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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 -12 3 4 5 6 BULLETIN NO. 4 OF THE Illinois State Museum OF NATURAL HISTORY. UPPER DEVONIAN AND NIAGARA CRINOIDS. By S. a. miller and Wm. F. E. GURLEY. Springfield, Illinois, October 15, 1894. SPKINGFIELD, ILL. Ed. F. Habtman, State Printer, 1894. ILLINOIS STATE MUSEUM OF Natural History, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS. Board of Trustees. John P. Altqeld, Governor. William H. Hinrichsen, Secreiary of State. Henry Raab, Superintendeni Public Instruction. George Walter Murray, Secretary. William F. E. Gurley, State Geologist and Curator. ?0£798 SUBKENGDOM ECIIINODERMATA. CLASS CRINOIDEA. ORDER pal;kocrinoidea. FAMILY MELOCRINID/E. DOLATOCHINUS MAGNIFICUS, U. sp. Plate 1, Fig. 1, Ixisal view of lite rdbjx, injured in the middle part; Fig. 2, view of Ihe roult, part of which is broken awaii and ihe sufuren beltveen the ylaies only partlij preserved ; Fig. 3, lateral view, with ihe six-ctrmed ray in front and showing height of vault. Calyx very large sub-lieraispheroidal, broadly lobed in the radial fields and slightly concave below. The radial field opposite the azygous side is inucli larger, more prominent and. more broadly lobed than either of the others. The diameter of the specimen illustrated is two and six-tenths inches and height one and two- tenths inches. The dome is only moderately ctmvex, the radial areas being raised and the interradial areas depressed. Surface of the plates of the calyx sculptured, the larger ones bearing a cen- tral node. The radiating ridges do not connect from o : plate to another, as is usual in the ornamentation of crinoids, bu a radi- ating ridge may be directed toward the suture between two adjoin- ing plates, instead of joining an end to that of a similar ridge on a contiguous plate; and there are shorter and longer ridges and nodes on the plates. The i)lates of a kind, however, are orna- mented alike and on the wliole the ornamentation is very pleasing. The column, in our specimen, is broken off by an irregular fract- ure and part of the radial plates are injured. Enough is preserved, however, to show that the column is very large and conceals the basal plates that are deeply sunken in the interior of the calyx. The columnar canal is slightly peutalobate. 6 Basal plates concealed in the calyx. First primary radials prob- ably as long as wide, including the projection up into the calyx to reach the basal plates, but one- half wider than high as exposed around the columnar cavity. The superior side of each is quite concave, and the inferior end is abruptly sunk in the basal cavity, so as to form a funnel around the upper end of the column, as we have seen in specimens of D. marshi and other species in this genus, but the depth of the funnel we have not observed in this species. Second primary radials (quadrangular, one-third wider than high, both the inferior and superior sides somewhat convex, and each bears a rather large central tubercle. The superior sides of these plates curve slightly upward and the inferior sides bend a little towartl the basal depression, so that the calyx may be made to rest on the central tubercles of these plates. Third primary radials, in four of the rays, pentagonal, larger than the second radials and about one-fourth wider than long. We will follow these four rays to the arms and afterward recur to the other ray. On each of the upper sloping sides of these four third primary radials there is a single, large, hexagonal, secondary radial, which supports on each of its superior sides two tertiary radials, the last of which supports the free arms. This gives us four arms to each of these four radial series. In the other or fifth ray, wliich is opposite the azygous area, the third primary radial is broadly truncated above, hexagonal, twice as wide as high, and supports, upon its upper face, a series of three iutersecondary and intertertiary plates, and upon each of its superior lateral sides a single large secondary radial, one of which is hexagonal and the other heptagonal. Each secondary radial bears upon its inner superior sloping side a series of three tertiary radials, the last one of which bears a free arm, and upon its outer superior sloping side a single, large, tertiary radial, which, in turn, supports upon each of its two upper sloping sides two radials of the fourth or quarternary series, the last of which sup- port free arms. This structure gives to this ray six arms. The first iutersecondary radial in this series is a large, quadrangular plate, having neaily equal sides; it is followed by an hexagonal plate abutting its two undersloping sides upon the secondary radials and two upper sloping sides upon the tertiary radials and sup- porting upon the upper truncated face a somewhat smaller pentag- onal plato, that abuts its superior sloping sides against the adja- cent tertiary radials, that support the free arms. Tlie six plates that support the six free arms in this radial series abut against each other without any intervening plates. There are, as shown above, twenty-two arms, in this species, which are more than have been founil in any species heretofore described. If, however, the ray containing six arms and throe in- terradial plates is abnormal the species would have twenty arms and still be so different from any species heretofore described that no comparison with any of them would serve any purpose in dis- tinguishing it. There is nothing to indicate that this six-armed radial, series may be abnormal and we believe it is in the normal condition of the species. The first interradials are the larger plates of the calyx as ex- posed on the surface, and larger, in fact, than any of the other plates, unless the fifst primary radials, including that part which forms the funnel in the columnar cavity should prove to have as great or greater size. The one opposite the six-armed series or first azygous interradial is the larger one and has eleven sides; an approximate one is the smaller and has nine sides; the other three have ten sides each. The first interradial is followed by a single plate that extends nearly to the top of the calyx, and which, in turn, is followed by one or two small plates that separate the arms and connect with the plates of the vault, except in the azygous area, where three plates separate the arms and connect with the plates of the vault. The sutures between the plates in the upper part of some of the interradial areas are not distinct in our speci- men, and for that reason are not shown in the illustration. The dome or vault, as may be seen in the illustration, has part of the plates broken away on the azygous side and some of the sutures are anchylosed or obscure. It is, however, covered with large, polygonal plates of very unequal size. It is most convex toward the six-armed series opposite the azygous side and most sinuate or depressed at the azygous interradius. No pores or pas- sages through the vault between the arms have been found in our specimen. The specimen from which the foregoing description is drawn is the largest known Dolatocrinus. It was found in the Hamilton Group, at the Falls of the Ohio, and is now in the collection of Wm. F. E. Gurley. 8 1)0LAT0(!11INUH Hl'INOHUH 11. sp. Plaie I, Fi(}. /, Ixisal ricio of the cdli/jr, in'llioul Ihc i^urfdcc mark- ings of the j>l(tlcs; Fitj. .'), Utlrvdl ririr, sfioiritK/ some of ihc spincti on Ihc philcs of Ihc rauU. Calyx large, subhemisphtToidal, broadly lobcd in tlio radiil fields, and depressed concave on the Iowim- Hide. Ap|)Hreiitly no nzygous interradius. The diameter of the Hpeciinen illiiHtnited Ih two and two-tenths inches, and height three-fourths of an inch, though we have seen specimens only about two-thirds as large. Vault moderately convex and slightly depressed in the interradial areas. A strong ridge crosses the primary radinls. Column round and ileeply in- serted in the calyx. Surface ornamentation not preserved in any of our specimens. Basal plates sunk deep within the calyx and extending internally as high as the arm openings. First primary radials twice as wide as high externally, but near the middle of the plates they are abruptly bent, almost at right angles, into the basal cavity, where they form a funnel to the basal plates, into which the column is inserted, so that, in fact, their length is fully equal to their great- est width. The superior face is slightly concave. Second primary radials quadrangular and more than one-half wider than high. Third primar ■ radials slightly larger than the second, pentagonal, a little wider than high, an other jilates are preserved in the nuitrix, but tlieic is no evidtMiee of a prolioHcis. The BUUiinit of tluMault is apiiarrnily below the top of the matrix hIiowii in the illustration, and not as liiijh as tlie top of tlip spines over the radial series. There have been described, heietofore, only two species bear- ing twenty aruiH — D. Uiniclldsiis and P. hoasli — and this species is so far removed from them tliat comparison is unnecessary. Found in the Hamilton Group, at Charleston, Indiana, and now in the collection of Wm. F. E. Gurley. DOLATOCUINUS LACl'S, Lyon. Phde I, Fiij. a, siilc ricir: F'kj. 7, Ixisnl ricir. Lyon described the body as "subglobose, truncated below, col- umnar pit broad and deep; summit somewhat conical, prolonged by a proboscis: column round, columnar jjerforation rather large and pentalobate." He said; "The body is adorned by a most beautiful network of raised triangular figures; the points of the principal triangular figures rise from, and terminate at the center of the first interradial pieces; a sul)ordinate set of figures terminate at the center of all the pieces below the arms. In soine spec- imens the lines are continuous, in others, interrupted. The sum- mit pieces are sometimes adorned by a single prominent granule; in other specimens, many of the i)ieces are ornamented by a num- ber of granules, arranged in lines across some of the pieces in nearly parallel rows, or in a circular band around a more promi- nent central one." Our specimens agree with the above descriptitm and in compar- ison with other species we would note the high calyx, with a slight constriction below the arm bases, the flattened or truncated base, and pentagonal, funnel shaped, columnar pit, bounded externally -2 G. 10 by a raised ridge running from a central tubercle on each first radial to another, so as to bound the columnar cavity with a raised pentagonal figure. We have illustrated a basal view to show this pentagonal oi^tiine, because Lyoa's figure does not show its peu- tagoual character. The basal plates are deeply sunken. First primary radials in- cluding the extension into the columnar cavi<^y longer than wide; ornamented with sculptured ridges, which terminate at a central nt)de, at each angle of the columnar depression. Second radials quandraiigular, wider than high, and bearing a central node. Third radials pentagonal, wider than high, and bearing a central node. First secondary radials as large or larger than the third primary radials. Second secondary radials much smaller and of irregular form and size, Tliird secondary radials still smaller and of irreg- ular form and size. Arras, ten, composed of ovoid flat pieces of equal tiiickuess. First interradials the larger plates of the calyx, nine-sided, sub- ovate, angularly pointed below and resting between the upper slop- ing sides of the first primary radials, the upper sloping sides separate the first secondary radials and the superior side is truncated for a single plate in the second range. Second interradials subquadrate, four pentagonal and one quandrangular and followed by two small })lates in the tliird range (in some areas there are three) and these by three smaller, elongated plates (sometimes there are only two) that separate the arms and unite with the plates of the vault. Intersecondary plates, two, similar to the last three in the inter- radial areas, anci separating the arm bases and uniting with the plates of the vault. Above the summit of the three inter- secondary plates and also above the summit of the last two or three interradials, two elongated pores or passages penetrate the vault horizontally. In some interradial areas there are four of these pores, especially where there are three plates in the third range. Tiiese pores are conspicuous, in our specimens, but they seem to have been entirely overlooked by Lyon, for they are not shown in his illustration or mentioned in his text. We have given a side view of a specimen for the purpose of showing the inter- radials and intersecondary plates and the pores, because Lyon's illustration is very erroneous and defective, in all these respects. Found in the Upper Helderberg Group, at the Falls of the Ohio, and in Clark County, Indiana. 11 DOLATOCRINUS MARSHI, Lyou. Plate 1, Fig. 8, showing the abrupt bending of flic first radiais into a pentagonal funnel shaped car it y. This species was described and illustrated, by Lyou, in 18()'.t, in the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. XIII, p. 461, pi. XXVII, Figs, n, nl and n2. His description and illustrations are very good, and for the purpose of identifying the species none other are necessary, but that publication is rare and but few western people ever have an opportunity to see it, and, for that reason alone, we are justified in redescribiug it. But our principal object, in calling attention to it, is for the j)urpose of redescribing and showing a basal view, as we have a specimen hollow on the inside and showing both tiie exterior and interior of all the plates. Lyon described the calyx as "discoid, with five i)road, sharp carina, which rise perpendicularly from the margin of tlie basal pit, and extend outward, equally elevated to tlie center of the third radials, the carina rising gradually from the margins of the radials, th^n more rapidly to the center of tlie pieces. At the center of the third radials the carina sends out branches, not quite BO bold as the main stem, but strong, involving all the pieces of the superradials up to the arm bases. Arm baaes prominent, in groups of two to each ray, producing a lobed, pentagonal figure of that section of the body. The dome is subconical; twice as high as the body below the arms; surmounted by a thick, strong, subcentral proboscis. The iuterradial fields unite to tiie dome- covering between the arms." The characters above described, to which special attention may be directed, are the low calyx, high vault, subcentral proboscis and carina. Instead of ordinary radial ridges occupying the cen- tral part of the radial plates, the whole plates are involved in forming a high central ridge, in each series, which Lyon calls the "carina." And they "rise perpendicularly from the margin of tlie basal point," which is a striking peculiarity, much more notice- able in a specimen than it is in his illustration or in ours, though the attention of the artist was called specially to it, and our figure is accurate except in giving a full idea of the height of the "carina" 12 at the "basal pit." Tlie surface of the plates is covered with fine ridges, disposed in groups, radiating from the center of the plates. The basal plates form a cone, the top of which is on a level with the top of the calyx. The internal position which they occu- pied, probably caused them to become anchylosed, at all events, one cannot see any possible flexibility they could give the animal, in that situation, if they were not anchylosed. The summit of these anchylosed plates is perforated with a large pentalobate or cinque-foil columnar canal. There is a rim, formed by a thicken- ing of the plates, within the apical pjirt of the cone to which the end of the column was attached, and it appears that the column filled the interior of the cone and the plates were more or less at- tached to it. The first primary radials form a pentagonal funnel that extends to the base of the cone formed by the basal plates. The length of the funnel, without including the height of the carina, is equal to the greatest width of the radials. In other words, the length of the first radials is more than their greatest width, but the plates are abruptly bent, and four-fifths of the length is within the funnel shaped -basal cavity, and only one-fifth without, which is very little more than the thickness of a plate. It seems quite impossible to show the true depth of the funnel, by pen drawing, but the artist has indicated it as well as he could, in the illustra- tion, which is a character not attempted to be shown, in Lyon's figure of the base of the calyx of this species. In the inside of the calyx, neither the pentagonal form of the funnel nor the ex- ternal carina are indicated, but a round cone is formed by the extension into the interior of the first radials and basal plates. Second primary radials quadrangular one-half wider than long. Third primary radials wider than the second and wider than long, pentagonal, and support on each upper sloping side three or four secondary radials, the last of which supports the free arms. The radial series are of variable length within the calyx, as mentioned by Lyon, which somewhat destroys the symmetry of the calyx. There are ten arms. There are from seven to nine interradials in each area. The first is large, subovoid and has nine sides, it supports a hexag- onal plate as large as a primary radial, and it is followed by three plates, in the third range, except in one area, where there 13 are only two. There are two plates in the fourth range, except in one area, where there are four, and two in the fifth range, to which are united the points of tlie long pieces that lie between the lobes on the dome, according to Lyon. Some specimens, how- ever, we think show more than two plates, in the last range, in some of the areas. There are from two to four intersecoudary plates in each area wedged between the arm bases; when four, they are in pairs, one above the other. "The dome is covered by large pieces; each field between the lobes contains a pair of the largest, which reach from the arm- bases toward the proboscis; they are six or seven sided; long; broadest at the upper extremity; pointed, or very slightly trun- cated at the lower end; joining each other by their longest sides, at the center of the depression between the lobes. A circle of large pieces surround the dome; all of these rest partly upon the ten long pieces. The pieces composing tliis zone are of different sizes; they also differ in form; all six sided; two of the largest pieces of the circle rest directly over two of the long pieces; three other groups of the long pieces unite under the suture, uniting two of the pieces forming the circle, so that the sutures, uniting both sets of pieces, form one line from the arm bases to the base of the second circle surrounding the dome near the base of tlie proboscis. Below the zone described, and between the groups of long pieces, are groups of from five to seven pieces, the upper one of which is joined to the circle above the group of long pieces, and on which it rests. The lowest piece of these groups is lanceolate; is lodged between the arm bases, and unites with the interbrachials. The upper and largest piece of these several groups is of the same size and form as the pieces comprising the first zone around the top of the dome. Around the arm bases the pieces are numerous and quite small. The pieces comprising the lower zone, and the large ones of the groups above the arms, are surmounted by a group of from three to five rough, pointed spines, confluent near their bases. The plates of the second zoLe at the base of the proboscis are ornamented with hemispherical tubercles, all other pieces of the dome are gibbous or concave and not orna- mented." In this species there are from four to six pores between each of the arm bases, that were not mentioned by Lyon, or shown in u his illustrations, and which are quite conspicuous in our speci- mens. These pores or passages are elongated. They commence by a slight horizontal furrow across the top of the last interradial plates in the calyx and penetrate the adjoining plates of the vault horizontally, which makes an elongated surface opening. This feature is present and even more noticeable in Dolaiocrinus grandis and may be understood by referring to the illustration of that species. We know all these openings penetrate the test because we can see through them. This species occurs in the Upper Helderburg Group, at the Falls of the Ohio, and in Clark county, Indiana. DOLATOCRINUS GRANDI8, n. sp. Plaic II, Fig. 1, basal view of the calyx; Fig. 2, view of the vault broken in the central part; Fig. 3, lateral view. Calyx very large, subhemispheroidal, quite concave below, the concavity including part of the third primary plates, and most de- pressed in the interradial areas. The diameter of the specimen illustrated is two and three- tenths inches; height to the place where the vault is broken, one and fifty-five hundredths inches; height of calyx, nine-tenths of an inch; height of vault, if un- broken, and calyx about equal. The vault is quite convex, a little more abrupt on one side than the other, indicating that it pos- sessed a proboscis on the abrupt side, and it is very slightly de- pressed in the interradial areas. Surface of the calyx beautifully and delicately sculptured, numerous raised lines seem to cross the sutures from one plate to another, but none of them arise from nodes or tubercles. The sutures are not beveled and in some parts they are very indistinct. The sutures on the vault are dis- tinct and beveled and between the larger plates they are broadly and deeply grooved, the grooves being bounded with a rim of granules, while the central part of each plate is concave or sculp- tured and sometimes granulous. The columnar cavity and part of the first primary radials, in our specimen, are covered with the limestone matrix. First primary radials very little wider than high, upper side transverse. Second primary radials quadrangular and about one- fourth wider than high. Third primary radials larger than the second, pentagonal, and from one-fourth to one-third wider than 15 high. The superior sides bend upward and the inferior sides curve into the basal depression so that the calyx can be made to rest on a smooth surface on the third radials. Each one supports on each upper sloping side a series of secondary radials the last ones of which support the free arms. The first secondary radials are fully as large or larger than the third primary radials, rather wider than high, part of them pen- tagonal and the others hexagonal, and each one abuts upon the first interradial and one of the plates in the second range of in- terradials. The second secondary radials are as large as the first and wider than high, but not of uniform size. The third secondary radials seem to be smaller than the second, but the sutures are anchylosed, or so obscure, in our specimen, that the outlines can- not be accurately determined. Above these the arm bases be- come prominent. There are only ten arms in this species, but they are very large and composed of a double series of interlock- ing plates. The interradial areas are not exactly of uniform size nor is it certain that they are filled with the same number of plates. The first interradials are the larger plates in the calyx. Each one has ten sides, is much elongated, rests its lower angle between the two upper sloping sides of two first primary radials, and separates the first secondary radials between its upper lateral sides, and sup- ports upon the two superior faces two rather large and more or less elongated plates in the second range. In some areas these plates are larger than in other areas. In three of the areas, where the sutures are distinct, there are two plates, in the third range, about half the size of those in the second range, four small plates in the fourth range, six still smaller plates in the fifth range, and eight small plates in the sixth range, that form the top of the calyx between the arm bases and unite with the plates of the vault, in a zig zag line. Whether or not the plates in the other two areas are the same cannot be determined from our specimen. The intersecondary areas are short, but almost like the inter- radial areas, in the upper part, and the plates consist of four ranges. The first one, consisting of two plates, rests between the upper slightly sloping sides of the second secondary radials and in line with the third range of interradials; it is followed by four plates in the second range, six in the third range and eight in the fourth range, that unite with the plates of the vault, in a zig zag 16 line. The sutures are so obscure between the small plates, in some of the areas, that it cannot be determined whether or not all the areas are exactly alike. The arms are separated about equally distant from each other, whether by the interradials or inter- secondary radials. There seems to be no azygous area in the calyx. The vault, in our specimen, as may be seen in the illustration, is broken away at the summit. It is, however, highly convex, the convexity probably equalling the height of the calyx, and covered with ornamented polygonal plates arranged in peculiar and system- atic order. The sutures are distinct, even between the smaller plates, and the edges of the plates are beveled, and between the larger plates the sutures are widely grooved. The plates are de- pressed convex, concave in the center and more or less sculptured and granulous. The smaller plates are over the arm furrows and regularly interlock. The plates toward the central area are large and polygonal. The plates in the interradial areas are elongated and arranged fan like, in some of the areas, and more like a key- stone arch in others, which have a very long, wedge shaped plate in the middle. There are eight or ten plates in each depressed interradial area. A horizontal furrow crosses the top of each of the last plates of the calyx and penetrates the vault at the suture between the plates of the interradial areas. There are, therefore, eight or ten horizontal elongated pores or passages that penetrate the vault between each of the arms. They are shown in the illustration. This subject will be further considered in remarks at the close of the descriptions of Dolafocrinus in this article. Found in the Hamilton Group, at Louisville, Ky., and now in the collection of Wm. F. E. Gurley. DOLATOCRINUS OBNATUS V(ir. ASPERATUS, n. VUr. Plate II, Fig. 4, basal view, Fig. a, vieio of the vault; Fig. 6, side vieic. Calyx low, basin shaped, flattened or truncated at the base as far as the extent of the second radials; columnar cavity small; primary radial ridges prominent; surface of all the plates closely and radiately sculptured and pitted. Basal plates hidden by the column, which is round and pierced with a cinque-foil canal. First primary radials longer than wide 17 and only a small part at the lower end is curved into the col- umnar cavity. Strou{» radial ridges rise on the first radials, cross the 8ec',>nd and terminate at a tubercle on the third radials, from which a delicate rid^e crosses each secondary radial. The radial ridges are most prominent in the central part of the plates. The radiating lines from the commencement of the radiating ridges form a pentagonal figure arourd the small columnar cavity. Sec- ond primary radials quadrangular and wider than long. Third primary radials larger than the second, wider than high, pentago- nal and support on each upper sloping side two secondary radials. First secondary radials aboiit as large as the third primary radials and hexagonal, except in some instances, where slightly truncated by a small plate resting between the upper lateral side of the sec- ond interradial and the base of the arm, they become heptagonal. Second secondary radials much smaller; they separate the arms and extend to the summit of the calyx and slope laterally. There are- ten arms, composed, at their origin, of a double series of plates. No intersecondary radials. The first interradials are the larger plates of the body and have nine sides. The second interradials are less than half as large as the first and hexagonal; the three superior sides are the shorter ones; the upper truncated side extends to the summit of the calyx and a small vault plate abuts laterally against it. A small plate rests between each superior lateral side and the second secondary radial and forms part of the support of the free arm. There is no azygous area. The vault is only slightly convex and very much depressed in the interradial areas, especially between the arm bases. It bears a small subcentral proboscis that is not preserved in our speci- mens. It is covered with rather large, polygonal, tuberculated plates, two of which, in each depressed interradial space, are elon- gated, and the larger plates of the vault. There are no pores or passages that penetrate the vault between the arms. Found in the Hamilton Group, near Charleston, Indiana, and now in the collection of Wm. F. F. Gurley. — 3G. 18 D0LAT0CRINU8 0RNATU8, Meek. Plate II, Fi(j. 7, basal view; FUj. 8, summit view; Fiij. 9, side view o^ the same specimen from Columbus, Ohio. The followiug is the definition of this species, by Meek, from tlie Proceedings of tlie Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- phia, 1871, p. 57. It has never, before, been illustrated. "Body including the vault, depressed subglobose, the portion below the arm bases being a little higher than the vault, with nearly vertical sides above, but rounding under below to the some- what flattened under side; arm bases protuberant, mainly in con- sequence of the rather deep furrows or sinuses of the vault over the interradial areas; vault composed of irregular pieces, each of which projects in the form of a little sharply prominent node or short spine, the largest of which are situated around the nearly central ventral tube, and on the elevations between it and the arm bases. Base small, a little compressed within the shallow concav- ity of the under side, and marked by a distinctly indented column- facet, which occupies near three-fourths of its entire breadth, so that only a narrow ring, as it were, of the basal pieces can be seen when the column is attached. First radial pieces compara- tively large, extending out nearly horizontally, or only a little arching upward, and with their inner ends curving slightly into the shallow central concavity; all wider than long, and hexagonal, with the upper (outer) side of each longer than any of the others. Second radial pieces about half as large as the first, wider than long, and quadrangular in outline, (In one ray of the typical specimen the second radial is abnormally wanting, while the third is larger than usual. ) Third radials about as large as the second' from the curved-up edges of which they rise vertically wider than long, and pentagonal in form; bearing on each of their superior sloping sides a smaller secondary radial, each of which supports another smaller, more or less cuneiform piece, from which the arms arise; thus making two arms from each ray, unless the num- ber is increased by bifurcations after they become free; arms unknown, but apparently composed, at their origin, of a double series of alternating pieces. "First interradial pieces, somewhat larger than the first radials, about as wide above the middle as their length, eight or nine sided, with the lower part of each curving under to connect with 19 the first radials, while they curve upward vertically from near or below the middle; each supporting on the upper side a much smaller hexagonal piece, which rises vertically, aud usually bears on its short superior lateral edges two smaller pieces connecting with the secondary radials or first arm-pieces, while its short truncated upper side is not surmounted by any succeeding piece, but con- nects on its inner surface with the vault. "Sutures between all the plates channeled. Surface of body plates ornamented with raised lines or very small radiating cost.i", that cross the sutures parallel to each other at the sides of the plates, but soon become bent about and connected, in various ways, so that very few of them extend directly to the middle of any of the plates, the arrangement being such as to produce a kind of vermicular style of ornamentation, especially over all the central part of the plates, like that often seen on the body plates in Amphorcwrinus. A small rather sharp ridge also extends up the middle of each radial series of plates, more or less interrupted at the autures, and showing a slight tendency to form a pinched node on the middle of the first and second radials; while it is sometimes seen to bifurcate on the third radial, to send branches to the secondary radials, but these are geuerallj; so small as scarcely to be distinguished from the other little ridges ornament- ing all of the body pieces. "Ventral tube unknown, but judging from the spiniferous char- acter of the vault-pieces around its base, probably also spiniferous. "Height of body to arm-bases, 0.47 inch. do. to top of vault, 0.60 inch; breadth, 0.95 inch." The specimen illustrated is from the typical locality, in the Upper Helderburg Group, at Columbus, Ohio, and is from the col- lection of Charles Faber. It will be observed that it is about the size of the type described by Meek, and agrees with it iu all particulars. The variety asperatus, above described, has a proportionally longer calyx, which produces some difference in the relative sizes of the plates, but this alone would not be of varietal importance; taken, however, in connection with the different surface ornamentation and the great difference in the ridges that cross the radial plates, varietal characters may exist. The plates on the superior lateral sides of the second interradials are proportionally smaller in D. ornatus than iu D, ornatus var. asperatus and other minor differences might be pointed out, bat they do not seem to us to 20 conetitute specific differences, though the two forms on cursory examination are readily separated. If the arms were preserved possibly the two forms could be specifically distinguished. D0LAT0CRINU8 8TELLIFEU n. sp. Plate II, Fig. 10, basal view, Fig. 11, view of ihe vault, only part of the sutures can be distinguished and the ornamenta- tion is not preserved; Fig. 12, internal view of ihe calyx showing the basal plates and part of the first primary radials. Calyx low, basin shaped, three time as wide as high, deeply and broadly concave below, the concavity extending to the middle of the first interradials; columnar cavity deep; radial ridges quite small. Surface of all the plates deeply, closely and radiately sculptured. Basal plates extending in a cylindrical form up as high as the top of the calyx and completely hidden externally by the column, which fills the cylindrical area. The column is round and pierced with a cinque-foil canal. First primary radials longer than wide and together forming a funnel-shaped columnar cavity, ornamented near the top with two raised lines, forming a pentagon, with a furrow between them. Second primary radials a little wider than high, quadrangular, gradually expanding upward, and each orna- mented with a small, sharp radial ridge that rises at an angle of the pentagonal ornamentation, on the first radial, and, crossing the second and third radial bifurcates at the superior angle of the third radial, from which point a broken ridge crosses each second- ary radial series to the free arms. On each side of tlie radial ridges the plates are closely, deeply and radiately sculptured. Third primary radials shorter than the second, pentagonal, expanding up- ward to the lateral angles and supporting on each upper sloping side a secondary radial series. There are four secondary radials in each of nine series, and they become smaller toward the arms, which commence, at the arm openings, with a double series of interlocking plates. They are radiately sculptured from a more or less well defined central node. One secondary radial series in our specimen consists of a single pen- tagonal plate which bears upon each of the upper sloping sides a tertiary radial series having three plates before reaching the double 21 Beries of interlocking plates, at the haBe of the arms. There are, therefore, eleven arras composed at their bases of a double series of interlocking plates. The first interradials are the larger plates of the body and have nine sides. They are deeply stellate in their ornamentation. The second interradials are more than twice as wide as high and ap- parently heptagonal as the two Huperior sloping sides of each ap- pear M bear four small plates that separate the second and third secondary radials. These plates are followed by two plates that separate the fourth secondary radials, aud upon the superior lateral sides of these plates there is a single small plate, on the side of the arm base, that appears to properly belong to the calyx. There are, therefore, ten regular interradials if the last two small plates above mentioned are to be regarded as interradials. The sutures between the intersecondary radials cannot be distinguished in our •specimen, but, from the ornamentation, it is inferred there is one small plate in the first series and two in the second. No azygous area has been determined. The vault is moderately and evenly convex, with very slightly concave interradial spaces and a small, long subcentral proboscis. It is covered with rather large polygonal plates, the ornamentation of which is destroyed in our specimens. The plates in the inter- radial areas are elongated and arranged in fan-like order. A hor- izontal furrow crosses the top of eacli of the last plates in the calyx, except the minute ones abutting the arm bases, and pene- trates the vault at the suture between tlie plates of the interradial and intersecondary radial areas. Our specimens disclose four of these horizontal elongated passages in each interradial area and two in each secondary interradial area. A glance at the vault of this species will at once distinguish it from D. ornains, D. ornatns car. nsperatus and all other de- scribed species. Beside it is remarkable for the comparatively low calyx, broad and deep basal concavity and dense stellate sculptur- ing of the surface. Found in the Hamilton Group, at Louisville, Ky., and at Char- leston, Indiana, and now in the collection of Wm. F. E. Gurley. 22 DOLATOCRINDS BULBACEUS n. sp. PUtte II, Fill. /'^ '"'•"<"/ vinr; Fiij. II, suwmil rieir; Fiji. 15, aide riciv. Calyx nml vault to^'ctlior bulbous. Calyx poutnKonal from base to the arniH, Honiewhat bowl-Hliiiped, most nxpanded in the middle part, slij^htly couHtricted below the arms; columnar cavity deep. Surface marked by strong radial ridges, and a prominent node in the central part ol each first interradial from which radiating ridges extend to the adjoiuiiig plates. Basal plates almost liiddeu by the column though extending a little beyond it. First primary radials about as long as wide and abruptly bent in the middle, the lower part forming part of the funnel-shaped columnar cavity andthe upper end curving as abruptly upward. In the center of each there is a promineut node, from which the radial ridges arise, and which are connected by straight ridges, from one to the other, that form the pentagonal outline of the base, and on which the calyx will rest, if placed on a level surface. Second radials quadrangular, very little wider than high and sides nearly or (juitt^ parallel. Third primary radials about twice as wide as liigh, expanding from below to the lateral anglesi pentagonal and supporting upon each of the superior sides two short, secondary radials. The first secondary radial i.s much larger and wider than the second and abuts one side against a truncated corner of a first in- terradial and another against the secondary interradial. The sec- ond secondary radials abut against each other, are rounded extern- ally and assume the form of the arms. The arms in each radial series are thus arranged close together, and the arm openings are directed upward. There are only ten arms, and they consist, as we infer from the commencement, of a single series of plates. The first interradials are the larger plates of the body and have nine sides. They are convex centrally and have a prominent cen- tral node from which riuges radiate to adjoining plates. The sec- ond interradials are about half as large as the first, bear a central tubercle, are heptagonal, abut laterally upon the first secondary radials, and a small plate that separates the first and secondary radials from the plates of the vn It and forms part of the base of the arms, and the two superior sides abut two interradial plates belonging to the vault. 88 The vault ie (iiiite convex, deprcHsed in tlio intorratlial areas and boars a Hubcuiitral proboHciH. It is covered with only a few large, polygonal plates, the surface ornanniitation of which iH not pre- served in either of four HpecimeM)* examined, There are no pores or passages that penetrate the vault between the arms and there does not seem to be any azyg( is side. The general form of this species will readily distinguish it from all others that have been described, but it will be noticed that the number and arrangement of the plates of tim calyx is the same as iu D. ornaius even to the abutting of the second interradiala upon the two vault plates, without pores or passages between the arms, though otherwise the vaults are quite different. Found in the Hamilton Group, at Charleston, Indiana, and now in the collection of \Vm. F. E. Gurley. D0LAT0CRINU8 VENU8TU8, n. sp. Plate II, Fig. Id, basal view; Fig. 17, side view; Fig. 18, sutH' mil view. Calyx hemispherical, surface ornamented with radiating ridges and nodes; radial ridges sharp, prominent and interrupted at the sutures. Column large. Basal plates almost covered by the column. First primary radials wider than long and not extending into the columnar cavity. Second primary radials a little wider than high, quadrangular, sides nearly parallel. Third primary radials a little shorter than the second, pentagonal, expanding to the lateral angles and except two, supporting upon each of the upper sloping sides a single sec- ondary radial; two of them bear four secondary radials each. Eight of the secondary radials bear upon each upper sloping side three tertiary ratlials; they grow gradually smaller, and the last ones are followed by cuneiform plates that belong to the arms. There are, therefore, eighteen arms in this species, four in each of three radial series and three in each of the other two series. The arms are composed of a single series of cuneiform plates. The first interradials are the larger plates of the body and have nine sides. The second interradials are less than half as large as the first and they are each followed by three plates, a small one 24 on each side at the base of the arms and a large one that unites with two plates in the interradial depression on the vault. There seem to be no intersecondary radials. There is no azygous area. The vault is only slightly convex and moderately depressed in the interradial areas. It bears a long subcental proboscis. It is covered with large polygonal plates that are densely covered with tubercles and short spines. The tubercles are not shown in the illustrations because there are from twenty to fifty on each plate. The two interradial plates in each area that abut upon the last interradial in the calyx are elongated, and the larger plates of the vault. There are no pores or passages that penetrate the vault between the arms. The hemispherical form and peculiar surface ornamentation dis- tinguish this species. Beside, the number of arms is different from all related species. The number of plates and general order of their arrangement in the calyx, however, are like those in D. ornnius and D. hulbaceus, notwithstanding the wide variation in the forms of the three species. Found in the Hamilton Group, at Charleston, Indiana, and now in the collection of Wm. F. E. Gurley. DOLATOCBINUS AUUEATUS n. Sp. Plaie III, Fig. 1, basal niew; Fig. 2, side vieiv; Fig. 3, summit view. Calyx hemispherical. Surface ornamented with radiating ridges, usually broken, and nodes; radial ridges sharp and more or less interrupted at the sutures. The sculpturing is more dense than shown in the illustrations. Column round. Basal plates display a pentagonal rim around the column, where it enters the concavity formed by the basal plates. First primary radials wider than long and abut upon the basal plates without entering the columnar cavity. Second primary radials about twice as wide as long, quadrangular, sides nearly parallel. Third pri- mary radials about half as long as? wide, pentagonal, expanding to the lateral angles, and except thre»^, supporting upon each of the upper sloping sides a single secondary radial; three of them bear three secondary radials each. Seven of the secondary radials bear upon each upper sloping side two tertiary radials, the last one of which is followed by the 25 cuneiform plates that belong to the nrms. There are, therefore, seventeen arms in this species, four in each of two radial series and three in each of the other three series. The arms app. :ar to be composed of a single series of cnnciform plates. The first interradials are the larntn- i)lates of the body and have nine sides. The second regular intei radials are about half as large as the first and they are each fttliowed l)y three plates, a small one ou each side at llie basi- (,f the arms and a large one that unites with two large plates in the interradial depression on the vault. There are no iutersecoiidary radials. There is, how- ever, a distinct azygous area shown in our specimen on the side nearest the proboscis. The tii'st and .second interradials are like those in the other areas, but the second plate is followed by four or five plates (the sutures are not all distinct), tiiat separate the arms, one-fourth more than they are se[)arated in the other areas, and these unite Avith three or more plates of the vault, instead of with two as in the other areas. The vault is moderately convex and depressed in the interradial areas. It bears a long subcentral proboscis on the azygous side. It is covered with large polygonal plates that an* densely covered with tubercles. Tiie two interradial i)lates, in each n\gular area, that abut upon the last interradial in the calyx, are elongated and the larger plates of the vault. There are no pores or passages that penetrate the vault between the arms. This species most resembles />. ronistiis, from which it is dis- tinguished by having seventeen instead of eighteen arms, and by having an azygous area. The surface ornamentation, too, is differ- ent, but on that ground alone we would not be justified in found- ing a new species in this genus, for we are satisfied the sculptur- ing is not uniform on specimens belonging to the same species. Found in the Hamilton Group, at Charleston, Indiana, and now in the collection of Wm. F. E. Gurley. DOLATOCRINUS APrROXIMATUS, n. sp. Plate HI, Fifi. 4, basal vicir; Fi;/. .',, summit virir: Fif/. 6, side view, showinii the tlircc aniwd vadial series. Calyx bowl-shaped; truncated below; slightly constricted below the arm bases; pentagonal, funnel shaped columnar pit, bounded externally liy n raised ridge running from a central tubercle on —4 G. 26 each first radifil to a central tubercle on the adjacent first radials; column round, perforation small, cinque-foil. Surface ornamented by rather strong radial ridges comnieuciug at the central node on the first primary radials and extending to the arms, and by radi- ating ridges from a central node on each plate. Basal plates sunken and so nearly covered by the column as not to be visible externally. First primary radials about as long as wide, one-half the length being in the columnar cavity. Second radials, quadrangular, wider than long, fiatteued and bearing a prominent central node. Third radials, pentagonal, expanding to the lateral angles, wider than high, four of them bearing upon each upper sloping side four seconlary radials and the other one bearing upon one upper sloping side four secondary radials and upon the other a single secondary radial which bears upon each of the upper sloping sides three tertiary radials. Four of the I'adial series thus bear two arras each and the other bears three arms, making eleven arms in this species. From the arm bases it might be inferred that the arms are composed of a double series of interlocking plates, as there are two plates at the base instead of one, but two furrows are not seen to enter the vault. First interradials the larger plates of the calyx and have nine sides. Second interradials less than half as large as the first, hexagonal, and support three small plates in the third range, which are followed by three smaller plates that separate the arm bases and unite with the plates of the vault. Intersecondary radi- als two, separating the arm bases and uniting with the plates of the vault. No azygous side. Vault moderately convex, with a subcentral proboscis and com- posed of convex polygonal plates. Tliose in the interradial areas are elongated and disposed in a fan-like arrangement. Four pries or passages enter the vault in each interradial area, and two in each intersecondary area; they are continued by a shallow furrow across the top of the last range of interradials. This species is more nearly related to D. lacns than to any other that has been described. It is distinguished, however, by having eleven arms instead of ten, which, alone, we regard as of specific importance. It is further distinguished by having one more sec- ondary radial and one more interradial in the third range, which we think is of specific importance, especially as our specimen is much smaller than any specimen of D. laeus we have seen. The 27 difference in size and in surface ornamentation we do not ^regard as of importance, especially where, as in this case, the two species have the same general form and without careful examination might be taken one for the other. A basal view of the two species is alike. Found in the Hamilton Group, at Louisville, Ky., and now in the collection of \Vm. F. E. Gurley DOLATOCRINUS LINE0LATU8, n. sp. Plaie III, Fig. 7, hasal riciv; Fig. 8, side view. Fig. 9, siinnnit view, ihe small plafcs near the arm openings are not disiinguished. Calyx hemispherical, very slightly constricted below the arm bases, which protrude nearly horizontally. Surface ornamented with fine radiating lines, in fascicles of three, that run from a sharp prominent nod'\ in the center of each principal plate, to the central node in each adjacent plate. Radial ridges small, sharp, continuous over the sutures and bearing a sharp node at the center of each plate. Column round, rather small. Basal plates almost covered by the column. First primary radi- als a little wider than long and not extending into the columnar cavity. Second primary radials about twice as wide as long, ([uad- rangular, sides nearly parallel. Third primary radials longer and wider than the second; about twice as wide as long; expanding to the lateral angles, pentagonal and bearing upon the upper sloping sides the secondary radials. One of them bears upon each upper sloping side three secondary radials and eacli of the other four bear upon one upper sloping side three secondary radials and upon the other one a single pentagonal secondary radial that bears upon each upper sloping side two tertiary radials. There are, therefore, three arms to each of four radial series and two arras to the other one, making fourteen arms in all. The arm bases project lu'arly horizontally. The arms are composed of a single series of cuneiform plates. The first interiadials are the larger plates of the body and have nine sides. The second interradials are more than half as large as the first and reach to the summit of the calyx. This plate in the second range is followed by three plates, the central one is Ihe largi'i- and unites with two plates on the vault and the lateral 28 ones form part ol; the arm bases. There are no iutersecondary radials. There is no azygons area. The vault is quite convex anil much depressed in the interradial areas, which is made more conspicuous by the prominence of the ambulacra! areas, at the base of the arms. There is a long sub- central proboscis. The vault is covered with large polygonal plates; the smaller plates over the arm furrows near the openings in the vault are not shown in the illustrations, because the sutures are not distinct in our specimens. It is rare that they are cor- rectly exhibited in illustrations of other species, for the same reason. The plates are covered with tubercles, those near the base of the proboscis being somewhat spinous. The two inter- radial plates, in each area, that abut upon the three plates in the third range of interradials belonging to the calyx, are elongated and the larger plates of the vault. There are no pores or passages that penetrate the vault between the arms. This species is distinguished by its general form, surface ornamen- tation and by having fourteen arms. It is probably as nearly related to D, vcnnsius as to any other species. Found in the Hamilton Group, at Charleston, Indiana, and now in the collection of Wm. F. E. Gurley. DOLATOORINUS GREENEI, n. sp. Plate III, Fifi. 10, basal ririv: Fi(j. 11, side >iew: Fig. 12, snnntiif riev>\ Calyx hemispherical, very slightly constricted below the arm bases. Surface sculptured in a variety of ways; there are promi- nent nodes in the central part of the larger plates from which there are radiating ridges and there are shorter radiating ridges that do not arise from the central nodes, beside scattering tuber- cles. The radiating ridges are inan-rupted at the sutures and ventricose in the middle part of the plates with a node at the center of each. Column round, mediuna si/e. Basal plates expose a pentagonal rim around the column. First primary radials wider than long and of unequal size, two of them, on the azygous side, being much larger tlian the others, as shown in the up})er part of Figure 10. Second primary radials only slightly wider than long, quadrangular, sides nearly parallel. Third 29 primary radials, about tlie smue length as the second, expand to the lateral angles, and bear upon each upper sloping side, except one, a single secondary radial. Upon one side of the radial series opposite the azygous side there are three secondary radials, the last one of which bears a cuneiform arm plate. The first second- ary radials are large and boar upon each upper sloping side two tertiary radials. There are, therefore, four arms to each of four radial series and three arn^s in the radial series opposite the azy- gous area, making nineteen arms in this species. The arm bases are not large and the arms appear to be composed of a single series of cuneiform plates. The first interradials are the larger plates of the body and have nine side.s, in tliree of the areas; but, in the other two areas, there are two interradial plates in tlie first range and together they are much larger than the single first interradials. The two interradials in the first range in the two areas may be seen to abut upon the two large first primary radials in Figure 10, one plate extending below the other and one of them may be seen on the left of Fig- ure 11. We cannot say tliat the two large first primary radials, followed laterally by two plates, in the first range of interradials, represent an abnormal development. We have only one specimen. The two first primary radials are substantially alike and the two peculiar interradial areas are substantially alike. If they are ab- normal there is regularity about them, and they are each separated by a four-armed radial series from the three-armed series. There is only one plate in the second range, in three of the areas, and two in the other two areas. In the third range there are three plates, the central one is the larger and unites with two plates on the vault and the lateral ones form part of tlie arm bases. There are no intersecondary radials. There is an azygous side if we would embrace within it two radial series and three interradial areas, but there cannot l)e said to be a single azygous area as that term is applied in the description of crinoids. The vault is only slightly convex but rather strongly depressed in the interradial areas between the arm bases. There is a small subcentral proboscis. The vault is covered with rather large polygonal plates, the two, in tlie interradial areas that abut upon the plates in the third range of the interradials, are elongated and the larger plates of the vault. All tlie plates bear tubercles and 30 H few of tlu'in bear a central spine each that is surrounded with tubercles. There are no pores or passages that penetrate the vault between tlie arms. This species is distinguished by its wide calyx, low vault, pecu- liar form, surfdce ornamentation and number of arms. Found in the Hamilton Group, at Louisville, Ky., by G. K. Greene, in whose honor the specific name is proposed, and now in the collection of S. A. Miller. Remarks. — We have described and illustrated fourteen species of Dolafocrinus, being all that are now known from Ohio, Indi- f\na and Kentucky. Eleven of these are new to science, one of the others has never before been figured, and the other two are illus- trated and redescribed for the purpose of showing characters not heretofore known. We call attention to the fact that no one has discovered an azygous opening in any of the species, and this im- portant character or part of the ordinary structure of crinoids may fairly be said not to exist in this genus. D. nia(jnijici(s and D. aurcaius have each an azygous side to the calyx and vault and D. greenei has two azygous areas in the calyx, while none of the other species liave an azygous side or azygous area. . D. (jrandis, D. hicits, D. tiKirshi, D. stellifcr and D. approxi- mutus have orifices entering the body through the vault, between the arms, an important structure having no existence in D. magnif- icHS, D. onidfiis, D. ormiius var. aspcrafus, D. bulbaceus, D. veniishis, I>. (iiircdliis, D. lineolniiis or D. greenei, and whether or not the character belongs to D. spinosns is not determined. These orifices, though conspicuous in the species to which they belong, have not, so far as we are advised, been heretofore men- tioned, and it would seem, therefore, appropriate for us to state more fully the structure and appearance and the possible or proba- ble physiological functions with which they were connected. We regard them as excurrent orifices for the reason that they cross the plates of the calyx at the summit by a furrow and en- ter the vault horizontally, which is inconsistent with any other hypothesis. What flowed through the orifices flowed through the channels across the thickness of the plates of the calyx, for we cannot conceive of any other utility or purpose of the furrows. Nothing conld have flowed through the furrows and entered the orifices for tlu^ purpose of gaining access to the interior of the body, for there was no means of propelling anything in that direc- tion. Endosmosis would not take place in that way. 31 They may have been used as comluits for ihe waste uiaterial that entered through the arabulacral furrows, or for the discharge of surplus water, but whatever their purpose they must have been used in the performance of some impt)rtant physiological function. There would seem to be no doubt of that fact. Thi.s conclusion leads us to ask why, if they were so important to the species pos- sessing them, did the greater number of species in the genus ex- ist without them? The question is miauswered and at present un- answerable, because the physiological functions performed, at the seat of life, which is supposed to have been near the central part and on a level with the top of the calyx, in this genus of palaeo- zoic crinoids, are not known. The oritices are elongated externally and in their passage through the vault, because they are directed horizontally through the convex vault, and the elongation, there- fore, depends upon the couvexity of the vault in the different spe- cies. CBINOID BASES. Plate III, Fifi. 13, superior side of an eroded base: Fiy. 14, in- ferior side of same. Crinoid bases are as full of pores as sponges and, when silici- tied, they may be cleaned with acid and made to expose the pores as shown in the illustrations. Weathered specimens, when not silicified, expose the pores, and a broken fragment will expose them also. Unaltered and finely preserved specimens do not expose the pores externally. The column is inserted in an obconoidal cavity in the base and the pores radiate from this cavity in all di- rections to the farthest extremities of the base. They are rarely larger than an ordinary sewing needle, and generally less in size, but so numerous that the interspaces have a diameter but little more than the diameter of the pores. The radiating pores are more or less sinuous and accommodated to the irregularities of the base. These pores, as we suppose, were connected with the columnar canal and through them the material passed that formed the base. The histogenesis of the base may be compared with the formation and development of the bones of an animal. The mucous or fluid substance, that contained the material for the base, passed through the columnar canal into the pores of the base and was deposited 82 in a softer state than it afterward as^mnod. In this way the baso increased in size with the gro.vtli of the aniinal, and wa-} made to fill the inequalities of the surface, to which it attached, and to extend over the border so as to form hooks or anchors of sup- port. The nutrition for the formation of the organic structure of the base was furnished in the same manner that it was supplied for all other parts of the skeleton of a crinoid. The pores of the base were channels for nutrition and were appropriated exclusively to the construction and support of it. The plates of a crinoid column were enlarged with the growth of the animal, as bones and shells are increased in size; but new plates seem to have originated exclusively at the lower end, or within the obconoidal cavity, in the base, at the end of the col- umn; none appear to have been intercalated between older plates and none were added at the superior end of the column. The columnar canal was, therefore, a channel for nutrition, and noth- ing passed into it except the digested and reparatory juices' for the columnar cords or tendons and the skeletal plates and base. The base illustrated is from the Hamilton Group, at Louisville, Ky., but it does not differ in organic texture or structure from bases found in other groups of rocks. 33 IvMiiv ICHTHYOCRINIDAE. LEOANOCItlNUS OSWE(K)ENSIS 11. ii[>. Plate 111, Fiij. /.", ricw on Ihc i-iijJil of llic ni/j 0)i ihc (izjjfioiis side; F'uj. l(i, (r./jf/oiis sidi': Fiij. 17, ricir of the ray bt;- ficecn the (I'-iji/oiis (lyi-a ami lite area sliuicn in Fitj. I'), a)i(l irliicli hears fori' pri- iiiar/i I'adials. Species small, subelliptical in Lceneml oixtliiie. Calyx obconoidal, bulged on the riglit of the azN'gous area, truncated for a small, round column, which is coiuiiosed of thin plates, exposing the ser- rated edges for the union of the ]>lati's, and having a very small col- umnar canal. Plates of flic calyx slightly convex and covered with granules; sutures distinct. The three basals form a low pentagonal cup, about twice the diameter of the column. The subradials are of unequal size, the one below the azygous area is the larger and has seven sides, two of the others are hexagonal and two pentagonal. There are four primary radials in the series on the right of the azygous area and three in each of the other series. The first primary radials are unequal in size, the one on tlu^ right of the azygous area being the smaller and having only live sides, the others are hexagonal or heptagonal, depending upon whether they are truncated upon one or both superior lateral angles by the tirst interradials. The second primary radials are short and wide and of very uneiiual size, the one on the right of the azygous area is the larger and is hexagonal, the others are subquadrangular, but when a superior lateral angle is truncated by a second interradial they become pen- tagonal. Four of the third primary radials are short, wide, pen- tagonal and bear upon the upper sloping sides the secon^lary radi- als or free arms; the other third i)rimary radial is shoi t, wide, subquadrangular though slightly truncatetl at the superior lateral -5 O. 34 angle on the azygous side, bo as to make it pentagonal; and it is then followed by a fourth primary radial which is pentagonal and axillary, and bears upon the upper sloping side the secondary radi- als or free arms. The arms preserved in our specimen have three short, secondary radials, in each, the last one of which is pentag- onal and supports, on each upper sloping side, a third series of plates. There are two small regular interradials in each area, one above the other; the first one separates the second and third primary radials, in each series, in some of the areas, it truncates the su- perior angles of the first primary radials, in others it does Dot ex- tend so low. The first azygous plate is rather larger than the first primary radial on the right and has eight sides; it truncates a sub- radial, abuts upon three primary radials on the right, though the third one truncates the angle only slightly, two on the left, and is followed by two plates on the superior side, the one on the left being quite small. The larger plate in the second range is suc- ceeded by a small plate on th(^ right, which is all that is preserved in our specimen, but the facet for another plate in the middle part is well preserved. The azygous area, therefore, has five or more plates. This species is readily distinguished from all others by the gen- eral form, regular interradial plates, azygous interradials and series of four primary radials in one of the rays. It is wholly unneces- sary to compare it with any of them, though it clearly belongs to this genus. Found in the Niagara Group, at Oswego, Illinois, and now in the collection of Wm. F. E. Gurley. 35 Family ACTINOCRINIDAE. MEOIHTOCRINUS KXI'ANSUS II. SJ). Plate III, Fi(j. 18, hasdl view of a l(tr, sinii- mit view of the same ; Fitj. 'Jo, side rieir of flic ^(niie; Fig. .'1, Ixisnl eieir of a snidtl sjieeinieti shoioiiuj iheeommencemeni of llie h(>rizo)ital arms. Calyx vory shallow; broadly basin-shapt'd; from three to five times as wide as high; columnar cavity, evenly concave, commenc- ing from about the middle of the second mdials, the superior part of which curve upward; the calyx continues to expand from the second radials to the arms, expanding more rapidly as the arms are approached. The arms are directed horizontally. The column is round and of medium size. The vault is one-half higher than the calyx and has twici; the cnpacity. The basal plates have an hexagonal outline, about one- half wider than the diameter of the column. The first primary radials abut- ting on a single basal plate are hexagonal, those abutting on two basals are heptagonal. The second primary radials are a little larger than the first and hexagonal. The third primary radials are about the size of the first, pentagonal, and suppoi't upon each upper sloping side secondary radials. The external surfaces of all the plates covering the three speci- mens at hand, one of them being intermediate in size between the two illustrated, are more or less eroded or disintegrated. The best preserved plates are beveled at the sutures, and it is, there- fore, believed that specimens having a well preserved external sur- face will show distinctly the outlines of all the plates. In our specimens the sutures of the secondary and tertiary radials and those of the vault are generally obscure; some of them are, how- ever, distinct. This is the reason the illustrations are not made 'M to show all the plati'H, iiiul, for tht; siuiio reaHoii, llu'io ih ii littlt* doubt about the uudiImt ftiu1 Hhiipc oF sonic of llu' pliites juHt below the top of tho cnlyx. The first secondiiry rtidijilrt aro noarly as \nv\iv as tlu' tliiid pri- mary radials. in ouu of the lati-ral rays on cadi siiht thoro arc no tertiary radials. In each of those two rays the socoiul stn'ondary radials aro somewhat smaller than the lirst and extend to the lower part of the commencement of tlic enlarjjfement for the arms. There are three or four more [)Iatcs in ciieli scries, forming t In- base of the arms, before the arms l)Pcome free. TIuh i^ives us five or six secondary radials in each series, and two arms to each of these rays. In the other three rays then- is only !i sinji;le sec- ondary radial in each. It is pcntaj^onal and supports upon each of the upper sloping sides tertiary radials. There are four or live tertiary radials in each series, the last three or four of wliieli form the base of the arras before they heconn' free. The last two or three plates in each of the radial series are more or less cunei- form before the arms become free. There are, therefore, four arms to each of three rays and two arms to each of the other two rays, making in all sixteen arms to this species. The arms are composed of a single series of cuneiform plates. In the interradial areas there is one hexagonal plate separating the second primary radialp, and two plates in the second range sep- arating the third primary radials, each of which is about the size of the primary radials. There are three plates in the third range, three in the fourth and three in the fifth; the last form a sharp ridge between the arm bases, which rises above the vault plates, that abut against it. In the intorsecondary areas there is one plate in the first range and two in the second; the latter form a shar]) ridge between the arm bases, which rises above the vault plates that abut against it. First a/ygous plate in line with the first primary radials and of the same size; it is followed by three plates of the same size as the first radials. Above these the area and arrangement of the plates is very much like the regular areas, with about one more plate in each range. The vault bears a large central plate with a big conical spine. There is also a spinous plate over the junction of the ambulacral furrows in each series, making six spinous plates on the vault. The plates that cover the vault are polygonal and of very unequal :j7 size. There is »n orifice on tlie a/ygouH Hide of the central flplno. The (iiubuhicral areas are raiscil into rouiided ridgHH and th«' in- terradial areaH re d('i)reHs>.^.'d betwei'ii the arnm. Tli(> surface of the plat(;8, in our Bpeciuiens, is destroyed and the hiryer number of the Butures are not disefirmible. This species is distin^'uiK hod, by its |,'tni('ral form, from all others. The broad shallow calyx, high convex vault, and horizontal arms will alone distinguish it. The number and arrangement of the arms is also a distinguishing feature as well as the surface of the plates, for most species from rocks of the same geological age, have highly convex or subspinous plates in the calyx. Found in the Hamilton Group, at Louisville, Ky., and now in the collections of the authors. AN INTKRE.STINO LETTER. There is a letter, on file in the State Museum of Natural His- tory of Illinois, belonging to the G(H)l()gical Department, from Charles Wachsmuth, dated, at Burlington, Iowa, Au^'ust 9, 189'2, containing the following paragraph: "I have described the Enrttlijj)t()criniiH Unddhli and have sent the description, together with that of some other new species from the Niagara Group to the American Geologist for early publication, to secure priority, as I am aware that S. A. Miller will be out this fall, on some of the same species. This, of course, is confi-' dential, for I do not want Miller to know it." There was no more sympathizing place, for the publication of such material, than the American Geologist, a journal that never aspires to a higher level in scientific matters. -G G. B PLATE 1 DDi.AToi'iiiNi'- JiA(;Nini r>. n. Bp V\'j. 1. Hasal view of iii:;ilyx soiiieuliat iiijiircd lu^ai iiiiddli' |mi-t.' Ki^. •-'. \iuiU, a pnrt neiiiL' livokon away. PL', -i. I.atfi-al view of calyx, sliowiiiL' >i\-ariiM-il niv and li<-i;{ln. .d vault. |)cli ATDCUINl - -I'lNliSl -, II. ■*l) Kifi I. Kasiil viow of a calyx. Vi:'. ■) l-atcral view of calyx Mliowins; some of tli>- siiiiiei* on ihc id.iie- ot liie vaidi. l)OI..M'ncltlNU> I..U'IS, I.yoii Kis. li. l-ateral view of a calyx. Fiu'. V. Hneal view. • Dol.ATOCUIMS 11 \1!MU, KyoH I'ig. s. Has^al view of a calyx. Bulletin No. 4. ILL. STATE MUS. OF NAT. HIST. Plate I. ^■HUNT. OH »■ 1^: , »jlft,iKl "!>' ^^ t i'l ^J'l * •■'Ifl V *J't . in Bt • PLATE II. pAdE. 14 DOLATOl UINl!* UKANDli, 11. Sp Pig. 1. Basal View of a calyx. Fis- 2. Vault, somewhat broken away near the cei.ler, Kig. 3. Lateral view of calyx. IB DOLATOCKINUS OUNATl.-rt V.Ml. a:^1'EI1.VTUS, 11, la/ Fij,'. I. Hasal view of a oalyx. PMe;. a. Vault. Fii,'. II. I.aleral view of calyx 18 Dol,.\TO( BINIB ORNATUS, .Moel< Fig. 7. \^i\m\ view of a calyx. Fig. S. Va'ill. Fitr. !i. Lateral view of calyx, .. 'Jl' Dol.AT.I.-lUNI.S >fli 0"' i-f!. .; •'.!' ■ iB)IJ<>S!-"llfl "t^l i' Ul'iaiWlft'ldit.l^' ■ l« in 1 ^ .t'l .^ y^ •% '-rf^ PLATE 111. PAOK. 24 UoI.ATOCmNCa A1'"KATII9, 11. sp Fig. 1. Basal view of u calyx. Fig. -J. I.iiterul view of ciilvx. Kii.'. :i Viiiilt. 25 I)tlI..\TOlUlSl s ArrKoXlMATl':*, H. I*|> Fij;. 4. lineal vipw of n ciUyx. Fig .i. Vault Fig. li l-nU'iiil view ot calyx. >!7 DolATOilllM^ 1. IN KOI. ATI'S, II. 8|) Fli:. T. Basal view of :i calyx. Fig, H. Lateral view of calyx. Fig. 9. Vault DOI.ATOrillMS (iUKKNKl, II. sp Fig. 10 Basal \i<'W of i\ calyx Fig. 11. Lateral view of calyx. Fi'.'. VI. Vault. ai l!llIN01I> liASK • Fig. 13. Superior side of an eroileil liasc. FIl'. 14. Inferior Bide of same .. .. 88 I.,EC-AN-OCIllNl-S nsWKOOKNSIS, II. sp Fig. 15. Lateral view showing area on righl of tlie ray on a/.yu'oiis side. Fig. Pi. .\zygons side view. FiL'. 1'. Vi.'W of the ray between the a/.ygoii^< urea and Ih*' .irea sliowii in Fi-. 1.' MKaisioiuiNCji KXi'ANsis, n. sp Fig. IH. Basal view of a ialy\. Fig. 19. Vault. Fig. -Ji. Lateral view, FiL'. '.il llasal view of a smaller specimen, showinL' the caiiimeiireraent of tie' hoi i/.ontftl anus. Bulletin No. 4. ILL. STATE MUS. OF NAT. HIST. Plate III.