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MORE THlM FIVE THOUSAND MILES, CONTAINING An Account of the great Lakbs, and all the Lakbs, Islands, and Rivers, Cataracts, Mountains, Minerals, Soil and Vbgbt^- •LB Productions of theKoRTH-WssT RbJ* GIONS of that VAS-T CONTINBNT} W IT U A DESCRIPTION OF the BIRDS, BEASTS, REP- TILES, INSECTS, AND FISHES ficvliar TO THE COUNTRY. TOGETHER WITH A CONCISE ,1. HISTORY OF THE GENIUS, MANNERS, anH CUSTOMS OF THE INDIANS Inhabiting the Lands that lie adjacent to the Heads an.STaBBTi^ * '* 1^ mr m occ izBBix.. ^ T a ♦• JOSEPH BANKS, Ek PRE 8/fjD%% f*^- ' •^z o f V top *v,;k ' ^ ' '"-^'Qv ^. ROYAL SOCIE % »1 R» WHEN the Public are infbniied that: I have long had the Honor of your Acquaiitlihce— — that my Defign in puUifr* ing the follo^ring Work has received your Sandion— — that the Compofition of it h|^. ftood the Ted of your Judgmeat-*i-*«iHlittl^ that it it l^y your ^ermiffion, a Name 1^%^ (ervedly eminent in tne Literary WMIlJi prefixed to it, I need not be ifpti^iqE^ eS >« y DEDICATION. T its Succefs ; as your Patronage will unquef- tionably give them Aflurance of its Merit. For this public Tifeftimony of your Favor, in which I pride myfelf, accept, Sir, my moft grateful Acknowledgments ^ and believe me to be, with great Refped, ■"%*.■.* I Tour obedient. ' i humble Servant, y. CARVER, i- t' .% 9^ ^. nquef- !rit. Favor, ymoA A N i-* A D D RE TO THE U B C. Ji. .X *^ THE fiivonble reception this Work has met witli, daims the Author's moft grateful acknowledg- nientif. A large edition having run o£f in a few monthit and the (ale appearing to be ftill unabated^ a new im- preffion is become necelTary. On this occafioiv was he to conceal his feelings, and pafs over in iilence, a dif^ tinftion fo beneficial and flattering, he would juftly in- cur the imputation of ingratitude. That he might not do thisy he takes the opportunity, which now presents itfelfy of conveying to the Public (though in terms im- dequate to the warm emotions of his heart) the fenfe he entertains. vf their, fiivor ; and thu| tcai^mits to them his thanks. Iqi this new edition, care lus bieen taken to redtfy thofe errors which have unavoidably proceeded from IdMf hurry of the prefs, and Ukewife ax: ricorre£inels in lluq^- kuMTUage that has found its way intc^ it. • The credibility of fome of the inddentt related in the fcdlowing pages, and.ibme of the ftorics introduced therein, having been (|ucftioned, partignkirly the pnM^ noftication of the Indum prieft on the hnkg of Lake Superior, land the ftory of the indilii'aiid hisntttle fnake, the author thiaka it neccifiny. to^iirail h3xMlM0, the fiuMt opportunity, to endeavor 0 R ESS. allf. This he has done ; but without endeavoring to ac- count for tlie means by whic?? it was accompliihcd. Whe- ther the predifUon was the refult of prior obfervations* from which certain confequences were expe^ed to fol- low by the fagaciout prieft, and the completion of it merely accidental ; or whether h« was really endowed with fupernatural powersi the narrator left to the judg- ment of h^ readers ; whofe conclufions, he fuppofes, va- ried according as the mental faculties of each were dif- pofed to admit or reject fafks that cannot be accounted for by natural caufes* , The iiory of the rattle fnake was related to him by a French gentleman of undoubted veracity ; and were the readers of this work as tlK)roughly acquainted with the and inftinfUve proceedings of diat animal* as he ii».they vould be as well afTured of the truth of it. It is jvell known that thofe fnakes which have furvived through the ful^Mner the accidents reptiles are liable to, periodical- ly leture to. ^e woods, at the approach of Mrinter ; where flfch (as curious obfervers have remarked) takes poi&ffion ^•f the cavity it had occupied the preceding year. As fooa as the feafon is propitious, enlivened by die invigorating rays of the fiin, they leave thefe retreats, and make their way to the fame fpot, though ever fo diftant, on whic|jf they before had found. fubiiflence, and the means of pro- ptlgating their fpecies. Does it then require any extraor^ dinary exertions of the mind to believe,! that one of thefc fcgiidar creatures, after having been kindly treated by its 'tRiptr» Oiould return to the box, in which it had nfually ^|MM»|sfupplicd with food, and had met with a comfortable and that nearly about the time the bidian, from experiments* was able to guefa at? It.certaunly not; nor wiil the liberal smd ingenuous doubt the th of a ftory fo well authenticated, becaufe ibke circum- f ftatices appear extraordinary in a country where Ihe fubv ije^ of it It fcarcely known. v^ Thefe explanations the author hopes vrill fofike to con- vince his readers, that he has not, as iravellen ave fome- times fu]!^iQfcd to do, anli^Ged them with in^rolnblc taivs, or vriflied to acquire importance by makuig laa adv(bi« tares favor of the marvellous. ; - CONTENTS. nog to ac- icd. Whc- fervations, ted to fol- Ktion of it ' endowed the judg. >pofe8, va> were dif- accounted him by a were the with the nal, as he it. It 18 I through eriodical. 'I where poflbifioQ Aafboa gorating uu their >n whicl^ I of pro* extmor^ ofthefe id by it« I nfually fortable n» firom vrtattnly ubt the ' etrcum* ihefub* to con- efimie* e.taita»-% ': C O N T EN T S. I 9 to II H 16 JNTRODlfCTiaN, The- Authmr Jets out from Botton on hU TravA^ Defep^Am if Fart Miehiirmtaekinaef ' * ■ I '"— Fort La Baj^ '- ¥- '_ ■■■ '% '»«*' ' the Greene Bajf *-'*>. \ > ■^ •'■-■' ;. ; . - Lata MktngtMi' -' - Arrivet at the Town of the Wmu^goelt EMcmfim tf ihi Whmehagoet tofmard$ the ^fan^ Sttdni^^ metite, . . * . - ' . .17 Deferifilon of the Winnebago Lrnhf - • — 19 Jinnee of Jiefahtkn of on In^an 0onum' • SfcO Zfe/iri^ion of the Fox Rinter, -^ *.jiv't^»* , ... ^i^ai Remariahk iStory of a Rattk Smde, ^^ The^grvat^v^ Wthe Satihie*, ^ Upper Town of the Ottagaunueet .^^ DefcriptioH of the Omfconfin Rher^ **• Lomfer^ TVwm of ike Qttagaunuee^ »r La Rrmrietf iuft Chiens, ■ -■ - - - • - , |4*i_^:'iJ5 jIn Aitatk by fmu In&an Phmderart^ • " • v »6 Defcription of the Mi0ippi from the Mouth iftht Omf- u i^¥— — » \... coffin to Lake Pepm^ *iH|- [LtAe Pepin f *r. RemarikbU Muh^ of an ancient For^pt^ony Whe Ri'oa^ Bandf of the Naudoweffie IttiHime, Adwntunrwith:j^ParN of thefe^ andfomeof'Uie^ D<^er^im of a remariable Cave, $hiommori Behavior of the Prince if tie : ^the FalU of St, Anthony; - •a* ;\ : . ^^firiptitm itf%i FaJh, - ^rv— *- ^Mxtent of tbtAtabof*e TNK^eh^ ^ ^ ,-4»a%. ^^eriptktiJfiho J^/ttn^'^ttitifrrti^^* r^ *8 fe ?:-J«^- i' 34 si Settrcft ""'^-mmmmfr- -.mmm-'ir-'^'-' CONTENTS, Tke Nmukwf/hi oTtbt PlabUf wkb whom tbt jMor wmtired l\ tbt Tear 1 7669 . . ^ The jtuibor rOunu to tbt MoiOb of tbt River Si* Pierrtf 4a Aeemmt of. a vtohn Thmderfoem^ 45 Spttcb nutde iy tbe Autbor in a CoimcU beld by tbe Ntm- domiefjliet at tbe great Cave, - - - 44 Adventure nuith a Party of Induau neat Lah Ptfrn, 48 X^cription of tbe Country Oifacent to tbe River St. PLrrtf - , - - - - 50 Account of deferent Claye found near, tbe MarbU Rkoert Ci l)^eriptum ef tbe Cbipeway Rivo', - - .. ubu Ma^raordmary ]^fe&» of a Ht^rricanef • - 5^ > 77ft Autbor arrive* at tbe Grand Portage on tbe Nortb' W^ Borders of Lake Superior, • , # 54 Aamut of tbe haket fying furtber to tbe Nortlhwefi: ^ Lake Bourbon, Lake Winaepeek, LaU Du Bote,. Lakt ^ La Pluye, Red Lake, Ifc. ^ ib. # Akeount of a Nationof AnAans fiippofed td btnt^been tri^^.^ butary to tbe Mexican JGnge, •. - 6b '- ' -foantaim, - - ^U AJtngular Prediaion of tbe Chief Prieji of tbe Kil^* ..nmet verified . - ,- i - • t 6z S^criptien of Lake Superior, - 66 Siey i^ibetmo Cbip^yt kncBi^ on tbe yiandef Mm- ■:r^^, - ' - - - , - 68 Akcomt of great ^uantitiee of Copper Ore, - 7p Defeription ^ the Falls of St. Marie, - - 71 ,m. Lake Huron, • - - 72 .nil .1 Saganaum and Thunder Bays, - . 75 Mftraot^nary PbaOomenon in tbe Straits if MicbilBmaC' iiliac, ^ . - - i -" T- - ' ■ -■ Ji^K^ftion of I^e St. Claire, -m, ,. ^•{|- i ' ibe River, Town^. md For^ of Detroit, Jifmarbable Rain at Detroit, --^ t, ? n - Al$aekaf Fort DOroifky Ponfiact ; Wh ^criptton of Lake Erie, „ ,^ - tbe^ Rivp- 0d\F^. tf Nka^0 Lakifqmm^MMfftbeXhMda, LakcCbtlu^^m¥^4>^i^ :■ III? I* »" 74 7<5 ib. 77 lb. 84 9$ 86 8? CONTENTS. Auounio/m Traa of Lmd gnrnkd io Sir Gorges, and CtMam John M^rn, The Author' i fitJhetfor wUfffmat hk Thnub, «7 89 CHAPTER I. The Origm 0/ tht InJiatu, - - - 99 Semimenii tf varioue Wriieri on ihit Pomit - 94 —..1— .» Moijfieur CharUvom^ - 9^. Jamet Aidr, Efq. - » i^ the Aiahor of tlii Worh, - - 107 Corroboration of the kiter iy DoOor Rokr^ - ill »■•■ C H A FT E R H. Of the Perfom^ Drefi^ &i. ofthi IftJkmh . .; "* An Aeemmt of thofe who have mfrkten on Oii Sn^fea^ ft. De/Mftion tf the Perfoni of the Mkmtf - li| -' •- ** ftp - • "mi ■•• ".IIW- ^ the Ottoi^moietf - *^ Mf^ TU Manner in whieSthh hM their Tmte anJ Biti9 df- •^ their Drefif. "theDrefi \ Their domeJHe Utenfili, l>9^ CHAPTER in. Of^ Mannerit ^tf/Mone^ &e, tfAe Mbmt^. i§m ^oenSar Clifomt tf the H^omen, 7%ikmiM andJMenlDyt^^ ' Thdr emMig Sapiil^ • . *> ' ^ • -v-m^ neJUheraStyofthilnJianrfandll^Cltif^ i^Mont^p .2*.> IWIWIII ' " CONTENTS. CHAPTERIV. Tieir Meihtd tf reckomag T^me, tsfe. Thi Nmut iy wkkh they HJHiigm/b tbi Mmthtf Tbiir Idea tftbe U/e %f r^ptru. if7 ia8 "9 CHAPTER V. C/ thnr G99tmmmit t^e* • Thar Dhj/Sm mi9 TriUt, Tit Clmfi •/ thiir BMdi, Tht MmkiTi tbm cmfofk Mr CmmcUr, CH AF R VL «ss ThkMmmtr ^ S^f/k^ md mtkt Mr inamdif i|4 £ CHAPTER Vn. f^MrDmiettt Mmur m wUA they dmuit • •id. Xh J^ tr QUmmi Datwt - ^f 'l«7 1%^ Wmr DMctf • , • • lb. fht Pitmmmf Dmci^ • 138 Mff/m^ 139 Tk$ Dim* 9f^j9Stm Ml tht Bmht ^ fht JUj/if* ••' 'r":.ctiAp. . Thar PnparaiUmkftN thn fit mitf Tbmr Mmmer vf bimAig tit Btar, <• 146 CHAPTER IX. ifm/ri aoo .fi O H T £ N T 8. m soa CHAPTER XV. 7^ Maimer im winch they treat their Dead, • • S05 jf Specimen of their Funeral ffaraKgvee, • 204 Their Method of burying the Dead^ - aoj AJiiqular Ittfiaace of pareatal Ajfedkn m a Naadi^ weffie Woman^ .... 30$ CHAPTER XVI. 4 Mli ChmruBer of the AN&Mr« Their " ''- Their putmiMafrntter at Their perf anal amd mental ^gahfiea^mtt Mimtrt of a Cmmmmitf% a^ adS 309 CHAPTER XVn. HieroghffiiUtt td!e» Totigue^ their m way Laa^mt^t b» ^e. ait asa afj CHAPTER XVm. iV. (y>&r Ai^lr, JKnIr. /^, iti^/, mdhfiati anffmdmthfla/emr Partt^" aai ft £ A S T S, UrTW. 71«JW^. ... HP «(fe**JB^^6JW,, ifir e 6 w t e nf I* s. TUBugbh. The Beer. Them, The Moofe» The CarraiM, The Care^, The Siuni, The Porcutine, - The WooMtuk, The Racoon, The Marten, The Mufquq/hf S^lrreh, • The Beaver^ - i The Otter. The Mini, 234 340 BIRDS. K fStfi'**, % * The Eagle, The Night Hawk, The JVhipperwillt 241 The Fifif ffawi. The Owl, The Crane, - 242 JOuch, The Tea!, The Loon, The Partridge, 241 :^4f Woi^ Pigeon, The HTm^eker, TheM'^» \ . , The IV^ion Bir^, - - - ^ 944 TieJ^lBirJ^ TUBi^Bir4. The Wi^^m, MS The King Bird,, The Humming Bird, - 246 ' F IS HE S. ''K S'he Sturgeotty - *. - - '\ht^ :TJl¥ Cm Fifi^ The Corf, "The Chu^, - ^ J47 f ' ' '^S E R^ P E NT S: !^%r, khe BaiOe S^lfjA**^ , - - ' - ! - ' H^ the Long Black Snake, The Striped or Garter Snake, The, Watff Smoke. The Hyp*lg Snake^ fkeQreef^^^ flu ntm^misi^a^ riiSp^iki^s^dh.''n^^jt Snake, The Two-^aded Snake, 'The Tortmfi or 2$t LaadTurtle^^ _ LIZARDS. tr -^ X INSECT^ ^ id h t E VH * 8w V^r ~ •r •' Marten, The i i^^s k c T s. • fir j^ iram. Tifit rotocr f /» W 71S» ^^^ Tbe\, tigH^ung Bug or Ftre Fly, - - J54 Tie IVater Bug, The Horned Bug, Locufif - 155 < -L-. C H A P T E R XIX A? -U V Of fhtTreeif Sbru^Sf Rooter Herhi^ Fkwtref f^e, 256 TREE S. «% 51 >1 fhe Oat, The Pke Tree, The MafU, The M^ O WiMmw SndmtcL Wh$ Button JVmL «5> 15% y U X. I.4^.JE.E,a. ^ .A n ■>-fv Ti^ J?ftf ^ or Oil Nut, The Beech NiU, ThePeeanNur, The Hkhry, ;Vj„. FRUIT T R E 1 S. Uv*^ ^The Phe, ■'.ftj >-S. '^tiS^V-j'S^Ji a|9 t6o %5» yitf MuUern Tret, 9 he Crah A^ Tret, The Plant Tret, TH Cherry Tret, The SmettQtmTrtt^ %ig d«*$ :i!''*-'^:S'^«-/¥-,|t:jB..4 TOim <, A fTmter :^ .^ Ti&r 7^ Tree, TheWUehHatJe. The MyrtU Wax \ ■4 Green^ fht Crmhtnty Bufii, The Choak uoo'ifs wmmm mmiB t4^?asfe*«(AM.«IHr.W-^ ,wn COMTEK T S. r R O O T S and P L A N T S. SMimard* SarfafarWa, Gmjat^f • - t€6 GoU Threaa, Sohmm*s Sid, Deviti Bit. fkod Mfk^ 967 ' . H E R B S. Saniele, RaMli Snake Plantain^ - - 268 Poor Robin** Plaintain, Toad PlainUm. ■ Rock Zi- vernoort, Gargit ofSkoke, Skunk CaUage or Palti^ ', fi^ake Rokin, - . • 269 WUd Indigo. Cat Mini, - - • 270 t LO W E R S, ib. »* FARlNACEOtrS abd LEGIDTIIf IKQiTS c^i . ^ Q Q rp 3^ .^^ •.■ ^^..ox:^.*. • Maiuo or Indim Com. JVUd Rk«t The Sqna/b^ 271 ,*oi A P P £ ^7 D I X. Tht PrelktinBty of the inierior Parts ^ North- J^nerim , rthecomittg Commerciai Clomee, • •■ - 27^ The Mumt hy which tbie might he (fiSedf - • 27^ ifratii. of I^md poimied outi on wbch Colod/» nm^it e/Uif^ d with the ^ratji Advantage, - 276 ^fertaiuM on the Dfoveiy of a NottJ!hwe/l Pa/age, a8o The mof certain Win ofattaildng if^. '■* • it. jPlan fnfofed'^ Richard H(hiimforth^ Efq. for rntddi^ ^ ^ '«! Attempt fiom a - ^:rt^ r hik.rto rneMet^ itt r*iRo^cmaf dt hA^fof^fmd; 7^^- ifc. X / INTRODUCTION. GirMWOfr« No fooner wis the late War with France con* eluded^, and Peace eftabliflied by the Treaty of VerfiuUet m the Year 1765, than I began |o cotifider (hamg rendered my country fome ternccB di»* ring the war) how I might continue ftiUuferncg»hl|g and coutribute» at much at ky in my power, to maM that vi^ aoquifiUon of territory, gained by Great- Bri- tain, in North* America, adTantageoutrto it. : It ap|Near^ ed to me indifpenfably needful, that Gorernment (houhS be acquainted, in the firft pUce, with the true ftit(( of the dominiont they were now become poi&fl*cd of* To' thia purpofe, I determined, at the .next prooC of m^ «calf to explore the moft nnkaov^ paitt of tkcra» and to fpare no trouble or expence in acquiring a know* ledge that pfoifcit£ed to be fo nfeful to my countrjitmea^ I knew that n^my obftruAioas #ould arife to my fchcmt from Uie want of good Mapt and Charts; far tBl) French, whilft they retained their power in Kottll* America, had' taken every artful method to keep aS other nations, particularly the Englifh, in ignonuKC of the eoncemt of the interior' parts of it: aiid to -ac^ compUih this ddign with the greater certainty, %\^ liad pubUflied inaccurate maps and fidfe accoonts; callfotg the.diienent nations of the Indiana by nickaames^k^ hinlgiycnthcaD^ and not by thbfe really appertaimn^ t(i tHcm. IIHiether^thb in^enticra of the French jii doMtt this, V«i to prevent thela nations from being di&ovcrca and trafHld withi or to conceal their difeourAr, when thsjr talked to each other of the Indkn coneem^ tii tkiM^|«^iBpe% I v^ not 4c1fttmihe; but wfittM^fcii * fiwi.aikkkkarelb^ it tcwlod^ftdidfle^ «ij» , _.- ^ ^^■■'''■■iWSSfc,; ■*iWli**i6v„. U INTRODUCTION. tA«a proof that the Englifh had been greatly dectiv* ed by thefe accounts, and that theif knowledge tela- tive to Canada had ufuallybeen very confined; — before the conqiieft of Crown-Point in 1 759, it had been efteem- ed^an impregnable fortrefsi bi|t,no,fooneF was it^taken^ than we were convinced that it had aicqiiified ns greatest feciirity from falfe reports, given out by its pofleffors, and might have been battered down with a few four pounders. Even its fituation, which w^s repreiiented to be fo very advantageous, was found to owe its advan- tages to the fame fource. It cannot be denied but tfai^ ibme maps of thefe countries have been published bj the' French with an appearance of accuracy; but theie aM of fo (mall a-fifee, and drawn on fo minute a fade, tlitt they 'are nearly inexpliqable. '31)e fources df t^e I^flilIippi,"I'Can aflert from my ^oiwn experience, are greatly mifplaced ; for when I had explored them, and compared their fituation with the French Charts, I found them very erroneoufly reprefented, and am fatia- iied that thefe were only copied fr<»n t^ rude iketch- ei of the Indians. £ven fo lately as their evacuation of Caoftda^' they continued their fohemes to deceive ; leaving' nm traces by which any knowledge might accrue to their conquerors; for though they were well acquainted wfith all. the Lakes, particularly With Lake Superior* having cen* ftantly a veflel of confiderable jburthcitt ^erebn,'>yet their plans of ^hem are .very incorrect. I diCcovered many errors in the defcriptionp given therein of its iOahds iand bays, during a progrefs of eleven hundred nule«that I coafted it in canoes. Thcy>likc«irife, on giving «p the pofleflion of them, took care to Jeave the places they bad occupied, in the fame uncultivated ftate they had found tbem ; at the iame timcf deftroyfAg aU their naval force. I obferved myfelf part of ithe hulk of t ^ hige veflefr burnt ^o the water's edge, juft at^e ^pti» ingrtpm the Straits of St. Marie's into the Lake. Tliife difficulties, however, were not fufficicot to de- ter md from the undertaking^ and I made pcsflaratloiui for fetting cut. What I chiefly hirf iw view^^fcir gtM* jl^.aknowdedge of ^ mMmtnt, tnAciad^hnpifm m " INTRODUCTION. IbD, and natural produaioiia of the diffcrent.nations that inhabit the back of tilt MWUTippi, was to aSccrtam tffc breadth of that vaft continent, which extends from the Atkntic to the Pacific Ocean, in it» breadea part be- tween 43 and 46 degrees northern latitude. Had I been able to accomplifli this, I intended to have pro- pofed to government to eftabUfti a poft in fome of thofe parts about the Straits of Annian, which having been firft difcovered by Sir Francis Drake, of courfe belong to the Engliih. This I am convinced would greatly fa- cilitate the difcovery of a Northweft Paffag©> or a com- munication between* Hudfon's Bay and the Pacific Ocean. An event fo defirable, and which has been (0 often fought for, but without fuccefs. Bcfides this Im- portant end> a fettlement on that extremity of Amcr^a would aafwer many good puifpofes, and repay every ^t- pcnct the eftab^ihment of it might occation. For it would not only difclofe new fources of" trade,, and pro- mote many ufeful difcoveries, but would open a paflapr^ for conveying intelligence to China, jmd the Enghfli fettlement s in the Eaft Indies, with greater expedition than a tedious voyage by the Cape of Good Hope, or the Straits of Magellan will allow of. • How far the advantages arifing from fuch aft enter- priz<* may extend, can only be afcertained by the favor- > able concurrence of future events;^ But that the com- pletion> df the fcheme, I have had the honor of firil planning and attempting, wiU fome time or other be effected, I make no doubt. From the unhappy divUl- ons that at prefent fubfift between Great-Britain and America, it will probably be fome years before the at- tempt is repeated ; but whenever it is, and the cxecati- on of it carried on with propriety, thofe who are fo fortunate as to fucced, will reap, exclufive of the nation- ^ al advantage* that mull enfue, emoliwnenta beyond thgir moft fiiiigaine expectations. And whilft their fpirits are ^l^lea by their fuccefs, perhaps they maiy beft^ fomt^nunendations and bleifings on the perfon wh^ fiHt^^ntcd out to them the way. Thefe, though bur> a Aidowy rccompcoca for all my toili I ihaU r^cive Willi pkaiiuna. r. »"***-» ■■wimw^, !ft*W -^i-^sift^Mi^ifi-; ^^*Mmw*W(i«*-^"«- rr^l- 5v r N T R O D ii C T I O N. ^To whaft power or aatho4|^tliu new world wiB become depktStent, titer it has iumk liroiii its prefent un- euUivsted ftate, time alone can difcover. But«s the ieat of Empire from time immemorial has been graduaUy progreflive towards the Weft, there is no doubt but that at fome future period, mighty kingdoms will emerge from thefe wildemefTcSy and ftately palaces aqd foltmn temples, with gilded fpires reaching the (kies, fupplant the Indian huts, whofe only decorttiont are the barbarous trophies of their vanquimed enemies. As fome of the preceding paflages have already in* formed the reader that the plan* I had laid down for penetrating to the Pacific Ocean, proved abortive, it is neceflary to add, that this proceeded not from its itn- pra^cabilky (for the further I went the more con- vinced I vras that it could ceitainly be accompliihed) hotftiim mnforefeei^di^appointments. However, I pro- ceeded ^o ftr, that I w^s able to make fuch difcoveriet as will be tffeful tn any ^Future attempt, and prove a good foundation far fome more fortunate fpcc^flbr to build upon. Thefe I (hall now lay before the pMslic til the following pages ; and am fatiefied that the g«««t^ part of them have never been pubtiihed by any perfon that has hitherto treated of the interior ^mtions of the Indians ; particularly, the account I give of the Nau- doweffies, and the fituation of the heads of the four great rivers that take their rife within a few leagues of each other, nearly about the center of this great con- tinent ; viz. The River Bourbon, which empties itfelf into Hudfon's Bay ; the waters of Saint Lawrence ; the Miffiflippi, and the River Oregon, or the River of the Weft, that falls into the Pacific Ocean, at the Straits of Annian. The impediments that occafioned my retHmiiig, be- fore 1 had accompKlhed my porpofes, were th^e. On my arrival at Michillimackfnac, tlie remotefk ' Enj^Rfh poft, in September 1766, I applied to Mr. Rogers, who was thenijorcmor of it, to furnifli me with a proper it fbrtment of .goods, as prefents for the Indian! who i«p habit the traSt I intended to purfue. He did tliii diJjr in part ; but promifed to fupply me vwth fadfi'M*1iWe ncceflaiy* T I O N. bit new world wiH ^v^oni its prdent un- ver. But as the feat has been gradoally re is no doubt but hty kingdoms will [ ftately palaces aqd reaching the fldes, nly deconitioM are limed enemies. ^es have already in* had laid down for oved abortive, it it :d not fipom its iln- ent the more coti- f be accompliihed) However, I pm- ike fuch difctfverMa empt, and prove a tunate fqccHlbr to efore the pvbh'c iA d.that thegteatdl bed by any perfon *ior Rations of the give of the Nau- faeads of the four 1 a kw leagues of of this great con- hich empties itfelf nt Lawrence ; the the River of die I, at the Straitt of my reMmiiig, be- wcre thde. <|li reraoteft £iii^ Mr. Rogem, who with a proper ftjE> Indian! who Ith- He did thii 6i^ nth IMi'M^wfre aeccdai^^ INTRODUCTION. t neceiTary, when I reached the Falls of Saint Anthony, afterwards learned that the governor fulfilled his pro- mife in ordering the goods to be delivered to me } but thofe to whofe care he intruded them, inileadr of con- I forming to his orders, difpofed of them clfewhere. ' Difappointed in my expefiations from this quarter, I I thought it necelTary to return to La Prairie Le Chien ; for it was impofiible to proceed any further without prefects to enfure me a favorable reception. This I did in the beginning of the year 1767, and finding my pro- grefs to the weflward thus retarded, I determined to dire£l my courfe northward. I took this ftep with a view of finding a communication from the Heads of the Miffiffippi into Lake Superior, in order to meet^ at the grand Portage on the Nortb-weft fide of that lake, the traders that ufually come, about this feafon, froin Michillimackinac. Of thefe I intended to purchafe goods, and then to purfue my journey from that quar- ter, by way of the lakes du Pluye, Dubois, and Ou- nipique to the Heads of the River oif the Well, which, as I have faid before, falls into the Straits of Annian, the termination of my intended progrefs. "I accompliihed the former part of my defign, and reached Lake Superior in proper time ; but unluckily the traders I met there, acquamted me, that they had no goods to fpare ; thofe thtj had with them being bardy fufficient to anfwer their own demands in thefe remote parts. Thus difappointed a fecond time, I found myfelf obliged to return to the pkce from whence I be- gan my expedition, which I did after continuing fome months on the north and eaft borders of Lake Superior, and exploring the bays and rivers that empty themt- felves iiito this large bo^y of water. ' As it may be expefted that I fhould lay before the public ^e rwifons that thefe difcoveries, of fo much in^ portance to every one who has any connexions witl^ America,^ have not been imparted to them before, not- withflanding they were made upwards of ten years ago. I will give them to the world in a phun and canSd manner, and without mingling with them any complainta M aocouat of the ill treatmetit I have received. fi » Ob INTRODUCTION. On my arrival in England, I prefented a petition to his Majefty in coundl, praying for a reimburfement of tibofe funis I had expended in the fervice of government. This was referred to the Lords Commlffioners of Trade and Plantations. Their Lordfhips from the tenor of it thought the intelligence I could give, of fo much import- ance to the nation, that they ordered me to appear before the Board. This meflage I obeyed, and underwent a long examination ; much I believe to the fatisfadtion of every Lord prefent. When it was finifhed, I requefted to know what I (hould do with my papers ; without heiitatioU the fir ft Lord replied. That I might publifh them whenever I pleafed. In confeouence ot this- permillion, I difpofed of them to a bookfeller : but when they were nearly rcia- dy for the prefs, an order was iiTued from the council tx)ard, requiring me to deliver, without delay, into the Plantation Office, all my Charts and Journals, with every paper relative to the difcoveries I had made. In order to obey this command, I was obliged to re-pur- chafe them from the bookfeller at a very great expence, and deliver them up. This frefh difburfement I endeit- yored to get annexed to the account I had already de> Iivered in ; but the requeft was denied me, notwithftand- ing I had only a£^ed, in the difpofal of my papers, con- formably to the permillion I had received from the Board of Trade. This lofs, which amounted to a very con^derable fum, I was obliged to bear, and to reft (a- tisfted With an indemnification for my other expences. Thus fituated, my only expe^ations are ^m the fa- vor of a generous public ; to whom I ftiaH norw com- municate my plans. Journals, and obfervations, of which i luckily kept copies, when I delivered the briginak^ into the Plantation Office. And this I do the more readily, as I hear they are miflaid : and there is no pro- bability of their ever being publiftied. To thofe who are ii.terefted in the concerns of the interior parts of North- America, from the contiguity of their pofll^Oions, or commercial engagements, they wXi be extremely ult- ful, and fully rejpay the fum at which they *k ?¥>"* chafed. To thofe, who, firom a laudable eunoftiy, imUb to be acquainted with tjhe nwinen and cuftoms dfeWiy INTRODUCTION. • r inhabitant of thii globe, the accounts here given of the ▼arious nati'>Qs that inhabit fo vaft a trad of it» a coun- try hitherto almoft unexplored, will furniih an ample fund of amufemcnt, and gratify their moft curious ex- pedations. And I flatter myfelf they will be as fiivora- bly received by the public, as defcriptions of iilands, which aflford no other entertainment than what arifes from their novelty ; and difcoveries> that feem to pro* mife very few advantages to this country, though ac« quired at an immenfe expence. To make the following work as comprehenfible and entertaining as poffible, I ihall firft give my readers an. account of the route I purfued over this immenfe con- tinent, and as I pafs on, defcribe the number of inhabi- tants, the fituation of the rivers and lakes, and the pro- ductions of the country. Having done this, I fliall treat, in diftinft chapters, of the manners, cuftoms, and languages of the Indians, and to complete the whole, * add a vocabulary of the words moflly in ufe among them. And here it is neceflary to befpeak the candor of the learned part of my readers ia the perufal of it, as it is the production of a perfon unufed, from oppoiite avoca^ tions, to literary purfuits. He therefore be?s they would not examine it with too critical an eye $ eipeciaUy whea he aflures them that his attention has been more employ- ed on giving a juft defcription of a country that promifet». in fome future period^ to be an inexhauftible fource of riches to that people who ihall be,j|oJ(ortunate aato pol^ fefs it, than on the ftyle ^i^^MClix^^UCy) I ^4 Toot^ care^ &1 to render his languaa^intellJ||flDe aA^^^^ip thuk Imooth and florid. f k tk^ ^ J" »-i J O U R N A L T R OF T H B V E L S, WITH A DESCRIPTiaN OP T H I COUNTRY, LAKES, &t^ '■m'-ih'^t" IN June 1766* I fat out from.BoftoD, jiad pwDcced" ed l>7 fray of AllMiny and Niagaj% to MiehiflMnao* kinac ; a fort (kuatediietween tiic Laket HoroBM^ Michigan, and dtftant from Boften 1500 makt. Tbli being the uttcrmoft of our fiiifloriet towardi the Dortk^ weft, I confidered it at the moft conwcirient place ft-oii whence I couki bejpo by intended progrela, aad enter at once into the regions I defigned to explore. Referring my readers to the publiciitiont already ex- tant for an account of thofe parts of Korth-Ajneric% that, from lying adjacent to the back fcttlcments, have been frequently delcrtbed, I (hall confine oiyfclf to % dcfcrtption of the more interior parts of it, «4iicfa baviiig beea but feldom vilttcd, are confequently but lit|S. known. In doing this, I fltall ra no wftancc exceedlll^ bounds of truth, or havr recourfe to tholie ufclels aad ei^ tiwagant exaggerations too often made ufe of by tiai*^ ler% to exdte the curiofity of the pubHe, or to iMreafe ^#owfl nnpoitiacc. Nor ImB I iaieit mf ujjiiiiit? lo CARVER't TRAVELS. ons, but fuch as I have made myfelf* or, from the cre- dibllit^r of thofe by whom they were related, am enabled to vouch for their authenticity. Michillimackinac, from whence I began my travels, is a fort compofed of a flrong ftockade, and is ufually defended by a garrifon of one hundred men. It con- tains about thirty houfes, one of which belongs to the governor, and another to the commiflary. Several tra- ders alfo dwell within its fortifications, who find it a con- venient lituation to traffic with the neighboring nations. Michillimackinac, in the language of the Chip^wav In- . dians, (Ignifies a Tortoife ; and the place is fuppbfed to receive its name from an ifland, lying about fix or feven miles to the north-ead, within fight of the fort, which has the appearance of that animal. Daring the Indian war that followed foon after the conqueft of Canada iti the year 1763, and which was car- ried on by an army of confederate nations, compofed of the Hurons, Miamies, Chip^ways, Ottowaws, Pontow- attimieti MiffifTauges, and fom6 other tribes, under the direction of Pontiac, a celebrated Indian warrior, who had always been in the French intereft, it was taken by .ftnr|mze in the following manner : The Indians having fettled their plan, drew near the fort, and began a game at ball, a paftime much ufed among them, and not unlike tennis. Ih the height of their game, at which fome of the Engliih officers, not fufpeaing any deceit, , ftood looking on, they flruck the ball, as if by accident,, over the ftockade ; this they repeated two or three times, to make the deception more complete 4 till at length, having by thia means lulled every fufpi- eion of the centry at the fouth gate, a party rufhed b^ him ; and the reft foon following, they took. pofTeffion of the fort, without meeting with any oppofition. Hav- ing accomplifhed their defign, the Indians had t)|e hu- manity to fpare the lives of the greateft part of the garrifon and traders, but they made them 1^ prifonert, and carried them off. However, fome time af^aft ibcy took them to Montreal, where they were redeemed at a food price. The fort alfo was given up again to the Eaglifli at the peace made with ronttac, ^ tht ooai- ,«ipdcr of Detroit the yeac foUowing. Having I ( l» CARVER'i TRAVELS, f ri Hairing here made the necefTary difpofitiont Sat purw [filing my travels, and obtained a credit from Mr. Rogers* the governor, on fome Englifli and Canadian tradera, who were going to trade on the Mifiifilppi, and re- ceived ^o from him a promife of a frefli fupply of goods when I reached the falls of Saint Anthony. I fleft the fort on the 3d of September, in company with thefe traders. It was agreed that they Oioiild fumifli me with fuch goods as I might want, for prefents to the Indian chiefs, during my continuance with them, agreeable to the governor's order. But when I arrived at the extent of their route, I was to find other guides* and to depend on the goods the jrovemor had promifed to fupply me with. i' We accordingly fet out together, and on the 18^ arrived at Fort La Bay. This fort is iituated on the fouthem extremity of a bay in Lake Michigan, termed by the French, the Bay of Puants ; but which, fince the Englifh have gained pofTeflion of jdl the (ettlementi on this pact of the contment, is called by them, the Green Bay. The reafon of its being thus denominated, is from its appearance ; for on leaving Michillimackinac in the fpring feafon, though the trees there have not eveiM' put forth ttheir buds, yet you find the countiy around La Bay« ^lotwitkftanding the paflage has not exceeded fourteen days, covered with the flnefl verdure, and ve* getation as forward as it could be were it fummer. • , This fort is alfo only furrounded by a (lockade, and being much decayed, is fcarcely dcfenfible againil fmaU arms. It was built by the French for the protedion of their trade* fome time before they were forced to rclin- Gui(h it ; and when Canada and its dependencies were nirrendered to the Enolifh, it was immediately gani- foned with an officer and thirty men. Thefe were made prifoners by the Menoroonies foon after the furpife of Mich01imackinac, and the fort has neither been garrte foned or kept in repair fince. The bay is about ninety miles long, but differs much in its brtidth 1 *bciug in fome places only fifteen miles, h tAkft% from twenty to thirty. It lies nearly from AoitNliit to (butU-wc^ At the entraoce of it from tp ^CARVER't TRAVELS. the Itkfi are a ftring of iflands, extending from north to ibothy called the Grand TraTcrfe. Thete are about thir- ty milea in length, and ferve to fiM:tlitate the pa0age of canoes, at they ihelter them fix)m the winds, which lometimetcome with violence acrofs the Lake. On the fide that lies to the fouth-eaft is the neareft and beft na- ligation. The iilands of the Grand Traverfe are moftly imall and rocky. Many of the rocks are of an amazing lize, and appear as if they had been faihioned by the hands of artms. On the largeil and beft of thefe iflands ftands a town of the Ottowaws, at which I found one of the moft confiden^Je chiefs of that nation, who received me with every honor he could polEbly fhow to a ftraiw ger. But what appeared extremely fingular to me at the time, and muft do fo to every perfon unacquainted with the cuftoma of the Indians, was the reception X met with on landing. As our canoes approached the ihore, and had reached within about threefcore rods of it, the Indians began a feu-^e-joy ; in which they fired th^ir pieces loaded with balls; but -at the (amc time tb^ took care to difchargc them in fuch a manner as to l|gr a few yards above our heads : during this they ran CroBi one tree or ftump to another^ fhoutmg and behav- ing as if they were in the heat of battle. At firil I was greatly furprifed, and wps on the point of ordering my attendants^ to return their fire, concluding that tlieir intentions were hoilile ; but being .undeceived by fome of the traders, who informed m^ tlia^ this was their ufu.^ al method of receiving the chiefs of lother nations, I con- fidered it in its true light, and was plcafed with the re- fpe& thus paid me. I 'remained here one night. Among the prefents I made the chiefs, wcix fome fpirituuus liquors } with which they made themfehes merry, and aU joiavd in a dance, that lafted the greStcli part of the night. In the morning when I departed, the clijef attended me to the (bore, and, as foon as I had embarked, offered 4ip, in an audible voice, and with great folenMiity, i fervent prayer in my behalf. He pcayed ** that the Great Spirit would favor me with a prolperoua voyage, i uun CARVER** TRAVELS. 13 tlhat he would give me an unclouded flcy, and fmooth waters, by day, and that I might lie down, by night, on a beaver blanket, enjoying uninterrupted deep, and pleafant dreams ; and alfo that I might find continual protection under the great pipe of peace." In this man- Aer he continued his petitions till I could no longer hear them. I mutt here obferve, that notwithftanding the inhabi- tants of Europe ^re apt to entertain horrid ideas of the ferocity of thele lavages, as they are termed, I received from every tribe of them in the interior parts, the moft hofpitable and courteous treatment ; and am convinced, that till they are contaminated by the example, and fpirituous liquors of their more refined neighbors, they retain this 'friendly and inoffenfive €X>ndu£t to\ ards ftran- gers. Their inveteracy and cruelty to their enemies, I acknowledge to be a great abatement of the favorable Opinion I would wifh to entertain of them ; but this failing is hereditary, and having received the fan^ion of immemorial cuftem, has taken too tleep root in their minds to be ever extirpated. Among this people I eaft of a Very uncommon kind of bread. The Indians, in general, 4ife but little of this nJVritious food: whilft their com is i« the milk, as they term it, that is, juft beforib it begins to ripen, they flice off the kernels from the cob to M^tch they grow, and knead them into a pafte. This tliey are enabled to do without the addition of any liqeil^ by the milk that flows from, them ; and when it is effedt- ed, they parcel it out into cak^s, and endofing them in leaves of the baflwood tree, pluce them in hoc embers, where they are Coon baked. And better flavored bretd I never eat in any country. This place is only a fmall village containincr about twenty*^re houfes and fixty or Icventy wamors. I -found nothing there worthy of further remark. The land on the fouth-eaft fide of the Green Bay, it but very indiffereRt, being overfpread with a heavy giuwdi of hcmlockf pine, ipruce, and fir trees." The commiiiiication between Lake Michigan and the Green Bay, bai beca reported by fome to be impradicabic for * C tbe •' ^• 14 CARVER'i TftAITELS. the palTage of any veflas largtr tliiii.eaiioM or bovtSr o» account of the ftioals that lie betwom 4l}C iflands in the Orand Traverfe ; but on founding it I found fufficient depth for a veffel of fixty tons, and the breadth pro|>oiw .tionable. ' The la^d adjoinin|r to the bottom of this bay it very fertile, th^ country m general level, and the perfpedive view of it pkafing and extenfive. A few families live in the fort, which lies on the weft fide of the Fox River, and oppofite to it, on the cfuft fide of its entrance, are fome French fettkrs who cult^ vate the land, and appear to live very comfortably. The Green J5ay or Bay of Puants is one of thofe places to which the French, as I have mentioned in tht introduction, have given nicknames. It is termed by the inhabitants of its coafts, the Menomonte Bay ; but why the French havedenominated.it the Pu»Dt or Stinks ing Bay, I know not. The reafon they themfelves givis for it is, that it was not with a view to mtilead ftranger% but that by adopting tliis method, they could converft with each other concerning the Indians, in their pre- fence, without being underftood by them. For it was remarked by the perfons who firft .traded among thetn^ that when they were fpeaking to each other aboUt them^ a«d mentioned their proper name» they^ inftantly grew fuljpicious, and concluded that .their vifilcrs were either fpeaking ill of them, or plotting their deftnid^ion. To rem^(ip'''thi8 they gave them fome other name. The qo» ly bad confequence ariling from the practice then intro)* dnced is, that Englifh and French geographers, in thdr plans of the interior parts of America, give diiferent mimes to the fame people, and thereby perplex thofe who have occafion to ref^r to them. Lalkt Michigan, of ^whic^ ir Green Bay is a part, is divided on the north^aft Irom Lake Huron'^by the Straits of MichilUmadkinac ; and is iituated bctwen for- ty-two and forty-fix degrees of latitude, and between eighty-four and eighty- fcven degrees of veft»IoMitude. Its grcatell length is two hundred and eighty n^sea, ka ilHrradth about forty, and its oircumforence nearly fix hundred. There it « wanarkaWe ftriag of finall iflMMb» beginning CAlRVER't TRAVELS. 15 iefrinning owr agwnft A(kiii?8 Farm, and running about; thirty milet fouth-wft into the Lake. Thefe are called the Beaver I(land« Their fituation is very pkafant, but the foil is bare. However they aflPord a beautiful profped. On the north-weft parts of this lake the waters bninch out into two bays. That which lies towards the north is the Bay of Noquets, and the other the Green Bay juft defcribed. The waters of this as wefl as the other great lakes are dear and wholefoine, and of fufficient depth for the na- vigation of large (hips. Half the fpace of the country that lies to the eaft, and extends to Lake HMix>n, be- longs to the Ottowaw Indians. The line that divides their territories from the Chip^ways, runs neariy ndrtk and fouth, and reaches alm^ft from the fouthern extremi* ty of this lake, aciHifs the high lands, to Michillimacki* nac, through the center of which it paflfes. So that wheH " thefe two tribes happen to meet at the faftory, thtj eacK encamp on tlieir own dominions, at a few yards diftanec from the ftockade. Tl>e country adjacent either to the eaft or weft fide of' this lake, is compofed but of an indifferent foil, exeept where fmall brooks or rivers empty themfehres into it | on the banks of thefe it is extremely fertile. Near the bor- ders of the lake grow a great numbar of fiMkl cherries which are not lefs remarkable for their manner of growth,, than for their exquifite flavor. They grow upon a fmall (hrub, not more than four feet high, the boughs oi which are fo loaded that they lie in clufters on the fand. As they grow only on the (and, the warmth of which ^ probably contributes to bring them to fuch perfe^^ion ; they are called by the French, cherries de fable, or fand cherries. The fize of them does not exceed that of a fmall mufket ball, but they are reckoned fuperior to any |. other fort for the purpofe of fteeping in fpirits. There alfo grow around the lake, goo(eberries, black currants, and «i abundance of juniper, be ing great quantities of berries of the fineft fort. Sumaek Ukewifie ffrows here in great P^lttj tlie leaf of which, gathered at Miohaelmas, whei^3||p| nd, h AiKh tAmiaol hf th* antavct. Thef tmtW^ «» eqiMl «*w»Wi>n»t> i6 CARVE R't TRAVELS. equal auantity of k with their tobacco^ which caufei^it to fmoke pleafantly. Near this lake, and indeed about all the great lakes, is found a kind of wiUow, termed by the French, bois rouge, in Engliih, red wood. Its bark, when only of one year's growth, is of a fine fcarfet co- lor, and appears very beautifid ; but as it grows older, it changes into a mixture of grey and red. The ftalks of this fhrub grow many of them together, and rife to the height pf fix or eight feet, the largefl not exceeding an inch diameter. The bark being fcraped from the fticks, and dried and powdered, is alfo mixed by the Indians with their tobacco, and is held by them in the higheil eftimation for their winter fmoking. A weed that grows near the great lakes, in rocky places, they ufe in the fummer feafon. It is called by the Indians, Segockimac, and creeps like a vine on the ground, fome- times extending to eight or ten feet, and bearing a leaf about the fize of a filver penny, nearly round ; it is of the fubftance and color of the laurel, and is, like the tisi^4C It rcfembles, an evergreen. Thefe leaves, dried and poWr ' dered, they likewife mix with their tobacco ; and, as faid before, fmoke it only during the fummer. By thefe three fuqcedaneums, the pipes of the Indians are well fupplied through every feafon of the year ; and as they are great fmokers, they are very careful in properly gar thermg and preparing them. > Oa the 2oth of September I left the Green Bay» and proceeded up Fox River, ftill in company with the traders and fome Indians. On the 25th I arrived at tht great town of the Winnebagoes,. fituatdd on a fmall ifland, juft as you enter the eaft end of Lake Winneba- go. Here the queen who prefided over this tribe inftead of a Sachem, received me with great civility, and enterr tained me in a very diftinguilhed manner, during thf four days I continued with her. ' ^ The day after my arrival I held a council with tht • chiefs, of whom I aflced permiffion to pafs through their country, in my way to more remote nations. On bufineif of importance. This was readily granted me, the requeft being efteemed by them at a ^reat compliment pftiCto their tribe. The queen iat m the cotii|dl>. but 00^ C A R V E US T R AT E I- S. If jc«d a few t^eftioas, or gave fome trifling direfHons in latterarehtiTt to the flatc ; for women are never allow- ed to fit in their councilsr except they happen to he in- refted with the fupreme authority* Bad then it is not buftomary for them to make any formal fpeeches as the ^ thiefv do. She was a very ^ ancient woman, fmall in * kature/ and not much di(iingui(hed. by her drefs from teveral youag women that attenckd her. Thefe her at- • lendants (remed greatly pleafed whenever I fhowed any tokens of refpeo^ to their queen, particularly when I faluted her, which I frequently did to acquire her favor. : iOn thefe occafiuns the good old lady endeavored to af- ifurne a juvenile gaiety, and by her fmiles fhowed (he [was equally pleafed with the attention I paid her. The time I tarried here, I employed in making the ' [bed obfervations poflibleon the country, and in culle£l- ing the molt certain intelligence I could, of the origin, language, and cuftums of this people. From theie en.- . quiries I have reafon to conclude, xhat the Wiimeba-- goes originally refided in fome of the provinces belong- '■ mg to New Mexico ; and being driven from their na- tive country, either by intelline divifioni^ or by the ex- tenlions of the Spanifh conquefts, they took refuge in thefe more northern part3 about a cratury- ago. My reafons for adopting this fuppofition, are, Firft, from their unalienable attachment to the Naudow^eflie In- dians (who, they fay, gave them the carUeil fuccors during their emigration) notwithftanding their prefent refidence is more than fix hundred miles diliant from that people. Secondly, that their dialed totally differs from evc- Tf other Indian nation yet dti'covered; it being a very uncouth, guttural jargon, which none of their neighbors. will attempt to learn They converfe with other nations in the Gliipv,way ttng ic, which is tlie prevaihng language throughout all the tubes, from the Mohawks of Cana< da, to thofe who inhabit the borders of the Miflinippi, and firora the Huron* and Illinois to fudi as dwell near Hudfun's Bay. l^trdly, from their inveterate hatred to. the Spaoi- ardfc Some of them informed mc that they had many ' C a excurfions ft CARVE R'ji TRAVELS. cxcurfioiBS to the foath-lKreft, which tooh np frMf moons. An el^riy chief more fiarticulariy acquainted me, that about forty-fix winters a^^o, he marched at the head of fifty warriors, toward the foatE-wdk» for tliree moons. That during this expeditian» vrfiiUl they were croffihg a plahi^ they difcoverod a body of m^n on horse- back, who belonged to Uie Black People ; for fo they call the Spaniards. At foon as they perceived them, they proceeded with' caution, and concealed themfdves till night came on ; when they drew fo near as to be nble to difcern the number and fituation of their enemies. Finding they were not able ii, cope with fo great a iii- periority by day-light, they wiiited till they had retired to reft ; when they ruihed upon them, and, after having killed the greateft part of the meii$ took eighty horfes loaded with what they termed white ftone. This I fup- pofe to have been filver, as he told me the horfes were Aod with it, and that their bridles were ornamented with the fame. When they had fatiated their revenge, they carried oiF th^ir fpoil, and being got fo lur as to be out of the reach of the Spaniards that had efcaped their fury, they left the ufeleis and ponderous burthen, with which the horfes were leaded, in the woods, and mount- ing themlelves, in this manner returned to their friends* Tne party they had thus defeated, I conclude to be the caravan that annually conveys to Mexico, the filver which the Spaniards find in great quantities on the mountains lying near the heads of the Colcredo River : and the plains where the attack was made, probably, fome they were obliged' to pafs over in their way to the heads of the River St. Fee, or Rio del Nord, which falls into the Gulf of Mexico, to the weft of the MifBflippi. The Winnebagoes can raife about two hundred war- riors. Thv.ir town ccntainii about fifty houfes, which are ftrongly built with palifades, and the ifland oa which it is fituatei, nearly fifty acres. It lies thirty-five milet, reckoning according tb the courfe of the river, firosi the Green Bay. jr* The river. Sat about four or five niilet iit>m tin My, h«s a gentk cuircnt $ ikfter that fpace, till yow aiftv«^«t tbt tlie Wi^aebaga Liakc3(%^I^^»n|tf|«ad tof rapid* At many placet we were auHgi^to land^RhMraoQeay and carry them a coufiderable waf;/jEDi^«^4^«^gfBeial» from tilt Gr^n Bay to the Winnebago Lak«» it be* tweeu f«venty and a hundred yards : the Uad an ita. borders very good* and thinly wooded with hickory » oak* and haxel. The Winneb g.) X^ake is about fifteen miles k>ng fronii eaft to weft, anu lix miles wide. At its fouth-eaft ccae- ner, a river falls into it that takes its rife near ibme of the northern branches of the Illinois River. This I. called the Crocodik River, in confequence of a flory that prevails among the Indians, of their having defbroy* ed, in fome part of it, an animal, which from their dc* ficription mull be a crocodile or an alligatcnri . The land adjacseat to the Lake is very fertile, abound'* ing with grapes, plums, and othtr fruits, which grow fpontaneoudy. The Winnebagoes raife on it a . great quantity of Indian ccon, beans, pumpkins, fquafhes, and. water melons^ with fc»ne tobacco. The Lake itfelf abounds with fifh* and in the fall of the year, with geefe» ducks, and teaL The latter, which refort to it in great numbers, are remarkably good and extremely fat, imd are much better flavored than thofe that ai% found near the fea, as they acquire their exceiTtve fatnefs by fecdtng on the wild rice, which grows fo plentifully in tkeie parts. Having made fame acceptable prefents to the good old queen, and received her UeOing,^ I left the town of the Winnebagoes on the 29th 4>f September, and about twelve miles from it, arrived at the place where the Fox River eaters the Lake on the north fide of it. We proceeded up this river, and on the 7th of Odober veached the great Carrying Place, which dividea it iroBL the Ouifccmun* >. The Fox River, from the Green Bay to the Carryu^ Place, is about one hunted and eighty miles, rrook ^ Winnebago Lake to the Caciyinv Place the onirent is gentle, and the depth of it contider^^$ notwkh* Aaadiag which, it is in fome pkimea with diftciik^p tkli. <**"*»*• together. About forty miles up this river, from the great town- of the Winnebagoes, llands a fmaller town belonging to that nation. Deer and bears are very numerous in thefe parts, and- a great many beavers and other furs are taken on the ftreams that empty themfelves into this river. The river I am treating of, is remarkable for having been, about eighty years ago, the reiidence of the united' bands of the Ottigaumies and the Saukies, whom the' French had nicknamed, according to their wonted, cttilom, Des Sacs and Des Reynards, the Sacks and< the Foxes, of whom the foUowihg aneodote-was related- tome by an Indian* '" About Axty years ago, the French miifibnaries and.' traders having received many infults from thefe peopIe>> a party of French and Indians, under the command of" Captain Morand marched to revenge their wrongs. The Captain fet out frpm the Green Bay in the winter,* when they were unfufpicious of a vifit of this kind^. and purfuing his route over the fnow to their villages, which lay about fifty mil^s up the Fox River, came up- on them by furprife. Unprepared as they were, he found them an eafy conq^tft, and confequently k^lled- or took prifoners the greateft part of them. On the re-' turn of" the French to tlie Green Bay, one of the Indi- an chiefs in alliance w ith them, ■ who had a c^Aifiderakki bind of the prifoners under his care, ftof.pea to diiok.' at a brook ; in the mean time his compan^oua went pfiii which being obferved by one of the women whom tibiey kad made captive, (he fuddenly fcized him witbbotk CARVER'S TRAVELS. *t hands, whilft he (looped to drink, by an exquifitclf Ifr 'ceptible part, and held him faft till he expired on the lil'^^* As the chief, from the extreme torture he fiiffer- ed, was unable to call out to his friends, or to give any alarm, they paffed on without knowing what had hap* pened; and the woman having cut the bands of thofe of her fellow prifoners who were in. the rear, with them made her efcape. This heroine was ever after treated by her nation as their deliverer, and made a chiefefs in her own right, with liberty to entail the fame honor on her defcendants : an unufual diilin^ion, and permitr ted only on extraordinary occafions^ About twelve miles before I reached the Carrying Place, I obferved feveral fmall mountains which extend- ed quite to it. Thefe indeed would only be efteemed as molehills, when compared with thofe on the back of the colonies, but as they were the firft I had feen. fince my leaving Niagar-, a track of nearly eleven hundred miles, I could not leave them unnoticed. The Fox River, where it enters the Winnebago Lake^ is about fifty yards wide, but it gradually decreafes to the^ Carrying Place, where it is no more than five yards over, except in a few places where it widens into fmall lakes, though ftiU of a confiderable depth. I cannot re- collet any thing elfe that is remarkable in this river, ex- cept that it is fo Terpentine for five miles, as only ^j^ gam in that place one quarter of a mile. *r The Carrying Place between the Fox and Ouifconfin Rivers is in breadth not more than a mile and three quarters, though in fome maps it is fo delineated as to appear to be ten miles. And here I cannot help remark-^ ing, that all the maps of thefe parts,. I have ever feen, are very erroneous. The rivers in general are defcribed as running in different dire^ions from what they reallr do ; and many branches of them, particularly of the Mif- ilffippi, omitted. The diftances of places, likcwife, are featly mifreprcfented. Whether this is done by the rendi geographers (for the English maps are aH copied from- theirs) through d<"fign, or for want of a juftknow-. lisdge of the country, I cannot fay $ but I am fktisfiect that a» CARVER'S TRAVELS.' ^t traTeUera who depend upon them in the part* I vi*- fitedy will find themfelves much at a lafs. Near one half of the way, between the rivers, is a mo- mk over^wn with a kind of long grafs, the reft of it a plain with fome few oak and pine trees n-owing there- on. I obferved here a great number of rattle-fnakea. Mdnf. Pinnifance, a French trader, told me a remarka- ble ftory concerning one of thefe reptiles, of which he iaid, he was an eye-witnefs* An Iiidtan, belonging to * the Menomonie nation, having takei) one of them, found means to tame it ; and when he had done thit, treated it as a Deity ; calling it his Great Father, and carrying it with him, in a box, wherever he went. Thi»^ the Indian had done for feveral fummers, when Monil Pinnifance accidentally met with him at this Carrying Place, juft as he was fetting off for a winter's hunt. Th« French gentleman was furprifed, one day, to fee the In** dian place the box which contained his god, on the ground, and opening the door, give him his liberty f tefling him, whilfl he did it, to be fure and return by the time he himfelf ihould come back, which was to be in the month of May foU9wing. As this was but Oc* tober, Monfieur told the Indian, whofe fimplicity afto> nifhed him, that he fancied he might wait long enougk when May arrived', for the arrival of his great fathcn The Indian was fo confident of his creature's obedience^ that he offered to lay the Frenchman a wager of two gallons of ram, that at the time appointed he would come and crawl ii^o his box. This was agreed on, and the fecond week in May following, fixed for the determina*^ tion of the waver. At that period they both met there Mraio I when tne Indian fet down his box, and called ibr hit great father. The fnake heard him not ; and the time being now expired, he- acknowledged that he had loft. However, without feeming to be.difcouragcd, hH^ offered to double the bet, if hit great father came aot within two days more. This wat further agreed oa i^- when behold on the fecond day, about one o'ck>ckc -iht fiiake arrived^ and, of hit own accord crawled tntd die Itox, which wat placed ready for him. The Frcnebg«il»- tliaan touched for the truth of thit fUry, and from the acCTWittft* CARVER'S T RAT ELS. ^ accounts I have ojftcm received of the docility of thofie creatures, I fee no reafon to doubt his veracity. I obferved that the main body of the Fox River came, from the fouth-weft, that of the Ouifconfin firom the north-eaft ; and alfo that fome of the (mall branches <^ the(e two rivers, in defcending into thena, doUbledy within a few feet of each other, a little to the fouth of the Carrying Place. That two fiich rivers ihould take their rife fo near each other, and after running fuch different courfes, rmpty thcmfelves into the (a, at a diftance fo amazing (for the former having pafied through feveral great lakes, and run upwards of two tho\ifaud Bsiks, fidls into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and the other* after joining the Miffiffippi, and having run an equal number of miles, difemboguesitfelf into the Gulf of Mex* ico) is an inftance fcarcely to be met in the exteniiitc continent of North- America. I had an opportunity the year foUowing, of making ^e fame obfervations on the affinity of various head branches of the waters of the St. Liwrence and the Mid^ppi to each other; and. now bring them as a proof, that the opinion of thofe geographers, who affert, that rivers taking their rife fis near each odier, muil fping from the fame £buiGe» k errdneous. For I perceived a vifibly diftind feparation m all of them, notwithftandtng, in fbme places, they approached fo near, that I could have ftepped from ooe to the other. On the 6th of O6kober we g«t our canoes into the Ouifconfin River, which at this fJace is more than a bundred yank wide } and the next day arrived at the Great Town xif the Saukies. I'his is the hrgeil and beft built Indian town I ever faw. It contains about ninety houfcs, each large enaugh for feveral' families. Thefe are buik of hewn phmk* acatW joroted, and co- vered witbiwrk io conpadly as to keep out the moft penetrating nuns. Before the deors are plactd -comfort- . abk Am^^ in which the inhabitanu fit, when the wea- thar #91 panmt^ and finokc tbcir pipes. The ftrceu are rtjfhgwuA Iftdom | lb that it ip|M«rs more Hke a ct- ^mmi toiia» thmthc abode of MfM.. The hmd near tbilowB it very good. In their pluMOB^ vhkk lie adp -* jacent 1^ CARVER't TTIAVELS. jftcent to their houfes, and which are neatly laid wttf they raife great quantities of Indian com, beang, me- lons, ^c. io that this place is efteemed the beft market for traders to fumifh themfelves with provifKHis, of any within eight hundred miles of it. The Saukies can raife about three hundred warriors. Who are generally employed every fummcr in making iiu:urfions into the territones of the Illinois and Pawnee nations, from whence they return with a great number of flaves. But thofe people frequently retaliate, and, in their turn, deftroy many of the Saukies, which I judge to be the reafon that they increafe no fafter. Whflft I ftaid here, I took a view of £ome moun* tains that lie about fifteen miles to the fouthward, and abound in lead ore. I afcended on one of the higheft of thefe, and had an extenfive view of the country. For many miles nothing was to be feen but lefler mountains, which appeared at a diltance like haycocks, they being Jnt from trees. Only a few ^oves of hickory, and iluntcd oaks, covered fome of the vaUies. So {Mcntiful is lead here, that I iaw large quantities of it Wing about the ilreetsin the town belonging to the Saukies, and it iieemed to be as good as the produce of other countries. On the loth of October we proceeded down the ri- -ver, and the next day reached the firft. town of the Ottigaumies. This towa contauied about fifty houOes, but we found moil of them deferted, on accooot of «n epidemical di£acder that had lately raged among ithem, and carried off more tlian one half of the in- habitants. The greater part (^ thofe who forvived, bad retired into the woods, to avoid the contagion. On the 1 5th we entered that extenfive river the Mif** filTippi. The Ouifconfin, from ihe Carrying Place to the part where it fidU into the Miififfippi, flows with a fmooth, but flrong current { the water of it is exceed- ingly clear, and through it you may perceive a fine and fandy bottom, tolerably free from rocka^ In it ve m fiew iflands, the foil of which appeared to be ffoodithoagh Ibmewhat woody. The land near the river ufoietOHd to be, in general, excellent ; but that at a diftaoct it v^f^luU of auHiutainix where it itiiud there are mny ktd mniei. About CARVER** TRAVELS. if i^Kwt five mitet from the jimdionof the rivert, I ob- U09A the ratM of ft large town« in « venr pleafin^ filMtioii. On enquiriAg of the neighboring Indians, why it Mai thm dcferted, I was informed, that about thirty years ago, the Great Spirit had appcartd on the top of a pyramid of rocks, which lay at a little diftance firom it» towards the weft, and warned them to quit their habita- tions ) for the land on which they were built belonged to him, and he had occaTion lor it. As a proof that he* who gate them thefe orders, was really the Great Spirit, he further told them, that the grafs (honk! immediately fpring up on thofe ttry rocks from whence he now ad« drcflcd them, which they knew to be bare and barren. The Indians obeyed, and foon after difcovered that this niractilous alteration had taken place. They (hewed me the fpot, but the ^wth of the grafs appeared to be no ways fupematural. I apprehend this to have been a ftra- tagcfn" oifthe French or Spaniards, to anfwer fome felfifh riewi but ia what manaer they effeded their purpofes I know not* This ^ eoplc, foon after their remoral, built a town on thf bank of the Miffiflippi, near the mouth of the Ouifconfin, at a place caUed by the French, La Prairies l«l Chiens, which fignifies the Doe Plains ; it is a large town, and contains about three hundred families; the koufes ftre well buik after the Indian manner, and plea- iantly fituated on a verv rich foil, from which they raife crery nectflary (^ life in great abundance. I faw here many hordhi of a good fize and fliape. This town is the great murt where all the adjacent tribes, and even thofe who inhabit the moft remote branches of the Mifliflippi, innuaOy aflemble about the latter end of May, mmmm t»^Mr difiovat hotafcib t' Thf D 9€ CARVER'S TRAVELS. The Mtfliffippiy at the entrance of the Ouifconiiny near which ftandt a mountaiD of confiderablc height^ it about half-mile over; but oppofite to the hK mentioned town it appears to be more than a mile wide, and full qf iflands, the foil of which ia extraordinary rich* and but tV'.nly wooded. .!r.A UtUe further to the weft, on the contrary iide, a linaU river falls into the MiffifTippi, which the French «;all Le Jaun Riviere, or the Yellow River. Here the traders who had accompanied me hitherto, took up their refidence for the winter. I then bought a canoe, and with two fervants^ one a French Canadian, and the other a Mohawk of Canada, on the 19th proceeded up th€ Mifliilippi. About ten days after I had parted from the txaders» I landed as I ufu^y did, every evening, and having pitch- ed my tent, I ordered my men, when night came ont to lay themfelves down to fleep. Zjy a light that I kepi burning I then fat down to copy the minutes I had taken^ in the courfe of die preceding day. About ten o'clock, having juft finiflied my memorandums, I ftepped out of my tent to fee what weather it was. As I call my eyes towards the bank of the river, I thought I faw by thiC light of the ftars, which (hone bright, fomething that had the appearance of a herd of beafts, coming down a defcent at fome diftance ; whilft I was wondenng what they could be, one of the number fuddenly fprung yp, and diicovered to me the form of a man. In an inftant they were all on their legs, and I could count about ten or twelve of them running towards me. I immediately re-entered the tent, and having awakened my men, or- dered them to take their arms, and fdlow me. As my lirft apprehenfions were for my canoe, I ran to the water's fide, and found a party of Indians (for fuch I now dif- Covcr«d them to be) on the point of plundering it. B%r lore I reached them, I commanded my men not to 6re tOl I had given the word, being unwilling to begin hoftilities unlefs occaTion abfoUitcly required. I acc<>rd- ingly advanced with refolution, dofe to the p^inti •( their fpears, they had no other weapoos, and bmldMi* kig my h»nger, alkedthein with a ftern voice» what thtr wanted; CARVER'S TRAVELS. it wanted f They were ftag^red at this, and pcrceimg they were like to meet with a warm reception, tumra about and precipitately retreated. We purfued them to an adjacent wood, which they entered, and we faw no more of them. However, for fear of their return, wc watched alternately during the remainder of the night. The next day my fervanta were under great apprehen- fions, and eatneftly entreated me to return to the tradem we had lately left. But I told them, that if they would not be efteemed old women (a term of the greateft re* proach among the Indians) they muft follow me ; for I was determined to purfue my intended route, as aa Englifhrnau; when once engaged in an adventure, ne- ver retreated. On this they got into the canoe, and I walked on the fhore to guard them from any further attack. The party of Indians who had thus intended t6 Slander me, I afterwards found to be fome of thofe raggling bands, that having been driven from among the different tribes to which they belonged, for variooa crimes, now affociated themfelves together, and, living by plunder, prove very troublefome to travellers who pan this way ; nor are even Indians of every tribe fpared by them. The traders had before cautioned me to be upon my guard againft them, and I would repeat the fame caution to thofe whofe buiinefs might odl them into thtfe partF, On the I ft of November I arrived at Lake Pepio^ which is rather an extended part of the River Miffiflippi« that the French have thus denominated, about two hun- dred miles from the Ouifconfm. The MiiTiffippi below this lake, flows with a gentle current, but the iMreadth of it Js ver^ uncertain, in fome phces it being upwards of a mile, in others not more than a quarter. Thia^ivcr has a range of mountains on each lide throughout the whole of the w«y ; which in particular parts approach near to tt, in others lie at a grditer diftance. The bud bctwat the mountains, and on their fidei^ i» generalb- cotered with grafs, with a few groves of trees imerfpei^ «d, near whitb, large drovet of deer and dk ait^fei^ focntljr (cell fitedtng. s8 CARVER»8 TRAVELS. > « In many places pyramidt of rocks appeared, refcm^ Uing old ruinous towers ; at others amazing {Mrecipiccf f and what is very remarkable, whilft this icene prefenttd Itfelf on one iide, the oppofite fide of the fiime mouoo tain was covered with the fineft herbage, which gradu- ally afcended to its fummit. From thence the moft beau- tiful and exteniive profpedl that imagination can form, r fore I came to a fine, level, open plain, on wkiali I m»> eeivcd at a little diflance, a partial denitton tkat IhmI the appearance of in intrenchmcnt. On a nearer infpee- tin& CARVER'S TRAVELS. %9 cJi» I had gicattnr reafon to fuppofe that it had really been intended for this many centuries ago. NotwitiK ftanding it was now covered with grafs, I could plainly difcem that it had once been a breaft-work of about four ftfet in height, extending the bell part of a mile, and fu£Bciently capacious ta cover five thoufand men, lU form was fomewhat circular, and its flanks reached to the River. Though much defaced by time, every angle was diftinguiihable, and appeared as regular, a^ fiifliioned with as much military fkill, as if planned %" Vauban himfelf. The ditch was not vilible, but I thought on examining more curioufly,, that 1 could perceive there certainly had been one. From its fituation alfo, 1 am convinced that it mull have been defigned for this pur- pofe. It fronted the country, and the rear was covered by the River ; nor was there any rifing ground for a con- fiderable way, that commanded it ; a few draggling oaks weire alone to be feen near it. In many pl^es fmatt tradls were worn acrofs it by the feet of the elks and deer, and fron; the depth of the bed of earth by whidh it was covered, I was able to draw certain conclufiona of its great antiquity. I examined aU the angles, and eve^- ry part with great attention, and have often blamed myfelf fince, for not encamping on the fpot, and draw- ing an exa<^ plan of it. To (hew that this delcriptioit is not , the offspring of a heated tmagiaation, or the thimerical tale of a miilaken traveller, i find on enqui- ry fince my return, that Monf. St Pierre and feveral traders, have, at different times, taken notice of fimilar appearances^ on which ^ey have formed the lame con- jc^urea> but without exanyning them fo minutely as I did. How a work of this kind could exifl in a cou^^try that Has hitherto (according to the genersl received opi- nion) been the feat of war to untutored iuulanti alone, whole whole (lock of military knowledge has only, till vithin two centuries, amounted to dbltwtng the bow, md whefe, only br^-werk, even «t at^fent, it the liiiditt, I know net. ( have given as cta^ aa accumit !» poiAtk, of this lingular appearance, and leav^.ta li|« lure «ma> Hii I tr» fuied to ai&ii the Nmdowfitiigi I HmM k«r« dMtiHi^ CARVERS TRAVELS. ^t myfelf their difpkafure, or hid I met the Chip^wayti. with hoftile intentions, I fliould have made that people my foes, and had I been fortanate enough to ha^ e£c^ ed their arrows at this time, on fome future occafioa fliould probably have experienced the Severity of their revenge. In this extremity I chofe the middle courfe» and defired that the Naudoweifies would futfer me to meet them, that I might endeavor to avert their fury» To this they reludantly aflented, being pcrfuaded, froott the inveteracy which had long prevailed between them^ that my remonftraoces would be in vain. Taking my Frenchman with me, who cou^^fpeak their language, I haftened towards the place where the* Chip^ways were fuppuTed to be. The Naudowcflies du- ring this, kept at a diftance behind. As I approachedi them with the pipe of peace, a fmall party of their chiefs, eonlifting of about eight or ten, came in a friendly man-> . ner towards me ; with whom, by the means of my inter- preter, I held a long converfation ; the refult of which, was, that their rancor being by my peri'iiafions in fomcr meafure mollified, they i^reed to return back, without accompliftiing their favage purpofes. During uur dif« courfe I could perceive, as they lay fcattered about, (hat tlie party was very numerous, and many of them armed with mulkets. Having happily fucceeded in my undertaking, I re* * turned without defaiy to the Naudowefiies, and defired- they would tnftantly remove their camp to fome o^ier part of the countiy, left their enemies ihould repent of the promife they had given, and put their intentit.ns m execution. Tlwy accordingly fuUvWsd my sdvice, and immediately prepared to ftnke their tents. Whilftthc j were doing this, they loaded me with thanks ; and* wheS^ I had fp«n them on board their canoes, I pinfued m]|[ routfC. T^ thtstdventure I was chiefly indebted W%c frifml^ ly ffcception I afterwards met with from the tifaaieweflliip of th* Flains, and tot the refpe^i and honors ireceivei* durii^ tty abode among them. And when I ■itfve# SMiiy taoBtha tfter at the Chipdwsy ^Slagc, of the cave prevents all attempts, to acquire a knowledge of it. I threw a fmall pebble tQwaids the inferior parts of it, with my utmuft ilrength : X could, hear that it fell into the water, and notvnthftanding it was of fo finall a lize, it caufed an aftonifhing and horri* Ue noife, thai reverberated through all thofe gloomy re* gions. I found in this cave many Indian hiero9lyp^ic% wUich moeared very ancient, for time had nearly cover* td tiieni|Ni mofii fo that it was with difficulty I could Ire: ti9&^len£ed-aiid fofprifcd, ^rhen I a{^roaehcd t|i,ts a#0j|i%,«> lil^ia^dk of nature; but! waa not long k libcity t» « iv) ^ indulge 34 CARVE R»s TRAVELS. indulge thcfe eiiiotion«, my itCention being called off hlf the behftvior of my companion. The prince had no fooner gained the point that over- looks this ironderful cafcade, than he began with an •udible voice to addrcfs the Great Spirit, one of whofe placeH of refidence he imagined this to be. He told him .that he had come a long way to pay his adorations to him*-* and now would make him the belt offerings in his power. HfB accordingly firft threw his pipe into the dream $ vflm the roll that contained his tobacco ; after thefe» the bracelets he wore on his arms and wrifts ; next an ornament that encircled his neck> compofed of beadt and wires ; and at laft the ear-rings from his ears ; in fliorty he prefented to his god» every part of his drefs that was valuable : daring this he frequently fmote his iMreaft with great violence, threw his arms about, and i^peared to be much agitated. All this while he continued his adorations, and at length concluded them with fervent petitions that the Great Spirit would conKlantly afford us his prote^ion on our travels, giving us a bright fun, a blue iky, and clear, ^untroubled waters : nor would he leave the place tSl wi had fmokcd together with my pipe, in honor of the Great Spirit. I was greatly furprifed at beholding an inftance of fuch elevated devotion in fo young an Indian, and inftead of ridiculing the ceremonies attending- it, as I obferved my catholic fcrvant tacitly did, I looked on the- prince witih a greater degree of refpe£l for thefe iincere prbofa ht gave of his piety ; and I doubt not but that his ofkr* liigs and prayers were as acceptable to the aniverfat Parent of mankind, as if they had been made with great* «r pomp» or in a confecrated place. Indeed, the whole condu^i of this young prince, at^^ once amazed and charmed me. Diu-ing the few day« vn w«re together, his attention fefmaed totidty to be em- ployed in yielding me every aflilUnce in his power ; and even in fo fliort a tinM^ he gave me innumerable p«oof» of the moft generous amd diiintert*fted friendtiiip i $i$ thvt on our return I parted £rom him with great t^ k^bince. Whilft I bdidd the artkK yet engaging laaar nerd CARVERS TRAVELS. ^ aen of this unpolifhcdtavage* I could not help drawing a comparifon between him and fome of the more re» fined inhabitants of civilized countrieSf not much, I own, in favor of the latter. The Falls of St. Anthony received their name from. Father Louis Hennipin» a Fiench miflionary, who travel- *led into thefe paits about the year i68o« and was the iirft European ever feen by the natives. This amazing body- of waters, which are above 250 yards over, form a mo|t>« ^leafing ca!tara6l ; they fall perpendicularly about thir^ feet, and the rapids below » in the fpace of 300 yardt- more, reader the defcent confiderably greater ; fqi that when viewed at a diftancc, they appear to be much higher than they really are. The above-mentioned tra- veller has laid them down at above fixty feet; but he has made a crcater error in calculating the height of the Falls of Niagara ; which he afTerts to be 600 feet ; whereas from later obfervations accurately made, it is wdl known that it does not exceed 140 feet. But the good father I fear too often had no other foundation for his accounts, than report, or, at beft, a flight iii4 ijpe^ion. ^^» , In the middle of the Falls ilands a fmall iflahd,' about forty feet broad and fomewhat longer, on which grow a few cragged hemlock and fpruce trees } aiid about half way betwften this ifland and the eaftern tkemn a rock, lying at the very edge of the Fail, in an oblique poiUioOr that appeared to be about five or fix feet Ixroadt and thirty or forty long. Thefe Falls vary much from all tlie others I have ften, as you liiay approach clofe to them without finding the leaft t^ftriidlion from any interven* inghill or prccipiee. The country around them is extremely beautiful* lit is i|ot m uninterrupted plain, where the eye finds nam* lief, but compofed of many gentle afcents,. which in the- funamer 4ir«! covered with the fineft verdure^ and intei>> fperied with little groves, that give a pleating Tariety ia the pvoipe^ On the whole, when the Falls are in* cludcd» which may be feen at tlie difUnce of four mileiy a more jileafing and pi^urefque view cannot, I believf^ bf Imiod throughout the uaiverfe. I could have wiflied that ^ OAllVEK'i TRAirSLa^ ^uk I had hMJpfehtd to ea)of tfut glorioat figt^ «l V mMre ie«foiiii>le ' tinie of the year, whilll die treet ind hillocks were clad b natiire't wyeft livenr, at ttut muft Iffeve greatly added to the plemtne I received ; however. Wen mn it exceeded' my wamieft cxpedationt. I have cttSdea^^Kired to give ^e reader aa juft an idca^ of this 4Hthanting fpot» •tpoflible) hut dl dcfcription, whe** ther of the pencil or the pen> muft M iallnitely ihoit tthc original. At a little diihuice below the Falli ftands a fmai Uhind, 6f about an acrfc and an half* on whfch gro#'ft ;great number of oak trees, every branch of which, able to fupport the weight, was InU of eagles neft The reafon that this kind of birds refort in fuch nun4>ert to this fpotj is, that they are here fecure fr6inr the attaclu either of man or beaft, their retreat being guarded fay ihe rapids, which the Indians never attempt to ^i^ Another reafon is, that they find a conftant fupply -^ ibod fat themldves and their young, froA the aniimd* und dfli which are dafhed to pieces by iht f'aUs, and driven on thejt^acent fliore. Haifiag fatisfied my curiofity, as far as the eyeof mM Mn be ratisfied, I proceeded on, ftill accompanied by -my young friend, till I hadrea«hed th« Rivtr St. Fran- tkf near fiaty miles above the Falls* To this river Fa-*' ther Hennipin gave the name of 8t. Francis, and this' 'WM the extent of his travels, as well as mine, fi»wards • the north-weft. As the feafon was f<»adVniloed, Aiid tlie weather extremely cold, I was not abk to Ql^ake (o many (tibfervations on thefe parts as I btheiStiP. fliould have' done. It might however, periiaps, be neocflary to obferve, Ifcat in the little tour I made about the Falls, after tra- ( veiling fourteen miles, by the fide of the MifGffippi, I •^.'iMBe to a river nearly twenty yards wide, fitMch ran from the aovth-eaft, called Rnm River. And on the idth flf Novembct Mne lo another termed Goefe River, «bout twelve yardfe wide. On the lift 1 anfivnd it the St. FirancM, which is abovt thirty yardi tride. Hert the' MilBilippi itW growa itaftowi being ttot more tkan mttt^ CARVER't THAyELd; i| tf fwf^ over ; and appears ta be ditdly eompolicd df famll branches. The ice prevented me from aotkuif the depth of anv of thefe three rnrers. The country in Unac placet is hi]ly> but widioot largf mountaias ; and the land is tolerably good. I obfervefl here numy deer and carriboos» fome elk, with abundaooe , of beavers, otters, and other furs. A little above this# to the north-eaft, are a number of fmaU lakes called the Thoufand Lakes ; the parts about which, though but little frequented, are the beft within many iailes, for huntine, as the hunter never faib of returning loaded be- yond his expedUticB). The Mifliffippi has never been explored higher up than ;the River St. Frsncis, and only by Father Henniptn and myfelf thus hr. So that we are obliged folely to the Indians, for all the intelligence we are able to give cefai- tive to the more northern parts. As this River is not. navigable from the fea for veflels of any confiderable Ixur* then, much higher up than the Forks of the Ohio, and even that is ac^omp!tihed with great difficulty, owing to the rapidity of the current, and the windings of the ri« ver ; thofe fettkments that may be made on the interior branches of it, muft be indifputably feeure from d:e lU- tacks of any maritime power. But at the fame time the fHtlers will have the advantage of being able to convey their produce to the fea-porti, with great fiu:ility, the -current of the river from its tamot to its entrance into the Gulf of Mexico, i>eing extremely favorable for doinff this in Onall craft, l^is might alu> in time be facili- tated by canals or (horter cuts; and a communicatioa opened by water with New- York, Canada, ^c, by way of the lakes. The Forks of the Ohio are about nine hundred miles from the mouth of the MiffiiTtppi, Ibl- Ijwing the courfe of the river; and the Meffuiie two hunted miles above thefe. From the latter it is dMiut twmty miks to the Illinois River, and fnom that to the Oaifeonrm, which I have given an aocomt of, abeut eight hundred more. pB the S5th I returned to my canoe, which I hlKi kft at the aUNith ^of the River St. Pierre { and heae I part- ed with regret horn my young frttad^ the priiM9e.s3ttfie £ Winnebagoci. jS CARVE R't TRAVELS. Winnebtfoei. This river being dear of ice* bf realb* fH itt (buthem fttuation, I foupd nothing to obflrwft my oafla^e. On ,the a8th« being advanced about forty aiile% A imved at a (ipall branch that fell into it from the aorth ; to which, aa it had no name that I could diftiaguiih it hft I gave my own. About forty nu'let hisher up I 4»me to the Forks of Verd and Ked Mar)£ Riven, which join at fome little diftance before they enter the St. Pierre. The River St. Pierre, at its juo^ion with the Miffiffip^ pi, is about a hundred yards broad> and continues that breadth nearly all the way I failed upon it. It has a ffreat depth of water, and in fome places runs very briik- ly. About fifty miles from its mouth are fome rapids, and much higher up there are nruiny others. ^I proceeded up this river about two hundred miles to the country of the Naudowelfies of the Plains, which lies a little above the Forks formed by the Verd and Red Maible Rivers, juil mentioned, where a . branch horn the fouth nearly joins the Mefibrie River. By the Accounts I received from the Indians, I have reafon to believe that the River St. Pierre and the Mefiorie, though they enter the Mifliifippi twelve hundred miles from each other, take their rife in the fame neighborhood; and tbit within the fpace of a mile. The River Su Pierre's northern branch rifet from a fliumber o£ kkes near the (hioing mountains ; and it ia from fome of thefe, alio, that a capital branch i of the River Bourbon, which runs into Hudfon's Bay, has iu, /ourcea. From the intelligence I gained fixmi the NaudowelSc Indians, amoiu^ whom I arrived on the 7th of Decern*' ber, and whote language I perfeflly ac<^ircd during a refidence of five months ) upd alfo from the atxonBM^ afterwards obtabcd from the Affinipoili* who j^tak i\i lame toogw, beiiur a revaked band a the Katidawtftc»i j|«^ fixun tne KuIiiUnoca, neighbors oi the Affiaipaftt wlo fpcak the Chip^way Vmguage, and inhabit the bctdi 1^ the River BoMrMn | I fay hxaa thefe natioiifb tMn- flier wiih-imr owa obfmatioaib I bare kasMi tM Iki lb«r iPift ca|M«nn oi ^ GigiiiMii •! Jlpt^^ CARVER'a TRAVELS; 0 Anerio^ viz. the St. Lawr«nce» the MifltAppif A« rhrer Bourbon, and the Oregon or the river oP the Weft: (at I hinted in mr Introduaion)* havetlleir fourcet ia; the fiune netghborlKKKL The waters, of the three former are within thirty miler of eadi other ; the bitter» how* trer, it rather further weft. This (hews that theif parts are the higheft lands in. North-America ; and it is an inftance not to be ponfleU ed on the other three quarters of the glbbe, that four rivers of fueh magnitude (hould take their rife together^ and each, after running feparate conrfes, difcharge their waters into different oceai^s at the diihince of two thoii«i^ fiind miles from their fources. For in their pafTage frorai this foot to the bay of St. Lawrence, eaft, to uie Bay of Mexico, fouth, to Hudfon^s Bay, north, and to the bay at the Straits of Annian, weft, each of thcfe travcrfe upwards of bvo thonfand miles. I Chall here give my readers fuch reflections as occur*- Kd to me, when I had received this interefting informs*' tion, and had by aumberlefs enqoiries, afcertained the truth of it i diat is, as far as it was pofRble to arrive at a certaitity without a perfonal inyeftigation. It is well kna^m that the Colonies, particularly thofe- of New-Enghmd-and Canada, are greatly afTcC^ed, about, the time their winter fets in, by a north-weft windl/ lAndk continuet for feveral months, and renders the pold much more intenfe there than it is in the interior parti* of America. Hiis I can, from my own knowledge, affert* as I found the winter, that I paffed to the weftward of the Mifflflippi, hr from fevere ) and the north- weft wind blowinr on thofe countries confiderably morsr tempciHtc than I nave often experienced it to be nearer the co&ft- And that this did not arife from an uncertainty of the ftafonsn but was annualh'the cafe, I conclude, both from the iiMll- i|uanttty of mow that then feO, and a total difuff «f fonw fhoct by thefe Indians, without whiclr. ■ont «f 'the more eaftern nations can poffibly travel du«^ isn| the winter. At Mtoraliftt obferve, that air refemblct water iik ma* 9f re%cAa, partkukrly by often iowing in a compa6^' Mfi tad tktl tyt il geo^raBy rawiiced toba witk^ 40 CARVBR'a travels. ike cmrent of bnt ftreams, and feldom acroft tlieni» mgf not the vfm& that fct Ttolentlj into the Bay o§ Mexico about the latter end of the yearj^ take theui coilrfe over the continent in the (ame dire^on aa the Miin£S|ipi does ; till mcetii^ the north winds ^that from a fimilar caufe.hkiw up the Bourhon from Hudlon't Bay) they arc forced acrofs the great lakes, down the current of the waters of the St. Lawrence, and united, commit thofe ratages, and occaiion thofe fevere winters, expe^ rienced io the before-mentioned countries ? During their progrels over th^ lakes they become expanded, and coBi Kquently a(Fc£l a greatar trad of land than they ether^ wife would do. According to my fcanty knowledge of natural philo>i Ibphy, this does not appear improbaUe. Whether it ti agreeable to the laws eftabliflied by naturalifts to ac- count for the opei^tions of that element, I know not. However, the dcfcription here given of the fituation of thefe vaft bodies of water, and their near approach ta each other, vtrith my own undigefted fiuppofitions of their tffe€k on the winds, may prove perhaps, in abler hands,, the means of leading to many ufeful difcoveries. ^ Oa the 7th of December, I arrived (as I faid before) it- the utmoft extent of my travels towards the weft ^ WL|t I met with a large party of the Naudoweffie In-^ dSms, among whom I rcfided ieven months. Thefe con- ftitnted a part of the eight bands of the Naudowefliea of the Plains ; and are termed the Wawpeentowahs, the Tintons, the Afrahcootans, the Mawhaws, and the Schi-^ ans. The other three bands, whofe names are, the Schi-! anefe, the Chongoufceton, and the Waddapawieftin^ dvrell higher up, to the weft of the River St. Pierre» on plains that, according to their account, are unbounds cd i and pe&bably terminate on the coaft of the Pacific Ocean. Tne Naudoweffie nation, when united, confiftk of more than two thoufand warriors. The Affinipo9s» who revolted from them, amount to about three hun<« drcd ; and leagued with the Killiftinoes, Uve in a cottti* nual ftate of enmity with the other eleven bands. As I proceeded up the River St. Pierre» and had ocvs I j^ reached the pbce where thefe peo|tle wtcc nsai^fp^ car:v:e:r^« rirAViffxsr 4^ I-obfcrf ed two or three canoes coming down the ftream ;. . bat no fooner had die Indians th^t were on board thenii^ difcovered us, than they rowed towaid the land, afid^ leaping afliore with precipitation, left their canoes t^ fi6at as the current drote them. In a few minutes 'X perceived fome others; who, as ibon as they came m r^ht, followed, with equal (peed, the example of th^. countrymen^ , I now thought it neceflary to proceed with caution y and therefore Kept on the fide of the river oppofite to that on which the Indians had landed. However, I* ftill continued my courfe, fatisfied that the pipe ofpeacc»t which was fixed at the head of my canoe, and the £ngfini><- colors that were flying at the ftem,^. would prove ' my fecurity. After rowing about half a mile furthefy . in. turning a point, I difcovered a great number of tent|»^ ahd more than a thoufand Indians, at a little diftance/ from the fhore. Being now nearly oppofite to them, I ordered to convince fome confidence in them. As foon as I had reached the land, two of the chida > prefented their hands to me, and led me, amidft tho ailoniihed multitude, who had moil of them never feettfj^ a white num before, to a tent. Into this we enterd^r* and according to the cuftom that univerfaUy prevails^- among every Indian nation, began to fmoke the pipe ot' peace** We had not fat long before the crowd became fo ^eat, both around, and upon the tent, that wc were m danger of being cruihed by its fall. On this we re- turned to the plain, where, having gratified the cu'riofity of the common people, their wonder abated, and ever after they treated me with great refpeA. ^ From the chiefs I met with the mod friendly and hof-' pitable itcq>tion ; which induced me, as the l.'afon was- 10 hr idvancedi to take up my refidence am^ne them, during the winter. To render my ftay as comhrtablc' as pomUe, I firft endeavored to learn their language. This I iboo^ didf fo as. to make myfelf per£:dly iniel- KpiUcy havii^ ikhn acquiied fom^ flight knowledge of tiU bncpige g| Uiofc Indians that Uft off the back oT i my men to pml dire£Vly over, as I was willing, rince the Indians by fuch a ftep, that I placeo.! r E.a- the' 41 CAkVER'f TRAVELS. tlie fettkments ; and in confequence met with cver]r commodation their iQ»nncr of hving would afford. Nor did I want for fuch anouftments a» tended to make fo long a period pafs cheerfully away. I frequently hunted witE tl^nn ; and at othec times heheld witn pleafure their rtr creations, and paftimies, which. I (hall defcribe hereafter. Sometimes I (at with the chieft, andwhilft we fmokcd the friendfy pipe^ entertained them, in return for the 90count8.they gave me of their wars and excurfionii with a narrative of my own adventures, and a defcription o£ att tkebattlies fought between the Englifh and French in. America, in many of which I had a perConad ihare.. They always paid great aUeotion to my details^ and. aiked many pertinent queftioDS relative to the European, aofthods of majking war. I held thefe converiations with them, in a great mea<^ C\at to procure from thenkfome information relative to the chief point I had QonfUntly in view, that of gaining;; a knowledge of the fituation and produce, botK of their own country, and thod? that lay to the weft ward of them.. Nor was I Hi&ppointed in my defigns; for I. procured from thjcm much ufieful- intelligence. They likewifedrew for mc plans of all the countries with which they were, acquainted; but as I entertained no great opinion of thnr geographical knowledge, 1 placed not. oiuch de- pendence on them, and therefore think it unneceflary to. give them to the public. They draw with a piece of ^rnt coal, taken irom the hearth, upon the infide bark of the birch tree ; which is as fmooth as paper, and an? fwers the fame purpofes, notsvithftanding it is of ayeUoyr call. Their (ketches are made in a rude manner, but they feem to giye us as j oft an idea of a country, al- though the plan is not fq exaA, as more experienced drauchtfmen could do. Ileft the habitations of thefe hofpitable Indiaos tht. latter end of April 1767 ; but dkl not part j^om them, fbr&veral daya, ts 1 was accompanied on my journey by near three hundred of them, among whom were tmj ehiefs, to the mouthof the River ot. Pierre. At thit fcafon, thefe banda annually go t4 the Great Cavc» be- Jbre mci^Dcdt to hold a grand oouocU iH& all the oHier. ' ' ■- batdii CARVER** TRAVIgLS. 4$^ tends ;, wherein thej (ettk their opeynlions for the taikh iag year. At the Mine time thc^r ournr widi thenithctr dm> for interment* bound up in buffiJoet ikiiit^ Bi- iidet thpfe that accompanied me. Others were, gww h^ i fore, and the reft were to follow. Never did I travel with fo cbeerluland hxppf •.com* pany. But their mirth met with- a fudden and t«a^or»- • ry allay from a violent J^rm. that oiertook.os one day on our paffiige. We had iuft landed, and were pvf|inxii|ff * to fet up pur tents for- the night,, when a heaiy cIpi3» oyerlpread the heavens, and the moft. dreadAil thu^n't lightning,, and raan,. iflued from, it» that evci I babcld.' The Indians were gireatly terrified» and^raa.ta iiiGh' fhelter as they could &a; fcNTiOi^y afew teottwcreaa* yet ereded. Apprehenfive o^^ the dangftr thai; flS^t • cnfue fix)m ftanduig near any thing wbich-jBo^/erve for* a, cpnduAor, as the cloud appeared to. contain fttdt an> uncommou quantity of ele^^cal fluid, I took my ftaiid' as far as poffible frmn any covering 1 chufiiig rather tO' he expofed to the peltings oC the flonn« than to receive* afatsd ftroke. At this the Indiana,, were greatly (wt*' prifed, and drew conclufions-from it not un&vonible tO' tlie opinion they ahready entertained of my: refolotion* Yet I acknowledge that I was never more affeftediis- my life; for nothing fcarcely could exceed the tcnifie' fcene. The peals <£ thunder were fo loud that they (hook the. earth} and the lightning flaflicd akmg ^e* ground in ftream» of ful^hur ; fo that th( Indian chitfa* themfdves, although thetr courage in war is ufuatty in*^ vincible, could not help trembling at the horrid combiif- tion. As foon as the ftorm was over, they flodbed' around me, and informed me, that it was %.jpioei:of the anger of the evil fpirits, whom they wei;tf«pift-' hcniive that the^ had highly offended. . . When we arrived, at the .Gj^eat .Ca>ve, and the liidian» had depofited the remains of their decea&d Aknh in' the burial>place that ftanda adjacent to it, jhey held their Seat council, into which I was admitted*, and at the me time had the honor to be ioftidled or adopted a chief of their band! On this occafiot I nade.& fol- hrnmg ^etchi, which I liiQ;it» lo gjMCfBy laidip fU^ ' ' ' cimca dmeii of the Ittguaee tnd manner m which it is neccflSui ry toaddrcfs the Indiant, (o at to engine their attention,. taid to render the fecaker'» expteffions confonant to their ideas. It was delivered on the firft day of Maf- 1767- ** My te*others, chiefs of the numerous and powerful*. ** Naudoweffies ! I rejoice that through my long abode : **. with TOU, 1 canrnow fpedt to you (though after an^ ^* impciie^ manner) in your own tongue, like one of 7^ <^ your own ehilton. I rdoice alfo that I have had*^ tt UL opportunity fo freguentty to inf • '• ry wdt power of the Great King that reigiis over the ^* £ng^i(h and other nations ;,v^o is defcended from ai •* very ancient race, of fovereigns, vas old as the earth i ** and waters; whofeJe^et ftand on > two great iilands,. '< hatger than any yoit hMe ever feen» amidtt the greateft *• waters in the world fVhofe head reached to the fun,, <^and wh<^e arms encircle the whole earth. The num- • <* berof. whofe wanriors are eqiiial to the trees in the- M vaUies, the ftalks of rice in yonder marihes, or the . ** blades of grafs on your great plains. Who has hun* ** dreds oi canoes <^ his own, of fuch amazing bignefs, . ** ^at all the waters in your country woidd not niffice <* for one of them to fwim in ; each of which have *^ tfiiflt,|iot. fmall like mine, virhich you fee before you, ** Cut ot fuch magnitude, that an hundred of your ** ftovteft young men would with difficulty be able to ** carry one. And thefe are equally fuipriiing in their ** operation againft the great king's enemies when en-- **■ gaged in battle ; the terror they carry with them, your ** amgttagc wants words to expreft. You may remember ** -the other day when we were encamping, at Wadaw- ••v^^llimciielbtor, the black. clouds, the wind, the fire, *' the ftupendous noiie, the horrible cracks, and the trem- ^ bUng of the earth, which then sdarmed you, and give ** yoa reafon to think your gofitioii towardi hta* ** and hit fubjcSsy and that you wiflied for tradenfrmn ^ the Englifli to come am<»g yoaw ** Being now about tp taj^jfif kfiwt qf you» and t» " return to my own country^ a long Way towarda the* ** rifing fun, I asaiii aflc ypu to tctt me wH^er yon c«|b ^ tinue of the ume mini^jfs^when I fpoke to you iir '* council laft. winter} ui ps there are now icvei# *f of your chieft.hcre* who came from the great plaina^ ** tovnurds the fettiog of the fuQ» whom I nave nerer *f ipoke with iaeduncfl before I s^ you to Idt me know ** if you are all willing to acknowledge yourfdves the* ** children qf . my great mafter tb^ King of tine E^glHli *f and a^ermatiom, as I (hall take the firil ofportonity^ *S to acquaint him of your die^r^ and good inEeatioiitb > *>* I charge you not to tLvrj^ heed to bad reporit | fiii . <( there are wicked birds nying about amon^ the p^(^* ** boring nations, who .may whifper evil thii^s in yjiir ** ears againftthe EngHfh, contrary to what I h^ft toli^ '! you ; you muft not believe them, for I havt told yOtt *« the truth. m' •* And al forjR chiefs that are aiy>ut to go 14MkiK» cak M^ ** with the mouths of thefe my brotheiB, chiefs of M ett^ bands of the powerful nation of the Naudowdfiift **. We believe and are well (atisfied in the truth oieipy; «* thing yon have told us about T^way8, and hope when you teturn to us again», ** that fpu win complete this good work ; and quite' *< di^eUing the donds that intervene, open the bbe iky ** of peace, and ^aufe the bkiod^ hatchet to be deep hu<^ <• ricd ttiider the.^oott of the great tree of peace. ^ We wMt yon to tttkeahtt to reprefieat to oar great' <•. ^tther, how much we defire tliat tnidcra may hi fent ** to mk Btnong ui, with Inch thinga ai wt need, dtat << the heart* of onr young men, onar wives, and chil- M 4mh ttay be made gkd. And auiy peace fubfift bc-^ <• f^Keen Ue» fo iong at the fun, the moon, the ear^», ^ and ^ vraters ftdl endure. FarewdP* J[ thooght it nec^flary to camtion the Indiam againft " ig heed to any bad reports that may reach them the tt^ghbOfing nations, to the diladvantage of the Engfiih, as I had hchrd, at diflerent pOacea thmagli: wlihrh I pi^ed, that emidkries were ML eoraliycd hy ^ iFVtn^ to detach thofe who wire frieHdly to the EfigUA, from their intereft. And I (aw« mjpfel^ tint*- ral belts c| Wampum that had been dehfVred for thi^ %i kimt of the tribes I was among* On tile of each of thefe» a Talk was heU^ whtteis the* wot told that |he^£ngUfii^ who were hpt a jiei- ,1^ had ft<^B that country from- their greptliK' tlii^ King of f^ratooe, whilft he was aOeep } ralttat he HOv^ ir«|Oii awake, md take them ^ain uiKdcPhia ptfiMwm* Theic I found were feat from Canada faf perfbnt who; appeared to he wdl affedied ti^ivafdi tha ft^i TCi^iqit tuuRt whi^ Uiay Kved. * \^2«-^ k ^ARVXR'i TRAVEta ^ ynM I mried at the mouth of the Riter St. Pierre^ frith thefe fncadly indiant, I eiidemvored to earn intell^ genoe whether anj goods had been fent towarai the ^Qpi of St. Anthony for my ufe, agreeable to the piui|lK|[ had received from the governor when I ]th MichiOi- mackifiMB. But finding froni fome Indians, who pafled by in Uieir return frcMn thofe parts, that this agreement )nd not been fidfiOed, I was obliged to give up aQ thoughts of proceeding further to the north-weft by thii route, according to my original plan. I therefore res* turned to La Prairie le Chien, where I procured as ms^ ny goods from the traders I left there the preceding' year, as they could fpare. As thefe, however, were not fufficient to enable the to renew my firft defign, I determined to endeavor |o make my way acrofs the country of the Ch^j^ways to Lake Superior f m hopes of meeting at the Gkiiod Por^ age on the north fide of it, the traders that annually go from Michillimackinac to the north-weft ; of whom I doubted not but that I ftiould be able to procure goods enough to anfwer my purpofe, and alfo to penetritc through thofe more northern parts to the Straits of An- man. And -I the more readily returned to La I^rairie Chien, as I could by that means the better fn^ enga^enneiit I had made to the party of Naudpi mentioned at tl^ conclufion of my ipeech. During -isy dbode with this people, wifliing to fe^ cure them entMy in the intereft of the KngUih, I had adWfed fomeiif the chiefs to go to Michi^mad^acy where they would have an opportunity of tjjiuigt an4 of hearing the accounts that I had enteii with of my countrymen, confirmed. At tfar^ I had fumiihed them with a recommendation* goveniMV and given, them every dire6kion aec< Immequence of this, one of the prini:ipal 'Wd (fwoily-^ve of an inferior rank, agreed to ea^mg fmoMer. This they took an opportunity ing, vheii they came with the fcA of ^^ baaid t«rit- toMNfttf gpftd oiuiMul it th« mwfK^ of the River St» Pierrt. 9k^» Beinff obliged, on account of tht dtfappdlnt- ment I liad jim been mformed of, to return fo far down tlie Bififfiffip|>i, I could fit>m thence the more eafily fet them on their journey. As the intermediate parts of this riTer are mfich fre- quented bjr the Chip^ways, with whom the Naudoweffies iiie continmdly at war, they thought it more prudent, being but a fmall part^, to take the advantage of the night, than to travel with me by day ; accordingly no 'feoiier wall the grand council broke up, than I took ii friendly leave of thefe people, from whom I had received Enumerable civih'ties, and purfued once more my voyiige. I reached the eaftem iide of Lake Pepin the fame 'night, where I went afhore and encamped as ufual. "Xne next morning, when I had proceeded fome miles lurther, I perceived at a diftance before me, a fmoke, which denoted that fome Indians were near ; and in a (hort time discovered ten or twelve tents, not far from the bank of the river. As I was apprehenfive that this was a party of the Rovers I had before met with, I knew not what courfe to purfue. My attendants perfuaded me to endeavor to pafs by them on the opposite fide of the ri^ yer ; but as I had hitherto found that the beft way to re a friendly reception from the Indians, is to meet boldly, and without fliewing any tokens of fear, I ^i by no meant confent to their propofal. Inftead this I croffedf dire6Uy over, and landed in the inidft of -thcili, for by this time the greatdi part of them were Iftdhding on ^Ae (hore. The firft*! accofted were Chip^ways inhabiting near Lakes ; who received me with grcj* cor— (hook me by the hand in tdken of 4^end^ me little diftance behind thefe ftood d thief tall and well made, but of fo ftern an sifpedtf tnoft undaunted perfon "^^^^ ^^^^M^^^ t feeling fome degree of terror. ^^^M^BfM,^ 'ifled the mertdiaii of life, and by i]HH|K^ e was painted and tatowed, I difcovi^lfpiiHie high rank. However, I approaehc#%|i|$^||pl^ a eous manner, and expeded to have jhet Miii^#i|; reception I ha^^lbne from the oth€f»|Jmp|pt^ CARVlR'f TRAVELS. 4^ greiii f«rpnie« h« wilhheU his hand, and looking fiercdf at me, laid, in the Chip^waj tongue, ** Cawtn iii(hi/hiji ** hgrnothf" that ta, *' The EngliAi are no good/' At lie bad his tomahawk in his hand, I expected that this laconic lentence would have bees followed by a blow ; to prevent which, I drew a piftol from my belt, and, holding it in a carelefs pofition* paifed clofe by him> to let him fee I was not afraid o£ mxm I learned foon after from the <^ h( r JutHaoSfl tl ^t this was a cluef, called by the French, tht Gmnd Sauior, ?s,4J»«ommi»n entertaiogieat, which at once fiupriT'^i? iiad akmied me, tiJ| I treat of the ^diandwicca. "^ ^ ?^' The* ncx i r^ormng I continued ray voyage,^ and night reached La Prairie le Chien ; at which- pi P'w^^P^J^udowefiss foon overtook me. ^ot lonj l*»«^Bfe^autor alfo arri^d, and before the wemMiH^it place to continue their journey to - ,jbc found means, ia conjun^'911 wi^— jpapp^ Fwn^ tiaders from JLouifiana, to draw from m^k^vt ten of ^ Naudoweifie chic&, whomhe prevailed imoa tP|^te#aiad8thofcpart«.^ . * ^^ ' Ttm remmnder proceeded, according^ to mf ^ttAimt^i ^tO'tiie Engliih fort ; from whence I afterward»he»rd tht^ ^my retuvoed to their own countfy withoftit any uB£ar€ innate accident befalling theni> and greatly plealbd with the reception they had met with. Whilft not more than half of thoie who went to the foathward* through the difference of that foirtliern climate from thdr own, lived lo reach their abode. " And fmce I came to Engfaind i have been informed, that the Grand Santor Inviiig ren- •dered faimfelf more and more difguftful to the £ngli(h» by his inveterate enmity towards them, was at length ftab> bed in hi» tent, as he encamped near Micfaillimackinacy hj a trader to whom I had i dated the foregoing ftory. I (houidJhave remarked, that whatever Indjantlmppen to meet at I^a Prairie le Chien, the great mart to which sin who inhabit the adjacent countries refort, though the nations to whicli they belong are at war with eachother^ yet they are obliged to reitrain their enmity, and f fothen ail hoftilc ads during their ftay there. Thit re- gulation has been long eilabliflied among them for their mutual convenience, as without it no trade could be car- jied on. The fame rule is obferv^d alfo at ^e Red Mdunfcxin (afterwards defcribed) from whesce they ^et |l|t;'fl:one of which they make their pipes : thefe being ^Sdii^pen&bleto the accommodation of every neighboring '^Sc, afimilar reiltidion becomes needful, and is of pub- Ifc utility. * The River St. Pierre, which runt through the territo- jiei c^ the Nfodoweflies, flows through m molt dtHghtiul cotd|l^ abclviding wiUi all the neoef&ne^ of life> that ^^wr ingpuincwiily ; and with a little cukivatioii it might l^a^ofto produce even the luxuries of life* WiMi rice ^eie in great abundance 4 and every part it filled tttxttt»tiending under their load* of fruits» fuch ai ims, gtapes, and apples ; the meadfpt are ami I, and many forts of ve^etabkl^Ti*"" "" red with ufefiil roots» with ang^ca, grtmndHitttittlBivc m he»a egga. Al ■ .Sua the &lei of the river ase eniacnoesy lroi»^ |»vc views that cnnot be eicctded even IttuUM of thoic I liiTC fket^f defenbed { CARVE R'^ TRAVELS. fr V# «le%litlid grofct, imd fiich Aaiaztng quantities ^f nu^ilesy. tliit iktj would produce fugar fuffickiit for wif ounber df iiAa^itants. I A little way from the mouth of tW» riv«> on^ tlar north fide of it, ftands a hill, one part of which, that tolue cby diat fcrvcs the Indians for paint, with this lai^ they contrif^ by mixing it with the red ftone powdered, to paint thtii- fdvcl of diffa-ent colors^ Thote that can get the Uiie clay here mentioned, paint themfelves very much with i^ pw^colayly when they are about to begin their fporUand paftimct. It la d£» efteemed by them a mark of |»eacc(,. as it haa • refen^lance of m blue flcy, which v^^iHhem is a fyqUtolof it, and made u£r of in their %eechcs is a figuntive ctprelTion to denote peace. When ^y 9^ to (hew that their indinations a^ pacific towarda olJH tribest thet greatly ornament both themfdvet 4iid 4p ' ^IRL?^^^^^ ^^ bufiacis at La Prairie le Cl»ifi^, ^|ilHifp*fnw more up the MtlOffippi, as far aa tlf ptilil mWiime Cfatpewajr Rivtr enteri it a little bciiNir tflt ^iH** " ^•'^ bavmg engaged aa Indian pilol, l ^MPIf i» l<> ftMT towiidt the Otturtw Ub«% |« CARVERS. TRAVELS. lie Mar the head of this river. Tbit he did, and I «i^ fiftd at them the beelnoiog of JvSf, The Chip<5way River, at its jim^ion with the Miffif. %pt, i|.|ibout eighty yard* wide, hut is much wider as you advance into it. Near thirty miles up it feparatea into two branches, and I took my couife thrMigh that which Hes to the eaftward. The countcy adjoining to the river, for about fntj miles, is very level, and on its banks lie fine meadows, where larger droves of bufialoes and elks were feeding^ than I bad obferved in any other part of my travelL *V\ie track between the two branches of this river it termed the Road of War between the Chip ^ way and Kaudoweifie Indians. TIic country to the Falls is almoft without any timber^ and above that very uneven and rugged, and clofely wood- ed with pines, beach, maple, and ^Upth. Here a moifr remarkable and aftonithing fight preiented itfelf to my view. In a wood, on the eaft of the river, which was about three quarters of a mik in length, and in depth furthet than my eye could reach, I ^ferved that every tree, many of which were more than fix feet in circum- ference, was lying flat on the ground, torn up by the rooti*. Tliis appeared to have been done by feme extra- imlinary hurricane, that came from the wefit fome years ago ; but how many I could not learn, as I found no in- liaMtants near it, of whom I could gain information. The country on the weft fide of the river, from being lefs woody, had efcaped in a great meafiire this havoc, ati offiy a few trees were blown down. Near the heads of this river, is a town of the Chip^- "wwyh from whence it ukes its name. It is fittiated on jivh fide ol the river f which at this place is of no confi- Wable breadth) and lies adjacent to the banks of a fmall lake. This town contains about forty honles, and ixm fend out upwards of one hundred warriors, ^itgHf oi whom were fine, ftout young m«rti. The boafeaaCitare b lilt after the Indian manner, and have seat plMtttMus behind them | b«t the inhabitants, in gcnenli faantd to be the naftieft people I had ever been anioM^ '^^ Jtrvcd that the women and children indulged tJiiiifelfia mm" fcARTl:t»i 'f iav^eL^. J^i io a cttfton^ whidl ^ tare I that of feafching each other's head, and eating tlie prey caufirht therein^ In ' July I itfi this town, and hairing crofied a ndmbiet of fmall lakes and- carrying pUices that intervened, came to a head bruick of the River St. Croix. This blanch I defeendfd to a fork, and then afcended another to itafowce. On both thefe rivers I diicovered federal mines of virgin copper, -which was as pure as that-^raqd : -in any other country. Here I came to a fmall' brook, wiiichmyguidt; thought might be joined at fome diflance by dreamt - that would^at length Tender it navigaMe. The^^watet at fifft was fo fcanty^ that my canoe would by no means fwim in it} bqy having Hopped up fevei'alold beavar dams, .which ha7been broken down by the )kunter% I was enabled to pi-oceed for fome miles, till by the coB^ jim^kion of a few brooks, thefe aid» became no4(Miger ne- ceflaryi In a (hort time the v^^er increal'ed to a rooft ra- pid liver, wliich we defcended till it entered into Lake ' Superior. > This river I 'named after a gentlemain that . dcHred to acccmipany me firom the town of the Ottagau^ mies to the Carrying Place on lfnMn ^ great number of ftrawbcrries of a . good fize and flavoP'that grew on its banks. <■ The «oiiiitry Irokn the Ottawaw Lakes to Lake Supe- rior, is In geaeral v«ry uneven knd thickly covered wi|h woods* The foil i^* fome places is tolerably good»>^ < others bttt indiffereat. la the heads of the St.-^^ Criilr a> li>.aa*iJiitL ..w. §^ SARVER't TKAy%L8. Tlie Utter end of Julf I anriTcd* i%r%|vt»g coafted tinfWgh Weft $ay, at the Grand Poiti|f|| which lies, oa th« Qorth-weft borders of Lake SM^mor. Here thofe who go oa the north-weft trade, to the Lakes De- jPluye, pUQois, tifc, carry over their canoes and bnegagc about nine miles, till they come to a niunber of Snail lak«s> the waters of fome of which defcend into Lak£ Superior, and others, into the river Bourbon. Lake Superior from Weft Bay to this place is bounded by rock«0 except towards the foutli-weft part of the Bay^ whfin I firft entered it, there it was tolerably leveL At the Grand Portage is a fmall bay, before tbc en- trance of which lies an iiland that intercepts the dreary and. uninterrupted view over the Lak«, which otherwife^ would have prefented itfelf, and makes the bay fertne and plcafant* Here I met a large party of the KilUiU- aoe*^ and Aflinipoil Indians, with their refpedive kio^a and their families. They were come to this pUuse Ul Qtdft. to meet the traders (rom Michillimackinac, wha make this their road to the north-weft. From them t received the following account of the Lakes that lie to^ the north-weft of L^e Superior. Lake Bourbon, the nK>ft northern of thofe yet dii^ covered, received its name from the French traders wha «i:companied a party of Indians to Hudfon's Bay fome years ago ; .ind was thus denominated by. them in honor, of the royal ftunily of France* It is. compofed of the waters of tlie Bourbon River, which, as I have before obfervedy rifes a great way to the fouthwaidi nofr far from the northern heads of the Miillffippi. Thia Uke is about eighty milei in Icng^, north and ffmtht and ia nearly circuUr. It has no very large iflands on it*. The land on the eaftern fide it very good I and 10 the foutb-weft there are Tome mountams : in many other parts there arc barren plains, bogs, and moraflcf. . Its latitude is between fifty-two and fifty-four dMr«(t. nortbt and it lies nearly, fouth-weft from HndfioATa^a^^ As through iu noK^keni fituation the weather llitM ii catreoBcly qold, Qnl)r a few animals afe to be found in^ country that borders on it* They gave me kialJm kh difftircnt account either of the bcafts^ biids| m IN^c^. Tb«a« CARVER'S TRAVELS. $§ Tberc are, indeed fome. buffalom «£ a OomU fixe, iHiich are fat and good about the latter end of fammeiv with a fern vaoo(t abd carriboo deer : howerert thit defieieaqr is made up by the furs of every fort that are to be mft with in great plenty around the lake. The timber grow»^ iog hen: is chiefly fir, cedar, fpruce, and fome mape. Lake Winnepeek, or at the French write it» h^fi^ Oninlpique, which lies neareft to the foregoing, if com* pofed of the £ime waters. It is in length about twc^ hundred miles north and fouth ; its breadth has octfr been properly aCcertained, but is. fuppofed to be about one hundred miles in its wideff part. This lake is vcrv fuU of iflands ; thefe are, however, of no great maffB|> tude. Many confiderable rivers empty themfelves mtp-- it, which, as yet, are not diftiagiuOicid by any nnnet.. The waters, are ftoied with fiih, fuch as trout and ftur- gco9, aod alfo with others of a.fiBaller kind peculiar to thefe hkci. The land on the fouth^weft part of it k ^yery pioAp, efp/ccially about the entrance of a.large branch of tht River Bourbon, which flows from the fouth-weft. On this river there is a fR^ory that was built by the French* called Fort la Reine,. to which.the traders from Michil- Umackinac refort to trade wkh the Aflinipoils and KJ9^ Minocs. To thit place the Mahahs, who inhabit &.cou«- iry two hundred and fifty miles Couth-weft, come alfo to trade with them ; and bring great quantities of Indian com, to exchange for knives, tomakawks, and other ar- tides^ Thofe people urc fuppofrd to dwell on fome of the branches of the River of the Weft. Lake Wiancpcek has on the north^eaft fome moun- tains, and on the eaft many barren plains. The natfht or fu^ tree grows here in great plenty, and there it likewiie gathered an amazine quantity of rice, whkb prove»>fthat giiin will' flouiifli in thefe northern climttei as well at in warmer. Buffaloes, carriboo, , and moofe detfy aoi^ mu&fioua in thefe part«i The buflUoet «f this country differ from thofe thft are found more to the ipiptl^ only m ffinc Ah« former Mag mudi fmaUcr i juft ni^thi Miik cattle of dM northern ptm of Great Britkhi 4tffor from EMcliih «Kfia. ^|6 tAkirtk^H TitAfttl. dh the witera that Itll into this Lake, the neigM>^- tng nations take great numbers of excettent furs. Some of thefc they carry to the factories and fettlements be- loaging to the Hudfon's Day Company, fitoated above the entrance of the Bourbon River ; but this they do with relu^incc, on fcvcral accounts j for fome of the Aflinipoils and K'HiH^ihoes, wlto ufually traded with the Company's fcrvants, tald me, that if they could be fure Mof a conlUint fiipply of goods from MichiUimackinae, they would not trade any where elfe. They (hewed ine fome cloth and other articles that they had purchafed at 'Hudfon's Bay, with which they were much diifatisfied, -thinking th€y had been greatly impofed upon in the ^*%wrter. Allowing that their^ accounts were true, I could not '^help joining in their opinion. But this diflatirfadion %ight probably proceed) in a great meafure, from the - intrigiies of the Canadian tradei-s : for whilft the French 'Wert in pofleffion of MichiUimackinae, hkving acquired a thorough knowledge of the trade of the north-weft countries, tht^y were emplo^redon that account, after the iredu^lion of Canada, by the Englifh traders there, in the eftabliftiment of this trade with which they were them'* • felves quite unacquained. One of the methods they took -t6 withdhiw thele Indians froih their attachment to the ^jj^udfqn's Bay Company » ailid to engage their good opi- "^iitbn in behalf of their new employers, was by depreciat- ing on all occafions the Company's goods^ and magnify- ing the advantages that would arif; to them froni traffio- ing entirely with the Canadian traders. In this they it> well fuceeeded, and from this, doubtiefs, did the diflktisfaAion the Aflinipoils and KiflifUnoes exprefied to me, partly proceed. But another reafoo augment- M it ; and this was the length ^f their journey to the Hudfon's Bay fa£tories, which, they iiiibAiiedMe> Mok them up three months, during the fummer bciftf^ '{fo tnd pretum, and from the fnsimnefs of their cainoai'm^ could not ckrry more than a third _ of the bfittiltlWi^ killed. So that it t8«ot to be woadered «C,^4MI«plR <&dian8 fhouldwifhio b«««tftderseortl^tlri«ii||ili^ *%em. It is true thtt the parta- iktfiaMA^ m WMtw m^ ^Am CARVEt'8 TItAVELS. ^ the limiuof the Hiidfon't Bay territories ; but the Com- pany moft.be under the neceffity of winking at an en- croachment of diis kind, ai the Indians wouU withont doubt protect the traders ^en among them. Befidei, the paiTports granted to the traders that go from MichS- limackinac give them liberty to trade to the north-weft about Lake Superior ; by which is meant Fort La Reine, Lake Winnepeek, m- any other parts of the waters of the Bourbon RiTer, where the Couriers de Boit, or Tm dcrs, may make it moft convenient to refide. Lac du Bois, as commonly termed by the French m their maps, or in Englifti the Lake of the Wood, is fo called from the multiplicity of wood growing on li^ banks; fnch as oaks, pines, On, fpruce, CsTr. Hut Lake lioi ftiU higher upon a branch of the River Bour- ^n, and nearly eaft from the ibuth end of LakeWta- ACpeek. It is of great depth in ffjme places. Il!b length from eaft to weft about fever^ty mues« and ita .greateft breadth about forty naea. It )tas but few ifli^» and theiie of no gpreat magnitude. Hie fifiies, fowli» a^d ridrupeds-that »re found new it, vary but Uttk fiom £e of the other t\9o lakes. A few of the Killiftinoe Indians ibmetimet encamp on the borden of it to fi^ ai|d hunt. ' This Lake lies Jn the commmucation between hiAm Sup^or* and the Lakes Winnepeek and Bouiben. Ita waters are not efteemed quite fo pure as thofe* of t]^ other hdtes, it having, in mai^ places, a muddy bottom. ^ Lac La Huye, to catted by the French, in EngliA the Rainy Lake, is fuppofe*! io have acquired thit naa^e from tthe firft travellers, that palTed over k, meettm irHK an uncomnMm deal of rain j or, as fome have vmnmaAt from a mift like rain, occafioned by a pcfpendkalar water-fall that empties itfelf into a rivec which Ika Itt tl» fiwlii^eft. . l^kk Lake appears to be divided by an iftliiiam» near ^tt^inWdlfr into two parts t the w^ part it ciBed t&e 4>cal Inmy Lake, the eaft, the Little Rainy !Lake» iii bfiiMi ^ iinft ffivifios* It its a fow mtlci fttitlicr to Ifee-th. The broadeft part of tt is n«»l siore tligii> . twenty miles, its length, indudinff both, dboitt three • hundred miles. In the wed part the water is very i^ear and good ; and fome excellent fifh are taken in it. A gpr^ mapy fowl refoit liere in the fall of the year. Moofe deer are to be found in great plenty,, and likewife the carriboo'; ^ whofe {kin for breeches or gloves exceeds by far any other ^tp be met with in NorthpsAmerica. The land on the bpfders of this Lake is efteemed, in fome {^cct, Tery good, but rather too thickly covered with wood* Heoe refide a confiderable band of the Chip^ways. Eaftward from this Lake lie feveral fnudl (Mies, wludi ^tend in a ftring to the great carrying place» and ftom thence into Lake Superior. Between thefe Iktle liakea .9n feveral carrying places* iPhich reiKMa the trade to the north«weft difficult to IMippmpIiih, mmI ezceediiur t^ dio|i8, as it takes two ymp to makcone Toyagc nom Michj^limackioac to thefe piirti. Ked take is a comparativ^ imaB faike». at tlie head of a branch of the -Bourbon ^^ver, which it called fay ibme Red River. Its fqroi is lllasly rounds and aboiit iixty miles in circumference. On one $de of it »a to*» .Ifiable large iiland, clofe by which a jftiiall rivcc catera. It bears almoft fouth-eaft both from JLake Winnqie^ iil|d from X«akc du Bois. The parU a^jatent are very litt)^^ known, or firenuentedt even by the lavages them- .(Gelvea. • ' Not hr from this Lake, a little to the ibmk-weft^ ii another, called White Bear Lake, which it nearly about the fize of the Uft mentioned. The waters that compofe d^is Lake are the moil northern of any thltt fuppty the ||(iffifl|pjpi, andn^iay be called with propriety its moft Tffoiqtt umofi, .; JxU fed by two. or three imail rti«rs» cr l^thqr large brpoks. A few miles from it, to the fouth-eafty aKLitcpi(|ifc jMtB^pr of fmall lakest none of which are vupm tlliMI tm indes in circumference» that are called the Tlwaiifii^. takf'^ In the adjacent country it reckoned. tM^Mb* hunting for furs of any on this coofftif nt ; :thtJt#fiii vA» hunt here» feldom rcturniiig w ithout ha>Mjg-i||(|lli |f$|>a^ at deep ft th^y can,f|»n|.. 'Having jaft bdbre obferved thut this Lake is the utmoft northern fource of t!ie Mifnflippi, I (hall here further remark, that bffore this river enters the Gulf of Mexico, it has not run kfs, through ajl its tmcanderings, than three thoufand miles ; or, in a ilratght line froni' north to fotltliy about twenty degrees, ^hwh is nearly fourteen handred Englifli miles. Thefe Indians informed me, that to the northoweft df Lake Winnepeek lies another, whofe circtnnferenct' vaftly exceeded any they had given me an account of.' They defcribe it' as much larger than Lake Superior. But hs it appears to be fo far to the north-weft, I flioiiki imagine that it was not a lake, but rather the Archipe- lago, or Inroken waters that form the conmranicatioii ~ between Hu^bn's Bay and the roixhcm parts of the Pacific Ocean. There are an innnite mnrber of fmall lakes, oil ^e' more weftem parts of the weftem head-lnanches ofiht Miffiffippi, as well between thefe and Lake Winnepeek^ but nOae of them are large enough to fuppofe either of them to be the lake or waters meant by the Indians. • They likewife informed me, that fome of the north» em branches of the Meflbne and the foutherti branches of the St. Pierre have a communicatidh with each othet^' except lor a mfle ; over which they v»ny their eahoeai' And>by what I ceridd l^am lirdm them, this is the ro^* they tdke when dieir war parties make their excurfioift upon the Pawnees and Pkwnawnees, nations irihiflbitihg fome branches of the Meiforie River. In the county belmiging'to thefe peofde it is (aid, that Mandrakes ait ktffamfy found, a ij^ciet of root refembling tfunu^ beings of both fexes \ and thi^ thefe are more peilfeq^ tiuin fttdi as are difcovered about the Nile in Nether- Ethiopia. ^ Aiiltk|to^north-we(( of the heads of ^ielilei!brie and St« Pkrrei the Indians further told me, that tkefe vww a mio> rather fmaHer and whiter thm ^ neigli>i htrim Utbeit who cottivate the groundt and (as fiiEr as ivfiipi gidMr hoiS dieir expMffioM) in feme mcifiirci Maiiitiii^ tluraccoimt Atf added that tbtufiiihit m^im^fi^ wiMk theft past! that He to the wei of ;;;.v -i^ . < * ihf 60 C A R V E R • f T R A V B L S. [ ■ the Shiniog Motuitaiiis» have gold ib pknty am«iigtliem that they make their moft coBunon utenfik of it« Thdie mountaint (which I (hafl defcribe more particiilarly here- after) divide the waters that faH into the South Sea from thofc'that run into the Atlantic. The people dwelling near them are fi^pofcd to be feme of the different tribes that werc^ tributary to the Mexican Jcings, and who fled from their native country, to feek an afylura in theiie parts, about the time of the conqiieft of Mexico by the Spaniards* more than two centuries ago. . As fome conBrmation of this fuppofition, it » remark- ed* that they havechofen the moft interior paittt for their rel^at, being ftill prepoffeffed with a notion that the iea-coauft» have been infeiled ever Ance with monfters vo- miting fire, and hurling about thunder and lightning | fir9|a.whofe bowels' ifTued men, who, with unfeen inftru- ments, or by the power of magic, killed the hanalefs Indians at an aftonifbing diftance. From foch as thefe^ their fore-fathers (according to a tradition among them that ftill remains unimpaired) fled to the retired abodes they now inhabit. For as they found that the floating monfteisst which had thus terrified them could not ap- proach the land, and that thoTe who had defended from §ieir fides did not care to make excurfions to any confi- deraUe diftance from them, they formed a refolution to betake themfelves to fome count^, that lay far from the iea-coafts,. where only they could be fecure from fuch di^ ab<4ical enemies. They accordingly fet out with their jEamilies, and after a long peregrination, fettled themfelves liMBar thefe mountains, where they £oivcluded diey had jbund a place ^f perfed fecurity. The Winncbagocs, dwelling on the Tarn River (whom I have already treated of) are likewife fuppofed to bt fome ftrolling band from the Mexican countri^m ^ut they are able to give only an imperfect account of ttlpil! original itfidence. They fay they formerly camff^.'gMSt way from the wdlward, and were driven by wtff IMiAN xefuge among the Naudowef&es; but as they IpT Ijljlllf ' ignorant of the arts, or of the value of (^IdtJlJ^iMir to be fuppoiied, that they were driven &|[» tkmmt^^ ietilBiiMBti CARVEE'^ TRAVELS, 6i icttlemttQU by tkc ahove-meiitioned cmigimntSi at they {MdfEed'on towards their prefent habitation. The£e fuppofitioog, howcTer, may want confirmation $ for the Cmauier tribes of Indians are fabjefi to fuch va^ rious alterations in their places of abode, from the war» they are continually engaged in, that it is almoft im- poiuble to afcertain, after half a century, the originiid fituation of any of them. Th^ range of mountains, of which the Shining Mountains are a part, begin at Mexico, and continuing northward on the back, or to the eaft of California, fepa? rate the waters of thofe numerous rivers that faH cither into the ^RVE#^ TRAVEl^^ tinpoflible for him to move eitlier hit k^ or arms, /baking off his cortriaBf as quick as if Uic bands wifH whicli it had been bound were burned afundei^ Ik began to addrefs thofe who ftood arouad, io a imt and audible voice. " My brothers,** faid he, ** the '* Great Spirit has deigned to hold a Talk with hig " fervant, at my earneft requeft. He has not, indeed,. ** told me when the perfons we exptd, will be here f ** but to-morrow, foon after the fun has reached his high- ** efl point in the heavens, a canoe will arrive, and " the people in that will inform us when the trftdert *• will come." Having faid this, he ftepped out of the ettclofure; and after he had put on his robes, difmified the aflemUy* J own I was greatly aftonifhed at what I had feeil ; but as I obfcrved that every eye in the company was fixed on me with a view to difcover my ftntwieiiitk, I dutAdiy Concealed every emotion. , - ; Tlic next day the fun (hone bright, and bng htistt noon all the Indians were gathered togiether on fhe enii» nence that overlooked the lake. Tlie okl king canke tS me and aflccd me, whether I had fo much confidence iiH what the prieft had foretold, as to join his peoplteob the hill, and wait for the completion of it ? I fbkf hiAt I was at a lofs what opinion to form of the predidlicnV but that I would readily attend hint. On thii we vtralied together to the place where the otheri#cr£^a(PiABl^» Every eye was again fixed' by tiims on itie and dh the lake ; when juft as the fun had reached his aSCnith, igi^e- nble to what the prieft had foretold, a canue came rc^nd a point of land about a league diftant. 't\\^ Indian^ no fooner beheld it, tlian they fct \ip an univerlU (hout^ and by their looks feemed to triumph fn the inlcreft diev pritll thus evidently had with the Great Spirit. In lefs than an hour the canoe reached the ^:o.^, irhen I attended the king and chiefs to receive thofe frhi^ were on board. As foon as the men were landed* Jre walked all together to the king's tent, when, ac^oi^g' to their invariable cuilom, we began to fmoke { 0^ (ML we did, notwithllanding our impatience to kiifli'i^^ ^dings they brought, withoiit aflung any -^QeMMTi^ ^ d*Airvrirt travels. Naiidowcffies'; who on account of fome real or imagined; grievaocet,- for the Indians in general are very tehacipus of their liberty, had fepurat^ ' themfelves from their countrymen, and fought for freedom at the expence of their eafe. For the country ther now inhabit about the boniers of Lake Winnepeek, bemg. much further north. i» not near fo fertile or agreeable as that they have relin- ({uiihed. They ft ill retain Xhe language and manners of their former aifociites. The Killiftinoes, now the neighbors and allies of the Afinipofli, for they alfo ^well near the fame lake, and on tlk wat' belong to that company, but, £or the reafons mentionedr before, they- frequently come to the phce where I hap- pened to join them, in ov^ to meet the txwitn ftom MichiUimackinac. ^ The anxiety I had felt on account of the traders de>- lay, wai not much alleviated bv their arrivaL I again found my expcdations difappomted, for I wai not able to procure the goods I wanted from, any of them. I was thercibre obOged to give over my defignr,'and return to the place from whence I firft befi;aa my exteniive cir- cuit. I accordingly took leave of^the md king of the Killiftinoes^ with the chieft of both bands, anddeparted* This prince was upwards of iixty years of age, tall and flightly made, but he carried himfelf very ei%A. He was of a courteous, affable diipofition, and' treated mcy at did all the chiefs, with great civility. I obferved that this people ^ilt conCioiied a cuftom^ that appealed toliave been univerfal befoie any of tiiem. became acquainted with the manners of tbe Europeans, that of complimenting ftrangers with the company of their wives ; and this is not only pra6^ifed by the tbWer nnks, Ih^ by the cl north C A IR V.B^*! ti T R A V E L SL 0f nmltii^m^^aA (bom oikf aiidolilKi<9tdtfaiirthrgfV»tcft parti of lltfit cxtenfive tra^ «rt» bouoddl by rocks and uiievett groiiad. The water in gcneval appeared to lie on a b^ of rockib Wheit it was calm» and- the fiMi jQiane bright*. I could €t ia my canoe, vrliere thie depth' viw upwMdft of fix lathomty and pUinly fee huge pflesoiP ftone ab the bottonif (tf different ihapc*, iibme ot mhidk appeared as if they w«re bewa. The water at thi» time was as pure and fcrauQinreiit as air ; and my canoe feemed^ as if it hung fufpended in tliat element. It was impol^- fiUe to look attentively through this limpid medium at the rocks below, without Htiding', before many minutes v{cxt elapfed* your head fwin?, and your eyes no longer aUe to behold the dazading fcene. I diifcovered alTo by accident another entraordiaarf prnperty in the waters of Dhis lake. Though it was in the month of July that I pafl!ed over it* and the for- face of the water, from the heat of thms fu^erambienl air, impregnated with no imafl dtrgtee of m^armdiv fH on letting down a cup to the depch ol alkMit a/ lht]i)»m| the water drawn from thence wae fo excclfiv^ colli. that it had the fame effeA wheA Mceived iiM^ fAe moiitll as ice. The Htuatioo' of this lake it vindodf Mdt dM^|- but from the moft exa£l ob)ferv«rk)n» T tdvAi tulk4i H lies between forty^ftx and ilfty dlegveei c^ north4alifild^< imd be^" Ten eighty-lbmr and ninef y*tht«e diegftei of w^ lon^tude, from the meridian of Ldndon. There are many idand* in thw lake, tw6 of whitH tin «ry huge { and if the bad of tlivm k proper fbr eiilfiiiii*'' non, there appears to be Aifldent «o form on «adl t^^ oonitderabie province f specially on Me Roytd, v^fdi duinot be Wfs than an Hundi^rd rr^letf long, iKfkd iif ihiB^^ piMet forty broad. Bwt there ii no way at preifeitt 6lt rtcrtHMwiiig the cxa(^ length or breadth of dther. E?ai. the Frendii who always kep* a fiittB fchooner on ti*f# UAx^ whift they were in pdfeflbil of Canada, by #11^ the^ could have made thit drfcov«ry, hvrcf ody miOdr^ 9 flight knowledge of the exfemal puti of thefe iften^ ; •t kaft from their firft information, the refidence of the Great Spirit; and rdate many ridiculous ftories of enchantment and magical tricks that had b^n experi*- enced by fuch as were obliged through ftrefs of wea-- ther to take fhelter on them. One of the Chip^way chiefs told me, that fome of their people being once driven on the ifland of Mauro- pas, which lies towards the north-eaft part of the lake, - found on it large quantities of a heavy, fliining, yellow fand, that from their defcription muft have been gold duft. Being ftruck with the beautiful appearance of it» • in the morning, when they re-entered their canoe, they attempted to bring fomc away ; but a fpirit of an amaz' - ing fize, according to their account, futy feet in height, . Arode in the water after them, and commanded them to > ddiver back what they had taken away. Terrified at l^s gigantic ftature, and feeing. that he had nearly over-- taken them, they were glad to reftore their (hining; treafuve ; on which they Were fufferedto depart without fiirther moleftation. Since this incident, no Indian that t\at ever heard of it, will venture near the fame haunted coalU Bcfides this, they recounted to me many other ftories of thefe iflands, equally fabulous. *Thc country on the north and eaft parts of Lake Su« - perior is very mountainous and barren. The weather* bfing intenfely cold ia the winter, and the fun having but httle power in the fummer, vegetation there it very< ibw ; and confequenlly but little fruit is to be found on its fliore. It however produces fome few fpecics in ^reat abundance. Whortleberries of an uncomniMi fiac and fine flavor, grow on the mountains near |kc lake in amaxing quaotities ; as do black currants and gocrflmr- • ries in the fame luxuriant manner. But the fruit which exceeds aU tlie others, it a berry rticRibUng a vmiborry in its manner of growth, but of a H^jbm id, and mpcb kiger -, iti ufte it fiir tmt ittiint* cU to the pofltllion of their foirmer mailers. Not far froni tlie Nipegon is a fmall river, dktt Tttll' before it enters the lake^ ha$ a perpendicuhb* fiHi (rofH the top of a mountain, of more thart^ Cii hundred feet. J^eing -very narrow, it appears at a diftance like' k white garter fufpended in the air. A few Indians inhabit round the eliifeftl bbrderi of tiiia lake, fuppofed to be the remains 6f the Algonkiiliy ^yho formerly poflefled tliis country, but who have been nearly extirpated 1>y the Iroquois of Canada. Lake Sk^^ perior has near forty rivers that fUl into it, fome of whi(% aire oT « oorificferabie fize. On the Ibuth fide of it h€ i^markablc point or cape, of about fixty mites in UtigCHt called Poiilfc ChegoMegan. It might as prOpeity bt termed « ptninfpla, As it is nearly fepanued frdm t% continent, oii ihc eaft fide, li^y a narrow \mf thit ei* ^teadafrom eail to weft. Canoes have but a fhoit pottsge *aciitt|a tlie iiUunus, w^hereas if they c^ tt rOi^ W Yoj»iipi1lkiU>«eth«ftiui1iia&dit3i^^ ' -^ About CARVER'S TRAVELS. About th9t diftance to the weft of the oipc juil de^ fcribedy u coofiderahle river falls into the lake, the head cf which is compofed of a great a£kmblage of fmall ftreams. , This nver is remaikable for the abundance of virgin copper that is found on and near its banks. A metal which is met with alfo in feveral other places on - this coaft. X obferved that many of the fmau iflands, particularly thofe on the eailern (hores, were covered witl\ copper ore. They appeared like beds of copperasa of which many tuns lay in a fmall fpace. J^ company of adventurers from England began, foon after the conqueft of Canada, to bring away fome of this metal, but the diftradted fituation of affairs in Ame- rica has obliged them to relinquKh their fcheme. It Qiigl^ia future times be made a very advantageous. trMle, as the metal, which cofU nothing on the fpot, and requires but little erpence to get it on board, could be conveyed in boats or canoes through the Falls of St. Marie, to the Ifle of St. Jofeph, which lies at the bot- tom oJF the Straits near the entrance into Lake |f uron ; from thence it might be put on board larger veflels, and in them tranfported acrofs that lake to the Falltf ^f Ni- agara ; there being ourried by land acrofs the Portage,. it jm^ght be conveyed without much more obflru^on to Quebec. The cheapnefs and eafe with which any quan-. tity of it may be procured, will make up for the length of way that is neceflary to tranfport it before it reaches the^fea coaft, and enable the proprietors to fend it to foreign markets on as good terms as it can be exported from other countries. Lake Superior abounds with i variety of fifli, tlie pnocipal ana heft are the trout and fturgeon, which may D^ caught at aknoft any feafon in the greateft abun- dance* jThe trouts in general weigh about twelve pounds^ but fome are caught that exceed fifty. Betides thcfe». a fpecies of white fi(h is taken in great quantities hercs that refemble a (had in their fluipe, but they are rather thicker, and lefs bony { they weigh about four pounds each, and are of a dtlicious tafte. The beft wa;|r of catching ihefe fifli is with i net ; but the trout miflit be ukm at «& timn with tkc hook, "xlicre are Hke-. CAnVfill'i TRAVELS. xnk many forts of fmdkr fifli in great plenty here, and which may be taken with eafe ; among thefc h a icvt refcmbling a herring, that are generafly made ufe of aa a bait for the trout. Very fnuul crabs, not larger thaii half a crown piece, are found both in this and Ldke Michigan. This Lake is as much affcAed by ftorms as the At!an« tic Ocean ; the waves run as high, and are equafff aa dangerous to fhips. It difcharges its waters from the fouth-eaft comer, through the Straits of St. Marie. At the upper end of thefe Straits ftands a fort that receives its name from them, commanded by Monf. Cadot, a French Canadian, who being proprietor of the foil, It ftill permitted to keep pofleffion of it. Near this for: li a very ftrong rapid, agamft which, though it is impoffible for canoes to aurend, yet when conducted by careful }pi* lots, they might pafs down without danger. Though Lake Superior, as I have before obferved, Ik fupplied by near forty rivers, many of which are confi- derable ones ; yet it does' not appear that one tenth part of the waters which are conveyed into it by thefe riven, are carried off at this evacuation. Hotv^ fuch a fuper- abundance of waters can be difpofed of, as it muft cer- tainly be by fome means or other, without which the cihrumference of the lake would be continudly enlarginor^ I know not : that it does not empty itfelf, as the Medi- terranaen fea is fuppofed to do, by an under curr^t* which perpetually countera6ls that near the furface, is certain ; for the llream which falls over the rock is not more than five or fix feet in depth, and the whole of it paffes on through the Straits into the adjacent hkei nor is it probable that fo great a quantity can be abforili- ed by exhalations ; confequently they muft find a paflkre through fome fubterranean cavities* deep, unfath )iabjtaiits throughout the year* The Stcaits of St. Marie are about forty mules long, bearing fouth-eaft, but varying much in their breadth. The current between the Falls and Lake Huron is not (o rapid as might be exp^6ked« i^or do they prevent th^ navigation of (hips of burden as :^. up as the lilaud of Pt, Jofeph. . tt has been obfervod by travellers that the entrance inr jto Liake i^uperior, from thefe Straits, . affords one of the fhoft pleating pip^eds in. thf: world.. The place if whichJjbis .might be view^qd to the gnrateft advantage* IS jjdt tt the 'Opening of the lake, 'from whence may ht kc|ik«on the lefity many beautiful littk inlands thai extend i^Aonfidexable way before you ; and on the jight« §a i^ee^m fuopcf^on of Imall points of kind^ that pror ' jei6t a wtlie way into the water, and contribute, 4vith the ifland^ to render tbi» d^lb^htful bafi»n (fs it might be termed) cahn and Jiecure m>m the lavages of thoCip lismpcduous winds by which the adjoining lake is fire- 4g^ntly troubled. ^t«ake Huron, into which you npw enter from the Straits ot St. Marie, ia the next in magpnituda to Lake Superior. It lies between forty ttwo and forty 'fix der of north-latitiv^, and feventy* nine and ei^ty-five cs qf >vc^4angitude. lu (hape i| aeidljy tnangular, its joxsuniteience about one tboulonil miles. . )n the no^h dd^ of ^t lies an iiland tihat it usmark* able for being near an hundred miles in length, aij^no more than eight miles broadi This ifland t»'kii ^ofngc long and tedious. This bay i^ about eighty miles in length, and in general about cigb- teen or twenty miles broad. Nesrly half (way between Saganaum Bay and the 4iorth«>weft corner -of the I thtf hill» that ftood^ around were not of a. re* marfiibk beight, neither did the eitermd^ parta of them • fcem to ie iMivered with any fulphureons fnbftance; Bet as thisphsnioKienon muft originate from ibme natmal caufe, I conjedure that the (hores of tlw bay, or the fgl- jacent mountains, are either impregnated with an un- common quantity of fu^hureous matter, or coctahi fome me^ or mineral apt to attvaid in a great degree^ the e)«6lrical pnrtides that are hoinrly bcmie over them by the pafiant clouds. But the fblutioa of this, atfdl thofe other philofophical remarks which caftiaUy acctt^ throughout thefe pages» I leave to the diicuffioniof abfer headi^ t»4a liakc Hmon ore much the £inie««s thofe Some of theilandKiNi its banks ii r^Md^^proper fbr colti^iaiiMi, but in other ' ^^IMid barren. TKcvpAMaontory that fe- • limm JLake iSkikimmf 4a*^compofed of s irm'vtmmmmbk «l one Imim^ mSKa^iuttg,-^ H ''' " varying -74 CARVER'S TRAVELS. ^rarying sn its breadth, being r)caft comer this lake i:as a communication with Lake Michigan, by the jStraits of Micbillimackinac already de£cribea. J had like to have omitted a very extraordinary cir- -cumftance, relative to thefe Straits. According to ob* iervations made by the French, whilil they were in pof- ieflioB of the fort : although there is no diurnal flood or •ebb to be perceived in thefe waters, yet, from an exa£i attention to their ftate, a periodical alteration in them ihas been difcovered. It was obferved that they arofe by gradual, but almoft imperceptible degrees till they had /reached the height of about three feet. This was ac- compli&ed in feven years and a half; and in the fame fpace they as gently decreafed, till they had reached their ■former iituation ; fo that in fifteen years they had com- pleted this inexplicable revolution. At the time I was there, the truth of thefe obferva- lions couM not be confirmed by the Engliih, as they had ^hen been only a few years in pofTeffion of the fort; hut they all agreed that fome alteration in the limits of the Straits was apparent. All thefe lakes -are fo af- *^t^ed by tbe winds, as foroetimes to have the appear- ance of « tide, according as they happen to Uow ; but i^s it only temporary and partial. A great number of the Chipeway Indians live fcat- tered around this lake, particularly near Saganaum Bay. , On its banks are found an amazing quantity of the fand ^dlerric;s, and in the adjacent country nearly the &me . £mi|:, as thofe that grow about the other lakes. From the Falls of St. Marie I kifurely proceeded Jbftck to Micbillimackinac, and arrived there the begin- ffiing of November 1767, having been fourteen mpntbs on this extenfrve tour, travelled near four thouifind miles, and vifited twelve nations of Indians lying to the vweil and north of this place. The winter ietting in foon af- ter my arrival, I was obliged to tarry there till June fol- lowing, the navigation over Lake Huron for Uurg^ yff- fsk mt bciiig ofisn, on a^^couut of tbc tice^ tiU thftt.^e. Meeting • CARVER's.TRAVELJI. ff Meeting, iiere with focidble company^ I pafled tfiefe months very agreeably, and without iin4ing the hours tcdioQs. :$^ One oF my chief amufemonts was that of fifliing for trouts. Though the Straits were covered with ice, we found means to make holes through it, and letting^ dowi» Ilrong lines of fifteen yards in length, to which were fix- ed three or fotir hooks baited with the (mall fiflt before' defcrlbed, we frequently caught t'.vo at a time of forty: pounds weight each ; but the common fize h from ten to twenty pounds. Thefe are mod delicious food. The: method of prefcrving them during the three months the: winter generally lads, is by hanging them up in the air i;^ and in one night they will be frozen fo hard that theyr will keep aa well as if they were cured with faltk I have only pointed out in the plan of my travels the circuit I made from my leaving MkhiQimackinac till. I arrived again at that fort. Thofe countries that lie: nearer to the colonies have been fo oftoa and fo minute- ly defcribed, that any further account of them wouW b- fcriptio^ oftheoUier great lakes of Canada, many of which I have navigated oVer, and relate at the ^me time a few particular incidents that I truft will not 4)6: found inapi^icable or unentertaining. In June 1768 I left MichiUimackinac, and returnedc in the Gladw)'n Schooner, a vefTel of about eighty tons; burtben, over Lake Huron to Lake St. Claire, where we left the (hip, and proceeded in boats to Detroit., This lake is about ninety miles in circumference,, and by the way of Hut'on River, which runs from the foutli.- corner of Lake Huron, receives the waters oi'the threc- gretit lakes, Superior, Michigan, and Huron,, Its foriiij is rather rounds and in fome places: it is deepenough for- the navigation of large veflel9, but towards, the middle; of it there is a bar of fand; which prevents-thofe that. are loaded firom pafllng over it^ Such as are ia balli^* only diay find water fufficient- to carry them quite. Uu^ugh K thc^ curgoei^. home yer, of fuch. af . mx. %ight»^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // % <.\ ^. ■ 1.0 I.I l££|28 |2.5 |5o ■^™ MHB ■^ ii^ 12.2 S 124 ■■■ £ 1^ 12.0 IL25 i 1.4 I 11^ fliotDgra{iiic Sciences Corporalion ^t ^^^ 13 wni MAIN STMIT WItSTIR.N.Y. MSM (71*)t73^S03 '^ In ^Ali^w^iif^i^ P^y '-^^^nttt Ij^MH^ >ni rrner ^ imp li Ititti«a8l« j^'itkllitt |rfti|^»'.iaii|il' UffiMMrf 'lAVN' !tiMl:iii ^llM"'4MBCitf tb Iw^i^JiF'' f ^ ¥f p f 'v r t A » i 5 « j^egoiiy^he took efeiy.nfe<^Al^j^tQ0i^^^ 4^ f^^nil^t^iP^iiMr j^ ofi _ <^ut7> , ao^ .cvtry^ wcapoft of " , he. traverfed the nimpartB .which hY ntneft «nh«'iajierpd iy At I^^^UHit <£iy, who might be mcIiMl t^jmm^^ j(«ll#^ ?owN»c ipdVf <*i<^,iN#«ii w ked ;J% t^e , oMiiM;9^t)iii||%,.,i^ t|)f jo* Alir «i4in?t hd^ tMt f g^jpr nm^ fi^ Hooi^ than ufiiaL wtrt diawn^up do the panuki^^ Upn^gtjll^ Jl^.fcw^r wfrc ,thjy,.Mt^:n|4Mnd ■^^ i«-»>^ *..>»<%r AB -what «**^«'^***«» Bit ,«QiuMR iBc^, flaeaB^ r^T^'^rWf I 9m thateyay iwlinittiaMlrimfiiii h^kI hmmam mmmm ■pi ,-> i-^vlll^lyi ■»i >».'•■ /I:ii4*f.^^ l^i^liiiiiSiS ' -tf*^- ^IMi ^ 'JS 9^SS!WwPSB?^i5^^^^^!?ip^P :d'9> mnv 'Bttt oti Kiwc fwtli^jpiit "Hid' SBC' ]||tsraH>if ^Ml'^^'nttdK' ^m^ NHN||i%r priniM«i^i^f(mriibr togil^ , J4niaiii€ # IdbQiil^ HraTliividre&iiciii^iiidftoi td witii> be ikOied firom the town beftire dn^ PiPi||^«M^ 'ypiinlPllMriit' wM'-' iiIii$ui«iitin«MJo«ft^^ - • .'!«?"^P' fM^ t^4ito^[|fflitfr o£ |lMfii>|Hi|t. '^ WI|lMl|t3^ lit I»4|HliN^ w^* fykk^^mMi fe/#*^. ..*1 hf 4tsd •^W* .^R ':.\'j.'' |RVDnMiBn -I * ■ H f f-ic;.. iM^mm^ mJmBi^hJtnh m or^ «ie fmaA ^n pc Hindi tluft lie 00 iu banks, aod.imder rimmm«l* ( , 13ii^^9»%(tt|o» «f Diit lalL I^Nnmt^tidf^ -■^ >>- %ne ninicy gamfoa9 VWjWfOniHQai ^p^j^fRipK ^mr-j^ ''■'-^ '%,i i '/f H^jylug"; aaii-' L^' if^-i tiile i« ki tfpsttBfMf c^mtf iMimd It bdbagi to ^ OMft ladinm liHU Chin^plaui* tlit ncfxt iii fise to ta^ Q^f^mmm: wSd'm^v^im ue^€$&hwa it» ii nbout c%iif)r^«iSlei.« oti iP' thie 6(xrdittt of it» or about its riveri, tery good.^ 1^ 0«^> IMeify Mifed bf^ Fi«nc|b* Like 1^ jEb^rtui^iItt lies to tbc uMi^m^Stiii ^ihSkm^tU-^ o^ iikie^ m^h aboot tbirtf>6ve mtlel lonjp lirom noeili^-: e|||.i|fi«ii^ 6f DO gfisat breadths Hk^coi^ t|frl«|iN]^ Ir vk^m/fttUt^fiiUih^iQBt l^ut in the vaQkai tii.« i#i«^^«3ii^-goo^ -..:,■ •; . ■ ' -• W|u^ thcfe t«eo lolietir^ firft dl^vet^i iiiey: lirAre^ limimhf ito #]||r j«^^ j^ii 'tbat^of ^.M^(>M^i Xtaket I 1^ I . H^TO; in ^e fii^ . plant taiieii wl|N^ gpi ii9«i«.^ #11^^^ The Im^nt 4aiiMiliit^#«ire' flP^^^lM ^ Iro^iRii^ j«re fiaoe kifovMi^ % ^e if«ii#r o| ti|(r.B!Te .ilobawk ji»li^t» nid the Mobawl^ of ©e^- ilidi; In th«|ateS^-^ aiefoj^er^^M^i^ con <;i|^b^MliigOet»^;q the T^tiawimi 9iMimi^s>f^Jy^ on th« ide of tiie Ei%$|lh r ^ WliiMli^ «r«::«ili&|'|^ Ct)hn9W9ghitt|>'jaiiil^ frae-^- dl^iSft^ . ; .. V . •, t .*V y, - ^ - ' 9:M|ne6d[Ti^|bii\.^ng b^ to ah- lei^^aiii;^ " ll^iyi^^afeM^ o^A of ilK ^^m:'t^Mmmmm of tlHf ifivdy* tliH nut i^mm^ prf^jjMjR .|fiMUIO-> M «Oif *90m3iil) MHpii ■>H''^.' ';*«»»■'»#;•»*** «« C A It V E R • • T R A Y E t 8, «k hwa&mp^ arc «n«fefiid %'itlie liii littciitibM *1tkkkmiBtic ^jmtt Wai pmklti \f the lUHMe ^0t Pktmticebf Iii^«ii;td tl^iibftfirid feiti(miiit» ^ 1^!^ cificd vttn^t^Mii^ intf bnder ^etflrfli pgldlicti ^ki^mKii Af aitf |liVC«ftiitiiHto iM^kot«» titatmfMmWi^ •xaaed: On Mt^ttnt o^he ^cmHiiitel urait to iifikll^^ iftcic ppitt Imi^ been i^bjea^ lli^m tlldr itualimi hi0M the £ettkaiciiti of the Englifh, thie Fmdi» tad ^ lti» lUtiM, thM gii&t hM been fttflhrdl t« lie diMinttt t»)r tii» till pfopnetori. NMwitlilla«|Siif ifltfcli, ftv oh'^IMmv if ^ gMiMi^^or Ne#-YDrk, of ^^ tliel^ twMci^ #li|^rlii iio# become aAoeseiTto tlift i^mkM9l^- Aoeve are ■ prai niiiiK>evoc JV^et emipEf iVNrMi iB Ciitilii^ between Ijibrador, Laitc ftipei«k HM Hw fba'a ]hiy» bat thefe wt ^soittiMuilheiy ft^ ^^%l lie o«i or the traek that ! purfucd, I fliiB oii^ «f% f fttmniainr ieeooat of tbenj. Tlie inolt in%rff Tm ttt He^ al the keail of the frtfiik' RHcH lajirYMa hMO LaftI Hfroti ;'the other on the Ottiwtfir luter, «lMfai|l^ tfi6i Mdf Kl^ the OatainquiV iii MenftiViJ; IMe hM. avo eattu' aoooc one nunarefi nmei m tuvwcrcniOT* > *E%e liext it Lake liHbffin, wi the httdf lif tiiliN^ ]H^» tteit Mh into Jamet*! IJiy. Thb tilkellWl^ li^fdar f&m ^UmpayktM^hmAyf^Whkhl>> tlHcacd on every (idei rtiat it it 4SSk!m «illwr 10^ fMi^iirliMi^' or to ifecMiltf fit fincn' II tMMIiNir mk ii#ii'«Mr«liole to- ie «i»lt IhM t^r^iMlgNA aiid%f'i ifetut^ Ibftai'icttM.lli iiigi|i|#/^'iijii#> ■ififiimiftiiirl- mii^ o^ ftt^H: ■■'■'■*-'■" t-' M '*? ., » vMwi^tn'* ntAi'Ms Ifcfy tittffffc Wllifh it'll WlMftiUflilT tfll MrtMTulllMMfc jMBTio.. . ,. --r ■ aaa fimn tnu acconnt it might be 4«diiqt4ft ^, ti^i' aflrtjiyii jptlH of Jfoifr«Ai|>cn(ca, throiig)^ iIm^ nvp^ «w1»«i«l jCmi. contain a fficater 43Uintitv o£-mttf< tuMi^ *0|0fI^«^W» , / £ » .wf;Wi3^ Ud i«j|Hi% 4%^^ pit/ iitij 1 li^ out for Engllpiidr t^ Jp8M»% btacfiaal to the kinffdun. But the pra&cutiqfi jd wf ' rric»tpf thde adfaBti^g^ have l^iherto b^^Ah *^?^ 0««S ^^^ M W Wo^ky thicir iBip. Al*' ^H^?*^ #^% f>i^ X Iw diMNi »• fpovc ■ oiMt^hiiiidunt jHUo^ afylch^ *ir ^'tft'ltiim > SI ciaiti^iii;£aa or W^kl^iui icubiif^ I MM of pqiBtisg f^ to it lb -nfMibk a» A tens ■■»"— ^^ft^^^A.' j^^^H^. k^L^l^iW uJfiiM^^M^ ^^^^^^^^Mb^^^^|^g|^|ft ■MN9 VHm ^Wmb wiui raffmiivwm iR^iicli they inhi^tcd ; tnd asapjpcficat^ .,lfr„ ( «. 4 .;, '> i "fV^jf i .1^ !^^ ''4^ ' 'vf'sA-* '. *'lil'^ '■^1* Of T ff E i N D I A Ji S^ 4'r' - J '.■)^* idd' fftiAiHfaMn MiIm fM^kiiA^iiiiMiiiMi l^w ^ w tki siii'ii 4ilniiiQflMr«iiMillMif *,^i MiNipr oou^^ hmfnm km^ n^^ I IM •£ tht hiftoiiaflit ot traveOen that have treated on ^ Amcriam Aborigiiica» difagree in their fentimeBtt M^w «P thcnit. Many of tltt aacifiitt arc %po£Bd to* live known that this quarter 6f the glclie not only ex» m^ M aUb that it was inhabited, Pkto in his Ti- mm, hat a&rted, thlt Ixyond the ifland ^icfa he cOk J|t|lantis» and which according to his defcription was fi- tDMted in the Weftem Ocean, there were a great number nl/o^er iflands» and behind thofie a vaft continent. Oviedo, % tdebrat^d Spanafli author of a iii|i^ kter^ dtiti hasaaie no fcivple t^ aflin4 that the JlntiBei^ aic the hmem Hefeeildes fo often mentioned by the po- m^ which are it tength reftored to the kings of ^un, m defee^danta of Inngliti^erai^ wholivcdWwaids of dlrcf ^ot^dyeart i^ and from whom thefe iflandt i99t|ftd dietr name. I'wQ^odi^r Spttuardsrihe one, Father Grraorio Gar- cui, i jOommiean, the othcr» FiOmt Jofah Se Acbfta^ tnj^wtf have wrkten on iihei)f%hi df the Americans. ^'I^ fenner, wk6 hml been deployed in the miiBona jliiniioo nd Peru* endevrqre^ no fttm £^llMf illilf 4if the. M^uciaab fcr^vlBiii, liidi^tl^ lit JQiQeiied on the ^ot^ and from the variety tfojiM cmtrO^M «» t^ |ir<^^ " Tb^hm, WwAm 1^, Acofta. in hn eiMnlaitiiMi tUtppMilqr w^M^/idl Iii4lant of .^^ Imft mmi a pAgeio that contiiieiiti "•'*'*• m^htrndk no aade&t aiiMr hat;, up. -oaM^ aitedon itimentt only ex> B wisfi- niunbtr nt. 'thepo* f Spuay rioGir^ miifioni CAftVUS'v TmAlHilt.lR m _ . ':Wmmt IMA ciiiiigifi Mil ' pp ^ JiiTc irnttev M l|ie upt ftiUe^ ^^^| endamm iui eftab^ ii|, thtt Ameiimirif ^ iiii|9^i^ of tittle ]M0^ hiq^peiMld ktas^t&tk^m-^ '^iiiMi ol H^> j^i^^ He ipa(eiiilliini»^^i|^ mif il]tt itoll i^^&n Ameficim litve m'pm^infyi^ feliiicey iot on^' ib tlie featuret of Uieir counierinj^li^ linl.ilUb in |()ieir eoinplexion and minner of liv^^^# ilie lSeyt3iian«» Tartan, and Sanusidei^ tlian to asf SNf natloni. In anfWar to Orotios, wlio had afieitedtlat £»ib« «a#'|et^ JLake«f li«k^ ^ 7^ I. He adi]a» that thefc lavagct, accoxdnir to At (ni^ ftMnn tradition of the Mexicans who difptiSbftNl thenii cime from the country $nc^ eaDed New }§tadm»iiui littpi tie nt^hborhood of Cilsfoniia ; confef^^wlldrll^ JlfDeika naifti hami ticiea iidiibited Biai^%ei%Riii|fei cbifli rtceiire i^ tnhijlftatin 'Bom lliNit^ b^ wgy-4»f GmtAmA. . ■; ''■■ ' '' '/ .■ ■^■- - ■'::-^ .-,-*rriiii. ,^ M no liei^ etxtiaxh he bbfarvft, that th^ rail M^ eili'feilaM their ^i^ h pos^ afttt ha^ liMiii sliib CAIduBiieatieii the OkUMBdas* and otlMf hiMiiiiayMi^ I^die df lilktieot and eadi of .idbois Satim • 1ijtiiii|i 'ranM^ to come from fiipe of flic flowiltfiHpitt ivttit^' ipteMrp^iid ^ »nklffj|^ itor dil&cuh, THm miration* aqeor^^ tp ^ o^cii* jMt$oil of thofe aiithpny muft hant happened in6i« |m« Jtviri^ iliouisiiid yotn agc>» at a time yrtin the %«iiiar4i fra^muji^ troubled by theCarths^^liiifpti from whom ^yu|; drained a iLnovflcdtfe of nMnf^jt^io^ and t)|e ^- llnidiion dffliuM, thej mignthavefOtn^ed to the Aii^^ 1b]r the way of the weftem iiks, whieh were oui^Mf imr on tndrvoTagc. ; tie thinks al(o that Great Britain, Irdand* and the iDreadet were extremely proper to admit of a fimilar ,«oili^ure.^ At a jprooff he inferts the following pafiage tfom the hiftqry ofWaleit written by Dr< Dam Powd» 'piithe yeir 1170. Tbit h&ori^n faysi that lti^idoc» one of the Tm of JFl^llP^ C^en O^n^nnith, beio^ ^igufted at thedtupiiit ^wh^^Vpl^c out betwee;» lut brotherly after tbi; d^ai^ of iibm iGitheiv fitted out feveral vefldi> and Having pio- vidlfld them with every thing neoe(&ry far a kmg vov^ge, went m queft of new hmds to the weAward 9rirdin4; [there *e difcovered very fertile coontri^ bv^ de^tule « j^i inhabitiuitt ; whefi laodkig part of m^fxopkphf;f€'' j^m^to J^ntSMt where he ra^ new lenci, a|d af- terwardt tranfeorted them to hii colony. 'pm FUniilh author tbfcn retuma to the ^cyth|iiii» ^Wtii|rc4|n whom Itnd the AoKricant he dn^ a pi»iill«|l. JHe oUerves that feveral nation* of thon toJ^ oortli of ^the pa^^ian Sea, led a wandering 1^; wfi^.av.|rill ;M many other of their cuftomsi and way of fi«pg, ap!eet«n many circumftancet with the Indiana of ApfC- jpici. And tnongh the reiend^ancea are not abiohfl^ ;fiKf^k£tt yet the emyran^ efen before ti^ 1^^/"'' «|ra cotwtr^t diff(jr|(rii!Oiil c^h o^ier^ an * ' ^ Ithe iame nune. Their change of abode remaineci* STfiuther fa^ tluKt a fi|nlhurl^ene& ' American aationft and the Siuncnidict ^de4* ncconii^g to the I^iiSmi iQpoipti|. "" 'vfr Oby, And it ai nmre na^inaLi ttat Colanies <^ ikkt^iMi -- T.. ■•'4 > »■■-- ^.,, » -^-iT *» '■ -mmum ^^Pfw^fe^.^mpfx'm^h'' hare and ttie a fimikr % paffiige Powd» c fm $i ScytllilUii» apfiniflel. ;b> aswetl of liviiif» of Jbic- IblSfe Ildr#«gaiit%^t^ aft t^ iwqr 0«»^ *»^ Thii writer makes many other remarkt that m,ff{V»' ly fenmiie, and wWch appear to 1»e raft ; b«t he inter- s^^ witli tfcefe, fomc tliat arc not fo wdl foimded. ^^ E^itillKl de liI6niez, a Pbrtug^efe, in his hittory cf BiazS; atferis, tiAt Amcridi has been whofly people^ %y' ^ Carthaginiani and Ifraelites. H* fcfings M% proof of thb Jiflertion, the difcoteriet the farmer ite kndWn td have made at a great diftaiice beyond t\m ddaft of Africa. The progrefe of which being pat it Abp to by Ihe fettite of Carthage, thde who httipeiiei to ^ then in the nMj difcovcrcd conntriei^/yinyt^ iie or other of thefe ws^s, op- "iklit ihiy have beea thrown on the coaft % teni^i; , m: throi^h the whole extent of that Continent, hoth «i Its northern and fouthem part^ we meet with ^n» 4ovhted ufrha of a mixture of the northern natwnt iMk jthole^who have come from othq; p^cei. Aq4 ^'- '^pM9^ Some Jem and Chrfftiant might have beeif. cpr- fficdtlKre hy fuch like «imitay hut that fhis muft 1^ #a|^eiied at a time when the wMe of iW Vkw W^ fNlilAready iKopled. ji k » A|^ aj], he acknowledges that great difficulties jlt- Und the determination of the queftion. Tktk^ % ^W% at« occafioned in the firft place hy the i^iperfea J^w- ledge we liiKrc of the extremittes of ^ j^ohe, toFfi^ north and Ibuth ^iLfokl»^ jUisod of Hi^Piiiiplii t8il m tbt ,.t%!l>ri. eaffiarfe^p^ Its* t««{l| iuBfl . whick IS Tarw JsHpt^V^ opipikMi^lic IS "hA t A 1 1 i i*i 'tuitHM ^ llfH^edlif CoflaaliUi, w^ mm ^km^it te eottld tiitde th^ funtieer ^ il|ikJE^ t*o tildl'imgritions which pKceded the , he ftdiU rtmny others of « btcf dtte, fibsi tions, but thrfe '(1 have Hot 'tine to eiioiBei^. . the fiotte reaToir I sm obHged to p«6 over 'i|MM^ jirirltett oa^tis fid)|ed j »id'(hidl eontent iliTirdf w^h du jy Jgwng the ientimeiftft df two or thi*e moit-.. ^ The firftjiTthefc it Kferre Dc Charievbtx, a Fg||| mail, who, in his jounuil of a voyage to K^^Am^ <«^ tnadefo htely as thc-year 1720, Ins- recaptttMS Mie^ «piiuoas of a v»ktt of aothors ooTl^is l^i^ t^ |«hi^ he ha* fuhjoiiied his own conjeatntii Bitt thl^ atter ettmet without fome difficult be extril^ ai fM •^ ikt interwoven iMk the |Miffiiges he has dii^^^ itri^^if# « coimtft to diftant Arom her own. Ww iMe m* 5f2Lf^ hwrwif heon . taken in wa^, (he hid^^tiki;, dmm&QtAsmtum to nation^ tiltihe h«d- r^simim'' ^^1^ whidb ihe then was. , /\ mmm:.mmm^mk. paltog thmngk Nants^ In y^. 'rdatidmiieh^i^ another #. kHjfipOtt Fkirliii Sfte ^»ii||^ ^.,^^ , ittis, Mi 1^ to Jhofii «i k / 1,*^ till kaviog thiw beca fiMiaefliv4ir-p«M'|M country, and travelled tliroiwn rcgiom e«* oM, (he at laft found iKriclf in Tartary. Hete manied a Tartar, who had attended the con- n in China, where Ihe was then fettled* He acknowledges at an allay to tht iMrobafaSity of > fbrietf that thofe who had (aikd torthcft tm the of Afia» by purfuing the Coaft of JeflQ w latka, hate pretended uiat they had perociv^ emity of this continent ; and from th«nce have ed that there could not poffibly be any communi* ^atioQ by bnd. But he addt that Francis Gaefla, a Hfiniara, iafaidtohave aficrted, that thia^fcp«ratio«ia 90 nore^an a ftrait, about one hundred mSm over* fpd that fome late voyapet of the Japandc gi^ grouada t^ think that this ftraatis only a bay, above wb&thene h piilge over land. He goes on to obferve,' that thoi:9h there are few wild boifts to be met with in North-iunenc|i except %\ \^d4 of tiffers without fpots, wUch are liteai in the country of the IrQ<|uoife, yet towards the tropics tbeifi |reUo|M and real tigers, which, notwithftand«i^ Hufl^ b«vi^ come frotoi llyrcania and TarCwyi fi>r as by tdfp W^flfmg gradually loitthward they met w^ ciinaftet 11^ wreeable to their natures, they have ii l^apc abaft* donfd me northern countries. _|le quotes both Sefinc^and Hny to pro^ tbiit the Scythian Anthropophagi ^ifif!^ dq^pukted a gfsaH&i^ tcni of country, as far aa the promontory Ti&l and alfp an author of later date; Mark Pol, a VenctiaD|Wb(p« hjC iayi, t^lls us, that to the north-eaft of CbiMi .pil Xartary there are vaft uninhabited ooiin^if%j^^ liJglit be fttfficient to confirm any ^i^iibiiN« letMN S^ing the rff^eat of a great number of Scylhti«i^llla» America, ^ ^- -.-^ .- .. >, -i^': -...«■ . To this he adds,'thi« we find iPt ike amtelis^ie Hunes, of ^me of thefe miitions. «J^%y fpqilH tfrtko Tabinni; SoUinwynnentiom the Apmn^ y^^:imkSm ii|M[MM>rs the Mlng«tes> w^ iMfc entile^ iKIap^flmsd^ . Aammmr "*-^- K'l iU%itifciiiilr«f ^ iiiliil#«»to ofdHii tldurra^|8 dfentoe.; Brom at tbefe and fiinr.Ghiiltfwx cp«diidti> Unt tbcte it at _^ #M|fiaiu« iliafc «Mir« than; one natioa m AmdnaT Smhiaa or I'ttftaoaorOitgifaL ' ii« inittct ltt»»caittriu 0a.t)ie anthnv he ha*, t^m ^^^llK^.^BJbwii^ obfonratnniii It a{ipean to bm tmt cmtroTcrfir maf be reduced to the two aft£det^> firft* |row the new worid might haie pled; and fecondly, by.whoai, and hy.what 4af. been peoftled.. ^>MuQg» he aflertsi may be more eaffly aniwered tibi|t a ^teiiifft.v, America, might have been peopled^ i»t^th|[jK «&ar pwrta ij| the world have been» > Stoy diflieHitie» - iuweblteMr^onned onthif Aibje£^, wlucfaha^ biscn deea|r -^ «i a«Cohmble> but whidi are far from being fo. Tf^ inhidtitants olboth hemifpherei are certainly the dei^ei^l* ~ wm of. the luvfe fatherf the commoa parent o| mi»-- hhulifeeeived an expreis eommand from Hesiven to pecH- - f^ the .whoic worldi tod accordingly it has been, pe^K - To bring fhti^bQttt it was necei&ry to overcome^ dii^liltief^thiiit lay. in the way, and they havebeea^^^t ewen^ '^^^ere thefe difficidties greater . with re^e^f "ii^ .|itM|d^rfhi eilfettities of Aim, Africa, and Eur^|i^. OK ^ traiifyfjMtfi^ men intor the tibuids which Ite^at a eoniMii^hle ^ftance'lrom tbofe a>ntinent^ t^a toja^ 0^^ into Amertcal /certainly not. . > Kaii^iMoi^< mhi^ has arrived at Co iHthig^tiiigdSrtiMBet Of j^^ mij b#«i i|iOfeiperfe<^ in thofe eftrly ages WlM|;eaii lmi«« fhlti ili4riliNl«f^«heluigeft^p .tH»t erer «|^ fiiip^t 10U htfi^to. tra^^i^ an unboi»deiN»-it||!i»Mg*< ^ ^^Mi nat hwt tcmma^ J .* ||M CARVER'* TRATifE& MjM or 4Pti 'lipcited to ^wm the art of finUiig upite M oeiaa, #IM vas JH only more calm and paci^o, but at thi Ime 'ned within its ancient limit*? ing this, how eafy is it to jidt, ciditfive of the e already defcribed, by land from the ooaft of Ahi- to Brazil, from the Canaries to tjiit Wcftem Iflandt, d from them to the Anti]iesf'¥rom the Britifh Ifled, the,^^>aft of France, to NewfoundUad, the pi^ge is lon^ nor difficult ; I might fay as much of that hina to Japan; from Japan, or'the PhiUppines* Ifleg Mariannes; and from thence to Mexico, re arc iilands at a confiderable diftance from the continent of Afia, where we have not been furprifed to find inhabitantSf why then fliould we wonder to meet with people in America?. Nor can it be imagmed that the grandfons of Noah, when they were ol^ed to fe- par»(e, and fpread themfelvcs in conformity to the de- ligns of God, over the whole earth, (hould find it ab- folutely impoflible to people almoft one half of it. I have been more copious in my extracts from this author thi^' I intendedf as his reafons appear to be foKd» and many of his obfervations juft. From this encomi- urn, however, I muft exclude the ftories he has intro- duced o£ the Huron and Floridaa women, which I think I might venture to pronounce fiibuloUs. I fhkll only add,* to give my readers a more eom- prdienTive view of Moniteur Charievoix's diflertation» the method be wropofcs to come at the truth of what we ans by which this can be done, he fays» the languages of the Americans with t|ie S, from whence we might fuppofe they lipated. If we coffl]^re the fbrmer with thole ^ confidcrcd as primitives, it might pbffiUy e happy dilcovery. And this way 6f f original of nations> which is b^ far the' ^ not Jodifficuh wghyritht W iaHUgiiied. . nd ftwaSiw, trat#k andlKflioaaiica who have dtlSn^d the hmguagel lilt are ^Mteirf ia ill the provinces ofthe new wofla; it owJLwy 'Ifc Meol^ fary to mike a cuile^^ion of thetf gtHMni IWioiiiii ^ • -» laricH fet*os afceHdini leaft cqu We have UCi, the fimU ferent ^ dergoae, fiumih o Any < tradition means tl A difqu ble of pi wnd to m us with Ancie ai either thofehd thisfitua and ane ditions, cfiaced ti there nc OBs; and He c many oti wrecks, 1 able pari this, at Ions and firom eac thofe thi of hiftor but a kn piAdeof ttabledi Byth that 1^ Amerioi each otl •totally ai «actv WM t '^ pabk of thirowmg any Jlght upon thefe clouds of.impcfee-%^ ttable darkaeif. |* ^ By this HM|ttiry wpfiiould at leaft beiatiified, aiioiif - that prodi|ioiit nij^ jf various nadoiii iohabittng Amencif ' each otbert' •totally aad «i»diiW tor nowch in languages Ihofe avho make ufe of words fromtho%>f the old worl!» , M be redmtd «» Jite Pd&d hgm 4nt MU^ogy of tMr iMgnift irith ibd^aM Ml it |||j||[|ufiB(l in the direc otlier ptfli of tiK gl«^ ^pm£|||J«- L 0uul only add the opinion of one an^it' no*c, be. fere I give. my own iendmentt on the fit^«i^» and that ia^^C^ Jaaiet Adair« Efq. who refided fovtv yeaia among ||ikt494ii^«» and published the hiftory.of tbem in the yor 1772. In his learned and. fyftemadcal hiftory of licMfe nations, inhabitiAig the weftern parts of the noil fiiuthem of the American colonies; this gentletnan ii^thfi|t hefit^tion pronounces that the American Abori- gines are defcendedfrom the Ifraelites« either whilft they were, a niaritime power, or foon after their, gena«l 'KsdefceBt he endeavors to prove firom their religi* odis rites> their ciyil and martial ctiftoms, their mama^ git, their funeral ceremonies, their manaen, laaguagf, t^iditionsv, and from a variety of other particulars. And fi» complete is his convidion on this head, diat he laii* ciei he finds a.perfe^ and indifputable fimilitude in etch. "llurmMh ail thefe I have not time to follow hiniy and ttaB^ thcirefore onl^ give a few extra^, to (hew^on what SBPpditipn. he.t builds his.oonje^ures,- and what degree jofL«Kdi( he is entitled tO;On tbis: point. ^ffC begins with^ obierviog, that though fome have , jEuAolc4 uie Americans to l^ defcendcd npm the Chi- .jUft yet neither their religion. Jaws, or cuftonis agree iBtothe kaft with thofe of the Chinefc} which fuffictent- ^ jbravea thtt they are not of this line. - Bcfides* as our ben (hips are ooy alnKoft half a year in (ailing for Cbi^a (our author does not here recollefl that tSb is from ^a big^ northern latitude, acrofs the Line, and then back agaia greatly to the northward of it, and not dired^ athwart- the Pacific Oceaut for oi||^oa« Jiundrcd ami •- • . I it:it-vei|y eleven degrees) pt ftot^ theacfr w^ehr they thould atttmst^ intb their (ii»»Aed fiaaU rMk ^ : ^WP"^^^P'""# m^ imfgiBkMtf mfhfot k fe§£on to lieUcve t^^ ^it ii»> tMM wm aiMQqviiated tmlli ^ tife of the loadUliBe to dii«£k their <»iim. <•: » . .Chnw, hek^ it ahotit eight thoufimd iniieidHbuit from the AmcricifD continent, which it twice at lor tt acroft the Alhtttic Ocean. And we are not inlormed by anj ancieat writer of tKisir maritime (kiO* or fo much m any incltaalion that war, befidet (midl coafttng veyo agei. The windt blow hkewife, with little muriatiMi mm cdl to' weft within the latitudet thirty and odd, north and Inilh, and therefore thefe cOuld not drire thai on the American coaftyit lying diredly contrary to iatk a^owfe. * . Nd^reoiik! perfont, accor^ng to thit writer't a^ comrt» iafl to America from the north by the wsf flf Tartaryor Ancient Scythia; that, from iu fitnatfoai memr. haviiig been or can be a maritime power; and it it utterly impra£Ucable, he (ay t, for any to come to Amerioi Inr fea from that quarter. Befidet« the rcnuunin^ tracet of their reUgiout ceremoniet, and civil and nwrtid caf* tornt* arc quite oppofite to the like veftigetof the Old Even in the moderate northern climatct there itaol to be feen the h»ft trace of any ancient (lately builds iflftk or of any thick fcttleaaentt, at are find to vemidB in the kit healthy regiont of Per^ and Mexico. And feveral of the Indian nationt a(rure ut» that they croffisd the Miflilfippi before they nude their picfent northern fettlementi) which, conneded with the former affu* mentt, he condudet will fufficiently explode thai % opinion of the American Aborigines beine ItneaBy fiettided from die TarUrt or ancient Scythiant. 'Mr. AdaPt reafont for fuppoiing that the' " derive their orisin from the |ewt are# Firft» becM^ihey are divkledinte tfiba cocpt* IRC HebcMI aatioB wire ordoid'to mmiky^m^ the trae and KvinflM^ fe^ tht v^i^- 0.^k--^ M they tliiiik, above thedoudt, and-Mt Cttrtii aMb ivith mptSkii^ ftajiki Tbey pay too. idorttibii to iinigct» 01' «o^ doid pcrfiNii, ndther tir tl«e ctMial tiitaunairici^ tb . evfl ^rit% nor to any ci«ated bekk|» i» and ofteiif^ both iii let* tetii and fignificttion, are fydoniaoiis wkh the Hebi««r r, beonife they count their thne alUr themaf* irin^iii the -Hebrews. ' " ' ,^.rt... .: • i ^^evtatldy, bfcade in conformity Ub, m after die iwnuicr of the Jews, they have their prophets, hi|^ piMHi and other tehgioiia orders. #ipM#« becaiife thdr feftit^ fiifti,.itodM«ligi6a8 4fti» w«*a greatt refemMaaoe to tho(e of the Htbnrifar I' ISnthly, becaafe the Indians» httfert they go io war, ha^ miny pr^aratory ceremonies of pnnfiealioa and fiiftiag, like what is recorded of the Ifraelitief. .^IPeathly, beeaitfe the fame tafte for oraamentSt imd tilt kmM hind, are made nfe of by the Indians^ as hy thi^ Hebrews." .^. .,/....,.- ^ . ^ Thefe aad iBiny odMr argsMDcats of li^Bfl^ir Miv Adahr brings la {hp|»it di hii^nromt - but I ihoold imasrine, thuif the Indianf aae ve riwad fioos the Jiebnwlii aMoog thci# 9Mam c^wstfoi- luiii m which he chieib iccmk to ^M m ixfpfi&ii^ iwv- fpn^eipai vBai orr''midaBcnwn|T^wiRiKi -toiiw 'anvc pl^f^lf Qfi tk«e origin oltlicAinericaiiii v^m^mm f oonded oq conclMifions drawn lirom the aoft ntiondi mm gumeiitt of t|ie writ^t* I ha&t i!^cntione«i|«iidiinHB iBfi ovrn obfervationtt |]ie,,coiififtffii^ of thc& IMllfPii ^ t^e jn^ofl^.of my Ri»dir% if^ .. Tbeb^r to iotroduc« mf oonje^vres on thk^lwidi^; it is ncce'Vy firft to ascertain the .4tftancet bi^iiifeift. America and tM^ parts of the habil8b|e |^ob< thai igif ffoach nearf ft to it* ^ The. Continent of America, as ^ at we can jia^Ml from aO the ref(BBrches that have heen^ made near M polcfij appears to he entirely feparated from ^ oUmi^ guaiicri of ^he worW,. That. ymitiS Eivno^ /wUiiB^ af^proacheii neweft tp it* ia tM <:oaft of Qs^tmeiaaAMam in alK>ii| fqreniy degro^B of nor^ htitiidci and nUi. x^l4m witliM^ t^ve drgn^iof .the cc)^ of. XiahbcMl fituatedf on 1 ihc north^iei^ borden of: t^ «ontioa«tlr ^e coaft of Ontpea Js.thiQ aearcft pivt ofiAfincii which fies about eighteen hundred aa^fiKty mflearnflatli* caft from the Briails. . The laoft e«ftem eoaft «f Aia» w|^ es^ten^ |o (hf Korean Sqi^ on thi Mith piS^mii^ m]t^ n<^rth?eaft l^hr^jigh Qiftem Tbiiaff md |bilU»^ ^^^tl^to,£fi|be||i» in 4Q«t fiiLty dfgii«ei f!m d»toi^ in tl|f in^(»niiedi||si pwrH an|^hipe^;o of iflaiidt, Terguig((i»«midt lltt #l#if#t^. IS. apt y^lt iaicc;taioe4^«r . ^ i|, ^pw^v^ coi^aijn tlitt there are Manrcon^ ., ,, .. All* J*l?!l Jf Jie|l®«n Ifef JiMiB&augr T '^i^^^S^y^ii*^ ^an, Jeip or Jfitton or fttrfiice of it has uken place, fW>m in- imdationt, earthquadut» or any revolutions of the earth that iRpe are at ]>refen« imacqu?inted with« To me it appears highly improbable that it Ihould imve been peo|4ed firom different quarters, acroft the Ocean, as otheiahave affencd. From the fize pf Uie Alps made ufe of ia thofe early ages, and ^e ¥rant of 9k» eompalt, it caanM: ht luppofdl that any maritime aptioa weuld^ by choice tetatore «iver the unlhthomsble oceaii# in fearch of diftant continents* Mad this h6w^ ev«r been attempted, ^ had America b^n firft acci- dnitally peopfed from flrips freighted srith'^paffiniffers «f botb fexes, which were driven by Urong -trntAf winds mofok the Athmtac, thele fettlers muft have retsdned fome traces of the koguage of the country horn whence they aagrated; and this fwce the difcc^ery of it by the StrapcaBS ansft havt been' made ouu It alfo appears caimordiaavy that fevCral of thefe accidental mfgtitions, atailDWcd by limic, and' thefe from different parts, ihould iMMC'takcn pbae. : Upofi the whoky^fter the moft critical eniqnirietp, and the matureft ddiberation, I am 4Mf ^nioni that America received its firft iidiabitants from die north- ^afty by way of the great archipelago juft aftentioacd, ipMl Mb ihffe alonew Bat this nligfat have been ef> fcfted ii(diffefiBte«iaM6s» ai«d from varioua parts^^fraim Tartaryi«€hiaa»^Jl|iaB, or Xamfchidmi tit" ial^tiiiiiis nf-thcfifpfaMaiitfembKb^ each other in cobr, ''V. t.^^ aadihapc} and wh^ bclott feme of them acqtMt a kaowledge of the arts and feiehoes, might have like- wifiticmBbled each ^Hhcr in their maAners, ciiAoins, re- ligion, and lanffu^[e» The «sdf4tifeNiMe between ^IwChMa'aiijeiia^ limi:tmt$Mn I* ^ oiitfnttd titi if itji^iirwii the J tentty and rove about flflBtrent horda* without. a«p fixed abode. • i Ker *i^ ttiln^ aM bl09drr^n«il^te(£ two aatioaifhatftt iHBtii,. t^taflged ia. cxjUfniiiial^^iitr liendiUHnr fimiUtiide.: nXhcKpeelent imuiyn ol tl^ Cluntie 4mpat9r«M o£7w*l^iilir^^t]fMa^oa4 J^ ilftlMsyr were not feniible of fome claim beiide that of cotK|iiii|| fo muncrotM a'peopk; would katct^ fit ^juitet uodur^ doimaioB of ftran^ers* l t^ It it very evident that foibe of tbt itaniera and mm' tomi of the American Indiant ftkm\ik.tiia^ of ilhc Taclw«i and I: make 60 4p«yht:but]lh^iii li^e fhtuil wn^ ^|Mid this is aot a veiy dtftant «■«> «t wift bie i!cilMtfi| ta a> certaint]P> that duiinip ijMBc «f thel;wiH« betwcit thf : ^Ttfbui a^ tha CtnadTeg.* ar p is con^McumMlavitiMt paiticular cu^xn, ol ihatiM or pluduag e^ the ilnl^ andkawng onif « &mH tttlt owtlieferDwii oC tbr ivtulc aaanfvtht^TaApnriKoIwliom atsvelliii ' AiaciB^ Iter AaKnBiaaa%l*lc kddm^imiMU Many words alfo are ufed both bys^QhiMfif la^iaps^ idttchJiaiM^«aciiaiihff^ n(^ mm m thew (iiMiyd» but tlieii fmiifip^ffcioii, -.^r/Wim Qfindt catt^ flai^AMpwD^fiaaddthe jSudonifit brfHm|,.!whofe janguagaJfeMP dyBtrlittkttitarcopt%piili» «i«4lit' Chi. |wie. ■ ^ijH^.-' "^ *I1mk protmbly i^iight HVIiiil ft fimUav conscaioii IwtWetil' tiMB luigtiagt of tli|K^ai>tar» uid the Amcrioiii ffihoAffixmt' ^t^t iwe<;w ^^ell aoqwinted wkh it «i I|N' ftm,^ 'ftiMn » corotntralfll ifttc#coiirfe^ with that^ of the iH i aitt coiififOi^^ inxMc 6onjcdiiret» by the acoouott of Kamfchatka, publiflicd a few yean ago by order of ^ BmpMfii <»f^ Rtiflfik The author of which &fh that the lea which dmdet that pcoinfubi from Amenca h M of iilatodl^t arid ithat the diftaacc between Tfi^u- lM«(hoi•Nof(^ a pitmoiitory wbtdi Im at the caftem extremity of ' that^coiiiitryy ^nd the coaft of Amenoa^sis not' mom than tWo degrees aad a half of a great drek. He 6irther> feya^that there k the gveaieft rnfoa tofi^ poie that Afia'and AmeHea once fadtd at this pheti as the coafts of both cotatineotsappearnto havebm hto» ken into capes and ba^ which ao^wcr eack Either; more d^peciaHy^w the iah8bitants.of''this part of both ffdem- Mc Mwh oAier in Aeir perfons,^ habits* cuftonash, tmd ildd^/> Thei# liaguaj^ indeed, he obfcmws* doci not appear to be the iMfne, • but then theiafaabifiantt ol caek dfftri^iar Kapifebatka fpeak a kngMiige as different from tKhidthcrf as from that '^kenva the oppofite oonft. Xh^e bbiiivations/ to which he adds* the fimihHrity of the boats of' tbriohdBtitants^ of evefa' eoaft» and a remark that thit natites of this part of Aiiiierica are wholly Ibamgknrs im wint^ and tmceo^ whkh he looks ii^n a^si pvobl>tkM^thcf b^K^As^tft hadao cemannisatioo Urn nnhrta id £iiMpc» Im layi, apmnt to Jink^ifii 4ian i duoiiiifliiliiw thit Amaika fMS pifl|dei' fioln Hm pfot' of > iUBa." ' ^ Thrlimib of *f pivliDM imdertakinff wi^ Mtpar* mit me to dwelt nf loofer on tiosiiiUed« or to rate anf odier pmAki iwotf of «« kypetbeii. ^ iKiwcTCSfy fi» thoigoghhr cootiaoedel the eemiiiiy;«f it, «*d fe iMifiwihaipr^I bent «i 'tktBH^ mMi ^M^mi^im pi»iiwid in ill ttifiwij thil • J Afia to tk« interMmiNrt»^ ^oiJiMenoh «Mi irow lIlMCt botlirwiiiM lMgii«ge«}|iai KiMik0» of «bc^fiPpl«.iC|l^ #hoiii I ibovifL he cowa&Mf at nugiitlteiid t» iUufiii^ tii^^oariiic I'haitt how bad dtfwii* m«|. V> (iijtiaCy mf- mM9f of ilK kanied or inqoifilivf f J»u| «« (hit. ^fif ^«lal vM>(%ed lather to lequire a natioaiil than af^i^ ymts Qafifon^ k was not carneil into j^i(cc«itipfu j. J^iil happf to find, fince I fomcd the fof^goi^ cnicMfioBf^ that^ they conte^ioiid^ with the |entti«iqi^ ctf>ih«k|[Katita41caKiied vhiftoriatw X>^^ f and thavgh with hani»a I ach»opk%a4i»l:th|6^ i^YA^po thm^ ltipi«4^ 'Qittireii ia^fift tohfiooiC; a)»d^ tiUfieat^y 1^^ the^icoojeMreaJ4ia«e} mpd«n)a»>oii^ l^i ci}ni4qp^i|» |lii9eaiir<% aad not tadt^^Htalile OQQdMfionN ff i IM# cany with them a f itatec. dt^raei oi prptKdi$tf; itoiifift Ibj^tiafti of tholft nfTha .9^ Hmt th«t i¥l9ti«^ #• ^rakd firom anotheriitiarter. ^- ♦ -i^ One of the DofkoPB quotatioD* from ttie |oi«m^}xt Behring and Tfchirikow» . who (ailed from Kam{8|at^ about the year 174I9 in queft of the New Worlds j^- fcan to cany giaat iieight >fth it|^ and to afford j^ conelafiont firm ftq>port : <* Thcfe commanderB haying M fliaped their courte towarda the eaft, difcovered l^^d^ ^ which to lhen». ap||^rpil^ to. ^ pai^ of ,the ^Lmerif^iK ^. consent} aad#ccotfduaig to their oh{erva^n||^it ^ iitema to hc.fitoated within a few degjcecf pF^e M IWP|thrW|ift.M»ft^^of tMif *^li0iw< which were almoft coeval with fbdcty itt^lte ^ }«artt of the world, aad were known in t&e ««4M •< period»of civil^ life. From thit it it mmakX ^ ^^ tribes which originally migrated to" Aim^ilBay %:camc off ^m aatioat which mull hawc hceii^icii»M ** harbarottt than their poflerity» at the tiagie wlwii ihiy f* 0trt ftrft difcoivered by 4lie Buropeaiiti If '-trnt ^ ^ «f« of iroB had been kno^ntotfaefavagct^ofvAmif « rica^ or to their progenttor^^f ever ithef huAf^tmjkf^ ** «d a ^oogh, a loom, or '^a forge, ^^e>ttffitf «f t|iil ** InveatioB* would have preferved th^'xA, and if 'it !»» «««fQiihk^iat they ihouU have been abaadonei or ' ** gotteik'' C H A PT£ R Ih n Of their Perfisma^ feTr, F^OM the firft fettlement of ^ Proldl hf ^ClMii.' da, to the conqueft of it ^y the Bftj^BH^^^fM^^ feveial of that nation^ who had travelled iotd the' lirteiloir paru of Noith-America, either to tr«^ «Midl' tie lid^ ant, or to endeavor to make convcrii elT tiieifii lirvii pttblifhed aecountt of their cufton#4iMnaet% Ifcti ThcDrindpal of tKefe are liHier liaoii Migjihjtif, M^nfl Charkvoix, und the Saron £iC>ii««Mii#«4^ iil^ aany ytm ^tget^yiiliiiid ftiliin ^^ pMiMmmt^ madu* i0kmmhmvtotkmd ham the mipt uid Swim •# #»• w^hi^imk^lllHUVki^iil^^m^ affifffintlvA wliiHt iBti^t o» lB»;tinvdi»' by lMMdr«liM) o#ii ptttys ThitF |iwHwni^iaMMwb frlii^ teto F«tlitr HtoMptn^tlMfia^- Miikiiiirt«dBtifCit<|tte IndiiiM. Bat initei« fe^pi^ lkt»£dk«fe(yt Iboft ^ that koMvltdge^ if#liMii it imm iii«4iii powcrdb ' haveiatttuoeckiMm olm lo«g refidgnce a tkcuui ^ ^NoTHWat tht ^ aknrayi: («•* ^hat been aleeaify ? bll^ ijnmd^^jeMft in bit cdbiMoati or jnfttndit int«iii|;ta«r- 1^? bit gi^iieiik U8.» > i ^ctTbe^acoottitts nubliflied by the other twd, partkobif'^' ^.^kdk.of Chaaevoixi^aie Tery. erroneout in ' the gjM*^ ^phical partsy and many, of the ftories told^^ byi t|Ai' ^rffiomt of thiB ,tMM and .miiiiMva«£ the ^Indikaa caidd •niit ibMra4ii# iMMijiad^by^thaait-f. ," •. j ■ , ■-.i itnS^kfdiMimm^tlhm «id thcifevthat ha«» heidftaai. tai t|4lpaiii!lNpitb«thia, ) l^tneh lor^; £agllfli, .caanot htm pralM»ud ^i|j|^na«90ra orthdr caftbrnt hi dkir 0HgMjM^i?flH|M'B«^ oat avoid aoqaifing .tha ^riwi l#i^ liagi^i^ thofe tyiir,oaiivefled wtths •■Wftefi. ■ ' ■ ■ ■,,,; 1^; ■ ^ In fuch M tiieiier, a omlliifed mrrtlry nf fiiMiflii ui «fima»e«iilf tobtobfervcd} thrif ml ■wf ■■iiijiiliil «nim» could be fccn UMMi|r tli^ aatioM alBar tiwi hMg held but kittle coitiaiuBicati«u with tlw fatmncet^ Thiledce. at i thought tBift wOKfthy of notice^ and ' which inttetferc at Hltle ^a* Miilbfelirith the accounts given by other writers* I bh^ |M|| 'oy ileadert to excufe ^eir not being ammged Qpmuticsllf, or treated of in a more copious matt'* '^31m Indian, nationt do not iq^pear to nw toi^Ser fo. liUldy k their make, coBor, or conftitntion irorn^ eadk iitlltry^ at rtpwfedtcd by ft>me vititfn. They are ia. innciil li%fat made, radier taU and ftiaight, and yod lmm»lee anyaiioiM^ tfaem deformedi thchrichi it or tt^neddifli or copper cr$ their cfyes are large andbbck^ mid thHr hair of the fame hue, but irery raicly is it fludedt they have good teeth, and their breach it at fiveet aa tha air they dnrr i^r '^ ^^ cbc^li^'^MBei^ lillferidlcd^ but moreib ih thie ilvmcitiimn the amt llMr^cmeiare not quite fo tall as the JBu^ttpalif iwwiWB,. Mim^rir" yon ; frequently i^ed .with mi' fiMca >aiid ^gpveaUe feHiinramimg them, triiboog&liiBy im^ £^ed to W fat than the other ie|r^^ * I Ml sotetter inea a pactieulfB^^jEiqpry iHKdMf*^^ Mnufe «rr indebted to natur#i^ or the tumyniitWC «| the cfiiitate fetrtht color ttfih^ i^y mfWHSNL. .*• Oft mMk MMi WM ii^lpyi#f hmmn tmmu^ llllf |ii|i^:|laf i«GnYed ot^niPy &o#^ Jiaa# «| tMir QraOof I kit at wliit pdnod Uie varntkni w^icb qI' miinr nftfOTt took dImsc* it what tine the lEjanMoeatt «iit0MH.>ll!((j^ty l»I wip not piretea||. ^JlCafif writen have afleftedy that the lo^n, cvte xi . t^ ii)ativ^ pedbd of their cxiftcnce, are only fiimiflicd witib hair OB, their headtl and that notwithftanding ^ paoi^K^ with which t^t part is ifovcred, thole pav^- wjhifih among the inhabitants of other djmatai jkc v^- iBy tins ieat 9f thif ej^credpenfre,, ccn^ cnta^ fm rfprefentationsr has contributed to m«pigii||f the efiofi aiid Ai^f^ag the ritamkMif, fended^ haadrfnii (fp^nal conauBpas fironn. it; r^tt^ve to the habit and %ms» Mmtpre of thi^ l|pdiet« which are coiilfq;ic|N# m^ Bi^ i^A jpinutc enquiriet, aqd . m . curious iili%^on» I ' ani ab]$ to deckure (however refpedaUe I may hold .^ mith9iily of thefe hiftoriaas ^i othfr^inti} %hm, t%s«r i#rtions are cfi^neouis, and. proceeding fconi itimM^- q£ a thorough lumwlei^e of thf**cwlUMM c^ the lii^.^ 4fter the age of puberty, iheiir bodies»i» ihm,mimr- id ilate» are coT^^d in the fame pannes as tMc jc^ tHieEfiopeaas. T^ DMn» indeed, eftcei|i,a b^wA V^ iinheconungy and take great ^na |o get rid of it^ nor Is ditere: any evfi to be pepaqeived on their fai^cs, eiM^ whDn.M^ey gB9ii oi4. #nd beooai^ i»ii»benUY«^|i> #Mir iipipiipn^^ Jgyfr|r. crinojfe eftonoCoence on the «lltfr flf ,^ l^y IS haI4 ^nfcemly ^ thcim^aiwl; h^ rUMM^yjUuc^ tMis inthfir f«|ai^atioi.^i *™ i hf ^wAowtSm, and. the rennQle oititMis, j^^i ^gaii%l|it|.b(a» meces, ^ hard wood,. fpra^iaMi %|M«di9Ki;i4npcrsiv whiifl thofit who have coDumtni^i^i fn, j|^ .Eurflfeans procure fimn than wii^, jr4>Sk wKiP^m !ffff"f Tp'iff ^'.^ww"' ^W- ^v^*^^pf ^^iK'aJ^W' ■*"• . aat''3i|p^ '^' Tkc mm- df evorf ^MtiOB dilRar ia their ^reft^ f Ten the middle parts of their bodies. Thoft who' wear IBrti never inake them fiift c^er at the wriilf or coHari ik&k woidd be a moft iitfuffend^ confinennit to themv iiief throw their blanket' boie upoii - thdr (heuldnrs, ibd holding the upperikte of it by the two comeri» vjrflh ft^luliK iaonehand^ and a tobacco paiiehj pipCt mi ih die othcri thui accoutred they walk' ahMit k lihdv villages or can^: but in their danoDi they leUam wtid^ this '(MtttvMi .' ' Thole mnoaff^ 'men who wifli to apMT Miftt than the reft, i^udE from their heads dl the hair« cMe|t that a fpat onthe top of iti about the fise of .acrow8!> S,, where it is permitted to grow to a confidenkhie hV on this are laftened plomes of ^then of vari- •ili cobn, with fUver or ivory qoflls* The raanmer of ■ilfiin and niniirrmyir thft part of t|ie hiead diftni> gllilwa difi^nt vilMni titott each others Tlsey paiat their faces red aad Uack, which they Aa«k M grcatli^/ ciraamentaL* They alio nabii thcm- lAvei i^hca tlwy ga to war; but the methodthey aMkc H^ of oa this octtfioo diffenfrons thai whereia they. vie it' merely aa a decorataoA. . b Hk yaiaag InlJani, whis krt defiKoas of exceUiag iM aampaaiaaa ia font/ilk the aat»ard.» fl^aarii'ii thtfaaiiatfanethiiytakiaaiaJMt <•»'%» ^ ikm «aiiffely» but lM¥t ^ iili thai tm, tii anlv Mahad .athath aanaaiMMt • aiiiapd 0ia#Miy|i;^ mmh- Iraaitha upper ta tha lMI»Mrt, ttey twli lipla'vii% tifl tha^ we^bt diiaii, l|a < ampatiil>i> jin ilia abaw of five ar fa iaqhai diaamer^ aiid'ilMi to alsMft 4awa t»4lif niiidor doth: thefie anH ib#id \m ntai^ to the fliape of the leg at poifiBlc, to n^ to admit ^ beim drawn on and oit The cdgei of m ftoff df which tney are compofed are l^t annexed tdi tiiB (bam, and hang k>ofe for dMut the hreadth of!i hiliidi tad thif part which ia pbced on the outii^e of ^ %> ii generally ornamented hy thofe who haw aty rdiMMmfeaftlon with Eumpeant, if of doth* wkM ffhin^ or hce, if of lcai^er» with emhraidery.'aad «|i» cnpine muUt curionfly colored. Stranflren who itni flilMi tht In^Kaiit, in the parts where raete ktegM^ ^d Of fiiow, iiod thrfc ftockingi much more comemoll diift any oilMrl. * Thek Aoca are made of the flcin of the deer, dk»Qr haf^ Aid: t|ieie, after hefaig lbm«timet drdfed teoatiin^ioM EHMllte' iHwiMr, at ithen with the hair iimih|iir ^ them, are cul i*to fhoet, and fiiihioaed lb botHW olQ* to the ieet^ attd convenient lor walkMig. *Tlit edgei r6oiid the ande ire ^^sanuA with pioeca of hmH or tk ixed around leather ftrii^;a, about an indi loiw^ which bdng plaeed verv tftidc, make a dMcrfbl tial« liogiioiie either when they wi^ or dance. I - ""The woitien wear a eivvrfaig of fome kind Qi^o(ih#'* fMBi the icek to the kntei. Thofe who trnit willb' tllf fewtodmi lir^iir a lio«ii garment, the fiant as dM uISi Wdii mt»i the %• of ^n^h Ibd^ b«# iit "^*^ mi ' ^dttdi il ^tkSk aftardichr aitiimit waiMri. i Hid bf flifll Kdth ktMhdb whidi tDvtra M hfiy %il «at the aram. Thikr petticoats ai« oMdi di tl«r«f Indies or doth* aad Itadi ftom 4ht iiaift.>ii fftliiill'-0lididrlHitiMy wiai ffirmiilnffiliri ihia^f ^^^^^ ^^^p ^^aaa^HM^^^s ao 'W^^^* ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^p '^^_ : ^" J fil% aiiir liHM «9di «^ i^^ iptnd to which they UkMgl iM tdliot^ 10 the pMm midc afe of by. their Miceftori finiMn raa«^^^l^^ liWEiBKMnbL I rcflHtfhed thtt moft of the femilet, mf»^4m^oti % dft fide of the Miffiffii^i, deeorite .their faeiil'hy |idQfiiu| thetrhaiir cither .ifirib|iid%. or in phitit of ^i«r^ uc kttei^ it ooly madfc life <>f by the higher tMhf». !• it 'ii a eol^ oma«ftenl« The filwir'tw ofc; on CK^afioii It formed intd thin platet of •howl fimr ei*broad» in fevcral of ^ which they Cdafine their V 'That jabte which it neareft the heiid ii of i ^iai^ rable Width ; the next nalTrowcr* and made ib. a| |i^ llillliittk way']iadn>^e otlffr» and in 1^ wmmm iff &ftea ^ito each other* and gmMh ta^o^mi dch linid to'lhe waift; The; hair of the I«^ mmm ^ %^ ffnM Veiy loo^, thli |^te| afi «^(ci^v^ Bftthc women that Uve to the welt of ^ lilSftlii* |l» «& the Naudowd^i. th< AAp^i^ aec^ dtfik ^^ctr hair in the middk of the head, and tornt it iotbk :a90% QACigitkift e«eh enrv TWeip0t «« fhont ^tgdM^^Dne^JUMta*lir|t* m llkir lyyiftii j^CIm^ Mrirf imddfelbaHlal &r it dMt fewer pifl of jt^ . ^ticThefooMn of erery nation fencndlf fdaipD • %otiiC llfat,; aboiil the fiiM; of » jCf09»i«|»^«e^ ^pv'^ tadi ^1^ foae of them pi|t paint on thctf "kikh 'and C<>">M* •I^IM nfiataU fpot in the middle of thtforaMd* i , The Indiantt itt.|;enenli pay n mttcr attcnilan tOt Acir dMfi,, and to the oiAameiitt ^i^ w^f^^ie. naitafellK^ ndrfuni *l^« tn.thtf maUtKibmadi^it^wMi^i^ '^ i- " thf UKtMr ULthe fsAoaN. * f »X I Ihiki tm nf ifcam aiiOM*' nAardliii' cfldt« n^iL _ ■ ^^^^^^^n.^ ^^B ■Pwn^nn .^A^i^M|^K j, w^npn^^ wvp^^^^ ^^^wM- ^^^l^w w^^^n* ^J^RPi. (; i>hA^ biiipi I ""LSt'^^a teMp^ OMi. Ca the whole thef Inr idM oi^tk gmt oiMdttr of fl&i iit lometimei fisqu^ ^^ Mirpol^ at ifmie of their IcnU are tcrf Mdoiii That of the chief wamor of the NaudoweflUp fHi it le# forty feet in ctitmiiiierencef and tory '"^ ; They ohferr^ no rcgukrity in finh^ ^fir toib ikef encamp, but jphu^c theni juft as it futtt their ▼enicncy.' , 2 ' Th< hntt alfo, which thofe who ufe not tcnti, aeft when they travd, for very few tribes have folNi .abQ(iQ% ^ rwukr towiw, or viUaget, are cquaDy.fiaafk» »« i4oioft«i ibon conftrttdSed. r ^ i i" Ji t >•/!." They fix finaH fliabie p6]^ in thd ffrdundi Mldlbfiii. isv ihentilldMy meet at the tonLaM form a: iEliuK»^ dt, then hA them together. Thefef Ihcy Cnvcc ^ mati 'made of nifliet pbttfd, or with' bireh bttt» ^^M^ they eairy with them in their, cnaoet ftr t&i» r^efe calnm haft ^either diimniea laor wilidoMil 4herc it oidy a &M aperture left«b the widdk id m 4»ofr ^nogh wi^-^ ^^"^ ^ dtfehii]^ huim this is obliged to be ftopped up when itngmmmm Tiolently, Vat finoke then proves exceedingly ttoidliN fome. They lie on ib'ns, fenmlly thoferf the b«r. wW A are plM in -46^ oil tie grJikma} and if the floor ii not lane enooffh to coptain beds fnffident for die ai- ^T^IIa^^im. Si the whde fomily, i frame is et^BA t^M^it ftml^ ftbn^ the gralM^ hi irl^ t^ ^^**£^MMtat£9ns of the Indians ait thos nide» thdir te(ikiit»B«ls mt l»^ n mmfp» and jArij h-^ fuiwalim Tht iMift lilbeitwith tittar m^ SiSukmml Mil dcifan«t thit it hi ioi -- iiiiMp l« fiMiii thdR with m$ 4^^9^9i i _ .^^ m l» tea «»^.f!* «i!WLf 1» icir fiftiukof tkc Upck ^ m ftoat Mi/f9lifmU h Htfjoana&v wfaich' refifta the dTcds of 4i«» iictfl^ it mm Bt ifoo. When they rodl^. If it it ^t liise jo|Qf^ ir • wliole tntattlf inch is a hcafcr» thtif fix itVM itnropetai do> on n fpit made of a hard . wood^ < «d4 |fbeing^tht ends on two Cbriud prqie^ nanr.aaid thta ^irn it. If the piece it fmaller thejr fpit it at iMfofC^ jiid'fixfaig the C^t in ancreAbut flanlSngpofiUootwith mt meat indming towards the fire, freqiKntljr duuige iht fidct» tin every part' it fufficiently roailed.. 4 H^aaaicethetf diihet in which tiicj ferve np their abaat, and their howit and pant, out of the knottir ex* |fifi3el^ei^ofcliw. maple trect or any other jwood* They iiAiion their fpoont with atoltrehlf degrofc «f T £ k UL Qt tlidrMiiMiert^<^aiificaik)iifi».a^^^ Sr H ft M the MiM wooMi fit dMHv they fte "dbftf foiRtltrt Ihit friwalrrinir il Min irii^ taihii - llMl hava ait mid#ifii mmmM' 4Mtt» Jilinf.4KMii^ J&Amjf ||S3riiiMMa >^iribii "tkai alM^ifiwyliu CARlTElt'i THAvlil. m dieoifiont they are cot^ned but '« few hotnrt from their nfual employmeiitSf wbich ace tQaanctdyyay labi^ouiu as the men, who are remarkably indoleitt, leave to them every kind of drudgery; even in tlKir hunting parti^ the former will not deign to bring home the game, ba| fend their wiva for it» thoujgh it lies at a very confidier- ablediftance. The women place their children foon after they «cf bom on boardf ftuffed with iofk moft, filch as is ^^ in moraffes or meadows. The ehild is had on (ts baci^ an one ojF this kind of cradles, and, hieing wrappi^: in fldns or cloth to keep it warm, is (c^ut^d u it by liSMill bent pieces of timber. \^o thefe machines they fatten firings, by which tbff bang than to brtnthes of trees; or if &ey find not Cr«ei at Mnd* faften them to a ftump or^ Hone, whilft t|(^ traitfaa: any needful bufinefs. Ia thw p^jfitioii aie ttii children kept for ibme., months, when Uiey are tak^ 4nitt tfaHe bc^s are fuffered to gp nailed, and the gli^aiv covered frofim the neck to the knees with a (hift and a ihort petti<:oat. 'Hie Indian women are remarkably decent dmrtng thtir menOrttid ilttfeft. ThoCe nat^s thatare moft re- mote fbm the Em^pean f^ttlements, as the N^^iJ^ i^effies ,&c. are more particularly attentive to ttui pdhnir' though Uiey all without exception adhere ia fomc degree to the lame cuftom. In every camp er Ipwo there is im apartnienit a|i.' pnmriated for thek retirement at this time, to w^icii tio^fingle and married retreat, ani^adethemfelnp with the utmoft ^rianefs during this jperiod/rom i^ fi». ciety, Afterwinls th^ punlr tbemfelves in nui. mag ftreams^ and return to jjhf ir dilEeieut i^ptfrtp meats. \ 4 \> " Thm nea mth(tk oecaAons iiKii^,eMrftfiiP] inf «iy immmwirttlfea #ith th fyli and wicked. * The Indians are extrem^y circumfpeft and delibenrte in every word and a£lion; there is nothing tktalt hurries them into any intem^rate warmth, but Sat inveteracy ie^ tlieir enemies, virhich is rooted in every Indian heart, ^Imd never can be eradicated In aU other inftances they ytre cool, and remarkably cautious, taking care not to ^iMimy on any account whatever their emotions. If an JDodian has diicovered that a friend is in clanger ol4)eii^ Intercepted and cut off by one to whom he has render- ed him^ obfiokious) he does not inform liiHl in vWn ^and explicit term* of the danger he nma by msi&iag |lhe track neaif which his aHemy lies in wait t» -laax, %vx he firft coolly aiks him which way he4i gohigi thlit day; and having received his anfwer, with t£c iim^in- difference teUs him that he has been infotHied that adoi lies near the foot, whi^h might probably do him a nrii- ^ief. This hint proves fufficient; and his finoid avoids l^etlanger with' as much cavtkm as if every ddign and 4ieen abfent from his famuy «ndfiriend»aianj , libndis, either oil a war or hunti*^ party, when hit iri^ ttd diiidreB meet him at fome dmance from his habita- ifdiif Inftead of the dfcaionite fenfioiOM that woukl IMttKilb^ tfife h the brcaft of more refitted benigs, mid bi pradudive if mutual omgriltditioHSr lie ooati- -iHliiiit coorfo wkhilit payhig the leat «i»i«tiott to ^lofowboiunoimd him, till he arrives at his hoai^ ^ He tiMttc ^ dowm ittd wkh^ ftaet h$ takea care nq$ ID (hew the leaft fyniftama of tmpatieiicc» or to bctrajr the; cstNiae hunger by «rhi«h he ia tortwed; bi|t o|| MagiaritediB* fitt contentedly dowoy and lisioke^ htf fipt with aa auich comporure as if ^ery appetite wsf •Ihiycdt Md ^ was perte^ at eafe^ he does the iamp iljpaMg llniig«n. Thia ci^oia U ftriaiy adheffd |^ b^\every tribe, aathey eftecm it a proof of fortitqdy^ |adt hit ^Mldrim haya grea^. jgniMifd thmnfelvet i^aioft m enen^y, ha?^ taken mi^ ■qF'Mpai and brought home waay prHbaeny he do6t not appeal' to feel any c^traordiiiacy pkafufe on tho oc- cafioai hit anfwer geiMtaUy i«t ** It iawcU,*' aadthe snkta Tciy Ifttle fuither enquiry jabom it* dli» the ^aatisBri^ if .^you i iniotm hm that hit. ehihlivn ar^ fl|i& •V taken pnibnera^ he mihei no con^biiits>^ b^ only seplieay ** Itdnea sot fifufyi" and prpbidilyy fw fiine timeat lnft# aAnnot how it happened. IMt^ima^ag iadiierenc^ hQiriever»db^ not pmeced fiiMi an citttM fupprafton of the natpral affe€Kcms} tor MtiwithftandaBg th^ are^cfteemed&vilgea^JL never (aw* aaaong any mlKr people greater ^roofii ef |iareatal or SUk^ ittdenie&i and although they- mttit ihcir ;imes af- ter n ioi^ ahfeacc with the ftioiciil i«KliSe«i;Q0« Jud mentioned, they are not* in general, iM of £o«j^fl •feftioai AiMlwr peeidjatity w .obkmUb in their jipmi^ of fayfaf ^dnhr wfiiaiK If m- India* goet m mt 1 .p«rti« wtmpnkm ia n &mil|{> 4ie,me which can only be acquired by an tutfcmitted attention, and by long expenence. ' v^ ' They are in geaem very happy in a retentive sDemii^ they can recapitulate every particular that has been rv treated of in council, and remember the ;exi& time when thefe were held. Their belts of wampum pre^ fervc the fabftance of the treaties they have condoded with the neighboring tribes for ages back, to whieb they w31 appeal, and refer with m much pcrlpicuity and readinefs as Europeans can to their written n^ coidf). Every nation pays great refped to old age. The advii»4of a fother will feldom meet with any eatraoidi- nary iittention from the young Indiaas, probably^ thef receive it with oidv a bare aifenti bttt they will ttcmbw be£^- a graadfatncr, and fubmit to his injun&iaar withi the uitMk alacrity. The words of theaacieatfiitvf tNr community are cftcencd by the young at owitiii If: tbty talw dorinf didpluutinf firticMi^ecg^^ it •;'.»- itiifdMn«^^ Ikmt ineomai#filf idKdw, It it iiiiinj :* diittelf ppefeMc^ t*^ the eldc&bl tbtir rdatioiifc ' ^ Tacf ntverfiiiier thtrnfelfci to be-o^wlwdencd intli oai^i ^b«| Kve in a ftue of pcffe^.tm^BiHity tnd con* ttel^soitii) Btiojif MtunUf iirfoknt* if jtfoviioii fat^ fiiffiniefMt fofitimr fiibfiftieiicic-ca«.lic pnoiired.ffi^iittlll^ Util^'i «d near it liaod» ditf will n^ gp &r» oftalii- sny extraordinary pMOft iiMr k, lihflittf^ibjK' fe dAkiff tlieyr mi^B^flieqoiie gicMier pWnk]r,.aa4.M;a.iiMce eAnnalilet kind.-.-;! M'- ■■• . '' ,■ I : . V , ,, ,; iibifiag iMoh letfiire time tfaef tnd^|e thii indoikncgp ta Drhich) thcf 8ji!e fo proBe» ivf caiiiig^ .dlinkiagr^ ftrapingt and rambling abiliit<[iit^etr townft: rdr eiiittii^ B4t when iieecffity oUiget them to take ;dJe faiiji iilli|#- tp! j 0p|ifli« .an enem^»^ or to> jmcmit'i^iiMitaMiiKi$i§m^ tiwjiRiute aktt ^nd. tade^il^iibki *Muel taAatteelftdr IMirt^<#t;lMrigirii> ^i,r.v -pit ,7huI ;.:••'' ..■'/:•■ 'i/. «T&e in£itii8tin£ » ^oHtf oi ian&ig .ia« notcoiiiiaed to « Buroipc!iLt^e Ind»a»1aSfo hA'&m l»wtadiihg iimpidfe»% ani ofteof JoCt^iUieiri aiin«y . tticirf appiavel, and'^everf tkmi llicjF! are ifoflifled ol^ i in tlnsi aiti hammt* their £^ »a».M#w{thf»fym^;ikrofianeKie tefiacdi game^^^lirr ^tif Hfilbci!. jitilrttuern :.it ju..',)/j ,inufb-l -t.rr ■ ^ laM g^atiife Attmife in lAiir 4te?Aigr» -. iibnfma^fiAMx,^^ tnemietiMi »4twt]i'eitr]r*flilher nation ihiiddniafei>rBiat JT* tlwf' artfuthvlilMrhtroii* to tlwfie witli i(dMimfthey^,ane.a«ii&- mff.fSlk^im^ ,W iaiilTPl» thnrit ,il«il^ihef me tlMr- worn enemies, and the beft. '* " firiemi^uflr i^r pi4itfU»> ?.ntii»mina .i»i|^iailtart.-lftiiweit»t»*!th(a?fliiito< ^ (iimMfiir AflMiltg Jomto biiidn tii« i^n^; fiUn' it t JVl^JwP'Mii. 9Pt'MAimiM»3aMmiBM^^oB!iliiiV'^^otMg;;mmi'f ^4|i^|NMM)[|hl||Nll|il'' vMt rnttMt .' which evtry one confiden «s faii o«m,\aad nicreiifet at circoaiftai^oes admit. They are extremely iibimd'to each others and fupplv the deficiency- of their fnieodswith any fu^rflnity of tneirowB. Jh dangen they reid^ give affilbuKie to thofe of their band) who ftand in need of it, mthout any< ex nation, anaaMtet them i^nth > m ffutkt and truly patriotic fpirit, that tends to^tlie j|eMllgf«d of thedlociety'to whiohfJthey/ beib^« > . , 0*;; .?r i» 1^ ttiy «f tlwir neighbors aris ^berea^ed by^dM^K, 6i 'itk enemy of their children, thofr idliholaM p^ffeft the greiMA number of Haves, fupply the defidenssy'; and tiitie 4ne> sNief>ted -i»f tbem^ipd treal vcpUynwcrt^the oyidveff >of ' the p0N 6mrto i#hdin^tlMBy-^«re ptiifbM^i '-^^ -'V-J ,a:r;^: c'-'i'-ju The Indians, except thofe wImt Hvt adjoln^ilo the Epwyean oblooilM, dm iontk to tlttaiilehtea my^ idea of &m wie of iBobey I Ihty ixftdider ft, #iNi'?tfaliy' mm inade acquainted, witk the uies to which( it ii 't^^fl^ed by other na^rtos, aii the fovrce «f iiMiiiiiietabl«'^««9st 7oit tfafy attfibttteiall tlie mifcliiels that «r^ pvendilit tsboM EaiopeaM, Miiia»(trtadkevyi, |iiind'^'' They efteem it irrational that one mlMr4lim0^i«r^oll .^iiW^^ A IfMUter^tlaiiiiityi^ikiMOibii, Mi^wi Mmxed ^lyr^iby 'loiadr ^oldil bt «HHixed£4o4fal»^m(A||Bi^ In Bur^tftar ^e #«Btref jMB<\ik)dk^^Slkim^^*1lk ttafc og'^i|epii derfbii •lf>thiai»tiaifeny^ MMl^litfiNi abcdttnt^tif tHis par&al diftfibotiisdi: df!ll| igmi Mii»ru]te^ tJiWA tbcy but are not i^^tber «»« )^ if yptt «(ith< griBft i dire6fc with the art of fBPipfKyc..'H Uirough an «Sf a|id beftow ■.,i 'Vo'arai' 'r. my, *. a^greit n J4^ lo ^uje^ ^ tic inialtt^op i «|C tc if^U&.-i^ p^ w^ ; of ^uiQUkfii^jr^ and ta Ji>nui4 tlicm . witkthc .mHi^ ^, ^imtm ,^fbfif Aj^. »fa>oft an cqjwl 4qcn9et of J|l^^C^nre^ tb^]^ro(to^<¥i«iOf art Wbeo any <>C;tMt 5|icy %,./•; It i^,pi;«tty„ I Ukc >5>jl9frft^ jip,;jf but are not inquifitive abovl^ the q/o^^^t^n^ipf^iof iy miker cm thtj- form proper, cpnceptiamfr ^ Ju, i fie. I^it jf ypu tcH tbe^ of a porfonvhQ it; ablctiqi rup^ iifilh. gneit agility » that it ml ikiSeil m ho^tu^, c^ dired with unerring; aim Si gun, or; Beiid>^th ^Uf}J| iB|^»i.,tlMiJt. ««H» dfixtrpttflf wprk a ano^«n inal^«?,j|^ way w^oiitf a^jpSlt, through an in^mcnfe fyn^, !^V^mi^Bi^pt}»g,iM*rS^ and beftow' the liigl^ft coBftWCudatjopt, o% %e. hcft| .;■)(: my, tiine it very rationaOy dividcdby jJh^ ind|pqi^ ^h^ iii rtheinlcfiorpitftcc^idoif ilbof^ Llvo«Uig|^e. jr^ube^uii4«rAo4dj tb^i^M^ih^i ^soii^if|i«(f^ n^L bf jpMffie.^ni^ont among them vtekoa tbi^ liJM^ilipdtu^aM^kb^ t9vlf^;.l^ni^il0ii,fr >Crcit rc^taAc Mligtpiliir< iilftji|>l|! 'w«*iit.J5M»ji|ft#,-^ B*ci7iBdiiUibM#lth t]icgmt at the firft Ncw«Mooo< ^lU^ tile ^^xtuii'&fflimU) tlii W6rm Montli or Moon;. «•! ^ 'tkii^ tlw vvotait quit tMdritttMutt iiittlie tl|^: treb; Woed^ &e. whcM tKejr Imv^ (hekct > Kovenibcr, the Beaver Moon; for in this month^ t^ ImiTen bagiA to take ihelter in their houfet, having ^ld, (^ a futtcient ftorc of uroyifions for the winter ttheftm^j tyifitoiith i«ij^iniiut of their game. J»i«W» m . W>t«>»f ,»» it|reneRdbr J^^ Ip^er, ,3^^ F^ruaryy tho^ call the Snow^ Mooot becaiafe more ilim^umaiifim ihitlmibthy tliaii an^ otiifr - ^'W^'' 1^ Hm 'Mf^4i6l^.iii«ei4litf -' % ..the- -Motifl - MJMi^ lufliiftmlawiril thitdttbe^iftldamiil^k thi toAmd. y. o: . ^irt# Bdfital tre tot% MmSdlktin fm0^ w #dtait lOl ttieiytherfcichcet, and ye^, is^^liate before hinted, they draw on their birch hark very ex*ft chart! or maps of the countries with which they are acquaint' ed. The latitude and longitude i» only wanting to tistki them tolerably complete. ^,,* ' Their fole knowiedgf in aftronomy coniifta in bei«|^ aWeto point out the pole^ftarj by which they rcgidattt their cotirfc when they travel in the night. • They reckon the ttftance of pUicet, not by miki «t leagues, but by a day's iouriiey, which, according t<| the beil calcuhtions I could make, appears to be abo4 twenty Engliih milo. Thefe they alio divide into haNw ' aUdft quarters, and will demonftrate them in their itta]^^ with great ex^anefs, by the hierogjltphlcfJiA^men^iwei?* when they regulate in council their war ptftieai, or thdr moft diftant hunting excurfions. Ttey have no idea of luritjimetic} «nd though thejr are idtk to cowit to any number, fibres as well aa' letters appear myfterious to them, and above 'their com-^ prehenfion. During mj abode with the NauddlveJfiis, fome of the chiefs oblerving one day a draft of an eclipfe of the moon, in a book of aftronomy which I held in my hand* tiief defired I would pennit ' tUem to feoK >1^1tl ' "HiW peaing to |ive them the book fliut, thiey bej^n M c^ffm^ the hsav^iWtfiey came to the phice ui.viHiieh tlw j^lai^ 11^8. Al^fer they had viewed it, and aflceA niany ottei^:- tions relative to it, I told them they need not to havifc* taken io much pains to find the leaf on which it wa» drawn, for I obuld not only tell in an inttant the plactf^ itrithout coimting the leaves, htit alio how maQy ftt^': eededit.' ^ ■ < ■ ^^-.a -% lltcy foeniei greatly aiiSarcd at mf t^kipnh Mt' betgid tlikri would demodliratc to theiH the poffibiMi ' of 4«ili% l«; To tltts fioifpofe I deftred the l^lu^l tW hM thS itvi^ to owm it ii any teti^ pim'^m^ ji4l (iHMg me (he page coid^fiy to concdd ^. •<^ iT ^ kavcst h thttt^mtht liolli^ t;»«0i»< \ ''*'f^*'mf!mmwm, lif^i»liWli»%|Mil2iirjrtk^^^^ I tali lii», torlMi pttfainifer dwiiBief iflMvct. HrcMiiiedt|cBi l»im» iftcr f«|laM# tiWli dM ladopt feuiid I «cmU ib it with mint iciljiicfi, and wi0M» em enr^ m ff rtiliiildlag tUy yi fccmed ji wttch i#paMy»M I Had ftiM the ted. The cKlf w»r thif ffiU tecDimt for onr httMledniy wm* hy laoBclndi^ thpt t|^ hMkHmM » fpirit, andtjAjpfciAiM anfeiwtto-jiiiiiini *f'itiiHiiidnt frf iti Thk dwMBiMMe, trsiiiifiwit «igfa« apptw to thblb ute •!« M iUitfflley cMMrihvtcd |i^ iacpntiny coa* Wbm, Mi w MfiMM th« flwiwhlt-ftiitei thqr tn A f T E « V^^ Of th^ G«KnHn«tt> Va ^TSRT«f«;1i^ iTqwrthuiitr ^tfc ''^ iidi»(t» whilBhF#> h^ii» Ai ^ MffoiThii fome phiiMif %iihpl%]P Vllleh f| l» MiaraiAcd from olheni ib tedi tHbc ImI « Mpe. ftMD ^hfah \t it dewiiittlKMt « thil •£ the E^ 4m 9teil|Bt« the TifHTt the BufidiH Ice IM. Die hi»i ^ Ar Miiiiiwiillei i« wMwtod Ky » 9mkth m^k» ^^IMinist ttiiir^iiiMKMHi tw to ihcflUHMM^ though th( the gro«a« Every > «r th» chic #nof hit ^K»dire& << concenit \ it aot con great wari ^tiolM, th hit hciedil «agement< greater p( •ffent it n which hei Thoai^ TCttha If hielibi irrUhlwi fo tndife p^ e^iv&E'i mmMVMt^m fit tlic aUHMici^ 4jtfiiiiitBii||rir tcatt or l«i|fc A«i<| irdl voM tK all tlie laamm « dup dlfttiiaio% |lit though there ffpcttV' to be no 4iifitnmce os tke ttftodl oMMrmtioii mid* by an &iropein» yet diey will of^ flmluttfllf 4i(cenrcr» firoa the ^fitSon of a pok left ^i the groiiAdy what oatioB hai C9a^llpcd on the i^ nuMijr-eaoQtht htipfe. . . j Every band hat a chief who if tensed the Cecal CU^T or thrchidP Waniorf and who it cM^ in oonfiderati* OB of hie experience in war^ and of hbippiofedt todii^ dMir military opcrataooit pnd to.j«gn|it concenit beloBging to that'depaitiiMft* Biit4h» it not confidered at the head of ^ Aatei befidea: gicat warrior who it eleded- fiar hit war-like qualii* ^ationty there' it another who enjoyt a ^re-emincnoe « hib hcMditaiy e^jhtt aid hat the omne immadiate lnn> nagement of their eivil aAira. Thit chief ni^ht wiih greater propriety be denominated the Sachemi whole nflent it neoefary -in aUconweyanset and* trentieti to which he affinct the mnrk of the tribe or s«taon. ' . HkwiiPi thefe two are confidered m tht henda of tit ^bandf- omk* the ' latter ii nfimUy dfnftmtnatitij' dMir *~*~~ yet the .Ijidiana are ftnfihfc oi' neither cjffl Admadinallon* An cmrr one of dMS enleil inimi ofi hit oanfMiifM^ and ia extreaMly tenacUma Ua I9beity» dH injunatona that anj with thmn^ ipjpwnancB of a pofitive nnmmtiii »t- wftantly njcdid 'With mim» ^ONitlanairennti it it IdUam that their hudnintj* lo indifiereet at to give ont any of their oideiriln n nmnipiniyiiilr i a|iatehitfrom#ohieCthit4c dtfnJM lMli^»#£||IMoeibry to^ he done^ ininntlgr leak the infcniar ranluk and it it- nrmt npKnty* By tbii milaod tibe e 9^?ri 1^ aiimiTKBi't r'mM^Mj^80 ) thcf i^kmr of ao $td^ 4HltithP>ii: #§ iMoit iriltte sod fiifaiedy every 9|||fPn"S to o^mr «l;in* A^pendencc tBat caaiiot IpfpHUed. Tlic obynftof picmuiieut among them u iwKrMKJign than dooKftjc» mr tbeir atteation ftemi more to be cmplpye^ ifiipre* lervinv fuch an mnion amonf the menibere of ihoir tribe ••war enable them to watch the OBotioni of their caof aiiet» and to a&.againft them wtlh conoert and yigor» than to maintain interior order by any fNiblic r^gwlaiiontf Hai fcheAie that appean to be of (enrice to thecomiiu* 4iity 18 propofed by th» chief* every one is at liberty to fjioofe whether he will affift in carrying it on; finr they iive nooompulfory lawi tha^ lay them imder any re- •Arjl^ioiia» U violence is committedt or blo^d is fl)ed» the light of raren^ng thefe oifdemfawm. i% lift to 4Mt &nlif of the jniinred: the diiefr. alii|ae..n«yiier ahd'tpower of inilifUng or moderatiflg |ll« Bun^hm^t. - MQe nationsf where the dii^tyia hcia(Bt|nr». limit 1^ fucceflion to the female, line. Qn. the deM of a likMt his fitter's fon fometimes fuoceeds him in prefer^ «aq( to his own ion; and if he haopehs to.haye no iifUr,.ithe neareil female relation attumes the dignity* ;Thit aebounts for a woman ^ beiaff at the b^ of, this .V^tancbagoInataoBf wttich^h^br^Iwaa^apquafiated with ti|£^ikwi^ w|ietiri4^ft>]i^ to i : f^Each fiuam^ baa a . ri|^ to. apfoint one ^ its chieft ^111 an f l|Uh»<»» jf «r '• thf JTrittripal chifif_ who an^cheiL oper the intereft of his mily» and withoHt whpfie coi^ jfeAt aothing of a puMic nature caa be carried into ea- ccution. Thefe are generally chofen for their ability in Ipealuligi and £ach omy are peiimttted to make otatioos J la t^ bddy» with the hereditary chief at iu hMKlt iht. fapreme authority sppcui to be Wgcdt as hj it* 4il«rmiaation every traBiaiRio& relative to tlieiir h«iiiiag» to th«r flMkiag war or peace, and to all their piMc fioaoeips are n^gihitid* Next to theief the hnlsf of vrarrionMwhichcunMthcadtidl thalaictWe to Wwnii|p» Inld tl|iir rank* This JPWfio^ has Jhnt^ ^*"tlJiAtAilll 4^Md o# tie attioiuUr he bat Hu^^dMiSSnf any €A injf* deitdhhtid taembi^ cv -HUtcxpiAit el tJketeiaeets 1%ey eomiB tl^«ius"pttvp ground*' ^ Si ^m^vktc iMi$ if tt«^ noi^tikh^o mtmeroC^e cdwitbtMif Iser -Mtt^ thib-^ ''^ ^ wilu "^ in^^t ^ cdtttteO^'thi tin Aey ti^ witb greata d^riiiid, aiK affenMed tl rtght.*» ^^ ThecttM their ifl^^ ttffSK every afpHMiOa, ''^ oam: .^ ■ i aev# wttt < s. ittP ttiwiwica* •fliiwiiilppwt^ Sbh^ <^c^ tint liii foi- iituaktmi ev4^«ffiiflBpiBqnence it ddMUcd; iin tmcxpliit of the Inft mtimtm. vnitrUiken^ tuAefk k ^iere ttieett wiihth^geaend appvobatiofi of the chiefik l%«jr eoAmoolf iUfettibfe^^m » hot or tentt aporopiialei^ tjl^»ir JMnfofi^ Mild beiajjBTvfeited IB a cirde .oa the grovntfy th<(%]lk;ik chief riferaiui makes afpeechV when & liir ed with iftia^et, hiit in eomoion dtfcourfe accord* ittjHbo o^ttfW method of ^ch. -^nieyouttj^'iAett^rB Offered to be prefeat at the. cdondl^ 'Yheygli'^My are not adbwed to iuke a 4)):e<^ tin ^ity Mtt mpjkaihf adaokted: they however lii^n with great attentioil^'aiid to* Aew that they botli ii|ii ^6}^kmAf and ajftptove of the T^bttidona taken by tbe affenB^Ied (ebien, they freqneiidy exdaim^ ** TmkA^^ r%ht." ^Thiil»g«>d." ik# The cuiloikatfy mode amoi|f aH the nmktW ext their iflhit^ and which they repeat aifc the erii fhlifir «t«Ery pe#iod^ 1l by Ottering a kiad df tfof a(i»hiti6B, 'Which' fbiindi like an imioto of this iettiM oah: C HA P T E R VL Of their Fcafts. MAUT ef ^e Indian nations neither make uic ' fjfilNii^'iii^br f^eii hnd foine of ikm Itevt »ev# Hen or faicd dT'iftther. The Naodowci^ in N particukr "'^^mmm^^- » 4- •> < ■ ^ "eliiL^lRftfi iriiirirsi.ti. immtpm «f tlifei^ ^SHny ^tWlNiAllAiid f^ it tiMeil llicj^ idi^aNHpii olfdU Imii t|!^ MB; iiMmit hwfi% raeoBfis to anjr $aeimofm» ^^ ftinte to %Mbrf> the gtofler •pncMdet «f k. A«d 4P||b ft«fm *tfai^ miple tvee^ they ttlit it net ft»« . iPrnvkK^; Iw^f ^Mh food pibcaUe, km {^encn^ att it HH^' 'Vimi^ hatt thcf amr Idoi of tl«B t^ ol oj^p^ pl^ thoug^'they might ooOcA oivat qiunti^ firoii|.t^f^^. ^io^ or tbc ^cifei iluy on^, confider it m pi^f^A ^mttiaM. oT the yowig il thcfe liciilML4«i^^#Miir tMderft«ttf«. I looidd not jpeveeivf that mif mpmw^ «rief «tiHidc4tlBC totalWiiic of aiiklsi 4eA#ci» the Attlii»> 4uvi themoi^ eallcm ««ti«9%vji^ip^il^^ .m» gtwfh whiob is ftot od^ miMih cftmifd hfilheiii, .lit it if redoiwd ^extromlr H*tahte f|i)^#||ii^J:|^^ f|Muli«who eour their dooiBiiom. Thkmmm^iM-^ InOT uori^'QOili •• |MBme/4e«R*Mid» illd^'iMsiMiVithe iu|^ llitei boaed Me^iet idMir ^Mi^# 4efl^ «|i lit ^^iMrhleh liHi)iiei» tMfMlitob ecdlnfeMlmi it h^ond ^inteifoB difidoofc;' Tbev ctA .tNi IM l»tt9i»lo^ ^ 4«<^IiidkM are.&r fiwn^ing ^ngM^^^J^tPiPC cd| ftBd thii in the extreme. Their deiah it gefpff% ^ %ro|h in which it hai been boicd* # - jtM > l^hr lieNld amfiib of the iefli of the beirf the%uf- Mot tile e&t Oi^ dcir,: thfc liM«fr« liid the noooiii wAmh ther vrcptae in the wmtm M^ Miaoned. Thtf ufuaflff eat the fle(h of the deer i^tfdi it nattmllr dsr. with tldil ^ the bear whith ll bx mmI hum ud thongh the ktter it extremely lidi alid hi&iotMi il it never hoowB totie^* -v- --^^ ^fpnng of lilt ffir tho KaudpweUtt filv% tiiittinlrf t fltti^ ihit^;«(»B^iii jjpii|^|ii||iif •■4' or CTi^llWB^II^il 'PWMWI^h^^ tip' or ^iboffcr ^univlMaec tlity got it. Jtwti«f •brit- tle Mtiire rail «•% mfticatcd. Hm taft« of it iw Y«rr «^«eia»let ra<'t%ir#ili^ was cxtarcaM^r BonnflB* iH^v III ibYor Ir ifMlprWIde tlie^itarm i«ceiv«d kto the moutk rdcnbkd that root bothin itt> pu^wttf and fraaffibk nature. The lower nmkt of the ^Indkttt are txceedinffly naftf ia di^ng their viauals, but fbine of the chiefs are very_iieat «ad deanly in their apparel* tents, and food. " Thtf coasanalf eat in large pnrtiesit fo t^ait'tfie^ nmiHrmaepptapailf be termed Mb i nnd tblt %jt do widKMit betn|^ rcftiiaed to mtffrttd ««i s«|p9i| hran» but jui aft^lKir appetites r«ytiiiW'«Mi«9imm erar'lbittff-vA* .'-'u .■■ '■••> ^ ^h |t . }.^At^tfi,m Thef ulbattf dMMe either befove m^tSuittff^fMm^ andlf m^tMm Jfcmliibifc pwhlil|i-^wii|iftiiarlif-^CN>1lil Spisiti C»^ilMn thay^tonfiier ithiiirfi |ifi|dhiiiiiiheir^i.diiniftic iray <>f lin^ nftkiiiiiNiiht^tnlpiihM'. . , 'tihr-nj i'-.-s-i^-^^ •'NoffKopk are mon .hnf|iitt>ih» hinir l»4 ftlf Sm thfeiniiani.' l?hqF>iNl|jBndjlp:tart^il«firirff^Mt||. onrnjfc^iUhalnfttnit og Aeig pi«P9''eating*. llM«gh» fthcf) ^ coHMDMMi lbefc# fttthat comaMtoity of #ood> iwhirb ll > Ut^WfMtaktwt dhraag thank and^thcif inr nr mm djfonfifioni rfMevitndashrof th*&nt effafU ^ When the cwels are oon^eoed on my pi4i]Ar. b«|M»« thif rfiMYs noAdiidt nJlh alraft, al whitfhthmr-w^ vtif M§ oMifMncis ivmvt no hniita. C i^ti "■'.-HKIK ^'^"■iwwi..- 1^ (^'Mwrmme t mMvrmum C H A FTE^ VII. Of their Daaeetk *»«: ■jirtitv* .4 ... ■ 8 -M DANCING « ft fiivMstc cicrcMc snoag the liidisHif ) they ncy^r meA loii mffnhUe «eai&M^ kit tliiB aitkeg » part of th« cnteftaiiimeBt. Aad wfaea . tlMv'are Bot eo§«g«d sa wat or Irantaif^ the ^reulli (Ol lioth {exes Mntue thcmfcWet in this timaan tngf^ i'-^ li^k^f^imac^w^ hst e jiift>ob£erfild»i* Cheifleaitfe riswdltttatt«lM9ir other jda^Mik e«er)»iiiMi nfrn'm !& itnm/aiii iM^pikalMtiii with gtedtt^ftuOom mi^'kM^i »eft ; 0ii|^iig ar he does £?» the evpleiMoC 1^ ano^ mm* Vhttkuf this the confairvrvhoaie fisted on. thc^ ]|f«6nd Ml '» eircle, i ifoinid' tite daa«n^^|oui. with hiiti 1» iiiai>liliigidM'«adei|it| by ms iM t»iiie#«rMeh th^i utter Ittt together, and which founds, ^ Hft^ifaeh^ Mi»^^ 'WiOi mki V^wf Baighr4l|e fi> termcc^ 4M veticalit. ei Wfttf leiN^ >fta^|ja# liwir ^ 4ltil|lh Mtift helooff ^haal^cd by it; infttM if «ihidi^~ the^ litj^t k'^i«h thiB< iiflM ^olence d«riiiyihei»hiiiB tf / their entertainment. » v; ' The i^onen^^itkubrlji^thoie of iliie'wefteni aadM|s^ daace very gracefully* They eare<|r theml^Si ereA^ awdialththdr arttii hanging dWn eiole to their tfdte, XDiktMi* few fMim the ri|^» aiul thfa hipik egMB* td ^ left. This noereniVni they f^rfbrn^ithvitt tall* kig any fteps as an European would do, iMit wkh their An^t conjoined, movine by turns their toMU^ huh* In this manner they gude with great agility |«»4|« ^- tain diftance, and then return; and let thol^%^||^ in jhe 4yK« be ever fo Bumerous, they kera tiitt^il^ tlHi, at ftMsd periodl, th^ niii^ dwjpiijlri^i; i wkh wi^ih$hf>ifikir smn of the bubq, who U «rpi|ii4 (for ii^ii ^o he ollterred that the liexes never latermuc in the iM^i^ef): ^^^ ^f^^^^ ^'^^*^ of ^ dnimt ud c^hKoei, make '«n Mpreealile harmony. The Imiiant have leveral hioda of ^cc9» which they u% .

»Oce» the Marriage Dance, and the l^^nfTf, qt the daiprifice. llie movements in every one ojf tllfire.lire diffiniilar; but it is aUn^ft impoflible to eon-^ veY ainr idea of ihe points b which they are unI^Le«% . f Ptl^nt nalip^ Ukewife vary in theiy q^annff if (hincingv The Chip^irays throw themMvet into a f0aiff varic^ of attitudes than any other people f .fomet^aet they, hold their heads ered, at others they bend ^tmi al^ft to the gTQundi tli^o^^ nipntiQd on their mmttjroi^ ■■ j^tdlor M^ ftrangm. / It i» perfbniwd^ At tbe ^aHJ^^J^m a cirde^ of the warriors; a ehief ge« Q<»d^ 4li|g^s. it; ; who moves from the right to" Mie IwyVfittgia^ at tne (ame time both his own cxploiti> aiid j^hci^/OfJl^ft i^cciAers.- When he has concluded hiiiac-: *wr^'^5|'^'W ^« gives « vioieat 14^ jfM» li|i« WMMslttb, a^^'nft a poft that is fisted in « liear.thc. centre of the alTembfy, iot ^ ^Mdces in l|iii ttfm; aid rommbt^th^ of his family, till they all at lift join in m^ it beeomet. truly aiamkig to any hq^Pfpr to be Murngthcm, as iSif thmw ^0f Mrihle tad tanifymg poftuve that N i «a I W?W Ttt ♦/TSHT ^ dKi til^ fihaugined, r^ the ikknt ihioii'^tittk ^er' expca to aft asta^hft thcit en^f 1 1^ d^e fi«ll;' with which, as tK^^iil:?bdlff, they iiort e^£^;4l^ ineht in tifa^et* of oMitig dieh othert thit»Ui M did they liot /hon the threatened ifiUchlief ,Wi^ mM^ ceivahle dext'enty, it cbtltt not be' avbided. By ihdt Moiioas they inte^ to repirefent the teiHe^ itk wiMf '" 'pl, fc' ^ .... irt, tl ,.— ..uoops ihey .» ~. ,w .— . ^Sttpie fq coiifider them iii Ihf otMl^ht thiil iif'sa ifllWily bf d^moni. ' ' '^I'rhavc frequently Joined ia thia dance widi ^^ lit 21 i^fl ce^ed to be kn tiiiinfemedt tdmt^iw t ^ttfd iii lay t^di'ii/iS^i^I^eniioilk 6]r^£^^^ ibby "^lllii^ P^ound, thiit'&o& the vt<^!<^i:e Of 'thd?)^#klil Hii proved- labm- ^ ' ' y '\ ■ ' ■^•^'•■' -v; I fp^d th«t the nattdhs td ihef'Hireftward of |!f^ iri|tffiip!» and od'tK^^6^^^ I.^ Supbio^ ftffl g^^Oe^ to mti^ m'of t^e Biww^w ^ 1^ l>iifc«f. ^ople 'of the (io^fe^eir i^^thaiifiti^'iE^dieuKrai ' br the Xkvn beinr rtil|^^ ill thiif' tectf Vy the ir wm ufed h tlie InteifiMr J^trM'^i 110^ tftiudly fee the tl^ itm bf i;IW w.««.» t. |j i llopfl bcCbpe tlie l^lc^ipg^caii^fiM^r faegM, |o ,r hin witlian aadible voice. Hf told hiiiitMt at wat-MMT igitalcd bf ^Ikc iiM»e ^oc^ lif^lij^ h«. |. % lew iBOiiienU commuiiicate to wojk .Wi^k y^jit^ fltfifcc him dead* but that he woiild ^Iptir N r«ftip^ W0m ta life ; to this he a4d«d» ihat ^St cjcp^iipjpitif Oflft jbowever tercifying, ffr^m a mpci&ry iii|^|^u^i^^f 4i^lMNuitageft enjoyed by the jqoiiiWimy^'^o i«f] * lie* inf oe Uie point of being achnitted. - Aa he Mix this,, he appeared toJie gr^|f i||it«tcdr tin at laft hit emotions becaiifce£ovioi«nt|, that. 1imcx>iuih ^illlface w^ii 4iftortcd, and hia |irhokJi^^a(|,^^ 4kt tiiia jwodure he thiiew ibmetl^ii^ tha%|lf!|lfared ^M ip, (hli^ and cpbr l^e a fmall be«^, at th«^jrf>ii|%ifi|tAQfc i^HchiiMDiedto^enter his mouth, an4J^ii|ft^i^^ ^jliiWfild^akj^m'd he -had bee^s jt^ t1kf,c|)|«^ t^ ip|,||a«cd behind hln received, h»n.Ji|.,.kiw, «m% f^ ^.|i|C afliftaace of the other two» laid him oivthegtound^ lifc|A^ii^)]penriMMSe boeit of life. .^i^PMpg dooc tim* they, immeyli^cly hegfuii J^o^ icijiht l*iiiw*J»v*»d^ t9. Jol^. hi^.«||-|l|^>iM^^ ■ • «|ii#.jro|ing mm%rm>yfpfyf #a his pfefeQi J^i^piHf t^ ifmh <>i» £M;«liie«^ ^ had hithiert^Hti^Ba tip NW» )t«id|t abla«iiiR feati^ toBii I; Whkh.l faaUdsiii pnWd thii M I li«l aot nmcitcd to €Mcr it> kelbott iftBr qifcwid to be tolefwly reeopcre^' « ThM put of tW ccrsBwny being hmSif effc£ted» the officn^ cUab dtfrobed bim of the docbet b*l hadvhuOf worn, md put on bim a (ct of apponlcs* tbdjrnew. Wben be «m dreffiBd, tbe SyAslg^mst more took bim bjr tbe hand, and prefented lum to»'tb« IboMtf as a rcgipr and thoroogUf iAttiatsd mcn^Mry dtWeftinr tbem, at the lame time, to give htm fueb ne-4 ceflavy affiftaaee, as being a joung member, he migbt ftand in nked oL He tSta aUb cMrged the newly eMb^ ed bpfith«f to receive with humility, and tofolkrariMlk pdBftoal%i^e adviee of bk eldtv btcthmn. , .* . AH thole who hadbae n adnutted nrilhin the tAi.mmt ftamtdM idisde around tbcb new hrodief,. and tbe mitfle ftidkikg 1^ the |fcat ducf fing n foi^« celebrating1l» ninl their maimlea^ibitfcr ,^^ Tbie ofly mnfic they make vie >oF- is idfaai» wbadl* ii/ioifipofedol a mtte m a hoHow tree ctuioufly wr0Mfat# and over one end of which is ibained a Btm, tbaawtr him wilb »fingit Aick, amd it giveoa foond.tbitt or lar ftom bannoiiidtis, but it juft fearer to beat time lirilllji To tbi^ tbojr Ibmetlbies add the chicbiBoe, and ia Mil wirdancci> diey^ fikewife nfe a kind of fife^ fbimcd a§ a MCd, Wbidi maklea a flurffl hafih noife. * Hm Tbe whole affembly were by this time uaitidr' aadi. the dMMiie bi^nrf lev<^ fillers aflifted ilie mOfiewMit their 'Voices,' and -the women joining in the ebomi«r ceMida intervals, they produced togeuer anet wnpjrafliy bitt^bsigebwmony; Piif #as one of tbe Bwft agrQ«*^ abieientoitaiamenmli&wtwbilft i wasamoaff tbaiii f'eooldnot heip iaughinv at a fingidar SOK^^^id^ toqi?! foUerfcd^^y inftrodoc^d ^o^thls dUioe^%ii£ . viihieb .tnw the only one tiat bad tb( bmft aap€arMM|» ofeoiifofation. Moft of the members, earriett in dMIir baods^l octer or marten's flcin,whieb being t^km wbollf^ Aom ^bndy, and i&Sed with windg on b«^ eb«-' praM i^aiNi f^ieaU^oaoic^ tbtoMbm tn0wbkc'9$ ^***>^ ''iii'tt^ fiitmid and ftaed^bi|t»iiiOodu "Whm^ this inNpstewfit pirated «oi«be IboiJiffwf ofA* ONaj^iBf , lad tbe Icraiid emitted, tbe perfoa receiving it inftantly « as. lit ( ''^ I MiiptMiMlill iiiiiitif MiBimito im^^ Sonctiincs two MP tittce, both men lod wotoeit wcic on the grouiid tt^ptberi Imt inmcdintdy recawcritt|{, they roliti^ aid jMBcd iMin b the dance. Thii lieeflicd to afiosd, Jfennt the diidi themfebet, infinite i^vorfiom I aUtrwiids hMniii'that thcl^ were their BH FdwKl or Hoii£^ttild Goiib After fome hours ^ent in thisnuume^yihe feaftbegiiop l^r^dhet Unf hronght near me, I perceived that their ^i#led^f dc^t flefhs and I «im Informed that at au mmpfMie grand feafta they never made lift of anf iHieriiiad of food. For this puvpoie* at thci leaflil iii iio#fpeakiii^ of» the new cantftfatc piovidcaw diBtga> il^^i^ieMM pioenred,' at'any- mice. > ib^^iil Mofli ^j»ttng dMiieih oapacticukr ol^ ciip#tf^r'relbmUe th^ iauiiitanti of fom^ oTthef ^^kmm'iltm^ on the north^iaft l£ih9&«f of AUtu TSUk^mAor tif thr aedrant of lamfchatha, /publiilied hf li^dlri^iilia &op^ &u^ (tidTdiv tdnred to) iiiwiiiiW'tiifc:tfce people iBiiabit«% KlMrdba» acoun- im^ mUk^ wf l&mMatka, who waiideir ahM in hoida' Hiilhfe AffilM, #hcirthey prnt theiriworfttp to the evil be* iHM^ JdDi a rein^de^ or a dog^ ^he icifii ^ iiM iwi^li»fe tMlirad andtfi^ KHrh^lP on a pale wiA ihr frant toiri^rdt ^ ^he eift; AHb ^uit when'dief Mipidfdf an^ iofeaioot dtlhcimp^, they l:ffl a dog, igj^ • iiJlMay yie |(afl afao«i two pdes, pi^ bei«eiii 4ft1iefe cBftona, in whidi they are n&fif inhaled itflte In^aiit, leemto add trei^h to myfi^^pofiti- ir^ America was firft pedjpled fivai thit ^MAter* I .hai# not under whit chiit d daneet to rank that hy the^indiami liho fpaaie to my ^^t whien iiMSlsr ijite Fepin^ on tht hwAsof the 14iBU%pii _ cd in my JtHtamL Wh^ I tooltid fmt, iil; |^ mintionedy I firar about twenty nahed y^mag'U^ Ok moft f^ABL in theit'4iajfe» and # iar^thc hagldfoBicft of mr I had ever fMt eoBntng tnlmda iiit« iii^ilNirfcliiBd^crifli^ - * '-^^ f .-^v-.^-^ --*!«& ■" :C ,fwpnw in » wl tliey d*^» hlack; at roy« «»» wc««M not but - thi^fittM ite|A and thwof «t8* peopU* fdf have of tiiex| pok* ot eviiary «•* otAe» thadi^ng mit, h»o! condruc €ehN!8tt] that^I o»^T «rh* to^Mp it. 1 what ] cheft{ ili^Ie* To thi& pnqK'I't, Jf rw^hti: th^littit^ on my dieft, with my.gi|n«rH)|4tb*$ h^fs, mtp) and ovcUred my men to . keep .a v^i 'iXlvi ^ye m thMAnimd t9 he aUo upon their guard- .TheJpiiQt being. entered>th(^ covftln^efl |l:^ o% jr^^ee akernatetyt finging <^ the £une time <|f tl»':r> ^^^^v; ^ >:* fdoitc» and the Xuperiority of their f^are onx e'r«f^ t^^^. people. To enforce their language, tho^^Kl^ «$ mi^^»m^S(if^^^ tnoiif nerroi^ jnd capreSSvCf and itich la^p^rixCl^r^ felf have carried terror to the fiiisteft J^|» al./i|&e' (.w^ of Men period they ftruck their ,war<^iia ,^ljiA tLR, pole* or my t^nt^ with fuch violence* t^ I i^^$i«^d every. nuMMOt it w^idd luve tunihMjui^oi!^^ ^\^-pn^^ of iheai, m dancing roundt paffrf by me^ tlifrj^ je^j theiii right handtjover their; ^es> and p^^^^'^^g .i^rAt::.i% mcf looked me ^^wiily in the face* wlui^ i coiji*^ #% conftrue into^a loken 6f £riendihip.uJ^i>i^ {elves up fbtlofttiandJ ack«owle4gff»^^ my am that^l never fovndi my i^r^lMHM^f>«^?f ii^i^Ji^^ oa^JinyvOcciilioiu.. '■ ,,,m> =*< *->•■-( -« .^i^^jt^i-^ -"..1^^ ithey had tu^^^ mk #«<», I pr^He^.^^^. t9th«M:tht pqie,io£itikcc;». jmt t>,ft., ^^^ mtmmili'. it. i.then, as my kft "jrefot c^ tlxiught 1 woip tijr what prefents wpold do: i:.x^^m^- I. took from^mf^ cheft fome Hb^nds and trTuketSywhidi I hi id be&»lie»^|i^. Tbtfe Ceemed to (l«^ger their refohitions, and to.nJM. m ^ome degree their anger; for a^er holding a «on^ iii^tbn fimether, they w, down on the groiundt which I jPMi!^i<|dasja fiivorablc omem Tki^it pspvf dy as in a. Aort time 4% reocjifid l|w pqM of |{^ace» and lighting it, ftrft preiicBted it to Bie» and then jfrnoked with it themfelvei. $ipm after thqr, toc^ "^ the pre&nts, which had hitherca lain aegk^efC and ■-:^*?^m^!:»^m mi^^fmimt to be gja$ih jfsaifA mOt dieiii» d^^rt- kf pfeMura tl«p^ fMltJbifip lil IiI'Im^ kdge ol lilt defigni of i&f ▼ifiton. I luid fvfficietit reafon to oowlvidc Cliat tlirr we«e hotOe, widthitt tlifir vifit» «t lb lifce an hoiir, ««• mode chfougli the iniigatuitt o£ the Crattd'Smitor; l>ot I mm •Sbarmuh mhamitibm. k'fllll^ WtMtendod at a «ompUi)Kait li^b tlicf t^oil- If^ y«liccliiflii oC eWf otbdr nalaoB w)iolM|ni# if illlii^iirMi dMm» iHid tlitt tlie ekpcdoiftiiMei In liMt ooiM^ wMch^iid apiMiittd (b Sa§fkSmm^0^wmt «iii^ tiil^dfe^ of their vBoicy, aMi4i4pMfi-im- pHkm^i^ tiiiiidi of thofe whom lilNf 4A|igti^ 0|ii|te of their jdi«r and fii0iMiPP& 4lp fli|g||f liifiM I 001^ routn ifepcnl ol^Mlf viiibWMI^iM; api«r«Meo«i lliof oImI ^0bmmiflpimiMA #ipii ft fee' hMft'ihtr «icidei|l4b «tnrid iiiio #11 Sfcof Iheii' tn/i«iAil»i t^aehiibi|r fc^ " " ~ l»iliiii# o lnAf «*«i| in* IwHiit f^*L^ evwy oM to die canp Wftook of it. AW mk' Hiit i#aoio«i kr i dinett «liieh ilcy Ilii»«4^ Iti Mi| ftnetrfUfi of « te^ftom titfinb i^ te OJ ^B^' . \v ... , ., • CKAP« * )l youthf* ft honota))! dextrofll anydeti fiareofoi tbem w anil it « a£kifjib beafUt Tl»e oa whi either ant fo the m theim creaH CAAVER'0 TRAVELS. "45 CHAPTER VIII. Of their Huntixig. HUNTING it th« principal occupation of the In« disQMi they are tniiiied to it from tlieir earUeft vouthy 4uid it it an exerc\(¥. nhkh it eftecmed ||f^ left hoiic«^)||^iilum ncceflary ttt$^ their (uiM^tui^ A dcxtnMi ssd rcfolute hunter is held nearly la. s» ^gvsat cftimafi^ii by them at a diftinswUflled ^prarnor.^ . Slfi?--*'- any device which th^ in^entiwlV m}ferved^«chnowledge so fuperiorit^ «or h«ve thejr any idet of compiilfion; and eveiy one "that acceffU it mmret himfetf hy fafting during fcrewl d*^ The IndiiM do 90t foft ai fome other nations do» on the richeft and«ioi IttXtirtoui fdod, httt diey totally ab- ftain from every kind 4>ither of viaii| or dnnh j and foch » thor patience and refolution, That the mcft fft- li^Jc thirft could tuA oblige them to U^ a dr^ |>f l^teri ftt 1M^ tUi fetere i^kftinaice th«y tpj^ ^Thc fdM» they tite
an4i^othitH4teftithe«J|p3eArtiteij^^^ n^m ihdu^fcs them'to be orof 'tioui. ^Thar^^ _ 'toe ofci^bfti bliUiktti thofe paru of their taAct A|it,a«e iwcovered. ^. . ^ . ^Thc feS lieJng ended, tod the okce of hwithig t^e Ib^n,^ dhief who is to toodna aiem, giv« a;4rai^ IS^ to thofe who iit to f6rtn the dJffbrent pirtsel; df Ukii mmeof Chein dire to partlk/e ^ thef hiteb«hed Ih^hct. At this ft^f ttotiPlidiftitodiiig they hate MSto bfiff* th«y cH with gttxt liioitei^ I and ^e JEf that i;«cS ^iidjr. ihi^ »ij:5g?ff s:! tea irf thofe who hate been ««# focceWW Ih^Wie hi£diiil«f aw <**>«* *o't«^^«f<>W^ TheyfepBiRer itSkm 4ut ttiirch «#a|ib the 1^ ioMilitedt J^ ; netcBcr jiQe tod<(bribe tlbllp ^ ^ley wt in P«t(i4i #f dk^Aci, tontoits, p«^ or , thatUi*r)e«i««l K^;w^— PimpiiWh jH- -SIP -W^^^W: "if^v^ ' ^S^''*!*'^'? m«k$ thomf^eliKin Met In th ; |i-«piii4t W^erf tj^ con^ tlQU^witluNlf food* i^al t|ie &wi« wcflhcr li|i. Wheii tW Indijiiift MuQ^ ^^ hvn Vftived it # jplaoef tv^ere thele CKatnret lifu^y haunt, tlicy form tWi*^ iehct iiUto a civdk acoocding to their nunbefM and mov- ing onwarti, endeavor*, a* t^ey advance towarcb the cen-^ tff, to oiiioovor t!^ retreats of %%ciT wry. By tbu^' n^icss if any BeJn the uitcrk::«diate fyace, they ait; u«re of aroitfing wkv^ and bj^O|^ f^eip down eilhef vfidi tlmt bow^ or thei^ guna. TCe bears wi)l tike t^ . flight at fiff ht of a, m^ or a dog» md will onhr nialfifi* Ruftao^ic whei^ they ate wtremely hungry^ or after tbi^ , IV ];iu|ian Buttbod of h^ntiag^ tbe Buffido k^ liiih^ iw a cir^ or a i^aare, nearly in. the fiime npo^^r m^ when tb«P ffax«a> for the bey. Having taj^ tbji^^ diAnie^tiliom, thorict the graii» whidi a,t tbit tffttc If i9n|c iHi4 dry» on fire» and thefe aiHi9«l% who frc e)^* tron^ ^imlul of that element, flytng with premlati- <»^hM^r9 it» great mnnbcrt are h^nuM4ia a fiBiM ^091^ pa^ and C^ely a fingle one efieapet. •ritf lmsf$ different wtya of hun^g the* elk, t|f OMTpiMd tbe, cambbocw SometiiD»ea ^ey f<^ tlm out; m Uie wo(4h to wbkh they retiire imng tbe^|c^ ' rity of the cold, where they are cafilV (hot Sim I " ^ the ticci. i» tic mow northern dial9tCf f^f the mimtmt of the weather to delboy ^ e||i „. the k» mfttt: iftngtb enough to mm ibf fooir^i I"* P»l P the sight fonaa a iuad of ^rvA on Onfa^ bqi^» benla il wHii l^^l^ . ^ ^ fculty eatrfca^ Wirfaf ll^ii tti aiMtfi UiBc thtrclbft hie it Soon ovtttnbi» .ytd ||*. ^^lM|tiooi bvre a »0 A fiiudi com- •pal^ and ioutrely a (ingle one eficapes. tbty Um different w^yr of hun^g th^ cUt» % dfeer;,.^ t)i^ cacribbpOK Sometimes qiey f(^ tUlift out, u& itie wo(4h to which they retixc diMiojg the^^ ritj of the cold, where they are cafihr (hot fnm b ' " "^ the tites. la the- more northern oiaMte^ thiey, ^ the adiaiikMC of the weather tci defbov tW c||| w| the Ami hmjit& fkmtgjLh enough to mek the foQiir^c^ the fM m the night forma a kiad of ^mft on ^ $m» fac4 tbii crcttnre betug he»fy» btttha it wHIi hiii farl> eAaVER's TRAVELS. h- im^ wlach they no (bbacr enter, tliatt tl|e gitmft pvt •f tlien SK ! inmediatdjr di^^Hclied % vjgholc i;lio re- auiin in the caaoes. i Bot!» tlw elk and the Imffdb are vtry fiarieat . wlicn tliey ant wouaded* and will return ficrcdy on .tl|ffir jpur- Jttfn»aiid tramplr tliem under their fcet»if the hmnar iadt 10 meant to complete their deftraaio^or dttt ool fipek ht lecitrity in Aight to Ibme adjaceoflraei hf thit^e- flM are n«qocnUy avoidedy ania fo tired vmk tkt ^- l^t| that they 'vohinurily g^ve it over. ^ But the httnting in whidi the Indianii^;pai||cn|ai|y thpfie who inhabit the northern parts» chidly employ ^»emfclvct, and from which they reap the fr^Mteft ad- ^itmt^t » the beaver hunting. Tbe ftafim ftr tbii if dtt^gbout the whole of the winter, from Novetsaber to M^l during which time the fur of tiiefe erealvrcf is in the greateft perfedfon. A. deforiptioii of thif ex- tiraocli^ary animal, the conftroAioa of their hotti and HieireftitlitioBi of theur ahnoft latiosal commnniif « I Alan give in another place. The hunters make ofe 6£ fevend mcthodi lo d^iroy them. Thofe generally praa^, alt e&her l||l of taking thtm in lii«res, cutting throti|^ the ice, oir open* i(|rthar eauiewayi. tpiilli^ cyeaof thcfe animab ai« very quiwk»ai|i4lMr lyl^iM^ exee«yi^ acute, great preouinoa itiieeMGv^ & %rooching^(^ abodesi for |» tkty lieldon go % fiOm the water, and their howfes are always Mk j/hfe to the fide of feme hnge river or lidi^e, ordap^^l ^|dr olm ooaftmaing, upon the leaft alarm they M^ to the dSecpcft part of the water, and dive immo^iald^ lo Ike bottom t m they 4o this they make agfcat m» ^ l^eatiagiiie imtf with their tafls, 0Ar>WB^ P^ m whole fraterii^y on their guird. '^^"Scf take thtm w^ faares in the lhou|^ ^ beMfct niKa^ pniylfioii to i^irve^ (hff their ktlTi they mdte irmn toae^ fteghbaring woods to Tw kuntiiiki^ fiMU* 91^ \.^:m^ ^lem'Vtmm" '■""■ '-r^.-s'w^^-^ 8. itiftfnrt Jbtir Bur- " .▼spf'*^^*^ y ttahtxto NHWItf IP ^ ex- «tt» and BMt^Mir iMiB to • • • I * uPlkiirwnp^ luiml mliiijiiiflLMtfaiii .lif. „ limii-i w mnji fhftun tM"WH»A vAidi iwHrnniff fcii itir IbaMrlnLlMA o#;#i0. K^Mneliff lif miiili (Itli iiamilliiiii ladfwiilii tt«iliitli''thfjl* iM^dlRfiH «<» wUth tile .bfMren. wiU iiapii fai|«% en i»eii^^iftufbe4 it their hoii^ for m ol^^Mk air. ^ At their tlMreilh «ceafioaf » mo^oa in t^ waterf the tei^Nif lias hSeksA iiel% tinir a|ljprMdli, aid methodaiuv «i%{eaite fiir %iM^ inf 'dian Ml the head tfa^^iaiimiii$jtlief^ra|iie|r tkam thrlbfiice^ ; ■■ t -vv --- f' ■ , . ^; lIVIiiRi ^t houfet «)f tb* heaven hi^pen to be MMlir t rividei^ thef are more eafilf deftroysd : the himtiRmllpir. cue tlwiM» aii^%eiii%a ifet i«nlnr it, In^O^ il^^ the Mrtm^ of the beavtrt^ who newer h& m mdlbt t^j^ # wlid#idik dsuieft fart# where thfy ate cntai^^ «|mI.. t9katki^mif^kmk-n0t'h% liOfaitd f o^ rB||i|5<'thii» ^ ]aM|l'at thajr wviuld foor eitiicite theaifidvta^iriiliiMiir * tQift» whidi a^ weUlLSOiitt to be exceffirely Iharf asd '. Piyowjl§«vy ■'■' -■■ ^ / . ■'...; ' '* f , TOtfliidiiiM tal^great ctfe^eynder Oi^iridogiJ toodi^the bwet Df the heaven. H^-'^nmihmk ^ ciii^iMriMlHpaBBaii^tiia, arl|%fiH|,^tlHt thiibdaeijit fo%imffifdT hard, that tlw^r %oH 4« >t«ttk«€^e den^ 9m$ikimaf4 am iktyi are a|ipi«heofl«# thcf mfw biiAd4«p^£MBW|'-lrf| '■ ..in- btrfM«»^ #e. Mi k HUM tn • goDfiilw tblr iit*> fore It 4if^ta«4Mytm pcrlbtt tNJwujwyHi wmtAgt tfAie^ factiig He«r«r| Arft Mckt m luiili into i^ tlie jjiipi U t»t»fiiwHid •• ^ propertT of tlM h«t«ry MtiAttM^ ^ It had been iikh!0% womiti^ fh& rhtmtif* |«t thit people chc«r^% fubnut ta h. /Riii ihiSjntt -ipi; b» hatt twkiUvmtd y^ ^^'^fopeiM ot^^iifr of* 1 1 Iii(ii|> Jtifcaii. n 6M#7 %y^ i^ t^ WJMi4 'T4 • » ■ t * ■ ^- _ iJA HlllSRvr TWM^ OAtiMvfittldki «ad 4M«Bbcr tWmCrliKi uriihtto «^cr iviifQii^tiivi a Amr of^miiWKfeg fiz^conooflj ^KMi|bt» wydi ^itef Hftca Ir « ftR*S> *^<'*>^ * T^^ *^ *^*^ ]a»|^t^ thdr nf^ wmn a Uttlc abopre thie «lbow. 'IMkioaai tlwf coBveakiitlf caiff in their handiilill tlltft fcaok their encime^ iii4 thea Cwioging them with fiMat dexlcfkyk ■■ Ihejr ride I9& ^peed, never M#l doiif^eyecuiioii. The eoinlry which thefe tri^dr^ fii6» ahoqn^wg with large •xUtfSn^ plaiai* tb«itf w^ attack them ^Mom retufii; at the fwiftaeft of the hariiv oa. whkh they are moim^» cnablfft then to overtake even the fleeteft of thnr mvadevv. The Naodowefliet, pho had been at war with ^ people, iaformcd ate. that unlds they liBond nnorilBEaor thiArli to which ^cy could retire* they were lore of heing ait olT: to pvevent thi* they alwaya took faee whtnefer thf^ mack Wi on&t, to do k near (bch re- tmtaaawttfeimytfabtofty camdry. they j^kb hpii^ a piat advaaflagie over their encnuei, wIm^ af|iironi> HOidd not there reach them. mmi$ alike ifk oi ■^jpHPKEj^ ■ ^P^^B^Wwpt ^^^%0 hini wood), aod the hnIL ehiMia thoM iochoi (MMid ppt ia-iifd «p ' ' flilhtr ot ' . WWW"W^T tonu^i hot aod arrowi^ foil th« lfci|rfc M k liimooad round Hkc ftr thiy cani plOr and of aaclent conl^l8V||Hi thc|r ^^ P^ ■■id thaa-niifcclofiE' tO' liim pifll^ luCir wei«r k VSlS^ i;liiii|wi ■ptiy MMfMim witti pot«B. % H iminneiit, aikl la ohkttnwtMl htOl^ of l^iaetktkf: J*fcmd jteoiig the N»iite> pJtttlltffc I,ftwhaddefcend*d«Wm»fo&?rfott^ nuwyg^iicnitiont. ^ "* "*° ^, The redbrft the Iiiditni rive for tnakiV^' ww MrUhft " *?l?**?r*'». '^'^ "*"*^^ ***« fame as thofe tmd hfimtc cuAxed nations for diftuthin^ the tnkbqd!^ of lieir rs. The pkas of the former are h^wt^et bk more rational and jilft, than^fuch as are htt^wOO^ ' JE'^P*^ *" vindication ci th»lr pr6cedi to dwNJtt ««iir ^tlHiin. *1*«SI?- •iT^Ji' ^"^ huntfiw wWAi piBftlcidir H&H to^ataw the m^erty of pdln|[tllrougli theirWuf. SB ^^Si' "!? ** i;ti«>d.tl|* hmi wliich ther cdl^dttr f»bm a W tenure WtMr own, »aiiift iu, SfS^J' •'«*** r««f«fl caufet of th6^^fitji 2S^ <»*«"'»'«« out between the Indiin natioiii,t»d^ ^*^S "^,^^1^*^ ***? ^''** ^ n*w* anftnoGt^i 1 tBit? of eadi nation in^Ae tPMliAt p^Hi^^ \\ '• I* (i a« Ijliincai ait JeH by tliem witl^ ewnnfitcWbOity, Md ''**«?»««, I«»fi»d with unremitted ardor. To iS n»y be added^ tkit natural excitatioii whidk every In- Aan becom^ fjaible of a. foon ai he approacB^the ^ of imp^jogweprooft of hi. nS^r and pvpW- « ^pber of pr^rtert are alone to beefteemedi It » n«* tobe wondjBPed at that the rommef j ^ftM-t Fr9|p«^v the diBiw of revenge, ^ i ^«j«B,^|,«cieat, fttoottiifjr; K» ludiice them i^ ^ .kJf ^ W ^H«ft |od any ooq||m lor wahimp^ mmjm M^f^eir warri«*»»a !£!!«» •&' J^>>f» <€ our iMJWTiil Miii ja^iOi <" Tm»one» 4 our 4#d^ i^SitJ ^?tes: r^u:^ ;^mT?f^i l^mjfc^ Jil^enAte no kmw finciti Uw in^H^e of your natund nAy. ^\0^ ywr fiioet, fiB your mimf, ^ t# itfimi with your (M^^ •f «!» ciciirfioiu agaanft tbofe with wdbom th«i a^ aft !*?"»*•* By nevengtt or at difir« t»(hoir & pwwaii. pwfe and cut off a ftragglJng party. llicfrjmgiiW £diiei, lw>«ii^, «*• not alun.^^ ap. gwi^ oC by th« dier chiafi^ IJlo^b. they a^^te* ^^jp^ of the J^iidowfflit and, Of^ivi^ tff^ '??*"'yyt!»*?^ delibe«to»ni aie fiMapliMd. flofr. Th« ^yippiatii aat adliim, «^«yr d^fimill^ ^^^ft i»fai^ii.i|Hm}htik wesghiaf «i||r inaklirity |jb» gj|»#flht e^^iyriia^hcyaw altemt t<^ aipg^ »,ip4 iP^pfifftt art alb coafiiitcd ^ % AAi^ and f,#Wi€tiii€t. tibt adWce ol tha moll ^J^tTS: •Jrtia *rf watiiof of a natio. 4&W not ofcdi^ **T**r**.'^''P*^ hWc% he fi«4ii«atly dcvuMTii; *-•*-' of iirho«ti»alara«d piiid««M»hchatti|SI«»i. MMM^Mbnwa a M of f«fatii%ib d^ite nhkh i^l^k^ the Great Spirit, or dranecuNW aMcr ■ mt IMC* \\ 1 0^ M'ft; \V CARVEft'i TRAVELS. 1^5 wiof huBtm iAiMtci%f I&i o«ni prefumptrnMUdioai^tt it imprdlisd withy that he fliall march Ibrth to oectiia ^dorjr^ (hde M« jOMrtlf&vorahle to hit injOiCt. Al^cr lie hit fitted m long as cuftom jprefcribeiy he aflcmhlet the wanrion, and hddiog a bek of wao^um hi hit handy thus additflet them : ** BrotlKra! by the itifphntion of the Great Spirit I ** Oow fpeak QniCo you, and hy'htm am I promised to ^ carry into execution the intentiont which I am ahout ** to dJfdde to you. The blood of our deceafed bto- '* theirs is not yet wiped iiway; their bodies arc not yet <* coreredy and I am gpag to perform thitduty to «« them.»» 'Havitig dien made ^own to them all the molifiet iMt induce him to take up aitns agauUft the nation whli whom they «re to engage, he thus. proceeds: <* I'biifle. ** dierefoK! refobed to march through the w«r-pMh';«o *' «n^c ihem. We will eat thw flefby and Dtunre cbm^kte manner their revenge, y«t ^ey are not iiatnnifiy anthropophagi, nor tvcr md on tlieilMh of men. .The chief is now wiflied from hit iidde corertagy and^ed W&h bear's ht, and painted whh their r«l III Mk Inures as will malU him jqppearipioft tcr- mtm_ l|Bf«k Ht {lien fiiMrs the wir femry and cnuHBHigt 1i|| iiri|)tke fl^qs. m«|M Srzia t% %» Uttiitfany isd pays his a&ittont titthe Great W fgS CAltVER's TRAVELS. Qttff Bfiikt in which he it accomptnled by aU the wvnors. That ceremony it followed with dances, fuch at I have before defaibed; and the whole conclu<|n with a feaft, which^ ufually confiftt of dagt' fleAi. ^ Thit feaft it hdd in the hut or tent of the chief war- n«ir»^ to which all thofe who intend to accompany him jo hit expedition fend their diihet to be filled; and dur- ing the feaft, notwithftandin^ he hat fafted fo long, he jStt compof(nily with his pipe m hit mouth, andrecountt the valorout aeedt of hat ftu^ily. As the hopes of having their wounds, (hould they receive any, properly treated, and expeditioufly cured, jmuft be fome additional inducement to the warrunv to jKipofe themfelves more freely to danger, the priefts, who .^ ajfo their doftors, prepare fuch medecines at will jKire dSScadpus. With great ceremony they carry va- poos ropts and plants, and pretend that they lm|>art to thffhil^e power of healing. llotwithftanding this fuperftitious method of proceed- mUi it is very certain that they have acquired a know- ) of many plants and herbs that are dT a medicinal jtj, and whach they. Icnow how to u(e witli great }From ihet time the refplutifm of engaging in a war is pn, W the departure of tie warriors, the nights axt Ifpeot in feftivity, and their ^ys in making the neafc8 the language of mk people well, and who is a giood orator, and fend to U»em by him a belt of wan^um, on which is fj^i- if4 the purport of the embofly in figyrei ths^ every nt^ion is well acquainted with. At the fame time ^e eilities with him a hatchet painted- red* * As foon^as he reaches the camp or village to which li^ is.deft^ed, he acquaints the chief bf^the tribe with the general tenor of his commiffionj, who ^^me^iatelr aK^s a councfl, to which the ambt There >«dng kid the hatchet on.^ lE the I have afeafty tf w»r- ly him ad dur- »ngii he ecounts Id they r cured, riors to ftSfWhp as will arry va- (ipait to irocecd- I know- ediciual U .great I war 18 ;ht9 are nf tl^e eM# chiefs* >i^ Haying the firft of the jofieiidiiij^ nation thef meet,;cut open the body and .fticli a liittclMt of Ihe hint kitM as that -they have juft Te<;eived, initb thi* l^eartdf their flaughtered foe. Among the more renliote >^}>«^ this %.4ohe with an arrow or fpear, the end of which is pafriiied red. And the more to exafiwrate, they dil- member' the bcNiy, to (how that tht^y elleem them not ii| Aien but lis oRwomen^ iv ??^ The Indians feldont take the field in lai^e bodies, as lixch' numbers woulj rtqiuf*e a greateir d^2:?f«e of iiiiuftry tp.plbviie for t)«^ir fubfiilettce, during- their t^iooa. matched' tlifaiigh dre^'ldi-efts, or km;r voyngea over lakes a]idim«r^tW th«f would ut which are termed Wakons, that is» fpiritt, by the NaudowcflieS) arc nothing more thftn the otter and mar- tetrikini I have already ^foribed, for which, however, jthey have a great venerat^n. After Uiey have fntmcd the enemiea countiry, no peo- nle can be mortt cautidk and circumfpcdi fires ^•^ no longer lighted, no more (houiing it hcard«nor the game any longer purfued. They arc not even permitted to fpeak; but muft convey whatever they have to impart 40 each other by figns and motions. They now proceed wholly by ftratagem and ambuf- cade. Having difcovered their enenai^ they fend to leconnoitre them; and a council is -finmediately held, during which they fpeak only in whifpers, to coufidcr of the intelligence imparted by thoCe who were fent out ^ The attack is generally made joft before d9y4»r4ik,at wliich period they fuppofe the Iocs to be in t Wr found- eft fleep. Throughout the whole of thcfitceding night they will lie flat upon their (aces, without fttnriiigt and make their i^proachet in^th» iime poftMm|^ii«ng upon their hands and feet tiH they art g(^ , ilfPll M- Ihot of thofe they have dtiiocd to Mtvfimmi JUi a iignal given by the ditef wmmr, to n^ik m ^ ' 13F C A R^ E R ? 1: Tr R A V F L S: fS9 boAf txakti mfw^r by tit moft hideoiM yeU%. they att> (but up, aod difcharging their arrows, ia the fame to* ftanty without givi&f their adver&rieft time to recover from the cottfulion into which they are thrown, pour in upon them with their war-clubd ortcMnahawkt. liM! Indians think there U UttBe glory to be acquired froih attacking their enemies openly in the field; their greateft pride is to iiirprife and deftroy. They feldom ai- gage without a manifeft appearance of advantage* If they fiqd the enemy on tlieir guard, too Arongly en- . trenched, or fuperior in numbers, they retire, provided there is an opportunity of doing To. And they eftcent. it the greateft qualification of a chief warrior, to be able to maMge an attack, fo as to deftroy as many of the enemy as poflible, at the expence of a few men. Sometimes they fecore themfelves behind treesyhiUocks, or floneSft and having given one or two rounds (ctire be* fore they are difcorered. Europeans, who are unac* quainted with this method of fighting too often find to> their coft the deltrudlive efficacy of it. General Braddock was one of this unhappy number* Marching in the year 1 755, to attack Fort bu Quefine, he was intercepted by a partv of French and confe&rate Indians in their intereft, who by this infidious method of engaging found means t j defeat his army, which confifted of about two thoufiuid brave and well difcipUa- ed troops. So fecurclv were the Indians pofted, that the Englifli fcarcely knew from whence or by whom they wert thus annoyed. During the whole of the engagement the latter had fcarcely a Hght of an enemy ; and were obliged to retreat without ue fatisfaftion of being able td take the leaft degree of revenge for the havoc miMie aoMNig them. The General paid for his temerity with-, his Hte» and was accompanied m his fall by a great num- ber of brtvc feUows{ whilft his invifible enemies had ophf two or thret of thar numb«.r wounded. whfS the Mians faceted in their fiknt approachet^^ aaAiMiUt to force the oamp which they attack, a (dM «f hwrpor that exceeds defcription, enfuea. Tks &mm ilMMIiJll^of the ccaqtierort, and the dcfpcratioa . |f we mmfUmA^ «di^ wcil know what they have to ^^fi^.St* expcd ^ CARVEItn TRAVEI.S. «Mwa Hioiikl they Ml Hm t«to thrbrndb of iriudr af* £ialiitt» occufion the mod eztnordiiitrf efteitioiif en both fides. The figure of the comhttmiti aU be^new- ed with black and ied|iaiRt» and coinered wkh the blood of the (lain, their horrid yells, and siigovemid^e fnry, aic not to be coaceived by thofe vHho lurrt^iiCTer ef0Btd the Atkoti^ ;n;"^; ,,;.:,•. :.;•*'■ t.:-/ I have frequently been a fpedator of them,, and oaee bore a part in a fimikr fi»ne. But what added to the horror of it was, thalt I had not the eonfolation of be« iilg abk to oj^fe their fiirage attacks. Every circum- muice of the adventure ftill. dwells on my rememlmiocet Md enables me to defcribe with greater perfj^icwty. the brutal fiercei^fs of the tadians mktm they hivt for* prifcd or overpowered an enemy. As a detail of the maflacre at Fort WiUnMi Hcnty in the year 1757, the fcene to which I refer, cannot araeu* foreign to the defign of this pubBeation, but frdl Icrre to give my readers m juft idea of the fei^ity of this peopk, I (hall take the liberty to infert tt, apo- kigittlig at the fame time for the length of the digroffi- on, and thofe egotifins which the relation renders un- avoidaUe. General We^, w4io commanded the Englifti army in N^rtb- America, which vras then encaii pod at Fort EdNrtrd, having intelligence that the French troops un- der Monf. Montcalm were making fome movements to- wards Fort William Henry, he detached a corpa of abont fifteen hundred men, confifting of £M;lifli «id Pro- vincials, to ftrengthen the garrifon. & this party I wpent as a v(Janteer among %ht ktter. The apprehenlionifl of the Engliih Gcfieral were noc H^thotit UHindationi for the ifay ilk^r our arrival we fiiw iiike Oeoife (formerly Lakti Saenmait) to wifiih h lil» oontiffnoue, covered with an immenfe lunmllir vf boats} and in a fhr boiftf we fotmd our lines atMi!|ed by the French Oenend^ who had j«ft landed with iievia thoafimd Rc^guhrtiuid Ciitadifii^ and two thitifcltJb* dlans. Cokmel Bionro, a binvt olBtcr, ettliiitMietfli tik Fortf ittd had no more t^m tWo thftifcy ftftti him^cdl men with Mm, mm dcticiatfiwir '''" «« CARVER*t TRAVELS. l$l With thefe he made a gallant defence, and probabtf would hate been able at latt to preferve the Fort, had , he been propeiiy fupported, and permitted to continue hit efforts. On every fummons to furrender fent by the iPrench General, who offered the mod honorable terma, . his anfwer repeatedly was, That he yet found himfelf in a condition to i«pel the moft vigorous attacks his be- (iegers were able to maJce ; and if he thought his prefenl^ force infufficieat, he could foon be fuppUed witii a great- er number from the adjacent amiy. But the Colonel having acquainted General . Webb with his fituation, and deurcd he would fend him fomc frefh troops, the General dlfpatched a mefftrnger to him with a letter, wherein he informed him that it was not in his power to afCIl him, and therefore gave him or- dcrs to furrender up the Fort on the bell terms he could procure. This packet fell into the hands of the Frencli General, who immediately fent a flag of ■ truce, 5l<^ing.^ a conference with the governor. . They accordingly met, attended only by a imall guards . in the centie between the lines; when Monf. Montcalm^, told the Colonel, that he was come in perfon to demand poffeflion of the. Fort, as it belonged to the King hit, mailer, ^'...e Colonel . replied, that he knew not how ■ that could be, nor (hould he furrender it. up whilil it waa ; in his power to defend it. The French General' rejoined, at the fame time de- livering the packet into the Colonel's hand, ** By thii . ♦• authority do I nuke the rcquifition." The brave Go^ vemor had no fooncr read the contents of it, and wat convinced that/ucK were the orders of the commander in chief, and not to be difobeyed, than he hung bif head iiriilcnce, and rclu^Uotly entered intlo a negOu|i ■ ation. ^ la confideration of the gaUant defence the gurifbn had made, they were to be pcnniit^d to march out with aQ ihe hopors of war, to be aPiysicii covered wa<^gant tQ tiiiliport their baggage ito Fort £lli$iri^aod a guard topio4t£L them from the fury of the ^vagea. Tht ^ .i|ig after the capitulatica wai figned*^ as . im.il and On the point of nttrchinr off, when great numbert of the Indiant gv* l^iered about, and b^an to plunder. We were at firft in hopes that this was their only view, and fufFered them to proceed without oppofition. Indeed it was not in our power to make any, had we been fo inclined; for though we were permitted to carry off our arms, yet wc were not allowed a finglc round of ammunition. In thcfe hopes however we were diiappointed : for jMrefently feme of them began to attack the fick and woun(kci, *fhen fuch as were not able to crawl into the ranks, notwithftanding they endeavored to avert the fury r>f then* enemies by their fhrieks or groans, were foon dif- patclicd. Here wc were fuDy in expectation that die difturb- mce would have concluded ; and our little army began to i&ove; but in a (hort time wc faw the front divinon driven back, and difcovered that we were entirely ai- drcled by the favagea. Wc exp^ed every moment that the guard, which the French, by the articles of Ciqpitulation, had agreed to allow us, would have arrived, imd put an end to our apprehenfions ; but noi|e ^ippear- ed. The Indians now began to llrip every oi^«rithout exception of the**- arms and clothes, and tltofe^who made the leail refi^iancc felt the weight of t^l||i^irri '^Eawks. *|^K I hs^pened to be in the rear divi^ooi but it #ai'liot Jong before I fhared the fate of m^ companions^" THree or four of the favi^es laid hold tff me^and whilft fome j^ld their weapons over my h^ad, (he ijhers fbon dif* ted me of my coatf waiftcoat, hat, anJrbueklii^ omit- T not to take from me what money I had * ^i my pocket. As this was tranfaded clofe by the ftlffiige that ted from the Viacn on to the plain, near which a French Cf^ntinel ^s poft^d, I ran to hi^ and clatmed htt pm. fe^bn; but he only cstt^ m# an £ngli(h dogy atiid thnift me with violence back ifllli.fnlo the hmIA i^ llie Indians. '^ 1 now endeavored to join a H^' ^ WB. vert crowded together at rcm#4^iiit«{ W \Mtca, toint ci uw sv> : at Stti sdthem not in ed; for ms, yet »n. In iriefently oundedy i rankst fury nf *oon dif- difturb- ly benn divinon irely ai- mom^nt tides of arrived, ttritkout vattiot tliree 1ft fome j9on dif- (t» ed; nfen, women, and chil'iren were difpatched in ^ moft wanton and cruel manner, and immediately fcalpcd* Many of thefe favages drank the blood of their vidtiMi^ at it flowed warm from the htdl wound. •We now perceived, though too late to avail u^ fults, they tacitly permitted them; for I could fhdidj perceive the French officers walking about at fome iHi* tancc*, difcourfing together with apparent unconcera. Fcr iht honor of human nature I would hope that thtt fUgrant bi'each of every fiunred law, proceeded r^\m from the favt^e ^fpofition of the Indians, vrhich t m* knowledge it t& ibmetimes almoft impoifible to cotrtsf^ aa^ which might now unexpeAedly have i^rrived tt^ : pitch Hot eafily to be reftraincd, than to any premedtta^ ddS^ in the Frerch eoranander. An anor^udiM Mcrfm would, however, be apt to condode, liuit a bet^ of ten thoufaiid chriflHui troops, mofi dir^yaa tro^t^ Imd it in their power to prevent th« maffiicre fron vecomltig fo general But whatever was the eattfe ftom ^Mch It a?oie, iSk coofeqneiicei of it -wem d»ead» till ini^aRit to be pMiBefied ia modem Wkorf A$ CARVER'S TRAVELS. At tBe cude in which I ftood lAcMbd hy this time It. much thinned, and death feemed'to be approaching with^hafty ftrides, it was propoied by fome of the au£ reiblute to make one vigorous effort, and endeavor to force ow way through Uie (avages, the only probable method of preferving our lives that now remained. This,, however defperate, was refolved on« and ab^ut twenty of us fprung at once into the midft of them. :}, In a^snoment wo were all feparated, and what was the fate 0f my companioas I could not learn till fome months alter, when I found that only fix or feven of them ef- tt&cd their defign. Intent only on my own hazardous fituation, I endeavored to make my way through my iavi^e enemies in the beft manner pofllble. And I have often been aftoniflied fmce, when I have recolleded with what compofure I took, as I did, every neceflary ft'ep for my prefervation. Some I overturned, being at that time young and athletic, and others I pafled by, dex- troufly avoiding their weapons; till at laft two^very ftout chiefs* of the moft favage tribes, as I could diftinguifli by their drefs, whofe urcngth I could not relift, laid hold of me by each arm, and began to force me through th^eiowd. I now refigned myfelf to my fate, not doubting but. tkit they intended to difpatch me, and then to fatiate their vengeance with my blood, as I found they were hurrying me towards a retired fwamp that lay at fome dtftance. But before we had got many yards* an Engliih ffci9tlemaa of fome diftinftion, as I could '.^(icover by Um» breeches, the only covering he had on, which were of fine (carlet velvet, rufhed dofe by us. One of the Indians inftantly rcliniyiiflieil his iiold, and fpringing job. ||^ new object,, endeavored to feise him as his prey; Isit the gentleman being ftrong, threw him on the ground* and would probwly have got awi^^ had not he who held my other arm, quitted me to afll& his brother. Ifcixed the oppostunity, and haftened away ta joia.«io- ther par^ of Englilh troops that were yet unbiolcifi. and ftood in a bo4y at fome diftancc. nvfi. liifeni 1 M l^liKn many ii^ps, I haAiJy caft my eye tomi^ , and (aw the Indian*s toniihairk fjmk tM m gratlemauy its tlfOC «ching lemc^ ivor to^ robablel This,, twenty vraftthe months hem ef- zardous uff h my i 1 have :ed with ary ftcp. at that ►y, dcx- ;ry ftout ^ngiillh ^lft, laid through ting but 0 fatiate cy were at feme 1 Englifli over by lich were te of the aging ps. m prey; 1 on the td not he (brother. nV CARV hisbicky and both to my fj Thad left t a fine boy iboi e(bip^, came li] tf TRAVELS. Matter jus lift grcMuii titti lidtt^ dsQwrittidii. ■■■-.■■*■-«■■.!.:•■ ^~_ fipette bnt a few yard% wAim ,ffein of age* that had Mtherko^ I'ttie, and b^gc^ that I woidd ktr him'lay hold of hie» lb that he migm ftand fisme ehaaos-^ of getting out of the hands of the iavaget. I told ham^ that I wtndd give him every afltftance in my powery and to this purpofe bid him lay hold ) bnt in a few mo^^ nwnlB he was torn from my fide, and by his flnielii I jodge was foon demotifhed. I could not help foiget*' tkig my own cares for a miaute, to lament the fk$^ oi fe young a ibffisrer; but it was utterly impoffibk kit iim to take any methods to prevent it. I now got once more into the midft of -Iricnda* boc we We«e unable to aff»rd>each other any fuccor. As'tBit waa tite divifion that had advanced the fiiftfaeft ffoair the toftf I thought there might be a poffibiKty {themtfii^ but a Me one) of my forc^ag my way tkroi^bm* outer ranks of the Indians, aira getting to a neigfaboCk> iag wood, which I pevcemd at fome diftance. I wai> ftm encouraged to hope by the dmoft mikacidous prefep* vition I had already experienced. NiMT were my hms in vain, or the efforts I aiiAi irteffeaiad. Suffice it to fay, that I reached the wmi$ but by th<* dme I had penetrated a httle way into 1^ my breath was fb exhaufted that I threw myidf int» • brake, aifd ky for fom minutes apparently at .the lift eafp. At length I recovered the power of refpiratioBf but my apprehenfions returned with att their fmrmet £Mrce« when I law fevend favagcs p:^ by, prakMf i» pw^aNE of me, at no very ?reat diftance. In tfak fiwaiioii I knew not #heth«r it was better to proceed, dr eAdaaW# tttaoRoeal mfklf where I liy^ tilt night came ate f kuklff bi#ri«ar, that they wodd return the fiuwe ' 1NW» % thoMbfht ftmoAr prudent te get further from the dkifi ■ ftd Stmt of aay paft diflrei£s. ActCRdingly, flE^a|( vMwmUhiei pirt of the wood, I haftawi^oc^arMifr tht Mm mA lAie lo6 of one of itt^tbiii !ii#i|m^ iMl' wtt ' aaMs aner a now piogfcw or Mtiiif'^THNiiajMtfaMi» #• I^'Am •teiWeted iht^ plan n^h I hmM lil CARVER*! TR^AVELS. yiliiMB "irhtnce I could difccro thattlM bloody fUkm ftHI ti^fjred wn'ik tivabated fury. ^#tt not to tire my readers, I (haU only add» that after pa&ig three days without fubfiftence, and eiiduring the feverity of the cold dews for three nights, I at lengtSl readied Fort Edward; where with proper care my body'' foon recovered its wonted ftrength, and my mind, at hr M the recoUediion of the late mefamcnoly events would permit, its fdual compofure. It wai ccmiputed that fifteen hundred peribns were hS&ed or made prifoners by thefe fayages during this final day. Many of the kttter were carried off by them •Md never returned. A few, through favoraUe acci* dents, found their vray back to their native coimtry, after having etpeiienced a long and fevere captivity. The brave Colonel Monro had haflened away, {bofr/ aftor the confufion began, to the French camp to ett"'- deavor to procure the guard aereed by the ftipubti- en I but hit application proving mefFe£tual, he Remain* ed there tiU General Webb fent a party of troops to demaed and ]»rote£i him back to Fort Edward. But tkefie unhappy occurrences, which would probably have been prevented, had he been left to purfue his ovim pllat, together with the loft of fo many brave fellows, mwdered in cold blood, to whofe valor he had been fa laldy a witnefs^ made fuch an impreffion on his mind,, that he did not' long furvive. He died in about three BMNSths of a broken heart, and with truth m^ht it be (aidt that he was an honor to his country. I mean not to point out the follovring circumftance ai tiie inunediate judgment of heaven, and intended aa. ill aeoncoient for this flaughter; but I cannot omit that,. ntffUm of thofe different tribes of Indians Uiat (hared; ij^^t ever lived to return home. The fmall-poK,, by- flMaai of theb- communicatio;t? vith the £ui3Bpaaiit» fiiiud its viray among them, ana made an «qttal* hme 19 what they themfdvet had done. The methoda they puiltied oa the firft attack of that maUgnaat dilQider» to tbmt the fever attending it, rendered it fataL y^lhStt their blood was in a ibte of fermentation, and. iiHiili wai ftnvbg to t^row ^ut the foam m^m^^iif ■«•»* C A R^ E Jl^i T H A V IE L Ift. cjheckid ]ier«pifilifiiiiil>]r iJanging nto tliCiW^cfii t^ Mfoiu^Boe wa» that they died by hundivdi. lliff (t^ that funrivcd were trafiaforioed 'oy it into hideout ob^e, and bore with them to the grave deep-indeoted marka of thip much-dcaded difeafe. Monfieiir Montcabni fell (bon aftee o%Uie pUiot of Qwebec. , ^Int the unprovoked cruelty of thia comnumdef' waa not approved pi by the gipneraiity pf his couirtyyii|ai» I have finice been convinced of by aaany pxoo£k Ch^ only* however^ which I received from a perfon ,v4ia v^ho waawitneis to it» ihaU I at^refent |[ive» A Canadiaa merchant* of fome confideratioU} having heard of thp. furrendcr of the £ng)ifli fort, celebrated the fortuBSto' ^Cimit Kith great rejoicings and hofpitality* aecocdin|| U» the cuftom of that country^ but no fooner did the news of the n@pflaq« which endued reach his earSf than^ he put an immediate ikap tf^ the feiUvity, and exclaimed in, thCvicvereft terms againj|l the inhuman p^rmiffion; declaring at the fame tim had thereby drawn, down, on that part c^- their kingV^dominions the vengeance of HeaTenit T!^ this, he. 9ddfd> that he much* ^fred the .tow lois. e^ thea^ wovld deservedly be the co|4eqi;^«ice» Hovr tiii||^*^ thia ^cedpdipn has boen verged we §U k^ow. 1/4 . ,: 3i^ tp.return-^Thouglbthf ,|ndiiMia aiise i|^ligent in . ^uardin^ : againft fitrfffiKs, they ^e. atj^rt.^d dextapi^ m fttrp«ifing theur enemies. To their caution ap^pci^. feverance in ftealing on the party they de%n to i^|fl^i|^^ they add that adSinirable talent, cm- rather inflitt^ve qualification I. have already defcribe^n^of traeiQg oujt? thoie they are in puriiiit o^ On the (mootheft pafib on Uie hudeft earth, and even on the very ftonei|< w||r thfjT diiiipQver the traces of an enemy, and by the lh||pi of ^he foot Aaps, and the diftance between .the^piant% di^gttifli not only whether it is a nun or woman who h9S paffied that way, but even the nation to whicl| they belpi^ However inerediU^ t^ mkht appm^tj^ fimii dbc many prooft I received whim among ihem <^ tlui^HMii^kg fiigacity in thia pqiott liBeAftfeafo&to dilcndt^ even tfepf 4iMtnuKdtnary ea;eitaona of it. a« When ^0$ CARV-^Eil'i TiiA.v«;i;«. >- #^mpi tkey btveovcfsome m toamft ssd viAorv^ m kiiger ciMibtfolt the (soDittK^nu:* fifA 4ifpatch «il io^ •• ffaqr think they fliaU not be able to canry off wilh- <«Qt great trouble, and then endeavor to' take ai many ^foncrs at pofiible i after thii they return to f4iio(e 4rko are either dead, or too mudi'<«v ' ifitt thtl lMifitic(ii they are exceedingly expm. • They 4ttic.tlie head of the diiabled or dead' enemy* «nd tor one of th^ir feet on the nedk» tw^ their left * tn th^ hair ; by this means, having ^ktended the that covers the lop of the head, they draw oat r Ccalping knives^ which are always kept in good «rdi^ for this crael purpof(^, «nd with a §ew dextrous IMlljb^takettf t^ pflrt'that isttmnid thc/t»lp. They are lb ejtpeditiotM in "doing this, that the whole ^tiihe requir- id fcartidy itxceeds -a tamute. -Thde liiey ^f rderve as kseii^liBents c^ their 'p^flNvefii, and 'Millie Annie time as l^rdiolfiiaf the vengdanee they have iti8l£i^ hii l^Mnritewk bl>irar^lab,' isflid knodcs on ^Ihe ^eeiid the utihaj|[^ caufe eif their contenti«M. living coSrnj^letea their pni^Kyfes, and-ma^iettimuch In^rie as poffibie,vthey immediately retire towards their tnrs v^untry, with the fpoil they have acqii^red, for "ftstr-tif being pmrf^td. ^t SiM)^, this be the cafe, they make ttfe «f many ^ib^ti|eiiEkl td idude the fearcbes of their purifiers. They T8liinrl«rirs fcatter leases, (and, ^or duft' over ^e p^'tnts «i|^fe^ icet ; fometimea tread iit each others fMtfteps ; gnd (bnietimes Hft their fttt fa4iigh, and treadfb ijnit- \f, |ft not to make any imprefl^ on the gr6imd^ * But #lj^i&id all thefe 3>recautioGS unaviihi^t ^ that thiiy ire neair being overtakoi, they firft £$il^ vnc? ftilp^eir prifeaei^ andthenMividm^ ijlili crtAilfwii to regam kit native country by a dSff^iil^iaiMlr^'^^nkii 'T^-'-^^'"-^ liAkVER't TRAVELS. if^ wrvrtkia all fbrther purfttit ; for their purfhcri now de- tpiiting, tither of rratifyiiig thdr revenge, or of rdfcaf. iog thofe of their triendf who were made captives, re- ttirti home. If the fiiccefiftil party is fo lucky as to make good thefhr retreat unmolefted, they haftcn with the greateft expedition to reach a country where they may be pi^- fedly fectire; and that their wounded companions may not retard their flight, they carry them by turns in Htterft or if it it in the winter feafon draw them on fle<^S. Their litters are made in a rude manner of the braadt- et of trees. Theiiv fledges confift of two fmall W(kt boards^ about a foot wide when joined, and near fix^l^ long. The fore-part is turned up, and the fides ^1^' bordered with fmaU bands. The Indians draw thefe car-' riagea with great eafe, be they ever fo much loaded, bv means of a ftring which paffet round the breaft. This collar is called a Metump, and is in ufe throughout America, both in the fettlements and the internal parts. Thofe ufed in the latter are made of leather, ai^ yeiy curioufly wrought. The prifoners during their march are guarded with the greateft care. During the day, if the journey ii' ovef land, they are always held by fome of the viAoVi-' ous party; if by water, they arc fattened to the can^ ' In the night-time they are ftretched along the ground* quite naked, with their legs, arms, and neck faftened to hooks fixed in^ the eround. Befides this, cords axe tied to their arms or legs, which are held by an" Irt- ■* dian, who inftantly awakes at the leail motion of them. ' Notwithftanding fuch precaiftions are ufiiaUy taken by the IiKlians, it is recorded is the ann^l^ of Kc#. England, that one of the weaker fcx, almoft alone, and unatilfttd, found means to elude the vigilanc^ of a party of wnrriors, and not only to make her efcape from than, bnt to revenge the caufe of her conntrymen. &MB* ycart AgO| a ftnall band of Canadian Indiani, conl^Mgof ten mm6n attended by two of their wives, made an isiia^ion into the bnek fettfemema of I^ir. EngliocL They lurked for fomc time in the vioBitr '! " IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) I 1.0 1.25 l^|Z8 |2.5 |50 ■^~ ■■■ ut 1^ |2.2 12.0 m 1.4 111.6 m m I Hiotographic Sdences Corporation 13 WIST MAIN STRUT VinUTn.N.Y. MSM (71«)S7a-4S03 ^^1^%^ ^^^ ^f^ ^ >/ /, % .^. ^ i', « 'itiiiiiiy?lirfMa» %iHi litciiiJli^ feniiiia^ f'#aM •* lliirlnfHiiffeMNf ihe f«inli lii^slikiil(ii^%iMi thM>%iiftf# Iff wMl • AiMm ciNiCiM l^ ffte ^ii^ Hi Itfler «l H load crf^ c4 mudlth^ Anie klitdi tf%fc# H>ilMNMe«M^ vite^. Hie petkmm^'^lim IM iiii^ligiiiitaMittii^ flit i*iielMto«i^%Mlllii«j»'li|# oiM andiO anenCMNh When thit ecrtmony^ll^ •PtP'iwf'WHiiwtf fwiy' Have jMl^ iKaMl'fiA iMMMn ■iml» litvmB 1910 in JbiuMli oC tlN^^Mt!«IU« it< itt tllat la a OiiHi^nB^^ll ibc piifiBiiiii wi|rhe "^•f tMrfittc* a».tbe fenfifsec now ppoapuwcdii ^_ jiWei' "Pic for^ifr ^ki^lmnfk hmg mtSfjumA il^tha iMMiic ol dai|li» tbe lutlcr to^iht ho^fe of grt^t .^iueh ctpitifni M aic, fffttty Imt adf9iiot4 i» liicii^jl mrt ioqm»e4. grept b«M»r bji tMe tmrn-^^iKi^B m pvft aftoBe §9r. tjb« blood tb^ btfe^^kili^lPiri^fube «Mr- ttpcftof frf« T>ctr iiiccfft in wtf # arwdgy/fapiwiiby 4pr M# iPir)>« mi«Mi«h«ti» ^NcflAt andWrnpiifrl^MMIMI i^M^ to. Ui?, Mont #• kttiff ife,MoEiiiy|p4ppi4 tt^*|be^ipMmef.in wMcb tM# bicfogl]r|iMet'^«i%Ji»Mitt Ittl^ k^JcfiMr t^e icin with tKe teeth Qi§6^rmSm9i^ )4^«*sj4?9ed; Vk^m hM of ^M ini4«ii$llii€i6Ml >ppaf%t Wt.lhofit of t^Ci «aeico| Pi4^4il9M- km9 tftcCTncd onMimeat^t^iifeai.ji»l liiM $^]r (enir «|i icfift^it of ^c |ic|oieja<|iBiml^|bc pl^ thiM bmt iboHt la^i fj(iiklili» lilliiMof ^«^ iiXQ6i)$m|^rwMK it i^BMitty^ 4|v,thtiii|iill|'0l cmf^or iSkm^mkmtt, bciof ftfiptf ao^Aimi^piil _ 1^ Ipp^ib^^JMne^ ^^e i^a of »^tim» or il«ii^ £ Ml vw their hciidt. They wte then b«iiMlf.^# ry^travm in ~ f^wmmf' «A«r vMiuiii iHtiGli tit- IiAmi •ItltiijlNoeaifioiii^f ^i^ « bvniiBf ii «Mift gUMnibr ilHlkiii#fii«lBi wtr lii«iq;llt l4 triM iMd htm OMMlif pnufBCT - _ — 'pn/tla.fk: * After fhc' ' invftoiif" iMM^tttmHtdetdiibiicefr^ the m^ht^ ni#%lll|i'4ttic^ in ^ boys* «Nf «iiMWdri^# tftf^nfehnp)^ viainr^ At Utae^ wett ncMte oC tiMm>i6j8ttt' tltifc NtUt jNiiii old, «attwiar«^iiieedj[tjiiHii^airalii- 4Hyi^ tBirf iMi IMI fti€ii«tlf te peattMte tii d^tW^ mpmi fe tiMt the poor wretch ilood pi«ocd^iiil^^ HMi| liirlte h^iiiitg J&Mlftt cid^ r^pMi iH^WMBiiif hc'hotftidof^c qttittiiror &ii h^lUMM^tii «ii«Miftiiied tti ptiibiiiA hfe toilHi % f!f i#$^*^^^**^'^ ^'^^ btfteoM MMi tit iyrffil^^c. ' ' '•««'' <'^ -^'^ Hi-ir iy in- ^^wi bun, be b# dcpfcd. for tbe«i 0|« fM%«l&> * * ^(ilQieiitai #i^)iAi^4)|oiua4theiii ^ ii^M» |o wmcji be tl|)en fet fin^^.daacpg: I ^fm «BJoyed the ago^ini pa^giofMie ^mm§t It evcA the ac^uftomed car of an 4»4ia|up|^ Qu^nfdtbe diiR«|i«ii of „^jilt«itt'Of tbf IndiipK. «ibo JM^^talD . ▼!'IW' I f>ilJiwf|il^fHi!el»iiMt <^ yi iipd, imiolnft. ^'''. f Jun^Mm^ J cfand-buth come upoK tiitiii> in tlie mi^ of j „ woodfi*' :mi^,im9l¥ Oi^wAy oqMMnioMj yet iM% mg^w M tkcf 4vtre, have «bef raeeifM «iMii •ffiilim^ tMir atiKtuMi vmiM mimii o4 ai^MJi liil# |m^>d9Mct|Kr from tMr <^%o«|jk>mtfi»# M inherfBt in tbolip who luMfe htH ibo|»rp iiit|i Mui; Fraach mimopMifits. Wilhokit tli^a^^ cacimci, tiii^£n|^»ihfl ' _ ithcif mannen, an^lii^pnBvcdJfif ^ .aoiiaiitiiit fueh a» June U my fdiiiiMi >^ i V s I'" ' I' h 'HV ICIRQIBRi vIVHnBMnil UPf HI W'^'iTmCiif^WIJ^Ifff^^ - ■mJWBlcni nN' UHllHiJi' UMH CINUIIfF iHfc tttiin iT. "fhry ill ifiiiiiiiw iii^iinai ' be dtlictirife eiigMi«B#tli 'l##tiiii'fti^if|jttiie^ "^ ■' '"'*' - iincMiiiiili 'Hit Iwfi - -^'"^y^k!^% . _^._^ , ,. _ , ))j||)<|i IB**; y^fi'ipj"^^"!' 9wK^f$ iWi^. jltf. jyCL • ■ x.^ *^.' lAr ■< !kr>-^ mammmmm '^mtMrnmi^m '|^«i|i6i|'t«fM" ■W^ lUM^^opdilim^ 9( fiich at aif •doptc4 fU4»i|Mi^. diiil»WJf||ti8fe iii»iM«»^ jiai^«f9ftics miBft \ bfiifi%£li9r|» ittdiiuRe Utatid with lunconiiMNi f«fim|i formed that it mikii^c M^fk^^mkf mm cap«i?«avii|ta tha U^jOemmtt,' i^} ?1^^ bMtliMifer aad Uood(WA% 0ei^ iiprciied in a fiagk fife, treadiiig in «aclv itbcir^iil^ ftcpi* rbur Cfaip^hray Indiusy paffing' that wayi obfenred tjbU avi|ly> and readibr gudwd i^>ift,tl»e 4irei^ioa of jiM nuurch, and thi*^precautioiii tmy tookt both the o^olktr^ to which they were faafteniagt and their de- ^ffDf. '.''•■; <]iMsrithftiMig the AiAtoo to 4il^^ wM at war tv^ ue Ottagaomiefi and in aHtaace with their invideii» ytt from a principle which cuindt be ao- iobiHlldl'Ar» iijw^ an iaftMrifirfntiwf to^ l^^llifs tiiehlonner of their dMuM*. So |hit pwpolMMf hat tiild'a^ajfi with thcirmal edtrityv iim^ ,uilm§mm^ f^o .iwind "Bife^Bryi »aw|fadat Ac ,hiMij|i«g giwwdi die OtiagMiniiiiy «^l|!^ Ifiy bige « bodwt»o*^ii^ ftp^cautiotts a inanofr» could do»' There thc^ fm^ a ptir^ of ^dsovt fo«r hundfcd waM0v% feno dl«|riiidi^^ -il|HNt 8«^ei, whom they informed of the pipitch ol The i liMii iMK ti|l%#(llea '#k Sri'''"" ' " - ^ -^ .. - diieirdcCciice. Aethefwtn [fib, il was impaftbfef^hit tbt|^ ooidii fNltil in ^1 Itiey thaeilire ^mjuOnod to dmofii tMladl ad- j;p(||i4niejMace w«ere tp^ J^"^ t^O'nMni finlSlt b i «ie' ^^mmkk iPttr^f tlicit took j^il at tiw3««Ml(- ^<^#t^palMhst IffmtarA tm ikw hnmtng frbaM^ whidi ^ey immedlttely fortified with » jMnm^woiii fimi^iii ?pilifiidct I wJiiUt dbe otiitr body took »• oom- piftuWiiJooe olillc kkfii^ wjlii « dcfigi^» kern ileiic tatfnviHlita^iikea tk«y kad cot«iftd the dcfik. f Tkak ilsiigonifuccecdcdi lor no IboiMir kwl ikc ivHif ol^'llit iMiton entered tke pofr, tkan. Mjimpf^^M, UnAmrn^fat the piirpofe^ they fortoed wSiSar kmmt work OB eke flllicf^cslremity* oad ikin eodoM iMr enemiei* -.,*., -i-.t'i 'f, TNIvoqueitjiboii peftdfcdtkeir^fitoatioa, jn^ medially kdd ^ o coonoil oA . tke mf»twm tkn vfiif nictffmUi be fiorliicd to «ttjri^te ^ewfolyifk iH^ hMmfmr^Aem^Jhm,ha4'}^ tiikett ^ilim», wki^ M fo hr diflblved the ice as ' to render v'' .f frgfttflEHri li>i y^tkooe tall rcm^n^^tfi^eiii to|»fOvtf«l tkea frOni citker liafti^ over tke kfce» on raft^^or^ fronji rwimii|b« ae«oli» Intthis dilemma ic was a^^reed tkit t^Cf fto«|i eod^ipip to ^m^e one of the breaft worki{ Nl Hp^ Mk lb^|k tkm too w^ def - But had they hnown their ftrenglh» they might have Jl>luftd every man of the party that oppoliM ihtm i iHlkh eiren at the fivft onfet wae only ineaBfid«iiUe» MmA, when daBiiniAicd hv the action, totaBy imahkto liake any ftand againft tiMm. 'i^'i^oriOM banda rewarded the Ohip al ii^biaaiof maity. - JkiA tUfevt that all the Ia«aai tvhidi Ktabctwaea lifll^^NiNMifliism TwiiMH fiMiiii imwil liiWWn »w dicjr Imvc carried on «gat«ft fome nc%UhawML jwriii fir iMHf fOM witliout mocli l«oee&» aad MtttjiOiCcr tfieffeAfr«Mdi8tor» to begins? Bcgdtittitg. !EMif bemg vli^Hiifedf the treaty btlii»«oiilkilihj^ , * i«^ A Bli^iker of their own chief% Miei Ki^ipfe ni# hctre acoefited the InencUy offce» 1^ w^jfj/ffuthm'^m the'cdillitij of theitk enemiet $ foch at afe dKifea mf Aitpainofc^ are/<&efe of the moft Akenlive ili«litk|» andofthegreateft integrkyr. They bear before thirtil ijii Pipfe hi toee» i^iich 1 need not 'wlkiirm my seadfii » ellht fime natiiie aa a Ibg of Thiee amoiiff the Jl^ iQ|MMii» aad My tttafeed with the greifteft idpdEI iMi tCBnatimi, even by the moft hirhaKMu aationa* tiPeMeaMi TOe bdit ari< compofed of ten, MrdTC^^ or a gtetS^'- number of ftrffi||^, atccMrdhi; to the !ihpJr6iMk^' of t|^' Mir it (U^tation, or the dignity of the ptHon to wh6n^ it W piStilUii. On motelrifing occafions, ftAnyW. thcHlfkad^ ire prefented by iStt'diiMthciOidSk^ i^d^uerttijr #oi>ii bjr thott afibikt th^£Pi^Jei^. iil W- hMAHe dniate<»it.. i T ot i : . ■ » ' ' ■ '.-,'.. . . . .^ f 6 *yd iWiii -1*4 tJAi . ^ -J if.. C H A PT E R XL. Of theit' Gamete; •If 1 J^ bi&ft olTmcd^ the In4i| * lijCMaliK, Hid irilfle ^ TSkiibfit^tll^ ar^ p( , . oTittoli.'' ii^lN#i^^9f^ iN^iMi^ipr^ ^mMmk^miii^ \mmmkt' 1^ 9M formfidN^pNeie^^idfleflillf ^l^j|^<»^e|^ to reader Ij^ ^nii«, yiniMl^i^ llie k»r mi^M iumf 6raitiifc» iiMllew^iH^ tif ^^tlM^Ma oftlK &nid» itnd £ifhioii«d oldioagi^iit ,i#,^^e|||v%^b.> fe tluiie fthey^^tdi: ^, biOEri^d > ttf^giieM dtiiacc^ ;if they ni^ i^^ffxftnu^ guB^ ii gencriyiy jrfa^c^B Jtage conmaifct^ ^^^^uB^iiw^M^^of Bifrt tKa^hrcc^u^dnfii tnd M |tt«i^^oi| tor diffTfat bands to ^f ii|aiB|ft ^ Iff t^og'l^ po^ ><^ <^ Ifroui^itt i^t Tfird? n^ar|> and oneof jtfaffirj|9s|^Mi>#S ^t|it^ oif.^^cppabatlii^ fThe lpfdl$|M««ij%, m goidti towardt which inch |k«% oi (Olo^n^ V9^mnmu K With their handt. The^ fiinNp[th aiDaf%g iM^^titt in purfoit of each other, aif d wiieB one it 6n tlM pdnt of hurlii% it fo a mat diftanc** an antago- flii omtakea him» and by a tudden ftroki dafliet down tWbafl. .^^i9f*fkf w^i fo uineh ▼ehemence that thef'pl- jMIMly mmd ciieh of heri and femetiniflt a bene it foo- jfffBiiito ftenny ^plie olr wanfeMi exerttont of INr^gdi ^mI^^j^mm. iim> Am nk* dIfiMitft ever happfii hctiiBeii i^'m^^^m c % kJim^jL ai it^ tlM #^1^ wkmee. they JiH io^o • JmwI^ or j^Ji^ pliceduitdenieath, and made to ^ia vdiuuL '. Accqtdlag m tliefe bonet prefeitt tl^ white or-^Mls^ fide upwards they cec|coi|-the gaoiei M ik^ ^ to hiife the greateft number turn up of ^ pmflar ooaatf five {KMtits | , and forty U t\\f g^ine. .^ ^ ^. ,^ ^ The winning party keeps hit place, and^ i^. Ipil^ yieldi |iM/to anptherivho aa appointed l^ one. «f un^llft I for a wM^ TiUage it fometimea copoenicd in the.p|u^y» andatraMi one band playiagaiii^'i Puling thia play the Indiai^ appear to be i tate4it **^ ^^ f^^ decifive tlurow fet up a hie T^itf lafdia a thoilfaiid jcontortioiif, adcbelBQ^ i ilttbefipfif tiii{e tothe ^iiep,andl9adifig mtl tiottiiiif pil fpVit« tbataflUl their (wxxSfiA ai , A^ Uiia fOBOft^ ioi&iiL wiU, k>fe th^ flWi^'4i: mdrafim ol Ih^r .pabina, and fometimta ereii bcrty^ JU>twith^an#ig there are no peofdc in tliett||»*; \trk iiKire]eiiJ|Kif 91;^ butter thi^ the lodiaai ■!««! ]^ f.M 4 AFTER XlV ! 0f th^ MaitilgelC^eiBoniai, {^^^ Cp^m Ijn^tm aOsw df pQltgaAy» «nd pcrteof 'X tfriiy r^ imialfe t^cpfemt in tbii point. "IIm. eM4(iii |»¥^«M«r l«^te«,ff«i|^ ipiiieh mfiA«l>^4ii|} une^aiii niiqibei^«fu^.^i9ii fiji^tindTt orfei^liii^) it,a Til^ tlM^e of ^ Europeans, by the intercourfc &iey hold iB^ UMIIIo The Mian nailtfii d^fe but Iktb from onh meet to affift at the feltnl are fometimea very nunierouts they dance, th^ fing^ jw enter nrto every other diverfion ufually made nle of on any ^^ when thele are finiihed, all thofe who attended Mtt ly ont- of ceremony depsurt» and the hndegroooi 9m bridfc are left done with three or four of the nearcft lad oldcft rdationa of either fide; thofe of thebridqpo«i being floen, and thifeof the bride* wonien. Pfefently^ the iXe,, attended by thefe Sem Mmt/i^; withdrawn herfelf fbr the piirpofe, oT^il^i^iilrof 4he hoi^, and it led to the Itfldagmiitti wh^c|«i^fcndyia1l«ce^w h^ Having iidw t«^ theiiri iliiiM^ on^ a'niiit {ilacied in the centre of tliftj ' thqrhiy^hoU df the extrqimities of awaad*ah#il leHlong, by w)»ch they continue feparated* whSft old mtgi jHronoonce fome ihort haranguea Xttinihlt t»^- occafioD* ', . The iuirried tiou^le after this make a publie ^k^fiii^ tioQ of the love and regard they entertain for each o^Mlr^ and ftiB hokfoif the rod between them» dancie and ittr* When they Imvc finiflied this pirt of the ceremoH^f ^tll^ break the rod iaS^ » many pieces as there are wiUmAIi prefimt, who eadli take a ptece, and preferve it witk|pfat ,T.? Thehride ia then recondiided out of the door al whidi ibe entered, where her young companions wait to at^ tend her to har lather's hoiilc; there the bridegrOMH it obliged to feek her, and the marriage is confiimmat^di Verv often the wife remains at her father's houfe tSl ihe has « chiU, trhci^ Utt padU'i^pheriqiporeli whidi |i an the lm«ne Iheit g^oerdly.MMcd 6f» and ii^; damnaniii htf huibiBd Ifr his hmtatimi» inffia^lopi BQf ^Wkt a lepa«itii>» lakfli |hkef» Wfi, thtrait Won known toMttfel, they gcftmllr ^> Jbienpledga no fufteriarity* nor have thtty aii|t id«Bt;iof iyifn#iaiio|i» except in.the neoeffiyry reglihittoiiAi^ their il^orliUBting partiesi they confiequen^ £vejai«iid^4ii »^ftate 0^ eqiMtmy, piufuast to the ifirft piineipliii •£ jnttvic. The Ister dieicfoie is not .appsehenfite of ^tif cbcch.or coi|tRd in theacconpliihrnent of his pvipofesi J^ %ei «aii 6Dd<# Gonvenieni oppoftiinity ior con^tiog tnefld* i, U .%« «^ ilodians are alfe under no appreheiifioa of s^faers^ior ftoset enemies, 'they laive thc4oocs orfhqu^ ^mM^aat hups tm£iAencddttriiig the 9i|bt|;aswell«ii» JimAji Twol or three hours Alter luttfet, the flints iHiwUgf^rlf corer osret th^ &Mg that >is fft&^r^.bttmijlg liltlM^miml of tketriaplurtmentk wilh>aftesi aud^mirt to tliyistr repofe. ' ' jtilWtM dttrkiiefs &us pre?iib, and ai&is qui^ one ii£ Obde ftms gl pUffups, wrapped up ob&ly in Jiis blim* htXf to prevent his being hnown, will fomedHies ei^flr Hit iyaitmeni; o£ hcs iMiMeli^jnttiifr^^ Haii^iM itid alJ^«(miitliered>#re u fiwiU?i$^iittiM| i^ymft^ ikmnhren ^ p«ip^e of a >diil^ hi afpitMMte .^^^p^ #tffeJlk j^poici, mdy^gmf^^fwmm^ li^'c^miBmhQm i^bud^ jy.tor.tittjiie awutiiJ^ 0Mm^m^tiihy^^^m oui the %hit« he r^^ — JMm m^/nmilkm Jk^ kktmrnomr knm,i Hei but iCf^ bt has difeomildklHiiftlUlill „ |MMlft/^d Sricci M imti0%f htm* he nii^t vidN ilMliMMiiMlHi^M'¥ht:^ir«i^««tMlliq^^|^ £» iMt. J^ihbr ihe Mfihk f|i«-^ithiir^ to:J^v|i|a|htr^ANE,thi^;eQ#pflNilfl^^ ie more ivtaoiiid that they ftouki he 4ifti^iiiflied name i^ the hitter* from whom they in^ahi^ib^ their beiii|^9 than 1^ that of the father, to a ddidbt might iometimea wAk whtthiet they «f^ eatilled. .'^- - - «.u-. . A i X i . h. ;i v^. .^..^ There are fome eeremonieamade ufie of 1»^ th# aas at the impofitioa of the furne^ andk lacoiif by than aa a mittciiolgiimliflqpmttiiiii hiii %hat ..h«^. are I could neitr kani» ^M aiittr likewfft thNBbtafta^ birds, iAet^ and even vegctaUea^ or ftMet ilMt tbx^eed tie reft*' of their %ecics iiirineeof the 196 CARVE lt»i TRAVELS. WiaiMibagoet did wfaeii he attended mkfto At^WtSkf^ 0t Antlwirjr. .i-^i; ' But It the fame time I fascy that the iddw they an* Aes to the word fpirit, ase very different from thJe con* ceptlons more enlightened nations entertain of iti They appear to fafliion to themfelves corporeal icprefinitttiont OS their gods, and believe them to be of a human fonu, thouffh of a nature more excellent than man. C^ the fame kind are their fentiments telatlve to ftlkurity. .They doubt not but they ihaU exift in Ibme futore ftatc; they however fancy that their employments there wiU be fimibr to thofe they are enjgaged. inlieHr, without the labpr and difficulties annexed to theiftbtfan period of their exiftence. ThcT confe^ently expert to be tranflated to a de* lightfy country, where they fliall alnvteyilhave i dear WBcloiided fkjtVind enjoy a perpetual fprinff; whiere W fbrefts wiU ab^nd with game, ahd the ttkei «^ filhi which might.be taken without requiring a painfbl ^cjECrtion of ikul, or a laborious purfuit; id ihort» i^it they (hair live for ever in regions of plenty, and enjoy every gratification tliey delight in here* in a greater dcgiee. , To intelledual pleafures they are Grangers; nor are t^efb^Joclvded in their fcheme of happtnefs. But they ^pe^ that even thcfe animal pleaiures will be pro- oprlioned and dtilributed accordins to their merit ) the Qcilfal hunter, the bold and fuccelsful warrior, will.be flititled to a greater (hare than thofe who through in- lokmce or want of fkiD cannot boaft of any fuperiority ^er tlh common herd. f The pricfts of the Indians are at the fame time th«r phyficians, and their conjurors; wliilft ther heal their wounds* or cure their difeafes, they interpret thiir dream^ give them protective charms» and fi^tidhr thit'^ i^ which is (b prevalent among them, of fearcMnf tsto ftitttrtty. ' ■' -! -- . How well they execute the UftUH^ Mt i#t|i# pib- leftMal eng«giemcnts» atid the fisetlidill thtf illlN^«fe M «ii fomt of ^<^e OG^afioM, I lMi% ilM^ iitl^» the exertioaa of the prieft of the'lCiUiftiooeii jfbrtftnatc enough te fucceed in hk ezttsordioiity, at- teiottt mmt Like Supcnor. Thtf frt^attstlf are fu^ ccffful likewKe in aflmintfterii^ the fidubriout herix thltf Inve ao^ired a knowledge el $ but that the ceremoiRtet thef make ufe of during the adaiiniftiation of them eofftributei to their fuccefs, I (hall not take Uj^n noe t» aflcrt. When any of the people are iH, the perfota who is in- veiled with this triple chamber of doctor, prie^' afi4 magician, fiti by the patient day and night, rattling in liis ears a gourd-Aiell filled with dry beans, called a Qif- ehicou6, and making a difagreeable ndifc thatcahaot^ well defcribed. •' ^ Thia uncouth harmony one would imagine ihoukldir- turb the iick perfon, and prevent the good effedbof Ihif doAor'i prefcriptien ; but on the contrary they IfdiaFd that the method made ufe of contilbii^aB to hini^6»eiy», by diverting from his malignant pui^Silw^ the evil f|>ii|fir who hat infliaed the difordei ; or at leaft that H wSI take off hit attention, fo that he fliall not incrdife t1^ malady. This they are crednlous enough to imaglift he it conftantly on the watch to do, and would Atf his inveteracy to a fatid length if they did not tteli< charmhhn. '*C* I coold not difeover that their mak^ Ufe df iny dlhif religtuut ceremonict than thole I have dcKcribeds ilN deed, en the appcaraoce of the new«>moon though thcie were dark and coa|u£ed» of the chriftian inftitHtion ; that the^ hvrc hecu greatly a^tated at the fight of a crofs» and givca prooA, hy the irapreffiont made on them> that they were not entirely unacquainted %Ith the facred myfteriet of Chrif- tiahityk I need not fay that thefe are too ghuring ah- fwrdit^a to he credited* and could only receive their ex- igence from the zeal of thofe fathers, who endeavored at cmce to give the public a better opinion of the fuc- ccfif of their miifioos, and to add fupport to the caufie they were engaged in. The Indians appear to be in their reHgious principles^ jtfAic and uninftruAed. The doMnes they hold ar^ "fefrmd iimple» and fuch as have been generally impref- M on the hunun mind, by fome means or other, in the ipcrf^ ignorant ages. They however-have not deviate^ i^'li»a|iy other uncivilized nations, and too many civi** * ottcs have. done, into idolatrous modes of wor(hip| ij^eraj^ indeed, and make offerings to the won^ girts of die creation, as I have before obfervedf but f^ whethft thcfe rites are perf|ttt|^ thqr confiderthem as the |KCi4iar .chari^e, 9r, thf iidu^ places of refidcnce of the inviiiblc fpirits llicy acknowKdge, I cannot pofitiyely determine* The human mind in its uncultivated ftate is apt to dJEa^ the cxtraordiaary occurrences of nature, liich aa ^r^bq^nkes, thunder, or hurricanes, to the iotmofiti* IN^,of iinfeea beii\n; tlie troubles and di(«fters alio th^ are annexed to a lavage Ufc, the appxeheniipns 9(%tn^ aiK on a precarious fubfiftence and thofe pipsbfrkft'in- ein^oienoea j|)iich man in his improved iUtt J^ Hound dcaap to remjedy, are fuppo(e4 to prooaed a ffom the iaterpofition of evil fpirits; the (avage coaliequciit^ Uvjbs ia tontinual apprrhqnfiooa of thnr, unkind Mtids^apd to aiert them has recourCe to channp* t9^4iHNMM^ cfffinnliiet of, his prieft, or, the liniiifrfyl BMm cf UtiiitAitofM. ^ Feir has cil am^ _ tfi (ii^p««(;»t|iip.tlic wruth •()£ the evil tbi|a ^rfcomiiji tbe £Mri||i!<{«lC m« good bein Th^ |adMHa» Boiicvtt^ entertain the(« abiiirditici in coBimoti wttii thole of every part o£ the giofaie who hive not hecn.iid« of Aiperftition ud ignonuice» and they arc at free from error as a pe<^ can he that haa apt teen £[ivorcd with its mftm&ve doArinet* CHAPTER XIV. Of their Difeafes, &c*. rf^HE Indians in jpreneral are hedUiyr lod^ftshftlfc j||' hot to few difeafesy many of thofie ^lat tM€k # vifiied natitmsy and are die immediate eonfM|ttenoit lol hiiury or floth» being not known among them ; h9$i^ evir, the hardships and fftignes which Siey endcure ^ hnnfing or^war, the inclemency of the leafons to wllMf ther are continually expofed, but above all theeHlrciieir of iumger» and tluit voradooiheia their long cxctirfioii confequently fubjeA them to, cannot ftnt of imptiriig the conftkimon* and bringing on diibrders. Fains and weakncfles in. the ftomach and breaft we (bmdimes the rcfiik of their long fiifting, and cxmfump- tiona of the exceffive fatigue and violent ezerciiei thef expofe themfelves to from their infiuicy» bcfcre thty have fiifficieaillrength to fopport them. Butthe4i(iBprdcf to which they are moft fubfsft, is the pleurify { fctthe removal of which, they apply their grand itoMiir iriad ppefcrralive agiinft the- getteraUty oi their cofl^Miats^ fwealiag^ The mmmtrJn vduch thrr conftnift their ftovea for this pwrpofe is at follows : jThey fix feveral finail rfiVt ialii>pi»ii»ti» tops oTIahich they twift ^flftdier. Sm'mumimm, %. vatimda : this fraaia they ooiSr wiiji ^« iai they kr thtmw^fM fti^iMi "wtefi* c A R v^E R*f *r R Af V ifi;^ jjatyi'ti^ lUe. air if kc^ frMi tiattfjiig tliroti|h wof tnpnee i • baa& fy»c€ bcin|^ only left* jSSt fuffietent to lA^efep in at, tHudi it immediaidy- after doled. In the nmat of dua confined building thef place ted hoc ftoaob M wMch tlirf pour water till a fleam arifet that ^itMhieet a xMnit degree of heat. Thii caoiet an inftantaneout perfpiration, whidi they increafe at tliey plei^. Ha^f^g conttnucd in it for feme tune, they imnnediately haften to the neareft ftream> and plunge into the water ; and, after bathing therein for dtoot half a mindte» ^hey put on their dotne8> fit down and finoke with great oompofure, thoroughly perfuaded diat the nnnedy will prove efficacious. They often make life of thit fudoriferoua method to refifcih therofelves, or to prepare their mindt for the mmageinenl of any bufi- pm that requiret uncommon delibenuion and fagacity.. They are likewife afflicted with the drq>fy vid pa- liiytk140Bq)laintt» whidi, howerer, are hut very feldilii iiwllti amoBg than. As a remedy for thcfe as w!|||at IWicvcrt they make ufe of lotiont and decodiaiit* otbi^ piled of hierb% wfaich the phyfidant know perfodlf well Iww to compound and apply. But they never ttvilAo medicines done ; they dwayt have recoanie like* Hfifc to hne fuperftitiout ceromoniet, without whiob' d^ patient* would not think the pfayficd preparataont MMMNmiy powcnui. With equd judgment they make ufe of fiaiplet finr the timt df woundt, fraduret, or bruifet ) and are able to OMlraA by thefe« without incifion, ^plmtcrtv koUf or any other fcirt of matter by which the wound it cadcd. Jm "eurea of thit kind they are extremely dextrout» and cttMpltte them in modi le£r time than anight be ciqK^ f^moA'thdr mode of jproeeedintf. 'Wkk the Ion of a fiiak<« which thole raptilea ann»^ a% fliei they wiBalfo exttoft fpkntert. It W imasinf to. fee the fudden efficacy of thit application, aotarith- jawtfug than deet oot appnn- to be the kdk nottore ffiiiintiir hi it. It htwlaig beeit a.ii^ ^ di^y^ o»^iijq|.<^ ^ ^'^HSf ^indcdded ; 't» gne fonie dncidatMBito k I /hall ramaiiik that M I codd not difcover the kaft tracct amoKg tht Nmidowd&tt, with whom I refidedloiigf and^wii Hlfo iafocttd^tht it was yet unknown among the JDMrc^wcft^ cm nationa», I Aink I may venture tp pronoiIMM Akal it ha4noc'itaqngin in North-Amccka. Tkfi(tjnMm that ha*e any communicatioi widi the Eumpenilr ^ the ibttthem tribei, are greatly afflided with iti Jwi they have aB of them acquired a knowledge of iuoli certain and expeditious reniedie«» that the comm«nMa|^ on i»not attended with any dangevoua orafequeiipfk^ifi Soon after I fet out on my iraTeltt one of tke tnlt ders whom I accompanied, tiomplained of a ytolenlg^ norchmay with aU iu idartiimg fymptwna t. tJbUmnmi to fuch a degree, that >l»y thstime we Imd.^ltMMi the «m(Hi of tie WinnebagocH he wat unaMe tQ:tt««el» living made kiatomplaittt. known to onctO^lkMhWi oii|n% tribe, he told iiim not to.be mmSfwi^vM w3KeQgag«that by foUowingliii idfioe, be AMUld^ aUe in a few daya to puifue taift jo«me;p» imd Ja^lnlr tk longer time be entirely free fifom hit diMkr., ^w The chiff M kio iboner^ud this than be prQM««f for bam a decoaion of the bark of the rooU. i^^ prick^ «fli, a tree fcaroely known in Engknd, biit^^cb grows in great pknty throughout North*AiMr¥)i| Iv the uk 4^ which, in a few daya he was greatly fffpofer* ed, and bATing received direaions bow to preyiite^j^ in a. fortnight after his departure from tbi« pliUPt p«c^ ccived that he was radically cured. If firtmi esceffive cxercite, or the extreme of beat, or cobU they ^•re affeded with patns Itk their limbs or joints, th«y fcarify the paru affed^d. Thofc miqm whu^b^vc «• notmsmcfi witk £uropea«s do tbii wi^ # fluuf^ ftatiaad^il i^focpiifiM to €k l9tbQW^»e ipoifit tbeybpve the daxterky to brin^ tbe«i|,,» knc^, feaMy exceed io>4b«piiek the iaAnMM«Mi t|bcy - r ^ll^.M««r im ^j^onvinced • pMripf^ i«^ .vfb^ kN jgfiilg^jto wkia, b^ a/Si OilftVEK't TRArttSL mmmumkm toit I tod during d^mmmornKk^fkit mkfiart th€^y6tAH» vdiifiM liii fnAmt no ^oft «€ igiddllist he it dofirous of. ^'^iMir'dodort mrrnot only-fuppdied toli!<^iEiikd in tlic fiwilcal tmtBueiit of difeafei ; but the cott^MAon feo^ Mevfrtkit by the ceremony of the OtMe^ui nSuAf flMld»«fe o^ M before deicribed, they Hit iMe to fhim IttciiftK^w 4ofli the Spirits, of the canfe of the com- fidati with which they •!« ifiHdcd, uid nv thereby tfce better CMiMed to find remediet for them. They m- 9imr foncthia^ AiperMtund in aU thehr d^ctfet* tad the ^byfie admuiAered muft inttriably be aided by flaawiiBin aliek perfoa landei that hit dHbrder arifei ftMaivMMMfti ialhitciieiiie^hyfidaaerjiittkrit ■iifflktili who, after ibc oiiial ptepannwas, gRea hii aytaioB oa tlie ftatc of the difeafe, and frequei^ fiadi MMrawaall«a» aM ^ «iperieBoe, which they aaqdre by «a iaddfati- gibfe atteation to their operationt. ^iht Mhwriag ftory^ which I reoeived firoaa a pcrfea tf unioabted iStdk, provca that the Indiaaa are aot oair ibie to lealbn with great acotencft on the caiifet and fymptorat of many S the difordert which are at- tendant OB boman nature, but to ap]^ with equal jadg- ment proper remedies. Jn I'diobfeot, a fettkment in the province of Mafh, hi the aorth-eaii parts of New-England, the wife of a foldier was taken in hibor, and notwithikanding eriir aecefiary affiianee was ffiven her, coald not bci ^itXittr' cd* In this fituataoa %e faanhMd fir two er tfarei diyst the perfdBs aroaadher e«M6king that tba actt pwy awidd pirt aa end to h&r tiifteacc* An ladian wa«uui» who accideataly piM Vyt law>< lAw Miaa of tbt aahappy faffaiai^ wA aaqihrii'^Ki ^w. %•*' C A It V E R » # T RAVE L S. ^ U^nfimMB^ tlMt if fte a%bt ^ pemktei «^ fee te per(bo» (he did not doubt btii that Ihe codld bc'of gretl fervice to Imt. The fufgcon that had attended, and the midwife who vru then prcfent* having given up evocy hope iif ]MKfeNt ii^ thek' paticiitt the Indian woman was dkiwcd tot mSkc ufe of any methodi flie thought proper. Sk^^wtfi cofdinglf took a famn&eirchid^ and bouad^ tight i^wif the nofe ,and mouth of thrwonHUi : tiiit imfiiediaMlfi brought on a fuffacatton y aad from the ftraggka lliat confequently enfuedt Ihe waa in a few fecondi deliverai^ The moment tfab wat atdnevtdi. and: time caowgh l» prevent any fetal effed, the haadiBcachaef wm takim oC- The Inag fiiftiing patieaft thilfl hnppflf Rheved^lMi her foim^ £m after perfedlyiveamved^ to theiAaaiiMMVMft of all thofe who hadheca witnafctoJierdaftKTaiit 6» tuatioa* • . 5 ;' i,L ■■ ■-' I ^' ■. The reafon given- by the Indian fat thii fcawwiywi' meted of pwwediay- wai^ that deiperafee iitfotdcinii^ qaire defpente rcmediea ; that aa fee ohferved the caer^ tiona^of natoM were not fnflicicatly fotibic to cAtOi ihr defend ooafecpiencet fee thouffht it aeceffilry to a^fi» meat their foroo^ which oonld ^only be liair by feinr mode that waa viokat in the extriaife. CHAPTER XV. 0£ttbe Manner in which they treat dieif Dead. AN Indian neetadeath whe» it ipprMChti hfei iii' hfe hat, iridi the feaie rcfohilioii be feM dtaea feeed hha Ml tho fidd. i&HM»fer«aor idMifrt> putiilai to ahiwft amy adMraadoBf feliiily ijiii. tfkkk HiM hfe feu M pMaiuMti%f tit fifjililly M ilk mMmmhngeimeuuiny W kunngMt^dKlle iNnit luiii with tbe |ri«iieft coaipofiii^ m^^ftuir If he is a cHief and hn a family, he m«ket a kind of ftAenrf onition» wfaidihe concwdes by giving to his dilditn foch advice for the r^idation of thdr condo^^ ii' Hi thtiiks neceffiiry. He then takes leave of his IHtnd^ andv ^oes but orders for the pneparatioa of a IM| ^#l»kb ii>^ se|ale the£e eir hia tr9x tiMt (|^ to'pabtsounce hia ctdogiuin. ^ Jkfter the hrrath is departed, the body is dreffed in die fame attire k nfuiitt^. wore whilft ltviog» ihis face is ^ntidy and he foaled 'm< an ereA pofture on a mat or lldn, pfaaed in the middk of the hutf witii his weapons by hss'fid^i His. rdattosn b0tn§ foaiiejiswyi^ each -hi- lM^|iiii nttiini the deeeafodf »i^ il hiq hasi>c«a a great liiirniw^ fecimmts his heroio aAiot^svaiailf to the foDosr- ing purpdrt, which in the Indian kngiiage is extreme- ^7]Metiedlandpieidin|^:> I - ?.r -^'i^ -.;'<: yi .-i . -^^v^tnMi&tmsotkgmt Brothei^ yoisr|»erfon Mlidaf **'il»' iifoal idTembhiace, and continiMs fonibr to oius^ «*lllridiolitai^iiufibk deficiency »^^n that it Ims loft l^^ndK ptywcf! of a^knii Bot'whithcr is that, heotth ^'ftiwf^ wliieh aifo#.«hoiiia.ag6 |i*l|,jNi> (^^* A^ft«a|c4 by tM w^^wt boft thee «^i1l*3ft 4iviigi^iar.|WiFf 4^^ |0ilpd«r,4fi^ (h9e tlie «*rWBf(ft olTOBdiifc jt is^in o«#pi^i|Br ^ Jteftif : *f Jbtt thy body i^gbt i^ Ge jM^cacd m 4lNiW»» ** "and CARVElt'i TRAVELS. tof *i aftd bteonc a, prey to the beafti of the ficld» or the ** fowb of the aiTf we will take care to lay it with thofe ^ of thypredeceifertwho are gone before thee; hoping *< at the iame time, that thy $irit will feed with their « ipiritty and be ready to receive ours* when we alfo ** ftuJl arrive at the neat Country of Souls." In Ihort fpeeches lomewhat fimilar to this docs every chief ^peak the praifes of his departed friend. When they have fo done, if they happen to be at a great diP' tance from the ]^ce of interment, i^pnq>riated to their t^be, and the perfon dies during Uie winter feafon, they wrap the body in flcina, and lay it on a high ftage built for this pnrpole, or on the branches of a large tree, till thie fpring arrivca. "Hiey then, after the manner defcribed ia my joomal, carry it, together with all thofe bdoi^p* ing to the (a^e nation, to the general burial-place, where it is interred with fome other ceremonies that I ^oM not difcover. . ■ ■ ^ When the Naudoweffies bronght their dead fat inter- ment to the ^p^t cave, I attempted to get an infight into the xcflRMimng bnridi ritet ; but whether k wai^tMli Kcoitnt of the ftench which arofe from to many bo^j^e^ the weather being then hot, or whether they chofe^ta keep this part of their cuftoms feciet from me, 1 '^nid not difeoteri I found, however, that diey confidared my curidity as iU-timed, and therefore I withdrew. After the interment, the band to which the perfon belongs, take care to fix near the place fuch hierogly- phics as (hall fhew to future ages his merit and accom- pHfhments. If any of thcie peo]Je die in the fummer, at a diftance from the bunring-ground, and they find it ilnpoffible to remove the body before it putrefies,' they bnra the flefti from the bones, and preferving the latte% bttiy them in the manner defcribed* ' At the Indians believe that the fouls of the deceafrd. employ themfclves in the fame manner in the cowitrr ^riT fpiriti, at they did on earth, that they acquire tlkir &ed by hunting, and have there, alfo, enemies to I withi i^mnkt care that they do not enter thofr .^ defeaeeyi laftdanpmnded : they confanmntly bwy .„ ith«i^^bl% Iwwai Atk irrows, and lU tl« other wc«'* T ^ pons 40^ CARVER'S TRAVELS. |Mi^ ufcd either in huntin'g or war. Ai they 4oiil»t not li^ they will likewife have occafion both for the nccef- ikrtes of life, and thofe things they ^fteem as ornaments, they nfoally depofit in their tombs fuch (kins or ftufis as they commonly made their garments of, d to occafion &c 4til^ of the fisher. The woman, who had hitherto been inconfolable, no fooner faw her huihaqd expire, diat file dried up her tears, and appeared cheerful and fefigncd. As I knew not how to account for fo eitraordinary | a tranfition, I took an opportunity to aflc her the rea- Xon of it ; tdling her at the fiune tim#, d^t I fliouldj have imagined the k>is of her hufiNuid would rather have 4iQeafioned an increafe of grief, than fudi. a iiiddai di- a^itttknofit. , : 8bt informed me, that as the ckSd wanHfttung ^ itoftit died, and unabk to tixmttk&i^m^ifmmmm ofl i^tt,boih flie and her hoibaadhad^ao ipitjiiiiH^li Aat I iu fititfUidB wodd ba hr from hmp iebiiti»%ip^ which is imphmted either by natlife orjpiftoiii^ every human heart, ftill lurked in hem Ii^^larved th^ (he went almoft every evening to the foo<^ the tree». on a bilnch of which the bodies of hei^ Knflwind ay child were laid, and afker. cutting off a lod^^f her h9ir«. and' throwing it on the ground, in a p]atotive> melajl* choly fong bemoaned its fate. A recapitulation of tEe anions he might have performed, had ms life been /par- ed, appeared to be her. favorite theme; and whp^ (hej foretold the fame that would have attended an imitati- on of his father's virtues, her grief feemed to be fuf- pended t>-^^r- * . ** If thou hadft continued with us, my dear Soil,'* ' would (he cry, ** how well would the bow have becodie* ** dif hand, and how fatal would thy arrowi |»v« ** ed to the enemies of our bands. Thou w' '* ** ten htfft drank their blood, and eaten their <* numctc^ (hnres would have rewarded thy totlii ** a netrfaiiil a;^ waiddft thoa bive (eised the woua^ •* hiiii6Sk%0r hM^' combated the f ury ol tW ^'^j^pil aft tne- •npoyr ■m spa CARVER*! rVLAV.WhS. ** flccteft deer. What feats mighteft thou not luivc pcr- **^ formed, Kadft thoo fttid amooff ut till age had given <* thee ftren^th, and th^ fiitfaer had inftnuoed thee in f , every Indian accomphihment ! " In terms like thefe ' did {his untutored (avage hewail the Io(s of her fon, and frequently would (he pais the greateft part of the night in the anedionate employ. The Indians in general ait very ftrift in the bbferv- ance of their laws relative to mourning for their dead. In fome nations they cot off their hair, blacken their faces, and fit in an ered pofture, with their heads clofe* ly covered, and depriving themfelves of every plealurn> This feverity is continued fbr feveral months, and' with fome relaxations the appearance is fometimes kept up for feveral years. I was told that when the Naudo* weiEes recoUe^ed any incidents of the Hves of their de- ceafed relations, even after an interval often yean^ they would howl fo as to be heard at a great diftance. Thrjf' would fometimes continue this proof of refpe^ and af* fedicm for feveral hours ; and if it happened that the thought occunred, and the noife was begun tovrairds the evening, thofe of their tribe, who are at hand would join with them. • *■ CHAPTER XVL- A concife Chara£ler of the Ipdians. nr^E chara^ler of the Indians, like thpt of other X uncivilized nations, is compofed of a mikturt of feroqty and gentlenefs. They are at once guided by paffic^s and appetites, which they hold in comihon with the fic/teft beafts that inhabit their vroods, and are pof- fefled of virtues which do honor to hums« nature. In the, following eilimate I fliatt endeavor to forget on the one hand the pre|udices of £|irm>eans» vrho mvm&T anneE to the word ladtaa^ cpithcti m are iUK^m tc^. t» CARVER't TRAVEL^i to liitgltfi ifttnre» m^ i»*o vitw them in no _ thin at fiivaget jn|^fe«anil>a]s i whflft with equal cure I - avoid any ^artiafity Wirdt them, at fome ilioll nablral* \f ariie from thj^ f^orable reception I met with dortilg my ftay among them. - ' At the fame time I ihall confine mjr remarks to the nations inhabiting only the wcfteni regions, fuch as the Naudoweffies, the Ottagaumics, the Chipdways, tht WinnebagOes, and the Saukies; fur as throughout that* diverlity of climates^ the extenfive continent of Ameri- • ca is compofed of, there are people of different di^o-^ fitions and various charaAers, it would be incompatible with my prefent undertaking" to treat of all thefe^ and to give a general view of them as a conjunctive body* • That the Indians are of a cruel, revengeful, inexora- - We difpofition, that they will watch whole days unmind- ful of die cdls of nature, and nudce their way through'. pathlefs, and almoft unbounded woods, fubiU^ing omy > on Uie icanty produce of them, to purfue and revenge themiielves of an enemy ; that they hear unmoved the?' pieiting cries of fuch as unhappily fall into their hands, and receive a diabolical pleafure from the tortures they in« ■ flia on their prifoners, I readily ^rant ; but let us loot^ on the reverfe of this terrifying pi6ture, and we (hall find them temperate both in their diet r;nd potations (it mtift be remembered that I fpeak of thofe tribes who have - little communioitinn with Europeans) that the^ with- ftand, with unexampled patience, the attackf of hunger, • or the inclemency of the feafons, and efteem the grati- ^ fication of their appetites but as a fecondary conftde- ration. We ihall likewtfe fee them focial and humane to thofe : whoip tSey £onfider as^ their >friends> and even to their adopted enemies ; and ready to partake with them of the<. kll morf^f or to riik their lives in their defence* . In jcpn^adi^ion to the report of many other travel- lers, all of which have been tinduml with prejudice, I can i^fert«~that notiwithftandingrthe ajyparent indiffer- ence,with which an Indian meets his wife and cbiklren'' aftcie Ajpf^ «bfirace^ lin indtfferei^ce jnjoceed^ ralher, %qHI iw^ciilt tllin tofieaSlnlity, he it not ujaauadfu] of ^ T a. the . Jio ,CAR.VER'i TRAVELS. the claiAls either of connubial or parental tenderneft^ the little ftory I hare introduced in the preceding chap- ter, of the Nauddwreflie woman lamenting her child, and the immature death of the father, will elucidate this point, and enforce the aflertion much better than the moft ftudied arguments I can make ufe of. Accuftomed from their youth to innumeraUe hard- fliips, they foon become fuperior to a fenfe of danger, or the dread of death ; and their fortitude, implanted by nature, and nurtured by example, by precept and ac- cident, never experiences a moment's allay. ,« Though flothful and ina^ive whilft their ftore of provifion remains unexhaufted, and their foes are atW diftance, they are indefatigable and perfevering in pur- fuit of their game, or in circumventing their enemies. If they are artful and defigning, and ready to take every advantage, if they are cool and delibeiate in thgir c^ncili, and cautious in the extreme either of difcover- iog their fentiments, or of revealing a fecret, they might at the fame time boail of poflcmng qualifications of a more animated natvre, of the facacity of a hound, the penetrating fight of a lynx, the cunmng of the fox, the •gility of a bounding roe, aud the unconquerable fieroc- neft of the tiger. In their public charadlers, as forming part of a csom- nrnoity, they poflcfs an attachment for that band to ^ which they belonji, unknown to the inhabitantt of any other country. They combine, as if they were a&u- •ted only by one foul, againli the enemies of their na- tion, and banifli from their minds every confideration iMofed to this. llicy confult without unnecefluy-oppofition, or with- out giving way to the excitements of envy or finbition, CUB the meafures neccffary to be purfued for the deflnic- tioD of thofc who have drawn on themfelvcs their dif* pleafure. No feUifh views ever influence their adfke, or obftruA their confultationt. Nor it it in the power of bribes or threats to dimiuifli the love they bdurlbcir country. " Tbc honor of tlieir tribe, and tlM wcUafC 0# llMir ««- tioni tt the firft |od rooft predonuMWt mMmMMt kmui CARVER'S TRAVELS. »i% hearts ; and from hence proceed in a fpetat meafure all their virtues and their vices. A£hiated by this, Uiey brave every danger, endure the moil exquifite torments* and expire triumphing in their fortitude, not as a per- fonal qualification, but as a national charafleriftic. From thefe alfo flow that infatiabic revei^ towards thofe with whom they are at war, and all the confequent horrors that difgrace their name. Their uncultivated mind being incapable of judging of the propriety of an aftion, in oppofition to their pailions, wbich are totally infenfible to the controls of reafon or humanity, they know not how to keep their fury within any boundsy and confequently that couiage and refolution, which would otherwife do them honor, degenerates into a fa- vage ferocity. / But this fhort diflertation muft fuifice: the limttsof 1^ work win not permit me to treat the fubiea mtitt cofiouiijf or to purfue it with a kgical regvbunty. Hie obfenrauons already made by my readers on the proced- >ng pages, will, I truft, render it unneceflary; as by them they will be enabled to form a tolerably jaft Idfa of the people I have been defcribing. Experience tfilik* es, that anecdotes, and rchttions of particubr ev«iiB^ however trifling they might appear, enable us to form a truer judgment of the manners and cuftoms ol a peo- ple, and are much mure declaratory of thetr real ftatei than t|ie osoft ftudied and claboratt difquiiitk>n| wiU|% out thdc aids. ^ « CHAPTER XVII. Of their Language, Hieroglyphics^ tstc. TH M |>rin«ipil UmmMes of the natives of North- ^^ Anerica nay ^ wnStd into lour dafles» m dicy of fiicb as ttfi made ufe of by the natbas el ib« teiijpiij UiiP»<< dK caft«rn pwttoi k, tk« Oiipdwiiys -"*#'^ - . or itj C A R V tK'^ ,T R.A y E L S. or AlgonkiAs to the north-weft, the Naudoweffiet to tlit weft, and the Cherokees, Chicktfiiwt, &c. to the fouth. One or other of thefe four are ufed bf all the Indiaii9 lit the parts that lie between the coaft of La- th, the Florida fouth,. the Atlantic Ocean eaft, . as we can judge from the difcoveries hitherto Pacific Ocean on the weft. jpip^ an thefe, theChip^wav tongue appears to he tht linoflt pfevaiKng; it being held in fuch eileem, that the cbieis^f every tribe, dwelling about the great lakes, or to the weftward of thdfe oh the banks of the Mifliiiip- pi, with thofe as far fouth as the Ohio, and as far north as ^ttdfon^s Bay, confifting of more than thirty dif-i ftrent- tribes, fyeak this language alone in their coun- c&» notwithftanding each has a peculiar one of their-' it wilt probably in time become univerfal among all th«t I)|dbn nations, as none of them attempt to make ea- ^tti^NNis to any great diftance, or are confidcred as quali- fied to carry on anf negotiation with a diftant band, - ualels they have aoquired the Chip^vray tongue. At prefent, befides the Chip^ways, to whom it is na« tural^ ^e Ottawawy, the Saulues, the Ottagaumies, tbe> Xpiftttoes* the Nipcgoos, the bands: about Lake Lc Plc^l^ and the renuuns of the Algonkins, or Gens de< Ti^t, iB converfc' in it, with fome little variation of diil^'^ bat whether it be natural to thofe nati» Bounce, and much more, copioui than any olAer Indiaa AnEcIndiantwtinCiqutuitcdiMtbthe piiie«fts, or with the fdcncck Mii at they afe alfo ftumpvi^ cMfttony, or €OfBfthittt» thcaf iimhir hive aat sifii •aidtaity oiwiS^ikmwA to mUOkti^M^ CARVERU TRAji^ELS. sif courfe. Plain and unpoliihed in their maoBerSi they only make ufe of fuch at fcrre to denominate the nccei- fanes or conveniences of life, and to exprefs their wantt» which in a ftate of nature can be but few. I have annexed hereto a fliort vocabukry c^ the Chm^way kinguage, and another of that of the 'Naudo- wemes, but am not able to reduce them to the rules •f grammar. The latter is fpoken in a foft accent, without any guttural founds, fo that it may be learnt with facility* and is not difficult either to be pronounced or written. It is nearly as copious and expreffive as the Chip^way tongue, and is the moft prevailing language of any on the weftem banks of the Miffiifippi; being in ufe, ac- cording to their account, among all the nations that lie to the north of the Meiforie, and eiLtend as far weft aa the fliores of the Pacific Ocean. As the Indians are not acquainted with letters, it is very difficult to convey with predfion the exaft ibimd of their wo^pds; I have hov.'ver endeavored to write them as near to the manner in which they expre£fed,ais fuch an uncertain mode will admit of. Although the Indians cannot communicate their idcM by writing, jct they form certain hieroglyphics* which^ in Ibme meafure* fcrve to perpetuate any extrtordinary tianfaAion, or uncommon event. TKus wheii they wte on their excurfions, an^ either intend to proceed, or have been on any renuurkable enterprife, they peel the bark fnom the trees which lie in their way, to'gire intelligence to thofe parties that happen to be at a diftaat^i of . the path thf7 muft purfue to overtake theai. The following inftance will convey a more pcrfe^^ idet of the methods they make ufe, of on this ocoifiont thaa any expreffions I can frame. When I left the Mtffiffippi, and proceeded op the Chl|^way River," in my way to Lake Superior, as reht- ed in my Joomal* my guide, who was a chief of the Chmtfwayt that direli on the Ottiwaw Bd^ near ^e heMt of the river we hadjaft entered, leving th«t fbme putfat'ol ite NiidBweflies* wtth irimi his iMHion arf pnpetml^ v .':•*■;• "J.. .# F****„ i|t^ CARVBR%TRA VELS. psd^txuUlkf St wtr» miglit tccidcataOy fiJl in with im, •Qo^^efere they were apprifed or mv being in company, do w ibme miidbief* he took the tbUowing iUpt: • He peeled the bark from a hu^ tree, near the en- tnuice of a ritcr, and wit* wood-coal, mixed with bear's fi^, their ufual fubftitnt^ for ink, made in an un- OO^ii'li«t expreffive manner, the fieure of the town of thil Ottigflttmies. He then formed to the left a man dfcied in Acins, hy which he intended to feprefcnt a Niudoweflie, with a line drawn from his mm aailiier; b«il never oould obHarve any oth^ aims among ttiem tlMBi the (yaaboli ah^ d^oibed. v< A^jbart 184* f' 'T CARVEIl'i tt^^V^LJ. 1*1 A flioit V o c A B u LA R V of thc Gh!p^|ray Language. „^'-'! ' #.*■ JV. il. This people do not make uTe other of the confonants F. or F.^- A. ABOVE Abaodon Admirable / Afterwrirdi M Always Amifi Arrive ;Axe Aflies Affift B. Ban Bag • 0r tobacoo-pottch Bvtel Baat Bear Biar» a youi^ «ai Beaver Bcaver't flcm Bc»ortobe Beawl BHitve optmUUt *,, *-p MmAmak AmB JuSmS -,? M Mf ,» % ■» C4#^*»^ TEAVELS. M. M»4 Bottle Bfotlier Brtndf or Run 1^ . — jf..- Cliier» • Cmirf Qm^ir €3iildre9 Coot Cold. I am Cone OB Comtto Connide wVh* Cora |3oivcnng» or « Blanket Comtry Coiin^ Cup Sbj/heg9 htiemuut Samawawbah ttRfcmtfah Wdkach Oumam Pdom Ktiakb Mefpa Pemotehti NHtbH TaUmmH IT; ™ Ommgm Die, to Hcvaorcvfl Zte • •> ^ =3*. Bone, it it don! "^ Do i't'. Doubtlefs Drdt the kettle Drink Drunken Duck OtUclatcmiab PoKiwak} Mimkwah (hS/fmOk) Cbickhip $: Earth Eat Each Engliih loal, or aHke Efteem .Eyek A } ■ P^gii MimiKc TawKpwteh Naftfpaelima^it J'aft FaU Far off Fat Friend Father Few, or little Fatigued Pliid fown Fire Fire,toftrate Find r4k Fork FciilBcrly Fort •^-^^ Fommrd ''^ fmcn p,to hard ^!^ .Mi: V Wanehk Poitimm ThmUee Taukwjp Scutta ScutteJke NtuOmtnaiuaw Kiekgn Pirwego fyakmgon Nopawink i; -ti;.?-! 'X'X Fun Pufec or Gun kii'ii tm^iirs&& Cody or the Gra^ S|iirit Co by water M v cSi CUiifty a mirror ■^^^ Good --r> '' '^j^ Good for nothing ."^v'"' Govern ■., .v.'', "* General, or Commf|n 7 tier in Chief A 3 "Grapes . great T'-.^ ■ '^ ■ reedy Cuts H JOtca Manitom £ ' i ■ Pimmijaiw i fwttVfOtlHO dmlaieb , . Malatal TUarimamf t / KiicbiOkimaw :i^'m^ Smhtgamjb SUamm ' i.r'i Mmuaw Saw/awiiffi OHw^ • WoWp09t JIHiBeoewah 'M' "^fi Spammkakmim MmA L.. C^J^^ H^f T1kA^.%UB^ t49k Indiam Iron Ifland ^ Immediately Indian Com Intirrly Impoftor Itnigiiftbero K mak im^orCliieT Knife that it ctooluid Kaoir f/lm Afm'u mbakb JkHtiawmm Nawpiub Tmmmmhm AeSihmt Ohtmaw Gtmwenmtm, MnACmVMM CooUnugou Tiukinmamf •i ;«.,.■ WilM X4uudi UoBf Murfince Atr- r P^igan Tmvm^e Paehngo Phuio Peeaco^bif Saw&ra WW 9991*19 w ■■■«:, ■■i' Qukk • TR^VEX^S. Kigtid •wk Regird Red Rdfolve Rdldon Refpea Rain Robe River Run, tOi ...'j. fFawlemo Mifevw rie&idm )V Tawiawmca Kimmewan JHUdeiot SiMi* SmI Baekf or Bag Sea, or large X^dusv / i^oes Ship, or large Canoi^. i Sony ^ Spirit ^o;dn ': Star Steal Stockiagt \ Strong ^ufgeon : Sua Sword v ^uprtfiog 'Sec. - Skce .rr U a Pi Mi '■.7j ;4 • f r talM "**■ ^ c A R^i i^i rmiwm^m^ tfr Take Teeth That Tfcerc Hiit Truly TMrether Tobacco Tongue Tired Too little ^ Too much lluuik yot» * ^ To-morrow v. ^ To^monrow the «Uy after •-^-■■= W wan ion Water War w«r Weflthcnr* > Wljftitthatf" ^#hat now? • Wlfee -'^ Whine White Who li there? Wind Wmer yffaaaok Wood Wotf Emaimdab TMU Manubab WatfaudM Mamdah KiHt Ma'ttrnwumtee Semau Outon Tafukonfie Ofaummaupt Offenmg megwatch Oufwawhmb yuM; .-.\ 0;;a SemauvMumfh ma Mickm -^ aumppi Tab Waubf ^uagon'u MaM^P' Loutim J Jclwee MkHe -F? ';'■','»'' Yefterday Young *lf«-_ ■ * FacbUnt!^ H^im90» ■mr ., Tht .■Q.f. The Numerical Terms of the Chip^ways One Two Three Fqut FJte Six Sereti Eight Nine Ten Eleven Twenty Thirty Forty Fifty Sixty Seventy Eighty Nitt<^ Hundred Thottfand )\' .."-1 Pa/bik Nuwb * Nlffim Ntau > Naran >x'i.^\) Nmgimttuql[ou Nituhowi NWowaffou Soongtyfou Miitttuffou Pa/bik Nincbtawnamf I^ffim JHHuknutunv Nmu Mktaninuno Naran Mittaionaw ''^ « Nmgoutwqfou Mitumiaw Ninebi»wSm MaumiiAw N'^omqfiu Mimwmik Smmgijpm MiUattmaw Mhtaufint Mittavmaw JJMrmm0im Mittmgm Mittawnaw '<» i ,^ j-Ji; fjl ; » -I A fhort Vt^^lfl^iikRv of thri&aitoitifie 'Language. ' -^ ( Axe Beaver BwSiuo a « jf/hpaau Cba*a^mk Ta r ■'••«' ,» J\t' Good Ooiwiy God, or the Gftat Spirit Gun Great r ■■ -1^ - -«^t^ to r3& Nookak 99M -• # olgiia^' OuA AuMyeb Afamwab TMyw 1.. r.' .'-.»" .or. ' , 'iiu.hi u :"^ r J cmmmMm^tfr: aiMT^iiiirl H ' ' i Hot Horfe Hoine» or Hottfe Kctven doQcftiG NMiaAen Slmeitiigo Shuab Taktt WfflkabTt^ Iron If or me I King, or Chief 0^ *. U Little Long X«OVf 7^ M ^fc , * .■ . ^'/ ^ Much More Moos Mbiidi Medd Mine WSk OKe» Owed Eth MwuA(M» MfwA ' N r * » Ho ^. iKg^ -q. .1 11 ■«■• f^ * O I Qkl -jf. of PMce 1% 8 8wB ff "i"'''" Water ■-* "k ra ■ XiflMKt OwAJUmik Mtmmmbupah Mmii 9meah _mi^- PmUk W,Jm s> » W tv- lis* c A m V « m^t T m jup^ * j# a^ I Mmtk IMhit ' ' . Tiiwjfi .... 1¥lio is tlicrc 2 T0wndmbif 111 fcj. You Young Yovarei^ood Youafe a Spirit ' «- - You are my Mod Friend irii»i6 AiteiMwil Ck» NoGood . He^tbWts/kab ' Cbet if .V ThcN! One Two Three Four Five Six Scren Eight Niae 'Ten Eleven Twenty Thfrty y-wmvf- Scvfnty Eiglity rnncty i|P4Kd .. , rf.- !'i al Terms of the Ijlai ikf. ' ■\^.9i iiAvt '^f' H SamiMttee oMnvrapnr ir^farimiyipay Ta To Tothit l^htr thafe awii^ the vapon^ antf diQptrie the clouds. Great Spirit, give me fuccefs. And when the fun is gone* fend me, oh moon, light fufficiifiC to guide me with Safety back to my tent loadcn with deer 1 thc^ CHAPTER XVIU. Of the Bffli^ J^rds, Fifhe^, Reptiles; ^d Infe^b) which lye found in the interior f^ d No^h-America. Ci|V tbffe Iftdl, in the firft pUce, give a catdbgue, y -Mbd tftejkwirdf i^efcription of fuch onljf as aae ctdtf^ Jiicultar to ihit cbuntry, or which differ hi. fiimc 'flli^Wriil powt M»thtfe that are to be met with in Of THE BEASTS. 't' ^.iil^,mM*^9 Wolvct» FoKcs, D«|i^iiifciCtt sCthe MountaiB, th« WaU Cat, the BuffiOo, fimDm* ^Se the JElki iIk Moofet tbe C«RfbpQ» the CaroBJfMK Uie SkttiMC^ tbe Farcupine,. the. Hedge-hog, the Wood- dioclcy the Rmoi|ni» the Mnrtca, the FUhcr, the Muik- ;|i»lh» Sauugrekt HaK% Rabl^ thr Mole, the Wea- el» the Sfottfc, the Dormoufe, the Beiver, the Ottert the Mink, and fiats. Thf T I G £ R. The Tiger of America r^iemfalet in fliaj^ thofe of Africa and Afia, but is coofiderabif fmaller. Nor does it appear to he fo fierce and ravenous as they •!«»< The color of it » a darksfli faOow, and It is ci^if^y IWe from fpots. I (aw one oa aa iHand ki the "Chqi^wagr ftiver* of which I had a very good vie«r» as it was at no great diflance from me. It iat up on its hinder parti like a dog i. and did not feem eidier to be ^l^prehenihre of our af^roadi, or to daiieovar any in|* venous iacUnatioas. It is however very feMom to '%t met wkh in this part of the worki. l%e BEAR. Bears are very numerous on this coa« tincat, but more par&ulariy *(a in the northern patt8«f it> and contribute to furnifli both food and beds fbr^ij* moft every Indian nation. Thofe of Anuerica diilaf in many nefpeds from thofe either of Grfenhind or RuMa^ they|>eing not only fomewhat fmaUer, but timorous an4f^iM>ff(ofi^» unleis they are pinched by hoager,, or fnuiirtsng from a wound. The ueht of a man tenulp^ th«ilM illlif* doff wtU put fcveraf to ih'ghc.' They ire exH^emdf' fend or gn^ies, and will diiMi to the twn €bw% the entrMjcajf iibjlllilj iftp np withhiwches»f jr titit lyfaittwSt ihm^ W*im tHefe retreats it it faid they (Ur aut wh^ * X the CARVER'i TRAVILS* £he Weather continues fever^, alfdfllt it itwcH kiown tfiat they do not provide tliai^OOS. Tlie dogs employed by the Indians in huiiting appear to be m of the fame fpecies ) they car- 'Hh(m ears ere(6l, and greatlv fefemble a wolf about «r liead. They are exceedingly ufcful to them in their Itinlinff excurfions, and will attack the fierceft of the |nimc they are in purfuit of. They are alfo remarkable for their fidelity to their mafters; bi!it being ill fed by them, are verv troublefome in their huts or tents. The CAT of the Mountain. This creature it in lhap« like a cat, only much krger. The hur or- fur re- femld«s alfo the flcin of that domeftic animal { the color however differs, for the former is of a reddiA or orange Olft, bt}t grows lighter neir the beBy. The whole Ikm Id be'autified with bhM:k fpbts of different %uics, of ^ich thofe on the back* are long, and thofe^on the imrtr parts round. On the Cirs there are black ftrtpca. Thii tmmt k nearly ai ierc« Ma Woptf^i but wfllfiiimii *Thc *«* CARVEH'i TRAVELS^ »|| J The BUFFALO. Thit bcaft, of whkfe thcw iMMMung^ iHttlibert in thefe parts, is larger tlian an Ql^^il^^ fli^ Wxk horns, with a large beanl iiuder hw diifi, midhii head is fo fuU of hair, that it NIs over his eyes, and gives him a frightful look. There is . a bunch on his back which begins at the haunches, aud inereafing graduaUy to the flioulders, reaches on to the neck. Soth this excrefcen'ce and its whole body are co" vered with long hair, or rather wool, of a dun or mou% colore which is exceedingly valuable, efpecially that on the fore part of the body. Its head is larger than a bull's, with a very fliort neck ; the breaft is broadi an4 the body decreases towards the buttocks. Thefe cre%* tures will run away at the fight of a man, and a wjb^ herd will make off when they perceive a fingle .do|^ The flefh of the buffalo is excellent food, iu hide cxr tremely ufeful, and the hair very proper for the manu-^ fo£lure of various articles. The DEER. There is but out ipecies of deer in North- America, and thefe are higher and ^ a fiimmer make than. 4hofe in Europe. Their fhape is nearly the Dune as the European, their color of a deep fallovir, tujtd their horns very mrge and branching. This beaft i| the' fwifiteft on the American plainsi and they l^rd togcttier as they in other countries. The ELK greatly exceeds the dm m ^Zp, hti^g in bulk equal to a horfe. Its body is (hapi^ Uke ihax. of a deer, only its tail is remarkably fliort, l»eing, not more than three inches long. The cobr of its hair, which is erey, and not luilike that of a earned but of a- more reddifli call, is nearly three inches in length* and •• coatfe at that of a hotfe. The horns of this cr^ture grow to a prodigiou; f»e, extending io wide th^ twa or three perfons might fit between them at the iame tiBit. Thej are not foiked like thofe of a dcer» but have afi ^letr teiKh or branches on the outer edge. Nor djMi the fonamf thofe of the elk refembk a deer's, the foimer being flat, and eight or ten inches broad, where* at fhc hitter are round and confidcrably narrovrer. "Pn^ 'Ibed their horns every yim h ^^ month c^Fe- bi^paf t and by Anguft the new ones are nearly ttrfived il lUir ibtt g(rb«t1i. KotiiOdiiiakig-tlieir llz^ 1^ ^ ibcans of idefence iftt#e lim luniShed tfiem wttli, tl«r irv «i Ufit0roiik it a d^. Their fldii n teiy off fal» iM wa drei» n wdl as thaf of a bttdu ' T^ feed on f rafi in the fumacr, and on mofs or bodt in the win- ter. "The MOOSE it nearly about the fize of^e <&, and the homt of it are almoft 91 enormout as that ani- mtsi^tt the ftein of them, however, it 'not iDpite ifo #ide» and they braneh on both fidea Hke fSkat of a deer^^Thit creature alfo (hedt them «tery- yinnr. Though iti hinder partt are very broad, itt taif it not lAotean inch long. It hat feet and legt like a catmd ; iCt h by hji^ long tat^i • vvitb ijvhich he <;npircles the body dF his a4v^(ary ;ta great diftance from behind^ a fmaS am oJFi water,, of; foittbtile a. nature, and at ^ iapie time of ^.powerful a (mell, that the air is tainted with it for. half a mile in circ^mfiBrcnce ; and his purfti* ei% M^M^t laea m dMp^ being almoft. iuffocated ^h tl^<>4^fQllbtf^.a|re_0biiged to^nv^ over, the pur fait. On thiSja^Me>»n|4»i iacaBcdbytlie Frenchi Enfant cb EH- abl«»th«!|3MUlQ|theDeva{ or B^te Puante« the Stink. . ingtMd^i i^rtf^^a^ft iiapoffibb to defiurtbe the noi- (xi^^fi^ ^^ ^< lio^ >«I9^« ti^kh thjb creatofc it . ' A\ X J . " oa-« ^-^v' 6a your clothe^^ they are rendcfed to ^tfiigreealile thtt tr it iropollible ever after to wear them } or if any of it Ifntert your eyeUdi, the pain becomes iafolerakie for a kMigf time> and perhaps at bft you lofe your fight. The fmell of the (kunk, though thus to be dreaded, is not Kke that of a putrid carcafe, but a ftron^ foetid effluvia of muflt, whidi difpleafes rather from its pra/^tuting pdwer than lirom its naufeoufnefs. It is notwitutaiiding ciiM»(idercd ai conducive to dear the head, and»to raite the fpirits. This water is fuppofed by naturalifts to be fta urine ; but I have diffedled many of them that I liave fhot» and have found within thdr bodies, near the urinal idEel, a fmall receptacle of water, totally diltib£t *irom the- Madder which contained the urine, aud frcm #bfch idM£>4 am (atisfied the horrid ftetich proceeds. Afler having taken out with great care the bag wheirein .tills water » lodged, I have frequently fed on than, and have Ibund th^m very fweet and good ; but one drop emitted, taints not only the carcafe, but the whole hdiiakt and jreodei^ every kind of provifions, that are in l^ilflfit for life. WiUi great juftice therefore do the ;1IFt^^ give it fuch a diabolical name^ The -PO RC U P I N E. The body of an American - pbrctipine n in bulk about the fize of a finattdogi but it ia both (horter in length, and not fo high Mm tht grouad. If varies very miuch ifirom thofe <^ other coun- tries both iu its fhape and the length of its quills. The 'wrmer is like^dia of a fox, except the'head, which is w)(t fo fharp and long, but refembles more that of a nkb- • bit. Its, body % covered with hair of a dark brown^ about lb# ihcnes long, great part of which are the thick- nefs of a^ftraw, and are teilned'its quiUs* Thefe are white, with black pointh» hoHoW^ind very ftrodf, d^e- da% thofe thilt grcyw on the back. The q«iUi|vferve this creature for offenUve and defeitfive ^e«pons, which he dirt» at hia enemies, and if they pfer^ the fldh. in the "leiiil dl%ree, they mil fink quite mto it, and areiiof to •be extnifted without incifion. The Indians life them foi* hamg their ears and nbfes, ib iiifert th^ ptttiintSt ahd'ntro by M^ «f omaihent to their flockk^Mi^ ^«ft^ Mi»*il4»th^fy frieJ^ ^*iA"««^ The CARVElt't TRAVELS: *SI tht WOOD.CH0CX lb m gwai jMiimil «£ th< for kind, about the fise of a maneo^ Mig aeaiijr ^een tnchct long { it» body hoyftrttr k roBBdcr> and bit Icgt (bortcr; the fore>paws o£ it are Uioad^ .>b4 conftrua«l for the purpofe of diggkg b«|et m ^i groUnfl, where it burrows like a rabbit | its ^ k «i a grey color, on the rcddifh caft, and its fle(h tolmbl^ fii«|> Jhe RACOON is fomewhat left in fiac than > bdiKver, «od its feet and kgs artf like thofe^^f^^^^l creature, but fliort in pvopo'rtion to its bodj, which r^ fembies that of a badger, rhe fliape 0 iu head b much like a fox's, only the ea«^ are (horter, mor«--roia|d and naked ; and its hair is alfe fimilar to tbat aniiiiaPf» being thick, kmg, foft, and bhck at the end«. , pa^ fiice there is a broad ftrlpe that runs acroi*it», ^JWr chides the eyes, which are large* Its inuaaUMMip» and at the end roundilh like that of Uddgl l|^ tfm are aUb fimiUur to thofe of a dog in nuinber jMid Mm^ the tail is long and round, with annular ftrtpct cg^ it$|le thofe of a cat ; the feet have five long flen4er |boefl^ in»- ed with fiiarp daws, by which it is enabled to ^j*-'--*- -^ trees like a monkey, and to run to the very, eat of the boughs. It makes ufe of iu fore-T manner of mmds, and Seeds itfelf wi^ them, of this creiUittre is very good in the months of ^.Sefttaa^ ber and Odober, when fruit and mitsy ,oa whidi it Ukia to feed, are j^nty.* The MARTEN is rather Uugcr thaa a iquira^^ and fomewhat of the fame make; its legs and daws» howereiv are confiderably Sorter, lu eara are flwpt* brisad, and rouadtih, and ita eyes ihlne in th^pighi fte thofe of a cat* The whole body is coveredi^iriui fop of a browttifli faBow color, and tlnfejwe f tfpe- ^ia)Iy ^ head, that it niigh^ be taken |br sl fmajl bea- itn Like that creature it buildiitfelif a cabipi, but of a^lefs |>i ¥9^ The jAmerican fly- ing fquijprel is much l^ than the Surop&an, being not sh&ff^ &ve inches long, and of ji rMffpt grey^or .a^f^;|i[|^ (W, the back, and white on t)|e under paits* tt has ijbidk prominent eyes, like thdfe of ^e moufe^ with a Iqlag, |at, broad tail* By a membrane on each. fide» w)ii|:h peaches from its fore to its hind legs, this, crea- tinreifvenabled to leap from one tree to a^^ther^ evel| if th«|r ApMdl.cpnfiderable dii^ance apai^; tliiiloofe ikin, j^hiph ^i is enabled. to ilretch out .li|^ a MU^^ and by whis^^^s buoyed up, is about two in^s broa4> ^nd mi^^ff^ with a fine hsuir or down. It feeds .ufiQii^ the Sfij: pfovifions as the others, and is eafily^taja^d* T^^ £ AVER. This crea^ii^ haf been fo oi&en treai^ of, and his untemmon abili^^' fo minutdy 4^ £Bribed» thl^ «ny fmt^ec lu;(Kiunt o| J^ wili a|^ear |U|« ncceffary^. C A R V E i' i TKAvttk: iiij nrcfffiit^]; howeter for th« beiicfit of thofe of my readers who are not fo weU ncquatnted with the fonn wnd pro* pertiet of thh fagacious and ufeftil animali I (hall ^tve a condfe defcription of it. The beaver is an amphibious quadruped* which cannot live for any Ion? time in the watefi and it is faid is even able to exift entirely without i^t provitn it has the convenience of fometimejB bat! vine itfiditrl > Tht»Ia%eft beavers are nearly four feet in kfkgtij, mi about fourteen or fifteen inches in breadth or^r .j|^ haunches; they weigh about fixty pounds. Its Vj»f is like that of tht: otter, but larger; its fnout is preny long, the eyes linall, the ears fliorty rounds haiy^ r^ the outfide, and fmooth within, and its teelJi vfty long; the under teeth iland out of their ma^^tbs «ln>>'tt the breadth of three fingers, and the upper hail ? fin- ger, att of which are broad, crooked, ftrong, audi iham^ befides thofe teeth called the incifors, which grow doT^hlej. are fet very deep in their jaws, and bend like die c^ of an axe, they have fixteen grinders, eight oil ttii fide, four ^ above and four below, dire6Uy oppolit .* '\o each other. "^^^ the former they are able to cut Ifm^it trees of a confideri^le iize, with the latter to break thit hardeft fubftances. ' Its less are ihort, particularly^ fore^leffs, whidi are only four or' five inches longy ?M^ not uiwke thofe of a badger; the toes of the forei^fi^t'i are feparate, the nails jgJaccd'tfMEquely, and m*^ l^:^^ like qui& ^^P^ ^^^ ^^°^ ^^ ^^ V^^^ diffeit tiC, aiLitl fumimed with membranes between the toes. lAy this I merits It can walk thougk but flowly. Ibid is 9 olc vj (vAm I ' with as much eafe as any ot^er aquatic animi'V The tail has f01new^tin St thi^membles a fUh, a.'^d ieems it,t> ldn% .nO%ijMtfir of illation t<> th<': reft ifKHies ^ick* sear the body, whera , ■^■' .. ' it 0tiu i%% CAftVWH't TRAVELS. it Iralmoft round, and grows gradually tKjoner and flatter to the end. Th% color of the beaver it different according to the different cKthates in which it is found. In the moft northern parts they are generally quite black ; in mbre temperate^ brown ; their color beconung lighter and fighter as they approach towards the fouth. The fiir is of two forts all over the body, except at the feet, where it is very fhort ; that which is the longed is generaUy in length « •bout an inch, but on the back It fometimes extends to two inches, gradually dtminifhing towards the head and tail. This part of the fur is harfh, coarfe, and {hininff,and of lit- tle ufe; the other part condfts of a very thick and.fine down, fo foft that it feels almoft like filk, about tnree quarters of an inch in length, and is what is conunonly siiuiufaffcured. Caftor, which is ufeful in medicine, is Eidticed.from the body of this creature; it was former- believed to be its tefticics, but later difcoveries have wn that it is contained in four bags, fltuated in the bwer belly. Two of which, that arexalled the fuperior, from their being more elevated than the others, are fitted with a foft refinous, adhefive matter, mixed with fmall fibres, greyiih without, and yellow vrithin, of a fth>ng, difi^reeable, and penetrating fcent, and very inflammable. This is the true caftorcum; it hardens in the air, and becomes brown, bnttle^ and friable, llie inferior baes contain an und^uous liauor Hke honey; the c6k>r of which is a pale yellow, and iti odor fomewhat flilferent from the other, being rather weaker and more difagreeable; it hdwever thickens at Jt grows older, and •t length becomei about the confiftence of tallow. This hat aUo its particular ufe in medicine ; but it is not fo ▼aluabJe as the true caftoreum. T|ie ingenuity of thefc creatured on thofe that are proper, three or four'beavera placinff theitafehret round a hirge one, find means with their mong teeth to bring it down. They alfo prildent* ly contrive that it (hall fall towards the water, that they may have the lefs way to carry it. After they have by a contintunce of- the fame labor and induftry, cut it in- to proper lengths, they roll thefe into the veater, aiid navinte^hem towards the place where they are to be empu>yed. Without entering more minutely into the mrafures they purfue in the conftruAion of their iaini, I (hall. only remark, that having prepared a kind of mortar with their feet, and laid it on with their pahp which they had before made ufe of to tranfport ii- tp the place where it is requiilte, they conftru6l them witli as much folidity and regularity as the moft experienced workman could do. Tne formation of their cabina |t no kfii anuueing. Thefe are either built nn piles in the mid^Me of the fmall lakes they have thus formed, on the bank of a river, or at the extremity of fome point df land that advances into a lake. The figure of them It i^und or oval, and they are faihioned with an ingefiiiitr equal to their dains. Two thirds of the edifice AvaoM above the water, and this part is fufficiently capacioua tocontain eight or ten inhabitants. Each beavejr baa his place affigncd him, the floor of which he curioufiy ftrcws with leaves, or fmall branches of the pine-tree, fo at to render it dean and comfortable; and their ca* bins ire aU fitioited fo contiguous to each other, u to aflow of an eafy eomiliiwtcation. The winter merer furpi;ifes thefe animab, before their bufinc(s is completidi lor by the ktter end dimq|^of in fuch tmkdf u to ^(iwrre their nunfturc. Wu I to cnomerite every iaiMce of fiigMilf tint: k to be dlfcoverediu tlMfe ani- mM^Aif wqM iSi M ▼olume» and proVe not ooh en- fortiUoiM ^' inftf^i^e. *. , ' ' --^ ' The O T T E R. Hut creatare alfo is araphitQous, •kS^' if99tly rcfembkt « bet!rer> but it torfj^ettntftom M mmMny rcfeef^ti Itt bod^ ii nearly at long as a beaver's, btrt cosfiderably left In all its parts. The mttiikp eyes, aa4 tile form of the bead are nearly the fame» but Uie teeth aire very unlikef for the otter wants the huwe in- d(oc| or nippen that a beaver has i inftead of thac» ill W tte^ witfaoHt aay difttnfUpat arc ihaped Uke- tnofe ar «r<¥Ul The hair alfb of the former {» not _ ps that belottgiog to the hitter» nor is tthe :it'eia£tly the lame, for the hair of an, oiiber t^ neck, ftomach, and bellyi is more gnyiAi tbaa that of a beaver, and in many other refgefU it WUf'^ifB varies. This animal, which it met with in iBoft parts of the world, but in much greater mim> Iwrt- in North-Aaaeria^ is very -mifichievoiub tmd when W tk dofely purfuedj will not ody attack dogs but , ^ gCBcnJlf feeds upon fiih» efpcciallv ill the fummer, |g| & 4fee winter it contented with the bark of treet» or iied in its (hape ami color, only it has fonc wbitiik flripes nerofs the wings, and like that is fekkNn ever feen till after iutnik. It aUb it never met with but during the fpring and fnmmer monthiu Ai foon as the Indians are intormcj by its notes of its Ktam, they conclude that the froll is entirely gone, \n wMck diey are fcldom deceived; and on reeeivtiig thia aflunnce of milder weather, begin ta low llM»tf com. Y • It tit C JAi « ^ Em t^ T Tt Ar V E L S^ It acquires its iiamc by. the noi((^ it makes, which to the people, of ,t|ie colojiies founds like the name they give it, Whlpper-in^ll; to an Indian car Muck-a-wifs. The words, it is true, are not alike, but jn this manner thcjr ilrike the imagination of each ; an4 the circum- iGUnce is a pcoof .that ^e fame founds, if ihey are not xcndereil certain by being reduced to the rules of ortho- graphy, might convey different ideas to different peo- jple. Asfoon as night comes on, thefe birds will place thcmfelfcs dti the fences, dumps, or ftones that lie near iiame lioufe, and repeat their melaMholy notes without any variation till midnight. The Indians, and fome of the inhabitants of the back fettl^ments, think if this bird perches upon any houfe, that it beiukens fome nuf- hapto the inhabitants of it. . i \ The FISH HAWK greatly rcfembles the lat- %€T in its (hape, and receives his name from his food, vrhich is generally fUli; it Ikims over the lakesand rivers, ^d fometimes feems to lie expanded on the water, as he hovers fo clofe to it, and having by fome attra&ive ^lo^er drawn the fiih within its . reach, darts fuddenly upon them. The charm it makes ufe of is fuppofed to be an oil contained in a, fmaU bag in the body, and hic]|nV- ever anly repays the trouble taken to obtain it, by the* excellent fport it affords. . The PARTRIDGE. There are three forts ol partri^ci here, the brown, the red, aiid the black, the* firil otwhich is moft efleemed. They lore all much) larger than the European partridges, being nearly thie^ fixe of a htsa phcafantt thdr head and eyes are d£» like that bird, apd they have all long tails, which \inf fpread like a fiin, but not ere6t{ but contrary tj, " cuima of thofe in othar countries, they wiU ;ff CARVER't TRAVELS. the bninchet of the pophr and black birch* on the buds of which they- feed early in the morning and in the twilight of the evening during the winter monthi), when they are eafily (hot. The WOOD PIGEON is nearly the fame as •urs, and there are fuch prodigious quantities of them on the banks of the MUfiflippi, that they witt (bmetimes darken the fun for feveru minutes. The W O O D P E C K E R. This is a very beauti- fij bird; there is one fort whofc feathers are a mixture df various colors ; and another that is brown all over the body, except the head and neck, which are of a fine red.' As this bird is fuppofed to make a greater noife than ordjnary at particular times, it is conjeAured his cries then denote rain. The BLUE JAY. This bird is fhaped nearly like the European jay, only that its tail is longer. On the top of its head is a creft of blue feathers, which is raifed or let down at pleafure. The lo^er part of the heck behind, and the back, are of a purpliih color, and the upper fides of tlie wings and tail, as well as the lower part of the back and rump, arc of a fine blue ; the extremities of the wings are blackifh, faintly tioAur- cd vrith dark^^ltlue on the edges, whiM the other parts uf the wing are barred acrofs with black in an elegant manner. Upon the whole this bird can fcarcely be ex- j:ceded in beauty by any of the winded inhabitants of 11iis,or other climates. It has the fatkie jetting moti- «|l: that jays generally have, and its cry is far more \ The WAKON BIRD, as it is termed by the Indiai^i, appears to be of the fame fpecies as the birds of paFsdife. The name they have given it is expreflive of Its fuperior excellence, and the veneration they have for it I the. wakon bird being in their hingum the bird of the Great Spirit. It is nearly the fia^ ofa fwaHow, of m brown cok>r, (haded about the neck with a bright gve^S the wings are of a darker brown than the body; tts tail ia compofed of four or five feathers, which are three times as long U its body, and which are beautifbl- ly (haded with green and purple. It carries this fine V > kxigth \ , CAR!VER'« TRAVELS. 145 leng^ of pltunige in the &me mtaiier as « peacock d(iei» btitit it net known whether it 'einar rail^ it into the ere^ pofition that bird fometimes does. I never faw any; of thefe birds in the colonies* but the Natidoweffie Indians caught feveral of them when I was in their counti^f* and feemed to treat them as if they, were of alttpftrior rank to any other of the feathered race. The BLACK BIRD. There are three forts of hkdn in North-America that bear this name; the StfSt isithe comitton, or as it is there termed» the crow bhujc bird, which is quite black, and of ihe fame Cttt anil fliape of thofe in Europe, but it has not that melody IB its ^Qtes which tliey have. In the month of Sum- tember this fort fly in large flights, and do great m^ chief to the Indian com, which is at that time }6ft ripe* The fecond fort is the red-wng, which is rather fitaadlerthan the firft fpecies,but like it is black aU ovfr ita^bod^r, except on the lower rim of the wings, whete it is of a fine, bright, fidl fcarlet. It builds its neH, «^ chiefly reibrti among the fmall bufhes that grow in mti^ dowB and law»^fwampy places. . It whiftles a few noteir but is not e^ual in its fong to the European black bird* The third fort is of the fkmc dze as the latter, and i» jet faiack like that, but all the upper part of the wi^, ji^ below the back, is of a fine, jdear white $ as ^ nattuf ^ tended to diverfify the fpecies, ar>d to atone for the want of a melodious ^ipe by the beauty of its plumage; Ibr this alio is deiicient in its mufical powers. The beaks of every fort are of a full yellow, and the females oi eadi = oi^a rufty black like the Eiuropeao. The RED mRX> is idxnit the fise of a fparrpw, but ' with a long tail, and is all over of a bright vermih'on colot. 1 iaw many of them about the Ottawaw Lakes, but I oould,ttot leanp that; the^ fu^g. I aUo obfenred in fome other parts, a bird of much the famJejiCake,. that \^ entirely of a fine yeUow. The W H ET 3 A W ,ip pear like two fmall needles, and its body is proportionable to them. But its plumhge ex- etclM defcnption. On its head it has a fmaU tuf^of a jetty, ihinmg black ; the breaft of it is red, the beOy wlhite, the back, wings, and tail of the fineft psde green ; and finall fpeekl of gold are fcattered with inexpreffible re over the whole : befides this, aui almoft impercepl^ ddwn foftcns die C(Jors, and produces the mak ^liafiiig ihades. With its biD, which ia of the iime difluntttivc iiae as the other parts of its body, it ex« tfiftS'from the flowers a moifture which is iu nouriih. aieot I ever thefe it hovers fikc a bee^ but never liffhtt oi'dhem, mf» 1^ firtfli vtitcr iaffMflf ilffbiped in no other refpe^ like thoie taken Mi» tbi -'• ■■ - £ea, CARVER'i TRAVEL 3. 347 {««» citeng, hut in drcomfiBrence ttot proportiontible, being a flender fifli. The fltfii it excMdingly delicate and finely flavored ; I caught fens in the hoiid waters oS the river St. Croix that £ur cx» cefidcd trout. The manner of taking them is by wateh* ing them m they lie under the banks in a dear fticttni* and darting at them with a fiflirfpear; for they wili not take a bait. There is alfo in the Miiy^>|n» md tfaeit only, another fort than the fpecies I have ddicrih» ed» which is iimilar to it in every iefpe£^, croept tfaidi the tq>per jaw extends fourteen or fifteen inches beyond the vyader^ this extenfive iaw» which y of a griftly ^»> ftanccy M three inches and a half broad» and contMuioa ol that breadth, fomewhat in the fltape of an bar» to the iBnd, which is flat. The fleih cf this fifli» howevtri is Hot to be conqNured with the other Cart, and is not lb mudi efteeaied even by the Indians. The GAT FISH. This fiih is d>out eightees inches^loDgi oS a brownish calor, and withoiift iemet, ..M*- has a hurge round head* from whence it receivet ita^ name, on different parts of which grow three or £^ fiiongk (harp horai. i^at two inchesjloag. Its fins ate aUb vary bony 9fid ftrong> and without great care w^ pierce uc hands of thofe who take them. . It wdgha congkmonly about five or fix pounds; the fleih of it ia mot^^df fat and luieioii8» and greatly rcfcmhiat that 9f an ed in its flavor. The CARP and CHUB are much the &Qie at thofe in Eiighuid» and nearly about the fame in fine. OF SERPENTS. TJhe Rattle Snake, the JUng BhuOc Snake, the WtM • or tibttlii Adder, the Serried or Garter Sndte, thaK^ isi Hmhr, the Hiflbg Spake, the Oreca Snake, tim Thorn-tail f4« CARVEK'i TR A Vri; ST Tborn-tail Snake, the Speokkd Ihiake, tlie Ring Snake, the Two-headed Snake. The RATTLE SNAKE. Their appears t^ be two fpedet of this reptile ; one of which is commonly termed the Black» and the- other the Yellow; and of ibtit the hitter is generally ccmiideifcd aa the largeft. At their fidl growth they are upwards of five feet -long, and the pniddle part of the bodv, at which itis of the gnsateft bnlky meafures about nine inches ronnd. From tlu^ put it gradually decreafes both towards the head and the tail The neck is proportionably very fmall, and the head bioad and deprcffed. Thcie are of a light brown color, the iris of the eye red> and all the upper part of the body brown, mixed with a ruddy yeuow, a^d chequered with, many regular lines of a deep blade, gradaally (hading towards a gold color. In ihortthe whc^ of this dfutgerous reptile is very beautifuV'and COi^ it be vit:\ved with lefs terror, f^lbh a vavie^^ed arw rai^^ent of colors would be extremdy pleafing. But thde are only to be feen in their higheiC perfe^on at the time this creature is animated by refenunej^t ; then cirery tint rufhes from its iubcutaneous receis* and gives 4belai£iceof the^ ikin a deeper ftain^ The bcUy is of n,«pal^ blue, whidh grows, fuller as it i^proaches the fidet» and is at kagth intermixed with the cm ,which it receives Ill|iiame, is compofedof a firm, dry, calloos, or homy iiaoftance of a light brown, and confiftt of a nvn^r of edit which articulate one within another, like jaintii and which increafe every year, and make known the age of 4kc creature. Theie articulations being verr loofe* the induded points (Irike againft the inner iurn^c»^of the concave parts or rings into which they ire admitted* and as the fnake vibrates, or (hakes its tail, make a ratdlag noife. < This alarm it always gives when it is api^efaeaitve of danger ; and in aa inftant after forms iudf into a fpiral wreath, in the centre of which appears thfB«|lead;ei:e^ and breathing forth vengeance againft ei- tker man or beaft tha$ (haU dare to come naar il»r |a fjm Attitude he aTHraitt the approach of hit €&eiiiki».FBk^ , tling CARVER'* TRAVELS. 349 tliog bis tail at he feet or heart them coming on. Bf thit timd^ intimation, which heaven feemt to have provided a< a means to connterad the mifchief this ve* nomous reptile would otherwife be the perpetrator of, the unwary traveller is ^prized of his danger, and has an opportunity of avoiding it. It is however to be obferv- ed, that it never aAs offenfively ^ it neither purfues or flies from any thing that approaches it, but lies in the pefition defcribed, ratding . his tail, at if rdufbmt t» hurt. The teetK'with which this ferpent effe^ hit poi- fonout purpofet are not thofe he maket ufe of on ormmi- ry occafions, they are only two in number, very fmdt and (harp pointed, and fixed in a finewy fubfbince that lies near the extremity of the upper jaw, refemblhig the chiws of a cat ; at the root of each of thefe, Aich might be extended, contrafied, or entirely ludll^ at* neni'tequtres, are two (mall bladders which mtu>^ ha* fo conftruifted, that at the fame inftant an iqc^Mi jb made by ^he teeth, a drop of a greenHh, poiibnoutllt^Kid; enters the wound, and taints with itt deftiliiftive ^uwtf the whofo mafr fUgfat return of the dreadful fyniptoms about the time they received the inftillation. Howeter remarkable it may appear, it is certain, that though the venom of thi» creature affe£ls» in a greater or lefs degree* idl animated nature, the hopr is an eic(^tion to the nde, as that ani-^ mal will readily deftroy them without dreading their poifonous fangs, and fatten on their flefh. It has been often otifarved, and I can confirm the obfervation, Ihat the Rattle Shake i» charmed with any harmonious fettOds, whether vocal or inftrumental ; I have^ many timet &eh tl^m, even when they have been emu^ed, l^ace* tfaemfdvet in a liftening pofture, and continue tmoiovably attentive and fufceptible of delight «1I the tkm ^ muiic h9> laftedk I (hould have renuirked, that whfo the , Rattle Snake bites, it drops its . under jiuft,. and holding the upper jaw erei^» throws itfelf in -a curve Ib^ with great rorce, and aa quick aa liglitniii|f, on the Qljiej9ti>9C ks reicntment. In a moment after^ it returns H^^ W its defenfive pofture, having difengaged its tictk fi'om the wound with great celerity, by meanjbof tkc poiitioa in which it had placed its h«Ki when it smdii the at4a<^ It never extends itfelf to a greater diftuH^ than Half -ils length will reach, and though it fomttunes rqpeats the bbw two or three times, it as of- tm veturaa wttk-'lk fudden rebound to its former ftate.^ The Slack Ra^^tjle Soake differs in no other re{pe^ from the YeOovy, lINm in beii»; rather fmaller^ and in the v«dbg|iticHi:of it« colors, which are ezadtly rcveirCed^ one is Mack wjiere the othec^ is yellow^ and vice veria. Thejpi are ^^lally venomous.^ Xt is not known how thefe crciliiltl'^iigenderf I have often foundthe eggs of fe- vieni|M}|ierty of thefe reptiles than mypelf». CAltVER's TRAVELS. tji I never could difcover the manner in which they hring forth their young. I once killed a female that had fcventy young ones in its belly, but thefe were perfed- ly formed, and I faw them juft before retire to the n\outh of their mother, as a place of fecurity, on my approach. The galk of this lerpent, mixed with chalky are formed into httle balls> and exported front .\mencay for medicinal purpofes. ' They are of the nature of Gaf- coign's powders, and are an excellent remedy for com- plamts inci^nt to children. The flefh of the fnake al- io dried, and made into brotit, is much more nutritive than that of vipers, and very efficacious againfb con- fumptions. The LONG BLACK SNAKE. Thefe are alfo '^of two forts, both of which are exa&ly fimilar in fliape and fize, only the belly of one is a light red, the other a fiiint blue ; all the upper parts of their bodies are black and fcaly. They are in general from fix to ei^t feet in length, and carry their heads, as they crawl along, about a foot and ai( half from the ground. They eafily climb the highefl trees in purfuit of birds and iquirrelsj which are tlieir chief food ; and thefe, it is faidy they charm by their looks, and render incapable of ef- caping from them. Their appearance carries terror with it to thofe who are unacquainted with their inabiUty to hurt, but they are perfe^y inoffenfive and free :B-om ve- nom. The STRIPED or GARTER SN4|:E is cx- a6^1y the fame as that fpecies found in other diimates. The WATER SNAKE is muc|f like the Rattle Snake in fhape and lize, but is not oM^owed with the fame venomous powers, being quite hu^lefs. TJie HISSING SNAKE I have aln^ady paiticn- krly defcribed, when I treated, in my Journal, of LakjCi Erk. ' ^ ■ V ' - ' ■ ' ■ The GREEN SNAKE is about a foot and mi half long, and in color fo near to grafs and herbs^ tlil^ tt^ caneot be (fifcovered as it lies on the ground ; happily, however, it is free from venom, otherwife it would do an infinite deal of niifchief, as thofe who pa(s through the meadowsy t5t CARVE**! TRAVEZ-a meadow*, not bein|; aUe to perceive it, are deprived of tb icnt to Lord Amherft. It was about a foot kmg, and in (hape like the common (nake, but it was fumithed with two he^d* exafily fimilar, which united at the neck. Whether this was a diftin£t fpecies of fnakes, and was able to propasate its likenefs, or whether it 1^*38 an accidental formation, I know not. The TORTOISE or LAND TURTLE. The fiiape of tliis creature is fo well known that it is unne- ceifaiy to defcribc it. There are (even or cidbt (brts of thetn in America, fome of which are beautinitty varie- gated, even beyond defcription. The (hells of many have Ipots of red, green, and yeHow in them, and the che- quer wofk is compoied of fmall fqoaits cimoufly dif- pofed. The moft beautiful fort of theic creatures are the fimHeft, and the bite of them ii iaid to be vcoom- OIM. LIZARB5, CARVfilt't TRAVELS. m LIZARDS, bfc. Though there are numerous kinds of tfits okft of the animal creation, in jbe country I treat of, I filaU only take notice of two of them | wkich ar^ termed the Swift and the Sk>w Lizard. The SWIFT LIZARD is about fix inches k>n^, and has four legs and a tail. Its body, which is Uue, la prettily ftriped with dark tines fliaded with yellow ; but the end of the taO is totally blue. It is fo remarkably agile, that in an inftant it is out of fight, nor can its [moivement be perceived by the quickeft eye : fo that it more juftly be uid to vanifh, than to rult bway. This fpecies are fuppofed to poifon thofe they bhe, but aiie not dangerous, as they never attack per- foifei that approach them, choofing rather to get fudden^ ly out of tneir nskch. The SLOW LIZARD is of the fame (hape as thie Swift, but id color is brown ; it is moreover of an op|>ofite dilpofi^osi, beinji altogether as flow iii^it^^idfve. ments as the other is IWift. U is remarkable that thefe Uzalds aire extremely brittle, and will break off near the tail at esfily as an icicle. Amonff'me re|Aflea of North- America, there is a fpe- cietof the toad, termed the TREE TOAD, which is neariy of the fancie fluipe as the common fert, but fmaQer and with longer clawi. It is ufuallv found on tretsi fticking dofe to the bark, or lying in the crevices •fit} and lo nearly does it refemUe the cobr of the trf% td which it cleaves, that it Is with difficulty diftiU'* ffVifhcd ftom it. Thefe creatures are only heard during toe lifffight oi the morning and eventn^^, or jiift before aai'mer a iiower of rain, when they make a cn>ak«ng ItoXe foMevhat ihriller than that of a frog, which might be heard to a great diftance. They infcit the woods in fuch Bumbcif, that their rcfponrive notes at thefe tlMCt make the air refound. It is onlv a fummer anima!, aai atvtr to be found during the wtnttr. IKSX^TS^ Z CARVERIJ TRAirii^Sr ft* I N S i? C T S. ' Tbe iatericA' parts q£ North»America abound with IKirly the fa^e infect as ore met vrith in the fame pa- flj^Ml of latitude i and the fpecies of them are fo nu* merous and diverfified that even a fuccin^ defcription iif the whaiit of them wrculd fill a vcduiiie ; I fball there- fore confine Rftyfeif to a few, which I believe are al- moft pectKirtc' this country { the Silk Worm, the To- ^cco 'V^mn, the Bee,, the Lightning Bug, the Water %igt,miM the Horned Bug. ^ The SILK WORM is nearly the fame aa thdfe oi France and Italy, but will not produce the fame quan tity of filk. . The TOBACCO WO RM is a catterpiUar of the iiae and figure of a filk worm, it is of a fin<; fea-green color, on its rump it has a fti ,ig or horn near a quarter «>f an inch long. The B££S in America principally lodge theif ho- aey in the earth to fecure it from the ravages of the bears, who are remarkably fond of it. , The LIGHTNING BUG or FIRE FLY is about the fize of a bee, but it is of the becUc kind, felting like that infed two pair of wings, the upper of which itfe of a firm texture, to defend it from danget. When it flic^ and the wings are expanded, there is under thefe a kind of coat, conftrufled auo Uke wings^ which is lu- minous; and as the infe£l palTes on, caufea all the kinder part of its body to appear like a bright fiery coal. Having placed one of thiim on your mnd, the under part only fliines, and thfows the \%ht on the Ipace beneath i but as foon u it fpreadt hs ^ip^ wings lo % away, the whole body which lies behind them ap- y«art iBumtoated afl around. . The lt|^t it mnly agile, and endeavor to throw out cr^rj ray they can eolle^. Not* ' f withftanding this effulgent appearance, thefe infe£^s are perfe£Uy harnUefsy you^ma]^ permit them to crawl upon your )uuid, when five oi* fix, if they trtdf exhibit their glow together, will enable you to read almoft the fmall- cft print. The WATER BUG is of a brown color, iibout the Bmt of a pea» and in %zpe aHrly oval ; it has many. ]gg^ by means, ojFfvhich it pafles over the furface of the wtter with fuch incredible fwiftoeis* thai k feem* to* Aide or dart itfelf alonr : The HjQRNEP BUG, or as it is fometimds^tt^. «a the STAG: BE£Tt;£> is of a duflcy brown color wmdy approacliing to black, about an inch and an half hmp and half an inch broad. It has two large bomi»! whifli grow on each fide of the head, and m^tt hori- sootally, and with thefe it pinches very bard ; titey are bnadicd like thofe of a fta^, from whence it reodvca. its naflH« They f}y about in the evening, and prove v«ry tioMltkfomc to thodp who are in the tieldt at that |^«llftjKl|l,Oiait that the LOCUST v a fq^tauial. bfa^ li tkiby *re only feen, a fmall mtanber of ftrag- fkn ampCcd, ever^ feven years, when Uicy infeft- ft^ pim and the interior colonics in large iwarms, md do affi||4cal of mifchief. The ytara whca they "^mm Wltim ^ l«u the kictia years. C H A P. a56 CARVERS TRAVELSS CHAPTER XIX. Of the Trees, Shrubs, Roots, Herbs, Flow- er!, fefr. I SHALL here obferve the f«ne method thit I hate _ p«Hrftied in the preceding chapter, and having given a lift of the trees^ &c. which are natives of the interior parts of North- America, particuhirize fuch only at diiFer &»m the produce of other countries, or, being u^ilt known, have not been defcribed, J OF TREES. The Oat, the Pine Tree, the Mp.ple, The Afli, the Hemlock, the Baft or White Wood, the Cedan the Elm, the Birch, the Fir, the Locuft Tree, the Popkr, the Wickopick or Suckwick, the Spruce, the Horn* beam, and the Button Wood Tree. T%t OAK. There Att fcvvral fortl of oaks in tkefe parts ; the black, the white, the red, th« yellow, tHe grey, the fwamp oak, and the ch^fnut oak : the five former vary but little in their external appearance, the (hape of the leaves, and the color of tiie bark bang fo much alike, that they are fcarcely diftinguifliable | but the body of the tree when fawed difcovers the variation^ vrhich chiefly cenfifts in the color of the wood, they be» ij«^ aU very hard, and proper for building. The firvnp oak differs matevtmily from the others both in Ine (hape itf the leaf, which is fmaller, nod in the bai4, iMMch ia fmoiidier ; and llkewife w it grows only in a moin, gva- velly i both of which yield a lufcious juio^ from which the Indians, by boiling, make very^ good, (vl^. aar. The fap of the former isniuch richer andlweettr dMm the latter, but the foft producet a greater qManU<* ty* The wood of the hard maple is very beautifuUy veined and curled, and when wrought into cabinrts, ta- bles, gundocks, &c. is greatly valued. That of the foft fort dUtersin its texture, wanting the vaneg^ted grain of the hard;, It alfo grows more ilraight and free from |>taqones, and is more eafily fplit. It likewife may be diilinguithed ff om the hard, as this grows in meajowi and L>:yir-*lands^ that on the hills and uplands.. The loaves «rc maped alike* but tkoCt oC the ioft maple aife much ibit largeft, and of a deeper green. The ASH. ThcBc,,are kveral forts of this tree in iim^ futth hat tliat to which I (hall confine my dc- icnption, is the yellow aiV which is only found near the head branches of. the Miif'flipDl. Tliis tree growi to 9^ amaalng height, and t!^.c body of it It lb firm ^md (pui^l^the French ^radu-s who go iuta that counr Iry fcOAuuifiani^ to mirdbafe furs, make of them per fiafaayti thit tl^do by excavating thcnv by fire^ imd when they ar^ ooiiffikted, cor.vt/ in them the produce of their tcade to New Orleans^ .^herc they Inda goo4 market (mmIi tor their reflelt and cargoes. The wood oif i|MM^fl(*»^y reCemUct ihM o? the eoramoa alh ; h^^ k i»?iMj|e irt of JUmerica, in a n-eater or lefs dcsree. It rs an ever» green of a verv lafrge growth, and has leaves fomewfaat uke that of the yew } it is however quite ufdcfs, and only an incumbrance to the ground, the wood being of a very coarfe grain > and full of wind-fhakes or cracks. The BASS or WHITE WOOD is a tree of a middling fize, and the whiteft and fofteifc woo^ that grows) when quite dry it fwims on the water like a tori ; in the fettlements the turners make of it bowls, trenchers, and diflies, which wear fmooth, and wfll lift a long time ; but when ifpplied to a(ny other purpofe it is fax from durable. The WICKOPICK or SUCKWICK appr.irsto be a i^ecies of the white wood, and is diftitieu^fhed Irom it by a peculiar quahty in the bark, which when pmiadcd, and moiftened with a little water, inftmntly be- eoaies a matter of the confiftenec and nature of fisc. WiA this the Indiai^s pay their canb«,''aai^ a latture, that the w^«r caimoi pcne&ite thnf k^ Mid its repeHing power abates not fur a conQderahAe eimc. '*"■• - The BUTTON WOOD is a Uf«e of the lar|dl ami might br a^ogoifiie^bf llriiAi'whlilNi h > quite tiilttffMttliird ban, «Htkb ^pfbgifMfli-thc >bmdic% that «ppear not wdike^uttoaiSyJUM tmmiktSt IMioK it receives ill stme. ' ' ui N U T T R E E S. I. . -A The Butter or Oil Nut, the Wtdinft, tlic HkkcI Nut, the Iksech Nuti the Pecan Nut^ tHeChefimt, tke iii«- kpry. The BUTTER t>r OIL NUT* Am^HMlii- tioii has been jnade by «ay authort of Hhk nut| I iMl be the more particular in my accoant of it. 'Tht trie grows in meadows where the foil is rich and warm. The body of it feldom exceeds a yard in circumference^ is fuH of branches, the twigs of which are (hort and blunt, wad its leaves Wifembte tnofe of the walnut. The nut has a iheU like that fruit, which when rjjpe is more far- rowed, and more eafily cracked ; it is aUb much longer Oflid hirgter thsn a widnut, and contaiaa •gmter^uadtttjr ^ ktrael, which is very oily, and tal m rich, wfmtmt BsfiOiii I sm ^eribaried that a nwieh purer oil ttm tiMt of olives might be extrafled from this nut. The iofide bark of this tree dyes a good purple; and it is fnd, v»» ti«s hi its ftade, bang eit|Rr dadker or l%kler, oociMrdo ing to dieniooth in wUc^ it is gathered. The BEECH NUT. Though this tree fntti exaAly like that of the fame name in Europe, yet it mdooes Wrtf coaaif as good at chdnuts; on wl^ ikkOf «iptfikies» Msi mmif «birb«ifl«9iidbsnls#Bed. The «< isw>nliiaiil| giHt rriag^do m mnide cafe, like that of a AeQ».v^ht$, foMMkb; twitbe eoat of the kfide iidl is^ol^ lbioothlfk«lMt$oiily tu^HtBijncailytriaBgaiar. Vat ^nantjtiss lof tlMM lie idtttcved abooi in the woodi^a«4 i|pply with food gum ■wnliiw of tfct csaatoiM jii -^ . mentioMdt if fliilii iii iTrtlMr tnd wiifMtUiilwi CBr^Sov^imilldb imttdi iiift ftiiutifciiMagfiar ilr>UHn|fij^iJtt> #«dlj at a icftorativc Inr UmIc members that are nipped by t^ froft. . , The P EC AN NUT is fomewhat of the walnut Icind^ but rather finaiDer than a wahiut, being about the fize of a middling acorn, and of an oval form; .the iheU iiat%lcraeicd, Mud the kernel iha^d Uke that ef a Mmlnat. This tree grows chiefly near the Illinois jRiver. The HICKQIIY is alToof thewahuitkind»and kmn ^- ir»it Bcar)^ like^ukt tree. There are fevenJ Ittrts of them, which vary only in the color of the Wood. Being of a very touffh nature, the wood is genqrally lH^ Jht the handiet of as^es, .&c. It is alfo venf;j|ood liP»WOQd»«nd as it bums, an excellent fug^ difUbl^rpm , f FRUIT T R E E S. : I Mfid not to obfierve that.thefe aseall the.fpoiktar *iiiQ«tt ModoAion nof inati^Vt > «wiiich ha^^ Inevel* liecdvfd i^^pMhtigMofriogialUag, ttanfplanjtingf 0r mimil«' 4 >i%t Mmtfi i the |AiiIbeni|r. .Tree, the. Cmlb Apple Tree, the Plum Tketf, the Cherry Tree» and the Sweet VNum Tree. ^-* . , th The. VINE Ji wtryiemmit^n hei«i»«4 -^thsitekindfti ^(itt^ortUaadlydoCecves tlienMWtoi A^tP^l ^ iiiivdtiauch n€Bmbks tUfc Bhrimid|ii#l|»»iiMl if <«• fdpBdt^ihe fob ft g«od wiae tei^ibiBiii|4f inm tihBBu The third Ibrt relcmUes Ait ^mm^ whatli aw fo frequently 4fed in cakes, Sit, In Eftglaiid, mi if Moper eve was tajken of tlicia, would ht ifMBor, tnthak attJulwawrry. CAWVH i:* s T t iCV E L ^ lH Tbe MULBERRY TREE k of two kindi fed 9fid ^Hhkff Mid near^ of the fame fixe dt thofe xi Frtncelod hafy, and grow ibTucIi plentyt as to i^ any qnanttty of filk worms. Tiic CRAB APPLE TREE bean a fruit that » much hrger aad, better flavored than tliofe of Europe. The PLUMTREE. There are two forts of plumt in this country, one a burge fort of a purple cail on one fide, and t^d on tbe retreril^^ the fecond totally greeoy and much fmailer. Both thefe are of a good flavor, and are greatly efteemed by the Indians, vmofe taAe is not refined, but who ut utisfied with the p'ro; duAions of nature in their unimsToved fliate. • ^ The CHERRY I'RJIE. There are three Ibrti of cUfehiei in this coiuiti^ ; the black, the ned^ kM^flhk find eherryj the two latttt pwy irith move propiiefiy Iti EBlakcd ainong the (hrabsb ii tliebdh that bttaf»ilie Jted ektenacs ,dmmt ci«^ along the ground, mUl tlk oth^ rifes not above eight or ten feet in height^ faowcivisi^ I fliall ffive an account of them afl in this place. The black themes aire' about the fize of a cuktaikt, and haiig in dMftiza like grapes ) the trees which beta* them beiMtf very friiitlul, ^^b^ art generally loaded, but the fruic 5 ■ait goitd to 'ttki however they give an agiseiiiik fla»*r to %fand^« nad tuhi at to the eobr of ctfMt. tW tM dibclfes gtonr in the greateft posTufion, mUhtO^gM bandies^ Itbe the bbck foit Juft defcribed; -fo Ait th« bdflies which bear them appear at a dsftance like IoIhI bodies of red matter. Some people admire , this fruit, but they partake of the nature and tafte of alum, leav- ing « difrigrfeable nmghncift in the tHioii(t, and being very adj^ringent; .As X have akeady defenbed the faira dmnit% iAich gieatW exceiqd Ihe two other forti^bmli ialailor aiid flze, I fliadl i^e no further dtfariplloir'li^ tbiik Tie wood of the black cherry tree It v#r^ i^F fdlfindtvlirlDrw^ Sato cabind ware. ^ . .4 ^e SWBtt:* Gtm TRIX or LIC^ID AM BEIC ^ (Copalm) ii not only extremely common, but it afforfll a baitt, the viil!6es of whkh are inflhite. Its bilk it, bMUHii bm-d, and its woof fo tlhdw md iii^ iM^ imh^t vrhttk toiof of fi^jc or fiy feet In l^gt]|< it oftoii«»t W ciiiplqf. «d M t»yi]ding or (umhutt, a* it #Mp« «0iitiiliiiaiy. lu Mtf it indeated with five pointa> like a ^« This balm is reckon^ by tl^c ladians to be «n cxcieleiit f«brifoge» and it cni^ ^oii94s in two or three 4i^i. si » R U B S. ' The WiQow, Shin Wood, Shumack^ Stffafra^ the Pricklj Afh, M6ofe Wood» Spoon Wood, Large Blder, Dwarf Elder, Mibnoius Wqr, Juhb^, Shrib Oak, Steet F^j^ the Lnvcl, the Witch Had^ the Myrtk Wax Tree,. Winter Greeny the Fever Bu(h,' theCran- liinri^ fiufli,' the Gooftinrry Buih, th^ C^nmat Bulb,llie Whortk; Berry, the Rafterry, Uie ^faack Bei^, aadb the f hoak Berry. - " ■' '; -;< . ^^-s --v - i ■. : ' ' ..'■•■ '^ :• ■ ■ w..* The W I L L O W. There are ieveral fnedes of tike ^Ikm, tiine iuift remarkable of which it a ImaU fort lh«t ^rowf ^ ^ )ba|ika of thf, Miffiffippi, and fome mhi». phfcet f#Ke«nl< i - The baric of tlik 4hr«k ft^^es Be bitter i^iitb w^er food; and wbeve th^ water hhmikeA the M frot^ iU loota, they appear to cbafift «f fibres iutei^proireii together Uke thread, the oofor of wliieh is of an inezpre^bly fine fcarlet; with diis the Tndians tmge many of ^e ornamental parti «f their dreft. SHIN WOOD. This extraordiaaryihrub grows ia the^fortfls, and riihig likea vine, rons near^die gtonnd (bri|:K-«>r>ight feet, add'tiien t!dtes4«>t i^Ahi|.litihe dma Jdatmer taking toot, and fprlaging up' focoeffively, ^ ^alk covers a hargt (bace ; this proves tttfy trouUc- f«me to the hafty tflmlfer, by ftrikhig agi&db life fluis, lid'ftfiMignng his%s; from whidi it'lasaot|liiivdits. i The S A S S A F R A S is a wood wdl kii0wii.ftr its iwiliciii^ifiiililiei^ It mi^ with t^udpafitkm^ '^' « tensed. teiinfd a^trec at t tMh^ a* it fiim^tniiei ftmvs tkiifjr fcft ygki Imt in gtncnd i^ docs iio| mdi Mgliar tkitt tkofe dF the flmib lund* , TIm ieafcn Iviiach fielil M •greeaUtf fn^nce, are faurge, and ncaiif feparatcd in* to three diyiSoas. It bears sredcUfli bi|D«rB benryt of the fize and ihape of Fimeii|o> and iiiucli iiJbmetimet ufed in the coldnies as a fubftttute for that fpice. The bark or roots of dita tree is iqfinitdy foperior to the wood for its ufe in medicine* and I am fmprifed it it fo fddom to be met with, at its efficacy is fo much gmter. ,.'■■■' ■ %.: :.;i ^' ^-''-^^ The PRICKLY ASH is a Oimb that fome. tii&et' gfOWS to the height of ten or fifteen lbet« and Iws a leaf esa^y re&mbling that of fn. afti, but It ve- ceives ^e ej^thet to its name from die abundanoe of Ihoct thorns with whidi every branch is corned, and which renders it veiy troubleibme to thofe who pi^s throagh the fpot where they jpww thick. It ailfobewii a feiiflet,beri7» which when npe> has a fierjr tafte, l^e peppor. . The bark of this tree, particulariy the hsj^ §i the roots»* js highly efteemed by the natives for its itcw- cinal (VMlities. I have aheady mentioned one inftance pf its d£cacy» and there is no doubt but: that the lie- eodion of it will expedttioufly and radictJl^ riemovl all samurities of the blood* .,. The MOOSE WOQPgrowsabottt four to high>v and is very full of bmnches; but what renderaiit worth notice is its bark, which is of fo firong and pli4iile a uxture, that being peeled off at any feafon, i^id twiftedy makes equally, as good cordage aa hemp*. > The SPOON WOOD isafpecies of the km. remand the wood when iawcd refemblcs box wood4 The £I»,D£R» commonly termed thepoifoneuael- d^r» neaiiyiireiembtos the other forts in its leaves and branches* but it grows m^h j|raighter, and is only found in fwamps and moift foils. ^ This flirub is^dproaches within a fejpr^aidi of it» whilft othciajiiay even j«hcw the leaves or the rind vrithout leoeivi^ the ImA ietrimiiH £^9« tl^^ tht pdifoii however la j|ot I's ;,- ■ /: moitalf IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) /> -'M i.O I.I 1^121 |2.5 |50 ■^~ ■■■ U£ 1^ |2.2 ^ I4£ 12.0 I; I '•2' III '-^ ^ .4 6" ► *n Photographic Sciences Corporation 93 WIST MAIN STRUT WnSTH.N.V. MSM (71*)«7a-4a03 0* M4*vm$,-t •^MTLE WAX TllRE !,,*_* fil#wiiiirtiiihliw, pSUiN I tl« nittpor oQtoi^ct AM Ml tlic TISVIR BtrfiKl gKoiit riMMit fife iirIM H K^eeim lit imw. It tk tn andeiil tndiiii fci<^ fyt ai ni|Nuiiatoi7 con^rfttmt8,atti| I&e«iife ilini^iftefitted 2l*^ CrAHBEftRV BU^M. Thdittli t^^ ii^% irarain aadlNm |et tli$ bum tiOM to #^ twcke feet; butit isTorr iwiif 4% ff *W> proper wrtnie ^(ove njiidfy »iL|pioCirM »- ^ff If^ 0,T,S:*M P i-A Kf T S^ + ^+»f- ^ill*i^Sj ^*J ^6^, cAHtyiitff T W, Oiuoiw, (hrUdi, Wmk HcDcboK White and Bbijk. £a V -..'A. *•# I'ctty.MorrcL Tribit Hl^ ^SAllSAPARrlLA. Tli..fo^oftirf»«4i- iigitt*^ theinoft eftnorfile Mrt of it* k ibooi^ ttStS gyapal ilon of it ^rwjr manr ^MOter «iteidlfiif !S>u*^ toujrh and ««xSle. FraHi the ntoi-lnMH. aidy ftootn a ftalk ahout a foot and an hailJoaff, niO^ *J «J top branches into three ftenu; each of th^ j|>i tftrtefeaye^ much of the fliipe and fiae of avN^nrnlo^ bunch 1^ Huifli white flowen, icfien^Kag thdc^V tlii ^I?*I . "** ^^ *>^ ^« >«»*•» '^WA abarliiild **|»™J»a »J^«ne» »• of »«tteH^ MiH dt^mtHj efteemed for ito nedltel^&ta^^hS^ ^ jptttk#denfic, tad tery powei^ lit attfoiiiiii*^ ^^whji i«»;dfd by giofr hmnoit. ^T^ ^*|^ V ^ ^11^ that^wM onMt^ifflM to " ♦,ySr ™ 'MM^ "C*"^ whence it mi tiinflf tattf^tud Dttt ttif ^^^ atfht cii4|^ ft fV fid inhiiriW-rittet Into twrow mwe iMiMl^ In lO otiMr nt^i&kitw .t*i fS €4 iVi*' • TilAYtt^ A^igc of die iohabitaiitt Jo all iliibrdem When clew* 4^ it certa&ify tt ujnt^ ftrngthener of the ftoimach. OOLD TiCRttA& thi*^ is apbiit of the fiMifl Vine khidt whidi growt in fwimpy places, aod lies on tlie gfoand. The roots ^yread thcmKlves )uft under til0 Ibr&e of die mands^ atni ai« ea^y dmwa up by itnd&la. Thelf tefemhle s Isfge entang^ flcetn of thnai^ oHl &tte§ hrtghi gtid cobrr and I amjicrilbadU %diWQidd y»kl^^ beadti^ and penaanent yeBow dye. %tA» idftr greatly eftecmed hodi by the Indians and colo- ^Mum fanfdy for any foren^a. m tha month, but* tlie «li» ol it is e]N|tttiitely bitter. SOLOMON'S SEAL is s phnt thatgmirson the fiiks of rivers, and in rich meadow land. It rifes in ihit whde t# abont thrte feet h%h^ the ftalks being two ibet, #ha» the leaves bc|fiii to ^read themfielves and nichr ifoot further. A part in every root has an im- Itcfipiipoa it about' -thi^ fine oC a fixpence, whk^ l^^iiewiaailit^ivmsnuide^^^* ieal, and from thefe It Hjilsfs its na8»w It is groitly valued on account of its lMl|0«r&|f:jarifier of. the blood. JDEVIL's BIT is another wfld plants which (KOirti&tlefitkk, and' receives ita name from a print mf ^Qcna to be madft by teeth in the roots* T%e JniKaii fay that this was once an umverfid reinedy ^ fiiif dilisrdcr that huasan nabire is inck!ent.tO| b«t ^0^' oi the evil fpSrits envying mankind the pO^eSf ft«i*al lb efficacious a. medicine, gave the root a bite^ trldeh deprived it of a great part of iu virtue^ smBM^OD R O OT^ A fort of phintain that fpriw iii^f the gnnindin &c or (even long, cough Waves, we tliia^ wliieh are red; the root of it ishhe aftJNiU^w* Nil bath lin odor and appearance r vdicn broh^n, die kid* of tt ia of a deeper eobr than the outide»in(l Mi[^l«««ii drops of jttiee that look like lOooi^ k«#il«Of«inetic». bill r very dangerous onck HERBa s^ . cAHvEiLi tij^vtie. H £ R B $• ]Wn» Nettki, Giiiqve Fofl* Ey^HMty Smidlc^ Pluitfi^, iUft^tolic Fhiiuiiit Boor Bmo^nuAm^ Tikid Pluitalfii Miidcii HNb W|U SN^Im^ litm vort, Kofale Liverwoit, ^kodnnit* Wild Bnii^ ^hwrf Irf, WitcrCldlet» Y«RO«r, Miiijr #ie4 Gtfgi^ Skank OMMceor Poke^ Wake Rflbin, Betoii^r, SodSom, Mid» kn, Wild Peafe, Moufe Ear^ WiU I^^go^ Toba^ •»d Cat Mint. \ '#ANICL£kaiafDot«ludi it thick towai^ the i^ptr pirt, and full of finafl fihica bebari the levrea^ It are hroad» roundift, haprdi finooth» antt of a inc AiniBg green ; a ftalk rifet fiom thcfc to tile hci|^ of i loot* mch il quitir ^fioaootb and fioe Inini kftott>. and' OB the top of It are fevend finall floweie of a fcidift trhite, tM^ Hkc a wild rofe^ A tea made hr»i4aiid faimidiately to tho imond» and fomc^of ttlM jniee ^"^ lelddm ftilt of averting cvcfr daagelwit B» obii«iae«d m« iha Indimw ^^ Hc^pi^iir hdfaiible ant|*tu> that itr a tj^UMi^ htlMt of liquor, thej 4ni at any tlmt^ permit a rattle ^ hit fimst into their ieii. It k to httre^^ It duriag thoie montht iif which dM hUt of thdi oinmtt it moft tenomottt, thil fcac^lbr CAtVEK'i TKAVELS. t6g kwikhi gvoiUft pcrfcAiOBi aad moA laxuriint in iti POOR ROBIN't PLANTAIN mut the Smm £ftdm M tKe bft, but moie dumiiiiuveia ttttj re> %a&l it ivimcf iu iwve iinni ||» fist» aad the poor nl •vrMllidi it i ||r»#si fe^ ift a |[Md liitdicinil kctbi and often acbuniiUred with nicccft in fevers and internal' • TOAB PXANTA.il frcfimUetthftconouMi. planiai»» oafy iii grdwalfDvcIk tnalwry and it thiw denomir - naled tocaufe %oSk Urv to harbor mider it. AOCR LIVERWORT is a Jbat. of Livtr* wvart that grows o» iticki^ and id of the. nature of kelrt or aB«(W.i li is eftsensfd nana exoeUent renedy againtt. Mc|ines* GAR^l'Tioa S'KOK£. It a latge kini of tiaid^ At :kai#ia. of whiek an iboiit fix incke^iong^ i^mI. Mr ikifcket vad an kalf kmadf ^tkcf refcmUe thcflfe oC W^ge/in their color and textnre, bat not in-flUM TNfooi itvtry ka^t^^romwfakdi fpriosdiffcfCBC iaUn ihlt roa eight or un feet high» and»re M^of redbcnietf l^M$thmgm ^aftcrtiii4ke jwmth of ScptembHry «^ •Mi^|tn«tM;f ^oaUed^ p%eoa. h^friei^ at tkofii bitdtitket- feed on them. Wken the leaves fiHl %ring.finni.tl«. miiad»alker being boikd^they are a nutritious aad'trkoif- ftonic vegetabk, but when they are grown nearly to.tbo|rv ftilLfiaCy tkay ai^uirtJa pdmnont^ quality. The roota" applied to the kandi or feet of a penon afflided with a, %Mr£pro.vt?a- vtnr powerful id>£brkent. $^liVM,M POKE it an. heik It pre ibout a foot km^and ii«AOcl^9>ro4d» M«phr oii%« \m rather pointed. The roott are oonipuled ^of mil; ^ pift,nJlrM,i9ttfty fmdlfpofloi tkia kerbi •^tP» ««4% iS^¥?V "^ »i » terp^. .\WwNr- *^ ° ^^ " *■ kerk that grows in UmmiK» pf nMif lit root refenblet a fniaO turnip, mad if uM A a.i It fiom iti natutal flu^ into mltau^hmKA ^Mtntet in which ftatc it wm cbmkm foitfomttim^ mMmkm thi» BO other part if thei liouth wi| he W^&m^^ when dried, it k^fttjAmigcnt qiialit3r,.a»d hecomet ttkeft int«nMB]r,lt it Tciy |^ fer# ;eptf^|aaite4||y WILD INDIOO itanheihofUiciyiciecJet MXiiit fimit w&ace iBd%o iiiniiifei4|h*lfoiifcgrtlSo- mm. ltgit>w»inone&dktotliehe%l*#fi«oK^^ ihchei from the nonnd, when it ^%dc» Htt» OMUiy hiiiiehei^froin which ilBtie« gitat nu^hct oIlJBuahltfd Muifii iesvct thst &read to i^great httaikb, and;«i|oii,r ihefe it h«ai» u y .S^mJiy'Jpd/- ^. •■'.;■:: '^;,' ':■^;^''^^.!^;■'"■''':,^'^* jteB 4e^ l%lif W a Ipk ^> of j«iiiti iiW^ li JUt m^fM$ «b4 when green, >boiiiidiiif itilk i^f«reet pismirt^^tkc Ua$m fuw fdie tMeof tlie iwed» tbout two fini^iliillcngtl^ ai^^ t^ or lopr iiicfacB tirald. tlue fiiliiflplike fiime p£urt, giwir^^ ean dlpM^Ml n^ IbMinn |i^»;yfil]0W|.iir,«il|a |nrf|a «fior;!l1^ |<<»di are aajtargeiipei^ !4EMi«^ %ik« fOMwtffy «pii#b ^l|fp> tici^of icwl^^ tea^ M|* ti»itioi|^ - -*i .^ _ .. «#» vit wf » wjTTifias «lIir.JS??' ?^ *i **''*• "« often ttpofcd to .nA. ™j4b^ The Lb ^ itXl SThlSS fjjj -d ^& .Me ih^ ,W,t fcet A«wS**L^ fin^ !S%1 %!»• tHS fiS ls^t^SSE?S??srS litfiicd that it nerer arrived nearer to mflaritT t^ pit to Itloflbni s after i(^iidi it i^peareil Bl^j^itedt iui4 ScA airvf. T^it conv&cetmfetliattlie north-weft wln^ as i iMlve before liintedr i| rnu^ m(0f^'^ftm^ li^fline dianin theinteilor parti I and tk^ k il morii^ndb^ ^ ftnitt of the eaitb, after tt liai paflal over tlie ]aleet» aiid beeome united with tlie windwfaich joint it from .; |iE4J^$. TMf are «ear% ol th$ lii»t iia|ke al ]^ iiqiopean lieaQi, km ire not awcK lai|per lluui the Mkl %e of thim*^^ Thcf are Med bf the Miai^ aiMi «|itKn d^i«%^ with bear't Ml. ^SQUASH. /^^Iwiveidroiefei^fiMKiM^ MHMlXm 4>r PUMPjJ^m #itioll br lowi lit dMItppfirfbe^ indipiii^ liitHpa paiffir ||lMA^iltii«i^ bt)it4* Qfll^tb^ ^ )he w>m4p fijpdh* ^efiu#nr^^ bring bQ3fld«ai«eat«»d«K^ i&siniliier m vcfetublca i and aw 41 of n fkafingt i^ m^f^Ilf ismie-neolc, whicli grea% i»o(da i» ^ oiiin» «Kt vmBf bung up for a wintfr'ii %p»^ and |» APPENDIX. V':'- vf -MB A P P E N D 1 X. r^A- THE cottQtriet that lie between the gnit la^cs aiid River Mifliffippi, and from thence fottthlrard to Weft FMda, altheiu^h in the midft pf n Inve conti- ae&i, a^d at a |reat £ftaiice from the fea, are to fituat- «4». that a communication between them and other ri^^s nii^bt conveniently be opened ; by which meant Uko^ m^ixti or colonies that may hereaner be fof^ed or i^tcd therein^ wiU be rendered comiAerdtl oiia. ||itf i^reifl Hiver Mifliffippi, which runs tllk^oiwh the mmtoi tbem^ will enable their inhabitant V^ mh]^ tt iitfropoife wilh foreign dmieis, eqUaUjr'as j^B as ^ Sunbatet, the Nile, the Danube, or't^ wo]g^ do thtile jpcopk whidi dwell on their banks, and who have sll otier convenience for exporting the pvoducel of th|lr ^i> coun^, or hr importing thofe of odiers» ^^ b^ttU JMid^dfeli of Hght buiden : notwithftanding whidi* ^^have become powerful and opulent ftates. , X^ Miffiffippi, as I have before c^ferved, runs from ll^pJl to foutn, and jpa0es through the moft fertile and Umj^nate part of North-America, excluding only the cst^^ties of it, which verge both oh the tornkl and ';firi|p|d zones. Thus fiivoraUy fituated, when once its banks are covered with inhabitants, they need not long be at a Ibis l^r means to eftablilh an extenfive and pro- fitable commerce. They will find the country towa^s thl^j^th a|a^ producing fiUt, o^ltoii, in4i|^, and tobacco; and the more northern J^tttts,. vrifle, pi), beef, tallow, fidns, buffido-wool, «i|d nlrii wi^leadi copper, iron, coalf^ lund>er, oom,^ xw^» w^. firiw^ bqides earth and barks for dyings Tii^ articles, with which it abounds even to pi^l^ fion, niay be tranfported to the ocean thxoi^ l^tsfivtr -.-•kL^-^ greater ji^ulty than that which attea^l ^ Kt of merchaooife down ibme of dbfe f li^ A P P E N D I X. *7S jttft noitioDect. It ii true that the BliffiSopi behig the bmliKliKy between the Englifli aad SpimJh fettle- vSeBU, and the Spaniards in pofleffion of the month of it, they may ohftnid: the palTagc 6f it, and greatly dif- hfltteb thole who mak^ the lift attempts r yet when the idvaottiges thit will certainly arife to fettlers, are known, mimitudes of adrentureis, allured by the prof*« p^St of fuch abundant riches, wiU flock to it, and efta- btlfli ' thcmfithes, though at the expence of rivers of blood. Bttt ftovdd the nation 'that hi^pens to be in pofleffi- on of New Orleans prb(!re unfhendfy to the intemif fettijtrs, they may find a way into the Gulf of Mexico, hf the fivei* Ibertille, which empties itfdf from the; ^mffigt^i, after paffing through Ija]^ Mauropa^ lAto' Lake PonduMrttam, ¥^ch has a commani^tioh^with^ the f«4 wit^ the botders of Weft Florid. The Ri- ▼et rlbet^viUe hraniehes oW from the l^fiffiffippi about eifl^ty iiiiles 9^^ New Oileans, and thdugh ie is itjbrcy feat dioked up in fome parts^ it.might at ah inooittfidiitw' able eapettce be itede niavigable, fo as to anfwer all the pm]ift£^propofed. ^ 4>lthottg|i the EngUfli hire acquired fince the kft pi^ * iliore ditehiiVe knowIe%e of the iirteribr patti th^ were ever obbiined before, even by Ae Frendi, yet many of their pi^^dii^ons ftiO remain unknown. Ahd though I wa#iiot.ddfi<2Mtat^therittaffidiiity or atteatiwi ddrbg'die fliort time I remained inrthem, yet ! mu^ aci&owldkcjhat thie i&teIHgence I gained was not fb pev|i^ $t I ooold fvgfli, and £at it requires further re- iqurchei to diake'the world thdirbughly aoq^iahttsed with th^ real wdueof thefe'kmff lUddm reidiai^ tlThe^partsof ^t Miffiffi^i of which noiiutvey hi|t hithtrto been fakeui; amouin to upwards^ of Mijkt huof ■ di^ ^s, ^i^kywinl^dMe miatk of thr ftream, that Us, iffilvlSie m^afiik ia^ m Oldlconfin tUvei^ Fhms ol Ai^liavillth fiM^the fei1)l«r to die Gulph ofMexi- <:»» h|i?e been d^HHeatedl by feverd hands, aad I have fiiiltei^ to%^ that a& iainl inrvey of the inter. ta«tetfiirtB oiFI&e Mffl!%pi, between the OUnois lUii# Iftd the iea, with ^ Wo. Che^ivkee, aiul Ouar -w ■ A- ■-'■• ^ APPEND! X. 1»cii0 RtMki* Uiken on the fpot hf a verf inffci G^ntleiiiiii** if now publiflied. I flitter myliEtt than the obieiiraitiont therein cootnined, whidi hftve been made by* one whofe knowledge of the parte tberein defcribed wat acqiiir^ br a perfonal invefligation,' aided by a fofid judgment* w3l confirm the reniarks I have miide» and proa^ote the fdan I am here reconmiendingl I ihaB aUb here give a coiictfie ddcription of eadi» Beginning, according to die rule of gcogn^ers, v^ that which liet moft to the north. It is ho'weirer neeeffibr^ to obferve» that beibire tbefe fttdementt cae be Jeftabliihed, grante mdl be procnred in the manner cuftomary on fiich occafipns, and the lands be pivchafed of thoTe who have acqaired a ^ght to them by a long pbflVflion } but no greater difioSty inB attend thie completion of this point, than the original louubdeiii of every coloiiy on the continent met wim to dMIrtiA thdr inHmtions { and the number of Indians who 1nbei>it thefe traAs being greatly inadequate to their cx- tciif^ it is not to be doubted, but they will readily gite op ^ a rtafinnsble coiniideration, territories that are of' little ufe to them; or remove for the accommoda^n of tfien< new neighbors, tohttid»at'a greater diftance Irom tliB MifflBpp^ Me navigation of which is not eflcntial to the wcUare of their comrnunities. ; No. L The country within thefe lines, from itsfitua- don, ir oolder than any of the others } yet I am con- vkMMd that the air is much more temperate than in thofe piovinces that lie in the fame degree of latitude to the eaft of it* The foil is exceflent, and there if a neat dial of land that is free from woods in the parts a^oin» in« to the Milfiffipipi; whilft on the contrary the north- eaftem harden of it are w^' wooded. Towards die haads of the Rivtr Saint Croix.> rice gNywa in great pka^*: and: there is abundance of copper. ; Though thi iSJb«f Saint Atttihony are fituated at the ibot1i-«ift cowef a$ this divifion, yet that impediment wiS not to- tidlrtobftruA the navigation, as the Riter Saint Crbia» wliidi #• 1^i4iMM Hiitchiai, Efli- Cs^tain in U* Msjsfty*s 6ofh, or Bq^Aasiicaa lUgimMI ef Feac |i«$ APPENDIX. *77 «^i)cK-n||is%fifil>> a great part of tlie fouthem fide of it, cotm the i^UffiUppi ji4 Mow the FaUs, and flows ^Ijinin^^g^aik k cuiTcnta tbat it mffbrd«^a convenient lunlgatipa it^ boato. This trad is ajbout one hundred mH^ from Botthrweft to.fQUth-^a$» and one hundred •li4 twpnty mif^ ^&oin nof^-cfiil to, fouth-weft. .iKpMill- TWt t«4« m t h?W already defcribed it in mio«ml» exceeds ilici iii^heft cnoomums I ^can give Hi ||C|tv«;^na9dinK which 4: is lentMy . uninhi^icedi and thir ffflMion oC fle§«igf tiat ii^turf has flwwercd on «^ ^fl^nenljr .^t« reiiini une^Pye^ tq the hip from wiM^oe th«y ifiming. Lal;e Pepin^ as I have termed k>.mBmfkt Frenchi lies within thefe bounds; but the lfi|B tQ vJlMi thi^ n^nw propisrlf bdpngs is a Uttle abovo flkeM^M'uCt4$ti how^^r, as aH^ the tradcts caft this JMr«rt(lkQ^j l^t naine, I ha^ fo dfnoroinated it* «Mltr«i7,to;ttfie ii^otmnj^n |recei|fed fi^Om the Indipnm TJMs msiln lyipk W.»n^%i»at M^Uh ihfi dimeniiona ^ it; oanflot ht cx^aiy gi^n, but it Mpp*!- ■:-. No. IV. Tbit cokmy confiftt b( l|i^ ^ fiiriodt desomimtiont, liome of mxk we veiy goodi aidbUiqn wry bad. Hit beft is ^utcd oa the tiOfdirt^F^ Green Baymnd the Fox iUver, where tittire i^ intiu. pnertblc acres eovered with fine fials, moll: ^art of wblth grows to an aftomfbkig fae%bt, Tbit ri« which is about one lluMe^ and d|^ teil^ except between the Wianebigo Lakc» aM^ the XSireiii Bayi where thet« are fevetalai^rying^Iteei la th«%^ of thirty miks. The iPox ^er is rendered ttilifAMt by the abundance of rice that grows on its Ihttrii^ iid die ahnoft infinite nun^bers of nwfowl^^ IfMueihtits banks. The hnd which lies near it i4^>eari t Oliifeenfiii- kito-^e Miffifliimi. This divifion is about one hundred -ttid fixiy Bulcs bug from nor(h to foutb, and oii4 huodied ■nfd forty broaf£^ » No. V. Thii is an exceUtnt traA of huid, and,' <^- fid«ing ito interior fitttatio% has greater advantages tlttui oaidd be exseaed} for ^nn| the MiflilBp|^r6n its weAem botdm, and the Iflinoit in itt fovtb^aft, it las m free a navigation at moft of the othen. IWiilNttoii parts of it are fomewhtt mountlniibus* but it tOlittSm a gNht daal of dear huid, the foil of which is ^0e]htet• with many fine fenile iiMad«w», and not aliw ri4 A^ It h upwindt ol two bundled auks fron nonh |oil|th| and one huadred and fifty limn eait to w^. - . No. VI. This oal«qr beinff fitnwed w(^ lb 1^ Of the Riven IlMt and *«bach^ ijl^^^f liiuGh cutties itfelf iwBtdiately into iktimim^ the hitt« into the fiofte river ^^^M ol,ui^9iO> Witt leadiW find a cwMaunication with t^e «* ?5S^ «lhefe. Having 4fo the lUvet MupiA pii%p^g» i% which runs into Uke Erie, |ui mteicourie Mpi ba iftiblilhcd with Cwrifi * 1^ wiqr of ili« W»»»2f^ lore A P P E ti D I X. p79 Ipre jointed, out. It jpontarat^ a grait deil of rich^^ ,tp|ejbii4 *od though mor^ ndpnd &n any of Uic othen* m& pe at vajnaliie an acqui^tbtt ai' llie bcft of them* WirpKOt nofth to fouth it it about one hundred and 0xty nujes, .from eaft to weft one handred and eighty .^ No. yil. This divifion is not inferior to any of the foregoing. Its northern borders lying adjacent to the XUinoit riTcr, and its weftenr to the Mi£^ppty the Jftuati^n^ oC it for eftaUiihing a commercial intcrcourfe with fore%n nations Is tciry commodiotn. It abouads Ifith ^ the neceOariesof life, and is about one hundred and mj miles from north to fouth, and fixty miles from eaft to weft) but the confines of it being more irregukr than the others^ I cannot exa£Uy afcertain the dimen- fionsof it. J^ yilL This colony having the Rifer Ouabache ?un|u<^ through the centre of it, and the Ohio foi^ tta IroUiem boundary, will enfoy the adfaati^^ of a Ikee oavigiitton. • It extends about one hundred and feity miies Irom north to fouth, and one hundred and ihitty ^pom ^4 to ^^ft* > No. IX. X. and XI. being fimflar in fituatsonj: ilnd lumiflied with nearly the fame convenienciet as ill she olherfi, I ihall only give their dimeniions. No. tSL it ^bou^ eighty miles each way, but not exa6lly (quaie. No. X. Is nearly in the (arae form, and about tfaefiunc extent. Nd: XI. is much hu-ger, being at leaft one hundred and fifty miles from north to fouth, and one hundred and forty from eaft to weft, as aear^ as fiomits irregularis it is poffible to calcuhte. Af^er the defcrtption of this deKghtful country I have firfady ipven, I need not repeat that all the ^pota I have thus |>ointed out as proper for coloniaataon, abound not witf with the neceffaries of Ufe, being wdl ftored with nee, deer, buftUos, bears, ke, but produce in e^ abundance foefa m may be termed luxariei^ or •I ki^ tk^ artiddi of commerce bcfbiv redted^ t^iich the telabttairts of it wiB have an oppoitwity -r I. ._-. ^ ^ aeedfW prodnaiMM of oihcr The A P P E.JI^ II. I Xe rtjc^gnntege. that would rrfiilt ihm.^a,,^';^ loir difcotery, its utflitv being ibeadV toe wcA kao^ to the commerad world tonefd;uiy elucidaiionr lihi °SLS*"*"*^ «yf«? to the metlipds tjbat tppeM- raS pi^blc to cnliitt fuccefi to ftturc adTentni^B, The many attempu that hive hitherto li^en m^^e for thii purtwfe, but whidi have all been rendeitd abortiv»i, fteim to have turned the fpirh of nlak^ i^fll t^lbnth- ei into another channel, and this molt intereft^rdte has ajmoft been given up as inipra6Hc!A>kj.bm in jS* pillion, tVirfailunj rftherprocec^^w^b&i ^K. ** ■" »»pw>pcr plice, tM finom their kim^ tictbtuty'* ■■ ■ \ .ft i ^.-^ J«^l^«Tr*t'«t l»^ Wtherto ff«re engaged, and fruftriAcd e»ery it«i^||r Hi is if has been dircovercd by fi^ch as hare t^ M^tll Bor|%ii parts of the ftkcific Ocewjp #i| Opm ig^ many Inlets which veige towardi Htid^» m^3^ not to be doubted but that a pa%e mJQJlwmlM .'ft?e.-a^ .;■«. .'-Ws-^MM-^ iif > 1*^ iE H D I 3L a*t mm ^'And iKo^ thd f ft li II >B ■ ^ ■^. [i^gnm^tm ^ «l i^eooomUe aipntagr to die ■'■J 1-*: .'■.? W jp / Jir ■/ 4t. .'A, '^Lii •,«»-' i f I , K 3 it&f-;i J' » <" w