING STOCK. Tlie stabling which is suflScient for ordinary racing purposes, will not answer for the first housing of colts and fillies, which require more air and room than older horses, as they are a con siderable time in becoming accustomed to the warmer and B4t THE IIOItBE. darkor Htiil)lcs Ruitcd to liornuH doing Htronj? work. Hut not only h u largo roomy l)ox r('<|iiin!d for oarli colt, but tliurt) niUHt alw) be a yard, orHinall paddock, in which they nuiy bo Buffered to take that oxerciao which they cannot yet receive artificially in an amount which will nuiintain their health. The breaking is generally c<»uimenced in warm suinnu'r weather ; and there is no danger In allowing the ccdt to be at liberty during the day, at such hours as are not reciuired to bo occupied by the breaker's instructions. It is necesHary, therefore, to have a series of airy bo.xes, separated from one another in the same way as those in ordinary stables, but of a larger size, being at least 18 feet by 12 feet, and with a very free circulation of air. These are much better made open to the roof, as they are never UH(>d in cold weather for horses, and will then serve for any other kind ol stock if required ; but at all events they should now be as airy as it is possible to make them. Many people object to the use of litter at this period, as being different to the cool grass to which the colt has been accustomed, and recommend tan as a much better kind of nmterial for the floor of the box. I am inclined to think that there is great reason In this objection, and that the latter article is less likely to produce that contraction of the feet which so commonly occurs in the horee in training. A shady paddock, with as soft a turf as possible, should bo pro- vided ; and here the colt may bo turned out the first thing in the morning for an hour or two, and again at night for the sanio time, leaving the middle of the day for the breaker's manipula- tions. This plan also provides for the gradual alteration of diet, as the colt will always pick a little grass when turned out, and will only eat his hay during the long night ; while his oats ho has long been accustomed to, and will still continue to relish. LEADINO TAOKLE. Leading with tlie cavesson on is the first thing to bo prac- tised, and it should be continued for two or three weeks without any farther attempt at breaking, if there be plenty of time, and full justice is to bo done to the colt. A roller is put upon the colt, and a crupper, with long hip-straps, by the presence of which he becomes accustomed to a loose sheet, or any other de- ■lioElNO. 345 il-Ci It not only niiiHt aim) llliiM'tMl to ificiiilly ill liking is tlu'i'u ia tlu> (lay, e hrcakoi-'s icH of airy y as those IS t'lH't liy I! aro imicli ■(('(I in cold cr kind ol bo as airy to tllO UHO ol gruHS to id tan AH a )ox. I am oetion, and ;ontraction n training, uld bo pro- it thing in )r the same manipula- ion 01 diet, 3d ont, and lis oats he 0 relish. ) be prac- ks without time, and t upon the )resence of r other de- rungompnt of clothing in his HiilmoqiuMit work. With tliiH tacklo on, and long bootH on IiIh fon>-l<'gH to guard againnt hirt Htriking them, tlu! colt \h lod about the ('ii\n\tfy, I'ithcr by tho breaker on foot or nioiinted on a steady back ; and for a week lie may generally be confined to soft turf, which will ?u»t re(iuir() hiit being shod. Even on such ground as this he will be gnir 'ess of breaking, daily slow lunging and plenty of walking exercise should have been practised, so that the colt is not above himself, but is more or less tired each day. Before acttiai t)acking is attempted the saddle should be put on, and it should always be a roomy one at first, well stuffed and fitting accurately, so as to avoid all painful pressure. Tlie withers, especially, should be closely watched, and if high and thin the saddle should be proportionally high at the pommel. The roller has been hitherto the only kind of pressure round the chest, but it liae gradually been tightened from time to time, so as to prepare the colt for the subsequent use of the girths which are required to retain the saddle in its place. This should be put on at first with the girths quite loose, and with a crupper in addi- lion, because having already worn one^ the tail has become ac- tpw: 350 THE H0B8S. customed to its use, and it often prevents the saddle from press- ing witli undue force upon the withers, whiuli are very sensi- tive and easily made sore. The colt should be walked out and lunged for a day or two with the saddle on before he is mounted 80 as to accustom the parts to its presence ; and it is even de- sirable to increase the weight of the saddle, by jilacing upon it some moderately heavy substance of two or three stones' weight, such as trusses of shot, or the like, gradually making tliem heavier, but never putting more than the above dead weight upon the saddle. "When the colt has thus been thoroughly sea- soned, he may be taken out and well lunged till he is tired, still having his saddle on ; and during this exercise the breaker will occasionall} bear considerable weight upon each stirrup, and flap them against the saddle, with the object of making a noise, to which the colt should be accustomed. It is a very good plan to have a leather surcingle made to go over the saddle, and to at- tach the buckles for the side-reins to this, instead of having them sewn on to the saddle itself. When all is ready, and the colt is tired by his lunging, &c., he may be taken into the rubbing- house, as being close to the exercise ground, and there t!\o breaker himself, or one of the lads, may be put upon the saddle, using him, as in all cases in young horses, with great gentleness, and giving him constant encouragement by the hand and voice. Mounting is much better accomplished in the stable than out, and causes nnich less alarm, because tlie ^olt hsis been always accustom- ed to be more handled there, and is It-s inclined, therefore, to re- sist! The lad, or breaker, sl'oiild get ..»^ iud down again seve- ral times, and if the colt is good-tempered he will generally allow all this to be done without the slightest resistance. In mounting there should be very little spring made, but the lad may hang about the horse, as if fondling him, and bear his weight upon the saddle ; then place one foot in, and hang on steadily, when, if this is borne, the weight may be taken oft" for a minute or two, and then the lad may very gently and insensibly almost raise him- self up to the command of the saddle, after which he may stead- ily turn his leg over, and is then seated. When the lad has sat quietly upon his back for a few minutes, the side-reins having already been buckled to the leather surcingle, two addhional reins Jiiay be attached for his use, though the chief dependence BACKING THE COLT. 351 m press- n-y senai- out and noiintcd even de- f^ upon it )' weight, ng tlieni weight ghly sea- ired, still saker will », and flap noise, to )d plan to and to at- )f having id the colt rubhing- there the pe saddle, entloness, md voice. 11 out, and accustom- 'ore, to re- gain seve- ally allow mounting may hang upon the when, if p two, and aise him- lay stead- id has sat 18 having idd^'tional pendeuce at first must be placed upon the breaker himself, who loads the colt, as before, with the cavesson and webbing. Witli this the mounted colt is now led out, and walked about for an hour or more ; after which he should be returned to the stable, and then the lad should dismount; and on no account should this be attempted at first out of doors, for it has happened that on get- ting oft" there has been a fight to get on again, which has re- sulted in victory to the horse ; whereas in the stable it can always be managed, and with the tlioroiighbred colt it is seldom wanted elsewhere, until he is quite used to it. K there is no stable at hand with a door high and wide enough for this pur- pose, the colt may be mounted in the paddock, the breaker being very careful to engage his attention, and a third ])rtrty being on the ofi-side to assist in keeping the colt straight and the saddle from giving way while the weight is being laid upon the stirrup. Most colts give way at first to this one-sided pressure, but they soon learn to bear up against it, and finally they do not show any annoyance at all. It will be found that any colt may be more readily managed by two people in a roomy stable than by three out of doors, where he is on the look-out for ob- jects of alarm, and is always more ready to show fight ; the only difficulty is the getting clear of the door, which should be wide and high ; and if it is the contrary, it offers an obstacle to the plan, which must prevent its adoption. The mounted lad should at first sit steadily and patiently still, and should not attempt to use the reins, which might indeed well be dispensed with, but that few riders could balance themselves without holding some- thing. I have found it a good plan to buckle them to the cav- esson rather than to the bit, in those caseo where the hands of the rider were not very light. The colt on leaving the stable often sets his back up, and perhaps plunges or attempts to kick, which he seldom does in the stable, and less frequently in leaving it, than when he is suddenly mounted in the field. If he does this the breaker should speak severely to him, and either keep down his head, or the reverse, according to whether he is attempting to rear or kick. It is for the latter vice only that the rider re- quii'es the rein to the bit, as it serves to keep the colt quiet if tlie bit is suddenly checked, when he gets his head down before kicking. But in rearing, the lad is likely to do mischief with 353 THE HORSE. it, and on the whole it is better, I think, to avoid all chance of using it iitiproperly, unless the rider is very cautious, and ac- custoTned to the business of colt-breaking. When the colt is quite quiet and submissive, after several days' leading about, the lad may be trusted with the command of the bit, and may have th", reins intrusted to him, the breaker still keeping the long webbing attached to the cavesson, and being always pre- pared to assist the lad, who, however, should now begin to try to turn the colt and stop him at pleasure, taking a rein in each hand, and using them wide apart, with the aid of his voice and heel. As soon as it appears likely that the lad can control his charge the cavesson may be taken off, and the colt placed in a string of horses, which are so steady as not to give occasion, by their exanij le, for the cult's beginning to plunge. During the course of bioakiug it is always safer to keep the colt rather un- der-fed Avith oats, and until he is able to begin his cantering ex- ercise lie will scarcely bear an increase ; but much will depend upon his temper ; and if he is inclined to fret he will often lose flesh, and will demand more, rather than less, oats than usual. Bad-tempered horses, however, nn'll always require light feeding during breaking, and extra time, as well as care, must be bestowed upon them. This subject is better understood now than it used to be, and fewer horses are spoiled than was for- merly t!ie case ; still, Iiowever, there is often room for improve- ment, and the number of hoi'ses which are mismanaged at this time is by no means sruall. Thoroughbred horses will not bear bad treatmeui, in genera), though some are certainly of such savage tampers by natu,-e its to require to be cowed ; still these are the exceptions, and the vast majoity will, by early handling, and cautio.d tackling and mounting, be broken almost without a singh^ f^ght or difficulty of any kind. If they find themselves hnrf by bit or saddle, or by the crupper occasioning a sore, they si"- *-]ieir l:yi'.ke to the pain by resisting, setting up their backs, and ret!! , g f progress quietly; but, xmless there be something wroug, they -vij; "submit to being backed and ridden much more readily thwu the . ;>lts of the common breeds, which have seldom had a head-stall ou their heads, till a few days before they are backed. I have moro than once ridden thoroughbred colts in tolerable co'ofort, within a week or ten days of their being first TRAINING. 353 11 chance of io«8, and ac- n the colt is ading about, bit, and may keeping the always pro- begin to try rein in each liis voice and n control his It placed in a > occasion, by During the olt rather un- cantering ex- will depend ill often lose 3 than usual, equire light 18 care, must derstood now lan was for- for improve- laged at this will not bear inly of such 1 ; still these rly handling, nost without d themselves ; a sore, they J their backs, be something n much more have seldom ore they are jred colts in sir being first bitted ; but it is a bad plan, and the longer time their mouths are allowed to become accustomed to the bit, the better they ulti- mately turn out. It will be many months before they are to be depended on under any circumstances ; and when they get an in- crease of oats they are almost sure to attempt some kind of horse- play ; but the boys easily contend against this, which is very difterent from the determined efforts of a colt to dislodge his rider. "When all these points are thoroughly accomplished in the breaking, it may be said to be terminated, and the training of the two-year-old commences ; the only things yet to be learned are the use of the spur and whip, which should never be em- ployed except as a punishment for faults committed ; that is to say, they should never be used as an e very-day practice ; for, though every colt should be accustomed to them, it is very sel- dom that the opportunity is wanting of administering them for some fault or other. EDITORIAL NOTES. ' (P. 295.) Once in and twice out has been the rule with the most Bucceseful American breeders, in which we fully concur. ' (P, 295.) This is not agreeable with our experience and observation. The late Dr. E. Warfleld bred many of his thorough mares to a Jack, they were sub- sequently bred to thoroughbreds and produced winners. ^ (P. 295.) The most successful racers have been in-bred, but not incestuously bred. As we remarked on a former page, all our thoroughbreds are in-bred. The English, for convenience, have their strains in England, the Byerly Turk, the Darley Arabian, and the Godolphin Arabian. The Herod blood represents the Byerly Turk branch, English Eclipse the Darley Arabian, and Matchem the Godolphin Arabian. Now if any one will investigate the pedigree of any of our stallions they will find them in-bred to all three of these great strains, Herod, Eclipse, and Matchem. * (P. 310.) It seems that the best trotters we have had and now have, those capable of compassing a distance of ground, have a cross of thoroughbred blood. Imp. Messenger and his descendants are the most popular cioss, and Messenger was a race horse and not noted particularly for trotting action. We firmly believe that the thoroughbred sire crossed upon trotting mares will pro- duce a higher type of trotters than the trotting stallion crossed on the thorough* bred or trotting mare. Vol. II.— ^3 •^u THB HOBSa. BREAKING THE HORSE. LEARNING TO RIDE, PRACTICAL HORSEMANSHIP. 1 NOW come to a very important part of my subject, to one very different from any on which I have yet touched, but at the same time, one on which I hold most definite opinions, and one, touch- ing which it appears to me that there is vast room for improve- ment, in the Ufiited States generally ; I mean the breaking of horses, and the riding of men. In the first place, I must say it, whether it give pleasure to my readers or the reverse, one rarely if ever sees a properly and thoroughly-broke horse, in America, and still more rarely a thorough horseman. In the United States, generally, a horse is called thoroughly- broke, when he will allow himself to be mounted and ridden, or put in harness and driven, without rearing, plunging, kicking, throwing his rider over his head, or smashing the vehicle to pieces with his heels— when he will neither run away, nor stand still, in spite of his owner's will ; when, in a word, he is sub- dued, gentle, and free from vice, and when he has acquired a certain facility of going along, at the regular paces of wallc, trot, canter or gallop, with some indistinct sort of reference to the wishes of the person who directs him— but without the slightest reference to his mode of carrying himself, whether with iiis nose in the air, or thrust obstinately out before him, in a straight Ime with his body, like a run-away pig ; or, naturally and gracefully in its place, with the neck curved, the line of the face perpen- dicular to the surface of the earth, the chin in toward the chest. A WELL-BROKB HOR8B. 355 HANSHIP. t, to one very at the same id one, toiich- for improve- Q breaking of e pleasure to I properly and aore rarely a id tlioroughly- i and ridden, ging, kicking, the vehicle to rt^ay, nor stand rd, he is tjub- las acquired a ! of wallc, trot, erence to the t the slightest [• with iiis nose a straifrht line md grticefully face porpen- ard the chest. the mouth playing gently with tlio hits, and yielding to every touch of the bridle — witliout tlie slightest reference to his tnude of going, wlu'tlier with his fore-quartei"H boring and weigh- ing on the hand, and with his hind-quarters, lobbing along just as it may happen, all abroad, under no control of the rider, and in no concert or connection with the action or movements of the foreliHiid and fore legs; or with his whoh' frame in })eifoct equi- librium and concert, whether going united or disunited, his fore- hand all grace, lightness and ease, as if on springs, his hind- quarters well under liim, and the centre of the whole animal's and rider's gravity, exactly where it ought to be, in the centre of the liorse's body, and under the centre of the horseman's seat — which if true and truly kept, in all possible circumstances and con- ditions of position and motion on the part of the animul, whether going at a regular pace, rearing, plunging, kicking, leaping or even falling, should be such that tlie man's trunk shall always be perpendicular to the natural or true plane of the horizon — without, lastly, the slightest reference to the manner of his e iitering upon, changing or regulating his paces, whether at his own will or at the pleasure of the rider ; whether merely from skwer to faster, because urged to increased speed, or at a given and recognized signal, at once from the walL to the tret, or to the canter, as the horseman directs by hand and heel ; whether stopping at once, and again proceeding, at a touch of tlie bridle, or merely hauled down by main force from a gallop to a trot, and from a trot to a walk. Now, a horse is, in reality, just as far from being broke, when he will go along peaceably in his own natural way, and at his own natural paces, under the guidance of his own untaught will, either carrying his head just as his own obstinate humor or physi- cal malformation predisposes him to do, or having it dragged into its place, and kept there, by that disgrace to horsemanship — a martingale — as a rider is far from being a horseman, when he can just contrive to stick upon a horse, by the aid of hanging on by means of his hands and of his bridle by a dead pull on the beast's mouth, which, in order to steady himself in his seat, he renders as hard, as insensible, and as unyielding to the bit, as if it were a piece of sole-leather or a stone wall. A horse may be an admirable match-trotter, or a first-rate 856 TnG noB8E. racc-linrce, ntid still 1)0 utterly >iiibroken ami subject to every one of the detects I have named above— because a nuvtch trotter, or a race-horse, is only reciuired t<» be able to acconiplisli one thing; that in togothe^Moati'Ktpaceand win, witimnt any regard to the stylo, apiJearance, inanm-r or form of doing it ; and, in fact, to put him into trained i)aces might probably detract from his speed, in- stead of increasing it— but what is tlu- consequence— that, because nuitch-trotters ami race-horses are allowed to batli-r away, in any awkward, ungainly, pnllciy-hauley, nose-out, head-down, boring way of going, they nuiy naturally adopt, they are, ninety-nine times out of a hundred, the most disagreeable, bone-setting, shoulder-dislocating, indocile, unmanageable brutes to ride, that can be inuigiiunl. Where one is not so — as was the case with the race-mare Fashion, arul as is always the case with a few thorough- breds, ami still fewer trotters— it is because the aninuil is naturally perfectly well made, well balanced and harmonious in all its parts; and noci'ssarily, as a consequence of that physical perfection of form, perfect, also, in all its motions. When to this, a perfect temper is added, you have — if it fall into the right hands, of a person who will not by his own ignorance, inflexibility of hand, or unsteadiness of seat, teach it bad habits — one of those phe- nomena, a perfect, natural horse, which requires no breaking. Just in the same way, a man may be an admirable jockey, and perfection as a match-trotter, and yet may be, especially in the case of the latter, no horseman in the large sense of the ^oi'd — for, though each can ride one sort of hoi'se to perfection, on any other kind of horse he will be nowhere ; and, in the case of the match-trotter, the very qualities which give him success, to wit, his method of keeping a dead pull through the rings of a martingale, in one steady direction and at nearly one force, upon a mouth which has been instructed to require such an un- relaxed pull, to pull against it, and to lean upon it, and his ne- cessarily acquired habit of steadying his seat, thrown far back in his saddle, by the arm's-length pull at the mouth, and by the firm, bearing pressure on his stirrups, will unfit him for any other seat, or any other mode of riding. Put the b38t jockey rider, used to make the best of hard-pidl- ing, boring race-horses, leaning on the hand and tearing away at the top of their speed, on the back of a perfectly-made bunter. ttSMMMH MM IlOHSEMANSniP. 8S7 every one nitter, or a iiu! thing; ;urtl to tlio iict, to put I speed, in- it, hocuuse •ay, iu any vn, boring lincty-nine no-setting, ) ride, iliat ic with the thorougli- 8 naturally II its parts ; rfection of , a perfect lands, of a ty of hand, those phe- ireaking. jle jockey, especially snse of the perfection, in the case im success, le rings of one force, uch an un- md his ne- far back in and by the im for any f hard-p\dl- ing away at ide hunter, with a mouth like velvet, used to moderate and measure his stride by the slightest impression of his rider's hand, used to take nil", when leaping, at a given place, or a given signal of bit and heel, and tell him to ride aenws a stiff line of country, with large fences and ugly water diteheR, alongside of a pack of fox-iiounds — and see whore he will he. Take iriram Woodruff, and set him on the back of such a managed horse as Franeoni's " iJayard," with no snatlhi and martingale, by which to steady himself in his seat, but a bit and bridoon, the least touch of which will set the horse on end, i)iv- oting on his fore or hind feet, and leaping six feet into the air on all four legs, with diversifications of sobresaults, croupades, bilotades, and caprioles, executed with three or four motions of the hind legs while in the air, and reqinre of him, in addition, to go through the lance or broad-sword exercise, with his right arm, and see how long it will be before he be himself out of his saddle, and, in all likelihood, before he have the horse on his back at top of him. The breaking of the horse and the riding of the man de- pend each on the other. The thoroughly broken horse must have no will, know no pleasure, but that of his rider, communicated to him by hand and heel, by the influence of the bit on his mouth, and the pressure of the limb on his flank ; not as compulsory forces, which enforce obedience by sheer strength, but as intimations of a wish which he nmst obey, for fear of consequences, which are found to follow disobedience. His mouth must be obedient to every touch, regulating the position of the head, the flexure of the neck, the elevation or depression of the forehand, the consecutive movement of the hind quarters — directing the choice, the change, and the rate, or speed, of all his paces, and causing him to advance, retrograde, move sideways, halt sud- denly, or gradually, measure his strides, lengthening or short- ening them as required, wheel round, rise at his leap, and, above all, carry his nose gracefully and easily, and get his quar- ter well imder him, according to the impressions conveyed to hnn by the hands, the limbs, and the will of his rider. The thoroughly broken horse, if he be also ordinarily well made, requires only the simplest trappings ; a plain, well-fitting saddle, with two girths, neither breast plate nor crupper, a simple 3r)8 TItE HOKBR. bridle, either a plain bit and bridoon, or enafflo and curb, the latter not severe or cruel in form — or if ho be unconunonly lij^lif-nioiitlicd, a pelliaiii bit, an it in cullfd, {;oimiHtiii>; of a Hiiaf- flt' jdiiitL'd ni(nitli-j)ii'co, without a port, but witli branchew and a curl) chain — in Bonio cancH, a siinpUs HiuifHe. In no poHHiblo case, for a roadster, hunter, hackney, or driv- h\^ horse, in a nuirtingalo allowable. It either indicates that the horse is not half, or half a quarter, broken — or that, in con- sequence of some radical and incurable fault of conformation or defect of temper, he is utterly unfit to be either ridden or driven at all. Of all inventions ever made, except for a racer or a match-trotter, or, in some extremely exceptional cases, a hunter, for instance, whose other extraordinary qualities may compen- sate for and overbalance his want of mouth and malformation of head and nock — as sjjeed and endurance do, in the racer and trotter — none is so certain, as the running martingale, to destroy the mouth of the horse and the hand of the rider, rendering both, alike and equally, hard, heavy, inflexible, unyielding, and void of sensation. No horse, which cannot be ridden or driven without the aid of a running martingale, is fit to be ridden or driven, at all, as a matter of pleasure or safety. No man, boy, or woman, who has learned to ride by aid of a martingale and snaiilo, can ever, by any possibility, have either a liand or a seat. He or she will sit and keep their place by the hand and stirrup, instead of by the unassisted forces of the body, and, depending on the hand, as on a main stay by which to secure the position in the saddle, will lose all use of it in guiding or controlling the animal. The first thing, therefore, that a rider must learn, is to sit a horse perfectly, without the aid of either stirrup or rein ; to be able to move arms, legs, hands, head, trunk, and thighs, all separately, and without moving tlie other parts, or affecting their position. Then, his hand, being utterly unaffected and undisturbed by any necessary movements or changes of position of his own limbs or body, or by any irregular, violent, or awkward pertur- bations and efforts of the horse, will be perfectly free to in- struct, guide, control, assist, relieve, support, and, in case of ne- cessity, compel the animal. BMiiiMKSi iiid curl), the uncoiiunonly iii^ of a Hiiaf- runclu'H und a krioy, or driv- ndlcutuH that ■ that, in con- tiformation or den or driven a racer or a 1808, n hunter, nuiy corupon- il format ion of lie racer and lie, to destroy ndering both, ing, and void ithout the aid ifen, at all, as ide by aid of libility, have their place by forces of the tay by which 1 use of it in rn, is to sit a r rein ; to be id thighs, all .tfecting their idisturbed by » of his own :ward pertur- ly free to in- n case of ne- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) '^ Photographic Sciences Corporation ^ J'i ^ >/ f/j ^ :\ \ O^ '4^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques i ij "S ' 1 ,i'' 1 A LIGHT HAND. 359 The great beauty of a hand is perfect lightness of touch, to be constantly feeling and playing with the sensitive mouth of the animal— which will soon come to delight in the influence of such a hand, and will manifest its pleasure by tossing, rolling over and over, and champing the bits— to be continually guiding and directing every motion, and regulating every step, by the slightest possible exertion of force, which will accomplish its end ; to be for ever giving and taking; never continuing to use force a moment after resistance has ceased, or obedience been yielded ; never submitting to be overpowered, for a moment. It is not easy for any one, it is not possible for every one, to obtain quite a perfect hand — for some men are deficient in sensibility of touch, in tact, and in temper, all of which are needed to produce absolute perfection ; but every one is capa- ble of obtaining a steady seat and a passable hand, suflScient for all ordinary purposes; though not, perhaps, such as would enable him to go across a country, like Squire Osbaldeston, or to make a managed horse dance to music, like Sir Sidney Meadows or Franconi. The annexed cuts, one and two, show the first and general position of the hand, and the method of holding the bridle rein; the first, when riding with a single snaffle bit, the reins then being held between the middle and tho fourth, and outside of the little fingers, the ends being brought out, and secured from slipping between the forefinger and the ball of the thumb. Tlie second, when a bit and bridoon are used, with two reins ; in which case the snaf- fle reins are held, as here shown, between the middle and fourth, and the fourth and little fingers; the curb reins between the fore and middle fingers, and outside of the lit- tle fino;er ; the ends to be held and secured as before. and bridoon are used, with two 360 THE HOB8B. N This method of holding the reins, when riding with one hand, is invariable ; tliough the position of the hands must ne- cessarily be varied, at times, and the nails may be held perpen- dicularly and inward, with the forefinger and thumb upward., instead of horizontally or downward. In galloping hard, or riding across country, especially with a hard-pulling horse, or one that throws his head from side to side, it is often well to separate the reins, between the two hands ; which may be held nearer or farther apart, as the cir- cumstances of the case may require. In such cases, one snaffle and one curb rein is held in each hand ; the former between the middle and fourth fingers, the latter outside the little fingers, the ends brought out upward and held securely, as before, between the thumb and forefinger. This gives the greatest attainable power of control, and allows the exercise of the greatest force on the horse, by an upward and backward pull, assisted by thrusting the weight of the body into the stirrups, by straightening the knee and keeping the heel well down. In teaching a horse, it is often well to divide the reins otherwise ; holding the snaffle reins in the left hand, as directed above, and the curb reins in the right, the former to regulate pace and control the animal, the latter to give the proper posi- tion and flexures to the head and neck, and to direct the mo- tions of the limbs. The methods of doing this will be given hereafter. The fol- lowing admirable directions, as to the mode of acquiring dif- ferent styles of seats and the uses and modifications of such, are from an excellent English horse-writer, known by the nom de j)lnme of " Harry Hieover." I have slightly modified them, in some places, where they contain local allusions, which are not readily understood or appreciated by the American reader; and, that done, I fully endorse and rocommend them to mj- friends, as the most practical and comprehensive in the world. It will be seen, that they relate, in some considerable degree, to English across-country riding ; but this is no disadvantage to the American reader, or pupil, even if he never intend to leap a fence, or ride to a hound, as long as he live. Since the hunting seat is undeniably the best, the strongest THE HUNTING SEAT. 361 ng with one nds must ne- held perpen- iimb upward^ ipecially with from side to veeii the two rt, as the cir- held in each th fingers, the it out upward ind forefinger, ol, and allows by an upward ht of the body 1 keeping the ide the reins id, as directed ler to regulate s proper posi- iirect the mo- fter. The fol- acquiring dif- ns of such, are by the nom de dified them, in which are not jrican reader; i them to m}' 3 in the world, ible degree, to isadvantage to intend to leap , the strongest and the firmest, for all general purposes ; and, when once adopted, can easily be modified by lowering the heel, lengthen- ing the stirrup-leather a trifle, and riding with the ball of the foot instead of the hollow of the instep, on the bar, into the park, parade, or half military seat. The hunting band is necessarily the best of all hands ; be- cause the safety both of horse and ridor depends on it, in every position ; and on it — more even than on the scat— except in so far as the seat aflects or does not affect the hand — does the ex- cellence and success of the rider consist. Lastly, because a man, who can ride a horse right well across- country, must necessarily be able to sit and to handle any horse, any wliere — because he must be absolutely master of himself and of his horse, in all conceivable cases and positions ; and be- cause he will readily be able to adopt any other style of riding, and adapt himself to it, whenever it may be required ; because he must, to be a good across-country rider, have fully estab- lished a perfect seat on his horse's back independent of his hand, and a perfect hand on his horse's mouth, independent of his seat. The accompanying sketch shows, as nearly as possi- ble, a perfect seat for across-country riding, or for general road- riding of a trotting horse, when the horse and rider are both at rest. For parade or show-riding the stirrup should be a little longer, the ball of the foot, at the insertion of the great toe, should rest 869 THE H0R8B. on tlie inner side of the bar of the stirrup iron, and the ball of the little toe on the outer side of it. The toe should be perpen- dicularly under the point of the knee ; the lieel two inches be- low the toe ; the heel a little out, and the whole leg, from tiie shank bone to the crotch, as tight to the saddle, as if glned to it ; the buttocks well opened out and down upon the saddle ; the small of the back well in ; the chest expanded, the head erect, the shouldere squared at right angles to the line of the horse's backbone ; the elbows close to the sides, the hands well down, and within an inch or two of the saddlebow. It is a good plan, to learn to mount a horee from the front, standing abreast with hie fore legs, and with your back to the direction in which he is looking, as a vicious horse cannot kick you in this position. You divide your reins properly in your left hand, grasping with it a lock of hair on the withers, put your left foot into the stirrup exactly as it hangs, square to the saddle, throw your right hand to the cantle of the saddle, and, with a slight spring and rotatory motion of the right leg, you are in the saddle in an instant. I will here add, that tlie measure of the stirrup leather for a well-made man, for an ordinary seat, is the length of his arm, with the fingers extended. If these be set against the bar in the saddle, to which the stirrup leather is secured, the bar of the stirrup iron itself, when the leather is drawn to full stretch, should come well up to the armpit, and touch the body. For riding across country, or on hard trotting horses, an inch or two shorter will be advisable. A good test for the length, in such cases, is to be able to place the width of your hand, held edgeways, between your fork and the pommel of your saddle, when standing up in the stirrups. The best general rules for riding are these ; keep your head and toes up ; your hands and heels down ; your knees and el- bows in ; your thighs and buttocks close to the saddle. 1 now proceed to give from Harry Hieover's practical horsemanship, the modes by which a man may become a horse- man. " There are three modes, by any of which a man may become a hori,eman. The one is, by putting him on an ass, pony, gallo- TEACHING TO RIDE, 3G3 tnd tbe ball of mid be perpen- two inches be- 3 leg, from tiie , as if gl'ied to )n the saddle ; iided, the head the line of the the hands well »w. Tom the front, iir back to the rse cannot kick •operly in your he withers, put i, square to the he saddle, and, right leg, you ap leather for a :th of his arm, inst the bar in •ed, the bar of L to full stretch, le body, horses, an inch ir the length, in our hand, held 3f your saddle, ceep your head ' knees and el- addle. (ver's practical )ecome a horse- an may become iss, pony, gallo- way, and horse, each in succession, as a boy, and allowing him to tumble about till he learns to stick on, in which case practice will teach him, certainly, a iirm seat and probably good hands ; but, farther than this, by being accustomed, first to sutTer from, and afterward to be quite aware of, the various tricks and habits of horses, he will learn to be aware of the symptoms preluding their being brougl't into practice, and eventually become com- petent to counteract them. The next mode is, supposing a pei-son to have arrived at manhood without crossing a horse, to place him under a proper instructor, who will certainly save him many a fall, by putting him on a docile animal, and, step by step, leading the pupil on to horsemanship. It may be objected, that the last mode would only teach the riding of a trained and quiet horse, and I allow tlie full force of this objection ; and if the pupil expressed a wish of simply being taught to ride well enough to navigate his steed up and down a park ride, as oome friend probably learns to manage a boat on a canal, the one will probably never be able to encoun- ter a severe day's work on the back of a difficult horse, or the other a chopping sea in any part of the Bay of Biscay. Bat if the learner of equestrianism says — " Make me a horseman," seat and hands can certainly be learned in a riding-school quite as well as in any situation I know of — no bad foundation — if obtained — to becoming a horseman ; and there are means and appli&iices in a riding-school to teach something more than the mere walking, trotting, and cantering a kind of automaton horse round its enclosure. As a boy, I believe I may say, I could ride any thing, and cared little for pace, fence, or country, or whether I could hold my horse or not ; but when I was put on the back of a very highly-dressed manege horse, and was directed what to do with rein and heel, and when the voice and whip of the professor in- duced the horee to rear, put his two fore feet on the wall, and in that position using hind and fore feet perpetrate a kind of side- long canter half way down the school, I was not a little aston- ished, and found sitting leaps over hurdles, gates, and fences much more easy than balancing my body in this rampant crab- like pace, if pace it could be called. 864 THE nORSE. I fiirtlier fomul, to my unbouTulcd Burprise, that this hor3e would vault on tli',; itlano surface of the kcIiooI, wlieii tele- gi-aiilied to do ao, as hh^h as a hunter at u gate, and this several times in suceossion. Although as obedient to my riding-school tutor as a c a- ccited young cul), who had rode fox-hunting, could he expected to be, there was one point at issue between us; he advocated the lengthened stirrup leather, straight knee, and erect military seat. I p(;rtiuaciously adhered to the reverse, fully impressed with the conviction that, having shown the way at fences to some men in the hunting-field, and exhibited with success on a race-course, 1 must know what riding was, better than all the school tutors in existence. This would, no doubt, have been fatal to my ])rogre8S, had I been learning military horseman- ship ; but as I was oidy placed there to learn hands, I conde- scended to be instructed in this particular; and both in that im- portant qualification, and, indeed, in firmness »>f seat, I profited much by my school practice. We now come to the third, and by far the best and most certain mode of n'aking a horseman. This is by putting a hoy on horseback ^ i^vy early in life, and also putting him under the care of a good horseman, as his instructor. Practice will cer- tainly, in a general way, teach a man of ordinary ability a good and ready mode of doing that, which he has constant occasion to do ; but it does not always follow, that by practice he learns the very best mode of doing it ; he does it sufKciently well per- haps to answer his purpose ; but if there is a better and quicker mode of effecting his object, he loses time by not adopting it, and does not effect his object nearly so well. If a boy or man has sense and temper enough to be taught, he will save an in- finity of time, expense, and probably danger or hurt by learn- ing ; if not, in the case of riding, let him get a severe fall or two, or some equal inconvenience ; he will then learn that there are others, who know a little move than himself, and he will possibly afterward be willing to take instruction from any com- petent hand. Tlie result jf these three different modes of learning horee- manship 'vould probably be this — ^The one who learns to ride by sheer practice, will become very probably a good bold praq- IHK NATURAL RIOKR. 305 t this hor3e wlion tele- tliis scverul >r as a c n- he cxpocted 3 udvoodted eci/ inilitivry Y irnprcsse"! \t fl!l>fOS to ;iiccoss on a liun a)l the , have been r horsciiian- [Is, 1 cnnde- \ in that im- Lt, I profited it and most itting a hoy m under the ice will cer- lility a good mt occasion ice he learns ly well per- and quicker adopting it, boy or man save an in- rt by learn- jvere fall or rn that there and he will om any com- rning horse- larns to ride >d bold praq- tical rider, but not a scientific one. Tie one taught chiefly by precept may, nay will, become more or less scientific ; but will never get the perfectly easy and natural seat or look of him, who began riding at an early age. lie will never look as if a seat on horseback and on a chair was e(iiially natural to him ; he will always appear artificial. I do not mean to say he n>ay not be made to ride well, possibly boldly; and, if well mounted, may in two or three seasons get to ride across country, as well as many, jjcrhaps most, out. Still he will never yhake ofi' the certain arti,^tical manner of doing things, inseparable from being first taught, jind then practising, iiutead of the learning and practising having gone hand in hand from boyhood or child- hood. I havn, porhapp, used the term artistically, so as to imply that doing a thing Urns, that is, like an artist, is eynonyinof.s to descriiymg it as being done well. I grant it is so ; but the dif- ferent modes of doing it is great ; for instance, brilliant jockeya and race-riders take hold of their reins .liti^-tically ; so do good hunting-riders and steeplechasers; that is, they do so like men accustomed to do it ; but they do not do so like a dragoon. He is taught but one way of taking up his bridle rein and one way of mounting his horse ; the others take their reins np in a seem- ingly careless way, but still in a proper one. The troop horse is trained to stand still till mounted, and has a hint to move on ; 60 the same precise way of mounting can always be practised. But the race or steeplechase horses, and hunters, are not thus obedient ; some fi om vice will bite or kick, if they get a chance, or perhaps plunge before or after mounting, or sometimes both ; others from excitement fidget about and away from the rider, before he gets his foot in the stirrup ; others, the moment he has done so ; therefore such men are obliged to get on their horses ^.„ ^i-cumstan 3s permit, — that is, as they can. Still they do so Iffce artists, it would not quite have done for a man to stand twisting his fingers in a high-spirited, half-vicious thorough- bred's mane, and then get on, or attempt to get on him in ac- cordance with prescribed riding-school practice ; he would have been half eaten before he get into his saddle. The echool-taught pupil gets up, we will say, quite properly, and rides the same ; that is, if all the hoi-ses he has to mount mm 866 TUB U0B8K. or ride are in lml)it and temper about on a par witli the one on whicli lie took IcHsons. But BiippOHo tlicy are (juito (liflerent ; what bt'co'ni>8 of the one j)re8crilje to increase or I on the same little variation propelled, re- the same sig- nals of heel and hand, lightly or f(»rcihly used, as the disposition of the horse may re({iiire, make them all do the Humu thing. But the case is far ditferuiit with the jockey, steephichase rider, Iniuting num, or even with him who only rides on the road, if he rides a variety of horses, for ho will tiiid that he will want, not only good hands for a horse, but hands that are good for all sorts of horses. A man may say that ho merely wishes to rido for amuse- ment, the show of the thing, air, or exercise, or tlie whole com- bined, and that he will only ride hoi*«es broken to suit his hand and seat, or, at all events, that go so as to suit them. Well and good ; and, if circumstances and his piirt'uits enable him to do this, he is quite right in doing it; but ho must not flatter him- self that he is a horsenuin ; a neat and pretty rider he nuiy bo ; and if so, and he only intends riding in the park, taking a canter to nuike a morning call along a tine level road, or escort- ing ladies at a watering-pla ;, he is — on a well-broken easy- going horse — horseman enough for such purposes ; but if he means " to ride among horsemen, or in the Held," ho will find that, in old coaching phrase, " he wants another hand " — moan- ing that two — such as he owns — are not enough to be of much use to him in such circumstances and situations. I have stated that most cavalry soldiers have more or less good hands ; but I must unequivocally assort, and this without reservation, that all good horsemen have. By such I do not mean more bold, hard-riding, straight-going men across country ; many such have hands only tit to wield a sledge hammer, and the consequence is they cannot rido a delicate-mouthed, gentle- manly-going horse, and those they do ride soon get mouths as dead as the anvil the sledge strikes upon ; such men are only " bruising riders," but not good horsemen. What sort of a jockey would a man be with such hands ? He could only ride a boring brute like Eclipse ; or, if he merely possessed the hand of the dragoon, he could only ride a horse whose mouth was amenable to even the signal the bit gives. How would he manage if, in the first race, he had to ride a resolute horse that gets his head nearly down to his knees, with no more mouth than a towed barge, about as easy to bring up, pulling a man's arms from their sockets ? He must not be let loose, or he would MwwMiMiMnii 368 TUI') llolWK. run liiiiiHfir to a ntntid. If hi-lil too forcibly, lie shakeH \m liond, ami lliniHtri it out ; iiiid tiio roitm Ikmii^' kiiottod, ]h>. woulil pull ii rider out of Iiih middUt uidoHH ho " giivi« uiui took witli iiiiii.'' lit) is thou put ou 11 luiruui-Hciirutn colt, that wildly tlirws up hia head, Htariii<,' at the nky, and, l)Ut for tlu^ iiiartiiii^ak', making toothpickri of liiH I'ai'H — an iKH-oiniriodatioii tlit\ jockey avni(ln hy tt cloHi) 8cat, the head and Ixidy a little held hack, and tho hands Htoadying his horHe'8 head iM hewt ho can. He iw thou put on a nervoiiH, meek, timid two-yearn' old tilly, with a month of silk ; a rude touch of her mouth would throw her ail ahroad, a Hudden shifting,' of tho neat woidd alarm her, and heeini; or fooling' a hand raised would frif^htoii her to death. How during Huch a day would the ono-way 8cho(ding succeed? what, in such three cases, l)ocomos of the ihumbs turned up, the hands so numy inches ahovo tho pommel, and tho elhow fixed to a given point of tho side ? In either of such cases nil school rule as to riding a well-broken horse, would avail but very little indeed; in either case tho best of hands would be reqnisito ; but in each they must be brought into ellect in a dili'oront nuinncr. The Btoeplochase ridor reqtiires hands nearly as good as tliose of tho jockey. I say tiearli/, for these reasons ; he does not ride such young, half-broken atumals as tho former does. Stooplochase horses are not usually colts; they are practised before they are engaged in stakes ; consequently, more or less, know their business. They know what the bit means ; and if disposed to resist its influence, it does not arise from sheer igno- rance, so, by force or humoring, they are to be made amenable to it, without getting alarmed ; and, farther, it is not calculated upon, in a general way, that a steeplechase will come to so nice a point at the finish as a flat race ; so if a horse is allowed to, or will, take a little liberty with himself in the run, it is not 60 fatal as where it is presumed, or perhaps known, that, bar- ring unforeseen contingencies, there will not be more than a length difference between horses at the winning-post. Most determined, headstrong, and sometimes desperate horses the steeplechase rider has to contend with ; but it is not the wild, riotous conduct of the colt, as often proceeding from fright as from vice. We may sometimes bully an experienced horse out of his tricks, or display of stubbornness ; but it would not do with WITHOUT STIRRUPS. :)t;9 luilicH his liond, It! WOllIll pull 11 with him,'' Jit! thrws up liin iii^iik', iiiakiii;^ •ki-y iivnidrt hy \nu'.k, unil the II. lie in then , with u Jiiouth her all iihntad, atid hi-einif or lliiw (liiriiij^ ' wliut, ill such hands so many ft given point 0 i\H to riding lo indeed ; in 3 ; but in each liner. y as good as 180118 ; lie does 1 former does, are practised more or less, means ; and if •m sheer igno- ade amenable lot calculated I come to so rse is allowed run, it is not wn, that, bar- more than a g-post. Most te horses the not the wild, rom fright as ced horse out d not do with a cnlt prior to starting for a heavy stake; ho must bo controlled, but, ill a gftu-ral way, soothed, even if wo know ho deHerves a sound thraHliiiig. Alany stei'iilechase horses, as well as old rnco-horses, are extremely nerv(»U8 before starting and even when going, but it arinort from a diflV'iHJiit cause to that which makes a two-year- old HO ; the former are nervous bccauHc they know not what tlu>y are going about, (-aressing and wpeaking kindly and encourag- ingly to such will usually reassure and pacify them ; they will not be alarmed by a man moving bin bund, or judiciously shift- ing his seat, because they have found a rider do so without its j)niducing inconvenience to them. But a timid two-year-old is alarmed at every thing ; a crowd alarms her, so does seeing a dozen horses by her side and around her. She has no detinito cause of nervousness, like the old race-horse ; but she appre- hends danger, and feels excitement from any thing new to her. If she only feared the jockey, his caresses would probably soon pacify her ; but she would be equally alarmed if a crow flew nearer to her than usual. No school education as to horseman- ship would, therefore, put a man on his guard against such va- garies ; and riding a well-trained horse goes a very little way towards making a man a good general horseman in difficult sit- uations, or with difficult horses to manage. Of boys it would be useless to say much, and still more bo to say much to thexn, for even in riding they would never vol- untarily take instruction if they were permitted to ride without it ; so, in cases where it is determined to make them horsemen, they must firet be told, then obliged to do that which will en- able them to become such, and be left to And out the effect of what they are made to do, by after experience. Tliere are, however, two modes of teaching boys to sit firm on their horse ; and as each has a different effect, I will men- tion them ; the one teaches the boy to trust to his hold on hia saddle by his knees and thighs ; this is learnt by his riding for some time without stirrups. In personal illustration of this, I rode the whole of one season and the first half of another with fox-hounds without stirrups, and that, part of my second season, on full-sized horses. The advantage of this mode of instniction is, that it teaches, or in fact obliges, a boy to balance his body, Vol. n.— 34 370 THE H0E8B. and sit Still and firm in his seat, without any other aid than na- ture has sup'.lied him with ; and it obliges him to keep his legs motionle.B;>or should he hold so loosely by his knees and thi<-hs as to allow his legs to move or swing backward and ov- ward on his saddle skirts, they would allow him to roll over the one or other side of his horse, and thus "the hope ot tlie family " might be tnrned topsy-turvy. The next advantage derived from this plan is, it finally, in riding terms gives a lad hands : for so soon as lie has learned a firm seat, and got in lull confidence in this respect, his hands are as free and as much at liberty as if standing on the ground. For however firm he may want to hold his horse by the head, to assist, support, or check him, he wants no hold by his own hands, as a snpport or stay uO his own body. In fact, by thus learaing to ride in t:.e first in- Btance, a seat at once neat and firm is .Tiost easily to be acquired without the vile halit of "holding on by the bridle; which, if once contracted, it would be diflicult, il' not impossible, to break a man of ; and until that was done, he never could be half a horseman. t -^ If during the last page or two, or for the next, 1 write or q-ote personally, I do so to show that I write from personal practice, and not from mere observation or theory. I in no shape mean to infer that continuing to ride without stirrups ^>ould be advantageous ; on the contrary, I am clea:. it would have quite an opposite eti'ect It is very well, and I hold i. as very advantageous, as a groundwork for beginners ; but the artist will require other aids to perfect his work. One of these is the stirrup. Had I gone on riding two or three more seasons without them, the consequence would probably have been, that from practice I should have become so accustomed to ride with- out them, that I should have been unable to avail myself ot their assistance; and though, on amy thing that is not as slip- pery as a saddle, a man might sit an unruly horse quite as firm- ly without stirrups as with, still without their aid he could not ride for ordinary purposes to the best advantage, or make the most of his horse without their uF,e. An Arab may ride bare-backed, sit firmly, and do something like twenty miles within the hour, on the desert. But he does ii in a wild way; and his horse, ridden by an English jockey, fiiir'l ll KAOINtt BOYS. 3/1 ler aid than na- to keep his legs his knees and ;kward and Ibr- ini to roll over I "the hope of next advantage ■nis, gives a lad , and got in full and as much at ver tirni he may ipport, or check ipport or stay to le in t!ic first in- ly to be acquired bridle ; " which, ot impossible, to never could be next, I write or te from personal ory. y to ride without iry, I am clea. it Y well, and I hold eginnei's ; but the k. One of these iree more seasons y have been, that imed to ride with- ) avail myself of at is not as slip- jrse quite as firm- aid he could not age, or make the and do something 3rt. Bnt he does 1 English jockey, would, I am quite certain, do it to greater advantage, that is, witli less fatigue. His doing it, r en as he is, is nothing to tlie purpose ; it is whether he ctuild not, by being more scien- tifically managed and ridden, do it either in shorter time, or in the same time with more ease. Racing, or rather exercise riding, boys learn to ride in the directly oppr site way. Tliey are never allowed to ride even walking exercise without a saddle and stirrups ; tliey therefore learn to aepend on them ; in short, with their comparatively lit- tle strength, they could not ride the horses they do if th^y did not. For in very free-going horses and hard pullers, by keep- ing their feet forward, the stirrup acts with them as the toe- board does to a coachman with four horses in liand ; and if we were to select from tlie best riding boys in all the stables at NeAvmarket, we should not find one who could, like the dealer's lad, jump on a horse and ride him bare-backed; at all events, he could not ride him well ; and indeed I should say the chances are he would tumble ofi['. So much for learning in one way only. NoA/ ihe dealer's lad could not ride a race-horse as well as the other, but he could ride him ; and when merely following a head lad, probably he would ride him tolerably well, for he is accustomed to ride both with and without stirrups, and is indif- ferent as to which ; and in point of lightness of hand, and mak- uig the most of a good or bad mouth, the dealer's lad beats the Newmarket one hollow. Tliis arises from his being taught and expected to make every horse he gets on go as well, and carry himself as handsomely, as he can be made to do ; and as he rides a dozen or more different horses every day, he acquires a hand for every horse. The Newmarket boy rides the same horse for months together, and probably not more than half a dozen different ones in as many years. This is therefore by no means the best place to learn hands, though a very good one to teach him to hold strong pullers, which he can do better than the dealer's lad, though he may be physically far stronger. The remark might very naturally be made, that if, as I have said, a jockey requires good hands for all sorts of horses, and that riding exercise is not the best school to give such, it must be a bad one to select a jockey from, which I have stated is mostly done. « 372 THE HOBBE. I will endeavor to reconcile this seeming incongruity. Ex- ercise boys have not, generally speaking, fine hands ; thorefore, to a certain degree, it is objectionable as a school for r jockey. But to set against this, in the first place, there is no other In which the other requisites in a jockey can be taught, or of course learnt ; for training stables are the only places where a boy can become acquainted with the habits, temper, style of going, and powers of speed of the race-horse ; and, what is of quite as much consequence as all these put together, it is the best school to enable him to become a good judge of pace Without these acquirements no man can ever be a jockey. Having thus far answered the supposed remark, I hope it •will be borne in mind, that, although I said jockeys have most- ly been exercise boys, I in no way even inferred that exercise boys mostly become jockeys ; for t)ie fact is, thei is not one in a dozen of these boys that has either head or hands for the pur- pose ; and it is because a boy is found to possess these in greater perfection than other boys in the same stables that gets him first put upon a race-horse as a jockey. I have now laid before my readers what I conceive to be the different efi'ects of learning to ride without and with stir- rups, and of learning to ride with them only ; and, whether man or boy, I should most strongly recommend the beginner to adopt the former course, satisfied as I am that for general riding it will give both the best seat and best hands. There are three descriptions of persons among men gi'own, who, if they mean to make riding a pursuit, would benefit by some advice on the subject ; the one is the man who has never ridden at all ; the other one wh ■ has ridden a little, and, find- ing himself in difficulty, is satisfied he knows nothing about it ; the third is one who has ridden a good deal, and that very bad- ly. Tlie first would be altogether the readiest pupil, and very likely would, in the shortest time, become a horseman. He will do as he is advised, because he has no inducement to do, nor does he know how to do, otherwise ; and, beginning right, the right way will become his most natural habit, and of course the one the easiest to him; and having in commencing no habits at all, he will have no bad ones to correct. The next would give a little more trouble ; for as he has )ngruity. Ex- ids ; thorefore, 1 for r jockey, is no other In taught, or of )lace3 where a rnper, style of ,nd, what is of jther, it is the judge of pace a jockey, lark, I hope it eys have most- l that exercise is not one in ids for the pur- ;hese in greater it gets him first jonceive to be and with stir- and, whether ;he beginner to general riding ig men gi'own, uld benefit by who has never ittle, and, find- ithing about it ; that very bad- )upil, and very Norseman. He icement to do, eginning right, ;, and of course ommencing no for as he has UNLEAENINO AOQIHRED HABITS. 373 ridden, whether it may have been twenty times or two hundred, he must have ridden somehow ; and though a horseman might very properly consider this as riding nohow, it will depend upon the turn of the rider's mind how far it may or may not be found difiicult to convince him it was so. But, as I have said, he must have ridden somehow, and that with him has become a habit ; therefore, supposing he is diffident enough to be convinced his habits have been bad ones, he has to forget, or at least to fore- go, those while he learns proper ones, the former probably being by far the most difficult task. With the third, who has ridden a great deal, but ridden bad- ly, I wish to have nothing to do ; as it is probable, if not cer- tain, that he will be as opinionated as ignorant, and as unable as unwilling to appreciate or to profit by instruction. At all everts, no credit is to be gained by such a pupil and it is all but hopeless to attempt to make him into a horseman."— Sa/v^- Hieover's Pract. Horsemmiship. In addition to this, I have only to state, that nothing which I have said above, in regard to the use of the martingale, is to be held as applying either to the riding of race horses, or to the riding or driving of fast-trotting horses. To both these ends the use of the martingale is indispensa- ble ; as, above all things, the heads of the animals must be kept steady and perfectly inflexible at a hard unyielding pull. The absence of a good mouth, or of a pleasant and handsome style of going is necessary to neither animal, and, in the trotter, the former would be a vice rather than a virtue, as the possession of a fine, delicate, light hand would be a disqualification, rather than an advantage, to the rider or driver of such animals. For race-riders, or riders and drivers of match-trottei-s, I give no directions — the professionals are better able to instruct me, than I to teach them; and amateurs in the former art can hardly ever expect to succeed ; while, in the latter branch of equestrian- ism, they can only acquire proficiency by practice and study on the course and on the road, and then, only at the disadvantage and penalty of unfitting themselves for any other sort of riding or driving, of acquiring a bad and ungainly seat, and of losing, if they ever possessed it, the lightness, sensibility, and delicacy of touch, which constitute what is known to horsemen as a good hand. I 374 THE HORSE. Tlie modes of breaking the young horse, as usually practised, and as detailed, in some snudl degree, al)ove, under tlie head of breeding, consist of letting him stand on the colts' or breaking bits ; lunging him, in a circle, by means of a long leading rein, with the aid of a four-horse whip ; by which he is taught his paces, and also how to turn and traverse — and, lastly, by put- ting him into the hand of a rough rider, who, according as he did (ir did not possess — what very few such iron do possess — tine seat, tine hands, great judgment, great tact, unruffled temper, unwearied patience, indomitable perseverance, and perfect skill — in other Avords, talent approaching to genius, — turned out the horse perfectly well broke, which is the rare exception — • half finished, which is the rule — or a vicious, unmanageable brute, which is but too otlen the consequence of the breaker being, what he too often is, a sot, an ass, and a brute. The following an Stonehei.ge's additional rules for breaking a hunter. They are admirable, and easy to be understood and followed. For every saddle horse they are, moreover, well wortli following; since not only is every saddle horse much better and more valuable for being a clever and easy leaper, but even, if his rider never desire to leap him, he ac- cpiires a more perfect use of his limbs, and a greater degree of docility, by having been put through the forms of these in- structions. BREAKING AND TEACHING. " Breaking is of course required for those colts, which are specially intended for hunters, but except in teaching to jump, it does not differ from the plan adopted in ordinary colt-breaking. Tlie same mouthing-bit which I have recommended above will also suit this kind of horse, but its reins should be buckled considerably tighter, and the horse " put upon it " for an hour a day until he bends himself well. He may also have what is called a " dumb jockey" buckled on his roller, with springs con- tained within its arms, by which the bit is allowed to give and take with the horse's action ; but still always having a tendency to bend the neck, and bring the horse back on his haunches. Unless tliis is effectually done, and the colt is made to use his hind legs by bringing them well under him, thus carrying a H0K8E BREAKING. 375 illy practised^ sr the head of ' or breaking leading rein, is taught his astly, by put- jording as he • possess — tine lifted temper, and perfect i, — turned out J exception — mmanageable ■ the breaker ite. 3 for breaking iderstood and oreover, well 3 horse much jr and easy ) him, he ac- iter degree of 5 of these in- Its, which are ng to jump, it colt-breaking, ed above will d be buckled for an hour a have what is ■h springs con- J to give and ng a tendency his haunches, ide to use his as carrying a good part of his weight, he is never safe across ridgc-and-furrow, nor in awkward places, where he is obliged to creep up close to the take-off, and gather all his legs together beibre nuiking the spring. AVhen the horse is being lunged ho nuiy be made to jump a bar, but not too often over a nmvablo one, or ho finds out its tendency to fall, and becomes careless. A fixed bar should be used as soon as the horse understands this part of his business, and he will not hurt himself if he falls over it a few times ; because there is nothing to hold his legs, and, conse- quently, he either falls forward or backward without injury. The bar should have side guides, so that in lunging, the horse must go over, or come back and face the whip of the groom following him ; and when they are properly managed, the leading-rein slides over them without catching, and the bar may be taken by the horse in each round of the lunge. Some horses seem to en- joy the fim when they are clever and good-tempered, but not more than six or eight jumps should be given in any one lesson, for fear of disgusting the pulpil. When he is perfect over the bar with the lunging-rein, and after he is broken to all his paces, ho may be ridden over it, or any small fences, in cool blood ; but he never ought to be put at this kind of work till he is per- fect at all his other lessons. For if he does not know what the spur, or the pull of the rein means, it is useless to confuse him by trying to make him do what ho does not understand. No large jumps should ever be tried without hounds, and when the colt is willing to go when he is wanted over small places, it is better to defer the conclusion of his jumping education until he can be taken out with hounds, as I have explained under the section treating of the teaching of the steeplechaser. With hounds the colt is inclined to follow the field of horses, and will soon attempt any place his breaker puts him at ; though otlten making mistakes, and sometimes carrying the fence before him into tlie next field. Good hands, a firm seat, and an unruffled temper soon make him know his powers ; and in a few times he learns to avoid mishaps, and keeps his legs without diflSculty. The break- ing-bit already described is the best to ride young horses with, as it is large, and allows of considerable pressure without injury ; 60 that if the breaker is obliged to keep the head straight with some force, the colt is not thereby dragged into the *mce, as would be 376 THE HORSE. V the case with a small and sharp snaffle or with a curh. Tlie same caution must now be exercised as before with regard to a too long continuance of the early lessons. The young hunter, as well as the Bteeplechaser, should be gradually accustomed to his j^ractice, consequently should never have too much at first ; as there is some danger of disgusting him by needless repetition. And here, a few months since, I should have closed my ob- servations on riding and breaking, for the manege 's neither at- tainable in this country, except by the aid of circus comj)anie8, nor necessary to a rider; thougli, if superadded to the other qualifications of a good field and road horeeman, it is a grace to an equestrian, and a vast excellence to every horse, except a race- horse, a hunter, and x trotter, for two of which maneyG rales would be utterly useless, if not positively detrimental, and for the third — the hunter — only in a very preliminary and moderate degree desirable, so far, I mean, as teaching him how to get hia hind legs under him. Lately, however, I have come acioss Mr. Baucher's system of horsemanship, both as teaching men Ikw to ride themselves, and how to break horses, by an invariable, uniform and infalli- ble method. I have no hesitation, although I took it up with considerable doubt and distrust, in adopting it as all that it pre- tends to be ; and in most' urgently recommending all my read- ers, who desire to become perfect riders themselves, and to have their horses perfectly broken, to adopt all his preliminary stepa, both of learning to ride and of breaking, as the best ever intro- duced, and as. infallibly certain, if practised with patience and temper, to produce the result desired. So satisfied am I :>f the excellence of this metQod, and of the advantage of introducing it, that not being, by any means, satis- fied with the rendering of the original in the only American edition, I have prepared a version of such parts of the work as I judge essential to the learning how to make accomplished riders, and thoroughly-broken horses for general purposes — not carry- ing the sys'em to its extreme length, which would make all horses perfect manige, or circus, or cavalry horses, and all riders, riding-masters, circus-masters, or dragoons — which is leither necessary nor desirable — and this I now submit to my readers. I farther advise any one, who desires to have a per- BAUOHER 8 8Y8TKM. 37r iirb. Tlie same •d to a too long •, as well as the ) his practice; 3t ; as there is ion. closed my ob- 6 's neither at- 118 coni})anie8, to tlie other t is a grace to except a race- maniiyc rules ental, and for and moderate how to get his ichor's system le themselves, rm and infalli- ok it up with all that it pre- all my read- 38, and to have iminary steps, est ever intro- patience and lod, and of the Y means, satia- mly American ' the work as I plished riders, js — not carry- )uld make all orses, and all HIS — which is submit to my to have a per- fect riding horse, to devote a few hours daily to training his animal, which will soon be in itself a source of pleasure and amusement, apart froi.i the ultimate advantage to be obtained — and farther, whether he be a mere tyro and learner, or an old horsenum, to go through a series of Baucher's lessons for the acquisition of 'flexibility of the person and of a perfect seat on horseback, being well assured that, in the former case, it will aftbrd the spec liest and easiest means of becoming a rider, and that, in the latter, it will give such increased facility, and mas- tery of the animal, as well as of the horseman's own powers, as will largely and amply remunerate him for the pains and the time devoted to the experiment. " By following my new instructions," says Mr. Baucher on his forty-tirst page, " relating to the seat of a man on horseback, we shall soon arrive at certsiin results ; they are as easy to un- derstand as to demonstrate. Two sentences are sufficient to ex- plain all to the rider, and enable him to obtain a good seat by the simple advice of the instructor. The rider must expand his chest as much as possible, so that every part of his frame rests upon that next below it, for the purpose of increasing the adhesion of his buttocks to the saddle. The arms should fall easily by the sides. The thigha and legs should, by their own strength, find as many points of contact as possible with the saddle and the horse's sides ; the feet will naturally follow the motion of the legs. By these few lines it is shown how simple a thing it is to acquire a seat. The means which I recommend for readily obtaining a good seat remove all the difficulties which the plan pursued by our predecessors presented. The pupil of old understood nothing of the long catechism, recited in a loud voice by the instructor, from the first word to the last ; consequently he could not exe- cute it. Here one word rejilaces all those sentences ; but we previously go through a course of practisings for the rendering of his frame flexible and supple. This course will make the rider expert, and consequently intelligent. One month will not elapse before the most stupid and awkward recruit will find himself able to sit a horse properly, without the aid of wor'^s of command. The horse is to be led upon the ground, saddled and bri- r 378 THK HORSE. died. Tlie instructor must take two pupils; of whom ono shall hold the hnrso l)y the bridle, iiiid ohserve what the other doen, in order that lie may bo able to pe'iorni in his tnrn. The pupil shall approach tlie horse's hhonlder and prei)are to mount; for this purpose he is to lay hold of, suid separate with the '-ifrht hand, a handful of ini>:io, and pass it into the left haiul, taking' hold as nes'- t'he roots as jxtssible, without twisting them ; he musb then j^rasp the pommel of the saddle with the right hand, tiie four fingers inside, and the thumb outside; when sjirlngiiig lightly, he will raise himself upon his wrists. As soon as his middle reaches the height of the horse's withers, he must pass the right leg over the croup, without touching it, and place himself lightly in the saddle. This vaulting will tend to render the mati active ; ami he should be made to rcj)eat it eigh*; or ten times, before letting him tinally seat himself. The repetition of this exercise will soon teach him the use of his arms and ioms. Far the stationary exorcise on horseback, an old, quiet horse should be chosen in preference ; the reins to be knotted, and to hang on his neck. The pupil being on horseback, tlie instructor will examine liis natural position, in order to exercise more frequently those parts M-hich have a tendency eithei to weakness or rigidity. The lesson will commence with the chest. He must expand the chest, and hold himself in this position for some time, without regard to the stiffness which it will occasion at first. It is by the exertion of force that the pupil will obtain suppleness and flexibility, and not by the relaxation of his natu- ral powers so much atid so uselessly recommended. Motions at first produced only by great effort, will noL require so much ex- ertion after a while, for the pupil will then have gained skill, and skill, in this case, is but the result of exertions properly combined and employed. What is first done by the exertion of a force equal to twenty pounds is afterward eftected by an effort gradually diminishing. When it is reduced to the last, we may say tiiat skill is attained. If we commence by a smaller efibrt, we cannot attain this result. The 'exions of the loins must be repeated, allowing the pupil often to let himself down into his natural relaxed position, in order to accustom liim to throw his chest quickly into a good position. The body being FLEXURES OF THB LIMB8. 379 lom one shall e other does, n. Tlie pupil ) mount; for ith the n^rht 0 left hand, wistuif^ tliom ; vith the right iitsido ; when istH. As soon hers, he must ^ it, and place end to render it eigh'; or teii 'lie repetition his arms and an old, quiet 0 be knotted, orsehaek, the [er to exercise aicy eithei to vith the chest. is position for ; will occasion pil will obtain m of his natu- [. Motions at e 80 much ex- gained ekill, :ions properly y the exertion ffected by an d to the last, ;e by a smaller s of the loins himself down ustom him to e body being well placed, the instructor will proceed — firat, to the lesson of the arm, which consists in moving it in every direction, first bent, and afterward extended ; secondly, that of the head ; which must be turned right and left without allowing its motion to att'ect the position of the shoulders. When the lessons of the chest, arms, and head, have pro- duced a satisfactory result, which they ought to do at the end of four days — eighr lessons — we pass to the pupil's legs. lie must remove one of his thighs as far as possible from the flaps of the san to attend to his seat only, and,not to at- tempt to guide tho horse. He will only recpiire the pupil at first, to ride straight before him ; and secondly, to ride in every direction, with one rein of the snaffle in each hand. At tho end of four days — eight lessons — ho may be directed to take the curb rein in Ids left hand. Tlie right hand, which is now free, must be held alongside of tho left, that he nuiy early get tho habit of sitting square — with his shoulders abreast and ecpial. The horeo should be made to trot as much to the right as to the loft. When the seat is firmly settled at all tho different paces, the instructor will explain simply, tho connection between the wrists and tho legs, as well as their separate eft'ects. Here the rider will commence the horse's education, by following the progression I shall proceed to explain. The pupil will bo made to understand the reasons for each practice, and will bo so led to perceive how intimately the educa. a of the man is connected with that of the horse. 1. Flexions of the loins for producing expansion of the cheat, four days, eight lessons. 2. Displacements and replacements of the thighs, and flex- ions of the legs, four days, eight lessons. 3. General exercises of all the parts in succession, eight days, sixteen lessons. 4. Displacements of the trnnk, exercises of the knees and arms with weights in the han-'ls, fifteen days, thirty lessons. 5. Position of the rider, the horse being at a walk, a trot, and a gallop, in order to fashion and confirm the seat at these different paces, fifteen days, thirty lessons. 6. Education of the horse by the rider, seventy-five days, and one hundred and fifty lessons. 389 TtlK IIORHR, Till' whole hv'wjx ac('()\n\)\\ri]u'(\ in a liiindrcd nnd twenty* one (lavH, two IimnlnMl and furfy-two U'HHniiH. or TIIK VOIU.'KH OK TMl': nousK. Tlio hornc, like nil or^iuiizcd l)cin;,'n, \h |MiHH0rt8cd of a woij^lit nnd nf forces peculiar to liiinself. The wei;,dit inlierent to tlie material of wliieli (he animal iw composed, renders the masH in- ert, and tendrt to Hx it to tlio fjjronnd. The forces, on the con- trary, l»y the power they jj;ive him of movinj; thiH wei<,dit, of di- vidiiifjf it, of traiiHferrin^ it from one of his parts to another, conimimicate movement to his wiiote hein^, determine his efinilihriiim, »poud, and direction. To make this truth more evident, let us su|>po80 a liorso in repose. Ilin body will be in perfect eqiiililiriiim, if each of its members supports exacilv that part of tile weight v liich falls upon it in this position. W ho wish to move forward at a walk, ho must transfer that part of the weif,dit, restinj,' on (iie leg which ho movo8 first, to tliose tlmt will reimiin fixed to the ground. Tt will be the same thing in other paees, the truiiHfer acting from one diagomd to the other in the trot, from the front to tlwi rear, and reciprocuUy, in tne gal! .». We innst not then confound tho weight with the forces; tlic latter producing the results, the former being sub- ordiiuite to them. It is by removing the weight from one ex- tremity to the other that the forces put the limbs in motion, or keep them stationary. Tho slowness or (piickness of the trnns- fers fixes tho different paces, whi^'h are orrcct or falfie, even or uneven, according as these; transfers are executed with cor- rectness or irregidarity. It 18 understood that u is motive power is subdivisible ad infirntum, since it is dispersed through aU the muscles of the Rnimal. When the latter, himself, determines tho use of them, tho forces are instinctive ; I shall call them transmitted, when they emanate from the rider. In tho first case, the man is gov- erned by his horse, and is merely the plaything of Ids caprices ; in the second, on tho contrary, he makes the horse a dqpile in- strument, submissive to all the impulses of his will. The horse, then, from the moment he is mounted, should act only by trans- mitted forces. Tlie invariable application of tins principle con- stitutes the true art of the horseman. .■'tf'i<'My^.J3K4i.'iH.M.WWPWHlB!Wia'^ffJ«llW rUIN( ll'I.Krt OK IIUI AKINO. JJHJ nnd twpnty« \ of a woi;,'hf lorciit to tlio tlic masH iii- , on tlm t'oti- vi'i<,'lit, of (li- ^ to iniotlicr, L'ttTiniiie liirt i truth iiioro ly will 1)0 in * cxiKMly tlmt I'lion. If ho tlmt part of IrHt, to those c Riinic tiling foiiiil to the •iprociilly, in ifflit with tho r bciiif;; Riih- rom 0110 ex- n motion, or of tlic trnns- r i'ixho, even 0(1 with cor- )divisi})le ad iiseles of the use of them, nittod, when 3 man is gov- his caprices ; a doipile in- The horse, nly by trans- irinciple con- Bnt Rnch n rcHult ciiiinot he uttaiiu-d itiHtantaneonHly. Tlio yoiinjx horne, in frfcdoiii, haviii-j heen acciiHtciiied to n'^,'iilato his own nioviMiiciitH, will not, at tirst, hul.iiiit without dillicnlly and rt'Hi«tunc« to the »tniii>;c iiitliu-nce that ntiw aHKiimert to tako the entire control of them. A Htrii^rgh' n\m\ necenmirily oiihiio between the horne and liiw riilei, who will b(> overeoiiie nnlewn lie iti p(weHHed of energy, patience, and, above all, knowledge nccoHHary to the carrying of IiIh point. TIh' forccK of the ani- mal being the element upon which the rider must principally work, tirnt for coiKpiering, and in the end for directing iheiii, il JH necewHary he nhould apply hiniHelf to these before any thing elao. IIo inuHt ntudy what they are, whence they Hpring, the parts wliero they unite to etfect the ntroiigest resiHtance by imirt- cuhir contraction, and th(! ])hysical cuuhch, which occ^awion thew contractions. When this is discovered, he will proceed with his pupil by means in accordance with his uature, and his pro- gress will be proportionably rapid. Unfortunately, we search in vain, in ancient or modern authors on horsemanship, I will not say for rational jirinciples, Imt even for any data in connecti(m with tho forces of the horse. All speak very prettily about resistances, oj^positions, lightness, and equilibrium ; but none of them have understood how to tell us what causes these resistances, how we can combat them, de- stroy them, and produce that lightness and equilibrium, which they 80 earnestly recommend. It is this hiatus which has caused so much doubt and obscurity about the principles of horsemanship; it is this that has kept the art so long sta- tionary ; it is this hiatus, which, in a word, I conceive myself able to fill. And first, I lay down the principle that all tho resistances of young horses spring, in tho first place, from a physical cause, and that this cause only becomes a moral one, through tho awk- wardness, ignorance, or brutality of the rider. In fact, besides the natural stiffness peculiar to all horses, each of them has his own peculiar ci.T.formation, the greater or less perfection of which produces the degree of harmony which exists between the forces and the weight. Tlio want of this harmony occasions the ungracefulness of their paces, the difficulty of their move- mente, in a word, all the obstacles to a good education. In a 384 THE HORSE. MALCONFOEMATION. 385 state of freedom, however bad may be the structure of a horse, instinct is sufficient to enable him to make such a use of his forces as to maintain liis equilibrium ; but there are movements which it is impossible that he should make, until a preparatory- exercise shall have put him in the way of supplying the (defects of his organization by a better combined use of his motive power. A horse puts himself in motion only by means of as- suming a given position ; if his forces be such as to oppose themselves to this position, they must first be annulled, before they can be placed by the only ones which can effect it. Now, I ask, if before ovei-coming these first obstacles, the rider adds to them the weight of his own body, and his unreason- able demands, must not the animal experience still greater diffi- cidty in executing certain movements? The efforts we make to compel him to submission, being contrary to his nature, must we not necessarily find insurmountable opposition? He will naturally resist, and with so much the more advantage, because his forces being ill-distributed, will suflice to paralyze the efforts of his rider. The resistance then emanates, in this case, from a physical cause. This beconi6s a moral one from the moment when — the struggle going on by the same processes — the horse begins of his own accord to concert means for resisting the tor- ture imposed on him, and when we undertake to force into ope- ration parts, whiclr have noi previously been rendered supple, and liable to flexion. When things come to this state, they can only from bad become worse. The rider, soon disgusted at the impotence of his own efforts, will throw upon the horse the responsibility of his own ignorance ; he will brand as a jade an animal possess- ing perhaps the most brilliant resources, and of which, with more discernment and tact, he could have made a hackney as docile in character, as graceful and agreeable in his paces. I have often remarked that horses considered indomitable^ are those which develope the most energy and vigor, when we know how to remedy those physical defects, which prevent their mak- ing use of them. As to those which, in spite of their bad for- mation, are by a similar system made to show a semblance of obedience, we need thank nothing but the softness of their natures. If they can be made to submit to the simplest exer cise, it is only on condition that we do not demand any thing more of them ; for they would soon find energy to resist any farther attempts. The rider can make them go along at differ- ent paces, to be sure ; but how disconnected, how stiff, how ungraceful in their movements, and how ridiculous such steeds make their unfortunate riders look, as they toss them about at will, instead of being guided by them ? Tliis state of things is natural and necessary, unless we first remove the cause of it ; the improper distribution of their forces, and the rigidity caused hj a had conformation. But it may be objected, allowing that these difficulties are caused by the formation of the horse, how is it possible to remedy them ? You do not surely pretend to change the structure of the animal, and reform the work of nature ? Undoubtedly not ; but while I confess that it is impossible to give more breadth to a narrow chest, to lengthen a short neck, to lower a high croup, to shorten and fill out long, weak, narrow loins, I do not the less insist that, if I prevent the different muscular contractions re- sulting from these physical defects, if I supple the muscles, if I make myself master of the forces so as to use them at will, it will be easy for me to conquor these resistances, to give more action to the weak parts, and to subdue the excess of those which are too vigorous, and thus to make up for the deficiencies of nature. Such results, I do not hesitate to say, were and still are im- possible under the old methods. But if the science of those, who follow the old beaten track, find so constant an obstacle in the great number of horses of defective formation, there are, un- fortunately, some horses who, by the perfection of their organi- zation, and the consequent facility of their education, contribute greatly to perpetuate the impotent routines that have been so unfavorable to the progress of horeemanship. A well consti- tuted horse is one, all the parts of which being regularly harmo- nized, induce the perfect equilibrium of the whole. It would be as difficult for such a subject to depart from this natural equili- brium, and take up an improper position, for the purpose of resistance, as it is at first painful to the badly formed horse to be brought into that just distribution of forces, without which no regularity of movement can be hoped. Vol. XL— 26 CMMSa SOM wSi 386 THE HORSE. THE FLEXING8 OF THE HORSE. 387 " It is then only in the education of these last that the real difficulties of horsemanship consist. With the others the break- ing ought to be, so to say, instantaneous ; since, all the springs being in their places, there is nothing to bo done but to put them in motion ; this result is always obtained by my method. Yet the old principles demand two or three years to reach this point. And when, by feeling his way without any certainty of success, the horseman, gifted with tact and experience, succeeds at last in accustoming the horse to obey the impressions communicated to him, the rider imagines that he has surmounted great difficul- ties, and attributes to his skill a state so near to that of nature, that correct principles would have obtained it in a few days. Then as the animal continues to display in all his movements the grace and lightness natural to his beautiful formation, the rider does not scruple to take all the merit to himself; thus showing himself as presumptuous in this case as he was unjust when he made the badly formed horse responsible for the fail- ure of his attempts. If we once admit these truths ; — Tliat the education of tlie horse consists in the complete sub- jection of his powers ; That we can only make use of his powers at will, by annul- ling all resistances; And that these resistances have their source in the muscular contractions occasioned by physical defects ; The only thing necessary will be to seek out the parts in which these contractions arise, in order to endeavor to oppose and destroy them. Long and conscientious observations have shown me that, whatever be the faults of formation that prevent a just distribu- tion of forces in the horse, it is always in the neck that the most immediate effect is felt. There is no improper movement, no resistance, which is not preceded by the contraction of this part of the animal ; and as the jaw is intimately connected with the neck, the rigidity of the one is instantly communicated to the other. These two points are the fulcrum upon which the horse relies, in order to defy and overpower all the rider's efforts. We may easily conceive the immense obstacle they must present to the exertions of the latter, since the neck and head being the two principal levers by which we direct the animal, it is impos- sible to obtain any thing from him until we render ourselves mastei*s of these first and indispensable moans of action. Beliind tlie parts in which the forcon are most exerted by muscular con- tractions for resistance, are the loins and the croup. The contraction of these two opposite extremities are, mu- tually the one to the other, causes and effects, that is to say, the rigidity of the neck induces that of the haunches, and vice versa. We may combat the one by the other ; and so soon as we have succeeded in anuUing them, so soon as we have re-established the equilibrium and harmony which they prevented between the fore and hind parts, the education of the horse will be half finished. I proceed now to point out the means of arriving in- fallibly at this result. ' THE FLEXINGS OF THE HORSE. This work being an exposition of a method which is designed to subvert most of the old principles of horsemanship, it is under- stood that I now address men only who are already conversant with the equestrian art, and unite to an assuif^d seat a familiarity with the horse, sufficiently great to understand all that concerns his mechanism. I will not, then, revert to the elementary processes ; it is for the instructor to judge if his pupil possess a proper de- gree of solidity of seat, and is sufficiently a part of the horse ; for at the same time that a good seat produces this identification, it favors the easy and regular play of the rider's extremities. My present object is to treat principally of the education of the horse ; but this education is too intimately connected with that of the rider, that he should make any considerable progress in the one without a knowledge of the other. In explaining the processes which should produce perfection in the animal, I shall necessarily teach the horseman to apply them himself; he will only have to practise to-morrow what I teach him to-day. Never- theless, there is one thing that no precept can give ; that is, a fineness of touch, a delicacy of equestrian sensibility which be- longs only to certain privileged organizations, and without which, we seek in vain to pass certain limits. Having said this, we will return to our sxibject. 386 THE HOESE. " It is then only in the education of these last that the real difficulties of horsemanship consist. With the others the break- ing ought to be, so to say, instantaneous ; since, all the springs being in their places, there is nothing to bo done but to put them in motion ; this result is always obtained by my method. Yet the old principles demand two or three years to reach this point. And when, by feeling his way without any certainty of success, the horseman, gifted with tact and experience, succeeds at last in accustoming the horse to obey the impressions communicated to him, the rider imagines that he has surmounted great difficul- ties, and attributes to his skill a state so near to that of nature, that correct principles would have obtained it in a few days. Then as the animal continues to display in all his movements the grace and lightness natural to his beautiful formation, the rider does not scruple to take all the merit to liimself; thus showing himself as presumptuous in this case as he was unjust when he made the badly formed horse responsible for the fail- ure of his attempts. If we once admit these truths ; — Tliat the education of the horse consists iu the complete sub- jection of his powers ; That we can only make use of his powers at will, by annul- ling all resistances; And that these resistances have their source in the muscular contractions occasioned by physical defects ; The only thing necessary will be to seek out the parts in which these contractions arise, in order to endeavor to oppose and destroy them. Long and conscientious observations have shown me that, whatever be the faults of formation that prevent a just distribu- tion of forces in the horse, it is always in the neck that the most immediate effect is felt. There is no improper movement, no resistance, which is not preceded by the contraction of this part of the animal ; and as the jaw is intimately connected with the neck, the rigidity of the one is instantly communicated to the other. These two points are the fulcrum upon which the horse relies, in order to defy and overpower all the rider's efforts. We may easily conceive the immense obstacle they must present to the exertions of the latter, since the neck and head being the I THE FLEXING8 OF THE HORSE. 887 t that the real lers the break- all the springs jut to put them ethod. Yet the ach this point, nty of success, ceeds at last in inmunicated to great difficul- that of nature, in a few days. Iiis movements formation, the himself; thus ! he was unjust ble for the fail- I complete sub- will, by annul- in the muscular 5ut the parts in eavor to oppose shown me that, ; a just distribu- sk that the most r movement, no tion of this part lected with the unicated to the ivhich the horse er's efforts. We must present to head being the two principal levers by which we direct the animal, it is impos- sible to obtain any thing from him until we render ourselves mastei*8 of these first and indispensable moans of action. Behind the parts in which the forccn are most exerted by muscular con- tractions for resistance, are the loins and the croup. The contraction of these two opposite extremities are, mu- tually the one to the other, causes and effects, that is to say, the rigidity of the neck induces that of the haunches, aTid vice versa. We may combat the one by tlie other; and so soon as we have succeeded in an ailing them, so soon as we have re-established the equilibrium and harmony which they prevented between the fore and hind parts, the education of the horse will be half finished. I proceed now to point out the means of arriving in- fallibly at this result. ' THE FLEXINQS OF THE HORSE. Tills work being an exposition of a method which is designed to subvert most of the old principles of horsemanship, it is under- stood that I now address men only who are already conversant with the equestrian art, and unite to an assured seat a familiarity with the horse, sufficiently great to understand all that concerns his mechanism. I will not, then, revert to the elementary processes ; it is for the instructor to judge if his pupil possess a proper de- gree of solidity of seat, and is suflSciently a part of the horse ; for at the same time that a good seat produces this identification, it favors the easy and regular play of the rider's extremities. My present object is to treat principally of the education of the horse ; but this education is too intimately connected with that of the rider, that he should make any considerable progress in the one without a knowledge of the other. In explaining the processes which should produce perfection in the animal, I shall necessarily teach the horseman to apply them himself; he will only have to practise to-morrow what I teach him to-day. Never- theless, there is one thing that no precept can give ; that is, a fineness of touch, a delicacy of equestrian sensibility which be- longs only to certain privileged organizations, and without which, we seek in vain to pass certain limits. Having said this, we will return to our sxxbject. 388 THE HORSE. Wc now know the parts of tho horse in which the muscular contractions lie which produce the most resistance, and we feel the necessity of supplying them. Shall we then cease to attack, exercise, and conquer thera all at once ? No ; this would be lo fall back into the old error, the inefficiency of which v/e are convinced of. Tlie animal's nmscular power is infinitely supe- rior to ours ; his instinctive forces, moreover, being able to sus- tain themselves the one by the others, we must inevitably be conquered if we put lA\em all at once in motion. Since the contractions have their seat in separate parts, let us profit by this division to combat them separately, as a skilful general destroys, in detail, forces which, when combined, he would be unable to resist. For the rest, whatever the age, the disposition, and the structure of my pupil, my course of proceeding at the start will always be the same. The results will only be more or less prompt and easy, according to the degree of perfection in his nature, and the influenco of the hand to which he has been pre- viously subjected. Tho flexings, which will have no other object in the case of a well-made hv^e, than that of preparing his forces to yield to our influence, will re-establish calm and confi- dence in a horse that has been badly handled ; and in a defec- tive formation, will make those contractions disappear, which are the causes of resistance, and the only obstacles to the pro- ducing of a perfect equilibrium. The difficulties to be sur- mounted will be in proportion to this complication of obstacles, but will quickly disappear with a little pc^everanco on our part. In the progression we are about to pursue, in order to produce suppleness in all the different pai'ts of the animal, we shall naturally commence with the most important parts, that is to say, with the jaw and the neck. Tlae head and neck of the horse are at once the rudder and compass of the rider. By them he directs the animal ; by them, also, he can ascertain the regularity and precision of his mo^j- ments. The equilibrium of the whole body is perfect, and its lightness complete, wher the head and neck remain of them- selves easy, pliable, and gi'aceful. On the contrary, there can be no elegance, no ease of the whole, when these two parts are rigid. Preceding the body of the horse in all the impulses STIFFNESS OF NECK. 380 1 the muscular ;e, and we feel jease to attack, is would be lo ' which we are infinitely supe- iig able to 8U8- iuevitably be on. Since the 18 profit by this sneral destroys, d be unable to 3ition, and the ,t the start will 1 more or less Ri-fection in his 3 has been pre- no other object preparing his aim and confi- and in a defec- appear, which sles to the pro- ves to be sur- »n of obstacles, eranco on our sue, in order to the animal, we it parts, that is the rudder and mal ; by them, in of his mo^3- peifect, and its imain of them- •ary, there can > two parts are L the impulses communicated to it, they ought to give warning, and show by their attitude the positions to be taken, and the movements to bo executed. The rider has no power so long as they remain contracted and rebellious; he disposes of the animal at will, when once they becon.e flexible and easily managed. If the head and neck do not first commence the changes of direction, if in circular movements they are not inclined in a curved line, if in backing they do not bend back upon themselves, and if their lightness be not always in harmony with the different paces at which we wish to go, the horse will have it in his own power to execute or to refuse these movements, since he will remain master of the employmenc of his own forces. From the first moment I observed the powerful influence exercised by the stiffness of the neck on the whole mechanism of the horse, I attentively sought the means to remedy it. Ke- sistance to the hand acts always either sideways, upward or downward. I at first imagined that the neck was the sole source of these resistances, and applied myself to suppling the animal by flexions, repeated in every direction. Tlie result was immense ; but although, at the end of a certain time, the sup- plings of the neck rendered me perfectly master of the forces of the fore-parts of the horse, I still found a slight resistance for which I could not at first account. At last, I discovered that it proceeded from the jaw. The flexibility I had communicated to the neck even increased the effect of this stiffness of the muscles of the lower jaw, by perm..ting the horse in certain cases to escape the action of the bit. I then bethought me of the means of combating these resistances in this, their last stronghold, and from that moment it is there I have commenced my work of suppling with that part. The first exercise is performed on foot, and gives the means of making the horse come to the man, and rendering him steady to mount and generally docile. Before commencing the exercises of flexions, it is essential to give the horse a first lesson of subjection, and teach him to recognize the powev of man. The first act of submission, which might appear unimportant, will have the effect of speedily ren- dering him calm, of giving him confidence, and of preventing cap 390 THE HORflB. all thooc movements which might distract his attention, and mar the success of the commencement of his odiicivtion. Two. lessons, of half an hour each, will suffice to ohtain the preparatory obedience of every horse. Tlie pleasure we expe- rience in thus playing with him will naturally lead the rider to continue this exercise for a few moments each day, and make it both instructive to the horse and useful to himself. The mode of proceeding is as follows ;— The rider will approach the horse, witliout roughness or timidity, his whip under his arm ; he will speak to him without raising his voice too much, ajid will pat him on the face and neck ; then with the left iiand he will lay hold of the curb reins, jibout six or seven inches from the branches of the bit, keeping his wrist stiflF, so as to present as much force as possible when the horse resists. The whip will be held firmly in the right hand, the point towards the ground, then slowly raised as high as the horse's chest, in order to tap it at intervals of a second. The first natural movement of the horse will be to withdraw from the direction in which the pain comes, by backing away from it. The rider will follow this backward movement, without discontinuing the firm tension of the reins, or the little taps with the whip on the breast, applying them all the time with the same degree of intensity. The rider should be perfectly self-possessed, that there may be no indica- tion of anger or weak.iess in his motions or looks. Becoming tired of this constraint, the horse will soon seek to avoid the in- fliction by another movement, and by coming forward he will arrive at it; the rider will avail himself of this second instinctive movement to stop and caress the animal with his hand and voice. The repetition of this exercise will give the most sur- prising results, even in the first lesson. The horse, having dis- covered and understood the means by which he can avoid the pain, will not wait till tlie whip touches him, he will anticipate it by rushing forward at the least gesture. The rider will take advantage of this to efiect, by a downward force of the bridle hand, the depression of the neck, and the getting him in hand ; he will thus at an early period of his education dispose the horse to receive the exercises which are to follow. This training, besides being a great recreation, will serve to render the horse steady to mount, will greatly abridge the RMM FLEXIONS OF TUK JAW. 391 ttontion, and tion. to obtain the irc, we expo- thu ridcM" to and make it The mode cli the horse, irni ; lie will and will pat id he will lay lies from the to present as ^he whip will 8 the ground, >rder to tap it ement of the Inch the pain 11 follow this rni tension of jast, applying y. The rider be no indica- 3. Becoming avoid the in- rward he will nd instinctive Ills hand and the most sur- }, having dis- 3an avoid the vill anticipate ider will take ! of the bridle him in hand ; )08e the horse )n, will serve Y abridge the process of his education, and accelerate the development of his intelligence. Should the horse, by reason of his restless or wild nature, become very unruly, we should have recourse to thu cavesson, as a means of repressing his disorderly movemonts, and use it with little jerks. I would add, that it requires great prudence and discernment to use it \vith tact and moderation. The flexions of the jaw, as well as the two flexions of the neck which follow, are executed standing still, by the man on foot. The horse must bo brought out to the ground saddled and bridled, with the reins on his neck. The man will first see that the bit is properly placed in the hoise's mouth, and that the curb-chain is fastened so that he can introduce his flnger between the links and the horse's chin. Then looking the animal good- naturedly in the eyes, he will place himself before him near his head, holding his body straight and firm, planting his feet a little way apart in order to steady himself, and enable hira to struggle advantageously against all resistances. In order to execute the flexion to the right, the man should take hold of the right curb-rein with the right hand, at about six inches from the branch of the bit, and the left rein with the left hand, at only three inches from the left branch. He n .st then draw his right hand towards his body, pushing out his left hand so as to turn the bit in the horse's mouth. The force employed ought to be entirely determined by and proportioned to the resistance of the jaw and neck, and of these oidy, so as not to affect the rest of his body. If the horse back, to avoid the flexion, the opposition of the hands should still be continued. If the preceding exercise have been completely and carefully practiced, it will be easy by the aid of the whip to prevent this retrograde movement, which is a great obstacle to all kinds of flexions of the jaw and neck. Figure 1. So soon as the flexion is obtained, the left hand will let the left rein slip to the same length as the right, then drawing the two reins equally, will bring the head near to Jie breast, and hold it there oblique and perpendicular, until it sustains itself without assistance in this position. The horee, by champing the bit, will show that he is in hand as well as perfectly submissive. The man, to reward him, will cease drawing on the reins imme- »M 392 THE nORBB. diately, and after eomo seconds will allow him to resume his natural position. Figure 2. Ftgnrb 1. Tlie flexion of the jaw to the left is executed upon the same principles, and by inverse means ; the man being careful to change alternately from the one to the other. FignreS. The importance of these flexions of the jaw is easily un- derstood. The result of them is to prepare the horse to yield instantly to the lightest pressure of the bit, and to supple MHiMiMMMillIBi ifi&^^aii DEPRESSION OF NECK. 393 > resume his ;ed upon the being careful I is easily un- lorse to yield id to supple directly the muscles which join tho lu'iul to the neck. As the head ought to procedo and dotoniiiiic tho difforent attitudes of tho neck, it iw indispensable that tho latter part be always in subjection to the former, and respond to every iinpidse conveyed to it. This would bo only partially tho case, should we produce flexibility in the neck alone, which would then force the head to obey it, by drawing the latter along in its nioveincnts. Tho cause appeai-s, therefore, why I at first experienced resistance, in spite of the pliability of the neck, of which I could not ima- gine the cause. The followers of my method, to whom I have not yet had an opportunity of making known the new means just explained, will learn with pleasure that this process not only brings the flexibility of the neck to a greater degree of per- fection, but saves much time in finishing the suppling. Tlie exercise of the jaw, while fashioning the mouth and head, also induces flexibility of the neck, and accelerates the getting of the horse in hand. This exercise is the first of our attempts to accustom the forces of the horse to yield to those of the rider. It is necessary then to manage it very nicely, so as not to discourage him at first. To enter on the fiexions roughly would be to shock the animal's intelligence, who would not in that case have time to comprehend what is required of him. The opposition of the hands will be commenced gently but firmly, nor cease until perfect obedience is obtained ; except, indeed, the liorse back against a wall, or into a corner ; but it will diminish or increase its efl'ect in proportion to the resistance, in such a way as always to govern it, but not with too great violence. The horse which will not at first submit without difficulty, will in the end come to regard the man's hand as an irresistible regulator, and will accustom himself so completely to obey it, that we shall soon obtain, by a simple pressure of the rein, what at fii-st required the whole strength of our arms. At each renewal of the lateral flexions, some progress will be made in the obedience of the horse. As soon as his first re- sistances are a little diminished, we must pass to the perpen- dicular flexions or depression of the neck. The man will place himself as for the lateral flexions of the jaw; he will take hold of the reins of the snaffle with the ^^smM'bi.tm?-»m'M'i'^&}S''s>^^' ' 804 THE UOB8E. left linml, at six inches from tlio riiij^n, mul the curb-reina at about two iiu'lu'rt from tlio l)it, H(^ will oppoHo tlio two limids by c'tfi'ctiiij,' the (K-proBBion with tho left and tho proper posi- tion with thu right. Figure 8. As BOon as tlio horse's head shall fall of its own accord, and by its own weight, the man will instantly cease all kind of force, and allow the animal to resume his natm-al position. Hi MMM j'fftM I DEPHKSSION OF NECK. 305 I curb-reina at tlio two hiuids o proper poBi- 8 own accord, eabo all kind of I position. Tins oxorcisp, htiing often rcpuatod, will -ioon give anpplo- no8H to till' t'lovutiii^ imirtclos of tlio neck, wliidi play a promi- nent i)art in the reHiHl'iiices of the horse, and will farther facili- tate the dirwt HexioiiH and the trettiiij? the head in position, which hIiouUI follow the lateral HexionH. Tlio num can execute this, as well as the preceding exercise, by himself; yet it woidd be well to put a second person in the sadtUe, in order to accus- tom the horse to the exercise of the supplings with a rider. This rider ehoultl just hold the studHe-reiiis, without drawing on them, in his right hand, the luiils downward. Tlje ilexions of the jaw will have already comniuMicated suppleness to the upj)er part of the neck, but wo have obtuined it by means of a powerful and direct nu>tive power, and we must accustom the horse to yield to a less direct re;iulating force. Furthermore, it is desirable that the pliability and tlexi- bility, especially necessary in the upper part of the neck, should be transmitted throughout its whole extent, so as entirely to destroy its rigidity. The force from above downward, practised with the snaffle, acting only by the head-stall on the top of the head, often takes too long to make the horse lowe/ his head. In this case, we must cross the two snaffle reir.- \y taking the left rein in the right, and the right rein in the left hand, about six or seven inches from the horse's mouth, in such away as to cause a pretty strong pressure upon the chin. This force, like all the others, must be continued until the horse yields. The flexions being repeated with this more powerful agent, will put him in a con- dition to respond to the means previously indicated. K the horse responded to the first flexions represented by Figure 4, it would be unnecessary to make use of this one. (Figure 5). "We can act directly on the jaw so as to render it prompt in moving. In order to do this, we take the left curb-rein about six inches from the horse's mouth, and draw it straight towards the left shoulder ; at the same time we draw the left rein of the snaffle forward, in such a way that the wrists of the person holding the two reins shall be opposite and on a level with each other. The two opposed forces will soon cause a separation of the jaws, and end all resistance. The force ought always to be proportioned to that of the horse, whether in his resistance, or ia •^mmvi:^mm>.:i:imh2ihv!MMmMk, 896 TTTB noitra> Ilia oasy nubinirtHion. TIuib, by monjis of thiH direct forro, a fow h'HHoiiH will lit' Miinicifiit, to ^\\v II pliiiltility to tlui part in ([\wn- turn which could not huvo boon obtuincd by any other muuna. Figure 6. Figure n. For the lateral flexions of the neck, the man will place himself near the horse's shoulder, as for the flexions u? the jaw \ ho will take hold of the right snaflie-rein, which he will draw upon across the neck, in order to establish an intermediate point between the influence which is conveyed from himself and the resistance which the horse ofibrs ; he will hold up the left rein with the left hand about a foot from the bit. As soon as the horse endeavors to avoid the constant tension of the right rein by inclining his head to the right, he will let the left rein slip so as to oflFer no opposition to the flexion of the neck. When- sgiiMSi LATKBAL KLKXIONB OF TIIK NKCK. 397 ever tho Iioi-ho omloiivori* to oRcnpo tlio conHfriiiiif of tho rip;l»t roin, hy l»riiiKiii>; Iuh crouj) aiomid, lio will bo brought into j)luco ugjiin hy Hlight puUa on tho left rciti. Figure 6. "When the head and neck have entirely yielded to the right, the man will draw equally on both reins to place tho head perpendicularly. Suppleness and lightness will soon follow this position, and as soon as the horse evinces, by champing the bit, entire freedom from otitfness, the man will cease the tension of the reins, being careful that the head shall not avail itself of this moment of freedom to displace itself suddenly. In this case, it will be svfficient to restrain it by a slight support of the right rein. After having kept the horse in this position for some seconds, the instructor will make him resume his former posi- ^tmm^!^ 398 nORSE. «... , *, •r , tion by drawing on the left rein. It is moat important tliat the animal in all his movements should do nothing of his own accord. The flexion of the neck to the left is executed after the same principles, but by inverse means. The man can repeat with the curb, what he has previously done with the snafflo-reins; but the snatfle should always be employed first, its effect being less powerful and more direct. When the horse submits without resistance to the preced- ing exercises, it will prove that the suppling of the neck has already made a great step. The rider can, henceforward, con- tinue his work by operating with a less direct motive power, and without the animal's being impressed by the sight of him. He will place himself in the saddle, and commence by repeat- ing, with the full length of the reins, the lateral flexions, in which he has already exercised his horse. Of lateral flexions of the neck, the man being on horse- *back, in order to execute the flexion to the right, the rider will take one snaffle-rein in each hand, the left scarcely feeling the bit; the right, on the contrary, giving a moderate impression at first, but which will increase in proportion to the resistance of the horse, and in a way always to govern him. The animal, soon tired of a struggle which, being prolonged, only makes the pain proceeding from the bit more acute, will understand that the only way to avoid it is to incline the head in the direction from which the pressure is felt. As soon as th.e horse's head is brought round to the right, the left rein will form an opposition, to prevent the nose from passing beyond the perpendicular. Great care should be taken that the head remain always in this position, without which the flexion would be imperfect and the suppleness incomplete. Tlie movement being regularly accomplished, the horse will be made to resume his natural position by a slight tension of the left rein. The flexion to the left is executed in the same way, the rider employing alternately the snaffle and the curb-reins. I have already mentioned that it is of great importance to supple the upper part of the neck. After mounting, and having obtained the lateral flexions without resistance, the rider will LATERAL FLEXIONS ON HORSEBACK. 899 iportant tliat the ling of his own d after the same can repeat with ;he snaffle-reins; , its eflfect being 36 to the preced- Df the neck has nceforward, con- :t motive power, ;he sight of him. lence by repeat- :eral flexions, in being on horse- lit, the rider will rcely feeling the ite impression at tlie resistance of m. The animal, , only makes the understand that [ in the direction nnd to the right, t the nose from should be taken ithout which the ncomplete. Tlie 3 horse will be it tension of the le way, the rider reins. at importance to iting, and having e, the rider will often content himself with executing them half way, the head and upper part of the neck pivoting upon the lower part, which will serve as a base, or axis. Tliis exercise must be frequently repeated, even after the horse's education is coiii])lctod, in order to keep up the pliability of his neck, and facilitate the getting him in hand. It now remains for us, in order to complete the suppling of the head and neck, to combat the contractions which occasion the direct resistances, and prevent our getting the horse's head into a perpendicular position. For the direct flexions of the head and neck, or for bring- ing in the nose, the rider will first use the snaffle-reins, which he will hold together in the left hand, as he would the curb-reins. He will rest the outer edge of the right hand upon the reins in front of the left hand, in order to increase the power of the right hand ; after which he will gradually bear on the snaffle- bit. So soon as the horse yields, it will suffice to raise the right hand, in order to diminish the tension of the reins, and reward the animal. As the hand must only present a force proportion- ed to the resistance of the neck, it will only be necessary to hold the legs rather close to prevent backing. When the horse obeys the action of the snaffle, he will yield much more quickly to that of the curb, the eff'ect of which is so much more powerful. The curb, of course, needs more care in the use of it than the snaffle. The horse will have completely yielded to the action of the hand, when his head is carried in a position perfectly perpen- dicular to the ground ; from that time the contraction will cease, which the animal will show, as in every other case, by champ- inw his bit. Tlie ritiiM}Sigiw''iay.^'s?ia ui-wiii.e4i«wWiiiMi!.-' -' 409 THE HORBB. hand will be held eome distance above the saddle, and well out from the body ; the force it transmits to the horse ought to be continued until he yields by elevating his head. As horses of this kind have generally little action, we must take care to avoid letting the hand produce an effect from the front to the rear, in which case it would take away from the impulse necessary for movement. The pace, commencing with the walk, must be kept lip at the same rate, while the hand is producing an elevating ef- fect upon the neck. This precept is applicable to all the chan- ges of position that the hand makes in the head and neck ; but is paticularly essential in the case of a horec disposed to depress his neck. It should be remembered that the horse has two ways of responding to the pressure of the bit ; by one he yields, but withdraws himself from it at the same time by shrinking and coming back to his former position. This kind of yielding is only injurious to his education, for if the hand he held too forcibly, if it do not wait till the horse changes of his own accord the position of his head, the backward movement of his body would precede, and be accompanied by a shifting of the weight backward. In this case, the contraction of his neck remains all the while the same. The second kind of yielding, which contri- butes so greatly to the rapid and certain education of th3 horse, is effected by giving a half or three-quarter tension to the reins, sustaining the hand as forcibly as possible without bringing it near the body. In a short time the force of the hand, seconded by the continued pressure of the legs, will make the horse avoid this si gilt but constant pressure of the bit, but by means of his head and neck only. Then the rider will only make use of the force necessary to displace the head. It is by, this means that he will be able to place the horse's body on a level, and will obtain that equilibrium, the perfect talance of which has not hitherto been appreciated. Resuming what we have just explained in the case of a "horse who rests his chin on his breast, we repeat that it is by producing one force from the rear to the front with the legs, and another from below upward with the hand, that we are soon enabled to improve the position and movements of the horse. So that, whatever may be his disposition, it is by first causing msMs iiiiM t'liiiiii I Mff niii iririnfiirii OF THE MOUTH AND THE BIT. 403 , and well out 80 ought to be As horses of 3 care to avoid to the rear, in ) neccBsary for , must be kept n elevating ef- 0 all the chan- md neck ; but »sed to depress ,8 two ways of he yields, but shrinking and of yielding is d ho held too his own accord nt of his body ; of the weight ick remains all ;, which contri- )n of tha horse, )n to the reins, out bringing it liand, seconded the horse avoid ly means of his lake use of the J means that he and will obtain las not hitherto the case of a sat that it is by it with the legs, that we are soon ts of the horse, by first causing the depression of the neck, that we gain a masterly and peifect elevation of it. I will close this chapter by some reflections on the sup- posed difference of sensibility in horses' mouths, and the kind of bit which ought to be used. I have already treated this subject at length in my Com- prehensive Dictionary of Equitation ; but as, in this work, I make a complete exposition of my method, I think it necessary to repeat it in a few words. I cannot imagine how people have been able so long to at- tribute to the mere difr,,rence of formation of the bars, those contrary dispositions of horses which render them so -ght or so liard to the hand. How can we believe that, according as a horse has one or two lines of flesh, more or less, between the bit and the bone of the lower jaw, he should yield to the lightest impulse of the hand, or become unmanageable in spite of all the efforts of two vigorous arms ? Nevertheless, it is from remain- ing in this inconceivable error, that people have forged bits of so strange and various forms, real instruments of torture, the effect of which is to increase the diflSculties they sought to remove. Had they gone back a little farther, to the source of the re- sistances, they would have discovered that this one, like all the rest, does not proceed from the difference of formation of a feeble organ like the bars, but from a contraction communicated to the different parts of the body, and above all to the neck, by some serious fault of constitution. It is then in vain that we attach to the reins, and place in the horse's mouth a more or less murder- ous instrument ; he will remain insensible to our efforts, so long as we do not communicate to him that suppleness which alone can enable him to yield. In the first place, then, I lay down as a fact, that there is no difference of sensibility in the mouths of horses ; that all pre- sent the same lightness, when in position with the nose brought in, and the same resistances, in proportion as they recede from that position. Tliere are horses hard to the hand; but this hardness proceeds from the length or weakness of their loins, from a narrow croup, from short haunches, thin thighs, straight, hocks, or —a most important point — from a croup too high or -^«ww?':rs?a^attta«>;'''8a^'.»i!hesg''ii^'v'ia rsrar J-^^r'm'"' -.•i'i:'':'-V":''SVW-' 404 THE HORSE. too low in proportion to the withers ; such are the true causes of resistances. The contraction of the neck, the closing of the jaws, are only the effects ; and as to the bars, they are only there to show the ignorance of self-styled equestrian theoricians. By 8«i>pling the neck and the jaw, this hardness completely dis- appears. Experiments, a hundred times repeated, give me the '•ight to advance this principle boldly ; perhaps it may, at lirst, appear ioo arbitrary ; but it is none the less true. Consequently, I only allow one kind of bit, and this is the form and tlie dimensions I give it, to make it as simple as it is easy. The arms straight and six inches long, measuring from the eye of the bit to the extremity of the branch ; circumference of the bit two ii.ches and a half; port, about two inches wide at the bottom, and one inch at the top. The only variation to be in tlie width of the bit, according to the horse's mouth. I insist that such a bit is sufficient to render passively obe- dient all horses which have been prepared by gupplings ; and I need not add that, as I deny the utility of severe bits, I reject all means not coming directly from t'^e rider, such as martin- gales, &c. CONTINUATION OF PRACTISINGS TO PHODUOE BUVPLENE88. In order to guide the horse, the rider acts directly on two of his parts ; the fore parts and the hind parts. To effect this he employs two motive powers ; the legs, which give the impulse by the croup ; and the hand, which directs and modifies this im- pulse by the head and neck. A perfect harmony of forces ought then to exist always between these two motive powei*s ; but the same harmony is equally necessary between the parts of the animal which they are intended particularly to impress. Our endeavors to render the head and neck flexible, light, and obedient to the touth of the * hand, would be vain, its results incomplete, and the equilibrium of the whole animal imperfect, so long as the croup should con- tinue immovable, dull, contracted, and rebellious to the direct governing agent. I have just explained the simple and easy means of giving FLEXIONS OF THE 0".ODP. 40fi he true crubcb closing of the they are only m theoricianH. ompletely (IIb- 1, give me the t may, at iirst, md this is the simple as it is iring from the cuniference of inches wide at 'ariation to be outh. passively obe- plingb ; and I i bits, I reject uch as martin- I'PLENESS. iirectly on two 'o effect this he fe the impulse odifies this im- ) exist always le harmony is which they are J to render the le touth of the he equilibrium up should con- is to the direct leans of giving to the fore parts the qualities indispensable to their good man- agement; it remains to tell how we can in the same manner fashion the hind ])art8, in order to give complete suppleness to the horse, and bring about a uniform harmony in the develop- ment of all his moving parts. The resistances of the neck and croup mutually aiding one another, our labor will be more easy, as we have already destroyed the opposition of the former. In order to teach the flexions of the croup, and to rendc r it movable, the rider will hold the curb-reins in the left hand, and those of the snaffle, crossed, in the right, the nails of the right hand held downward ; he will first bring the horse's head into a perpendicular position, by drawing lightly on the bit ; after that, if he desire to execute the movement to the right, he will carry the left leg back behind the girths and press it closely to the flanks of the animal, until the croup yields to this pressure. The rider will at the same time make the left snaffle-rein feU, proportioning tlie eft'ect of the rein to the resistance which is opposed to it. Of these two forces, thus transmitted by the left leg and *ho rein of the same side, the first is intended to com- bat the resistance, and the second, to determine the movement. The rider should content himself in the beginning with making the croup execute one or two steps only sideways. The croup having acquired more facility in moving, we can continue the movement so as to complete reversed pivot motions to the right and the left.* As soon as the haunches yield to the pressure of the leg, the rider, to cause the perfect equilibrium of the horse, will immediately draw upon the rein opposite to this leg. The motion of this, slight at first, will be progressively increased until the head is inclined to the side towards which the croup is moving, as if to look at it coming. To make this movement understood, I will ad^l some ex- planations, the more important as they are applicable to all the exercises of ho. jemanship. The horse, in all his movements, cannot preserve a perfect • Pivot movements are of two kinds, when one of the fore legs remain perfectly stationary as if nailed to the ground, and the hind legs are made to move around them in a perfect, until the horse is standing in a reverse position, and vice versa, when one of the hind feet are stationary and the fore feet traverse around them. 406 THE BOB8B. and constant equilibrium, without a combination of opposite forces, nkilfully nmnag(i(i by the rider. In the reversed pivot motion, for example, if when the horse shall have yielded to the pressure of the leg, we continue to oppose the rein on the samo side on which we give the pressure of the leg, it is evident that we shall overshoot the mark, since wc shall be employing a force which has become useless. We must then establish two motive powers, whicli in effect balance each other, without in- terfering; this will be done by the tension of the rein on the opposite side to that on which the leg acts in the pivot move- ments. So, we must commence with the rein and the leg of the same side ; when it is time to pass to the second part of the work, we must employ the curb-rein in the left hand, and finally the snaffle-rein opposite to the leg. The forces will then be kept in a diagonal position, and in consequence, the equilibrium natural, and the execution of the movement easy. The horse's head being turned' to the side to which the croup is moving, adds much to the gracefulness of the performance, and aids the rider in regulating the activity of the haunches, and keeping the shouldei-s in position. For the rest, practice alone will teach him how to use the leg and the rein, in such a way that their motions will mutually sustain, without at any time counteracting one another. I need not observe, that during the whole of this exercise, as on all occasions, the neck should remain supple and light ; the head in position, perpendicular, and the jaw movable. "While the bridle hand keeps them in this proper position, the right hand, with the aid of the snaffle, is combating the lateral resistances, and determining the different inclination, until the horse is sufficiently well broken to obey a simple pressure of the bit. If, when combating the contraction of the croup, we per- mitted the horse to throw its stiffness into the fore parts, our efforts would be vain, and the fruit of our first labors lost. On the contrary, we shall facilitate the subjection of the hind parts, by preserving the advantages we have already acquired over the fore parts, and by preventing those contractions we have yet to combat from acting in combination. Tlie leg of the rider opposite to that which determines the rotation of the croup, must not be kept away from his side KMPIXJYMKNT OF AN A8BI8TANT. 407 I of opposite jverscd pivot acldud to the 1 on the same evident that employing a establisli two r, without in- B rein on the ) pivot move- id the leg of econd part of left hand, and e forces will sequence, the •vement easy. L the croup is performance, the haunches, rest, practice *ein, in such a thout at any this exercise, pie and light ; jaw movable. r position, the ng the lateral tion, until the ressure of the jroup, we per- bre parts, our 3ors lost. On he hind parts, acquired over dons we have letermines the from his side during the movement, but must remain close to the horae, and hold liim in place, while giving the same impulse from the rear forward, which the other leg communicates from right to left, or from left to right. There will thus be one force keeping the horse in position, and another determining ihe rotation. In order that the pressure of the one leg should not counteract that of the other, and in order that they be susceptible of being used together, the leg intended to move the croup should be placed further behind the girths than the other, which must be put steady with a force equal to that of the leg which deter- mines the movement. Then the action of the legs will be dis- tinct, the one bearing from right to left, the other from the rear forward. It is by the aid of the latter that the hand places and fixes the fore legs. To accelerate these results, at firet, a second person may be employed, who will place himself at abreast with the horse's head, holding the curb-reins in the right hand, and on the side opposite that to which we wish the croup to traverse. He will lay hold of the reins at six inches from the arms of the bit, so as to be in a good position to combat the instinctive resistances of the animal. The rider will content himself with holding the snaffle-reins lightly, and acting with his legs as I have already directed. The second person is only useful when we have to deal with a horse of intractable disposition, or to aid the inexpe- rience of the man in the saddle ; but as much should be done without assistance as possible, in order that the piactitioner may judge for himself of the progress of his horee, seeking all the while for means to increase the efficiency of his touch. Even while this work is in an elementary state, he will make the horse execute easily all the figures of the manrge of two pistes. After eight days of moderate exercise, he will have accomplished, without eflFort, a performance that the old school did not dare to undertake until after two or three yeai's of study and work with the horse. When the rider shall have accustomed the croup of the horse to yield promptly to the pressure of the legs, he will be able to put it in motion, or keep it motionless, according to hia pleasure, and he can, consequently, execute all ordinary pivot motions. For this purpose he will take a snaffle-rein in each WPPJU-W - 408 THE UORSE. hand, ono to direct thu neck and Bliouldurs towardn the side to which ho dcHircH to whuti, the otiier to second the opposite Icj^, if it be not sufficient to keep the cronp at rest. At iirst, this leg should be placed as fur back as poswible, and not be used until the haunches bear ugaiust it. By careful and progressive nianagc'uunt the results will soon be attained. At the start, the horse should be allowed to rest after executing two or three steps well, which will give five or six halts in the complete ro- tation of the shoulders around the croup. Here the stationary exorcises cease. I will now explain liow the 8up})ling of the hind parts will be completed, by bo- ginning to combine the play of its springs with those of the fore parts. The retrograde movement, otherwise called backing, is an exercise, the importance of which has not been sufficiently appreciated, and which yet ought to have great influence on his education. When practised after the old erroneous methods, it was of no use, as the exercises which ought to precede it were unknown. Backing proi)erly differs essentially from that incor- rect backward movement, which carries the horse to the rear with his croup contracted and his neck stift"; that is, backing away from and avoiding the effect of the reins. Backing cor- rectly supples the horse, and adds grace and precision to his natural motions. The first of the conditions upon which it must be obtained, is the keeping the horse well in hand, that is to Bay, supple, light in the mouth, steady on his legs, and perfectly balanced in all his parts. Thus disposed, the animal will be able with ease to move and elevate equally his fore and hind legs. It is here that we shall bo enabled to appreciate the good effects and tlie indispensable necessity of suppling the neck and haunches. Backing, which at first gives considerable pain to the horse, will always induce him to combat the motions of the ha'':^ oy stiffening his neck, and those of the legs, by contract- ing his croup ; these are the instinctive resistances. If we can- not obviate the untoward disposition of them, how can we expect to obtain that shifting and reshifting of weight, which alone can render the execution of this movement perfect ? If the motive impulse which, in backing, ought to come from the '■■ ■% BAOKTNO. 409 Ig tho Bido to opposite 1(% At iirst, tluB not be UBcd i progreijuivo tho start, tlie two or three coinplote ro- now explain >letei], by be- ige of the tore ickinpf, 18 an i\ sufficiently influence on J0U8 methods, •ecede it were ni that incor- 50 to the rear it is, backing Backing cor- ccision to his which it must nd, that is to and perfectly nimal will be fore and hind siate the good the neck and jrable pain to lotions of the by contract- 3. If we can- how can we weight, which t perfect? If tome from the fore parts, should pass over its proper limits, tho movomcnt would bocome painful, iinposHihlo, in fact, and occasion on tho ])art of the aninuil sudden, violent movements, which are always injurious to his organization. On the other hand, the side motions of the croup out of the true line of action, by destroy ing the harmony which shoiild exist between the relative forces of fore uiul hind parts, also hinder tho proper execution of the backing. Tho previous exercise to which we have subjected the crou}', will aid us in keeping it in a right line with the shoulders, and in so preserv- ing the necessary transfer of tho forces and weight. To commence tho rno/ement, the rider slu)uld first assure himself that the haunchcis are on a lino with tho shouldei-s, and the horse light in hand ; then he may slowly close his legs, in order that the action which they cimimuiiicite to the hind parts of the horse, may make iiini lift one of his hind legs, and prevent the body from yielding, before the nock gives to his hand. It is then that the immediato pressure of tlie bit, forcing tho horse to regain his equilibrium behind, will produce the first part of the backing. As soon as the horse obeys, the rider will instantly give tho hand to reward the animal, and not to force the play of his fore parts. If his croup be displaced, the rider will bring it back by means of iiis leg, and if necessary, use for this purpose the snaffle-rein on that side. After haviv.g defined what I call the true movement of backing, I ought to explain what I uiulcrstand by shrinking back 8f> as to avoid the bit. Tliis movement is so painful to the horse, so ungraceful, and so much opposed to the right develop- ment of his mechanism, that it cannot fail to have struck any one who has occupied himself at all with horsemanship. "Wo force a horse backward in this way, whenever we crowd his forces and weight too much upon his hind parts ; by so doing we destroy his equiHbrium, and render grace, measure, and cor- rectness impossible. Lightness, always lightness! this is the basis, the touchstone of all beaatiful execution. With this, all is easy, to the horse as well as to the rider. That being the case, it is to be understood that the difficulty of horeemanship does not consist in the direction which is to be given to the horse, but in the position which he must be made to assume — a 410 THE UOK8E. position which iilono can smooth all obstacK^s. Iiidoed, if the horse exocuti", it ia the rider who iiiipi-lH him to do ho ; upon him, then, rcHtn the rrHpoiiHihility of evory t'lilsi' niovcnu'tit. It will MiiliCA'. to cxerciifso tho hornn for eight dayfl, for five ininut*'rt each lewHon, in backing?, to make him execute it with facility. The rider will content himnelf the firHt few timcft with one or two Htefm to the rear, followed by the c(ind»ined effect of the legri and Inuid, increasing in ))>o|iortion to the progress ho makes, until he finds no more diiUculty in a backward than in a forward movement. What an immense step wo shall then have gained in the education of our pn|til I At tlie start, tlu! defective formation of the aninud, his luitural contractions, tho resistances wliich we encountered every where, eeemed as if thoy would defy our efforts, for ever. Without doubt those efforts would have been vain, luid we imido use of a bad course of proceeding ; but the wise system of progression which we have introduced into our work, tlie destruction of the instinctive forces of tho horse, the Buppling of tho parts, tho separate subjection of all tho rebel- lious intluonces, have soon placed in our power the whole of his mechanism to a degree whiih enables m to govern it com- pletely, and to restore that pliability, ense, and harmony of the parts, wliich thoir bad arrangement threatened always to pro- vent. Was I not right then, in saying, that if it be not in my power to change tho defective formation of a horse, I can yet prevent the conse(pience8 of his physical defects, so as to render hii.i as fit to do every thing with grace and natural ease, as the better-formed horse ? In suppling tho parts of the animal upon which the rider acts directly, in order to govern and guide him, in accustoming them to yield without difficulty or hesitation to' the different impressions which are communicated to them, I have destroyed their stiffness, and restored the centre of gravity to its true place, namely, to the middle of the body. I have, besides, settled the greatest difficulty of horsemanship ; that of subjecting to my will, which is more necessary than aught else, the parts iipon which the rider acts directly, in order to pre- pare for him infallible means of impressing his will npon the horse. MR mmm STATION ART EXERCIRK. 411 Indeed, if the to do HO ; upon movcMiu'tit. It (liiyfl, for five oxecuto it with ; few timcft with iiil)iiu'ower& acm. Uy fail through decrepitude and old age. This too, it i?; which ret ders long time-trotting matches so ter- ribly exhausting to the horse and so unutterably cruel, that every humane man and true lover of the horse desires to see them abolished by legal enactment. one at which he :error or furious an command, esire to go sume- 3 its utmost, but ting, he increases it into a gallop. 3 distressing to a ), but an inferior for a very long fatiguing of all ; ■ecisely the same pace, though at tito play and are large number of twelve miles an se if allowed to mpelled to main- sessary to the at- ■ses ; and which [y to improve, in }y are kept at it, tude and old age. J matches so ter- cruel, that every sires to see them STABLING AND STABLE ARCHITECTURE. There is probably no one thing, which has so great an influ- ence on the well-being of horses, or the reverse, as the construc- tion and arrangement of the stables; and in none has there been, for the most part, until a recent period, so much miscon- ception as to what is requisite, and so much ignorance displayed both by architects and horse owners, as in this particular. It being well known and admitted that a horse cannot be in the highest condition, and capable of doing his best, without having a short, fine, silky and blooming coat, and that, if he be put to such work as makes him swsat profusely, when his hair is coarse, long and shaggy, he incurs great risk of taking serious cold, beside the consideration that such a coat vastly increases the labor of the stablemen ; it has of course always been an object with horse proprietors, to produce and promote, by all means in their power, this condition of the skin. Now to this end, heat, to a certain degree, is indispensable; but both the degree and the proper means of producing this heat have been dangerously miscalculated, and exaggerated. The entire exclusion of the outer atmospheric air has had the most baleful results, producing, of necessity, a corrupt and fetid state of that most vital element which the animals are compelled to breathe, mixed with the powerful effluvia from the pores of their own bodies, and the vapors arising from 414 THE HORSE. their excrements and nrine, the latter replete with pungent ammonia. In extreme cases, the consequences ol this exclusion is blind- ness, and the almost instantaneous generation of that deadliest of equine scourges, the glanders ; which a few years since was so fatal, in many of the Fi'ench cavalry stables, that the loss of chargers by it, in many years, exceeded fifty per cent, of all the horses in garrison, in certain districts. On one occasion, on board ship, in the ill-fated Quiberon expedition, during the war of the French revolution, the hatches having been necessarily closed on account of bad weather; this disease broke out with Buch incredible fury, either spontaneously generated, or what is more probable — communicated to the rest from some one infected animal, in which the undetected symptoms had been aggravated into sudden virulence by the condition of the air in the closely packed hold, that nearly the whole number of the troop and artillery horses of the expeditionary forces perished. Again, because at times, when he is seeking to rest, the horse likes a darkened chamber, stables liave been too often built, with scarcely any provision for the admission of light, without which no stable can be kept either clean or wholesome, much less cheerful. And the horse is, above all things, a sociable r.nd cheerful animal, becoming excessively attached to his comrades of his own family, or, if deprived of their society, to any dog, cat, goat, or even poultry, which may chance to sliare his confine- ment. If a herse be shut up alone, in a loose box, or hut, which has a window or upper part of the door open to the exterior air, ht will be constantly seen putting out his head to seek for amusement, by looking at what is passing around him. It is the height of cruelty to exclude the light from a poor animal, which is thus reduced to a worse condition than that of the State prisoner of the present day ; whose worst punishment, for obstinate contumacy, consists in immurement in a darkened dungeon. How fatal may be the eflFects of si^ch confinement in dark- ness, to animals, is curiously illustrated by the story of the poor with pungent Insion is blind- hat deadliest of •s since was so hat the loss of cent, of all the e occasion, on during the war len necessarily [ise broke out generated, or •est from some symptoms had )ndition of the whole number tionary forces ig to rest, the )een too often ssion of light, or wholesome, ! r.nd cheerful )mrade8 of his > any dog, cat, '6 his confine- or hut, which le exterior air, id to seek for him. ht from a poor )n than that of 3t punishment, in a darkened jment in dark- )ry of the poor THE EFFECT OF DARKNESS. 415 Newfoundland and Esquimaux dogs, related by the excellent and lamented Kane, which in consequence of being confined, through necessity, in a dark kennel, during the half year of Arctic winter midnight, became afflicted with a disease partak- ing the symptoms of melancholy insanity — I do not mean hy- drophobia— and pined away, until they literally died of the effects of solitary imprisonment and total darkness. It may be said, then, that the things indispensable to the horse in his stable, are warmth, light, air, a dry atmosphere, freedom from all ill odors, absence of any currents of wind fall- ing directly on his frame or limbs, and sound, dry, level stand- ing ground. If it were possible, it would be advisable that every horse should be in a loose box, which should be contiguou;^ to another box, the divisions planked closely up to about four and a half or five feet from the ground, and above that separating the occu- pants of the adjoining chambers only by stout upright bars, too close to admit of the head being passed through, but sufficiently wide to permit of the animals' seeing and smelling one another, and, in their mute way, conversing. Where space and expense not considerations I strongly advise this method ; the are horses will keep themselves, in some degree, in exercise, by walking to and fro ; they will be at liberty to rest and roll, if they desire it, and will be in all ways happier, more comfort able, and better to do in the world. Every stable should have, at least, one such box for sick or tired horees. None but those who have observed it, can imagine how a horse, after a severe day's work, rejoices and luxuriates in a large loose box, plentifully provided with warm, clean, dry litter. It is a pleasure to see one so situated ; and we shoiild spare no pains to contribute all in our power to the comforts ot • the good, honest, faithful, docile, hard-working, intelligent and aflfectionate servant, who ministers so largely to our wants and our pleasures ; and who only passes, as being inferior to the dog in sagacity, teachableness and love for his master, because we, for the most part, abandon him, except when we are on his back, or in the vehicle behind him, to the care of rude, ignorant, and too often cruel servants ; because we limit his education to the learning of paces, and, at most, a few tricks of the manege • ^t^HOmi 416 THE HORSB. and do not endeavor to cultivate his resources, increase his in- telligence, or conciliate his affections. I have owned horeee. in my younger days, one in particular, a beautiful chestnut, thoroughbred park hackriey, by Comus out of a Flllio da Puta niax'e, with a white blaze and four white stockings, which I bougiit of my friend, Mr. Mannere Sutton, no'.v Lord Canterbury, just after leaving Cambridge, which had all the affeciion PWi dl the docile intelligence >f the cleverest Newfoundland dog, I evt six feet high 1 should be of they may be a ad. The walls ^ith oak, to the tails, all round ever they occur and racks are made in quad- radius, placed irs of stalls or be about three n of the rack lie ground. The id be perpendi- the top to the t, and, if it be ivots in sockets at the top and at the bottom, so much the better, as this ar- rangement will prevent crib-biting. The same method is excellent for the bars, at the top of par- titions between loose boxes ; which bars may be also made of enamelled iron to great advantage. Commodious cupboards may be made under the racks and mangers, for containing a water bucket and stable implements, and will save the further purpose of preventing the horse, when rising, after taking his rest, from striking his head or limbs against the under surfaces. Midway between the rack and manger, at the head of the stall, must be a perpendicular tube or shaft to contain the halter and halter weight, running over a pulley ; and I will here add, that much the best and neatest halter is a fine steel chain covered with leather, like a dragoon bridle, and attached to the ring of the headstall by a spring swivel. The walls, where not wainscoted, must be hard-finished and whitewashed. The floor of the loft must be made of exceeding close, well-jointed plank, and should also be under-drawn and ceiled, as should also the sides of tlie air-shaft, or dome, in order to prevent the hay from being impregnated with the effluvia o' the ammonia and perspiration, which render it odious to the animal, and prejudicial to his health. There should on no account, for the same reason, be traps above the racks for throw- ing in the hay, which ought invariably to bd tossed out of the upper windows, and brought into the stable by the door, from without, or carried down the stairs within. And last, but most important of all, there should be in every stable, in the thickness of the head wall a tube or air-pipe, either round or square, of full six inches in diameter, running from end to end, open at both extremities, to the fresh external air, the apertures being covered by wire gauze to prevent the entrance of vermin. This pipe should be at the level of the manger, and from it, into each stall, should be brought at regular intervals, not less 420 THE HORSE. than six circular peiforatcd passages of one inch diameter each, and into each loose hox not less than twelve of the same ; but twice that number would be decidedly more advantageous. These perforations should bo made diagonally upward, and brought into the stable along the upper edge of a chamfered cornice running across the stall, from the rack to the manger, through the middle of the perpendicular side of which the halter may be brought out. Tlie air-pipe in the wall, with the chamfered or rounded cor- nice, is shown by the accompanying cut ; it is also exhibited in the thick- ness of the walls in the ground plans of the different stables by a white internal line. There should be a convenient harness-room, with glass cases, and a grate or stove, which should be accommodated with a boiler for heating water for the stables, pre- paring mashes, steaming vegetables, and such like needful little jobs, as well as for keeping the leather of the saddles and harness from mould- ing and the steel work from rusting. In small stables, where to save space is an object, the liarness-room may contain a folding bedstead, so that it can be used as a groom's sleeping apartment also. Tliere should also be to every well appointed stable a con- venient feed-room, provided with binns, a proper size for which is four feet by two, and about two and a half to three in height, with lids and hasps, for containing oats, cut feed, corn, carrots, and green meat ; and this room may, if required, contain the stairway to the hay-loft. The binns ought not to be less than six or eight in number, axTanged on each side with a gangway between them, and if lined with zinc or tin, although it will cost a trifle more, in the first instance, it will be a saving in the long run, by preventing the waste by rats and mice, and the spoiling of what is not devoured by their nasty excrements. There should be a good glass lantern, in a stable, hung from HARNESS BOOMS. 421 I'ameter each, le same ; but itageons. upward, aud a chain fered tlie manger, f which tlie rounded cor- ccompanying in tlio tliick- ground plans 8 by a white a convenient 188 cases, and ih should be I boiler for stables, pre- »g vegetables, little jobs, as ae leather of i from mould- tables, where lay contain a jm's sleeping stable a con- iize for which ree in height, 3orn, carrots, I, contain the be less than h a gangway lough it will saving in the lice, and the srements. !, hung fronj the ceiling, cajmble of holding two or more largo candlcH, or an oil lamp, with a strong reflector, so as to aiford amj)lc light tor night cleaning of late horses ; and horn or globe-glass hand lan- terns, for ordinary use. No candle should ever be carried into a stable uncovered, nor any smoking either of cigars or pipes allowed, as the smell is not agreeable to the horses, however it may bo to the men, and there is always danger of their com- municating tiro to the straw. When the iron ware, steel bits, stirrups, and such like imple- ments of a stable are likely to bo lying idle and out of use for some time, they may be preserved from rust by throwing them into a barrel of lime, which has been slacked some time before, and let to die ; but I do not recommend the practice, as it en- courages laziness and slovenly habits in grooms, which cannot be too strongly reprobated ; and a harness-room never looks so well, or affords so much pride and satisfaction to a good servant as when it ir full of well-cleaned saddles and harness, and re- splendent with steel bits, stirrup-irons, curb-chains, spurs and hamcs all bright, shining and redolent of ellow grease — saddle benches may bo fastened to the walls on high to save room, but when so situated the saddles are tor apt to be out of sight out of mind, and to be covered with layers of deep dust. The accompanying cut shows a neat and convenient stand or bench for saddles and bridles, to which a shelf may be added below, guarded by edges like a tiay, for containing brush. es, currycombs, chamois leathers, Bponges, dustera, and such little needful appurte- nances of the sta- ble, as cannot be spared, and as ought to have, THE nOBUL each one, its proper place, in which it should be put away when done with, and found again when needed. I now proceed to give the plans of three stables, with eleva- tions and estimates, drawn under my instructions, and the ele- vations designed with great good taste according to his own ideas, by Mr. Ranlett, of Nv, y York, the well known and dis- tinguished architect. The first is for a coach-house and stabling for three or four horses, as may be desired, with harness room, servants' room, and hay loft !••• J feed-rooms, above, designed for a town lot of 25 feet front by 44 in depth. It is built with 12 inch walls of brick on the outer sides and partition walls of nine inches. It is paved with hard brick, laid edgewise in cement on a foundation of concrete sloping in all directions to the cover' ,s of the drain mouths, which are of channelled and perforated flagstones, as described. The second is for a small coimtry stable. The third is for a large stable tor a gentleman's country seat. •TABLE PLANS. t away when !, with eleva- and tl»o ole- ; to his own )wn and dis- CITY STABLE AND COACH HOUSE. three or four its' room, and lot of 25 feet iter sides and 1 hard brick, sloping in all which are of country seat. A, is the carriage entrance, ten feet in width, with a wooden platform or bridge- way over the grated area for litter, into which the drains empty. B, is the coach- house, twenty -three feet in width, by fif- teen feet deep, in the clear, to be paved like the stables with a similar descent and perforated flagstone, for facilitating the washing of both car- riages and horses un- der cover. The great width, twenty -three feet, will allow an ample space for the passage of the horses to the gangway 0, leading to the Btables, which is seven feet in width, lighted by the glass door, guarded with iron netting, of the harness room E, Ground i>i«. at the end. Within the coach house is a staircase, 0, leading •^ 424 THK HORSE. into tlio hay-lnty-fivo foot ilcop l)y tiFt»'t«ii wide in the cli'ur. Paved as dcHcrilu'd aliovo. It is hero roprosoiitod as divided into a loose box, of fifteen foot by oloven aiid a lialf, in the clear, and two stalls of nine foot by six, also in the clear. Tlio part round tho exterior separated l)y dotted lines, shows tho portion which is covered by tho ceiling at twelve feet from tho ground ; the oblong within the lines is that whicii rises throughout to the roof and cu[)ula above, allowing' the egress of tho heated air. This part may be eitlier, simply, transversely lirrod out and ceiled on straight lines slanting to tlie ventilator, or prettily curved and domed according to the taste and means of the proprietor. In either case side lights can bo let in to illuminate tho lir.y-loft. It must bo observed, that if it 1)0 desired to use this space, always, as a four-stalled stable, all that is ne- cessary to do, is to take away the long division between tho loose box and stalls, and to divide the former into two of the latter. If it bo thought well to retain tho box, with tho power of cim- verting it at pleasure into two stalls, all that is needed will be to have a socket lilled l)y a movable stone plug at tho edge of the Hag drain cover, for tho re- ception of a grooved stall post, which will bolt to the rafter of the ceiling over head, whic i is 80 arranged as to coin- cide exactly with its position. This can be fitted with grooved and tonguod planking, lying horizontally, having its other extremities se- cured by two strips screwed to the wall, and kept in its place above 4-*^rf> I ? "7" by a similar grooved \ m Transverse SectioD T T on Plan. TOWW 8TABI-E KLEVATIOK. 410 li ottti bo mndo by fift«MMi wide ro i'i'|»ivsc'Htcd von and a halt', io ill till) clear, •d liiH'H, hIiows at twelve feet hat wliicii ritios ,' tlie ej^reHH of y, tniiiHverHely tlio ventilator, i8te and incaDS 11 bo let ill to if it he dcBired all that iH ne- tween the loose 0 of the latter. j)ower of con- [leedi'd will be a socket ilUed able stone ping Ige of the flag ^er, for the ro- of :i grooved t, which will 0 rafter of the '^erhead, whic i iged as to coin- ctly with its This can be h grooved and alankiiig, lying lly, having its xtreniitiea se- y two strips ;o the wall, and ts place above nilar grooved rider or cornice, fitting into a socket in the stall post and bolted to the wall. The pu'-trt being prepari!"!, when the Htable is built, may bo kept in the loft, and could be eanily put up or taken down in half an hour. The extra rack and manger of iron, as described above, could bo fastened up without dilHculty. E, is a harncHH-room with a tire-pluce, of nine feet by soven in tho clear. F, are flagptones covering tho open- ings into tho drains, chonnelled at six inches distance with intersecting grooves of an inch wide by half an inch deep, perforated with inch lioles at the angles of intersection. G, are covered drains with a fall in the directions of the arrow heads, leading into the area for lit- Elevation. tor, and guarded at the opening by flap valves, opening out- ward. They should bo a foot wide and nine inches deep, with a fall of two inches to the yard. H, is the air-pipe in the thickness of tho wall, for introducing fresh atmospheric air into the stalls and boxes. I, I, are two stable windows, the bottom seven foot from the floor, extending to the ceiling, with wire-gauze and shutters as described before. M, a fire-place, above which a boiler with a cock and safety- valve for escape of steam, sliould be permanently fixed. N, are the enamelled racks and mangers described above, of which separate representations are given on page 388. 0, is the stair to the loft 436 THE HOB8B. P, grated area to contain litter, &c. Q, is the bridgeway over it. Annexed is Jie estimate, at -whicli Mr. Kanlett considers that this stable can be built in good style, with all the requisite con- veniences. 160 Cubic yds. excavations, at |0 18 950 " ft. stone work 0 18 45 Lin. " stone drain 0 60 66,600 Bricks in the walls - 9 00 842 Super, ft. paving iu concrete - - 0 60 3i) Lin. ft. airie coping 0 40 80 " " wall " 0 80 1 Door sill, 8 ft. - 0 SO 1 Window sills - - 2 50 6 " lintels - 8 50 65 Saper. ft. channeUd - 6 00 f oak - 0 12 70 56 > coats, le roof ■ont - I cost $2894 76 n. SMALL COUNTRY STABLE FOR PARTICULAR LOCATION. The following plan represents the ground plan and elevation of a small country stable, built for a particular location, under the author's own supervision, and by his plan. It is a long pa- rallelogram on a side hill, having a depth of forty-two feet by a width of fifteen over all. It is built of boards perpen- dicularly arranged, grooved and tongued, the joints covered with battens, and tirred, lathed, and hard finished within, finish- ed in all respects exactly as the stable described in the first instance. Side Elevation. ''t contains in the side hill, a vaulted carriage house, with root and coal-houses beyond it, built of field stone, arched in 428 THB HOBf^B. Ground Flan. the basement ; and above — the ground being level with the roof of the vault on the upper or left-hand side — we find A, the groom's chamber and harness-room, with fire- place as before, fourteen feet by eight in the clear, entered by a door in front, from a balcony reached by an outer stair- case. B, stable divided into two loose boxes, arranged in all respects, as des- cribed above, ventilated, aired, lighted and paved, with drains, racks, man- gers, &c,, as before, each fourteen feet by twelve, and each, if desired, divi- sible into two stalls of nine feet by sis.. 0, a feed-room, with binns described as above, and a ladder to the hay- loft. i L ^ 1 \ ^. M SMALL COUNTRY STABLE. 429 5vel with the —we find A, D, a shed entry to render the stable warm in winter and cool in summer. F, the flags covering the drains as before. G, the drains as before. H, II, H, II, windows, as before, eight feet from the ground, extending to the ceiling, twelve feet high. H, air-pipe and as before. I, I, windows to groom's chamber and feed- room. J, J, doors to ditto. K, K, doors, perpen- dicularly divided, to the stable and both the boxes, all opening outwards. L, L, L, L, racks and mangers as before, all of enamelled iron. M, 11 '-e-place with boil- er. Wire-net outside all the windows. Sashes slid- ing up and down in the wall, with inside Venetian shutters. Box casings, doors, &c., two-inch oak plank. Instead of the cupola on the plan, substitute Col- lins' patent ventilators, as on page 387. , „ . , , This is a perfect little gem of a stable, for a smgle man keep- ing a groom and one pair of horses, and cannot, I thmk, by any possibility be improved. The ground plan, section, &c., of this stable are drawn for brick outside walls and first story partitions; the former 12 inches thick, and the latter 9 inches. Estimates are made tor both brick and wood ; the bricks are estimated at $8 per 1,000, laid in the walls, which can be done when the fii-et cost of the End Elevation. 480 THE HORSE. bricks are but $4 60 per 1,000. The basement is the same, whether built of brick or wood. Annexed is the estimate of its cost in detail. 125 Yds. excavation, at $0 18 2790 Cubic ft. stone worV 0 18 50 Lin. ft. Stone drain - 46,000 Bricks laid in the walls - . . 886 Super, ft. paving, in concrete 21 Super, ft. channelled flagging 20C Super, yds. plaster- ing - - . Window sills - Door '< - Window lintels Door " Lin. ft. air pipe Racks and mangers 21 00 Super, ft. shingle roof 0 12 Lin. " gable cor- nice Lin. ft. eave comise Ventilatirg cupolas Super, ft. ventilator lining ■ - - Feet timber - Ventilator brackets Attic windows First story windows 21 00 Gable " 20 00 Shed " 12 8 4 2 42 4 1808 70 442 8286 8 6 4 2 1 0 60 9 00 0 25 0 75 0 25 2 60 4 60 8 50 6 00 0 90 0 80 0 26 80 00 0 06 0 08 0 75 7 00 122 60 502 20 80 00 414 00 84 00 15 76 61 50 80 00 9 00 14 00 10 00 87 80 84 00 156 96 21 00 24 00 60 00 26 52 98 58 6 00 42 00 84 00 40 00 18 00 2 Partition windows - 6 00 2 Outside doors 2 Inside " 2 Pairs stall " Step ladder Mantle 746 Super, ft. li floor 682 " " oak wain- scoting Painting wood work only - 10 00 - 10 00 - 7 50 0 08 12 00 20 00 20 00 15 00 6 00 8 00 69 68 - 0 12 68 84 60 00 Whole cost, with brick walls and partitions .... |2189 S3 With wood outside uprights and stud par- titions inside, instead of brick walls and partitions, the cost will be : 1182 Ft. timber (added) $35 00 $41 87 2068 "8x4 studding - 85 00 72 36 2088 Super, ft. siding and battens • - 0 08 167 04 Additional painting 70 00 850 79 Balance, deducting 46,000 bricks, 1725 88 Whole cost $2076 12 It is the same, LABGE OOUMTBT STABLE. 481 in. LARGE COUNTRY STABLE. The following plans represent a far larger and more ambi- tious establishment ; consisting of a corps de logia, or main body, 3 g Vol. IL— 26 JMM liilllWKMI 432 THE H0B8E. of sixty feet in the clear inside length, with two wings, project- ing anteriorly, measuring internally thirty feet in the clear, in depth, by fifteen in width. The right wing contains a four stalled stable, D, D, D, D, with stalls six feet by nine, fitted in all respects as those de- scribed in the other stable plans already given, and behind it a harness-room, C, with a fire-place of fifteen feet by eiglit. The left wing contains two loose boxes, B, B, exactly similar to those described heretofore, of fifteen feet each square. The stable and loose boxes are both entered by doors open- ing exactly as previously described into two outer gangways, E and F, of eight feet width ; in the rear of one of which is a stairway to the lofts ; and of the other a fire-place, G, and boiler, H, for cooking vegetables, warming water, and the like. End Elevation. In the centre of the main building is a carriage-house, A, sixteen feet by fifteen in the clear. In the middle of the paved court between the wings, is a cesspool, L, covered with a solid movable lid, like that of a hay LASOB COUNTRY STABLE. 48a wings, project- n the clear, in e, D, D, D, D, ts as those de- md behind it a >y eiglit. exactly similar square. by doors open- !r gangways, E of which is a , G, and boilei*, iQ like. iage-honse. A, he wings, is a ! that of a hay scale, into which all the drains, K, K, K, from the gratings, I, I, I, discharge themselves. Above the stables and loose boxes are lofts for hay and feed, through which rise the domes or air passages to the ventilating cupolas on the roof. And over the centre building are servants' rooms, lighted with dormer windows, and having a place for a clock in the centre, if desired. This building may be either plainly made of timber, or erected with great architectural ornament and beauty, if de- sired. It is to be understood that one description of the interior arrangements will answer for all, as I hold that these are in- variable ; and, without desiring to be vainglorious, I believe that these plans, with the air-tubes and ventilating apparatus, are the best that have ever been designed, while perfectly practical and easy of application to any situation in town or country. The plates on pages 388 and 389, show the form of the racks, mangers, and closets recommended under them, for the stowing away of implements and apparatus, which it is believed will be found both convenient and of real utility ; and that on page 390v shows the transverse section of the air-pipe and per- forations for leading the air into all the stables above described and represented, at the heads of the horses and contiguous to their nostrils. I have bestowed much thought and time on the construction, arrangement, and ventilation of these plans, which are, in all senses, purely my own ; though I have been ably seconded by the skill of ray friend Mr. Kanlett, whose beautiful and artistic drawings and elevations cannot fail, I think, to give general satisfaction. I have the pleasure of knowing that one or two stables, according to some of these plans, will be erected this summ.er, and 1 shall be more than amply recompensed if they meet suffi- cient approbation to be largely adopted, as I feel confident, be- yond a peradventure, that they will do much for the comfort, health, well-doing, and relief from suflferings to which he is too often needlessly subjected, of that excellent friend and servant of man, the good and noble horse. Vol. II.— 38 &^^fe^JaMMMJW*Mm> 434 THX Hoau. |,'H"_H'(itiii_.ww>ww ESTIMATE OF OOBT. 485 The following is the probable estimate of cost in detail ; — 79 Cubic ydi. ozoaTS- 4 Outside single doors 12 00 48 00 tioD - • at $0 15 111 87 8 Pairs stall doors 8 00 24 00 1420 Ft. stone work 0 15 213 00 9 Inside doors - 8 00 72 00 4600 Brick* in cliimiioy 4 Large gable windows 9 60 88 00 and cistern - 12 00 65 20 1 Large front dormer - 82 00 682 Super, ft. paving in 4 End lower dormers - 9 00 36 00 concrete 0 80 409 20 4 " upper " 12 00 48 00 68 Super, ft. cliannel 8 Dormer windows - 8 00 64 00 flagging - - 0 75 51 00 8 Circular " 6 00 18 00 80 Lin. ft. stone drain - 0 60 30 00 8 Ventilating cupolas 40 00 120 00 11 Mangers and racks - 21 00 281 00 720 Super, ft. ventilator 10,118 Ft. timber SO 00 308 89 lining • 0 06 48 20 5840 " studding - 80 00 165 20 12 Ventilator brackets - 0 75 9 00 4180 Sidin? - 0 08 880 40 674 Super, yds. plastering 0 " 838 50 8890 Super. It. shingle roof 0 12 406 80 140 Lin. ft. 12 in. base - ■> HOO 812 Lin. ft. gable cornice 0 45 140 40 Painting all the wood 104 " " eavo " 0 40 41 60 work, except floors 1920 Super, ft. floors 0 08 153 00 and roof o20 00 Stairs 26 00 62 Lin. ft. air pipe 0 25 15 60 Whole cost • $4067 84 S16 Super, ft. stoli divi- With brick walls and sions - 0 18 88 as partitions, instoad 1880 Super, ft. oak wain- of wood — V 'e scoting 0 12 159 60 cost $4648 80 1 Fairlarge double doors 25 00 _. STABLE MANAGEMENT, GROOMING, FEEDING, CONDITIONING. The step is natural and immediate from the dwelling and qnar- ters of the horses to the manner of lodging, bedding, clothing, feeding, caring for and conditioning the animals for which we Have provided habitations. All the instrnctions under this head are taken from one or two English works of the highest authority ; Stewart's Stable Economy, Harry Hieover's Practical Horsemansliip, and The Pocket and the Stud, and the diseases and medical treatment of the animal, from the latter author, and from the Appendix, to Fouatt on the Horse, with such modifications, as experience has suggested to me as expedient to adapt them to the circumstances of this climate and country, and as are needed to correct errors and misappliances, here, of not unfrequent occurrence. It will, perhaps, at first appear surprising to my readers, that I should have preserved, unaltered, all that relates to the feeding and conditioning of hunters, when, with few exceptions, no such class of animals exists in America ; but the fact is, that the con- dition required for the hunter is precisely that necessary for the fast, high-bred, hard-worked trotter, to put him in his best form for doing severe work as to speed and distance ; and the method by which to put both animals into that condition is identical. All, therefore, that needs to be added, is this, that wherever the hunter is mentioned, the directions are to be held to apply BTABLB MANAGRMKKT. 48T riONINO. Iwelling and qnar- bedding, clothing, nals for which we taken from one or ; Stewart's Stable nansliip, and The idical treatment of the Appendix, to as experience has > the circumstances d to correct errors surrence. 0 my readers, that lates to the feeding fceptions, no such !t is, that the con- necessary for the a in his best form ; and the method on is identical, lis, that wherever be held to apply to the fast or match trotter ; when the hackney i« named they will be taken as applying to the slower horse of all work. In regard to grooms and stable servants, a few words arc necessary. This is the rarest and most difficult class of servants to obtain, in any country, and in this difficult above all others. In fact, unless the horse owner is himself capable of direct- ing and enforcing the performance of his orders, the chances of his stables being well regulated, are small, indeed. The ignorance or the knowingness of stable servants are equally annoying, but the latter is probably the more dangerous ; since close watching may prevent slovenly grooming, teach the right way of doing things, and enforce cleanlincsfi and industry, but when a self-conceited, opinionated blockhead takes to giving nostrums, in secret, and playing the veterinary surgeon, there is no end to the mischief he may do, and no easy means of detect- ing or arresting it, until the evil is done and irretrievable. Of all grooms, probably, the American is the best, when he will condescend to accept the condition of a servant ; for he is naturally fond of the horse, and inclined to bestow pains on him ; he is not apt to be lazy, or to spare his labor ; he is intelligent, ready, quick to learn, and rarely opinionated, or obstinate. However, the case is so very rare of a native American being found willing to enter service, that he may be considered out of the question. The Englishman, who has been brought up in racing or hunting stables, is, if steady, sober and industrious, an undeni- able groom. But the best men can command such good situa- tions and high wages at home, that they rarely emigrate. When they do, the fatal cheapness of liquor and the prevalent custom of dram-drinldng, to which in their own beer and porter- loving country, they are not generally used, too often cor-upt them, and they become slovenly, idle and worthless. It must be added, that if they be really good men, they are frequently so conceited, opinionated, and fond of their own way, that they will not obey their employer, unless they have come to the irre- sifltible conclusion that he knows more about the horse, than they do themselves. Of Irishmen — I have heard tell that, in their own country, 488 TltE nOBSK. tlipy malco pood grooms. If ho, thoy koop nil tliiit nro mndn pond at lioiiio. I never hhw n miHHuhlu oiio, and oonwider tlieiii of nil nntioiiK tlii> least apt to tlio horHO. They never poHweHs method- ical hahitH — than which no one thinp in so indispensable to a well-kept stable — they are almost always slovenly, untidy, and quick, almost to a miracle, in concealing faults, shirkinp duties, and escaping blame. Generally ignorant, they are as generally obstinately conceited, and resolute in doing what they choose t(» consider best, in spite of remonstrance or positive orders. They are, moreover, too often cruel, and almost always rough and brutal to the beasts under their charge. For whatever else I might take an Irishman, I would have him, as a groom, at no price. Frenchmen and some Germans — Hanoverians and Prussians, especially, make good stable servants, tho'igh they have not the intelligent qiuckncss of the American, or the natty knowingnesa of the English groom. Tliey are patient, industrious, very methodical, and the Germans, especially, exceedingly fond of and attentive to the beasts in their charge. One may do worse than have a French or Gernuin groom. Tliere is another class, here, the negro, who makes in some respects, a good stable servant. He will probably not be free from the national defects of his race ; he will, likely enough, be lazy if not closely looked after, will lie a good deal, do some small pilfering, and, now and then, get drunk. But he habitually loves the horse, and is proud of his appearance ; and will, per- haps, work more faithfully on him than on any thing else. He is almost invariably good-natured, and I have observed that horses become more attached to negroes, than to any other servants. If G master is willing to look after his horses a little, and after his man a good deal, he may do many more unwise things than to get a smart, steady, cleanly and intelligent man of color in his stables. If he will not look after things himself, but expects them to go on rightly without him, he will soon find that they will go one way only, and that way is to the bad — ^from whatever coun- try he may select his groom, in the United States. The duties of the groom, considered in relation to time, it^0mk_ mmm Imt, iiro inmlc good iiHi(l«'r tluiiii of all r [xwHtiHH moth(i(i- indiwpniiHiihlo to II t'lily, untidy, and H, Hhirkiiii,' dntit'H, r aro an g<>iHM'ally Hit they cliooso to ive orders. They Iways rougli und jr wliutev((r else 18 a groom, at uo ns and Prussians, hoy have not the iitty knowingness ndustrious, very ;eedingly fond of ne may do worse ' makes in some ably not be free ikely enough, be od deal, do some But he habitually ! ; and will, per- thi ng else. He 0 observed that m to any other little, and after wise things than man of color in 3xpect8 them to lat they will go whatever coun- )S. ilation to time, BTAHIJC IIOCRfl. 439 nsually commence at halt'-purtt five or six In the morning Sometimes he must bo in the stable much earlier, and some- times he need not hv. tlu-rc before seven. It dependH upon the time the stable is shut up at night, tlu! work there is to do in the morning, and the hour at which the liorw is wanted. When the horse is going out early an r>: three, but at ten or twelve thinnings. Then, the curr^ ^.umb has little to do about THE CURRYCOMB. 443 oceive a white, liorse has been in this manner, lany grooms, it ot of great ser- they look after, ve not time to n the open air. lot too cold, it is the operation be )rse8 are dressed kly loaded with the horse, they jr of dust. This nan. I suppose stablemen are in )uth. The dust, •strils, falls upon se. Racers and sed in the stable, d about them — ng clothedjl ittle able, ?ery wretchedly. not done in the the currycomb. ey do not always id where neces- md separates the cuts much of it force. It is not lenly, and, when ed and separated e it afterward is t be too long, it ee, but at ten or Ittle to do about the head, legs, flanks, or other parts that are bony, tender, or thinly covered with hair. V/'hen used in these places it should be drawn in tlie direction of the haii-s, or obliquely across them, and lightly applied. The comb is often too sharp. For some horses it should always be blunt. The horse soon shows whe- ther or not it is painful to him. If the operation be absolutely necessary, and cannot be performed without pain, the pain must be suiFered. But it is only in the hand of a rude or unskilful groom that the comb gives any pain. Some never think of what the horse is sufllering under their operations. Tliey use the comb as if they wanted to scrape off the skin. Tliey do not apparently know the use of the instrument. "Without any re- gard to the horse's struggles, they persist in scratching and rub- bing, and rubbing and scratching, when there is not the slight- est ocv^asion for employing the comb. On a tender skin, the comb requires very little pressure ; it should be drawn with the hair, or across it, rather than against it, and there should be no rubbing. The pain is greatest when the comb is made to pass rapidly backward and forward several times over the same place. It should describe a sweeping, not a rubbing motion. For some tender horees even the brush is too hard. In the flank, the groin, on the inside of the thigh, there can be little dust to remove which a soft wisp will not take away, and it is needless to persist in brushing these and similar places when the hors'i offers much resistance. In using it about the head or legs, care must be taken not to strike the horse with the bae' of the brush. These bony parts are easily hurt, and after r-peated blows .ne horse becomes suspicious and troublesome. For thin- skinned, irritable, horses the brush should be soft, or somewhat worn. Where the currycomb is used too much, the brush is used too little. The expertness of a groom may be known by the manner in which he applies the brush. An experienced ope- rator will do as much with a wisp of straw as a half-made groom will do with the brush. He merely cleans, or at the very most polishes the surface, and nothing but the surface. Ihe brush should penetrate the hair and clean the skin, and to do this it must be applied with some vigor, and pass repeatedly over the same place. It is oftenest drawn along the hair, but some- 444 THB BOBaS. times a cross and against it. To sink deeply, it must fall flatly and with some force, and be drawn with considerable pressure. "Wlien the horse is changing his coat, both the brush and the currycomb should be used as little and lightly as possible. A damp wisp will keep him tolerably decent till the new coat be fairly on, and it will not remove the old one too fast. The ears and the legs are the parts most neglected by un- trained grooms. They should be often inspected, and his atten- tion directed to them. White legs need to be often washed with soap and water — and hand-rubbed — and all logs that have little hair about them require a good deal of hand-rubbing. White horses are the most difficult to keep, and in the hands of a bad groom they are always yellow about the hips and hocks. The dung and urine are allowed so often to dry on the hair thnt at last it is dyed, and the other parts are permitted to assvine a dingy, smoky hue, like unbleached linen. Dkessino vicious Horses. — A few horses have an aversion to the operations of the groom from the earliest period of theii domestication. In spite of the best care and management, they continue to resist grooming with all the art and force they can exert. This is particularly the case with stallions, and many thoroughbred horses not doing much work. But a great many horses are rendered vicious to clean by the awkwardness, timid- ity, or folly of the keepe". A u awkward man gives the horse more pain than ought to tti.nd the operation; a timid man allows the horse to master ^;-'^ ; and a mischievous fellow is always learning him tricks, teaching him to bite, or to strike in play, which easily passes into malice. Biting may be prevented by putting on a muzzle, or by tying the head to the rack, or to the ring outside of the stable. When reversed in the stall, the head may be secured bv the pillar-reins. A muzzle often deters a horse from attempting to bite, but some will strike a man to the ground though they can- not seize him. These must be tied up. Many harness-horses are perfectly quiet while they are bridled, and it is sufficient to let the bridle remain on, or to put it on, till they be dressed. Others again are quite safe when blindfolded. Kicking horses are more dangerous than biters. A great many strike out, and are apt to injure an awkward groom ; yet they are not so bad ■■ I'-aiiaiiiBiaw^TiiteiiriWfiiiyiHasHiiiaitMia^^^ TO DBE88 A VI0I0U8 HOEflB. 445 must fall flatly Table pressure, brush and the as possible. A [he new coat be fast. !glected by un- , and his atten- ten washed with that have little ibbing. White hands of a bad nd hocks. The the hair thpt at ed to ass; me a 3 an avereion to period of their nagemont, they 1 force tliey can ions, aud .many Jfcagreat many i^ardnesb, timid- gives the horse ; a timid man 3V0US fellow is or to strike in muzzle, or by 3 of the stable, lecured by the attempting to )ugh they can- harness-horses is sufficient to 3.7 be dressed. Peking horses strike out, and «'e not 80 bad but an expert fellow may manage them, without using any re- straint. A switch held always in the hand, in view of the horse, and lightly applied, or threatened when he attempts to strike, will render others comparatively docile, A few permit their hind quarters to be cleaned while their clothes are on. Some there are, however, that cannot be managed so easily. They strike out, those especially that lead idle lives, so quickly and 80 maliciously, that the groom is in great danger, and can- not get his work properly performed. There are two remedies — die arm-strap and the twitch. Whce another man cannot be spared to assist, one of the fore legs is tied up ; the knee is bent till the foot almost touches the elbow, and a broad buckling- strap is applied over the forearm and the pastern. The horse then stands upon three legs, and the groom is in no danger of a kick. Until the horse is accustomed to stand in this way, he is apt to throw himself down ; for the first two or three times the leg should be held up by a man, rather than tied with a strap. The horse should stand on a thick bed of litter, so that he may not be injured should he fall. In course of time he may per- haps become quieter, and the arm-strap may be thrown aside. It should not be applied always to the same leg, for it produces a tendency to knuckling over the pastern, which, in a great measure, is avoided by tying up each leg alternately, the right to-day, the left to-morrow. Even the arm-strap will not prevent some horses from kicking ; some can stand on two legs, and some will throw themselves down. The man must just coax the horse, and get over the operation with as little irritation as pos- eible. Upon extraordinary occasions the twitch may be em- ployed, but it must not be applied every day, otherwise the lip upon which it is placed becomes inflamed, or j Isied. When restraint must be resorted to, the man should bo doubly active in getting through his work, that the horse may not be kept for a needless length of time in pain. He may, in some caser, give the horse a very complete dressing when he is fatigued, and not disposed to offer much resistance. Irritable, high-bred horses, often cut and bruise their legs when under the grooming operations. They should have boots, similar to those used against speedy cutting. U-rrxmr of deessing. — ^It improves the horse's appearance ; iu ,-a 446 THE HOBSB. renders the coat short, fine, glossy, and smooth. The coat of a horse in blooming condition is always a little oily. Tlie hair rejects water. The anointing matter which confers this property is secreted by the skin, and the secretion seems to be much influenced by good grooming. Slow-working horses often have flkins which a fox-hunter would admire, although they may be receiving very little care from the groom. But the food of these horses has a good deal to do with the skin, and their work is not of that kind which impairs the beauty of a fine glossy coat. They drink much water, and they get warm boiled food every night. They do not often perspire a great deal, but they always perspire a little. Fast-working horses have hard food, a limited allo'^ance of water ; and every day, or every other day, they are drenched in perspiration, which forbids constant perspira- tion, and which carries off, or washes away the oily matter. Hence, unless a horse that is often and severely heated, be well groomed, have his skin stimulated, and his hair polished by the brusli, he will never look well. His coat has a dead, dim ap- pearance, a dry, soft feel. To the hand the hair feels like a coarse, dead fur; the most autiful coat often assumes this sn'.te in one or two days. Some liorses always look ill, and no grooming will make them look well ; but all may be improved, or rendered tolerably decent, except at moulting time. Dress- ing is not the only means b/ which the coat is beautified. There ar(j othei- nrocesses, of which I shall speak presently. i\ai«Tig stablemen, dressing is performed only for the sake ot the liorse's personal appearance. They are not aware that it has any influence upon health, and therefore they generally neglect the skin of a hArse that is not at work. In the open fields, the skin is not loaded with the dust and perepiration which it con- tracts in the stable, or loose box ; and all the cleaning it obtains, or Bccds, is performed by the rain, and by the friction it receives when il .^ horse rolls upon the ground, or rubs himself against a ti-'^d. iio. comes home with a very ugly and a very dirty coat, but tlie skill is cleaner than if the horse had been all the time in a «^tab' ;.. Want of dressing, whether it affect the general health or not, produces lice and mange. Mange may arise from causea independent of a neglected skin, but it very rai-ely visits a well «H iTfiiUMIiMi mmmmtmr- TO PKEVEin' YEBMIKr. 447 The coat of a oily. Tlie hair rs this property 18 to be much rses often liave they may be lie food of these i their work is iiie glossy coat, iled food every )ut they always food, a limited >ther day, they istant perspira- le oily matter, heated, be well )oli8hed by the dead, dim ap- air feels like a II assumes this look ill, and no y be improved, 5 time. Dress- is beautified, presently, for the sake ot rare that it has lerally neglect pen fields, the which it con- ling it obtains, tioii it receives aself against a sry dirty coat, all the time in eral health or ) from causes ' visits a well groomed horse. Bad food or starvation has something to do in the production of lice; but the want of dressing has quite as much, or more. It is the business of the stableman to prevent mange, so far as prevention is possible. Its' treatment belongs to the veterinarian, and need not be here described. But it is the groom's duty both to prevent and cure lousiness. Lice may accumulate in great numbers before thoy are dis- covered. Sometimes they are diffused all over the skin ; at other times they are confined to the mane, the tail, and parts adjacent. The horse is frequently rubbing himself, and often the hair falls out in large patches. There are many lotions, powders, and ointments, for destroying lice. Mercurial oint- ments, lotions of corrosive sublimate and decoctions of tobacco, are so dangerous that they never should be nsed. Refuse oil or lard, rubbed on a lousy beast of any kind, immediately destroys the vermin, and there is no danger to be apprehended from this application. It merely occasions the hair being shed earlier in the spring, and requires a little extra attention in housing such animals as have been affected. Vinegar, mixed with three times its bulk of water, is also a good application, aiid not dangerous. It is more irritating, but the irritation soon sub sides and does not sicken the horse ; tobacco often will. Next day the ekin should be examined, and wherever there is any sign of living vermin, another application should be made. Two days afterwards the horse should be washed with soapy water, warm, and applied with a brush that will reach the skin without irritating it. In many cases, none of these remedies are necessary. It is sufficient to wash the horse all over with soapy water. Black soap is better than any other. It need not, and should not be rubbed upon the skin. It may be beat into the water till it forms a strong lather, and that should be applied with a brush and washed off with clean warm water. Care must be taken that the horse do not catch cold. He should bu thoroughly washed, but dried as quickly as possible, and get a walk after- ward if the weather be favorable. The cloths should be dipped into boiling water, and the inside of the saddle wet with the sublimate lotion. The litter should all be turned out, and burned, or buried where swine, e 448 THE H0B8E. dogs, or poultry, will not got among it. If it cannot be easily removod without scattering it across the stable or yard, a solu- tion of quicklime may be dashed over it, before it is taken from the stall. Dkkssinq AFfER WoBK.— Tliis Operation varies according to many circumstances ; it is influenced by the kind of horse, the state and time in which he arrives at the stable. Slow-working horses merely require to be dried and cleaned ; those of fast work may require something more, and those which arrive at a late hour ai-e not usually dressed, as they would be by coming home earlier. The principal objects in dressing a horse after work are to get him dry, cool, and clean. It is only, however, in stables tolerably well regulated, that these three objects are aimed at or attainable. Carters, and other inferior stablemen, endeavor to remove the mud which adheres to the belly, the feet, and the legs, and they are not often very particular as to the manner in which this is done. If a pond or river be at hand, or on the road home, the horse is driven through it, and his keeper considers that the best, which I suppose means the easiest, way of cleaning him. Others, having no such conve- nience, are content to throw two or three buckets of water over the legs. Their only way of drying the horse is by sponging the legs, and wisping the body, and this is generally done as if it were a matter of form more than of utility. Tliere are some lazy fellows who give themselves no concern about dressing the horse. They put him in the stable, wet and dJrty as he comes off the road ; and after lie is dry, perhaps he gets a scratch with the currycomb, and a rub with the straw wisp. Fast- working horses require very different treatment. The rate at which they travel rendere them particularly liable to all those diseases arising from or connected with changes of temperature. In winter, the horse comes off the road, heated, wet, and be- spattered with mud; in summer, he is hotter, drenched in perspiration, or half dry, his coat matted, and sticking close to the skin. Sometimes he is quite oool, but wet, and clothed in mud. The ti'eatmeut he receives cannot be always the same. In sum- mer, after easy work, his feet and legs may be washed and dried, and his body dressed in nearly the same manner that it is dress- ed before work. The wisp dries the places that are moist with BCBAI'INO, AND WALKING ABOUT. 449 cannot be easBy e or yard, a boIu- re it is taken from iries according to and of horse, the a. Slow-working ed ; those of fast wliich arrive at a lid be by coining ing a horse after is only, however, three objects are iferior stablemen, to the belly, the Y particnlar as to id or river be at 1 through it, and ippose means the 5 no such conve- ets of water over e is by sponging Qerally done as if There are some bout dressing the Jjrty as he comes e gets a scratch ■aw wisp. Fast- mt. The rate at able to all those 8 of temperature, ted, wet, and be- ter, drenched in eking close to the I clothed in mxid. e same. In sum- pashed and dried, 3r that it is dress- it are moist with perspiration, the currycomb removes the mud, and the brush polishes the hair, lays it, and takes uway the dust. Tlie dressing in such a case is simple, and soon over, but it is all the horso recpiires. When drenched in rain or perspiration, he must bo dried by mearts of the scraper, the wisp, and evaporation ; when heated, he must be walked about till cool, and sometimes he may be bathed, that he may be both cooled and cleaned. Scraping.— Tlie scraper is sometimes termed a sweat-knife. In some stables it is just a piece of hoop iron, about twenty inches long, by one and a half broad ; in the racing and hunt- ing stables it is nuide of wood, sharp only on one edge, and hav- ing the back thick and strong. When properly handled, it is a very useful instrument. The groom, taking an extremity in each hand, passes over the neck, back, belly, quarters, sides, every place where it can operate ; and with a gentle and steady pressure, he removes the wet mud, the rain, and the perspira- tion. Fresh horses do not understand this, and are apt to resist it. A little more than the usual care and gentleness at the lii-st two or three dressings, render them familiar with it. The pressure applied must vary at different parts of the body, being lightest where the coat and the skin are thinnest. The scraper must pass over the same places several times, especially the belly, to which the water gravitates from the back and sides. It has little or nothing to do about the legs ; these parts are easily dried by a large sponge, and are apt to be injured by the scraper. This operation finished, the horse, if hot, must be walked about a little, and if cool, he must be dried. Walking a heated Horse.— Every body knows that a horse ought not to be stabled when perepiring very copicasly after severe exertion ; he must not stand still. It is known that he is likely to catch cold, or to take inflamed lungs, or to founder. By keeping him in gentle motion till cool, these evils are pre- vented. This is all that stablemen can say about it, and perhaps little more can be said with certainty. We must go a little deeper than the skin, and consider the state of the internal organs at the moment the horse has finished a seveTe task. The action of the heart, the blood-vessels, the nerves, and perhaps other parts, has been greatly increased, to correspond with the extraordinary action of the muscles, the instruments of motion. Vol. 11.-29 460 THB HORUt Tho circulation, once excited, does not bocomo traTiqnil the mo- ment exertion ceases. Tho heart, and other internal orj^ana which act in concert with the heart, continue for a time to per- form their functions with all the energy which violenl muscular exertion demands, and they do mischief before they are aware that their extraordinary services are no longer required; An irregularity in the distribution of the blood takes place ; soino part receives more than it needs, and an inflammation is the re- sult. Motion prevents this, because it keeps up a demand for blood among the muscles. The transition from rapid motion to rest is too sudden, and should be broken by gentle motion. If tho heart and nervous system could be restrained us easily as the action of the voluntary muscles, there would be no need for walking a heated horse, since it would be sufficient to render all the organs tranquil at the same time. This brief analysis of what is going on internally, may be nseful to those who would know exactly when it is safe to ])ut a heated horse to perfect rest. It is needless to keep him in mo- tion after the pulse has sunk to nearly its natural number of beats per minute, which is under 40. Stablemen go by the lieat '^f the skin, but on a hot day the skin will often remain above its usual heat, for a good while after the system is quite calm. Tlie state of the skin, however, in general indi- cates the degree of internal excitement with sufficient accu- racy. The object, then, in walking a heated horse, is to allay the excitement of exertion in all parts of the body at the same time, and by degrees, to keep the muscles working because the heart is working. The motion should always be slow, and the horse led, not ridden. If wet, and the weather cold, his walk may be faster than summer weather requires. When the state of the weather, and the want of a covered ride, put walking out of the question, the horse must either go to the stable or he must suflfer a little exposure to the rain. When i"uch excited, that is, when very warm, it is better that he should walk for a few minutes in the rain, than that he should stand quite still. But a horse seldom comes in very warm while it is raining. If he must go into the stable it should not be too "vtidBBWiWig, and this is ireless sloven ; brush goes to id mud, with- ly any water, aking up and js and all the letely dry by land. Among the legs have ropei'ly dried use it is easy, 3men, will be dry of them- loration com- jducing heat the tempera- r established, the water has all evaporated ; then the heat accumulates ; in- flammation succeeds, and often runs so far as to produce morti- fication. To avoid these evils, the legs must either be dried after washing, or they must not bo washed at all. Among horees that have the fetlocks and the legs well clothed with long and strong hair, it is not necessary to be so particular about drying the legs ; the length and the thickness of the hair check evaporation. This i)rocess is not permitted to go on so rapidly ; the air and the vapor are entangled among the hair ; they cannot get away, and of course cannot carry oft' the heat so rapidly as from a naked heel. But for all this, it is possible to make the legs, even of those hairy-heeled horses, so cold as to produce inflammation. And when these horses have the legs trimmed bare, thay are more liable to grease than the lighter horse of faster work. But the greatest number of patients with grease occur where the legs and heels are trim- med, washed, and never properly dried. Tliere is no grease where there is good grooming, and not much where the legs are well covered with hair. It is true that fat or plethoric horses are very liable to cracks and moisture of the heels ; but though it may not be easy, yet it is quite possible for a good groom to prevent grease even in these horses. I am not objecting to washing under all circumstances. It is a bad practice among naked-heeled horses, only when the men will not or cannot make the legs dry. In a gentleman's stable the le^ ">ught to be washed, but they ought also to be thoroughly dried before the horse is left. It is the evapora- tion, or the cold produced by evaporation, that does the mis- chief. I greatly approve of washing the legs with warm water, hard rubbing them for a few moments so as to strip out the superfluous water, and then instantly applying dry and warm flannel bandages from the fetlock to the knee. Tlie legs next morning com out beautifully dry and clean. Bathing. — ^This name may be given to the operation of wash- ing the horse all over. Where possible, and not forbidden by the owner, a lazy or ignorant groom always performs it in the neighboring river or pond. Some take the horse into the water till it is up to his belly, and others swim him into the depths, 466 Tins noRSB. from wliich man and horse are often borne away with the stream, to the great grief of the newspaper editor, wlio deph^res tlieir melancholy fate; by which, I suppose, he means melancholy ignorance. These river bathings ought to be entirely prohibited. In cold weather it is an act of nuidness. During some of the hottest days in summer, a general bathing is wonderfully re- freshing to a horse, who has run a stage at the rate of ten jniles an hour. It cleans the skin more effectually than any other means, and with less irritation to the horse; it renders him com- fortably cool, and under certain conditions, it does him no harm, Those employed in public conveyances are almost the only horses that require it. During very hot weather they suffer much from the pace at which they travel. They come -'ff the road steeped in perspiration, but in a few minutes they are dry. The coat is thin and short, and the hairs glued together by dirt and sweat ; to raise and separate them with the currycomb is productive of much pain, greatly aggravated by the fevered condition of the horse. The best way of cleaning a horse in this state, is by washing him. Tlie operation is performed by the water-brush and the sponge. The horse should stand in the sun. The man, taking a large coarse sponge in his hand, usually com- mences at the neck, close to the head ; he proceeds backward and downward till he has bathed the horse all over. This may be done in two minutes. Then, dipping his brush in the water, he applies it as generally as the sponge, drawing it always in the direction of the hair, without any rubbing. Tlie sponge merely applies the water; the brush loosens and removes the dust and perspiration which adhere to the hair. The sweat-knife is next employed, and the horse being scraped as dry as possible, he is walked about in the sun for half an hour, more or less, till he be perfectly dry. During the time he is in motion the scraper is reapplied several times, especially to the belly, and the horse gets water twice or thrice. "When quite dry, he is stabled, and wisped over, perhaps lightly brushed, to lay and polish his coat, and when his legs are well rubbed he is ready for feeding. with the stream, 0 dejjlores their ins moliinchjly iil)ited. ■ing some of the wonderfully re- ate of ten jniles lan any other nders him com- !s him no harm, most the oidy ler they suflFer iy come -^ff" the 3S they are dry. ogether by dirt f) currycomb ia by the fevered ' a horse in tliis formed by the tand in the sun. d, usually com- ceds backward i^er. This may h in tlie water, ig it always in ;. Tlie sponge d removes the 'he sweat-knife iry as possible, ore or less, till ion the scraper and the horse he is stabled, and polish his iy for feeding. USES AND PBOrKKTIKS OF TUE UAIB 457 OPEKATION OF DECORATION. The tJsKs and Pkopertiks of the TTair. — ^That which forms the general covering is intended to keep the horse warm. It con- ducts heat very closely, and is therefore well adapted for retain- ing it. It absorbs no moisture, and when the horse is in good ihealth, every hair is anointed with an oily sort of fluid which imparts a beautiful gloss, and repels moisture. The hair is shed every spring and every autumn. The short fine coat which suffices for the summer, affords little protection against the severities of winter ; it falls, and is replaced by another of the same nuiterial, though longer and coarser. It is not very obvious why the horse should moult twice every year. We might 8Upj)ose that a mere increase in the length of the summer coat would render it sufficiently warm for the winter. Without doubt Oiere is some reason why it is otherwise order- ed. The hair perhaps is not of the same texture ; that of the winter coat certainly appears to be coarser ; it is thicker, and it requires more care to keep it glossy than the hair of a summer coat. The hair is not cast all at once. Before losing its connection with the skin it assumes a lighter color, and becomes dim and deadlike. On some warm day a large quantity comes away, which is not missed, though its fall is very evident. The pro- cess seems to stop for several days and to recommence. Though a little is always falling, yet there are times at M-hich large quantities come out, and it is said that the whole is shed at thrice. Moulting, and the length and thickness of the coat, are much influenced by the stable treatment and the weather. Horses that are much and for a long time out of doors, exposed to cold, always have the hair much longer than those kept in warm stables, or those that are more in the stable than in the open air. If the horse be kept warm and well fed, his winter coat will be very little longer than that of summer, and it will lie nearly as well. Moulting may even be entirely prevented ; heavy clothing and warm stabling will keep the summer coat on all winter. The horse, however, must not be often nor long ex- posed to cold, for though he may be made to retain his summer 4S8 THE HORSE. coat till after the usual period of changing it, yet it will fall even in the middle of winter, if he be much exposed to winter wcatlier. Grooms often hasten the fall of the winter coat by extra dressing and elothing, in order that the horse may have his tine summer coat a little earlier than usual. This, especially when the spring is cold and the horse much exposed, is not right, for it genei'uUy makes the summer coat longei than if it had not appeared till the weather was warmer. The long hair which grows on the legs of some horses, is doubtless intended to answer the sane purpose as the short hair of the body. It is longer and stronger, because the parts are more exposed to cold and to wet. On the legs of thoi-oughbred horses, the hair is not much longer than that on the body, with the exception of a tuft at the back of the fetlock-joint. This is termed the foot lock. It defends the parts beneath from ex- ternal injury, io which they are liable by contact with the ground. When very long, good grooming, good food, and warm stabling, always shorten tin; hair of the legs. Tho. hair of tJic nuuie has been i-egarded as ornamental, and it is so ; but to say that an}> part of an animal was conferred for the sole purpose of pleasing the eye of man, is almost as m\ich as to say that all were not created by the same Being. Had the mane been superfluous to the horse, we could have been made to admire him without it. God has made it plcaeing to us, be- cause it is useful to him. In a wild state the horse has many battles to tight, and his neck, deprived of the mane, would be a very vulnerable part. It is likewise a part that he cannot reach with his teeth, and not easily with his feet. The flies might settle there and satiate themselves without disturbance ; if the mane cannot altogether exclude these intrudere, it can lash them off by a single jerk of the head. I believe that in wild horses ihe mane falls equally on both sides of the neck. The long hair of the mant, the tail, and the legs, is hot shed in the same manner as that on the body. It is deciduous, but it does not fall so regularly, so rapidly, nor so often as the other. Each hair, from its length, requires a much longer time to grow ; if all werr shed at once, the parts would be left defpnceless for pfc•^pps more than a month. Some of the haii-s are con- atartly losing their attachment and falling out, while others are ■•■■'■^^mm^ DOCKING AND PRICKING. 469 t it will fall even •ohotl to wiiitor winter coat, hy ii>rse may have This, especially exjjosed, is not ongei than if it 6onio horses, is IS the short liair ie the parts are f thoronghhred the body, with l<-joint. This is neath from ex- titact with the food, and warm •rnamental, and as conferred for almost as much Jeing. JIad the ave been made aeing to us, be- liorse has many -ne, would be a le cannot reach ?he flies might irbance ; if the 8, it can lash '6 that in wild neck. }ga, is not shed ciduous, but it 1 as the other. • time to grow ; eft defpnceless haii-8 are con- hile others are as conBta..tly growing. It is not possible to say wliat deter- mines the fall of these hairs in horses not doniestijated. It may be some eircuiriKtance connected w'th their age or length more than with the change of season. When brnshed and combed many of fhein are pulled out. Docking. — In this country the horse's tail is regarded as a useless or troublesome appendage. It was given to ward oft' the attacks of blood-sucking flies. In this country, for several months of the year, thin-skinned horses suffer excessively, and many accidents happen from their struggles or their fears. At grass, in certain districts, they are in a constant fever. It is surely worth while inquiring, whether all that is gained by docking bfilarces the loss. In comjiaring the two, it ought to be remembered that lockjaw and deuth are not rare results of ti.fi operation. Tlie opeitition of pricking, after the old fashion, is barbarous in the extreme. As practised here, it is much more simple, effectual, and less painful. If the tail is to be docked, let that firet be done, and then permitted to heal perfectly. Perhaps this operation may make the horse carry his tail so well as to prevent the necessity of pricking. But if it does not, then let him be pricked. Operation. — ^Tlie tail has four cords, two upper and two lower. The upper ones raise the tail, the lower ones depress it, and these last alone are to be cut. Take a sharp penknife with a long slender blade ; insert the blade between the bone and under cord, two inches from the body ; place the thumb of the hand holding the knife against the under part of the tail, and opposite the blade. Tlien press the blade toward the thumb agains' the cord, and cut the cord off, but do not let the knife cut th ough the skin. The cord is firm, and it will easily be known when it is cut off. The thumb will tell when to desist, that the skin may not be cut. Sever the cord twice on each side in the same manner. Let the cuts be two inches apart. The cord is nearly destitute of sensation ; yet when the tail ia pricked in the old manner, the wound to the skin and flesh is severe, and much fever is induced, and it takes a long time to heal. But with this method, the horee's tail will not bleed, noi 460 THE IIORBR. will it \m Hore iiridor ordinary circumstnnccs more than throe days ; and ho will be i>\illcyed and his tail made in one half of the time rc(|iiir('(l by the old method. DuKsrtiNo TMK Tail:— SomctiiMOH llu^ hair of the tail grows too busily. The best way of thinning it \h to comb it often with a dry comb, having small but strong teeth. When the hair k short, Btitt", almost Ktanding on end, it may be laid by wetting it, and tying the ends together beyond the Ktiirnp. Konietimes the whole tail \h moistened, and surrounded by a hay-rope, whieli is applied ovetdy and moderately tight, and kept on all night. It makes the hair lie better during the next - Sometinios tlio liiiy-n.pc., wliieh is [»t on nil ni«rlit. It butHcMoni longer. Iio tail is lielcl in a it in K(|iiurc'(I with 'K.rtcr than that at il>k's the foatherod nd liavo long tails the dock ; this is liii-c. It is of vary- lor. It sometimes The man seizing it cngtli with a knife rough it as a j)air •OSS, with the edge and down as if ho ifc approaches the Ties the knife all ill from one jjoint ther. The haire niddlo being the d brushed every auld be wet and > especially when ' soap and water, the hair is want- lies to the right each. On some TIUMMINO THK KAH8. 401 )rHe9 it is made to lie to the right side on the one, and on the otiior, the bare side of the neck being exposed, e, especially ponies, it is the ciiHtoin to bav«> the nnmo learly to the roots, only a few stunips lieiiig left to )endiciilarly. This is termed the hog-nuin»'. It is irely out of fashion. To make a mane lie, the groom wets it sevi'ral times a day; he keeps it almost con- t; when thick, short, and bushy, he pulls away some from tlie under side, that is, from the side to which incli ited to incli When that is not mane inclines, or is wanted to incline, w lien tiiat is Bufficient, ho plaits it into ten or fifteen cords, weaving into each a ])iece of nuitting, and loading the extremity with a littlo lead. After ryuuiining in this state for several days, the phviting is undone, and the mane lies as it is wanted. When it becomes too long or too bushy, a few of the hairs are pidled out. This is often done too harshly, and somo horses have a great aversion to it. In harness hoidcs, that part of the mano which lies directly behind the ears is usually cut away, that the head of the bridle may sit fast. Heavy draught-horses should seldom have either the mane or the tail thinned, and, to hang gracefully, it should be long in proportion to its thickness. Trimming the Eaks — The inside of the ear is coated with fine liair, which is intended by nature to exclude rain, flies, dirt, and other foreign mattere floating in the air. When loft to itself, it grows BO long as to protrude consideral)ly out of the ear, and to give the horse a neglected, ungroomed-like appearance. It is a common practice to trim all this hair away by the roots. But it is a very stupid practice. The internal ear becomes exposed to the intrusion of rain, dirt, and insects ; and though I know of no disease arising from this cause, yet eyery horseman is aware that it gives the horse much annoyance. Many are very unwil ling to face a blast of rain or sleet, and some will not. In the fly-season, thoy are constantly throwing the head about as if they would throw it ofi^, and this is an inconvenience to either rider or driver. The hair on the inside should not be cut from any horse. It is easily cleaned by a gentle application of the brush. When the hair grows too long, the points may be taken oft This is done by closing the ear, and cutting away the hair £ 402 THE IIORSB. that pnitrudi'H beyond tho edges. Among heavy horBca even tliis \h uniu'eeHHiiry. TiiiMMrNo Tin: Mrzzi.i': and Fack.— All round the niiizzlf, and espociully altoiif flio noHtriJH and lips, tlirre are ion^r lino hairs, (scattered wide ai)art, and Htandin«,' perpendieidar to tho Bkin Tliese are feelern. They perform the winio functions as the whiskers of the cat. Their roots are endowed with peculiar sonHiltilify. They warn the horse of the vicinity of ol)j(>ctH to which he must attend. There are several grouped together Ix'h.w and above tho eyes, which give these delicate organs notice of approaching insects or matters that might enter them and do mischief. The slightest touch on tho extremity of these hairs is instantly felt by tho horse. They detect even the agitation of the air. It is usual with grooms to cut all these hairs away as vulgar excrescences. They can give no reason for doing so. They see those hairs on all horses that are not well groomed, and perha])8 they are accustomed to associate them with gejieral want of grooming. They arc so fine and so few in nund)er, that they cunn(»t bo seen from a little distance, and surely they cannot be regarded as incompatible with beauty, even though they were more conspicuous. The operation ought to be forbidden. Trimming tiik IIkkls and Legs.*— The hair of the fetlock, tho hollow of the pastern, and the posterior aspect of the legs, is longer on heavy draught-horses than on those of finer bone. It is intended to keep tho legs warm, and perhajis in some de- gree to defend them from external violence. It becomes much shorter and less abundant after the horse is stabled, kept warm, well fed, and well groomed. The simple act of washing the legs, or rubbing them, tends to make the hair short and thin, and to keep it so. Nevertheless, it is a very common practice, especially in coaching-stables, to clip this hair away almost close to the root. Cart-horses very rarely have the heels trim- med; well-bred horses seldom require it. The hand-rubbing which the legs and heels of these horses receive, keeps the hair ehort, and it is never very long even without hand-rubbing. • The word heel is applied to the back and hoUow of the pastern. In this place all that is said of the heels is applicable to the leg. I HAND-UI'llIilNO TIIK I.KdII. 4f;3 ,' liiiivy horses oven niiiiid the tmizzlo, ilifH' art' loii^ fi„o *'i-|'t'ii(li\\(!(1 with jxKMiliiir cinity of nhjcvt^ to ipcdto^retliurluilow ato or^r,iiiH notice of ciifor tluMji and do lity ot'tlioso haii-H m ■CM the ngitatiou of nirs nway m vulvar iloiiifr HO. They see 'omod, and porluijjs til pronoral want of 1 iiuiuhor, that thoy rely they cannot bo I tliough they were t)o forbidden. ir of the fetlock, the pect of tho legs, is !io80 of finer bono. iorhftj)8 in some de- It becomes much itabled, kept warm, ct of wasliiiig the air short and thin, common practice, hair away almost ve the heels trim- The hand-rubbing ive, keeps the hair liand-rubbing. pastern. In this place Hand-ki iiiiiNu 'niK LwiH. — TIiiH \n not nltogellitr ati nrnu- mental operation, but us it is performed chiefly or only where decoration Ih lUfetided to, this HeeiuH to be the proper place for takinjx notice of it. I have Hiiid that the liuir of fbe body in anointed by an oily kind of matter, which nervcH in Home mea- Huro to rei)el the rain. The long hair of the Ik^cIh Ih ntiointed in the same way, but tbcMe parts are more liable to become wet, and the oily or lubricating fluid is Hecreted in greater iibundance here than elsewhere. It is produced by the skin, and has u lightly fetid smell, which becomes intolerable when the skin is the seat ')f the diseaso termewance of turnips ceeps the animals is useful, but it 3r horses, without lost repreiiensible ) drink, while at- •ness ; many l.iave men have also a of various kinds; The plan of cut- nded, as it saves >f food destroyed, rABLES. J the celebrated '^iew to retaining ;o their work with ning ouc to grass, his country, parches and de- ; as hard as pave- I myriads of flies ut, renders it, in mgerous to turn In ninety-nine ) again in woi-se tems debilitated, or xbrty years, as the &rst £ "ass showed itself, and this kind of food was considered a panacea for all their complaints. After being kept in a warm stable all the winter, and their coats made as fine as possible, thoy were stripped of their clothing as rapidly us their owners dare, and turned out, often without any hovel to run into in cold and wet weather. The result was frequently that in the autunm they came up broken-winded, or sometimes they died in the seaeon- ;ing; and in all cases, if healthy, they were fat, pursy, and un- wieldy, and required nearly the whole of the hunting season to fit them for tiie \s .rk Ihey had to do. Certainly, for fhr\ pace our forefathers rode, a grass-horse, if fed with corn also, as was often done, was capable of keeping his place through a run, though with a liberal display of lather ; but as it is notorious that a horse in training requires six months, after leaving the grass-field, to prepare him even for a moderate race, and as it is also well known that a fust thing with hounds is still more try- ing than a race, so it is evident that this fast thing will require sometliing more than grass-fed horseflesh to carry the possessor safely through it. Hence, the plan has been almost universally abandoned, in great measure owing to the writings of " Nim- rod" — Mr. Apperley — on the subject, and the hunter is now almost always summered in a loose box. Besides, there are other objections to turning a hunter out at this season of the year. It is generally the case that his legs and feet — sometimes one or the other, somb.lmes all — are inflamed and require rest, blister- ing, firing, &c. Now, if this be the case, the turning out only aggravates the mischief, because these horses are, of all others, the most excited by liberty, from their associating it with their usual occupations, and gallop about, battering their legs on the hard ground, until the original mischief is made ten times greater. If legs or feet are to be mended by turning out, this oxight either to be done in the winter, or into marshes, which are objectionable, because they are peculiarly opposed to the future hard condition of the horse. Upland grasses make the horse flabby enough, but marsh grass is ten times worse. I have turned out many horses in the summer myself, when lame, but I never found them to be improved by it, and some have been utterly ruined by their galloping over the hard turf. If they must go out they should be fettered, which stops their gallops, 474 TFi: HOK8E. and is a very good j»rev' •♦'ve at this senaon of tlio year. Tlie Niinrodiaii plan is ,/g; — ^Tho liorse \h gnuliinlly cooled down, by taking itF iiis flotliing by dcgrooH, and by ubHtmctiiHr liirt corn, i)artially or entirely, giving pliyhie, Ac, itc. ; all which will re(i\iiro nearly a month, or until the niidillo of May ; lie is then to bo put into a large, roomy, and airy loose box, with the upper half of the door capable of being constantly left open, or with a strong chain put across the door posts, the door being li'ft entirely open, which is better still, because it allows of a free circulation of air. When thoroughly cooled down, the legs nniy be blistered or dressed with jiny of the numerous ap- plications which will be hereafter described. Tan is the best nuiterialfor the floor of tlie box, and if thickly spread, serves all the jjurposes of litter, whilst it keeps the feet cool. Italian rye or Lucerne, or ordiiuiry grass, nuiy be given, at first mixed with an equal quantity of hay, but when the horse is accustomed to them, forming the entire food. Vetches I am not fond of for horses doing no work. If young, they are irritating to the bow- els, and do notiiing but scour them ; and if old, they are strong and heating. For coach-horses at work, when given with corn, they answer better than grass, especially when the pods are fully developed ; but for summering the hunter, I prefer some of the grasses or clovers, which are not nearly so heating as vetches. The shoes may be taken off, and the feet pared out nicely, removing all broken pieces of horn, and cutting out any sand cracks, seedy toes, &c., to the quick, so as to allow them to be radically cured at this time of complete rest. If the horse is tolerably young and hearty, he will do better for a month or two without any corn at all ; and during that time he will have recovered from the inflammatory condition of the system which high feeding inevitably produces. The blistering, firing, or other j'emedies, have now done their work, and the legs are re- duced in size, with all their old lumps and bumps alrnost entirely gone. This will bo accomplished by the end of July, or some- times, when the legs are very stale, a month later ; until which time the corn is still forbidden, or only given in small quanti- ties, and the whole attention is turned to the removal of the eflects of the thorns and battering blows which the ^.egs and feet have sustained during the previous season. But it is by this iwiiiimriMf' I( of tlio yonr. Tlie :,'m(liially cooUmI uiiil hy ul»Htractii sail a bout, or to kill double bhote, to a certainty, on tho wing. The more skill in nuinaging and controlling tho animals, under the saddle, or before a vehicle of any kind, can bo ac- quired oidy by bogiiming young, under good instructors, and pt ovoring attentively until habit and experience have become second nature. Even thus, there are some men so constituted, that, whether from constitutional nervousness and timidity, want of temper, tact, judgment, or of the peculiar talent vrJiich enal)lo8 others »t onco to acquire command over the fears and affections of aaimals, they can no'or, eitiier in tho saddle or on the driving box, become more ban tho most moderate performers, awk- ward in manner and appearance, alike, ungraceful, aud, to a great extent, inapt to the task they have undertaken. ^ Others, again, have a faculty, or gain a power from the first, so easily that it seems like instinct, which they never lose, even by desuetude or neglect, and which, one might almost say, constitutes them at once horsemen, so soon as they come in contact with a horse. / In some sort, genius of a particular kind is necessary to / the attainment of great excellence in this, as in many other / arts ; and a man, to be a pre-eminent rider, or a first-rate whip, I as to be a poet, a musician, a crack-shot, or a general, must be I born such, first, and, then be led on step by step, ab ovo. WiH ROAD MANAUK.MKNT. 4W ^AGEMENT. Htnictod by any r uiul driver, any dfniblo Bliots, to ing tho nnirnale, kind, can bo ac- instnictors, and iico linvo become ed, tliat, whether want of temper, 1 enables otliera md aftections of >r on tlie driving performers, awk- uceful, and, to a aken. power from the they never lose, le might almost )n as they come is necessary to in many other I first-rate whip, eneral, must be >, ab ovo. What I have flioiiglit it adviHablo to nay, uiyHolf, or to com- pile fnttri tli«( wiirkH of otlu-rs in relation to riding, hart lu'cn givcMi under the hoadrt of ilrcakitig, of Ihiucher^H JIorHcnmn- ship, Ac, and will, I bolicvc, be foitnd to contain all that i« ru'eded on the Hubj«'ct. I'l regard, however, to driving, nothing Hiniilar can be written or tauglit; aiul though I might tell a num how to hold hirt reins, on which side to mount his driving Heat, and on which hand to take Iuh place, all would be to no effect; and it nuiy be saiil in a few wohIh, that there is no way of learn- ing to become an excellent driver, except^ by sitting, often, alongside of a tirHt-rate whip, listening to his instruct ion.s, and watching his numipulation of both whip and ribbons for many a day before attem})ting to assume either, and, when that is done, by working |)atiently under his instructions, until such time as ho shall pronounce his pupil capable to go alone. In no other }iui"s\nt is it so necessary for one to learn how to stand, before he can go, and to go before he can rim, as it is in driving. With regard, liowever, to management on tho road, some advice may be given, which will bo advantageous to all novices, and to many of those, even, who consider themselves horsemen, and whips of no common standing. It is so common, that no person who has seen much of trav- elling on roads, either in the saddle or in vehicles, can fail to observe it, that one man will get his hackney, his wagon-horse, or his team, over his ground, to any given distance, at a rapid rate of travelling, say ten or twelve miles an hour, without dis- tressing him, or them, at all ; while another, at an inferior pace, will have his animals worn out before half the distance is ac- complished. Tills arises from several causes ; tho possession by tho one of judgment of pace, judgment of ground, quick perception of the manner of his horse's or his team's working, suflBcient skill in driving his ho''8es to avoid worrying them, and, if he be using two, or four, to make ail work evenly and alike ; keeping the slow and lazy animal well up to his collar, and tho willing, eager animal, hard on his bit ; add to this, the knowledge how to nurse, comfort and care for a horse on the road, and we have all that is necessary to constitute a good horse-mabter. 11 478 THE H0K8E. The first thing towards accomplishing a journey well, and m good style and good time, is to start well ; and, in order to do that, tlie horse or horses to be used, being presupposed to be in good condition, should have been fed and watered long enough before the hour of starting to liave digested their food ; that is to say, to have passed it from the stomach into the intes- tines, so that there shall be no danger of foundering the horse, or breaking his wind, by driving him when he is in nowise fit to be driven. When this is all right, it is still advisable that the driver should, on first taking his horses in hand, let them jog along gently for the first mile and a half of their journey, and he will generally see the animals clearing their bowels and throwing off the digested remains of the last meal ; by the appearance and consistence of which he will readily judge of the fitness of his horse, or team, for the work, which he or they, has, or have to perform. While on the road, the first thing and the most necessary to inculcate, because generally unknown or misunderstood, is that, next to a continual ascent, the hardest road on which horses can possibly travel, is a long dead level — ^for the reasons, first, that there is a necessity for a constant pressure into the collar, in order to keep the traces tight and the vehicle in motion, since the friction will prevent the best running carriage, that can be built, from following ; and second — this being applicable as much to working under the saddle as to going in harness — that the same set of muscles are kept continually at work, in- stead of one set being relieved by another, which is brought into play alternately in the ascent and descent of hills. There having been a long standing dispute on this question, it was solved, some years since, by the officers of one of her Majesty's regiments, quartered at Fredericton, New Brunswick, who instituted a series of experiments with a number of horses, on two tracks, each of fifty measured miles, one on the road covered with snow, undulating over hill and dale, parallel to the river St. Johns, and the other on the snow-covered, icy surface of the river itself ; in which trials, it was found that the hoi-ses, which had proved themselves victorious on the road, were in- variably beaten on the river, by the very animals which had ROAD DRIVINO. 479 a journey well, and :;11 ; and, in order to ling presupposed to :1 and watered long digested their food ; mach into the intes- undering the horse, I he is in nowise fit iable that the driver let them jog along journey, and he will )wel8 and throwing by the appearance judge of the fitness he or they, has, or le most necessary to sunderstood, is that, ad on which horses or the reasons, first, lure into the collar, vehicle in motion, ming carriage, that iiis being applicable going in harness- inually at work, in- ', which is brought nt of hills, ite on this question, cers of one of her n. New Brunswick, a number of horses, 18, one on the road dale, parallel to the jovered, icy surface md that the horses. failed against them with the circumstances reversed— and, that, by such considerable distances, and with such ease, as showed the cause to be indisputably the nature of the surface. There is more reason for dwelling on this point, because it is exactly the reverse of what is generally believed to be the case, by tyros ; and because nothing so common as to hear it eaid— " Oh I here is a nice stretch of ten or twelve miles, on a dead level ; now is the time to mnke play "—and to see the string administered, and the hoi-ses put along at a spanking pace, over ground which is only less severe than a direct, up- hill dead-pull. On a gently rolling road, by letting the horses go down the descent at a good fair trot, with their traces loose, a little faster than it is necessary in order to keep them well ahead of the carriage, the latter will have gained such an impetus that it will follow them over the bottom and up the fii-st part of the next ascent, by its own previously acquired velocity ; and up to, and even over, the top, by the mere tightening of the traces, with- out any thing like a hard collar-pull. This is the way in which a good whip, by merely holding his horses sufficiently in hand to prevent their breaking away with him, or coming down in consequence of treading on a rolling stone, will get over a country with just one-half the distress which will be Inflicted by another on his horses, who, seeming to be more steady and more cautious, by making his team hold back the carriage, when there is no occasion to do so, will give them the unnecebsary double labor, firet of holding back the descending, and then dragging forward the ascending, load, by dint of direct expenditure of animal power, when, if left alone, the same result would have been reached by almost natural causes. In regard to watering horses, again, a great error is con- stantly made, in two ways-first, in letting a horse become partially cool, just enough to be half shivering, before giving it the pail, and then in allowing it to drink a bucket, or even two buckets full, at a draught. Unless water is intensely cold and fresh from a very deep well, there is no danger in allowing a horse to take a few swal lows, while he is in a glow of heat ; provided that he is put id ' derately watered, iy, they should be legs brushed and bbed till perfectly be clothed accord- .abit and capacity. FEEDING ON THE ROAD. 481 I have found a four-quart feed of old oats, with the addition of one quart of old Indian corn, an excellent noon feed for horses on hard work. At least half an hour should elapse after the horses have finished their feed, before they are again put to their work ; and when they a/e on the road again, they should be driven moderately for the first five or six miles — if for tlie first hour, so much the better. The time apparently so lost, is in reality gained, as the driver will perceive before he reaches the end of his journey, especially if it be one of many days' continuance. The same may be said of the duration of the noon halt, for feeding. It should never be less than an hour and a half ; and if it be of two hours, so much the better. The risk is great of producing founder, if horses be full fed when hot and weary, and nearly as great of breaking their wmds, if they be driven too soon after feeding, before their stomachs are empty. If horses refuse their feed, it is a bad sign. Sometimes, especially if they be old travellers, and up to the tricks of the road, they may be cheated into eating up their oats by harness- ing and bridling them, omitting only to put the bits in their mouths, as if to prepaz'e for an immediate start ; when, fearing to lose the end of their meal, they will often eat up, in a few minutes, a feed which they may have been tossing about, as if unworthy of their notice, in their mangers, for a couple of hours. Delicate feeders and nervor \ horses will often be beguiled into eating thrice as much, by throwing only a few handfuls of oats into the manger at a time, and renewing it as fast as con- sumed, as they would do if a large quantity of food were heap- ed before them at once, which seems to disgust them and to cloy their appetites. They can sometimes be induced, again, to eat by throwing a handful of salt into the oats, or by mostening them. If the lat- ter plan be found successful, it is well to do it with a glass of ale instead of water, as it adds to the nutriment of the feed, and is generally grateful to the horse. Most horses will drink ale, or porter, readily 'from the first. If not, they should be regularly educated to do so ; for, at times, it is a most valuable quality in a horse to take it ; as it is a Vol. XL— 31 ■■''^>if0ik^ '183 THE UOKSE. valuable remedy, in many sudden diseases, colics, sudden chilis, &c. ; and is, at all events, an admirable plan for giving a stimu- lus in Mmes of exhaustion and distress, whether from over work, or accident. I have 8een nuiny horses which wonld greedily eat up a loaf of ryo bread, or coarse brown bread— Graham's bread, as it is called with us— thrown into a bucket, with half a gallon of ale, or a couple of bottles of brown stout, poured over it, when they would not look at a feed of oats; and the nouvishment being double in tiie former, the gain of having a horse which can be so fed on occasion, is immense. The same system of watering may be followed in the after- noon, as in tlie morning; until the inn is reached where the night is to be spent. There, the horses must be thoroughly cleaned, rubbed down, and honestly worked at, until they are not only perfectly clean, dry, and comfortable, but until their skins are in a glow, and their coats as fine as silk. Their legs and feet, esjjccially, must be perfectly cleaned, and, above all, thoroughly dried ; any neg- lect of the last point brings the certainty of grease, cracked heels, and what in America is called the scratches. I have found it an excellent way, both as saving much time and labor, and as — which is more to the point — rendering the horse more spe-dily comfortable, to plunge his legs, after wisp- ing off the dry nmd, instantly into a bucket of water as warm as the hand will comfortably bear it ; to brush off all the dirt with a harsli whalebone brueh ; to hand-rub them sufficiently to squeeze out the redundant moisture, and then to bandage them closely and tightly, from the fetlock joint upward to the hock or knee, with thick flannel rollers, which should be left on until the following morning ; when, on their removal, the legs will be found as clear and as clean, besides being cool, comfortable, and free from fever, as those of a two-year-old. When the horses are clean, dry, clothed, their beds well lit- tered, and themselves made comfortable for the night, they should be watered, their racks supphed with, not to exceed, according to my idea, eight pounds of good, sweet, old hay, and from six to eight quarts of oats. They should not be disturbed during the night ; but, at least hh CONDITION BALLS. 488 colics, sudden cliilla, II for giving a stiinu- ther from over work, I'cedily cat up a loaf ain's bread, as it is lialf a gallon of ale, 1 over it, when they noiivislunent being )r8e which can be so llowed in the after- reached where the aned, rubbed down, •nly j)erfectly clean, are in a glow, and 3et, es])ecially, must ;h!y dried ; any neg- rease, cracked heels, 5 saving much time aint — rendering the his legs, after wisp- t of water as warm rush off all the dirt them sufficiently to Bn to bandage them ipward to the hock )uld be left on until val, the legs will be cool, comfortable, Id. their beds well lit- br the night, they ith, not to exceed, sweet, old hay, and night ; but, at least two hours before it is time to start, they should be watered, dressed, and led with from four to six quarts of oats, and the less hay the better ; I should say a few mouthfuls only after the water. If horses happen to be much exhausted in the evening, a hot nuish of bran and oats is a sove?'eign remedy ; and if prepared with ale instead of water, so much the better. Where, in addition to exhaustion, from hot weather and hard driving, horses have been exposed to the danger of taking cold, from being drenched by a sudden storm of rain or hail, while heated, as will sometimes occur even in summer time, when among the hills, a cordial ball may be given with good effect. Subjoined is an excellent formula. 1. II. Ground ginger Gentian Flour Essential oil of cloves . 2. R. Carraway seed powdered . Camphor Ginger . . . Oil of cinnamon .... One clove of garlic bruised. Add molasses, or honey, enough to form a ball. The latter of these I consider the better formula, borne in mind, however, that in order to be of service, the cor- dial must be given as soon as possible after the occurrence of the casualty, from which the evil result is expected. If cold be taken already, and fever have begun, when the cordial is ex- hibited, the consequences must be evil, may be fatal. If horses do not take to ale readily, a few tea- spoonfuls of sugar, mixed with it, will soon induce them to swallow it, greedily enough. " By f.^llowing, precisely, the above plan of driving, while on the road, of timing my halts, watering and baiting stoppages, and regulating my feeding and dressing, I have driven horse8 many thousand miles in the coui-se of my life, and never have lost one, by any accident, on a journey, arising from over- driving, over-heating, over feeding, or the reverse, in all the time. Idr. Idr. 6 drs. 6 drops. 6 dre. Idr. Id 6 drops. It must be rS^SE' 484 THB B0B8B. On one occaoion, in tlie extromoly hot summer of 1838, 1 drove a pair of horses, before a aporting wagon, which, h)aded, with myself, my friend, my servant and a brace of seMers in- cluded, weighed something over seventeen hundred WAiight, from the city of New York, to Niagara Falls and back, includ- ing excursions to shoot, and deviations from the route. We were forty-one days on the road, and averaged forty-seven miles a day, the horses not standing still, or resting, a single day ; and, on the last day, having slept at Newburgh, we crossed the river toFishkill landing, and thence by Fishkiil village drove to the city, which we reached at ten o'clock in the evening, neither of the horseo having been off their feed, or out of spirits for an hour, during the whole journey, and both being fatter and bet- tor—not to speak of their being in their hardest possible condi- tion, and fit for any amount of work— than they were when we Bet out. 1 feel, therefore, more than a little confidence in recom- mending, to my friendly readers, the foregoing few, brief hints, as equal to any for the keeping horses in health and condition' during a journey, by a simple and easy system of road manage- ment. iHHIlHi summer of 1838, 1 gon, which, h)iuled, brace of set tere in- n hundred WAiiglit, Is and back, includ- »m the route. Wo ed fortj'-BOven milea ting, a single day ; rgh, we crossed the kill village drove to the evening, neither )ut of spirits for an eing fatter and bet- dest possible condi- they were when we nfidence in recom- ng few, brief hints, lalth and condition, m of road manage- TREATISE ON HORSE-SHOEING. The following simply written and unpretending essay on horse- shoeing, by William Miles, Esq., is so infinitely superior in all respects to every thing I have yet seen on the subject, that I have eagerly availed mysell" of the opportunity of embodying it in my work. His plan of shoeing is indisputably correct, founded on scientific principles, and proved by experience. Tliere is no part of his instructions and conclusions which are not of great value ; but the method he advises of securing the shoe by five nails only, so as to admit of the contraction and expansion of the hoof, impresses me most favorably of all. His language is so simple, his advice so lucidly expressed, and his explanatory cuts so plain, tliat the commonest country blacksmith, if he choose to discard obstinate and groundless prejudice, can work by them with certainty of success. When it is considered how much of foot lameness is due to ignorant shoeing, the full importance of the subject cannot be questioned. I will only add, that I have neither presumed to insert nor to erase a word ; and that, without a note or comment, I sub- mit this system of Mr. Miles to my readers, as the best possi- ble, and urge its adoption on all my friends, who are also friends of the horse ; — " HoBSE-SHOEiNG. — It has been suggested to me, by several correspondents, that a plain, practical treatise on horse-shoeing, divested of all other matters, connected with the soundness of the 486 TIIR IIORBK. horse's foot, would ho very lUiccptiil.lc! to many working sniitlis, wlio linvii iK'itluT tho tiiuc nor tin; incliiiation to waile tliroii8 that may be left foot; and this re quires both care and thought. If the horse has a strong, up- right foot, with plenty of horn, yon sliuuld Hlmrti'M the toe, lower the heelw and erust. and cut out the d»'ad horn from tho sole, and also from the corners between the lieels and the bars ; the best way of doing this is to |>iire the bars down nearly even with the Hole, and then you can get at the dead horn in the cor- ners more easily. The part of the bar which HtamlH uj> above tho solo woidd have boon worn away, or broken down, if the shoe had not kept the hoof off the ground ; therefore you had better always jtare it down, but on no account ever cut any thing away from the sides of the bars, or what, in called " open out the heels ; " and be sure that you never tougli the frog with a knife. Kow remeiid)er that there are three things which you must never do in paring o)it a foot ; you must never cut tho sides of the bars, or open cmt the heels, or pare tlie frog; and I will tell you why you must never do them. The burs are placed where they arc, to keep tlio heels from closing in upon tlie frog; and if you trim them by cutting their sides, you weaken them, and they can no longer do it, and the foot begins to contract. Opening out the heels does exactly tho same thing, by weakening the very parts which nattire placed there to keep the heels apart. Now it takes some time to contract a hoise's foot so as to lame him, and, because the contraction comes on by slow degrees, no one notices it, until the horse falls lame, and then every one wonders what can have done it ; but very few hit upon the right cause. The frog is a thick, springy cushion, whose chief use is to protect a very important joint, called the' navicular joint, and it is covered by a thin layer of horn, to keep in the moisture ; and every time you slice off any of the frog, you lay bare a part that was never meant to be exposed to the air, and it dries, and cracks, and forms rags, which are cut off at every fresh shoeing, until the whole frog becomes as dry and hard as a board; and the horse gets an incurable disease, called " navicular disease ; " therefore I say, leave the frog alone ; it will never grow too large, for, long before that would happen, the outer covering will shell off, and a new homy covering will mR noiwK. be found undornontli ; find ns to the rnga, loavo thorn nlone hIhi), and tlicy will fall <>fl' of tlii-mwlvoH. A weak, thit foot will Itarc very litth? parinj? or raHj)iti^; tho cruHt itf HUidi a toot in Hiiro to Ik* thin at tlus too, h)W at tho huola, and the hoIo thin and weak ; tlicrufore, the K'hh you do to it tlie better, heyond gettinj^ rid of the little dead horn there may he, and nnikiii^' the eniwt level whore it is to l)ear upon tho Bhoe ; tliiH niUHt bo done to all foot, and, au tho inner (|uartt'r, whoro there should bo no ihiils, does not wear away as tiiHt as the outer quarter, whore tho' nailn are driven, you bhould al- ways jdaeo a rasp upon its ed^e aerosn the foot, to be quite muio tluit tho two Hides aro level. I have known hIiooh lost from tho innido (pnirter being higher than tho outside, and causing tho foot to bear uneveidy on tho shoe. Before you pare out a foot, you sliould always think of tho state of the roads ; and if they aro dry, and eoverod with loose stones, or have been lately repaired, you should take very little off the solo of any foot, because, if you tlnn it, tho f)ti)ne8 will bruise it ; but when tho season is wet, and tlie stonet' worn in, you may pare out the solo of a strong foot until it will yield to hard pressure from your thumbs ; but you must novor pare it thin enough to yit'ld to light pressure. Tlie aimexed cut shows a good-shap- ed near foro foot, pared out ready for shoeing. I liave introduced lottere against the differ- ent parts. Tho toe ° reaches from A to A, the letter B shows the middle of each quarter, and C marks the heels. You will observe that the crust is thicker on the outer quarter, iaB)w>vy?j^..',.'!La TUK BHOR, 1H8 », loavo thoni alone aring or raHpirig; thp It tiu) tot', low at tlui t', the It'HH yon do to tic (hof is not a circle, as boiuo supposo, but is straighter on tho insido than it is on tho outside. I) marks tho Bolo ; K shows tho up- per part of the bai-s, pared down lu-arly level with the solo. V Hh(»Wh that part (»f the bars which must never bo touched by a knife; Ci nuirks the frog, and is placed just over tho situation of tho luivieular joint. I would advise you to examiim thin frog well, because it is what every horse's frog should look like, — plump, and full, and even, with a broad, shallow cleft, not sj)lit through at tho back part; and, if you shoo your horses pro[)erly, and never pare tho frog, it is what their frogs will conjo to in time. TnK SuoK. — Heforo I talk about tho shoo, I must sottlo names for the upper and under surfaces ; because 1 fear I should mislead those who are not smiths, if I call tho part that rests u[)on tilt ground "the upper surface," as smiths do; I shall therefore call that part of tho shoe "tho ground surface;" and the part which goes next tho foot I shall call " the foot surface ;" and then there can be no mistakd as to which surface I mean. In turning your store shoes " in the rough," you should leave them longer at the heels than smiths generally do; wo shall see the reason for it when we come to " fitting the shoo ; " and you should uuike tho web as wide at the heels as it is at tho toe, and of the same thickness throughout from tho too back to the heels. The "fuller" should be carried quite round the shoo to the heels, and the fuUering-iron should have both sides alike. It Js a far better tool than the one- sided iron in common use, which is generally so narrow and sharp that it not only makes the groove too small for the heads of tho nails to sink into, but it often splits the shoe. A narrow groove may look neater than a wide one ; but you | will find a wide one much more useful. Choosing a Shoe. — Tlie first thing to look to in choosing a shoe is the kind of foot you have to deal with. If the foot is a strong, good-shaped one, it will be an easy matter to find a shoe for FIgnra A. 3S3S3aM^a^jfeSB^Ris«i»Kge%is*^®«fM.-A*^»i;sife*«»^^^^ 400 THE H0E8E. it ; only take care that the web is not too narrow, and that the shoe is not too liglit. A light shoe is apt to bend before it is half worn out; and the pain caused by the pressure of the bent nails against the tender lining of the hooi' throws the horse down, and most likely breaks his knees. If the foot should be flat, with a weak, brittle crust, you must still Figi-re B. clioose a stout slioo ; for a horse with such a foot could not go at all upon a bent shoe ; and the shoe must have a wide web, because the sole is sure to be thin and will need plenty of cover to protect it. You must also look to the seating ; for, if the foot is weak and flat, the shoe must be well seated out, to prevent its pressing upon and bruising the sole ; but if the foot is strong, and the sole arched, there need not be more seatmg th'in will allow the point of a picker to pass freely round between the sole and the shoe ; otherwise dirt and small stones will get in, and bruise the sole as much as the shoe would do if it pressed upon it. CcTTTiNG OFF THE Heels. — Having fixed upon a shoe to your mind, begin by cutting ofl" the you will find a half-round cliisel a better tool for the purpose than' a straight one, because you should never cut them off ' square ; if you do, you will find it impossible to fit the shoe properly to the heels, and at the same time keep the web as wide at the heels as it is at the toe ; for one of the corners of the shoe will be stick- into the frog, while the other stands out beyond the crust; but if you cut them off as shown in fig- ure 2, you will have no difficulty in bringing every pai't of the heels ; and Figare 8. iifiiiimsifim'mmmmmllSitC^ m^^ larrow, and that the to bend before it is > pressure of tlie bent loi" throws the liorse [f the foot should be rust, you must still rse with such a foot nt slioe ; and the shoe ise the sole is sure to of cover to protect ! seating ; for, if the s must be well seated Jon and bruising the and the sole arched, tmg than will allow reely round between rwise dirt and small the sole as much as id upon it. -Having fixed upon by cutting off the clusel a better tool lie purpose than' a ht one, because you d never cut them off e ; if you do, you ind it impossible to e shoe properly to 3els, and at the same keep the web as wide 3 heels as it is at the or one of the corners i shoe will be Btick- the frog, while the stands out beyond rust; but if you cut off as shown in fig- ag every pai't of the CCTTING OFF THE HEELS. 491 shoe into its proper place upon the foot. Figure 2 is a shoe turned in the I'ough ; and the dotted lines show the direction in which the heels should be cut off. The side next the frog should be cut off from C FlgonS. to B, and the outer cor- ner from A to B, and then the shoe will look like figure 3, which, with a n little hammering over the beak of the anvil, will Boon come like figure 4 ; you will see that the points, marked A in fig- ure 3, have disappeared in figure 4, and that the parts between A and B on each side have become a portion of the outer rim of the shoe, whereby the outer rim is lengthened, and the inner rim shortened; and there are no corners left to inter- fere with your following the sweep of the heels, ^*°"'*" and you are enabled to keep the web as wide at the heels as it is at the toe, I have introduced figure 4 in this place, because it gave me the opportunity of explaining the reason for cutting off the heels as I have directed ; but at this stage of the business it is a good plan always to leave the quarters and heels rather straight, and wide apart, until you have fitted the toe ; because it is less trouble to bring them in than it ic to open them out after the front has been fitted. Thb Nail-Holes. — You must next open the nail-holes ; but .'ms;.i:..!i^^mmms~>^:-A';i>ikm&«;"<^^^^ 492 THE HOBSE.. Pi }'; t; be sure that they have been stamped so as to pass straight through the shoe, and come out in the flat part of the web, and not partly in the flat and partly in the seating. It ii, a very bad plan to make them slant inwards, as most smiths do ; for in driving a nail they have first to pitch the point inwards, then turn it outwards, driving it all the time with the grain of the crust, and at last they bring it out higli up in the. thinnest part of the hoof, and have the weakest part of the nail for a clinch. Now, instead of all this, if you make the holes straight through the shoe, you have only to drive the nail straight, and it will go through the shoe across the grain of the crust and come out low down in the thickest part of the hoof, and give you a strong clinch made out of the shank of the nail instead of a weak one made out of the point. The advantage of straight holing is that you are sure never to prick the foot in driving a nail, and you get a firmer hold for the shoe. Everybody knows that a short purchase across the line of the strain is stronger than a longer one in the direction of the strain. . The soundness of the hor&j's foot, as far as shoeing is con- cerned, depends more upon the number of nails and where they are placed than upon any thing else ; for if the shoe is ever so badly formed, and the nail-holes are rightly placed, very little harm will happei; to the foot beyond the loss of a shoe ; but if the shoe is of the best possible shape, and fitted to the foot in the most perfect manner, unless the nail-holes are placed so that the foot can expand, it must in the end become unsound. The portion of hoof that expands the most is the inner quar- ter and heel. You must therefore leave those parts free from nails; and the way to do it is never to stamp more than two holes on the inside of the shoe, one about an inch and a quarter from the centre of the toe, and the other about three-quarters of an inch behind it. It is quite clear that, if you nail both sides of a horse's hoof to an iron shoe, the hoof will be held fast, and cannot expand; and, when the horse's weight forces the bones of the foot down into the hoof, the tender lining of the hoof will be squeezed against the shanks of the nails, and cause pain to the hoi-se at every step he takes. Tlie whole number of nail holes should never exceed five ; three on the outside, and two on the inside. I have proved, over and over again, that five » as to pass straight part of the web, and icatiug. It ii. a verj ost smiths do ; for in point inwards, then vith the grain of the in the. thinnest part the nail for a clinch. )les straight through straight, and it will crust and come out id give you a strong stead of a weak one raight holing is that 'ing a nail, and you knows that a short )nger than a l(mger as shoeing is con- ails and where they the shoe is ever so Y placed, very little 3 of a shoe ; but if fitted to the foot in 8 are placed so that me unsound. 3t is the inner quar- se parts free from ap more than two inch and a quarter It three-quarters of rovL nail both sides n be held fast, and t forces the bones lining of the hoof lils, and cause pain sle number of nail e outside, and two 3r again, that five jrmNG THE SHOE. 493 nails will hold on a fore-shoe at any kind of work, in any coun- try and at any pace. If a shoo is pi-operly fitted to the foot, and fastened by five nails, nothing but the smith's pincers can get it offl Having cut oflf the heels and opened the nail-holes, you must next turn up a clip at the toe. Every shoe should have one at the toe ; it keeps the shoe steady, and prevents its being forced back. But you never should put one at the side ; for if it is put on the inside, it prevents the hoof expanding ; and on the outside it is worse than useless, for the nails there are quite suf- ficient to keep the shoe from working across the foot, and the clip will interfere with the placing of one of the nails, and de- stroy more of the crust than two nails would do. FrrriNO the Shoe. — You must never forget that '* fitting the shoe " means making the shoe fit the foot, and not making the foot fit the shoe, as I have often seen done. It is a bad plan to try to fit the whole of the shoe at once ; it is much better and saves a great ^eal of trouble to fit the toe first, then the quarters, and lastly the heels ; but, before you begin to fit the toe, take a look at the old shoe, and see how muct) of the toe of it is worn away, because just so much of the new shoe should be turned away from the ground out of the line of wear. We all know that liorses go better and stumble less in old shoes than they do in new ones; and the reason why they do so is because they have worn away the toe, and no longer jar the foot by striking the toe against hard substances in the road. A new shoe turned up at the toe is the same thing to a horse as an old one worn down, but with this great difierence to hig comfort — that he is easy upon the new one from the time it ig first put on, whereas he was never easy upon the old one until be had worn the toe away. When a horse wears his shoe hard at the toe, it is the cus- tom of most smiths to weld a lump of steel on to it, to make him longer in wearing it away ; but this only increases the jar to his foot, while turning up the toe makes the shoe last quite as long, and saves the horse from a great deal of unnecessary suf- fering. A strong foot will bear the toe to be turned up a good deal ; but a flat foot is always weak at the toe ; and will not mi>,u^mr'muMism&&m.mii- mmimii'mm.mm»sm^."'.''^^^"^' 494 'i'HK HORSE. bear much. Still, tl.o shoe should bo turned up a little, bo ae to clear the ground; the horse will travel safer and 'better for it. You can make a very handy tool for turning up the toe of a shoe by shutting a piece of iron, five inches long and one inch broad, crosswise on to each blade of a pair of smith's tongs ; with this tool you will be able to grasp both limbs of the shoo Figure 6. at once, and not only turn up the toe over the end of the anvil, but restore the seating at the toe without bending the shoe or putting it out of shape, which you could not do by holding one limb at a time in a common tongs, without a great deal of trou- ble. Tlie accompanying cut, figure 5, shows you this tool in use, with the ground-surface of the shoe uppermost for turning up the toe ; and you have only to reverse it, keeping the same d up a little, so a& ol safer and better •iiing up the toe of 8 long and one inch r of smith's tongs; b limbs of the shoe FTTTING TUE SHOE, •195 ! end of the anvil, iding the shoe or io by holding one ^reat deal of trou- you this tool in rmost for turning keeping the same grasp of the shoe, and the foot-surface will come uppermost, ready to have the seating made good. I will now suppose that you have shortened the toe of the hoof, rasped away the crust to receive the turned-up shoe, cut a notch for the clip, and turned up the toe of the shoe ; you had better next spring the heels to prevent their burning the back part of the crust while you are fitting tlio shoe to the fore part ; but you nmst bring them down again before you fit the quarters and heels, and never leave them sprung when the shoe is nailed on. You must now put the toe of the shoe in the fire, and make it hot enough to mark the uneven portionp of horn, which should be rasped away until an even bed is left for the shoe to rest upon. You need not fear to burn the toe of a strong foot ; it can do no harm ; but a weak foot with a thin crust of course will not beftr much burning. Still, the shoe should be made hot enough to scorcli the horn and show where it fails to fit close. When the toe is more properly fitted, there will be very little trouble in fitting the quarters and heels. You have only to bring them in over the beak of the anvil, until the edge of the shoe ranges with the edge of the hoof back to the farthest point of the heel on each side, and continue the same sweep until it nearly touches the frog. There must be none of the shoe left sticking out beyond the hoof, either behind or at the sides of the heels. I know that a great many smiths are very fond of what are called " open-heeled shoes," which means shoes with straight heels, wide apart, and projecting beyond the hoof, both behind and at the sides ; and the only reason I have ever heard in fa- vor of such shoes is a very bad one, — viz. ; that the horse re- quires more support at the heels than he gets from the hoof. But you may depend upon it that nature has made no mistake about it; and if the horse really wanted more oupport than he gets from the heels of the hoof, he would have had it. But I think I shall prove to you that this kind of shoe, instead of be- ing a benefit to the horse, is a positive evil to him ; it interferes with his action, and exposes his sole and frog to serious injury from Btones in the road, and the projecting portions of the shoe '!Mim>i'-^-mxi^mm^;>i^^-uiMi'!^'ji'i .^l;iaj.Vli!,J.yt»t^^,hJia%AJ«ft.^*A*^^ LHa'ffntiain ■ 496. THE HOReS. Figure & become ledges for stiff ground to cling to rfnd pull the shoo off. More shoes are lost through these mischievous projections at the heels than from all other causes put together. Let us see how it is that these projecting heels interfere with the horse's action. It is not necessary for this purpose to trouble yon with the anatomy of the foot, but merely to state that all its parts are joined to each other in such a manner as to form one great spring, and that the foot is joined to the leg by the pastern and coronet bones in a direction slanting forward, which brings the foot a little in advance of the leg, and places the heels in front of a line dropped from the centre of the fetlock joined to the ground. Figure 6. — 1. Tlie shank or canon bone. 2. The pastern bone. 3. The coronet bone. 4. The sessamoid bone. A. The point where the weight of the horse would fall upon the upper nd of the pastern bone. B. The point where a line dropped fr<.. . A would meet the ground. 0. The heel of the hoof. Now, it is clear that the weight of the horee will fall upon the upper end of this slanting pastern bone at every step ; and the bone, having a joint at each end of it, will sink to the weight thus thrown upon, it and break the force of the shock both to the leg and foot ; but if the heels of the shoe are longer than the heels of the hoof, the projecting pieces of iron will meet the ground farther back than the natural heels would have done, and will check the sinking of the pastern bone, just as an upi-ight pastern does, by bringing the heels too much under the centre of the weight, which causes the horse to step short and go stumpy. If you wish to avoid these evils and keep the horse's shoes on his feet, you must bring in the heels, and let the shoe strictly follow the form of the foot, whatever that form may be. The part of the foot that needs protection from injury, more than any other, is the " navicular joint," which rests upon the FITTING TUE BIIOK. 407 id pull the shoo off. 118 projections at the heels interfere with It is net necessary ) trouble yon witli foot, but merely to ts are joined to each riner as to form one at the foot is joined pastern and coronet n slanting forward, )t a little in advance 3S the heels in front rom the centre of 3 the ground, lie shank or canon ern bone. 3. The lie sessamoid bone. ! the weight of the pastern bone. B. d meet the ground. oree will fall upon it every step ; and t, will sink to the ibrce of the shock ;he shoe are longer pieces of iron will .1 heels would have rn bone, just as an )0 much under the to step short and > the horse's shoes et the shoe strictly m may be. from injury, more sh rests upon the frog about an inch or an inch and a quarter behind its point ; and the only way to protect it is to keep the web of the shoe as wide at the heels as it is at the toe, and to bring in the heels until they nearly touch the frog. By so doing you lessen the opening of the shoe, and the web of one side or the other will strike upon the stones in the road and save the frog from com- ing with full force upon them. Big open-heeled shoes leave tiie frog entirely exposed to very large stones, atid cause many a bruise to the navicular joint, which lays the foundation of future incurable lameness. I have often seen shoes so wide at the heels, that 1 have placed my clenched hand within the opening of the shoe with- out touching either side of it ; and where my fist could go a stone as large could go. Another great advantage of bringing in the heels and fitting the shoe close, is the certainty that the horee will not cast his shoe ; you leave nothing for stiff ground to lay hold of, and, if you slightly bevel the inside quarter and heel of the shoe from the foot downwards, no ground in the world can pull it off, for thlied loss 3d, that you may be should " back-hole " t-8urt'ace for the nails o yon do not make vn the inner ed leather is wetted it becomes soft, and heavy, and yielding; bat in drying again it contracts and hard- ens, causing a frequent change of pressure on the frog, which does not happen with either of the other two substances. I have used felt for the last three or four years, and prefer it very - 'i'isailr3mmii«>'fmii!r/7i^sifs-ir:^'jaf?9:rstr;m^. ■nfm'-.r.ailb' 9fii^l99H/SllS^ 'oO'i TUK IIOB8B. iniK'li. But wlilclmvor (M»v<>r!iij^. yoii use, it miiHthf put on in tlio sumo way ; so 1 will at uncu tell you liow to du it. You muHt tit the hIioo to FIgnra 11. .1 !• . . 1 1 tllO toot Wit ll at) lliuoii caru aH it' iiotliing were to he |>ut inidor it ; and vvlioti it in "filed II])," and ready to Ite put on, lay it with file f'oot-8iirtii(;« downward on the covering, whatever it may he, and mark the form of tlu' tilioo upon it with the end of thedrawiiip^-kiiifo; then cut the piece out, put it in its place upon the shoe, and fix them hoth in the vice, which will hold them close together, while you carefully cut the edge of the covering until it agrees with the edge of the shoo; then turn them in the vice together, ho as to hring the heels of the shoe uppermost, and cut out a piece slightly curved downward from heel to heel, that nothing may he loft jM-ojecting for the ground to lay hold of. The next thing to do is to smear the whole ot the under surface of the foot well with Barbadoes tar mixed with a little grease ; but be sure that you never use gas-tar in- stead of the other ; for it dries up the horn and makes it aa hard as flint, while Barbadoes tar keeps it moist and tough. Then you must fill the hollow batween the frog and the crust on both sides with oakum — which is better for the purpose than tow — dipped in the tar, pressing it well into the hollow until the mass rises above the level of the frog on each side ; but never put any oakum upon the frog itself, excepting a piece in the cleft to prevent the dirt and grit working in ; very little is ever wanted on the sole in front of the frog. The use of the oakum is to protect the foot, but more especially the navicular TIIK HIND HIIOK. 5(KJ t iiiiiHt he puf on in "low tu (I,, if. v,,„ IllllrtI lit tlu' hllOf to llic loot with ay niiKrh liiru UH it' iiotliiiig were to he put under it ; jiikI wht'ii it irt filed iij),"(uid ready to he put on, lay it witli the fbot-8iirtaee downward on the eov('riiif;, whatever it "ifty he, and mark th(- form of the ehoo upon it witli the end ol'thi'(h-awiMf;-knife; tlien cut tlie j)iece out, put it in it8])laco upon tho Bhoe, and i\\ tliem hotli in tlio vice, which will hold KUt the ed^e of the the slioe; then turn le lienls of the shoo ved downward I'rom cting for tlio ground imear the whole ot arhadoes tar mixed lover use gas-tar in- )rn and makes it as it moist and tough, e frog and the crust 'or the purpose thon nto the hollow mitll on each side; bnt xcopting a piece ia g in ; very little is g. Tlie use of the Jially the navicular joint, Mhieh lien ahove and aeroHH the frog, from being jurrod by litoneH on a hard road ; and tho LobI way of doii g thiH iH to till the Hpace on each Hide of the frog with oakinn in hucIi ii mann«-r that it hIiuII Hhare tlu prenHiire with the frog, and pre- vent the full force uf tho uhock front falling on the navicular joint. The uhual mode of Hto]»ping a foot is to place a thick wad of tow over the whole Hurfaee of wctle and frog together, making liad worse, by adding to the projection of the frog, and caiiwing it to meet the ground Hooner, and receive tho full force of tho jar. You must now nail on the slioe with five nailf, exactly as you would do if tliere was nothing under Fifuwii it ; and if you have attended to the fit- ting, there \^11I be no fear of i !• kKoo Hhifting or coming off'. The cut. Fig. 12, shows a tV)ot stopped, ready for shoeing. The ends of the oak- nm placed in the cleft of the frog are collected together and carried across the body of the frog, to be mixed with the oakum on one side, M-hich keeps it in its place in the cleft, and prevents it from working out behind. Fig. 13 shows a foot properly shod with leather, and also the Bhapo to which the leather should be cut between the heels of the shoe. The Hind Shoe. — Tlie hind shoe, like the fore shoe, should be brought in at the heels, and be made to follow the exact 6s--^4-'?:,'>i has plenty of nerve n a large riding party snd's house, who took ;, regardless of pace, , and stones, through of ground ; and, al- ien 1 sent him away, s with his shoes worn lie clinches all close, t is a proof that his or whenever you find have done something •n the shoe all round, ough the shoe, or the of thfi holes. Any to rise; and a risen and felt so satisfied with the result that he immediately had the others similarly shod, and continues to do so; and an oftcer in the Prussian Hussars, who did me the honor to translate my book upon the Horse's Foot into German, and published it at his own expense at Frankfort-sur-Maine, writes me that h^s horses also are shod with three nails only in each fore shoe, and that he finds no difficulty whatever in keepintr their shoes on. I think I may consider, that I have now proved beyond dis- pute that a fore shoe ce- be kept on by three nails ; therefore, he must be a sorry bungler indeed who cannot manage it with ^e."— Miles on Horse-Shoeing. e sufficiency of three , who commands the eter, has four horees Finding how my plan upon his hack, e. -fiSU^^^i&kri ml DISEASES OF THE HORSE. It may be readily supposed that the animal doomed to tlie manner of living which every variety of the horse experiences, will be peculiarly exposed to numerous forma of suffering; every natural evil will be aggravated, and many new and formi- dable sources of pain and death will be superadded. Interest and humanity require that we should become ac- quainted with the nature, and causes, and remedy of the diseases of the horse. Only a slight eketch of them can be given here, but sufficient perhaps to enable the owner to avoid their causes, to recognize their existence, and to induce him, without danger- ous delay, to apply to the proper quarter for their removal or alleviation. The principal diseases of the horse are connected with the circulatory system. From the state of habitual excitement in which the animal is kept, in order to enable him to execute his task, the heart and the blood-vessels will often act too impet- uously ; the vital fluid will be hurried along too rapidly, either through the frame generally or some particular part of it, and there will be congestion, accumulation of blood in that part, or inflammation, either local or general, disturbing the functions of some organ or of the whole frame. Congestion. — Take a young horse on his first entrance into the stables ; feed him somewhat highly, and what is the conse- quence ? He has swellings of the legs, or inflammation of the joints, or perhaps of the lungs. Take a horse that has lived CONGESTION. 511 lORSE. limal doomed to the the liorse experiences, i forms of suffering; many new and formi- peradded. •e should become ac- remedj of the diseases em can be given here, to avoid their causes, him, without danger- for their removal or e connected with the ibitual excitement in )]e him to execute his often act too impet- ng too rapidlj, either icular.partof it, and )lood in that part, or bing the functions of lis first entrance into d what is the conse- iuflammation of the lorse that has lived somewhat above his work, and gallop him to the top of hia speed ; his nervous system becomes highly excited — the heart beats with fearful rapidity — the blood is pumped into the lungs faster than they can discharge it — the pulinoiiary vessels be- come gorged, fatigued, and utterly powerless — the l)lood,arr'>8t- ed in its course, becomes viscid, and death speedily ensues. We have but one chance of saving our patient — the instantaneous and copious abstraction of blood ; and only one means of pre- venting the recurrence of this dangerous state ; namely, not suffering too great an accumulation of the sanguineous fluid by over-feeding, and by regular and systematic exercise, which will inure the circulatory vessels to prompt and eificient action when they are suddenly called upon to exert themselves. This is an extreme case, but the cause and the remedy are sufficiently plain. Again, the brain has functions of the most important nature to discharge, and more blood flows through it than through any other portion of the frame of equal bulk. In order to prevent this organ from being oppressed by a too great determination of blood to it, the vessels, although numerous, are small, and pur- sue a very circuitou'^ and winding course. If a horse highly fed, and full of blood, is suddenly and sharply exercised, the course of the blood is accelerated in every direction, and to the brain among other parts. The vessels that ramify on its surface, or penetrate its substance, are completely distended and gorged with it ; perhaps they are ruptured, and the effused blo^d presses upon the brain ; it presses upon the origins of the nerves, on which sensation and motion depend, and the animal suddenly drops powerless. A prompt and copious abstraction of blood, or, in other words, a diminution of this pressure, can alone save the patient. Here is the nature, the cause, and the treatment of apoplexy. • Sometimes this disease assumes a. different form. The horse has not been performing more than his ordinary work, or per- haps he may not have been out of the stable. He is found with his head drooping and his vision impaired. He is staggering about. He falls, and lies half-unconscious, or he struggles Vio- lently and dangerously. There is the same congestion of blood m the head, the same pressure on the nervous organs, but pro- 512 THB HOB8E. dnccd hy a different cnnse. He has been accustoiiiod habitually to overload his stomach, or he waH, on the previous day, kept too long without his food, and then he fell ravenously upon it, and ate until his stomach was completely distended and unable to propel forward its accumulated contents. Thus distended, itii blood-vessels are compressed, and the circulation through them is impeded, or altogether suspended. The blood is still forced on by the heart, and driven in accumulated quantity to the other organs, and to the brain among the rest ; and there con- gestion takes place, as just described, and the animal becomes sleepy, unconscious, and, if he is not speedily relieved, he dies. This, too, is apoplexy ; the horseman calls it stomach staggers. Its cause is improper feeding. The division of the hours of labor, and the introduction of the nose-bag, have much dimin- islied the frequency of its occurrence. The remedies are plain; bleeding, physicking, and the removal of the contents of the stomach by means of a pump contrived for that purpose. Congestions of other kinds occasiomilly present themselves. It is no uncommon thing for the blood to loiter in the com- plicated vessels of the liver, until the covering of that viscus has burst, and an accumulation of coagulated black blood has pre- sented itself. This congestion constitutes th^ swelled legs to which so many horses are subjecc when they stand too long idle in the stable ; and it is a source of many of the accumula- tions of serous fluid in various parts of the body, and particu- larly in Jhe chest, the abdomen, and the brain. Inflammation is opposed to congestion, as consisting in an active state of the capillary arterial vessels ; the blood rushes through them with far greater rapidity than in health, from the excited state of the nervous system, by which they are supplied. Inflammation is either local or diflused. It njay be confined to one organ, or to a particular portion of that organ ; it may involve many neighboring ones, or it may be spread over the whole frame. In the latter case it assumes the name of fever. Fever is general or constitutional inflammation, and it is said to be sympathetic or symptomatic when it can be traced to some local affection or cause, and idiopathic when we cannot so trace it. The truth probably is, that every fever has its local cause ; SPASMOmO cotio. 518 accustoiiied Imbitually ;lie previous day, kept X'll ravenously upon it, f distended and unable ;8. Thus distended, iti culatiou through theru le blood is still forced dated quaiitity to the B rest ; and there con- \ the animal beeonies edily relieved, he dies. 8 it stomach staggers, 'ision of the houi-s of ftg, have much dimin- le remedies are plain; of the contents of the ir that purpose, ly present themselves. to loiter in the com- jring of that viscus has i black blood has pre- 8 thfl swelled legs to I they stand too long lany of the accumula- ;he body, and particu- )rain. n, as consisting in an els ; the blood rushes fhan in health, from 1, by which they are 1. It njay be confined f that organ ; it may ly be spread over the es the name of fever, lation, and it is said to !an be traced to some en we cannot so trace ir has its local cause ; bnt we have not a sufficient knowledge of the animal econoniy to difli'ovcr that cause. Inflaniuiation nuiy be considered with reference to the mem- branes which it attacks. The Mi!C(n:s Mkmhranks line all the cavities that communi- cate with the external siiifaco of the body. Tliere is frequent inflamnuition of the membrane of the mouth. Blain, or glynyn- tlirax, is a vesicular enlargement which runs along the side of the tongue. Its cause is unknown. It should bo lanced freely and deeply, and some aperient incdicinc administered. Barbs, or paps, are smaller enlargements, found more in the neighbor- hood of the bridle of the tongue. They shoidd never be touched with any instrument ; a little cooling medicine will generally remove them. Lainpas is inflammation of the palate, or enlarge- ment of the bars of the palate. The roof of the mouth may be slightly lanced, or a little aperient medicine administered ; but the eensibility of the mouth shoidd ne^er be destroyed by the application of the heated iron. Canker and wounds in the mouth, from various causes, will be best remedied by diluted tincture of myrrh, or a weak solution of alum. Foreign bodies in the gullet i.iay be generally removed by means of the probang used in the hove of cattle ; or the sesopha- gus may be opened, and the obstructing body taken out. It is on the mucous membranes that poisons principally exert their influence. The yew is the most frequent vegetable poison. Tlie hoi-se may be saved by timely recourse to equal parts of vinegar and water ejected into the stomach, after the poicon has been as much as possible removed by means of the stomach pump. For areenic or corrosive sublimate there is rarely any antidote. Spasmodic Colio is too frequently produced by exposure to cold, the drinking of cold water, or the use of too much green meat. The horse should be walked about, strong friction used to the belly, and spirit of turpentine given in doses of two ounces, with an ounce each of laudanum and spirit of nitrous aether, in warm water, ale, or gruel. If the spasm is not soon relieved, the animal should be bled, and injections of warm water with a solution of aloes thrown up, if constipation exists. This spasmodic action of the bowels, when long -ontinued, iB. Vol. II. -33 u 5U THE nORBE. liable to prodnco inti-OHiiBcoption, or entniiglcinent, of them ; and the case is then hopeless. SuPKui'i'uoATioN often follows the administration of a too strong or improper dose of physic. The torture which it pro- duces will be evident by the agonized expression of the couji- tenance, and the frequent looking at the flanks. Plenty of thin starch or arrowroot should be given both by the mouth and by injection; and, twelve hours having passed without relief being experienced, chalk, catechu, and opium should be added to the gruel. WoKMs in the intestines are not often productive of much mischief, except they exist in very great quantities. Small doses of emetic tartar or calomel, with a little ginger, may be given to the i: irse-half an hour before his first meal, in order to expel the round white worm ; it nmst be worked off with lin- seed oil, or aloes, and injections of linseed oil or aloes will usually remove tlie ascarides, or needle-worms. Cataeru, or cold, inflammation of the upper air-passages, should never be long neglected. A few mashes, or a little medicine will usually remove it. If it is neglected, and, occa- sionally, in defiance of all treatment, it will degenerate into other diseases. The larynx may become the principal seat of inflammation. LARYNorris will be shown by extreme difficulty of breath- ing, accompanied by a strange roaring noise, and an evident enlargement and great tenderness of the larynx when felt ex- ternally. The windpipe must be opened in such case, and the best advice will bo necessary. Sometimes the subdivi- sions of the trachea, before or when it first enters the lungs, will be the part affected, and we have bronchitis. This is character- ized by a quick and hard breathing, and a peculiar wheezing sound, with the coughing up of mucus. Ilere, too, decisive measures must be adopted, and a skilful practitioner employed. His assistance is equally necessary in distemper, influenza, and epidemic catarrh, names indicating varieties of the same dis- ease, and the product of atmospheric influence ; differing to a certain degree in every season, but in all characterized by intense inflammation of the mucous surfaces, and rapid and •Utter prostration of strength, and in all demanding the abate- COUOU— OLANDKR8. 6ie ■iitangleinent, of them ; ftdininistmtion of a too ic torture wliicli it pro- t'xprt'Hsion of the couii- fluiiks, Plonty of tliiii I by the moutli and by Bed without rebef being should bo added to the en productive of much reat quantities. Small a little ginger, nuiy be is first meal, in order to be worked off with lin- d oil or aloes will usually the upper air-passages, few maalies, or a little is neglected, and, occa- it will degenerate into ne the principal seat of me difficulty of breath- j noise, and an evident le larynx when felt ex- ned in such case, and Jometimes the subdivi- rst enters the lungs, will hitis. This is character- nd a peculiar wheezing 8. Here, too, decisive practitioner employed, stemper, influenza, and rioties of the same dis- nfluence ; differing to a in all characterized by surfaces, and rapid and I demanding the abate- ment of that inflammation, and yet little expenditure of vital jiowcr. Coron may degenerate into iiiflamiuatiou of tholungH; or this fearful malady may be developed witiiout a single pre- monitory symptom, and prove fatal in twenty-four, or even in twelve hours. It is mostly characterized by deathly coldness of the extremities, expansion of the nostril, rednens of its lining menibratie, singularly anxious countenance, constant gazing at the flank, and an unwillingness to move. A successful treat- ment (»f such a case can be founded only on the inost prompt and fearless and decisive measures ; the lancet should be freely used. Counter-irritants should follow as soon as the violence of the disease is in the slightest degree abated; sedatives must succeed to them ; and fortunate will he be who often saves his piitient after all the decisive symptonts of pneumonia are once developed. Among the consequences of these severe affections of the lungs, are chronic cough, not always much dimiiushing the use- fulness of the horse, but strangely aggravated at times by any fresh accession of catarrh, and too often degenerating into thick wind, which always materially interferes with the speed of the hoi-se, and in a great proportion of cases terminates in broken wind. It is rare, indeed, that either of these diseases admits of cure, 'riiat obstruction in some pai't of the respiratory canal, which varies in almost every horse, and produces the peculiar sound termed roaring, is also rarely removed. Roaring is a malady of such fVequent occurrence and such disastrous co;ise- quences that it will be found more discursively treated upon in the concluding pages. Glanders, the most destructive of all the diseases to which the horse is exposed, is the consequence of breathing the atmo- sphere of foul and vitiated stables. It is the winding up of almost every other disease, and in every stage it is most conta- gious. Its most prominent symptoms are a «niall but constant discharge of sticky matter from the nose ; an enlargement and induration of the glands beneath and within the lower jaw, on one or both sides, and, before the termination of the disease, chancrous inflammation of the nostril on the same side with the enlarged gland. Its contagiousness should never be forgotten, I ii6 THE HOKBC. for, if a glniidcrcd liorso Itcuuci! iiitroiliiccd into a Htftblo, olmnst awry iiiliabitiiiit of tliiit Htiihlo will souiicr or later Itucoiiui in- fected and die. The urinary and genital organs arc also lined by niueoiiH niendtraiiets. The lioi^tu iu suhjout to intlaniniation of the kid- neya, from eating nuiHty oats or niow-hurnl hay, from e.\|)08iire to cold, injurioHof the loins, and the imprudent use of diuretics. Bleeding, physic, and counter irritants over tho regions of the loins should bo had recourse to. Diabetes, or profuse staling, is difficult to treat. Tho intlammation that iiuvy exist should first be subdued, and then opium, catechu, and the uva ursi admin- istered. Inflammation of the bladder will bo best alleviated by mucilaginous drinks of almost any kind, linseed gruel taking precedciice of all others. Inflammation of the neck of the blad- der, evinced by the frequent and painful discharge of small quantities of urine, will yield only to the abstraction of blood Had the exhibition of opium. A catheter may be easily passed into tho bladder of tho mare, and urino evacuated ; but it will require a skilful veterinary surgeon to effect this in the horse. A stone in the bladder is readily detected by the practitioner, and may be extracted with comparative ease. Tho sheath of tlie penis is often diseased, from the presence of corrosive mucous matter. This may easily be removed with warm soap and water. To the mucous membranes belong tho conjunctival tunic of the eye ; and the dibeases of the eye generally may be here con- sidered. A scabby itchiness on tho edge of the eyelid may be cured by a diluted nitrated ointment of mercury. Warts should be cut off with tho scissors, and the roots touched with lunar caustic. Inflammation of the haw should bo abated by the employment of cooling lotions, but that useful defence of the eye should never, if possible, bo removed. Common. ophthalmia will yield as readily to cooling applications as inflammation of the same organ in any other animal ; but there is another species of inflammation, commencing in the same way as the first, and for a while apparently yielding to treatment, but which changes from eye to eye, and returns again and again, until blindness is produced in one or both organs of vision. The most frequent cause is hereditary predisposition. The reader cannot be too mi' INKI.AMMATIOlf OF TlIK HKAIN. MT jod into a Htuhlf, alinoHf jiT or later hecoiiio in- iiIho lined by inucoiiH iniiiiiation of the kid- rut hay, f'roin ex])08iire I'lident ijHe of diuretics, ver the regions of the 38, or pnjfijHo staling, m may exist sliould first ikI the uv:i nrai udniin- 11 1)0 hoHt alleviated hy 1, linseed gruel taking )f the neck of the blad- ful discharge of small e abstraction of blood ir nuiy be easily passed evacuated ; but it will ft'ect this in the liorse. ed by the practitioner, e ease. The sheath of presence of corrosivo noved with warm soap e conjunctival tunic of irully may be here con- 3 of the eyelid may be ercury. Warts should ts touched with lunar lid bo abated by the jeful defence of the eyo mmon ophthalmia will 9 inflammation of the ■0 is another species of ay as the first, and for t, but which changes ;uin, until blindness is . The most frequent reader cannot be too often reminded that the (|iialities of the siro, good or bad, dei?"enalsy of the ojttic nerve — is sometimoH observed, nnd irumy have been deceived, for the eyo retains its })erfect transparency. Hero also nietlical treutment is of no avail. llie serous membranes are of great importance. Tlie brain and Bpimd marrow, with the origins ared fairly out, and generally a coating of pitch should be bound round the foot. If the crack has reached the quick, that must be done which ought to be done in every case — a skilful surgeon should be consulted, otherwise false quarter may ensue. False Quarter is a division of the ligament by which the crust is secreted. It is one of the varieties of sand-crack, and exceedingly difficult of cure. Tread, or over-reach, is a clumsy habit of setting one foot upon or bruising the other. It should innnediately and care- fully be attended to, or a bad case of quittor may ensue. Fo- mentations in the firet instance, and, if much inflammation exists, poultices, to be followed by a mild styptic ; tincture of myrrh, or Friar's balsam, will soon effect a cure. Quittor is the formation of little pipes between the crust and the hoof, by means of which the purulent matter secreted from some wound beneath the crust makes its escape. Tlie healing of this, and of every species of prick or wound in the sole or crust, is often exceedingly difficult. Corns are said to exist when the posterior part of the foot between the external crust and the bars is unnaturally contract- ed, and becomes inflamed. Corns are the consequence of con- tinued and unnatural pressure. The cure of corns must b© attempted by removing the cause — namely, the pressure. Thrush is the consequence of filth and unnatural pressure on the frog. It is the cause and the effect of contraction, whether it is found in the heels of the fore feet or the hinder ones. It is not difficult of cure when taken in time ; but when neglected, it often be omes a very serious matter. Cleanliness, fomentations, dressing the part with tincture of myrrh, and frequent applica- tions of tar, are the best remedies. Oankke is the consequence of thrash, or, indeed, of almost 086 THE IIOK8K. every disease of the foot. It is attendcfl by n greater or less separation of lioni, which Bometinies leaves the whole of the solo bare. This also, like the diseases of the foot generally, is difll- cult of cure. Few things are more neglected, and yet of greater impor- tance to the comfort and durability of the horse, than a proper syotoi-i of shoeing. It is necessary that the foot should be de- 'er,(l<^d from the wear and tear of the roads; but that very de- J'inc oo often entails on the animal a degree of injury and ' ..fferii. arcely credible. Tlie shoe is lixed to the fot)t, and often ijittr^cres witli and limits the beautiful functions of that organ, and thus causes much unnecessary inflammation and mischief The shoe of a healthy foot should offer a pefectly flat surface to the ground. The bearing or weight of the hor e will then be diffused over the surface of the shoe, and there will be no inju- rious accumulation of it on difi'erent points. Too often, however, there is a convexity towards the inner edge, vhicli causes an inequality of bearing, which breaks and destroys the crust, and pinches the sensible parts. Round the outer edge of the shoe, and extended over two-thirds of it on the lower surface, a groove is sunk, througli which pass the nails for the fastening (if the shoe. At first they somewhat project, but they are soon worn down to the level of the slioe, which, in the healthy foot, should not vary in thickness from the heel to the toe. The width of the shoe will depend on that of the foot. The general rule is, that it should protect the sole from injury, and be as wide at the heel as the frog will permit. The upper surface of the shoe should be difi'erently formed ; it should be flat along the upper end, the outer portion support- ing the crust, or, in other words, the weight of the horse, and widest at the heel, so as to afford expansion of the bars and the heels. The inner portion of the shoe should be bevelled oflF, in order that, in the descent of the sole, that part of the foot may not be bruised. The owner of the horse should occasionally be present when the shoes are removed, and he will be too often surprised to see how far the smith, almost wilfully, deviates from the right construction of this apparently simple apparatus. Tlie bevelled shoe is a little more troublesome to make and to |1 1).y n greater or less h tlie whole of the solo I foot generally, is difll- yet of greater iinpor- horse, than a ])roper |the foot shonld be de- ids ; but that very de- degree of injury and fixed to the foot, and tiful functions of that ry inflainination aud a pefectly flat surface the hore will then bo there will be no inju- 1. Too often, however, pdge, '"liich causes an destroys the crust, and »uter edge of tlie shoe, tlie lower surface, a n'ls for the fastening of ect, but they are soon li, in the liealthy foot, 1 to the toe. that of the foot. The sole from injury, and nit. )e diflferently formed ; •uter portion support- :lit of the horse, and n of the bars and the Id be bevelled oflT, in part of the foot may lould occasionally be he will be too often ilfully, deviates from simple appa]-atu8. ome to make and to PARING OF THE FOOT. 687 apply than that which is often used by the villiige smith ; but It will be the owner's fault if his directions are not iTuplicilly obeyed. Even at the commencement of the operation of shoeing, the eye of the master or the trustworthy groom will be requisite. The shoe is often torn from the foot in a most violent anJ lower, and lens able to Hui)j)ort the weight thrown upon it. Mention has already been made of the use of the bars in admitting and yet limiting to its proper extent the oxpaiiHion of the foot. The smitli in the uuijon'ty of the country forges a.id in too numy of those that disgrace the metropolis^ seems to have waged interminable war witli these portions of the foot and avails himself of every oi)j)ortunity to pare them down, or perfectly to destroy them, forgetting, or never having leurnod, that the destruction of the l)ar8 necessarly leads to contraction, by removing the chief impediment to it. Tlic horn between the crust and the bar should bo well pared out. Every one accustomed to horses must have ob- served the great relief that is given to the hoi-se with corns when this angle is pared out ; and yet, from some fatality, the smith rarely leaves it where nature placed it, but cuts away every portion of it. The true function of the frog is easily understood ; it gives security to the tread, and permits the expansion of the heels ; but the smith, although these cases come before him every day. seems to be quite unaware of the course which he should pur- sue, and either leaves the frog almost untouched, and then it becomes bruised and injured, or he pares it away, so that it cannot come into contact with the ground, and consequently is not enabled to do its duty. Tlie owner of the horse will therefore find it his interest oc- casionally to visit the forge, and, guided by the simple princi- ples whiclx have been stated, he will seldom err in his opinion of what is going forward there. He should impress two prin- ciples deeply on his mind ; that a great deal more depends on the paring out of the foot than in the construction of the shoe ; and that few shoes, except they press upon the sole, or are made shamefully bad, will lame the horse, but that he may be very easily lamed by an ignorant or improper paring out of the foot. Where the owner of the horse has suflScient influence with the smith, he will find it advisable always to have a few sets of shoes ready made. Much time w^ill be saved, in case of acci BAR BliORS. 699 |"fitj of horn woaker ai, to afford an even bearing for the foot. The bar shoe is indispensable in most large stables. It is a very simple contrivance, being nothing more than the contin- uation of the common shoe over the heels. The bearing of the- sho« may thus be taken off from every weak and tender part of the foot, and be either thrown on some other point which is better able to bear the pressure, or diffused over the foot. It iS' Vol. XL— 34 ^mm mmmm 530 THE H0R8K. UBofiil in BoiTiocasc'H of bud cornB, which aro thiia protuctod iVoin injury ; in Haiid-cmck, tho prcBsuro may bo removed from citlior or both hi(U-« of tim linHuro ; pumiced fei't iim.v be niihfd by tliid biioe abovi- tb(! piiHHibility of injury ; and in tiirusli and in can- ker not only \n liie weight tiirown olf tiu) diweaHed part, but any kind III' dreoniiijj: nuiy be ea«ily retained on tho Boro. It in a shoe, however, that cannot be wafely used for any consideralile time, or, at h'ant, it reqiiiri's occ^aHiomd or cvi-n fre([nent chan;,'e, on account of itH becoming gradmilly presHcd down on the soro part beneath. Bar Bhoes aro not Bafo for ubo when much speed iB recpiired, and they are dangerous when frost is on the ground. llie tip is a very diflerent kind of shoe. It reaches but half round the crust. It is used when tho liorso is at rest; and, the quarters of this shoe being unfettered, tho contracted foot Ib Bometimes enabled to regain its luitural open state. It has been tried for road- work, but, as might naturally be expected, it ut- terly failed when often or long used. Tho leather siioe is princii)ally useful when the foot has been injured or inflamed. It, to a considerable degree, breaks the shock, which would otherwise be ])ainfully felt when tlio foot is put on the ground. It consists of a piece of leather or felt, about an inch in width, which is placed between the crust and the shoe; and this very materially obviates concussion. It must not, however, bo long worn, for the nails cannot always be driven securely ; there will be too much play upon them, and they will become loosened ; also tho holes which they ac- curately filled at first will bo enlarged, and the crust will be broken away. Tlie sole is sometimes entirely covered with leather. This furnishes a temporary defence for the foot, but there is much insecurity of fastening ; the tow or other dressing introduced between the sole and the leather, is not always equably distrib- uted, and frequently the stopping produces a scaly spongy horn, or gravel and dirt will gradually accumulate between the leather and the horn, and the foot will be considerably injured. Gutta percha is substituted with good effect. One other shoe, the invention of Mr. Percival, must be men- tioned— the horse-sandal. It consists of a simple apparatus KOAKINO. 681 i protected iVom )vo»l tVi»in eitlier i)c^ niihi'd \>y this rush 1111(1 in eaii- v(l imrt, hut uiiy e Hore. It ia a my coiirticUu'iilile friMjiu'iit chan^^i', hiwii on the sore hen Jiiuch speed frost is on the reaches hut luilf It rest; and, the mtriicti'd toot is ite. It hiiH heen expected, it ut- :lie foot hns been grei!, hreiikd the wlien tlio foot is f leather or felt, len tlie crust and concussion. It Is cannot always play upon them, !8 wliich they ac- the crust will be th leather. This it there is much jssing introduced J equably distrib- 2aly spongy horu, ite between the siderably injured. '^al, must be men- simple apparatus Huflh'ieiifly lijj;ht oven to be carried in the pocket, but in more fre((uently attached to the Hiiddle, and which, on tin- Ih-k of u bIioc, can be iip[>li<'d t<> tin- foot in the space of u ininiilc, and HO Mccurely aftacluMl t«i it that the sportsman may citntinui" the chase to llu^ end of tho Ittngest run. The mime sandal him been repeatedly worn more than one hundred miles. It may l)e pro- cured from any respectalde harnessniaker. i{oAi(iN(i.--Tiie([Mality of soundness involves several (piestioiis of no mean iinimrtanee, especially with regard to those maladies which are capable of being transmitted. It is very apparent to those whose practice among horses is extensive, and who are best able to form accurate opinions, that 8i)avins and curbs are less freipient than they were tive-an ])uid at tlie kc'8 do not npply to r a |)08t match or ire the iiorso he in- • aiiimiuted for the 0 stakes, the horse it the usual hour of race in whieli the n the estimation of le places of horses in which they are it starting shall be lotted shall take his 36 ; the others shall ncnt. When, how- lit hand side of the track shall take his r places on his left, ; shall at the next eir positions on his n which they came itch or sweepstakes all carry the estab- match or sweep- ! distance shall be 0 ago as tliose en- iree years old, one miles; and if tive rses be of different youngest. Rule XII. — OmissionH of Ihii). — If no day is iin'iitloued for u race, it shall be run on the last day of llic mretinj,' in [nugivris ; or siiould it Ix! made Ijotweeu meetings, then ou the la^l day of the next meeting. UuLE XIII. — 0/ Dress (lull Colors. — All riders muHt be dressed in jockey costume — cup antl jacket of silk or satin, lu'eeelits oi" whifo corduroy, cords, ilannel or buckskin, and top-lwots. Tiio colors solectetl by owners are to l)e recorded with the Clerk of the Course, and, when thus recorded, aiv not to i)e used l)y others. A list of all colors that have l)een recorded la to ki jmsled in the Judges' stand. Rule XIV. — Nominalions and Entries. — In all nominations and entries, the horse, mare, or gelding entered must be clearly identi- lied. The color, sex, name, age, sire and dam must be given ; and if the dam has no name, siieh further pedigree and description must bo added as will distinguish the horse intended to Ihj named from any other of a similnr pedigree. If the dam was covered by more than one stallion, the names of all of thorn must Ikj men- tioned. When a horse has run once over the Course of any recog- nized association, it will 1x3 sufficient afterward to give his name and age. If the name of a horse is changed, it is necessary in entering the said horse to give his old as well as his new name, until he has run once under it over a Course as above ; and if his name is changed again, all his names must be reported for a like period. Rule XV. — Nomination of Foreign Horses. — No horse foaled out of the United States, shall run for any race, until his owner haa produced a certificate of some racing club of the country where the horse was foaled, or from the mayor or other public officer of the district, stating the age, pedigree, and color of the horse, and the murks by which it is distinguished, or has produced other evidence of identity satisfactory to the Stewards. Rule XVI. — Insufficient Description a Disqualification. — If any horse be named, without being identified as before directed, he shall not be allowed to start in the race, but his owner shall be liable to pay the forfeit, or, if it be a play or pay race, the whole stake. Rule XVII. — Fraudulent Entry a Perpetual Disqualification. — If a horse should fraudulently run, or be entered to run for any race by a false description, such horse is thenceforth disqualified for running in any race, and the owner shall be compelled to retuni any sum of money won in any race which the horse may then anvl thereafter have won. w:msimmmsmx^m!S?^*m^^mmsmmmm' B44 THE UUKHE. k When a Iiorso Ima boon struck out of on engagoiiiunt by Ihu IRTHoii Ugiilly fiiliili'tl to do rto, if thi.' horsL' be |)fniiittfcl to Mturt by mistuki! i'or tlie Haiil iiigiigciiioiit, be hIuiII uot bo eatitlud to rccoivo the ])rizo or Htukes tbou-^'b lie come iii first. If uny liofHO bua been allowed to Hturt in con8C(iuenco of fraud or niisrcprosenliition on tiie part of tlie owner or otber person biiving cliarge of tlio liorse, that ]HTmm hIuiII Iw ruled off tlio CourHo, and the horse ahull be discorao disqualified under the rules relating to defaulters. If a brood-mare engaged in a produce stake dro])S her foal before the first of January, the nomination is void ; and if she baa a dead foal, or la barren, tho nomination is void. Rule XIX. — Nominations not to be Changed after Closing. — No person who has once subscribed to a stake shall bo allowed to with- draw his name ; and no nomination shall be altered in any respect without tho consent of all the parties in tho race. Rule XX. — Exception to the Preceding Ihile. — When a person takes a nomination for a stake in which the forfeit is to be declared by a particular time, and does not declare forfeit by the time fixed in the article, he shall thenceforth be considered to have taken the engagement on himself, and shall be held equally liable with the original subscriber. Rule XXI. — Use of Fictitious Names. — When any person enters a horse or subscribes to a stake under a fictitious name, or in the name of a person not fully identified at the time, he shall be con- sidered in all respects as the owner of the horse and as the sub- scriber to the stake, and in the event of the forfeit not being paid, his real name shall be published in the Forfeit List. Every person who wishes no^ to engage his horses in his oAvn name must adopt some name which must be registered with tho Clerk of the Coui-se, and he cannot enter in axiy other until the change is duly notified to him. No person who enters horses in an assumed name shall be allowed to adopt and register as such the same name as that of any gentleman who runs his horses in his own name. 0 ingHgeiiu-nt l)y thu rmitUcl to sUirt by 0 outitlcd to receive )nMo<|uonco of fVaiul i" or otiior ptTHoii Ih) ruled off tlio lunijig for tiny racts line of Closing.— In II Ih! uny purtittulur t Bhall bo HuiJ.r iint lie finio all i^swl I'or uililied l)y anything at time, xmless so Hiuiilified under the gaged in ii produce ', the nomination is , tho nomination is after Closing. — No bo allowed to with- tered in any respect le. — When a person bit is to bo declared it by the time fixed I to have taken the illy liable with the 1 any person enters )U8 name, or in the le, he shall be con- so and as the sub- feit not being paid, list. Every person I name must adopt urk of the Course, ige is duly notified med name shall be irae as that of any ^'<^S^^ saa^ ...a; "V^ 3* v"^ ? IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 11.25 Photographic Sciences Corporation inn 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 's s' CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques RULES OF THE AMERICAN JOCKEY CLUB. -a: Rule XXU.— Unauthorized Xoniimitious.— Any \-)i'rson entor- ino- or nominating a horse for a race without authority h'om the owner, shall be responsible for the stake or forfeit; entrance money shall be retained and added to the prize ; and the horse shall be dis- qualified for running in any race until Ihe stake or forfeit is paid, unless the owner shall have promptly disavowed the act by letter addressed to the Clerk of the Course. Publication of the entry or nomination shall l)e held as notice to the owner. If it shall appear to the Stewards that the authority denied has been granted, the owner shall also be responsible for the stake or forfeit, and the horse shall be disqualified for running in any race until it is paid ; mid if the Stewards believe that any fraiul was designed, all persons impli- cated therein shall be ruled off the Course. Rule XXlII.—JVominations not required to he made on Sunday. — When the day fixed for the closing of, or naming for, any stake or plate, or for declaring forfeit or produce, shall fall on Sunday, subscriptions, nominations, or declarations for such stake or plate may be received on the following day ; provided that there is an interval of one day between the day of cloL-ing naming or declaring and the day of running. RuT,E XXIY.— Allowance of WeigU in certain cases.— In every race in which there is an allowance of weight to the produce of untried horses or maros, or to maiden horses or mares, such allow- ance shall not be made unless claimed before the expiration of the time for naming. Rule XXV. — Nominations in Stakes in event of Death. — All nominations in stakes are void by the death of the subscriber, ex- cept where a horse is sold with his engagements, and a written acknowledgment from both purchaser and seller has been delivered to the Clerk of the Course, previous to the death of the original subscriber. If any of the parties to a joint nomination die, all its privileges and responsibilities attach to the survivors. The death of a horse does not release the nominator or pur- chaser from liability for a stake or forfeit. Rule XXYl.— Entries in Plates not Void by Death.— Entr'm in plates are not void by the death of the nominator, and are trans- ferred to and become the privilege of the actual owner, unless the horse has been sold without his engagements. Entrance money for a plate is not to be returned on the death of a horse. Rule XXVII.— ^??^nes to Purses.— AW entries of horses to run Vol. IL— 35 •;■«: ii Am !**• 546 THE HORSE. for u purse, shall lie made rinder cover, and deposited with the Ch rk of the Course, in a box kept for that purpose, at the Judges' Staiul, between three and four o'clock P. M. of the day previous to tlic race, unless the races of the day be not finished by the first hour named ; and in such case, thirty minutes after the close of the last race. No entry shall be received af ci" the time specified; and the box shall not be opened except in the presence of an officer or life member of the Jockey Club. Rule XXYIII.— Respecting Stakes and Forfeits.— AW stakes shall be put in the hands of the Clerk of the Course before the riders are weighed. On the deposit of a stake, the right to forfeit ceases. When any person has more than one nomination in a stake, he shall not be allowed to start any horse for it unless the forfeits be paid for every horse which does riot start, belonging to him, or standing in his name, or in the same name as the horse which runs, as well as the stakes for those which do. Rule XXIX.— Arrears of Owners and Namers to he paid before Starting.— '^0 person shall start a horse for any race, cither in his own name or that of any other person, unless both the owner and namer of such horse shall have paid all former stakes and forfeits ; and this rule shall extend to forfeits incurred on any Course under the control of any recognized association, provided an official notice of such forfeits being due shall have b on received by the Clerk of the Course, and published in the Forfeit List. Rule XXX.— Arrears dm for a Horse to he paid before he can start. — No horse shall start for any race unless all former stakes and forfeits due for that horse be paid before starting, provided notice has been given as above. Rule XXXI.— 77te Forfeit List.— A list of unpaid forfeits, with the name of the subscriber to the stake, and the name or descrip- tion of the horse, with the name or sufficient description of the stake, and the amount of the forfeit due, shall be attached to the official summary of the meeting ; and they shall continue to be published until paid. A similar list shall uo posted in a conspicuous place in the Judges' Stand, in the office of the American Jockey Club, and, jihould there be a recognized " betting-room," there also. Rule XXXII.— Persows appearing in Forfeit List Disqualified. — No -person whose name shall appear in the published forfeit list shall be entitled to enter or run a horse for any race whatever, cither in his own name or in the name of any other person, until he shall have paid up all the forfeits in respect of which his name appears in the list BULKS OF Tin: AMLllICAK JOCKEY CLUB. 517 h the Clerk Igcs' Stuml, ious to the iC flret hour 3 of the last L'd ; and the ifRcer or life -All stakes 3 before the ;ht to forfeit 1 in a stake, i the forfeits g to him, or horse which ! paid lefore ;ither in his I owner and md forfeits ; lourse under fficial notice the Clerk of hefore he can armer stakes ng, provided Forfeits, with e or descrip- of the stake, ;o the official be published IOUS place iu jy Club, and, Disqualified. ed forfeit list ce whatever. person. until ich his name Rule XXXllL—Ihrses apimrincj in Forfeit List not qualified to be entered.— '!!io horse which appears iu the published forltit Hst shiiU be (|Uiilified to be entered or to run fur any race whatever, until the forfeits mentioned iu the said list, as duo for such horse, shall have been i)uid. Rule XXXIY. —Suspected Nominations may he struck otit.—lvi. order t;o prevent persons who are defaulters from evadiug tliese laws, and continuing to engage liorses by the use of fictitious names, the Stewards sliall have the power of calling upon the nominator to produce satisfactory testimony that the horse named is not the property, either wholly or in part, of any person whose name ap- pears in the published list of defaulters, and, if the nt)minator shall fail to do so, the Stewai'ds may cause the nomination to be erased. Rule XXXV.— Liability for Engagements of Horses Sold.— When a horse is sold with his engagements, or any part of them, the seller has not the power of striking the horse out of the engage- ments with which he is sold ; but as the original subscriber remains liable to the respective winners for the amount of the forfeits in each of these engagements, lie may, if compelled to pay them by the purchaser's default, place the forfeit on the forfeit list, in the usual manner, as due from the purchaser to himself, and until this forfeit is repaid, both the purchaser and the horse remain under the same disabilities as if the purchaser had been the original sub- scriber. In all "ases of sale by private treaty, the written acknowl- edgment of both i,^rties that the horse was sold with his engage- n ents is necessary to entitle the buyer or seller to the benefit of this rule ; but when the horse is sold by public auction the adver- tised conditions of the sale are sufficient evidence, and if he has been daimed as the winner of a race of which it was a condition ' that the winner was to be sold with his engagements, this also is sufficient Rule XXXVI. — Forfeits paid as above may be placed on Forfeit List. — When a oerson has a horse engaged in the name of another person, and is entitled, by purchase or otherwise, to start the horse for such engagement, but is prevented by any of the preceding laws from starting his horse without previously paying up forfeits to which he is not otherwise liable, he may, if he pays these forfeits, start his horse, and have the forfeits, with the names of the horses for which they are due, placed on the forfeit list in the usual man- ner, as due to himself. ■iimmaBMBawrR-gaHBKia'ig 548 Rule XXXVIL- carriL'd, viz.: THE HORSE, • WeUjhts. — The following weights shull lbs. 75 90 95 108 111 118 Two-yeur-olds sliiill carry .... ... Throe-year-okls shall carry , , anil after 1st iSi'pteinhcr Four-year-oUls shall carry Five-year-olds shall carry Six-year-olds, and upwardp, shall carry .... In all races exclusively for three-year-olds the weights shall he one hundred and ten pounds, and m all races exclusively for two- year-olds, the weight shall be one hundred pounds. Except in handicaps and in races where the weights are fixed absolutely in the articles, three pounds shall be allowed to mares and geluir.gs. Rule XXXVIII.— /'m/Aer He(y<■ rorcived from the owner, trainer or jockey of the liorse atlected, and miist he made to thi' Judges, ei I lie;- before or iuiinediately after his jockey lias pis.sed the Bcah's. liv\.i'. L\U.— ]\7ifn Urnf is To/V?.— If the start takes place on tiie wrong side of tin; starting |)ost, or if no person oflicially appointed occupies the Judges' Stand, the heat or race is void, and must he run again — in 20 minutes, if the distance to ho run is two miles or less, and in .'}() minutes, if ovt'r two miles. ItULE LIV. — 0/ Collusion. — When a dead heat for a race not of heats is run, tlio owners of the horses making the dead heat may agree to divide the prijce or stakes, and thus terminate the race; but an agreement between two or more persons not to oi)i)oso each other in any race, or to run jointly against any other person or persons, or to divide tlie prize or stakes after a dead heat, and allow one iiorse to walk over for a deciding heat, is illegal, and upon proof of snch agreement satisfactory to the Stewards, the parties thereto shall be ruled off the Course, and their horses disciualified for wi."ming in all races to Avhich such agi'eoracnt had reference. Rule LV. — Winner of a Ifonf or Rare. — The horse that first gets his head to the winning-post shall be considered the winner of the heat or race. Rule LVI. — Of Heats. — In a race of heats, the horse that actually wins two heats, or distances the field, wins the race. When two horses have each won a heat, they only shall start for a tliird, and the preference between them shall be determined by it. When a race is won by two heats, the preference of the horses is deter- mined by the places they get in the second heat ; and when a race is won by three heats, the horses starting in a third heat shall only be placed. There shall be no distance in a third heat. Horses started and drawn before a race of heats is won, are held to be distanced. Rule LVII. — In Ilcat Tlares, only One Horse or One Rider in same interest can Start. — No person shall start more than one horse of which he is the owner, either wholly or in part, either in his own name or in that of any other person, for any race of heats; nor shall two riders from the same stable be permitted to ride in such race. Rule \Nl\l.— Horses not to be Drawn during Race of Heats. — 'i^fw^fSf^^' RULE* FOR THR AMKIUCAN .lOriv'KY ci-UB. 663 20 minutes. !jr) iiiiiiutos. 35 minutes. 40 minutes. Any person \\ho sliull «eli or e Stewards, or those whom they may appoint, shall have power to order an examination of the horse's mouth by com- petent persons, and to call for all such evidence as they may require, and their decision shall be final. If the disqualification is made out, and they believe that the horse was entered fraudulently, all persons implicated in the fraud shall be ruled oif the Course. Rule LXXV.— When Complaints must be marie— A]\ complaints of foul riding, or of horses not running the proper course, or of 55G THE nORSE. any other irregularities occurring in the heat or race, must be made to the Jrdges by the owner, trainer, or jockey of a horse in the race, either before or immediately after his jockey has passed the scales. Objections to winning horses on otlier grounds cannot be enter- tained unless made to the Stewards before the conclusion of the race meeting, save and excepting charges of fraudul ut entry, or of running horses under a false description, Avhich maybe investigated at any period within one year from the date of the offence. lluLE IjXXYI.—ObJccfioiis to Qualification, when to be made. — When the qualification of any horse is objected to by ten o'clock in the morning of the day of the race, the owner must produce evi- dence to prove the qualification, satisfactory to the Stewards or Clerk of the Course, before the race is run ; and if he shall start his horse without doing so, the p/ize shall be Avithlu-ld for a period to be fixed upon by tlie Stewards, ut the expiration of which time, if the qualification be not proved to tb.e satisfaction of the Stew- ards, he shall not be eniitled to the prizo, though his horse shall coma in first, but it shall be given to the owner of the second horse. When the qualification of the horse is objected to after that time, the person jnaking the objection must prove the disquali- fication. Eui,E LXXVII. — For the Protection of Owners, etc.— No owner or trainer sliall employ a rider, rul)bor, or helper, from another Btabb, who has not produced a Avritten discharge from his last em- ployer or furnished satisfactory evidence of the termination of his engagement. On receiving complaint in writing, from the owner or trainer claiming to be aggrieved in this respect, the Clerk of the Coitrse shall notify the person alleged to be in fault, either person- ally or by letter addressed to his usual post-oflice of the complaint against him, and of the penalty attached to the offence, and shall give him a reasonable time to appear before the Race SteAvards to refute the charge. If he fail to exculpate himself, or to show that such rider, rubber or helper is no longer in his service, the Race Stewards shall rule him off the Course and he shall only be relieved from the disability when the Stewards, satisfied tha^ he is no longer censurable in the matter, may think proper to do so. Rule LXXVIII. — For the Protection of Eiders, etc. — Any owner or trainer who shall owe any hired rider, rubber or helper more than three months' wages, payment of which has been demanded and refused, shall, upon proof of the fact satisfactory to the Stewards, be ruled off the Course. The Stewards shall not entertain any complaint, under this rule, >M'less it is attested l)y the affidavit of RULES OF THE AMEIIICAX JOCKKY CLUB. 557 the creditor before a magistrate and suhstautiatod hy evidence satis- factory to them, and shall impose tiie penalty until tlioy have given to the person owing such wages reasonable notice of the com- Dlaint, either personally or by letter addressed to his usual post- office; and they shall remove the disability upon proof satisfactory to them of the pavment of the debt. K'jLE LXXIX. - Perfsons Expelled from other Courses.— E\'erj person who is expelled from, or ruled off the Course of any racing \ssociation, recognized by the American Jockey Club, is necessarily ruled off every Course under its control. Rule LXXX.— 0/' Decorum.— U any owner, trainer, jockey, or attendant of a liorse'use improper language to the officers of the Course, or be guilty of any improper conduct, the punishment of which is not otherwise provided for, he shall be ruled off the Course. . Rule LXXXI.— 0/ Persons allowed on Course during Face.— After the horses are ordered to the starting-post, and until the Judges direct the gates to be re-opened, no person, except the racing officials and the owners, trainers, and immediate attendants of the. horses in the race, shall be allowed on the Course to be run over. Rule hXXXll.— Striking out of Engagements.— ^o horse shall be considered as struck ont of his engagement unless tlie declara- tion be made by the owner or some person authorized by him, to the Clerk of the Course or to the Secretary, who shall record the day and hour of its receipt, and give early publicity thereto in the subseription rooms. Rule LXXXIII.— Cases unprovided for.— In all matters rela- ting to the races, or running of a race, not provided for in these rules, the Stewards and Judges shall decide according to the best of their judgment and Uie usages of the turf, and from their decision there shall be no appeal. Additional Rule Adopted June 21, Ism.— Resolved, That for all matches run under the rules of the American Jockey Club, at Jerome Park, the Secretary shall be paid by the winner one per cent, upon the amount of the stakes. BETTING RULES. Rule I.— In all bets there must be a possibility to win when the bet is made. " You cannot win where you cannot lose." Rule II.— Bets go as the prize or stakes go. If, however, an iiiii iiii<» I 558 TOE nORSE. Objection 1)0 made and snstainod, to tlio qualifioiilion of a horse on the ground of incorrect pedigree or nomination, after the race is rnn, tlie licts shall go to the horse that comes in firsf, provided he is of the right age, and in otiier respects has not transgressed the rules of racing ; but if the owner of a horse, or a person on his behalf, succeed by fraud, or by culpable misrepresentation, in starling him for a race for which \\e is legally disqualified, making himself liable to +he penalties in Rule XVII of Jtacing Rules, the bets will go with the prize or stakes, whether any objection be made either before or after the race. Rule III. — All bets are play or pay, unless otherwise stipulated. Rule IV. — All double bets must be considered play or pay. Rule V.— Confirmed bets cannot be off, except by mutual consent, or by failure to make stakes at the time and place which may have been agreed upon, in which case it is optional with a bettor not in default to declare then and there V at the bet stands. If at the time specified for making stakes, the horse or horses backed are struck out of their engagements, the bet is already lost, unless a start has been stipulated, and the winner is entitled to payment Avithout depositing his stake. If there is no stipulation when the bet is made for the deposit of stakes, they cannot be demanded afterward. Bets between membens of the betting-room are not governed by this rule where it conflicts with any regulation or practice there established. Rule VI.— All bets on races depending between any two horses are void, if those horses become the property of the same person or his confederate, subsequently to the bets being made. Rule VII. — All bets between particular horses are void if neither of them is placed in the race, unless agreed by the parties to the contrary. Rule VIII.— If any bet shall be made by signal or indication after the race has been determined, such bet shall be considered fraudulent and void. Rule IX. — The person who lays the odds has a right to choose a horse or the field ; when a person has chosen a horse, the field is what starts against him. Rule X. — If odds are laid without mentioning the horse before the race is over, the bet must be determined by the state of the odds at the time of making it. Rule XI. — When a race is postponed, all bets must stand ; but if the slightest difference in the terms of the engagement is made, all bets are void. tiamt m^fi^immBmmi^ RULES OF THE AMEUICAN JOCKEY CLUB. 559 Rule XIL— Bets mado on horses winning any number of races within the year shall be understood as meaning between the 1st of January and the 31st of December, both inclusive. Rule XIIL— If a bet is made between two horses, with a forfeit affixed,— say $100, half forfeit,— and both horses start, either party may (ieclare forfeit; and the person making snch a decli;ration would pay $50 if the other horse won, but would receive nothing in the event of his horse winning the race. Rule XIV.— Money given to have a bet laid shall njt be returned, though the race be not run. Rule XV.— Matches and bets are void on the decease of either party before the match or bet is determined. Rule XVI.— Bets on a match which terminates in a dead heat are void. Rule XVII.— When horses run a dead heat for any race, not a match, and the owners agree to divide, all bets between such horses, or between either of them and the field, must be settled by the money betted being put together and divided between the parties, in the same proportion as the prize or stakes. If the dead heat be the first event of a double bet between either of the horses making it and the field, the bet is void ; unless one horse received above a moiety, which would constitute him a winner in a double event. If the dead heat be the first event of a double bet between the horses making it, the bet is void, unless the division was unequal, in which case a horse receiving a larger proportion would in a double event be considered as better placed in the race than one receiving a smaller sum. If a bet is made on one of the horses that ran the dead heat against a beaten horse, he who backed the horse that ran the dead heat wins the bet. Rule XVIII.— If a match be run by mistake, after the princi- pals have compromised, it does notaflfect the betting or the result Rule XIX.— Pools sold shaU not be play or pay, unless so declared at the time. jjiiiyji>,in^iiii" WW \J1.J». W,!k)i!Vl EULES OF THE KENTUCKY ASSOCIATION, Revised April, 18G7, WHICH HAVE BEEN ADOPTED BY THE WESTEEN TUUF CONGRESS. lluLE I.— Members.— ¥io porsou sliall be admitted as a member of this Association, unless nominated by a member, and admitted by a vote of the members, at a meeting of the Association. In voting upon the admission of new members, one black-ball in ten shall exclude the a2ii)licant. Rule lI.—Exj)id8ion of Members.— To expel a member, two- thirds of the members present shall concur, and the number present sLall not be less ( ban fifteen. Rule lU.— llegular Meetings.— 1\\qx& shall be two Regular Meetings of the members in eacli year— one during the race week in the Spring, and the other during the race week in the Fall, at such times and places as may l)e fixed l)y the Association or its officers. Rule IV. — Called 3feeiin(/s.—A members' meeting may at any time be called by the President, or any three members. One mon Ill's notice shall be given of any called meeting, by publication in some newspaper published in I-exington, signed by the Secretary. Rule Y.— Quortm.-Teu members, including the President, or one of the Vice-Presidents, shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, but no alteration of the rules shall be made, or any new rule adopted, unless by a two-thirds vote, when at least fifteen members are present. Rule Yl.— Privileges of Members.— 'Every member shall have the privilege of introducing to the Course and to the Stands, the members of his family under twenty-one years of age. Rule YU.-Stock Trmisfers.—No transfer of stock shall be au- thorized until the Certificate of Stock is surrendered, and a transfer thereof made on the Transfer Book, by the owner or his attorney,' to the purchaser, when a new certificate shall be issued, sealed with the seal of the Corporation, attested by the Presi'lent and Secretary. Rule YIU.— Officers.— Tho officers of this Association shall be —a President, two Vice-Presidents. Secretary, Treasurer, Superin- tendent, and three Stewards ; all of whom (except the Stewards, who shall be appointed by the President and Vice-Presidents), ■iJW^liji»-»,jWjlll«ijiiOjt|iM;j»)8IM4Witi;^'«roWt^»»ai- RULES OF THE KENTUCKY ASSOCIATION. 065 SStewurda, or ink'ntionuUy let liia hors.' go so tliut ho l.nuk iiway, till.' owner of Hurli horse sliiill, I'm- every siieh ofreiiee, he limd livo dolliirs, whieli shall go to the Treasury of the Association. Unruly and vicious iiorses nuiy be assigned any position, at the start, which the Judges may deem necessary to secure the safety of the other iiorses and riders. Tlie sigiial for starting shall l)e the tap of the drum, after which tliere shall l)e no recall. In casi' of a false start the ringing of the bell shall he the signal of recall. The Stewards shall report to the Judges any disobedience or misconduct of the persons starting o horses. llULE KKXV.—Time between //«//.«(.— The time l)e' en heats shall be 20 minutes for mile heats ; 30 minutes for two mile ; 40 minutes for tliree mile, and 4r) minutes for four mile heats. UuLE XXXV L— Foul lii(lin(/.—A horse that has won a heat shall be entitled to the track in starting for the next heat ; other horses taking position in the order of their placing in the previous heat. The leading horse, in any part of the race, shall have the right to select his ground, from uhich he shall not swerve, either to the right or left, so as to imiKidc another horse. Should any rider cross, jostle, or strike another, or his horse; run on his horse's heels, or do anything else that nniy impede his adversary, he will be deemed distanced; and if intkxtionally, the offending rider shall never be permitted again to ride over or attend a horse on this Course. Rule XXXVIl. -A'o//i«ir.--If any horse shall run from the track into the field, he will be declared distanced, although he may come out ahe '^ anless he return and again enter the Course at the point from which he swerved. Rule XXXVIIL— 9/*/ltds.~No person other than the rider .siiall be permitted to strike a horse, or attempt by shouting or otherwise to assist a horse in getting a start, or increase his speed in running any race. Nor shall any person stand in the track to point out a path for the rider, under a penalty of exclusion from tlu- Course for either offence, and if such person shall be the owner, trainer or rubber of such horse, or instigated to the ac^ ' y either of tlie said persons, such horse shall he declared distanced. But this rule shall not be construed to forbid the starter of any horse from striking him with an ordinary riding whip in order to get him off. Rule XXXIX.— Horses to run a Fair Bacc— Every horse started shall run a bona fide race. If any horse shall run to lose, the ownc-r, trainer and rider shall forfeit all rights under the rules of this Association, and no longer be allowed to hold any connec- tion Avith it. 066 IIIK IIUU»E. No oomproniiso or ugrcf • 'fnt k-lvvirii uiiy two porwoiiH stuiiiii^' horHt'ti, or lluir ugcntri jih, iiot to opitose each otiur u|iiiii u proiniscd tlivisioii ttf tli.. puiwo, hIiuII liu piniiiltcd; and no jiorHoiiH shall run their horses with u (Utenniiiatioii to o|)i)o8e joinlly any other horse in thi.' race. In lilhcr tusc, iipMn Hatialiielory proof of Bill Ii a;,nvcnH'nt, the JmigcH hIuiII award tiic purse to tlie next liesi horse, and the persous oflVudiug Hhall never be permitted again to Btiirt a liorse over tliiw Course. UiiK XL.—J'(itro/ J in/f/cs.— The President is authorized and empowered to appoint any menil)er or niemlM-rs as Tatrol Judges, when i)y him deemed neei'ssary, ami upon refusal of any niemher to serve, to assess against lum u flue of not lesu than ten and not more than twenty dollars. liVLK XIX — \\ inner and Dead Ilealn. — In the race best two in TliUEK, a horse that wins two heats or distances the field, wins the race; in the race Hi;»t tuiuce in five, the horse that wins three heats or distances the held, wins the race. In heats licst two in three, a horse not winning one heat in three, shall not be entitled to start for a fourtli heat; and in best three in five, a horse not win- ning one heat in lne, shall not he allowed to start for a sixth heat. When thus prohibited from starting, a horse shall not be deemed distanced, and all bets on his being distanced, shall be void. A Dead Heat shall be considered a heat, except as against the horses that make it. Rule XLII. — Forfeits. — Upon the failure of any one to pay a forfeit before a race, he shall be compelled to pay the amount of the entrance, as if his horse had started. Rule XLIIL— /'er«OMs Riihd off. — Any person ruled off by any organized Racing Association, shall be considered ruled off by the Kentucky Association, and if reinstated by that Association, shall be reinstated by this; and it shall bo the duty of the Secretary of this Association to notify the Secretary of all organized Associa- tionu of any one ruled off. Rule XLIV. — Walk Over. — In the event of a walk over for any purse advertised to be run for on the Kentucky Association Course, the entire purse will be given to the horse walking over. Rule XIN .—Of the Beaten Horses.— TIq shall be declared the best horse that wins a heat. Of beaten horses that have each won a heat, that one which is best in the last heat of the race, shall be declared best in the race. Those not winning a heat shall be placed, and bets decided accordingly as they come to the stand at the termination of the race. If the winner of a heat is after- UULE8 OF Tin; KliNTUCKY AHHOCIATION. 507 wftnlH (listiinct'd, lie in liciitfii l>y tliosc wlio f*iiv( tluir ii},'li tlu' nuv. IlliLK \\M\.—I>ntuuii(j. No person hIiuII Ih' iH'rniittcd to dmw or Hi'll Ills lior«f duriii;,' Hit' riicv, except l)y iierniiHsioii of tlie JudgeH, Ulitler tl»0 lieiiully of iieiiig exeliuled IVdlil tlie (Mill* iltul Course, and not being allowed any part ieipiil ion in its rucing hero- after. A drawn horse hIiuII lie e(»nsidere(l di.Mlanced. All horses entered tor a purse raee shall W unjV««/;fl.— There shall 1k' two Pistanee .Tudges ajipointed by tho President, who shall repair to the Judges' stand after each heat, and report tlie distanced horses and any foul riding, if any have been observed by them. A horse who'tts head reacfhes tho distance as soon as the winner reaches the winning post, shall not bo considered distanced. A horse who fails to bring in his i)ro{K'r weight, or is distanced from winning by foul riding, is to be deemed distanced. , . 50 yards. . GO " The distance in a mile shall be « « Q « (t « a « 80 100 In match races there shall be a distance, iir' "s the contrary be expressly stipulated by th> parties. Rule XLVIIl. — Doubtful Age, Oumership, eia.—On suggestion of any doubts as to the ago, ownership, etc., of any horse entered for a race, it shall be the duty of the Judges to intiuire into tho facts, and if satisfied that any rule of the Association is about to be violated, to exclude such horse from the race, and if the horse is permitted to run, from d doubt not being sustained, and any doubt remains on the minds of tho Judges, the purse, if won by such horse, shall he withheld until the doubt is confirmed or done away with. On being eventually sustained, the purse shall be awarded and paid to the next Ijest 1 orso in the race. Rule XLIX. — If anv Fraud sJiall be discovered, by which the winner shall have been improperly paid the purse, such as a decep- tion as to weight, age, ownership, partnership, etu., the Judges shall demand its restoration, and it shall be ])aid o\cr to the owner of the next L^st horse. If not restored, the illegal holder of the purse, if a member, shall be expelled the Club, and he shall not be allowed '"^^^SSSSPSSfw^^ «nmMMMaRiW*a>i 508 TIm: itoHSE. to Imld niiy ronnootion with it. If iu>t a monihcr, no liorsc wliiih hiiH Itciii truini'd liy him, (tr in which lie iiiuy lie iiitrrcHtcd, nlmll ho ullovvi'd lo Hturt uii tiiiH C'oin-Ho. Ui'l.i; L. — MaMirs.— In mutch mct'H, the riiloH of thin AHSociu- tioii nhidl j^oviTii, iiiilcsH till' cdiitniry Ix- fXprcSMJy Hlipiduli'd. Uri.i; Id. — Siri-r/isfiiirM.—XW S\vi'c[)Mtiii\i'H udvc rtiHcii lo hv run over lliirt Coiirso. hIiiiII Im' Hul)j('ct to the ('u^'iii/iiiicc of tliiw As- Hociiitioii ; and mi chanf^rc of iiomiMutionH once made Nhull ho aHowcd after cloning,', unless by consent of ail the partien. TIks Secretary hIuU! rccuivc all forfeits, and enforce the rules against all defttulterB. Hn.K Fill. — Qiinrtrr Sh'ctrh. — No person, except those altend- inj,' the horses, shall he allowed in the Quarter Stretch duriufj the pendency of a heat, nor until the riders are weighed after its con- clusion. Un-K WW.—Ifatiji Owner, Tntimr, lUdcr, Sfrirfrr or Alhnil- ant of a horse shall use any threats or other improper language towards any Otticer of the Association in the discharge of his ofli- cial duties, ihe person so oU'ending shall never he permitted to start, train, ride, turn, or attend a horse again on this Course. Ui;lk LIV. — (IdiiihliiKj. — No (Jamhiing shall he permitted on t! grounds of this Association, and the officers shall see that thia rule is regarded. RuLK LV. — No Female shall he admitted within the Course or upon the Stands, unless she he under tho escort of a gentleman. BETTINQ. 1. All lets are mdcrstood to relate to the purse, if nothing be said to the contrary, 2. A bet upon tlio purso or heat is void, if the horse betted on does not start. 3. Where a "bet 18 made against the field, it is understood to be one horse against as many as start ; but one other must start, or it is no bet. 4. When both parties are present, either party has a right to demand that the money be staked before the horses start ; and, if one refuse, the other may, at his option, declare the bet void. 5. If eitlier party bo absent on the day of a race (the money not being staked), the party present may declare the bet void, in the presence of respectalile witnesses, before the race commences; but if any person offer to stake for the absentee, it is a confirmed bet RULES ANT) TIEGULATIONS OK TIIK NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE I'UOMOTION OF TUB INTIIUKSTrt OF THE AMEUICAK TROT- TINd TUIIF. AiiTicLE I.— All trottiiig and inicinK over the Coiim-s of thia Assoeiuti.Jii Hlmll bo governed by tlie following rules- Ahtk.xe U.— IJntrics.— aw entries for prenuiiuis must be miulo under cover, eiu-loHing tiie entrunee money for purses uiul forfeits in 8weei)8tiike8, and then sealed un.l addressed t.. or deposited witli the Secretary, or some person autlioriml to receive the same, at such time and placr as Hie Association may have prescribed. Notices of intention to enter will be received by telegraph up to the hour advertised Wn- closing; and all such entries sliall be eligi- ble, provided tile entrance fee «peciiied shall be paid in due course by miiil, or otherwise. An accurate and satisfactory description of each entry will bo required, and shall be in the following form, to wit: 1. Color.— TIk^ color and marks shall be accurately given. a. Sex.— It shall be distinctly stated whether the entry be a stallion, maro or gelding. 3. Name.— Excry horse shall be named, and the name correctly and plainly written in the entry ; and if the horse has ever trotted in a raco under a different name within two years, such former name or names must be given. If a liorse has trotted in any race, without a name, mention must be made in the entry of a sutTicient number of his or her most recent performances, to enalile persons interested to identify the horse; provided that it shall not be neces- sary to furnish any one association or proprietor with the same record the second time. 670 THE UOllSE. It shall be the duty of the Secretary, or other person authorized, to prepare the list cm" entries for publication, comprising all such information in a conii)rehensive manner, for the enlightenment of the general i)ublio and jmrties to the race; and all entries, as afore- said, shall be oi)ened and announced at a public meeting, of which reasonable notice by advertisement or otherwise, shall be given to the parties in hiterest. A horse having once been named, shall not again start in a race on any Course in the United States or Canadas, without a name or under a different name, unless the foregoing provisions have been complied with. 4. Name and Address.— The post-office address in full of the person or persons in whose name an entry is made, and if he or they be not the owner, then that of the owner or owners also, must accompany each nomination. 5. Double Temns. — In all double team races, the entry must contain the name and description of each horse, in the manner pro- vided for entry of single horses. CONDITIONS. 1. A horse shall not be eligible to start in any race that has beaten the time advertised, prior to tlie closing of the entries for the race in which he is entered. Horses shall not be eligible if the time specified has been beaten by them at a greater distance ; that is, a horse having made two miles in five minutes is eligible for a 2.30 race, but not eligible for a race slower than that time. 2. As many horses may be entered by one owner, or as many horses trained in the same stable as may be desired, but only one that has bc'en owned in whole or in part by the same person or persons, or trained in the same stable witliin ten days previous to the race, can start in any race of heats. 3. In all purses, three or more entries are required, and two to start, unless otherwise specified. 4. No purse will be given for a "walk over," but in cases where only one of the horses entered for any premium shall appear on the Course, he shall be entitled to his own entrance money and to one- half of the entrance money received from all horses entered for said premium. 5. Time made in single or double harness, at fairs, and on any track, whether short or not, shall constitute a record ; but time tarn I RULES Ok- TUK KAXIOXAL ASSOCIATION. 571 made under the saddle, shall not be a record iu harness or wagon races. 6. The entrance fee shall be ten per cent, of the pnrso, unless otherwise specilied ; and any person refusing to pay his ontriiuce dues upon demand by the proj-er authority, siiall, together with his horse <>r horses, be suspended until they are paid in full. 7. No person shall be permitted to draAv his horse after said horse has appeared on the track, saddled or harnessed, after having been summoned to prepare for the race, or during a race, except by permission of the Judges, under penalty of being expelled. AiiTicLE III.— In case of Dealh.—kW engagements are void upon the decease of either party or horse, so tar as they shall affect the deceased party or horse ; but forfeits or matches made play or pay, shall not be aflfected by the death of a horse. Article lY.— Fraudulent Entries, or Meddling with Horses.— Any person found guilty of dosing or tampering with any horse, or of making a fraudulent entry of any horse, or of disguising a horse Avich intent to conceal his identity, or being in any way concerned in such a transaction, shall be punished by the forfeiture of en- trance money and expulsion ; and any horse that shall have been painted or disguised, to represent another or a diflferent horse, ov shall have been entered in a purse in which he does not belong, shall be' expelled. Article v.— /?e?rard— A reward of 150 will be paid to the person who shall first give information leading to the detection of any fraudulent entry and the parties thereto, to be paid out of the funds of the National Association for the Promotion of the Inter- ests of the American Trotting Turf, by the Treasurer, upon recom- mendation of the oflicers of the Course where such fraudulent entry was made, provided that this shall not be construed to extend to Courses outside of this Association. Article Yl.— Decorum. — If any owner, trainer, rider, driver or attendant of a horse, or any other person, use improper language to the officers of the Course or the Judges in a race, or i)e guilty of any improper conduct, the person or persons so offending shall Lj punished by a fine not exceeding $100, or by suspension or ex- pulsion. Article YIL— Flection of Judges.— There shall be chosen by the proper authority, three (3) competent Judges for the day or race, who shall understand the rules of this Association, and shall be held accountable for their rigid enforcement, and all their decis- ions shall be in accordance therewith. Any person having a bet 672 THE nOESE. upon, or an interest, either direct or indirect, in any or either of tl:f horses in a race, shall not be entitled to judge that race. In all match races tliese rules shall govern, unless the contrary be ex- pressly stipulated and assented to by tlio club, association, or pro- prietors of the Course over which tlic race is to couio off. Article YllL—Fotver of Jnd(/es.— The Judges of the day or race shall have power to appoint distance and patrol Judges; they sliall decide all questions and matters of dispute between parties to the race that are not provided for in the Rules and Regu- lations, and shall have full power to inflict all fines and penalties provided by these rules. They shall have entire control and authority over the horses about to start, and the riders or drivers and assistants of the horses, and any such person refusing to obey their orders, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding $100, or by suspension or expulsion. No rider or driver shall cause unnecessary delay after the horses are called up, either by neglecting to i)repare for the race in time, or by neglecting to come for the word, or otherwise ; and when, in scoring, the signal is not given, all the horses in the race shall immediately turn at the tap of the bell, or other signal given, and jog back for a fresh start. If this rule is not comi)lied with on the part of any rider or driver, the Judges may give the word without regard to the offendmg party or parties, and they may be punislicl by a fine not exceeduig $100, or by suspension not to exceed one year. When any horse or horses keep so far aliead of others in scoring that the Judges cannot give a fair start, they shall give the offend- ing party or parties notice of the penalties attached to such offensive conduct, and should they still persist, shall enforce said penalties. When the Judges are prevented from giving the word by a horse or horses being refractory, or from any other cause, they may, after a reasonable time, give the word without reference to the position of the refractory horse or horses, or may give them any position they think proper to facilitate the start. In all cases the word shall be given from the Judges' stand, and in no case shall a standing start be given. If the Judges have reason to suppose that a horse is being or has been "pulled," to fraudulently prevent his %vinning, they shall have power to substitute a competent and reliable driver or rider for the remainder of the race, and if the result of the suc- ceeding heat or heats shall confirm their suspicion, the rider or driver so removed shall be punished by suspension or expulsion. Wlien disputes and contingencies arise, which are not provided for in the Rules, the Judges shall have power to decide in sucli casos ; RULES OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION. KtVO ither of t]:f ice. In all •ary be ex- iou, or pro- the day or ol Judges; te between and Regn- 1 penalties the horses the horses, e punished Ision. No horses are ime, or by in scoring, timediately ig back for lart of any ard to the a fine not in scoring he offend- li offensive penalties, a horse or ay, after a losition of lition they •d shall be ding start 1 horse ia I winning, ble driver f the suc- } rider or 3xpulsion. jvided for ich cases ; but in no case can there be a compromise in the manner of punish- ment, where the Rules express or name what the penalty shall be, but tlie same shall be strictly enforced. Judges may require riders and drivers to be properly dressed. Article IX.— Judges' Duty.— The Judges shall be in the stand fifteen minutes before the time for starting; they shall weigh the riders or drivers, and determine the positions of the horses, and give each rider or driver his place before stariing. They shall ring the bell or give other notice ten minutes previous to the time an- nounced for the race to come off, which shall be notice to all parties to prepare for the race at the appointed time, when all the horses must be ready, and any party failing to comply with this rule, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding iJ^lOO; or the horse may lie ruled out by the Judges and considered drawn ; but in all stakes and matches they shall be liable to forfeit. The Judges shall not notice or receive complaints of foul from any person or persons, ex- cept those appointed l)y the Judges for that purpose, and owners, riders or drivers in the race. The result of a heat shall not be an- nounced until the Judges are satisfied as to the weights of the riders or drivers, and sufficient time has elapsed to receive the re- ports of the Distance and Patrol Judges. When the Judges are satisfied that a race is being or bn^ been conducted improperiy on the part of any rider or driver in a race, they shall punish the offender by suspension not to exceed one year, or by expulsion. If a horse is purposely pulled or broken, to allow another horse to win the heat, the horse so pulled or broken shall be distanced, unless such decision shall be deemed to favor a fraud, and the rider or driver shall be punished by suspension not to exceed one year, or by expulsion; but in case the Judges shall deem such decision as the above to favor a fraud, they shall declare that heat no heat, and shall substitute another driver or rider for the offending one. The presiding Judge shall instruct the riders or drive t m relation to scoring and breaking, prior to the commencement of the race. Article X.— Distance and Patrol Judges— I^ all races of heats there shall be a Distance Judge, appointed by the proper authority, who shall remain in the distance-stand during the heats, and imme- diately after each heat shall repair to the Judges' stand, and report to the Judges the horse or horses that are distanced, and any act of foul, if any has occurred under his observation. The Patrol Judges shall repair in like mannor to the Judges' stand, and report any act of foul, if any has occurred under their ^i i!) <»i^'«M«»a*wMIVni *? — 574 THE HOUSE. observation; tlic reports of the Distance and Patrol Judges sliall I)c alone received. AuTici.E Xl.—Acci(Ients.~In case of accidents, ten minntes sliall l)f allowed, but the Judges may allow more time when deemed necessary and proper. Article Xll.— Judged Stand— ^ow ))ut the Judges of the race in progress, and their assistants, shall be allowed in the Judges' Stand during the pendency of a heat, except members of the Board of Ap[K'als. Akticle Xlll.—Poiver of Postponement.— In case of unfavorable weatlier, or other unavoidable causes, each Association or proprietor shall have power to postpone to a future time all purses or sweep- stakes or any race to which they have contriI)uted money, upon giving notice thereof. No heat shall be trotted when it is so dark that the horses cannot be plainly seen by the Judges from the stand, but all such races shall be continued by the Judges to the next day, omitting Sunday, at such hour as they shall designate. In all matches and stakes, the above rule shall govern, unless otherwise especially agreed between the parties and the Association or proprietors. Article XIY.— Starting and Keeping Positions.— The horse winning a heat sl)all ta'co +i,e pole the succeediiig heat, and all others shall take their positions in the order in which they came home in the last heat. When two or more horses shall make a dead heat, the horses shall start for the succeeding heat in the same positions they occupied at the finish of the dead heat. In coming out in the home-stretch, the foremost horse or horses shall keep the position first selected, or \k liable to be distanced ; and the hindmost horse or horses, when there is sufficiexit roon. to pass on tiie inside or anywhere on the home-stretch without interfering with others, sliall be allowed to do so, and any party interfering to prevent him' or them shall be distanced. If a horse should at any time cross or swerve on the home-stretch so as to impede the progress of a horse behind him, he shall not be entitled to win that heat. If a horse, rider, or driver shall cross, jostle or strike another horse, rider or driver, or shall swerve, or do anything that impedes the progress of another horse, he shall not be entitled to win that heat; and if the impropriety was intentional on the part of tin rider or driver, the horre that impedes the other shall be distanoed, and the rider or driver shall be punished by suspension not to exceed one year, or by expulsion. Although a leading horse is entitled to any part of the track. . RULES OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION. 57r track, except lifter selecting his position on tlie liuniu-Ht retell, if he crosses from the right to the left, or from the inner to the outer side of the track, when u horse is so near him that in changing his position he compels the horse behind him to shorten his stride, or if he causes the rider or driver to pull him out of his stride, it is foul ; and if, in passing n leading horse, the track is taken so soon after getting the lead as to cause the horse passed to shorten his stride, it is foul. Article XY.—Loud Shouting.— Any rider or driver guilty of loud shouting or making other unnecessary noise, or of making improper use of the whip, during the pendency of a heat, shall to punished by a fine not to exceed $2^) for the first offence, and for the second offence by suspension during the meeting. Article XVI. — Horses nreaJcing.— When any horse or horses break from their gait in trotting or pacing, their riders or drivers shall at once pull them to the gait in which they were to go the race, and any party refusing or neglecting to comply with this rule, shall lose the heat, and the next best horse shall win the heat ; and all other horses shall be placed ahead in that heat, and the Judges shall have discretionary power to distance the offending horse or horses, and the rider or driver shall be punished by a fine not to exceed $100, or by suspension not exceeding one year. Should the rider or driver comply with this rule, and the horse should gain by a break, twice the distance so gained shall be taken from him at the coming out. In case of a horse repeatedly breaking, or of running or pacing while another horse is trotting, the Judges shall punish the horse so breaking, running or pacing, by placing him last in the heat, or by distancing him. A horse breaking at or near the score shall be subject to the same penalty as if he broke on any other part of the track. All complaints of foul by riders or drivers must be made at the termination of the heat, and before the nder or driver dismounts or leaves his vehicle by order of the Judges. Article XYII.—Fraudtdent Collisions or Interference.— In any case where a driver is run into and his wagon or sulky broken down without fault on his part, the heat shall be deemed no heat so far as the horses not in fault are concerned, but he who causes the breakdown may be distanced ; and if the Judges find that it was done wilfully, the driver in fault shall be forthwith suspended or expelled, and his horse shall be distanced. If by any outside interference or obstruction a vehicle is broken mstJm 670 TTIE nORSE. Clown and the horse prevontod iVoni winning a heat, tliat heat shall -w deemed no heat. Akticle XVUl — h'rhttire to Heats, and Horses eligible to start -In heats, one, tw„, three or four miles, a horse not winning one heat in lliree sliaH not start fur a fourth unless sucii horse shall have made a dead heat. In heats best three in five, a horse nor winning a heat in five shall not start for a sixth, unless said horse shall have made a dead heat. But where eight or more horses start in a race, every horse not distanced shall have the right to compete until the race is completed. A dead heat shall he considered a heat as regards all excepting the horses making sueh dead heat, and those only shall start for the next heat that would have been entitled had the heat been won by either horse making the dead heat. A horse j.revented from starting by this rule shall not be distanced, but ruled out. A horse must win a majority of the heats which are required by the conditions of the race, to be entitled to the purse or stakes unless such horse shall have distanced all others in one heat, except when otherwise provided in the publisiied conditions. Ahticle X\X.— Placing Horses.— Horses distanced in the first heat of a race shall be equal, but horses that are distanced in any Bubseqnent heat shall rank as to each other in the order of the posi- tions to which they were entitled at the start of the heat in which they arc distanced, and in deciding the result of any race between the horses contending in the last heat thereof, the relative position of each horse so c< ntending shall be considered as to every heat in the race; that is, horses having won two heats, better than those winning one; a horse that has won a heat, better than a horse only making a dead heat; a horse winning one o- two heats and making a dead heat, better than one winning an equal number of heats but not making a dead heat; a horse whining a heat or making a dead heat and not distanced in the race, better than a horse that has not won a heat or made a dead heat; a horse that has been placed "second" twice, better than a horse that has been placed "second" only once, etc. When two or more horses shall be equal in the race at the com- me^cement of a final heat thereof, they shall rank as to ea«h other as they are placed iri the decision of such final heat. In case these provisions shall not give a specific decision as to second and third mon..y, etc., the Judges of the race are to make the awards according to their best judgment and in conformity with the pnnciples of this rule. RULES OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION. 577 AnTlCLK XX.— Time bctvfCH Ifcufs.—Tho time between heats sliiill l)e twenty minutes for mile heuts; and for mile heats, heat 3 ia 6, twenty-five minutes; and for two-mile heats, thirty minutes; for three-mile heats, thirty-five minutes ; and should there be a mce of four-mile heats, the time shall be I'orty minutes. After the tirst heat, the horses shall be called live minutes prior to the time of starting. AUTK^LE XXI.— Heats in which the Time is null and void.—U for any cause a heat ohall be taken away from a horse that comoa in ahead, the heat shall l)e awarded to the next best horse, and no time shall be" given out l)y the Judges, or recorded agf.inst either horse, and the Judges may waive th(! ai)i)lieation of the rule in regiu-d to distances in that lunit, except for foul riding or driving. Akticle XXU.— Weights and llVvyi/w;.— Every iiorse star tine for purse, sweepstakes or match, in any trotting or pacing race, shall can-y, if to wagon or sulky, 150 pounds, exclusive of harness ; and if under the saddle, 145 pounds, the saddle and whip only to be weighed with the rider. Riders and drivers shall weigh in the presence of one or more of the Judges previous to starting for any race, and after each heat shall come to the starting stand and not dismount or leave their vehicle without permission of the Judges. Any party iolating this rule may be distanced. But a rider or driver thrown or taken by force from his horse or vehicle, after having passed the winning- post, shall not be considered as having dismounted without permis- sion of the Judges ; and if disabled may be earned to the Judges' stand to be weighed, and the Judges, may take the circumstances in consideration and decide accordingly. Article XXlll.— Handicaps and Miscellaneous Weights.— In matches or handicaps, where extra or lesser weights are to be carried. The Judges shall carefully examine and ascertain before starting;, whether the riders, drivers or vehicles are of such weights as have been agreed upon or required by the match or handicap ; and the riders or drivers who shall carry during the race and bring home- with them the weights which have been announced con-ect and proper by the Judges, shall be subject to no pcaalty for light weight in that heat, provided the Judges are satisfied of their own mistake, and that there has been no deception on the part of the rider or driver who shall be deficient in weight ; but all parties thereafter shall carry the required weight. Article XXIV.— ,^^26 of Tf7»>s.— Riders and drivers will be, allowed whips of the following lengths: for saddle horses, 3 ft 10 imi. Vol. IL— 37 678 TnE nonsE. sulkies, 4 ft 8 in. ; wnpjons. 5 ft. 10 in. Double teams, 6 ft. 6 in. ; tandem teams and four-in-hand, unlimited. AuTicLii: XXV. — I)i,s/(inc(',s.-^h\ heata of one mile, 80 yards shall lie a distance. In heats of two miles, ir)(» yards shall be a distance. In iieatsuf tiiree miles, ;i"^0 yards sluill be a distance. In heats of one mile, best 3 in 5, 100 yards sliall be a distance. Except in heats wl.ere eight or more horses contend, then the distance shall be increased one-half. All horses whose heads have not reached the distance-stand as soon as the leading horse arrives at the winning-post, shall bo declared distanced, except in cases of unavoidul)le accidents, when it shall be left to the discretion of the Judges. Akticle XXVI. — Purse or Stake Wronyfidh/ Obtained. — A person obtaining a stake or purse through fraud, shall return it to the Treasurer on demand, or be punished as follows : — lie, together with all the parties interested, and tlie horse or horses, shall bo expelled until such demand is complied v/ith. Artk'LB XXVII. — Protests. — Protests may be made verbally before or during a race, and shall be reduced to writing, and shall contain at least one speciiic charge and a statement of the evidence upon which it is based, and shall be tiled with the Judges, Associa- tion or Proprietor before the close of the meeting. The Judges shall, in every case of protest, demand that the rider or driver and the owner or owners, if present, sliall immediately testify under oath, in the manner hereinafter provided ; and in case of their refusal to do so, the horse shall not be allowed thereupon to start in that race, or any heat thereof, but shall be considered and declared ruled out. But if they do comply and take the oath, as herein required, then the Judges shall allow the horse to start, or continue in the race, and the premium, if any is won by that horse, shall be retained a sufficient length of time (say three weeks), to allow the parties interested a chance to sustain their protest. Associations or P 'oprietors shall be warranted in retaining the premium of any horse in the manner herein mentioned, if at any time before it is paid they shall receive information in their judg- ment tending to show fraud. Any person found guilty of protesting a horse without cause, or with intent to embarrass a race, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding $100, or by suspension not to exceed one year, or by expnlsion. nULES OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION. 579 3 ft. C in. ; 80 yards bIiuU be u tunco. Ill \ E.\c('])t tance sliall e-8tand as , shall 1)0 ?ut8, when (lined. — A eturn it to \, together i, elmll be D verbally and Bliall e evidence s, Assoc ia- he Judges iriver and tify under e of their •n to start d declared required, me in the )e retained he parties lining the , if at any lieir judg- t cause, or a, fine not 5ar, or by The required oath shall be in the (ollowing form, to wit : I, of in the county of State of on oath depose and say, that I am the of the called the same entered iu a purse for horses that have never trotted l)ettcr than minutes and seconds, to be trotted this day on this Course, and the same that has been protested, and to which this affidavit is in answer, hereby declare and iiHlrni that to the best of my knowledge and belief, said before-mentioned horse is eligible to start or compete in the nioe aforesaid, according to the llules of this Course; and that I fully believe all the provisions and conditions required in the Rules and Regulations for the govern- ment of trials of speed over this Course, were fully and honestly complied with in making the entry aforesaid. Given under my hand, at this day of A. D. 187 Subscribed and sworn to before me, day of A. D. 187 Justice of the Peace, Article XXVIII. — A race "to go as they please." — When a race is made to go as they please, it shall be construed that tho performance shall be in harness, to wagon or under the saddle ; but after the race is commenced no change shall bo made in the mode of going. Akticle XXIX. — A race " in harne»s." — When a race is mode to go in harness, it shall be construed to mean that the performance shall be to a sulky. Article XXX. — Trotting Horse and Punnitig Mate. — A race wherein a trotting horse goes with a running mate shall not create a record for time as a trotting performance. Article XXXI. — A race made and no distance specified. — When e race is made and no distance specified, it shall be restricted to the following distances, viz. : one mile and repeat ; mile heats, liest 3 in 5 ; 2 miles and repeat ; or 3 miles and repeat ; and may be performed in harness, to wagon, or nnder the saddle. Article XXXII.— J/ffMes against T'fw^.— When a horse is matched against time, it shall be proper to allow any other horse to 580 THE HOUSE. acGomiumy him in the performance, hut not to be harnosscd with, or in any way uttaciieil to him. In niutciu's made against time, the parties making the match Bliall 1)0 entitled to three triain, unless expressly stiixilafed to the contrary, wiiieh trials shall he hud in the same day; the time between trials to ho the same as the time between lieuts in similar distances. Akticlk XXXUl.— Whcn Matches heconw Piny or Pay.— In all matches made to como off over any of these (Jonrses, the parties shall place the amount of tlio match in the hands of the stake- holder one day before the event (omitting Sunday) is to come ofl", at such time and place as the Club, Assocuation or Proprietor, upon application may determine, and tho race shall then become play or pay. Article XXXIY.—Age of ITorx'^s—how rechoned.—Thc ago of a horse shall l)e reckoned from the first day of January preceding the period of fouling, AuTicLE XXXV. — A Green Horse. — A green horse is one that has never trotted or paced for premiums or money, either double or single. Article XXXVI. — Horses sold with Engagements. — The seller of a horse sold with his engagements has not tho power of striking him out. In case of private sale, the written acknowledgment of the parties that the horse was sold with engagements is necessary to entitle the buyer to the benefit of this. Article XXXVII. — Suspension. — The words suspended or sus- pension, wherever they occur in these rules, shall be construed to mean suspension from entering, riding, driving, training or assisting on the grounds of any Course represented in this Association. Article XXXVIII. — Expulsion. — The; words expelled or expul- sion, wherever they occur in these rules, shall Ixj construed to mean unconditional expulsion from all the Courses represented in this Association. Article XXXIX. — Right of Appeal. — Any person who has been subjected to any of the penalties provided by these rules, can appeal from the decision of the Judges to the Association or Proprietors, upon ■whose grounds the penalty was imposed, and from their decision can appeal to the Board of Appeals, provided they shall do so within one week from the announcement of such decisions, and provided also that where the penalty was a fine it ehall have been previously paid. Article XL. — Fines. — All persons who may have been fined BY-LAWS OF TUE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION. 561 under "tlipso rules, unless tliey pay tluiit in full on the day of asscBS- nient, hIiuII lie HUHpended until tlicy lire piiid in full. All lincH sluvll Ik" paid to the Association or Pro|)rict.or on ivho83 grounds they were iiniwsed, and by them shall he paid to tlie Treasurer of the National Association upon denuind. BY-LAWS OP THB NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR TTIK PROMOTION OP TUB INTERESTS OF THE AMERICAN TROTTING TURF. 1. iVrtmc— This Association shall be known ui der the name of the " National Association for the Promotion of the Interests of the American Trotting Turf." 2. Object.— This Association shall have for its [.rincipal object, the prevention, detection aud punishment of frauds on the trotting turf of America, and to elevate the standard of trotting. 3. Officers.— The officers of this Association shall consist of a President, as many Vice-Presidents as there are associated Courses represented, Secretary and Treasurer. The duties of the Secretary and Treasurer shall be discharged by one and the same person. 4. President.— The President shall be a member of the Board of Appeals, and when present shall preside at all meetings of the Association and the Board of Appeals, and shall have the casting vote at such meetings. 5. Vice-Presidents.— It shall be the duty of the Vice-Presidents to see that the Secretary is furnished with a statement of all official acts of the executive officers of their respective Courses, relating to this Association ; and at the end of the trotting season each year, to prepare a review of the whole, togetlier with an official siminuiry of all races upon their respective Courses : said summary shall con- tain the date, the amount or value of the purse, match or sweep- stake, the full ttrms and conditions of the race ; the name of the person nominating each horse, the name of each driver, and the color, sex and name of each horse entered r the position of each and every horse in each heat, the drawn, distanced and ruled out horses ; the official time of each and every heat, the names of the Judges, and such notes and remarks as are necessary for a plain comprehension of the whole. They shall also furnish a list of all persons that have been fined, suspended or expelled, together with the amount of fines and Tin: HOUSE. tt'mi of 8HRprnHion ; and hIiuII t'liniiMli a list nf the oniccrs of tlu'ir rt'HiKrtivt' A^*.s(K•illtioll(^ or ('oiirsiH, with linir I'ost Ollicc luldrt'HH. rt'- jti- (i. Scrrvlurii antl Timsttn'i'. — It Hiiiill In- tin* duty oi' tiic Soc tur»;. wlii'miiVHe'iit.to net lu St'tTotiiry iit all nu't'fiiigrt of the Aksoc tinii and Koard of AiuxuIh. lie Hliall kirp a record, to lie kept in a Iwiok for that purpo*-, of ail the procicdingK ,)f hucIi nu'ttin^H, and Ity order of tlio PreHident, call all nicetingH of tli(> ABnociatioti and Hoard, and attend to all correspondence relating to the alfairn of the Association. lie Hhall fnrniHh each assixiated Courm" with a written or printed copy of the proceedingH of all the meetings of tlie Associa- tion and Hctard of A|»peals, and at the cIoho of each year ho HJutll com- pile ami arrange an otVicial record which shall contain the proceedings in detail of all meetings of this Association and Hoard of Appeals during the year; a conii)lete record of ull races over each and all the associate Courses; u complete list of persons and horses that havo been fined, Hus{)endcd orexpiUed, togetherwitli the o" ount of lines and term of suspension, and such other matters as may lie of interest and eervico to the Association. Of the mutter so collected, lie shall have i)rcpared at least one printed coi)y for each of tho associated Courses, and as many more as the Hoard of Apjxals may, in their judgment, dirm expedient; said last -mentioned copies to bo disposed of by sale for the iK'nellt of tho Association, or in such other manner as tho Hoard of Ajipeals may direct: And in his cai»acily as Treasurer, he shall receive and take cliarge of all moiicys that may be duo to the Association, and make therefrom such disl)ursenients in payment of demands growing out of tho legitinuite transactions of the Association, as nuiy bo sanc- tioned by the Hoard of Ai)i)eals. llo sluill keep full, accurate and distinct accounts of his recei])t3 and disbursements, and shall ])repare a statement at tlio end of eacli year (aiid us much oftener as the Hoard of A]»peals may ivquii'o), showing the receipts, expenses, and tho fniancial condition of the Association. 7. Board of Appcuh. — The Board of Apneuls sliall consist of nine (9) members, of whom tins President shall he one, and shall havo semi-annual meetings at the office of the Secretary, viz. : the second Tuesday in July and January. Special meetings may be. called whenever deemed iiec.ssary by the President ; and at ull meetings, whether regular or special, four (4) members of the Board shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. Due notice of all meetings, in manner provided for notice of Association meet- ings, shall be given by the Secretary to each member of the Heard. The Board of Appeals shall have the general management, con-. MY-LAWH 01' THK NATIONAL AbrtOflATION. 089 trol iiiul Hii|H'i-iiilt'iitlrnt'c III' llic aHUii'H oi' (liin AMMinialioii, Hiil)jc(!t tu llu! Uiilcei, Kt'guliiliiiii.s uiul H}-i.ii\v.s mill lo tin ^irntar) iiiuHt bu lulUivtuiud all uliiu'gi'H ugaiitttt uiiy iuiiuIk'I' of lliiri A»*Miiriatiou. Tlii'y riliull fxuiuiiii' all I'VuKiici' of fniinl or otlicr lunltirrt nialiiig tu tlie turt' tliul iei lirouglil laloiv tluiii, unit hIuiII takr such rai'aHiin'8 to auci'i'Uia tlu' truth or lulnih' uf all cliargiH an in tlu'it juilgiucnt in ili'ciui'il iicci'Smiry and propor. Till' Hoard of Appialrt bIiuII Imvi' i)owt'r to call a new coiiprcHS whenever diriufd ncriHHary to alter, annul, anuiiii or add to them) rult'8. They Hhall also 1k> entitled to llie privilege »d' honorary inenilterHhip on tbo gruuitdH and preniiHes of all the atiHociutod' C'ourrtoa. 8. Dulcyation. — A delegation to a genend congrewH hIiuII conHisfc of one or more perHons, not exceeding three, duly authorized in writing hy the Presidi-nt or Secretary of their respective Associa- tiojiH, or proprietor or proprietors of individual Oourses. 9. AdiniHsion of MembiTH. — All ai»plieatioiia for adnusHion to thia Association must he made in writing, duly signed and addressed tj the Secretary of the Board of Appeals, who alone are authorized to admit memk'rs. All new uuinl)er8 shall ahidi! l»y all previous action of this Association, a copy of which shall 1)0 furnished thorn by the Secretary. 10. Fee of Mcpibcrsliip. — The fee of membership shall Im dotefi mined by the Board of Appeals, and shall be payal)le on or Ixifore the first day of February, in each year. 11. Forft;itnre of Metnberiihij>. — An Association having onco been admitted shall continue a member upon the prompt payment of dues for the Bucceediug year, on or before its commenci-ment, unless expelled by vote of the Board of Ajtpeals, for a disobedience of the Kules and llegulations or By-I^ws of this Association. 12. Duties of Members. — It shall be the duty of each memlwr ta see that the Rules, Regulations and By-I^aws of this Association are rigidly enforced upon their respective Courses. Members shall in no case allow their Courses to bo used for other than legitimate exhibitions, and they shall lie held responsible for any violation of the rules of this Association. They shall keep on file all letters, entries «>nd communicationg relating to their respective Coura^s, for future reference. They shall furnish each owner, trainer, rider or driver, with a copy of the niles of this Association, if so requested, and shall have at least one copy posted in some conspicuous place in the Judges* stand for the convenience of the Judges. ; 'vm mnun^mtm 584 THE HOHSE. 13. Clerk of the Course— It slmll he the duly of each member to provide the services of a competent person to assist the Judges in each and every race upon their respective Courses, who sliall be styled the Ck-rk of the CJourse. He shall understand the rules of this Association, and be able to give any information in regard to them tiiat may be required by the Judges. He may assist in weighing riders or drivers, assigning the posi- tion of horses before the race, or other similar duties at the request of the Judges; and shall keep a book iu which shall be recorded a description of the dress of each rider, and the weight carried; lie shall note the time a heat is finished, and shall notify the Judges, or ring the bell at the expiration of the time allowed between heats ; he may assist the Judges iu placing the horses at the finish of a heat. He shall record in a book to be kept for that purpose, an ac- count of every heat, iu the following form, to wit : First— all horses entered and the name of the riders or drivers ; next., the starting horses and the positions assigned them ; next, a record of each heat, giving the position of each horse at the finish, then the offi- cial time of each heat, and at the end, an official summary of the race, giving the drawn, distanced and ruled-out horses, if any there be. He shall record all protests, fines, penalties and appeals. This book shall be signed by the Judges and shall constitute the official record. 14. Annual Meetings. — The annual meetings of this Association shall be held the first week in February in each year, at such place as may be chosen at the annual meeting next preceding; a written or printed notice of each meeting shall be mailed, postage paid, and addressed by the Secretary to each member, at least thirty days prior to said first week in February, and only those Associations or Courses shall be entitled to be represented at such annual meetings as may, according to the books of the Association, have beeu mem- bers for six months next preceding such meeting. Eticli member shall be entitled to one vote, and they may vote by delegates duly authorized, or in writing, as they prefer. 15. Special Meetings. — Special meetings of the Association shall be called by the Secretary, whenever requested by the Board of Appeals, or in writing by a majority of tlie members, and fifteen days notice shall be given by the Secretary, to each nu mber, of special meetings in the manner provided for notice of annual '.neet- ings; one-fourth of the members shall be represented to constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. BY-LAWS OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION. 586 IG. Election of Officcrs.—The President and Board of Appeals eliall be chosen at the Inaugural meeting of the Association, and annually thereafter, and shall retain their respective offices until a successor is appointed. In case of the resignation or death of any of their members, the Board of Appeals shall have power to fill vacancies until the next election. The Vice-Presidents shall be chosen annually by the executive officers of their respective Associations or Courses, in such manner as they may elect, and shall retain their office until a successor is appointed. Notice of all such elections shall be given to the Secre- tary of this Association within thirty (30) days thereafter. Tlie Secretary and Treasurer shall be elected liy the Board of Appeals, and shall hold his office until a successor is appointed. 17. Entries. — The hour for closing the entries of all purses or premiums offered by any of the associated Courses shall be 9 o'clock, P. M. All letters or entries bearing postmark the date of closing, shall be eligible. 18. Fines. — All fines shall revert to the National Association, and shall be pairl to the Treasurer upon demand. 19. Length of Tracks. — All members of this Association shall, upon demand, furnish the Secretary with tlie statement of a compe- tent civil engineer, who shall certify under oath the exact distance of their respective tracks, measured just three feet from the pole, that is to say, the inside fence or ditch. These certificates shall be en- dorsed by the proper officer of the Course designated, and shall be placed upon the records of this Association. 20. By-Laws. — Each Association may be governed by its own By-Laws, provided they do not conflict with these, or with the Rules and Regulations adopted by this Association. These By-Laws may be amended whenever required by two- thirds of the members, but notice of such amendment shall be given in the call of the meeting, at which they are to be submitted. BETTING RULES. In framing and organizing the Rules of the National Associa- tion for the Promotion of tho Interests of the American Trotting Turf, the Convention omitted all reference to betting, but the com- mittee appointed and empowered by the Convention have adopted the following rules which shall control all bets over the different Courses : 1. All decisions of purses, premiums, matches or sweepstakes. 686 THE UOliSE. or division thereof, and all pools aud bets, must follow the decision of the Judges, from whiuh there shall be no appeal; and no pools or bets shall be declared off exeei)t for fraud. 2. If a race is postponed, it shall not affect the pools or bets that may have k-eu made on it. They shall stand until the race conies off, unless the contrary shall be agreed on between the parties bet- ting; provided the race takes place within eight days of the time first named; after which time all bets and pools are drawn, unless play or pay. 3. When any change is made in the conditions of a race, all pools and bets made previous to the announcement of the change shall l)e null and void. 4. AYhen a bet is made on one liorse against the field, he must start or the bet is off, and the field is what starts against him; but there is no tield unless one start against him. 6. In pools and betting, the pool stands good for all the horses that start in the race ; but for those horses that do not start, the money must be returned to the purchaser. G. In races made play or pay, outside bets are not play or pay unless so made by the parties. 7. All bets are void on the decease of either party, but in case a horse should die, play or pay bets made on him stand. 8. If a bet is made on any number of straight heats, and there is a dead heat made, the heats are not sti-:vi;,'ht, and the party bet- ting on straight heats loses. 9. If in any case the Judges declare a heat null and void, it does not affect the bets as in case of a dead heat as to winning in straight heats. 10. When a race is coming off, and a party bets that a heat will be made in two minutes and thirty seconds (2.30) and they make two thirty (2.30) or less, he would win. If he bets they wiU beat two minutes and thirty seconds, (2.30), and they make exactly two thirty (2.30), he loses; but if he takes two minutes and thirty sec- onds (2.30) against the field, and they make exactly two tliirty (2.30) it is a tie, or di-aw bet. All time bets to be decided ac- cordingly. 11. In a double event— where there is no action on the first race m order, in consequence of forfeit or other cause, the bet is off; but where there is an action on the bet, and the party betting on the double event shall have won the first, the bet shall" then stand as a play or pay ])et for t'lc second event. 12. If a bet should be made during the contest of a heat that a BY-LAWS OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION. 587 named horse will win that heat, and he makes a dead heat, the bet is drawn ; but if after the horses have passed the score, a party bets that a certain named horse has won the heat, and the Judges de- clare it a dead heat, the backer or the named horse loses. 13. In races between two or more horses, of a .single dash at any distance, which result in a dead heat, it is a draw between the horses making the dead heat, and bets between them are off; and if it is a sweepstakes, the money of the beaten horses is to be divided between the horses making the dead heat. 14. When a bettor undertakes to place the horses in a race, he must give a specified place as first, second, third, and so on. The word " last" shall not be construed to mean " fourth and distanced," if four start, but " fourth" only, and so on. A distanced horse must be placed " distanced." 15. Horses shall be placed in a race and bets decided as they are placed in the official record of the day ; provided that where a horse comes in first and it is afterwards found that he was disqualified for fraud, the bets on him shall be null and void, but pool sellers and stake holders shall not be held responsible for moneys paid by them under the decision of the Judges of the race. 16. Bets made during a heat are not determined until the con- clusion of the race, if the heat is not mentioned at the time. 17. Either of the bettors may demand stakes to be made, and, on refusal, declare the bet to be void. 18. Outside bets cannot be declared off on the Course unless that place was named for staking the money, and then it must lie done by filing such declaration in writing with the Judges, who shall read it from the stand before the race commences. 19. Bets agreed to be paid or received, or bets agi'eed to be made or put up elsewhere than at the place of the race, or any other specified place, cannot be declared off on the Course. 20. Bets on horses disqualified and not allowed to start are void, unless the bets are play or pay. 21. A bet cannot be transferred without the consent of parties to it, except in pools. 22. When a bet is made on a horse's time, it shall be decided by the time made in a public race ; he going single and carrying his proper weight. 2.3. When a horse makes time on a short track, it shall not con- stitute a record for the decision of bets, but only as a bar for entrance in races. 24. Horses that are distanced or drawn at the conclusion of a THE HORSE. heat are beaten in tlio race by those that start aftorwanl. A Ixorse s:: :; r r ,;r '^^^^ ^" ^'^^^^" ^^ -^ ^™ "^ "^^ ^--^ ^J5. A person betting odds has a right to choose a horse or the 26. All bets relate to the purse, stake or match, if nothing to the contrary ,s specified at the time of making the b<;t ^ 27. Parties wishing all the horses to start for a bef mn«f «„ name it at the time the bet is made. ' '"^ „ f f Y^^;'"„*'" "^''"^S"' '^'^^"'•^ « heat null and void, all bets on tute a ret^ T"'"' '"" '"'^'^^ «^ '''^ -^*' ^^^ ^^ shlll n f on BUtute a record for uny purpose. 39. All pool, and bets ,hall to governed and decidcM^.'1;|»«, ||. aifl. Uluck Hawk (trotter), pedi- gree, 11, 1H7. performances, 11. I87, I8t). Iit3,ai8. Black Hawk (by 8. Monjan), 1. 11.7.-).' lai. nil, 178, 215. Black Hawk (Young), 11. lOl, necllgree of. 11. %•&, Black Maria (by Imp. Shark), 1, 1.'15. (by I'^llpse), 1. 116, 139, I62, form of, 1. 285. pedigree id', i. 282. performance of, 1, 296 rccaiiilulatlon of races. 1 848, a-19. twenty-mile race, I. 28fl. Black and all Black, 1. 188, 144. Biack Jack (trotter), il. 119. Blncklock Mare (Imp), I. 589. Bliick Prince (imp,). 11. 515. Blank (Kngllsb), 1. 1.37, 188. Blaze (rjnglish), 1, 1,37, Blaze (Imp.). I. 615 Blazella (liy Blaze) i, 187. Blenkiron, I. 515. Blonde (by (ilencoe)— race with Arrow. 1. 844, race with Little Flea, l.»17. Blood Horse, history of Amer- ican, 1. 1S2, history of English. I. 74. Blood stock, lost at sea, 1. 655- (V57. Bloody Buttocks (Arabian), 1. 188, 13(1. 138. Blossom (bv Crab f re, 1. 136, (Imp. horse), i. 515. (imp. mnrc), 1. 5M. Bine Dick, 1. 165. Bluster (imp.), 1. 516. Boaster (imp,). 1 516. Bob Letcher, II, 98. p.cdicrree of, |l, 98. Bolot'as (Imp^), 1. rini).' Bollvnr (hyDiomed), 1. 187. Bell's Gray Arabian, 1. 06. Belsizc Arabian, 1. 188. Belshazzar (Imp,), 1. 614. Belzonl Fillv, 1, 888. Beppo (trotter), 11. 168, 168. 177, 204. Bcrgamotte, 1, 614. Bemer's Oomtis, 1. 888. Bernlce (Imp.), I. 588. BerwI'kbire Lass (Imp.), 1. 6«. BeBt American horses, I. 481. Bnglish horses, 1. 451. four mile heats, i, .162. trotting time, 11, 888. Best time and weight. 462. Betsey Baker, 11. la5, 138, 148, 1*7. 150, 18^1, 188. Betsey Malone. 1. 118. Betsey Ransom, imp.), 1. 686 Bl]'lllt'5u""^'"P-"'^-'*«'- Bolton (imp.), 1.516. Bond's Fh> t Consul, 1. 188 Bonnets of Hliie. i. 1.37. i(i2, races with Black Maria, I, 330. Bonnie Scotland, I. 616, Bonnyftice (imp.), 1. ,516. Bonny La"" (imp.), 1. d90. Borrock, Billy (imp.), I. 516. Bosphonis, 1. 518. Bosquet, 1. 617. Boston, i. 116, 187, 130, 184, 168 age of, I. 876. blindness of, 11. 88. color of, 1. 276. pedigree, 1. 876, 380, 11. 11, 80.S. performances, 1. 877. race with Fashion, 1. 289. Boston Blue (trotter), 11. 135, 137. ISl. first trot in public for a stake, 11. 1.3.3. Boston Glri (trotter), 11. 204, 818,887. Bowery Boy (trotter), 11. 147 Brahma. 1. 517. Bramlywine (trotter), II. 307 Breaking. 11. ;w;j. *"'• Breaking (Bauchcr's system), leading tackle for, II. n rules of, il. ,'j4() shoeing for, li, .345. stables necessary. 11, 848. teiuhlng the horse, il. 374 tying up in the stable, !l, 345, Breeding, best age for, 11. 318 choice of stallion for, 11.' 315, Cleveland Bay, Emperor, 11.289. ' cflects of In-breeding, II. 64. examples of in-breeding, 11, 2!m. * examples of out-crossing, 11, SOi. * tor general purposes, 11. 2!I2, for jacing purposes, 11. for the turf. 11. 892. general breeding, 11, 809. in-and-in, 11. 2;i5. management of marc and foal. II, ,3;)n, 341. mongrel breeding, ||, 324. outcrossing, li. ai.3. Percheron Norman Stal- I Ii(m, 11. .3^, points of brood mare, 11. 31.3. principles of. 11, 889, selection of brood mare, ii, 310. stud farm for. 11. .3,33. theory of, in breeding, 11. 309. time for, 11 319. Brldport or Hill's, Vermont Black Hawk, II, 110, ISO, 820. Brilliant (imp.). I. 517. Brilliant Mare (imp.), 1. 690. Brimmer. Good's, 1. 144, 146. Britannia (Imp), I. 6!!0. 691. Brocklesbv's Betty, I, 186. Brooklyn Maid (trotter), il. 178, Brown Dick, race with Arrow, 1, W4. Bninswii k (imp.\ 11. 144, 817. Brn(us (Imp.), 1. 617. Bryan O'Lynn (imp.), 1. 817. Bnceplinlus (imp.1. 1. 518. niicei)liulus, age of, 1, 67. Buenos Ayrcs, horse of, 1. 86. Bufcont (imp). 618. Bnlle Rock (liiip.), i. 818. Burton's Barb, 1. 187, 188. Busliis Mare (imp.), i. 591. Bnssornh. Arablnn. 1,151. Bustard Marc (imji.), i. 691. Bustle (Imp.). 1. fvl. Bustler. 1 105, 129. Bntler (Spanish). I. 98. Butler's Virginia Nell, i. 1.35. Buzzard (Imp.), 1. 518. Byerly Turk, I. 96, 187, 188, Its. By the Sea, 1. 618. o. Cado (Eii!,'.\ 1 19T, 181, 137, 140. (ini|>.), i. MM. CttiliiiiiH, II HJ.HO. (;iilrii-;;<>rm (Imp), i. K)3. C'aleduiilii Braudur (Imp.), i. CalUta Byrd'rt (imp.), 1. Wi. (!ttlypr«>, I. im. t'liihc'l tliup.), i. 518. (Imp). 1. 117. Citmel .Vtitru (imp.), i. S93. Oumi-niti (liii|).). I. 5!IJ. C'limill'i (Imp.), 1.51)3. Oanadliti lIorHO, i. 109, llS, 111. Btiilllon. St. Lawrence (trot- tiT), il, 18S». Canker, II. .W). C'aiiuoii limp.), i. 51!). Canwell (Imp ). i 519. Oappailotiuii llor.si', 1. iM. Caprice (Imp). 1. 51».S. Cardinal Piiil'(imp.), 1.619. Carll,di! Tuik, 1. 125. Carlo (Imp.), i. 51H. Carpatlili. lIorHii of. 1. 41, 44. Cartoiicli (Ell:,'. Hor^e), 1. 187. Carver (Imn.i. ). 51!». Caaemato (imp.), I. 598. Caasaiiilni (I np.), 1. .'iiW. Cassivelan, charlotit of, 1. Sf7. Ca^'Mii* M. (,'luy (trotter), i. 80. Castawar Mare, 1. 187. Caatianira (Imp.), i. 180, 187, 5M. Scdlgrco of, 1. 178. iiln (Imp.), i. 608. Catarrh, il. 514. Catchfly (Imp.), I. 694. CV'" (trotter), 11. 164, 107, 109. Cation (ISnarlinh), 1. 100. Catton Mare (Imp.), t. CM. Civalry, Grecian, 1. 80-87. horsei", il. 103. Niimlillan, 1. 42, 48, 76. riders, il. 307. Roman. 1. 8tl. Cayuga Chief (trotter), II. 178, 17.5, 1T9, 1*1. Ccler, 1. Ui, 141, 146, 147, 150. Celia, I. 138. Centaur Mare (Imp.), i. 601. Centlnel (Imo.), I. 519. C»tnB (Imp.), I. 590. Champion Mare (Imp), 1, 604. Chance (Imp.), I. 520. Chance, f. (imp.), t. 595. Chance Mare (Imp.), i. 596. Chancellor (irotter), il, 146, 147, 154. Chariot (imp.), I. 590. Charlotte (imp), 1. 595. Charlotte Temple (trotter), 11. 168. 157. Chataiiquo Chief (trotter), 11. 18i», 818, 813. Chateau Mari;axx(imp.), 1, 100, 608, 5S0. Chateau, b. f. aip.), I. 595. Cheap (Imp.), f. 635. Chedworth b'oxhuiiter, 1. 138. Chesterfield (imp.), I. 580. Chicago Jack (trotter), 11. 298, Ohildars (Plying), i. 86, 57, 109, 1», 128, 159, 172, 481. rBartlett'B), L 106, 196, 136. (Imp.), I. 581. INDEX. ChilderB Mare (Imp.), 1. .W5. Chlddy (Kni!. Mure). 1. 137. C'ic'ilv .Iciphoii (Imp.), I. 505. ('Iiu'liiiiuiiii*, i. l.U. ciiidi'iviiu (Imp). I. nn.',, rm. citizen (imp.), 1. 143, IKi, 10-1, 171,5-il. I (larallowunl. i. 151. CUivtdmp.), I. 5-.JI. (Mai on, pedlt'ree of. I. 108. I Ciovel.iud, Biiy^, i. Ill, 11-J, li:i. il. II). W. C. Ulvoh' Bay (Imp.) I'.tuiHon. 11. 8HU. Cllfdcn (imp.). I. .VJl. (,'lirtoii (Imp. I, 1. 522. Cliiton I^Hi' (imp.), 1. 690. Clink (imp.), 1. .'lUO. Cldckliist (Imp.), 1.522. ClotliiuK of hornec, 11. 458. Clown (imji.), 1. SSU. Cllihx- Amcrlean Jockey Club, 1. CeiHrevllle Course, L. I., 1. 15s, 11)7. Ilmiliiiu' Park, Phiiadei- phlu, 11. 1 10. New York Trotting Cliib, rulurt of. il. 1M7. Baeing and betting mien of American Jockey (;inb, 11. 5.VJ. Rules of the Kentucky Ah- Mociatlon. 11. 5(i0. Rules and RegulationN of the National Associa- tion. 11. &24. Craw'er (imp,). 1. 624. Creeper (Imp.), 1. 594. Creole (Imp.), 1. 596. Cripple(Engllsh), 1. 188. Croft'sBayBarb, 1.197. Cruiser (imp.), 1. 26. Cnb(01dCnb), 1.131,695. Cub Mare (imp). I. 696. Cub Mare (Delaney's), I. 181, Cu'o Mare (Gibson's), 1. 181. Cnllen Arabian Mare (Imp.), 1. Callen Arabian Mare,Daclie8B, ^ (Imp.), 1. 696. 3 iiMTiHiifli ■- 592 CuHenV nrl)cuicr, i. ).j(| " <'lirli, II r>!HI. J'lli win'- IluH, I. n«, las 127 •>nlliliH (iinj).) I nvf) ' typron (EiiifflKln, i. m CypniH AraBiau, i. laa ' D. DahHlor (Imp ), I. ng.'i. DaahciMlmii.), I. :>»-, UaniUBcurt Arahlaii, I, ))ti D«»M I). Tmnpkln'H (trot.:.,). ii. Hi), llir, lli^. Uurt- Devil Mure ). i4j> Dar ..y Aral.!,!,,, j. »). ;'^, igy D«illn-t„i, (Imp). 1. 686 ' Pi" id (Imp \ I.', 4''**- }J ■\';'y Turk, I. ««, lao. n«na«ii (Imp.), 1. saa. i Dfllamo (l,otl«r), II. 186. n<'l«lit(li„p.), I. 5«M. ni'ii>i.iMc(imp.), i.rm IJfii z,.„ (imp.^, , 5a,. Ufiital SjHtem of tl.o Horee, I nei-by (linp.). I, S80. pcdi.'iof, 11. rifl, liw. (X'rronmiino.^, H. 'jr.T, ass n amon.l (KmrlinlO, i. loV U uDioinl, II. i(w io!j D'iMlmp.) 1.590. D'iiim, I. l!)7 Dlflna (Imp.), i. soft. nte„fc'^''""n;I.i- SOB- INDEX. DlMca«(.Hofii„. rrorne- •jUltKir. II. n-jft. roarli];,MuiiM.^ ofiind rcni- eilli-rt li)r, i|. Ml-.'kSS Kaiiilcnufc, II..VJ-, HpMHriKidl, (Olio, ii. B13 "Pi.'l'i. II. .-,1!) "pI'iilH, II. sai, Hiip.riiiirL'at|„ii, 11.514. tliniKli, If B-iO. I *!<;Ilp|.r(HaH«V), I. l+(, 6a« I oliliiiary. t. l^^ ' , „ ,m: I. fir lii- p».. iNorllioriit, | ftai) Kffypi, I. .1. ' h(MHC llrnt spoken of In, I. Inti(«liirtf<| Into, l.sa 24 87 "••nl I" •^'•"l>la by, I. !M. E ■"iiordmp,). I. (Kif; "■ Wlai (Imp.), I (Kii. ti-cail, or<)v,rroaih,l|.52o worms, II. 61 (, ' "*"■ Docking' of ||„r«t., ||. .(,vj ii!w"i'"7 ""'■''• ' ''^•>*J, ' Dully (hdthri, Ii kib | ;;,,-•■• '•••■i-', i mii. IMly «mmkt.r(.ro I*), || 3,0 I i' "'"I"' '• 'i"'- asW. ■■,, .1.^,0, i,j|,.„ I hompHou ((roller), 11 j)(ma7. UlscaHOH of the Uorse, 1 490 canker. II. ,'525. catarrh, II. 514 conKeHtjon. 11, SIO. contracted feet, it 8»4 coniH, Ii. 585. cough, II, 516. tolflo quarter, 11. S25 ftrcy, 11. 581. glanders, Ii. cis. Srrei.Ho, ll. 588. jnflammaflon, II. 818 •"(""'gnmatio:. of the brain, toflammation of the foot or anito founder, 11. 58!^' laryngltlH, II. 514. mncons membranes. Ii 5l3. ""vipular Joint dlgease, 11 o84. pleurisy, 11. 618. pumiced feet, 11. a»4. ::■'• ' '■)<. Dorimam Miiro (imn i I 100 DorlH (Kn.4ll..hM. jfe'' '• '*"• DoriHdmp.i. I. (i(H). ' DorniOHBu (English), |. 1,30 Dormonscdiiip.), | g.w ■ Dot'criol (Imp,) 1. 6«7. " Dovo (Imi).), I. r>-iH Dmgon (Imp.). I. nas. Dragon (trolU^i). 11. !.•« Dread (trotter) 11. 1,17, is, y^ Driver (Imp.,. 1. sgy. • "»■ Driving. II. 47(1. I Drone din|>.), I. 588 ' pruld (Imp.), I. .-i^H' I piiune, I. it,i. im. Diichcus. b. m. (Imn ) | mn !i)..H>c..ofv..d,d?;,^;i«^ DuchesH (trotter), II.' 17!) y^; ^ I'O, I; I, IKJ, It-iO aiV "i.'w'''''''-"'"''""''''' "^"""^ Dim'/aiinon (English), 1. 188 , Diinjtiunion dini).), 1 bsH Dmi'mnnoii. | 1 tj Dnroc, i. i.iii, i:;7, j-, jg, i)(vii.rr,.o or, I. i.sr. \m. Dutchman (trotter), H. iw i.in 171. Klthan Ijihh (iniii.), | ny^ •;i»:"'ii|Mlloii (imi>.), I n;jo l;mu„, p„,i„„c„||',i, ,' 7'^ E.na„e|p«,i„„ Mare (/n/p H E!;;!;^r,>'^■:'"''l')^ '•'«»• E. Eagle (imp.), 1. 539. Eastern Star (imp.), i. floo Ebon.v^JJaHto Mare (Old Eng. Ebony (English),"!. 137. Ebony or YoUng Ebony „ ,, (linp.), 1. BOO. " ' Ec i)»e (Imp.). I, 690, 8,30. tcllpHc (American), 1.57 103 }^;iit.i«^i8o,ia5;J6l; color of, 1. 178. figure of, 1. 178 memoir of, 1. 178 pedigree of. 1. 178, 187. performances of 1 n<) ™rim ".' '^^ I^ightfoot, nice with air Charles, i 181 ^ ,.™<'e with Henrv. I. 18.3 ' Eclipse (English), 1. 136, m l(iO, 1()1, 856. ' Emily (Imp.), I. (foa.' ™*' J-mniy (Imp.), |. aos. Kmperor, II. swa. Empress, 1. 158. l-.miiivHs iti(iiter), i|. I74 Kmii (im|..). I. b;!0 Engineer, 11. i>()M. English Wood llorsoR 1 74 best Eni-lii-h horses,'l 451 comparlsoiiH of speed bol Uveen Amorlcifi Hlood . , horses and, I. 441», 4M. foreign stallions in Eng- land In lT;;o, 1. ioa, m. came of, 4;m ' Inferiority of old raceiv. 1 4iii>. "'anli:!^"^^""--'-'' "'{'"^"''he thoroughbred, E«^Mk!! S'l^''"''- '.-'*'• '««. I'M- J^"K Ibh Eclipse, 1. Kii, 4S1. li;.,'^'i'l""'""''"P). i-sst'. l;^i.i,'llHh race courses, 1. 487-448 Envoy dm,).), 1. 680. ™'^* Ephraim rimomh (trotter), II. Epsilon. i. 148. ■ Equny, mare (top,). 1 608 ricsson— iloscriptlon of, 11. 8C9 pedigree of, 11. 869. performances of, 11 afiO 270 ™„^=^vith Motvan drier '"'.». I. (KM. I. (KM. . )HII. l>Hou (Irottcp), II. (lni|'\ I. (m. '< limp.), 1 Km. "<'i'll(iliii).).l.5.10. II Miiii- (1111)).), 1. !',(I"IP). I. fiOS. Iliiip.l, i. (i08. I. m. . i. «08. m. >a. «■'■), ii. 174. . 5;io. .■ON. 1 HorooR, 1. 74. ii-li iKirm'H, i. 4,51 lllH of HllO.'d h«I VnipricHfi Blood 'I'l. I. 441», 4M. UllioilH, III Eliir. •••;0, I, i()3, 10).^ SSI. of old raccrf. I. wned American !», 4r,o. loiiH In England. , 105, 2 thoroughbred, '• 1 186, 1S8, KiO. \ i. 1«I, 4Sil. •p), 1. 6m). 11^09,1.487-443. , S80. III (trotter), II. np.). I. 608. of, II. 2C9. ii. S()9. iB of, II. 8(19 270. Morj.'an Cliief <-k^,il. 270,271. !■), i. C31. In a tborongb- ciiig. i. 4.), I. (104. KiilUiwurdmp.), I. 110, 534. Funny JfiikH i(rolti'r) — liin-mUc! inutcli, II. IHl, \»l ou>*-hutulrud nillo match, 11. !■«, im, I'.H). Fivnny Murray (trottor), II. 18«. oai--hiiiidroil-mlla match, II. ISO, 105, lOO. FiMiiy (Irotlor), II. 100. Funny Pullitn (trotter), II. 168, ISit, 1!»0. Fanny Kuinble, II. 814. FantuRlu (Imp.), t. 004. Farcy, II ,'rfl. Farm lIorrtoH, monagoment of, ii, 472. Fa8hl'>ti, charactorintlcfl of, I. 137, 151, 1(14, 167, 109, 110, 881. color of, I. SS4. form of, I. 385. match race with BoBton, I. 8.Sit. pudl^reo of, I, 287. purformuncoM of, I. 88S. recapitulation of race with Boxton, i. 80!). Fau^'h-a-Ballagh, I. 407, 408. F ivol ((JypruH), I. 82. Favorite (imp.), I. 001. Fa/.zotctto, Jr. (imp.), I. 688. Fi! ir (.Imp.), i. 604. Fearnought (imp.), 1. 187, 144, 140, 533. Fcarnouiiht (Baylor's), i. 140. Fi'iiil 11. mi. Feudlnj; on the road, 11. 481. Fellow (imp.), i. 633. Felt (Imp), i. rm. Fell HorHe (imp.), t. 688. Felucca (Imp.;, 1. 60t Flat (Imp.), 1. 533. Fl'^'uro (linp.), 1. 132, 150, 688. FllauTce (Imp.), i. 005. Flllio l>a Pitta M. (imp.), 1. 606. Firebrand (imp.), i. 533. Flrotall (Imp.), I. 5!J8. First Coneul (Boml'H), i. 136, 153. Flag of Trace (Imp.), 1. 684. Flag of Truce, 1. 135. sent to Ohio, Ii. 83. Flag of Truce, by Sir Solomon, race with Eclipse, 1. 180. Flatterer (imp.), I. 634. Fleet(lmp.)., I. 006. Fleetine Momenta (imp.), i, FlemUh Horse, 1. 88, 88, 99, 101, lU; ii. 18, 38. Flear des Champa (imp.), 1. 805. Flexible (imp.), i. 634. Flexings of the Horse, H. 887. Flimnap (imp.), 1. 131, 634. FllrtiUa, i. 147. race with Ariel, 1. 908. Flora Temple (trotter), race with Ethan Allen, U. 106. ftistost time, 11. 837. memoir of, II. 380. performances of, II. 236. race with Tacony, ii. 889. INDKX. Flora Temple (trotter)— racuH, 11. 1;12, 14.1, I4U. l.M, l»t, 171, 171), 17.-., IT7, IlHi, 81.S, 315, 21.'), 2l\l, 222, 221, 225, 220. 227, 22H. FloreHtinc iliiip murcl, I. 000. Florida iiupburn (imp.i, I (MHI. Florlde, l)y Whi'Iiit, ittco with I'rvor, i. ii>8. Florlwl "(Kuk'UBh), I. l.TO, 137. Florizel (iJulT'i'l, i. i.«. Florlzel, by Old, (lmi>.), i. 531. Flounce iini|i.), I. >m. Fluke (imp. ), I. 01X1. Fly (Canadian trotting mnrc>, II. .l^T, 32H. Flying Chlldor-, I. 57, 102, 186, 127, 130, 1511, 178. (imp.), i. 605. Fly-by-.\l^'ht 1 Imp.), I. 531. Foals, nianugcmcnt of, il. 311. food for, II. 3tl. FoodofUorl^c^ii. 4(«, Pop (Imp.), I. rm. ForreKtcr (Imp. I, 1. 685. Forrester Mure (inip.*, 1. 007. Fortuiia (Itnp.), I, 007. Founder, Acute, 11 ,533. Fourth of Julv( trotter), Ii. 171. Fox (EugllBh), I. 125, 127, 135, 145. Foxciib (English), I. 180. Frances (imp.), I. 007. Frank Forrester (trotter), II. 108 Frederick (Imp.). I. 636. Frior (imp.), 1. 5)16. Frolicksomc Fanny (Imp.), 1. 007. Fun(lmp.) I. 607. Fury (Imp.), 1. Ii07. Fylde (Imp.), I. 686. Q-. Gabriel (Imp.), pedigree of, i. 187. get of, 138, 686. Gabrlelle, ch. m. (Imp.), 1. 008. (Jallutiu, 1. 1!!7, 142, 144, 145. Oallopatlu (imp.), 1. OOa Galloway Horse, origin of, U. 89. pacer, ii. 38. performances of, 11. 39, 80, 31. Game of English horses, i. 4.39. Gameuut Mare (Imp.), i. OOH. Oasteria, b. f. (imp.), 1. 60S. Gaiilisli Uorse, I. 40, 48, 76. Gazella (imp.), i. 008. General Managcm't of Horses, 11,409. Genista (imp.), 1. 609. Genius (imp), I. 586. Gibson's Club, 1, 181. Gift (Imp), 1. 537. Glmcrack (English), 1. 188, 196, 220, 281, 288. Olpsey(trotter), 11. 188. Girl of My Heart (Imp.), 1. 609. Girth (Imp.), I. 009. Glanders, 11. 516. Glencoe, ch. (Imp.), 1. 100,148. 146, 859, 360. pedigree, i. 587. Glcnelg (Imp.), i. 5.36. Glenevis (Imp.), 1. 586. Olengary (imp.), 1. 687. 593 Olorlanailinp.). I 009. liiHlohiliin .\rablHn. i. 96, 137, I.MI, I'll. l.HO, 117. (UHlolphln Arab'ii Mure(imp.), I. (Hit). Goldenic (Imp.), i. «09. GoUlKinith Muld (formorl; (loldsinltli Mare)— hlxlory, II. -^8, 219. (luserlpllon, ii. 250. pedigree. Ii. iX. performunces, ii. 861, 3611. Good's Brininier, 1. 144, 146. Gouty (Imp.), I. 587. (Iracfms, I. |:17. druidiy (linji.), 1. 637. HamuclV 1. 1,38. Imp. or Wllder's, 1. 188. Wlldiimn s, 1. 180. Gray Grantimm (Kngllsh), i. 130, vrj, 159, m. Gray Archy, I. 148. (irayChllders, I. 126. Gray l)lori.ed, I. 136, 136, 14S, 147. pedigree. I. 177, Gray Diomed (English). 1. 178. (iray Diomed (Barksdalo's), t. 112. GrayEaglo,!. 104,107, 168. cbaracterlHtics of, I. 861. his color and form, 1. 368, his pedigree I. 258. his races with Wagner, I. 258. first race with, I. 861. the result, 1. 866. second race with do., t. 270. the result, 1.878. Gray Eagle (trotter), ii. 188, !l)(», I!i:i, 194. Gray Marshal (trotter), 11. 188. Groy Eddy ((rotter), 11. 319. Gray Harry (trotter), Ii. 188. Gray Medley, i. 1%, 140, 148, 117. Gray Northum)>erland, i. 181, 1.33. Gray Grvlllo (English) 11. 88. Gray Roblnson(£ngllsh Mare), 1. 128. Gray Trouble (trotter), 11. 198, 1!U. Gray Germont (trotter), ii. 908, 308. Grease, li. 638. Greece (horse of), 1. 91. fitblu of the horse, 1, 88. horse-racing, t. 89. Xenophon on the horse of, 1.;J5. Green Mount Haid (trotter), ii. 810, 319 Greyhound (Imp.), I. 637. Greyhound (TJarb), 128, 188, 138, 150, 1.57. Greslcy's Arabian, 1. 138. (Jrlsewood's Partner, 1. 186. Grooming, 11. 480. Gun!lda (Imp.), I. 010. Gutty (imp.), i. 610. Hackobont (Imp.), i. 610. Hamhlt'ton (imp.). I. 887. Ilainbletonian, i. 150, 16t), 191, Hamlintonian, 1. 187. I! 594 INDEX. lUmpton, I. 187. IUni|ituii Conn (Imp.), I. ft.'n. lUiiiptiiiiCiiiirl Anililaii.t. CM. Hard Tlinri. (Iroliiiri, II. tW. ilurkriiruiiril iliiii).!, I. 5ilH. Iliirldt (liii|i.), I. lliu. UuriivnK Uiiiiiii, 11. i'ii Uarprr'K llurl). I 1^. llarlln);loiiiliii|i.i, I. .'i.'lH. lllirtlcy'H lllliicl lliirm', I. 106. llnrtlcyV llllMil llorHo. I. I!t5. Uartli'v'H Ijir^'o Muri', 1. 188, l!H, \M. Ilarlltiy'H Millo Marc, I. 134. IlartlcyV Koaii llorKi-, I. l.'M. Ilauthoy (EiikHhId, 1. 107, 19(1, riauthoy Marct (\V liken),!. 198, l«. l:»i. Ho8 e, 1. (14-106. Vermont draught, II. 49. Wild, 1. 25, 96. Horsemanship, ii. 864. Hourl (Imp.), i. 811. Hugh Lupos (Imp.), 1. 640. Hunting Park Course, Bules of, 11. 140-102. Hurrah (Imp.), 1. 540. Ilutton's Ciray Barb, 1. 186. Hyacinth (imp.), i. 613. Jack Andrews (imp.), I. 641. Jack of Diamonds (Imu.), 1. Ml. Jack UoBslter (trotter), II. 1H7. IIW, 11(7, 9l>i'..2(M, 818. Jack Hplgot Maru (imp.), 1.613. James K. Polk (pacer), ll. 154, iM2, 185, Itft, IWl, 189, 192. Jane Wellington (imp.), I 014. Janottc, b. f. (Imp.), 1. 61 1. ip.), 1. 189, 1 140, 114. Janus (iin|: Javollna (Imp), 1. 614. Jenny Cameron (Imp.), 1. 197, ' 128, 18.1, 159, 614. I Jenny nisnial (imp.), l. 614. ; Jenny Mills (Imp.), 1. 614. Jerry (trotter), trot with Wlialebonc, I. 158, 158. Jersey Kate (trotter), II. 188. Jerusalem (Imp), I. 616. Jessica, eh. f. (imp.), I. 614. Jig (Engilsh), 1. 12.5,188. Jockey Clubs.— For Rules and liegnlathms see Clubs, liaclng Clubs,& Courses. John Bull (Imp.), I. 549. John Tyler (trotter), 11, 169. Joint Disease II. NM. Jolly Roger, alias Roger of the Vale (Imp.), 1. 197, 18:1 189, 140, 144, 145, 140. pedigree of, 1. 642. Jonah (imp.), I. 549. Jordon, eh. h. (Imp.), 1. 549. Julius CiEsar (Imp), 1. 648. Juniper (English). 1. 130. Juniper (imp.), I. 548. Junius (imp.), i. MS. Justice, by Justice (imp.), 1. 843. Justice, by Regulus (imp.), 1. 543. Justice, by Blank (Imp), 1 .M.S. Justin Morgan (trotting stal- lion), 11. 104. memoir <-f, 11. 100. description of, 11, 110. I. Indian Pony, II. 86. Inferiority of old Racers, 1. 485. Inflammation, 11. 613. of the brain, 517. of the feet, 688. Invalid (Imp.), 1. 018. Invercauld (Imp.), I. 618. Inverlocky (imp.), I. 619. Inverness (Imp.), I. 618. Invemglass (imp.), I. 018. Iota (Imp.), I. Ml. Iowa State, horse stock of, 11, 100. Isabel, br. m. (Imp.), 1. 618. Isabella, ch. f. (imp.), I. 618. Kate (trotter), trot of 100 miles, Ii. 108, 108. Kemblo, Jackson (trotter), 11. 149, 196, 818. pedigree of, 11. 217. three-mile trot, 11. 818. Kentucky, 1. ,374-406. pedigree, 1. 874. ueecriptlon of, I. 876. performances of, 1. 376, 876, 877,878. S^O, 881, 388, 889, 400, 40.3. 405. race with Aldebaran, 1. 876. race with Flectwing and Aldebaran, i. 878. race wlthCapt. Moore and Rhinodyne, i. 379. race at Saratoga Springs, 1886. 1. 381. at American Jockey Club Inauguration, I. 888. against time, 1. 40a his get, 1. 406. Kill Devil (Imp.), i. 616. Kilton (imp.), 1, 648. •AM J. " (Imp), 1. 541. iuuuUh (Imp.), I. r (trotter), II. 1h7. ,*»•■, an, 418. ilHrudmp.) 1.618. Ik (imccr), ll. lf>4. , IW, 1H8, 18l». IIOJ. ton (Imp.). I «H. (Imp.), I. «1 1. , I. ISfl, 140, 144. i), t. 614. ■oil (Imp.), 1. 187, , 151), 014. i (Imp.), I. 614. Imp.), I. 614. or), trot with ione,l. IBS, ISB. trotter), II. 18H. ip), I. 616. (Imp.), I. 614. I. 12A, 138. .—For RuleH and ioDR eee ClubH, [Jlnhf>,& C'ourHCH. p.). I. M8. rotter), II. 168. , It. m. llaH Roger of the np.), 1. 187, ia% 144, 14fi, 146, )r, I. 648. 1.648. (Imp.l, I. M3. Jmp), i. 64a. IhIi). i. ISO. ), 1. MS. I. 6I.S. iiHtlce (imp.), i. eguluB (imp.), 1. nk (imp), i .M.S. 1 (trotilDg 8t«l- 104. , II. 100. 1 of, 11. 110. <.. trotoflOOmileB, 8. ion (trotter), II. 818. r, II. 217. trot, 11. 818. 4^06. .874. I of, i. 878. ;eB of. 1.876, 876, no, 881, 388, 889, 105. Aldebaran, I. Fleetwing and n, i. 878. apt. Moore and le, i. 379. ■atoga SpringB, n JoGkcy Clnb tion, i. m. e, i. 403. 1)6. ), i. 618. ,648. Klii« Krnpi>l (Imp.), I. 844. KliiK lU'ioildiiip.!. i. I-.M, |:!0, l;ii, Vix. King lllriitii (ii.ii).), I. 814. Klnit circyiiiry (Imp.), I. 814. Klnv 'I'oiii .Miirc diiip.i, i. 618. Kin;; Williiiiii (Imp ), I. 841. Kilty Hull, ell. f. (imp ), I.Ht.V KItly I'MMii'rdmp.i, I. 1-JH, lU, l.-.!l, (115. KnIghl ol'Ht. OoorKU (Imp.), I. 518. Knnwxii'y (Imp.), I. MR. Know .Nolliini;, nllmi KIk. Dan, iilliirt l.4tucet, ii. !ill), 381, m. Kouli Kban (Imp.), i. 840. La Iteysdere (Imp.). 1. 61B. Lady Ai,'Me« (Irottcr), II. i;*!). Ijldy ll()vin^^ itrotlor), II. tlW. liady Krookrt (I rotter), U. 8(H, •21 1, 315, 310. Lady Dull (Imp.), i. H16. I.«dy Hinil>ury (imi).), I. 6)6. Liuly ClifHterHeld, 1. 187. Lady Klizahetli (imp.), I. 616. Lady Kmlly (Imp.), 1. 616. Lady Kly (Imp.), 1. (11(1. Lady Kultou (trotter), II. 15.5, 1H3. twenty-mile trot, 11. 884. Lady (>. (Lady (iaticoigae), "•"■i.), 1. ()17 Lady Urey, gr. f. (imp.), I. 617. Lady JauKHon (truttur), 11. 148, 14,5, 156. Lady Jane (trotter), 11. 183, 188, IH!), 303, 313. Lady Kate (trolter), 11. 151, 801. Lady Llghtfoot, by Shark, 1. Lady Litfhtfoot, by Sir Archy, i. 103, IHO. produeo of, I. 388. Lady Mooecv (trotter), 1. 114; 11. 1S.5. '87, 193, 104, 198, 803, 801. 313, 337. Lady Mostrn (imp.), I. 617. Lady Northumberland (imp.), 1. 107. Lady Pelham (trotter), 11. 208. Lady Relief, I. 336. Lady Seott (Imp.), I. 617. Lody Shofflold (imp.), 1. 617. Lady SiilTolk (trotter)), II. 142, 1«!», IM. flrHt race, Ii. 167. memoir of, 11. 309. performaneea, Nummary oil II. 30!», 310, 311. pedi^free of, 11. 208. racen, Ii. 16;) to 306. Lady Sutton (trotter), perform- ancen of, ii. 187, 188, 189, 193, 193, 194. 198, a(M. Lady Sykes (Imp.), 1. 618. Lady Thomo— description of, ii. 344. hlBtory of, 11. 310-342. pedigree of, 11. 243. performances of,li. 3.15-347 Lady Vomon (trotter), il. 21(i. Lady Victory (trotter), il. 151, 170. Lady Washington (trotter), 11. 179, 183, 199. INI>i:X. l„uiiiillphler, 1 1!«. LaiH'i, iiiiiis llliii'k Dan, or Kudu Nulliliii.'. II. ||, 1.>1. -M). -Ui. 3JI1. a-.;,. l.aneri'0!4a. ! Lottery Mare (imp.). 1. 630. i Lonn Clarou Mare (Imp.), i. 6aa LuciouB (Imp.), i. b'3a 1 696 Lury (Imp.), i. 680. LiiiIiomI (Imp.), I ais. Liiiiu din|i.). I. (1311. Liiniiri- 1 Imp. 1, 1 M8. I.nriliii- (Imp. I. I iivi Luzlionimrli dnip 1, I 818. Lyriir'/iiH (imp '. I. 518. Lyaril fypiu ■ liuree, 1. IS. M. Mac (trolter), 11. 193. 101, 808, 316. 3l!l. -W), 333. Madcap. 1>. f. dnip.i, 1. (131. MacdHoii, I, 1:1;. Maggie iBiirnB' Mare), age of, I. 5i. Mag^y Lander, (liiipi, 1. (131. , i.549. magiiy Lander, (liii| Magic (Imi) ), I. 5|H. Mii(,'ii(tlc .Nci-ill.- (In - ., vJliip,), Magiiiiiia, I. 374. produce of. 1. 374. Mau'iium Hiiinim (Imp ), I. 810. Maid (iflhmor (Imp.), 1. 631 Muld of tlie Oaks, 1. 13(1, 148, 168. Maid of Orleans (Imp.), I. 631. Maid of HoyHtdii (imp.). 1. 631. Mnlil iif V\ iri-ei (imp). 1. (133. MakelcsH (tingllsh), 1. 13H, 183, 1:1.'. Major \\ lidleld (now Edward Kvcicii) hisloi'v of. 11. 3(1(1, 367. peiii.'iec of, II. fM. Mnlibruii, ch. 111. (imp.), 1. 688. Mandirlna (Imp), 1. 632. Mamlirliia Mare, br. (Imp.), 1. (133. Munilirino Chief— pedlijree, 11. 875. performanc(w, 11. 875, 878. Manfred (imp.), i. MO. Mango, br. c. (imp.), 1. WO. Mungo, cli. f. (Imp.), 1. 688. Maufu (imp.), 1.633. Mn.ohostt (imp.), I. (138. Mares (imp.), i. 588. Mares. Barb of ClmrlcB IL, 1. 108, 106, 10(1. oge for breeding, II. 318. maimgoment ol\ 11. SM. points of brood. Ii. 818. selection of, 11. 810, 811. Mar!,'rav(! (imp.), 1. 54U. Margravine, ch. m. (Imp.), I. 1133. Maria Ulack, br. m. (imp.), L Marin Ilnjiies, i. 141, 142. Marigold '(imp.), I, (133 Marion (by Sir Aicliv). 1. 174. Marion (trolter), ii. 193. Mariner (by Shark), 1. 300. race wUh Boston, I. 800. Maritana (Imp), 1. 633. Mark Anlhonv (Imp.), I. 137, 185, 110, 141, 145,147. Markham Arabian. 1. 91. Marlborough (English), 1. 188, 137. Marplot (Imp.), i. R5o. Mnrske, 1. 105. 106. 107, 1.3«, 168. Mary (^ray (imp.), i. 63;^ Mary r.rey dmp.i, 1. 110. Mask dmo.i, 1. 'iM. Massaclinsetts, horse of, i. 109, IK). ll'>. Master Robert (Imp ), 1. 850. '■.m Ji 600 INDEX. Malrhvm (liii|).), I. ri.K). MkU'Ui'h i)f riutTi" - iir Amcrl- ran Krll|,.,. m,,, ^i, t'littrlcH, I iNi. of AloiiZD uiid Orvlllo, I. of Aiiicilcmi KcllpBc and Sir II, Ml V, I III,-, l^, IIH of AiiNtriilliiiindKlnHHton, I. in, n.-. Of Hlmk .MiirlH ami throu maicN, I. Kir, a;)ii, .(«. of IIomIdii and FiiHlilon, I. Ili7, -JHB. of ciilldi'iM and Almiuizor. I. I«l, li). of llainlili'ioninn and Dlii- ■iiond, I. l-ju. Of I,(!xliii;tnn and I,n. cnmtr, I l(H»,;ir)H.;U5,!U7. of F.i'xhiKton iiKaJnHtTlnii', iPcoiid match of r.PxhiL'ton mill I,i'i-.iTii(,., I. .■it). 0«buldcBton'ii Mutch, 1. Of Pryor ond Lecomlo, I. of Hed Eyoand DIc'k Doty, of Itod Kyo and ()nu-pyet tlnii«, II. I.Vi. I'lirdyV Kate, lim imIIch llltllllKl llllll'. li, I'.CI, HiillliT iiiid Siiiu.irlMT II. l:i'l Ml»ii ('olvllln lii'dli'rci,. I, ii-iv MIkii (iollioiir I. lUMI '.), I. I'.iii. IVN. mnir, hr. ui. (Iinp.), Kliiloii und l^iiy Nullolk, BIr WultiT Hfoit BKuliiHt llllll'. II I7H. taiidi'iM mulch, II 1,-ih. TriiHi..', ■jii nillcH UL'alnHl llni.'j II, imi. Wlmlclioiiu iiKuliiHt time, II. M!). W'lmli'bonc and Jerry, il. MatchlcHmimi).), I. nno. Mulllija UouiImIiiiI).), |. flja Maud llllll). », I. (I'.if. Mil/iilmillllcy'ii Iluil.t, II. HB 0' SiHiilliu aiid Cym'ha, I. 4-w, '1 17. of Wnifiior II nd Oroy Eairlo. „ I. I(i7. 801. ^ « • aUtcbua of Trottcrn.— Early matchci', II. i;!l. Arlul, tllly mile maUh nu;aln»t thiin, 11. IWi, Ariol and Fanny Murray, UK) mllo match, II. MC. AHtorold wltli LoadHtonu. I. aw, aim. barbaroiitu match, II. "in. best tlm61 Miner ^iinp), 1. Kl. Mirllii i:iiu'llsli), I, 187. i\Ieriiiiii,i (Imp.), I. o»l. Mciniuu (Imp.), 1. 8fil. MiTijlield (Imp.), I. 661. Merry Jjiss (Imp.), 1.694, Mirry Plntk, (Imp.), 1, fini. Merry Tom (Imp), 1.608. Mossciiijcr (Imp), by Mumbrl- no. I. UH 160, 151: 1|, !M. 114. SU, 2in! ' pcdl)/reo of II. 569. Meteor (Imp.), 1, 662. Moiix (Imp.), I. im. Mexican (Imj).), 1. 668. Mexico, wild horses of, I. 86 Mlchl.i'un. the horse stock of. 11. W, 89-!)8. Micky Free (Imp), 1. 662. M dee (E)ifrlish Marc), 1. 186. Milliner (Imp.), I. 624. Mingo, by Ecllnsc, 1. IBS. shape, action, stride, and „, pedigree, 1. 108. Mranila. b. m. (Imp.i, 1. 68S. 1 Misfortune (Imp.), 1. 685. ! Miss Accident, b. m. (Imp.), 1 i Miss Andrews, b. m. (Imn ) 1 I 68.-). ' K . . I Miss riolvolr (English), I. 186 l.W, 180, 17i. ' Miss BennlniTton (Imp.), 1,685 Miss Cleveland (English), l! Miss Ollnkor, b. m. (Imp.), 1. MI"[:ill.Mi(Kimll,h), I, 180, .Ml,'" I' note, 1. 11,0 .MI-»Me.eiliili(Knglli.h), I,I;I7 il "".'"'",''' !"■""''". "■ I'M iMhs KiK kiiigliain (Imp.), I 0'.i(i, MN" Hose, b. Ill limp ), I.CjKi Miss KiiHuii llodge (Imp.), I, {''-"•TI'lKh iKngllsli), I, l;ia, .^ll-s Mehl iliiip.i. I. tliio. .^llss Wliniiiilll (Imp,), 1, 696. .^I'ldern Hunt— ». If. 81. Modesi,v (lr.,iler), II. Jafl, iflo, Moloch il'in;i.), 1. 668. Ml. II lliMzeii, I, O'.'O. Moll In the V\iid,b. m. (Imp.), I. (,^'0, ' " Moiinrcli (Imp.), |. 658. Monarch (Imp.), by i-rlam, I. Monkey ( Kngllslo.bv Loasdalo Arabian, I. 127. Monkey (Imp.), I. 6,')8. Monkey Mure (Imp.), 1.697. Moidecal (Imp.), 1. 568. Morgan Morse, or Justin Mor- gun, I. 119, 11)1 : il. 75. 104, 105, lOti. ' pedigree. II. 107, 881. nmiurkson, II. 103,109. memoir of, 1|. 110. recorded get. II. 1 IB, 189. Moreton's Traveler (Imp.), I. 127 128. I)i6, 180 lisO; II. l07, 108, 101), 881. Moro(lmii.i, I. 668. Morven (Imp.), I. K>S. Morwlck Bull (Imi),), 1. 668. Mosco (Imp.), I. 55!). Moscow (trotter), alias Paste Carrcnu, 1. 111. performances, II. 176, 179. 1N6, IHO, 187, 11(4. pedigree of, 11. 180, 188, 188. Moses (English), I. im. Mount Holly (trotting Htal- llon), II. 150, 160, 108, 104. Mousetran (Imp.), I. 668. Mucous Membranes, II. 618. Mnfll (Imp.), 1. 554. Mulatto Mare, b. f. (Imp.). 1. 087. Musgrove's Gray Arabian, 1. 180. My Lady (Imp.), I. 697. Myrtle (imp.), I. 097. JS-. Nameless, b. m. (Imp.), I. (SS. Nancy Bywell, b. m. (Imp.), I, Nanny Kllbnm (Imp.), 1. 688. Narrngaiisett Ilorto (pacor), I. the horse, 11. 07. characteristics, II. 09, 70. 73. 74, Native (Imp.), I. 664. Natural History of the Horse, 1. 58. . ). I. lA), IKN. "'■.It. 111. (Imp. I, •iiiulliili), I loi. IMI iKiiv'IMii, I, I;i7 (lr<'lli'i>, II. KM .'liiiin (jiiij).), I '» iiiiip), I. nan, 'lHl»,'.I, I, ;nnil''ii>, I. i;ia. p. 1, 1. tiwi. Iilnil).), I. 6iifl. •». 11. »1. or;, II. IM, 160, I. WS8. tl«l. Ill, I), m. (Imp.), 1, I. BBS. ), by iTlam, I. »li).by Lontdalu I. I'/J. , I. M8. Imp.), I. 687. ), 1. rM. or .IiiBtln Mor- la, 118; II. 78, im. . 107, SRI. ,11. ins, 109. il. 110. t. II, IIB, 1S9. flcr (Imp.), I. i!in, isn, 168; 1. 100, !»1. >os. I. 6.^8. iii|>.), 1. 668. fiM. r), allaH Pae«e . Hi. f , II. 176, 179, <7, KM. , II. 180, 188, I I. \m. (lolling Htal- 100, 160, lua, ), I. 668. HUH, 11. CIS. M. ). f. (Imp.), 1. y Arabian, I. 1.637. (i87. (Imp.), I. 688. . m. (Imp.), I, mp.), I. 688. rso (pacor), I. 67. B, II. 69, 70, )B4. f tbo norse, NavtruUr, or Joint nUo:iii-, II. ri8l. Nvbiilii. l.:i.'y.i. pniiliH'.', 1. :w(i, Xoll Uwyiiii (iiiijii, I 688. NmIIIii JiuiK'. limp), I. tm. Nollluloii, h, liiiiui.U, I. 1!!';. Niitty, I'll III. limp I, !. 081). Nawi'iMiili'ri M.iuiilutii Arubl- nil, I. Oii. NIcholiii* I . Ii.v (llriKoc, I.;i68. NU'tiolii' I Imp ), I. IVX Nlmiiiil iliiip.), I, .Vil. Noble limp ), I. .W). Noiipiiriill (hup., I. IVkV NoiipiiiH (fillip.), I. mu. NormiMi llomu of Ciinailu, I. Kill. 114; il. 17. riO. hl'. Norlb Hiiir ilmp.l, I fiV) Norlliiinilii'i'hiiiil, iillii" Irinh (irily (Imp.), I iW'.. Northiiiiiixirluiiil Muiit (imp.), I. iliil. Novelty, 111. (Imp ), i. (1S1». NovlciMlrap.), i. tl-jn. Numiiilun Burbx, I. :I8. Nuu'h UuUKlitur (imp.), I. iVHi. o. Ohcron (Imp), 1. S.'W. Obiliiiirli^x ol' Slullions, I. 147. Biii'i^|>lialii'4iM''XUUilurtbu (; 'lit). 1. r,; BiiriiV Mii.' , 1. 67. Kiuilili 1<; li.Mi, 1.67. KiMiilil.'.la Lhoii, II. 81.1. Liiily Hiillolk, il. !J18. HcrinvdiiviM-, it. 147. O'BlunlM (Irottf-r), ii. 808,818. Obnciirlty (imp), I 615(1. Obiiorvittioiirtou importod Htal- llonr. 1. rM. Octaviiii' M:iio (imp.). I. 631). Of?ltiliiorpo Ai-aliiiin, 1. Wl, 18H. Ohio, lioi-HO Htocli of, II. 7(1, »i. O'Koily, i. 113. O'Kuliv (imp), I. 65(1. Old AliiliiiUili, poditfrec, II. 8(11. Old Oliild Maro (liiiKUHb), 1. ISH. Old BiikI'XxI (Imp.), ■'»('*! with Sulim, i. 131, i:i8, tm. Old Shock, i. l!Sil. Olympun Kiliy (imp), 1. 629. Olympiist Mure (imp), 1. (130. Only TImt, b. m. (imp.). I. (130. Oneida Uiiicr (pacor), II. 178, 173, 177, 17rt, OnuB (linpj, 1. B.")0. OpoBBiiui Filly, by Modloy, 1. 1 Ift, 137. Orleanu (Imp.), 1.6.10. Orooiiolii) (imp.), i. 656. Orpliiin (Imp.), i. 080. Orvlilo Miirc! (imj>.), 1. 030. OabaldeMlon'B Mntch, to rldo 800 niiica In ten hours, I. 48.-). Oscar (imp), I. 550, 6,'57. Oscar, by (iabrlel, I. Ifl6, 13a 1(W, 178. Oscar, by Wonder. I. 141. Oacar M;iro (imp.), I. 6.30. Of ?llo,or BIiici<-ttiid-all-Black, I, 131, i;«, 144. potllgroe, I. 657. INDEX. Othii (Kii;(ll>>b), by Moaca, I. j i;tr. I Uvvr CuHt (imp I, i. 081. P. I*arer» and paclnif. ii. 8N6. Ill -I tliii.'iiii IV. iii'il,ll.8HB, lliill»»uyV. Ii. III. Jiiiii. ' K. I'oli.. ii li'i7. Niu'i'ii^'iiiiM II'h. i. 118. blHiiiryor. il. (17,60. riHUholll.li'. Ii. !<8I). iifrliniiiiiMci'K, (I, 8M6. I'mlllr. Iiy HIr Ariliy, I. 118, 1 !3. I'W'oliitilmp), I. 1,'lfi. I'N), lOS. pcdi^riM' 111', i. ,V,7. Pacoiit (Iruy. by ( lllzeii, 1. 1 U, 113. I'ai'oliit (\Vllliiim»on'ii), I. 148, 146, 147. Piicoli't Maic, I. 681. I'lm (Imp.). I. W7 i'aiiiliMii, liy Mi'dli'y, I. 186. I>.iiiiii.t(liiip.), I. 631. r.iiilnliiiiii (imp. I, i. ."167. Piiiiliiliiiiii Muri', I. 4t)H. priHliiri', I. lOH. I'urlbiiin lliii'Ki', i. to. I'arlniir M«ic, I fJ7, 130, I'lH, 8H, 81), i:ir>, 1 16, I 111. I'artnor (Cirim^wood'H), I. VM, t8H. I'artnor, Moon b (imp.), 1. 667. I'arliii'r, C'rol'i'B (imp.), I. 867. I'lirliiiT, by Traviiiiir, 1. 136. I'UKBO t^iirri'iui (liiitl(ir), iiilnB MoBiiiw. 1. 17!), 1K8, 18i). I'nxKalc (icii).), 1. .ViH. I'li^itriiL'ur (Imp.). I 68H. I'liiil Ullrtorii (trottor), II. 110. Paul Pry ((loliu-i), 11. 86, 41, \',i, 116, 168, 16-t, lfl<. PnymuHliir (Imp.), i, 5.'''.i. PuymiiHtrr Mure (imp.), I. Otl. Pciiciimiiki'r, l)y Dior.ii'if, 1. 1!i7. Pnacoc.k (HpiiiilBli liorno), I. Ut>. PudlnrwB iinii (ii't— of Bciilord (imp.). 1. IJW. bin K«t. 1- 131). of I)iomi'd(imp.)l., 137. hlB KOt, I. 1.17. of (labriel (imp.), I. 187. hlB L'Cit, 1. 1H8 ofMcilloy (imii.), 1. 186. hlH IfOt, 1. lilO. ofShui-k (Imp.), I. 106. his tfct, I. 137. Pedigrees, Pi'rformancos, and Anecdotes of FnmoiH American Hacers, 1. 16(1. of American EclipKo, 1. 178. of Ariel, 1. 106, 11)7, 881. of Arrow, i. 3.3H, ;)81). of AHleroid, I. .S-W, 801. of niiu U Muria, I. 888, 860. of Blue Dick, i. 166. of Boston, 1. 870, 8fl0, 883. Of Clarion, i. 108. of Fashion, I. 284,887,888. performances of, I. 884 to 889. ofOreyEnKlo, 1.861.888. of .lohn Bascomb, i. 164. ofKcnliicky.l. 374, 376. of Leamlnf^on (Imp.), I. 407, 411. ofLecomte, I. 313, 813. noT PodltiriM'B, Prrfiirn.. ; ri'B, iiud Aiiviiliiiin III Khiiioui Ami'i'ii';!)' Uii'iT" of l.>'xiii|(liiii,l HOit-iK't. of .M iliir, i llhl. of .MiiKjii, i 163. of I'l'Vloiiii. 1. 161 ofPimt tlov. I. toil. ofPryiii, I. .'I6l,!i:i8. of HIr AiThy, i. 178. ofHIr llenrv,! I.'»l. of Wiitfliir, I.8.M. •i6a. I'edixriii' of Kioia Tenipln, (Iriitli'i I. II -iK), 8:ifi. of Ki'iiiliii' .la. I.Hiii. 11.814. of l.aily Hiilliilk, II. *k*. of Miir'.'iiii lliiriie, il H\t. of PiiruiiiiiilaH, II. 881 of Iriillliiu' lioivux, ii 8H0. Peu'iV (imp 1. I Hill. Pelliain itr.itiiTi, II. 187, 11«l, l'.)7. -.HW, 813. Pcnilopi'. lb. 111. (Imp), I. 681. PiTiMlmp 1. i. 038. Pi'iTy Man' (Imp), I. 6.'K. IVrroi'miiiiii.'B ol ADierlrau Uiiciirs - Ami'rlniii KcUpso, I. 179. Arii'l, I 801. nt Ni'vv Ol loans, I. 471, Tiluck Maria, I. 886. iliiHl I. 'j;:, 8M1). Ilrow'i Dirk. i. I4.\ 448. Dick Duly. 1. 406. KaHhliiii, I 8H'-i, 8H». lliiiiy IVrrltl, 1. 4 17. Li'xlii«ton, I. .308-31)8. Utile Fli'n, 1.316. most renowiii'il, I. 410. Perl'oriimiicus iil Kaiiiiiiis Trot- Unis Horses, ii. 886. AstiTobl, I. 301-871. Awful, II. 101. best I line on record, II. 881, 888. Dexter, 11. 8ri7, 868. Diiti'hnmii. ii. IIH). Kricsson, II. 801), 870. Fanny .lenks, II. 181, 188, 11)6, VM. Fanny Murray, Ii. 186. Flora Ti'iiipic, ii. 8.36. lloldsmlth Muid, II. 881, 'ir>i. Kentucky, I. 376-100. Liuiv HulVolk, Ii. 800, 810, 811. Lady Tlioino, ii ai.V947. Leaniliiu'loii, 1.411-110. Mambrliio tUilef, Ii. 878, 876. Paul Pry, il. 166. Purdy's Kale, Ii. 1(H). HIpton, II. 173. Tacoiiy, Ii. 801-889. Tbornediile, II. 877. TopKallunt, !i. 148. T^l^'tce, Ii. IIK), 198, 294. YouiiK Morrill, II. 865. Performances of Bacero (Kna- llsh)- Almanzor, I. 480, 483, 448. Alonzo. i. 488. Brown Bettv, t. 480, 488. Chnntei, 1. 181. Charles the 12th. 1. 4,37. Cymba. 1. 114, 147. Diumimil, 1. 488. En-lish Kcilpse, i. 420,488, 448, 453, 463. 698 INDEX. PerformancoB of Racers (Ene- llulD— ^ ^ Fire ail, i. .121. Flying Clii'durH, 1.420, 422, 423, .i:«, t-W, 4M, 403. Fox. i. 120, 421. Haiiil)let()iiiaii, i. 122 lliiirn Qiiiblor, i. 422. Kingston. I. 4U, 447. 0»b'al(ioHt()ii match, i. 425. Orvjilc, i. 42J. '»'■• IV.toii Sykea, 1. 444, Slei-m-of-IIaiid, i. 487. S|)3ocl\voll, 1. 421. Si'vplico, .144, 447. \V\rtt An-itnilian, i. 4-14, 447 PerHinii lloi-c, i 2^1 30 Pet (Irolter), ii. 201, 2iri, 218. Peter Lely Mare (im|).), i. 032. Pet\v<,rth (Inij) ), i. (i,i2. Peytonu, by iSlencoe, I. 162. cle-icriptioii 111', i. Iftl. pedigree of, i, 104. race with Fashion, 1, 166. Pnaut:miia Omp.), i. fiH'i P)uiraoh(inii).), !. 558. Phaetou, i. 358. SSm";''""'""" liniP), i. 658. SjJJI^- ■wn (iuip.\ 1. 659. Pmla.)cipliia Sal (trotter), 11. Phiiiiilelphia, b. m. (imp,), 1. Philip (imp.), 1. K-.9. Ph(enix(imp.), i. 1,'-,1,669. Piccolina (imp.), i cii!. Pickle (imp.), i. t,B3. Pirouette cli, f. (imp.), 1. 638. Place K W hite Turk, i. 9,5, 18S. 157. Piaceiitia, f. f. (imp.), i. 633. P ay or Pay (imp.), i. 559. Pledge, m. (imj).), i, fi03. Peuty, br. m. {\m\>.\ i. 608. Pleurisy, ii. 518. Pl')iiL'hl)^.-(tro'.;r), ii. 198. POCa "-..luo cj.;;, T), ii. 86, 181, ii- rt'gree cf, ii. 221. b- .;t ln;;e on reco \ !1. 224. Poler.ta (imp.), 1 mv Pollj IIopkiMK (imp,), i, 651. Poll' Moss . np.), i. (134. I Pomona, b. m. !ir,)p.), i. (^ Ponies (India,"), ii, 65. ' ,' Poppinjay Mare i iiiit;.) I r,'i5 , Portlai-d limp.), i, ujti. Portland .\iabian, i. 138 Porto (imp.), i. 500. Possession, m. (imp.) i, 635 Post Boy, by Gabriel, 1. 136, las. ' Post Bo^', by Henry, i. la3 pedigree of, i, 163, 164; 11, Pot-8-o's (English), i. 137. Pot-8-o's Mare (imp.), 1. 635. Potestas (imp.\ i. hm. Potomac, by Sir Archy, 1. 136, 137, Potomac (Van Ranst), 1. 154, 1.T5. Precipitalc (imp.), 1. nm. Precipila.e Marc (imp.), 1. 036. Prerogalive (imp.), i.m). Priam (Ini]).), i. loo, 143, 148, .500. Priam Mare (imp ), 1. 636. Prima, 1. 1'36. Primrose, by Diomed, 1. 137, Primrose (imj).), i. 6.36. Primula liiiiii), i. 636. I'rince (imp,), i. 5iiO. Prince (Irolten. ii. 217, teii-nile race. ii. 217. one Imiidred mile race. II. an, 21H. Prince Ferdinand (imp.), 1. 500. Prince Frederick (imp,), L.^OO Principles of nreoding, II. 289. , Prioress, by Sovereign (iinii.). I. 1(19, I race « It h Nicliolas I , i, 427. ; Progress in Breeding, i. 427, { table of, i, .127, , Pronii (', ch. m, (imp.), 1. 637. Pniiiclla ,imi).), 1. 037. Pryor, by Ulencoc, i. 169. de 'cription of, i. 353. pedigree of, 1. 851. race with Lecomte, i. 354. race v.itii Floride. 1. 357. Psyche, gr. m. (imp.), i. 6,37. Pumiced Feet, 11. 6*1. Punch (Imp.), I. 561. Punchinella (imp,), 1.687. Pussy (imi).). 1.637, Puzz.e (imp.), I. 561. Quaga, i. 85, 58. Queen Aiin, bl m. (Imp,), 1. 6.37 Qii'cn, The, ch, m. (imp.), i.' Queen Mab (Imp.), 1. 180, 128, Qulckpilver, 1. 1,30. Qnict Cuddy, 1. 187. R. Babecca (Imp.), I. 688. Races of Famous American Horses — American Fjlijise, great match with Sir Henry, i. 183. Ariel and Flirtilla, 1. 808. Ariel. 1, 202-220. Arrow, i. 31,3, 317. Asteroid, 1, 301-304. at New Orleans, 1. 471, 474 hest four-mile, I. 454. best three-mile ever run I. .346. ' Black Maria, i. 22S-2.50. Black Maria's twenty-mile race, i. *)0. Boston, 1. 277, 289. Fashion, i. 284, 280. match with Boston, I. 289-299. Kentucky, 1. 375-393. , Lexington, 1. ,308, .309. ' with Lecomto, 1. .317, 331. match against time, I. 32.), ,3*. ! second wiih Leeomte. i. .333, 340, : Leeomte, i. .ill-SlO. I with Lexington, 1. 817-33,3. Pryor with Leeomte, 1. 354 ' ~;J56, j W.igner and Grey Eagle, i. < 853-275. i Race Courses (early), 1 135 Albany, N. Y,,"|, 151. Alexandria, D. C, I. 1,30 Balh. Long I; luni!, I, 153 Beacon, Ilobol.en, N. J., I. 153. Beaver Pond, Jamaica, L. I., m, Um. Fashion, Newtown, L. I.. I. !!5i, rm. Gloucester, Va., I. 127 IIal•lop^ N. Y. Island, I. 151 liVJ. Maryland, i. 128. National, Newtown, L. 1,, i. ,!51. New Miirkit, L. I.. 1 130 151. 1,V2, l.-)3. ' New Market, Va., I. 130. Philadelphia, I. 132, 134, Pougiikeepsic (D. C), N. Y., i. 151, ua. Powlesllook,N. J.,II.168. Richmond, \ a., I, ]3(i. Wasliingt43. Slender (imp.), 1. 1.50, 569. Slim (imp.), i. 569. Sloven (Imp.), i. 131, 1.50, 569. Slouch (im]).), i. ,'j(i9. Smolensko (English), ii. 23. Snake (English), i. KXi, 128,186. Snap (imj).), i. rm. Snap (English), 1. 1,30, 187, 160, IC'J. Snap Mare (imp.), I. 643. Snipe (Imp.). I. 609. Sober John (Imp.), I. 670. Somonocodron (imp.), I. 870. Sontag (trotter), 11. 2:^2. Sorehcels (English), 1. 185. ijorrow (imp.), I. 670. Sourcrout (Imp.), I. 1.50, 670. Sovereign (imp.), I. 570. Spadllle (Imp.), 1. .571. Spangle (trotter), 11, 224. twenty mile trot, il. 884. Spanish Ilorse, 1. 25, 44, 78,88, 89, 98, 10!), Ill, 188. blood, II. 1,5. Spanker (English), 1. 107, 189. Spanker's Dam, 1. 129, 180. Spark (imp.), 1. 126, 187. pedigree of, I. ,571. Spatute (ini|).), I. 648. Spavin, 11. .519. Spectator (English), 1. 187, 188. Speed and bottom of American and Englisli liorses, 1. 419. Speculator (imp.), I. 571. Spiletta (Englisli), 1, 107. Spiletta (Imp.), i, 044. Splints, Ii. 588. Sportsman (imp.), 1. 671. Spot (trotter), II. 142, 147, 148. Spot Mare (Imp.). I. 644. Spread Eagle (imp.), J. 671. d<'ath of, i. 147. Sprightly (imp.), I. 578. Souirt (Englisli), 1. 100, 186. Stable management, Ii. 436. bathing a horse, ii. 456. clothing a wet do., II. 488. docking and pricking, U. 459. dressing, II. 441, dressing vicioas horses. ii. 444. tiressing after work, II. 448. term horses, li, 473. general management, 11. 469, horses' food, ii, 464. stable hours, ii, 4.39. summering horses, 11. 478. trimming the ears, ii. 461. trimming the heels and legs, ir 462. utility of dressing, II. 446. vermin, II. 447, walking a heated horse, il. 449. walking a wet horse, 11. 451. watering tlic horse, 11. 469. wisping a wet horse, il. 483. Stabling and stable— air system, ii, 419, architecture, il. 413. city stable plans, ii, 488. " estimate of, 11. 426. effects of darkness, ii, 414. floor and windows, ii. 416, 600 INDEX. Stabllns »nd stable— hunifsM room, II. 421. lar"o country mable, l"l. 431. esthnuloolcoHt, 11.438 email country stable, ii. '1*7. estimate, il. .130. Staflbrd (Ini]),), i. r>'2, StalllonM HtandiiiL' In Encland In n.'K), I, KH, 105. " forelifu Btalllonu, 1. 104 unlive Htallions, 1. 105 StaJlioUB (Imi).), 1. S07. obsorvaffonH on, I. 500 Star (Duke of Brldgewatcr's), 1. iH42, star (Imp.), I. .578. Starlinf,' (imj).), 1. 572. Starling, by Sir Pelor Teazle. (1011).), 1. .573. Starling Mare (Imp.), i. 644. Statira, ch. m. (Imp.), 1. 644 Stanghton Lass (Imp.), 1. 644. Stella timp.), I. m. Stella (trotter), 11. 225. Sterling (Imp.), I. 573. m^ Of Starling (Imp.), 1. Stirling (imp.), I. 578. gj- gfoi-KO (Imp.), i. 674. St. Gile« (imp.), I. 574. St. Lawrence (Canadian). 11 203, 813. 8t. Nicholas Mare (imp.), 1. St. Paul Omp.), I. 674. stock. Horse stock of Ohio and the West, II. 70, 83 horee stock of Michigan, li. 88. horse stock of Iowa, il. 100 at ?'J*''i5''' of Michigan, li. 95! Stockholder (by Sir Arciiy). i 142. 140. Stockbrldgo Chief (tTott»r), 11. 105. Stolen Kisses (imp.), I. 646. Stone Plover (imp.), i. 573. Straddling Turk (Lester's), i. &6. Stranger (trotter), IS. 147, 148. Strap (imp.i, I. 578. Stud term, il. SOI. Stump's Mare (Imp.), i. 645 Stump's Mare Venetia (imp.), SuflolkPuuch, i. lis ; li. 27, 88. Sultan Mnre, i. ftl5. Sunny South (Imp.), 1. 645. Superiority of modem racers, Sweeper (imp.), J. 181. pedigree of, 574. Sweetbriar (imi).) 1. 646. Tangier Barb, I. 9fl. Tanner (Imp.), I. 57). Tari,'et (imp), I. «47. Tarquiu (imp.), I. ,575. Tartar (English), i. 137. Tartar Mare (Imp.), I. 647. Tartarian horse, breed of, 1 26 Tnttersall (imp.). 1. ,575. Teallle Filly, i. 347 ; race, 1. 347. Tears, ch. ni. (Imp.), I. 647. Tecnrasoh (trotter), li. 216, 282. Tel(-grai)h (imp.), i. !)75. Tenerltli! (imp.) i. 575. Tenlers Mare, cli. m. (Imp.), i. 647. "^ ' Tennessee, historyof the blood horse in, I. 140, 14;}. Texas, wild horse of, i. 26, 109 The Colonel's Daughter (imp.), 1. 048. V »- ;- The Earl (imp.), I. 576. Thessalian Horse, i. 28, 88, 31, Thetis (imp.), I. 648. Thomedale— description of, ii. 876. pedigree of, li, 274. performances of, li. 277 Thornton's Mare, i. 127 Thoroughbred race horse, 1. 454. what is a, ii. 11. true utility of, I. 476. essential points of, 1. 490 Thoulonse Barb, 1. 90. Thracian Horse, 1. 28. 28 31 40, 41, 43. 44. ' ' ' Tib ninman (trotter), 11. 20; 222, 323, 287. Tickle Toby (Imp.), i. 676. Time and Weight, i. 422, 423, Tlmoleon, by Sir Archy, 1. 137 „, 112, l*i;ii. 11, f7. ' T ppoo Sultan, 1. 152, 154. T resla's Mare (Imp ), 1. 648. Tltsy (Imp.), 1. m Treasurer, i. 161. Treatise on the Horee. bv Xenophou, i. 35. ' Treatise on Horse Shoeing, 11. Trlfle.jjjby Sir Charles, 1. 168, twenty-mile race, i. 836- 815. TrlHc, by Mllo (imp.), 1. 619. T linculo (imp ), I, 577 frinket, ch. ni. (imp.), 1. 09 best time on record, from ' 1830 to 18,55, II. 282! miscellaneous examples and extraordinary per- formances of, li. i«6 pedigree of, il. 280. Betsey Baker, 11. 136. Boston Blue, il. 135. Top-gallant, 11. 135. Tom Thumb, li. 138. Treadwell Mare, il. 186. Trotting Clubs- flrst New York trottinjt club, II. 137. first purses, ii. 137-140. rules of club, ii. 188. Toby (Imp.), 1.' .570 Sweetest Wlien Naked (imD.). i. 646. ^ " Swiss (Imp.), i. 676. Symmetry (Imp.), i. 646. Synonyms of tlie horse, I. 46 Syrisn horse. 1. 95. T. Tacony (trotter',, H. 41, 808, 8ft3. performances, li. 20.1, 218, > 810. 219. 389. 887, 3.39. i Ta^mor Mare (Imp.), i. 646, 647. Taffolet Barb, 1. M Toby, alias Sporting Tobr (lmp.),i.i31,57g. '' Tom Breeze (imp.), i. 676. Tomboy Mare (imp.), i. 648. Tom Crib, ch. h. (imp.), 1. 57fi. ^ '' Tom Jones (imp), 1. 576. Tom Thumb (trotter), ii. 130 138, 139. performances of, 1. 1.50 Top-gallant, by Diomed, 1. 1.37. Top-gallant, by Gallatin, 1. 1 (2 113, 114. Top-gallant (trotter), ii. 41, 185 142, 146, 148. performances of. 11. 148- 160, ir^i. 164. Touchstone (imp.), i, 678 Tramp Mare (Imp.), 1. 648. Tranby (lmp.\ I. 677. Tranby Mare (Imp.), I. 649. '• Trapes (nee Speck), (Imp.), 1. 649. Traveller. Coatsworth (Imp.), I. 577. Traveller, Moreton's (Imp.), I. 127, 128, 1.35, l.<)9, 146; 159; 11.107,108,109,281. pedigree of, i. 677 Traveller, Strange's, alias Big Ben, alias Charlemcnt, (imp.), 1. 677. Huntmg Park Association. Philadelphia, ii. 140. rules of, 11. 140, 141. first meeting, ii. ]48_ Trotting Courses of America ii. 133. act for establishing the first, li. 13,3, 134. the Canton (Baltimore), U. l-'jl. Central (Baltimore), II. 140 first T. C. establisiied, il. 133 to 107. first match in public for a stake, li. 1,33. Harlem Trotting Park, H. 160. Hunting Park, PhUadel- phia. li. 142-148. Long Island (U. C), 11. 188. 147 238 True Blue (English), 1. 186,186. True Blue (imp.), 1. 677. True Briton, il. 107, 109. Trufile Young (imp.), 1. 577. Trumpator Mare (imp.), 1. 649. Trumpet's Dam (English), i. 128. Trumpetta, b. m. (Imp.), 1. 649, Trustee, by Catton (imp.), I. 151,678. ^ 1'-'' • Trustee (trotter), 11. 166, 158, lo2. twenty-mile trot, 11. 190, 191, 198, 194. m. Truxton, 1. 137, 141. Tiickahoe, I. 136. Tup (Imp.), i. 678. Tulip, cli. f. (imp.), 1, 660. Tunica (imp.), I. 650. Tnrkii h Horses, 1. 40, 94, 95, 97. Acaster, 1.95,187. Belgrade. 1. 104. Byerly, I. 90, 187. D'Arcv, I. 96. Helmsley, I. 96, 108. .Tohnson's, I. 104. Lister's or Straddling Turk, I. 90. 104. Lord Carlisle, I. 104, 106. Piggott's, i. 104. INDKX. 601 1. he Horse, by II, i. 35. ' ne Shoeing, U. Carles, 1, 162, ' race, 1. 23ft. Jmn.l, 1. &19. , i. 077. (imp.), 1.09. n record, irom )5, il. ass. UH examples lordinury pcr- of, il. m. ii. 280. ir, Ii. 186. , ii. 185. il. 135. i, ii. 138. tare, Ii. 186. fork trotting leB, ii. 187-140. ;Iub, Ii. 188. tAppociation, ia, ii. 140. ii. 140, 141. 'ting, ii. 148- i of America, bliehing the .134. ialtimore), ii. more), ii. 140. tabllBlied, ii. 1 public for a iug Parlj, il. k, Philadel- -148. J. C), ii. 188, h), 1. 126,186. i. 577. )7, 109. p.), i. 677. imp.), i. 649. [English), 1. imp.), I. 649, m (Imp.), i. 11. 166. 158, rot, ii. 190, , 1.660. iO. 40, 94, 96, W. 187. I. tr. ,108. H. Straddling . 104, 106. Turkiah HorseB— Place'B Wliite Turk, 1. 95. 9B, 103. Selaby Turk, 1. «i, 104, 130. Tiirplii Mure (imp.), i. 650. Yellow Turk, i. iW, 12j. Tryail (Imp.), i. 187, 134, 135, 159. TT. Cnlon Courne RalcB, U. B65. ITrgaada (imp.), i. 650. Vaga, ra. (Imp.), 1. 650. Vnlontine ((imp.), i. 149, 678. Valliant (imp.), i. 578. Valparaiao (imp.), i. 678. Vamp, br. m. (Imp.), i. 650. Vampire (imp), 1. 146. I)edii^roo, I. 579. Varialotia (imp.), !. 650. Varlollii, b. m. (imp.), I. 65. Varn!«h or Vanish (imp.), 1. 651. Velocipeilo Maro, gr. m. (Imp.), i. 651. Venetia (imp.), i. 651. Venetian (imp.), I. 141. pedigree, i. 579. Vermont Ilorsort, i. 110, 111. draught horse, historv of, 11.%!. Victoria (imp.) br. f., 1. 661. Victory (im|).), I. 579. Vintner (English), 1. 130. Virago, m. (Trap.), I. 136, 187. Virginia Nell (Butler's), i. 135. Virginia (by Medley), i. 136, 164. VIrginlus, i. 137. Vixen (English), 1. 128. Volante (imp.), i. 651, 659. Volney, br. h. (imp.), i. 679. Volunteer (imp.), I. 579. Wagner, 1. 116, 164, 167. characteristics of, 1. 851. description of, 1. 258. Wagner— Ijudigree of, i. 253. pcrliMinaucos of, I. 253- 87U. nice« with Orey Eagle, 1. race with, 1. 861. second nici% i. 270. Wag's Dam (KugUf ti), i. 136. Walton (Imp.), i. ftbO. Walto;i Mure (Imp.), 1. 6152. War Eagle (trotter), ii. 202, 203. Warlock's Galloway (IJngllsli), Warminster (imp.), i, 680. Waterloo Mure (imp.), 1. 662. Waterwitch (imp.), 1. 6r)2. Wnxv Maro (Ini]).), 1. (in2. Wcatlierbit Mare, or CIcily Jiipson (imp.), i. 652. Weather Witch (Imp.), 1. 653. ^V'onona (imp.), 1. 65.'). Weight and Time, i. 357, 422, 42;i, 463. West AuHtrallan Maro (Imp.), i. im. Wh.nlo (imp.), i. ."iSO, Whalebone (trotter), ii. 139, 1 18, 1!5. porlormiinces of, ii. 146, 119, 150, 153, 153, 155, 191, 22.5. Whamcllir (imp.), 1. 654. Whip, (by imp. Whip), ii. 83. Wliip (Imp.), I. 680. Whirligig (imp.), 1. 128, 150, 680. Wliite Turk, i. 95, l.SO. White Nose (English), 1.128. Whitefoot Mare (imp.), i. 654. Whittmgton (imp.V 1. 680. Why Not, i. 144, l.-iO. Wlldalr (imp.), Delancey, 1. 131, 144, 150. pedigree, i. 581. Wlldalr (Sym's) by Imp. W., 1. 140, 144, 146. Wlldalr Mure, i. 141, 144. Wlldalr (Maryland, by Imp. W.), 1. 144. Wildalr (by Sym's W.). i. 144. Wildman's Granby, 1. 138. Wild Irishman, i. 347. i-ace of two miles, i. 847. Wilkes' Hautboy Maro. I. 158. William IV. (imp.), i. 581. Williamson's Ditto Mare (Imp.), i. 651. Wilson Arabian Mare (Inin ) 1.654. ' ' Winter on the Horse, I. 44, 45. Woful Maro (imp.), i. 654. Wombat (imp.), 1. 655. Wonder (imp.). 1. 581. Wonder (by Diomed), 1. 137. 141, 142, 147. Woodbine (imp), i. 655. Woodcock (Imp.), 1. 187. Woodpecker (trotter), 11. 19S, 217. Wrangler (imp.), I. 681. Xenophon on the Horse, 1. 80, 3(i, 37. ; 'V'ellow Turk, 1. 06, 128, 130. \ orick, 1. Iffi, 159, 162. Yorkshire? (inii).». i. 5,S2. I Yonng Hlack Ihiwk, ii. 101. ! Young Cailo (English), i. 138, Young Eazzoletto (imp.), 1. Y'ouug Klatcatcher (imp.), i. Yonng Morrill— hlt^torj', ii. 263. 864. pedigree, 11. 2(i4. pcrlormnnces, 11. S.56. Young Spot (imp.), 1. ,588. Zachary Taylor (trotter), II. 194, 198, 202, 213, 887. Zebra, 1. 25, 68. Zephyrlna (Imp.), 1. 66B. Zinganee (imp.), 1. 588. Zinganee or Priam HorBe, br. h. (imp.), 1. 688. Zone (imp.), 1. 666. ^it.'-.'**^ i¥iJS^ BIT ft' n |];^i;j^iLTURAL BOOKS. FOB SALE BT ^EO. E. WOODWARD, 191 BROADW Air, NEW YORK- \m-AnvBookon tlii» Lint will be fm^Mrded ro»t- '^STa«j/ aMres. in the United blaleo or Tei-ritories, on receipt of the price. PUBLICATIONS : By L. F. 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I'ont |)ald $1.50. > Fiill<-r'« Forest Tree Ciiltnri*t. Ttii> f iiltlvallon of Forcat Trees for Sliado. for Khelter, for Fuel Tltntu'r. and for Profit. lllui»trat(id. Post-paid. $1.50. Huaniaiin'a (jSrapcn and Wine. T!irlce $i.O0, pout-iwid. of all ahmim. Illui'tratcd priced Catalogiio ■•Quarterly, 26 cents per aiiui >WARD, Publisher, Il Broadway, New York, Wallaoe's American Trotting Register, contalnlnit all tliat U known of th« VnUgrrf* of Troltlnjf llorHiii, thi'lr anrnstori an(1 dnnriMKlantrt. with a reconi of all publUhcd ncrfurmanroK In which a nilln waa trotlwl or paced In «;4ip or lenii, fniiii the earll«»t daici till Ihi" rloKd of IMIH. anil a full record of iho porfnrmanceii of IMIHand I'-IO. ttlvlnKroiiii li'le "Uinniarli'K of over »li thoimand conli'KtK. With an in- IriHlmtory KrtMay on the Iruo orWIn of ilie Aincrlcau Trolter. And a wt of Ituli'H for tlieflovernnientof all trials of bimhhI. By .1. H. Wai.i.*(X com- piler of Wullace'a American HtudUook. Koyal octavo. rott-|iald, Fiva UOI.l.ARS. Franit Forester's Horse and Horsemanship of the I'nlted .State!" and HrlllHh Provinces of North AinorUa. By ItKNnT Wii.i.iAM IlKRBRiiT, In two HUperb royal m-tavo voluiuex, of IWI pairen, with Steel Knuraved oi-lijlnal "ii.tralls of thlr'y eelehratod lepreHentallvn Ilorfcu. This Standard lllxlorlcal Work hut lieon tborouJhIy revlned, newly written, compiled ;ind perfected to the prcxcnt time, fiy S, D. A H. O. HnrcR. Ertlioru of the T^r/, FiM and Farm. Irlce, postpaid, Fir- TKKM Dol.LAIlS. Wallace's American Stud Book. Volume One. Being u compilation of the I*cdl(;reeH of American anil Im- IHirled Blood Hordes, from the earliest records, with an Ai-pbniiis ')f all named animals without extended IVdlnrees pr'or to the year I.SIO. and a S^ppi.KMKNT, CDutainint; a history of nil Horses and Mares that have trot- !*d In public from the earliest trottlim races till the, Jose of I'^Wl. By .r. ,'H. Wai.i.acf. Koyal Svo, of over l,fl(K) pages, elegantly hound In extra . cloth, beveled boards, and splendidly Illustrated. I'rici , post-paid, Tkn D01.1.AB8. Vol. 'J wo— imO to 1871— ;n /Y?**. Horse Portraiture.— Breeding, Rearing, and Traln- IN(J THOTTKRS, Prenaratlonx for Races: Maiiacement In the Stable; on the Tmck ; Horse Life, etc. By JostiMi Caibm SiMraoN. Post octavo, post paid, tlM. Frank Forester's Field Sports. Knibrucinf; the Game of North Atr- Hcs, Upland Shooting, Bay Shootlnjf, Wild rtportlnjf of the Wlldenie.ia, forest, Prairie, aiiil Mountain Sports, Bear Hunting. Tnrkey ShootioK, etc. I81h edition, revised oud illustrated. Two post octavo volumes, post-paid, Six Oollabb. Frank Forester's Fish and Fishing. ino engravlnKs. Embracing a fiill llluslraled duscrlptlonof thoOamo Fish of North America ; Trout and Salmon Flnhlng ; 81io»I Water and Deep ■lea Fishing ; Lake and Ulver Fishing ; Tiollirg: Fly KlBhlug. etc. lath edi- tion. One post octavo volume. Post paid. Five Doli.juis. Frank Forester's Complete Manual for Young Sportsmen, of Fowling, Fishing, and Field Sports. With dt- rootlons for handtlnK the Gun, the HIII9 and the Hod. Art of Shooting on the Wing, The Breaking. Management, and Hunting of the Dog. The ▼artoties and habits of Game. River, Lake, and Sea Flsning. Post octavo. Foat-paid, Tubek Dollabi. PRACTICAL STANDARD PUBLICATIONS O-EO. E. WOOI3-WA.E,ID. The Dog. By Dink?, JlATnKw & ncTfiiiNeoN. Compiled and edited flv Kiunk J'ORESTKB. Ciintaliiliif; fidl iimtructlons in all that relates to tlie Ilriiii ini?. Kearing. Urcaking, KennelhiK and (■(nidltionins; of Jlo-'s. with valiia blereclpeH for the treatment of all dineaseH. Illnstjated. Poht octavo Tostpald, TiiiHiE DoLLAiis. The Dead Shot : or, SportKman's Complete Guide : a Treatise on the use of the Gun with Jtuuimentary and Finlslilns; LcHPons in the Art of SbootinK Game ol all kind», ByilAHKSMAN. I'OBt-paid, fl.75. The Crack Shot: P.'"' }\'?""" "iflemau'B Complete Guide : beinfj a Treati«e on the we of tlie IvUle, with Lessoni?, iucludlnR a flill description of the latcBt improMi! l)reech-loah\n\ AVorlt, Groined Ceilings, Roofing, Domes, Niches, P>aking and i-('v. connected with Fishing, Shoot- 50. Bir-Bulider. \ •y. Showing the SimplceMTctli- cal Forms. Including Hj^Javid !», Niches, Polking and i'lvd Icult Scientific and Mathom;i.i- liii.S and JIaiid-Italling, which i-! Ilier with Designs for Stairca?c:\ ill Detailed Explanations. Illii,^-^ One Thousand Figures Primed ers. Carpenters and Stiiir-liiiild- the "American Stalr-BuiUli-r.' at 50 cts. each. tal Alphabets, Mechanical and Analytical Con- nd designs ibr Titles, (Jipln'rc. hes, Etc. Designed aa a te.\t- igincers. Surveyors, ArchitectH, olg, etc. Drawn and Arranged ecture. eventeen Designs for School - tions. Plans, Sections. Details, calc, with methods of heating I, tio. VAKD, Publisher, Broadway, New York. I '■ n ^smia^ssmmm^^^m^sm^!^^ rrTr:n'fr"''T