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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour etre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est film^ d partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. y errata 3d to nt ne pelure, ipon d 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 •^^ , 1 ' ifr . CIIIKI-' Oh' 'I'HK OMAWIIWVS. Df.twii t'nr \l*ir(.iii?* ''r.-tuiit \ in t-r I'Wi ii a i\\ VlS\\*'ii\f .^ ■^Ib'f CRANIA A3IKHICANA, (III, V C 0 M V A l{ A '1' 1 V !•: V I E W SKILLS or VMJIOl S VI5(M{Ka>AL \VTF()>S „ J^ErJi'im - j._. , J. .y i. '®Ulr:^ AMlcI^IKi..^' I" w null i^ iii;::i\i:» AN I:SSAY ON Tin: VAIUKTIF.S or THi; HUMAN *M,VAN U (111.1. 1. i;i; AT rilll.AllLl.l'IllA; lll.MI'.l.ll -M Mil. ACAiiiAn (II .NAii KAi. MTi;\i i:- .11 I'ini.Mii M'liu. Ill .hi: ami:i;iiav iMiii.osnl'iiuAi. smiMv; m riii: iiis;.i:!irM, .Ml ii:n nr i'i:\n^vi.v\ma; m nil: iuisimn .■iii(ii:Tv ni' natikai. iiismuv', .^^c, cViiv PHI L.\ I) K; LI' 11 l.\ : J. DOHSON, CHEST NIT STREET L 0 N 1) 0 N : SI.Ml'KIiV, MARSHALL vSc CO. 1839. ■ i.i.iNs i'n;\r; TO W. S. W. llUSClIENBERrJER, M.I). or iiii; iM rr.i) si'ait> ^AV^. AITIUUl 01 rilREl'J YKARS I\ THE rACIFFC. A VOYAGE ROUND THE W O II E D," THIS WORK, ^Vllli II iiKHIVHS SOMK 111- ITS MOST VAM'AHLK .MATDlilAI.S lUiiM Ills liNSKAlJrillis |\ I'l'KI IS MOST RESI'ECTFULI.V (iUATKKULLY INSCUIUHI) BV THE All Till )K TO join s. iMiiM.iPs. i:s(i. Mr.Miir.ii or [iii; \( aiikm- or n \ ii ii\i. -( lusrr.^ or I'liii.Aitr.i.niiA. Sec. Sec. ^h Dr.AuSiii: — Iliivinii now ciiinplclcd ;i tn^k wliicli h.\< cost inc 'ioinc ycnrs (if toil ;in(l ;in\icly. it L;i\r> nir l;it;iI |)1(;inii''c to rrcmd llir iiruiy iilili^alinn^ I n\\v you in llii' [ii'o-.rciitinii of (lii-c iiii|iiirics. 'I'd \oiir iiiiiciiuity 1 ;iMi almost wliiilly imlclilcil Tor tlic iiiriin^ of ohtainiiiL;' \\\<- ( lalioratr lura-iiirciiuiils a|i|i('nilr(l to tliis \V(ii'k: wliicli, willioul your |iirM)nal aid ami uiitiriiin' i)c'i'>r\(i'aiicr. would have I'tniaiuoil in a ■j.rcat MKif-urc unacfompli^hcd. It may. jii iiia|i>. I>c IImhuIiI liy >ioni!' ri;ulrr<. thai tlic^r dctalN arc uMuccrs^ariiy luiiiulc. opccialiy in llif l'!iri'iioloL';i('al Taliic: and ai;ain. ollni's wniild liaM' prdVircd a work couilni'tid llirou'4'liout on l'hrinoliiHi(';\l |)i'ini'iidi"<. In llii- >lu(ly I am yrt a irarnri': and it appraiTil to mr llic wi-rr plan to prrvcnt llu- factv unhia^^rd by llirnry. and hi the rcadrr tlraw hi> own con(■iu^ion^. \'on ami I have huin' adniitird Ihr fnndanuntal j)rint'ii)l(s of Plirt'no|oi;y. vi/.: That the hi'ain i^ thr or^an of Ihc mind, and ihat its (lillrrcnt parN perform dillrrcnt fniK'lion^: hut wo have hoc u >lo\v lo acknow- Icdnc the detail-, of Crauioseoju as tan;;'ht 1)^, ' U\ flail, and supported and extended l)y sul)se(|uent oi)sei'vers. We liiive not. imwevr.'. nej;'lected Ihis hranch id' iminiry. hut liavi' euileavored to examine it in conuectiiui wilh numei'mis facts, wliich can only he fully appreciated wlun tiny conic to l)c ciuniiared with similar measur<'- mcuts derived from the other races of men. Vet I am free to acknowlcdije that there is a singular harmony hetsven the nuiital character of the Indian, and Ills cranial developments as explained l)y IMircnoloLiy. 'riii^ Udik lins Mill liicii ciiiiiiiiiMil ill Unit iiliiliiMipliic n liniiiiiit wliicli is si. Iiivmnlilr III irivisli;;;ili(iii miiiI rrlltcliini: iii llic cinilrnrv. vmi ciiii hear wiliicss lli.il I liiivf imiMii il my ciiiiim' ariiiiUl lln ciiiiliiiiinl I'llium iiiul nnxicly nf a |iriirr»siiinal lilV; ami this mu^t |i,. im a|iii|iiu\. it' llic wmL I imw suhmit In tlic |iulili(' (liMs lint rmriaci all tin iiiatriiaN winch air fallrd I'nr in such an iimli i- lakiim. I am. m_\ drar -ii-. \iiiii' \ri_v nliliiicd Irii ml ami servant. SAMUCL CJEOIUiK iMOU'lON I'liii, \iii:iaMii X, (htnii'-r |. |. iM{ i: 1^ A ( i: Trir, title uf llii.; work !■< |)cilin|)s siiHiciciilly ixplaiiatory of its (il))(cls. 'I'lic |)iiiicil);il (l(si:;ii lias liccn In (rjvc acciiralr (IcIiiicatiDiis cif tlic crania (if more than Inrtv Iniliaii natinns. Pcniviaii. I5ra/iiiaii ami .Mexican. InMcllicr wilh a |)arlicnlarly cxtcnilcil scri( s I'lmii NdiUi Ainnica. iVoni tlic I'acilic Ocean Id tlie Atlantic, and Innn Tlnrida ti> the region of Ihe I'olar Irilies. Ivpicial attentinn has aKn hi en uiven to the siiiM-iilar (listnrtitins nl' (lie skull caused liy mechanical contrivances in use ainont;- various natimis. I'ernvians. Charil.s. Natchez, and tlie Irihes inhahil- iwj; Ihe Ofcuon 'I'enilon. Tlie author's materials in this ilepaitnnnt are ample, ami have cnahled iiim to ^ive a lull c\p(j>il,on of a suliject whicli was lonn involved in douhl and controversy. Particular attention has lucn heslowcd on the crania li'om the Mounds of this counlry. \\hi(di ha\c heen coni|>ared wilh similar ridics derived hoth I'rom ancient and modern Irihes. iu oriier to examine, hy the evidence of osleoloH'ical facts, wlii'lher Ihe .Vinerican aiiorin-ines, of all epochs, have hehmned to (uie Hacc. m- to a plurality of Races. I was. from the hcMimiimj,-. desirous (n introduce into this work a hrief cliaider on I'hremdoiiy : hut. consciouv of my own inahility to do justice to the suhject. I ajiplied to a prol'essioual friend to supply Ihe deliciency. lie euiianctl to do s,,, and conunenced his task with uivat /.eal : hut ill health soon ohli^ed him to ahandou it. and to seek a distant and more i;enial climate. Fiider these circum- stances I resolved to compleli' the rhrenoloj;ical Tahle. and omit the proposed essay altoncther. Karly in the i)rcsent year, however, and just as my work was ready lor the press. (Jeoruc Comhc. Ksip. the distiimuished phrenoloi^isl. arrived in this counlry: and I seized the occasicui to express my wants to that gentleman, who, with <;reat zeal and promptness. ai;reed to furnish the desired Essay, and actually placed the MS. in my hands before he left this city. It is with gn at IV IMM',1"A( K. plciisiin tliiil I (Nil riciiid Mr. ('iinilti'H lilidiilily in |l^llvillill^' \\[U inciiioir willioiit liavinu; "ii ii :i Wdid nf niy niiiinisctipt, iir imii kiinwiii;; wliat I liail wridcii: at llii' >iiiiic linif lliat I wmv iiiidrr (he mco^ily. (iwiiii; In cm riaiii |irr- arriini;i'mriil<<. Ill' liiiiiliiii;' liiiii In a ;;ivt'it iiiinili| iilili'jiiii:;' l'i'aiil\iirssay. wliicli i'^ a('('(iin|ianiril liy Iwn iiiustrativi' plalo. Ilir nadir \\ ill lie aide In ipidy I'liicindiiijical iido In I'M ry >kull ill till' -I lii' III re rn;\iii d. Nrillitr calf imr ( \iiiii»i' lias Ikm ii ^jiaii i! in liir iiidiavnr In i;ivc acfiiiacy 111 llii' liljiiiniapliid iliihtialimis III' liii^ wmlx. w iii( li have liciii cliiidly cm ciitcd liy Mr. .Iiilin C'nlliiis. uiu" ul tin nm-^t mmci -sliil cnUivaliiis id' his nrl in ihis ciiiMilry. Many id' Ihr jdatrs have luin drawn llir s( cond imd Ihird linir: and in srviral in>*lan('('>i Ihr iiilirr iililiun was I'aiicrilid. in nrdi r In nirrri'l inaccuraidcs thai liad [H'rvinnsly rsc;i|)i ij iiiiscrvalinn. I liavi- u;iv( n nundi nmri' siia'T In llic iN'riniiii ( 'I'kin ihan was al llr-it inti iidid. in Ihr linpi' nf in\iliii^'. thrninj,hiinl this cnnidry. a i^nalrr inlrrisi to lliis im|iiirtanl .md atlraiiivr siudy. ll is inipnssihlr tn trial nl' such a suhjci-l, withniit dia\\inii hu^i ly nn Ihr n scari hc^ id' limsr ilis|inL;uislicd niiti whn have ill \olrd their lime and laiiiil In ini|niries ul' this iialnre: ainnnj; wlmni it is es|ii(iiiiy necess;iiy | p nil nlinn Mnlliin. Mlunnnhacdi. liu.iiholdl. I'richard. 1-aw- lence. \ irey and IJnry de M. \ inci nl : while, anmn^ the writers nl' lliis ciumtry. I ha\eiiiri\ed much iiislruclinn I'lnni llie w rilin^i's nf Ihr late Dr. Harlnn. I'nihssnr (.'aldwiil. Dr. .I.e. Warren. I'rn|'ei|;illl'r iViilii r;u'll iillur ;inil liiilil llir. Id wlioni I l;lkr llli'l (ic(';i>iim 111 cxiirrss my L;r;i|( I'lil ackiiDwIril'^iiniilo. 'I'lir I'lr^t nj' llicsc n'ciillc imn js in\ \i'iii I'iilili' ;uiil iiiiu'li-liri'(l iiiicli'. .I;iini'> Miii'lnii. I'',s(|,. nj' ('liiniiiil. Ii" liiiil : llii iitlii'i'. my iViriul \VilliMMi Miiliin. |'N(|.. | ilc ii|' llii> cil). ninl now li^iiliit in Misicii, well kiinwii :i> lln ili>liii'iiiislii il I'roidi iil oj' llir Ai'adcmy III !<;;liiriil Si'irn('i'> III' IMiilaili'l|ilii.i. I il.iiin. ImwiMi', Minir niriil I'm' iKivini; rum nrlirril |mlili di rii'iriii'y. howcMT. i^ likily Io he sunn ol)\i;itid hy tlir kindni's< of mmih' I'ririiiU of ^''iriifc in Mexico; iiiid tlirsi' niiitii'iiiN. wlirii ncrivid. tiiLit'tlii r w itii some lliiit cnmi' to liMiid too kite fui' iim'. ;iiid iii;iny otliris tli;it ;iii' cxprcti d. will ciiiiiilr nir to coniplrti- iiiy disij,n hy Ihr piildicMlioii of ii >in;dl Sii/ipli iiinihiri/ I'dltiiiit ; in wllicll it will fmlliir he my nim to lAlnid mid rc\i>c hoth the .\ll.llnmic,ll ;llld IMirrno|oL;ic;d TMlilrs. ;md Io liivr liil>id \irWs nl mI IcMnI ;i pall of the ciMiiia dcliiii iitcd. I shall aKo take occasion In inrasiirc the anterior and posirriiif chanihi r-; of llie skull in llie four exotic races of men. in mder to ilislitule a Compali'>on helweeii them res|)eclively. and hitweeli them and the Ann lican Kace. Mut in niihr Io accomplish ihis (ilijecl. a very extended seijes of ciMiiia i-i of course indispenx.,!,!, ; and Iheautlioi' Ihercfore resjie<'lfull\ solicits the fiirlher aid of gentlemen inlei'es|,(l in tin' cause of science, in procuiiiin the sliiilh iij' all Hiiliniis. wwA forwardiiii;- them to hi hlress in this cily. \or can I close this preface without recoiilim;- my sincere thanks to fieiiri;e U. (Jliddon. Hsip. I'liited Slates Consul at Cairo, in l'-;iypt. for the simriilm^ z(.;il \\\{\\ which he has promoted my wishes in tins respict ; the series of crania he has already ohtaincil for my use, of many nations, hoth anrient and modern, is jierhaps without a rival in any cxistiii'.'; collection ; and will inahle me. when it reaches this country, to pursue my comparisons on an extended scale. I'ini.AiiKi.i'iiiA, October, 1, IS.I'i. .1 4 ^ -1 ••1 1.1 II 11 ■fe' •Jfl ^ '■'n D -'1 ■■^■t>>r:SS .V :: Is TV u 11 v.? s ^':y \k^ C R A A I A A M E U r C A N A I.NTnODlU'TOKY ESSAY ON THE VARIKTIES OF THE IIl^[AN SPECIES. 'I'm; i;c'0<;rnpliic'iil dislriliutioii oi' tlio liiiniiui ri cc. i> diu' (if tlic most intunstini;' prtililrms ill liistdiy. Tlir oldest nconls schloni nlliulc ti 111 uiiiiili;il)itc(l coiiiitry. The (Xtrciucs of liiat and fold, ami the iiitrrvciitioii of seas and monntaiiis. liav( pn-fntrd hut trillin;,^ harriers to the jieopliiij; of tlie earth The conditiou of man. under these inCinitelv varied eir cninstanees, is le^s the I'U'eet of eoeiT'ion than of atmosphere that freezes iiierciiiv. n Iioiee. Thus the Eskimau. surrounded hv an joiccs in his snowy deserts, and lia-^ pined in nnhapiiiness when removed to moiv i.eiiial climes. On tlie otiier hand, the native of tile torrid regions of Africa, ojipressed by ii vertical sun. and often ileliri(ni- willi thiiM. thinks i 10 part of the world so de^irahle and deliiihiful as his own. 'I'he arid province of Cli ICO. ill I'„i'ai;;unv. which the SuaniarcN stiiinialis doert. IS e rowded hy forty Indian nations, who re-j;ard it as an earthly paradi^ !t may he further remarked, in illustration of this siiliject. that extensive migra- tions have heeii mostly coiillnii! to the temperate / ones : it is rare, for ex; iiiinli'. to find the Polar trihes wandering to the south, or tiie people of the torrid /one a colder climate. The exceptions to thi attinipting to establish themselve rule are chiclly to he seen in the civilised which the spirit of migratory enterprise is without a limit. comninnities of modern limes, in mar ml From remote ages the inhahitaiits of ev( ked by certain physical and moral pcciiliarit ry extended locality have iiee ies. eoinmon amom;- tbem^elvc' .iiul serving to distinguish them from all other people. The Arabians are at thi> time precisely what they were in the days of the patriarch^: the Hindoos have 2 VAHIK'IMKS OF THK HUMAN SPHCIES. alttrcd ill uolhiiiu; since tlu;y \v('rc (Icscriix'd by (he curliest writers: nor liave tiirec tlKuisanil years made any diirerence in llie skin and liair of tlie Xe^n-o. In liivc manner the characteristic I'eatuifs (if tiie Jews may he recoL^nised in the scnlptnre of the lemphs of Lnxor and Karnak, in Kiiyjit. wiiere they iiave heeii depicted I'or nearly thirty centuries.* This identity ef physical characteristics, preserved throni^h iiunilierless i;enerations. and often under very dissimilar circumslanees. has occasioned various six'culations in respect to the orii;iii of the human family. 'Die prevalent he lief is derived from the sacred writings, wiiich. in their literal and ohvious inti^rpretation. leacji us that all men have originated from a single pair:t whence it has lieen hastily and unnecessarily inferred, liiat the dill'erences now oliservahle in mankind ari' owini; s(dtdy to vicissitudes of climate, locality, habits of life, and various collateral circumstances. Without atfemptini; to pursue tliis intricate ([uestion in detail, we niav ini|\iire. whether it is not more eousi-,tent willi the known government of the universe to snpp!)se. that the same Omnipotence that created man. would adapt • Sl'c D.'srriiitiim do ri^u'vpti , 'I'om.' II, pi. li. ami Tciinc III, pi. 10. + "Tliat llii- threo sons o( Noah ovci-spR'ad and peoplrd ih,. wluilt) .•arth, is so fxpivssly stated HI Si:ri|.lurc llial, liad we not lo arL'ur a-ainst those who iinl'oilnnalely disbelieve siieli evideiiee, we ini.'lu here stop: 1. 1 lis. howov.jr, iiii|nnv how lar ihr truth of this doelaratioii is siihstaiiliated by other considi'i-ations, l-jioiiu'h has been said to show that then' is a eiirioiis, if not a reinarkablo aiialotry lii-tween the predietioiis ol' .Noah on the t'ntiire desei'iidants of his tiircu sons, .-ind the actual slate of those races wlileli are ueni'rally supposed to have sprung t'roin them. It may hen' be' airaiii remarked, that, to render the subj'et more elear, we have ado]ited the (luiiiary arram:.'nient of l'rofes.sor liUmienbach ; yet that Cum. r tiiid other learneil [.hysioNyists are of opini'.n that the jtrhuiin/ varieties of the human form are more properly but //irn; viz: the Caueasiaii, .Mongolian, ami l-',lhiopian. This luimlier eoriesponils with that of .Noah's sons: assigiiiiiir, then-fore, llie' .Mongolian r;iee to .laplieth, and llir ]-:ihiopiau lo Ham, the Caueasian, the noblest raee, will belong' to Sheiii, the third sou ol' .Noah, himself deseended I'rom Si-tli, the ihinl son of Adam. That Iho primiin/ distinctions of the liiimau varie'lies an- but l/irvr. has been farther maintained bv the erudite I'riehani, who, while he icjoeis the iiomeiielalure bnih >•( Hluiii'-nbaeh ami Ciivier, as implviiig iiImjIuIc divisions, arraiiL'es tin' l.jadiii- varieties of the human skull under tiiree sections, dill'rriii- from those of f'uvior only by uamo. That the Hirre .sons of .Noah who wore to 'replenish the I'arth,' and on whose progeny very opposite di'stinie'S were pronoimeed, should ulve birlli lo dill'erent races, is what imi;ht reasonably be eonjeetured. Hut that the observations of tlio.se who do. and of those who do not belii've th.' .Mosaic history, should tend to eonlirni its truth, by pointiim out in what these thn'e races do aeinally dill'er, both physically and morally, is, to say the leasl, a singular romcidence. It amounts, m .short, to ,in suinptivo evid.-nr,., ,h:,t a mysterious and very boamiful analogy pervades throULdioiit, and teaches ns to look be'vond n:,lural cau.se.s, in attemptlng'io accoiml for elTects apparently interwoven in the plans of ()mnipoleiicc."-.MeHU..vv, l-:nc>/c. of (leog. p. 2",. i VARIETIES OF THE IIU.MAN SPECIES. tiial Mill 111' tiM' llaii, 111.' lllIlL' Ih.^ Ulltl! ■illi,' •nil-' tin; .■ri'iil .1 ..r Ul III jiihir ililiil OUIlt 2,5,'>. him at oiirc to llic physical, as well as to tlic nuiral* ciicMmistaiiccs in \vliich hi' was to ihvcll ujMiu tin; cartli ? It is iiuk'cd dilliciilt to imaiiiiic tlia( an all-wist' I'roviikiicc. al'tcr having hy the Dcluuic distroycil all nianUind cxccptiiiii the I'aniily of Noah, should Icavi- these to eonihat. and Avith secnuMiiiy uncertain and inadetpiate means, the various external causes that tended to oppose tlie ureat id)jeot of their dispersion: and we are left to the reasonahle conclusio'i. tlial i acli Race was adapted from the heiiinninji to its peculiar local destination. In 'ilher words, it is assumed, that the physical charaeti rislio \vhich distinguish the dillen nl Races, are independent of extt'rnal causes. Such appear to have heeu the primitive distinctions among men : hut hostile invasions, tlu^ migrator} hahits ol' some trilies. and the casual dispersion of others into remote localities, have a constant tendency to coiifnund these peculiarities: and the proximity of two races has uniformly given ri^e to an intermediate variety, partaking of tin,' cliai'acters of hotli. \vitliout heiiig identical \\ith either: tiiese are called Dii.rrd niccn. The grouping of mankiiul into Races, has occu])ied the ingenuity of many of tile hest naturalists of the pa^t and present century: and lure again \\i' ohserve that diversity of opinion wiiich is so freciuent in human researches. Linna'us referred all the human family to hve races, vi/, : tiie American, the European, tiie Asiatic, ami tiie African, and individuals of jireternalural confornudion. Tin' Count de BuH'on proposed ^ix great divisions, viz: I. The Ilyperliorean or La[>- landei'. which emliraces the I'olar nations. — 2, 'i'lie Tartar, which includes tlir eastern anil central nations of Asia. — 3. The Southern Asiatic, \vhich emi)races the South Sea Islanders. — I. The iMiropean. — "i, 'I'he Ethiopian. — And fi. The American. At a suliseiiuent peiioil Hullon reduced the races to live, by grouping tile Laplanders with the Tartars, inasmuch as he regarded the one as a degenerate hranch of the other. t More recently Profes-or lihuneiiliach. of (Jottingen, to whom tliis department of science is under great obligations, has adopted the arrangenunt of Hidlbn ; changing the names, however, of smne of the divisions, and assigning, with much greater accuracy, their geographical distribution. Thus, the Laplaiuler and Tartar of IJidl'on constitute tlie Mongolian varit ty of Rlumenbacli : the Southern Asiatic of the one corresponds to the ^lalay of the othei': and the European and Caucasian represent the same i)eo|)le in l)oth arrangenunts. The system of the celiiirated Cuvier is >till more elenuntary. for it proposes (U:ni;sis, IX, 2'), 2li, JT. t SoNMN-r- liuKfdV, \X. ]i. I JO, &C. 4 YARIirriES OF 'I'lIE HUMAN SPECIES. time nicis (inly: llic Caucasian, Aloiisdliim, and Etliiojiian: hut tin- author licsilatcs to n IV r (o cither ol' these, tlie Malap, the Papuas, tlic Austrahans. anil the South Sea Islanders.* At the other extreme is .'Malle-Hrun. the distinnuislied u;eoi;rai)hcr. whn en\inieralcs sixteen races, (d" whicii the Anuriean nations form hut (Uie.t Much has also heen \vritt<'n in rerereiiee to the Hiii/i/ of the hunian species: the anirniative opinion is sustained hy Linna'iis. JiliMuenbach. Cuvier, and many other distiuiiuished naturalists; yet. on the contrary. Virey has divided mankind into two species, Dunioulin into ileven, and IJory into no less than lil'tcen.t Finally, a French professor, overstcp|)inu; the harriers of reason and nature, has attempted to establish seveial suliiicnera.^ Such wide diU'erences of o])inion have led some persons to reject alhdassification in Anthropology: hut tlie same olijeetions would apjily -with eipial force to t Ik wliole range of Natural Science, wiiich, divested of arranncnu'nt. presents an uninviting chaos. ^\s (uir nuans of c(Hupariug the races nf nu'u heconu' more exteiuled. our ela^silication will of cour-e improve: and meanwhile we must rest (■'intent with an appniximatiiui to accuracy. It may here lie remarked, that two leading features e(in--titiite the ]);i^U of mo^l of the attem|)ted classilications of the human species; one of llicsc jv ciijlcd the p/iij.sirii/. {\u- otiier the rlhn()s;niphic nnlhod. In the foriuer. mankind are grouped in great divisicins characterised hy ^imilai'ily of extei-ior eonrdrmatioii : wiiilc ou the la>l mentioned plan, tlie arran^'e- lu.nt is liascd on analogio iif language. Each of tiie-e ^--tems has its advocates In 111!' exclusion of the other: imt it is reasonalilc to suppo^e that nudliod most natural and compn heii'-ive wliicli is derived from lioth these sonrcc^. ns well as from ail others wiiich tend to (^liliii-h analogic-, anion;;- nun. In order to eomliiiie. as far as possihie. all these advantage^;. i| i^ iiroposed in this jijace to consider tlie hiini.iu specie- as CDiisi-ting of liciiihi-hro fdiiii/ii.s: It is necesstry. however, to premi-e. that tliev familie- are imt assumed as identical with I'aces. hut merely as groups of nations po-ses-in^-. to a greater or less extent, similarity of physical and moral eiiaracler. ;ind lann'u:iL;e. Some of tliese families pos-e-s. it, is true, the peculiarities of the aboriginal races to which ■ If^L'iie Aiiim. 1. ^ I. ■ ^r- Hnitv ni; ^r. \'iM ::n|-. ■!'. I. p. '1-,.— I lnv.' iii.l Ihth ;i!,l,: |,, fairl iln-^ e::ibsifii."Uiiiii iii M:ill''-lSniii, . (I. (--.iJ. II. Ml. I,|l. vi. § liuuc, lOxsai sill- lis Races 1 [uinaines, l.s.'iLi. wlio VAuiirriEs OF tiik human species. ;j lin;v bfluijn'; hill oUr'Is iirc dl' mixed miuI very divcrst cxfractiiin, and (d' ('(nnj);!!';!- livtly ici'cnt oi'iiiiii. IJcliiviim-. Iiiiwivcr, as 1 dn. in tiic |»riniitivc distrilmlioii of mankind into lace- in (lie Miivc already ixpiaiacd. 3 it iicini;- unjtrcparcil Id nlH r any lliini;- new (111 ihi Milijrct. I >liall. fur llic present at least, adopt tln' arranneim^nt of I'ldlessor iJlumenliacii a> respects these liTcat divisions:' I'or altliounh his system is ohvioiislv iMiperlect. ut it is. perhaps, the most complL'te that has hitherto been attempted. I. THE CAUCASIAN RACE. 'i'he Caucasian l?ace is characterised hy a naturally lair skin, susceptilde ol every tint: hair line. Iiui^ and curlinj;-. and of various colors. The sknll is larne liid oval, and it^ anterior portion full and elevated, 'i'iic face is small in propor- tion to the head, of an oval form, with well-proportioned features. The nasal hones aiv arched, the chin full, and the teeth vertical. This race is distinguished lor the facility with wliich it attains the jiijihcst inteilectuai endowments. I . 'I'lu' Caucasian !''amil_\ . 1. The (jermauic I''amily. i. Tile Celtic ramily. 1. The Aialuan Family. ■). The Libyan Family. (i. The Nilotic Family. 7 Tile Indostanic Family. H. THE MONtiOLIAN 1?ACE. Tiiis ureat division of the human species is cliaracttrised by a sillow or olive colored skin, which appears to be drawn tij-bt over the bones of the face; lonu. black. St raiiiht hair, and tliin beard. Tiie nose is broad, and short: the eyes are small, black, and obliquely placed, and Ihe eye-lirows arched and linear: the lips aiv turned, the cheek bones broad and Hat. and the zygomatic arches salient. 'I'he skull is oblong-oval, somewhat, llatteiied at the sides, with a low forehead. In their intellectual character the ^Mongolians are ingenious, imitative, and liigiilv susceptible of cultivation. * Ii will lie olisiM-vrJ. howeVLT, that llir \vr.n\ race is sulist, luted lor !■(/;• ;V/i/, and the oriler in uiiicli these divisions follow eaeh dtlierin lilumenlaeh is somewhat cli:uiL'ed; llt/c 15Lc.Mi;.\B.\eii, /Je (•III. I/ioiKiiii I'ur. Xat. p. '.>8.'i. '• VAHIF/riES OF 'I'lIK IIIT>IA\ SPECIES. s. The .>[()ii,u;(i|-Tiirtiir Kiiiiiily. )». Tlic Turkish Eimiily. 10. The Chinese Kiunily. 11. Tlie Iiidd-Cliiiitse Family. l.>. The Polar Family. III. THE -MALAY HACE. Tlie Malay Race is eharaeterised hy a dark comph'xiaii. varying IVimi ,i lawny hue to a very dark hrown. Their hair is I. lack, coarse and lank, and Iheir eye-lids drawn (ddi(iuely u])wards at the outer anvils. The mouth and lips are larnc and the nose is -hort and hroad. and apparently hroken at its root. 'I'he lace is Hat and expanded, the upjicr jaw projecting, and the teeth sali( nt. 'I'lie skull is high and sijuared or rounded, and the forehead low and hroad. This race i- active ami ingenious, and possesses all tlie hal)its of a migratory, predaceous and maritiuH' p(M)ple, l.{. TIk Malay Family. 1 I. The Polyue-ian Family. IV. Tin: a:\ierica.\ race. Till' American Race is mark( d liy a hrowii complexion, long, hlack. lank liiiir. and deticieut heard. The eyes are hlack ami deeji set, Hie hrow low. the ehe( k-hones hin-li. Ill,, iiiise |ai;;e and aiiuiiiue. the mouth large, and the lip«. tumid and compressed. Tlie sluill is small, wide helween th:' |)arietal protu- li.ranees. pnuniueul at the vrrlex. and Hat - faire-^l inhaliitauls. On the pieiaii |)rop( r. the !*ersian, and the l'elas<;ic. 1. The ('iniciisiinin jiro/Kf are conlined to the valleys and mountains of Caiica^u^. 'I'hey are exlremely iiiimeroiiN. and eniiiiace many primitive trihe^; which diifer in lanunaije. yet p(K^(ss. in common, certain prominent |)liy>ical character-. Independent of the-e aboriL'jnal nations, it is said that live i;real immiiirations of foreigners form as many epochs in the hi-tory of this country. These nation- are the Lesuhi. the (iha-a/.es. tiie Moni;ols. tiie Aralis. and the 'I'artars. The laimuaiies spoken an' -carcidy inferior in iiumher to the remnant- of nations. "There are villages perfectly insulated, each of which is a conijilete nation, whose laniiuau;e is not in the lea-t comprehended hy the people in the next village to them, and is spokin iiowlu re (dse."* Hence the ohservation of Major Rennel. that tliis remarkahle tract. Mliich forms an isthmus hetweeii the nation^ of the north and south, -eeiiis to have retained a specimen (d' each passincr tribe from the dale of the earlie-t migration. f A few only of the most pnuninenl of the-e naliou-i will he noticed on the present occasion. TooKK.'s Kussi;i. II, 11. 107. I'liKVcAN. (';iiic;isu-^. \>. jl. J N \ Amrni.s ov 'iiik in man simxiks. TUv Cimissidiis* liiivc Imiii lucii ci lilnntcil lur sii|i(iiiir pcrxdiiiil (iiiln\Miiiiil>. 'I'lir 111(11 ,irc ilisliii:;iii-.|iiil hv the (Icniiiicr (if lliiir sli;i|ic: tlicir sliitmc xldoin i\i( ( lU llic niiiidh sj/c. _Mt (li(_\ an allilclic ami iiiiiM'iilar willioiit liciiii; coiiiiiU'iil. 'I'lir WdUK II have allraclcd llic alh nliiui and cimuiiaiidiil tlic adiiiiiMliiiii mI' all tra\(ll(r>: iKir can I Ik it lie a (jin slimi thai in ix(|iiisitc lieauly ol I'lirni and i:racrriilin'^> iif inainicr. liirv suipavs all (itinr |i(ii|ilr. 'I'licy an- di>lin^ni>li((l hv a lair ^Liii. ar(di(d aiid iiaiinw cMhidws. \(v\ |(iiil; cMlaslio. and Idack ryt •» and hair. 'I'licir |)iidilr a|i|)r(ia(li(s in an >t llu (irccian ni(id( I. and Tails little slmrl (d the iH'au-idial of (•la^»i(• scnljitiirc. or all llic Circassians tin trilic called No/talitiizi [ircsciils llie nmsl uciieral dillu-idii (if p( r-(inal Ixanty. .Mr. S|ieiicer asserts, in liis late travels ainmiii- tlieni. Ilial e\e!y iiidi\ idii;il lie saw \\as decidtdly liandsnnie.t The Circassians are sjn pluids ;in(l aiiiicnltiirists ; and altlidnnh iiulnli nt in field iaJMir. they are exlrenn ly active and vii^ilant in war. which is tlu ir laMiijte pastime. 'I'liey pass nnudi (d' th( ir time in huntini;. and in makiiin' |iredater\ exciiisidns aimim;- the adjic(nt Irihes. Like (he Arahs. they allect ureal luispilality. hiil they are at the s;ime time silfisli and deceitful. Contrary to the common iinpressidii. they seldom sill their (jwn women to the 'I'lirks ; for this tndlic is mainly snpported liy mifortimate captives from the diHereiit pmvinccs of Georgia. J The Ciirulshi tribe have, hy a siiiunlar misnomer. Iiccu called IJlack Circas- sians : wheiu'as their complexions, says I'ather Lamlierti. are very fair : and he adds. •• thai this name was proliahly liiven lliem only hecause the atmosphere (d' the country is ah\ays iiloomy and o\ercast with clouds."^ The (l(t)rii;i(nix[\VK not less heantiful than the Circassians, posscssinu; the same sl_\ h of fealmcs. hilt a darker complexion. j] The} are cxtrcnudy vain (d' their |ieisoiial (harms, ami eiuhavor to enhance tlieni hy dyini; tlicir hair, paintinii their faces, and niakim;' their eyelirows join in a contimions line.^ The Georgians are li^s warlike than the Circassians, hut mncdi iikjic literary and r(lhied ; they are loud id' poetry, and have a national love id' miisic. • Tlirv I'lll !Iii'IiimIv,>< Atli-lh', 1)1- A'li'.' ', Tlii'V arc llir /y lii (if the tiivuiis ami Lalais, and till' 'rciii'i-kcss ,,r ill,. Iiiivs|:iii^. t Trin-. Ill ('ir,':is^i;i, 1 1, p. j i ',. 1 Ki. APKOi 11, (':ni(':isiH, |i. ,iJl, § lluii..ii. -'s„. !' I'lioK, lii.rMKNini II lias li.'iii'i il lli'; skuil iil' a (u-i'rL'ian K-iiKik', to iliiistrntu iho pi iloct ]i|o|iorliiins 111 (111. ('aiii;a.-i;ui licail, — Dirnd. Cran., 'ral). XM. •■ I'liK.vi; \N. 'I'lav. ill (.'ailcaMis. |i. l:!(i. M'ltldlll linU'iil. II nl' nil I'm mid JH'd li,v yes iiiKJ .h(Ml j'runi nil the iiiii;hlM)riii^ nnliniis hy liuir nari'iiw Cnco. hy llii' rmiiif nC (licir heads, which are eoniliressed mi Imlii sides, iiy the sjinitliess id' the I(i\m r [lai'l cd' the lace, hy llieir |iioniiiieiit iinses. mid dai'k hmwii hair." They apiienr to he ihe ahoii^inal iiihaldtaiils (d' the iioithwesi pm't of Caucasus, liiil iiave lieen reduced to a iik re Irilie hy constant feuds with tiie Circassians. 'Their lan^uanc has no resemldaiice to any known Asiatic or lOnropean toniiiie.* 'The ()nsiliiiiini>i. or Irrni. are ,1 men horde of lapacimis liaiiditli. s|ieakiiin a lan,iiiiau;e allied to the Persian. The liiiHiclns and A'/.s7,v ;ne also lawless coinniuiiilies. who live hy hunting and plunder. ;ind r(di for honor as wi II as from necessity. The\- worship one (iod. witiiout either saints or idols. Similar to these me those nioiintaiiieers (d' Dairhestaii. called Tawliii/.i and lics^hi : liviii;;- in inaccessjldi' retreats, they descend into the valleys for niutual depredatimi. and to pillai;-e travellers. t Their laiiitnaiie is peculiar lo themselves, c.vceptinj; a few words which I'esemhie the Samoyede toniiiie.:]: It is (liilicnit to foi'iii a just estimate o|' many (d' these tiijirs. who are. on the one hand. de:;raded hy the Malioinedaii faith, and on V.w cdlier oppressed |i\ (lie i;raspinn' |)oiicy of tiie ]{nssiaus. Of their iiitt lli;;(iice and hravery there can he |uestion: and their moral per('e|dions. under the iidluence of an e(|uitahle no I i;overiinienl. would no douht assume a inmdi more I'avmalile aspect. I. The /'irxidii.s. who constitute the eastern hramdi id' the Caucasian faiiiih'. ve heen ct h hraled from re inoli aiiti(|nity for their liii^li civilisation, their their successful valor. IJul since the seventh ceiitiirv of our lia iiati(Mial { iriile anil era. tins country has heen successively invaded and conquered hy the Saracens. Monii'ols and Tartars, whose amalnamalion with the native inhaliilanfs has |)ro- dnced. especially in the lari.',i' towns, a veiy mixed population. It is (diietlv amoiii!; the mountain trihes tiiat the indigenous Persians are at present found. They are a line, athletic penpie. with liood yet slroiii;' features, which travidlers compare to those of the lliiihlandeis of Scotland. Theii' complexion is naturallv sallow, and hecomes hrown from constant ex|)osure : and in the ])riiviiice of Maziinderan. .Mr. I'''ra/.er saw some iniiividuals who were almost hlack.^ Similar in exterior to the foi'nier are the maiiv trihes of the mountains of Talesh. whose pri'lofl I I.Al'llDlil p. J 17 !■■ lo'vc, \N. Cinii'isus. p. IC1.1.IS, Caucasian Nalioiis, p. l:i Jj 'l'ra\ . in I'l , p. 50. I(t VAuir/nr.s ok tiik human simu iks. I'lipiUMiMisiic-is ami cnirhy urc a iirovcili in l'ii>ia. 'I'lir ilaiiijIitriN nl' ili(»r iiiiiiiMtaiiirciN. iMpci'iall)' in IIh' |iiii\ini "'' (ilulaii, arc rxIniiK l> liraiiliriil. In till' tii\vn«. I'l'iMn i-auso aln lulv nunl 'imd, llu' iiilialiilanl> |ii tm iil a very ilillirrnl a<>|it'('t ; I'lU' llir luni; ailniixliiii' nl' (inii^jan and ('ii'('as>ian IiIimkI lias dune nnicli III iiiipiiivf llic 'I'arlar iiliysiniinnniy ol' Ilir rural trilns. ami llir simirwliat heavy liu;iin* ami "-alliiw ciilni' nl' llir nrisiinal rir»iaii>. •■ \l liir iin-ciil iiin." ■ia\s Cliarilin. " lln re i>^ xMrcily a man nl' rank in I'liNia wliiiM' imilliir i-< imt rilliii' a (iiiiri^ian nr ('irca>i«iaii. Tin' Kim; liitnscll' is niii'^lly ilrrivril, mi lln inalrrnal ^iilr, Irimi this ixntic snnrcc ; ami as it is a Inni; linir sincr this niivliirr ciininii'm'i'il. thi' wmnrn nj' I'rrsia liavr also ht'ciinir ninch imiri' hiaiililiil. lhiiui;h Ihry du nut ri|iial thnsc nj' (inir^ia. As fur Ihi' nnn. they art' i;rm'rally tall and iri'ct. with a uracil'iil nianmr and asirnahli' di purlimnt."* Till' niiidci'ii I'l'Psians ari' pnlilr and piilisliiil in thi'ir inanmrs. and cxlrava- uaiilly adilicti'd In llatlcry. Tiny an' iilisi'(|niiins (n Ihrir supi I'iuis, hut a Hi it In lif^pisr all l'nrii'j;nris. They arr prnvrrliial adipts in dii'iptinii. and likr tlu' Arahs. makr a iiniil nf Ihrir I'lamls wlun tlirsi' havi' hirii practisid with admit- iii'ss. Till y ari' livrly and iiiiau;inativi'. I'lind id music and iincliy. and idnlisc the names nj' lialc/. and Saadi. The I'crsiaii lanunani is a dialed id' that id' Fars. ami i> used in pill try and ;iencral lili raturc hut the Turkish is the court lany;uaa;e. The present rulers 1)1' Persia (wlm are Tartars nl' the Kiijiir race) have, id' cmir.sc. estalilished Mahiiiiiedanisin as the slate nlii^iim: hiit the (ihehres and I'arsees still worship lire as the iiiihleni oi' the Siipiiine Hi iiitj. The i^nat Imily of this sect, howcvrr. was iliiNen Ifoni I'ei'sia hy llie Arahs umlir the Clialil' Omar in the seventh century. They estaldished lln'mselves in India, and especially in the province of Sural, where liny are s|il| niimi mils, and constiliite an indiislrioiis |iopiilation. The //ii/ti/s. or wandeiiiiLi; trilns of Persia, are chielly of exotic extraction, and form a distinct hoily nl pi ii|de. Morier coiii|)ari's them lo Ionian shoots, urafti'd on the oriiiinal Persian stuck. Tiny date frnm the com|iiest hy the Saracens. .\. I). ti')l. and their niimhers were aiiicmented during the siihseiinent invasions of (ii niihiz and 'i'aiiierlane. They are of M(»nu;ol-Tarlar extraction, hut have min;ile(l for centuries with tiie Persians, to \\honi they have imparted their rovins; prii|)ensities. They are iiy turns cultivators, shepherds, soldiers, and free- hooters. t * CiiAuinN, Vuy. II, |i. 31. Mdiiir.;:, iii .luiir. Ifov. (Irni.', Slu'., VII, p. 'J:!il- Tin: CAUCASIAN I' AMILY. II III' llioc llll. lit il VITJt llil> (lllllc <iii'>f. •i"^ >(ill lis X'C'I ill the ill till' ll>(^lllll^ racliiiii. sll()l)t>. Iiy till' iCIIllt'Ilt nil. Iillt il tliiir d lict- Tlif iiilialiilaiit'* "I" AiiiiUNHTVN. mi tlir A'wit iil' I'li^ia, arc iii-o nf tlir Caucasian la.iily. Tlic) arc sjiaii' in |ii'i>iiii. stmim anil Imiiy. Tin ir imsi > arc |)t'iiiiiiiii'iit and a(|(lilinc. Ilicir clici k liniii".. lii'j;li, tin ir laces luiiu;. Tin ir iiiiiiincr is siiiiiularly 111 j>italili' (>. >li iiiit rs. at llic mhiic iIiih' liial tin ir li\cs mic iiinstly snciit i" pri'datiiry \j(d'iici' mi i))r iici'j;liliiiiiiin pinviiici s. or jiassjiin cai'a\aiis. Tlicir ciis((i, - nscnilili iIk" »( thr Arili*. I'luin wIhuii liny claim dc-ci iit ; lur. altliiHinli tiny di •'|iisc a .lew, tin \ i ill tlniiisclvc- Jliiii hriitl — the cliildnn oj Nrail. winner -diiu wiitrrs Miiijidsr llicm I . In .lews <'oiivertid In .Mainlined III- Slll. Kinuilistan. tn tlie east III the 'l'i;;ii Hid |irii\iiiiaie to I'l rsia. is inlialiited h^ two siirts III' |ieii|)le, llie elaii»iiii II, nr military KmntK. and llic iieasants. ur ciiltiva- tiirs. till' latter lieiiij; literally tlie liiiinlsiiieii ol tlie lormer. •• 'I'lie |ieas;int." sa\s Mr. Ilicli. "is in a niiiiiieiit to lie ilislinu;iiisln'd. Iiiilli in ciiiinleiianei' and speech, rrmii till' true Iriliesman : imr wmild it lie piissilile t'nr liim In pass hinisell' Inr lii» ciiiintryman nl' nnliler raci'. 'I'lie dill'ercnce in pli_\-iMi;niiiiiy lielweeii the clans- man and peasant Kmird is perleelly distiicj;ni'halile. 'I'lie latter has ■,\ much siit'tcr. and mure regular cniiiiteiianee ; the t'eatiires jne Miiiietiines i|niti' (in eian. 'I'lie trilii-iiian is mme what is called a lianl-l'eatiiieil man. with a thick, pmrni- in III I'liieheail. aliriipt lines, and eyis smik in his head, which are usually lixed in a kind nt' stare. \a'^\\\ uray. and even liliie. is a ciiminnn cnlnr I'ur the eM'."t They treat their womcii mure kindly than either the Turks or I'ersiaiis, and have a hetler idea of domestic comtnrt; yet they are haii^lily and cruel, fund of war and pillane, and li;j;lit annimj themselves when they have nn cnmmiiii enemy. J .(. 'I'lic I'lliinixir /irtinc/i derives its name I'rnm the l'ela-'.ii, w Im are lir^t meiitiiined in histnry as the iiiliahitaiit'> uf Thessily. Knterprisiiin and miu^ratnry in their haliits. they spread nver all (Jreece. and pa>siiin- thence iiitn imrthern Italy. i;ave hirtli to the Ktriiscaiis. Fur pujilical reasniis they assumed the name of Hellenes, and were the lineal pniiieiiitnrs of the (irecks or Acln aiis. It has heeii oliscrvcd liy a late writer, that the (ireeks had no sunne. ohtained the ch'inents of literature and the arts from the i'lio'iiicians. than they advanced rapidly to the iiiiihest state of civilisation, until they may he said to have heconie. in their descendants, the ma-ters of the world. We are taiij,ht even froiii oiii infancy to study their letters and their arts, which are Justly reijarded as niodcN of perfection, seldom eiinalled and still more rarely sin'passed. p. J.io, • ll,\HNi:s, Trav. in lioKliani, II. |i. :(.'. Wcu.ik, Mis^, 1!. s. p. l,' t Ucsii' ciu'c ill Koiu'ili'-taii, p. s'l. .i.'o. } lliid. \). l.W. y AniiyriKs of tiik human spfxies. 'I'll!' immixcil (iiccks iiio alinvc tlic niiddlf st;\tuic. of liiir iinijKiiiinii'i and uraccriil luicii. 'I'lic lni'chcad is liiiili. cxiiniidcd. ami but lillli' arcliid. mi that it loriiK willi tlic >trai^lit and puiiitrd mwr. a luaily icctiliiicar dutliiic. 'J'liis coiilormatioii sninrtiinc-i imparts an appearance (if dispnipdrtion to tlie npper part (if the I'aee. \\hieli. Imwever. is in a ii'i'eat measure eonnteiacted hy tlie larijeness III' the eve. 'I'lie (Ji'eeU I'aee is a I'un n\al, I'.nd sniall in eiim|)aris(in In llic viihiminfius head. 'I'he siatiies (if tlie ( »l\ nipian .lupilei. and tiie Apidln Heividere. I'linvi V an exaet idi a nf tlie iierl'eet (Jreeian cnuntenance.* ■■ 'I'iii' wonun iif Cvpi'us ,i;'e liandsniuei- than tluise (if any (ith( r (irecian island. 'I'liey have a laller and indre stalely ri'j;ui'e : and the features, iiai'ticularly thiise (il the wmnen ni Nicosia, are reiinlar and dininlied. exhiliilmn- that elevated cast III' ciiiintenaiiee sn universally admired in the works of (Jreeian artists. At present this kind of luauty sci ms jKcnliar to the women of C'y|irus: the sort of ex|)ressi(in exhiliiled hy one set oj' features, may he traced with ditl'ei'. lli.ii lini.-ii shonldeis and their sti'diiii liueamcnls. are not iul'i rior to those o| i' ,;iei-.ior-,.l. 'i'he Trojans, like the i,. ,-eans. wei'c coL;nale wilii the (ireeks; aii(! .i'.neas. llyiiiii' from the llaines of Troy, founded in Italy the kiiiiidom of Allia. The slrikiiej; dill'ereiiee. how(\ir. helweeii the lioiiiau and (ireek physioiiiiomy. is familiar to all ohsi i-veis. Imt is I'lailily accounted for li_\ the l'r( e intercoui's'- of the primili\e {{omaiis with the sm rdundiui; nations, ol' which tin Hape o|' the * li^Kv m: St. \i\, i;\ r. l,'||,,iniM' . I. |i. I0. ' Cukki:. 'i'liiv. II. |i. ,;.)S. ■ •■ Il :i|p|ii n-- I In; II ijiiiii. tmiiv iiivi MIC,',, ( ..| 1,1 1 !\- 1 nil II 1 1 II' r.is,' iifilii- ( I Inks, 1 |i,ii iiiiiriil I'll uses, i;ir.lllli|\ lllorr lliMli |i!ivsiriil ■•||vi||iis|;ii|ris, iiillilriir.- li;ilhili;il rliiilMiirr, Sinn- lirN, M'liiiri-S and IrlliTs, ;;ii\v lloiirisli ,111 III, i mill iiimI Ihl-l'V ^Ihm','-. ,i| ihr li:illir ^i-i uml i||,' ( IrriiKiii nriMii, wliilr, (liiniii,' a |iiTi,i,| 111' s,'ver:il r,'iiiiin,-, ii,ii II siii^.|,' )i,i,'i ,,r |t|iii,'-,i|ilirr lux nrisrn m ilir (■(.imiry of lloincraiid l'!:il,i." — nii.i.wp, /;,V;./^ "//",!/■., ,11, t/ Mni;il r,;»Mv ,1,1 Ihf V'liinic. I,/ X.iliiDis, |i. 1 II. THE GERMANIC FA^NIILY. 13 Sabines is one if many examples. The Roman liead dillers from (lie (Jreek in having (lie I'dreheail hiwer and more arehed. and (he nose strongly aquiline, togelher with a niarke, depression of the nasal horns helween the eves. ••Look." says Dr. Wiseman. ■■■, -..e sareopha-i on wliieh the hiisls are earved in relief, or raised from their reelining statues on the lid. or even exaniine the series of imi)erial busts in the eapitol, and you eaniiot fail to diseover a striking type, essentially the same, from the wreathed image of Scipio's tomb, to 'I'rajan or Vespasian, consisting in a large and Hat head, a low ami wide forehead, a faei. in ehildhood. heavy and round— later, broad and square, a short and liiiek neek. and a st(nit and broad figure. Nor need we go far to find their desceudauts; they are to be found every day in the streets, principally among Hit hnrgcsses. or middle elass. tlie most invariahle ])ortion of every population."' During the p( riod of Roman greatness, the eidouies of (ireeee and Rome extended themselves widely into Spain, ^\here they blended with llie primitive Celtiheriaus or JJasijut s. and the nienieians. Tlie later invasions of tln^ Vandals aiul tile Saraeeiis. have ad(h(i tiieir diversities to the pliysieal and moral charaeter of the Spaniard, wliieli. with s(Miie reihciiiiug (pialities. has the sellishness of Jhe Arah. the pride and eruelty of the Roman and the super (ition of the (ireek. -'. TlIK CKKMANIC I'A\|1I.\. This great family has oeeupied. both in ancient and modern time, a larsje proportion of Europe, which it gradually oveiNpn ad from east to west, thus encroacliiug on tiie Celts, witii whom they are often iiisi|)aral)ly hlendnl. The (iermans are familiar to us by (heir middling stature, their rohust form ineliiiiiig to obcMtv. tiuir fair. Ilorid complexion, and their light hair. The head is large and spheroidal, the loreiiead hroad and arched, the face round, the eyes blue and the neck rather siioit. The moral character of the (iermans is marked by decided pergonal courage. great endurance of fatigue. Iiriiine«.> and perseverance, and a strouii' attacliiiient to their families and their native land. Intellectually they are conspicuous for industry and success in the actjuisjljoii of knowhdge: with a siimular bleiidinii; of (acitiiruity and enthusiasm, tiiey rival all modern nations in music, jioetrv and the drama : nor are (hey less c(uispiciious lor their critical altainments in language, and tile exact sciences. • Wisi;man. LiTtuivs oil llio Cunindidii lirlw.vn S,i,ii,v and lirv.-alnl Koliinoii.|i. l.r'. ,'hii. eil. 14 VAlUE'riHS OF 'I'lIE HUMvVN SPECIES. M. Uory (If St. Viiiciiil has so liappily ilhistrattd tliis division of the Cauca- sian rai'c. liiat 1 siiall cliiclly avail niyscii' of iiis oliscrvalions in icspccl to it. llv separates tlif (i( rnianic I'aniily into two divisions, the Tdi/oiiic and Sr/aroiiic. I. "The 'I'tuldniv ciiridi/ is traced to tiie Ilyreinian forests, tiie Tyrolesc Alps, and tiie sourers of llie Sale. Foliowini^ tiie Daniihe, wiiich rises in their country. tlu\\ ailvauced eastwardly only into Austria, nor jjassed the southern Alps: hut they spread towards the nortii. disdaining; the rest of the Caucasian race, and reached the sea coast, at tirst hetween the Elhe and the Rhine. These were the people who. under the name of Cinihri. occupied the peninsula of Jut- land and tlie neinhlxiurini;- islands: passing thence into Scandinavia, they hecanie the SmiDUis. who have since heen called (ioths.* Coasting the Haltic to the estuary of the Nienun. they were \\\v ])riniitive ■'tock of the Borussi, the ancestors of tliose Prussians who are now. as it were, lost in the midst of tile Sclavonic trihes. Under the names of Saxons, Danes and \ormaus, they ravaged the Celtic coasts, estahlished themselves at the month of the Seine, and passini;- into the British islands, drove the primitive Celts into the western ))arts of the country. At a still later period tiie 'I'eutoiiic trihes. under the name (d' Norwegians, peopled the remote island of leelaiul." The Teutonic laiin-iiaiic. adds this author, has liecouie the root of the English. Dutch. Danish and Swedish toiuiues. To the pn-cediui; slatenunt it may men ly be added, that the (Joths having issued from Scandinavia in va>t iiumliers. passed to the south, and harassed the Roman pr(iviuee>^. In the second century they settled on the shores of the Pains Mu'otis. and thence posse-^^ed themselves of Dacia. 'i'liey were called ()stroi;oths and Visii^otlis. the Eastern and ^Ve^l(|■ll (ioths. Their suhse(iuent military enter- prises, and especially the c iiie-t and sack of Rome in the liftli century, are familiar to all readers of history. The Vandals were also I' mh the Gothic hive: they emigrated with Iving Edric. settled for a time on the borders o( the Hliine. * 'I'll!' l.'l.' Mr. Piiiki'ildii li:is wniti'ii an rlabmalit wuik fii ]]r(ivi; dial llic Si'\ iliiaii'-, (Ida' ami C.ollis were one ])cn]i|r. wlm ciu-iiialcil in I'riMa. ami ciilrrr,! Pairopr l,y a ■|llU■^^|.a■|l r.iiilr ; ami Ihat tlir ('..■riiiaii iialioiis ami (•\ .■ii ihe I'claNL'i of ( otimv. wit.' all liiiral ilrsccmlaiiN .)!' ilns .\>iati(' laiiiily. 1 li'ave iIk'm' moolnl poiiils I.) the Iraninl in nalioiial L'riicaloL'y. and iMiiliail iiiyscir uuli th.' more r.Msonahlf rxiioMii^.n ol' ilic in^cinoiis iMcmh uiilir, wlmli, in ih,. ni'in, rohicidL's with llic r.'si'arrhrs (if Dr. I'rirlianl. •|lir iailiT aullmr lias l■^lalMl^ll^(l ihr fad llial \\ir (Ida- (if ihc antanits wrrc aol Ciillis, lait 'i'lirarians ; ami lliat llir ilonirsiic liis|,,iy nf ih,. (inllis llu'insrlvcs rstahlislics Ihdr .inrllicrn ungm and (lernian drs,;enl. Sir I'lOciiMin, II, [i, liL'. — I'lNKKiiidv, /.»/,v,v, on the Oo//if, i>. 1 I. ,il, ta. THE CELTIC FAMILY. \5 and su!)SL'qui'ntly ravii,a;ed a groat part of Eiir()|)c. anil established a niDiiairliy in Spain. Tiiev crossed also into Africa, and look and oecni)ied several of the Roman provinces on that continent. Anstria and Hungary, (the ancient Pannonia.) and the adjoining M.iles. arc at this time peopled hy the lineal descendants of the Cioths. whose harsh features contrast strongly with those of the more pidished nations of southern I'Lurope. i. The Selai'onic farictij. "'riiis second (iermanic variety is composed of men issuing probably from .Mouni Krapack, whence, turning to the south they peopled Ilmigary. crossed the Danube, and pressed their migrations to the Adriatic sea. In the north they followed the marshy track of the Vistula and Niemen. Descending the Diieister towards the IJlaek sea, they mingled with bands of Tartars from the Scythian provinces, until becoming idi'utilied with them, a mixed race was formed: the latter, assuming the Uiime of Scythians, are celebrated in history liu' tlieii' incursions on I'ersia on tlie one hand, and on the Roman empi'c on the other."* Under this di nomination are also embraced tlie Russians. Poles. Lithuanians and part of the Bohemians and Hungarians. 'I'bey are for the most part charac- terised by darker hair and complexion than the Teutonic tribes. The 'I'artars who eoniiuered Russia in tlie twelfth centiM'v under the renowned Zenghis Khan, retained their dominion for moie llian two hundred years, and have left evident traces oj' their sojourn both in the ])liysical charaeli r and social institutions of IJu' Russians.! 'i'he peo[)le of this division of tiu' (iermanic family are brave and enterprising, but ginerally rude and uncultivated ; and liie Russians, perhaps the most i)olished branch, emeigcd fiiini the <( r( wiio trace tlieir genealogy (o (he bitter barbarians. It is from (heir Celtic aiicestdis (liat the French derive their vivacitw their incon- stancy, their impetuous courage devoid of jierseveiaiiee. a vanity often puerile, and remarkable (iiiickuess of perception, tugedicr wi(ii (iia( levity which is tiie jest (if a neiglilioring cound'y.'* We may in this place remark. (ha( the Caucasian. Germanic and Celtic families already deserilied. and (iie Iliiidoo family to be hereafter noticed, coiisti- (u(e tile great chain of wliat are called (he /iidd-EKro/inin wi/iaiis: •■ |( is non- well known," observes Dr. I'richard. -tliat a greater or less de(,n-ee of aHinilv exists belween (he dialee(s of some nations in tlie south-eastern jiarts of Asia, and the most ex(ensively spread and most civilised languages of Europe. ]}v this adinity is not meant a reseml)lance of some jiarticular wdrds in (lie vocabularies of several nations, sucii as a casual intercourse may have occasioned, but that sort of analogy in the primitive words and gramnia(ical structure, which requires a * I.'Iloiuiin.', I, (1. IJj. 18 VAWIKTIKS OF 'I'lli: HUMAN SPKCIKS. ditl'fi'ciil cxplauiitidii: ;iiul !>• siipposcil pl;iiiily d) iii(lii':itc lliusc laiiu;iia,ni's in wliidi it is (lispiavt'd. however tiiey ina}- diller in some respects. t(i have spnini; IVoni a foimnon urit^ir.al. 'I'his analdi^y lias heeii remarked more especially hetweeii tiie Sanscrit, or tiie ancient lani:nai;e of India, and the (Jreek. Latin and (Jernian."* Witiiont undervaluim; these piiilnlonicai analojiies. 1 am di-poscd to hi lievc. witii llumhohlt. that we sliall never he ahh' to trace llie aliiiation of nations hy a mt re c(im|iarison (if lannna^cs; for this, after hul one of many dews hy *hicl I tiial t^n at prohlem is t III lie so l\((l. Dr. I'riciiard himself admits that Euroi)e was inhahiteil hy "a mori' ancient people." hefore the Asiatics made theii' api)earance; and alllioiinh the lantsnaiie of the former was inodilied hy this intercommnnication. there is no satisfactory evidence that the physical character of these primitive people >us|ain( d any nhvions chamic hy the i^radnal imminialion of the iiitrudeis from Asia. Dr. J'riehard places the Celtic trihes iinioiiu; tiie lndii-Huro|)eans: while Sir William I'xtliam. as we have seen. jndj;ini; also from similarity of laniiuaiic pronounces the Cells to I c of the i'henieian branch of Arabians. With these discrepancies lu lore us. we may inijuire whether the term Iiiilo-IJiinijidin is not more applicable to certain Idiii^itiifsa of 1mii'o|)c. than to tiie inhabitants themselves; •1. ■I'llK AKADIAN I'AMII.V. The physical conformation of the Arabs ]Miiper is not \ery unlike that of tlu'ir neiiihhors the Circassians, altlioui^h. especially in the women, it possesses much less of the lieautiful. Their skin is lienerally sidlow. but is lu ver black in the unmixed race: and in tiio>e whose rank permits them to avoid exposure to the sun. the complexion is a liniit and clear iiiniu tte. The Arab face is a somewhat i'h)iii;ated oval, with a delicati ly pointed chin, iiiil a liii;:h forehead. Their eyt > are lar;;e. dark and full of vivacity: their eyebrows are liiiely aiclud: the nose is narrow and gently aipiiliiie. the lips thin, and the mouth small and expressive. Such at least is the api)taranee of the liiijlier classes: but from these there is every grade of exterior feature until, in the Aral) of tlie desert, the traveller sees all that is ferocious and repugnant in Imnian nature. The Aiahs in general are lielow the middle stature: their persons are spure and often meagre, and yet the\ jjossess an extraordinary vigilance and activity. • I'l;ys. His!. .11' .M:in. I. [i, \'i\. TFIK ARABIAN FAMILY. 19 Tlic liabils of llu; Anil) niv. slrictly pastiml mul ujiiidi rinn. His tciil is liis lioinc, and lie i)('i|)(luiilly varies its locatiuii as iiis wants or capricu may prompt liim. The mural cliaractcr of tliis race lilciuls some very (ipposite clcmciils : tluv arc the (■hiiiircu ol' imjiiilsc, at one moment raisin;; the swoi'il against tiie unresist- ing traveller, and liie next receiving-, witli open lio>pi|;ili(_v, the stramjer whose necessities iiave driven him to their tents, 'riiey are indolent exeeptin;;- in their wars and jiastinus. and remarkahle I'or llieir e(iveto\isu(-.s and duplicilv. Vanity is eharaetoristic of all classes, i'r the chiel' of a triiie to the Immhlest Bedouin. Their politeness is extreme, and soliriety is a national trait. Their intellectual character is conspicuous for a I'ertile imagination, and the successful cultivation of music. po( try and romance. The ini;;rat()ry disposition of the Arahiims has led to their dispersion over countries very lemote from the parent land, so (hat a1 liie present time Arahia does not contain a twentieth part of the descendanis of Mimael. Africa has always heen one of tlieir favorite retreats, and histoi'v records three principal irrujjtions. at distant periods from lach other. Tlie fiiv| >vas tiiat of tiie L'anaan- ites who were expelled by .losjuia. and estai)lislied IheniM Ives in northern Africa. and were the IMauri of the ancii nts : the second nuLtration took place in the lirst century of the Cinislian era. and the third and last iireat inllu.x was in Hi,, seventh and eij^hth centuries, l)y the Mahometan Arabs. 'I'iie Moors who inhabit the present kingdom of .Morocco, and oilier parts ol Africa. lU'e in part desci nded from I he Mauri, and jiartly from the Saracens who were expelled from Spain, lonvtli,!. ^vith the intrudiiii;- Arabs of the diii; rent epoclis. But the term Moor is used in Barbary to desiniiale. the inhabitant of a town or city, while Arab is llir collective dcsijrnatiou of the wanderint;- triiies of this family. The .Moors are of the middle statmr. with complexions varvin- from black to white, owin;;- to (heir intercourse with the nei;roes of Sudan. Tb.e women of Fe/,. however, are fiir as Kuroiuans. with uniformly dark (yes and hair. 'I'hose of Me(|uinez are even more beautiful, with remarkalde urace and suavily of manner. The men of I)u(pulla have regular features, ami are (all and w.U limb.d : those of Tenu'nsa and Shawia. are a si rout;, robusi race, of a copper color.* The nonuulic Arab tribes live chietly in tents; (juy are a restless and turbulent people, who arc engaged in constant broils with each other, and with the adjacent Berbers * J.u K-^ON, Mdiocrii, p. l,>s. .7/,,. ,.,/. J 20 VAHIHTIKS OV TIIK HUMAN Sl'ECIKS. aiul Nt'snu's. Tlioy air slii;li(ly iiiadc. and below tlic middle size, yet liaidy and uiiliriii!; in wiiati-ver tiny atlcnipt. Ciiully and scHishniss are their eharacteiistie liaiN, and tliey piissc^^ also tin' vices wiiieii llnw tVuni ignorance and iiiifotiy. 'I'lie Saiaeens. Kd celel)ratetl fur tiieir eominesls, lirst ncenpied tin' eonnlry lielweeii INIecea ami tiie Knplirates; iuit lliey spread tlieniseives rapidly over Al'riea, and soon estal)iislied tinir kiui^dinu in Spain, wlienee they were iKit expelled iinlil the sixteenth century, alter a ddniiniim of seven linndred years. The Saracens, who are no longer known as a nation, surpassed the contemporary Arabians in the cultivation of literature, science and art. Till' licdoiihiN. wiiose oriiiinal ('(uintry is nnithern Arabia, are anion,ame disjits. partake of the same privations, and miiiLile in the same amusinieiits. Like ail Arabs they are passionately fond of music and poetry, but whole trili( s of them can neither read nor write. They are hiirhly eourai;eoiis. but they li^lit rather for the aciiuisition of plunder than for the love of iilory. The //'(//(f(/;i/.v. so celebrated in recent times for havinsi overrun and coiKiuered all Arabia, were at first a mere tribe of sectarian Hedouins. who derived their name from a favorite chief. 'I'lieir creed has been delined "a mussulman puritan- * Iti-iiKiiAiiiir, Hrdoiiais and Walialiys, p. '.'8. THE AHABIAN t'A.MILY. 21 \\ Mack Kii't mid iillir in (Icport- iiildrcii. latidii (>r lit r and (in^. and lond 111 Tli.y r llian n(|M('r('d I'd tlu'ir puritan- ism and ii Tkdmiin novcninn iil. in %vliicli tlic u;n'a( diii I" is Imtli tlic political and rclis^ions leader of the nation, cxcrcisini^ his aniliority in the same maimer as the followers of Mohammed did over his converted eoimtrymen."' Vel their chief sectarian distinction appears to lie their hoslilitv to the donus of the mostpies. and to ornamented tomh-^. which tliey nniformly de-lrov with fanaticiil zeal. In tlieir niiiral character the Wahahys arc no lieiter than the oilier IJedouins. 'I"he IJedouins claim liiu al ihM'eiit from Ishmaci. 'J'hey are not only spread ovei' neai'ly all Araliia to the coiilliKs of I'eisia. hut across the entire continent of Africa to the Atlantic oceai". 'I'iiey skirt the Medilerranean on the north, and tiience rove almost to the centre of the African continent. ICven tin; territory of ]l(ius>a is said to derive its social character fnun the uumerous Arabs who inhahit it. C'hanu;e of locality and the lapse of time have ell'eeled no chani^e in the habits of {\\W people, who. ill tile time of Diodoi'ii-;. \ver<' fiiiliidden liy tluir laws "to sow corn, to jilaiit IViiil (i'( i<. (o make use of wine, or In inhabit houses." in oi'der thai there mi^lit lie uolhim;' to tempt tlie avarice nl' an enemy. They who plundenil all nation^, in'ovided a^■aill^t a like cabimily to tlieiiiMlves. 'The Jews or Hebrews wii'c in their origin a pa>l iral nation, but in prou;ress of time they otablislied liieiiiselves in tlie cities of Palestine. 'I'hejr iihysioiiiiomy is familiar in the reeediiii; f irebead. the ebuiLiated face, and the lariie and aiiuiiine nose. Tlieir binii atlaiminiit- in lileralnre are fully attested liy the sacred wriliuL;'<: and their /ealous atlaeliinent to their relininn. and their patient eiulnr- ance of adx'eisily. are anioiin- the most striking traits of tlieir character. Dispersed bv a divine jiid;iMneiit. they are to be fuind almost every where on the liaiiitable earth. ieeo:;iiisril by the same fi atiin-. and the same undeviatin^ form of worship. Travellers describe a coinny of black Jews at Cochin aiul C'rani;aiion'. in Malaliar: they, bowevir. are not Jews by nation, but only byconversion. The dale (if their oriLiiiial aposlaey is very aiieieiil : they are. in fact. Hindoos in all respects lull their rcliLiion: and Mr. Wdlll' informs us that "even al this lime many of the Ilindods beeoiiic convcrls in .ludaism.'t Tile Ileiirews are siipjKiscd ti) li|. derived I'roni the Chaldeans, an elder branch of this race, whose eapiiid. liabyloii. is auioiej; tlie proverbial wonders id' antiiiuily. IJcloiiiiiu;; to ijie ^-mwv slock, were the Idiimeans. or Kdomiles.J renowned for llieir dwelliiiiis excavated from Ihe solid rock, and other architec- liiral remains in the rcel illustridus sdilcs iif aiiliiiuity. was, as aliiaily liiiitid. an Aialiiaii iialimi nl' (lie (Jliahlcan stuck. 'I'liiy roved upon tlu' ocean a^ llic coniialc liilus did iipim tlic land: their very name siLjnilies a u'ltnikrcr III/ mil. an apiinipiiale appellation when we relied on their fearless voyages to ev<'ry pail of liie world then known, and their snccosful donlilini; of the Cape of (Jooil Hope six hundred years liefnre the Christian era. Tyre and Sidon were thiir principal cities in I'henicia proper. 'I'hey Joined the Manri and huilt Carlhaiie. and on the dcslruction of this city liy Ihe lloniaiis. the two nations were hlended in a eonnnoii family.* This a^ain hecame mixed with the Aral) iminiiirations of \arions epochs, and partially with the iJerhers. whom we have next to menlion.f -. rili; I.IMVAN FAMILY. It is i)roposed in thi^ name to include Ihe \arious trilies of ahorin'inal Africans wiio have loni; lieen dr-iiinated hy liie Araiiic tern: i>i' liir/iir.s. I adopt the former desit^nalion from PrichanI and ileereii, who coii-iiler these people to he the descendants of Ihe ani'ieni l,ili\ans. Tiiey ai'e f(..inil liolh to the north and south of .Mount Atlas, extendiui; thiir wanderinjis into A?orocco and IJarhary; on the east Ihey inhahit as far as the (Julf of C'al)es, or tiu' Little Syrtis. while on the west they reach the Atlantic. They call themselves hy tiic collective or national uanu' of .tiiiazirii/i. The vaiious comnumilies df this family are characterised hy handsome Caucasian features, liut in complexion tiu 3 present all the shades from wiiitc^to nearly hlack. The Tmirik.s are perhajis the hest known of all the Heiher trihcs. Captain Lyon dcscrihes them as the linest men he ever .saw; tall, straij^ht and handsome, * CllKMnri, Rrsih. Mir Irs Miiuil's, I. [1. I'l. t Till' li'iiii \i ini/ic h;is lircii ii|i|ilic.l tn ihr Syrian iiatiinis Iji.twi'ru llii' >ri'ililrnaiii:';ui stii ;\ii(l wc'slrni I'risia, ••linin Sluiii, 111'-' sun n( N'liali, iVoui uiimii, ill till- laMc cil' iiali.nis in ilic lionk ol ('■rni'sis, I iititlcii 'I'uliluili li.ni Niiacli, many nt'tlirm ;ue (Iceland in have di-scmdrd,'" 'I'lic |p|ii.. ipal Seiiiilic ciininiiiniiii's arc or u-rrr iho I'lillowiiiL' : 1. Kl.iiii, lu lliu niirlliuaril nl' lliu I'ursiaii (liilf. 2. Asliar, or tin; |h'o|i1i' cjI' A>svria. 3. Till' (.'liasilim iir Chalileaiis, irom wlioiii are di-'scumlril iln; lliliruws and Arabs. •1. 'I'lic l.ydiaiis. .". Aram, nr iIm' ]iro|ii'r Svnans. Si'U I'liiciiAnn, Ri's. II, n. Jos, i TIIK LIIJV \\ F,\ \|ll.\. ta iliil(; to L'nptain idsiiiiio. 1 st';i iiliil I k or in;,.. -.IKvl witli iiii iiiiiHisin;; iiir of priilc ami imli|Hii(l(iirr. Tliiir l«alur*> i'(»<'ii 'liosc (if soutlitTii Kiini|icims; tlicir naluiiil comph ximi is nciirlv wliitc. murl jUfiird. Imwi'Vt r. l)y f,\|)(psiirr di n litil. sun. ami llicir liair is Idii;;'. I)laci\ ami ^In^ 'I'licy ;irc said (n l)i' Itss trtaclicroiis lliaii (he Aial)s. )t| |iassiiiiiiilc, cnitl ami i ■ imi I'lil. 'riii'V arr lnml dl' war, ami pliimlcr Imlli linir Ai;il) ami Nchi'd iiciniilMirs. and icdiicc the lattir to sloven. 'I'luv air rliiclly pastnrai in tlicir imidc o. liiV: mid altlii»iij;li llicy liavc linisi s. ijny niiisijy travi'l and fulit < ii loot. Till' S/iill(i(i/i.s iidialiil suiitli id' tln' Tnariks, arc less mltust an I have darker ("iinipli'xions : Wwy arc alsd snid (o lie more induslrimis. peace I'lil, civilised imd humane, liavint; si>nu' niannracUires. and lu-inn more liushandnun titan slicplierds. They occupy the western valleys of Mount Atlas, in the province of Tcnisna. hut are still niiu'e miinerous south of the city of Morocco. The J]iltin iuhahit the oasis of (Jhadamis. south (d' Tripoli, and are said to he divided into two hostile trihes which are at coustani war with each other. To this family also hclon^ the limi-Mozuh. and other tri h s of IJi lad-el-ji;erid, south of Atlas, the Zuaves of the Tunisian territory, the Kolluvians n the ueii;h- horhood (d' Soudan, the Tau;ania nt'ar Tonihuctoo, who are whi'ic, and the Ilai;ara and .Matkara. who ar'e ytdlowiNli.* '■'I'lie Kahyles," s;iys Dr. I'richard, •• who appear to he intimately ciuuii cled with the Merhers, inhaliit tiie hii^htr part of the Aluerine and Tunisian teriitoiics. livim; in mountain villaiics composed of huts, which resemhle the in(tu;(ilia (d' the old Nmnidians. The Kahyles, as we learn from Ih'. Shaw, are in u;cncral of a swarthy c(diu-. witii dai'k hair ; hut those who iuhahit the mountains of Auress. thiMiiih tliey speak the same idiom, are of a fair and luddy complexion, and tiieir hair is of a deep yc How ."f It is pr(d)al)ly a trihe id' Berhcrs to whom M. Ai'ano alludes win a he iufoiiiis us. that, "in tjoinu; from IJounia to Algiers in ls!(ts, hy land, hi' saw wonu'U of all anes in the diU'erent villanes. who were v\liite. had hlue eyes anil fair hair; hut that the nature of his journey did not pt rmit him to slop and ask if they canm from any particular trihe." The (ii Asenns of the Canary Islands appear to have lieen a cidouv of Berhers. as is inferred friun tiie remains of their laiiL^uau'e. their features ami their customs. The singular perfection wilii which thiy [)raeti-ed the art ol' emhalin- * t'liii'iiAiiii. I, ]i. J lii, &!■. — Thr lic^l iiciniiiii III' till' |!i ilii'ix 1 h;ix i' ;iuy w hrri' smi is i'iuil;iiiicj llliili'i- llial ai-lii'lr ill iho I'riiii)- Cyi'li'i'ir lia. u 'ii'aniril ami (iilnnale wnik w illi a very Imiiililu lilk'. t klum. p. .'Li. .■■■- 'il VAIliri'll'.S OK TIIK IH'MAN SPKCIKS. iii'j.'. Ii;i^ Icil 111 till' »np|Hisiliiiii lli;it iliiv were (if Ku;y|)lii\ii "I'itiiii : Iml llic iiiialoity III Iwii II the twip ii:ili 'ii» :i|i|iiMiN iinl Id li;i\c lAlniilril liryoiul llii^ >>i>li(iiry rite. 'I'lic UnliiiN li.iM' uiiiiritlly lni ii ('11111111111(11(1 willi Hie Ainli'*. wlmiii llicy ('liii'll_\ I'cM'iiililc ill llicir WMMiIci'iiij; ;inil |ii'('il:iliii'y li;ilii|s. 'I'lic ItirlMi' liiii^iiii^c i> wlmlly ilill'cniil I'lnni llw Aiiiliic; m illiir di liny cliiiiii In Ilic Arabs or the Araliv li> lliciii any iialinnMl al'ilialinii : anil llui'i' is snlliciinl ri'a>iiii In liclicvc. a-t already >.lati il. llial liny are idciilical willi lln' Jiiliya' dI' Ilic aiiciiiils. Hie junplc wliii iiihaliilnl tin ciuiiiliy iMl'dri' tlic iir^l inllnx ol' llic Arahians. I am al a In-- w lure Id cla^s llir (idllim »( ca-tciii Al'iica. yd liny In ar a ijiinral [iliy-ical n-t iiililancr In -niiii' liilii - ni' Hi tin r-. 'I'lny arc i>( -mall -latiiir. willi Idiii; Mack liair. ami cdiniilcxidiis varyinu; li'diii Innwii tn Mack. 'I'lny ail' aiiidiin- Ihi' iim-l uailikr ami n iinu'^i li-s liarliariaiis (if Alrica, and llnir )ii'iiii'i|ial Irilir. ihr nnnii-L^iilla. imw hom rii- l>y ('diii|ncs| in Aliy»iiiia. and cmii iiccupii - (idiiilar. llic cajiilal. 'I'lny arc Miiipdxd In -|iriiiu; rroin llial niiknnwii ici:idii wliicli con-lilnlc- Ihc >^dnlln rn iiilnidr I'l' llic ('111111111111. Ill Ihc iniiin (iialc \ icinily III Mniinl Alia- llic di-limlidii- nf Kacc arc nl'li 11 al|Mj;illirr ('iilirumiil. d. ii\\ ili^' to llic |i|d\illlily nf llir Nci^id llilics. 'I'lllls the TihlitKis M-:' 111 arly Mack, and li;uc Imij,- w iiy hair, iiili inn ilialc liclwccii lliat nf till Tiiarick and the Nci;rii: y\ llnir rialiiri> arc tinnd and llicir rnriiis (Ulicak'ly and cvm licanlirnlly ninnldcd. The iniini'iinirial |ircdaliiry liahils nf these vnriniis tiihi - amply aci'diinl I'ur thi- Mi miin: nf pliy-ical cliaiaclcr: fur the 'rihliniis mix with the NcLiine-. ihn 'rn;iiick- i n-la\e the 'I'iMinn-. aiul llic .Mnni-, ill their (urn, m ike ciiemir- and -la\i - n|' them all. ... Tin: Ml. urn r.wiii.'i. The valley ni' the Nile. ;i naiinw -trip id' land -i\ hnndred inilc^ Imn; and hnl (ell hrnad — the yHiiliiii hlliis nf tin iineicnt^. pre-i nl- al the present time at lea>l |\\ii c'oiiiiatc natinii-. \vliicji. tlimiuh dwindled and dei;eiicralc. ajipcar (n cnn-titntc a I'aniily di-linel I'rnm the le-t i\^ mankind. 'I'lii-c nalimi-. if tiny iinw de-ervc that name, are the K(.m' 11 an- and Niiuvv"*. The nindirn l\:ryplian- are cniiipn-ed of Iwn cla— es. nr castes, the Cnpts and Kellah-. The (.'npl-. ||iniit;li iinw nniarkalily di-tinct frmii the penpic who snrrdiiiid them, derive I'rnm (heir remntc ancc-lnrN snme niixtiirc of (ireek. .Vrabiau and perlia|t- even Ncijrd hlnod. They prc-cnt various shades of complexion, from a pale yellow tn a deep hrnn/e nr hrnwii. "The eyes (if the C'opt are generally TIIK NII.OTK I'AMILY. lli niul liiit ;il l(;i>t m>tituli' Hit^ iiiul iliiaii Miul from a ^(■lurally Inri;)' niid rlori^iitcil. >lii;litlv iiiiliiiiiik; Irum the imsi' ii|i\viiril«, iiiiil alwiiys hluck. Till' nose is sti'iiii;lit. i\('('|ilin;; al llir tiid, siMir il is iiMiiiili-d and wide: tlic li|i!« an- ralhiT (in llicv iiic i(iii;irk;il)ly well prdportiniiicl : tlic iiicii hciiii; hwixc ami roliiist. :iiul (lie wdiucii litaulirully riiriiicd. 'I'licy liiivc a ycllowi^li l)\it clear (•()iii|ilt'xiiiii. ami llit'ir \\liiilf cxtcridr has ih rived I'idin (licir Aral) liiicai^c simie advantages wiiicii tlic uiiiuiiic C(i|)( !)nt inrcly pdsscsscs. The \i liiAN- (iiii-litutc (lie srcniid ilivisidii (if tile Nilotic la 111 ilv. Tlicy call tlicinsclvis yr Kinous.hni arc kiuiwii in I'livpt liy tlic name iif JUralicra* ••'riie liiiurc ui' tlic Nubian." says .Mr. Sti V(iis. -is tall. thin, sinewy, and jiraccl'ul. possessing; what Wdiiiil he called in ci\iliseil life an iiiicnnuiKUi deii'ree of i;-eiitilit\ . His tV.cc is rather dark. tliocmJi lar removed tVom .M'lican blackness: and his features are loiiii and aquiiiiie. decidedly nsemblinn the IJoman.'t The hair of the Nubian is thick and black, ol'tcn curled either hy nature or by art. and sometimes partially I'ri/zled. but never woolly. In I'act. Jiidnint!; t'roin the paintinu; and sculpture of their teinple>. the ancient Nubians, like the modern, were in no lopect aualoi;(uis to the Nei^roes. exccptiiiu; in the occasional blackness of their skin: and it is also worthy of remark, that their most fre(iueiit scenic decorations reproeiit tluir triumpiis o\cr the Neii;roes. who uniformly apiiear as menials (ir a^ captive^. "It is anioiii;' the Nubian-." --ays Mr. Madden. " we are to search for the tru(> descendants leiuler forms, all the people of tiie East : living on the coiitiues of Egypt, where, probably, tin ir ance>1lavis. iiii|)arts lo niany the tiiick lips, tiie Hat nose, and even tile crisped and wonliy li:iir of the ^rmiine African. 'I'lie jinsent inhabitants are to the last deiiree barbarous, cruel and licentious. Kveii the Christian population is said to paitake ol' tiie national anarchy, lor they are di\itlcd into three parties, who are so ininiieal to each other that they refuse to take tin saeranient together. "'I'he Abys>iniaiis." says (ioliat. in extenuation, "are liars, as well as the Arabs; but they yet have a feeling of shame which the Arabs have not." 'I'lieir written langnam'. tiie (ihee/, has some allinity with the Aral)ic. which may be attril)Uted to the long intircouise of the two nations. 'I'he ancient intercourse of the Abyssinians witii ihe J'>iiyptians. is proved liy the temples and obelisks among the ruins of Axoniii. tiie port of Abyssinia on the l?ed Sea : while at .Meriie. in the interior, and at ntlier places, are seen some stuiirndous arcliiteetural remains ol' lii;;h anti(iuitv. Till .Inriinl /■Ji':ifjiliii)is. — Tlic |iiiysical traits ol the llsiyptians, as derivable from tiieir nionuincnts and iiiumnres. may be ciobraced in the lollowing summary. 'I'liey appear to liave been spare in person, witii long limbs and (blicate hands and feet. 'I'lieir heads were formed as in tiie Hindoo, thus diil'ering from the Caucasian only in being somewhat smaller in proportion to the body, and fiaving a narrower and less (levaterl forehead. Mr. Madden, who speaks of ijaving exaiiiiiud a great number ol lieads in tlie Tlieban catac(inibs. says -that the (dd l^gyptian skull is extremely narrow across the forehead, and of an (diloiig shape anteriorly. ! m ver found one witii a broad expanded forehead."* 'I'lien i^ a n'lnarkable resemblance among the iiimimerable heads sculptureil in the temples 'if the Nile: and one who is accustomed to examine them becomes so familiar with the l-gyptian physiognomy, that when other races are introduced, as the .lews and Negroes, the l. .^r , !I, p. 'i:l. M '28 VARIETIES OF 'I'lIE HUMAN SPECIES. former urcatlj nrcdoininatos in tlw Eiiypliaii siMilpluri", and is possibly character- istic nl" tiic Egyptians as a race. 'Tlie nose uas ratlicr lonn, and joined llie head nineli in the (Irecian niainier: the eye \vas elongated ami ratiier oMiciwe ; the ii])s were well formed, the ehin rounded and moderately full, and tiie whide expression mild and pleasinu;. It may he added that the Eiiyptian ear is said to have heen placed higher than in the Caucasian: liut on this point I cannot speak from ohservation. It is c\nious. however, that the same remark has heen made in reference to the Hindoos of Malahar.* As to tne complexion of these j)eoj)le. histor}' is strangely silent : hut judging fnuu liie painlin2;s which have heen copied hy IJel/.oni, (Jhamp(dlion and others, their prevalent color appears to have heen swarthy or hrown. with a tiuije of red. It is certain, however, that there was a diil'erencc in color in the ditl'erent castes, as in the modern Hindoos. j)resentinii every shade from nearly white to a very dark hrown. or even black. 'I'heir iiair was hmi;. straiijht. and ijenerally black, althouiih in the niniuinies it lias a brownisii color, wiiich has heen attributed to the process of einhaliniui.':.t The anti(iuity of the E^yptiau nation, and their >kili in the arts and sciences, have been proveibial in ail ai;(s. ■• It is ;i reu>aritan era of that people, after the accession of the eii:;lit(inth dyua-ly. ai'e found in tiie r( mote iige of Osirtasen, the contemporary of .losepli.'t In illustration ot' the luitiiiuity luid tiie " leaiaiiug of the I''gyptian-."' we may brielh' notice a few facts in enniieetion with the received chroiidlogy : thus, they had completed tiie pyramid- "f M( niidiis witiiin three hundred yiars after the era assii;ned to the deiugi' : — tiny wrote liieir hieroiilypliic characters on pajiyrns as earl\- as tile age of C'lie(i|i>. two Ibousand year- before Christ: — they discovtM'ed ami eonstrueled tiie areli at least three thousiind four liuudred years ago : — the fr'/VY'/.- ,SVro// is eouiuion in the tombs of the I'haroalis : — ami the so called Doric column and entablature ornameiiled the porticos of Ihni-I'assan before sculpture was an art in (Jreeee.^y lleiiee the oli>ervati(Mi of a late writer, that '-this ' \'iiu;v. Did. d'HiM. \;il. An. I, '11 umii. . 'I'lii' l'".L'y|iliiUis ki'i.t ilMii' IicmI-. -1i;h.'(I rvrcpiiiiL' 11 lurk OH ill'' rriiwii. ami tlirir jicail-ilrcsscs wi'rc iis v.u'ii'ii as llir raj'HaK n|' ihi'ir r'lliiniii--. .: .\ii'i. lit i;'j\ I'l. ill. I'. ,".". ^N Aii'i'iil Kjv|'1, II. 1'. 117 —III, l>. l.')0, '.'Ol, :ilf-'. *-5^ THE NILOTIC FAMILY. 29 racter- L' head he lips rt'ssKiii sin gular people had attained a hiijh desjree of eivilisation and relinenient at a ti nif when the whole western world was still involved in harharisni: win ii the history of Europe had not yet !)et;un: and loiiij; before Cnrtha^e. Athens and l{onie were thoudit of." e heen V from lade in jiidu;ine fjets are '.m proot's ol' thi' alhliation ot' races. The ruins ot' I'onipeii eoutain a temple nl' Isjs ; yet woiiiil an\' one theiiee iiii'rr that the inh.aliitaiils of that city were I^Lrypti in^ '• There is no ahsohue |iion|', inoicn\rr. that the Splnii\ represented an ,-ptian dialy: it may li.ave hi'eii a shrine of tln' \i'i:ro popnlali.'U ni' |-:L;\pi.«| lo, as trallakers servants ,aiid slaves, were a very lmmerou^ hody: whence the he hv DiodonC'. that the va--i strneiiircs ol Karnak and l,ii\or we of ihi' lv_'vpli:in kiiii.'^. recorded ■i-c|ed h\- the hdiiM- ol' I'oni-'liers. and that ii'iue ot' till' name h/jvpiiaiis were uiiiployed on th'aii. T!ii^ remark iiia\' he coupled with another statement of the same hisioria.n. that the people nf l^^-'vpl t'ollowed their own t'anei.'s in reliL'ion, every one h.'iiiL' allowed lo wnrship that ohjeii winch hi^ aiieev|,irs hail wor'-hipped hctiu'e him.* Ileiiee the niimher and divcr^iiv nf their L'ods. foim a leek or a reptile to the dedieil Osiris. .Xiioiher iioiiil nindi iii^i--tci| mi is the followin:.' : Heroilnti ikiii- of the (', Iclnaiis. sav that the Iv-'ypliaiis heliexed ihein "lo he il,>cendei| t'rom part ot' the irnop^ ol' Se-oslris." He ihiai lids, ■■ lo this I mv-cll' w is also inclined, hecai ihev are hiack, and have hair --hert and < Toi-- lies piinii, however, i-. far I'roiu heiii.' ^nllicieiit to eharacicri^e a .Ve-ro, and would apply with eipial trnlh lo a lar.a: propoiiien ol' the .Vuhiaiis ot' llie pivseiii day, merely nrikiiiL' allowances for tlie Well k'uown vaLrnciii'ss with whi.li the (Irerks applieil the term /iA/r7, lo all comple.Mons darker ihan nil ir own. l-.vcn il i I he admilled that tin --e ('old laiis were n 1 1 .Nl :rors. u dues not pr'i\e the pomi ;it is^ne; for ihe rem irk- ihal they were •• part of ihe Inmp^ of Se-Mi^tn--" lead-- to the re.isunahle iiil'. reiice that they were either wholly or in ]i.ul derived frmii ihe serMi" or Nei:ro caste In l\L!y|it. and n a of tin- la.'yptian race. This opinion is sustained l.y another passa-jc in Ihe s.iiiie histurian. rho leIN us thai in the .inn V of \ia'\es which inwidi d (I there w; a IcLJIOU ol Western Kllu'ipi.ins. who, he adds, •• have ilnar hair more cri^p and ciii'Iiiil' than any other men. "§ Now, il ihe l'er^i 111 army was cmiposi'ii in part o|' L-e|iiiiiie Nilmoi s. how iniich more likely were the tmops of S^■^o^lris 111 einhracc a porlion of that race, he heiiiL' himself a kill-' of l-'.L'ypI '■ lint il may hu said ■dresses .1, ;il.' • III iini. \;ur. 1, p. -.'.'ll. ./i;i. Il/, Ml>.ivy;:l; k«. ;^';:;.vi; /•.■„(,,•/.■', I..,,. ( t Diiiii. Nil . 111-'. (Ii. "'til's Tr J lliainli. I'..lli,viil t'.i|i. IA\. I!. I,di, JO VAiuirriKs OF tmh human sfixiks. llial III roil. i|u^ ^|l^;lks dl' ilir ('i;liiii;iiis ;is Iv.'v [1111111^ : to wlih li ii iii:i\ lir auburn il, 'lial he dni's so ill a L'riirri.- (ir i'.iiii]mcIuii-.h r >'iiM'; pi'i'ii^i'ly as 111 mir own liinr llir aiinv I'T Ihraliiiii I'aclia is said to ]tr niiii|Hi>r(l ol' .\(':,'/(/r% and l-'rllalis. uli.i, uilli all lli. ir iiiollry L'laili-. nrrnr Uii' idllii'livi' IKUlir ..|' lv_'\ |iliaii-.. ■ A^ 111 umI.iIiis i-. , In, iK a|.|ii a!, d In l'\ dm^i' wji.. wauild iiiri _t I In' Ivjypliaii in llir NrL'iii, I ill ink Mill II' I'Miari^ I'luiu Ins wcnk will slmw dial In- Iiiiiim'I!' had no Mirh wrw. Ih- has for r\aiii|ili' llir lo I low nil' |i,i-saL.'i': •• Thr |iii.'-|s al'lriwaid-- M'l'n. .1 10 n, ■ ;hi- naini ^ of lln'co hniidrrd and lliillv soM'ni'jii-- mi. n ^^ors ol Mi'iirs:' m lln^ loininui d m 1 n s. c I'.'hlrcn wire !'',lhio|iiaiis, and GUI' a li'liiali' nalivr o| ihr ronnlry — 11// t/ir ns/ ii-n-f iimi cik/ J.\'i//iliii)is." ],,-[ us aiialvsi- ihis passaLH'. Il is ailniilli'i! ihal ihosr ciLhlrrii i'.lhii'iiicn.s'' wxr Ioiti^tih'i's ; yrl in all |iriihahilily Nilliians. and iioi Nr^iois. IT 11 hr coiiii'iuli il. h. u i-vrr. dial liny w.'it it d Ni "_'nirs. ihi'ii 11 u'lll lollow dial iiii!> oiir I i.diirinlh pari o|' ihis Ion- lino o|' ii'onaiThs could haM; hrrii of Ncl'i'o oriL'ili. It is also na'-oiKililr In inlii', lliat wliali'M I' may ha\i' hcrii iho iialional rharai'Iri- of iliis t'xolii' iiiiiioriiy, ilii'V rri:;iii'd 111 l'/_'\|il hy n'nr|iaiioii 01 hy c'oiii|Ui'si. : .Moitox . r. ihis •■ foinali' iialivo of ill iiiiiliy,"' was Niioiris. u ho is di'sriili.d hy Maii.ilio as •• riinarkaMy hoaiilifiil, willi a fair sUiii and llaM'U haii'."^ Il is uiiim rissary lo i-i'inark ihai im lu'o |ii'i'>onal Irails I'onid ho niiiro ihainolnrallv o|i|iiisiii' III ihosr oj iho Ni _'io ihaiilhiM'; and as Niiociis was a iialivi- KL'y|iIiaii. and of ihi' roval liiir. ur may iraMinahh mirr dial she |io>si'ssi'il. in an cmini'iit dru'iTi'. lln' nalional I'hai'aclci'islirs of III!' huh-ra-U' !■;-■) pliaus. This ijiio-iion IS Imihrr rliicidalrd hy ill!' iiuiiiIm ilr^s |iii'l(irial and ollior rc|iH'si'nlalioiis ui llic loiuhs of I'!l,'\ |il and Niihia. 'riiiis, in dh- jilal ^ |o Ii. Izom's lirsrai'ihis. aiiioii_' ihr niosi aiirinil Nilhian riniaiii--, uc SIT li_'iii.'s of vaiioiis .'oiiii.|i'\ions, iVoni a IiliIiI if'sh-i'iilor 1.1 a dark red, and (Ik'so aiT I'onjoini'd widi sin.'lly Canrasian or A-ialir fealiin's. Anmhor sorirs ri'iirrsonls four 11110. |nn oral Ni'.'i'oi's. luarki' I hy rviiy 1 iiarai-lrrislir irail. iiK-liidniL', of ronrM', a jol hlack skill: wliilo. oil llii' saiiio |iirlur.'. and as if lo riiloiTi' iho disiiiiriion of racr hy 11 diroel ennlrast, srveral other iiersoiiaLM's are s.tu wiiIi fair skins and Cani-asiaii liiU'aineiils.ll ••lilaik |ii'oiile." sa\s Mr. Wilkinson, •■ disiLoialid as naliMsof die yo/-e/^')i laiiil ij' l'iisl,,:\\r geiiorally ri'|iri'senleil 011 die I'l'jyjiliau uioniiini'iils eilher as ea|ilives, or as die hearers o|' Inhiile lo the I'haraolis."' ■■ 1 riinaiki d," sa\ s Diiinii, ■• inaii\ di'ea|iilaled liLOins: ihese U'ere all dark, u Ink lliose who had sirnek oil' iheir hiads, and sinl siood over dieiu sword m hand, wore rod."' ' •This r.'.iluri' ..I' llii 1110.!, ri. i;j\|'ll,ai .'.riny is « 1 I! 1 xi'Liinnl in MurMi.a'iU, Tr.iv, |i. :i 1 1 , \.-.-l,'iii'.r ,il'li r lliis |i;irl of my iii.iiiiisiTi|.i w;is ri..i,l\ (,.j \\„ y,, s-. I n :i,l ilir 1, ,itni 'I 111. \\ 1-1 iii.n.'s l.i cliin's .'ii Ih.' N.il'ir.il llisi tv ■ T Mini. ill whi.'li I liii.l ll.e I'.'U i«niir ,..,rr'.li"r..liv.' ].,is.,,^„ : ■■li |s nr.l . :!-y," li.' M iii.oks, "i.. ri.'.'ii.'llr ill.' 1 lii'lliej risiills thus i.tilaiiii li fr.. Ill wrilirs lui.l Ir mi'ihuiiii his, .m.i it is n.. U'IlIit lli.a I. ,irn. .1 in. 11 sli..iil.l liiivr ililV.rr.i \\ i.Irly in oliinl.'ii "11 lln- sulij. .'1. I -li .i;|,| lliiiik Ih. 1.1 si s,.;:iih.ii js, iliiu l-i'.'li't Wiis ill,' ailry uln n- I in' (on ks iinsl ( .isily s.nv 111. iiili.iliu.iiils .,r nil. n.ir MVi.-.i, in.iny .'l' « li.iin ,' .iihlliss ll..,'k..l lliilli. r .11, .1 «. r.' s, it|, ,| ilnr,. ,.r s, r\, .1 111 llii' iinny as IniiiiMrli's ur |ir.i\ 1.1I-. .is tl.. y hav. .k.nr in l.'.li r linn s ; .,11. 1 lliiis lln y I'.inii' I" I"' i'.inl'..iinil. .1 l._v » illir» with 111.' .'.iniilry "In r.' .il..ii.' ih. \ kn. u lln 1 1 «ir. ."nsi.!. r. .1 ,\ \\.\i\ ..1th. iii.Iil'. ii.'i.s |...|.iil:iii " .li,i. ,1. y. a:, fl'h.' s:i-"L'rn|ihl,Ml iinaninM- ..| t|„ »,,r,| r.:/,; 'i^i.in » ill h. , \|.|.iin. .1 111 tin- .'li.i|.|. 1 ,.|i tin N, -n. K.n-, . : Ihiiiii.. Kill. r|i. , III., c. (^ Mam 111.., .IS ,|in.t, .1 III \\ ilLiii-..ii's Am-. Iv.'V|it. I. \-y. -'s. Ill, 'rin- r. .nl. r 111 1> iiK.. |,.|i hi-- ..uii (■..iisirn.'ln.n im lln; r.ill..«lliir |,nss,,„,. ni II, ri..l"lns : -W.. may Vi liti.n 1.. ns-. 't," -,i\s h, ,••.'.'(,■/ -/.■.r .■/» ..yViV.;!;.., tin f. is in. |i, ,.|,|,. Ill li,'.illli ami I'lmslilnln.ii 1., h. |.ar. .1 e. llir lv_'\ |ili,iii-," — /.'.i,'. .-yi, , .',i|.. 1,\\ \ I. , lii'sear.'li. s, r.iiin |i|.il.'s l)r, W i-i'in.in ,il,.i n h is I', .r riirllnr |.r. .. I' 1" If'skins's Ti.iv, in I'lllii"]'!.!, "hn-li I hav.i nut SI, [1. •i .Villi. I.I Iviyiil. 1, |.. I, •• \,,y. II, |.. -jai'.. J Tin: NILOTIC FAMILY, 31 he ilops S(l cliii is said ■ Kllll'I'liVf '.'-■\ lili:iii ill ;. ll.'luis iM' liuiiiln'il iliiiiii--. unci iimKsi' ilus |iloli;iliilily llira It will jrip iinL'iii. Illls OXdllC ill' iKilivr (it \\ a lair sMii i:uiirli'ii;illy if llir iiiyal ictriivlics 111 iliiiii^ in ilir lliisl IlirU'nl ;irk iTcl, iiiul iri'Miiis limr lilarU skm; rii'-t. sivrral J' Ciis/i. an- • r Inliiilr In (lark, wink ,iU[ r llii- ii;irl -.1 TV ■ r M.ui, il u Ilk Iv ill SI I ,i>ilv r M rM >l IM llii .l.il \>\ wriliT* At llu' rnlr.iiii'r ul' ilir lriii|ilr III l|i^anil)nnl, in Nnliia. Dnrkliarilt s-aw llic itiikuiis of M^iral Cdlossal slaliii'S, rill mil ol' llii' Miliil rm k ; nl tlir iiiost [irrkri nT tlain lir rrinarks : •• 'I'lir liiail wlikli is aliiivr 1 1 II-' sinlai'r |ii|' llir -.ami j lias a inusl i'\jir<.'ssiM'. yuiillilul r-oiinlriiain i, a|i|iro,ii,ljiiig nranr to ihu (Inciaii inoilrl oT liraiuy lliiin llial nl any am imi l''._'y|.iian li:;inv I liaM' sirii."* Hill Willi rcl'ivm' lo ihc iili\sii' il rliaracli.r ol ll II' l-.-'\ iiiiaii--. llhrr Is a sonrcc oi rviiknii' lo wliiili sonu ;iliii>ioii lias alrraily Imtii hi I'k'. ainl wLh li is mori' coniliisivr lliai; .iiiy uilirr : I rcler lo llio omlialmeil lioilirs ol Ihr 'I'lulian r.iiai'niiilis. 'I'lirsc i a^i rriin'trrii's ar'.' rrowik il willi l'i iiiiiin; Egyi'liaiis, whose remains rvrii now I'l'laiii almost cviry li aliiii' in |ii'rl'i'i'lioii. Hire tiro llir very peoiile who walked tin; streets ill' 'I'lu'li s. till y u lio kinlt l,n\or ami the I'yramids; and yet among the ihoiisaiids whose hoilns ciiriosily ami avariie ha\i' dra:;;.'! d iioin llirir toiiihs. 1 am not aware that a solitary Neirro has hem diseoveri'il. •• Il Is now elearly proved," s.iys the illiMrioits Ciivier — •• yi I il is necessary In repeal the Iriilli, because the rontrary error is >lill loniid in the newest works— ihal m illnr the ('■ailas. (who honkr on Alivssinia,) nor the liosjesmatis. nor any rai'c of Ne'.'roes. prodinail ihi- lelehi.ited | pie who gave hirtli lo the rivihsali.m ofaiieieiil l-'.jypl. and of whom wr may sa\ that the whole « oiM has iiiheiili d the prim'ipli'S of its laws, s.icners. ami pi rhaps also ri ligioti. It is i asy to provr. that ic/iii/i rir inuy liiivr hern Die hue iif llirir skin. du'V luloii.'ed In \\v sinie race willi oiirsilves. I have examined in I'ar'.s, and in die various eulleeiions of l-airnpe, mor,' than fifty leads of niiiinmu's. and nol one aiiioii:;s| tla In presmted I he rharaenis of tin ■ .Ne^'ro or llolteuloi."' Il may |ii-lly hi' iiii|iiiri"l. if seiriiei'. ail and hteraluri', had ili 11 ori'.;iii w 1 ill a Neuno irihi' cii llu .skirls of .\friea. how dm s u happiii that tin' sirram of knowlrdj.' Ii.is nrv er llowid iiiln, lull always from Ihal riiir..;ry ? Kor while it has Imth permaiienlly ihirusid iliioiijli Asia and j-aiLipc, in Afiu.'a Itself il eaiimil he Iraenl hevmid lie' niniinlauis of Niihia. .\'ja,;i.;t is now pro\ iil almosi hrvoiid eoiilroversy, thai I'l^jvpl. ami not Niilua. was the mollirr of the arts: and thai llio sliipriidoiis moiinim iii- the ri.iirr .Nile ami ispeei illv Ihos,' of .Mcr.ir, Wire llie works of llu' I'li; -ind idie.it'' the unal marl- ol I'oiiiimri hriwi'i.n I'^L'vnl and iho olhor nalioiis of Afr 'I'lir passai;i's from llu' (lirrlv piieis which hear on this siihjei'i, h.ivr hri'ii iii'jrhioiisly analysed hv Dr. I'rieh.ird. to veliose work on tlio I'livsieal Ilistorv of .Mankind, the reaikr is ref.rre'l for iiiucli aliiahle iiifnrnialioii on tins siiliircl. •■Siime of ll Use passaiiis. sa vs Dr. i'riehard. sIroiiL'ly evpi'essed as if the KL'ypliaiis were .Nrgroes; and val it must lie eoiif.ssi'd that iftlav really Were- sueh, 11 IS siir.'iikir llial we do not find nioro iViipiriii allusion to the fail. 'I'lie Ilelueu s were a fair people, fairer al least ihiii the .-Xrahs; y I in all the mirreiiiirse tiny had Willi Kjvpl, we never lind 111 ilio Saered Ilisinry the least miimaliiiii that tlio I'L'yplians wore .\e2r0es; not even on the mi'inoralile oeeasion of ihe m:uriai.'e of Solomon wuli I'liaraoh's dan-hler. Were a modern liisiorian to record the miplials of all I'hnnpi'an moiiareh willi llie daii^hler of a Nol'I'o kiic, sneli a eirennislalice would surely fmd lis place, And since l'',-ypt was mi elnsi'ly coum cleil v\ ilh (Ireeiaii allairs win h lllidi'r Ihr I'tolemies. and al'lirwards with the ri st of Kiirop,' wlnn it hieimo a Uoman province, it is very siiiLriilar. 011 the supposition thai this iialion v>,is su remarkahly diir.'reiit tVom the rest ol matikiiid, llial we have no alltisioti lo ll.■■^ ,iii~lrin'lii,ii nil r, IS Ml, |i, nplr ^liU'li I li: * Trav, III Niiliiii, p. I'l, J lliaaiEN, .\iic', AI'n.';iM N;itMns, I, p, I'Ji', \V §Hi's. I, p. Ill'.i, t l„>wrrlli'i 's 1,1,1. nil /,nn|. p. .'117. Al- iiii IS-civ. Am-. Ciiypi, I, p. I. i:i. 32 VAKIKTIKS OF THK HUINIAN SPHIIKS. 7. 'I'lIK IM)()SI-AMC r.\\lll,\. Till'. IIINDOIIS. Tlicrr nri' piiliap-; no ptnplc (in tlu' lilolic \vlui present niiuc v.iiied plivsicnl iraits tli;in tlie Hindim^. In ncneral. lidwcvei'. Ilie lace is dval. (lie nose slraiirlit or slii^liily a(|niline. Ilie nioutli small, (lie (eeth vertieal and well i'onned, and (lie chin roinided and ijenerally dinipliil. 'I'lie eyes are lilack. lirinlil and expressive, (lie eye la^lles jdiio-. and (he hrow (liin and arched. The hair is loni;-. hiaek and silossy. and the heard very thin. 'I'he head of the Hindoo is small in ])roportion (o (he liody. elonnatrd. and narrow especially across (he Coi'ehead. \\liicli is only moderately ( levated. India p|■e^enl^ cNcry lint of coniplevinn from an ahsoliite lila(d\ (o a (dear and iuaiilifnl hiiinette: hut the dill'i rent shades of olive are |iredoininant. (specially amoii'j, the hiiiher ca^lo. while the I'ariah--. and others of the lowest cla-;s. are as uniformly dark. ■•'rile ureal (lillemice ill eolcii' helwceii (lie dill'trenl na(i\('s." says Bishop lleher. •• -truck me much: of lln' crowd hy whom we wei'e surrounded, some Were hl.ick as N'eiiroe-. other- ir ly eo|iper-co|(iri(l, and others little darker than 'i'liiii-ian-. !( is iio( merely (he iiilleiM nee of evjiosure. since (his varie(y is vi-ilde III the h-liernieii. who are nakeil all alike. Nor doe- it depend (Ui ca-te. -iiice very liiL'h-ca-te 15ialiiniiis are -ouietiiues hiack. while i'lriahs are comparatively fair."* The people of C'ainhaia are -aid to he nearly of an a-li color: tho-e of f;nzera( and Mahralta are yi How. while olive i- the pri.\alent tint in (Joa. 'i'he women of the IJrahmiiiical ea-te aiv cilehraled for (heir lieaii(y. i-peeially thos,. nf Caiiaia and Alalaliar. who are Slid (o hear a comparison with, llio-e of (ieor^ia and I'irca-ia. They are often mothers at ten years of au'e. The -tatlire of the Hindoos is low. in li;eileral not e\eredili-- live fee( three or four iiiehe-: (liei'' pn-niis are slender, (heir limh- ion- ami delieale. hut wvll moulded, and their liaud- and feet -mall and heaiilifully formed. The moral character of the llinddd- varies much in (he diU'erent -ectioiis of India, whence the di-civpant -la(eiiien(- of modern (ravellers. Tiny appear hy nature (o he a mild, sidier and imliis(ri(uis race, warm in (heir a((aclimcnls and ' N.irr. I. p. I '). . /ill. III. 'I'lli: INDUSTAMC r.VMlLY, 33 licatily. Ill Willi nii'c. •) tlircc lull Wrll ;'1ioiis 111' fiind tif tlicir cliililnii. Hut llwir Idvi' (if tlic niarvclldiis. I'lislcnd as it is liy a I'anlastic n'liu;iiiii. is alnidsl williniit a parallel aiii(iii;j; iiatidiis. 'I'luy arc «( a tiiiiid (lisposiliiiii. anil not incliiitil lo ciiicllv. \v{ lluir avarice, wliicli is ixin ine. leads tlieiii reaiiil} to eoniiiiit ninnler for llie im-' (rillini;- ac(iiii>ilioii. Nolwith- slamlini; Hie apiiareiit inililness of tlieir niaiiiieis. sa\* Ml-lmi) lleln r. the eriiiiiiial calendar is ijenerally lull of iiaii^,-iol)lieiies. iiieemli.iri^iii. and i.nalnti'oiis crimes : -and llie niiiiilier of children who are dicoved a-ide. and murdered for the ^ake lif llieir ornaments, is dreadful." They praclise deceptinn with inliiiite art. to which falsehood and perjury form no ol)>tacles. -For all these horrors their system of ridigion is mainly answc ralile. inasmiudi as wlialever moral lessons their sacred hooks contain — and they an very few — are shut up from the mass of the people, while the direct tendency of their institntiniis i< to evil. The national temper is decidedly iiood. iienlle and kind. 'I'hey are snher. iiidii>.trioii>:, allectionatc to their relation^. i;eiieraliy spcajan;;- I'aithful to their niasters. easily attached hy kindness and conlideiice, and in case of the military oath, are of admirahlc ohedieiice. courau'c and fidelity in life and death. IJut their morality does not extend heyond the reaidi of positive ohlinations; and \vlure tluse do not e\ist. they are oppressive, cruel, treaidierous. and e\try tliinii that is had.'"" The iiilellectnal character of the Hindoos is (listiiiiiuisju'd aiiioni;' the presriit A'-iatic nations : hiit tlieii' learniiiii has heeii Very miieli devoted to comments on their s.icred lio(d<<. which are extremely minieroiis. The_\ iiave had iiiaiiy admiralile \\ liters in poetry and tht drama, and excel in sniue liranches of matlieniatics. and especially in alii'idira. Their anli(pie arciiitectural remains ari uii a sinpeiuious scale, and consist (diielly of rocU-liewn temples ornamented with ( lahorate sculpture. Such are the cavern^ and naileries at ICUoia and J'^leplianla. which rival the similar etVorts of ancient Kii_\pt. Amiuin the vari.'d pojiiilation of India are some trihes ar nations who dill'er so widtdy. physically and morally. I'riuii the i:reat mass , people, as to claim at least a jiassint; notice. The Tiiilits of the Neiliilierry ifills. in the southern peninsula, appear to have heeii the ahori^inal iiihaliitants nf llie region they occupy. They are descrihed as ahove the CDinnion height, athh tic and well madi' : with a larnc full and sjiarklini; eye. Roman nose, and line teeth. Tliiir hair is loii;;-. hlack and curlinu;. with a full heard. They are of nra\i' deportment, cheerful maniiei', and peaceful ilisposiiioii. iidt even cari'_\ iiiii defensive Weapons: yet oil th( other hand they arc Iliiint. Narr. Il.|i, ,' in. .7m. ed. 31 VAIMiyi'IKS or TIIH IIIMAN SIMX'IKS. imlolcnl iiml ilirly. iiiul tluir iimriil foilc |i( riiiils > IIk ir wmi't'ii a pliii'iilily ol liiisl)aiiiN. 'riicir nliiiimi. uliicli Inrliids llic \\()r^lii|i of idoN. is in mi roiicc) aiialdHi'iis to any txi>tiiii; Asiatic crciil. ami tluir lani;nai;c lias no nllinity tn tlic Sansci'it.* 'riuy aic liclicvcii tn lie almiijiinis (if sdiitiicin India. I'xhiliilim;; uliat tlit'ir ancotdis wire liilorc llicy rcfciM'tl those iii-tilutioiis wliicli have slaMi|i((l iijton the Hindoo laci' so pccnliar a character. t 'I'lie /{(iJj)iK)ls aic of lii;iit conn)le\ion, with more a(iuilino features liian the people of the adjacent provinces. Tliev are. however, iicnnine Hindoos. 'I'heyucre formerly eni;a!i;e(l in inces- sant wars: they have the vices of >laves added to tnose of r(ddiers. with as little rcjiard for truth as the other Hindoos, wiiile tluy ll(;s^ess ii hlood-lhirstimss from which the latter are very far r( nioved-t In their denii-civilisatiini, their extrava- i;anl fondness for llieir bards and their romantic chivalry, they stroni^ly resenihle the Europeans of the middle an'cs. 'The /{(injtin are a ifajpoot trihe who. owinii; to some sinii'ular dih nima of rtifilr. cannot lind a single individual with whom a damjliter of theii's e;ni he mateluil : w hence they have adopted the luu'rid expedient of puttinu' to death all their fi male children, so tlmt in ISIS, in a poptilation of twelve tliousand soui^. there wrie not more than thirty women alive !^ The .S7/i7(.v were orii/iiiiMv a ivMid of dissenler> from the Hindoo faith, whose fiiadainental principles were " devotion to (Jod and peace towards nian." Their numlieis auitmented rapidly, (niliraeinij; multitudes of Hindoos and many .Mahome- tans; hut heim; pre--e(l htyond endurance liy the tyranny of their .Mussulman iieiu;hhors. tluy at leii<;th discarded the idive hranch and to(d< up the swurd. |)ossessed themselves of their native province o|' Lahor. ami eoii(|urr( il the I'linjali: and now constituti . inulir the sway of IJuiijeet Siniili. the nio>t |io\\irlul native novernment in India. In .Malahar the inliahilant-. ari' hlack. hut have iiood t'eatures and the hi lural exterior of the Hindoo-: hut the prejudices of caste lU'e carried to an exteut unknown in otlu !■ parts of liulia. 'i"hu^. " if a cultivator or a lisherman presumes to to\ich one of the iKiiffi. oi' military class, the naii' is con-idt red fully justitied in killini; him ou the spot. The ^ame fate Ik fals the |iaria who ventuits even to look him in the faci'. and dot s not. oii seeiuir him at a distance, instantlv take * II.\liKM>-. 0:i llir \i 'J. liiirr i.lllli' Ni t linOsh lli'llli. II. |.. JT.f. § l!iili-li Iii(ii,i. t'.y Mi'ioiAV mill uilins. II, |.. ,;7i 1' Mali iii.m. Skitrli iilllii' SiMis, /j(;.sv///f. ■ny Mill--, p. 7. -'^ i:iu;ii. N.iir. II. [i. ./ill. Cll, TUK INDOSTANIC FAMILY. 3.5 .J llii^lit. Tliis last race mm' all slavi'.s. a coiiditiDii not ciminKui in llic nsl of niiiddslaii. Hilt llicrc is aiiothcr class of siilUnrs whom a liarharoiis pride has stripped hcvoiid any other of (lie most common rights of liumanily : the nunli.i are cxchidcd from all human intereoiirse. foirid to wander in nnlre(|Uciited jjlaces. without any means of snppoii except the alms of pusseniters. 'I'hese Ihev endeavor to attract hy standing at a little distance from the jmhlic road, and howlinn; like hnniiry (loj;s. (ill tiie cliaritahle wayfarer lays on the trronnd some donation, which, after his de|)arture. they hastily carry oil"."* The inhahitants of Ceylon, who are called Sinnalese, arc hiack like those of Malahar. hut are less oppressed and therefore less degraded. 'I'liey are represented as courteous in their mantu'r. and despise hotli tlieft and falsidiood. 'I'heir disposition is mild: yet when their am^er is once roused, they are sinu;nlarly vi(d< lit and im|)lacaliie. 'I'lie dominant ivliuMoii is tliat of JJudha. the remaininu sectaries he.ii!; chielly of the IJrahminical |)(rsnasioii. 'I'lie Sinijalese have a tradition of their former alliliati(ui with the people of Siam. and (hey certainlv possess, holli iu iheir n ll-,ious riles and their ]iiiysical conformation, some rcsemhlance to tlial people. Perhajis the latter circumstance may he accounted for hy the presence of the .Malays, who have huiji cidoiiised (heir coasts. Tlie Hindoos iire anion;; tlie oldest n;itions of the earth. Their present civilisation, witii its institution of castes — their ivli-iou. which is IJraliminical and their lan,u;ua:;e. wiiicli is Sanscrit, may all he traced to an auti(|uity of nearly (hree thousand yi ars. The r(is-t(.i are four i;reat divi-ions or classes, each desi;r,i,.,I d, l,,^ isolated and exclusive in all its relations. They are. ist. tht> //;•«//;;( m,v. or friests; Jd. the Rtijiiha. (or Kisliatrias.) or Soldiers: 3d. the Vaisija. m- merchants and cul(iva{ors : and 1. (lie Siidnis. or suhoidinale cultivators, who are, in fact, tiit slave populati(ui of Iliiulostan. Each of tiiese trilies is suhdivideil into several more, of wliicii the number is iiiicerlaiii.t This siiii,Milar thraldom prohibits all iiitermixturi' or association of castes: ye( iio(withstaiid!ni; (he severes( social and bodily penaKies. the impure or mixed cast(>s are very niimenuis : for of (hese (he Pariahs alone are said (o constitute r, if possible, to (hese are (lie I'allis of .Madura, and (he I'uliahs of .Malabar, whose (ouch is delileiiuiit even to a Siidra. The Hrahminicai reli;iion of the Hindoos is essentially idolatnnis. The * Mi'ioi.w, Kucyc. of Cvo::. p. !)!17. t Di'iiDis, lV(i]ili' o\' Iii(li;i, ji. 31. :)enl jiicalities ceiilui'ii^ liefiire tile iiiiiilern di>ciiv(r\ III tlie |iassaf;e til India li\ the l'a|ie III' (iiiiid Ilii|ie. Hindustan wa^ aiinini; the ( mintiii s wliieli were oMrruii and eiiniinei'i d liy Jeiiiihis Khan and 'rimiir. I5u( in tlie year I ■>.''i. Snltaii Ualier. kini; of l'er»ia. s(-i/,ed ii|inii India, -uhdninu' liie native inhahitants. and drivini; oiil the Muiiiiid- Tartais nf the tiiiii e\ivtiin; ilyiia-ty. lie (stahhsiied his ennrt at neliii. and India li'diii that i p'n h \\a^ caih'd the Miiiiiil /■^iiijiin. tiie soverei^jn liiiiiseU' asNiiniiiii;' the title III' ihe (ileal 'Mii^ni: hut this unee |iii\\eiriii diiniininn sunk intu (•niii|iarative iiisii;:iilieauee iluriiiii tin- eaii_\ jiarl nl' the past century. The nnrtiii ill ilindnns h.i\iiii; inin_:h d Inr ci ntiiries with tlie Miiiiiinl-Tartai's. r' c'ivcd in eiillininll with ih.ise |len|i|e the cnUMiit ii lual lianie III' MdiTllln. wllicil elllili,;i'es I'd'sian^. (inek- nl' Uaetriana. ami Aiahs. wiin ;iie called .Mniiis : hut the laltir aii|iellal inn is iimve --IrietlN a|ipiied In tie' Mahniiiedaiis niily. The peiiple nl' lliilil h:i\ ^ n|||y lieeli called llinilnii> since tin Tartar Ciilli|Ues| ; |irivini|s |i, that I'Miil a'l the inhaiiitaiils whn prnl'essed |lie lirahininical I'aitli Were called (ii lllnii-. We may add lliit the ;iipM'\>nr Kiimpi . w linse ni'iiiiii lias lieeii Ml Iniii; a parailn\ In the learned, are imw ascerlaiiied In he nf Ilindnn I \tractinn. The niiniiial cniiiitiy nl' the ilindnns has lieeii a (luestiiin aiiiiiiii;' iiistiii'ians. Till ir I'A'renc. I'nr the nnith. added In the trailitinns nl' the I5raliniiiis, and variniis cnllateral circunislaiici s. li;i\e h d Mnry de St. \'incenl and .Malte-Hriin tn Mippnsc the cradh' nl' these penple In lia\e lieeli the Inl'ty talile-lalld ahiillt tile s'llirces ill' the Indus, and the elevated xalliysiil' Seriiiai;iir : while 1 leereii and ntliers are nl' the niiiiiinii that ■■the I'lahniiiis. and perhaps the Kishatiiya and Vaisya castes I [i.!;i:ii. \ iir. 1. p. 1 "i I. - 1 1. |i. \". 71. ."lO. . /iii. nl. — 1!mi1I,|s|ii, lliuiijli i.|' iiiiii h inure reiTiil dull' il. Ill ill.' ]iniiiiiu.' Ilrihiiiii.i. il i' Irjimi, is Mi|i|).isrii in li:i\r ;in-rii m IikIki h lliiiusaml years Iii'I'mit Chn-i. :iiii| In ii:ivi' \r-\ iiiii!y I'olliiwi-rs : I'lii in ilii' si\ili iTiiiiir\' ol' niir era a |»'iN('.'ulion aiMs ■. will. Ii lAjii.llr i n.Mrly :ill ili.- li^.!l|'sI^ \\„u\ I Iiii'LiMiiii. winner lliry Imili relliL'i: ill llic fi'iilral aii'l r '■"ii-ni |iriiviiii'.s nl Asi i. TIIK INDOS'I ANK; [ VAIILY. 37 were orifrin.tlly a ncr "I" lutilhcin (•oiuincnus nf I'.iir cDiiiplcxioii ; wliilc thtr Siuli'iis anil (illirr iiift ri(ir IiIIms \\. (1 \;iri(His 'mrccs (if •rs ;irc (if »va ca>tfs \i,lj;. — llii l/if lli.sniililiincis: liitirern l/if lliiiilniis iiml /\<;i//iliil>in. — Ill^l(l^y :iliil llir iirts iliM'.pviT iii:iry rc'iii;irk.il.|c aiMLn'ics Kilui'iii llic llllM^»^ .iml l^uv I'Imii'-, wln'in'' lln'V luivi' liccii MiiipiiM'il liy ^(lllll• iilili' wiilcr.s In lir iillilcilcil iialiuiis. Tlial llnii' was cvtcii.sivr and liiii;;-iiiMlirmi'il ml. riuiirsi' Ijclwccii llii'iii is Milliriciilly nl'^ iiiiis, aii'l liisldry s|ical,s vauiii'ly olcoiKiiicst and iMiL'rali'Hi. Wliicli was llic' ilciiiiiiiaiil |](iwit;' 'I'Iii' Kiryi'llaiis vriy iialiually ili'iaili'd lliis |iiiiiil m ihcii' n\Mi la\.ir; liii- llicy asscil llial Osins crussrd Alalia In lln' iiliiius! iiilialiili'il ]iarls nl' India, iiliil llial hi' ImiiIi many citn's ilirii'. •• lie Irli Ii1 Ml' ihc \islmii srci. ar.' ihn . liii' tin ir in .■!■ 1 1 uT lli'' .im init ilnlii ^ « Iimm imi^'i -, air ^lill IHiMitiil, ami llii'V I'T'iri III' il lo iniioMii ilii ir ili v \v illi all iIh' I'l n iiniiih > piai'li^ril in lluir iiwii laiiil,"' V •nil; XKiNC.dl, TMiCMI 1•\MII.^. 'rili> Vll^l rillllilN. wllirli is \\ ii('('ii|ii( s iiiai'l\ liall nl' A>i;i mikI pail i>l' l'',ui'ii|ir. anil i> ('i)m|iii>i il III' TM lal liriiiicliis s|ii akiiiu: dilli I'tiil laiiujiiimi-. u I imsstssini; a i;( mral I'i'sciiililaiii'r ill llii ir iiiaiiiii'i's and |iii>iiiial a|i|irai'aiit'r. In (irdcr to av oid i'('|ir- tilidll \\r >liall |il'ii('( I il at unci' In t;'i\(' siiinr acciinill nl' llli ^i mvi'I'iiI ili\ isiiuis. j- I. '/'//< l''iiiiiish llrtnic/i. iiY '/'i/iiii/i'i. or lli(>r tlir rinmt inlialiit llic nmlli III' l'liii'ulijrcl In Swrilni. 'i'lirv all nf iniddliii:; >talnir. w illi lirnad latis, ilaik r>i< and >ailii\\ ciiniidixiiin. 'V\\v\ lia\r srlmnls and acadrniirs. air ^Inw Iml sjinwd. and lia\r niadr cnnsidiraldi |)iii;irrv> in liir arl< and srirncis. 'riir llliil'iilllf: ITMinldi' tllr rilllls in ixtrlinl-. lull ||lr_\ all' s|n|lid. >ns|ii(inns and tliii\isli. win hit lluir |iii\iily and \a^alinnd haliiN. 'I'll! ('/iimiiiyh iiilialiil lln |irn\iniT nl' Ka'>aii. Tlirv \\,ir iiriL:;iiiall_v a pa-t'iral and wandrriiiii Iriln . ami r\rn imw iir\i r dwrll in Inw n> : Iml lln'_\ lia\i a»nni' d aurii'nlliiral lialiiK. limiiiili willimit iiidu^lry nr i iilrrinisr. 'I'ln Miinlr'unn air -iitjiij nn ||,i' rivii's Oka and \iil:;a in Ilir i;i)\( rnniriil nf Ka'li liair. and liaii I'acr. nl inailivc lialiiK_\i'| Imnrsi and liiis|iil ilih . Tlu' /o//»/r.v. w lin aUn inhaliil tin iirnvincc nf Ka-iiii. air nf iin ai;rr {iiiMin and niidillinu; stalnir. and n >! iiildt' llir Finns innrc lliaii an} iialinn lliat di rivo il> nrii;in I'lniii llinn. 'I'llr l'o'j;r,\\ (iixpnsiliiin. Iiniirst. >liri\\d. and lalHiiinnN. \i[ lickln and slmcnly In i \ci >s. Tlir} are a pastnral Irilu'. and tlic nnillirrn linrdi' dninoticalr-" tlir reindeer. Otiiei c'liinnuinities of (lie Fiiini--li slnck inlialiil tlie Hiissjaii iimvinee ni' I'irniia. wlieri they are called I'erniiaiis. ■ Alic. aii'l Md'I. I',.'y|'t, liilr."l. p. Jii.— See ;iN.i I I"ii (^u:^ll. lirv . \\1. \i. I'J, ■/;;,'. til. ' 'riiii lllall■l■lal^ III' lliis 'hiii'Iir all' ili riv il aliiiii>.t i \( lii-ivrly iH'ni 'I'o'.'kr's Kiissia, /Hissini. aiiil Aiii-i. l',n\/y.. Ili^lniy "I' lli'- Tail, u-.. — In 'li^tiiliuiiiiL' lli'' .M'iii'.''il-'rari ir raiiiily niln luaiiclns, I liavr ln'i'i' 'jiivlly L'livi. 1111 1| by lliu dillfnaiL'!' iii laiiL'iiai;!', ami lia\ '■ I'lilluUTd lln' Ihsl iianictl iilltlior. TIIK ,M()N(i(U.-'l'Ain AH lAMILY. Tl Drlhli M, .mil I"! il Ml till ir ir. Mn|ii;ii| i|i('. Mini i* i a ;:i nri';»l Miiil ri|M'- \ i>i(iii-.t' till' iiiii'lli li ;i iiilnll} il ;irt' iKiW (lurk iyr< III sliri'Wtl. >ii>|iiciiiu^ riLsiiiiilly II llli'_\ IlllVr iivcllliurli! II i'lU'C. Ill U'l' pi r^mi ;it (Irlivo III' a ii:l\ •sS. TIl.N r. Otiui ia. wluTi ^i;l, /Missiiii, IiLUIcIk'S, I ji'ii aiilliur. J. 'I'lif .I/'"/«'"/.'< /(/oy^c riiiliiiici' MM ral >.iil»iinliiiati' (livi<«ii>ii>. nl wliiili (lie CiilniKihti, wliii air till' iiiii'l |ii'iiiiiinriil. iicciipy llif \m ^tiiii siclinii nj' tlu' jjrtat .MoiiHiil nuiiiii. '•'riiry lire cliaraclriiM d liv nliliiinilv "I tli>' ('\rs, wliidi ari» iKpi'i's^i il lii\val'il» till' lli»r. illlll liy till' I'liMlldrd illlil'lial allL^li' nl' llli' l^^lil|s; li^ till j I' lilacli ami x'ai'dly cnivril rMhi'nws: liy llir im^r. wlacli is iilli*i;i'llii'i- Miiiill anil Il;il< iniiii; |iartii'iilai'ly lii'uail luwaiiU lln I'mi In ,iil : ii\ iii^li clH'ck-liiiiirs. anil niiiiiil II* ail ami I'acr. A iilack-liriiuii iri<'. Iai';;i' ami lliick lips xlioi'l cliiii. wliili ti'i'lli. I'i'iiiaiiiiii'j; linn .mil mhiiiiI imii in ailv!iii('ril ai;r. ami lart^r cars slamlinu; nit' 1111111 till' In III. air miivi I'sal. 'i'lny air nl' niidilliiii; »i/.i'. and \\c sir very Tew tall jiiiipir aiiiiini;-! lln in: Ilir wmin ii ar>' paitinil ir|\ small, and \riy delicately I'liinied.' ' 'riir\ liave a u'liiid iiinli I'slanilini; and ijiiiik eiiiiipn lieiiNinii : ai'r liM'ly and MMelalde. yil i\lirmil_\ iinpinN idiiil. and lliievisli. Iiiil iml liispnMil In eiinlly ivi II III llnir pndali'iy excnrsinns. 'I'lny are divided inln loiir principal liihes, lln IviiM'Inil-. Derlii Is, Suniinars and 'I'lii'^^nls. which I'ur a Imnj; lime cnnstiliiled an imli peinleiil and pnwirl'iil iritinn: lint llieir liiirde^. wliicli are iinw si.lijrcl |ii ltii»ia. at pi'iM'iil inlialiil tin diM rt> lirtwei ii the risi is Dun and N'lili;;!. and the III 1 river rrniii Uris in Uie Caspian sea. 'I'lny are part idnlater*. part (lirisliaiis. and their n liiiimis riles are cliarael; ri^ed hy siijn r>|iiiiiii and iin'iiii'«laiiey. 'I'/ii Hiinil.s. In llie iiiiiidle III the past ceiilnr_\ tin liiirats inhaliiled the l;i)\i riiiiii III 111 Irkutsk, alnni't rniiii llie Veiii^ei. almin the Miim;iili,iii and Chinese hiM'dei's. Ill ilir Ani;'ara and 'ruii'j;iisk,i. and thence In the lake Itaikal. which latter place appears to have lieeii tinir primitive Imnie. In persnual appearance the llnrats miicii lesemhle llie Kalmucks. _\et they are le^s inclined to cnrpiileiicy, ••'I'lnir 111 sh seems xidili n. and llnir cniinleiiance is pale and m liow. 'I'hcir hndii > have Very liltle solidity ami siiiimlh. A l{iis>iaii ol' the »aiiie ^\/.r weighs much more; and either in play or earnest, overcomes >eveial IJiirats with ease."h They ale indolent, dishonest, and s|iii'iih<.s. and have scarcely any posMssions hut their docks. Allied to the IJurats are the Kitlhiis. who iiihahit the conniry hitweeii Siheiia aiul the itnat desert of Colli; ;i superstitions and uncivilised people, who are said to present, in their domestic ci'.ioins. a hniniliatiiii!; picture oj' hnmaii de'j;radation. J. 7'//c 'Viirliir liniwli. 'I'iic Tartar hordes were oriijinally derived from (in at Tartary. Ill other words iVniu the vast territory het ween Sihcria and the mountains of India, from the river Onral to Monnolia. one part of whicdi is now coiniueheiided in Si)oiit;aria. \v[ at this time they have ceased to maintain their • 1'ai.las, in l.awiciHv\ Lirluivs. p. -,jii. t ■|'u,.ki:, 1{iism:i, IV. p. 1 Jj. •10 VAUll/riES OF THE ^U^rAN SPECIES. sovrreijiiity iu tliis r(i;i(iii t'.\('(i)(iiii; in JJokliara ami sonic other eastern provinces, at tlic same lime liiat tliey liave cstalilislicd tlicniseivcs in countries yet further east, and possess a emner ot Europe. The TurhirH of Kostin anil (Jrcnhio-i; liave ae<|uired nuieli of the Hussian mien and exterior. 'IMiey are thin in person, have a fr( sii coniphxion. with small e^es and no>ie. and iiuiit liair. Tlit y are well made, liave a sprightly, aj:;reeahlc address, and are said to excel in the meelianie arts. The 'J'ounit'nnis diller from the former in their lart;e heads, and rohust forms inclined to nhesily. yet they speak the Tartar lam;uasi;e. The AoLi-di/ 'rurliirn occupy Lillle 'I'arlary, cmhracinj; the provinces of Krimea. Kulian and part of Circassia. !)el\vceu Itussia and the lilack Sea. They have much the exterior of the proper Mongols, as seen in their small eyes, their lariie ears and their clumsy perscuis ; and the rcsemhlanee is further s\istained hy their rude and deceitful manner, and their ])nuieness to rapine. They constitute many hordes, which are for the mo>t part nomadic. Dui'iuij; the ( vpeditions of tiic Taitars to the west of Asia, the luliiclin fixed themselves in the province of Hokhara. on the frontier of I'ersia. whci'e. more provident than the other hordc'^. they formed a permanent settlement, chanjiing liieir pastoral and nomadic life for that of ai;iiculture. and their movahle tents into M'ttlid hahitatioii>.' Tiieir ian. If they \ve|-e nut Well junked al'ti'r. tlley wiillld none of them lollow any oMur trade than lliat of pilfering; and plunder. "+ The y/«;7//((//;/:<.s ro\e oMr the descifs hctweeii the (H» and the Irtisch. in ■|' ii . liu-MI. II. [.. I ■I'nnKl:, ({ll-l.l. II. 1.. 1- H MiM:«. 'I'r :iv. Ill lliiKli:ua. 11. p. lo,;, ,/i/i. i il. I 'J'lIK 3I()\G0L-TARTAU FAMILY. 41 II provinces, yet further llie IJussian witli small y. ai^recaljle ami rol)ust niviiu'cs (if Sea. They I eyes, liieir iistaiiied hy y constitute '.shcck.s fixed rliere. uKire it. chauuinji; e tents hito ■cts (it the liandsduiest riafjes with It is even extraelion. 'V have tile )!■ ehestliut iiniy. while 'I'hey have intelleetiial in>>e(|uently Kill Inllow ■ Irtiseli. in in. lit. Siheria. Their features partake .nost of the Kalinouk character, although their lan,<;;uac;e is a Tartar dialect. They have few wants, are dull, indillerent. inollcn- sive and honest. Unlike the neighhoring hordes, they were never known to conihine for predatory purposes. The Kirgmiam. although their language is Tartar, have the strong Mongol i'eatures. with a sharp and llerce look, indicative ot tiieir real character. They are proverbially fickle, undertaking the lashest and most contradictory measures, one moment revolting, the next returning to obedience. In spite of treaties and largesses, they cannot forego their characteristic love of plunder on i^vcry occasion that oilers: and after having oppressed all the barbarous nations around them, they liave in turn become the tributary vassals of Russia.* Beside the !\Iongul and Tartar hordes already enumerated, there are many others llial are so evident:/ a niixture of both, that they cannot justly be classed witii either. Such are the Tchoubuim, between llie upper parts of the Ob and Yenisei; a people, fickle and auiliiilatory in their habits, yet docile and readily instructed. The Yaki.h. persecuted by tiie Hurats. lied to the north from the Sayan niouiitains, and now dwell on the shores of the Lena, in tiie government of Irkutsk. It i*^ rare to sei^ either short or tall persons among them, and in feature, as in language, they are both Mongols and Tartars. They are slow, kind and honest, and derive their cliief siibsisteii .'e fnuii their herds. The Yakuts have been placed hy some writers as a horde of the Polar race. To the north of Cbiiia. in the ])rovinee of Kin. live the MauiMitm. one of the most brave and politic of the Tartar nation-.. Altliougli tiiey do not speak the Tartar language, they are in all other respects, in manners, customs and personal appearance, a cognate branch of that people. Tlicy invaded China in the I7th century, ellictcd a complete comiuest and placed on the throne a king of their own nation. They have, however, rather adopted than subverted the Chinese government and institutions, and tiie two nations appear to be now- blended ill singular liarinoiiy. To the north and east the :\Ioiigol-Tartars gradually mingle with the tribes of the Polar race, until their characters become blended in the Kanistehatkans. the Tiingusiaiis. and the iiiliabitants of the isle of .Je/.o. AVe may here add a few wonU respecting the Hi ns. 'I'jiese people were genuine Mongol-Tartars, wiiose original seats were west and north of China; and -T, 11 "Kr:. I!ii«-.i!i. II. p. 'J 1 1. oTi. 42 VAinirriEs of the human species. it would appear tlml tlic i;it'at Cliincse wall, which was erictcd thrci' centuries hei'di'e Christ, was (le>ii;iieil to i)revent the inidads (if the IIuiis. Their iiiiu;rati()iis. like those (if the othei' hordes of their race, were unlimited, and they at length appeared in two divi^iiuis on the >kirts of I'urope. one near the Caspian sea. the other on tiie Voli;a. Tiiesf at leniith invaded Europe itself, and drove the Cioths. A. D. 37"). heyond the l)anni)u into the Honian territory. 'I'hey then took possession of all the country hetween the Danuhe and the Tanais, and cstahlishcd their empire in I'annonia. Tiiey repeatedly ravaged (ireece and Asia Minor, until at length their ferocity, and haliitual predatory im'oads on the neighhoring provinces, led tlie prince^ of eastern Europe to comhiue for thiir destruction, wliie!) was ell'eeted in tiie ei^iitii century, when they were all desti'oyed or driven out of tiie country: for tlie picsent Hungarians are not the descendants of the lluus. hut of tlie (Julh-; who succeeded them in the possession of the country. 'Tlie preceiliiig d( tails iilustrale the fact, that no alisolule line of demarcation, geographical or physical, can lie drawn hetween the several liianclies of the Mongol family. However tiny dilVer in language, and occasionally in exterior, and wliatever may \u\\v lieeii their original eliaracteri^tics. tliey are now so hhnded thai every liorile possi\ssrs some o|' the lineaments of all tiie others. Tile name Tdi/dr \\,\^ (ui^iiially contiued toa single horde, hcing derived from a ilislingnishcd kiiaii or chief: auil in proirress of time this designation emhraced all the trihes from the ()\us te Ihi' country of the -Monitols. hetween whom and Europe the Tartars were iuteipo^eil as a sort of hari'iei'. 'I'he Mongols themselves occupied all tile triritory ea-t of the 'I'artars :is far as China, and to the north of that kingdom, (ieiiglii/ Kliaii. thoiii;li a Moiigid. Iiegan his eareer at the head of ;i Tartar horde, hut lii^ sjuLiuiar success soim comliined lioih nations under his sway. the Mongols taking precedence : whence it happens that from the tiuu' the Tartar history hegiiis to excite attention, it ceases to he that of a particular nation. •• Distrihnted under tiie hanners and conimauders of the Mongols, these enjoy with posterity the glory of (Ik J!' eoii(|Uests. wliih the Tartars ;;re constrained to hud their name to the devastations with wiiieh hoth nations everywhere marked ilie hloody |)i'ogi'ess of their armies." The rapidity of the c.'niiuests of the Mongol-Tartars, and the cruelty aiul rapin(' that marked their course, are without a parallel in history: for at the death of (ieiighi/. nciirly all Asia, exei'ptiug China and tiie Indo-Chinese nations, united ill vassalage to form that mighty dominion sinc( calh d the Mogul empire. Tile latter name was more recently restricted to the Mahomedan jiossessiuns THE TURKISH FA^HLY. 43 '(' ccniiirit's iiiinratii)iis. y a( length iaii si'a. the tilt' Ciiitlis. llit'ii (iKik (■stal)li; under his R' tiiiic the liar nation. ie>e enjov istraiiied to ■re marked riielty and liie death mis. united re. jiossessions in India, ol" uhieh Delhi was the capitol. The Mogul empire was invaded hy the Persians in 1738, and has sinee declined into total insignilieanee ; the nominal Cireat Mogul being at this time a mere stipendiary ol' the British East India t'onriany.* fi. TIIK ■ITKK.ISIl l-'AMll.V. The primitive Turks appear to have heen a .Ahmgol nation ; hut their rapid eoiiiiuest of s(Uiie of the fairest portions of the Caucasian region, and their early amalu;amation with tiie Circassians. Georgians, (Jreeks. and Arabs, has totally ciiaiiiieil their [diysieal character, and rendered llieiii a liaudsiuiie people. t 'I'he modern Tuiks are of a middling stature, with an athletic fnrm and \vell proportioned limbs: the head is round, the eyes dark and animated, and the whole face expressive and inttlligent ; wjiile the short nose and open nostrils are indica- tive of .Mongid extraction. In manner they are proverbially courteous and taciturn: but their true cliaraeter is marki'd by vioitnce of passion, cruelty and viiidictiveness. Inttlligcnt. and ready in the aciiui^ition of every species of knowledge, they Vioiild soon assume an elevated liteniry laiik were it not for the tramiueN of su[)erstiti(ui and I'atalism. According to Hitter, tiie 'fiii'ks. under the name of Hioiig-iiii. had their primitive seats in the north of China, ■•vhere they foi'iued two kingdoms in the first century, disappeared from history in the fourth, recovered tluir power in the tiftli. and were subseiiuently merged (together witli the Tartars, who, as we have -(111. were also Mongols.) in the armies of Genghiz Khan. The Turks, at a later period, separated from their Mongol masters, and established themselves in Pi rsia. whence passing into Asia INIinor they made icpeated attacks on the (ireek empire, which they hnally suljverted in liie middle of the lifteentli century. The powerful • 111 India tliurc rcnmiii smiio iraci.s of iliu ancioiit MonaGl^ a little projecting beyond the lower: the eyebrows are black, lii^hly archid :uul linear: the nose is small. Ilattened towards the nostril, broad at its root, and -ejiarated from the foreliead i)y a -trongly marked dejires-iion. Tlir moutli is large, and tlie lips rather lleshy. They have uniforndy black hair: and the complexion of youii^- persons of the higher classes is fresh and fair, but that of the multitude is iialiid or sallow, and has been C(unpared to a dried leaf. ••People in Europe have been strmgely -in'sled in their notiiuis of Chinese physiognomy and appearance, by the tigures represented on those specimens of manufacture which jiroceed fmiu Canton, and wiiieli are commonly in a style of broad caricature. A Cliinis,. ,,f i'ekinu- miiilit as well form an idea o( us fnmi some of the performances „{' Criiiksli;ink. The con-eipieiu'e is. that a character of silly l(\ity and farce lias jieeii asMiej;,!,.,!. i,, tjic niiuds nf niaiiy persons, with the most steady, considerate and matter of fact people in the world. Their features have. |)erlia|is. |i -^ nf (he jiarsh aui;ularity of the Tartar counlenance in the -(iiiili tb;in in i'c kin;:-. Among those who are not exposed to the climate, the couipiexion is iull\ as fair as that oC the Spaniards and i'ortuguese. Cp to the aij;e of twenty they are often vei'y good looking: soon after that period the prominent cheek bones ^^eiierally give a harshness to the features, as the roundness • I-"er a Iji-icl' aihl LTipliir' vi.'W .n' il,,. r,,iin.rii,,iis 1„ tw,,',, ih,. -rurKs, •['arlars and .Moiil'uIs, in relaliuii 111 l.inL'iiiiu'i', liiMm-y iin,| |.iiysi.-i| o!i:ir;irler, -n' \Vim.:man\ l.i'i-turrN. ]i. 110. THE CHINESE FAAHLY. 4. J iiul cntrrinc; vend tlicin- ('}'. rci:;aiiic(l ■an Turkey, linor, (rans- ".V. ^vlli('h in 11(1 iiiclinrd to a liii;h. ; the eye is at tlic sanu' felji'dws arc liic nostril. (l('])n'ssi()ii. I)lMck liair : nd fair, but ricd leal', of Chinese leeiniens of n a style of of US from I eliaraeter rsons. with Id. Tiieir ileiiaiice in liniale. the l']) to the ])erio(l the roundness of youth wears olF."* The old people of both sexes are for the most ])art much wrinkled and very Uijly ; and tlie women are proverbially celebrated for the artificial sniallness and deformity of their feet. The Chinese skull, so far as I can Judirc t'roni tiie specimens that have come under my inspection, is oblong-ova 1 in its ijeni ml form : the os frontis is narrow in proportion to the width of the face, and th.> V( rt. \ is prominent : the occiput is moderately (lattened : the face projects more than in the Caucasian, giving an angle of about seventy-live dei^rees : the teeth are nearly vertical, in which respect they diller essentially from those (,f the ^lalay; and tiie (u-bits are of moderate dimensions, and rounded. Tiie moral ciiaracter of the Chinese is thus summed up by Dr. ."Vrorrison. whose opinion is derived from loinr and iiitimat<> aeiiuaintance willi these people. "The good traits of the Chinese character, amongst themselves, are mildness and urbanity : a wish to show that their conduct is reasonable, and, generally, a willingness to yield to what appear- so: docility, industry, sub(n-diiiation of juniors: respect for tiie aged and for ])arents: acknowledging the claims of poor kindred. These are virtues of puidic opinion, wiiicli. of course, are in particular cases often more show tlian reality: for. on the other hand, the Chinese are specious, but insincere : jealous, envious, and distrustful to a high degree. Con- science has few checks but the laws of the laud: ami a little frigid ratiocination on the fitness of things, which is not generally found etreetual to restrain, when the selfish and vicious propensities of our nature may be indulged with present impunity. The Chinese are generally seltish. c(dd-blnoded and iiiliumane."t •■He might with great propriety have added," says Mr. Ellis, -ihal in the punish- ment of criminals, in tiie inllictioii of torture, tluy are barbarously cruel: that huinan suiiering, or human life, are but rarely regarded by tliose in authority, when the inllictioii of the one. or the destruction of tiie otiier. can be made sub- servient to the ac(iuisition of wealth lU- power." The intellectual character of tlii' Ciiiiiese is deserving of especial attention, although in letters, in science and in art. they are the same now what they were many centuries ago. They have tlieir nalioiial music and tlieir national poetry, but u{ sculpture, painting and architecture, they have no just conceptions, and their national pride prevents their adopting tiie arts of other countries. Their faculty of imitation is a proverb: and tli( ir mechanical ingenuity is universally known. ••Tiiat nation cannot be viewed uitli indilVerence uhieli possessed an I M l)Avn:s D.-.np. of il,o i:,,,,,. „| Clmv.K 1. p. -:,.!. t MoiuusoN, in C.ul/.lali; Iiilio,l. i-. 2S. 12 •16 VAi{ii"ni:s or tiik ihman simxiks. ort^iini^cil lidvcniiiiiiil. :iii iirmv. a wriltcii limminnc lii>liiriaiis ami (illu r litciati. ill a pciidd sii rniiotc as In he ciicval \\ itli llic iniiiiciliatc siicccssdi's i)t' the iiispircil liistdiiaii ol' ( rcaliiiii. ami llic la\\i:i\(r nf tlir ancient |i(ii|ilc of (Jnd."* TlifJ' liavi' a ciipiiMis litcialiirc. IkiIIi aiiciciil ami iiiiidrin : tlicy have piisscsscil tile art of jjiiiitiiiu: l'i>r ciiilil liuiulrcd viai-: and (heir w riltni laiii;iiai.';('. \\ illi llic sanic charac'ti Ts that tiny ux' at the piociit dav. is nf extreme aiiti(|iiitv. not li'ss. at'('(ir(lin;j; tn i{eiiui-at and otlirr>. than Inn th(iii>and years. A solitary I'aet will prove this i)n>itiiiii. Vessils of pdicelain. (if Cliiiiise inaiiul'aetnre. have of late been rejxatedly I'nnml in the catacdinhs ol' Thches. in Kirypt. Snine (d' these are as (dd as tile I'haiannic period : or. in other words, they jnnst iiave In eii made at least lil'leeii liiiiidred years liel'iire the Christian era. The inscriptions on these vessels have heeii read with ease hy Cliiiiese sciwdais. Mid in three instances ivcoi'd the lollo\\ini; lei;'nd : — The llower opens, and lo ! another year.f The civilisation ol' China is marly a^ old as that id' lyiivpt. and has pndiahly remained stationary for liiii'ly ceiitniies; and. althon^;!! it is hased on a heartless rtii' of the nation; every im|)lement retain^ its orii^inal sjiape : every imtiition has slopped at tin- Ihst slip. '|'li,. piou;;li In still drawn by men: the written characters of their inouns\ llabic langnaiic stand for ideas, not for simple sounds: and the laliorioiis tasl^ of merely learninii to read, occupies the time that niinht he employed in the acijuisition id' many branches oi' useful knowledge.]: The relii;ioiis of China are three — that of Confucius. Laoii-tse and ISiullia. ' i;i.i.i-. Iiitr.iil. In (oil/.li'l's Voy. p. 1.!. J Oiitlilii.;! iif I'lav, llisl. |i. 17. t W'll.KlNsn.N. .\|1C. F.^'Vl'l. 11 10t<. 1 rilK INDO-CIIlNHSi: FAMILY. '47 thcr lilcnili. tlir iiisjiircd 'I'l icy I'SSfll the ill't illi tl ic siimc (y. iidl less. wy lact will liavc (if late III' llicsc arc ecu made at IIS (111 tliese •e instances ■•t as prdbahly I a lirartlcss IS III' lH'c as ' and iiulul- ry dili'erent iricdv I'liiin iiit induced lie niiddic ^vllell tile is mat and It a|i|)cais tliat tlic urcat ])liiiiis(ij)li( r df Cliiiia is actually Mdrsjiippcd liy liis ciMintryincii. tlial iki less tliaii lil'tccn linndred and sixty temples are dedicated to him. and liiat upwards of sixty tliiiii>,ui(l animals of diircrcnt kinds arc sacrificed III liis manes every year.* Tlie Lami-lM' ddclrine appears to he a mere tissue ol' moral siihlleties ; while the IJndhiMii ol' the Chiiies( is essentially the same willi llial of the neii^hhoriiiu; nations — a ijross and eiicrvi ting id(datr>-, The Japanese hear a striking rcscmhlancc to the people of China, ^vl lOSl' features the former pos>css in an exa,gi,a'rated denre( , Accordiiii,' to 'J"liiinl)er<^ le ^•reat annle of the eye a deep furrow, which makes the •• the ev( lids |'(irni in tl Japanese hmk as if they were sliarpsiirlited. and (iiscriniinates them from tiic oliier nations. "t In general they are of short stature, with lieavv limh^. Iar"-e heads and sunken iyc<. Like the Chinese they are lal )orioiis arlilicers. hut less iimeiii oils than tiiat nation, nor have tiiey ciiualled them in liie art of navimition. They have two relinious sects, hnt the dominant creed is tiial of JJndlia. mixed up with some peculiar superstitions. Their vernacular I oiiii'iie IS sail ltd I lave no resem- hlance Id that of tiie Chines,., hut tiay derive their ciassicid or learned laimna;; from tiial people, 'i'lieir alphahi t. iiist ad of whole wnrd oniy.f The peninsula of Corea is iuhaliited hy a li however, in tiieir exterior, and !(■>> advanced in t s. de>i"iis siiiijle letters ranch of this familv. rougher. le arls tiiau tiie Chi whose vassals tliiy are. Tiieir veruacnlar laii,uiia-c and alphahel are ailn peculiar, but they are reipiired to use the Chinese characters. iicM' priiper. •tiler not chosen • for every ccordiiii; to ' chaiacter- ' iinentiiin he written e sounds; that niiiiht nd Hiidlia. II. TIIK INDO-ClllNKSK K.VMILV. The liido-Ciiine se nations have heen so called more on account of their iMiiiiapliical position hetwirn Ilindostan and China than for tl from whom they dill'er widelv. The Indo-CI leir resemhiance to the lliiuh H'ldiaus, \v{ tiieir tiire Willi the Iliiuj and religion of liiat liiiese are real Mon- o some iiitermix- iximily to India has nndonhtedly niven rise t oos. and in some instances the partial adoption of the letters The nations enihraced in this family are those of Ava. Pe-ii. Aracan. S Cochin-Cliina. Camhodia, T: The states of Ava. Pe iompa. Laos, and Tomiuin. ?n and Aracan. constitute the B urmese eiupin lain. The I. 108. Mi:iiiiriisr, ('liiii;i, p. |i,i 'I'll Ki:v, .Miir. Crnj, III t.M,. Al.TK-BlU'N, II. ]). ,),i7 jOO, •18 VAmi:Tii:s ok tiu: iii'man sphciks. ((implcxioii (if till' iiili;iliil;in(-* varies I'nim hmwii In iicnrly Mack. Their figure is slimt ami rnli\is(. ami in pliysiimiiomy tliey reseiiililc the Chinese, yet are luiieh uiilier. 'i'iiev pnil'ess the reliiiinii (if Hiidha. Their literature is. for the most part, iiietrieai. e(iiisistiii;X 111 sunns ami nmianees; a I'ael whieh eiirrespiuuls with their iiKiral charaetcr, I'm' they are rcjireseiited In he a lively, imiiiisilive race, vnlatile. inipatieiil ami iiaM'iiile. They are Ljreatly int'erinr to liie Chinese, and have made hnt little proi;ress in the nsel'ul ails.* IJesides tiie Hurmese, the kinu;(lom of Ava contains, especially towards the imrlh. many wild trilies of people who have no seeming allinity with the dominant impulation. and who are said not even to he Undhists. ami to speak dialects and perhaps lani;nau;es of their own.t The , h-(ir(inc.sr iuv mncli the most nncnltivatcd and liarhai'ons ])cople of this family. They are accnstomed to llatten the hi ads of their children hy means of a jilate of lead, applied soon alter hirlh. and they slit and distend their ears to a fright fnl ihnree. The Sianu'sc present >ti'iint; analoijies to the liiiiinans. 'I'lie following graphic desci'iptinn. from the pen of my friend Dr. HMschenherger. will convey an accurate idea of these p<'iiple. "Their average height, according to tlu' measure of Mr. Crawford, i^ live feet two inches, which I suspect In he near the truth, from the few to wliom I have ajiplied the rule. The lower limhs are sloul and well fnrnied: llie Imdy is long, ami hence tile figure is not graceful. 'I'iie -lioiildei's are iiroad. ami the iiiiiscles of the eilt^l are VM'll de\eloped. 'I'he neck i^ vlmrl ami the head i- in fair proportion. Tiie hands are large, ami the ciiiii|ile.\ion of a (lark oli\r. Imi not jetty. Among females nf tjic iiiirlicr classes, wlio pa->. their time nm^tix williiii the har'ni ol' their ImcN. the »kin is of a very mneli li:;liler line: in Mime iiivlaiieeN it niighl he (h-eiilH d as a very dark hrunelle. Tile I'orelii ad is narrow at the sii|Hri(ir part, tlie lace, hetwcen the cheek hones hroad. ami the eiiin i<. aiiaiii. narrow, so that the wiiole eonlnur is rather lo/.eugc- shajied than oval. Tiie ( ye^ are lemarkalilc. for the upjier lid lieing I'Xteiided lieliiw the under one. at tile eiirner next to the nose, iiiil it is not elongated like that or^an in tlie Ciiinesc or Tartar rac( s. 'I'lie eyes ure dark, or lilack. and the wiiite i> dirty, or of a yeiiowiNJi tint. The nostrils are hroad. hut the nose is not flattened, like that of the Al'riean. The mouth is not \vell formed, the lips projecting slightly : ami il is always (lisligured, according to our notions of heauty, hy tii( universal and iiisi;iistinL;- hniiit of chewing areeamil. The hair is jet lilack, reiiileiit. and coaise. alniosi !iris||y. mid is worn in a tuft on the top of Die head, " CiiAw lOjin, .\\ :i, &!■.. ]). + Ihi'l, |.. I7n. 1 i THE INDO-CHINESE FAMILY. 49 icir finiirc is it are iniicli (• most part, < with tliL'ir ICC. viilalilc. I have made (loin (if Ava III) have no even to he ople ol' this )y means oC cir ears to a ' i'ollowini; AJIl convey linn hi tlie be near the :r linihs are lit jiracel'ul. ijied. 'I'lie ne. and the ;lier classes. is of a very k hninette. Iieek hones er lozcniTf- U extended iirated like •k. and the nose is not d. the lips of hcauty, s jet hiack, the head, ahout linir inches in diameter, the rest heini? shaved, or clipped very chisc A lew scattering hairs, which scarcely merit the name of heard, grow upon tlie chin and npper lip, and these they custinnarily pluck out. "The occipital portion of the head is nearly vertical, and. compared with the anterior and sincipital divisions, very small ; and I remarked, what I have not seen in any other than in sonn' ancient Peruvian skulls from I'achacamac. that the lateral halves of the head are not symmetrical. In the region of lirmncss. the skull is very prominent: thi'i is remarkahly true of the talapoins."* Mr. Finlay- son's ohservalions are lo the same purpose. ■• The head," says he. •• is j)eculiar : the diameter from the front hackwards is nneommnnly shoit. and hence the general furni is somewhat cylindrical. 'I'he occipital foramen in a great numhcr of instances is placed so far hack, that from the cniwn to ihe nape of the neck is nearly a straight line."| The moral character of the Siamese ajipears to he at a very low ehh. The intelligent voyager lirst (pioted. dcserihes them as suspicious, vacillating and cruel. Cringing and servile to th.ir superiors in liu' exlniue. they are arrogant and tyrannical in reg.ird to those wiio are lichiw them in rank.:!: Their virtues ami (heir v^ees are venal ; and tiie services of the judge and the assassin have each their jiriee. "I regret." says Mr. (iiit/laiV. -not to have found one honest man : sordid opjiression. priestcraft, allied with wretehediuss and tilth, are everywhere to hv nut with." They are remarkahle. nevertheless, for hiial resjiect. and regard for their rulers. The iidiahitants of Citcli'ni-Ch'ntti. or .hiiKini. are smaller in stature than the Siauuse. and they are also le>s cluuisjlv formed. The general form of the face is round, so tiial the two diameters are nearly (([ual. The foreluad is short and hroad. but the occipital jiortiou of the head is more elongated than in the people of Siani. Tiu' chin is large and broad: the heard grisly and tiiin, the hair copious, coarse and black: the nose small, but well formed, and the lips moderately tiiick. Oliesity is rare. The color of the Cochin-Chinese is usually its fair as that of the inhabitants of -southern Eurojie. yet the dark Malay Inu' is not unfre- (lueiitly nut with. Tiu'v are. lu^vertiuless. a coarse featured people, aud render themselves repulsive by the constant u:e uf areea and betel, wliieh reddens the li])s aud blackens the teeth. • \'iiy. Uoiina \\ir \Vnrl,l, |,. ji||i,— In ilic s;miL' wuik, p. JOo, llie ivader will llii.l soiii'^ ilolailoi] lUtMSllirllU'iits of Siaiiii-,1. lirads. + Sunn anil Coi'lnn-China, |i. J."l. t \"oy. p. 301. 13 ,'50 V AinrriKs uv 'vuv. iitman simxiks. They Ml'c Miiil to lir tlic liiivc^l 111 llic (iiicnliil iiii(iiui>; liiMiil-iniliiicd ;iii(l polite. Iiiit cxtraviinaiitly I'oml of (tii|ii(tlc. So vdMitilr m- tlitir Iccliiii;^ aiul actions, lliat lliry iiavc liccii compan il lo tlic monkey rare. wIiom all( iiljnn i- |)frpetuaily chaniiiiiL!; rroin one ohjcft to aiioljier. Hence while tiny are more active and warlike than t!ie Chinese, they want the industry and peiseverancc of thatnation.* Tiieir lani^nan'e is a diiilid of Hk Chinese, thonj-li c(tn.sidefai)ly altered, ami their written cliaiacteis are tin same. The Liiiis. or Ciians. to the norlii of Siam. aiv wri Ichedly poor, dirty in their hahils. sportful in their t( nip( r. careless in thi ir actions, and ureal lovers of iiinsic and dancini;. Their laimuane is sirfl and mehidions. and very similar to that of the Siamese. The Kiiiiit/is. or inhahilanis of Camhoiiia. to the southeast of Siam. are of hiijher antiijuity and more literary cliaracic r than any of the surronndinii s|;i|es They nuist he a very imaninalive pople: for Mr. (lul/laH" slates that nearlv all liieir lio(dvs. Willi the exceplinn (if their national laws and history, are in poetry. Tlie\ ;u'e. ne\ erllieless. a Coarse people, criujiini; or insolent accordini; to circum- stanccs.f 'I'he natives of llie Nienliar islands inpeni' to he of Indo-Chinese extraction. Till ir cilor is a deep copper, ami they have thick lips and wide months. It is asserled tiial they conii)ress the jieads of newly horn infants in such manner as to llattrn the occiput and cause ijie teeth to projeet outwards. They live in a very uuci\ii.-il st.iie. compel their wiimea to cultivate the ground, and have hitherto resisiid ^11 uuasuris fur the melioration of their condition. | I-'. Illi: rnl.M! FAMILY, This singular race is e\cliisivi ly si( n on the northern skirts of the continents ol Kurope. Asia, and .Vim rica. 'I'Ik y are of sliort stature, of clumsy proportions, wilh lar-e heads and short necks. They have tlie Hat faces and sniall noses of liie .Mou'jiol-Tarlars. witli s,nue ohliipiity in the position of the eyes. Their color is lirown. liiihtir or darker, hut often ilisi^uiscd hy accumulated hlth. The concurrent lestiuiony of all voyairers -hows these people to lie. hoth in • I"iN!.\VMiN. S;.iMi ;iiiil (Mrluii-Chii.a. p. ."i". — lir-, ni:Mu;i;(ii;!i. \oy. [k ;).' 1. — I!a)i!io\v. (''ii:!iiii-('l.iii:i. ]i. .li^s. * liri/I.AlT, TlllVr V,,y, lo 1 1 1, • ( '. ,;i-| ■■ ill" CI ,;! ! 1 . 1 1. IT. : Ti-i i:i:v. .M:ir. C. n,-. III. p. ,ijs. THi: I'OLAIl FAMILY. 51 litliirrd ;iiul relinks and iilli iiliiin i> y aic iiiorr icvcraiicc (il (Uisiilti'iilil} II'. (I illy ill al liiM'is of ' >iniilar Id Main, arc (if diiin' slates nearly id! • ill piictry. Ill circiiiii- fxtraclidii. Ills. It is iii.'iiiiier as •y live ill a . and have ciintiiients ii'iipnrlidiis. dl iKises oj' I'lieir edliH le. Iiiilli ill 1. — I!a)1!I0\V. a|ipijiiaiice and iiiaiiiier. aiiimm; llie iikisI repidsivi- ol' tlie liiiniaii species: yet tliey possess coiisideralde dillereiices. wliieli will lie liesi ciiiisidered ^;e(i;iraplii(idiv. At llie iKirdiwesleiii exlieniily Thev * 'I'lMiKK. Uils^: I, I. |i, ,1, ■ I'miJ, 111. p. l.>. * 'I'lioKK, l{ii>Ni;i. &■■.. I. p, 1 ; §IIirI. Ill, p. 77. — I'aI.I. \s, \ny. 1\', 11. ,■-,.' rii VAiMKTiKs or 'rm: ihm w snxiKs. an- IViiiik iiiul s)ui<;niiir in lluir iiiiiniiii'. jivitm' (d tlidt. rniiiil jiikI taNclMKid. iiii|iri>viili'iit jiiul iiiMiisililc in their snciiil rtlatidiiH. 'I'lir i'(ii;i(ins IraNtiM' llic icv region In (wciii llic Nakinils and llir Kni/iii iiccan. and avoid all ullirr |i('ii|)lr. Tin KtininrltiilliiiuK liavi' llic iili_\sical trails ii|' Ijir adjai'iiil Polar trilics. i'XC'i'|itini; that their women aie handsomer: lint their moi'al and inlellectnal cliaraoter is diU'erent. Tiiey are said to possess a slmni; int nioiy, and a reniaik- ahle tai'l at niiniieiy ; despise jalmr. whii'h they resinne oidy IVoin the neeessities of the passini; lioiu'. and are <'o\vai'dly in the e\tr< me. It niiisl he admitted that the sdnlhern Kainschalkans. in common with the sdnihern tiihes ol' Tunnnsians and (Miaks. have so loni; mixed willi the proximate .Monifol-'I'artar hordes, that it is in sinne measure arbitrary to class llieni drtinitively with either family, for their characters are olivimisly deriveil from lioth. The /\'nri(i/{.i. who iidiahit noith of the Kauisdiatkans, arc dull of conipre- licnsion. olistinate and reveniieliil. \et industrious and su>ccptilile of frieiulship. Till ir laniiua'j;e. thoui;h in many respicis peculiar, lias a neai' allinity to that of their ni inhliors the Tchukchi. Tile Tr huh Ins I'esenii)!.' the Koriaks in person, nianiicrs and lannnaifc. ami form the intermediate link In tween tlw latter nation and the INdar trihes of America. They ar<' harh.irous and cruel, and repui;nant to every form of civilisa- tion, "in siiort." siiys Mr. Tooke. "they ari' naturally as wicked ami as dani;erous ,is the Tunu:usians are niilil and pintle."* In per-un thi_\ are small and spare, yet liave the round. Hat face of tiie other pen])le of this race. Their chief riches consist in herds of reindeer, of ^^llich animals it is not inu'omnion fur individuals til ])ossess ten thousand.! The KiirilUinx inhaliit the Kurile islands, which slretrh t'nim the |)cninsiila of Kaniscliatka almost to .lapaii. 'I'hese people have i^oud complexions and a (•iipi(uis heard, hut in other particulars res<'ml)le the adjacent hordes. t lossiuii to the Ann rican continent snc lind the l'(dar race coniposed of the r.skimaux and (ii'eenl.indi rs. who are lioth tjenerally included in the former name, an ,\l;iuidiiu word sjirnifyiuLi "eaters of raw llesh;" hut their own national desiijna- lion is Ktriilil. They are the s(de inlialiitants of the shores id' all the seas. hays, inlets and islands oj America, north of the (iOtli decree of ninth latitude, from the e;isteru coast of (ireeuliuid in lounitudc 21". to the straits of IJehrini; in longitude Ml'- west. On the .\tlaiitic thev also skirt the coast of Lalirador. and are even 'l^iKvn. III. ].. 177. + Ilil(l. Ill, p. 1S7. i I'm: I'OLAU I AMILV. HI fiiNi'homl. Ill rro/rii i|:ir (liln-*. iiti II) iliial a rnnnik- lirt'is»i||fs iiitliil that l'iiiii:;iiNians Kinli's. that I'aiuilv. \'i>v it" ('(iniprc- friciuMiij). ' tn that (jt i;uair<'. and r trihcs of of civilisa- (laii;;rr()ii>> and ^llart^ lief riolus individuals ' ]ii iiinsnia (Ills and a isrd of ihf nu r name. al (icviiiiia- scas, hays, . from the I l(in;;itiid(' I are even seen as far tiMilh ns the Straits of Melie-lsle and the (iiilf r)f St. liawreiicc. In the west the}' extend nloii^ the shores of the I'aeilie Ocean sonlhwards as far as MnnnI St. Klias and llehriiif^'s Day. elnl)ra('in^ the Konaji and smne othi r tribes, inrlndini; the islanders of Kadjaek.* 'I'hey oeldmn \>ander iiiori' llian a hundred miles from tlw sea. and siilisist in a i;real measure li\ lishiiit;. The western Kskimanx, or those livinn lo tin west of Mackenzie's liver. are said liy Cajitain II' eehey to he taller in s|,i(ure than the eastern trihes. their nvera'^e heii^ht hein^ ahoiit five feet seven and a naif inches, 'I'liey are also heller lookiiii;. more itiduslrioiis. and more iraseilije and warlike. 'I'lieir eoiinle- nanees. however, are i'e|iresenle(l as miieh deformed liy hahitual sore eyes, and leelh worn down hy the eoiislanl masliealion of hard suhslances: and ahove all hy the harliarous euslom of sliiiiiej; the jdwir |j|i. and wiariie.; in the a|)erluri' an elliplieal piece of wnod or Imne.f Captain liyon. in his account id' i^e Kskimaux seen ' v him at i^loolik and AViiiler Islaiiil. oil the iioiljieasl coast. |i:s i^ive'i a del;<''ed and nra|diie description of llie Ameiican division ol' this race. "'I'liev iiiav." a\s he. ■• iiiiu-e propi riy he leniinl a small lliaii even a middle si/.ed race: foi' llinirj;!) in some I'l '' instances, and in particular families, the iinn are tall and s|..iit. \el lii ';i'i aler |Mirlion are heiiialh the standard id' what, in Europe, would he call::! >< men. The tallest I saw was live feel nine iiiehis ;uid lliree i|iiailers in hciniit; the si .test only four iiil leii inches; mid the liinhest woman v • ,. e feel six inchis. ,;!iile the smallesi was four feet einlit inches only. Even .a tin yiuiit; and sinuiu; men th' muscles are not clearly deliiied. hut are smoDthly eovi red. as in liie IJmhs m womi 11. Ilowevir proniiiieiil and well shaped ill. cliesi u\;\\ he. the neck is small, weak, and often shrivelled. They all stand well on their feel, walkiiej; erect and freely, with llie toi s ralher turned inwii ' and the le;is slightly howed. 'i'lir neck and shoulders nl the yoiini; women are ijenerally in ^nod. though 1 rriie |iroporlioii : and the arm and wrists are sometimes liandsome. The I'cet of h ith siAis are sm:i|| mnl neat, well joini'd at the ankle, and free l'rop> hiemislies. The coiiiplexioii of tile Kskimaux, when clearly shown i)y a previous washiiu;. is not darker than that of a l'ortnf;iiese mil such parts of the hody as are constantly covered, do not fall short in fain., the generality of the natives of the Medi- terranean. A very line healthy hliish tinges the cheek of females and younii children, hut the men are mor" iiielined lo a sullow complexion. ''The inner corner of ;e eye points downwards, like that of a Chinese : and i (iAi.i.ATiN, iM Anliu'iiliiL'. Aiiirr. II, p. U 14 t Dkei UEV, Voy. II, 1'. .57(1. 54 VAHIK/nES OF 'Pill': HUMAN SPHCIKS. tlic iMniiu'ulii laclirviiialis. wliicli in KurDiiians is (xpdscil. is covcrid \t\ ii inrm- l)i'iiii(' wliii'li passes (ivcr il vertically. 'I'lic eves arc small and black, cxiircssivc anil sjiarkliiii^ wlicii animated. iVnotlicr peculiarity is the pnimincncc of the cheek hones; and it is in consc(|nen('e of this form that the noses of siu'li as arc full-faced are litor_\ pe;;-. and are Hat on the upper end as if tiled down. 'I'he chin is small and peaked : ;iiul what we call a double chin is rare."* 'The K-kimaiix of I'rince Ite^ent's hay.f to the northeast (d" Hallin's J5ay. ai:d aiiout 7ti^ Morth. are of a dirty coppei' c(dor. and very corpulent : while those on the wc-t -ide of IJallin- I5ay lia\e clear coniplexions. which ludy beconu' darker by old au:e and exposnre.+ On the ic_\ ■•liores of the lireal i-laiul of (Jreenlaiid. are seen the ea-terniiiost tribe- of this -insular race. 'I'hi ir IVaiures do dot materially dill'er fmm those already de-cribeil. but their eomidexion i- decidedly darker, varyiuii from brown (o olive, while at Opperuiviej, they an as dark a- niui.ittoe-. Jt is needles- to add that many are mmdi li-liler. and others (|uite fair, hi the moral -cale they rank i xtremi ly low. Cr.iiil/. the mi— i(Uiary. who livcil many years amoni: them, relm lantly (b cfire- that •• il i- no inju-tiee to allow them no true virtue, and only the ali-iiice of certain \iee-.'7/ They are crafty, -en-ual. nnjirateful. (di-tinate and unfeelinn'. and much of thiir allecticui for their children may be traced to purely -I lli-li moti\es. Tiny ib vour the um-t di-^mi-lim: alinuiits uncooked and uneh ailed, anil -eim to ha\e no idia- beyond providini; tor the present moment. \\'ilh res|)ect to the niiual and intellectual ciiaracter of Ihi- widely di-tributed iamily. little need be aililid to what ha- already been -aid. 'Plieir mental faeultie-. from infancy to old a'j,' . pre-rut a cnntinutd ehildhood: they reach a certain limit anl expand no failhei'. What ('rant/, -ay- of the (ireeidaTiders may be applied to other tribe-, viz: that tlwy po— e— simplicity without -illiness. and nood -ense without the art id' ica-onim;.; Tliev are fickb and facetious, and their ciumubial ' I'livnt.- .liinrii:il. llnslmi r.l y ,> J ,'. ■ ( illiil alsi iM.' Jn/ir ///;'/. ,',//ir/>. linvs, \'.,\. 1' I'l, |.. M 'i. I'a!!Iiv. I'lr I \'..\ . |). -■-,'. § Cji s\ I/, Ills! ,■( CrriMilaiiil. I, p. l-S. . III--I. Hi' (Ir. .■iilaihl. I, |i. I !-|. M THE POLAR FAMILY. 55 1 liv a iiR'in- k. cxprissivf I'lH'C (if tlic such as arc cliicf belles ek Id check. )i a kind of iiwii. Tlic IS : tlicy arc tiled (Idwii. lallin's J5ay. \\lliie lhii>c rilv hccoine ea>tiriiiiiiist fnim IImi'nc Timi hriiwii needles-^ to 1 scale (hey iHiiii;' them, e. and ciidy I. elivlinate I' tl'aeed tii eii(duii and it nxinieiit. distributed al t'acnltics. I'i'fain limit • anplied to H'ood sense r connubial l.SS, iulidelity is a proverb anionj; voyagers. ^ In i;lnttony. sellislincss and iniiiatitudc, they are perhaps nMe(i\iallcd by any other nation of people: and they arc habitu- ally nnt'eelini;- without desinnint; to be cruel. f On the other hand they are mild in their tempers, and Iractaiile in their manners: but their ehier redeemin;; viituc is till ir londnes" for their children, which know- no Ikmmius. Thcv are devoid of warlike propensities: and even the resistanci' made by the Sanioieiles to tlu' }okc of (he Russians, has been two or three local and a!)ortivc attempts al insurrection, liutlbn states that (iuslaviis AdoJiihus. Kinij; id" Sweden, attempted to (liscii)line a regiment of Laplanders, but they could never be brouiiht to action. J Finally, tlioui'-ji uroNsly puerile in tiieir superstitions, tiny have no combination of senti- ments that di'Mi'Ms (he name of reliLcion. -Most readers are aware that colonies of Scandinavians and Icelanders ijiojiled (ireenland in the middle ai;es. Since tiie fonrleenth century, however, nothing has been heard of them, and they were -upposed to have been blocked up and deshoyed by tin accumulatinn- icr. whence (he name of Am/ (,'mnlaiii/. In 1829 the Danish novernnient sent Captain (Jraah to explore (hese icv solitudes, and to ascrrlain at least the locality of the lost colony. This enterprisiui;- vo\aner discovered a conimunily nf which he i;ives the followiiii; account: '-Thcv have little analou,y with the Kskiniaux. and resemblr. on the eoiilrarv. the Scandiiiaviaiis oj Europe, 'i'hey have neither the Hal beads, short liroad jiersons nor Habbv featuivs of the Eskimaux: but ari' foi' the most part above the middle stature. haviiiL; the European form of head and expression of cinmteiiauee. Their persons are rathei- meagre, hut nervous and liiiely tormed. without any ai)|)earance of weakness, luid they are more active ami robust than the inhabitants of th,. weshru coas(. The color of the skin of Die women and children is i|uite clear and pure as (hat of Europeans, and they have ofii ,i brown hair, which is never s,ri, in the other iiilialiitants of (ireenland. 'V; The moral character of thes,. pcopl,. js s;,id lo be eliaracterised by !;reat honesty, simplicity and truth: yet they are ijai^aiis. have their sorcerers like (he Eskimaux. and speak probably a dialed of (heir lauiiua-e. for Captain (Jraah could not understand i(. It will be readily surmised from (he precediu- fac(s. (ha( thes, people constitute the real remains id' the Scandinavian * I' MUiv. Si'i-diiil \'uy. ]i. ;V2'i, ffli^ysouplMu,. ,|,Mrny riuMivu w ;„,. |„M ,l,,,r iKuvnl-. :u„l l.ury :,liv ■ „li.-ru-,.,. d.'slr.,y siirl, „:,| |,,,,„|,s ;,s |,;,vo l,y |1„,|- iMliniiilir. I, „IR. a liunh.;,, oi, liir ,x CiiANTZ, /oca dial., „n,l Im.i.i., r„,j. /o lluil.snns 11,,;/, ,,. I'M. i-'oiiiiiiuiiilv, — See X SiiNMN|\ I!iiir,iii, \\. I.. ii7. §.luui-. lioy. C.ocig. Sdi'. of LoiiJliii, \|I, p. ;> 10. 56 VAHIF/riKS OK THE HUMAN SPECIKS. colony wiiicli. to Kunipcaiis, hiivc liccii lost for iij^cs: ami (heir long intercourse willi tlic (incnliiiul tiilics Iims led tliciii to ailopl the superstitions of that people and more or jess their lani^uaije and mode ol' iiiV. I.i. TIIK M ALAV FAMILY. 'I'iie iitad of tile Malay is lari^e. and liie nose siiort. depressed, and llattened towards tlie nostrils: the eyes are small, hiaek. ohlique and expressive; the lace is hroad. eompnsMd. and very ]irominent, and the month and lips are larf^e. Their limhs are Ihiek ami they are helow the middle stature. The color of the Malay is a decided hrown. often with a hron/.e tint. Their hair is lonu;. Mack and lank: hut they have little heard, and this they for the most part eradicate. 'i'he skull of the Malay presents the followiiiii characters: the forehead is low. moderately pnuninrnt and arched : the occiput is much c(unpressed, and oftru projcetim; at its upper anil lateral jiarts: the orbits are ol)li(|uc. ohloni; and remarkahly (|nadrannular. the upper and lower mariiins heinj; almost straii^ht and paralh 1 : the nasal hones are hnnid. ami llattened. or even concave: the cheek l)on( s are hiirli ami evpanded : tin jaus ari' greatly projeeted ; and tlu' uppi r jaw. tojitllier with the teeth, is much iiicliiuil outwards, and often nearly horizontal. The tei 111 are liy nature remark, ilily tin, hut are almost uniformly filed away in front to eiialde them Id imhihe till' fiiliir iti the betel luit. which renders them black ami nusi^liHy. The facial :iiinle is less than in the Moni;ol and Chinese: for the averai^e. derived from ;i measurement of lliirleen perfect skulls in my possession, nives about se\euly-tliree decrees. Vmniu; a considerable numlier of Malays wIkuii I li;nc seen in this country as mariners, ihire has been a remarkable uniformity of appearance: as mneli so. indeed, as if they had bel(im;eil III tile same siicial family. Kveii their complexion sii Ills iinle altered by the diveisilinl latitudes tliiy inhabit: and Mr. Crawford has remarked that they , ire ;i very disiinet people, sirikiniily ;dike amom; tliem- sehes. but unlike all olhei- nations." I 111 Malays ari' a strietl\ maritime nation. makiiiLC considerable vipvai^es in their liLjht vis.els. and for the most part establishing; themselves (ui the rivers and aloiii; tlie sea coasts of the islands they inv.ulc. They possess an active and • IihIi.ui .\irhi|.rl, V. I, |.. ,'-,._>!. I.rsvuii ;\ ,,y. ,lii ( e, |iiille. /oul. [i. 1:),) siipi)„.ses llic Malays to !)'■ a iiiixi'il race tic vices; mik! their iiaiiitual piracies on the ve>-sels of all iialions. m-i' often coiulueled under tlie ina>k ol' peace and friendship. The .Malays are said. Iiy liic annals of their natiim. not to he natives of M.ilaeca. as tiieir name iinporl>. and as straiinir> lia\( 'j,enerally ^upjio-ed. hut to have originated in the district >>i Mcnaiiiikahao. in iln' island of Sumatra. They date their first nii;iralions !'r uii the parent hive in Ihe year I I (i(». tirst fixiiii; themvlvcs in (he peninsula of Malacca, where they huilt the city of Sinijapore; and it was from this c(doiiy. and not from the pareiil stock, that (he Malayan name and nation wcw so widely di<-eniinated ovc: (hey acknowlediie a (iod. ar'/ lair and lioiiorah ;• in (hiir dcaliuj:<. crimes amongst them are few. and (hiir couiiliy is liii;hly cultivated : and yet these people, so far advanced in civilisation, are camiihals upon princi|)Ie and system." Nay more, they not only eat (heir vi<'tims. hut eat them alive: in other words they do not previmisly put them to death: and these victims are th( ir own p'oplc. and not uiirre(|Uently tin ir own relati(Uis. Su h is ( c penaKv for adultery, miilniuhl r(d)l)ery. for intermarryiiit;- in (he same (rilie. and for (reaeherons a((aek- (Ui a house, village or person. Prisoners taken in war are eaten at once : and (he slain are devoured in like manner.t I'll.' inhahilaiMs of ,i vx \ arc of a yellowish complexion, and remarkahly W( II formed. Their wrisfs and ankles arc very small, althoinrh they are otherwise of a robust make, and resemlde the Chinese, het ween w Ikmii and (he other Malavs (hey are a connectinu; link. The Javanese are more (raclahle and less sanuninary s the .Malays • Ciewvt-ieoi. livlian .\iv|ii|irl. K, p. ;!7ii. t Maiisiu:n'- Simiaira, p. .is. : I.il'e aiiij I'lilili.- Srrvi.vs ,,|' Sir S. |{:illl,.s, |i. IJ-,. Qimlr.l ai llir I.ihiary «( l-ailerlaiiiiiii; KMOWliMlu'r, arlii |i' .New /.ealaU'lils, |i. lo;, 15 58 VAKliyriKS OK TlIK HUMAN' SPKCIKS. tlwii till' (itlur iNl:iiiil( r> ; iiiul in llitir (Idincvtic irlnlimis tluy Miii)r(i;iili iiciucr to till' iis;iu;fs (if civilised socictv.* 'I'hc Sinidd piiiplc. lidwcvtr. wlm iiiliahil the inoiiiiliiiiiniis (ii>tiicts III' llic islaiiii. iirc in all rcspccls a imicli iiulcr |uiiiilc, 'I'lic C/iiicrrliis, willi lair cuiiipli'xion. wliili- liair aiiil iVclilc cm >. arc (ilivicuisly Alliiiiiics. altliduiili tliL'ir iniiiilur was furiucilv very ciuisiili ralilc III tiiL' i^rcat i-'laiul (if HoiiSKd (lie .Malays have pdssissidii df the entire sea eoast. anil the shoits df all the navii;al)le rivers. They furni. hdwever. lint a fraclidnal part df llie inhaliilants df |{driie(i : f(ir tile niduntaindus region nf the interiiir is pcdpied liy the savan'c Dayaeks, and i'^idahaiis. whd Ik hniu; jierhaiis tn another race: yet tiny are represented mn hcnLC fairer than the Malays, and more sannuinai'y and ferdeioiis. t r.i.r.in.s has hini; heen in possession of two Malay nations, the iJiii;!-- and Macassars, who divide the island lictwecn them ; the latter ar^' reputed for tliiir hravery. which appears to he rather a temporary despciatiim than cddl cdurane. 'riie Malays of the Piiii.ici'isr. Ai<( Micr.i. V(;d are said to res( nilile the Suniatrans and .Macas>ars in person, as \v( II as in laniiiiai;e and manners. 'I'licy ar( docriiied liy Znnii^a as po>s(>>in;; a i;ood statuic, an olive complexion, lial noses, larije eyes, and lonii hair. 'I'hey call liienis( Ives Ttiiids. oi' 'I'nirtlos. in the island of Luzon, and lii.sai/ii.s in the ci iitral islands. 'I'he interior and nuMin- taiiious parts df ilic lar^ei' islands of this urou]). especially Luzon. Mindanao and Mindoro. arc peopled hy a very diU'erent race, who possess all the characltrs of Neirroes, and are icttarded as the ahdriiiinal inhahitants. '["he Malay inhahitants ol llie Moi.i ( cv Isi.vnks occu|iy all parts of them excepting; the nunintainous interior, wliii-ii is ])ossessed hy the Alfoers. a Nci^ro Irihe. 'I'he \\(imen of Amhdyna are reinarkaldy handsduie. and have nmre rcscmhlancc to the natives of New Zealanil than to the iieii^hhorinu; Malay islands. FoitMds\. although hut twenty leaijucs distant from tlie coast of China, is inhahited liy Malays of rude and intractahle ciiaracter. 'I'iii- island of Ceylon has a nunn idus .Malay |iopnlation on ils coast, and they are repr( rnted as a sjnuidarly lawhss and desperate piople. The same remaik is a|)plical)le to su<'h of this nation as have estahlished thems( Ives on the eastern coasts df .Madagascar. Ijesidi s the .Malay and Nei;rd raci s. the Indian Archipela;i(i is peopled hv •j;reat nuiniM rs of Cliim sc and Aialis. anionij; \\iiom the latter tri joyed the almost exclusive privilege of th( se seas iietwecn tii( nintii and fourteenth centuries, since ■ It Mill-. .1 u :i. I. |i. "7. THE POLYNESIAN FAMILY. j!i I iitiircr to inliiihil llic >J)1.'. The j'All IIIIOCS. which pcridii ihvy have hucii siiiMrscdcd hy the .Malays. Tlic IliiidoDs and liuh Cliiiicsi' have also coiitrihiitcd larijidy to pcojilc thcsr islands. 1 I. 'I'lll'; l'il|,\ NK^IAN IVWlll.'i'. entile sea vcr. hut a :iiin of the |)('rlia|)s to and more \vo Malay llir latter espcralioii mlde the T lev exinn. flat, ^".v. in the id inonri- laiiao and raeti is of ' of tlieni . ;i Nes^ro i\e more V isl.inds. CI una. is ind tl ley ■niark is eastern d.ll hy alinost es. since The nanir l^)l.^ m>i a has Ik ■11 LNveii hv neoinaiiliers to all tlie islands in tl I'acitic Ocean Iroiii the Ladroiies to Haster Island, eniliracinji also tlu; I i;roii|). the Carolinas. the Sainlwich. Friendly, Sucietv. N the Aianinesas islands. elew V. Navii;ators'. Harvey's and The Polynesians are of the middle slat lire, and athletic, with small hands heavy linihs and lari;e feet. Their faces are round. or didicatidv oval, and soiii that eompi'i'ssed. The nose \V( II formed, straiiiht or aquiline, yet sometime" >l)read, without. lio\vev(>r. iireseiitimj; the jiecnliar tlatness that distinuniisl Nenro.* The forehead is low. hut not les the recedinti: the eves hiack. hriirht and expressive: the lips arc full, and the teitli reinarkahly line. Their complexion varies from nearly white to olive, and from dark hrowii to nearlv hlack : hut the latter color is said to result eliiellv from elahorate latti liiiii. and is particularly ohserved in persons advanced in yeaivf Their hair is hn\<£, hlack and cnrlin;^. and not nnfreiimntly more or le Wiirld, p. r>l. t PoieiKii. V^.v. II. p. 1 1 \v ii.i.iAMS -Missionary I'ailiTprisos in ihr Snuih Sea iNlaii.ls. p. lilo. CO VAini'TIES 01" 'I'HE HUMAN SPECIKS. Ilir pniut of the no.c. N\liicli is very vunmum. 15nl „„ llw .iIIut liami mc met uitli ln.sMlivds ..r truly Eun.p.au lacrs. ami many -..nninc Ifunian noses, anu.n-st Ili.iH. 'I'li.ir eyes anil tr.tli air -o.mI : l.nl tlu- last nciliicr so ivniarkably white, norsow.'il s l/ii (iiiiciiliir fonn <>/ //,, ■V„rl<,r r/.w^r*.'!: 'ri,,.!,. i,.|j,. j^ |,,„^, ,|,|,| Idack. u;enerally strai-iit. hut often curly, and Mimetimes fri/zhd. "The prevailing color of tli<. nati\es is an olive, a hrimze or a n ddi-li-hrown— e.|ually removed from the jet Idaek of the African and tlie Asiatic, (lie y\\u\\ ,,f tiie .Malay, and the red or copper cidor of the aliori-inal American." Vet tlu co|,,r of tlie people ,.f some of (lies,, islands, and esprciallv in Ih,. llarMy and Austral islands, is as fair as that of the inhaliilants of s,,,,,,. pa,.|, of s,,utliein Europe. Forster has oivm a -raphie description of the |)((iple of Tahiti. 'i'heii com|)le\ion is wliitr tinctured \\,i|, jirownish \ellow. from wliicii there is every lint to a swarthy hue. The shape of the face is niore nuind than oval, and the featuns very syniiii. Irical and often heautiful. Their hands and (in-ers are delicately formed, hut their leet are disproportionately lari^e. J, ike the other ' (■|iok\ r.a^l \ (i\ iL-. , 1. p. :.-i), ' Mmoiimiii.Toiilm Ivan.l-, |i. .,10._I( ,,s wmiliv efnanaik llul aiiinn- lli.' T, iiL'a ,.ro|,|r, rhil.lini ,-i..|iiire iLm- i;,,iL /;/ i„li, iil,i,„r J nnn II,,' iimllin's siilc. Maioum was llic .iisiorii .il'lhi' Nalrl,./. ,,r I'|,,ii,|a. " |■:M,I^, I'nKlH's. U'S II. |>, 17. iiii. |i. :'J'i. Siicli alsT I'm: POLYNHSIAN FAMILY, 61 ul we inct s. iiiii()ns;st lilv white. •;il coi II- ivc a ivnv lir. kc, viiulic- li llic} lire titiitiiin (if 11 to tluir \\\fi CMllcd r tliaii the 'I'liev arc null share llie faeial and full: iliniar or i(T /() the ,u;(iiii'ally liir (it tlie 11 Ihc jet le red or IS tliat of 'I'heii IS cveri and tl le iijers are lie other I'dipl ishiiiders of this race, tliey are I'lekie. iiid(deiit and sensual, yet win n eiiijaned in war the}- rii;;lit with threat intrepidity.* The MAiKjinsAs Jsi.AMis present a popiilalion very similar to that ol' the Soeiety Isles; in youth sprii^htly and heaiitiriil. soiuewhal darker tliitii the Taliitians, and less incliiud (o lle>ii. IuEastkii Island (wliieli is lifteeii iiundred niiiis from the nearest iiiliahited islands) the natives jiossess a (awiiy skin, a slender frame, and well proportioned liinlis. hut with features less pre|)ossessiiit; than tiinsc of the islanders already notieed. Some remains id' eyel(i|ieaii airhileelure and senlpture. indicate the presciii I it poiuilation to I le. ill eoiupaiisiin. an it^iioraiit and degenerate vae( Of all the I'ldynesiaiis the \i:« Zi;ai,am»i'.iis are the most saiiiiuinari and intraetalile. Their eonii)iiied tieaeherv. eruellv and eannihalism. have made the m proverliial ever since the discovery (d' their island liv T iismaii Captain Crozet, wlio crew they attempted to distroy. illustrates tjicir character in very fi eW wo re tail, athlelie. and Mditiirahlv w ids: "Thi'y treated us." says he, "with every sIidw of friendship for thirty- three days, with (he inlenlion nrcdini; us on (lie thirty-fourth." These islanders ell shaped. Their cnmpli \ion is varied helween wliite. hrowii and hlaek : hut in tiie majority (d' the eoiiiiuon people it is of a deep hroii/e color. Tile iieller (lasses have till' (dive and yi llowisii hrowii tint id' the Malays, with hair ioni; and hlaek. and generally more or less fri/./.Ied. The New Zealanders practise the operation of tattooiiiu; with an elahorateiiess and perfection elseulieiv unknown. It is a priiicijial means cd' disliiiclinn lietween the chiefs and eomnion people, and may. accordiiiir to its pattern, "lie regarded as the crest or coal of arms of the New Zealand aristoeracv."t The Fci^ee islanders vie with the New Zealanders in treachery and eannihal- ism. Captain Dillon ;i;ives a iiielaii(diolv narrative of the murder id" fourteen of his men. most of wiiom were siili .eiiuentlv hak preseiiee.J I'll III ovens and devoured in his 'I'lle Til, konians are rohust in form, and iiioilensive and hospitahle in their manners. Tiiey live almost e\(dusiv( ly on viiietaide food, which has heen sug- iic'.trd as the cause (if their sinunilar docility. ?; Tlicy are id' a hright copper cohir, and use the het( 1 nut like tile Malays. All the i'olyiiesiaii islanders are characterised hy a v(datile disposition and fugitive liahits. Tiiev act iVmn tlie impulse of the monieiit. without retlection I'KIl, \'iiy. R.iiiikI lllr WolM, |1 J.'il. t ICi.i.i-, I'olyii.'S. I{i's. I, p. j;. \'iiy.ii.'i' 111 i) 16 i-.'(iv. r llic l'':il,' ..( I.I I'.Touvf, 1. [I. pi, S;c. § llml. It, p. l,)."] 61 VAinri'iKs oi' 'riii; iir.M w simu ii:s. and aliiiiiNl willidiil nintivi'. 'I'tiii^ llicv aii' kind (ir cruel, |(ii|na('iiiii>> nr taciturn. acli\c <>i' iiuliili nt. acciii'dinii.' tit llir priunptin^s ot' capiicc nr |iaN>iiin : ami tlicy liavi l>icn Irulv >aid li> [iosm vs ijic luiMcs n|' ciiiidi'iii. with the vices (if men. The nmri llieif chai'actei' lias hein >ludied. the nunc (\ident it liec(inu'> that their u;oiid (lualilies were i;reatl_v o\(rraled !i_\ the lir^l \nvai;crs anil niissionaries whn vixited tiiein. The c(irr<('tiie^s nl' tiu^e reniark-; is sustained hv IIk la\il\ (d mni-al I'eelinii tinciU'j,iiout these islands; li_\ liieir ah^urd superstitiims and human sacrifices; hv tiieir reimirsi less criK Itv In luisnners taken in war. and their t:eneral recklessness df life; and last, nid least, hv the .Arreois sncietv. (now ha|i|Ml_\ (diso- Icte.) which enjoined the minder of tlie iiU'spi'ini; of its memheis. The I'ldvnesians. neveitlu h ss. are intellit;ent. imitative, and ainenalde to instruction. ;is is manilVst in their rapid progress in i lementarv literature and tile more useful arts: and if we ( \cepl liie New /ealaiiders. the I'etiee islanders, and a few other '.jrnups. periiaps no p> uph' on the lihdie have heeu more readilv amenahle to the usai;es of civilised life, and the doctrines id' Christianil y. Their inti Ih'Ctiial capacities have hy smne authors heeii considered (ipial in ail lespccts to those of the Caucasian race; wITkIi. ho\,ever. is hy no means certain; for altlioii<;h they rapidly acquire idea* hy nieaiis of acti\e perceptive powers, thiir relleetivc faculties have not iiilheito exjianded in iiinportion. In tlleir uncivilis((l stale ihey are sii|nii|;,||y devoted to tlie pastiinis of hiixiiii;. wreslliii;:-. ar(dier_\ and hoat racini;-; hut tlieii' niosi stiikiiii; prediieelion is for maritime aiiiuscmcnt and ad\eiilure. Their canoes m'e lariie. and coiis(rueteil with ijri at ingenuity, ami will in niau\ instances aeeommodale lifty nun. In these vessi Is they prosecute tlleir wars upon the neiiihhoriui;- islanders, and iiiuh r- take consideralde voyages I'or profit and pleasure.* 'I'lieir fondiu ss for the sea is in fact n national and dominant iVature in their (diaracter. and shows ilsell' in the eagerness with which tlwy enti r as snilms in ihe ships of all nations; and their injienuity is in notliini; sd conspicuous as in the construction id' their vessels. i- r. ■Illi; A.MKKH AN lAMII.V, The concurrent testimony id' all travilhrs i;oes to prove that the native Annricans are possessed of certain physical traits that serve *,o identifv' them in 4 "I ■ I'"iir an iiisli'iiclivi' :iri(iiiiil o| iIm' ]Miiir:ii li'il iiinl Min-i '■.fu! vin .-ilt-. hT lln- l'nlu;(^i,iii^, see l^i.i.i-, 1. p. IJ 11, mill II. |.. 'j|. — Wu.i.iAM^' Suuili S' .1 |s|;iihIs. jp. IJJ. — Iii;i:( in:v, \ ey. I, p. 1 7 J. ' Kiiiisl F.ii. Olis, |i, -I'm. TIIH AAIHI?ICA\ FAMILY. CJ "V iMcituni. 1 : 1111(1 llu'v i'i> i>r men. •N lli;il their iiiaiio \\li(( If liixily ol iind liiniiiin itir uriicijil ipiiilv iiliMi- lU'll.'lllll' III iMliiic itiid I' i^lMiidci's, lire niulilv V. Tlicir il r(»|M('l.s iliiiii : for tvrr^. tli( il ii^tinits ol' ilccliiin iv iiisdiHicd nil II. In lid iiiidi I'- tlir ^v:\ i^ iir ill liic and lliiir .f iiiiMJiliis till' niii>^t niiiiptr iVmii cicli nllur; imr dn tlii'v. as a ijiiifnd nilf, a>>>iiiii- lati' Ic^s in tlitir nmral cliaiactt r and i^ai^c;. || j, niil In lif di iiicd lliat diHirciit Iriliis iiccasii>ii;di_v |insiiit \,v\ i .Nsjinilar iValiins; Imi ihisc diirtiinccs air niurc (diviiiiiv in Mnall (■(miiniinilir> lliaii in ('(dliclixc na(iiin>^. 'riicrc air aUn, in llicir aniitiliidiiiiius laii'^naiics. Hu' tiacis nf a (•imuiinn uii^in: and it iiiav ln' asMiiiicd as a I'at't liial nii other race of nun inainlaiiis such a -Irikinn- anain:;v throiii;li all it- >nl)(livisi(iiis. and amidst all its vaiietv of piivsical eiriMiinslances, I5y what rule of Aiitlirti|iu|(i:;\. tlun, are we to moui) tlie Ann rican nations into laiiiilies. or. as some writers ha\e attempted, into specii s ? The inLjenious l5oi_v lie St. Viiu'viit has eiuhavorrd to siiow that the Americ:r race emhraces lour siiirirs e.vclusive of the IMvimaux:' hut he has eertainly Tailed to |)niut out any diU'ireuees that have a (daiiu to speeilie (diaraeli r. It appears to me. as hen toroie indicated, tliat liie mos| u.,ima! divisiou id' the American race is into two lamiiies. one of wiiieii. tiie 'roltecan lamiiy. hears e\idence of centuries of (leiiii-ci\iiisiiiioii. while the ollnr. under the cidlective title nf the American family, eiuliraces all the harharous nations of the new world exceptin-- the I'idar trilns or M.iu'.;ol-Aiuericaiis. Some writers, however, suppose even the Kskiiuaux to he a part of the sinue ori^iinal stock, partly hecause lln n is Slime lesenihlaiice in IVatuies. p;irtl_\ from parlial analogy of lam^iia-e. and part 1\ aijiin fnmi a determination to mei-e the Aim rican in the Mou-nliaii. It is oli\ioiis. nevertheless, that the eonliuent of America was ori-inallv innpled. as i| yet is. hy a very distinct race, and that the Kskimaux arii\iiu;- in small and stra^iulinn- parties iVom Asia. neeess;u'i|y adopted more or less of ih,. lMni;nane and customs of the peii|de anioiin- whom they settled: hence the llskimaux. and es|)i ciall_\ the (Ireenlaiiders. are to he regarded as a i)arliall\ mixed race, amonu- whom the physical character of the Mnn;:olian jiredoniinates. while tlnir laiiu,iiaj;e presents ohvious analoiiies to that of the (;iiip|)ewyans w ho horiler them to the south.t ill the .Vmerican family itself wc ohserve several suhordiiiate i;iou|)s or hranchcs which may he designated under (he fiillowini,' heads : le native them in 1'. ITJ. I • l''nr ■■\iiJi|iN', llir Mi'Vi'Mii- :inil ^.i■llvl:lll^ ;iiv imiishIi-itiI col.'U.iIi' umIi llir .MjIiiv--, iiial iiiv ].y tills aiilliiir nl'irnl In liis S: pliiiiidii (/'ir/is. lluiii.i iie|iOiiii:iiiiis.l \\\s Culii iiiliiiiii \ii,iii\. lluiiui niliMuliicils,! Ill' Ml|i|iiisrs In |i:ivr IkiiI llirir oriL'ilial sials aiiiuiii.' llir AllrnlKiin lumiiilaiN!.. lll'l III h.Ur Sl>li';li| IIhiiimUTs iVnin ll,,- |,;iv||i ,,|' iIm' SI. I ,:i U-ICIIIT 111 I'lnllil.i, ill,' W, ,| III, Ill's, jlipiiilili.is. 'I'lrrii Kiiiiia, aiiil O,,, ma. 'i'iir .hiirrinin .7<((/i'\, llniao aiii'i |, anus, inriiiiii s tl,,. MilnMillhc Ornuico and llir .Kiiia.'aii, aii,l ili.iv ,,f ISra/il. rara-iiay. \i'. 'I'lii' Imirili m I'lilu'^nnUm 7;it/i'v. imliiili's lliiMiatiiuis 111' 111,' lar s,iuil). — l.'lliiiinir, r.^ifcs S,'), lo vl 11. t AiclKi'iiliit;. .ViiK'i. II. [1. lis. Gl VAiMKi'ir-s oi' Tin: ihman simuiks. I. '\'U< ,lpi)iiltti/iiim liriinvh w.\\ iiicliiilr all llir nalioiis nj' N'niili Aniiricii i\c( pliii:; llif M(\i(MiiN. louic tin r w illi till' liiln* iinillicil' llic liMinI' Aiiiii/iMis ami ( a^l nl llic \ll(l^^ 'I'lir In ad i'^ I'liiiiulril, llic iinsi' lai'mc ^aliiiit ami ai|iiilim' : till' < yi"^ dark lirnwn. and witli lilllc or mi (dili(|uily nf pn^itinii : llii' nmiilli ix laruc and -traiulil. Iln' lii 111 iicai'ly vertical, and tin' wlndf lace lriaiiu;nlar. 'I'lir mck In liiiii;. till' (III >l hi'iiad liiit ranly di i p. tlir Imdy ami liiiilis tniiM-iilar. ami >ii Idnni di^piiMil til idii«ily. In cliarailt r tlic-r naliniis arc warlike crm I ami unl'iiri;ivinii. 'I'lnx Inrn willi avi r^inn tmni the rr^lrainlo ol' ci\ili^i(l lil'c ami lia\c n\adi' Inil fiidnii; pmnrcss in mental culture nr llie U'Ml'nl art>.* 1. Tile linizilidii Unnir/i is spread nver a ureal part id' Sontli America i ast of the Andes: its ueourapliical position may lie indicated in general terms as eniliiaced iMlweeii llie rivers Ama/.on and La IMala. and liclwceii the Amies ami tile Atlantic: tliiis incluiliiiu; the whole oC Hra/il and l'arau;nay north of the ;J")lli deiiree of south laliludi. The physie:i| Uaits of these people dill'er hilt little (yoMl tho^e of the Appalaciii III hraiicli : tlii_\ possess, perhaps, a laiiier and more expamii il nose. :iiid larger niontlis ;ind lips. The cms ,ire small, more or less ohliiiii. and s, t far apart: the in ek is ^liort and thick. :iml the Imily :ind limhs stout and full iM 11 to clnm^iiii ss.T In character the IJiii/.iliaii iialioiis scarcely ilill'i r lioni tile Appalachian : none of the Amiiie;iii tiihes ;ire less susceptildc of culli\alioii r,„::- i!:'sr: and what they are laiiiiht hy conipiilsiuii in the inissiDus sehloiu exceeds the hlllllhlest i li lui |ils of kliow ledi;e.| t. 77i( l'(ilii:^(ini(in lirniicli. This Mrnuji inelniies (he ii;ilioiis soiilli of the La Plata to the Str;ii|s of Alauilhui. and the mouiilaiii trilies of Chili. They arc lor the most pMil ilistim;uishi il for their t:ill s(;ilure. their line forms ;iiul their imlomitahle coiiiaue, of :i|| which traits the Araiicaniaiis possess a coi|spic\iiius >liare. I. 'I'hi riKis'uiii /li(iiii/i. Tlii-e people, who inliahit the island of Terra del I'lleLiii. are often called I'dhiiSiiilKnis; hill lliis name is ohji etioiialde hec:il|se it is also applied to iiiiiiii rolls tiiln-s of cominoii liiili:iiis who inhahil llie plains from the liio (Il la riala li the Straits of M;iLi( llaii : w herefore. as a more local ''ri.i> il.vi^hm IS ii'iiilv nil iilir;il uilli ill.' r«//(;/(///i/;( vy/M /I \ , I [I'liio riiluihlhiu^' 111 lim) de S|. N'liiivnI. ' I li'iiv.- iln ^.- riur.irii IS I liii iK lima ;iii iiis' i i-ii..ii nf llir ti'inilihil |il.ili-s in ilic lolin Alias of 's|:i\ iiihI M.iiiiiis's 'I'l iM i- III liei/il. : 'I l.i^ iln 1^1.111 is iihip.si il,r sjinr u nil ihr ./iiitriidn s/icdi i ul M. liiir\ , ami is riiiliriniil in ihu -■r.'iiii l.riuiii-' tli:il ii.ili.i' III ll.i ■ !:i--irii jliiiii ul M. jjiiiiioulllis. ^ TIIK AMKIUCAN FAMILY. f)5 4 (lt'««inniiliiiii. it is i)n)|«isr(i In atli'|il tin iiiuiii' nl Kuc^inns. Tluir "wii niiliniial ajipcllatiiiii is Yiivaumwunmv. 'I'lu y rove over a ".tnilr waste wliicii is (•(imputtil III lie as lart;i- as IIk' lialf ul' lirlaiid. anil Ml llirir wlmir niiiiilirr lias iiccii ciimpulcil liy KorsliT al luo linMisaiul souls.* 'rin |)li\sical as|)(cl of llitsc luDiiif is ailiincllicr irpiilsjvr. ami tlnir (Iniiicsiir iivai;rs liml tn liciiiiilin the (IcjVfts nl' iiatiii'i'. Tiiry arc of low stature, scliiiini rvccidium live IVtl I'nur nr live iuclit's. 'i'lu y have larnr In aiK. hriiad lac* s. and small tyts. Tlitir flicsts art lari;c. tliiir ImkIj.s cluinsy. with lariir km is ami ill-shaprd l(i;s. Tliiir liair is lank. Iilack and ''nin-si'. and lliiir i'iini|ili'\iiiii a dri'idi"! Iiniwn, like thai of the niiire mirlhern trihes. The ex|iri'ssi(in (if I'aee is vaeanl. and Ihcir mental i)|)era- linns are In the last dei^ne s|ii\v and s|ii|iid ; they are alninsl des|it\ile nf the usual curinsity nl" savatjes, caring little I'nr any thin'.; that does nnt minister tn their present wauls. The ditlerence helween the I'neiiians and Ihe niher Americans is nil dniihl attriliMlalili In the i llrcis n|' climali and Incalily. and Ihe eiinsei|nenl haliil> nl' life, whicii ti nil. in this instance. In drpre» ,ind hrnlalise the mind, and tn impair Ihe jiliysieal man. (1( Hi ml Olmrrii/iiHin on IIk /{(irhiiniiix Xiilidiix conijiosinii llii . Iiiiiriran Fdiiiili/. — .Mier examiiiim!; a i;ri al mimher nl skulls. ! find llial llie nalinn> east nf Ihe Alleijhaiiy innunlains. |ni;-elh(i' with llie cnnnali Irilus. have Ihe head ninre elnnualed than any niher Ann ricans. This remark applies especially in Ihe ijreal liinipe sinck. Ihe IrnijUnis. and llie ('liernkeiN. Tn the west iif Ihr Mississippi we aijain nu'il with Ihe elnni:aled Inail in Ihe Mandans. IJiearas. Assinalmins and Slime ntlnr trihes. ^ el even in these instances Ihe ciiaraclerislic Irnncalinn nl' the nccipiil is mnre nr less nhvinus. while niaiiv nalinns east nf the Hncky Mniintains lia\e the rnnmled head s,i ehaiacterislie nl' the race, as the Osaires. Ollnes. Missunris. Dacntas. and numerniis nlliers. The same eniil'nrniatinn is cnmmnn in I'lnriila: hut snme nl' Ihesr nalinns are evidently nf tiir Tnllecan family, as Imth Iheii' characters and Iradilinns li s|ify. The in ad nf the C'harihs. as well nf the Antilles as nf Terra Firma. are alsn natinally rniindi d : and we trace litis character, sn far as we have iiad np|i(iitiinity I'nr examinalinii. liirniiiih the nalinns east nf the Andes, the I'ataLSnniaiis and the Irihes nf Chili. In fad. the llali\ess ei the occipital pnrtinn nf the cranium will |)rnhalily he fnumi In characterise a greater nr less iiumher nf individuals in every existinii triiie. I'rnm Terra del Fucnn tn the Canadas. if these skulls he vicwcil I'rnm iiehind. we nhscrve tlie nccipital nutliiic • 01)s. During a Vox. Uniiinl the Wmlil, p. 2-,''). 17 ^ 66 VAHirriKs OK rm: iiu.mw spiu iks. to 1)1' niDiltralrl) cuimiI tuilwiinlo, wide at tin' nccipitul |iriil\il)i'riiii('i'!<. iiiiit full rniiii lliiisc |)i)iiits Id lilt- (ipi'iiiii); ul' ili,- < ar. Kriiin (In piirittiil iii'dtiilHriiiiccs llicn- i-* a H'iiflitly ciirxi'il >! i|). In llic NcrtfX. ihimIik iiii; a (•(Hiiral. tpr rallirr a \V('ili;i'-olia|)i'(l Diilliiii'. Iliiiuliiildl lias rt'tiiiirkcd llial "llirn' i» ii<> racr mi ilx ulnlic in uliicli (lie t'riiiital liiiiic i> >') iiiiK'li prrssril liackwai'ilN. and in wiiicli tlir Inrilii'ad is so small."* It niii'-t l>i' idisi r\('(i. ImwiM c. Ilial Ilic Ihwik >s of tlir I'cii'clicad is in some nica^iiir ('iiiii|it ii^alrd liv its lucadtli, uliicli is (rem rally ciinsidcralilr. 'I'hf tial r nl' till' cu's,) 'riir lattrr arc alsn dccidy set or ^iink in tin In ad : an a|i|icat'an('c wliicli is niiicli iiii-nasi'd liy tlic Ii>\n and lii'iiniiinnt I'l-'intil rnlLrcs. Ainiinii tin Nmili Aiiniican Indian* llnri' i-< ranlv any dci-idcd o|ilii|iiily in the |iii>itiiiii III tile c\i> wliicli is Ml nnivi r^al aninnir tiic Malavsand Mnnirnls; lull S|ii\ and Mailiii* liaM' hIim rvcd it in ^niin Itia/.ilian li'ilic*. and llnnilinldl in lliiiM' III' tiir ( )iinii('ii : and aiiniiii; tin I'mirx *. Ilic I'lincc dc Wicd di s( rijics a man wlm inin . in tliis and ntln r i'i'<>|ii el*, a marked rcsi mlilancc to a Calinnck. \\ liat lia* 111 (11 >aid nl' tlir liiiii_\ mliit* iililaiiis w illi siir|)ii>iiii; iinilnniiity : tliii* till' sn|iiii<>i' niar'^in i* l:iil s|iu||||x cnrMil. \\ lulr tlic inlciinr may lie coni- pan d 111 an invi ited arcli. 'Tlic lateral margins rnrin curves latlnr medialc between liic ntln r two. Tliis lad i* Ihe iiinre intcrestini; mi arcmint n|' the iMiitrasI it pii'Miits III tile nlilnnn- nrliit and paialli 1 margins nliservaldc in tlic Malay. 'I'lie latter cniiriiriiiatimi. Iiii\\c\ i r. is •.ninclinns seen in llie Am'rican, Imt ciii. Ily in liin>c skulls wliicii iiave lieeii altered liy pressure Id llie li'iilal hmie. Tin nnse ciin>titnti"< mie nl' tiir s|rniii;est and iiinst iinil'mni features nf the Indian cmintiiiiince •. it mnstly pn-eiits the decidedly arclnil rnriii. witlnnit lieiim strictly aipiilinc. and still mme rarely Hat. 'I'lic na-al cavities cDrrcspmid tn tlic size |ii iluips > i.. Ily I'l In iitliiliiilcil tit it.i (•(iii'iit:!ilril mill iniii'li iiicliiKil niilwiii'dt, Iml tin In III iiri' fur llir iiiii^l |Mii \iili(Ml. Till Inmr jaw i^ limiil and |)iiiiili luiix. iiiiil liiiiiralni ill Innit. 'I'lic Irttii air al^i \>n larp . ami m Idoin diTiiytd ; Inr iiiiiniii; llif iiiaiiv llial n main in Ilir ^kiill>. in iii\ pnsv s^ion. m r v Ciw prtsinl anv \u.\\\> of dioiax'. allliiiiiu;li Hh v arr ni'lcti iiiiuli wmii down li\ atlrilinii in llii- niaslicalinn III' liai'il Mili-l liir Iri/./lid |i)('k« nl lin' l'iil\ in'sian. nr llir wmdl} trxliirt' III' llii' Ni iii'i', lia>> I'Vt T In in hIim tm li. Tin licard is vt ry dilii'lriil aiinuii; tlir Ann rit'ans iiiiii rally, aii'' lln jillli' llial nalmc i;iM'» llnni liir\ a^siiliimisly iTiidiiali' ti'iiMi rarl\ iiiaiiliiind. It is |iri'tia|is in llii> rc^iicrt that \vi idiM'i'Vr tlir iiran st aiialiiicy In Iwci n tin Ainriicans and Miiiiu;id-. allliiiii;;li it i's I'r t'ntin lu'iiii; |ii'i'iiliar In llnni almit'. Il i> nut. liuwrNcr. a*' l)c I'aiiw assri'N, that tlir Itrai'd i» wliully waiiliiii-.* lor li'a\illris have occasionally nolicid il loiii; and lull wlni'i' il lias lircii alinui'd its naliiial ;j;ro\\lli. l'Aaiii|ilr> o| llii> kind liaM' Inin |iai'liciilai'ly oIimtxiiI aii>oiii; llir ('lii|i|ii'\v xaii^. iiiid llic Slave and no;;-i'ililicd Indiiii^ of till' lar nnilli.l^ lit \\i> and Claikr niiiark llial llic licaid. anions; llic {,'lio|)iiniii>li wi'sl III' ihr Itncky Moimlains. •• i> Miy ol'ltn siilli red to urow. nor docs tlni'c a|>|i( ar In lie any naliiial dclicitnc_\ in llial ris|i(ci ; |'(p|- wc oliscrvcd several men wiio. il liny liad ailo|ile(| ||ie practice of siiavinu:. would liave lieeii as Well siipplii d a> oiirsehes."! |,;i |*ei'iiii>e oliservid ^ood lieai'tls in aliiiiil one liair of (lie lndiaii> of New ('alil'oiiiia. and llii list ji^il proliaMy 1 radieahd tiieir* liv art; and Molina >a_\N liiat the ('liiliaii> occasionally liave a> lliiek Inards a> tlie Spaiiiards7/i •• Tlie iiiiislaclio. wliieli niodern Iravt Hers Ii:im' I'mind aiiion^' llic inlialiilaiits of llie noilliwest coast of America." says lliinilioldl. "are so niiicli tin; more curious, as celelirated iialiiralisls have left the (|iu'sti(Mi uude'ermined. vvlietlier llie Americans have nalurally no heard, and no hairs on ihc n »l of their hollies, or whether lliey pluck them carefully out. \Villiout eiileriiu; here into pliysidlotiical detaih. 1 can airirni llial the Indians wlm iiihaliil the torrid zone of South America have neinrallv some heard : and that tiiis heard increases when 1 .1 • " I*(lvi-<. i>( wiiicli we liiivc scrii fx;mi|)li's in the iiiissioiis of thi- (J,>|)iicliiii'< (if (jMrijic. wlin-f Ihi' liidiiin sexton^ wi^li to rcs(nil)li' (lie iiimiks tlu-ir niiolirs. ]}ii( niimy iiidividiMN me Ikuii entirely witliout Ixanl. or liiwe no liiiir on tlieir liiidies. M. de (J;ile;inii. in liis l;i>l expedition to llic Straits of Magellan, informs ns tlial tli( le are many idd im n amonii me I'ataiionians witli lieards. tlioni:li tliey are slmrt and liy no nn aii> hiisliy. On eomparini; (liis assertion with tile fact- collected \>\ Marcliaiid. Mears. and e-pecially liy \'olney in the norllicrn tempi late /one. ue are teiiipti (I to Im licve that the Indians have more and more heard ill proportion to tin ir di-tance iVom tiie ((inator."'* Mr. Sciiooicraft 111 ntioii- lieards a- comnioii anioini the i'otowalomies. mid alludes to a xcry old iii;'.n (d' Iliat Irihe •■ \\ho>e loiiii, de-ceiidiiii;' irray heard \vonl(l not (li-i;racc a Na/.arite."+ A eopper-coloied sKJn \\;\^ Imcii a'--unied hy most writers as a characteristic di-liiieliiiii of the .\mii'ieaiis. who h;i\c Ik iice heeii eaih li the rdjijHr-roldral race. 'I'lie iinesliijiatioiis o|' Dr. .MX'iillidi sati-factuiily pro\c that ihi- dexiuiialion is \^ holly inappliealdi' to the Amerieins a> a race, and that it i- more (diaracteristii" of siinie niher and \rry ri mote nations.; The error has ohvioiisly arisen from the ha hi I ml Use. aimiiii;' iiiany Irihes. (d' r( d paint to a hrow n sjvin. \\ hich occasions a copjiery hue. IluiMholdl deelan > that the denomination nf eoppei--colored iiiuil could II \er have oiii:inaled in the eipiiiioetial regions to ih sii;iiate the .Xinericans: ill I I Ciin fiirlher tes|il_< that amnn;:; the liidi\iduals id' many dillireiit Irihes that ha\e eeiiie imdi r my tdis(|-\atii>ii. I liaM never s, en a copper-coliii-ed man. " A\'e consjdi r. therefore." says |)|-, M'Ciillidi. "that the eolnr of the American Indians in !ii le I'd i- hmw ii. dilli liiii: in iiiti iisily with \arioiis Irihes. accordiiiL; to \arioiis locdile.s; lint thai il is almnst inipossilde to say what that hrown ciilnr |iriiicipallv I'l'seii;! |. s. '|"1||. riiiiKiiiioii is. ill my apj'i i hiiisinii. the nearest approacii to it. thoii'ih sijll iiHi inaiM urate fur general enniparisiin.'V") j fully coincide in o|;inion \Nith Dr. M't'iilliih : and In lii \c. ;\ ilii him. lliat no .pithet diri\ahle from the colnr el' the slJn. sn ciirreetl\ ill situates the Americans collectivi ly as that ol' the Ilriiirii l{(i-(. Allhniiuh till Aiinricaiis thus p,;ssissa |iervadinn- and (diaracti ristic coiiipl' \inii. till re are in'casiiiiial and Ver\ remarkahle (h vialiniis. inclildiiiL;' all the tints finin a decided white to an iinei|iiivncally lihudv -Kin. This fact may he siilliei' iitly illiisti-ali il li_\ the fnlldwin'j; examples. Ainmi;:' the fair trihes of the I'ppei Or'i.oco. Ilumholdt makes esjiecial mention of the (iiiaharihocs, the ' I'.., a. Kssay, H. n,.ii.ii', r.. ji'M- irrlics, y. III. i.1-. + 'ri:iv. Ill \',ii;. y nl ;lir M;ss. [1. 317. 5.11-1.!. p. l*-. ^1 ■■J THE AMEIUCAN FAMILY. ()!) Giumiin's. tlic Giiavacns and the IMiiqiiiritares. "The individuals of (he lair trihes wlidui \ve examined."' says llial traveUer. ••have tlie I'ealures. (he s(a(nre. and (lie snioddi. straiiiid. liiack hair wliieh eliarac(erise odier Indians. It wnuhl he inipns- -ihh Id (ake (iiein i«v a mixed race. lik<' the (h>een(ian(s cil' natives and Eunipeair;. and thev are luiOier l'eel)h'. nor all)inoes."* Anmn;;- (he Hod'cndys ol' I5ra/.il. (he Prince lie Wied saw sonn' wiio were almost endn ly uhite. \vi(ii a tint of red njKin their checks, altliiiiisih the nsiial enlor is a reiidi-ili hrnwn.f Ahdina s(a(es that 'he 15(iroanes. wlin iniiahit tlii' Arancanian jirnvinces it{' Chili, in (lie (hir(y- ninth degree id' siinth latitnde. ■•are white, and as w<'ll featured as (he nurdiern Europeans. "t IJonj^iu'r I'onnd some j'ernvian Indians al the hase and on (he we^( side of (he Coiilijleras wiio were alniosl as winte as Euriijiean^. Hartrain saw anioni: the (,'iierokees some youni; women, wiiom lie deseriiies as lair and hloomini;: and anionic tlie nations oj' the inland ol St. Catharine, on tiie coa^t of Calilornia. youni; persons id" hoth si \es have a line nsixture of rid and wiiite in their eomplexion-.. Tliat climate exerts a suhordinate agency in prodncinij; (hese diversified h\ics. must 111 inferi'ed. I think. I'roni llie facts mintioned liy Ilnniholdt. (ha( (he trihes wliieli wander along tlie hiirninn' plains of (he (ipiinoctial region. lia\e no darker skin-, than the mountaineers of the tempi rate /.one. .\L;aiii. the I'lielidies and other iiiliaiiilants df tlie Magellanic region, lieyond the lilly-tiftli di Lirre of sniith latitude, a'-e alisolntely darker than the Aliiponc^. Macohins and T(dias. who are many lirgrees nearer the eipiator. \\'liilc (he |}o(ociiilys are of a clear lirowii color, and sometimes nearly while, at no great distance from the trojiie. and moreover, while the (iiiyacas uiidrr iIk line are characleriseii. as wi' have srcn. hy a fair coiniihxioii. the Charruas. \vlio are almost hlack, iniiahit the fiftieth detirec 1 ll 1-- Uril Kii'iU'll. I|iiUr\ rl', l|i;il Allnilo.'-. al'l' lint 1 II ll'rr( |llcill am.ill-' llli' AlllrncMIl llliiiali-. ■|"1mv.' .if Djim'Ii Wfi-c iiiiiiiilrly il.-^riil,r,| liv Wal'ii' aliMiit a liiiiiiirrd aiil till y Vi'ars :i.mi. •■ 'I'licy liv iinit.' W llil.'." s.iy, \ir, •■ Inn |l|,.||- wlalrll.'^s |x llKi' llial (if ^1 llMl'M'. I|l|llr lllllrlVlll rrnlll lllr I'.Or Ml' jialr |-aiiM|HMii. as ilii'y haM' II..I ih ;i^I 1 Inn- ..|' a liliisli n|- sanL:innr (MiiiMlrxioii. ' " * 'I'lirir ryi'lirows an' inilli-wiuii'. as is l:kr\visr lln' h.iir ni' iiinr h.-aiis. whirli Is wrv Uiv. lucliiiiii'.' In a rurl. aii'l ;.'io\viim I.I llir li ir.'lli nl' si\ nr ciltI liniirs. ' ' ' 'I'lmy srMiiiii l'.p liIh.kiiI hi ill.' ilay lime, llii' sun l.iiii.' ilis;iL.'r( .■a'li..' in lliriii, ami .-aiisnrj ilnar .■\.-s. wliii'li are w.mU ami |inriii^'. In waler, I'siHia.iliy il'il sluiirs inwanls lli.an : y.'i iIhv s,.,. v. ly wall l.y iiiimiii1ii.'IiI, [roin uiin.li wi' calkal tliciii lUi -ny. .1." — Wafkii, /;; llnihl's Villi. i>f In)/, i'ul. |i. jIO. ) \'n\. all lliv^il. II. Jl.'. — I, .jj.1. i Ilisi.iry uf (lull, 1, p. J7I. 18 70 vAHiiyriKs OF 'riiE human species. (il'-idnth luliliiilc, ami tlif yet blacker Calil'oniiaii> arc twciity-livc drgncs iioilli of tlic ((iiiatiir.* ••'The iiati(m< of \c\v Spain (\rc darker coldrdl liiaii (hi Indians of Quito and New (in'nada. wlm inhaliil a precisely analnL^nns climate. We c\en ilnd thai till' naliiiiis dispersed In tiie nurtli nl' (lie Kiii (iija. aic iirnwner tlian those that border on Ihe kingdom of (inaliniala. The [leople of the l?io Ncirro arc darkei' Itian IIiom o|' the liouer Orinoco, yet the hanks of the I'ornier of these two river^ enjoy a cooler ciiinate. In the jorc'^ls of (iniana. (""pei'ially near the sonrccs id" the Orinoco, tiure e\i>t several Irilie- of a wiiili-'h complexion, [to whom alhisioM has ulreaiiy iuen made.] who are siiiiDimc'ed hy otiier nations of a darker hiMwn. Tile Indians who. in tlie toiiid /one. inhabit tlie nios| ejexated table land o|' the Andes. :iii(| tiiose who. nnder fiirty-li\e deiirees of siinth latitude, live npon lisli ill tile Arihipelaiio of C'iionos. Iiavi a eom|ilexion as nundi copper-colored as they wiio ciilti\ate, imder a bnrnin;i- sim. tiie banana in tiie narrowest and deepest \.illeys (if the ( i|uiiioet ial reiiinns. 'I'o this it nnist be added, that the Indians who iiiliaiiit the iiiiinntaiiis are clothed, and were so loiii;' before the con(|iiest ; while the aiioiiuines that w.iiider on llie ]dains are perfectly naked, and conse- (inently are always evposcd to the peipeiidiciilar ra_\s(i|' the sim. E\er\ where, in sjinit. it is found that llii' color o|' the Anufican di peiids very little on the local situation wliicii he actually oeeiipies; aiid ni'\er. in the s:une individual, ai'e those part-i ol' tli( body that are coiis|antly co\eiiii. of a t'airei' color than those tliat are in contact xNitli a hot and humid air. Their' inl'ants are inMr white \\ lirii they are lioni : and the Indian ca/i(|nes who enjoy a consiih rabb- detcric td' luxury, and who keep tlKUisehrs eonstautl\ dressed in the interior id' their liabilatioiis. have all the |iarts of tlnir body, with the exception of the palms of iheir bauds and the sides df tin ii- |i it. ot' the same brow iiisji red or copper cidor. "f \lti f ,dl. tin se dilli leuc. s ill coiiiph xi'iu are extremely |iartial. forming; mere exceptions to the piimiti\e and ii.ilional tint that (■!• iracterises these people tVoii' (ape Horn to the Canadas. The cause ol' these anomalies is nut readily ixplaineil: • ■• *si le rli'n- siMil iiait la raii^^ ■!■■ la i ,iulriir liruiir il.-s Alii'TH ain--, Irs P.irliiLrais aiirairiit du, a;>ri-^ pmsi''in^ _■• i rralMns. [.I'lnlic aii^M I'l ilr '-•ml ur : il crp. mleiii il I'^i riaaaui i|u'il^ 'iiil la iiiiaiii' 'I'll' kiir~ anei ii. ■ i.pijlr^ |i'< i.iis i|U'' i' iir s in.' n'r^I |ias iiirl.- wn- nlm il.'s Nri/p ■^ nu (1.^ Inijiiiiis." — I'kim i: m: NVikh, I''ii/ an /Inu/, II, |>. llo, — S. .■ als.i. IliMHuiair, Muntuii' !>/•., 'V I. p. JJ. — Doiiiu/MnKrKi;. II. 1 1. '1. — ItiiKV 111; S I \'isi i:\ [■, I.' Ilninin' , II. |i. JO. * M M.n.-Hio v. tli.n.'. Ji.i^ ,,l. -,, II. I I. M rili: AMEIUCAX FAMILY. 71 tliat it is not cliiuatc is siiltii'iciilly (ihvimis : aiiil wlictlur i1 arise* froiii partial iiumii^ratioiis IVmii other countries, rciuaiiis vit to lie decideil. Notiiin;^ can l)e more variai)le tliaii tiie stature of tinse [)i:>|)le. wiiieli presents sinie ninarkaMe contrasts, of wliieli a lew only necil lie noticed at pri'sent, as 1 iiall revert to tins snliject on a I'liture oeea-.ii)M. Tiie Pata^onians of tiie main land, ai'lei rejeetin;; the alisnrd I'ahles of tlie earl\ \.iyii:ers, ai'e the tallcNl nation on the American continent. CoiiiiuodoiT Hyi'on *t:nrs ilmt nmoni; live hundred nil n he saw toijetlier. the shortest \\i re at lea-t loin inciies taller than his own men.' t'aplain Wallace, however, took the pain* to nieasui'e manv of them, am lll^■ whom one was six feel se'.en. and several were sjx fief five: hut the greater part of theinwci'e from live feel ten to *i\ fi(t.t On the other hand llumholdt found the L'havinas and >onie otiier irilies df the l'p|)( i- Orinocii to he remarkahly >hort. while in the adjacent (.'harih natinn ijn- tnen were not less con^pieuous for their i;-reat stature, 'i'hi- I'oury* aiid Coroado^t of IJrazil are diminutivi' races, wiiile the .Ahipoue* of !'ai-ai;uay are. lo a man. of i;iiiantic pro- portions. The late Mr. IJartraui. who pa-M'd much time amou'j; the Florida nations, descrilies ijic Creek (.Museo;iti) Indians n> strikingly tall and athletic, -a full sj/c l.w'j^vi- than Furopeaiis; many of them almvi- si\ fiit. and lew undei- that, or live fert ( iu'hl oi- ten inches," Vrt what is very siiii;uliu-. he assures us that the wonii II ot' that nation are seldom ahovc li-.c iVcl lii-h. and thai the unati r numlier of them iie\cr attain to that st;niire; an ohsriv.itiiin thai has aNo hicn iiiadi' respcciin^- ih,- Indians of l'ara^ua_\ .'/ Althou-h the Americans are i^enrrally of ^imd sI.iIiiit. ihe\ are not s) u'enerally of strictly athletic iH-opiirtiniis. Thi ir chests .in- oltm lis> tvpanded and their shoulders narrower than one would expicl : dclVets which are usiiallv aserilied to hahiliial iudideiice: fnrlhenien niaki' litl h' exertion w illi their arms heyond heiidin^' the how. On li tin r hand, maiiv nations jinth di' North and South Ann lien, are reiiiarkahle jiu' thiir |)eifect s\ unnetry : anion^- numerous examples we may instance the l',itai;oiii;i,is ,if the ni.iiii Inid. the ' iiarruas of IJra/.il, and the Creeks and Seininohs of Florida, hi lact tlure is amph i \ideiice to disprove the hypothesis of Millie (dosel naturalists, that the ph_\s|c,i| mmi of the new world is of a defective and deiicm rate (Uiianisation. II \\\ Ks. \'ey. I. |p. J'i. ' Iliiil. I. |i, 1 .> I. — 'I'lir riM(i.T will liiiil :iii nilcivsiiii.r < v iiiuniili.'n l lli:- , .rsii,.ii in i|m liilni- I'. I'll. Ill 1,, ll:iukswiMlli's \ey:iLTs.;ui.l :iN,i in ll, I'niu . IJ. s, 1 . -iir I.-. Aiur;. '1 !. y. js.i. ;>,,.. Spi'v ;um1 M \nr. 'I'r.iV. 11. Ji'i. ^v l',;„sK.ri\. \"..' I. ,"i ■. W ^^ 7 2 VAIMF/IMF.S OK THE IIU^rVN Sl'KCIKS. AiiiiiiiL!; smnr iiiiumtniii tribes (if Smitli Aiiicricii. nml csiicciiilly in t'liili. tlu' iiiitiM- iii'f ri'iniirkiiMi' I'm' the ^i/r ni' \\u'\v linilis. \\lii('li ;irc mi l;ir;;t' ;i> t(i ai»i)('ai' nut 111' iit(i|)iirtiiiii III llir IhkI V : vet it is rcinnrkahli' that tlic Aiiu ricaiis sclddm attain a --tatr (if iilir>ily. Xiitw itli^tandiiiLi' tlic n'cncral ciistnni nf iiinu\i liaiil'imt. the Ann rican Indians |ii)ss( s^ fciiiarkaliiv ^niall tVit.anil tlnir liainls Imvi tlic siimc delicate cnnlurination. Must travellers Inive nntieed till- laet. \\lii<'li i^ a cliaraeteristic n|' the race:* jet the liuliaii In iieneiallv >>till' and awkward in hi^ i;ait. nwinii to the prevalent hahit III' \valki:iL;- with the t'eel tnrned inward^. '{"he iin>n|ihi»licated Anieiii'ans niii:iil he divided into three ^I'eat classes, iiei'ivrd tViim the |iuiNniis nil which tiny de|iend I'm' ^uhsi-tence. v i/. : lluiil'niu;. Fishiii'j;. M\{\ .lisi'iciillun . 'I'lie lii'^1 and lar^evi cla*- is devnted in /nni/iiifj: ; and it eiiihraees inn-t III' the'-lrictly iininadie trihe^. and nf cniirse a i;reat |ii'nii(irli(iii 'i[' tile entire lace. The M'vepal Dacnla iialimis \\('-l 111' ihe Mi->issi|i|ii. tniiither with the rp^aniiika^. ihe As-inalmins. Ilir Ukudi l'"eet. and many nlher natinns lintli ^:l^l and we^t i'\' the I'licky Mnnntains. cultivate nnlhini; wliatevii'. 'I'hey livn ii|inii the lle^li nf the hullaln. the deer, the lirai'. and vai-imis nthir aninials ; and wlieii lliiM' I'lil. tiny ^nllir nil llir privatinus risultiu;^- I'mni rainiiu and di^ea-i III thr -nutliern cnnlinnit. \a^l Imrdr^ imw drcive a ready and unlailiii'j. ^iih^i'-t, lice t'i'niii Ihr wild e.illli whieli nMii'un the r\tin»i\e phiiiis nr pampas nl' i'r.v.'il ,iiid l'al,i^;niii;i -A and ,i lew liiln ■- iinw dnine^tiea'.e tliiM aiiiin.il-. and thus a\' id !!::■ I.il: 'i- III' l!ii' eh i-e and tlir la— n. Such are the I'lhm indies nf the { liilian Andes, hrtwiin the tliirl\ -i'mirlli and lliirty->e\ inth di-'.ree id' snutli ':!titiii!: . Tiny dwell. v;i \ .. 'Midiii;!. in ll; • inanii'r nl' the Iiednnin Arah^. in tents niailr nf -.l^iiiv. di^pnvi d in a eireul.u' Inrin. lea\in'.i in tin cinlre a -paeinns 11(1(1. '.\herr llie cattle I'li d iliii'in^ till CMiilinuaner nl' tin hirhaue. ^\'hen that lupins tn l.iil. they traiiNpnrt ihrir lialiiliilinn^ In iinntlu |- ■-itnal mil. and in thi^ manner cnii!;ni;aily (d;anu^in?i pLiei. thry traverse the \alle\- nrtlie Cmdilh ra>.| In cniiiparisiin with thr hiinliin:- trihe-. thuM whiidi suh-i^t e\(du»ively hy y/.v/////.';- are nnl iiiiinernn- : I'nr aninnu' the maiiv nalinn-- w hn inhahiled the Atlantic 1)1 \/ \ii,\. \. ■:,.■!■. II.|i. ,;.■, >. Ji.'i.-I'u. pv \V|| I,, \,,y, .'III r,n-i,, ;iil. I i. i|. ,rii,l\ ,^^- M ,,i.in v. !' ' "I ' ii'i. I. !'■ -7';. -lliMii.'M.r. N'mv. mix ii, _•. 1v|1iiiim\. HI, \,. .■-,'. ' 'I'' ' 'I"""-"'- lii...l .'I laili. «.is I'l.si iMlniilii. .,! ihi,. s,.,,||, .\||„.|„ ,, |.y 111.' S|i:iiiiari|s. and ll 'uiruiUrs In iiirrraM. l.rVMiid ail iiiruLil'.iii, iinluiilisianilili^' Ihe aiiliiial liavn.; iiiaili' aiiiHiiL' |1|i;m' •i!aii..i ■- liM- llif |iiir| ■- ciT 1 1 ami (■(iiimi. in.-. lli-t nl' ( l,lil, II, ], .'J I. 'i TlIK AMKHICAX FAMILY. 7J coast of Aiiicrira, tlic i^rfatt r iimulnr made their imaiis of siijjjxnt a sccdiulary CDiisiilcratiiiii, soinr altcniatiiii; it witli ai;ric\iltiirc. otlurs with {\n- cliase. Anioni; 11"' proper piscatory trilics. Iiowcvcr. may he adduced the natives of 'Terra del Fiiei;(). and tiie I'Matliiad nations of liie Colninhia river. Numerous tril)es iinac(|uaiut(il witli agriculture, are sustained for a irreat. part of the year liy fishing in the rivers and lakes; and in the interim hetwt i n the endinjj; and the reconi- mencement. of the lishing season, are driven to the greatest extremities for food ^\l(Iicient for the pur[)oses of life. 'I'lnis the Slioshoiies west of the Uocky Mountains, live nioi'e than half the year on roots alone: and the Oitomacs of the Orinoco are compelled for months lonether to assua;;e tlie cravini;;s of nature hy mixini; with their food a lari^e pi'opoitioii of unctuous day.* In cennection with thi- suhject it may lie remarked, tliat even tiie piscatory tril)es are vvhidly destitute oj' the spirit of maritiiiu' adventure, or even fondness for tlie sta. 'I'iieir lioats an' of tln' simplest constructinn. and in tin ir lishinii and o'her aipiatic excursions, tiny seldom intentionally lose sij;ht of land. A lew trihes were strictly ai;ricult\n'al hefore the arrival of the Euro]ieans. i)ut a much ^■rea1er mimhi r have heciune so since, .\moni;' tiie former ai'e the nation^ who iuiiahil tiie plains and open land hetween the Orinoco and the Amazon, a region to which even the missionari(s have hitherto heen (h nied admission. t In N'orlh America, the culti\ation of the soil has been chietly restricted to the Tiations inhahitinij tile country hi 'veeii tile iireat lakes and the (iulfof Mexico, and hetweiii tlie Mississippi and tlie ocean. Iiut even anions tlie most iniluslrious of thisc trihes ajiricultnre was pursued in a very elementary manner, iiavini; heeii coiirmeii cliii lly to the cultivation of iiiai/,e or Indian corn, till' sWeet potatoe. melons anil |iihacco.| Amomi the Catholic missions in South ■ •• Till' ()iiniu:ic-(luriiiL' sdinr inniilliscal diiiU llircf iniarti'i's ol':! |ii)uuil ol'cluy, si ii;! illy lianlnicil hy ihi' liii', uillioui llii'ir hoallli lirjiiir s.riiMl)ly alliTlcil by U. Tlify llll)i^^il llii' I'anh alVi--li uln'ti lli'^y or uiiiiu' 111 su'alhiw n. !l lias not Ihtu im^-ilili' lo verily liillirrio willi |irer! ,.iii how niucli niitniioiiv \c'_'iialile or aiaiiial iiialtor llir Iiuliaiis lalo' iii a wrek at llie saiiio unit' : lull il is r.alaiii lliat lliry atlnliillo the -rii>.atioii ol'salU'ly wliirli lliry li'el to |1,(' ilay.aiiil not to lllr wri'lrli.'il alilllculs wliicli 'liry oi ra-^ioiiallv takr with It." — lluiitl). J'crx, Xiir. V . |i. ft 13. t lI'Miioi.nr. I^'r^. Nar. III. p. :11.'. MImivtis. m \iv|ia'olo_r. Aiin.T. II. y. lal.la.'. — It is naiiarkeil liy the' author that "the lour iiiiliioiis .i|' iiidii^lrious iiilialnlanls who, within less than lorly years, liavi' |i 'ojiied our western siatrs. and dia'ua' more than aiiiple inrans ot' siilisisiinee I'roni the so\\. iiller the most striking contrast whei oini.ared with perha])s oae iiundied Ihouand ludiaiis whose [il-.tce they oceupy." — Lococilut. p. 151. 19 ^.\'' 'Hi I v\i!ii"i"iKs oi" 'I'm: iiiMAN si'iu ii;s. Ann rici. Mmiciilliiic lui^ lucdiuc liv (■(irrcimi llic ll\|vill(•^^ of tlir lM(li:iii< ; ;iiid Miniiim' I' •\\ of llii' iiiilt'|H'iiilciil linnlis (if liiii|i ('iiiiliiH'iil~> it !> ciHijdiiH'il willi liiinliiii; a- ;i lll(■all^ i<\' ■«uli->iNti'iicc. AirMJii. in tlic W ( >t India {--iaiuU wlurr (iiiTo \\a> ii'i uaiiif. IJii' \\anl^ of an iinnun-r |ioimla(ion wtic ••npplictl in part hy auriciillnral iaiioi'. Imt jx rliaji- in a ^lill mialn- ili i;r('c liy cnltivatinji llic indi- ucnoiiN lViiii>. Manv tiilii s rtsoil willi rrL;nlaii(\ to all tlioc inodis of siil)>i-,tin('<'. aci'oidini; to ilir rdurn of tiic ^(a^on^: tlin> rniplovint; llic >|ii'int;' of tlic uar iu li^liinL^. tile --muintr in ai;ri''iiituiT. the aiitiiinn and wiiiti r in liuntinn'. Tlic t'liciok( (^. as \\ c >liall hereafter m c. liavc Iiccoiik an auricultnial nation liv tlie I'orcc i;f c\ain|iie ; hnl in Mexico tiicrc arc trilus wliicli liavc iiilialiitcil (he >aiiii loc;iliti(> \\lii(li their anceslors ]i(i^--ess( d ^onie centnrio ai;ii. antl \\ ho lead the peacialile liie ol' eulli\alor> of the -oil. c\ein|it I'roni the coiitinnciiciis to which tih iiiihlin;; triiies arc alwavs cxpo-ed.- Althoiiicli the Anieiicans have derived their iioi-c- Ironi tiie European^, the}' lia\i iiiaiiaLied ijiiiii f'-oni the llr-i willi -iirpri'-inu; dexteiily. Aiiion^- inanv tiihi- in liolji Viiiciica- the fondness for these aiiiiiials amounts to a pa--ioii : whole tiihes ha\e a--iiined the ci|,iestriaii characlei'. so that they hunt and Unlit exclii-ively on hor>iha(di: ami the simple p!'o\ince of ( haco. in I'aiaiiiiay. conlaiii- no li -s ihaii twenty id' these nations. They are al-o inimeroiis lliroinihoiit Iirazil ami l'alaL;onia. ami in the rciiion hetwieii the Mississippi river and the Wocky Mountains. \i\ straiiiic as it may appear, there is scarci 1_\ ,iii example aiiioni; the liic Indians, of a horse heim;' iised for aiiricnitiiral |iiirposes,f The hold |ili\sical de\ilopinint oj' the American savaiic is accoin|ianii d hy a coriespomlimi acnteiiess in the organs (d sense. Althoiieh M.iturc ha- done iiimdi. (diication has contrihnted nioi( to the perfection (d' these I'aciillies. The constant state III' siispieiiin and alarm in wliiidi the Indian lives, conipels jdni to ohserve a sleepless \inilaiicc. Ilis sriisisarc incessantly einployid to preser\e himself from siiipris ■ and desiruciion. Aiiii to foil the slralancms of his enemy. It is said that tlie C.iaiilis of the Antilles could, hy the sc'( 111 alone, follow a man through the wooils with the same jirecision that a northern Indian tracis another hy his foot- ■ KiMiii.Mir. i'":il. INviy ,11 Nru- '^|Mii:. li. Il.'li:i|i. i>. * Alii'ilrj mil. I iiinilis ,,| iiveiijiiij llii iiisrlvi'; uii llir S|i;iiii;uils, ill'' Ii;.'i;U,s .',)ailiHllei I all iiKTssaiii ii';;.i.''' Ill' ihrir liiirMs. 'I'lius m tlir s|i,iir ui liiiv \ i;irs, Miys Iliiliii/.liiiirii', an liuiiilrcil Ihiilsaiiil III lln^i' aiiliiMils Will' ilri\ I II Irniii lln- rsl.ili ■^ nl lln' S|)aiiiaiil> ! lln Alii|iii||rs ,ir('li;icii .tliiiie ; iiiiil llji' ^:lllll■ aiilher ailiU. lli;il nil less t'n.in lom- lliiiii-..-uiil hordes wire lii'i|iii'liliy canuil olf 1\ lln I' II UN ly.in liiili.in^ in a --aiLVi assiuli. — //i;/. nj I'lc ./'u'/.niif. tll.ii. s. .w*J ■Vi I- '"^"smt Tin: AMKIUCAN FAMILY. 7:, >l(|)>; iuid tlial llirv cuiild cviii dclccl llw iiiitidii Id wliicli tin if ciKiiiy In 1iiiil!,iiI. ' "I iiiiMTVcd." si\s Ddliri/lidll'i r. "Iliiil iiliiiosl nil llii' \lii|idii(-< (of I';ii;i'j,ii;i\ ) liiid ld;ick liiit r.itlicr Miiidl cvrs : yd liny ■tiiiL;ui>li •.iicli iiiiiiiilr mid divtMnt dlijccts ;is ',\dllK! cMMiic (he ,\v „{' (he ninsl (|llick^ii;-lll('il Kuro|)(;iil."|- '{"lie >iiitiii!nr alismrr nf jiliysical di|(ii,iiily has hiiii iidlicid liv all trMVclirrs. Such delects as arise in chiidiiddtl air. Inr dhvidus irasniis. |, ss likrl\- td hapniii in savaiif llian in civilisnl li|V. JJiil ,n\ llii' dihcr iiand. Ihe varidiis cdn'j.cnilal dilVcts I i-dhahly dcciii' in an r(|ual r.ilid in lidlh conditidns ; liiit il is \v(dl knduii that ihc Indian- drstniy such (d' Ihrir children as lahdr unih r Ihesc itiisjortunes. on ihe |iha thai thry wdiild hi lielpli--. and dl' cdurse ili j)indeni inenihirs df tin' (•dtnni\inily. 'I'liis kind dj' infanticide is ,an alinn-l iniiversal n-a^c anidh'j,- llii' I'arhardns Irihes. whd atlrihnle |ili_\Mcal dehirniily to the udrkin-s ,,[' an evil sjunLand children of delicate and nn|)rdniisiii;;- cdiiMiliilidns nl'len Mijl'er Ihe >aine fall . iidw idle i- that thcdry wliieh altrilmtis td Ihe.,. pedple h -s haniine- dl' Cdii-tiinlidn tlian h, hm-s id the Knrdpean ! What, in Irnth. can excied their endurance df ratiiiue. df hun-er. df Ihirsl and dl' cdld ? \]y ,1;,^ ^nl hv ni-ht. in Minuuir and w inter, dver nidunlain-. and thrdn^-li river- and I'dri'sts. tiny pur-ne lluir determined cdiir-i'. whether the dhjeei he reveu-e du an eneniv. dr I'ddd Idr their I'aniilies at hdine. Il has heen assumed in ( vidence df their ueakne-s that they sunk undi r IIk laiiur df the mine- much sdduir than eillur l".urdpi an- dr Ne-rd(-; hut il mii-t he hdrne in nnnd that the Indian i- incapaide df -rrvitude. and that Ins -|iiril -unk at duce in captivity, and wilhil his phv-ical ener'.;\ : while, du the diher hand, the iimre |)liant Nc^rd. yielding- td his fate, and accdui- nidilatin^ hinis.lf (d his cinulitidU. hdre his \nA\y, hurliien with ciunparati\c ea-e. Thu- il was that a ludral inllueiicc destrdyed tlunis.inds df Indians in lli-pauidla. until till' race df i-laiuhrs hecame extinct, while IIk ir fcllnw lilidrcrs li\ (lllily scl (Mil I'liiiu |*;ir;i. ii I'm tlliillc^c scltlclllillt nil llir Ifivcr (if Aiiiii/.iiii"-. Ii> ;i^c( ml lint liver aitniii"! tli( rapidity nf Ilir >tiiaiii. ami with tlir •^aiiir i'i( \\ they |iiiici til li' San Palilo. wliicli is ciirht iiiindi'i'd Icauiui * distant. Nil Clrw 111' \Nliilr jiiii|ilc. (ir (Veil III' .N( nl'iies. \\ mild lie I'lilllld e(|lial td siicli a ta-k dl' peiseveiiiin l:ilii;iie, and _\ ( I llie Indians. In ini; aciMisImm d In this lalnir Iniin llieir infancy, iierldi'in it."* Fidiii these and ntlier facts, it is evident that where Ihe Indian can he stiimilaled hy aiiihitidii (ir the lidjie df reward, his Imdily ^treiii;tli is ( (|nal In irnal and |iiMliacted exei'tidii. CaiitidUviK vs and cniinin'j; are animiii the iiKist pi'diniiienl features in the (•haracl( r nf these penple. A studied \ii;ilaiu'c marks every aeliiui. If an Indian s|iealvs. it i^ in a sjnw and studied niaiiiK r. and to tivnid ciiininiltini;' himself he dfleii riMiits til nietaphmical plirase'« \vhi( h have im precise nieaniiin'. If he seeks .111 (111 ni_\. il is thriiie.:li unfniiiii nted |iiitli>. in the dead nf niiihi. and with every device fur ciiiiee.ilnii III .mil -m|irise. When he iiieels his vietini. Ihe same i!is|iiieti\e II eliii^ i:u\irns ,d| jiis iiiiimiik iils. His iiiiiti\i' is In destniy without heiiiti i!r'-trii\eil. and he nVaiU himself of every snliterfiiuc that can prnlect his iiwii pi I'sdii while he silks the life (f his anla.;oiiis|. |t is hy a n liiienieiit of caiitiniis eiiimiim' that tlii_\ have sd nfieii cireiinivi oled l-",iirdpeaiis. and they pride lliiiiis(|ves dii this faeiiltv ninre than on any oilier. 'I'liiis aNn vvIkm piMVckiil they can mask llieir i eseiitnieiit iiiidei- an iini'iillled evterinr : Init the mind which ihiis ciniceals its eim. linns, dev ises at the same nidment a s|ee|)|e»s anil lilnmlv 11 Venue. Their Very piililiiiiss is a part of their calllillns|les^ ; j'nr in Cdiivi I'satiiin i\\r\ selilum cniilrailicl nr deiiv Ihe remai ks that ai'c made In them. Sd thai a siiaii^i r is unalile to decide win tlier they are jileascd (ir disphased. Cdiivineed (ir th( contrary. ■'The niissidiiaiii s who have atleni|)l((l to convert them to t'hrisiiaiiily. all cdmpl.iin nf this as mie nf the ureal dilliciilties nf their missidii. The Indians hear with |ialience tin tiiilhs nf the iidsjiel explained to thrill, and i^ive Uu ir usual lukeiis nf assi^nt and approhation : lint this hy no means impli(s eoiiv ietioii — it is nieri. civility. "f For Ihe s;mie reasun an Indian selddii, expresses himself with suiprise. If all dhji el inlerests him on account of its iidVilly. Ill shdvvs his malilicalion in a few suhdin d leinarl -. or hy a sii.|iiiicant ill stuie : hut it is dillieiill to In tray him into eiithiisiasin. Thai tacitnrnily which is also linked with llieir caiitimisiK ss. is lnstiM-cd liv all their iisa^es. It is seen l!niii:.;r,i..x, IliM. (,|' .\i;i' r. .\' 1 ■ .\',\'I. • lli-l. of Aiiii r. Aimn.; |i 77. 4 TIIK AMKIMCAN FAMILY. 77 even in llir iiiarriiii'r cricinonv, wliicli is ,)!(( ii ioylixs and even niclaiu'lmlv, as if it wcH' rallicr tiif liarl)inu;tr of surrow tlinn ol' happiness. II is indrid si-liloni llial liicir pastimes exeile eiitliusinsiii or liilaritv. unless llie peiiornnis are stimulated hy intuxiealini; diink> ; in wliieli ease, as amonsi more civilised men. a tempiirary madness unmasks llie ilaikest pas-.Miiis. ;iiid l!ie iiatural reserve of the Indian y;ives jdaee to exti'avat;aut mirlli ami hrutal I. rueity. Tliis iter|)elual vinilaiiee has led nouw autlmrs tn charge the Imli.in vvitli eowaniice : hut he is laui;ht IVdui chil(lhi:'i(i to v^^i^ider a successful stratiigeni niiip' hnnoralile than ii|)en victurv ; and it has heen ld>^e^ved hy an intelligent writer, that amimg the N'nrtii American Indians generally, flight in haltle is nut considered dhgracel'ul where tiie numlier up the resistan''e of an enemy is greater than had hee'i aiili(ipal<(l. Ketreat under these eircumslmici s is n principle of their tactics; and they renew the eomhul wilhout humiliation win u fortune jiromises hetter chances nf siieeess. 'I'jie couragi of tin- Indian is evident in ins de^pc pate re-isl- aiiei' ti' superior for<'e ; iiy his choice ol' dialh to capituialion. even when he has every guaranty of perMinal sniVty ; ami hy that unshrinking tirmness with whicli he sees ;md I'eels the approach of death under the most cruel lornu'iits. To he wiiole days and niiihts fastened to a slake and siilije(ii(i to incessant hut uradual mutil.ilion — to siis(,ijn this liiiui of niisery with fortitude and even v\ith cheerful- ness, and finally In sink into death w ithoul losin\' the eourai;e of the Indian. The stiiieism wiili which he heals e\ery \,ui(ty of li(idil_\ siith rim;- js so e\tra(U'(linary. that I'lloa and others have attempted to cNplaiu it on the i;round that the .\nieri- caiis iiave a coarser, stronger and le^s sensitiv<' or,iani*alion than any other race. This. ho\ve\(r. is ii mere posiulale which has im foundatiiui in fact, and might be applied with ('(pial piausijiihly to the primitive martyrs: imr need we look lieyond the inllui'iice of a ruling pa- i r\ |)ii*>iilil(' (-niilrivniu'c to iiMiid till' ill- dl' lil'c. Ixit w iicii llii \ {'.ill ii|iiiii hiiM III' lii'iir- llii 111 u illi :i III I'liixiii thai li;i> Im'ciiiiic a ]iriivrili. As a rrsiill 1)1' lialiitiial iiiiliilriirr. Ilir liiiliaiis air i-i'tn:ii'kalil\ iiii|irn\ iiliiit. What a iiii^iiiiiary uriti'l' >a_\s o|' a lew iialinii-. i> a|i|ilic'al)li' In iiiali\. aiitl iiiiliril III iiiii-l. "'i'lii'V livi' i'i'('kli'S''i III' till' |ia-t. lilllr rni'l"ii-> ali^iiil llu' |ii'r"-''iil. and vrn -I'ldmii aiixiiiiis almiil thr jiiliiii'."* Winn il;i fidd pinclit'- iiini hi' cnin- nu'iici's linildiii'j: a lint: Init -Innilii llir wcalliir miI'Iiii and iiiNitc In |'i'|i>im'. lie aliaiidmis his task iinlil ai;aiii stiiniilalril liy iH'ctsNity. And so it i-. with hi- ntin'r ihimcslic ciinci I i». Ili' will iil'Irii sillier with waul liilni'i' he i niia^rs in thi' chasi': and a -111 1 r»riil liiiiitiii^ i \|)i'diliiiii is rulluwcd liy a piol raited season til' illdiiji lu'r and ;;liltlii|i\ . Il i- ii-iial I'l eliar^r llie Indians wiiii liraclii r\ : Iml in nii>>l ill^lalu'e^ it will ilnry are aiiipli' evideiiei' of llii- I'aii. \ -V'-li 111 oj' I iiei'iiachmiiil and ojipii s^imi has lniu piactiscd upon llieni since tin lir-i liiidinu; id" I'',iiinpi ;iii- mi llie -Jkii'i - ol' Anieiicii: their land- have jieeii -I i/.i (1 iiiioii ihr nio-l ri'i\n|Mii- pri triici -. and tin \ lia\e had no redri— at the hand III till' wliilr man: war- liaNr In i n I'miiriili d aiiionu: llu in Io |>roeiii'e tluir niiitiial di -Il iH'linii : and when lliey have hit n weakenid hy the eipiiniet. the eoninioii i iiriii_\ ha- -lr]ipi d in and -.i i/.i d upon Ihiir |io— i— imi-. Thi _\ have hern laki II in tin ir \illiij,r-. or inv.i^jid mi -hip hoard. Io hr -dd into-laven : and in lael i'\i ly all llial ('iipiilil_\ eonid devi-r ha- In in pnl in praeliet' to di prive llu ni of 'ilnrly and life. I- il -inpii-inii that a |ii oplr llin- op|ire--(d -liniihl rrlaliate nil till ir nppi'i— III- Or -Ji.di we -1ij,inali-e thi i,. a- tit aelieioii- w hi ii they iiaif reeeivt il -o niui'h lrraehrr\ at our hand- ' A -Ironu; I'l i liiej; of Liralitudr i pro\( rhially an Indian trail, (ieiieral llarri-mi. who h;i- h:ui iinipie oci'ii-ion Io -IT ;inil know ihe Indian-, oh-eivr- that one oj' llu- !iiiL:!ili -I part- of tin ir ehara.'ti r i- (heir lii'ili regard for the tddi;:ation- ol' frit nd- .sliip. "A jileduf of Ihi- kiiiti ont'f i^iviii h\ 111 Indian ot' an_\ eliaiacti r. Intoine- tlie i'uliii'.i- pa— ion of hi- -oiil. In whifli r\ir_\ ollii r i- made to _\ i< hi." Il i- not. howevt r. to III- dinirtl that tiny are iiiifii linn h\ nature and erin 1 hy rdueatimi. To -pill the I looil of ,111 mi ni_\. to toriurt- him to diMth li_\ -low dt'j;rti-. i- the siiprenie |di a-iire of ih.' Ameriean -avaiLi'- He wriak- iii- veiinianee with i'i|ii;i| I'liry on all the kindred of iii> advi r-ary. Old aL^r. the Inijile— in-s td' infancy or * Diiiiio/a'ii I Kii, AI]i|Hiiiis, II. \>. ''. '-«f5 'nil; AMKIMCAN FAMILY. 7n llif cliiinii- III' vciiilh. liiiM' III) |)ii\\i i- III cluck liis (!( s|r.,viii;i spiiil. lli> i-. in tnilli. :i ilriiiiiiii.ic lovr of sjiuicrlitcr wliii'li (lillLflih in till' slii'ii k III' llic VMiiiiiili'd mill till' ui'iiaii III' llir ilxiiii;'. Itivrni^c is Iii> niliiii; |i:i>viiin. iiiiil il is llir lii'sl liNviii a I'iilliir iiicnicili s in iiis ciiiiii. To ^;ialirv it lir clu'ri Inll) iniils vwry (lilliriiily. ami iiu'iiunliis cvrry dannir: fur In llir tyr nf llic Indian no liiii>iir(' i<> I'ljiial In I III scalp iil' an cniiiiy. Mr ciuiNlaiilly I'l llicis nn the ini|)i'i'ssiiin uhicli Ills coiiiliicl will niakr III! a I'liniil or an iiicniy : lir ^liidic^ In Mii|ii'isc llic one and ciinl'oiiiid llic nllicr: and uliiii m illici' is hcl'iu'c liiin. lie imauincs llic |ii'c«ciicc iirdc|iarlcd sjijiiis. wlm walidi lii> aciinns and rccmiiil IIkiii in llic nllnr world. 'rravidici's diU'cr nn llic i|iic>liiiii nj' Imliaii lioNpilalily. 'I'luy ci ilainly |)ossi >s "Ills Irail in a iiiiiilcd dci;rcc, and ipialiry il willi riscrxc il' not willi rciiictiiiici . Lewis and Clark aver llial alter cnissiiiii and ricins>in'z tlic miilinin' III' America, and iiiccliii'^ nf cmirse willi iiiaii\ nalinns nf Indians. Ilicy were never scn^ilde nf liaviii'.:; recei\ei! a really lin>.|iita!ile rcce|ilinii I'ldin more llian nni Irilic. ,inil thai \\a> tlie I'linpliniii^ll. nr Nc/.-pcrce^. ' Il ^limild lie Iccnilecli d. linW( vcr. Ilial llie\ I'l II 1 1 id SI line III' lliiM' nali'||l^ in waiil n| rnnd : w Idle in nliier iiislaiu e< llic prii\ vliial rapacily nf llie wliile man. and a ^ii^picinii nf the ninli\cN nf ('apt liii Lc\v'>'* parly, sliiil mil llie kiiidliei- lei iiici* wliicli. fur lln ninst part, cliaractii i>e the Miisiiplijslicaled Indian. C'll^l■tllll^lle^•« I'l iiii> lull a iiiiiiiir eleinenl in llic cliiraeler i>\' llie Indian : we liavc iili^irved llial lie is v|i|M|||arl v cnnti :it w illi the ^ii|ipl\ nf prcsenl need, and ihal liis iiiiiid i> seldnin liara^Mil with llie idea nf fiiliire want. Iiecra\i>nnt llic limine iinr the land nf liis Iici'^lilinr. ami ^linws an entire apathy In llinse pnssessiiiiis which arc iiukI prized in civili^'d cmiininnilics. Ilciice il is that Hk tiininli nf Alcvicii and I'eiM. thnu^h nftcii iinniensely rich in the precimis ii,etals. were iic\cr lli^lllrl)e(l hy the native inhaliilanls. It rciiiaiind I'm' slraimer^ In conmiil this act nf sacrileitc Mnch nf thi- iiidill'creiicc tn prnpeily. hnwevi r. may he aM'rilied In it^ uiiceitain leiinrc. Amniiii mii>l trilies their daily wanl> arc Mipplied h\ mutual c\ertiiiii. and the l'ruil> nf llie chase arc divided ainmii; llic many. If a man dies, every niic m i/.'s what he wants frnm aiiinnn' the prnpirty ii\' Ihc ilree;iMd : and hi«. wife ;iiid idiildreii receive nnlliiiii:-. and ai'c left tn he-ill the wnrld aiiew fnr themselves, with the certainly that wlialc\cr their industry nr unnd fiirluiie may aci|uire. w ill be suhjcct In the san\e prcilacions vinlelice at their death. Il lnu^l in truth he cniil'cssi d that llie Indian is Ica-I In he admired at Imme ; ^1 1i 'Kxpiii. 11,11. -^■'- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) '' ///// ^^ & ^S. 1.0 I.I ■-nu ||M 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ■^ 6" ► V] 4>^- 'e),. c-l >>^ ^ W ^5t >.' o^. /A Photographic Sciences Corporation 4^ #^-'^ ^9) V .~<~'^ a^ ^i<^ ^ V 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 '<*. ri>^ 80 VAIJliyriES OF THE HUMAN SPECIES. for ill liiin tlic (loin(>ilii' virtues mv Imt ji.irtiiilly cxpaiuli'il. War and tlic cliase. nil till' nllicf li;inil. (mII Inrlii ali liis ciu'rijirs. Iluiii^cr, ratiiiiii- and toil, arc (■ii('oiiiit( rrd willimit a iiuirinnr. and (lie mind, ijdadcd on liy llic powcrlul impulse 111' amijitiiin iir rcvcnuf. liecomcs untirinij and indiiniitahlc. Tlic rniiincss iif purpose, its attendant privations, and tlie final contest \vitli a c(iura,u;eous adversary, u;ive a seductive exaltation to the character of the American savaije. lie returns to his home, he is tjreeted liy the applaudiiiii; shouts of his countrymen, and the l)l()ody ilei'ds of a crafty and destroying spirit are recounted, even in civilised coiiiniiiiiities. as acts of heroism and greatness. Mow transient is this sceniini? |j;lory ! Tiie exciteiiu lit of the moineiit has passed away, and where is the warrior inuv ' For him ilomestic life has no charms, and traii(|uillity resolves itself into tile nio>t urovellinu; pastimes. Mehold him lounging under the shade of a tree, tlie victim of apathy and sloth, too vain to cultivate his fii Ids. or to raise a hand for his ii\mi support. Mliile he looks with complacency on the foils of a nioiiier. m \vife. or a daughter, whom the harharous iisai^es of Indian thraldom iiave eiiiidemned to perpetual slavery. To such an extent is this servitude carried, that mothers imt unfreipiently destroy their lemale children, alleniuji as a reasdii tiial it is lietler they siiouid die than live to lead a life so miserable as that to \\hiili they are dnoiiied ;* \\hili' imonn' some tribes ijrief and jealousy drive the \voiiiru to 'lieide.t The Indian is habitually cold in bis manner to the gentler sex. and sterii to iiis (diildreii. eon->ideriiii; it unmanly to >liow much tenderness to eitiier. This exterior reserve, however, is by no means iiidicatixc of their real eiiaraeter : for after all tiiat has been said to the cmitrary. tlioe jieojile are not niiiarkable for the purity of their morals. The very reverse, indeed, is true: for will II tiiey throw oil' the mask of reserve which they habitually assume in the presence (if strangers, tliey are oiiMived to be as niiudi depraved by vice and sensuality as most ntlier liarbaroiis nations.:]: 'i'iie Aiuerieans are. jieiliaps. less swayed by superstitious fears than most other savages; and their religion, if it merits the name, is more remarkalile for its povi ity than its grossmss. It is eliielly a simple theism which acknowledges a good and an e\il spirit : the former of course exerting a benign inllueiiee on the ' liii \iim r.v. 'I'rav. in Aiini. p. s'l. — I)kim:n>'. \nv. A la T'rrr I'lrinr, I. p. :j(i.'. * K r.ATiNc. K.\|H-'I. l.i ilir Si. r.irix, I. |i, J j7, :; i-,. ' Sri- MitAiiiiniv. Tiav. in Aimr. \<. :'<'. 1 I'', 111, .7w. rr/. — Kr. \tin(;, jlxpiil. I, p. Jjl. — I)e A/MM,ll.p. 1 1 'i. — l,i;\M- and Ci.akk, Mxpril. I, [i, l(l.j, r,M; II, p. 1 :i 1.— .Mm m hki, .Mis.muils of I'ar iL'n;i\ , p. .';». THE AMEUICAN FA.MILY. 81 (li'stinics (if men, wliilc the latter is lodkcd iijioii as the aiitluir ori|aiiii''l jirirsl, ami rrad mass: "Imt all al niirr li'' roiinuiic-ril lll^ m-w pidlr^Miai, llireu- asidr li;s liabil. and ll''il nakril uilo lln' w.mils (o hi-, nlil \, a\ m' lil'r." — Trar. in liriizil. II. p. J IJ. My iVii'ud Dr. Casanuva, win) lias n'^iilrd s.'Via'al yi ars ni Chili, infcirnis nir dial inslanrrs like ilk) pri'crdiiiL.' are nni iiiiln'i|iii'nl in ihal rnniiliy. cvrii whi'ii Ihr Indian-' have Ikiii takiii al a vury toiiJcr aur. and cvrry iiulucoiiu'nt lias liccu laid unl in ciiiisl ilnir I'lrlinus in I'avor nl' li\ ni--rd liu-. "At an i.-arly prrind cil" tlio ixisi.-m.'i' ul' Harvard I'nlvi'rsily," says Dr. Warnn, -iiiir [iiiiii> anrc'-l'irs plan'd ilirru a nilinhrr u|' \,iiinu' Indi.iiis. 'I'licsi'. ai'lcr a ^hnil irrni nl' siiidy, iinil'iiriuly disapprari'd, and I hi hi'V(.' lli'- nanii- nl' Cahh Clin's-cliaiuiinrk slaiids nil iIh- nilliL'r calalnL-'iii'. a .solil.'iry iiislani'i' nf a nalivi- iTuMil.irly L;radnah'd. — .'\ ri'ri-nt i-xani|ili' nl' tin' dilliciilly nf rcdiu'ln^' llii- yolliiL' savau'i' to llii- lialuts ol' ri\jh-.i'd 111'', is wrll knnwii iii tins viriinly. Tin- u'livia-iiini-iil nl' llir I'niliil Slalrs, al'lrr tin; lati' Indian war. plarrd llio son nl' llii- Prnplirl 'I'l rinnsili al ihr \Vi si I'mni ■slalili--liinrnl ol'i'adrls. 'I'lr yoiiiiL; man ciMildnnid at llisi Willi appairnt i-isr in ilir slrirt disripliiu' 1 1' the instil III 11 111 ; hill oil till ir visit 111 llii-. plan- in ISJI. Iir availed liiiiisrll' uj'aii oppnrtiinity to ipiit llieili. and has iml, I helievr. siiiee rrjuined the corp^."' The Mohawk" warrior 'J'li'n/eii(liin"iirii, mure I'amih.ir hy the naiiie nl' Brant, rreeived a Cluislian ediie.iimii, and even jollied In ihi- Chrisiiaii ooimnnninii ; y'l lie was readily indii.-.d hy the Hritisli :;ovi'riiiiient In nsiimi' his s.iva.'e propensilies .iLMinst the .\inerieaii enlome's, and heeaine one nl' the most hiiinily and remorseli-ss deslrnyrrs in llie annals nl' Indian warliiro. ■f •• Variety of powers in llie varinus raees,'" uh.serves Mr. I,amenee, '•oin'ros|iiiiids to the dill'er- • ('.imjiiir.itivi' \'ii w nt' tin- Si-nsnri.ij .Sv>trni-; in M-'ii .mil .\niiii;vls. p. [I'l. — I niiiy .iiiii, lli.a Ilr. W urn n ilin'S nol Huppnse llir Illill.llis llii-iili.itili- ol' .lU.iiiitiii; tin- si l.-ju'C!, iiiiil urts ; hut lli.il tin- ri .isnil ill' llii ir ll.iviil;^r ni.lili' siiliui|. priijrre.^s, is to In- trai-tii in iiijiiiiiia-us .iiul iiiiiilniintlii iiii'.in-i ul iiistrui'ii'iii. 1 TIIK TOLTHCAN FAMILY. 83 Oncol" the iiiDsl rciiiaikablc iiitcllccliiiil (Ict'ccls oC the Indians is -a great (iiiVicully ill (■oiiipriluiuling any tiling liial In longs t" iinnKrical relations. I never saw a single man wiio niiglil not lie made to say that he was ( ighteen or sixty years of age."* Wafer niaile tiie same remark in reference to the Indians of Darieii ; and Mr. Scho(deral't, the United States Indian Agent, assures me that this deficiency is a cause of most of tiie inisunderslandings in respect to treaties entered into helweeii our government and the native tribes. The latter sell their lands for a sum of money \vitliont having any conception of the amount, so that if it he a thousand dollars or a million few of them comprehend the' dill'erenee until the treaty is signed and tiie money comes to he divided. Each man is then for the first time aciiuainted with his own interest in the transaction, and disap- pointment and murmurs invariably ensue. n. 'I'lIK ■J'OI.'I'KC \\ KAMIl.V. In this griiii|) are embraced the civilisid nations of Mexico. Peru ami I?iig"'!i- extending fnuii the Rio (iila in the thirty-third degree of north latitude, along tlie western margin of the continent to the frontiers of Chili. In North America, however, the peo|)le of this fmiily wvw spread from ocean to ocean, through the l)ieseiil iiitendeiicies of .Alexieo. \vv.i Cruz. Puebla. Daxaca, (iualimalii. Yucatan, Nicaragua. See. In South America, on the contrary. tlii> family chielly occupied a narrow ^trij) of laud lietsveeii the Amies and the I'acitie Ocean, and were limittd on the south by the gnat (lescrt df Atacama. Further imi'th, howi \ ". in the present republic of New (innada. lived tlie IJogotesi', a peii|)le whose civili-atioii. like their geographical position, was inlerinediate between that of the I'eruvians and .Alexieaiis. 'I'his division of the 'roltecan family had long held their imuintain empire at the epoch of the Spani>h invasi(ui and comiuest. and were surrounded on all sides by barbarous and uncongenial tribes. i.'iici's liolh 111 kind iiiiil ilri.'ivr. which i'h;ii-a(:lfri>'' Ihc iiiil!\ uhials iil' each race : iiiilcnl. Id the iiciicrai ■haraclcr nt'all iialiirc, in winch uinforniiiv is iiiosl carcl'iilly avoiilcd. 't'li expect that the Ann iiciiis an he raiMil hy any cnllnre to an ri|nal hciLrhl in iiinrai scntniienis anil inti hccinal eiicrt;y witli I'"ini)|icans, appcai-s In me i[inle as niir<'as(iiialile as it wonlil ho to liojic llial the hiili-do;; may cnual the L'reylioniiil in speeil; tliat the latter in ly he laichl to hunt hy scent hlie the himiid; or that the liiaslilV may rival in talents ami ac(|iiircmiaits the saL'acioiis anil docile poodle."— /.»(7i/)tv on Z lolngi/, p. -,01. — See also a graiihic vieu- of this (picstioii in Dr. Caldueir.-. Thoughts :::■ the I'liity of the Ililiiiau Species, p. 1 1.'. • IlfMiioi.iiT, in l^awrence's Led. p. .'Mi!). SI VAIMHTIKS OF 'IMIi: IILM AN SrKC'lKS. Ill n^-iiiiiiiiu; llic trio'^iiaphicnl limits of (lie 'rditccaii I'ainilv, it is nut to lie >.lll)|lo^(■(l (liat liicv alone iiiliahitcd tliis cxiciulcd rcu;ioii ; i'or wliilc siicctssivc iialioiis of tJKil family lulil doniiiiioii oyer i| for tlioii-^aiuls of years, other and liariiaii us tiilies vMre eyery uliere ilisjieixd tlii'oiiiili the coiiiiti'V. and. \yiietlier of ihoiiniiial or exotie origin, may liave at all times coiistituted a lari;c |iait of the jiopiilatioii. Diiriiii; these |)eriods of power and t;reatiiess. mii oi'nanised feudal system diyidid the nation into t\yo i^reat classes of iiohles ,ind pleheians ; and there ap|)ears to haye heeii as mncli ohjeetion to tile anialLCamatioii of thes(' classes as ever ''xisted in an aristocratic state of JMirope, 'i'lie adyeiit of the S|)aniards dcsti'ov((l all distinctions I)\ reducing lioth classes to ecinal yassalau;e : and three eentiiiies of shuery and opprc-si in on the part of tlie S|)aniards. haye left few lrac(s of Mexican and I'ernyian eiyili>alioii. exccptim; what \ye ijlean from tlu'ir history and anti(|niti( s. 'Tliese milions can no loiij;er he ideiitilied in existini; comniunilies ; iinil the mixed and ninlley people who no\y lie;ir those names, are as nnlike their ane(^lnr'. in moral and intellectual character, as the dej;raded Copts of ICjrypt are nnlike their progenitors of the ai;e of I'haraidi. As it will he a jirincipal ohjecl in tin' .-ecpu 1 of this wurU to considi'r the eharacler of tlie-e nalinns in reference to their cranial remains, we shall in this place inert ly remark that it is in the iiitellectnal faculties that we discoyer the L^reat ilill'erence h( Iwceii the 'rolteean and American families. In the arts and sciences of the former ^\(' s( c thi' e\idences of an adyanced ci\ ilisation. l''roni the liio (iija in C'alafnrnia. to tiie sonllurn extremity of Pern, their architectui'al remains are eyery wiiere encoiinti red to Mii'prise the traveller and confound the antiijiiary : anions these ai'e ]iyramids. temides. Lsrotloes. has-reliefs and arahes(incs: wliile their roads, aiiuedncts and fortilieations. anil the --ites i<( their niinini; operations, snllieieiitly attest their attainments in the practical arts of life.* • II will I.' .I'.vriril i!i:ii iliis lainih- is iilmlical wiili llir \ri'liiin;iii s|i'Tirs (II'iiiio iic|iliiiMaiius) iif .M. H'ir\- il.' Si. N'iiirinl. 1 caiiiiiil aili>|il lli.il iIi'silmmIhhi. ln'caii^.' iIm' liivs.licilioii lo u'hirli it hrldiiL's r'Mrrs ili("-(' |ir(ii.|r 1(1 I lie M:il;iv r'ii.'. 'Ilia I lliry ;iir lint M.il.a ■- is sill iinri Illy (i|.\ i.nis iVein till' (llli'i iiiin' 111 llii'ir i'Ii;;i';m1.t llinnil'linlll ; ;it the SIUIIC lillir llial siilee alialo^'il'S liclWi'rll lllf sklllls (ifllie Iwn lares will lie r'Ci.i:iii>ei| I'imiii IIh' (li'si'|-i|iliciii alrradj u'ivrii. ll iiiiist iiiiirenvci' ln' ijraiili'il, that till p' are .sen ic resnulilaiirrs in liinL'iiaL'e wliirh an' vrr\- iiileresiinj ; Imi wliilr these preve a rniiiiiiiiiiieali.iii and e\' ii ] niiiarii.l iiiliicnmse lirtueeii the .\iiii rieaiis aiiieal anil nmial traits ol' llicsc peojije. All (be nations from Cape Horn to IIk' Arctic sea. bave iansnaj;;es wbieb |)ossess "a distinct eliaractcr common to all. and apparently diirerinu; from tliove of the otber continent witli vvbicb we are ac(|nainled."* 'I'bis aniloiry, udds |)r. Wiseman, is not of an indefmite kind, but consi>ls Inr (lie most part in peculiar conjuttational modes of modifyini;' tlie verhs by the insertion of syllables: wlience the remark of Valer that Ibis wonderful uniformity o!)served from one i \trt niity of America to the otber, "favors in a singular manner the supposition of a primitive people, which formed the common stock of the Anu rican indigenous nations."! NiiTK. — Oil Cirliiiii Mi.rnI h'lirrs in ,]/neric(i. — Tin' v:irinus liiMilcs cil' ainali'iiiiiiilidU Ih'IwccU llic whili' ami Ni'-ro |i,i|>iiijiiiiii ni Aim'rir i, arr i(ii> \\-,-\\ kmiu-h id iv,|iiiri- ■~|iri ilirali.in iii iIik plan'; liilt lliia-c aiv Iwii iiiImt niixnl races wlihli. I'nim Ihmiil' luiirh nioir parlial, are nm.-h |,.-,.s lamiliar : viz, ihiiM' u'hieli ha\i' nsiillc-il U^m iiileiiii irriaL'es hrtwrcM llir Kiiin|iiMiis and liidiaiH, ami beiwurii till' IlllllaliS alul NrL'liies. Ol'lllr I'l l>l class till' iVullllil- M'llirlililils rvi'iy wllrli' pICMllt Is.ilalrd i'\aiii|ili's; hilt at San I'aiil.i, ill l'arai,aia\ . tlna-i' is an nilirr niiiiliumily nt' tlirsi' |M,i]ile uli.) are kiirwe by llir iiaim' uj' Miiiifluk,'.. 'I'liiy af tin' i>ir-.|ii iiiL' ni' Imliaii wuimai li\- iiini i>l' thr I'lirliijiirsr. Diiidi, l''rrni'li, Italian. Cininan ami Spanish nalinns. TJii' lathm's \vriv uftni ■niijau's, till' iiinihirs the \ia'y ii'i'iisi' 111' till' Indian Iriln's. It is not siii'|iiiMir.'. ihei'i'iiiri'. ih.ii the uhildi'i'ii o( sii'ii |iai'i'iils .,hiiiild liaM' siir|iassrd tlir indi-cmins sava^'es ill haihaiily and di'vaslaliuii. 'I'iicii' liuhiliial ri|s|i> 11 was In attack tlir inissiuiiarj slaliniis ul die .hsinls, ;nid riihiT desli'.iy nr raiTV into liii[H'k'ss slavery all till' Indians wlin I'ell inlu dieir hands. Whole disimis were thus di'iiopnlalud, and even the Spanish eiiies were ivpe ,leilly allaeked and pillau'ed. and the inhahilanls rediieed In slavery. •• It is asserted th, it in one hnmlred and thirty years, two millions nT Indians were skim, or I'arried into eapti\ily l.y die .Maiiu'lnkes of lira/.il; and th.il more than one ihniisand leau'iie'S ol eoimlry, as I'lr as the raer .\inazon. were stripped ol' inliahilaiits. I'edro de .\vill.i. (lovernor of Hilemis Ayres. declared that Indians weri' openly sold, in Ins sdht, hy die mhahitanls of San I'aiilo at liio .lanciro; ,nid thai si\ hiindred thoiismid Indians were sold in ihis town alone from the year liijs III 111, '!)."■ Tlh sc aljocioiis pr.ieiiccs Were at 1,1st dniie away h\- the severest measures on llie pan ol' the parent l-o\ , rinnenls of Spain and I'oitii'jal. hut first hy a vielory LMiiied over these lawdi.'ss lianditli hy the conihined tiili's of the lliiarany iialioii. .'Mlii'd 111 oriLiin to these are the C'diiJ'inv!, ol' lira/. I, a mmierons coiiminiiity with luiiir and curled for the most p:u'l a spliericd head, (lete eeiu-i-aiemeiii sp!icra|n ',) while the Cohiinbiini sjiccivs of tlie .same aiitlior, einljr.icini.' the I'eiiivians and .MeMcans, is descrihed with ;iu eloiiL'atcil head, (lete lilloiiLree.) ll is only necessary In compare the plates ,ti the present work to be .satisfied of iIil- iiutccuracy ol' the killer observation. — / Uh' lliillctin i/i v SciDiu-ea I'/iir. \l. p. ,'1,3. • Cam. MIS. in .\iciia'olo.'. Aimr. II. p. ,'.. 1 !,■';. t Wisk.m.vn, Lectures, p. SO. t Doiiitiziioi't'Kii, .Vbipoiies, I, p. liil.— .Mlu.m'uiii, I'arau'uay Missions, ji. 5ij. 86 VAinrriKs of 'I'lii: ih.man srKtiKs. Iiair, i"-|i('ci:illy lou;iriK ihc ihiI.'m iiir;i i licluTrii iln' unol dI' lln- Nru'in miiiI llh' Ihiil; slill' liiiii' oI llii' Aiiirih ,111." This llll^lly iii^i'-'* !■* rdiiiliril niii 1111111 llu' hiail Ml ;is lu III' lii'lwi'ii lu n mill iIuit I'lTl III ili;iiiiilri', liKr I hill I'l' 1 1 11' I ';i 1 11 III-. Ill Ni'W (liiinra." 'I'lir I11U--I II iii.iiiv:ililr iiiiMuli' 111' llir liiiliali .Hill NruTn lari^, IN pi rliii|i-.' iliat iIi'm riln il liy Mr. Sli'Vi'liMili a> SI I'll liy iniii in lln' li'piililii' nl Culiiiiiliia. "'I'lii' iialiii's ul' Ksiiirralil is, lii wiTciiJa very ilaik cnmpli xinii.^,' "'I'lic (irccks." says Sir William .Iniics, ••callt'il all tlic siiiillirni iiatinns 111' tin' wnrlci iiy llir ciimiiiiiii ajijulialioii nf I'ltliinpiaii.s. thus iisiii;;' l''.liiiiip ami iiiiliaii as ciiincitilih' lri'iiis."|| it is (il)\ inus, thcnliirc. that the t( rill Kthinpian. as applied hy IJIiiiueiiiiach ami ntliers to tiie Nenni iialimis I'ollei'tively. is vaoiie if lint iiiadiiiissijil ■, The yci^ro Fdnii/i/. in the present instance, emlnaces all tiie |iriiper Xenro nations near and sdulli of Alnunl .\llas and Ahyssiiiia to the cmiiilry inhahited hy the Callers and Ilotti ntnts. The niiue norlhern trihes, as ue have already intimnted, present various mi\iil t'eatures derived t'roiu their proximilv to the Caucasian nations in their vicinity. -'I'lie people of Kl-\vah." says liiownc. "are •SiMx and M,\BTirs, 'I'rav. In Hr.izil, !, p. .3,M. tTrav. ill Soiilli .Vimr. II. p. JsT. : M'Cfi.i.oii, IJi'si.inlirs, p. Jii. § IJrssKi.i., .N'uhia and .Miy.ssiuia, Intnnl. p. \'>. — IIkimifn, .\iii', .Nations of Afrira, I, p. ijf),), — " F'lliiopia, tlioiii,di a v.ii.'iii' name, was apiilinl lo that coiiniry lying hoyond tlio (,'atarai'ls, which in tlie Scripllires and in thr M^'yiilian laiiL'iiaL'O, is callrd ('if./i." j! Li;(iii. .lour, in l^Lrypt, p, SU. { 1 TIIK XKGRO FAMILY. 87 (|uil(' 1)1' E^yptiiiii or Arab coniplfxioii ami rcatiiir. and iidtif of tliciii hiack : sn thai I scarcely conceived niyself (o liavc arrived at llic coiiliiics of tlic l)lai'k-< lilt we readied tlie lirst iiihahited parts of Darfoiir."* In like manner llie l''oulali<. will inlial)it Die Atlantic coast in the same parallel of latitude, are of a hrown complexion, with loni^ hair and Enropean features: hut these (rihes are ohvinu.sly in i)art of iSloorish descent, and are supjiosed hy some to he the Leueat'.iiopes of I'tolemy. .Many nations to the north of the Mountains of the .Moon, however, together with nearly all thos(' south of them, pi'eseiil (lie peculiar features \vliieli render the people of this race more readily identilled than those of any otiier. These characteristics, \\hieh have been already adverted to, are mi uniformly bestowed, that amoui;' the thousands of Negroes of many dilli I'ent nations whom I saw in the \Ve>l Indiis, not one could have been mi-taken for an individual of any other race. 'I'lie moral and intellectual eharaeler of the Africans i- \, idely dilVereut in dillerent nations. 'Piius the Makonas ;ind A-bimtics have continued to be the nneompnunisiui; enemies of the Eun pean coloni-ts. and remain to tiiis ilay uiiMibdued. Tlu" fiery aiul reveui^eful Khoe eontravt> -.tidnolv with llie docile native of Henu;uela. The Kroomen of the western eoa>t are an infeliiijeut and industrious people, while many of the tribes of the N'ii;er are remarkably stupid and slothful. Tiie Mandinnoes are tractable ami hoiiol : !)ut tiie Lueumi. w Im also inhaliit the western coast, are a brave and imiepeudeut people, who in cap1i\ity will even resort to suieiile to avoid pimisliment or disuraee. The Caravalli trii)e is remarkalile for eombiniui;- industry and avarice: and it is observed in the West Indies that tiiey constitute the t;realer proportion of the free Xetjroes who liecumu rich. On the other band, all tiie tribes of Con!;o. and they are very numerous, are noted for iiulolence. deception and falsehood. The Nejirues are proverliially fond of their amusements, in which tiuy enn-aije with i^reat exuberance of spirit: and a day of toil is with llieni no bar to a night of revelr\.1 Like most other barbarous nations their instituti... > \'-c nut uufre(|uenlly characterised by superstition ami cruelty. Tluy appear i i be fond of warlike enter|)rises. and are not deficient in peis(nial couiai',e: but. once overeiMue. tiiey yield to their destiny. and accommodate themselves with aniazim;- facility to every change of circumstance. ' Tniv. in Africa, p. lil'), t Lamikh, Trav. lo Suiiav ul' llie NiLTi-.-l',,,, mauh, R.^raiclios, \'ol. 1.— MeuuAv, Trav. iii U. Stales. „^ ss vAiiii'/nr.s 01' Tin: in man simxiks. 'I'lli- \("j:rn(-< ll.iM' liUic illM'iitiiill. ImiI vlldll;;- |m\\( l> iiC illlil:iliiill. m) lllllt tlirv rr.ulil\ ;i('i|iiirr llii' iiii'cliiiiiic iirl>. 'I'Ikv Iiiim' n i^i'iiil Inliiit lor niii"!!'. .iiid ;ill tlirir r\tilll;il -i nxs ;\vc I ilil,ilk;il)l V iicillr. Willi I'l N|ii'('l III llirir inlrlli cliiiil cliiir.iih i' llu ii' i> iniicli ili\i r«ily nl ><|iini(iii: ^iiMic .iiitliiir-. i^tiiii.ilr il ill M \'yy \i>\\ ^ciilc \\l)iNl nllicis insist tl'it llic l;( iiii nj' llliiul i> ;iN MI>Cr|ltili|r 111' (•uiliVillinll ill llir N'li::i'ii il'^ 111 llll' CilUIM^iilll. 'I'llilt till I'c i-i ciiii'-itirrii'iir ilill'ciciu'r ill llii> n'--iircl ill llir (lill'cn 111 liilii'< i^ |irillv UTiK r;ill\ ailiiiilli il: Iml. ii|> Id llu- ini-'iiit liiiir. Ilic iulv;iiil;ii;i> of rdiUMlinii lime liii'ii iii:ulr(|ii;iltly Im-Iii\m'iI iiii tlic'iii. iiiiii iii^l.iiici'^ (if Ml |iiri(ir iiuiiliil ikiwcin ll;i\c Ik I'M 111' rNllTUu l_\ I'lirr (icciimiicc. N.i IT.— 'I'lir L'h'.il ;iiilr|iiil', ci| ill,' Ni_'r,i r;ic'i' ;i(liiiil< cij' In i i |iir-|i. .|i, ;u ■ I liiis i'\iii Ir.l -.ciim |.|l. jilli |-^ li> -.lllllli- ■ 111 II 11 W.l^llir |M lllllll\ I' ^^■^k Hi llllllKlll ,lllil lli;ll ;ill llir illlirr \ Jllrlli ^ II, i\ li.iM' |i I II ,|,'in ■■ I lii'iii llii^ I'll!' I'\ III,' iiri 1,111 u| |i|i\ ~i, il I ,iUM-. A ['•■w l.iiK nil' ••■■iiii liiiii V III lii,,r,- \\ iTjIlt 1 1 I.I 1 1 .1 li,'^l ,'l' liyii'illir^i"-; :iii,l il lin'," li,i| li,' irnlr\ aiil l,i |,iil llii- iiilf-lhili, ii-> \\ r\\ ;is 111,. ,-,,liv,i'^" ,,r 11. 1,1 ;i rlir,'li,i'i''i,'.il |i ^1,111 ill,' w,i|,|'. ,11' :i iii^Iiir.'iii-li,',l jiiiImi'. " .\i',',iriliirj l,i .1, , r, ,lii,il il.ii, ^." ' i\ ~ III'. ■• II l^ li'iir iliiMi^Miiil mil' liiinilri il iiml s, w iiU-iiin, \ i:ir> miht .Vn iji :iiiil Ills I iiiii!\- I'.iiii,' ■■III ■■I ili^' ;iil,. 'rii''\ ;ir^' [■■■1m'\ I'll !■■ Iiiiv^- In'iii ■■!' I In' (■;iui':,--i.iii i:ii r ; .-iihI iIm- i'.,ri,,iii, .s 111' III,, l„ li,i III, r,' i- iM L'hiiiu.l 1,1 i|ii,sii,iii, Wi' '-IijII iissiiiiir 11, ili,hi,.r,-, :is ,1 II mil. Willi, nil ;i'l,ll|r.ll_- I 111' |i .I'-'ill-. \» lllrll V,', hi I,, Ml-I.Uli 11. 'I'lll',',' 1 1 1, ,llv,| | ii | |,,U1' | n 1 1 1, 1 1 1',| 111 111 1,,1U -I'n ,■ Vi Ms :i_',i ;i li:ili,iii ,,r 1 '.llu i|ii Ills Is KiMwii I,, li.n,' .'Msi,,!. 'I'll, 'II' sl^iiis, ,,i' i',iii|s,', ^vi'ii' ilii I,, iiiiil ill, y il,;|,|'ril M 1'!, !\ li,iiii C.iii •:isi,iiis m m i!i\ Milnr |, irii,'ul,ii"i. Tin \' iiii-iiilril iVmii ;i i,iii,il, r,,ilii;iy ;im1 l"ok iiji ih, 11 , s|,l,'ii,',' m iIm' li,rjlili,'ih,„iil i,|' l':-y|il. Siip|i,.siii^. ||i:i| |irii|,||, |,i |,:ivii I', • 11 .if ihr sl,„'U ,,r N,, ill. ihr rlllll.;, Ulllsl h.r, r l„ I'll ,', ,lll|i|, 'li il, 11 1 1,1 :i |H' \v riH'r !'■ H'll M 1 1. II I s. ' V i u liilinlirl :iii,l lliiily-llii',',' yr lis. 1111, 1 |'!-,,l,'il,!y m :i niii.li s|i,,||,'i' jii i,,i|."* 'I'll'' I'rr, 111 ,1,-' ',\ ,1 1. s 111 I'ljyi'I Ul\r ,liMlll,'li:ll I'm'ir l,i ill,' I'lrr. ililrj s|,||,'|iii'|i|, lnasinlirll :is li!,'\ sluiu- l„'y,i|iil 'ill ,|M,'sii,iii. ili.'ii ih,' Ciiih'.isi 111 :niil .\, ".t,! rm'rs wn'r iis |„'il<','lly ,lisiii,,'i m ilmi ,'iiiiiir\ ii|iUMr,|s ,,i III!',',' Ilimis. 111,1 yi-nrs irj,, ns ih, v in,, m.w : wlini,',' ii is i'\i,l,'nl lli:ii il' llir Cm, 'lis. Ill w Is i|,; n 1,1 Ih'iii lii,' .\i'-r,i. nr ih.' .\i"jr,i ihnii lli,' Ciiii,' isi.in, |,\- il,,' ;i, ii,i|i nl' rMniiiil rn;-,s. llir ill, 111.',' Hills', l.ivr l"i|l ill,',!,'! ill ill lii',s| ;i ill, illsjnil \,;iis; n l|i,'i,ry wlil'll ill' -ll's, , ill- III I'Vi'li ," "f 'i, Illy r, iiluiiis |,|',,\, s 1,1 I,,' ;i |,|iys;,'il ilii| „'ssi|,ili|\- ; ;ni,l wr li:i\ ,■ ii In :,,ly V run II', '1 In li|s;sl 1 1 111 I Mi'li ;i .'"iin 11111:1 1 1' '11 I',, 1 1 111 !,r rll'irl'il |,y ll,illilli'4 s|i,,|'| ,i|' ;i iimiirl,'. 1-^. Till; I \rii;it- Ai'iJii 'v\ l■.\Mll,^ . 'I'lic ciiiiniry III' tlir Calli r-. imw (';ill('il ('iilVi'iiriii. i-- nf iiiilrttriiiinali cxlciit. Oil till' r;ivtri'nciia»l il i'.\lfiiil- I'l'iii;! \\\r Kri^kaiii iia ii\('i' (which -cparalcs it I'l'din llu (.'apt t'iiliin\ ) to llir Miulli 111' Dcla^iia hay. On ihr wc^t it loiiclu's Orally' • I'm ii« ri 1 . 'I'.i'ii:!,!- "n i!,,- I imv ■ I' ili ■ lliini'in -""i" ,'i''s, |'. T'J. /",/.,!./. l-::ii. >** 1 THr CAKI'HO-AFIMl .W FAMILY. N<» river; liiil its iiil.iiiil or iinrtlirrii liiiiil is iiiikiiDuii, liiil is |iriil)iilily not los tlmn l\M) Imndrcd Iciiniics.* 'I'lnis (hr CiilUrs .irc inlcrixisitl lirtwccii llic llolliiildls nil tile solllll mill III!' (•iilllllluii Ninnies nil Ilic ikhIIi. Cilll'er. tliuie^li lutw Heneriiliy iul(i|)teil jiiikuiu; Kiini|ieiins us (lie ii;ili(iiinl di siu;ii;iliiiii ol' IIk se |iii>|ile. js ill! Aniliic wnrd siirnirviiii^ iiifidi I. 'I'lieir true ii;iiiie apiieiiis to lie .Imiil.nmi. 'I'hey are divided into mmiy Irilies, of wliieli the |iriiiei|iiil iire the Aiiiako^ii. Amaliiiihii, Ainaiimida and the Zoiilah.t The dill'erenee of jihysieal a|)|H araiiees anioiii; these trilies is inennsideialde. They are tall, atlilelie niid exlieinely well |iio|ioili(p|ied. and posMss niiieli iialmal 'j,ra('e of niaiiiier. Their jihy^ioniioniv is reiiiarkahle I'or its eoiiiliiii.iliiiii nf Kiiiii|ie;iii and Nei^io eliaraeler. The' head, tor examjile. is larp;e. the forehead lull and vaiilled. llie nose s.dienl and ai|iiiline, and the face a wcdl lornied oval: lint on tiie other hand the iniiiilli prDJects, the lips are larnc and lleshy. Ilie hair Mack and mure or less \Mi(dly. and the skin nioMly lilack. thoiiijh iiceasionally a dark hrown. The Caller women are iiiiieh sniiiH, f than Ihe men. sehlom exeeediuii Us,, feet ill liei'^lil. with a ^le( k. soil skill, and fealiires wiiich are s|roii-|y e\p|•(•s^i\|. „{ eheei liiliiev^ nnd eunlenl. liiehleiisleiii. wiio was hmu; anion;;- Ihe Cilll'r^. ih claics llial he m vei' niw one of these peiijilr " suee/i'. Viiw II. eoiinji nv liawk:":!; a I'aelwhiidi he I'oimd Mi|i|iorled hy the ohscivalions of his IiIIdw travellers and olhers. '|"!ii> is tinly a pli_\ si(i|iiL!;ie;i| anomaly. ir we may jiidne Iroiii the ■.hiiinieiits of some liavi Ihr^. Ilie C'allii^ are as miieli aliove llie ;;( inline Neuro in inoraU and iiitelli-cnee as in physical appearance. The Irihes resid( nl near Ihe Knnlish colony are hss cruel and -iipervliliou^ than >oine others ; hut tlu ir apjaaU lopi( tended sorcery in imnisliiuir eiimcv and in ■•elllinn- (li^lnltes. and the des|)iitie, sway of their chiefs, are evidiiu'es of a i;reat de;;ree of liai'harism. Il is vei-y remarkalde llial the Cailirs should have nations of i;(niiiiie Neiiroes on both sides of them, and yel Ihenis'dves pos^os so few .\eij;ro characteristics. Amoiej; other speculations is thai of Mr. Marrow, who helieves them to he of Arabic origin. "'I'luir pastoral liahits and manners."' says he. •• their kind and friendly reception to straiej;ers. tlnir tent-shaped houses, the remains of jslainism diseoverahle in one of its slrounest iVatuns. the circumcision of male children, universally practised aiiionn- the Caller Inudes. all denote their allinity to the IJedouin trihes. Their counleiiance also is Arabic : the color oiilv dillers. which Wui.v. 'rriiis. \\,)\. (;(,!_', Su'. Ill, p. -Mill. : Trav, in AlVirj, I. ].. J "i,', 23 ' ^ ii;i;iiMAX. Ill siiiiir .liuinial, \', ]i. 3.','. •Ml VAIIIKTIKS OF Tin: III MAN SFIX'IKS. ill Mtiiii' ti'ilics vaiii'' IVmn (it'i-p liroii/c to ji t lilack. Imt \nm{ f^cmrallv tlir iiittrr i» lilt |iiivailiiii; nilnr."* I t?iv<' llii» liv|M)llirNis a> I Hiul il. I", •riii; Ai siiin \riti( w iamii.v. Sidilli ipf till' Cail'irs ti) the i\tniiiit_\ nf Al'iica. live the llutlt iitut".. mir ol' llir tiiii-| siiii^iilai' \ai'irlii's iij' Hir liuiiiaii spicii s. niid tlic iHiinsI appi'iixiiiiatinii ti) llic lower aiiiinaN. 'riicir staliirf i>^ of iht- iiicdialc cias^. (iicir pciMPiis |;iri;c anil cliiiii*^}. wliili' till ir liiiilis arc i^riKiiilly lirttir iiioiililrd than in liu' noitlinn N(!:rois. 'I'licy iiavc rnnarkalilv • a ciiarai'lcri^lic mark of tlii>i nation. 'I'liiir cohiiilixion is a yrlio\vi>li lirown. conipand liy trasi llrrs to ijir iiccnliar iinr ol' Kiiropiano in Ilic la>t slai;i' of jaun- dirc. Otiirrs call il a liriulil olive. 'I'lit ir liair. wliicli i^ lilack and woolly, i* altac'licd to till' vcalp in >>iiiall twilled liil'l^. Inil ihcy arc nearly dolilnle of heard. Tlir iirad i-^ lar:'!'. the forehead low and hroad. and the faci' i xtrciiiely \\ ide hetween the ciiiek hones, whence il retreats raiiidly to a Miiall. contracted eliin. 'I'he e_\cs are small and far apart, the nose very hroad and ilat, and the monlli lar^c; and the wiinicn are npreseiiled as even more repulsive in appearance than the men. Notwithst.indinu; these personal disadvaiitaiics. Kidheiit asserts that ainoiiu; many llioiisand Ijotti niots who had come iindc r his idiservation. he never saw a handy h ii or a ci'ooki d liinli. nor any other deformities. e.\ce])lini; two crij)|des only. 'I'he llotteiilols have hilt Very \aiiiii' ideas of reliiijioiis ohliiialioiis. although they are extremely siipiisiiiimis. •• The faiills of which Ihey are accused are. an inveterate indolence and iflntlony. divunriiiL; i very kind of animal i;'arl)a!j;e that falls in their way. withonl prepMiation. and wIk n thus piri^ed Ihey throw them- selves down and sleep oil' the i Hi els. That they are. howe\er. cap.ihle o| ini|iroveiiienl. is evident Ironi tiie condnct of lliosr fdiined into an arimil corjis hy the Knulisji. and who iml only slmwcd a suilicji nl ih ijree of eiiciiiy. hnl also !.';rew cleanly in llieir persons."! The piecedinu- I'emarks. however. a|)ply chielly to the Koiaiis and the adjact III Irihes. some nl' whnni are n.itnrally docile and inolleiisivi . while others have lost a part id' their native rudeness hy their proximity to the hitter sort of Euroiican colonists. IJut the llosjesmaiis are far more savage and dcj^radcd than any other Hottentot trihes : Lichtehstein, indeed, maintains that they arc a • Trav. Ill Siiiilliciii Aliii:i, II, |i. 117. t I'lo-riit Slate ui iliu fapL' of (mimJ Iloiir, p. 5'J. ] Ti-cicKv, .Manlliiii' Geug. Ill, |i. 10. Tin: ()(:i:AMc-M',(iii(> i'a.milv. 91 ili-'lincl |ir(i|)lr. ^prakiii^ !i l;iiii;uMu;i' ililli niit Intm lln' llulii iitnt'*. ami ('i>ii>ti- liitiii^ tlic iilliiiiatc link in the scale of linniaiiity. 'I'licy ai)' ioIiIkth liy iirdlfssiont crurl liy natiiri', anil imvr •'iicli a |ia»'»iiiii lor (Icstniyinn. tiiat wluii llity attack iiiy III' the liinls lirliinmini; to llic ('ii|i)ni>l>«, tluy will kill every animal tliey ciinnnl drive away, lallu r than leavi' any I'nr llu- owner.* Tliesi' Mo^jeMnanH. niiireiiver, have the llotlentitt features in tlieii' nltnost u,u;lin<'ss, aillinii^ii their preilalory life ^ives more activity and animation to llic!:' appearance. Like the New Hollander'", llieii' eyeliil> Im eonie •^o nnieii eJoMd alter niiddle life as to I'oneeal the whole id the eyeiiail. Iiavini; an aprrliire Jiist sullicient lo admit the lej;lit.| Their dweHinu;s are mud hovels, hushes, caves and elifls in the roek. which last ollen serve them in place of houses. — Many i;o naked. Imt others cover theni- selvi s in the simplest manner with the skins of animals killed in the chase. They teed on llesh when they can iji I it. eatiiiu; it either raw or cooked indiHerently; hut ilii ir (diief lood consists of roots, lurries and plants, win me their emaciated forms and shrivelled skin,| They have hut little liitler idea of cleanliness than the lirute creation : and a curious I'aet is mentioned hy Liiddenstein. who s;iys ilmt many of llie llollentot trihes ha\e a way of cidiu'liiui; down to the water, ami throwimj it into tin ir mouths with the forelinners of Imtii hands. ^^ JO. I'lti; o( i:\M('-\i:(;ii(i i'amii,\ The Oceanie-N'eui'ojl family is dispersed extensively throui;h tin liuiian Arehipi lai;o, ami is also found in many islands id' tiie I'acilic. In the texture ol ;lie hair, in the color of the skin, and in fact in every physical relation these [)eopli ,ue at once recoi^insed as memliers ol the i;reat Ncuro race. M. IJory de St. Vincent deserihes (hem from personal ohservat ion in the following terms: Their physical characters consist in the color of the skin, whiidi is even hiacker than that of the darkest Ethiopians; tin' head is rounded, yet compressed in front and 11 the sides, at the sann' linu' tiiat the facial ani^le is md more acute than in other N'eiiroes ; the hair is short ami woolly, and miu'e compact upon the head than in any otiu'r people; tile superciliary ridges and the cheek horns are extriinel} • l.ic »rF..vsTj:i.\, Trav. in S, AlVic;!, II. |i. 'u. t IJi'IIchki.i.. Trav. la S. Afnci. I. y. IS'i. ; SpAHiiMAx. 'I'niv. Ml AlVicM. I. [1. uol. § 'I'niv. in AlVica, II, p. In. II Culliil Mv/iinicns (Ilonio iia.'laaK.'u-i) liy linry de St. Vincent. 'I'liey liuvu' gcneraliy borno tin; 'olloctive Lniinu ol' I'djiuas. Scl> mlxI section. 92 VAIMiri'ir-S OF 'I'lIK HUMAN SPECIES. |)|-i)iiiiiii'ii( : (lie cyr i-. >iu;ill(r lliiin in tlic Aii-^tiMlians. ;iiul tlic piiiiil i-^ of a mixed ;;n'('iii^ii ami l)r(i\viii'-li linl : tlir iiosf is cxct'ssivily Hal. the aia' liciiis; lliiii and depressed above, hiil In lii\\ dis;j;usliii<;ly iipeii. thus eorrespdiidiiin' in lateral extent with the wide mnnlii : the latter j)nijec'ts like a snout, with (hiek lips of a hiinht red color: and the eiiin is almost s(inare. ^ith a very -eanly heard. Their lower extremities are thin, lonu; and diNiiroporlioned, in which respect Ihcy re-emide the Australians. The more remarkable eomniunities o|' this family are the following-. The peo|)le ol' ^'an Dieinen- Lanil have IIk precediu'^- eharaeteristics in the extreme, although their eouiiliy is as cidd as Ireland. So also the natives dl' (he (inal Auilanian Nland. who are of saiall stature, with slender linihs, protuherani ahdomen. hiu;h shoulders, and laii;c heads. I'xhihitinii'. in the laniiuan'e (d' '.'olonel Syiiirs. a horrid mixture of famine and ferocity.* Eorsler conijiares the i)eople ol' Alallieolo to niiiid^eys. and assi rls that he had seen no Nenrois in wIkuu the l'oreli( ad was sd depressed. This lamily is aNo found in the numerous islands adjacent to New (iuinea. as Ni w Uritain. Admiralty Maud, the Hermit islands. \.c. Ill Santa t'lu/, they are s;ud to he less inleiisily hlaid<. and to have large fon Iliads. 'I'hey also iiihahit 'I'anna and Erroinan^a. Vanikoro. \ iti. New Ciilo- donia and many other islands; an I lliei'e is eveiT I'eason to litlievi' that they arc the alHiiiiiiual inhaliilants of these xarioiis localities. The I'viM As. It has ain ady lieeii remarked, that the tei'm I'dpuii has heen LlTiiei'ally a|iplied to all the lijaek raeis df the Indian Arehipehmo : hut (\\\o'\ and (iainianl have i'eeeutl_\ esi,ddish( il the fact ilial the true I'apuas are a hybrid i'aniily of .Malays and Oceanic Negroes. These Pa|nias are of the middle stature. Mul ;:eiurally j-.relty wt II I'lirimil. yet (bey oecasiiinally have alteimated limbs. I'lieir skill is nut black, but a dark brown: and their hair is \(ry blacdx. neither lank nor crispi d, but wonlly. ratbei' tine, and so mmdi l'ri/,/b il as to i;i\( the ippearance of enornnius maLinituib to the head: and they comb out these wiry locks in such maniK r as to make the mass three feet in diameter. They have !iut little heard ; the nose is sensibly llatteiied. the lips thick, and the cliei k hones iai'ii'e : but tbei'e is nothin'j,' disnustiii^- in their physioi:noniy.l The Papua skulls liiiun (I in Freycinct's \ o_\auc. have tlu broad face (d' the .Malay, and the whole head is snmewhat I'oundi d. with larire pai'i( tal protub( ranees. j; laiiKa'-^y lo .\v:i, |'. l.lo. \..V. (1.- I'l llillK. \\ e. I'l. 1 ai • ll.iiiv. l.'IfMiiiiii, , I. ],, ^ THE AUSTIMLIAN FAMILY. 93 The moral and intellectual character of tliesc jRople appears to 'IH'er in nothinj; from that of the fjeniiine Negroes hy w'loni they are surrounded. Tiie views of tlie French naturalists as to the origin of the Papuas arc i parlieulariy prominent iiwiiiu; to it> widlii. and the u'reat size of the lips. The nose is Hal and broad, and liie nostrils ex|)niuie(l. A deip sinus separates the nose from the forehead : the frontal riiiu^es often overiian;;- the lyes. while the Inreliead itself is low. and slopes rajiidly to tlie top of tlie head. Dampier remarks of them Ih... they li(dd up their heads and half eldse tlieii eyes, as if Inokini; at tile sun: whiiii he supposes is (Imie to keep etl' tlie multitudes of insects jiy whieli they arc surroiuuled. Their hair is |(Mii;rr tiian in the Neijro. eoaise and often much frizzled, yet rarely woolly.^ Tliey are jiassioiiately fond (if war : and as their fierce and vindictive tempers seldiuii allow them to pardmi an enemy, there is a perpetual provocation to fend and liiomlslud. Kveii tiieir ciniitsjiip. if it merits that name, consists in a violent aliduetioii of tlie ohjeet of desire, and their women are treated tliroiii;hoiit life witii a hriilaiity periiajis unparallelled in any other coiuitry. Tiiey are to the last deji-ree tiithy in their iiersons and iiluttonous in their eatini;: and their dances helray the lieeiitioiisness of llieir morals. || It is not probahle that these people, as a iiody. are capalile of any oilier than ' ''p'- •''■''• t I,|.>,oN. \oy. ill! hi C.uimilo. /nol. t I'lOrEiAini, I'liys. Ilisl. of M;ui, I, p. 377-380. §Hkkt.in, .\. Sinilli Wales, p. 1S7.— U.vnBiNOTO.v, I! Uiiiiy l!ay, p. ^i^. II lillK.TON, p. '.'(),'. at I, p. -s; J !)J VAHir/riKs OK 'nii: human sphcies. a very >lii;lit dcmcc ol' cis ilisntimi. •• Korty yiMis liiivf cliiiiscd siiK'c tlic iMnmlrv wiis cdlmiiscil." siiys Air. lirctnii. ■• mid 1 have mil yd luard dl' a siiiiilc native liavini;- liccii riclaiiiicd IVdiii harliarisin."* Vet \>y tluir (•(intact with (lie Kindiicans Willi liavc (if latter years settled the riinntry. tliey liave Idst niiieli of Ijic natural t'enifity of tiieir nianiiers. and lluy Imve in many iiislaiiees lieeimie indiistiiiiiis lalinrers. Tliis is tJK iikhc reniaikalile wiien we relleet iin (heir (iriniitive mviim; lialiits. wiiieli prevented tlieir tilling; tiie earth, er ddniestieatiim; (he indinciidiis animals: I'dr they dhtained Inim day Id day a casual siilisistence alnmst sdldy iiy (isliinii and the chase. f 'I'he laiiiiiiaiies dj' the Australians are peculiar tn tliemsidves. and as vet lint little niiderstddd: hut it is iidw i slahlish, d tiiat they hdrniw little iir iidthiiin iVdm the Sanscrit. t 'I'he Anslraiians are whdlly (hlicicnl in maritime skill and enterprise. 'I'hey paddle ahm?; their Cdasts seated crdss-lei;i;vd (in a Idi;-, iidr is there any evich nee that they have ever cnissed the straits which separate them Inim Van Dieinen's Land.^) 'riic wislcni cdasl of New lldlland. and some of the adjacent islands, are inliaiiiled liy people wild have the i;ciieral (diaracter of the Australians with sdine traits of the Oceanic-Xe-iro : tiius at .AhdleviUe Island (lifteen mih^s frdiii the iidith cdast) tluir teet are lar-e. •■their heads Hat and hroad. with Idw fiireheads. and the liiU'k df liie head projects very much: their hair iis strong like lidrse-hair. thick, curly, and fri/./.h d. and very hlaek : their ey. hrows and cheek hones are extrenndy prominent, and their eyes Miiall. sunk, and very keen and hri-iit : nose Hat and short, the upper lip tiiick and projecting, mouth remarkahly lar-e. with re.-ular. line, white teelii : chin small, and lace much contracted at liottom "|| Tli(-y have hm- husliy hoards, and. like the Australians, scarify the skin in place of tattodintr. -'-•. riii: AI.FOltl.W I'.\.MILV. Of all the f.imilies of mankind, the Alfdcrs. (ir Ildrahiras. are perhaps least ' N. Soiilh \V:iliN. |i J Id. + This -1,1,. my |u,'iiin' is .I.mivimI I'mm tli,' ltcuI iniiji.rily nf ii1,s,tv( r- ,,| .XiisUali;,,, |,|,.. Tho iv;id(-T luciy C'lisiill J)awson\s .liislralia lor s,.iii,. very (liHiiviii vk'Ws, xvIihIi, |,„«vv,'i-. m],],, :ir to hr biass,.,i l,y a i:;,,uiii..o an,! a.'livc spirit of luncvolctin.. S, o als,) l.an-'s Polyiiesia.i .\ali,.e. ', Vn■.lA^. N. S. Wall's. |,. iU). ^s Camp,,,,,..., hi Trans. l{„y. C'ol:. So,'. Ill, ,,. I5,s. !l (-'AMPiiKi.i., ill 'fraiis. Itoy. (;,.,>g, Soc. of l.,iiii|,,ii, III, |i. ir,;). THE ALKORIAN FAMILY. 9. 5 kiniwii. Friini Uw accDunls of voyjii^jcrs tluy nppcur (o lie more w.irly ullicd to Ihc Aiistfali.iiis tliaii to anv iiIIm r pcdpl. 'Vht-y linvc llic Hal iiosr. |)roj(ctiiig clicck lioiu's, larj^c cyi's. and .salient teeth. oC tlie Neuro, witli straii^lit. Cdarse, loiifr liair. Their linihs are hmji and lliin. and tlieir \vh(de exterior re|)iilsiv(; in the extreme To this it is a(hh(l tliat they are sullvy, stiij)id and I'erocions.* Tile vVll'oers are eonsidered aboriginal to many islands (d' t!ie Indian Arclii- pelat^o. They are most n\imerons in New (Juinea. the .Moluccas, and MaL,nndano: in Celehes tiiey are said to he sometimes as lair as the Malays, and tiie savage Dyaks of IJorneo appear to helon-- to liie same family. It is not improi)ahle. as Dr. I'rieliani sn-u;ests. that the All'oers are hnt a hraneii of the Australian .stock.f .XnTi:.— Tlif ni;i|. whirh pnvr.l.'s ihi, «-<,rk is (Icml'Mc(1 Iu sIimu-, i|i,,iil.|i ,,ii ii Mii:ilK,;i|r. iI,,- -(.■ou'r;ii>hir;il (lisiiiliulidii ..I'llir livr ];ii',-s (.riiim; mill ili.. Imivs ul il.iii;iii:ali(jii ari; llm.sr imlical.d In- l^■ol;•s,^,.|■ liliiiii.iili;h;li,iisv|,,u,,uiiL' Ihr (hllrivui variclirs ,„■ i;,.,vs ii, il,,. |,rinuliv.; cimclis ,,f ilic .v.irM. Ill .'vrry siirh ;iliriii|.i s,,iiii- ,in:ir|i|-,,nisnis ;uv iiiiaviMibhl^-. .■iii.l \vi iiccrsx-n ily jU'l-c ,,1' ■"""l""y 'i' I'l" "li-'TV.-ili.Hi of ni.Mlmi liiiirs. Th.. .nirirnls. inr cxaiiiiilf, Kiirw link ..f Aliic:i, ..ml iioilnnu'nlWinrrhM iniil I'm' is|,-iii,|s of iI„. I'lialir (),v,-in. m,h |,, n,rnii,,i, a ii„i|inu,|.. ,.rsiil„,p|iii:ilr .1. ■tails; Iml u-(. assiiin.. ihal llir iiih.il, Hauls of ili,,s,. r,,iiMliirs wnr csscnlially the saiuo at ihu Cliri.sliaii ■'■' '!'■" ""'V'"'^ ""^^- ■'''"■ ""■•"■y l"'lwr„ ihr C.uir.iMaii and .MnNL'nIiaii races is e.xiivi.irly \a-Ui', l.iil I'nifrsMir llliiia.'iiliarh's liiir .uliirli IS an a|i|ir.,.\iiiialinii to arciiracy runs Iroiii ihr CaiiU'-s in a iin,il,wr,s|,.|„ ,liiv,iin,i i,, il„. Cispiaii s,,,, ;,n,l ihnirr i„ i|,r rivrr (]|,i, ii, liuss,,-,. At a .■omparalivrly iv.viil ,.rnu,l, howrvr, s.'vrnil .Muii-„liaii nations liavr t-staliiishcl tlirnis,.|v.- ui I-',nro|ii', ;is the Samoyislrs, l,a|il.iii(|ris, &^c. 'I'lir Klliiopiaii line is drawn inirlli ..f tho Srni-'al rivir iiblh|iicly cast ;inil suiaii t(j the sduilii-ni ironlierol' .Vbys.iuia, an.! tlin,,-,' t.. Cap., (ui.inhilin, thus eiiihra.aiit; the Alla.s iiumnta."^ Ol th... lall.M hti:.' IS Kiiinvn: hut iii.any .N.^-r.. nations iiili;,hit to the north of tliciii, at tin; sain..' In. thai lli. .\r.ah inhi's h.iv.. p.ai.'trat.al fir hryonil ili,.in I., th.' sonlli, an.l in s.iin.. [.la.-.s liavi; lorni...| a nii\...| ra.'.' will, iho iialivi! trihus. ■ i-i:ssoN. \'.iy. do la (,'oqiiillr, Zool. I. p. lOJ. t l!csc'ari'li..'s, I. p. Jfij. C 11 A iV I A A 31 I : |{ r C ANA. THE ANCIENT PERUVIANS. Pr.ur is a narrow strip of land lutwcin tlic Andes and llic sea, bonnded (in the south liy a ilrscrt. Its line cliiiiatc. its iiroductive soil, and its proximity to till' ocean, render it one of tlie most iiitereslin;;- divisions of tlie southern continent; and its advantages appear to have heen t'ullv appreciated hy the ahorinincs them- selves, for there is eviilenee that several poiiulous nations held successive domini(ui in tile country. Ili-tory. even before the advent of tlie Spaniards throws much lii;lif on one of tlie~e nations; that, for instance, which was i;overned hv the Incas : vet. with re-.|)ect to the others, we know little ei-.i' than what can be gleaned from their nionniiH iits and ceineterio : and however ineairre these facts mav aiijiear. they po^epulclire of the I'eruvian naliiius fur siu'cssive ai:;es : for. while tlie ehniati- ti ikK ratlier to the desiccation than to the decay of tiie dead, tiie mixed -and and -alt of Ihi de-ert have con- ti'ihuted to the -ame end : anil the lifeie-'s liodies of wlioli' i^enerations nf the former iniial)itanl> of i'l rn ma_\ now be e\aniiiie(h like tiiove from the Tlieban catacombs, after tlie lap-e of linnih-ed-. peiliaji-; of thousands of vcar<. '{'he ureal numlier of tiie ilead tbu<- remainim; in Pern, ha- been a subject of surprise to all traveller-, and serve- to comcy an idea of the va-t population that has at diirerent " 'I'iic (IrM'it (if AlacMiiia ilivi.irs ihi' kiuL'Jnin nf Vvru iVnm ihal oi' Cinli'., an,! is ncaiiy an iiuiidrcd |ra'_'iics 111 lrn'_'lli. •• III iIh' inalvt ,.1' ii is ihr Itivi r nf Sail, llm wali'r uiinrnni' is sn liiac|,isli thai it p|n..rlii;y L.'iiius llimli 111 llm haiiil, n|- any vt-^i;!. and llir hanks arc rnvi red uuh sail," — 1 li:iiiii:ii \. I)... IV. l.ib, 1\-. Cap. I. n TIIK AN'CIFA'I' I'KliUVIANS. 97 liifidiN derived its siilisisteiice Iriiiii tliiit ('(Miiilrv. Piir exniiiplc we lire tdld hy Mil iiileiliu,i'Ml voviincr. liiiit liiiviie;- l;uuleil ;il \( run jn, ju I'eni. in llie year 1G87, hi rmiiid tlie \ieinily nT lli;it lnuii -n vtrewcd willi desiceated liodio. that, in Ills iiwii laiii;uii:;e. a man iiii^lit liave walkid a iiiih' and a lialf. and trod on tlieiii at e\i'r\ step.* TlieM' (■ireuiii--laiii'es JDiii; since niaih' ine (h'>ii'inis to olilain a series (if crania I'nini the l'eni\i;in sepnlciin s. in (irder to aM'rrlain. if possihie. \vhctlicr lhe\ present indications of more than oik' ureat I'ainily: oi'. in otiier words, to iiKinire wiiether anion'.: tiuni I conhl ti'ace siudi departures from tlie well known t\pe of tlie American race, as wouhl lead to the ^n|lpo•^ilion liiat this (■(intineiit \\a^ fonnerh inhahited iiy a piuralil\ of races. In iiniMiiiiLi; this iniiniry I have lieeii ^o fortunate as to iia\i' the e\aniination. in my own and otiier colleclions. of neari\ one liuiidred rernvian crania; and llie rc'^nlt i-. that Peril appear> to liave heeii at dill'ereiit tinier jieopied liy fwo nalion^ of iliirereiilly formed crania, one id' wiiicli i- periiaps extinct, or at lea'-l exists only a^ Idended hy adveiililious circuni-'tanci".. in xarioii- remote and scattered trilies id' the pri sent iinlian i-ace. Of the-i' \\\i) families, that whiidi was antecedi nt to the appearance ol' the jncas is desii^iiated a^ the .liicliiil /'i ruridii. of which the remains have hilherto heen I'omid onh in Pern, and especially in that di\ision of it, now called IJidivia. Till ir toinlis. accordiiin' to ;\lr. I'enllaiid. ahonnd on the shores and islands of the ureal i>ake Titicaca. in the inler-alpiiie \alley of llie Desaiiiiadera, and in the elevated valleys of ihe I'ernvian Andes, hrtweeii the laiiiiides III' M and 1!» ;](( Miutli. The country around this inland si-i was calleil Collao. and the sit|. of what appears to ha\e lieeii their chief cily. hears the name of Tia^uanaco. Let iis now lilean from the few sources lliat are o[)en to us. what can he discovered of the physical and inlellecliial character of these jieople, their history and tradition. Our know led;;e of their physical appi'arance is derived solely from their tomlis. In stature they appear not to ha\e heen in any respect remarkalile. nor to have dill'ered from tlie connate natinns except in Ihe conl'ormation of the head, whiidi is small, finally elongated, narmw its whole leiiLSth. with a very retreatinu- Ion In ad. and possi ssinu more symmetry than is iisii il in skulls o|' the American race. 'I'lie face projects, the upper Jaw is thrust t'orward. and the teeth ari' inclined outward. The orhits ot' the eyes an' lariie and rounded, the lucal hones salient, the zyji'oinatic arches expanded: and there is a reniarkalde sini[)licity in the sutures that connect tile hones of tile cranium. I I i Wakkh. \'(>y. |> Hi .J 9S (KAMA \Mi;iiK ANA. 'I'lii' lirst idea llinl ncciir^ to cvcrv one dii IiinkiDj; ;il ii xiic-^ of llirsr -kiills lli;il tlirir l)t( iiliarilirs aiT in n "fcul iiiciiMirc Mrtiliciiil. If. Iii>\m vrr. we I'lirc- Ciillv cxainiiic thf (r.miuiii liiiurcd mi the i'nurtli pliiti'. lotictlicr ^\illl tlu' accuni- |)aii\iii^' siiiallir mitliiu •*. ^M• I'liul im cn iilciicr nT iiu I'liaiiical (•llllljl|■(•^*ion. 'I'lii-^ lie, III. nil till' ciiiilrai'v. a|i|i(;ns In lie nf tlic natural rnrni. iiiialli nil li_v ait: ami it i^ I'miii'i'd a^ an illiistrativr tviir nl' (lir cranial |ifniliarilir>- ol' tin' pi npic miw nndiT t'i)ii>idrratiiin. It iiiu>l alniii-t invarialdy lia|i|irn. that wiini the rnnlicad (if a nalnrallv I'liniulcd lirad li.i^ III I'll niiii'li i'iinii)i'i"-M(l liv art. tln' liai'k and lalrral |la|■|^ nl' tlir franiiini Ihcoiih' iii'ii|)iirlinnallv r.\|iaiidi'd. in nrdi r in niakr ninni fnr tlir liraiii lint ha^ liiiii (li>i)lacril I'i'nni till' aiilrrini' cliinilii r. T 111--, aniline; ail the >|)('cinirii- I liavi' M'lii nf tlii^ driiirinitv. I'imiii llir Irilir^ mi tlir Cnliiiiiliia ii\( r. llir aiicii nl iiilialiitaiit- i>\' Nrni/.uila. tin- C'liarili'- nl' tlic Antilles and ^nnic tiiln^ nf l*i rn\ iaii'^. I liavr lllt't witll nn i\('r|itiu||s tii ||]c ll|-iCi d illL;' mil'. All tlir^r iialinns have, iiatiirallv. -|dirrnidal head-, and tlic ir^nll nf inridianical (•iiin|)rr^>iiiii i-^ siudi as alinvc doci'ilird : a pninl nn wliiidi tin- I'l ailrr can jiulLir fnr liiin»rll' liy cmii|iariiin' the illnstratinn> in varimi- parts ni' tlii^ \\niiv. Nnw the heads of these ancient Peruvians selilnin jireMnt siH'li laleial expan-inii; hilt nn the cnnti'ary are as reinarkahle I'm- tin ir iiarmw iiess as fnr iheir length. In fad their ln\v facial annle. their sjiipinii fnrehead. and their prntriidiiiL; face, niiiihl had In a snspieinn nf a Neurn nriiiin. were it imt fnr the nnaiisweiahle e\idence deri\ed frnni the texture nf the hair. This is iinifnr:idy Iiiull- and lank, and appears tn have lieeii wnrii at full 1 ■iiLTtli hy Imth scm-s. and iN natural lilae!viies> is priMived iintw ithstandiiii; centuries III' inhuniatinn. i am Ini In admil tliat the naturally elniiiiatcd heads nf these penple Were nl'tell rendered llinre sn hy the IlllerM ulimi nf art. hilt snidi examples are fnr the must part readily delicti ij. || is a I'ealiire hnlh nl' ci\ ilised and sa\a^e cnniinunities In ailiuire their n\\n natinnal char.icterislics alinve all others, and hence where nature h is denied an iiiiai:!iiar_\ urace. art is called in to snp|(ly the dificieiicv ; and even where there has heeii nn sindi delicii iicy. hiiniaii vanity prnnipts tn extravaLLance. 'I'liiis | have sn n siniie skulls nf this race which iiiiist have heeii naturally \( ry Inw and lom;: yet in nnhr tn cxaLiL::i'rate a feature that was cmisidei'ed heauliful. enin|iri ssinn has lireii applied until the wlede head has assumed ninre the cdiaracler nf the inniikey than the man. An i \aniple nf this kind will he sreii in the liflh plate, w hen in the e\ idi nee nf anilieial llattenillti' of il e fnrehead is lindeliiahle: hilt the cnULieliital Inw liess nj' l||is reninll and lireat leiiLi'lli III' the head, hase made vi ry little cnni|iressinn necessary to eU'ect the desired ohject : will nee there has ri suited hut a trilliim' expansion of the posterior and lateral parts of tin skull. On tin ntlnr hand, had this craiiiuiii liccn of the J ^llll> we Ciiri'- JICCOIll- .111(1 It III! IKIW it 11 nil ly i>r till' liii tliHl iiicns I inci( lit IIMMIIS. iicii as |iariiii;- llicirllt ire as aiiii'li II (if i I'M lire worn niliiiir Mich lilted Vr a I III III iiiiaii Jiii'ii idirc luail Ic (if iiiiiy; 'Teat nor Tin: ANCIENT PEUUVIANS. 99 roiiiulcd I'oriu coiuiikhi to llic Aiiiiricaii Indians, aiu 1 cspcciallv lo llic existing Peruvians, it is (liiVuMil to imaLiiiit: 1)V wliiit coiiiiili x contrivances llie |ircs ent sliaiie coll 1(1 have lieen [irodiiceil. it vvoiiU! 1 lie natiiral to siiiiiinse. that a peoiiie with heads so small and liadlj' rorined would occupy the lowest place lu the scale ol' liiimaii iiitell melice Such. however, was n Peru anil T'or lo it the case and it remains to show, that civilisation exi .ted m the advent of the liicas. and that those anciently civilised people constituted the identical nation whose extraordinary skulls are tiiu siih;|(cl (^r our present in(|iiiry, that 1 le saw. was the first iravellers in I'erii. and perhaps the very first wlio recorded v of Pi/.arro. Althoufih Pedro de Cieea. an olllcer in the arm an unlettered man. under Ills o len'j;tii. is he descrilies with simplicity and clearness wliatever came hservatiou; and the follow ini; passage from his work. aUlioui!;h of some ted w ith the present imiuiry. that I shall interestiiii; .and so coiinec venture to i;ive it eiitiic r la'^iiamco. :avs le. •• IS not a verv lari;e town, iiul it is deservinti of notice on acco lint of lie trrea t edi wiiiel 1 are si ill t o lie sei II in it : near llie priiieip; if these is an artificial liil 111 a i;roiin(l\vork ot stone H e\dllll tliis hill are two stone II aililicer-. lols. ililini;- tile liiiiiiaii iiLjure. and apparently formed hy ilful UK 'I'liey are of soiiiewliat liinantic size, and appear clothed in loiij;- vest- worn hv the natives of tliese provinces: and their nt> (lilVerinti from those now head s are also ornaiiK iited. Near ll se statues i- an edifice wliich. on account ol its antiiiiiity and tl le aiiseiice of letters, leaves I IS in iiiliorailee of the people will consiriK ted it am 1 siicii iiu (1 1 las lieeii the lapse of lime since its erection, that itile remains hut a well hiiilt Wi which niust have heeii there for au lor til- stones are verv much worn anil cririihleil 111 this place. al>o. there are stones s(i lav <>■(■ and so over irowii that our wiuider is excited to compveheud how the ( lower if mail could have placed them where we see them. Iv wroiui'ht. and some haviiiu; the form of men .Man 1h tones are various must have heen their idids Near the wall are nianv caves and excavations mu! ler tl le ear ilaci wav* to the west are other and liieater monuments, coiisi h : hut in another still!;- of huiic i^ate- tlieir hinges, platforms and porch ich of a sin"le stone What most surprised me while eimaiied in examinins"; and recordiiit; these thinu;s. was that the ahove eiiormoii- natewii} s were formed on other tireat masses of stone, some of which were Ihirtv feet loiii;. fifteen feet wide, and six feet thick. Nor can 1 conceive with what tools or instrnmen ts these stones were hewn out: for it is obvious that before they were wrouirht and brought to perfection, they 10(t CHAMA A.MKWICANA. niusi liitvf Imtii vastly li»iu;tr tliaii \\v now sec lluin. Hcforr I proceed lo a riirtlicr Mccoiiiit (if 'I'ia^iiaiiicii, I must remark lliat tliis moii'.imt'iit is the most ancient in Peru : lor it is su|)|)nseil liiat sume ol' llu'se structures irtn Imill louj^ Iwforc l/ie iloiniiiion of flic /'im.v. ami I have heard the Indians allirm tiial tiiesc si)verciu;ns cdustiucted their ureal !iuildini;s in Cu/cn after tiie plan nf the walls of 'I'iaijuanicii, and they add llial llie liist Iiums uere accustomed Id Imld their court in this place. Another very curimis lact is, that in the greater part of this territory there arc no (|uarries nor rocks whence (he materials for these strucl>ires could have heen derived. 1 asketl the natives, in the presence of Juan de Varau;as, (who commands here.) if these ediliees weic h\iilt in the time of the Incas? Hut Ihry lau;;hed at (he (|Ues(inn. repeating what I have already slated, addinu; that (hey did no( know who Iniill tiuni. hut (hat lliey had a trailition of their ancestors that these structures ajipeared in a siniile nii;iit as we now see tiiem."* 'IMiese statenienl^. an>l many olliers to the same pur|)ose. are conlirmcd by the \ iear-i;eneral. Dii i;o (h- Ah'(dia/.a. \\lio also visited 'Tianuanico. and has left an account of the architectural Wdnders he saw there. t It will he (di<.ei'\(.(l hy the precedim; narrative, (hat tradition amoni; the Peruvians attriluited these eyeloiiean slrue(ures (o an era lony; andcedenl to the .ippearance of (lie Inciis. and (his (radition is sustained liy history: for (he ci(y of Tiaiiuanieo did not fall in(o (lie haiuis of (he Incas un(il (Iw reiijn of .Mayta \ upaM(|Ue. the foiiidi kin^-. a( wiii(di period the ediliees in iiuestinn must have been in exisience fni' cen(ui'ies. miuI \\(re already in a state of ruin and decay. (Jarcilasn de la \'e'j;a. himself of (lie royal Peruvian family, admits that these ruins existi'd at the time the country was eon(piered by his ancestors ;]: and a Peruvian author, two centuries and a half nearer our own time, states that 'l'iai;uanico is indisputably anterior to tiu' monarchy of (he Incas. ;md speaks, as if from personal observa(ion. of a iiinantic pyramid and eoloss;d human lej;ui'es cut from solid rock, indicadve of (be powtr and n'uius of a i;rea( nation.//' 'I'be (irs( invasion of the Incas was followtd by (be erecdon of sonic temples to enforce the new r( ligion. but their only ureal architeclural nuMiunu nl in these |)arts. (he 'remjile of (he Sun on the inland in Titicaca. was not built \mlil the reii;n (d' 'I'apac Vupaminc. the tenth Inca. early in the (ifteenth century, llerrera also alludes lo a tradition ■ l'r;niio iir. ('11:1 \. ( limnirn drl I'cru, flip. 10,';. I'^iim. Aiivcrs, I."),']). — Sec iilsii Acosta, Ilisl. lit; his III, has. l.ih. VI, Call. XIV. t (i.Muii.Aso UK i.A \'i:(iA, ('diiinifiilarins, I.ili. Ill, Cap. 1. } Idem. Loco citiitii. ^Mkiucuki 1'kiii'an(i, Lima, 17I»L TIIK ANCIKNT PKIIUVIANS. KM 1)1' tlic Imliiins (liiit tliisc; ((liCicts liiul Ixcii buill liy Amazons iil a rcTiiolc era. imr iiri' (lie liit'as niciitiniiril as liaviii^j; liad any pari in iIk ir ('(instrnctiiiii.' "It is proljalili." says lliunlioldl. '-tliat tlic ((liliccs wliicli arc calldl in I'trn I)V tlif name "I' Iniid-pUtv.m Unildini;^ of tlii' Inca. do md date t'u.tlnr liack lliau the lliiiiiiutli fcntnry. Tliovc at Vinaqno and 'I'lairuanico wire ninstruclcd at a more ninotf period ; so also \vi re tlif walls (d' indiakcd luick, which were made bv till' ani'ii'nl inhahitaiiLs of (iuito. It is to he disiivd that some intclliijint Iravt Her nonld viNil the hanks (d' tlic urcat lake 'i'ilicaca. the piovincc id' (.,'ollao. and more c-ipicially tiic ticvatrd plain of 'riau;uanicn, \\hi(di i^ tin' ctntic of an ani'itnt civilisitioii in tiiis region. "f It will now he a^kcd what evidence can he adduced to prove that the people, who^e remains we are considerini;-. were the >^anie with those who have left the arcliilectnral nionnments of 'I'ia'j,nanico and 'I'itieaca : The fact is otahlished hy the (diservation-i of Mr. Fentland.an inl( lliu'ent Kn^li^h tvavf Her. who has recently vi-ited the iijiper provinces id' I'erii. This ncnlleniau states that in the viciinty (if Titieaea he ha^ -discovered innunterahh' toniiis. hundnds id' w liich he i iilered and examined. These n iiments are (d' a urand species nf design nnd aridiitec- tin-e. res, inldiiiLt Cyelopian remains, and nil unworthy of the arts of ancient (ireece or l{(Uue. Tiiey therefore hetiikened a hi^h eondilion of civilisatitui : hut the most extraordinary fict Ik lonirin^; to them is their iiivariahly containing the mortal remains (d' a raci> of nun. of all ages, fnuu tiie earliest infancy to maturity and (dd aiie. the formation of whose crania seems to prove tliat they are an extinct race (d' natives who inliahited upjier I'eru aiiove a tho\is;uul years an'o. and dill'eriniJ! from any mortals now iidiahitinn' our i;lohe. The site is hetwceii the fom'teenth and nineteenth deiirees of south latitude, and the skulls found (of which specimens are hoth in London and Paris) are remarkable for their extreme extent behind the occipital foranun: for two-thirds of the weijiht id' the cerebral mass must have been deposited in this wonderfully cloni;ated posterior clianihc r: iuid as the boms of the face were also much elon,>;ated. the u:eneral appearance must have been rather that id" some of the a()e family than of human heini^s. In the tombs, as in those of Kgypt. parcels of urain were left beside tlie dead: and it was another •llisi. Dir. Ill, l.ib. IX.Ciip. 1. t Miimuiirnls, 1, p. -).— Soo also Dr. iM'Ciilloh, (Kcseairlirs, y. lOii.) who ri'iuarks, in coiilirni:!- tioii, "thai ;i I'lTUuii degrei! of .loiiu-mvilisatiou prevailed in the nations a.ljoiiiiny tlic IVinviun oiiipirc, which was not ilurivcd I'roiu their coiniiiuiiication with the latlrr.' 2(J J IIIJ CKWIA AMKIIKANA. Ml ii;iiliir circiiinNtiiiici' llial llic iniii/i'. or Indiiin (mhii. mi Icl'l, wii-* tlill'ircnl iVniii ll\ tllilt linu (Nistld ill llic CiilllltrN ." !Mr. I'liitliiiiil cxprr' Ills ill CK l.d '1' ' tli;i( llir r\trai>nliiiiirv fornix lluis l)riMii.";lil to till' liitlil III' (lav at'ti r llnir Imiu; •xijninii. cinild iml lir alliiliutrd tn pri'ssnif, iiraiiv cxli riial lnrcr. similar In ilial >till rinplnyrd liy many American trill' and addiicrd. in (-nnl'irnialiiiii nl' tiiis \ii'\\. tiir n|ijiiiiins if Ciiviir. Ill" (iall. iiid of maiix ulln r iialiiiiiii^l^ and aiiatiinii-l-«. On llii'^r i;riiiinds lir was nl' ii|iiiiiii that liny ('iiii>liluli'd till' |)ii|iiilatiiiii nl tliisr rlivalrd I'l III I'liir llir ari'ixal nl' till' prrsinl Indian |i(i|iiilali(iii. \\liiili in iN pliysiral cliaraclrr'". cn-lom-. i^c. ma ly analiitiirs willi llir Asiatic |iiipu|aliiin nl' the idd wmld. 'I'lir preceding facts aiijicar In r>lalili>h tun inipnrtant pniiinsjlidiis; tirsl. that the |ii'imilive I'einviaiis had atl;nned In a cnnsideralile decree of civilisalinii and reliiiemeiit. sn far al least as archileeliire and snilptnri; may he adduced in evidence, hini; hefnic the liicas appiaied ill tiieir cniinlry : and sicnmlly, that lliese priinilivc I'eniviaii^ were thr sunie pmple wiinse elnimaled and s(( iiiinuly hriitalised crania imw arn-t niir atleiilion: and il remains In iiii|iiire. wlulhei' thesr mr \\\v sanw peiiple whom the Incas fnimd in |iiivs(svinn nf I'eru. nr wlulhir their naliim ami pnwer were already extinct at thai e|inc|| ? 'iMie mnderii I'ernvian empire had existed upwards of I'niir hniulied yejirs at the time (if the Spanish ('iin(|nes|. sn tlmi i|s nrinin may he dati-d snmewiiere ahniil the year 1 KMI nf niir era. N'nw il appears thai amniit; the first military eiilerprises nf this tiew family was the cniii|iiest nf Cnllan. which piisscssi'd a prndiiclivi' snil and a warlike pnpiilalinn, and emhraci d within its cnnfmes the Lake Titicaca, frnm which the Incas pi( tended tn ha\c derived a siipernalnral nrin'in. Every etlnrt was ihrnlnrT made tn siihdne and tn desirny the (Julias. 'The Inca Nnpampie watted aicainst them a war (if exterminatidii ; and we arc Inld hy Ilerrera that in snnie of the towns he hit sn few jiersons alive, that inhahitants Were aflerwards sent from other parts of I't iii to cnlniiise tiie wasted districts. t The s;iiiie liistnrian adds, that in nrder further tn depnpnlate the conntry. the iniiahilants were hanisjied from it in larije hodies. and dispersed tlirniiiih nthcr prnvinces nf the ein|iire ; and yet sncli ^^ as the dread in which the new dynasty held these warlike penpie. tiial liiiy fnrhade mon: tiiaii a tlinusand of tllein to • lti'|Mirl III' llii' I'niiilh MriliiiL- 111' ihr I!iiiis|l Aski ici;! I lull fur llii' Ailv.'iiiri'inclil (if Sciciu'f, [i. Il-' I; aiiil Aiiilil ;il li'i'nil--. u l;i. !i wnr n |iulili-.||iil iii \\',ilii;i '^ ,l,iinii;il iil IK'lli's-l.riti'i'S, Isj |. * IllMun.l l|..: Ia,-,lll.ll.i-. I)r, . 111. I, ill. I.X.r. 1. 'I'lU: ANCIKNT im;u(ivians. 103 lir witliiii llic walls of C\i/,cii III :i liiiH'. \<^\ tlii\ -iHnild allciiipt s,,riic nvo- liitimiiirv I'Ulcrprisc. II llirriltiif appears lliiil no im aiis wire 1. II iinliicd to suliilm; ami ixl.iiiiinal.' llu' p<(.plr of C'oila :♦ vd liow lar sucli a s\Mi iii. p.r>is(c(l ill al iiiltnai- I'or iiioiv lliaii Iwo (•ciitiiriis. i-oiiUI lia\c aiiiiiliilali il a wlioli' iialion. I sli all iml allriiipl lo (Icfiilc. Wliiii llif Spaniards look poss(s>i(iii iil" llirsc provincis, llicy round lliini iiiliiihil, (1 liy l)arliaroiis trilifs. and Wn- islands in Ihc lake 'I'ilicafa. svliicli liad oner l.f.n ili^lll\ cnllivali'd. wcrr lli.n waste and vacant. Upon llie lake were seen raits made (d' llie reed called liy llie natives Inloni. and on lliese rafts wlude families made llieir home, lossrd here and tin re upon IIm' waters hy every clianiie of wind. 'I'luy wire in so hrnlali-nl a >lale lliat when ask.il lo what nation ol people they iMdoiincd. Iluy rejilied. "We are not iiien. hnt I'ros," as if they did not consider Ihcmsclves as helon-in- to the human >peeies.t Were these IJro-. (for so Ih.y named their trihe) the n mains of the sava-e colonies sent from (dlier parts u( I'erii to supplant the ('(dlas:' This inference heais at has! th.' stmnp ol prohahility. hnt it still does not aid ns in ascerlainim; wiu tin r the (ollas them- selves were the remains of the primitive civiTiMil l'erii\ iaiis.J It may he addetl. that (iarcihiM) drscrihes the l'(ru\iaii Irihes near the sea coasts, to whom he apjilies the collective name of Ynncas. as liviii- in the nlniost harharism at the advent of th.' inca>. In proof of this statement \h' addnc.s thrir niytludosiy. which accorded divine allrii)ntes lo every Ihin- in which liny (diserved any domiiiaiit exc.lleiice. Tims. s;,ys he. Ihcy worshipped Itie fox for his cnnnin.n. the deer for his swiftness, mid the ea-le for llie perfection of his si-ht. 'i"hese superstitions, however, are not more surprisin- than tlios,. of tlie primilive ap's ol civilisation in the i>lil world: and tin re appears thrmi-hout tiie Spanish iiistorian an evident disposition to dei)reciale tlie character of the ancient triiies (d' I'ern. in order to palliate the crm 1 measures \\iiicii wire resorted to hy the Incas for their snhjunation. (larcilaso himself descrihes a reinarkahh' temple al Pachacamac. which was erected hy the Ynncas : and the Chimnyans. who were sometiiint;- farllier to the south, appear to have possessed extensive and r.-ular edifices. toi;ether with some other attrihutes of civilisation. The inhahitants of Cliimn resisted the Incas with .ureal valor, and appear lo have l.een very superior to most • ('. Mil u.A-ii im: 1. \ \'r,(: A, ('i>iiiimiil. I.ili. Ill, '■']'■ ■'■ t Ar,.vrv, llist. ,1.: las li„lias. I.il,. III. cap. (..-Dr. I.ai.t. Nnvus O.ln--. \a\>. M. 1 In.liau ,raau,„„ .vlaTs that tlw Collas w.av „// .l.>troy..l al ...... btU atUalam^. llus aUastroph. 11 ail iiuuiilalkiii. Sue UiuuEUA. Dni;. III. I-'I'- I^' '■ '■ KM CHANIA \MKIII( ANA. Ill llii ;i(liM('i 111 liilii •> it tlul (;irl\ I porli. \(V( lilii li'x'*. ||n_v nmlil imiI (•(iiiiparc with III) |ii'iiiiilivi iiiilinn nl' ('nlhin: iiiiil u III II \M I'liiil till ri'iii;iiiis 1)1 till' liitli r niiiiiiliil, ;i^ it \M I'l'. ;iiiiiiii>; lliosr nl' tlic linrliiii'iMi<< lioi'iits iin till' sra coii^l, llii'ir |iri'M'ii('i' iii.iv III' lu'ciiiiiilrii I'lir ill llir rii>>ii:ilti('s nl' war nr coiiiiiu'rcc. nr liy that I'nici'il M>tcin III ciiliiiiisaliiiii tn wliicli \m havr alnailv alliiilcil. I liavr rnlliiwiil ii|) till' rcMairlirs nl' llariui lliiinlinlilt ami l)i. M (iillnli willl till' llliiri' /lal. Iircail""!' mi iilllr linln'. Ii IS lu't'll laki'll III' till' Mllijrct li_\ ntlirr wrilii's; ami i'>|n riall v lit'caiiM' wr arc iinvv a llilr III laki' iilir '«tr|i llinl'i' ill llli iiii|iiii'\. Ii_\ sliul>iiiu; llir arts nl' lliisc |)iii|i|i' in cniiiH'cliiiii \>illi lluir ctaiiial rriiiaiiis.' • Ml. 'Sjrv (•||^.l|l Ills ilrscllln'il Sil|||l' \ rrv lllliTr^l IIIL' nillls lir.ll' lIli' Vllbi.'!' <>[ 1 ,1 1 1 _'UII ll 1:1 III lIlL' I'lMV ll'i'r I'l (' l\ llli:ir> 1. u lilrll lir Ml|<|'i>s< ^ l>> In' illilrl l'i|' In llir Iim';i iloliiiiiii in in I'l 1 II, III II |i|'i'- Miils iliisr nni iiii^ 111 III lliii-r of ;i tnuii.iil ulicli iIm' Ii'Uims :iir ;ill liiiill iil^li'iii', siniiiiiniliir.' II ini 1, nr lull 111 1 Mll'iA . ••'I'ln' llillliilll I 111 IIT nill'.'r Hi' H H Ull.'i li:i s W.lIK 1 1|' ;ill lllniZIIIL' lllhl.lll'ss. Ill u Inrli 1 li.ivr inivisiiiril viniii s Iwilvr ll it liiiiL' :iiiil srviii I'l'i't lirjii. rnrinilii; llir whnji' Mile ci|',i niHin, Ullll Mllr III lllilH' I llJi' -Imil's |;1||| .irliiss, wlinll SIMM' :is ;i In.ll \|iil\r llli--r ||iil|MS alKlllnl' Her u ;iv Inili III llii' ^:iiiir iiiiiiiiii r. on ilir h.-nU ii| wliicli up' llir I'nii.iiii I s m iluiir\v:iy~, :iiiil .1 sn'mul row hill lln 11 I :irks III llli' llliilllll:lin. 'I'l:' Innls nl ihi' ^1 cnhil Ini III irnlil li.lil l>n n ■iivrnil Villli slmir, ,inil |ilnlMlil\ Inlllji ll I |iriillli ILIllr ; ,1 ■.rlnlnl IHInl Innllls I ll 11-- 1 1 ^l( 1 1 nil ll|i ' Mi i|s nl 1 1 !!■ I'll ^1 1 Irr , \\ lll.h W r II ,1 I' Vil U nil llm ^1 rnllll I'lnlll IHT, III lllls lllMllllnr nllr ilnlllilr ! l' r n| ilwrlllll',' lnn|||s was 1 11. J almvi' aimiln r in ilm lnu'l.i n| s,vi n Ih I's." Tjir ailllml aiMs llial lliis m i ii s oT linililii|i.'s « ,1s . i|i iMn nl' rnnlillilllL,' llM' lllniisaliil lalilllli'-. aliil lir L'lVis Ins ri'asiiMS I'nr Nn]i|iiisini.' il In Im, nut 1 LTalialA III llln 111' as, ,,, .,n||ii' l|a\iM, ,. Ii n f iniaL'lliril. lull llli rtMilrliri' nf llir Inlll nl ( liiraiiia, ••\il|i|l 1,1 11 -.alnil 111 llln mil imi- nl Ills Irl'lllnry llrl'nlr ll licrallli sliliji'i 1 In l|„. Iliia I'arll.li Ulr. ." I'lusi' nulls |iirsinl iin ll mains nl i|i lirair m iil|iiiiir. alllinni:li snin,. ,,1' ilm s|,,iiis am carvril in ii.iliisi|nrs. >^llllll.n In ilii sn a 10 llir rrinaiiis ni lln.' imiiliril |ialaia.| nl l'arainiiiii;a. Trav, in S, .hiitr. II. p. J.'. 1711. 17 I. r TIIK AN{ IKN'r I'HinVIANS. !(».•» ii|)iin' liitt I r iiii'ir that I'LA'i'i; I. i;\iii\i,\ir.ii in;\i'. iiom iiik i'i;imma\ ( r,Mi:ri;i(V vv \iii( \. ilhir inial II ilii' iin- 'l'lli^ liiail. Iluiu. '' nliviiius|> ,1 (.lir t,( aiiUi(iiily. Iia» iml all Iin cliaiacti is iil' llir Alii'irnI I'cniviaii. iiiii ~ it intiudiin (( ii- an \iiii i|ui\ii('al rxanipli 'il llial lai'c 'I'Ih' I'nri licatl is rxIn'iKlv nln din;;, ami at It i^l |i,iiliallv iikhiIiIi il li_\ arlilicial iiiraiis: Iml till' ^^lll>l• (iaiiiuin is I nltr. Imlli in iS frontal anil parirlal dianiclii's. than is Usual in Hie pi'iiplr mow iniiirr cdnsidi ration. || i> carrliillv and i 111 clually cinlialniiil : tin' lli s|i of tlir iicrk and facr lias hern n in ^'d and ils placf supplifti liy Laiua wmd. and tin wliidi' In ad a|i|iiais |o |ia\c miIis. ipu ull\ undirtcoiic the proi if laiHiini; and dr^inij. Tin' skin is almost Idack. llir socki l> (illid. tlir t'Xlcrnal ;.|)piiiilai''rs id' llic t_\c adiniraldy priM rvrd. and liif liair. \\hi(di is lonn. is t lalioralcly plaited, and disposed wjih Mrcal ajipaniif can'. 'I'lic sharpniss of tin' sniiirciliary ridges indicates (he ellrcl of a lioani or iiaiidai;e. wluidi lias conipn sscd (lie OS frontis and uiilened the wliole luail. 'I'liis is liie nm-t perfecl irislanc f Mnlialniiny;. annum ^1"' Anu'rican nations, llial lias conn under my notice Til liead was found separal( from Iin liody. and env< loped in a sack of conespcuidinii size, made of coarse (luead ov twine. II was disinlernd in tin' vicinity of Arica. and politely liril me for insertion anioiii; tiie illusdalioiis id' litis work, hy .Mr. James IJlakc. (d' Hoston. .Mass;i(diuset|s. The inhaliitants of Port .Muli;ra\e. on the northwest coast, and some other Irihes. decapitate their dead (diiefs. anil pbce the head in a hox hy itself :* from whieii and other circumstances it js pndialde that the present relic was not that of an I uemy. hut a person id' distinction. |)|\o\, \'.i\. [i. ITii. Isl.—'flu^ MiiLMlliir riiMi.iii alsii |iivv;nls in soiilr i.llhc Soiilll Sr:i Isliinl UN 111.- I.:i Irmii' mill Sm-ii'i y Miii'U, ,iihl llir (laiiil'Hi (;riiii|i.— II \\wi>\vnuTir II, [>. J. Hi. lii;i:i iinv. \ ci\. I. |i. I .'I- il 1U6 CUAMA AAIFJJICANA. I'LATK II. AN( IK.Nl' I'l'.IilVI AN. -^ 'I'lii^ (AlrMiinliiiiiry n lie \\;i'< rNliimuil iViMU tlial pai't (if tlir sandy tract ol Ataciinia wliicli i^ iicarcsl to Arica. I nci ivcd it in liaL';in(iit-- IVmu .'Mr. 'I". |{. I'talc (i! Iiii< city, ami liavc luiii ^n ruiliiuatc as tn I'ccumpdsf all tlir ]iai't~. 'i'ln "hsciArr is struck with tlu' ui( ally iiicliin il Inrclicail. tin- cxtrcnir cliiiiLiatinii n| llir wliiilc lirail. and iiinrr |K!ilici:lail_\ liy the h niitli nl' the iiccijiul licliiiul tin ■ ar: yi t thcl'c is hut little lateral e\|)aii^iiill nC the head, \\lii(di. wi'.li the I'aci . i^ naiTiiw in iirii|iiifti(in thriumlmul. 'I'his cranium hel(Uiu'« t" a child nnl niun' than live year^ i\\' aiii . and (U'e^ents tile I'dlliiwin:; iiH a^uii luent^. Liiu^itudinal dianuter. ..... d.f) inches. Parietal diameter. ri'iintai (liaMH'ler. Veilical dianutii'. Kxli'iine leniith nl' he.id and face. Internal ciiiiacity. Capacity oj' the anterior (dianilier. Capacity dl' the [instrriiir cliamher. I.t) inches. {.? inches. 1. ! iindies. 7..') in( lies, f) I. cuhic inches. 1 7. cuhic inches. 17. cuhic inches THE AXCIEN'I' PERUVIANS. 1U7 "LATE 111. ANCll'.NI' I'KKIVi.v;,. N / A skull \\\[\\ II siii'j;iilarly ll;it ;ui(i I'drcnlinji t'nrcluMii. and pnijcctiiii; race. Till' iiari-iiwiirss 111' llic lirail. IkiwimI'. is imt I'ciiiarkaliic. and wry sliijlit prrssurc. if an\'. iia^ licrll applird In lllr frniilal limir. Tiir iaitrl' prrsriits a niundnl ridni' csti iidiii;;- iVmu llir nasal liiuirs liatd;\vards (n tlir s;iiritl;d sulinr. uliii'h rlrvalinn wiiiild prolialdv iiavc lircn nlilili'ialrd if niiicli ciiniiir.ssion had liri'ii iTMirli'd lo. On the ntlirr iiand. a iVirnd lias simni •^(^d that this rjdo-,. |„a_^ lie the iTsult 111' coniprrssjiiM its. If. Iinni liiiatiirrs whiidi havr prrssrd up thr hones pnixiniatr lo thr I'l-nnlal suture of iuraney: vet ^neh a re-ull eould hardly have I'ollowed unle-s the eiuiipriNsinn \va^ ingeniously withheld I'mui thai part nl' the rmvlurd. A'j;aiu. on plate: .Wll and L\' of this work, two >kulls ;,'-e |i.j;ni-ed in whieh this frontal riilj;e is as stroniily developed as in any others in my po^sos^ion. and yet are ihvioiisly devoid of nieehanieal ajjency. Of the few skulU of ancient I'eruvians thai have cmne under my notice, the lar;;er nnmher po^^csses this ridi;c in a strikiuLi deiii'ee. and it is least iihvious in those instances where the llattenin;; process is nio>t ixident. for exanijile in plate \'. MI'.ASl iii'.Mi'.srs. liOni;'itudinal dianntcr. Parietal dianuler. \ eriical diameter. Frontal diauieter. Hxtrenu' leni^lh of head and face. Inter-mastoid aii h. . Inter-masloid line, ().■) inches 5.2 inches .").l inches l.;5 inches S. j inidu's 1 *,.,") inches I. inches I DM CHANIA AMEUICANA. Occipitn-lVdiiliil iircli. Ildi'i/iiiiliil |)(ii|)li('rv. Iiitcniiil ciiiiacilv. .... C';ij);(cil_v nf llif Miilcrini' I'liiinibrr. C;ii);u'ily nl'tlic |)ii>ti rinr cliMiiiliir. . Ciipacity nf ilir cdrdiuil rii^idii. Fncial aiiiilr.. .... l,t.,s iiiclics. IS.r) iiiclics. 72.;") ciiliic iiiclics. 16. ('iil)ic iiiclics. IG.o cubic inches. 1 1.7;^ culiic inches. (iS tlciiTtcs, 'I'lii- -Ivuli lirlniiiiN Id the l'liiia(lcl|ihi;i ."Nhiscuiii. and was h nt nic hy .Mr. 'V. II. I'lalc. 'Tile c utile ile>iccat,(l lidily was dhtaimd iVdiii the hniders of the (le-ert dl' Atacaiiia. iidl tar I'idiii Aiica. 'Plie remains were tlidse of a \\(iinaii wild may havi' reached her thirtieth year. 'I'lie hair ^\as very Idiitj. and had lust none d|' it- natural hlack cdldr. With the hudy \vas I'duiid a small haii. not uiilik<' a iiiddein reticule, in which \\ere cdutaiued sdine cd|i|)er li-h-lcinks and >mall iii-tiumcnts dl' hdiu whi'li wiie prcdialdy used in I'driniiiii" the me->hes df their nets nr dtlier fahric-. .Aiiioni; the enveld|ies were also oh.-ervcd small pieces cd' an ai'dmatic i;uin. 'riirmiLih till' kiiidiies- dl' .Mexaiider Xaysmilh. M-q.. df lidiiddii. I pds>.css ea-|s dl' the -i\ -kiills hi'diiLiht hy Mr. Peiitland Iriim the vicinity id' the lake Titicaea. and live df them are ••trikiiitrly like the spicinieii here liiiured. hotli as re-iiect-- their Li'eiieral fdrm. their nari'dw lace. Ilieir small -ize. and their several diameter'^ : yet Ihey presi lit nidre dhvidus marks (d' arlilicial mudilicatidii. lM>A'l'i: IV. AM ii:.\i' i'i;i;r\i.\N. ^m^ ■r~^ \, 1 have alreaiU alluded Id thi- relic a< I'uinishiii'.: an e\aiii|ile id' the head dl' tin piiiiiili\r I'l ruviai:< ii'iallered hy art : and it may tin rei'dre stand as a type of THE ANCIENT 1*EHUVIANS. 109 the cranial conformation of (licsc people. Thoui!;h the forehead retreats rapidly. Iliero is but little expansion at the sides, and from tiie faee to the occiput inclusive there is a narrown'^ss that seems characteristic of tlie race. The posterior view represents the skull elevaled in tiiat rei;ion without any unnatural wiilth at the sides, and the vertical view sullicicntly confirms the latter fact. .■Mr.VSIHK.MF.N'rs. Lon!>;iludinal diameter. Parietal diameter. . Frontal diameter. \'ertical diameter, . Inter-mastoid arch. . Inter-mastiiid line. . Oecipito-lVontal ai'cli. llori/.onlal periphery. Extreme Icni^th of head and face. Internal capacity, Capacity of tiie anterioi- ciiamher. Capacity of llie po-terior chamber. Capacity' of tlie coronal rcijiou, . Facial aniile. .... 7. 5 inchi's. /).,! ineiies. l.;t inelies. 5.3 iiielies. 1 i. inelies. •J, 3 inches. 1 "). inches. 19. S inelies. S.i inelies. 81.') cubic inches. 31.5 cubic inches. 50. c\ibic inches. 1().25 cubic inches. 7.t degrees. My friend Dr. Uuselienlierii-er. from whom I received this skull, has pre- served tlie following niemoraiidiim of the circumstances under which it was fouiiil. '■ About a mile from the town. (Arica.) on the south side of the inorro. is a ciMiietery of the ancient l'erii\iaiis. There is one path to it over the hill, which is somcNvliat laboiimi-;. and another round the base of Arica Head, which is only ]iractieable when the tide is low. On one side of tiie hill are found the graves of this injured people, indicated by hillocks of uptui'iieil sand, and the numliers of human bones bleiieliinu; in the sun. and poitioiis of bodies, as leg> and :n in-;, or a hand and foot, scattered ovei' the suriiu'e. The surface is covered with sand an inch or two deep, which being removed discovers a stratum of salt, three or four indies in (hiekness. that s|ireads all over the hill. Immediately beneath are found the bodies, in gravs or liole<. not more than three feet in deptii. The body [to which this head heliuiged] was placed in a scpiatting posture with the knees drawn up. anil the hands apjilied to the sides of the head. The whole was '2S lit) CHAM A AMKUICANA. iiiv(l()|)t'(l in i\ CDMrsi' l)iil clitsc lulnic. witli stripes of nil. Nvhicli has witlislmxl WDiiilcri'ullv the ilrslnnini; cHiM'ts of jiijcs. for llicsi' iiitciiui'iits were miulc bcforr (Ir' I'omiucst, tlimii;li at wliat piiioil is nut known."* IM.ATK V. an(Ii;ni' i'i;iirviA.\. I V -1, A/ I liavc not asciTtaincii from wliat iiarticnlar part of Peru lliis sknll was ()l)taini'(I. liiit it is strikini;ly analogmi^ to \\\r tlircc pnccdini; s|)ccini('ns. 'I'lif intervention of art in llalteninti tlie skull is very manifest, yd it lias been eireeteil on a forehead extremely low liy nature: for the lateral swell is not reniarkahli', and the parietal ])rotul)eranees. in particular, are not much more inllated than was natural to these ]ieople. The depth of the cranium hehind the coronal suture is remarkal)le : and the very narrow face in this instance proves that the head could not have l)een orii^inally s])iieroidal. like that of the later inhahitants of Peru. This specinuii was politely lent nu' liy Dr. ,1. Kearney l{odi;ers. of New York, of whose collection it forms a part. Ml'.ASI lIKMCXr- Lon^itudi.ial diameter. I'arieti.) iliauuter. . Frontal dianuter, . \ ertieal diameter. . lutt r-mastoid arch. . Inter-mastoid line, . Occipito-frontal arch. ().* inches. 1.") inches. I.I inclies. 1.1 inches. I I . ) inches. 3.(j inches. 11. 2 inch. s. •'riireo Years in liio Pacilic, [i. ;!ll. 'I'lli: ANCIENT I'KRUVIANS. Ill IlDri/oiitiil |)iiiplicry, Kxtn'int; Ini^tli of lnad mid I'licc, Inlciiial ciiparity, . Ca|iii(u(y of till' iiiilrrinr cliiinilKT. Ca|ia(;ity of tlic postcrinr cliainl)! r, Capacity dI' tlic ('di'oiial nuioii. Facial aii^^lc, IS. inciics. H.S inclics. ().)..5 ciihic inches. 19.7/5 (•ul)ic inches. I'). 75 cul)ic inches. 1 2.75 ciihic inches, (il cieirrees. It will he shown in the sccpiel that the average internal capacity of the Caucasian or Kiiro|)ean head is at least ninety ciihic inches; and it will he ohserved that th< three adult skiills in the pncedinu; series of ancient Peruvians, j^ivc an au;f;'rcf;atc of two hundred and nineteen ciihic inches, or a iiiean of seventy-three. It will also he ohserved, that the nieaii capacity of tiie anterior is ahoiit one half of that of the posterior chamher. or twenty-live to forty-seven; while the mean of the lacial aiiu;l(; is !)ut sixty-seven decrees. tin: chimuyans. This name, Chiiuii. was applied rather to a chief than a territory. The province of the "tJreat Chiinu " was very near the present site of Truxillo. in Peru, and its iiihahitant.s had attained a certain def^ree of civilisation hefore they were comiucrt'd hy the tenth Inca. My friend Dr. M. Burrough. (now United States Consul at Vera Cruz.) examined the ruins of the Chinuiyan city with jjieat care, and traced the remains of (lwellinj;s. walls and terraces, over an extensive plot of ground.* " I'"')r siiiui.' ailililiDiiiil |i;ollii|]Mrs rcspiriiiig tlic rriii.iiiis ol' thr .■uirl.'iit driiii- ivili-iiUi'Mi in S'lUtli AiiiiiiicM, the riMdrr is rriiiiMil to llii' Iruiiied lieseiirches ol' Dr. M'CuUdIi, ('liap IX. [i 1 1 '2 CKANIA vVlNIKIUtANA. PLATK VI. ClllMIVAN. .-/'' "V 1 {■' UV .a/ In llir ('(iiiVM' (if sdiiif (XCMViilidn-i nnuMm tlic ruins (if llic C'liimnv.'in citv. i)r. IJurriiMi;li Idiind a sknil in ailniiialilc |ins( rvatimi. It diili rs I'mni liotli the Ancii'iit ami Inca I'l iiniaii in aijs in luiiij;- ol' a nwirc (ival Inrin. ailiinni!;li tin re i>. ^till an (ili\inu-- im (inalil y InlNMcn the t\Mi sides: tiic Idrclicad also i ; I(i\v and rctrcatin;:. and liir widtli is laiL^i' liitunn llic parietal lidnis. aiid the wIidIc head ri'niari'litutinns as any other people" Certainly not. On the contrary we are eompelbil to alliilmte tin- ebau-c to an inllu\ ol foreinners. who>e number and inlelliitence enabled them to overcmue eyery obstacle that arose in ttieir path. Who could these stramters be: The 'Polleeas. the most civiliMil nation id' ancient Mexico, after iiovernin;; that country for four centuries, suddenly abaiuhmed it abmil the year lO'iO of (Uir era. The reasons for this step are i^iven at sonu' detail by the Mexican annalists. TluT state that duriiuj the reiiin (d' their last prince, a xries of calamities >j^a\c a fatal blow to their prosperity and power. "iMir several years heaven denied them the lu'cessary showers to their lields. and the eartli the fruits that suppiu'ted them. The air. infected by mortal contagion, filled daily the i^raves with the dead, anil ' C.Aucii.A'io, Coinniciil, Lib. I. iiassiiii. 29 Ill CIIAMA A.MKIUCANA. the niiiiiU of thnsc Miiviviim- ^vitli constcriiiitidii. mI Hh' ilfs(nic(i(iri of tlicir (•(.illltnill.il. A nival |i:iil of llic ii;ilinii dicil hy !:uiiiiic aiiil siclui.ss; and Ihc uiclclinl icniaiiis of llii^ |i(n|i|c. vvilliriu- (,, ^;,v,. tli.insclvis IVoiii llic i'dihiikiii caliiiiiilv. soiinlil tinitiv iclirf t(. tlicir iiiisl'nrtuiics in dllicr cniiitricx."* Tlir lli^l^^iaIl tlicii adiN. Iliat llir 'I'dtrcaK luiuTalcd j„ |;ir|,v |„|,|j,,«, (,, varii.iis parts nf llic cniiiiiinil. and .xtcndrd tiiriiis.lvcs as far sdiilji as Vncataii : and s,, ,• pld,. was Ihc dis|i(.rsi(iii »( tlics,. pniplc. thai the land nl' Aiialinac (tlir ancinit name of Mcxicii) irinaincd >idilaiy and di'|ii>|iiilal('d fi,r iicarlv a (■ciitiirv. Now it !;;,,- Ixiii m(iitiMii..d in 111,, preceding- idia|d(r. that tlu Inca race date tli.ir possession of I'. Ill from alioiii ih,- ( Irvinlli (■cnliiiT of our , ra ; and as this pi rioil corrrsponds vvilh tiir ,|)ocli ..f Ihi' iiiii;ralioii of the Tidtccas. uv niav r.Msonahlv coniccturc that liolli wirr of a coiiinion oriiiin. 'I'liis siipposiUdii t;aiiis strcn"-lli wlicii \vc iiiqiiiiv into III,, cliaiactr:' (d' liir 'ridtccas. 01' all thr iialiniis of ihc iirw world they had attaini'd to thr hi^hrst dc-rcc ol civilisalioii: thry li\rd in society. collcctinM- th.niisrlvcs into cities, under the noveniiiieiit of kiii-s and re-iilar law-. They were not reinarkaldy warlike, and prclVrred llie cnllivalion of the art- lo IJic exercise of arms: they also devoted llieiii-elves to archill el lire, and ciillivated with care various iiM^ful plants and iViiit-. Nor did 111 . pracli-e tlio-e arts only which are consid.red a- n, ces-arv to hiiiiian comforl. hut iIiom' al-o which minister ti> luxury: and it is addeil. that allhounh thiir rdi-iiui wa- idolatrous, i| d,ics not appear that they practiseil those harharoiis and hloody sacrilices. wliiidi liecaine so ciminion in Mexico after Ihc Tidfecan emi-ratiMut Now. as we shall heaivafler s,.,.. these arc the Icadinii' lealures in the (diaracler of the modern or Inca Peruvians: and when we lake into consideration (hat the disaiijiearance of the T.dteciis from ijieir ,,wn coimtrA. was >iiniiltaneous with the advent of tin new dynasty in i'erii. may we not hmk upon the two as eogiiatc nations? 'I'liere is. hi^sides. a coincidence in Hie si|iiared and conical form of tln' head in the 'I'ldtccas and Peruvians that is very strikinu'. and which will he more (larticiilarly adverted to in a future part id' this work. AMiether tlw prcccdiiii;- inlVrence. which is i)y no means new. he correct or not. there can he little douht that the Inca l':uu\\y ^\i\s nn infrmfiiiii- mi/ioii. ]vd perhaps hy a few iiidi\i(liials of the sacerdidal class: and haviii- com|uercd Pern, miicli the same |),ditical ndalions appear to have siihsist.'d hctwicn them and the prc-cvistiiiiT iiihahitants. as we at preseiil ,d)serve hclwirii the modern (Jreeks and the Turks. <'i.AM(;i:ii,., IliM (if M, vir,!. I, 11. lis. f„!lrn's Tr. * \\,\,\. I.p. ill, lli ' ■« Till: INC A I'KUUVIANS. 1 1 r, VVc next proceed lit cxiiiniiic iiitn tin' plivsiciil clijii'iictcr of llu' MiKJcni Pcniviiins. 'I'liiy (liHt'i" little in persim fnnn the liidiiiris iiroiind llniii. heiiii; id' the middliiit? sliiture, well liiiiht'd. and with small feet and hands. 'Their I'aee.s are niund. their eyes small, hiaek. and rather distant from eadi other; tiieii' noses are small, the month somewhat lar^'e. and tiie tci tii remarkably thie.' Their c'()ni|)le\ion is a dai'k hrown. and their hair loni;. hlack. and rather coarse. The sknil in these peoph^ is reniarkahle j'or \U small size, and also, as ju^t ol)ser\ed, I'or its (juadrani^idar I'orm. The oeeipnl is i;reatly emnpresscd. sdnie- limes ahsolntely vertical ; the sides are swidled ont. and the j'orehead is sonu'what elevated lint very retreating;. The capacity ol' the cavity id' the crntiinm. derived i'rom tile measurement ol' many sjjccjmens of the |MMe Inca race, shows, as we Nhall lieieal'ter see. n sinuinlarly small cereliral ma^s Inr an intelligent and ci\ilised peo|)lc. These heads are remarkidde no! mdy lor tiieii- smalliie^s. luit aKo lor their irrej;nlarity : tor in the whole series in my posM ■.>iiin, tinre is hut one that can he called symmetiical. Tiiis ii^rcgnlarity chielly e()nsi--ls in tiie j.';reater projection of the occi|Mit to oni' side than the other, showin:;. in some iIl^lances. a sin'pri>inn' dcLiree of defoi'mity. As liiis condition is as nften ohser\( il im one side as the otiiei'. it is not to lie atlrihuted to tlie intinlional application nf meelianieal force: on the conti'ary il is to a certain dei;ree common to Ihe whole American race, and is sometimes no duuhl increased liy the manner in which tiie (diild is placed in the cradle. I am in fact con\inced. that amona; the collection of Peruvian skulls alluded to above, tiieri' is not one that has been (lesii;-nedly nuMilded by ai'l : and hence it may be reasonably inferr'ed. tlial individuals of the royal race, or tiin^r furmimi the iiiiiiu'r I'lasses anion^' the Peruvian'-, seldmn or never llattenid their iieads. Wiiat to liiem was natural \vas imitated by tiie inferior orders, and especially, il may be con jecluri'd. by the inhabilants of conipiered province'^, and others whose heads may not have been oi'ininally fiU'nied lui tiu' aristocratic model. While the early Spanisii travellei's freipuntiy speak of the llatteued heads of the people, they never mi'iition tiiis condition as applicable to the princes and other diiiiiitaries who abounded in Pern at the cimiinest. Let it not he supposed, howiver. that these deformities were confined to a simrle model : im the coiitrarv there were two ■ Sri;\i;NS()N-, Solllh .\lllrl-. 1, |i, ,!;ii. — I!l M lUlMiKllcr.ll, Tluic Nr.lls 111 ill.' I'.irilic. |l. Hso. — I'l.i.dA, \'i>y. Ill S. AiiUT. I, [I. 'JiiT. — 'I'iii' l.iUrr aiillior :isiii;aled it in the Imri/nntal direetinn. I liave liecn at some pains In in(|iiii'(' into tile I'aels eonneeted witli tiiis singular nistoni. as contained in llie early Spanish travellers ;ind lii'«toriaiis. and have u;leaned the lojiowinii iiartieiilars. Cieqa. mie nl' liie cddesi antliorilii s. stales that "in the pro\in( i' An/ernia. and in that o|' (juinliaya. as vv(di as in some other pails of this eontineiil. when a I'liiid is horn liny iix its head in the shape tliey wish i| to retain: lliiis vonie have no oceiput, oilier^ have the i'oi'ehead de|iressi(l. and a lliird si | h;i\i' |hr whole head ( loiiualed. This eonl'iiriiialinn is. in the tir^l place, prndiicid \i\ the applica- tion of small hoariN. and is siiliscipnnlly coiilimKil !;y means of linaliiies."* The -aiiie lra\i llrr add> the Inilnwin:;- notice III' the Indian^ callid ('arai|iie'«. mar tlu' Spanish ^(tllenieiit of I'licilo \ iejo. -At the hirlh of ;i child." >;i_\ > he. "IIk'V tnniild its head, and then Imid it lulwecii two Ijo.irds. in sni h maiim r that at the a;;!' of fniir or live years it remain^ eillnr hroad or loii^i. or divliliilc of Ihe occipital promiiiniee. They a^Mil liial thi^ cii^loiu coiilrihulo to lieallh, • d eiiaidis llieiii to c;irry iireairr IiuiIIkiin. "t Tnr(|iieiiiada. aUo wriliiiLi of ihc l'( riiviaii^. has llir follow iii'j; pa-saire. "As (o till' eusldiu of aiipiiiriiii:; lirrcc In w;ir. it wa'- in so-.ne proxinns nrdired tiiat the iiiollicr^ or lliiir alliiidants vhouhl maki the face> of their children loiej; ami iMiiLili. and till' foiclMiuN liinad. ;i>, I li|ipociatt's and (iahii r( late of the .Maerocc pliali. who had tiieiii moulded li_\ art into the I'JMileil and eonieal form. Tliis eiiNtoni is more pre\aleiit ill the province of Ihieuilo. ihaii ia any other part of l'erii."t The preei iUiil;: (inotalioiis are ^ati-faelory e\ ideiiee. that thi' custom of distorl- iiin' ihe skull. \va> coiiimon in many |iri'viiicis of I'erii a1 llie period nf the Spanish iii\a»ion: ihat it \\as resort il lo fur the i)iir|iose of inereasiiiii- the ferocity of the countenance in war. — aui;iiientlm; an imaginary urace. — and adiliim' to the hi'.-iith and streniilh \. I'u'. Madriil. 17.'.:. Tin: IMA I'KIU'VIANS. 117 most ImrlmniiiH niul iliiuDiiiliscd cDniiilidii. ''Uolli the luiii iIkI llic w»Mii n cut thi'ir checks witli i)ointctl Hints: tiny nlso (Icrnnii llic iiciids til" llicir cliildrcn jpy pificiiii;. at Itirtli, a small hdanl torian then u;ives the names of six nations or trihes to whom liie ahove description is applieahlc It thns appears tliat the cu^lom of nionldinn the cranium into artificial forms is of i^real antiipiity and prevalence in I'eru. We lia\e seen that it existed aiming what we have teriiird llie civilised primili\e l'erii\ians. that it was eommon amoiin many harliaroos trihes nt llie invasion of tiie liiciis. ami that it cdiitiiiiied to he a popular fantasy when the Spaniards toek possessiDn of tjie country. Professor IJlnmenhach (luotes from Asiuinc. |iarl (d' a decree of llie I'!cclesias|ical Court id" Lima in the year l.')S."). forhiddin^- parents, under certain speeilied penalties, to compress or distort the heads of their children in tlie vaiions modes which were in vo^;uc even at that late period:! and tiiat the custom was not extinct a very few years a^o. is evident from the stalemcnt of .Mr. SMinier. an Kii^lish traveller. Speakingof the ('(iiiiiiras u( i*i ru. he remarks. -Ilial all Ihi ir atl( iitioii is liestowcd on preservin:;- a linn texture of the Imdy. and on llitteiiiii'j; the forehead and hinder part of the head [in the upward dinclinn] witli a \iew i>f resemliliinr. as they say. the full niiKUi. and . \11I. t" Cuiilrulcs |iriu|l|s rMll'lKUV alillslilll. rl m1|h I'-l lliiUirlll. iluilMl-i Illill inissim inr.uiliiiii r:l|.ila foniiis cxiHimuul, i|U()S i|isi vnraiii Cailo, Oiiia. Opalla." \i'. \'i,lr JiiaMUMiArii. l)f (!fn. l/iiuiiini I'lir. Sal. p. J'.'O. — I-AriiKNcK. I.fii. on Ziml. ji. ;i77. 1 I'rcsoiil SlalL' (if IVrii, p. i-Ti ». 30 IIH CHAM A AMKIUCANA. >|iiii'('> (il the Mai'.iuiKiii loi' M'Vi'i'iil luiiiilnd lrii>;iu"«. ;iiiil i \t( iidid (licniM'lvt ."i i|iiili' til llic Allaiilic. appi'iir to liavc Itccii a I'l riiviaii ciiliinu Imlli riniii niialii^^ III' laiiu;iini;r ami ni>li>iiis: Inr thev \vi rr in llir iirarlici' nf miMililiiii; tlir \um\s iiI' tlii'ir cliildrcn mi a^ Id i^ivc lliini llu' lii'j,li and Iniialcd sliapi' in iisr anmni; the Ciinniviis.* I incsiinu' l)c I'auu alludes In tlii" Oinn^jiias when lu li lis us. tliat ••nitaiii Indians lui tlic liordi rs nl' tlir Marai;niin. have s(|iiai't' nr cnliic liiads: in (illicr wni'ds tlii'V art' ilalliiicd ( iilinu; tlic aciiif nl' liiinian (•xtravai!;an('i'."t I'cni. iiki' llif cn-cvistcnl Irudal states nl' ICunipr. ('(intaini'd Isxi (•|a>scs dl' |ic(i|di wiiiilly unlilvc cacli (illur. viz: tin' rxutic Inca I'aniilv. witii il» niiinlit ilr» iMiiiiricaliiins, \\ iiicli lii'lil all the hunni' and advantai;'!' in tin ir nwn lianiU: and llic nalivi' iilchiian niiiltiliidi'. who wrri' in as [n\\ a stale nl' dcm'adatinn as the s(Hi»ii |iiilicy III' tin ir supcrims cnnld dtvisr and tstahlish. 'I'll tlir I'lirniir nl' these classes was euntined wiiatever wa> kmnvn of ^eii nee. ail nr iillni inent. The inenihers nl' llie rnyal lamily prided theniMlvex nn tiieir ^kill in areliilectiire. a>lrnnnniy and the natinnal literature: and it will lie niisi rveil thai w henever an inilix idiial wa> named as pre-eminent in any nl these departments nl' know led'jie. he lirlnniied In the ilnminant easte. in fact, the plehi ian elas^ was exelmled Irnm any pai'tiei|iatinn in literature and seienee. e.\ee|it nnly when they cnuld lie ein|iliiyed as musicians and artisans. Tiie Ineas thus liehl alike the pnwer and the kniiwlcdije in their nwii hands. 'Their principal intellectual altainniints weie in ^.^emuetry. music. |)netry and archilecluie : hut a |ienple ha\ini; nn written lamiuaire. and ttau'^mittin;; nnly hy tradilinii their attainments in these liranches i)\' knn\\ledi;e. eaimnl at this late |)erind he rully appreciati il. and much less can they he I'aiily cnmpared in these respects with Kurnpeans. Architecture is one nl' the earliest attrihutes n{ civilisatinn. and in tiiis the I'ernvians had made surpiisim; pmtiress. 'I'heir temples, palaces and tninhs hear • l.\ C.im.amim:. M'lii. lie l'A<:iil. liny, ili- Sr, ■r.iini' I5J. |.. 1 J7. — I 'i.i.d \, lliM. i\r\ \i;iLf.'. T. I. |,. -,i|-,. — |),,r> lln- Idllouin.' Ini-iiMiil •<{ liislury rrl.r 1.) llu"-'' ()iii;e-'u:is :■• •• Winn l'r;nMiM-o riziiirn. Dl'-'" .\liii;iLTn. .111(1 iiilin-. r.iiiiiinn'l ihe s:iiil riiijiin' nl' I'rrii, ami liml |iiii in .li.illi Alalmlip:!, irrie (if llir V -I r soils el (lii:i\ii;ii-;i|ia llrd (Piil..!' I'cTii. iiiiil InoU uilli liim luaiiy lliniisauds ef ihnse snMii IS 111' ihc eiiiiurr lallcil OnjMiirs, ami Willi ihoM. ami many nllnis ihaMollciwril liiiii. Iir vaii- qiiislird all llial iraijl and valley «'!' AimTiia wlinli is siliialc luluarn ihr '.'rral riviis ,,1' ilir Aliiazuiis and l!arai|iiaii, olliorwisi' called Oiiiidco and .Mara:.'iinii."— Sm \V. K,\i,i-.iiiii, I'm/, lu (iiiidim. [i.'iri. * Ui'sclien.'lius siir les Aiucrieaiiiis, I, p. lii,. 'I'lii: IMA I'KnrviANs. 11!) ainpir tviilciicf of lliii^ii in I'nr lint iikoI |mrl >iiii|tl« . tliu I'Xt'ciitiiui I'aiiiiiil Itiit rxfiti' our luliiiiiiiliiiii. 'I'lnir irniil ohjifl upin uis to Imvr Ihcii lit « net ryclitpt'iiii "iliMictiiio. wliicli slioiilil nt oiici' attest tliiir skill in int. and tin- powtr itf lluir inicluniifal ciintrivancix. 'I'Ik v scparatid I'l'inn tin' (|iiaiiit<( iiKirtnuns nnis>y. II. p. 1:50. KI.Mirii.As.i. Cniiuiiil. l.ib. Ml, Cap. \\\ll, XWlll, WIX. I Vul ;ii'c'i)i(hiiL,' I llic lirsi iiilnrinalinu we pussrss on tins Milijcfl, " imii was liiidwii (in lln' okl worlil) LSI yi'ars lu'lbro llir 'I'lcijin War, alioiil 1371) yt'srs bi'f.ire C'lirist;" and tliriv i> siulii ii'iil prnni llial llu' Kiiyptiaiis iisiil iniii iii>!innirnls ami nliai>ils so uaily as llic riiiuaunii ria.— \\ u.kinmjn, .Inc. Ei^mtl. III. p, JIT. 120 CRANIA a:\[i:hicaxa. iiii'tal. wire conipdscd oC copiHT alloyed wilh a vt-iy small proportion of (in. \vliicli iiavf it urrat additional tenacity. U was Milli chisels of (his kind that they shaped those enornions hloeks of stone \vhieh have already heen nunlioned. '• \et all we have said." idiserves IJlloa. •• is surpassed hy the in^ennity with whieii they \vroiii;lit emeralds: these i^ems heini;- I'onnd rnt into various shapes. Minu' s])herieal. others eylindrieal. eonieal, and various other shajies, made with perfect accnracy. and drilled Ihrounh witii all tlie delicacy of our Kuropean artists. It is an almost insurniountahle ditllculty (o explain how they could work a storn^ of such hardn<'ss,"'* 'I'lie cimstructive talent of the Inras was aKo conspicuous in tluir roads. One of tliese is eniim nth deservint; of notice, and is thus descrilied hy llumlmldt. in lii- jommy across the plain-, of A>s,i.,y. ■■ \\\ ^ere surjjriMd to find in this |)lace. and at hei-iits \\hieh -reatly vurpass the top of the peak of 'Peuerilli'. the maiinincent remains of a road eouslruelrd liy IIk Incas of 1», ru. 'i'his caus( wav. lined Willi fr(. stout . may he cnmpareii lo the linesl {{ouian roads 1 have seen in Italy. France or Spain, it is p,rfectly straight, and keeps tl,e same direction fo- six or ei-iit tiiousaud nutres. We „|i<,rvi'd the couliuuation of this road near Caxamarca. one hundred and twenty lea-ues (,, H,,. snutli of .Assiiay : and it is helieved in the country that it led as far as the eitv of t'u/co."t After a re\ie\\ of the preeediuii- facts. lio\\ idle is the assertion of Dr. I{(dierl- son. that Anurica eontaiueil no mnuunieiits older than tlu' eiui(|ues| ! ||,,w replete with ii;n(U'auce are also the aspersi,,,,, ,,|- |>iukerton and l)e I'auw ! Two of these autiiors. who wrote e\prrs.|_\ ,„, American history are unpanlonalile for such uross misrejires, utatiiin. TIk _\ appear to have veiled the trnth in order (o support an liypothesis.!; It is in vain loim-er to C(uitend against facts: for how- ever dillicult it may he to e\|daiii them. I hey ale nevenhdiss inconlrovertihie. ^VheIlce the l'.ru\iaus (h rived ihiir eivilisatioii. may loun- remain a mooted qiii-ti..u: that they p,,s.rss,,| i|. eannol I:.' denied. "At a time w heu a pnhlic hiii;liway was ( itlier a relic of Roman ureatness. i,r a siut of ntmenlilv in Km land, there were roads llfti ( n hundred miles in h nulli in the empire i>( Tern. The feudal system v\as as (Irmly (stahlished in. these transatlantic kinndoms as in l-'rance. 'I'he reru\ians were ignorant (d' the art of forminu; an arch, hut they ' '■i' il ill M'Cnllnirs I!. M :ui Iks p. Diii.. * M..|iuiii( nls, I, |i. ,>|1. ■ iiniiinn-uN. lli-i. Am. r. II. ]i. Ilo. . /«(. -./. — I'lMcriuns, iiss.iy nii
l'l''n>, y. J7I. Jl 122 CHAMA AMKHICANA. aiiv |iii-^ililc (li>i)iilc (ir iiiisiiiiilt'rst.>.uliiig in tliis inaltcr. tlic plclician lands ^v(■r^• newly ilistrihiitnl every year. 'rill nidiiarcliy appears Id have had its dne p(irti(Mi of insurrections and dis- turlianees of variiMis kinds, some of wliieli reached the palace itstdf. One Inca. at least, was deposed and put to dealli : and when Atahiialpa contested the empire with (inascar. he had that prince nnirdered. together with no less than thirty ol' his hrotliers. ami a vast niimher id" their dependants. We have already alluded to the devtruction of the C'ollas in the early times of tlic monarchy; and as another example of unsparim; (Miulty, Iiu_\na C'apac. after a revolt of the Carampies. ordend two tiiou>and of tiiem to he put to death in cold Idood. on a >-iiii;le iicea-.ion.* 'I'he^e facts sullieiently siiow. tiiat the civilisatioii and comparative relinement of the liieas. were hlended with •>ome remains of the iVrnc'ily of the -.iNanc. In their social relation^. Imwcvei'. thi'V a|)pear to have heen cliaracleri^ed hy i;entline^» and aU'ection; and aitliMUuh hy a remarkalde law. all eiimes ^vere alike puiii>h(ii with death, such wa- the natural docility of the temper of ihe l'eru\ian'>. that exrcutiiui^ ari' •«aid to have been unl'reipient anioni; them. .Matrimonial eULra^c luents were i iitered into \\ith very little ceremouv or I'orelhiHi^lit. ami they were as readily set aside at the option df the jiarlies. l^)l_^L;amy \vaN lawful, hut not prevalent. Amonii ihe c(unmon pdipie. iuennti- nrnee anuuii; unmarrieil persons wa> scarcely regarded as a crime, and seii>uality wa> a prevailing; vice, in some deiiree counteiianct'd hy the royal authorit\. As a natural eon-r(p'enee. eiiiiil-mnrder hecanie so (Munmou. that foun(ilini;-iiiiNpilaK were e'>tal>li^hed hy the n'overnment. in wiiieii children were received and provided fir at the public expeuM'. in truth, the morals of the I'eruviaus in tlu^e respiets iia\c nothim;- to commend thein.f Tiieir diet was chielly veijctahles. maize entering; largely into their aliments. Kxhilaratiiiii drinks were in common nsc amom; Ihi' men; the principal prepara- tion of this kinil wa< calliil (diica. wlii(di was fermented from the maize. So fond were tiu' natives nf this hevci iL^e. that it was even placed heside tiie dead in their tonihs:+ and I'lloa asserts, that amonu; the Peruvians of the jncsent day. spirituous liipiors destroy more mi n in one year than the mines do in tifty. * (1 Ann I. A so, lab. 1\, |i. JIM. I'rycdul's Tr. — Cokkai,, N'ov . II. p. Vl. ♦ M'Cei.i.oa, Itcscarrlios, |i. ;)7!). — Caiii.1, Lellres Aiuoricalrn's, 1. p. l:!8. : SiKVKNsoN, S, Aiiier. II. p. 371. THE INCA I'KUUVIANS. 123 'i'lic unat iniiss of people was iiuli)lent from two causes, tlie eiicivaliiin wanutli of tlie climate, ami the humiliatinj.; nature of their political institutions, of which we have already spoken. The apathy of the common people rendered lliem filthy and n(i;li;ienl in their persons; and in my examinations of several mummies of this class, taken I'roiu old cemeteries near the coast. I have noticed the hair in many instances to he charged with desiccated vermin, which, though huried lor centuries in the sand, could not possihly he mistaken for any thinu; else. The religions sjstem of tiie Teruvians was niarlied hy a ^reat iimeiits in the next life. They worshipped both the sun and moon, in whose Imnor they erected temples and formed i(l(d-<. Even th(,' stars received their share of honia.t;e. iRcause, as it has heen happily expressed, they were esteemed the servants and handmaids of the u;realer luminaries. To these tiiey sacrificed both lii:i>ts and hirds, hut never huniaii lieiiiiis.* J}ut (Uie of the most remarkaiiie featiii'es of the Peruvian reiiiiioii wa^. tin: coiiseeralioii of virgin^, in the same iiiaiuur a^ practiced in modern convents. Haeli tein|)le was provided willi a liody of these recluses dedicated to the Sun, whose ollice was not to assist in relii^ious exercises. l)ut to \v(ave certain fahrics for the um' of tlie myal family. 'I'lie I'eruviaiis. moreover, eiijoiiied vocal confession on all classes of people, and there were >[)eeilied [Hiiailies for all crimes. 'J'o conceal all}' tiling- in tliese confessinus was in itxlf held criminal. f We are forcild' struck with the superstitious and harliarous funeral rites of these people. When their chief men died they mourned them many days, and huried them with i^reat sidemnity. in tlie i;rave or tomb they deposited the most valuahle possessions of the deceased, his weapons, utensils, meats and drinks; and with these \vere also huried a niimher of liiimaii victims, women, hoys and servants, to attend on the departed in the next world. J$esides these sacrifices, which custom rendered compulsory on certain individuals, others committed suicide for * Acosta c'li;iri;rs tlir I'eriiviaiis with s:iriili( ini; ilii'ir own rlulilreii, whicli is ili'iiiecl liy (iarciliiso. and lias, ill l;icl, nil prodf. On ilie contrary, the Iiica lloca, having ciiihhhtihI the li'iocions liibe called Ciuichi's, t'orliid tliciii, under p:iiii of death, Icj siierilioe llieir children. — Cauli, l.eltres ^imtri- caiiii's, 1, p. 113. t 11khiu:ii.\, Dec. Ill, l.,ih. x, Cap. ;;. 124 CRANIA AMERICANA. the siiiif ptiipiisf : iiiul llnis wlun Iliiayn.i Capac died, early in tlic fiftci'iilh t'cnliiry. no less tlian four luimlrcil jx'rsoiis expired hy (lieir (iwn hands, in the ,inil)ili(Uis delusion of aceompanyini; their dead nionareh in his new existence.* The Peruvians were as siirewd and politic as the other Americans, and liahilual victory over the nations that surrounded them, gave them hoth coididence iuul supremacy. When, however, they were opposed to a people hetter armed yet inlinitely inferior in nnmher to themselves, their courage in a great measure forsook them: and we are astonislied at the spectacle of a powerful emjiire laid in ruins iiy a handful of lirigands.f It must he granted tiiat the latter were lietter armed, defended hy coals of niail. and in part mounted on horsehack : yet when it is reee.jlected that after Die lirst shock of Pizarro's treachery, tiie natives fduld have o|)posed a thousand men to one of tlieir invaders, it seems at lirst view incredible that the Peruvians >Jioidd have yielded lo so contemptii)le a force. t Some redeeming circumstance^, however, mark this seeming pusillanimity of the i'eruvia'is. The Sjianiaids had pov-es^ion of tlie person of their kinii. who was kept as a hostage for the forliearaiue of his suhjects: niul tile successors of (he fornur having excited the avarice of their countrymen, they Hocked to I'eru in sueli numbers tli;.t the disparity of force hecame every day less. When at la>t thi- injured people was goaded to reMstancr. their courage was such as hetter iMcame tlieir causr. hut it was t,,,, late to lie einrtuai. Had tiny possessed hut a fourtii part of tjic valor of the Araiicanians, lifly y.ars would not have sutliced fill' their suhiugalion. ■ lli:iiiii;iiA. I),.'. III. I. ill, \ III. (':i|,. 1, ■ '''' "'I'lr'' "I l''ni i>l\' 111' *lii> Kini'i' iniooi'lniil iiiensnreineiits are subioilied. iw ^li.'i. 111. .. xn.mv.ix . .■ ■■• ....- »., - few only of the more important measureineiits are subjoined. Longitudinal dianietei I'arietal diameter, Frontal diameter. Vertical diameter, Internal capacity. 5.1 inches. .'}. 1 inches. I. inches. l.G inclie>. (il cuiiic inches. PLATES VIII AM) !X. !^i:iti'\iAN riioM riiK tkmi'lk ok tiik srs. \ y This head is remarkable alike tor its s(iuareil form and it< small <\n\ and yd it is of adult age. and probaldy belonged to a female. It is very thin and delicate throu'ibout : the breadth lietween tile parietal protuberances is nearly the sime with the longitudinal diameter, and there is a symmetry of parts rarely idiserved in Peruvian heads. The peculiarities of this relic are represented with great •TliiLV ViMi's 111 tlie I'acili,', p. 371. 32 lid CHAMA AMEHICAXA. accuracy oa liic two annexed jjlaks, to wliicli it is only necessary to add the usual MKAsi iii'.'Mr.N rs. Louiiitudiual diameter. . Parietal diameter. . Frontal diameter. . \trtical diiineter, . Inler-MUi-loid arcli. . liiter-niastoid line. . Occipito-lVontal arcli. Horizontal periphery. Internal capacity, . Capacity of tile anterior ciianilier. Capai'ity of the posterior chainhri'. t'a|i;ieily of tile coronal rejiion. . Facial anLi;le. .... 5.8 inch"s. .'5.7 inches. 1.4 inches. 5.1 inches. 11. 5 inches. '1.1 inches. 12.7 inciies. IS.l inches. 71.75 cuhic inches. '2Si.75 cuhic inches. 13. cuhic inches. 11.1 cuhic inches. 75 di'irrees. I am indeliled for tiiis skull t. my friend Dr. Hu-cheniier-ei'. wiio ohtaiued it I'rom I'achacamac. tlu celehr.itid Temple of tiie Sun. near Lima. PLATH X. i'r.i;r\i\N cnii.D iiioM -iiik tkmim.k ok thi-: sin. Thi< liead is fi^nred cliietly with a vie'v to siiow the extraordinary ine(iua!it\ ol the skull so conunon in the I'eruvians. and especially in those fnun I'achacamac. which, with few exceptions, present more or less of this conformati(m. l)r. Hus- chenheru;er"s remark on the heads ohsrrved hy him at .Santa, that thi' left side was the most priuninent, does not ohtain in this instance, and amonu; the many skulls in my possession the deformity of one side is as < imon as the other. Was this siiape tile revult of accident or desii;n .- If it were intentional we mii;lit suppose tliere would have lieen sunie re:;,M(l paid to syiiunetry. wiiicli was not the case. \> hile. as We have seen, tiie common people distorted their heads in various Mays, there is no evidence that the liii;her classes ever adopted the custom ; and perhaps the irregularity ohstiilviiiii;ly clKiractoristic Pfniviaii head, for wliicli 1 am also iiii.lii)t((l In Dr. H\isi-lR'nl)( Tijci'. As is common in this series of skulls, the pari'tal mni liihiiitmlinal tliamrtcrs are nearly the same. ^ir.ASI IIF.MI'.N IS Eoimiluilinal tliameler. . Parietal diameter. . Frontal diameter. . \'ertieal diameter. . Snler-mastoid arch. . Inter-mastoid line. . Oeeipito-frontal areh. Horizontal periphery. Internal capacity. . Capacity of the anterior chamlier. Capacity of the posterior chamher. C.ipacity of the coronal region. Facial antjle. .... (i.l inches. (i. inches. 1.7 inches. .■).:") inches, l(j. inches. 4.,') inches. 14.1 inches. 19.5 inches. 83. cnhic i'' .n;s. 3J.5 cnl)!.- inches. 49.5 cuhic inches. 15.75 cuhic inches. 81 desirees. 1 128 CRANIA AISIKRICAXA. PLATE XL— A. I'KRUVIAN KROM TUK I'KMl'I-R OV TIIK SfV. AiKillirr liiMtl I'riim the rciiictcry at racliiicainac. A skull of iiiuivii.ii tliic'kucx. iJioiiiiiicnt vt rtcx. i;rcal ruliicss ol' the wliolc |)ari(tal nuion. and laruc 1 par it; MI'.A*! IIKMI'-NTS. Liiuiiitudinal ilianictcr. I'arii'tal dianirtcr, . Frontal dianicti-r, Vertical (lianittcr, . Iiit( r-niavtoid arch. . liitcr-niastdid line, . Occiliitn-I'riinlal arcli. ilnriziiiital jjcriphi IV. Int( al capacity. Capacity of the anterier chaiiilicr. Capacity of the pi)steri(ir chambci ipacity (if the cnroiial n iii{ in. Facial anu'lc, F(ir tiii^ itlic I am aNo indebted In t ().7 inches. (). inciies. I.') inches. j.O inches. 16.1 inciies. 4.5 inches. I 1.5 inches. 20.2 inches. 89. ciihic inches 3 1. cnl)ic inches 55.') cubic iiiche- 20., 5 cubic inclu ■. SO d eirrees. le iiinuness ii r my I'riend Dr. I{u>(h< lierii-el THE INCA PERUVIANS. Ii9 PLATE XI.— B. PKRUVIAN FIIOM THK TEMI'lJO Ol' THE SUN l(? .■^i>- •-< J J . ' -J "^ / \\ ■ / Another skull I'niin (he sanu! sepulchral locality, and from the same iulelli- i^eiit voyaper. It is characterised by small dimensions, a very retreating forchiad. and a verj' proiuiueul vertex. Ml'.ASt IlEMENT Lonu;it\ulinal diameter. . Parietal diameter. . Frontal diameter. Vertical diaiiieler, . iiiter-mastoid arch. . Inter-mastoid line. . ()eei|tit()-l'rontal arch. Horizontal perij)hery. Internal capacity, . Capacity of iln> anterior ehamher. Capacity ol' the posterior chamber. Capacity of the conuial region, . Facial angle. .... f).3 inches. "lS inches. 1.5 inches. 5.3 inches. 1"). inches. J. inches. 13.2 inches. If*. inches. 7G.5 cul)ic inches. 30. cubic inches. 1C.5 cubic inches. li.'25 cubic inches. 80 degrees. 33 i 131) CRANIA AMKHICANA. I'LA'l'K XI.— C. PKRUVIAN KIJO.M TIIF, TKMl'LE OK THE SUN. u \ho Iroin I'Mcliiifiiniac. tliroiiiili the /.cal and Iriciulsliii) (if Dr. IJiisdicnliniit r. lliir aiiiiiii llif parietal aiul loiiiriliuliiial tliainclcrs arc nearly e(|iial. Tin |>i)>leiiiir anil lali ral swell nl' llli^ eraiiiiiiii are very reniarkaiile. and the vi rlex lia^ till' eliaracterislic proniineiiee. 'I'iie clieek liones. lli(itii;li liiiili. are nut lieav_\. mil tliere is a plea-inij; syniinetry in tlie various parts of the lace. 'I'he 1m ant\ and aeenracy 1 have Immm. iiitliftcd by x.iiic lil.mt urnpon. prolMl.ly tlu- l.i.ck of a uai-axc: and as the Lead is Ihat cf a middle a-vd man. w may I"'""""' '"■ '■'" '" ''^'"l'- '''!"■ ".s>< hviiily-llinc luliilt licmis IVom till' ciinrtcry. called I'licliiuiiiiiiic. or the 'riiii|>li' i>i' Hit- Sun. iitiir Lima.* As tlii«i sipuU'lire was nsrivrd lor the txt'luMVf use of the liiijlur rliis- (il I'ciiuians. il is riasDiialdc In iiilVr llial Ilir sUiilN (dilaiiicd tliiri' lii|iiiit;ril In |).is(ms 'if intt llinriicc and distinction : especially as learninu; atiiont; llie l'eniviaii«» \\a^ an aristDcialie |)reroi:ative. Six nf these sknlls afe Cijjnred on llw a xed plalis. and liv sulimittin;; llieni. li>Me||ier with the remainder (if the s. rie-. tn the mea'incmenls ii-ed in this work, the follnwin^; results are olitained. 'I'he lari;esl ciaiiium uives an internal capacity of Hfl..". culic inches, which is a IVnetidn siiorl of the Caucasian mean: while the >mallest head measures hut (,ll euliie iuelli V 'Pile im an of llli' wllnle series ;;ives hut 7! cuhic inches, which is |UMliaM\ h wi r lli,in liiat of any other people now exislini;-. not exceptiiii; the Hindoos. f • •• I'.Mir IcMJIlis 1 1, ■111 llli' 1 IIV el I.il- l!i-\' > , l.illia> nil ill.' :i i'n:i^l. !■- llir X.lllry ii|' I'ai'llll- ,M ,', il, lii'lill'iil iiii.l liiiiMiil, iilhl mil. ill- 111.' lii.li.iiis v.'i-y 1,11111.1 i.ii ill.' Iiilii.'ii'. '|'i:mi'|.k hk iio; -rN. .ihi.'li IS 111 II ; ill.' -ivji.'M iiii.l ri.li.-l ol :ill 111.' Inili. -. "111. li llii'i II. i.l 111 111.' Iii'.'li.-l il.v.ili.iii; il A'lis l.iiill .111 a -11 :ill lull. >liiiul.' I'V 1: .11.1 , . 'I :i. I. il"- ,Mlli-ilr:.il lii'i. L- mill .'iU'lli. iiliil oi'li.'illii'liint Willi linm .|,.M|s Milh \, 1-. |Mlllllll'JMil » ,M :ilillli:i s. Ill ill.' -,illi.' l.|l!|.l.' lll.'l'.' W.'l.' .'l|i:iinili'llls lur ill,' |.ii' ~N. wli.i |ii..;'.'s-. ,1 'jr.';il vm.'inv : l.ir ul.. i, lln \ "'nil i,. ii]..K.' ii |.iil.li.' ■.luiili..'. lli.'y w:iil>i'il l.,','K\v;inl-,, Willi 111. II I ii'.'s 1.1 ;li' I . ..|.l.' iii'l i!.. .!■ I''i''l-- I" II"' I'l"'- 'I'll"" *^ "'' il"«iii''i^' |'\''-. ■tii'l iiiii.'li :i|.|i:ii'.'iil |H'iiiii l,,n.,ii, il„ i -,.. nl'h .'.I Liiiiuii M.i.'.L ,iii.l •■luiiii,.!-, :iihI l.inh. iin.l iIh' i.L.I x^aw i.'|,;i. s. Tl,,, |,i'i. -K «, I'l- li.'M 111 LM.'iii \.'ii.i,iM..ii. '.Miittv |..'..|.: ' u. Ill 111 I'll-'riiiiii'.'.' L' ilii- l'P'ih rilipl.' Willi ii.'li ..ll.'iiii'--,; )!■' "iir ,r„^ pi II, nil, 'I hi ,'m' liiiriiJ nnir il , .vn/il /irl,:^/^. iiii/i/r^, iiiiil .li.lhiKiii^liril jii-r.nii^. \f.i\n wlh-,' 11,1, nil. 'Ill-, •.!. .1 --niii- ..| l'..I.1 w.i.' .I.in.'.l; ami al lli.' a|ii...iiil.'il l.-i-N. .T. ;il i.iiiii!" I- .if i„'..|>!.' :isM'ii,|.'. .1, ,'iii.l ali.'i' ill.' --a.'iifi. . •- ili. y .liii.'.'.l 1.. lli.' 'm.hii.I ul' iiislrii- 111. ills." — lliiiiii;.u. //,'-/. 'A' /"» liiiiiii- l.il . \ I. II'.'. \ . I', 1 IS. Til.' -lal.'iii.'iil .il' II. ;l. ra lli il llii- I . in. 1. I'y u .is cur. .'i.ii, .1 I.. |.i-rs.i|r nl .liMiti.-linli i- r.iiiliriiir.l \.\ (;,,iiiara. ■■ In .'-i.i |.'iu|.!.. s,, maialal an .'ui.t,!!- 1..- mn.h. s i I'l'in.iii.il.'s. .'..ii Mit.'iil.. .|ii.' siis ,11, I'l ,.s s,, ,1. ,li.'a-.'ii ."i sii lli,,s, I I ,s aniiii'is piirja-las la 'L' sii, .l.'al,,, i ]h'...'i.|..., i. ii'.miii .'I lU's.'iiiis.i. ,..,,,,,,. ! |, ,, r i|.'s,,.|,|,, , 1, Ml Vhia .1.' . ■:"-," -Or/-.// ./.' A'v Inline. ..S''',. y. .1,11. .Mailii.l. IT.'li. n!,.a .l..s,,|;h.,s |]:, 'I', iiijil,' i.:' IVi.'lia.-iiiia.' a- ,i .'.iiiiiil.l.' null, " Il is .livi.lnl ml., llirr.' |.aris; iiaiii.'U". a |.a!ai'". a In, In ~- .'Mil a \>\\' ' |ir,iyi r. Kihl.' as tins ..lili,., appnals. «.' liiai, y.'l |..'r.'.'i\L' all air .if ui'aiiili'iir aihl in .'jiiili.'.ii.'.' lliitalhsN llial ,.|' lli" |.| iii. .s wli.) I. mil il." .\liil (lai.'ilaso a'l'is lli.'il II was l.iiill |,v ill.' \'iiii.' IS. a I'.'iiiviaii iiali.,.i. I','|..p' llm nin. -• nl' lii.' lii.'.is. Tin' I illrr, li,.w.'V.'r, ar.' sii|,]„is.,|| i,, l,,i\ ,, , iiil,.liis!i,',| il,.' nii-mal i,'iii|i!.', Inr ilinr nwii us.' ; aii.l ii i'M'Ii appi'iirs lliit II,.' w.ii .liiji ..i ill" \ii;i''is ami ih.' 111. "I I'l'limair wis aliln' ilir.'.l.'il l.i /'iir/iiiiiiimtv. The Siiii:-. la.' (;".l, — S. .' M'Cri,i..ii!. /.'• ^■iirr/e^. A'l'., p. lo'i. * Si T Anlll'll.li.X. Tin: ATUIIKS. IJ3 Till' Aritci'iiir cliiiinlKr i;iv<'s :t niciiii of M ciiliic iiiclus: tlir liii^liisl nicaoiii'i' liiiiit; 'Ki.'i, (lie smallol li I'liliii- iiiclirx. 'I'lic I'osli'i'idr (-lianilM r ^;ivrs a iiiiaii ol' M ciiliic iiiclio ; tlx' lii^lK >. 3, tin- siiiallcil 10 fiiliic iiicliis, Tlir Coronal region nivts \> culiic inclics a> a iiiraii : llic liinlicsl iik a»iiir hciii^ M.Ct, lilt' Miiallol ■) i') ciiliic iiu-liiN. Tlif iiuaii of llic I'ariai aiii;lc is 75 ilf)j;r('cs : llir jar^'tst all^'l(• liciii^' SO. llic siiiallust 72 ilrj^rii'x. If to tins sirics \\v add tii«- rnrasiiniiunls ol lui he oilier ucMiiiiic I'miviaiis I'roiii various Iftcaiilics. the iiicaii inliriial caiiacilv i^ iiicnaxd liiil a sinu;!'- rnltic inch. Willi hut a I'rai'lional diiliniicc in llif Tacial aiit,'lc. ll wilL liirnron', appiar in the sn|\i(l. Ihal llir inlcriial (M|iacil> of llic traniiun in tin' (l(iiii-ci\ ilisctl IVrnvians. is niiicli h ^s Ihaii llial of liir harhaioii* nalioiis. ll may. niorcvfr. hr niiiarknl. liiat tlu' In aiK ol niiir I'iriivian chihln n in my possession, appear lo he nearly il not (|nile as lar'j,e as those of chihireii of other nations at the >anie .ii^e : whieli is the more ninarkahle as no specimen anion;;- the , .Hire series of thirty-live ailiilt skulls, rencliis llie Knropean average ol ninety eiihie inches of internal capacity. TIIK ATIUKS. At the sources of Ihe Orinoco.* amoli;^ Ihe loresl Militudes of one of the remotest European missions. Ilaron llumlndiit (li>.eoviii il the cavi iii-se|iulchre of an e.xtincl. hut once powerful trihe. calhd .lliiit.i. As the annexed drawing was made from one of the identical skulls hroiii^ht hy that dis|in:;uish( d travi Her. I shall (lescrihc this remarkable cemetery in his own wurds, "The most remote part of the valley is covered hy i thick forest. In this shady and solitary spot, on the declivity of a sleep mountain, the cavern of Ataruipc opens itself. It is less a cavern than a jultiim rock, in which Ihe waters have scooped a vast hollow, when, in the ancient revolutions of our planet, they attained that height. V\'e soon reckoned in this tomb of a whole extinct tribe • Lat. 5- 3!)' iiorili. 34 134 CRANIA AMERICANA. near six liuiuli'L-d skck'toiis, well preserved, and sn regularly placed, that it would have been dillieult to make an error iu tiieir number. Every skeleton repo.ses in a sort of basket made of the petioles of the palm-tree. These baskets, wiiich till' natives eall nnipiroi. have tiie form of a S(iuare bag. Their sizes are proportioned to tiie age of the dead: tliere are some for infants eutoll'tlie moment of their birth. We saw them from ten inelies to three feet four inehes long, the skeletons iu tliem being i)enl together. 'J'hey are all ranged near each otiier. and are so entire, thai not a rib. or a phalanx is wanting. The bones have been prejiared in three diU'erent manners, either whitiiied in the air and the sun; dyed red with onoto. a coloring matter extracted from tiie bixa oreilana: or. like real mummies, varnished with odoriferous resins, and enveloped iu leaves of the iielieonca or the plantain tree. The Indians related to uv. that the fre^h ec i^ plaeiil iji damp grouiul. in order thai tiie llesii may he C(msunu(i by degrees ; some monlli>. alter, it is taken out. and the llevh remaining OH the i)(uus i> >era|)ed oil' with sharp stoiU's. Several hordes in (iuyaua still observe this custom. Kartiu u \a^rs. iialf baked, ;u-e found near tiii' iiKipins. m basket-. They apjuar to eoulaiii liic iioues of the sauu,' family. Tiie largest of tiiese vase-., or fiiiiri'al uru^ arc Ihrcr fret high, and hve feet and a half buig. Their eolnr is iineuish gra\.aiul their oval firm is MiHicicnlJy pha^iiii;- to the eve. The liaiKJIiv-. arr made in llir >liape of croeoclilrs. nr serpmls. the eiUe i> iiordered witli meanders. Iab\riulii>. and nal iii-ayiKn. ii; straight lines varitui-ly e(niii)ined. Siieii painliugs are found in every /one. among nation> the movt n umli' from eaeii oijiri- citiicr with re-peel III the -pol whicii they oeeiipy on the globe, or to Ihe degree of eiviii>ation wliieli tiny have attained. The inh.ibitanis of liie little niiv-iouof Maypures slill exeeiile tlieiii on their commonest pottery : tliev decorate llie bucklers of the Olaheiteans. the lishing imph'uents i>{ the Kskinmes. the walls of ihe Mexican jialace of Mitla. and the vases of ancient (ireece. Every where a rhythmic repetition of the same forms Hatters the eye. as the cadenced repetition of sounds soothes the (ar. Analogies fonmled on the internal nature of our feelings, on the natural dispositions of our intellect, are not calculated to throw linht on the alliliatiou and the ancient coimecfion of nations. AVe could not ac(|uire any precise idea of the jieriod to which the origin of the iiiiijiin.s and the painted vases, contained in the ossuary cavern of .Ataruipe. can be traced. The greater part seemed not to be more than a century old. but it may be supposed. that, sheltered from all humidity, under the inlluence of an uniform temperature, the preservation of these articles would be no less perfect, if it dated from a period far more remote. A tradition circulates among the (iuahiboes, that the warlike THE PUELCIIES. 135 Atnrcs. pursued by Ihe Caribbecs, escaped tu the rocks that rise in the middle of the (Jreiit Cataracts; and tiiere tliat nation, heretofore so numero\is, became i;ra(hiaily extinct, as well as its language. The last families of the Atnres still existed, in 17fi7, in the time of the missionary Gili. At the period of our voyage an old parrot was shown at Maypures, of which tiie inhabitants related, and the fiu't is worthy of observation, that, " they did not understand what it said, becaiise it spoke the language of the Atures."* PLATE XII. AITRIAN 01' Till': ORINOCO. This cranium presents the large face and ponderous jaw so common in the American race, together witli the retreating forehead, prominent cheek bones and large orbits nf that jienple. The head is more elongated than usual, and less tlattened in tlie occipital region. This skull never canu' under my jM-rsiuial inspection, for which reason I im unable to add any measure inents. or otlier precise observations. The oriiiiial is preserved in the Museum of the .lardin du Hoi, in Paris : i'rofessor ["'lourens kindly permitted a tlrawing to be niaib from it. wliieli was taken by .M. Werner, an excellent artist, inider the supervision ol my iViend Dr. I'^dmund C. l%vaus. of tills eity. Haron Ilumboldl procured several of these skulls, but the vessel in which several of them were shipped, was lost at sea, and I believe but two reached Europe. One of these is ligured by Professor Blumenbacht. and presents a much higher head and Hatter occijiut than the one representid above. TIIE PUELCIIES. 'I'he Puelches, whose name imj)lies Eastern People, wander over the extensive plains between the ;3(i' and 39 of south latitude. They are divided into many tribes, which extend from the Straits of Magellan to the Hio de la I'lata. and • l>i".---iiial Nan-, j, p. ()17. tOocad. Cuiii. Tab. ,\L\ I. 136 CRANIA AMERICANA. from the AUaiitic Ocean to the counliy of the Aiaucanians. In stature they niucli roscmble the Spaniards, but tliey have stronger limbs than the adjacent Indians, a larger and rounder head, and a heavier and harsher person. 'I'hey arc also not so dark eomplexioned. It is reniarkal)l<' fliat although all the I'uclche trii)es are of wandering habits, none of them are sti'ielly pastoral, neilliir keei)iiig sheep nor sowing grain : but they depend entirely on hunting, for wliich purpose they keep a great numlur of dogs. They are diviileil into four tribes, one of which is the 'IMiuihlx. \\\w are celebrated by the nanu' of I'atagonians. They are remarkably tall, athletie nu n. and according to falkiier and others, average more than six feet in height. .Much. ho\\ever. tliat tlie early voyagers have written icspeeling them must be received witli caution. We propose to advert to thi'^ >ul>iect again: and will now merely add. that \\lien European voyagers visited the I'alagonians. the latter showed tlieir policy by selectiiiL; their tallest men to confer with the strangers; thus leaving the impression tlial they were a nation of giants. The Puelches arc proverl)ially brave and skiifnl in war. as their protracted and bloody contests with the Spaniards bear ample testimony. They at iirst compelled the latter to abandon the foundati(ui of tiie city of liucnos Ayres : nor did they yield in the contest imtil tlieir enemies overpowered them with cavalry, ill jjioof of their invincible coiu'ag''. l)e Azara ijives the following remarkable example. "In the heat of battle five I'ampas* were made pri-oner-< ; they were put oil board a seventy-four gun ship, with a complement of six hundred and fifty men. for tin- purpose of conveying them to Spain. When the vessel had been live day- at sea, the captain allowed them the [U-ivilege of walking about without restraint, when they immediately icsolvcd to seize tlie ship and murder all on hoard. 'I'o ell'eet this olijtet. one of them approached a corporal of marines, who appeared to he otl" his guard, sei/ed lijs sahre. and in a moment of time killed two pil:>ts and fiurieeii sailors and soldiers. The four otiiir Indians also Hew to arms, but lindinii tiieiiiselves overcome by the guard, they sprang into tiie sea and drowned thenis( Ives, an exaniiile that was at once lollowcd h\ tin ir riiiiileader.'t ' 'I'll'' SinLiiiurils i:ill limn I'ain] a--, lull ih.ir nwii iKilviiiil ;i|i|icll;ilM'n i^ I'm khu. \)y. A/.au.s, Voy. T. 11,1'. :!''. THE PUELCIIES. 137 PLATE XIII. PUELCIIE OK PATAf.OMA. The original of this drawing was made in Paris witii the preceding one. under the inspection of Dr. E. C. Evans. I have to regret that I possess no measurements ; hut tlu; accuracy and heauty of tlie delineation convey as perfect an idea of the cranium of the Puelches as can he attaiiu'd i)y a drawing. We are at once struck with the hroad face, tiie projecting upper Jaw. the arching of the zygoma, the low os frontis. (lie flattened occiput, and llie fulness of development ahove the opening of (lie ear. 'i'he size of the lower jaw and the perfection of the teeth are also characteristic. THE CIIAURUAS, This powerful nation originally inhahited tlie nortlu ru shore of the Hio de la Plata, and (■.vtcudcd their jxississions to a distauee of tiiirty leagues parallel with tiiat river. Tiny are of (lie middle slatuie, well pmportioued. erect and active; and according to l)e Azara. on whom I eliielly dejieiid for these details, the whole nation wnuld scarcely iiroduce a iiia'i too fat. too meagre, or deformed. They hold the head erect, with a Ixdd plly^iogMlmly ami lieree eouiiteiiauee. indicative of tlicir ferocity and haughtiness. Their eidor is ueaier a hlaek than a wiiite. with very little mixture of red. 'Plieir nose is straight, their eyes rather small, hriglit and always hlaek. and are never ohserved entirely open, at the same time tliat they can see helter and twice as far as Euroiieaiis. Their teeth are well arranged, very white, and rarely fall om spontaneously. Tin ir hands and feet are small and admirahly proportioned. All the energies, mental and physical, of these people are devoted (i> \\:\': alone. They have no diversions. n(U' dances, nor sDugs, nor instruments of music, nor social assemhlages. Their liaiiitual gravity eoiieeals the passions: they never laugh aloud, and always address each other in a suhdued tone of voice. They have no religion, no forms of p(diteness. no laws, no rewards and no punishments: 35 138 CHAMiV AMEUICAXA. and (li.ir .-(juality is so perfect that ihvy do not cvin acknowlcdu;!' tlie autliority of a cliii'f. Vit. sndi is the eourau;e. tlie feroeilv. tlie indomitable spirit of this warlike nation, tliat l)e Azara asserts tliat tiiey liave sj)!!! more Spanish hiood tiian ever llowed in all tlie eontesuwitii Monfeznma and the Incas.* In fact the Ciiarrnas. witii their confederate trii)es. have heen called the '• doorkeepers of l'arau;iiay," on aceonnt of tiieir pertinacions and successful resistance to the encroadnncnts of the Spaniards. To the last dej^ree crud. revenu;eful and externiinatinii in their, wars with the native tribes, and with the Eurepeans, they present, in stroui; relief, all tile prominent characteristics of the race. I'LA'IK XI v. CIIAIMIIA OF liRAZlI,. This .knll possiss.s the eharaelerivties of tlie American Indian in very siron;; relief. The points which we have nolieed in the Puelche. are e\a-i;crated here. toi^etiur with a more relrealin:;- fnn licad and more tlattened occi|)ital reiiion. This head i^ pr(>( rveil. with llie two preceding'; ones, in the Hoyal Museum in Pans: nnd the drawinii- was taken under the same circumstances as those of the i'u.lehe and Alurian. so thai I am unable to give any particulars which camiot be derived from the drawing itself. Tin: iJOTocrnos. These people call themselves hhiiirnvmduni:; hut tiiey are more familiarlv known by the names Aymores and hotocudos. the latter heinj; <;ivcn them bv the Portnuuese. Tin y inhabit the dense forests of Brazil between the Rio Uoce and the Hio Prado. or in other words within the Uilh and IDtli dejirees of south latitude. Nature, says the Prince de AVied. has ^iven tiie Hotocudos an admirable exterior conformation, for they are iiandsonier and In ttir proportioned tiian the • l)i: AzMiA, V,.y. (I.iiis I'Aiu.r Mnid. 'l". .', p. i\~->-' THE BOTOCUDOS. 139 other Taponyas. Tlioy are mostly ol' tlu; middle stattire, with broad slioiilders, larf^e eliests, and delieatu hands and feet. Tiieir eyes arc nio.stly small, black and picrcinu; ; the nose is short, straight and expanded at the nostrils. 'Phe whole face is lari^e, and occasionally somewhat llattened. Their color is a reddish brown, nuich darker in some instances than others, and in some examples almost white. Ill other respects these people resembh^ tile other nations of the American ctnitinent. Hut they have, in common with several tribes of Paraguay, the horrible custom of slitting the lower lip. and wearing in the opening thus made a round or oval jjiece of wood, which gives tiieir physiognomy a frightful expression, which is heightened by the almost coi^tant How of saliva from the aperture. With respect to the moral character of the liotucudos. there is little, perhaps nothing, to admire. -Ueiiig in no degree guided by the moral principle, and uncontrolled by the laws which restrict civilised man within the limits of sucial order, these barbarians follow the impulses of sense and instinct like the jaguars of the forest. Tiie outbreakings of lluir demoiiiae passions, and especially their revenge and Jealousy, are as terrible as they are sudden and uiiexpeetrd." The most trilling iiieidi'ut is sntlieieiit to excite their aiigrv. which can never be ajjpeased excej)! by the death of tile oibnder. it will be of course infernd that their wars are constant and sanguinary. They coiit(;nd with all the surnuiieling nations, whether of the Kuropi an or Indian race, and their hatred to some adjacent tribes is so implacable, that they never spare man. woman or child. Though now nearly e.vlerininated. they remain, as a nation. uncon(|uered and uiie(Uii|nerable. Nevertheless, unlike their iiriglibors. the Cliarruas. the Botocudos havi- their hours of mirth, and enliven their indolence with songs and dances: and with all their savage attributes it is due to them to state, that they have in some instances shown lasting gratitude to those who have befriended them.* I'L.vri: XV. luirocii)!) (IK liitA/.ii.. Heiug I'Ntriiiiely desirous to (d)tain a drawing of one of the skulls of tlies<- singular jieoplc. 1 wrote for that purpose lo his Highness. Maximilian Prince de Wied-Nieuwied. celebrated lor bis scientific researches in both Americas. My " Sio \'ii\;igi' ail Iiii>il, [lar S. A. '^. Maxiiiiilirii, I'riiicc ile WiiMl-NiuiiwiiMl, '1', II, p. ,'o7, &.C. 140 CRANIA AMERICANA. application was promptly rcspomlfd to by that (listiiiguishcil traveller, who sent me a beautiful drawing of which the annexed lithograph is an exact copy. The original is preserved in the collection of the illustrious Professor Blunicnbach, and is the identical specimen brought hy the Prince de Wied, and figured in the Decades Craniorum. Not having had access to the skull itself. I caimot give all its measurements according to my adopted plan: hut the following description from the above work of Professor I{lumenhach, will in a great degree supply the deficiency. "The age of this man." says he. '-was about five and twenty. During the war between the IJotocudos and the Portuguese, he was accustomed to join his countrymen in their hostile incnr>iioii-< : l)ut after hostilities ceastd. he frequently visited the garrison on the Rio Doee. wliere he not long after fell sick and died. '■The cranium, whieli is large, is also very ponderous from the thickness of the hones, and their dense and hard lextiire: and as a whole, if you disregard for a mom. lit the under jaw. the liiiiiie and interval of tlii' orbits, the elevated nasal •t anti(iuity are the Oliiiecas. who i \triided their miL:;ratiiins to NicaraLiua and the (iiilf of Ni -the Mi/.lecas iuid the Zaiiotecas. T I »(■ oeoolc lire ^aid to h been as lii;;'hl\' cultivated as an\ of the nation^ who sucercdcd them; and it mo re tlian i)rid)alile that if the ar(diit(('tural miuinnunts oi' Mexico. N\il| \il he ti'aced to a peiiod lou"' antecedent to the arr'ival of the Toll( Ai nonir the nations who inhabited the country at Ibis early ei)och. are also to be nuntioned the Tarascas. and the Olmnies. the latter beiuL;' the least civili>ed of tlnni all. :!. The lir-eals are stated in their traditions to have beei 1 to the northwest of Mexico, in a conntrv called lluehiietapallaii. Tneir monarcdiy commenced in the year 007. and terminateil. as we have already stated. A. 1). I Oil: at \\hich period a series of calamities caiisi d their partial destriicti(ni. and dispersi(ui into other counli'ies. Of all the natiiuis of Aiiahuae, the T illecas were the most retined in their social ridations. and most skilful in the arts and sciences. They introduced the cultivation of Indian corn and cotton : tiiey made roads, lived in towns and citi(\s, and erected as we have seen.:]; the most surprisint^ moiuimcnts id' the new world. * lleMMiii.r.T. Mdiiuiiirias, II, p. 'J I'), t lliiliiiiiM, u'illi iHurli |il:Hisiliililv, villi's ilie 'I'lillc.', Ill niiiiioi'liy li'Mro the Chrisliaii era. It is iiiiliTil (lillirull 111 unaL'ine llial tlie lunmiiiuMils el' l',iliu'i|iie are Imt 1 JOU years iiKi. 1 See |i:i^'e S |, ninl se.|iiil. 3(j 142 CllAMA AiNIKHICANA. ■I. On llic ili'cliiic (if lilt' 'I'oltccMii niiiniii'cliv. tlic (.'licclicmcciis aiipt'arcd in Mexico, TlicM' |)('()|)K' were also I'nini a nortlu in country, wliicii tluir ainial,» call Ania(iucni('('an. 'riicy were a niilion of linntcrs, clotlicil in llic skins of ia-asls. anil nnaciinaintcil with aL;ricnltMrc or llic arts of civilised life. Tluir religion cnilnaciil the siinplc \vorslii|) of the sun, to which they made oU'eiinns of fruits and lloweis. unattenih il hy human sacrilices. Although the C'hechemecas were a rude people, tiiey were not averse to civilisation : they mixed w ith tiie 'IVdtecas who still remained in the country, adoi)tiil their agriculture, and many of those oinannnlal arts to which we havi' already atKertt'd.* ■). It was during the Chechenieean monarchy that the scnii Irilii.i toidi up their aliode in Anahuac. '"luse trilirs l)orc the lollowinj; names: Zochimilcas. Calehese. Tapanecas. C(dhuas. 'riahuicas, 'IMa^ealaus, and A/tees or Mexican^. 'rinsi' nations liore the C(dlective name of Nahautlaeas ; they cann; also from a northern country which they called A/tlan. whidi was c:)ntiu:uous to Ai|uem(can. the hive of the C'JK chemeeas.t 'I his immigration took place in the ur,y I17!S. These several trilies estahlislied tiieinselves independently in Anahuac. the Mexicans heing the last in onlei- of arri\al. A. 1). 1 J lo. (i. Sul)se(iU(iil to the seven trili( - tliere arrived another great family, hearing the name of Alcoliuans. \\\ut-r native seats were nearly identical with those of the CheclieuH las. A confedriacy was early estalili>hed hetween tjie Alcoliuans. tile C'hechemecas and the i'olleeas, and the national appellation was lieriveil from the hrst of these trihe^. whieii i> reiiresented to have heen further advanced in eivilisatimi than any peojile ol' AnaluuK'. excepting tiie Tolteeas. 'I'liesr nations, togi ther witii the Na\il;iea«. appiar all to havi' spoken dialects of the same languagi, a I'act which i^ accounted for iu tlieir cognate (U'igin.J The Aztecs or Mexicans W( re at lirst trihutary to the Alcidiuans. hut they early shook oil" the yoke, and iiecaiue in tlicir turn the rulers id' Mexico, which they governed until the eapil:\l fell into tiie hands of the Siianiaids under (.'ortez. in the year la.'l. • ('i..\vi(;kii.>. IIiM. ..iMrMr,,, II II. t Tlirsi' ii'irlli'rii M lis (i| rn ili-.iiinii, hnuTvcT. Iiavr lurii sdiiu'lit I'.ir m v.iiii; am! il is wmlliv o( i''iii:irl , thai lln' jcann'.! Cil-irra has aliriiiplril \u show llial llir iialivc s"als .if ihr iiaiinns al'(i\ .■ illlHlurali'ii, Wi'lc llol 1,1 ill,' liollli. lail ill ill.' s.Mllll nl' Mrvi.n, Alhr all rliUllnlali if vallnlls |i uisilil,' I'ai'ts, 111' ail.ls, ■•ail lli'-s ■ rin iiai^taiii'i's iinili-d li'ii 1 lo (Iriii'iiislrati', liy I'vi.lnin- iis clrar as oviilciic'u call ]iriivr, ilial tlio Uiiii.'(loiii nl' Aiiiaiiiirain-an was siliiali'ii in tin prrsini |iriiviiirc ui' riiiapa." — Si'i' SnlHti'in ajllir <^riiiiil llistiiricil prii'ikiii uj llu' j}iiiiiil,i!iiiii (>J\Jiinrn", p. "i'-. ; IIm.mdomii, Miiiniiiii Ills, I, p. SI, THE MEXICANS. 143 Iliivins tliiis traced, in as few words as piissil)lr, tlic alliliation "f the variims (liliis wiiicli inUiidfd tiiiMiiselvcs into IVIcxico, \\v procmd in the next placi' to inciuirc into llic distinu;\iisiiin^ traits of (lusr coniMiunitics, ail wliicii arc now ri's^istcrcd in liistory liy liic collective name of .Miaicvns. All these nations were characterised, as we iiave observed, hy similarity of lanj;uaj;c, and they possessed also similar maimers, in^tiliilions. and pliysieal traits; and Ilumholdt has compared their allinily to that uliieii i> known to exist iietwecn the (iermans. the Xorwe^ians, the (ioths and the Danes, who arc all embraced in a sin rlc raci Tile iimral and iiiiyxical (|iialities of the Mixicaiis. says C'iavii;eid, their teiupeis and dis[)()sitioiis, were llic same with tlm^r (if tlie Aleoliiiaii^. the 'i'( paiiecas. Ilie TIasealaiis and otlier nation^, witli im other dill'erenee than what arose IVoiM their diU'ciciil mode of education, so that what is said of one may he considi red api)licahle to all the otliers.t "The ^Mexicans are of u;ood stature, generally ratlur exceeding than falliiit!; short of tiie niiddlin^; size, and well proportioned in all their limlis: they have iiood eoiiijilixioiis., narro\v foreheads, black eves, clean, tirm. leiiiilar ^vllile t((tli : tiiiek. Iiinek. coarse, i^lossy hair, thin beards, and n'eiierally no hair upon tiicir lejis and anii<. There is scarcely a nation, perhaps, upon earth in whieli there are fe\ser drl'ornu d pciMuis. and il would he more ditliciilt to tind a sin! 1. : ('l.AVIilKUo, 1, |i. 10 1. ,//;;. n/. t llisl. 01 .Mexio, I.|i. 103. 114 CIIAMA AMKHICANA. (nwanls llir t.niplcs. proniiiicnf fliitk-lxnits, tliick lips, and iiii txprcssidii <>( a;»nlliiirss in Ihr luoiitli str(mj;ly coiiliiislcil wiMi a ahmuy nid stvcrt' l(i< '.."♦ The same aiitlnti- adds, lliat the Mrxiciiis. fsptcially of tlir A/ttc and Oltoniilf races, have more lieard llian any other American nation. ■• Almost all the Indians in the neiniihorliood of the capital. (Mexico)," says he, -wear small mnvtaches. and it is even a mark ol tile trihntary cast."t This accoimt ot' the physical character of liie ."Mexicans is cliiellv derived from Clavii;ero. who well knew the jieople of whom he wrote, not oniv from havinu;sliiilii d all the works that havr liren written respectini^ them, hut especially from havin;;- r('«-ii!((l thirty-six years amonu; tlurii. This ;uithoi Iio\m \er. >tates that the Mexieauv have iiarrnu inrehr.ids; which may he in ^r,.,,,,;,! true of the existiuii trilies. Inil Ih*' remark does u>il apply to the ancient tialions. ,is is jiroved hotli h_\ their sculpture and tin ir crania. (hi Ihc Ihiiils iif llii .Inriiiil Mi.iicnis. — f have not succeeded in olitainini; an ade(|uate series of .Alexiean skulN. aiul of those in my possession hut einht are old( r than the e(ini|uest. N(, ene of ihem is altered liy art. and they present a strikiu'j.- reseiiilihiiie,'. hoUi in si/e and conii^iu-atinn. to the heads of the Aueii lit I*eru\ians. In e\aniiiiiiiii the ili liue.ilioiis in Del liio'sf aecMnni nf i>a|, nini,.. | ohservi il in the eonier of hi. fiflh pl.ile. a -niall. iu\i It' d ~kull. which is s,, enm- |)letely charaetc 1 !>! ie of thes, ualiMUs that I ha\e had it drawn as are unnecessary to Ibe present purpose. V.'ere it not for the evidence of undeniable facts, sueh conliiiuratioii of the head would be pr.mnniH'ed altoi;ether ideal. But ^^lleu the reader has examined the real skulls fi-uied in this work, and esp.eially Ibo^e of Ibe Natclie/ tribe (xvho app.'ar to bav b.eii nf (be ToUeeau stock.) be \\ ill perceive i.i (hem a distortion similar in kind (.. that npreseiiled in the bas-reliefs of I'alemiue. but in a uiucb more ..xa;ii;eiat.d de^iice. Witli respect to the extravananlly dispro- portiniied noses of the 'i'ldtecan sculpture, liumboldt (d.servcs that they mij;ht at first si-ht appear to indicate a race v.ry dilVeient from that which now inhabits these countries: but. lu' adds, -if is possible that the Mexican people nii-ht have 37 I I Hi CWANIA AMKinCANA. Inlicvcd, uilli (III |iliilii>o|ilu'i' IMalu. thai tlitrc nmi^ mihu lliiiii; iiiiijotic and niyal in a iai'^i' nusr. ami luncc may lia\i- used it, in tin ir |iaintinp and ri'lii'l':^, nM tin- Mnilml III' |)i»\v( r ami nimal wmlli."* \N illi rrs|i( rl III (III' I'niiii ami i\|)ri'?*siiin nC (lir 'I'lillrcan lace, wr jhlssi'sm iillirr I'linaiiis ni' an(ii|iii(\ llial im dmilit ;i|i|iriia('li vriy mar tn naliirr, and a( Ica^*! ('.xiii'c''^ \vlia( (lii)M' |irii|ilr nin^iilrrrd (iir liiaii-iilial id' (III' liimian |di}>iiii;miin}'. I allmli' III llir Iliads inmildrd in (rna-culta. wliicli iiavr lii'i n mi aliinidantly rniimi ainiinu; (lir Tnltrcan ruins nC Analiuac. Iliimin il^. |)i'rlia|is (liiiu>amls, ul' llusc rlVi^ii'S lia\i' turn iili(aim'd I'riini (lir vii'iiii(_v nl' (lir puamid uC 'rnililinacin aloni' : tlu'V all' nl•>^lly aliiiiM an imii in li ni;lli. and (lu' |c alnrrs arr ailmiialdy |irii|)i)r- (iomil. 'I'liry liavi' liiu.!) ami limad I'mi luaih, oval lace-. |iriiniinrii( elm k Imnrs, and radii r (iiniiil lip^. 'I'lii'v arr all \i ry niiii'li i'nni|in'>si'd Crnni hack di I'mnt. ami a|>p' :ir In lia\r lii'in nrnaniriilal a|i|i('nda!::rs nl (lay Mssi Is in I'liiiininn iiM'. A lad' travt'ljrr has nlisirvrd. (hat llu' arts cnnld iml havr hrrn m ry (IrHciriit Willi a jii'iipli' "uhii. wilh such cnaisc matirials. and Inr such ciuninnn |iiir|)iis('s. ciiiild I'ashiiin In aiU nn mi small a scale, and cxhiliitim: so much cliaractir and ex|iri'<'siiiii."t Dr. I''rcdi'iirk I'MiiiuiuK. ,iii l'".ii^li>li lii ulh man wlm passed srvi ral years in (he Ml xicaii ir|iiiliii('. has |iiiMiitid me \\i(li a numlii r nl' (liisc nlics, w liich were (ililained liy him IrDiii llie rules nl' (he 'i'emiiles nj' the Sun ami .Mnnn. nt 'renlihuai'an. Twn nf thesr. wliieii are similar tn (iinsc deserihed and liiiund liy ('a[i(aiu \ e(cli.]: are ri'|ii'csi'nleil in ll.e siilijniiM il wund-cuts. It is thus that we traci^ the sanie style nl' features in the scul|itiiri' nl" the nations of Anahuac. frnni llie northern iirovinces of that country to Nicaragua^ in ' .MiiiiiiMMiils, I. |i. I:)l. t \'t:icn. Ill ■Pr.ins, If. .v. (I.'.iir. ^,„•. ,,1' I,,,ii |..ii. \I1I. p. '). Il,i,l, phil,' II. § KnMii lli'rri'r;i",s i'.l'idiihI. llic |ir.i|ili' nl' .\ir,ir;i.ii;i a|i|ii:ii' In liiivr I'lHiliiiui'il tlir curium ol' moulding iIk' head ii|i lo llii; tliiir ol' llic Siimiii."!! lUvaMnii nl ili.' cuiiiiliy. liis words arc as I'ollow : 'Illi: MEXICANS. I »7 tlif soulli, ji (listiuico of twelve liiiiulieil iiiilex ; while over this vast t met was ill tlie same time ilill'iised a lam;iiai;e, iiis(itiitiim«. and mipimmeiils, wiiieii all i)esjii)kf iieommuii niii;iii. lliimiinldt has -.iMiiew lure reiiiarkid Ihal it if* in t unlikely that tile I'miiies with eiuirmuiis a(iuiline noses, ohserved in the Mexican liieinu;l}ithie paintings, may point to a raee ol m< ii already ex.inet. For tlijs siirmiv. Imwevi r. there appears to he no I'oundalion : lor thi> peenliarily of 'I'ldlt ean seiilptiire is to he ref^arded as a eonveiitional rule of art. like otln i> in the Ims reliefs ami statues of the Nile. 'l"he praetiee of artificially niouldini; the hi ad, varied, it is true, aceordiny; to fancy, has heen traced iVoin I'eru into \ene/.uela.* and tlu nee into Nicaragua as matter of fact : and as we also lind the Natchez and other trihes oriijinally from Mexico addict! d to the same u>a;ie. we may reasonaldy infer that the 'I'oltecas and Aztecs who ^jve evidence of the same custom in their !ias-i liefs, and hicroiny of a state." (ihserves Clavii;ero. "are three thin^is winch chielly form the character of , iialioii. and without luini; ae«|uainted willi tliise it is impossihle to have a pe; . , ulea ol the nenius. disposition and kno\vledL;e of any people wiiatevc '■."!: The histoi'ian then adds that the nlinion (d" the Mexicans was a lieap of ( i i<>. n|ierstitions ai'.l cnnl rites. Their i;ods were nearly as numerous as tin s( „[' the Uomaus, and their ollices and attrihutcs were niystilied hy the wm-st inveutious id' pricslcraft. They worshipped the sun and moon anioiii; their principal divinities, and they pcrsoiiilied the seasons and vari(nis phenomena (d' nature, tjiviicj; to each its place in tiieir mytliolo;j;ical series: they had a i;od of war. a i;n.; !' peace, a nod ol mirth, and in fact a ;io(l for almost every ima;;inalile contingency, together with hous( hold divinities (answerini; to the jxiiates of thi' ancients) almost witliout ■• i.ds lidnibri's son di' liiU'iiii slaliira, mas lilalicos cine loras; liis i':ilicc;;is ,i loldiulrnms foii im lioyo cii mi'tliu por lirriMosiirii, i [inr iisiiiilo, i pur cari,';!." — ///.'. ■'■ /"•? Iniliii.s', Dec. 111. I.ili. 1\ • ' Sit I'l lie Ij I. t SiiicM' this ii;n-;iL'nipli was wrillrn I li;ivt! nvcuv,! a Irllrr from Dr. .lolm MaiMfliR'V, nf llir cily (if Mr\ic,i. ulin spcilvs n{ ill,' •• singular Inniis" ul' 111" skulls ill tho m\nrui .■I'liictiTv nl' Saiiliauo de ■I'lalrluliM). 1 uail wilh L'lvaf iiiliTi'sl lor llir la' ' insi' rclifs may di'Vilo|ir. Tlir i-niirlcry asscrled lo have hi'cii lalcly discovcri'd al Diiiaii'i), . Mo Mcxiiaii slalrs, may also throw iiuiiU additioi'.al liL'liI on this sulijcfi. ; llisl. ol' Mexico, 1!. \I. i^t'iiili'ii.) 1 18 t'HAMA AMERICANA. Muinbcr. It is as^trlcd tliat. after llic coiiquost by the Spaniards, the Franciscan nil. MAS. alone, de^^tniyed in eii;lit years, mure than twenty llionsand id(ds.* 'i'lieir tenii)le-^ were in iimporlion : Toni\ieniada estimated tin in at forty lliiMisand. and Claviu-er. tliiid%- tiiis estimate is mneli witliin bounds. Tluy liad tiieir fasts, penaneeo and feasts tlnir monks. vestaN and priests of ditli'rent orders. Hut what is most snrijrisi'i;;- in a nation possesMin;- any claim to refmenunt. was ilieir numberless llnmal^ saerilices: nnii. women and cliildren were put to ibatli by every possiMc vari. ty .1 sinrcrinji-. and there seems to be no doubt that the iilood of no less t.ian twenty tl>nisand human beinus was aimually devoted to the nods of tile .Mexieaii<. When to portioii : all tli( ir iiistitulions. n li-ious ; lul civil, were established and niain- laiiietl with IdoHiiy rites, wliieli u\u-\ have constantly ojierated to ih adeii and oblitd'ate the liner tee|in-s ,,|' eiir nature. . Familiarity with death leads to indiireivnce of life, and hence, jierhaps. the superior coiirau-e of the .Mexicans: for notwithstaiidini:- the asp, rsimis of l)e j'aiiw a. id others, these penile yiehbd to the Spaiiianjs only al'ti'r a \aliant s|nin-le. !),■ 'auw asserts that .Mexico \\as i'oii(|nered bv Corte/, with f)ii va-ahonds. and tiftoii horses, h.ully armed. 'I'liis is a iireat error: lor every leailer of .\iiiericaii h'story is aware, that Cortez enlisted a-aiiist the doomed em|)ire. the people of varioii.. trihiitary and discoiitenled iU'oviiicis; so iJKit III j,l;iee .,f altackim; Mexico with |V;> men. hi' comim need his iiivasinn with JIKl.lKMl. (',,r|e/, aekllowled-es (he mul<^tu(le of his allies, and ailmils that at the si, ^e of th,^ eapiial. tliiv lou-lil against tl- ■ Mexicans with even i:ivatei' ai'ilor than the Spanianls tli,'ms,.|v,.s. 'I'he sieoe ,,f tl\ city last,,! seveiitv- loiir ,la_\s. diirin- which tim, ih,- inhahitaiits ,l,|Viul,d th,nis,u,s ^^ ith theutmosi bravery : nor did lli, _\ surr, ii,|i r until ■)(l.il(i(l ,if lh,ir number \M\ be.n d,s|r,M cd h.v faiiiin,' ami tli,' sx\,,r,|. ami s, \, n of th,' , i-lit (larts of their city had falliii into til,' liamU of the en, ni\ . Ill-I. Ill .\I, \.. ,,, |!. \|. ,,, o,; (• * Ci. w ua:iiii. Ilisi. fii' '\\v\i ■<>. |). Ill THE MEXICANS. 1 n> Let us now (urn to the more plcasiu'j; pari of tlic |)ic(\n'c. tliiil wliicli cnusidcrs the progress these people liiul made in llie refnienieuts of ei\ ilised life. The state ol" eivilisation anumii the .Mexiean*;. wlieu lliey were lu>t known to llie Spaniards, was mueh superior to tliat of llie Spaniards tluMnselv( s nn their first intercourse with llie Phenieiaus. -'or that (d" the (;anls when iirst known to the Greeks, or that of the (iernians and Britons when lirst known to the Uonians. Their understandings are fitted for every kind of seienee. as experimee has actually shown. Of the Mexicans who have had an ojjportunily of ent;aninu; in the pursuit of learninjj — wliieh is hut a small nuinher. as the greater pari of the people are always employed in the pulilie or private works — we have known some liood mathematicians. exc( lleiit architects, and learned divines."* The architectural taste of the Mexican natiiui is chiclly seen in the I'alace of Mitla. and the ruins of Paleinpie. The fn'^t (d' tlie-e remains i>^ situated in the province of Oaxaca. and t)elont;s to the era of tlie Zapotecas: it emhraees live separate hiiildin^s. di^jjo^ed with i^reat rciiularity. courts, terrace cidiinin-. arahcMines and suhtirranean vauh-. Tiic cciliiinn<. wliicli are the only ones hitherto found in Ann rica. are witienil ea|iitals. and imlieate llie infancy of this depai'tment (d' art.f If we no southward to (Juatemala. which wa^ a prn\inee(d" Mexico under nearly all the dyna-tie-; that Lioverned that country, we lliid other architectural remains of an (laiiorale and imposinii character, which ti ud ^lill more strongly to impre-s the mind with the genius of tli^' ancient ptciple id' Anahiiae. " Thr cave id'Tihulca." says Juarros. •• appears like a ten jile of iireat >i/,e ludlowed out of the hasi' of a hill, and is adorned with cojuiuu-. Iiavinn' ha^e^. pedestal-, capital^ and crowns, all accurately adjusted according to aridiitectural piineiples."!: .luarros also descrihes the cavern temple at Mixii in yi t more extraordinary details: which remind us. says an ingenious autlmr. of the roek caverns and temples ol Ellora. Klephanla. and other similar imunuuents (if Hindoo wurkiuaiiship.^ Are these the Works of the Toltecas. or (d' their cultivated progenitors the Ohnecas? In the same re;iion of country, near the villa;;e of Palemiue. are the ruins df a citvof which we have already spoken, in which the massive edifices, the inclined " ('i.AVKiKiio, nt supra. t Himiioi.ht. Mmiumriils, II. \k l")ii. '. Ilisl. 1)1' ('■ii;ili'iii.il;L, p. .'7. § M'Cri, 1.011. UcMVirclii'-^, |i. ;!1 (i.— 'I'lir iiinnuiiiiiil:il liviivims dt' New S|i;uii liavc liii'li (or iTiitiiric's ludilou iViiiii invrsliLriilhiu hy a sin-uliily s.IlMi pnlicy. Il is iiialli'V el' eoiiL'ralulalion, liiiUTVii-, thai llir nine is ia|iiiliy aiipin:ii'liiiit; wlini Ihr AliL'ln S.i\nii \-drv will rcUilinl iIil' (IcsUlliiis 111' Mrxieo, anil tliniw ii|icii lur luiiuil iiu.miiniils lo llii' siiiiliny nl alt and si iciii-e. 38 150 CRANIA AMEHICANA. walls, the ims-irlicfs ami hieroglyphic sciilptmr. hclmiu; olivioiislv to a rfiuotf a-a' and aiv hy pntty ;;(ni nil coiiscnl attrihuU'd to the 'I'oltccas. 'I'hc uijiaiitic mi'miiui'iits of Analiiiac arc also seen in the iiyiainids of Cliolula. Tcotihiiacaii and Papaiitla. When the A/.tees took possession of this country in llic IJth century, tiny round these nionunicnls already existing, and rd'crred them to Hic 'I'oK.cas. The pyramid o{ Chohila has a hase twice th.' Imadth of lliat of Cheops, yet is low in proportion.* I( is huilt of mdiaked bricks, is I'oin' ^tories or terraces ju juiohi. and is constructed in the direction of the fourcanliiial p,,ial-.— 'I'he pyramids of Teotiimacan are ei-iit lea-uo north of llie cily of Me\ici>: two of tlies,. are dedicated to (he Sun and Moon, and these a,-,iin ar<' surround. d hy hundreds of oilurs of smaller si/.e, winch form Mr.els iu lines fnun north to s,,ulli. and fnuu ea>l to \vc>t. Lastly in tiiis m ries of iinents. is thr jiyramid of Pajiaulla. huill of hewn ^ton(^ of Cyclopean iliuiensioii^. and ornanu'iited willi liii roiilvphics. Sullie. ii I,, add. that the year of tlic .Mexicans consist(d like (uir own. of three linndnd and sixtN-hve days, jnit in-lead of twelve it was divided into ciM-litcen monlh-, each of twenty da_\s: they posM-scd a di-linet sy>lcm of liicroiijyphic wriliu.ii. and their annals \\,ul hack more llian ei-iil centuries and a half Ik fore the arrival of the Spaniards. Their knouhdu-e of arilinnetic and a-tronomy. as we ha.c already noted, wa- lioth rxtensive and accural. . They had cuistruct.d c.uisideralde a.iueducts. .,f wliich 111.' r. mains y. t , xi-t. and num. n. us canals f.ir irriiiali.m. »( which on,, is ass.rt.d to iiav,. ext. nihil a dislance of one liunilnd and lifty l.anucs. ••The\ ueiv ahle 1.1 ixfracl. s,.parale and fus.. nutajs: t.i -ive cpp.r the hardnes. of -till. I..r 111.. faliricali.>n of lliiir w. apons and instruments; to make mirrors ol lliis hardened cippi,-. ,„• ,,f jiar.l siou.^: to form imaites of pdd ami silver, h.dlow witiiin: lo cul 111,, iianl.st pivci.ois sLuu^s with the -realest uicety: t.. manu- laclure and dyr cott.m and wool, and work and ti-ur.^ Ilie stuHs in various ways; and I.) spin and weav.^ the riiic hair of hares and rahi.ils. info fahrics rescnihlin- and aiiswerm- llio |nir|)os,s ..f silks. "f Such are the p.-o]]!,. whom cerlain cl.is.l audi.irs in Kiirop.' have siiun;aii^,.ii as harharians. incapahle of flic arts and r. fnienients of civiliscij lif,.. Clavii;ero. spiakin- .(f tiie pr.scnt descendants of the A/.tecs. oiiservis that • IIi-Miinia,T, Moniuiirius, I. s.,._Tla.s tiMv.ll,!- stairs the m.I.; ot tl..' ba-- t., h, , I . i j.j |,,,..i. "liilc its lii'iL'lit IS mily 177 Iri't. * ('aiii.i. >1i| ilr.l 111 I,:.',V|. l,r, 's L,rl '/..n,lr^y. \r. [.. IS i. THE MEXICANS. 151 they possess botli thi^ imitative aiul inventive faculties: anil althoush slow in their motions, they show extraordinary jjerseveranei' in those works that reiiuire long continued attention. They are taeitiiiii antl severe in llieir manners, and seldom exhibit those transitions of passion so eoiumon in other nations. They are of the historical, mythnlniiical ami astronomical knowledge ol the country, were exiirniiiiitid : for the priests obsi rved the meridian sliade in the iiuomous. and regulated the calendar. Tlie monks burned tlie bieroglypliic paintings, by which every kiiiil of knowledge was transmitted from generation to •:eneiation. 'i ('e people, deprived of tiiese means of instruction, were plunged in iiiiioranee so much the dee[)er. iuasiuueh as the missionaries were unskilled in the Mexican languages, and coubi substitute few new ideas in the place of ibe old. 'i'he remaining natives then consisted of the most indigent raci'. poor cultivators, artizaus. among whom was a great uumiier of weavers, porters, who were used as beasts of burthen, and especially those dregs of the people, those crowds of beggars. who bore witness to the imperfection of the social institutions, and the existence of feudal oppression, and who. in the time of Corte/.. tilled the streets of all the -real cities in the ^Alexican empire. Ilow shall we judge then, from tiiese miserable r'luains of a powerful iieople. of the deu^'ee of civilisation io wiiieli it bad risen from the twelfth to the sixteenth century, and of the intellectual (levelopineut of which it is susceptible.' If all that remained of the French or (;ermaii nation were a few poor aurienlturists. could we read in their features that they belonged to nations which had produced Descartes \nd Clairanl. Kepler and Leibnitz?"* • I'ulit. l-:s>.iv. It. II, ('Ii:M'. \i. 152 CKANIA a:meric'ana. In addition to these remarks, we will merely note tlu- moral and political resemblance tliat exists Ix'tween the ancient anil modern Mexicans on the »me hand, and the E,i;yptians of the ajre of Pharaoh and liie present Coi)ts on the other. Slavery has degraded tiie facnlties of both, and it wonid reijuire e.ntinies of the most favora])le eirenmslances to resnseilate liic dormant i;eniiis (d' either. PLATK XVI. ."MKXICAN. \v ■J \ 'V A skull of larn-e and ma«.Mvc (levelo|)nients. willi a lull. Iiroad hut nireatinir foreheaii. and -real width lutwern (he |)arietal Imnes. T!ie head is more oval and elonj^ated than is usual la this race, and tliere is a remarkable fulncNv of the phrenoloijieal region (d' eonstruetiveness. The face is Inriie nnd projrclinn'. and the lower jaw broad and ponderous This is a relic of the trcnuine Tidlecan ^toek. bavini; iieen exhumed from an ancient eemrtrry at Cerro de (^uesilas. near the city ol Mexico. It was aecomiianied by nuuu rous auticiue vesscN. weapons. &.e.. iiuiicatinti- a per<(inau;e of di-tinclion. This cranium was broui;ht from .Mexico by the Hon. .1. I{. Poiusc tt. anil by him prcM iiled to the Academy of Natural Science-, of Pliiladeli)lua. Mr. \>l UKMI'.XT' lioniiitudinal dianuter. Parietal dianuter, . Frontal diameter, . Vertical diameter, . Intcr-mastoid arch. . Intcr-mastoid line, . 7.1 inches. .5.7 inches. 1.1 inches. ■'i.J inches. ]■>.!» inches. ■1. inches. THE MEXICANS. 153 Occipilo-rniiitiil arch. Horizontal periphery, Internal capacity, . Capacity ol' the anteridr chanihcr. Capacity "f the posterior clianiher, Capacity oi' the coronal region. Facial angle, 1 1. inches. '20. .5 inches. 8J. cubic inches. 39. cubic inches. 1 J. cubic inches. 17. .5 cubic inches. 7'i degrees. PLATE XVII. MEXICAN. 1 / "U, I 1^^ With a lietter I'orebeail than is usual, this skull i)reMnt>^ all the prominent characters i<( the \iiiirie;ui ract — the prominent face, elivaled vertex, vertical occi|)Ut. and tb" ^riat ^well iVom the leniixiral !)ones upward. Of tln' particular trilic to wiiieli lliis individual brlnnged I am not inlnrmed : and I >.ho\ild havr liesilaled to pn ^eiit it as ;i ncnuine Mexican bad I not neeivcd. through Mr. .)(weph Smith, late ot \\u^ city and now id' Mexico, a ^kull wliich corre>.pond- wilh it in alnio-t every particular. I'rom an ancient tomb at Tacuba. Of tin latlrr I -ubjiiin. at the rod id' tlir tollowin^^ nnasurementN. tliree diagram^ lor tin pm'jio^e III eoin|)ariMin. MCASI Ur.Ml.N !•■ liOU'^iiludiiial diameter. Parietal diameter. Krontal diannter. Vertical diauteter. . liiter-nia>itoid andi. . 39 (i.8 inches. 5.,) inidies. l.fi inches. (5. inches. 1 ,").() inches. 154 CKANIA AMEHICANA. Inter-niastoiil lino, . Occipito-t'iontiil iircli, Horizontal jn riplicry. InlxTiial capacity. . Capacity of tlic anlirinr ciiaiiilxT. Capacity of tlic pnslciior ciiamlH r. Capacity of the coroiii'l rcL'ion. Facial aiinic .... ./•rr:::u?\ / ! -ocxj' V~ •1. 1 inches. 14.(j inches. 19.9 inciics. 89.5 cubic inches. '3:1.5 cuhic inciies. 5(). cubic inciies 19.5 cubic inches. SO degrees. yr I I ''I The skull n pn-icntcil in iIr- above diagrams came too late to be litbonraphed : hut in a future part of tliis wurk are inserted three heads from Otumba. wliieii will materially assist in eompbtiuii this section of the iiluslratiiuis. (See I'lates 59. G(l. 01.) PLATE XVII.— A. ME.XICAN. / This is the cranium of a Mexican Indian of the I'anies tribe, whose location IS at the hamlet of San Loniizo. not far from the city of Mexico. It was ixhunic d at the jjartieular rei|U(^l of tiic latr Dr. Aniommarchi. I'hvsieian to THE MEXICANS. 155 Napoleon, ami by that gentleman deposited in my collection at the request ol my friend Dr. M. IJurrough, United States Consul at Vera Cruz. The certificates which acconipaiued this skull go to prove that it helonged to an Indian of the unniixed race, but of wiinse history notliing is stated. It tliereforc only remain^ to sul>ioin the usual MI'.ASI UliMKNTS. Litnu;iliuliual dianu'ter, . Parietal diameter, . Frontal diameter. . Vertical diameter, . Inter-nuistoid arch. . Inter-mastoid line. . ()cci|)it()-i'rontal arcii. Horizontal pcriplK ly. Internal capacity, . Capacity of llie anterior diamher, Capacity of the |)!)>t( ridi' eliaMil)ir. Capacity of tlic eoriinal rLgion, . Facial aiiL;lc. .... PLATE XV HI. M1::\1CAN. G.U inches. 5.3 inches. 4.3 inches. 5.2 inches. 1 1.6 iuclies. 4.1 inches. 13.6 inches. 1<). inciies. 74. cwi)ic inciies. 2.8. cubic inches. l(j. cubic inches. II.) cubic iueiies. 77 degrees. A remarkably well characterised Toltecan head, from an ancient tomb near the city of [Mexico, whence it was exhumed with a great variety of antiques, vessels, masks, ornaments. &c. It is preserved in the collection of tlu' American i'liilosiinliieal Societv: and 1 am indebted for its use on this occasion to the 1.56 CHAMA AMERICANA. cslimabU" Librarian of that institution, .lolni Vauu;han. Vm\. 'I'lic foroluail is low. l)iit not very rccciiinu;; llic face projects, and tiic wliolc cranium is extremely une(|uai in its lateral proportions. MKASI III'.MKNTS. Tionu;ituilinal diametci-. Parietal ilianu'tir. Frontal diameter, Vertical diameter. Intt r-niastoid areli. . Inter-nui toid line. Oceipito-t'rontal areli. Horizontal peripherv. Internal capacity, Capacity of the anterior chainhi i'. Capacity of the posterior chainlH r. Facial anule. .... fi.l inches. 5.7 inches. ■i.rt inches, 5.1 inches. 1 l.(i inches. 1.5 inches. 13.5 inches. '20. •» inches. 77. c\il)ic inches. 3((. cubic inches. ■17. cubic inches. 78 degrees. I'LA'I'i: XVIII.— A. Mi:\l( AN.— ri.AllI ICA? J--- f^- ] / ( / .J 'riiis ix a !'( male ^kiill. ulilaintd iVnni Aeapaeiuiio. in the valley of Cuernavaea. about liKy niib^ voutli of the eily of Mexico. It \va>i obtained and presi nted to Mir by lliat di-liiitiuislied friend and patron of -eienee. William .Maelure. Ks(i.. I'reMdent of the Acad( my of Natural Science-; of Philadelphia. Mr. Maelure did not inform ine to sviiat tribe this individual iielonged : but as Clavigeni* states " Ili'-l. ■if Mi'viio, I, !>. 7. (('nil' ii's 'I'r.) THK NATCIIKZ. 157 i\v. that all tlir tribes of tliat siction of Mexico liclonnctl to the urcat Tlahuica nation, I have ilcsignalid this spccinu-n accord ins^ly. We rccoi;iii«ic in this skull the proji'ctinu; face, tlif ntnatinu; foriiKiid and tlw Hat occiput of tlic 'rultccai' family. al(iiouu;li till' wliolc head is mori' clonnalfd than usual. The st \ Inid process exceeds any similar appendaii'e I iiave ever sicu. and touelies tjic lo\V( r jaw in a >va\ that must have iuipedid the openiui; of llie nmutli. Mr.ASIHr.MENTS. Loui;itudiual diameter, Parietal diameter, .... I''r()ntal diameter, .... N'ertie.d diameter. .... Inter-mastoid arcii. .... luter-masloid line, . . . . Occipito-froutal arcii. lloriznutai periphery, Internal capacity. . . . . Capacity of the anterior chamiier. Ca|)acity of tiie posterior cliamher. . Capacity id' tiie enrnnal rei;iou, Facial amrie. . . . . . (J.O inclicv 5.i inches. 1.2 inches. ■). 1 iiudies. 11.') inelies. 4.1 iiudies. 11. inches. 1ft. 2 in(hes. 7S. cuhic inches. ,)(). cuhic inclu's. 18. cuhic iiu'hes. 1 1.2"> cuhic inches. 7(i (h'uret^. THH NATCIIKZ. •a. to i- id (■S 'I'lie Iradiliiins of Die N'atclu/, slate, tliiil tliey migrated from Mexico at two diHerciit periods: ;uid tiieir Niuiiulai' usages had to thr belief lliat I bey were ,i hraneh (d' the ;;reat 'rollec;in family, which, as \\c have seen, was subjected to iireal vieissitiulcs. and ultimately, in a ureal nuasiu'e. expatriated from Anahuac. The more obvious aiialo'.i,ies between the Natchez and tiu' 'rolleeas. consist in thr \Mii-hip of the sun. tlu' practice of human sacritiees on the death of eniiiuul j)ersiins. hereditary di>linetious. and tixed inslilulinii-.. iu \' hich nspi d {\iv\ dilhred from all the other nations of Florida. 10 H8 CHANIA AMKIIK ANA. Till' Nutclii'/ not ..Illy woiHliipiud tin- miii. Iml k.pt what llicy tnin.d the il.Tiiiil I'liv; wliifh last lii.y am.m|)lisli((l Uy >l(.\vly liuniiii;; a (mrli made of (lircc pii'ccH of wood joiiu'il at one riid* 'I'liiir liiicdilary usino wi it m i y icmarkaldf, and cniistitiilid. in fad. a ffiidal Mstcni of llic nio>t r.\cln>ivi' Kind. 'I'li.y cidl.d llii ir |iriiiri|ial cliicf llir (.'riiif Sini. iuul till- iiol)|i's and lliiir cliildi'i'ii ^M iv called ."iins; while all thai poition of Die irihi' not alliid to th.M di-nitaiio. wi iv stinniatixd hy an ( |iithcv(n hnndr.d Iv.ir.peans. ; ,i ■>..■,;:< ;. men' handfnl wwr ma-acr.d withoni imrcw Wr have only to add the uniform re-nlt of such r. -istanc.' on the part of the Indians, '{"he French enti nd thi' connlr,\ of the Nalidie/ in -nat force, ami this 'ii.l'i'"' |""lde. altera valiant st,n--h . was ;,| h.[ disp,rs,d and almost eMermi- nat(d in the year ITJO.f It is a sinirnlar circumstance in the diarader of these peojile. that tlnv were in the practice of funeral sacrifie, s i,, ;,„ ..^t, ,„ „iiknown .New here in America * 'iiAHi.Kvijiv, \oy. ill' I'AiMiri'iiii', I,, i. X \ \. ♦Thr l'n.||,;l, snl,| ||„,r Nalrlir/ |,n., „|,.|-. nirlll.lllr.' ,1 rlnrf. llll.l ^l.lVi'iyi WrM ||„|l:l lsi;,l„l.. SU. h Ml ||„. N;U,1„V.:,S ,.>,;,,„, I 1,, IL „( 1 1,. „■ IMM, ll , V . ll, , I U|, li.,1 liu.,. ,U 1 ...UIM.U,.-. . .01.1 ri,i;,i,i|ir,i soi „ul...s kli.u- 11,,. l„u„ „1 NalilMl .Ins. .M„i,-.,inr Si. |),.„ , ,, K,,,,.!, ( •ui;,,!,,,,. UM^ till II CiMMnuMilaiil M .Viirhii,,, I,,.. : l„, ,, ,;,.,,, ,| „.|,;ii >„l,l„.rs ;n„l niiliii;, l,r I, i-l ;,t In- ,1,>|m,s,I, mil lliiM. l.nii- jojiinl liy ll,.' .\,.lrhilnr|„.s liMJi;,,,-, III,- .\;,li l„ ■; u.re iilla. kril 11, Il„:r ,.,i,i|, l.y ||„. Whiile Inir,.. Thi. lx'MrL'..|"i|,.r,„ili.| I lli',nv,-h ,., |,,., „.,.;,„.! y |i„sl\ l„„„-,l„|, WIIVM liUL'I I, I. ,1;, lly ili'liMtni hy Si. I),.mi,|i'. ami mh'Ii ,,1 ilni,, .,s u , iv i,.,i Kill,-,! i,, l,;,nlr. uiic ilnvn, inlu ||„. lake, u l,.iv 111.; lii-I I.I' llinii |M.ris|„.,l. ami i|„. .\ u,!,,.;- ;,.s a , .^;|„|, I,,, an,,' rMii,cl."-Sini.i:v. Mrsuigr/nw, //„■ I'l.'^iiiciii I.J III,' r s.. |s,,; iVnturcs of this wm^v in tlif rnllDuiiii; |iiiiiii;iii|)li. •• When citlicr the male or frinalr Sun died, all tin ir (il/iiiirz. nv iiiliniati' allriiilunN, divoli'd tin niM'lvcs li> dcatli. under a persuasinn lliat tin ii' |ii'e>eiu'e uniilij he ne('e«>ar}' ti> niaiiilain (he dif^nity oj" llieir eliiel' in llie I'uliire wurhl. Tin \\i\es anil liii>l)aiuls oj' llnse (•hiel\ were likewise iriiiimlaied lor the >anie |iiir|Mise. mid eniisidered it the must hnniirahle and desirahh' of dralhs. Mure than a liuinlred vietiiiis were siiinetinit s sacririced to the iiiane> of tin (inal Chief, 'i'ln s;iiiie horrihle cereiiionio, in a mure limited (le;;ree. were mImi eXerei-ed at the di ,itli of the h v»ei' chiefs, •• .Vt the death of one of tlirir |i male eliii r^. (Iiailevoix ri lales. that her liii>haiid not heiin; iiolile. was. aeeoiiiiiii; to their (Mislom. >l!aiii;led l>\ the hands of his (iwn son. Soon nfli r. (he two ilicraM d In in:; laid oiil in stair, were surrounded hy the dead Imdies ol' twehe iiifaiils. slraiinled hy (Uih r of tjie eldest daui!;liter id' the late female chief, and who had now sneceedi d to her dignity. Fourteen other individuals, were aNo |iie|iaieil to die. ;uiil acciim|)aiiy the deceased. On the day of internn nl as the |iiiieessioii :iil\aiieed. Iln fathers and niolln rs who had sacriliced their eliililnn. |p|eeeilin;i the hii r. threw the hoilies on the i:rounil at dill'ereiit distances, in order liial tiny mitjiil lie Ir.iiuiili d u|inn hy the hear of the dead. 'The corpse Miri\iiiL; in the temple wlnre it was to he inlernd. the fourteen victims now preiiareil tlnnisehes for ihalh hy swallowin;; pills of tithacco and water, anil were then s|r:in;iled hy the relations cif the dece.ised. and th(!ir bodies cast into liie conunon i;rn\e and eoMied with lailh."* Annum other siniiular ciisimns of the Natehe/. was ilmt of disimtim;- the head hy ciuupression. Dii Pial/. nnntions. iJic wmuen jdaee their new horn inl'.int in a cradle which is aiioiii two j'eet ;nnl a hall' hui^'. nine inches hroail. and six inches deep, stiill'ed heinalh with a ki.nl of nialtrass. with tii>' plant c.illed Spanish heard. "The infant is laid lUi its hack in the cradle, and fastened to it hy tin' shiMilders. the amis, the lei;s. the thii^hs and the hips; mul over its forehead ire laid two hands of dec r-skin. which keep its head to the cushion, and leinler Ihat |)arf Hal:" and he ailiN. that they never place their children on their feel er- iinlil they are a year old.t Dnrinn the invasion of i'lorida. hy Kenlinaiid de Soto. tJie Spaniards met litli some Indians whose hi ails were moiiliied iineisely into the form aho>e esciihed. •• Their heads ;ire incndihly louii. " (iiit^h) cdiserves the historian, "and ' 'I'ravc'ls in Arkansas, [i. .'71. — Cm.mu.kmux, V'oy. Ar l'.\iiirii'|iir, l.i't, XW. ♦ ll!--!. (if I.iMiisi.ina. |i, .IJ.I. ion CHAM A AMKIUCANA. |)i)iiiti'it iipwiinN. iiiiiiir Was iil^ii ||ii| iil' i||i' 'I'lildfaii <'a|iilal id' Analiiiar. and sijiiiilicd a itltin nf rmls. 'I'lii' »aiiir iianii' i- rniiiul in 'I'l \as and (inalrinala. iiidicatiiiL; lln lui^raliiiii- ni' llir 'I'ldlican iialinn. Il i>. tlun I'liii'. a i'(a>iiiialdr |iri".niii|diiiii. Iliat llir Nali In /. \m it i\ ciiliuiy uC IIh' old 'I'ldlccan sinck.!- Till' N'atidir/ lived yen iniK II i \( Indcd Iruiii iiiltrcoiirsc wilh ilic ndjaccnt iiatiiins. t'xci plini: llu' Cliiliiiiaclio, 'I'lnv iiilialiiird the Imiiks ', iiii'iies. " [•"inni desliuclivelll ss tii ill struct ivelli'ss ') inclies. •• I'rnm canlimisness in caiitiniisin ss i,}^ iiielies. ■ 'i MU II. \Mi in: I. \ \'i:r; \. Mil. il.' I:i I'lor.d.i. I.il'. 1\'. i;i|i. 1 .). — In^liiiil nl' nine or liii yenr^. IHii'Vi- .1 ili^ /. iii.i^. i!,.- liiiK' niiplM , . ,1 i:i ill, |,r. " .^s \v;i^ |ii i>l.ilily lli;il IMUnliiT of |lllllllll^. ' M'l I 1. 1. Ill, I!. -. ;iii hi -. |i. -'71. — Mr, NiiltjH lliiiiK^ lli:il lln |.l,ir,' r:illi il V"'a'"//" ill !''■ Sulci's li'imlH'-. :iii'l llii- p: I'T uhi|i lli'il Iui'.mihI i S|iiii'l, w.i^ « illiiii llic ,\:ilrh.'Z Iririlnry, — Tiur.in ./i/.iiin'f-. ]., ,'i,,t. ; ,^| I , \i.l., Ti' 'V. |i. .' ! I, 'I'ln: NATtiiK/. it>i " Fnini sicrttiviiii*'* to •tnicliviin'ss U\ (•(iiiHtniclivi'iicss 1^." Mr. Dorlcmllf, nl' Ciiiciiiiinti. 1ii»h kiii«ll}' pns. nd il me vvitli a cunI of aiiotlirr skull nldirmril iimr Hi'' »ily "f Nutflii/, aiitl wliuli (•()iii's|><>ii»U in uuoi <>l' il» ilcdiils with timt Inn- ('ij^urid. i\iul nf wliirh I Miiijtiiii Iwu (iinniains. I :im I'iiiIIk T iiiloniitil lliiit I'hr mI lr;isl nf lii.-i' rxlraonliiiary niiiiiii. liiivr li.cii (ililaimd iVoiii ilill'cn iil iikhiikN in llic aiiciiiil li iriluiy nf llic Natcln /. ll is now Will aMMi'taiiicd. Imwcvd'. Ilial several (pIIh r tiiln s ul' our smillicni Imliaiis ills, [iraclis((l till' art «( cliaiiiiinti llic lunn nl' (lif •^kuil. Ainimu; \\u iUv skull <•!' tlie inlaiit, wliil. i( is in i(s tender and iinperl'ect >\:\\v." ' Martiani is nmre explieil. -''IMie flmctaws are called liy the traders I'lats. or rialhcads. all the males Imvin- the lure and hind part of their skulls llattened xv couipress.d, which is ellrelid in thi' lollowin^ manner. A'^ soiui as tin' eliiid is horn, tiie nurs( provides a cradle (U' wooden case, whi're tlie head reposes, iieiu'j; lasliioned like a hrick mould. In this pnrt of the machine tiie little ho\- is lived, a ha^- of s;md heiiii; laid "U its forehead, which, hy continual u^ee.t! )mpressnre. liives the head somewhat the form of a hrick from Ihi' temples npwaids. and hy Ihese means they ha\.' hi,u;h and iM'ty foreheads, slopiui; olV hackwards.' i The C.'ho'.taws, therefore, moulded their heails in the same style or form with 'he Natchez. I suipjoin dia;irams of an admirahly preserved cranium from a mound hi-li \ip the Alahama river, and which has iieiii II1-.I. (if llii' AiU'T. Ill liaii-^, |i. js I. -II * I'l IV. |i. .'ill 162 CIJ AMA AiNIEUICANA. kimlly In. I inc U\ Dr. O. II. Fnulcr. of tliis city. Wlicllur it he a Caoctaw or a NaU-lif/. I iMiiii . dtlcnniiu-. Itut i( is pnibal)!^ tiic latter. t^'"\ y s \ / imS'^S ± I A, \ i Tile Wavsaws. aeednliiit; tn l.awMiii. resorted ti) a somewliaf similar lieviec ••Til. y use a roll \\liieli is pjae. d en the hahe's fonhead.it heiii;;- laid with its iiiek oil a ilat hoard, ami swaddhd ilowii hard thereon. IVoiii one end of this enniiK to the otii.r." "'I'lir instrument." h.- ad. Is. "is a s.irt .if press that is l.t out and iu. more or hss. aeeordiii- to the .lis.n ti„n of the mirs.'. in wliieli they niak.' tlu eliild's luad llal : it iiiak.s the . \.s s|;ind a prodiuioiis way asund.r. aiu." the hair haute ov.r till' for. h. ad like tli. .av.s.if a li.iuse. whieh s.'ems v.rv frinhli'ui."^ Filially, it siiuis crtain llial tlu' Kalauhas on the east, and the Attakajias uii the \\e-l vide of tli.' .Mississijipi. praetis.'.! a vimilar iisuj;.'. 'I'll i: (HF/n MA CUES. Near the Natehez was aimth. r powerful t!i..Ui;h not numerous nation, eall.d th.' Ch.timaeh.s. I)n IVatz stat.'s that tli.^ latt.r ar.> a hraneli of Ih.' Naleh.'Z. who have alwa\s l,.' tlic Kuiopeaiis early in tlie last century; for Charlevoix, writin.i!; iii the year 17i2, says that the Chetiniaches wenr nearly all destroyed at that time, and that tiie lew of llie trihe then reniaiiiint; were sliives to the Freneli eolony. PLATE XIX.* CIIKI'IMACIIES. ••\ \-. /' \ / i-. The late Dr. .luvtiis Le H.aii. of \,w Orleans, presented uie with two .jemiine skulls of tliis Irilie. whieh were exhumed from a eemetery in tl\e l'ari>-h ot St. .Mary, in Louisi.ina. Of these heads 1 have tiiiun d (he largest, whicli |)nsfiits a singularly missive developmenl. The ni arly verlieal oeeiput. the ;;real hiiiiht of the skull, and the si/.e ;ind stren!',th of the Imnes of the faee. art not MirpasM il hv those of any Indian cranium 1 hav( seen. Tiie n\easmcments are .is f(dliiW : Mi'.vsi iir.Mr.sr' Loni;itudinal diann ter. I'arietal dianu'ter. Frontal diameter. Vertical diannter. . Inter-mastoid arch. . Inter-masloid line. . Oceipito-frnntal arch. (i.'t inches. ;),() inches. ■1.2 inches. "i.l) ineiies. \ :').'} inches. l.J niches. I I. inches. Ill Ihe iv:;iil;ir onli'i lln' {'lii'tHii;irlii> sliouM have i.n'rcileil lln' Nali'li.v.. ■! 144 Tin: MUSK(KJEES OH CHEEKS. AND SEMINOLES. Hori/ontal luiiplury. .... Iiittriial capacity, ..... Capacity "f tiic aiiterior chainbcr. Capacity III' tile posterior cliamlu'r. . Capacity of tlic coronal region. . Facial auLrlc ...... H). inches. 85. cubic inches. 39. '25 cubic inciics. •1').75 cubic inches. 13.1'} cubic inches. 71 tlegrees. THE .AirSK()(;EES OH ( {{EEKS. AM) SE.MIXOLES. The .Mu^kn;;!!- or Creek eonfetleraey i> composed of several nulions or remnanls of nation^, anion:! wliieh the niovl jironiinent. at the preMiil lime, are the Seminole^. 1 ;im imlebtdl to tlie |ioli1eMes«, (,r Dr. l\nr\. of the Cnileil States Army, for mmiic interotiii^ parlieular^ in n fennee to (Inn eo;iMlioii. .Ml «iMi(.r.i>. ••AnionLi; Ihe i^n ;it nalion of Creek Indian^." s;^y•^ he. ■•the prineiiial and nri^ina! trilie was tlie Miisko-vc. by \\liom Ihv claim (d' ha\inu^ always oceiipi. d Ihe country n cmtly in Iheir posMssimi js boldiv a-M rled. Lon^- knnwii a- a poweiful and n-llc- conlrderaey. it- >\\ay rxlcndnl ov, r Uu- i)reMiil Innil-- of (;cori:ia. Alabama ;.iid I'jorida. ll eousivi, ,1 ,,|' ;, communilv of trilMs. \\iiiid;. Iiavin- become rrdneed in numbi r-. incorpnialnl liiemsclvcs \\ilh ihe '■"li'i- ''""'■ III |'ioi;ri-.s of time ijhm -.arioiis elaii~ or tribes bccann'. in some iinasui'e. a iiomo^rniiiiis pi opjc. ••The Sr.\ii\oM>. will) iiavr a similar oriLiiii. consjsi diirlly of Miiskou'ees. Tbr aiieii III possrs.:,|s i.f tlir soil lia\e Income lAliiicl. or at bast have lost thi ir idinlil\ anions- the wars, and (dian-es and eonfiisim, incidtiil I ■ aboriiiiues. 'I'bo 'nllictiNc ..piiellalion (d' SimiiKiLs. in its Mosko-rc aeee|)tation. has a si-iiiiieatmo. i-xpiisMvr of the (diaraclcr id' the Medonin Arab. Delaehimr ilirms: ivis trom the main body of thr Cn . do. Ilicy wandired wher.v.r a iirealer dmndaner of uano' or nndisiurbrd poss,.>M(in of ibc s,,il nii-ht oll'rr indnecnu'iils. Tlir ^■amass|., s. a powrrlul |)eoph. of whom much is .aid in onr earlv eobudal lostoru wuT. aflir ion- wars wnli tlnir ani'ient .rn niirs ihe Crnks. cornpbhdy '"'"■^'■i' "!'• ■iiiil 'i'i'l''r til'- ' Ider kin- I'av ne. thr Seminnlrs nalneed as trilnitaries all rrlVactnr\ tribes. Thus iVoni this nucleus of a people, there irrailiiallv arose THE CREEKS. 165 by natural increase and accessions from otlier trilies. a nation of Srniiuolr.s. or innidcnrK."'^ Mr. Bartrani deserilxs tlie Creik women asof slioit ■stature l))it well formed: IJK Ir visage, says he. is roinid. their fealnres rei;\il:ir and heauliful: the hrow is high and arclied : tiie eye lari;e. l)laeiv and lani^uisiiiiia. and expressive of modesty, and dini(hnce. '-They are. I believe, the smallest race of women yel known, seldom above five feet hii;li, and the iireaternumber never arrive to that stature: their hands and feet are not larj^er th;in those of Europeans of nine or ten years of acje : yet the men art of i;ii;an(ie stature, a full size lart^er than Etn'opeans: many of them above six feet, and few under that, or live f( it eiiiht or ten inehes."t He adds tjiat their complexiiui i» much darker tbai\ tti:il of any tribe be had seen to the north of tliiin. Bernard Homans obsipves. tiiat they are remark:iiiiy well sha|icd and a very hardv race. -What deserves notice lore is. tliat tiieir tiiorax is viiy sliaUow. sn that a sava'^e of tiiis raer may a;ipear almost a liinil liy the linadtii ol' his slioublers. \r\ imt measure s(i much in eireumfrrenee as ;ni onlinary Eumpean: but wiiitlur tliis is tbr ellict of ;M't or ii:iturr. I eauuot i)rrt(iiil to deeidc." 'riiiir women. Ill- ad(N. aiT liandsonie. and tiir whole n;ition sn hnspiial le tli:il tliey ;uc always ready to sjiaiv tlicir pipe and linard wilii a s!ian'j:(r. On the ntlier li;uul tiny are adepts iu erudty when they wreak tlirir viMezTanee on a captive enemy. + iiartram eniilirnis this picture, by statin;; liiat tiny are fond of their wives and ciiilihvn. :inil kind to tr:ivrlier< win' pass tiu'dULi:!! llirir ennntry with paciiic intentions. "I have bicn weiks and nnuilb': luuou-si ihim in their tMwns."says he: -I ne\er oliscrved tin- bast -\':i\i of eniitention or w niuirliiej.- : mver saw an inst;inee of :ui lndi;in In atiiii; bis wife or rrjiroviuii iu r in :ue:vi-. In tlijs easr tbe\- stand as example^ of rrpronf t" tbr most cixilisid natinns. as nut biiuii detieient in justice. i;r:ilitii(le and a ■z^u'd nnder-itandiuL;.'''} riaitram has justly cliaracteriscd till- ('neks as a j-rouil and arro--aut pcnplc. •■valiant in war. luuliitious of eoni|U(st. rrslbss ,,iid p"rpelii:illy cxercisiu'.: ibiar arms. \(t m;i:j;uaniinous and nureilui to :i \:nu|nisbed euomy. wbeu ho sniooits. :ind si'cks tlieii- friindslup and proti'clidn.' 'I'bey liabitually unite the snbji cted • Sk.'irh lil' ilir IihIiui 'I'nli.'-; Uiiouii iniil'T ili'' ;i|']^' il ithni nl' Xfn^l.i'u'f'. " nli ->i\\ir ■^■■\ir\-:\\ riiii uks nil ill'- M.iiiiiris .iii'l (list.. in-. S..-,. ,,r ill" Aiii'Mh:!!! A 1 1.. num. I'.v Shium- l-"..rrv. M. I* . M..li. ill Si. Ill, 1', S. Aiiiiy. MS. ♦Ti IV. Ill !-'l..ii.l 1, p. Is I. • .\ ,1. Ilisi, ,,r l-'i.Mi.l.. I. ! 'I.'. 5j 'I'lMV. Ill l'|..l|.l,l. |1. C'll. 12 lC(i CUAMA AMKJ.ICANA. (lil)fs into Ihoir dwii I'oiifcili racy, iiiul ^ivc llnin all tlif riijhts piis'M'sscii liy tll('lll>^('lv('S. ili'iK-c llic pn'sciil Creek nation is said to eniln'ace the remains of no less llian lil'teen diiVerent trilxs. wliieli they have eoni|nere(l at varions times. •• 'I'his eonl'ederaey of remnants," says Homaiis. •• is a race of very cnnnim:; fello\vs. and with regard to ns the most to he dreaded of any nation on the continent, as will for their indefatinaide thirst for hlood. (which makes them travc 1 incredililv for a scalp or prisoner) as for their beins; trnly piditieians hred."* Ail these details tjo to prove tlial the Cncks possess, in a remarkahle dei;ree, tiiose seemingly incompatible extremes thai compose the Indian character. PI. ATI: XXII. SKMINOI.K. ^ •-*.«r^ [■■ i This remarkably eharaeteristie Indian liead was pnsented to me by my friend Dr. (J. Kniersou of this city, whn at the same time favored me with the bdiowin^ historical niemorandnm. -SeniiiKde warrior, slain at the battle (d' St. Joseph's, thirty miles below St. Aiii,nistine. in .lum IS.iti. by Captain Jnslin Dimmick. id' (he First Heiiiment United States Artilbry. At the commencemi nt of the action Captain Dimmick rode forward, and received the lire id" the Indians at a distance (d' about thirty yards. Thi' Captain's horse beinn sirnek on the neck and Hank, he dismounted: and the Indians, supposing; him lo be badly wiiiiiuied. rushed towards him to scalp him. At that monu id Captain 1). raided bis L^un, (a double-barrel fowling piece.) and sii.d both id' tiie Indians in succession ; he ' Nal. Ifi-t. )l'H(.nil;i. I. |.. 'il. THE cki:i:ks. ic? tlii'ii stiziil llic nuiskrt of 11 soldier who stood near him, and spraiis;; upon hi> cncinics. one ol' wlioni (the siil)iict of llic anni'Xfd dniwinii) he I'ouiid already dead, hv a liall tiinini;ii tiie iiead. while the otlier was merely wounded. 'I'he latter was at oiiee despalehed hy a thrust of the hayonet : and thus hy the siu^ular liravery of Captain I)imn\iek. these two savat^as lay dead, and side hy side, in a tew moments alter the aeliiin heijan." The aecom|)anyinu; lithograph, and the preeedinj; wood outlines, convey an exaet representation of th's interestiui; relie. whieh presents a lofty. thouf;li ri'trealini^ forehead, ureal hreadth lietween the parietal horns, and remarkahle altitude of the whole eranium. The orhits of the eyes show the medium size and (|uadrani;ular form, notie d when spe.duni!; of the t'r((k Indians. The fatal hall is ohserved to have entered the skull at the coronal suture, at its junction with the -phenoid hone; and it passed out thriiut;h the ojiposite i)arictal bone. mi',.vsihi;ments. Longitudinal diameter, Parietal diameter, . Frontal diameter. \'erlieal diameter, . Inter-mastiiid arch. . inter-niastoiil line. . Oeeipito-froutal arch. Ilori/.iuital perii)hery. Internal capacity. Capacity of the anterior chamber. Capacity oi the posterior chamber. Capacity of the ciu'onal region, Facial annle. .... 7. .3 inches. 5.9 inches. \.(i inches. ■).8 inchi's. '.'i.9 inches. 4.1 inches. \').3 inches. ■2(1.7 inches. !»3. cubic inches. ;j5.') cubic inches. ,')7.") cMt)ic inches. 2'). cubic inches. 7i degrees. 1G8 C'HANIA AMKHICANA. PLATE XXIII. SF.MINOKE. A SciiiiiKilc \v;uri(ir. ol' wIkm lii>.((>ry iiiitliinn; is known. 'I'lu' sknil \\;i> "blaincd in Flurida twelve miles suutli of (he Suwannee river, and proenled In me li_\ Dr. Ku-ene II. Aliadie. of llie I'niled Slates Army, to wliom 1 am indeht.il lor various similar oldination«.. It i> a lari;e li.ad. witii the Indian eliaraeters very Mroni;ly marked, and liavinu^ a remarkaldy well devi loped I'oreinad. Mr.Vsl lU'.MI.N I Lon;,'ilii(iinai diannter. Parietal diametei-. .... Frontal diann'ter. .... \"ertieal diameter. .... Int( r-ma^toid areli. .... Intei-mastoid line. .... Oecipito-IVontal areli. Horizontal |)eri|)ller^•. Internal ea|iaeity. .... Capacity of the anterior ehamher. Capacity of the ]iosterioi' ehamher. . Capa<'ity of the coronal region. Facial amile. ..... 7.1 inclies. ■).() imdu's. ■J. 7 inelies. /)..) in(dies. I"), inches. 1.1 inches. I I.S in(die<. .'(1.3 inches. N't. (iihie inches. ■>J..' cuhic inche*'. i7.,' cnhic inches. I !l.r eiihie incln s. 7S de^a'ces. THE SEMINOLES. 169 PLATE XXIV. SEMINOLK. t \ WW' (I tn lt((l This Seminole siiull was sent ine iiy the late lanieiiteil Henry 13. Cnmni. E^(| It possesses tlie stnuii; traits of tile other crania nf this nation. MKASniEI^IENTS. Lonu;ituilinal diameter. . Parietal diameter. . Frontal diameter. . Vertical diameter. . Inter-mastoid areli. . Inler-mastoid line. . Occipito-frontal arch, Horizontal periphery. Internal capacity. . Capacity of the anterior chamher. Caj)acity of tiie posterior chamher. C'ajiaeity of the coronal region, Facial angle. .... 7. inches. j.fl inches. 1.") incln;s. .'•.s inches. 11. 7 inclies. •l.G inches. 1 1.2 inches. '20. 5 inches. 9l.'> cuhic inclu"i. •1 1. cnhic inclie>.. 17./) eiihic inches. 18.1 enhic inches. SI degrees. 43 170 CRANIA AMEIUCANA. PLATi: XXVI. Mi;sK()(;i;i;, (lu ckkkk. 7' X / \ .V This plate is l;iktn I'roiu the skull of Allilalia Kii'ksa. a fiill-bludd cliicf ol' tin- ('I'ttk nation, lii t'iiui;lit witli i;ri at l)iaviiy in the United Stat(s service, and aijainst the niajinil} nf his own enimln men in the present Florida war. lie died at .M(diile. in 1 S:t7. whenee 1 iceeived iiis eraninui throiinh ilie kindness of Dr. Ilenn S. Hennohls. of tiie I'nited Slates Nav\. The hinad hut lo/ forehead, and ihe \vidlh hetwi I n the parii tal Ihhu -. are InhJiIv eharaeleristie in this head : a IronI view is i;iven of it. in nnlri' In ennve_\ an accurate idea ui tiie o>leolony of the Indian face. Thus we ^t c tin- lar^r and jirnji ctinii cheek hone-., an arclu d ami imiinini nt hridt;e of (he uom'. |mi\\( rfuilv de\el(>|ied jaws and reniarkahlv perfect irelli. The di>lanee hetwi m the e_\c ^ is rven i;reater than i> usual, vt I Ihe orliits liieiuselves are not larp in pniportiou. Tlie fdjinw iu;;- nre ihe niea-ureiuenls oi iliis reniarkahlv line In ad. Mr. \si i{i.Mi;\r' l..on;j;itndinal diaim |( r. Parietal diaiui (er. . Frontal dianii Irr. \i itieal (liane ler. . li.ter-niastoid arch. . Inter-nuistoid line. . ()('ei|)ito-frontal arch. Ilori/iuital |)eripher_\. Internal cajiacitv. . /. Indus. .).7 inches. I.() ineius. 5.3 inches. I'l.t inches. ■1.) inches. 1 1. 1 inches. H).S inches. !) 1.75 cuhic inche: TIIK CIIKUUKKES. 171 Cajmcity nf tlic aii(tTi(»r ('1i!iiii1h r. Ca|)iit'ily ol llii' postiiior cliamljir, Capacity of llif coronal itf^ioii, Facial an<;lc, .... •I J,.") nil)ic inches. r}l.i'} ciiliic inclns. 15.(> ciil)ic inches, 7-2 decrees. THE ClIKUOKEKS. The (JluTolvccs. says Hartiinii. arc even laili r iiiul more roljiisl tlian tiie Muslvofrees. anil liy far tlir larL^est race of men lie had seen. Their complexion i.s nrii!;hler thaii that of (he >nccee(lin'.; (rihes. anil somewhat of an olive cast, while >ome of their yoMiin women arc nearly as fair as Kumpeans. Tile same Iravellrr. who \\as niiieh anioni: the Cherokees towanK the clnvc of the last eeiilury. ileserihes them as ^rM\e ami eireiim^pret in their ileportiiuiit. anil slow ami rescrveil in convi rsalinn : tciiaeiciiv of tluir rights, aiiil impatient of anirn s>ion. yet ninre humane than must of their Imliaii m ii;lil)ors. Mr. Hartram -peak-^ of IJKin a^ a warlike nation. " nady alwa_\s to vaeriliec every pleasure and U'ratilication. even their liloml. and life il>rlf. to defend their territory and maintain their ri^htv"* 'l"lii> la^t statement, iiowiver. is ratlier at variance with history, for the Clid-okees lia\c In en remarkrd for their |iaeilie disposition, and their jirefeniiee of a'j;rieultiirc to war. .Mr. IJntram himself mentions the fact id' their doiiiM; !iiuiia!j;e to the Creidvs in open eoiineil : and In adds that \\\\> va--ala^e was arrogantly impovid and pas>iv dy suiimitteil to.f It is also certain that siunr of tlie southern trilie«. and especially the Connarees. Vamassco and Ksiws, made ineiirsions into the Clieroker country lor ilie mere purpose of niakim;- prixiners. whom they siihsttiuently sidd as slaves i» Charleston. South Carolina: nor was this practice aholished until the year Kilto.J It is (di\ious fro'ii the precedim: facts that the arts id' peace are more couiieiiial to thr Cherokees ihaii tlios,' of war. Tiny are not only more docile. Imt far more inti indent and capalile (d iiistnietion. than the surrouiidiiiu; trihes: mil ill (iroof of this we nerd hut instance the svllahic Cherokee alphabet, wliich Ti:iv. ill t'lnrid I. .>;.■,, p. |s-,. li Al.l.A riN, ill .\ll'llMo|uu'. Allirl-. II. p. !l.'. ■I..)-() I'llllt. 172 (llAMA AMKIUCANA. was iiivintrd by a imtivr Indian nl' that (ril)t. niid by nicnii* lanci'. amnn;; our o>\n liulians, of llicir liavini;. al least in l)arf. bicorni' an ai;ricnlluial nation, (ineanini: (iirnby tiial stale of sneiety in wliieli tin men tiieinselve> do actually pi il'omi .ejirieiiltnral iaiior.) is that of liie I'berokers. and it is in proof, tlial. in tiiis case mKo. cnltivalion was at first intr'iilncctl tbron};li tlie means of ^laver}. In their predatory incursion^ they carried away slaves fnini Carolina: these were used to work, and contiinied to lie Ihns employed by their new master*. The advantai;es 'i rived liy the owm rs were immediately perceived. Hither in war. or in eommereial iiiternmrse. slaves of the African raei- becann olijects of desire: and liradually. assi>(((| \i\ ijic ell'orts of the u;overnment and the lienelicia! inllueiiee of tiir missjiinarii s. simic unions those Indians wjid could not iditain sl;iv( s. weri' induced to wdrk lor themselves. Accculp's vary as to the extent of that true ci\ ilis;itioii. Iiut it is III iieved liiiit it embraces nearly luii third of the male pop\ilatii>n."* The siiuie hallied autlmi' oIixims lli:it ihe late 1)|'. Harton IhoUilht the Cherokee laui^iiaLie belon:;e(l to the Iriiipiois family, "and on this point," he adds. "I am indinid to the same opinion. The alliuities ;ue few and remote: hut there is a sjiuilaril_\ in tin' ueneral li rmination of the syjiahlrs. in the pronunciation and accent, which has s|iuek muih of the native Chi roki cs/'t PLATi: \XV. ( iii;u(»Ki;i;. I .-,>■ The iiead III a Cherokee warrior who was known in the armv by tlic name Aiciia'ciliiL'. .\iiirr. II, p. I ' t Ilihl. p. 111. 'I'm: rciiKKs. 173 1)1' .IdIiii Wariiii!. I hiivr soii^lil in v;iiii lor any |):ll'li('nlilI'^ nl' Ms liistnry. nor iiidi'cd is lliii'i' iiny lliiii'j; I'l'marixiilili' in tiu' ciinl'iiihinlion nf llif s|oi||. It only ninains, llni'i 'fon'. to add llir Ml'. \s| lir.MIATS. Tion'^itudinal diannlir. I'ariclal dianicli r. . Frontal dianicli t. Vrilical (liaMlcti !■. . Inlrr-nias|iii(| arcli. . iMtri'-niasliiid liiii'. . ()('('i|)ilo-rriihlal aicli. Ilori/.iintal |Mii|diriy. hiliiiial cajiacily, C'a|ia('ity III' llii' antrijiii' cliainln r. C'a|iiU'ity of llic |iii>li i'i(i|- ciKiiiilM r. ('a|i:ii'ity oj' till' ciirnnal iruinn. , Kaciai an.;l( . ... T.> inches. .O. t inchis. I..1 inclirs. ■'>.l inclics. II. I int'lii's. I."i inclics. I 1.7 inclics. I!i.l incliis. SJ. ciiliic inches. 3'). ciiliic inches. 17. ciiliic inches. I 1. .' ") ciiliic inches. 77 (leLlTees. 'I'lie prccrdiiit; sloill lMiiini;s In lln IMiriii'ijn^ic.il Sdciilv of this cily, and | h,i\e lie( 11 alhiwril til. um' nf il (in ihi- nccasinii liy my I'liciid Dr. .Iniin Hell. I lia\c ill my ciilleclinii t'uiir t'liernkt e 111 ails I'nr which I am inihhted In the /.eal .111(1 kiiidm-s 111' Dr. .1. Alaiiin. nl tin I'liitnl Stalin Ariii}. On ciiiii|iaiiiii: thtsi \\itll the one hrlnnuin:;- In the I'liniliilnuical Siiciel\. I lillil lliein all small the lari;es| mil ei|iialliiiL; the a\eranr nl' llniiiiieaii skn||s. and the mean nl' the series t;ivinii hiil st\enty-iiine ciiliie inches ni' inleinal capacity, wiiiie the mean nl' the facial ailiilc is srvent\'-si\ ile:irees. 'nii; rciiKHs, The rdiei s. tiuni^li nn\\ iiiciirpiiratid in llic Creek cniifederacy, wore jii'iiiiiti\ely a distiiicl natinn. ami spuke a diU'ereiil laiii;iiiti;e. They were originally established east of the I'linsji river. and they consider themselves the most ancieiii 11 ;i IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I "- IIIM It m IIM 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 -0 6" — ► v: /A 'W Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 4^ f/i Hi CHANIA AMERICANA. iiili;iliit;iiits (iT tile cniiiilry. Mr. (iMllatin* tliinks the rrluc^ iimy liiivc Ik in llic .ipaldc/iis (if !)(■ Siito: no tribe in l^'lniiilu ^j^iwr iliat nii'-crciuit more liduhlc: tlicy ili^piitrd rviTv incli ill gnuMul, ami kept up an uiitirinLi; NsarlMn' aij;;iiii'-t the S|)aiiii\r(is. iiiilil tlir iattci' iiaii Ifl'l tlicir tcnitdiT. 'I'lic valni' ol' Ihc Spaniards, ^ays (iai'ciiasii tic la \'i'!;'a. only rudnnhliil the (MunM'^c i>i' tlu' Indi:uis.|- I'LATi: XXVII. r(iii;i:. I ncriNt'd llii> will-cliarai'trrist il Indian In ad iVoni my iVit nd Dr. Z. I'iUdn r. id" Ilif L'. S. .\rni\. who acconipanii'd it with the lollowinii nu imirandnm. "'I'hi^ man spoke the lMij;lish lan^nanc and played \v( II npon the lil'e. from \\hi(h eircnm^tanc.' he was kiio\\n a^ Jiill llu Fiftr. lie \\as attached to the I'. S. Army dnrini;- the Creek war. ,iiul wa^ nuarded as a danntle-s warrior. He died at Fort (iihson. Aikansa>. in I^i!." Mr..v>i iir.Mi^si' Iviniritndinal diannder, . . . . 1','rietal diiuni'ter. . . . . , Froi',al diannter. . . . . . \ ertieal dianieli i'. . Inter-ma-toid areli. . . . . . Inter-nue-toid line, . . . . . Oi'eipito-t'ronta! arcli. . . . . Horizontal pi ri|)li. r_\ . . . . . Intei'nal eapacily. . . . . . Facia! aniile. ...... On mea^nrini:- nine lu ;nK o!' Indians of tl lind the internal capacity imn^nally lai'iie. hi ini; in the lariie^l. and s].:, jn th,. vmallesl >knll; : iMihic inche-. which i- a near appi'nach to the (' however, is hill ^e\eMl\-li\e deirrees. le C no mil tl anca'« (i.S inche-. "). I iiudie-^. l.;i in(du-. a.;) inclie^. lo. inidu's. •I. I inchi s, I l.i imdii's. 20.1 imdii-. Si..") culiic imdiis. 7") deL;-re' >. rek and Seminole nalinn•^. I IS- than I) 1.7 '< culiic imdie^ e mean of the series is s7.", an. TIk' mean facial aniih .\rcliii'oloi,'. Ann r. II, |i. lij t Coiiinii'ii' lie la l'"lnn,la, ;, |., I,' m 1-j T 1 1 1: A L (i () N (i r I \- 1. 1: n a i' i: . 'I'll!' Alt;(inkiM ami Lciinix' iialidiis arc grouped |)y ])liil(i|(it;ists uiiilcr llic roUcclivf iiainc iil" Ali^iiiuiuiii-Lciiapo : yet ^v^ (iI)^(itc soiiir plivsical (lilKiciuns ill piMijilc III' this ui'cat I'aiuily. ami llu y wvvv vlij) miu'c -.ijiaralcd liy tiiosc^ pcrprliial liiislililics wliich every wliere eliaraeteri-e llie Aiiiericaii trilie<. Wlieii till' Hiii'opeaiis lii-it lieranie aeiiiiaiiilnl with the AlLjiimiiiiii-Leiiape nations, tiiey piissessed a va-t tract, nl' North Anieriea. extemlim; rnmi Laliraihir ami iliuisnn's IJay on the iiortii. to tlie {'oiintry of thi' Florida trilies on the MUith. wiiile tile Mississippi and Atlantic hounded them west and east. It is well known, however, that at the present day many of these trilies inhahit we>-l id' the .MisNi>>ippi. while to Ihi' east of thai river they are in a Li'eat measure siiper-nled hy the while population, it is iiece-^sary to vemarl;. imwever. that in Ihe mid-t of the Ali;-om|iiins. and surrounded hy them on every -ide, lived the iroipiois or Five nations. it will he ohserved ill the course of this work, tlill I possess an extensive series id" the crania of this widely e\temied nation, and it may tlierefore he admissilde to Liive a hrii f enumcratiiui id' the principal cummunities of wlii(di it is composed. arriiii;eil in a i;eoLcrapliic:il maimer: and I take this occa>ion to acdinowlcd^'e that these facts are (diielly derived from Ihe piildi^hed lahor^ id' Mr. (iailatiii.* 'The yaii/icni i^rdiij) of the Ali;oiiquin-Tieiiaiie emhraccN the Knislenaiix or l'ree>. tile Chippew ay--, the Ottawa--, the Polawatomies. 'he Mi^^asaii^as. and the Alii'oniiiiins proper. All these natioii-- -jieak dialects so nearly allied, that thi y m i\ he rather considered as dialects id' the same than as distinct lan^uan-es, The Knisteiiaux laii^iiai:!' is le-s allied to the ixeiieral type than any ol' the others, hut even here the alliiiity is Mry (d)\ions. 'The Sdvllimslt rn icnnip imdiided tlie Micinak'-. the i'.lcliemiiis and the .Vheiiakis. whic'ii trilies iiihahited the seacoast, and siiiiii' extent of iiil:iiid country, from Lahrador to the present stale of Maine. Anion::: tlu' soiit'iernm.Nl of these comr.iunities-. was the Peiioliscot-;. of whom sonu deiiiadcd remains are yel existing;. Tin: Kitsliri) or .llliulir i;'/V(/y>. emhraces the New Fniiland lndiaii'<. or in other \vords thosi> hclween the Ahcnakis and Hudson river; the Lmi;; Islaiul Arrlia'olo','. .\iiiur. il. |i. 17(1 CIIAMA \:MEniCANA. tril)(s- llic Dclnwiiic luiil Alin-ii of I'cmi^vlviiiiin and New Jirsc} : t!ic Xanticokcs of Manlaiul: (lie Stis{|uiliainiii('k'<; tlic I'dw liaHaiis of \iriiiiiia. and llic Paniliciics (if Noilli Carolina." 'I'lic iiintlicin trilics nf Hiis ^nal faniilv arc laniiliar in omi' coliinial liistdry ii\ lin' names ol' MoiicLiaii^ it I'tiimuK. Narrai;an'<( ts. AVampanoaus and I'.iwtnckciv 'I'lic Delaware^, less iMlliiicniit tiiaii those nations. (ic(Mi|n- a |ironiincnt place in (lie early annals of I'ennsvlvania. \vliile tlip I'owlialtaiis liolil the same I'elalive povilioii lo Vir<;iiiia. The IVishni i^nni/i of Lenaiie inchides the Aleiiominees. the Miami^. Ilie liUnoi-^. tlie OtliL^aniies oi' l-'oxc^. tile Saiiks. Kicka|)oos anil Slia\\noes. (dn-etlur wilh Mime -uhordiuate li'ilns. 'i'hey occnpicd a wide trael of ciMinlry. exlcndini;' from Ihe t'limlirrland ri\er on the -.1111111 to the (ireal Lakes. Il i^ only neiT-^ai'y to add. that the-e mnnei'ons and often remote nations -j)eak dialect^ of a ^iiii^le laiiuna^e. and that philoloiiists have grouped tiicm on account of Ihi^ alliidly. In i)hyvical cliai'aetii' tlufe i^ aUo ,in idivious resenildancc. and their -iiiMal haliji^ are much alike: lint these point- \\ ill he considered mon ill detail here.iftrl-. We may lure add from Mi', (i illatiii. that "it i- dillicnlt to ascertain \vlietlier the name of Ak'oiikiiis or Ahioiiinrkins. did heloim- to any particular ll'ihe. or was Used as a u,vni lie ap|)( llation." 'I'he trihes HviiiLi' 011 tiie Ottawa river were mop ispi'cialU disliie^iiislird li\ ihi name of Al-nuiiuiu^. Til 1: (11 I 1' I' i:\VA VS. 'i'liis powerful nation i'o\es in jiands oxer an 1 xleiisive tract of countrv. eiiihracini;- the whole of the Lakes Superior and Winnepeck. and the I^ake id' tin Woods. Tlieir camps ai'e aNo si'cn on Lake I'cpin. 011 the Spirit Lake, on the Assinaiioin and Saskatchawan rivers, and at the Sanll Si, Marie. They ,ire. howevi r. a thinly scattin-d people, whose nnnihers have heeii rapidly diminished hy \vai- and the small pox. those two fatal enemies of Indian life. .Mr. Keatin::- iiives tiie followiu'j,- physical traits of this nation. "'I'lic ' liAia.Al IN. I.nci 1 Hal. Tin: CIlliM'KWAVS. 17: C'liippcwiiy-i arc nut iialiirally very slrdiiii. I)iit liny arc active; tlicy will walk, swim, padillc. i<,c.. lor a Icnj^lli "I' lime williont any appannl ralii;iic. 'I'licy arc iiinrcd In exercise, ami lieedless of exposiiics of all kiiiils: tiny make ;;oo(l Ininlcrs ,iml ^kill'iii lisliers. 'I'licy are generally (all and thin, and are easily di-tiniiuiNlnd Irnni the Missipiiri Indians hy the ahseiice of the aiiuiline nose. whi(di may he (■(in-idcred characteristic of the latter. Their hndirs and ^hmilders are widl -et and well propiirlioiied : their lei;'s are not very n)nd. i;-enrrally deslitnte el' call', with thick knees ;md ankles: their I'eet arc lari^i' ; their aims and hands small and w(dl shaped; they possi's> i^reat sli'eni;th in the wri^l. 'I'lieir voice i- strnnj;- and harmonions. and many of them sina. and their car ap|)ears nood."* 'I'hey seem to he auioiiii the nio--t inlellii^ent o|' the northern trihe-: lirave in war, and faithfnl lo the ohliiiations of fi'ienil-hi|). IM.ATi: XWlll. (IIICI'I'.W A'l , :/ ^ ,^/ _J I recdved this head from Henry U. Schoolcraft. Em|.. the di>tinnuislicd tra\(ller ami naturalist, and rniled Slates Indian ai^ent at .Michillimackiiiiick. Of Its history nothing is known, exceplinir the fact of its havin;;- helon^ed to a licnuine Chippeway Imlian. The i^eneral characters arc those of tlie American race; hut the frontal region pi'escnt^ ,111 \innsual d< selopment. Lomjiludinal diameter. I'iirielal diameter. . ■Mi-.Asi nr.Mr.N-i / .1 meiies. 6.S inches. 1.5 • V.\y,:\. II. p. 11,(1. ITS lUAM.V AMERICANA. I'fdiilal (liiiiiu'tcr. . . . . XirliiMl iliiiiiit'lrr. . . . . Iiitcr-in;i^|iiiil arcli. . . . . liittr-iiiii>t(iiil line. . . . , Occipitii-lVoliI;!! lucll. IIiii'i/(inl,il |>(i'i|)li( TV. lnlfrii;il (Mj>;i('itv. .... C'apacilv (if du' aiitrrinr clianihtM'. C'a|);u'il^ nl' llic jiikIcimhi- cliamlpcr. . C'a|)aci(v III' till' ciironal rcninn. l'"acial allele. ..... I.S iiiclii N. .").') ilicllis. I,').l inches. I.(i iiu'lu's. I 1.2 iiiclics. ■JO.II int'lnv f) I. culiic iiiclu's. 13. iiiliii' iiiclus. '> I . ciiliic iiiflics. 1 1.7') ciiliic iii.'lit •<. Si (Icirrci's. Til i: M KNo.Aii \ i;i;s. Till- MciHimiiiirs rnriiicrly iiilialiili'd the riiiin(r\- almiit (Irccii |j;i\, in ^^ iM'dUMn. uIhm llifv were rarlv vi-itcd liv tlic .IrMiil lni^-i(||lal■i^s. IVnm ulnini tiny ncrivi'il till' iiaiiif nl I'lil/i.s . Iniiiii s; IircaiiM'. willi lunri' |)niilriicr than llii ailjarriit tiilir-. tliry cillicl in Minninr a i|tiantity nf w iM-iacr tiiMf\r tluui I'm- ^uli--i^t( nee in \\ in'ur. t'harli \ni\ iinil (ithi r-. vi_\v (Jinci-al I'ikc. havr ^ijj jmnir trMininiiy to the lirantx III' tiiis iiatinn. •• I'lmn ni_\ nwn hIim rxatmn 1 Um\ MiHiciml iv.imih In ciiiirirm tlnir inl'ui'nialinn. I'nr tlir turn arc all Miai-lit and will niadr. aliiuil the iniddlr -i/r. and tlirn' cnniplivinn t'air for siva;;i-. In -liort. iir add-, llirv \\n\\U\ anywiniT lie ciin-idiivd liand-iiinr. and tlir wimirn arc ivcn liand-iiniir." Sncli ix till' ti-tini.iny nl' nearly all tra\rllir<. Charlrvnix call- llimi vny linr mm. and Ihf lirM slia|iid in all Canada. Mr. Kratiii- nniark- al-n thai llir I'l w .Mrnmiii- liccs lin liiit with. \\,iv nl'a li^llt cnlnr. iiiiudi IVsmililinu' tin whilr niulattnr-^ of \\u- I'nit d Stall-: .and lie ailiN. that "tliry arc naturally m. nnicli fairrr than llii' iiiiiililini-in- trilii-. tint tiny an- Munrtinn- rallid tlir wliilc Indians"' Altlmunh a small nalion ••tiny aiv n-pcctrd liy all their niisilihors for llnir liravirv and l-\|"il I" tlir Si, I'rUi'- Kiv. r. I, 11. 17 1, TiiH Mt:N()MiM:i:s. 179 iii(l(|)iii(li'iit spirit, and i>t(<'ni((l liy lln' \vliii>'s us tlnir friciuis ;uiil |)ri)(('cti)rs. Wlu'ii ill llii' ciHiiitry I liinc licanl tluir cliict' a>s('r(. in (•duiicil \\ilii llic Siliii\\ii in this wcrk. M|•.A^I lll'.Mr.M Lmi'iiliuliiial ilianictcf. . Parietal (liaim'lcr. . Fri)iilal (liaiiK'ti r. Vertical iliaiueter'. . Iiittr-mastnid artdi. . Iiitcr-iiiastiiid line. . ()eei|>itn-tViinlal areli. Ilnri/.nnlal |i(i'i|iliel'V. Internal eaiiaeilv. t'a|iaeily nj' tile anterior ciiainlier. Cajiaeitv (if tlie |)iis|erior eliainlier. ('a|iaeilv nf the eornnal rei^inn. [■'acial ani;le. .... fi.S inciles. "i.l) ineh(s. 1. ' ineiies. ■''.'> inches. 1 1.7 incdns. I.l ineJK s. 1 1.1 in(die-i. I'l.'l inches. S(i."» I'nhic inc hes Mi.") cnliie inc lies ")i». enhic inc les. 1 ')..") cnhic inc hes /'• deurei's. 'rilH MIAMI.S. Tile territory (dainiiil liy the ;\lianus and I'iankeshaws (two trihes spc^il^nii:, one lannna^e) may lie U( nerally >lated as havinu' hn ii hoiuKh'd (,is|\\ardlv hv tlie Manniee riv( r of' l,aihysical (diai'acter the .Mianiis do not dilH r from the other we-tern trihes ol the i^real Aluon(|nin-L<'iia|ie stock. 'I'lieii- line athletic fei'm-. ai|niliiie nosi^. and s|nin-ly marked an^nlai' laces, are noticed h\ all ti'av( Hers. In init llectual (i.M.i.A I IN. Ae-I ;, ,,',!_.. AiiHi-. II. Tin: Ml AMIS. 181 cupiicily I1h\ vii III to im liilii^ in llic \\("t;iiii Ciirvcr. Wii^ tiic cililiralrd Poiiliiic. mi Imii; liii' iirll'iil iiiul iiii|ii;ii':ilil<' iiitiiiy of tlii' Kiiiili^li diiriiiii till' [iM-^l (ciilury. hillli' 'rorlKi^c iiiivc \ (iliK y (lie rulidwiiin' ;i('(iiiiii( III' till' lUMitc iiiTt'iiiliiin> iif lii- tiilir. •• \Vi' (Mil ili^liiiiiMiNJi iMiy iiiiliiiii."' -iii'l lir. "lit first sinlit : llir I'mcc. till' colliplixiiiii. tiif ■.liiipr. llir kllcr^. llli' legs, tllr Inl. MM' to lis ciTtllill lli;ilks ill' disliiicliiiii. My tllr |iriiil of tin' I'niit we cmii di>1iii::ui^li not luily iiicii. woiiiiii iiiiil cliililrni. Iiut ,iNn trilii's."* Willi siiiiir .■iilniiiiiidr tiiiils llic Miaiiiis luiiiLiic ntln rs tii;it inr truly dijilnr- ;il)li'. 'I'liiy ;nr cxcrssivrly sensual, and likr tlic adjacriit trilir'-. Iliiir fiinilnis» for s|)iritiions liqimrs lla^ rrdiicid llii'iii to a vrry low ^tatr of ili iirailalion : tlie urapliic pictiiir which N oliicy drew of their social condition fifty yiais a^o. is siillicjcnt rviiliiicc ol this fact.f Tlii'ir ri\cni;c was rciuarkahlc imh anions Indians: and to such cxccsn was this dciiioniac passion iiiilul'j:((l. that the Aliainis and Ki(d\apoos once i niliraccd a society of iiirii \\hosc ollicc it \\a> to appease the spirit of revenue, whether national or individual, hy deMuuini; prisoners taken in war. It is furthei -lated that the nieiiiheis of thi^ iiihuinan fraternity held their ollice hy hereditary privili;;e. and that their la>t celehiatioii took place so recently as the year 17S(l, since wliiidi lime it \\;\^ lieeii di^eiuitiniied. Some of the Miami Irihes have ic-isted e\ cry attempt at civilisation and conversion, and remain niicompromisiiiL; I'at^an^ to this day.+ l^ven the .Ie>uit>. dnrinii the French ascendancy, could make no impression on them: for one ot these niisNionaries declares that the trilns of the Illinois can only he converted liy a miracle from heaven./; \'\r\\ nflhr Clim:!!!' nl'lli:. r. S, p. II.'. Mciiim:. Iiiiliaii l!i'|ioil, Ap. y. XU'.i. + l,.no cilat. ■ I. ttixs ICdil'ianlc's, M. p. 3UI. 46 is: I'UAMA AMKKK \\A. IM.A'n: XXX. Ml \M1. "\ ,-/"■ r iv.viv.d II, is skull IVnm Dr. .1. \V. 1);,ms. of 'riKniilMvii. Iii.liann. ^^hn polltciv lM\nnd liir uill, l|,r Inljiiuin- lilrllKirillul lllll i,\' llic llis|,,n (if lll( iii(livi(lii;il. •■'I'lic !ii;iii In wimiii this craMiiiiii h.lon-cd \\;is;i Miiimi clii,!' ,,r (I,,. |.;,.| nvcr villii-/. 'I'liis iVarii ; (h,. ,,11,,. ^^;,. rs|:,l,|is|i, ,1 on Au-ar v\\,v. a Iriluilan »( llir Waliash. nvImiv Hhn hcM a l„aiililnl srHin,, ,,r cniiiln lumuii as (lie •TiloniloUM l.'rsrrvr.' Thry aHvlloU lr,l-.',l llir alllhm i|_v nf tu„ in,hM,|,|;,U ;„ Ihrir ciiirrs. ,„„. ,,f vvjinin had ivcix.'.l IVoiu Hi,- N\liil,s tj,, i^nir nf Ct/i/ain Jii„. This mail ha.l aniuind a -niil asciulancy <>mv his prupl,. h_v his h.avcrv. his siicctss in Ih,. fliasc. and his niiconipmniisino- ii,,s|ilitv |„ the irhih J],nx. 15v liis f-iniiin- and .■l(Min.ncc hr srvnai timrs dclVaIrd tiir |„„j, rt .d' his ndha-M,' and rival, uh.i was as anxious to srll ihr nsu-rurnm a- ihr uhiirs uriv |o pnrchas,. it. In th.._v(ar i.sio a -cucral council uas called once .uor,. t.. (hlih(iat.' on ihc propi'icty of scllin- Ihri,- land. 'V\u Cui.lnin a-ain o|,|,os,,l the sale, and in a Ion- anil loiriMc s|,ee,di depict,,! the h, ant\ and reilility of the c.innin llie\ '•"'" li'ld. and the lolly .d' pailinn uiH, it lor any cousideiati.ni. No soiuier had h" ceased, than his rival denounced him as the enemy id' his irihe. and \Ms|,in- its (h'struction. 'V\\v l',ii,l„;,i then spran- upon his leel. retorted llc' (diar-es. and '•Mlle.l his collca-lle r, „.A/7r /y,„„-.sw/o»-. upon \Nhi(h the latter sci/,,! ,, |,„ite i„ '■'■"■'' '''""'■ •""' '■"^'"■'1 I'nrioiislv up ,n his ,,p| ent. who. uilh a siu-le ueapon (d' till' -a;ne Und. willin-ly joined in c wnl,a(. The Ira-edy was sh,,rt and l.lo,„|y. Each h, lliu-ercnl received the siah ,,r Ins aihersu\. and h ith f, II (hail on the sp,,t. They wer,' huried side hy side, with a pole l)earin- a lla- idacci! hetween them. 'I'lIK OTTKiAMIHS. ISJ 'I'lii' Ciipliii)!. Ill till' linir III' hi>i (lr:illi, was I'lirly-livi- yciirs of iiu;f. "I :i (•iimiiiiimliiiu; a|iiitiiiaiicr ami iiiifiimiiii ralilc spirit." MKAsllir.MI'.NIS, liiwi;;ilii(liiial (liaimli r. I*aiirlai (liaimlcr. . Fiiiiilal liiaini'lrr. . Vriiical (liaiiirlt r. . Iiilii-iiiastiiid arch. . Illlrr-lliaslniil liiii'. . Oct'ipilii-lViiiilal arcli. Iliiri/.niilal prii|iliiTv. Inli'i'iial rapacilv. . Capacity nl' llir aiiti rinr cliaiiiliri'. Capacilv (il'llir |iii>ti rim' cliamliir. Capacity nf thr ciiroiial rri;iiiii. Facial aiiiilc 7.'< iiidus. .')..') inclu's. I..'l iiiclics. 5.5 inches. I l.ti iiiclics. l.() iiiclics, I l.f) inches. Jl. inches. IM), culiic inches. M.:') ciihie inches. ")C.5 ciihic inciies. 1,!.5 cnhiu indies. 7.) (Iciirees. rilK O'l'TKiAMl HS. Tiie Oltinaniie nr \\>\ tiilie. and the Sanks. cim^tiliiti in lan^naiic. lealiire ■ Uhl UMZ'is. a •-iie.ih' irilion. and tile snejal and pnlilical alliance which now exi-t^ lietweeii lliein lias enntinni d I'm- ceiilnrie-. When tii^l observed liy i^iropeaiis their teiiitni\ \\a- at the sonlhern extn inity of (ireen Hay. in \Viscon-in. lint the\ have more reeenll\ oceiipieil laru'e ti'acts on Imtli sides ol' the .Mississippi. The Sanks and Foxes ai-.' a I'lnely I'oiineil [leople. and are said to conihine in their eharaeters both valor and ^i iierusity. I'erhap- no trihes in North America are more warlike than thes< . and lliey pos-ess an nncomnioii share of llie pel•se^erancc and cral'tiness o| tluir race. Chiirle\ oix. w ho wrote earl\ in the last century, alter spiakini; in praise oj' the warlike spirit of the lro(|nois. (who were ever the hitter eiu'inies of the French.) thus idiaracterises ijic Oltiiiamies. "It was not INI niAMA AMKHK ANA. lollj;." SIV^ hv. "iMlnlv ur lih I uiHi ;, n, u nU',U\. i(|llilllv l.lilVi' :|H 111.' IniiiMoi'.. lis, iiolilic. lull iiiiicli mine Icioci.iii".. .mil wlmiu it um'* iin|MisMli|r |icts s\lii,.|, ;i|,|H.iir |i. Iiavc ii. iiiaiiv \\\r< ;i> liiiihs: |,,r llicv \Mic im >ni.iiir (lis|Misi(l tliaii lluv na|i|Har.il. atnj wUvu n ihici (I I.. :i 111, IV liaiidliii uj' liiii;,iiiiU. lluv u. iv slilj In |„. . nnMiiilin .1 ivin wliiiv. ;iiii| lor i\Miit\.|iM. v,;ii> i iii , 1 1 11 |ili il nmiiiicnr. iiiiil iiilVslid ih, rimds. nv( r a liait inni, limn fu, Iniiiilivil I. ann,... in cin iiinliiviicr. 'I'lu-r w. iv ""■ ^'■'■'•"•^^"i'- < I' h '■■'lli.l rovis.'' A i;i|,. ii.i,,i|,,. ivniarks ||,;|| \\us,- \u«\i\v still ivlain llirir aiicii nl thanili r. hiin- " inn.t,ini|_v ,iiil.iuiln| in nv,i,> anil liisi.iilcs \s\iU till Ir in iiililMiiv. tin itmiIIs „{ u|,irii s|in\v ||,;,| \\n \ |,;,vr nmn foiiragi' in liatlic than wisilom in iiniiiril."! I'LATi; xxxi. II r I'm; \mii:. x* ^ ';/ A lai-r ami |M,nilrn.u. .kiill of a lull-M„„d |",,n |n,|i;„|. f,,,- wliidi. ami various similar favors. I am indiM. d to tlir kindn, ss of I),-. |{. |j, ]5,.,i\vn. of St. I.oiiis. Missouri. It is on,, of thr lai-.st ahoii-inal skulls i„ my collictiim. as will li,' sicii \)\ till' t'ollow im; MI'.AM IM.MKN n Lom;ituiliiial diamrlt r. Parirtal dianulir. Fr,intal iliamtl, r. Vertical diam,t,'i'. . 7. iiiclits. .5.!) incliis. 1.7 inches. .')..') inches. ' IliM. C, 11. ral.- (Ir l:i Nnuv. rniii.T, I\', p. 'i.|. t S( iKKii.cii.M'T. 'frav. p. :j.lf. 'I'm: po'niwA'i'oMii'.s, 18'; lnl< r-iii;i->ti>i(l iii'cli. .... lull r-in;i>liiiil linr. .... 0(Ti|>ilii-rniiil;il aicli. ||iiri/.iiiil;il |iri'i|ilii n. liitniiiil ciiiiiiiitN, .... C;i|iiu'ilv "I (III mill linr clcmilii i-, ('ii|iiicilv III' till |iiiNt(i'iii|- rliiiriiiii I'. (';i|>:icit_\ 111' the ciinin;!! ii^iimi. • l\ii'i;il iiiiiiii' I^.l illclirM. J. 7 iiiclu-. I l..> ilM'llll. Jd.'l illl'llrs. 'M.'i Cllliic illi'llr>. Id. niliic iiM-lii s, .') I . ■( (Millie iiirlii ■<. I i.l ') culiic iiiilii N. S.I (jc.'i'ccs. 'I'll K I'O row ATOMIES. ••Tlir I'liliiwiitiiiiiit > iirr I'm tin iim^l |iMil Will |irii|Mirliimi'il. iiliiuit live I'cct rinlil iiii'lio ill luinlil. |in^M's>r(l nl' iiiucli iiiu^ciil.ii' »ti'rn;:lli ill tlir arm. liiil rather weak ill tlir liaek. with a •.Irmii; mck. anil riiilnwrd willi enii^iilnalilr anilitv. 'riirir Miier i^ rnhh anil Inw. Iiiit iNciti il. M i_\ .-hrill. 'riiiir tiilli are mhmuI and rhaii. hnt imt n niarkahle Inr n ^iilarity. 'I'lnir eiiiii|ili\iiiii i-\rry iiiueli ilarkriii il hy e\|invnii' tu the -nil aiul w iiiil. w hih tlinsc |iait^ w hieli are kept (•iivrnil are nh'^erved In retail! theii' iiili\i hri'j.hliie^-'. Till ir ^iiilit i^ ijiiiek and lieni Iraliin:. tmt lililiilne»> i> ri'ei|Uenl Irnlii the iiitrn^e a|i|ilie;itiii|| III' thee\i' ill •-till huntinii. and I'l'iini e\|inviiiT tu the aiti mate, ami in sninr eaMs. niiiteii aetimi III' the >uii and >llii\V : ilnilhtle^^ il-o nil aeenillil of the eiin^talit Miinke ill their hnt-."' The •-anie intelligent ti-,i\illii liU. what ha- heeii already iih-ervid nl the Inilian- in Lieiieral. th.il althnii^h Ihi ir i ndiiraner id' ( n|d and hiiiiiier are \iry e\tr,inriliiiar_\. they are ali>nlnte '^Inllnns whni |'r( ( | \ upplied with I'nnd. and will it ten and t\\enl\ tiiiii> in ll The I'ntnwalnlnie-. tlinipjli a lira\ e liatinii. are inneli iimre Iraetahle in teniiii r than -nine nj' the iieiiilihniinL; trihe-: anil t'liarlfVnix. alter enln^i-inu: their line rxterinr. drcdares that he received llinre kindne-'S I'rniii tlieiii. inlid;N a> the\ wnr. than I'rnni tlh' (.'hri-tian !!nrniis.+ l\i: \ ri\i;, l-Aj" 1. I. ]<■ 1 'i;. ■I- t \-,iV. a rAin.-r. I.-'. W II. ISG CHANIA AAIKIMCANA. PL ATI: \\XIV I'orowA roMi _,-'-n ^-~— /^v— \ . • \ ; : \ • A skull (i| a ^( inline I'lilowiiliunic. «( \\\\ntitiit(il one ol' llic iiiaiiv ^ulxudiiiiitc liilics of tli« litna])!' iKitioii ill Massacliiisctls. 'I'licy were ;iiiviiiu(l liy the Sa^ammc (if I'awtuckcl. and tlicir villa^i'^ ncciiiii((l llic site of liic prcMiil town (if Salrni. in Massacluisctl-i. All the New Enii,lanil Irihcs air -aid In have liccii viiv much alike. "'I'luy wire tall, straiiilil. nf a red c'iun|iir\i(in. ^\ilh black eyes, ami of a vacant look wlini uniinj»a»ioiuil." 'IMic -ainr antiioi add-, what i- more apocryplial. Ilial tiuy •• pos-es-icd a natural nnder-laiidiun. sa^acity ami wit. ecinal to the same atliilMitev in utiier men.'" Had tlii- Ikcii the fact (hey wdiild not hiivc hceii >o ea-ily du[)i(l, noi' >o speedily auuihilatcd. hy the Europeans. IM.VI'K XWIII. NAIMKKAC. 1 received (hi- head iVom Dr. A. L. I'earson. of Salem. Mas-., near whose residence it was exhumed, toiiether with thirty other sk\ills and the eorrespoiidinn skeletons. They were all placed in the sittimi posture a short distance helow the surface, of the uround. hnt were, for the most part, in a slate (d' decomposition. mi; VSl lil'.MI.NI'S liOiiiiitudinal diaim ter. I'arietal diaim ter, . CO inclies. 5. inches. * DvvKuir. Tnu-. la New Kiil:I;uh1 anJ New York, I, ji. 113. 18S C'l.'AMA A.MEIULANA. l''riMital (liMiiulcr. .... \(rtii';il iii:i:iut(i', . . . . liitt r-iii;i>li)iil iirt'li. .... IiitiT-niastoiil line. .... Occipito-lrniitiil arcli. Ildri/.iinlal jk ri])!!! it. liitt rnal cajiacity. .... Capacity nl i1r' aiili rioi- cliainlicr. Capacity itf llic i)o>t( rinr cliaiiiln r. . Facial aiiLilc. ..... \.l inclit s. ').;! inches. 1 I.J iiiclics. :t.!) inches. 1 1.1 inches. l!t.S incliis. 7 1. ciil)ic inches. Hi. cnhic indies. ■If). cnl)ic inches. SI) (h'urccs. 'I'll K DKLAWAHES. Tlir Lruiipc nation^ ii:i\c a (•iiiiininn traililinn that tiir_\ caiiir IVdni tlic far \\r>t: ;inii niiuralin:; tnwaiiU iIk ( a^l. ai ri\(il at tlir .Mi-^i-^iiiiii ii\i p. called ])\ till ni .\iiili xi-sijill. Ill' the liiver 111' I'i^h. ilrlr thry riMllIll lllr ll'rilUiii^. whn had al-'i iiii:;ralrii. anil wiit riii'aiiipt il mi tiir !iauk~ nf ihr rivir. 'I'hr^r ri-llc^s priijili' I'liniiil till- (■iiiiiili'x I a^l iif |l;r fi\rr inliaiiitri! Iiy iiiiiiu rmi^ wailike t^ill(■^ callril . ////i!( /c/. ami niiiii ■■ti i! |ii liiii^^ion to e^tahli^h theiiischr^ in tlirir tcirilnrx . 'I'ili-- was iliiliril thrill, lillt tliry Wrrr allnWill tn jKI^^ tlllolIL;]. lllr e(iUIltr\. ••'riliy acciil'iliimiy iM:;:illt'i crn^s lllr NillU -•i--i|iU. wluil lllr Alliu'rwi. >i rilli;' that ihiii' iiMiiiiirr- wrrr ~ii Very uiTat. anil, in l.ul. tli.it liny cuii-isli il nl' iiiaii\ thiui^aiiiN. made a I'liriiiii^ attack nii tlm-r w lin liail ciM^'^rd. Ilin ati iiiiii;- iliriii ail with ill -trrctidii it' ihi y d.-ind In cnnir ii\i f In tluir ^iilr nl' thi' ri\rr. I''iiril at the lirachi ry ul' IIhm' iirii|di'. .iiid the ^n at ln^» nf nirii tiny had ••iivlaim d. and hc>idi'» not liriii;; |iir|)arrd Inr a eniillicl. the l.cna])e enii-nltrd what wa-- In he dnin- : \\ lirthi r In ntrral iiitlirhi^t niaiiin r tlii _\ eniild. nr In li_\ tin ir .>.|nn;;lli. " Tiir latter |d.lll Wa^ ailnpli d. and the Irni|Unis jninril thrill nil cnndilinii that the cnllllllrlrd cnniltl_\ >hnuld lie >llarrd hilweell the tw llinns. A lit TCe eniillicl eii^iird: III) nil rey was >hnwii In the \ani|iiislied. and •■|lic Alline\\i at last liiidinu that tin ir d'-tnietinii wa- inivitahlr if tiny |iii'-i'«trd in tlnir nhstinacy. aliandi mil the cniiiitiy In the cnniiinrnrs and 111 d (Inwii the .Mi>>i>sip|ii. I'miu whence they Till!: DELAWAIJES. 189 iii'vcr rcluniril."* 'I'lir cnuiilry %Vii>* divitlrd iiccdi'iliiiij to tlic ^ti|iiilatii)ii : llic li'()i|U(ii>. iiiiikiiii; choice of tlic UunU iiciir (lir i;rc;il li\k( < mid lln ir (riljiitiirv stream^, wliilr llic Lciiapc (iccupicd tlir n';;ioM to tlic south. When the lOuropcan colonics 1' iicil. tlic Dclawai'cs were llie possessors of tiie southern portion of New ■1' .^e_v. and jiails of tlic jireseiit states of Pennsylvania and Delawai'c. 'I'licy received the siiMiincrs with conlidenco and kindnisN. and for many years (his nmtual uood faith remained nnbrokcii. Tlic Delawares were less warlik( than the lroi|nois. to whom they linally hicanie in a manner snhservicnt. "In person they were nprii^ht. and strainht in their limbs, lieyond the usual proportion in most nations: tlnir bodies were slfonM-. hnt of a streiiiith I'alher fitted to endure luirdship than to sustain much bodily labor: their features were rejrular : their countenances siMiietinu's Cierce. in cominou rather risemhlinii a .lew than a Christian. "t PLA'Pi: XXXIV. ,i:nai'i;. ou hki.wvai 1 '' l-^ .W The fe\\ D.laware skull- in ;ny possession are more elon^aldl thiin is usual in the Vniirican tribes; they are also narrower in proportion in the pai'ietal diaiu"ter. and less llatteii. 1 on the occiput. The annexed drawing- is taken from a skull presented liy l)i'. Pitcher, l'. S. A., who acco.npauied it with the followin;; ineuioraiulum : "1 know this to he L:;enuine. The country at present assi:;iied to the l)( lauaris lies north of the Kan/ is. between it and the Missmiri river. 'I'herc are siuiie uanderin:;" bands o|' these proud foresters in the C'licridvcc country, on the Neosho and t'anadian rivers, in Arkansas. The individual whose cranium I ' lli:i I, i.sm:i i 11:11. Ill -I 'i.'':il Ari'MilMl. ..^r,. p. ,:i. fS\Miii. Ili-I '>\ N'"' .1' :- y. |' - I-'. ■IS 190 CRANIA AMKIJICANA. send you wa-; i» I'cinalc. who died at llic little colony on the \co>li(> river, lu-ar Fort (iibsoii. Tills is all I can leani of her, as most of the nations of tln^ s|,,ck called Alu;oi„|Min h\ the philolojiists. have an aversion to sjieak (d" their deceased relatives, and shiulder at the idea of callini; them hv name." MI.Asi i(i:me\ts. Lon!;ilndinal diameter. Parietal diameter. . . . . Frontal tliameler. . . . . Vertical diameter. ■ . . . Jnter-n\asloi(l arch. . . . . Inter-mastoiil line. . . . . ()eci[)ilo-fr(jnlal arcii. Horizontal |i( ripherv. Internal ca|Nieity. • . . . Ca|)acily of tiie anterior chamlier. Capacity of the jiostcrior chamlier. . Ca|)acily of iju' coronal re^inn. Facial anule. . 7. inidies. .').."> inches. I(i inches. 5.1 inciies. II. I inches. 1.2 inches. 1 1.) inelies. .!<(. inches. 78.,') cnhic inches. ;3.i. ciK;:- inches. ■IJ.,') {•nliic inches. 10'. 2,) cidiic incJKs. 7() dei;rees. TIIF IROQUOIS. OU F I Y F NATIONS. The Irai/diii.s ('(iii/'dhniii/ ci)n>\'^\vi\ oriiiinaily of live nation^, ijie Mnjiawks. Oneida-. Onondan'a-. C'ayu!;as and Seneeas. 'i'lie French nave them the name of lro(|uois. hilt tluy called tlieinsilves Mi)i;j:iri. or Mini^oe-.. These nations ciinstitntril Ijie ea-tmi di\isinn ,t{' tins |)o\verfiil family, wiiiie to the \v( -1 wen several otiier Iriiies o|' (he s;ime -tmd;. as the lliiroiis. i;ri;;a>. Andaste-. &.c.. hut the latter fornieil no part of the conftddacy. In the year I 7 1 i. the '['uscaroras. (lyinn from their own hnnlinj;- grounds in North Candina, took n In tee amoni; the hM(|Uois. and were admitted as a sixth nation.* * ^'ol.lll;^, lllsl. lifllic I'uc .NiUIOllS. 1,1.1. lu-iir *t()ck .'ilSdl ic liC Acn hut tiras. MMIK IHOQrOIS. OH FIVE NATIONS. History fiirirds ample cvidtiicc i,( Die intcllcc'tiial ^ii|)iriority of llic h 191 (Kinois over tlic siiiToiiiuliiiii iialimi-;. Tliiy \v<'tr iia^simiatcly dcvdtcd to Wiw. and were every where luniiidahle and vielnrinii'^. " Tlie Fi\c Nations." (dsei'ves Mr. Gallatin, "liad already ae(|nired a derided sii|)iriority over the oilier Indians bclore the arrival of the Knroiieans. They were at that epoeh at war witli all the snrroundinu; trihes. witli perhaps the sini;le d alriady carried their anus as far as (he iiuinth of tiie Susiiueiianna, and the \ieinity of New Cattle on the Dehiwarc"' In iaet they loved war for itself, and all other eniploynients and pastinus wi re hrhl to he eonteniplilde in comparison ; and they jiloried most in their assumed appellation (d' Oiiiiirr llaiiiri. The drailisl of Mm. Tiieir laimiiaiic is hnth emruitic ;,iid melodious, destitute of lahials. hut havin;; the ijuttnral aspii'ate.t They possessed ail the other Indian idiaracteristics in stnuii: I'l lief. They foi'ced their wonu'n to work in the fi' Id and to carry liurthens; liiey |)aid little respect to idd an'e : tliey wire nut much all'ectid iiy IJU' passinn cd' love, and sinnularh' regard le-s of eonnuhial idili^alions : and lhe\ indiesitatinirh resorted to suiciile as a renie(l\ tv for d onii'stK' am I other evils. T ley were proud, audaciou ami vindictive, iiiitirim;- in tlu' pursuit of an enemy, ami reimu'seless in the ijratilication (d' liieir revemic In matters (d' r( liiiioii tin ir ideas appear to have heen I'Xtremidy vat!;ne : and their nation il (diservance consisted (diietly in the annual sacrifice of a dou'. which they suiiseipieiitly ate. 'I'lieir cautiousness and ouniiini; weic pro\erhial vww ammej: the Indian nations: thus C'olden ohserves that if they he sent with any message, llioui^h it demand the lireatest dispatch ami portend imminent danger, the} never tell it at once, hut sit down a minute or two in sih'uce. lest liny should helray thenis(l\es hy a hasty eNpressinn.j: Hence tliey assumed a \acaiit and even stupid expression of countenance, when they were most awake to wiial was passing- around tliem.^' Il is hut juslice to add to these trails of llie Iroquois, (hat in their hnvs. intercourse with the Mmilish colonies hefore tile re\olution. llie\- Were remarkaldc for their re'j.ard to treaties. their Liood faith on all oc CHAM V AMF.inCANA. states. Mca^urrs wire iiccunliiiuily hiktii lur llicir >iilij\iLiMliiiii. wliicli \\;is c H'cclcil ill 177)>. ;iiul tlir lew Milis((|iiiiit vi'iir^. 'I'lic iciiiiiiiis of tlii- uncc |iii\m rl'iil coii- iVili iMcy arc vit sctii scatlircd llinniiili llu- -"tatc uf New Ymk. suliducd in spirit, and (!( l)aM'd hy llicir rinidiicss lur intoxicatim; drinks. Smnc niniiants of tril)i's. however, liavc a•^Mlnlcd a'^rifultwral iialiits. and do eoniparatixcly well ; lint the Iroipiois arc raiiitily diniinisliinn' in nnnihrr. and will soon be known only in history. I'LATi; X\XV. (• AVIC.A, 'Pile skull 1)1' a Cayuiia ehirf whidi 1 rceei\eil Iroin Dr. I'itehir. l'. S. A., with the t'ollowin- note: ■■'Phi- man was one o|' the original eniii;rants. with his trihe. from the slate of New York to Ohio, and lastly to Arkansas, where lie died at the aijc of nearly one hundred years. A. 1). |s,]|. Hjs name was Wan-ynu-ta : and he was also Ion:;- known to the iiovemnieut of New York, in their treaties with the Iroijunis. hy the ninne of the Tail Chiif. lie was a 'aoihI spraker. and a tirin. slir 'wd. si-nsil)le niau. whose nn rit alone rais((l him from a |ilelieiaii origin to he chief ol' his trihe." mi; A»i iii'.Mi;\i ■ Liiim'itudiiial diameter. Parietal diai :.|(r. Frontal diameter. ^'e|■ti;■al diameter. Inter-mastoid areli. Inter-mastiijd hm . 7.S ilKdies. ").l inches. 1.2 iiudies. "). I iindics. 1 i.i inches, •l.'i inehes. THE ONEIDAS. 19;J Oceipito-frontal an-li, HorizDiital periplury, Iiitcnial capac'ily, Capacity of tliu anterior chamber. Capacity of tlu; posterior chamber, Capacity of the coronal region, Facial anj;ie, .... 1.5.5 inches. 520.8 inciics. 93.5 cubic inches. 35. cubic inches. 58.5 cubic inches. 1 1.5 cubic inches. 78 degrees. PLATi: xxxvr. ONKIDA. V, /^ IIe:ul of a riill-liliinil Oneida wanior. aged about forty years, lie was killed ill a fray at tlir Scnrea Reserve, in Ohio, in 1830. He ^\as burieil in the Indian eenietery ou Sandusky river. Ik low Tillin. wlieuee his skull was removed and presented to me by my friend Bt iijamin Tappan, M. D., of Steubcnville, Ohio. M1;ASI lil'.MKNTS. Jjoni^itudinal diameter. Parirdil di.iinelei'. . Frontal dianuter. Vertical diameter. . Inter-masloid arch. . Inler-mastoid line. . Oceipito-frontal arch. Horizontal periphery. 49 7. ) imdies. 5.() iiieiies. ■1.1 inches. 5.S inches. 14. t inches. 4.3 inches, 1 1.9 inches. aO.S inches. 1!U CRANIA A^IKRICANA. Internal capacity, . Capacity ol" tlic antciinr clianilur. Capacity nf tlic p(i>l( rior dianilii r. Capacity iii' the coronal region, . Facial ani;lc, .... 91.5 cnliic inches. ;{(i. ciil)ic inches. 5(1.5 enhic inches. IS. I cnliic inches. 7 1 degrees. I'LATH XXXVIl. iiriioN. ^\ '// Vj r 'I'lic Iliiron> call tlicni^i lv( s U'l/inulatx; luui altlioii^li nj' Hk »anu' >tnck as llic IriKinois. tlic two iiatiiin> were iiii;au.(il in drailly ami mn-lant \\.ii' with caeii ntlur. tile llnriin>- c^pnusiiii; tlic I'iciieli. the lr(i(iuiii> the 15iili>.li intt rest. At length, ahoiit tiie year l(i')n. the llurnns were nearly exlenninaletl. and Iroin that time to the j)i'esent have remained a feelile hanil. In all the striking traits of Indian character, they vvcre in no respect iiil'eiior to the other nations of thi« >toek. The annexed drawing was made from a skull (ditained near Detroit hy the late Dr. Sturm, the (Jerman traveller, of wlm-e executor 1 purchased it. The only further informatinn j e;in id)tain re'-pecting it. is the statement that it was ilie head of a chief, who wa-i slain in a broil w ith his son-in-law. It is a ponderous eraninin. and one of the most stronnlv marked in mv collection. MI'.ASIUI'.MKNT' Longitudinal diameter, Parietal diameter, . Frontal diameter. 7.2 inches. 5.3 inches. 4.3 inches. TlIK PAVVNKKS. 196 Vertical diaimtcr, . lull r-iiia>t(iiil arcli. . InUr-mastdid line, . Ofcipito-fiontal arch, llorizdiital pi ripht-ry, liitti'iial i-apacil}-, Capacity (if the aiitcrii)!' cliaiiil)i'r. Capacity of tlic postciJDr cliainl)ii', Capacity u( the cdninal nu;i()ii, Facial aiii!;k', .... a. 5 indies. I ). iiiclies. 4.4 inches. 1 l.'J inches. If). 8 inciies. 7 1. cnhic inches. ;12.,'» cnhic inclies. 11.5 cnhic inciies. 9. .5 cnhic inches. 73 (ley;rees. On comparing live Iroijuiiis IuikU. I liiid thai tiiey give an average internal capacity of J<8 cnhic inches, wiiicli is Mitliin two inches of the Caucasian mean. The largest of tiieiii gives no Ics'. than !)H.j eiihie inches, anil the smallest (the Huron ahove descrihed) seveiity-fonr. Tiie mean of thc^ anterior cliamher is 35.5 cnhic inelies. wliile that of the posterior chainher is 5-2.5. The mean of the coronal region gives 15 cnhic inches. Tin: PAWNKKS. Tile Pawnees eoii>i>t of twd nations, the I'awnees jiroper. and the Hiearas or Aricaras. wliieii last are aNn ciUled Hlaek Pawnees. The former inliahit the eonntry on the river Platte, and the iJieaia villages are lielow the Mandaiis. on the Missiiuri. Tiii'sr IiUks speak a laimuage dill'ereiit from any other on this continent, 'i'hey do no! diilir niueli. in liuir physical character and lielligereiit lialiits. from tlie surroiinding nations, jmt tliey have until lately practised tlu singular custom of sacrilieiiiii human \i('tinis to \'enus. "The Great Star." 'J'liis ceremony was performed annually, and immciliately preceded their harvest lahors. the success of which it was desigmd to promote. The practice is said to he an anomalv among the North Anurican nations.* Ivv|iiil, to Itiirky Mouiili'.iiis, I, p. 357. — (1 M.L.M'iv. Arolia'nln;.'. Ami r. II, p. K'S. 196 CHANIA AMKHUANA. PLAT I : XXXVIII. rAW.NKK ^ ..^^"■^ \)\ Thi>i llciul :ili|ii ai'-i til lliivr III III lll.lt n|' n riiiiiilc. nild \\;is li|nin;li(, friiIU the I'lattc riviT. alunit two liiimlrnl iiiilr- I'niiii il^ jiiiictinn \\it|i Ihr Missouri. Iiy Hu- r\|ii(liti(iii iiiiilt r M.ijiir l.iuii; In i \|iI(iit llic Hiicky M(iiiiit;iiiis. | miii iiidclitnl to Mr. T. I!. I'cnlr for iicriuissiou to iisr ii on \\\\> occasion, wliiili | ilo \vitli ||ic ore iutirrst III ciiusc it is tin ojih I'iiwinr sknjl | \]-\\ V seen MI'.AsI It Lon;;itiiilinal diainrli r. Parietal iliaiiii ti r. . Frontal diaimli r. \'ci'tical diaiiictrr. . Intci-niii-loid arch. Inti r-nias|oid line. O;'ci|iito-I'rontal arcli Horizontal |uri|iliri- Inter lal ('a)iacit_\ . Capacity of the aiili rior (dianilicr. Ca|iacity of t!ir jiostcrior clianiliir. Capacity of the coronal rri;ion. acial aniiir. mi;ms <).(i inclics. .). I inciics. 1. 1 inclii s. 1.1) inciics. 1 i.7 inches. 1. ! inches. li. inches. IM.I inches. 7(1..) ciihic inches. ,il. cnhic inches. .J!).'i cnhic inches. !().() cnhic inches. /J (leirrecs. ? m 107 'IMIK I) A COT AS. 'I'liis {•(illcclivc iippclliilioii ( luliiiu'cs iiiiiriy liilus or liillui' iiatioiiN of riidiiiiix. nllicd III ciicli (illicr liy ^illiiiily nl' l;inu;iia^'('. mid in mhih' iiunsurr liy nininiiiiiity of (Mistiiiiis and feelings. 'Tlicy arc hImi called Simix and Naiidowtssics, mid (lie "Seven Fires." in alin-iin to tlieir ennlVderacy (if seven lianiis or tiilies. 'I'liey are estalilislied (in ImiIIi sides df llie Mixsis>i|)|ii. mid nn tlie western side nf lliat ri>er tlieir liinilinn- unninds extend fnini llie Arkmi^as Id llie rennite norliiern plains, mid are nnly iKUMidid on llie we^t \>\ tiie Itueky Mniiniains. In llie inniiili ol' Sejiteiiilier |N!7. I s;i\v Iweiity-^ix eliiefs mill liraves of llie Siiinx naliiin. Ilieii in I'iiiladelpiiia. nii lln ir \\:\\ In ||ie >e:il nf L;'iiveninienl. I'iVery Mian nl lluiu liail m liniiid faci', lii!;li eliei li lnuies. the larn'e l{iinian iinse expanded at llie iin>lril>, a wide liiil low forehead, and Hat occipni. 'I'lieir eoni- lilixiiin was ('iiiiianion lirown: several <<( llieiu wci'i' naked lo llie wai>l. so thai I was not deceived h\ tiie color ol' Ihi ir face>. which were all painted. Their fiLiuro were rallier tall. Miy hiii-cnlar. and \vell jiropoilioned. The Simix are jiroMrliial I'or Iheir helli;;eri nl and •>aii'j;niiiary eliaraeter. (Jeiieral I'ike. who wa^ niiudi .iinoiii;- llieiii. sayx Ihal from hi-- know led^c he dues •• not lie-itale to pro- nonnce llieiii the mo'-l warlike and iiiiiepeiideiil nalioii of Indians within the lionndaries of the rnited Stale>. their every pa^^ion heiiiii' viiiiNer\ieiit to that of war." ■ The Dacola lannnane i^ ^aiil to he h ns >onoroiis llian the Aliionipiiii. which alionmU in lahiaU. ■• It i< certain." xays a late Iraveller. "thai their niaiiiiers and (•n^tonl- ditl'ir esM'iiliaily from liiose of any other trihe : and tlieir phy^ioiiiioniy. as Well as their laiiiiuaLie and ojiinion^. mark-- tlieiii as a distinct race of jieople. Their >acrilices and their supplications lo the unknown (iod — their feasts after any siiinal delivei'ance from danger — their meat and their linrnt ollcrini^s — the pri'iiaratioii of incense, and cerlain customs ot' their females, oiler tdu slrikini; a coincidence with the manners of the Asiatic trihcs hcfore the coinnienceincnl of the t'hrixtiaii era. to escape ohscrvation."! Aliril. AplirllillX. [1. li,'. 50 t Si iidui.c 11 Ml', Narr. .lnuriKil, 6^1. , p. JIO. I us tllAMA AMKinc AN A. PLATE XXXIX. i)A( OIA. /^ }'■ -^ttn P^ ^^-^X., I nccivcil lliis skull I'riiiii llic l;ili' Dr. I'dnlc, nl' this city, hut cuuld olit nil iii> pai'ticuhir*. i xciptiui; tin' l':ict nl' il^ li:iviiiii lii'luiiLCt'd tii ;i Siouv wiU'rior uf had cliiiractrr. mid uhn was killed hy ^lUiU' act nl' viidcucc mi tlir iiorllixvotfrri 'riir siii.ili si|ii;iicd Iliad. Ihi' iircal ciMUiiarativr hii'adtli hilwtiii tin li'iiiilii'i'. [laiiilal hum-., and nidiirirrut iVmital divclniimrut. cnrnsiioiid |iiri'i«iilv w itli lli Iratiir IS as nli»i ivrd III di\idua!s III' the Siiiiix di licilinii ainadv iiiiiilioiicd Ml. \»l linMI'-NT' L'liii^itudiiial diaiiirlr I'ariil.il diaiiiclrr. . Fnuilal diaiiiL'lt r. \'irli(al diamrlrr. . lull r-iiia>li)id aicli. . lilt iT-iiia' 'told li fcijiitii-lViiiital mi/oi ilal J)rn|)IU TV lilt I riial i'a|)acit\. Capacity ol' llir aiitniiir cliaiiihi r. Capacity uf the posterior cliaiiiher. Capacity of the conuial rcirioii. aci nl aiigk ii.7 inches. .)./ iiiclies. I..' iiiidies. j. I inciies. I I. / Indies. I. I iiKdn I J. ) niches. II). S incht" J(i. 19. culiic niclics. cuiiic inches, ciihic inches. ](».() ciihic inches 77 dciirccs. TIIK ()SA(JKS. 109 I'LATi: XLI. us AUK. \^--.^- -■■■ The ()siu;('s Miinliiiis. .>[:iii(liiii>.. A>*>lcrn pari III' Arkansas and arc yi I a |)ii\\iiliil Irihf. •• 'I'luy arc mi lall anil mlnist." siy>* a lair Ir.ivillcr. "as Mlrmixl In wariMut llir applicalinn nl' liic Icrin u;inanli<': lew 111 tliiMi a|i|icar In lie iiiiilir siv I'cil. and many arc alpii\c il."* Aniunn the ()sai;cs \vlii> visited Hiistnii sonic years ann. Dr. NN'arreii reinarked some very line Inukini; men: he |iarticiilarises iwu, of uimm lie says that tiieir heads cnujd nut he distin;i;iiishe(l rrom llnise of Europeans. I- It is said of these peii|de. liiat they arc I'lind III' war witlmnt liiiiii; remarkalde I'oi' liravcry. 'I'licy cniisidcr liorsc-slcaliiii; a nicritoriniis achievement, and at niic time scarcely left a horse to turn a mill in the town of St. (ieiicvievc. They are credited with one virtue, however, which is rare aiiioim- savages, and that is mercy: lor they rarely laki; the lives of those who fall into their hands. "t '["he annexed drawint; is derived t'roiii the skull of a voiinn vvarrior named ■ till Miiiruv. 'I'lav. |i. I.'. t ('ii|ii|iai. \ ww nl' Ncivnus Sysl.'ili. &.r.. |i. H.i. ■ HiiKiKKMiiiMii:, N'lL'Ws di' l,nlll^ialla, I'. Il7.--I)ii iliis suhji'ut Mr. (lallatiu iiiaUcs llio fnllow- iiil: iTinaiiis: •• WIhiIkt nraiir nr .i-rn iilliiral, ilnri.' is a iiiarki'd ihHrri'iirc brtwciiii llii' lialiits iiiiil .'haiariir tilall llii' liiili iiis uli.i ihvrli aiimlsl llir iIimm' llm si uiiu'li cxlfluls iVulii iIm' Allaiilic to llir Missi^..i|>[ii, ami llinsr III' ill'' inhaliilaiils ,\\ llir wrsiura prauir. 'I'lusi' I isl an.' i'\rry whiTO Irss r.'i'ociniis iliaii ilic!--!' Ill llir r,,siiTU sKJi' 111' ilw Mississi|.|]i. I.iko all savagi's iln'y pul Id dualli ilu' |iiiMiiirrs lakni m liaiilr; Inn ilir Imrrid prar'n'r nl' iiillii'iiiii; oil iliriu llir inos', cxmicialliig iDiitirc till' tlays l.i_'rllir|-,i|,ii's iiiil a|i|ifar lo liavc prrvaili'il aiiyulirrr hryoinl the Mississiiijii." — ^Ircliirului;. ,/i,.i ■: II, p. l."i. 200 CHANIA AMERICANA. Ilic /iiij/'dlo Toil. He was .irrcstcd in Arkaiisiis on a cliariif (if niiirilcr. and placed under miard at Fori Gibson, lie soon dctcrniincd to destroy liiniself. and suci'ecded l)y an excess of gluttony. Dr. Pitcher, to whom 1 am indebted for this relic, adds, that "as the ()sat;es. Oniahas, Kansas. Missouris and Quajiaws all s])eak a lani;uaue so nearly allied that they can severally converse with each otiier without an inh rpreter. y(ui will fuid tiiis specimen a fit representation of these ■several tribes." Mr,A»i iir.Mr.NTs. Loniiitudinal diauieler. Parietal diameter. Frnnlal di.imetrr. Vertical diameler. Intei-maslnid arch. Inier-masliiiil line. Occipito-froiilal arch. [|(U'i/ontal periiilury. Internal capacity. Capacity ol' tlie anlciinr eliamber. Capacity of tiie po>ti'iiiir eliaiuii( r. Capacity nf the coronal region. . Facial auiile. .... fi.") inches. 9 inches. I.() iuciie>., ;■).;! inches. la.l inclie>i. •1.1 inches. 13.1 inches 1!).") iuclH"^. S.l. cubic incbe>i. 37. .5 cubic inclies. •l;"i.j cubic inches. II. 1 cubic iuclu's. 77 decrees. "The Missouri Indians of tln^ male sex." says Mr. (iallatin. "exceed mi heiiiht the ordinary averauc of the Fhiropenns : but tlu' women are in propurlinii shorter and thicker. The average facial auiiie is 78 deiirees; the transverse lim of tile ilii'iction of the eyes is rectilinear: tin nose aijuiliue: the lips thicker than tiiose of Kuropraus; tile cheek houes prominent liMt iiot ani!,u!::f The women many very yniini:-. Iiear ehiblreii from the aire of thirteen lo forty, and have ijenerally from four to six."' My measurements of eleven skulls of .Missouri tribes i;ives 77 dei;rees IIS a nu an of tlie facial annle. which is coulhiuatory id' that stated by Mr. (iallatin. The mean internal capacity of the skull is ei^hly cubic inches, and but one iicad comes up to the European average. • .VrcliiL'olog. .'\iinr. II, p. l.fo. I i 201 COTONAY' BLACKFEET. The Bliu-kfont niition is (inu til" the most iiuwcrful in llic northwoskrii ivirioii „r tliis (•(Mitincnt: for. uotwiUistaiuling their long and tlusiHTatc conllicts with all Ih.. .nrronn.lin- tribes, they yet nnnil.er thirty thousand sovils. They are oon.i)..sed „r three prineipal divisions, of whieh tiie Colonau is the most celebrated and best known. Tliey are proverbial for their nncomiironiisinu; hostility to the trappers, wlioni liiey attack and d(>stroy whenever opportunity (.ilers. They never ask for nwrey and rarely award it to their captives. Fierce, crafty and conraireous, they li„l,| little conunnniealion witii other tribes. ;ind revenge theniselv-< on all strangers who intrude, wlietiur for good or evil, williin tiie limits of their nunting t^rounds. jM.vn: XL. lil,\CKI''()()'l'. Ml The only two heads I hav ever seen .d" this isolated nation, were brouglit to Ibis city l.y .Mr. (leorge Catliu. and by liim presented to George Combe, Esip Tlu' lattri- .^rntleman has politely placed tlieni at my disposal, and I have had the largest of tinin figured on tiie annexed plate. It is tlie skull of a man who appears to have received a mortal blow (U. tiie top .d' the iiead, near the junction of the parietal bones, which has penetrated into the cavity of the cranium. This 51 20-2 CHAM A A3IEiUCANA. skull lias liroal brcailtli lictwctii the [jarictal Ikuu's. ami (lie plirt'iuildgiral (iriiaii ol ririiuicss is strikiiiiilv pniiuiiii'iit. Ml.ASI HKMKNTX. Loiiirifudinal diainttcr. . Parietal dianutcr. . Frontal diameter. Vertical diameter, . Inter-mastoid areli. . Inter-mastdid line. . Oc'cipitii-t'rontal ardi. Horizontal iieripliery. Internal cajtaeity. C'apaeity of tlie anterior eliamlier. C'ajiaeity of tlie jxisterior eliamlier. Capaeity ol' tile eoroiial region. Facial aniile. .... 7.1 inrhes. 5.1 inelies. 4.;J inches. .^.l inches, l.t.)^ inches. ■1,;1 inches. II. iiieliis. 1!».9 ilicilev. 77. cuiiic inches. ;i3.:' culiic inches. ■II.' cuhic inches. IS. '2 eiihic inches. 78 decrees. Tin: flat-iii;ai) twibes of coei.mima iuver. The lluliall•^ of tile Cohimliia river wen little loiown until tiie remarkalilc expedition of EewiN and t'lark. since uliieli period tliey lune lieeii visited ami described hy -everal iiit( iliiient travellers. Tliese ti'ilies are estalilished on liotli sides ol" the river, and to a distance of many miles from its mouth. "'I'hey ai'i coniinonly of diminutive stature, hadly sliaped. and their apiiearance liy no means prepossessing. 'J'iu y have broad, thick. Hat feet, tliick ankles, and crooked leiis : the la^t of whicii di lijrniitie'< is to be ascribed, in part, to llie (iniversal practice o| ^(juattim:' or sitliiiic on the calves of their lei;s mid lieeN. and aNo to the litilil handai;:es of hi ad» and vtiiniiN. woin round the anklev by the women, wliieli prevent the circiiialion of tiie lilodd.aiid render the letis of the females particularly ill "iiapeil and swollen, 'rile eompbxion is the usual copjier colored brown of tin nn;iiii Tin: FLAT-HKAD TIJIHHS OF COLUMBIA RIVF-U. 203 Norlli American tribes, thouifli rather lii!;liter than the Indians of the Missouri and the lidiitier of tlie United Slates: tiie month is \vi(h' and tile lips liiici< : tile nose of a moderate size, llesiiy, wide; at tlie extremities, witii large nostrils, and <;enerally low between the eyes, thouiih there are rare instanees of liiuli aiiniliiie noses: the eyes arc <;enerally biaek, thoiigh oeeasionally we see tliem of a dark yellowish brown, with a black pupil."* Hilt (lie most remarkable iVatiire amonir them is llie aliimst universal llatteii- iiiiidf the head by meehaiiical eoiiti'ivaiiee«^ : various means ari' resorted to to ell'eet this end: but tlie iiiodel n( dcfoniiily is liie s;uiie throunliout. eonsistin^ in a dejiression of tile forehead and eoiisr(|ueiit eloiiiiatioii of the whole head, until the lop of tile eiaiiium bec(unes. in extreme cases, a nearly linii/.(uital plane. 'Phis eusloui obtains amonu; many tribes, ainoiii; which are liie Klickatats. Kalapooyahs and .Multiiomahs (d' the Wallamut river, and its vicinity ; and the Chinonks, Clats;ips. Klalstonis. Cowalitsks, Kalhlamcts, Killemooks and Chelakis of the lower Columbia :ind its vicinity. t It is also stated that seviral tribes of \\\f cunst. both iioitii and south of the rivci'. an in the sauie piactiee. but they are all said to speak dialects of tlw Cbeiuuik laii:;uai:c.]: ••'Pile mode by which the llattenin^' is ell'ected." say- Mr, 'Powiisend. ■•yaiie- considerably with the dillrreiit tribes. 'Phe \Vallauiet imliaiis jihice tiie infant, soon after birth, upon a board, to tlu vdzvs of which air attached little loops of hempen coi'd or leallu r. and otlu r sjuiilar c(U'ds are pas^^ll across and back, in a /.ii;/.aii manner. thidUiili tiiese In ips. euciiisinii the ciiild ami bludinn it lirnily down. To the upper edn'c of this board, in which is a dei)ression to receive the hack part of (lie head, another smaller one is attached by hiiiu'es id" leather, and made to lie obliiiuely up(ui the forehead: tiie force of the pressure beiiiL;' rii;iilated by several stiiui^s attached to its ediie. which are passed tbidut;h holes in the board upon \vliicii the infant is lyini;-. ami secured tliere."^ ••'Pile mode of tlie CliiiKHiks. and otlurs near the sea, dillers widily iViuu that (d' the iippir Indians, and appears simiewiiat less barbarous and criu 1. A sort of cradle is formed by excavatimi a pine Iol; In the depth of eiiiiit dv leu iiielies. 'Phe child is placed in it on a bed cd' litfle i^rass mats, and bound down in the manner above described. A little buss ol tiiihtly plaited and wiNeii i;iass is tlien applii (1 to till' forehead, and secured by a cord to the loops at the side. The ■ l,i:\\ I- :iihl Ci, \ui.. l-'-\|iril, II, y. 1 id. ' '!'. u\ N .|.\ii, .1.1111. Ill llir (■.i|iiiii!i|;i liivrr, ]i. 1 ■; ^ I'l su|i|ii. I'. IT'i. lll\ INC, Amoiiii, 1 1, p. -S. ->0i CHAN I A AMEIUCANA. inlnnt i^ thus sullliv.l t,. ,r,„;,i„ iV,,,,. four l„ vu^Ui n.-mtlis. .„• nntil Hi,, sutnns ..r tlu' skull have in M.nic moasuir nnit.d. a.i.l II.,. lMm,> l,..coin,' s„li,l ami (inn. It is s,.l.l„m or ,R.v,.r tak,... Inm. Il„. n-aiil... .-.xcvpt in case ,.r svynv illn,.ss. nn(il the llMK.nin,!; pr,KTss i> con,,,!,-!,.,!.-* yu f,i,.„,l Mr. T,.wns,.M,l uas s,. kind as 1,. I.rinji- ni,. ,)n,. ,.f ihcs.. crailUs, „f >Ni,i,.l, t!.,. >uhj„in,.,| ,l,■a^vini^• inrnislus an acc\irat,. i,l,.a. '^'^•'S't'iUiiiillmitmUm^^amidmm^ ,^,.la*tti^— *-"'*^ 'I'his craill,. is rnrnicl l,y ,.x,.avalin- a sinol,, ,,i,,,,, „,• „,„„| ,,,„„„ „,,,^,,, ,.,^., Ion-. Mi,Uvay hrtvN.rn tii,. tu,, ami ImiII,,,,!. insi,|,., m-v lilll,. sl;,ts „r 11.1,1 ,v,i,kI. A. A. A. ill a traiisv,.i.M. ,lir,.,.ti,ni. n,, uhj,.!, .„■,■ ,,|:„.,.,| ,, ..,.,,,, ,„.,, ,„. |„.,|_ -|.||^, •"■■"I "I' til" cradl,-. 15. is ;„, ..v,..n ;,,,.,! cIkmhIi, r. Im,iiii(|,.,1 |,nvar,|s tli,. |n„1 In an inriiiird plan,.. I). Ih,. miimi,,! ,„,,|.-i„ „r wlii,.|i si.ppnrls ii„. ,.|,il,rs |,,-rk. \vl,i|,. Ill'' Ih:h1 its.ir is nciv,.,! inio tiir ,.,m,.a\ily at 15. Attarlu,! to tli,. sj.l,. „( ij,,. '•i.ull,. is th,. pad. C. nia,l,. nf o.,.;,... ,,i,|, ;, I,,,,,, .,, ,|„, ,,,„|. ,,,j^ j^ ,,j,.^^^.^^ ^,^^^^^_ over th,. ,.ln;M\ f.in.JHail. k,rps K i„ pk,,.,.. and <.aiis,.s th,. Ilaliuss ,,r Hkh p;i,.| s„ uinv.rsal in this,. p,„pl,.. '{'I,,, lat.ral in„ps. I). |). I). ;„■.. I„r III,, piirp,,.,. „f att.i,.iiiii- ntjur ,.onls I'm,, tj,,. purpos,. „r k,.,.pin- th,. chihrs h.uly in a lix.d jin.itinn. 'I"h,. pn.Jirliii- ,11,1. ]■]. i> rnii,i,!,d. and answ, rs r,,|- ruckiii- th,. cra.ll,.. ulirn pnis,.,l on it. in a rotary niMlion appli,.,l at tii,. opposjt,. ,.,„!. Th,. inad iiid II, .{'k r,.s| on a lirass u\d\ iw pillow. Kitiur,)!' til,. pr,.,.,.din- p|.o<.,..v,.s „iiist h,. v.ry painful, oft, n -ivin- rjs,. („ uhvrati,.!! olth,. s,.ajp. ,.„i,l p,.riia|.s not iinlivipMnlly |o d,alli itsdf: y,.t s,, hjuhly Is this ihlonuiiy VMln,.,l anmno- ,1,,. C.dninhia riv.r trih-s, that tli.ir slav,.s (ul,„ ■iiv lor til.. in„.| part ,l,.riv,..l from th,. a,li;„.,.nl triln.s) ar.. n,il all,nv,.,l to practis,. "■ '•''"■ ^ilijii'aran,.,. of tli,. infant ilnriii- thr pro,v>s. is ,l..sn.ilK.d as h.dli ludirn.ns • -rnvSN. i:mi. .i.Minicy. f...... |i. 17,;. niC FLA'IMIKADS. 205 and IVii^liU'ul. "and it> little MacU eye-, rmccd mit by tlic tiiililiicss of tlic l)i.:.(laj;cs. ri'sciiililc tliosr of a inoiisc clinked in a (i'a|)."* Hosidcs tlie depres^^idii of (he head, the I'ace is widened and j)r(ij(('ted I'orwarils hy tlie process, so as materially t(i diniini>li the facial auiile : the Incadtii between tlie parietal bones is ijreMtly ani^inented. and a strikinji ii're;;nlarity id' the two sides < t' the craninni aininst invariably follows; yet the absolute internal capacity of the skull is not diminished, and, strange as it may seiMU, the intellectual faculties suH'er notliing. The latter fact is proved by the concurrent testimony of all travellers who have written on the subject. "We had them," say Lewis and (JIark, "in((uisitive and loi[\iacious. \vitii understandings by no means delicieut in acnteuess. and with very letiiitive jueuKJries : and though fond of feasts and n'ciurally cheerful, they are never gay. Kvery thing (iiey see excites their attention and inijuiries, but having been accustomed to sec the whiles, nothing apjiearcd to give them more astonishment than the air-iiun. 'I'o all our ini|uiries they answered witli great intelligence, and tile conversati(Ui raridy slackens. — Tlie disposition^ of t!u"-e people si, ni mild and inoH'cnsive. and they have iiniforiuly behaved to us with great friemUhip. They ar<' addietetl to begging and pilfering >mall arti(des. %\iieu it can be done without danger of detectiiui. but do not rob wantonly nor to any iar'^c amount. — In tratlic they are keen, acute and intt lligeiil, and tiiey enndoy in all their bargains a dexterity and finesse whicli. if it be not learnt from tin ir foreign visite-rs. may- show how nearly (he cunning of savages is allied to the little arts of miu'e civilised trade. They begin by asking ucaily double or treble the value of their meielian- dise. and lower the demand in proportion to the ardiu' or experience in trade of the puichaser: and if he expresses any anxiety, tlie smallest article, jjerluips a handful of lools. will furnish a wlnde UKuaiing's negotiation. Heing natiii'aily ■•uspicious. (hey of course conceive that you are pursuing the same system. They, therefore, invariably refuse the th'>t oiler, however high, fearful tbey or we liave mistaken the value of the merchandise, and therefore cautiously wait to di'aw ns on (o larger oilers. In this way. after rejecting the most extravagant prices, wliicii we have oll'ered for mere experiment, they have afterwarils importuned us for a tenth |)art cd' wliat they had before refused. In this respect they dithr I'rcun almo>.t all Indians, who will generally exchange in a thoughtless moment the most valuabb' article they possess for any bauble which h.ijjpens to please their fancy. "t ■ Hii'--^ Cos, C.i|iiiiilii:i l{i\. T. v*v' .. |i. 1 ill. t l,i;uH ami Ci.Aiii., K.\[iijcl. \c,, II, p. l.iii, I,;,-, in. 52 200 C'HANIA AMKIMCANA. ••'I'lic iippiaraiu'c proihiccil hy this iiiiiiatunil oiii'i;\ti(m," siys Mr. 'I'owiiscikI. "is ;ilnuist liiilcniis. ami one wmild MippiisL' tliat tlic intellect would be; materially all'tcted by it. This, iiowever. does not appear to he the ease, as I have never seen (with a single exception, the Kayonse) a race of peojile who appeared more sjirewd and intelligent."* In the mouth of .lauuary of the present year. (lS;i!).) I was gratified with a personal interview w ith a I'ull-hlood C'heuouk. then on a visit to this cilv in the hospitaide care of my friend Dr. William niaiulinu;. This Indian was a youm;- man twenty yiars of a;;e. lie had lueu three years in charnc of sonu' Christian uiissiouaries. anil in tliat period iiad aciiuiicd ureal prolieieney in the Euiilisji lauiiuai^e. understandint;' it when spuken to. and replyinu; with a i;dod accent and ueueial iiianimalical accuracy. lie appearetl to nu' to possess more mental acuteness than any Indian I had sicu. Avas comnnmicative. cheerful and W( 11- mannered. Mr. Townseud knew this youuij man (who is now called William Urooks) in his dwn country, and they rcco,!;niscd each other when they met in Philadelpliia. Hi possessed marked Indian features, a hroad face, hinli cheek hones. Iaru;e mouth. t\imid lips, a l;ii'i;-e nose, depressed at the nostrils, coiisiderahie width iietwei II the eyes, which, however, were not oi)lii|uely placed, a short stature, and iidiust |)ei-s(ui. His complexion Avas neither copper coloreil iioi- hrowu. hut reasonaidy fair, such as are seen in white men who havt' heeii exposcil in the harvest Held. What most delighted me in this ytuini; man, was the fact that his head was as much distorted hy mechanical compression as any skull of his (riiie in my possfssinn. ami presented the very counterjiart to the Kalajiooyah fuiured on the annexed plate.t Ih^ cheerfully consented to such nu'asuremcnts of ids head as I desired to take, and of which the follinvinj; are the results: Loiiiiitudinal diameter 7.") inches. Fari( tal diameter (i.'t iiulies. Frontal diameter (1.1 incln s. Ureailth hetween the ch'tk Ikuus (i.l inches. Facial anitU; ahoiit 73 deiirees. At till lime of Lewis and Clark's expedition, the Sokiilks. ,it the wesldn iia.se of the l{ocky Mountains, also llaltened the heads of their children. "Their stature is low. their face luoad. and their heads llaltened in such a niannei' that " .liiUiiii'V to ill'' ('.ijiiiihia l.'ivi r. iv''.. ]>. \'i t Sci- I'lalf 17. m THE CIIINOUKS. 207 the i'lHvliL'iul is a strain;li(. line t'ruiii (lie nose lo (|k; tTowii ipI' tin,' Iioad."* Tlicy arc ri'prcsciili'd as a mild and peacialilo people, wlio iivc; in comparative iiaj)pines.s. There is also near the sources of the Columbia river a tribe still called by the name ul' Klatheads. who have lon^ since abandoned the custom from which they lierived their present desii;natioii. 'I'heir true name is Sdlis/i, and they are in no way connected with the Columbia river tribes.t PLATi: XLH. niiNorK. Tills plate represents a Chinouk ^kull of tlie natuial form : it was that of a ^lave. and was obtained by Mr. J. K. Townsi lul (lui'inji bis late sojourn on the ('olinnl)ia river. •• 1 have occasionally seen both Chinouks and Chickitats." says Mr. Townsend. -with round or ordinary shaped heads, sickness having prevented tile usual distortion while youui;- ; but such individuals can never attain to any lullueiice. or rise to any dinnity in their triiie. and are not iinfreiiuently sold as slaves. "J It has been thought by ^ome philosophers, that were the arliticial modificatiiui of the cranium jiersisted in for several successive i;enerations. it would at leniith beciuiie couiieiiital and perpetual. This hypothesis is proved to be wholly LCratuitoiis by the evidence derived from the American nations, amoni^ whom the characteristi<' lonii of the skull is always preserved, unless art has directly interfered to distort it. 1,K vis;uul ('lark, ExpeJ. II. p. IJ. — Wai.knakit, C.isuiiiLr. |i. .is;]; cpiiitcd iii IluiubuMrs \'vr> Narr. \ I, p. :iJ. t 'rowN-iENii, .Iinirnry tii the Coluinbin Rivi-r. p. 17j. — Ross Cox, 'I'r.n'. &('.. p l.'ii ; Hxtia;:! ul' I.cti'jr aililri'ssod to iin' I'rom t'ovt N'aiiconvcr. Sept. Ji«, lS,)'i. 208 CHANIA AMKHICANA. 'I'liis licad ililHi's ill lutlliinu; tidin lliat nl' tlic liiiliaiis in i^cik ral. Iniiii oiu nid of tlic coiitiiifiit 1(1 tlic dtliir : liiil it is u;r;itirviiiu; (o be alilc to prcsciil a piTleclly natural skull df a people ainoni; whom ii nuind. or naturally Ibrnu'il tieail. is ronsidered a degradation. Loni^itudinal diauieter. I'arietal diameter, . Frontal diaincter. . Vertical diameter. . Inter-mastoid areli. . Inter-mastoid line. . Oeeipito-lVoiital arcli, lloriziuiiai [)( riplury. Internal rapacity. Capacity ol' tlie anterior cliamlier. Capacity of the posterior cliamher. Capacity of the coronal icn'iiui. Facia) n de. .... Ill NT: fi.7 inches. ."). I inches. ■1.1 inches. 5.;} inches. II. inches. •1.2 inches. II. inches. !!).! inches. 7 I. culiic inclies. 3J. cnhic inches. II. cuhic inches. 14. cnhic inches. 7C dcurces. I'LATK XLIII. ( IIINdlK. y'^:\-^ Mr. Townseiid. throuijli whose kindness I received tiiis sknll. accompanied it with the rollo\\iM:,^ memorandnni : "The >kull of the Chinouk is that of a hiiili clnel. as was manifest i.'i the superior style in which his canoe was decked out. the unusual fineness of the wrappings wilii wliich the body was covered, and the ■fiJ' Tin: cniNouKS. 2(i'j cvidi lit ciiic ;iiul iiKciitinn wliii'li liiul licrn hcstdwcd (in llic uliolc urnniicintiit. ' This licad is small but compact, and lias had its lull shan- of Mrtil'icial roiiiiirission. Tiic Chinouks inhahil tiic nortiiirn siioic ol' llic Col\im!)ia river, mar its hmmiIIi. Ill common willi the adjacent coL^nate trihes, tliej- ajjpear to possess less cmiraiie llian the Indians (if otlier nations. ."Mr. Hoss Cox itives a sorrowful account ol Ihem. "The tjood (|iia!ities of tliese Indians." says he, "are few. tlieir vices maii\. Industry, patience, sojjriety and inucnuity. nearly romprise llie former: while in the latter may lie ( ias-id liiievin;;. lyiiiii'. incontinence. i;amhlini;- and eruilly. "* Lewis and Clark, at an earlier period, made inucii the same oliservations. "They seem to lie iiif( rior to their neifjhhors in spirit. No ill treatment or indignity on our part seems to excite any feeliiii; except fear: nor. althouu;h belter provided tiian their neit:;lib(irs with arms, have they enterprise enonnh to nse them advaii- 1a-e(nisly anainst the animals of the forest, nor olVensivi ly ai;ainst their neighliors. who owe (heir safety more to the timidity than the forhearance of the Chinonks.'"t They fa-hinn their eaiines and doinrvlie implemeiils with eoiisideralile inneiiuity. hut have MO Inndness f(ir liie sea lieyoud the mere ae(piiMtion of food for their familie-. MCAsI UI'.Mr.NTS Longitudinal dianu ler. Parietal diamet( r. Frontal diameter, Vertical (iiamet( r. liiler-mastoid arch. . Iiiler-mastoid line. Occipito-frontal arch. Horizontal periphery. lAlreme leiiiith of head and face. Internal capacity. Capacity of the anterior chamlier. Capacity of the posterior cliamher. Cai)acity of the coronal region, . Facial angle, .... (1.7 iuciit's. J. 'J inches. 1.7 inches. I.fi inches. 11. 2 inidies. 1. inches. 12.!) inches. ■20. inches. S.3 inches. GO. cubic inches. 32.5 cubic inches. OG..) cnliic inches. 9.9 cubic inches. 7-2 degrees. ' Culumhia (iivrr, ^f., p. 117. 53 tExpcil. 11. !> Ill 210 ( 1?AMA A.'MKHK ANA. I'I.A'I"K M.IV. Kl,\ ISIOM. Aiinllii r (iiic (if till Irili^sol' till- Oirnon. n ciivcil aNo I'linn inv Iriiiitl .Mr. .1. K. 'I'h AiiMiul. Il will he iili>crv((l tli;il the lnii:;ituiliii;il ami pMriit;!! liiaiuctcr* ;irc iicaih tlir -iiiiir. ami tlii' I'mrliciiil miv mucii (itiivi -Mil. Mr.A-i i{r.Mi;N I' liiMi:.'itmlim)l diann Irr. I'iirn tal (liaimtii-. . Frniital (liaiiu III'. Vcitical (liaiinti f. . lull i-iiia->tiiiil arcli. . lull I -iiia>tiiiil line. . ()('ci|ii|ii-lrMiital ai'cli. Hiin/iiiiliil |H ii|ilirfv. l-Al|vii|r liii^tll III' hrail ami lacr. lull I iimI (M|i,icil V, Capacity nl' tlir aiiti rinr rliaiiilii i\ ('aji.ii'ily 111' the |iii«t( rinr fliaiiiiici'. Faci.il aiiLilc. .... (>..' iiicin^. (). iiiclif-i. !.(> iiu'liis. '>.;J iiii'hfs. II. I inclio. 1.2 iiu'lits. IJ.I iiiclic".. III. iiirl, I. .'^..i inciic. "(1. ciiliic iiiciu--. in. ciiliic iiiclii ^. 10. ciiljic iiic'iifs. 70 dt'iii'L'LS. PLATi; \L\ KlI.I.I'.MoiiK. ''^. I I / ,4^'^ Tho head (if a cliici. of very lai\a' (linniiMnii^ and pdiuliToiis stnictiiic. the THK CLA'l'SAl'S. n\ iiiu^ mill Icctli liiiiin 111' ciKiriuoiis size tnid tlic I'lici |i< tniiliiit;-, 'I iutiTiiiil ijiHcilv 'iTiilir lliiiii Hull 111' iiiiv oilier iii(li\i(lii;il nl this i lies in m_\ ^ ksm.*»uiii I .1111 iiiilclilcd lor lliis skull :iNii In Mr. .1. K. 'I'dwii-i nd. il .Mr. IU'll'I> Ml, v-^nir.Mr.N'i's. liiiii^iliKliniil (liiiiiii'li r. I'iiiii'liil (liiiiiii'lir. I'roiital iliaiiictcr, \'( rtical (liiiiiiclcr, . Iiil( r-niiist(ii(l iircli. . iiitci'-iiia-liml liiic. . Occipitd-froiital aicli. ll(iri/.iiiital pcriplurv. liXticini' IciiLilii nl' litad and i'at'c. Iiitiiiial capacilv. Capacily nl' liic aiiUnior (•liaiiilnr. C:ipaeily nl' lln' posterior cliaiulK i Ca parity t! ic coronal reiTion Faeial aiiiile (i.ll inelies. (). ) inches. I.!» indies. I.S indies. 1).7 indies. •I. iiidies. I I. 11. incurs, iiidies. )S..') iudu ciiluc indu J [. culiic iiidics. :mi1 ;)M. onhic inciit 1!).:J culiic iiiclu 7.) d evrree> i'LATi; XLVI. CLAI'SAl'. ,^' :<*-^ ■. til Tile Clalsaps resi(ic on the southern -iiore ol' the hay at tlie mouth nl' tlie Cnlunihia riv( r. and alniii;- the sea cnast nn hntli sides nl' I'ninl Adani-. Owiiij; tn the destrnyiuu; ell'ccts ol' uialiLiiianl diseases, especially tlie small pox. this trihe is 212 CHAMA AMIIIIK ANA. niliiml III ;i iinii' liiiiidrnl of [..niilc. 'I'Im' aiiii.Ncd pLilc i^ ,||;i\Vh lioni m skull liroiijjiit iiic hy Mr. 'rowiiMiiil: I hiivf had a Inml vii w tak. ii i.l it iiinrdirln sliinv at itiic viiw tiif mval widlli and im ijiiidilv <>l tlir «.kiill. and llir r.Miriii. d(|iri'»iiMi III' iIk rnniinl Ikhk . MIV-I III ijii||>;'illldillal diaiiirlrr. I'arii'lal diaiiirit r. . i''riiiilal diaiiii'lrr. Ncrtical diaiiictir. . Iiilrr-niaslnid aicli. . lull I'-iiiasliiid liiK'. . ()ofi|iilii-IViiril;il iircli. Hoii/diitiil |i( ii|di(ry. Hxtl'ciiic Iciiiilli 1(1' licad and lace . Inlirnal caiiacily. Cajiacily of the .iiili linr cliaiiiliir. ( a|iacity nl' the puslcridi' clianilirr. C';i|iacil_v nl' tin cdrdiial ii liiciii. Facial aiiulf. .... mi:n I > l>.7 iiiflic*. irikini; idiaracters. MI'.ASI ur.MENTS. liiint;itiidinid diamiler. . I'arii'lal diannli r. . I''riintal diameti r. . Vertical diauK'ler, . Inter-mastoid arch. . hill r-mastoid line. . Oeeipilo-li'ontnl arch. Iliirizontal periphery. I"'\lniiie lehiilh nf head and lace. Inleriial ea|)aci(y. . Capacity of the anieiior chamliei-. Capacity of the pnsti rior ehanilier. Capacity of the coriMial region. Facial anijle. .... C.8 inches. 0.3 inches. 5.2 inches. 1.!) inches. I •!.'■" inelics. 4. J inches. 13. inches. '20.. I inches. S.fi inclie>*. S7. ciihic inches. J;)..) ciiliic inches. )l.;) cubic inches. 1 \.l cuhic inciie*. (i.si degrees. 54 214 CRANIA AMERICANA. PLATE XLVIIl. cMCKrr.vr. Clii'kiUit skull. IViim tlic ("olumbia river, sent luc liy Mr. Towiisciul. It i^ ^rnitlv ll:itk'iic(! dii tlic iVoiital rr;;iiiii. ami irrcnular in its j)n)i)ortii)iis. It is nhd niuarkalilc for llic niiiains (if an ('.\l('n>-ivi' fracturr. rduuncncin;;- almvc flic niiddlt <>\ tile li l'( |iari(ta! Imnc and ixliiidinii downwariN lo the base dl' llir skull, 'i'lii^ Iracturc lias been fnilnwiil by rvidi nt (IcprcsNinn nf llic bout', and yd the cicalri- /alioii ba^ been f(uuid('lf. Mr..v-i lii'.MUNis. Li)U;;itudinal diauutcr. Parirfal dianicti'r. . FiMiulal dianicli r. \ rrtical dianiclcr. . lut(i-nia-loi(l arcli. . Inlcr-uiastoid iiiic . Oc'ci|iilo-lroHtal aicli. Horizontal jxripiiny. K\trrnii' Icniilli ol' bead and faic. liUiiiial caiKicily, Capacity i>f tlic anterior cli''.inbci-. Cajiacity of llic povlcrior cliauibcr. Facial auiilc. .... (i.t) inches. kS inches. I.S inches. "). inches. II. 2 inches. ■1.2 inches. 1;3. inche>. ll)..'! inches. 7.') inches. 7!). cubic iuche« it).') cnbi<' inche> ■1-2.') cubic incho 70 dei;rees. THE COWALITSKS. 215 I'LATES XL IX AND L. COWAl.ri'SK. Tlii-i cxlriiiirdiiiiiiT relit- wm- mIso hrmii^lit I'nim tlic Ci)liiinl)ia river liy inv Irieiiil .Mr. '^(l\\ll^elul. nelormed :!■< Ilie (illier skiilN nf this series are. tiii> (iiie Mir|):i<^e> lliem all ill il'iisc l;K'ti(iiHi-< pr(i|ii)rti(iiis uliieli lesiilt i'roiu lueeliaiiieal pre-Mire Id liic I'lireluad. 'i'iiu-i llie vertical liiainett i- is reduced lo little inure lliaii I'liiir iiiclies — the tiij) (if llie cranium presents a llattened arch imt lai removed rnim a inii-i/.iintal plane, and tln' lace is prutruded until the facial aii^ile i^ I'edlleed to ^i\lv->i\ dei^rcr-;. tile lowest i;iade which I have idjserved ill aiiv liiimau >knll. 1 have represented hnth pralile aiul vertical view-* ul' this head : iuit the latter repre>-ents it as piissessed nf 1(1(1 iiiiich rcijiilarit y, especially ahuiit the /yndiiia-. 'rile first (ir prolile drawing;; is perfectly accurate in all its prdjior- tidiis. hut the artist has inadvertently drawn it one sixth of an inch tud small in •■acll df its diaillelel's. ■Ml'.ASI liP.MF.NrS. Longitudinal diameter. Parietal diameter. Frontal diaim ler. \'ertical (liainelir. . Inter-niastdid a!(di. . Inter-niasldid line. , Occipitd-frdiital arch. Hdri/.iuital p( riphery. Extreme h'liulh df head and fac 7. mclios. fi.l inches. 1.!) iiudies. '1.1 inches. 1,1.9 inches. '1. inches. I 2.7 inches. '20. i inches. S.C inches. '2 It) CHAM A AMERICANA. 75. fuliii' inches. ■28. c'lihic inclit's. ■17. cubic inches. f).'2.') ciihic inciics. (iG ih'niTcs. Internal capacity. ...... Capacity nf the anterior dianiher. Capacit}' of the posterior chamber, . Capacity ol' tlie ct>ronal region, Facial angle. ....... Eight llatlened skulls of the Columbia river tribes in my possession (seven of which are figured in the preceding plates) give the foll(iv\ing results of measure- ment. .AFi^an of liie internal ca|)aeity. SO cubic inches. Mian cajiacity of the anterior eliamhir. 31.8 cubic inches. Mean ca])aeity of the posterior eliamber. Ki.S cubic inche-;. .Mean caj)acity of the coronal region. ll.S cubic inches. Mean facial an^ie. 70 degrees. It therefore appears that the operation of llaltening and otherwise distorting the head in infancy liy artihcial contrivances, does not diminish the capacitv of the cranium. lU- tiie whole volume of brain: neither does it nuiterially alUct the relative ])i(iportioiis ol' brain in the two chambers of tlie cranium, inasmuch a- tin- lateral e\|ian>ion of the frontal I'eginii compensates for the loss of vertical diametei-. The coronal region, howevir. i> very much reduced hy the process, and Ilit facial anule i- din\ini-iied at hiM live degi'ees. The external anatomical nu asurenients are extremely distorted, esjieciallv the several dianu lers. and the length of the head and face conjoined : lor example, the eight crania give the fojiiiwinu' results: Mean louiiitudinal diametei'. (j.7 inches. ]\Iean [larii tal diameter, d. inches. ^leaii frontal diameter, l.fj inelies. Mean vi iiieid diameter, l.s incjies. Mean of inler-ina>toid arch. I l.i) inches. .Mean of iuter-niastoid line. 1.1 inches. Mean of occipito-frmital arch, li.l inches. .Mean of horizontal periphery. JO. ineiies. Mean of extreme huiitii of head and face. 8. J inches. 217 SKULLS Fno.M THE TUMULI OR MOUNDS. It is (lesiiiiicd (ni tliis occasion liricllv (o iiiiiuirc into the ^coiirajiliical ilistri- bntion of tlic nionnds. tlicir uses, and the race of jicoplc by whom thoy were conslructed. In North America (lieie are very few niomuls east of the Aliegliany mountains, 'riiey are e.xiremely >infre(iiient. if not wiioliy dehcienl. tin'outihout tile New Enjiland states, New Yoik. Pennsylvania, and other states as far as South Carolina, where they are common in the interior: the latter remark is also appli- cable to (ieoriiia and Florida, and all the country which skirts the (U\\i' of Mexico. Throuiihout the valley of the I\Iississi|)pi tlicy are very numerous. Dr. James took nieaMirements of no le>s than twenty-seven iinmedintely north of the town of St. Louis: Mr. Say counted uj)wards of thirty on the Ki>h\vaka river, in the north of Illinois; anil the hlull's which border the AViscou>-iu. about lo\n' miles above its mouth, are covered with them.* They :d)ounil much laitlur north, and are ^eeii as far a>i the vicinity of liakr Traver^. in lat. 1(1 . which i- pr(diably the northern limit of these n mains. They are obMived u|) the Ohio and its tributaries to the base of the Alb ;ihanies. diminish in trequeney westward of the Mi>i>i^>ippi. and arc not seen beyond the Hocky Mouutaiu'^. To the s(uith. they are conmuui in Arkansas, and in Mexico ai-e vastly nuuirro\i'.;. In I'eiu and il> ancient dipend- encies they are also seen in ijreat number, and even as far south as the country of the Araucos. in Chili. Last consiii. \vhicb is described by Mr. Schoolcraft as of an elliptical form. f(un' hundred and lifty yards m length, seventy-live iji breadth, and sixty feet in height. t Mr. Erecken- ridge mentions another neai- the Mississijjpi and Caludvie rivers. ( ight lumdrcd yards in eircumfercnee at base, and ninety feet ( levatimi: and from tlu' top of tnis mound no les'^ than lorty-live others ;)re within range of sight. + 'I'lie I'-towec mound, in the Cherokee country, is >(ill larger.^ and that on (irave creek, in ■ l\KArjMi, l'.\i)i\l. I, |i. ;;.i'l. 1 V'liu-s dl' I>uiiim:u];i, p. 187. 55 t'l'iiiv. Ill ihi- \';illry 111 irii' MlsM-.^ippl. [<. AM. §.\iiir|-. Jour. Ill' S^'k'iici' anil All. I, \>. .i.'-l. 218 CHAM A AMERICANA. \'iininiii. (wiiicli will lie imrlii'iilaily iinticcd luniiftcr.) is ;i1mi o( giitaiilir size. But (lie tiidst (■\iii(iiis iiKiuiuls are IIuim' constniclcd into riiilc nsnulilaiiccs (if til and aiiimaN. wliicii aixniiid in Wi>c-iiiisiu ttrrilory : and tlitsc al ni SI) arc proved to lie se|iuleliral nidnnnients iiv tiie (|nan)i(\- ol" luinian remains eniliraced in thcin.* Tile inound.s are varioiisiy shaped, cireiilar. elliptieal. and |tvraiiiidal. wiiile some (if tliem are i'ornied in parapels, liix<' tlie pyramid ol' INIeddun. in Kuvpl. 'I'lie Uses of (licse -tnielures were various, as will apjiear from the position they occuin-, and the arti(' 's contained in them; nor can there he a (|Ues|ioii that they were mainly detuned for receptacles for the dead. In almost all instances in which tiiey have heen canfullv examined, human bones have heeii found in them, and sometii nes many skeletons together. and re!:;ularly disposed. The remarkahle liroup of pyramid> at 'I'eotilmacan. north of the city of .Mexico, is situated on a plain that hear- tiir name of Micoatl. or 7'//r jial/i of llic dciitl. ohviou-ly indicatini;- at lea-t one of tlie u-es of tho-e structures, which, in that locality alone, are -e\crid hundred in numher.l- in Peru the mounds are called //iKicdft. which, in the Quichua lan-ua-c, sini;nilie- l, ill .\ini r, .lour. I'l' Sclciui' .unl .\rl. I. p. .ijl. SKULLS FROM THE MOUNDS. 219 worsliip or of saiTificc. 'I'lic pynuiiitlal slructiins of Mexico arc called Ti-.oc.vi.- i.is. or houses ol' the goils, indicative of at least oik; of (tie ptirposes to wliieli they were devoted. 3d. As the roiiiulalioiis of dwellings. This fact has heen (d)served in the low groniuls of Louisiana, when, the villages were liable to ininidation ;* and Lewis and Clark appear t(j refer to a similar use of mounds among the Ottoos of Missouri.! Of what race were the people who conslnicted tliese tumuli ? It appears to me that if we examine tliis (juestion in reference to the cranial remains and other relies found in the mounds, liure can be no dillleuity in tracing their origin. The first step in the incjuiry. however, will consi>t in an examination of the following series of skulls from localities remote from each other: nurely premising, that I have not in tliis instance admit(eito-froiital areli. Horizontal iitriplurv. IntiMial ea|)a('ity. Facial anuie. . 7. i iiielus. 5.S inches. 1.1 inches. .'>. I inches. I l.() inches. I..! inches. 1 1. 1 inches, -'().:) inclics. S(i.,j eiiliie iiiehc: 7t) decrees. I'LATi; LII. >Ki 1,1. riiiiM A MiiiM) KN ■rin; rrniu Mississnn i am also iiidililid to Dr. llildrelh for this speeiincn. lo:;-clher with Itu lollouiMg mniiiinindum. "Skull taken from a mound seated mi the hiuh Idnll ' Thr iMlriiiral.l.' pivservalKiii n|' ihis skull, is nwuv.' lo lis liaviii- ln'iMi \v:i-li.il willi s|,iiU-\ arni-li 'iNUic.lial.'ly all.r rxliiuiialin,,, a j.io.vss \,y whirh llirso rrlii's may I'l' rradiiv :iml prrniaiM ni.v I IvsiTltil, SKULLS I'llO.M 'niK IMOUNDS. in wliicli overlooks Iht- ^lississippi river, one liuiulred aiul fil'ty miles ;ibove the iiioiilli ol' llie Missouri. Tliere were six inmiiuls placed near each other in a rinlit line, comniencinnwitli a small one only a few lee I in heii;ht, anil terminatinii in another of eii!;ht or ten feel elevation, anil twenty feel iliameter. This skull was ohtaineil from the (ifth monnil in liie series." It is a lari,^e craninm. very fnll in Its vertical ilianu'ter. anil hroml hetween the parietal iiones. Mi'.A'i iir.Mi'.Nrs. Loniiiliiilinal iliameter. I'arietal iliametei'. Frontal iliameter. Vertical iliami ter. Inter-mastoiil arch. Inler-masloii! lim . Oecipifo-IVontal arch. Horizontal i)eri|)hery. Internal capacity. Facial anirle. 7.1 incliis. 5.3 inches. I.S inches. 5.5 inches. 1 l.(! inches. A.l inches. I !.() inches. H). inches. sr).5 ciihic inche> "0 decrees. I'LAl'E Llll. Ihi' iliill sKi:i,i. riioM nil-: (;i!a\i-; citi'.i'.K moi'M). in \ iuc.ima. The -:reat mound on (iravc creek. Viriiinia. i- ahout twelve miles from Wheelintr. and not far from the Oliio rivi r. As it is one of the laru;est and mo>t perfect works of the kind in North America, and a> it ha- l)eea ■ xcavated with liieat care and micccss. I have endeavored to (ditain whatever y ..enlars have any connection with the pre-ent imiuicy. For tlie>e I am indel)ted to James W. Clemens. M. I)., of Wiieelint;. Viriiinia. from wliose memoir, drawn np at my rei|nest. 1 extract the foUowiii!; facts. "The (iiiAM'. C'lir.r.k Moim> is eiu;ht hundred and thirty-seven feel in cir- cumference at its JMse. and seventy feet in liei-lit. and i- situated on a natural elevation id' eiiihty or one imudred feet alio\e tiie lowwater mark id" liie Ohm river. Tiie mound has heen for moie than half a century in possessiou of the family of Mr. Tomlinson. whose son accon\plished a complt te examination ol it 5G 221 CHAMA AMEHICANA. (Iiiriiiu; (lie .suunntr of 18:)S. lie citiniiu'iircd di.ijuiim on tli.' north side of the mound, imd alioiil four feet above llie Iniicli tliat sun'ounds it. from wiiieli point a hori/onlal shaft was exeavated lo tlie eeiitie. At a dislanee of twelve or (ifteen fert from tlie Mii'faee were found numerous masses eomj)o>cd of eiiareoal and hunil hone. 15efore reaeiiinii; the eeiilre a pa^^nuiewav was djseovered to a vault at tlie lia-e : this |)assai;e had an inelinalinu of ten or lifteiii decrees, and had lieen eovend with limlier. of whieli tlir iniproMon on the earth alone remains ; and the vault i(-elf was partially lilled up li\ lluv timiiers nivini; wav. and adniitlini; llie soil from ahove. and many loose stones which appear to have formed part of the envirim;- of this ehamlier. Aftrr removinu' all thi^ ruhl)ish from the vault, two -kchtons Were found eovei-ed with -and. one on the ea-t. the otiur on the \\e>t -idr. The former was the Mualler and mo-t p( li'eet of the two. and its eranium is liu;ured on the annexed plate.* In this m pulehral ehamher. and ehictly in eouneetion uiih the lar-i r -keleton. was Ininid a i;reat number of trinket- of variou- kind-. i)ut principally -ix liuiuin il and lil'ty irori/f heads, per- forated iu the eenlri'. ■•1)11 eairyiiii;- a -haft iijiwaid- from tlii- vault, another was discovered ahove it. ami 1 xleiidiii- , inhteeii f ( ( t in leimth and ei-lit in width. In it was found a -olitary -kehtou ill a stale of extreme decay, and which appeared, like those in the v.iiill lieuealh. to have been placed in a -t indiii-- po-ition. AVith the bone- wii-e al-o obtained no less ilum seventeen hundnd ivory bead-, like tlio-e already mentioned, live hundred marine -hell- of the ■j.viius Oliva:, and ab(uit one hundred and tifty -mall plates of mica: the latter beim; perforated at their -ides and emiier-. Five copper bauds or bracelet- were found on (he bone- of \hr arms, together with various articles of niinor iulen-t. ".Mr. Tomliu-on next du- a -haft from the toj, of the mound (which is con- cave, a- if -uuk in) down to the |owe-l vault : but he had lii-l to remove an oak tre( twd feit and a half iu ilianieler. and nuiubeiinn' three huiidred tirowths from centre lo circumference. Within three leet of the -lirfice Wa- found a skeletou in cuuplete decompo-ition. On reachiici the lowt -t vault il wa- (b tcriuined to enlarue it lor the more easy acce- of \i-iter-. and it wa- aeeordinnly extended to a diameter of Iwi nty-eight feet. Durin- (hi- operation ten more skeletons were • Sre I'lile '-,3. t Dr. Clrm.iis assures me tlmt ihr^. Lends niv L-emiiii.' iron/, ami not h.iiir; ami aiKIs, lli.ii as lie ha.l liiiu-rHu-rniiL-lit nuK-h in ivm-y. lie eoiil.l noi !..■ aii-lakeii m lli" iiialerial. ^ SKULLS FROM THE MOUNDS. 223 (liNCi)V(i(il. III! ill till' siltiiii^ poNtiirc. hut in so fragile a state as to di I'y all attempts at presci'vati'iii."* 'file aiiti(|iiity "I the skull t'nmi the lower vault is siillieieiilly estahljsheil i)y the preeeiliiii; eirciiinslaiires: anil 1 add it to these illustrations with the i^reater •^atislaction on aeeoiint of the authentic character of all the facts mentioned i»y Dr. Clemens. The occmreiiee of /ro/v/f heads is a matter of mneli interest : for it will he atDiice iiii(uireil. where did the ancient Americans procure (his material.' A ulaiice at the diawiiij!; reveals the charactiristic traits of the American skull, as ^een in the full superciliary rid^e, the salient nose, the rounded head, the llatlened Mceipul. and the hroad and ponderous lower jaw. Every tooth in this head is perfect : hut a part of the occipital lioiie is deficient, and the dotted line is jirohaiily an approximation to tlii' (U'iijiiial outline, 'i'iie follow iiiii; are, the only measure- ments [ have heeli aide to iii)taill. Longitudinal diameter, O.G? inches. Horizontal diameter. (fi(Uii Miperciliary ridije to occiput.) (i.o inches. I'aritlal diam.ter C. inches. Vertical diameter, .'>. inches. Facial aiit;le. ahoiit 7>S dei;;rccs. PLATE LIV. SlvIl.L FllOM A .MOLM) ON TlIK AI.VliA.MA KlVl^K. Thi- very interotiiii;- cranium has luin ,'di-eady mentioned in tiiis work. (pa:;( Kii.) where three views are i;i\en in wood outlines. It is there mentioned ,is the property of Dr. O. H. l-'owier. who. havinii- piditely allowed nie the use of It. I have uladly made room for it in liii^ place. It is supposed to he a Natchez head, wiiich is aiton-etlur proi)ahle : hut I insert it here as a lienuiue mound skull. It is llatteued on the occiput and os froiitis in such manner as to ijive the whole head a sUi;ar-loaf or conical form, whence also its L^reat lateral diameter, and its * Mr. 'I'liiiiUiisoii, the in'iipiiulnr. luis liecii al L'r( ,il pains anil e.xiHMiso to Hi ii\< tli'' lower vaull el iliis iiioiiml. Ill wliieh ilii' articles Ibiliiil in it are preserveil lor llie Lrralitiealloii of strangers. *" I am alsi) iiiloriiiuJ by Dr. t'leiiieiis, (hat he has I'uuiul /lorcc/din heads ill ii small moiiiiil a imie aiul a hair Irem the L'lrater iiiie. — l'"or an early ami iuterestiUL; account of this iiioiiml, sn: Dr. .1. Moriiin's nieiiiiiir in th'' .Viiier. .loiir. of Science anil .Vrt, \'l, |i. liiii. 221 llfAM A A.MIMUCANA. iiam.\vii.» Infill luck li. front. I >liiill incniy iriuiil tlial it was cxhiiiMil li inn mill high ii|i till' Alahunia rivir. >II.\M ULMKNTS. Liini;'itu(liiia! I'arii'tai (lianicltr. Fmiital iliaiiictc T. (Iiaiiii ti r. ir. ViTlical (liaiiii'l Int( r-inaM(iiii aich. . Iiitii-iiia>tiii(i line. . U('i'i|iitii-lniiilal aicli. Ilnri/.iiiltai |)rli|i|iir\. Iiitmiai caiiai'itv. Fai'ial aii:j:l( 'i.fl micIk-. (i.G iiiclics. I- 1 iiichi >. ■').l iiiclics. l-^.(> iiiclii s. I. I incii(>i. I .'.I indite. I !>.(> iiiciii N, Ml. ciiliic iiicli / J ilciiTci' i'LA'li; L\ -Ml. I, lUiiM A \|(i|M) IN ■|i:nm>^i;i' K ~\ ^J 'V\ illllr«.»ic iiMii a 111 li-ciMiiiiiiii was rxiiMii,,,! Iiv nn iVi.iid Dr. Tionst. „r Nasjivijl,. '| ""■"' i" "'•'< -l.itc. at the JiiMclioiinr l"nnch-I5n,a,l ami llni.lon lix.iv Dr. 'I'l'ddsi iiiiidl y Innvanldl it to INiil.idi ipliia I III' in\ use III' Mi'tiiiii 111 ninrs.,.,. ;,|,.,v,. „„ utinnnl. ami i.pi ,.i,,liy thr lioistnn rivir. alimimi. in m„nniis iiir iif wliii-ji cnv, r> an ac'iT nf 'j^vmm\ ami i-i lliirtv till liiN-h. Six otii 'M'l'ii on that rivir linil ili-tanci' ahiivi' its month, wliirli. on I iiilaimd iKilJiin'i Init aslirs and clian'oal.* 'i ii'inu' o|ii'm d- 111' iiri'Miit skull is fcniark.'ilili' for S|!llill.lM\ Alll'T. ,ll 111-. .il'Srirllcr mihI All, I, 1.. I I'. \VJ. SKULLS FROM TIIK MOUNDS. 225 lis vci'liciil iiiiil |i;ii'i('liil (liiiinctcr, aiul llatiicss and clcvatiini nf thv (iccipiil. 'I'lu I'licial aiiiilc is also iiniisiially great. MI'.ASI lir.Mr.N IS, L()ni;itu(liiial diaiiicli r. Parietal diameter, . Frontal diameter. Vertical diameter. . Iiiter-iiias|i)id arcii. . Inler-mastiiid line, . Oceiliiln-rniiitai areli. Iloiizoiital peii|ilu'ry. Iiili-nial eapaeily, Facial auijle, . (i.fi inches. ».(> inches. 1.1 inches. !)M inches, 13,i inches, ■l.l inches, 1 I. i'neiies. 19.,'> inches. 87. > cuhic inches. 80 degrees. I'LATK LVI. sKll.l. I'Ko.M A ITMri.r^ AT •^WTA, 1\ I'KIM'. '\ \ J i.. Ml ■ re, nl l(i«. ;in 1,1. Tiiis craniuiii was (il)taiiied I'nini a mound ivar tlie town of Santa, in I'ern. Iiv Waters Smitii. M. I)., of the U.S. Navy, who kindly added it to my eollection. 'I'he ixiiiy was t'oiiiid in a Hexed or sittini; posture, accompanied by a miinlnr ni vessels of |);ike(! clay, of fine \v(U'kmanship and iii2;cnion:j construction. Due of Ihc 111. which is in my possession, is a (iiiadruple vase willi a single tuluilar mouth. 57 lor sai) CHANIA AMKIMCANA. Tl \i< i^ a >niall. lliiii skull, cuviivd, whiii 1 itci i\i il il. willi vi ly |,lll^^ hluck I till I. wllicll \\;i>. Iiliiii\( il Id iiiiikc (lie (ll'iiwin >ir..\M HI lii>iii;iiii(liiial (liaiiii III'. I'iiiittai liiaiui'li r. . Fmiital {liiunel( r. . \ti'1inil liiainili r. . Iiitii-iiiasli)i(l arrli. . lull i'-iiiastiti(l liiii'. . Occipitd-rnnit.il arcii. il'iriziiiital pniplicrv. Iiitti'iial capncity. (.'a|mcily ol' tlic aiitciiur chanilirr. ('ii|ia(il_\ of llii |i(i>|( ri(ir cJiainlM r. ( ili,icit\- (if ll n'liii.il rrLihill. I'iK'ial aiii^h Mr,M>. <) iiu'lu" .3. 1 iiiclii's. 1. ) iiiclics. ■I.!( iiiclnM. I J.fi iiiclics. 3.N iiiclics. IJ.3 inches. KS.5 inches. 71. :lo. I I. 1 I. » cilhic inclics. CllllIC inchi > CllllIC IIIClll «. ) CllllIC inches. I i!c-r I'Lvn: L\ii. ^i-.i 1-1. ri;"M A Tl Ml I.I s IN I'm; \ai,i.i;n nc iii\i\(, ix i'i:iir r 'I'lic liiiuuhis I'riini whicii this icjic was dlitaincd is alinnt a iiiilr a nd a hall III tlic oiiiilli dl' Lima. II is nearly twn linmh'ed I'ect in lieii;hl. and was upened lew vear- ^ince hy llie I'reiicli consul, in search oC anliqiiilit iiii;re>s (j|' e.xcavaliou several skulls were thr own mil. Idur ol \v hid Diirinii lh( 1 were ohiained SKUIiLS FIIOM TIIK MOrNDS. HI l»\ \u\ I'liiiiil Dr. Iliiiry S. ttcniiDltU. "I' the T. S. Navv. wli" jiolilcly Iriui^riiTtd tli< III In nil . 'I'lir cijiiiiuiii imw llfjiirtd linn In lu miicli niinprosid \\ nn, nit lliiil llic litn Inail, rroni llic >up('i'('iliary i'i(lt;i' In llic rnivMi nl' llir In ad. in'i^iiiN a Miy iiicliiii'il plane. 'I'lir Imni'S an: lurgi; ami iinndi nms tlii'.(i Indies. 4. 1 inches. .1.1 inches. l.>.;) inches. 'I.,'J inclies. 11. inches. li».7 inches. 79, ciiliic inches. Vi.rt eiiliic indies. ■I!)..'j ciiliic iiidiis. II. I ciihic inches. T i deirrees. PLATE I.VIII. siiii.i. ritoM A Tr\ii'i,i-s i\ Tin; vallkv uk kim\( . i,\ vvjiw /-" 1: ) v-^____..^v:^ A cranium I'muul witii tlic prccedinii. also presented to me by Dr. II. S 228 CRANIA a:\h:i{ic'ana. IJi'iiiiohl-^. It is ;i Miiall hoail. with a \n\ ritnalini;- I'dnlicad, Iml liltic il' at all altcrcil liv art. Mr.Asi iir.Mr.sri Ldii^'iliuliiial (liaiiii'lcr. Parietal (liamclrr. . Friiiital (liaiiitt( r. \rrtiral (Jianictcr. . Iiitcr-iiia^liiid arch. . liil( r-iiia^l(ii(l line. . Occipil ()..") iiu'lu- ii.G iiu'h('> 1.") iiu'lu"- .). IllCllt- ii-iriiiilal arcli. II(iri/.i>iital lirn|i|i(ry. Iiitcnial cajjacitv. t'a|)acit\- 111' llir aiilcridi' el lainhir. 1 1.7 iiiclics. l.S iiu'lus. li.J iiu'ius. I'l.J iiifhcs. Tli.") ciiliic iiichi" ! I. cubic incho I .'. ■) ciihic iiiclics I i.7 "i Cllllic ilicil(> Cajiacilv 111' the |)(i>ti'rinr chanilii r. . Ciipacilv III' the ciirdiial rriiimi. . . . ■ Facial aii^h'. ....... The jiiTcidiiin- iiiii-lr,ili(iM-i cnihracc cii;hl acHiiiiic nioimd -kulis. and •I dcurci III) mil I think, can cxaniinr tiuiii wilimnt hiint; Mruck with tin ir hm inidancr In tin iitlur crania li-nrrd in thiNWnrk. 'i'iicv have the jnw fun head, hiuii eiieek linne-. Mnall racial aimie. ma-ive hiwer jaw. pmuiineiit vertex. Hal iicci|int. and mnndi d (1 III' llie American race : and wlun we recur In Ihi iiiirajiliical ili • trihuti III' the ninuniK a- alreadv miticed. tlicv will he I'nunil -cattered nver llin>e part^ el' h.itii Aniericav wjiicii wciv inlialdled hv the denii-ci\ ilival nalinn- enihraced in the 'I'lillecan t'aniily. AVhere\er these luniuli are 1'muih!. wlietlnr in I'l ru. y III' tile Mi-.-i-.-i|i|c. iIk y are iiliverved III lie siniiJai'K -Mexicii. Kliirida. nr the \'ai|i cnnstrncted. and to cnntain aiialiiLrims reniaiuN. Ski'lelmi- in 11 ■ire every wiuie cliaracterist ic iil' Ihein: the allies and hurnl I le ^lltinu' |)ii>tlll'e limes indicate tin [iractice 111' cnnsuniiii-- the hndy with lire, wliicli wa^ still |iraclisrd al the invasinn of Mexicii hy ilii- S|ianiards: and wlieii I'lhia visiti'd j'l i n sn rirently a< tin middle III' the past century, hi- saw and descrij,, d the manner in which nuiniids were cnnslrncteil as s, pulehral ninnunienls. •• The Indians." sa_\ s he. •• haviiii; laid the Imdy. w ithniil hurial. mi the uinuiid. euvirmied il with a rude aridi ol stones (ir hricks. and earth was Ihrown npmi it as a tnninlus. which tin v call unnini. In general lliey are eia.ht iir tin Iniscs hiiili. and ahmit twenty Imiii-. and tin hreadlh rather less; hut sonie are larger. The plains near I'yamhc arc I "i SKULLS FROM 'I'lli: MOUNDS. 229 covered with them."* It will be observed Iroiii the preeeding; plates, that the people who interred their dead in tiie mounds were in the practice of distorting the skull by art. both in the iiori/.ontal and vertical methods : and if I may judge from the nine adult mound skulls now in my possession, and sullieieutly perfect for measurement, the peojjle whom they represent were one and tlie same with the American race, and i)robably of the 'rolteean branch. Thus, the? nwan internal capacity of these heads is but eighly-one cubic inches, or a little more than the mean of the American race, while the facial angle does not e.xceed the average of that people, or seventy-five degrees. These fads, together with an inspection of many of the long 1)()nes found in Die momuls, satisfy me that the constructors were neither a gigantic race as asserted by some writers, nor a diminutive people as averred by otlier-<:t but of the ordinary slature of the Anurican Indians. Tiie |)reee(liiig data are to me aNo c(niclusive evidence that the occupants of the mounds were imt Mongols, nor Iliudoos. nor Jews: yel there are two article"^ found in tluM' se|)iilehres which are not readily accounted for. One of these is the iron/ livaik described by Dr. Clemens : that gentb'nian declares tiiat he is not mistiken in the material, and from his account the ornamental usi' of it niii-l have been by \w means inconsiderable. Tbe other objc ets to which i allude are stones of a di-coidal form, with or wilhoiil a central iede. between which and tlie iuari;iu i-' a circular groove: the piripliery being mostly convex. Now it is remarkable tliat tlie^e ■ -'-1. iSiM' .luiinial 111' the .\iiliinian.ui S... any ul' IXaiiuaiK. inililislu'd in CopiMihaL't'ii in tlie Danish language, \'ol. I, 'I'iili. 11, Vvj:. 52, .kI. 58 230 CRANIA AMERICANA. in 11r' mode ol' llieir cunstnii'tion that [xiints (o :i liii^licr civilisiitiim. In fact, a cairful iTvitw of all the rircnnistanccs uill lead almost unavoidably to the conclusion, that the aneinit mounds of Anuricii n\ve their origin to the various branches ol' the lireat 'roltecan I'ainily, which was spread, as \ve Jiave seen. Ironi the conl'mes of Chili to the shoro of Lake Superior. Wherever that people juade their sojourn we liiul their momimintal traces, presintini;. it is true, dill'erent de!i;rees of contrivance and in,!;enuity, hut lor the most part tar exceedinji; those faculties as possessed by the barbarous tribes. Some of the latter, it is true, have occasionally formed sepulchral mounds, but the instances are rare; and it will prohalily be hereafter established liial all the tribes which erected moinuls as a nalional usiLte. bclonn-ed to tiie 'l'(dtrcan stock.* That tliey once occupied Florida and tile valley of the Mi>Mssippi. there can be no doulit. but wiielhei' it was before or after their disper>ion from Mexieo is not yet ascertained. It seems more than probable, however, that the .lUiatiri who. accordiuii to Indian tradition, were driven soutiiwan! Iry tlie lro(|Uiii> and Lanapc. were Tojtecan communities — the pedple wild eonstrueted tlie mouniN for their sepulchre'^, and ereet( d the fortilied towns to defend tiieniselves iKiui the l)arliarons tiijjes hy whom tiny were ^lU'riMinded. SKULLS ri.'OM ANCIENT TOMIJS IN .MEXICO. Throuiih the kindu( - ,if Air. Joseph Smith, late of this eil_\. and now resident 11! Mexico. I liive received a s.iies of .Mexican skulls, anuui-' wliieii are sjx from tlii ancient lf)mbs of Tacuiia and Otumba. One of these has been already represented in outline.l and Hire.' ..thers an- lithographed on the annexed plates. Tiiey c.ime too late for insertion in their proper place in the series, hut possess too much intei-i'st to lie omitted. • Ii 1^ iini ui„M,,,l r„r tl„. H„„|. n, l,„l,,,i,s I,, bury ih.ir .Ir;,,! in ihr aiicm i,ioiii„ls, wlnrh tlu^- ^.■■-MMi.ii>li by ^lll..|.l .xcavauui, of |||,; smla.-e. They very lan.ly e.aislnirl ineuiids ,,1 il„.|r euai; lliey inei'ply recogiiiso tlic old oai:s us .sc|iiilclinjs. 1" SKULLS FROM OTUMBA. PLATE LIX. 231 SKIM, K1{()M AN ANCIKNT TOMH AT OI'UMliA, IN MEXICO. 'I'lic present illiistnitioii is derived t'rdiu a small, iduiuled cnuiiuni. with llie prDJeetiiin- I'iici' and e(inse(iiient l(i\v I'aeial ani^le eliaraeteristie of ilie Toltcean nations. In I'aet. its strikini; resenildanei' (o tlie Peinvian >kulls already (i^iiucd. will ocenr to everv one. Mr,Aseiir.>ir.NT: Lonu;ilndinal diameter. I'arietal diameter. Frontal diameter. Vei'tieal diameter. Inter-mastoid areli. Inter-masniiil line. Oecipito-IVontal areli. Horizontal j)eriphery. lnt(M'nal capacity. Facial aic'le. (1.3 inches. 5.;i inches. 1. 1 inches. 5. 1 inches. 1 l.;J inches. 1.2 inches. 1;5.3 inches. 19. J inches. 7 1. cnhie inclu- 7(i deirrees. fi '23 2 CHAM A AMERICANA. PLATE LX. SKULL FROM AN ANCIENT TOVH AT OTIMISA. IN MEXICO. vK .^i '\ / This hciii \\;ix nbtaiiicd \\illi tlic prcci'diiij";. is o little liUiicr mikI iml mi ^|)lll'I■i(';ll : tin- IVdiitnl rcuioii is iiNn hctttr dcvcldpid. vet tlic projictiiii: I'ncc uivi> ,1 h>\\ I'aciiil aiiiilt'. MP, \'at l;ii'i;i'i'. ami iiijproacliiiii; iicariT to tlie CaiicasiMii model. Iiolli in its pidporlioiis and lat'lal allele. Ml;VM lir.MKNTS. Loiiiilitudimil diamili r. Parietal (liainelcr. . Frontal dianieler. Vertical diainitcr. . Inler-niastoid arch. . Intei'-iuastoid line. . Occi|)ilo-fron(al areli, Horizontal perijjlierj. Inttrnal ('a|iaeily, Facial ani;le. . 'I'lie Miiijoiiied \voi),|-cu(s Mexican skulU. reinarlvahle for of tlie whole [josterior rei^ion o will Serve to convey a low. narrow forelu the cranium. 7.1 inches. B.a inches. •l.fi inches. 5.5 inches. 1 5.5 inches. '1.1 indies. 15. inches. 20.2 inches. >S7. ciihic inches. SO dci^rees. :m idea of another of these id. and unusual dev( lopineiil 59 13 i SKULLS FROM CAVKS IN TIIi: VALLEY OF THE OHIO. It was a ciistoni of inaiiy Anicrican iialiims lo dcposilc tlicir dead in caves, Tlic Itodv \va^ -iiiiutiiiics placed entire in tlie^e receptacles; l)nt in dltiei' instance'^ tile bdiics weic exiiiinied alter tlie decdnipo-itidn nf the liiiily. and then removed to a cave as a tlnal rotin'^- place. 'I'lie two skulN finured on the annexed plates have so much interest iluit 1 have tiioni;lit liest to insert tiiem. althoni;h tlie circnin>tances in whieli tlie\ were found ail'ord ns no chie to tliiir national afliliation. I' LATE LXIL SKI I.I, IKOM A (A\ i; .VT CI )I.(()M) A, IN ILLINOIS. i • ,,. ,■ J Some few years airo a cave coiitainin:; many human skeletons, w.as discovered near the town of (iolennda. on the Ohio liver. .\ c(uisidernl)|e niimher wa'^ trans- mittul to this city: of tiiesc nur i^ preserved in the Academy of Natural Sciences. and the other- in tln' rni\ersity of l'emhyl\auia. The fornu'r is llnured on Die tccomj)an_\ iuLi' plate. In iivm ral coidi'.:nration. i speeinlly in the frontal I'euion. it approximates to the Caucasian f.irm. hut with a small facial 'iiile ami full parietal diameter. The other In ads from this locality an- sijlj mcue like the Toltecan model, and leave lillle douhl of thi ir origin and their anlii|uitv. Ml. AS| nr.MI'.NI' Loiii;'itudiiial iliaimler. Parietal di;;nu'ter. , <>.7 iiiclics, a. I inches. SKULLS I'KO.M CAVES IN OHIO. Q35 Frmital diamutcr. V(jrtical iliaiiiclcr. . Iiitci'-mastiiid arcli. . Iiitcr-iiiastdid liiu-. . ()('(i|)it()-ri'()iital arcli, Horizontal jx riplicry. Inlt'i'nal cajjacity. Capacity of tlic anterior cliamlii r. Capacity of the po-^tcrior cliainlxr. Capacity of tin; coronal ni;iiin. Facial angle. .... 4.3 inches. 5.5 inches. 1 1.5 inches. •I.I inciies. II. inches. 1 f).;i inches. Ml. ciiiiic inches. 35.25 cnhic inclics. •15.75 cubic inches. IS. ciiliic indies. 7G lieiirecs. PLA'li: LXIU. sKii.i, FKDM \ c.wi-; nivm; s'ri.;rHi';.\\ii,i,K, oiiio. In the niontii of May lS:t5. a cavern cemetery was discovered on tlie hank of tile Oliio river, opposite to Sleiihenville. The cenieterv i-- a lissnre formed hv a huge mass nf ruck wiiieli lias fallen iVom tlie side of a hill, and lodn-ed upon other rocks -,) us in leave an intervening space, of wliieli tlie eireiimferenee is thirty or forty feet, and tiie entrance Iwo feel and a lialf in diameter. Judge 'I'appan. of SteulMuvilie. informs me in a nute. tlial ■•thehone'^ appear to have heen deposited at diil'erent periods iif lime. IIkkc on lop heing aloiK- in good preservali(ui. They were of all ages, and thrown in indiscriminatt ly after the removal of the desh : f(U- it is well known that sunie trihis wt-re accustomed to gather, at times, all the hones nf their deceased ndativis. and place them in a ciunmon reee|)tacle." 'J'luse heads are thoidughly characteristic of the race to which they pertain. They hear no evidences of great age. and no donht he longed 23C CRANIA AMKIUCANA. to individiiiils iil' tlic Imrliiinius (rihc^. Sonic li:i\c lliou^lil tlirm Miiiiiot.s. who wiTc MlViliali'il to tlic lrii(|iiois : Inil tlic roriii of (lie li(;nl (|(Ms not support tliis siirmisf. 01' tlu' unnt iiiimlur of >kiills foiiiul in tliis pliicc Iml few wire lurfcct. of wliirli last 1 Iwnc nccivcil ciu'lit. For tlirx 1 am iiidi litcil to Dr. Ilildrctli of Marietta, Oliio: Dr. Aiulnws and .Indue 'rajjiiaii of Steulieiiville, in tliat state; and to Dr. .'NI'Diiwrll nf I'iltN|iii|.r. 'I'lie annexed drawini;- is taken from a remarkaMy line head of this series m iit me h_v Dr. An(h'e\\s. All these sknlls. however, are surprisingly alike — tin \ertt \ i h vated. the oeeipnt Hat. the parietal diameter very ijreat. and the lower jaw ma^>ive. They ai'e also of siuiiularly larue caiiaeily. and in tlli^ re>peet a|iproaeh m an r to the Sauks and Foxes, and the iVIuskoijees. than to any other trilu^ tlial have ece.ne niuler my notiee. For example, tlie mean internal eapaeily uives upwanU of ( i:;hty-live enhie inehes. and the facial aiiLile ri'. The ant( rinr ehamher iiives :]S.3 cnhic inehis. tile po-tii-iiu- l)t.2: hiil nntw iiji^tandiii- the proportion (}f the former. there can he litlh' dniihi tiial thcM' -l^nlU hdoni: to the savaiie Irihes. and not to the Tolteean ^toek. tin: ciiaimhs, That part of tlie American race calhil ('/uirl/is. \\:\- at one period a numerous and widely di>trihut((l pioph. Their nati\e Mat- w.vi- the nortiiern i-cijions of South America, almost from the riv( r of Aini/.on- northward to the sea. including the ureat \aliey of tin (h'inncn. and much of tlie ]M(sin1 provinces of (Ju\ana and Vem/nela. Fioni tiience tiny e\ti ndi il tin ir mii;ration>. to all tiie Antilles, from Trinidad to Santa ('lai/.-* Tliey njaiji a \a|(iiiius o|ipo-ition to the i;in'o|)eans who lir-t attempted In eoi(Uii-e their country: and I'eter Martyr, the companion of C'olnmiius. declan •-. that -o ll( rce anil menacinti \sa- the appearance of the (Jhariiis wlimn tliey took in their -kirnii-iie-. thai no one cnuld look on ihein without a sensation of horror. In the year \')~s. the (Jharihs of the Orinoco made a desperate and succissful mcur-inn into tiie Spanish jirovince of \'alentia. ' 'I'lii: Charih Islaiiils were 'I'iin;il;iil, (li. ii hI.i, Si. \iiiiiiiI. Dun, unci, (;u;Hliileii|ic, .M;irliniiiiii', Santa ('niz. St. 'I'liuiiias, .N(„vi>, MuhIm i];it. AnliLMi^i. M. Kills :iiid llic \'iri.'iii Isles. » TMK CHAUIBS. 237 but they were soon iifti-r sulxlucd, and liiivc since btcn kept in cluck without umdi ilitliculty. Tiny arc still, however, a numerous people, for Ilumixildt states that tiiose of llie pure race who yet inhabit the hanks of the Coronc and Cayuni, and the mountains west of C'l'ycnnc and Pacaraynio, aic not less than forty thousand in number.* The same traveller observe^ that the (Jharibs of Chari, in Venezuela, and those of the lower Orinoco, dilTer fnun the other Indians by bein^ taller, and having mort' rei;ular features. "Their nose is not so Inrnc aiul less ilattened : the cheek-bones are not so hii^h. and tlieir physiosinoniy has less of the .Monj;ol cast." Their heads are naturally rounded, as in the other tribes; but many of the Charib natiiMis lonn practised the llatlciiiii;; process, in such manner as (o depress (lie os I'routis. and thus elongate the head fnun front to back. Let us now glance \ilar Charibs, I'LATi: LXIV. CIIAKIH OF \ H.MO/.l-'KLA. When Humboldt visited the continental Charibs, towards the close of the last century, Ik; saw no remains of the custom of distorting the head, which was once so comnuui among them, anil cmti ixisted in recent times.f Speaking of the Indians of Cumana. (Jomara says. -They compress the heads of their children gradually, and for a buig time, betwern two little cushions made of cotton, in order to reiuler the face broad, which they esteem a beauty. "J A stronger evidence i)\\ this subject, however, is derived from the annexed drawing, which was taken from a ^kull sent me by that distinguished gentleman and scholar. Don Joseph Maria Vargas, of Caraecas. It was found in a terra cotta vessel, wherein it had probably been preserved for centuries. It is much dilapidated, and admits of but a part of the usual Mi'.Asi iir.Mi;\rs. Longitudinal dianuter. Parietal iliameler. Frontal dianutir. 7. inches. 5.3 inches. t.H inches. • I'crsoii. Narr. \"I, |i. 11. — 1\', \k UiU. i lli.st. ili3 las Iiidias, call. I-^MX- t liMUiKBK, p. i i!l 23i> CWAMA AMEHICANA. Wrtical dinmctcr. liiter-iiiiistoiil arcli. . Iiiter-inasttiid line. Ofcipilo-t'iimtal airli. Iliiri/.outal ijciiplurv. Facial aiiglr, 5.1 iiiclii's. Ii.() ini-lics. I. iiu'lit's. II. iiu'lics. H\.l iiiclics. 71) (It'urtcs. I'j.A'i'i: L\\. • 11. Mil II III' ST. \ i.\( i:ni-. Tliat till' C'li.iiili* 111' llic AntilliN wi iv ih iIm il ii.ini |||,. miuIIhiii I'diilimiil. anil iiul rniin I'lniiila. is pinvid li_\ (Ik ii- Iruliljims. ihcir ciistiiins ami tlicir laiiiiuanc.' 'I'lic uriuiiial iiilialiilaiiN dl' tlic-i iNlaiiiK wtrc a ihicili pi ojjIi (•ajlid li.\r.iii<, ailiril li.i ildiilit 111 llir Indians wlm m cnpiril Cnlia anil llir nllicr lariicr isjaniis on llir aiii\al of ('iijuinlni-. 'I'lir l^iii ris. ImwrM i-. witv rvlrrniinatrd hv till' Cliarilis. will! at lliat pi riod li. Iil iindisluiiicii pnsMs-inn. 'I'iiisr Cliaiilis WI IV annm^- llii ninsl rrrncimis ,inii Inaita! nf tlir American nations. 'I'lnv wnv witlmnt laus :uul ainiosi i|,\,,i,| uf iviiiimnv iilis,r\aiici's. Snspiciiiiis anil riMii-i nil lo iln last di-n r. llii\ condiictrd all thiir iiitir|)riscs Willi sin-iilar crallinos. 'riny wnv tnoios,. mid r\i dancdiojy. and looknl "1"'" '!"■ "Ill''' nalivis a> ninv IkmMs |o Im' sl.dn and iIimuiiviI. 'I'k sncli an (Xc.ss was tlirii' caiiiiiijaliMii caiiinl. that it i;a\(' lisr t,, ;, |;n\ in 1 JO I. Ii\ wliicli the Spaniards were aiitliorisid to niakr slaves ,,(■ nil (ji,. individuals of the Cliarili nation who should fall into their haniis,) It is even uravi l\ asserted that, having tasii-d the llesh of ,dl the nation- wiio visited tin ni. liiev iironounced the French- '"■II t" !"■ ^' ih licate. and the Spaniard the imrdest of dit;estion t To iiersuadc tlie Charihsto civilisition. or to reduce theiii lo servitude, seemed alike impradi- eahle. "If tiiev- did any thiiiii' it was only what they chose, how lliev cluKe. and when they (diose ; ;ind when they were most wanted it often happened that they " Till' li.'il Cliiiri'., ,n| Si. ViiMviii: li:i,l a ira.liiinii tjiai ihnr r.iivlallirrs raiiir livni liir hanks of ih.j Oiiiiiirn, whrii.v , .laslui- 'friiiula.l ami 'full i.m lo Crniada, and llim.r l,y ilic (liviiailnies, llioy ruTiv.il at St. ViiMviii, siil„llir,l III,, iiativr uilial. Hauls rall.'il ( lalihi.is. , ,,i Inncii.s.) aliil inisses.scd lIlolliM'lvrs .ailir Inland.'"— Sill W, Voim^ ./noun/ "J //„■ Cluirilis, y. ,-,. t III MiiiJi.iiT. 1^'is. .\air. \'. ]i. l.'li. I Diiiisli Kiiiii. Ill .Aiiicnca, II. p. J77. — lioeiir.roirr, [i. 'j:i7. TlIK CIIAUIHS. Q.'jfl wiMild mil do whiil \vii>i r('i|iiiii'(l, or any thin;; ( ls( . NN'licii dcsiritl to limit or sliool Hiuiic, tin:}' cliosc to fish, and [iroltahly would mii;1i('I llic wry riiiployinciit tlit'V clio^c."* (.'liauvalloii dr<'liir<'>i llwit tlnir stujiid eyes were tlir mirror of llii'ir souls, anil lliat " lluir nason is not iiiorr ridi'j;lili'iii'd than Ilic instinct ol' hrulis." Tluy klanl liniis; liy its JiciuL:- recorihil liy Ifoelu toil, who wrote lii> aeeouni hi I'oie tie {{lack ('liarih> wen know II in St. \ incent :', and hy tin pi r^onal testimony of Mveral later voyaiiei's. M. Amic. who was in ( iiiadaloiipi in !7!t|. saw hntli (liarihs and Nenroe* with llatteiied heaiU. and oii|;iiued li'iuii tin iii the ap|i:>ratii~ iiy \\ hich the drl'iiiinilx was etreeted./^ Mr. Liwniier ha-- li:;urrii the hrad ul i K'ed Cliaiih chief win was \M'il known in St. \ iiieent : and lliihilnilill ha^ ri |ii'esrnted hnth the naluial and arlilieial eoiiliLSUiMlinii. the lnr'nn i' liillirin^' In inithiiin iVnm the iirdiiiar\ Indian head. '['he annexed illustration of the ( liaiih skull, is ileriviil riom a cast in tin povsi s>iiiii of the l'lireno|o::ical Siieii l_\ nl tliiN eit\ : tin nriniiial is pre-rrvi d. I helie\e. in the Uoyal Museum at I'aii^ : and it is the s;mie \\hich (iall and Spnr/.lieim have linured in tlnir ^real work on the Nervous System. .\ lew iliaiiielerN are all the nieasiiremenls that can In- ohtaiued tVom the cast. MP, AS I iii-,Mi-.\rs. Loni;itudlnal diameter. Parietal diameter. Frontal diameter. \'ertical diameter. 7. '2 inches. 5.7 inches. 1.5 inches. ,5.1 inches. ■ ^iiKi.niiN, ill .Xnliii'olo^'. .\Mirr. 1. p. Ill, I Hisuiire lies Antilles, |mlilislir(l in lil'l. §,Kniriial de l'liysu[iii', 'I'oiiio \\\l\, I'nr ITHl. t Pfis. Narr. VI, p. ;!1. 11 lA'cUiri's on ZiHiloi-'V, ic, Plak' \. 940 CHANIA AMKIMCANA. Wr oliall lucnly add thai llii' piuiiiic (.liaril)-* nf St. Viiici'iit were ndiio'd in ntiJ to line limidnd liiiiiiliix : and lliirly Mars liitir tin y scarrc nnnilitnd iliat many individtiaK.* 'I'lir, lU.uk Ciiviiiii-.. Tlif Ulack Cliaiilis ol' Si. \ inci nl ncrc tlir dtscend- anl> (if a cart;.! nf slavi^ (if llic Mdco irihc wliicli wnr •.lii|i\vii;'k((l (in llii' iolaiid (if Hiiinin. mar Si. Vincent, almiil IIk war l(i7'.. 'I'lic ('liinilw first n tliici d llicin Id slavery ; lint fnidinu; llicir ininiluis increase, nsdlvcd t(i ilesiidy ;d| Hk- male children: \>heren|i(in the lilacks revolt d. sKw if|'rj,| niiinlicrs df their masters, and smin liecame the nidsl niinierdns and ddniinnnt l'.'ini!> (in the island. f- They llalli ti( (I the heads of their cliililn n. like the naliv(s: n practice whicii was alsii addpted hy lli< rnnaw.iy s|,ives. in urder to stamp their djl'sprini; with a hadifc df freeddm. 'I'dwanls the cluse ,,( the piisi ceniiiiy ihi Ulack Ch.irihs. jdin( d liy the feehle remains nf the native Indians, rehelled aiiaiiist the Kimlish .iiithdrities. and fdr sdine linn In Id possosion df the isl.ind : Iml heiiii; liiially siihdiied. they were, in 17!t'i. ( xilid Id the island of l{allam. in tin Ua\ df lidiidiiras. Til i: A l{ A re A MA NS. The Araiicaiii.Mis, the nidst c( lehmled and pnwcrful nf the C'iiili.in Irihes. inhahit the renidii helwec; ilie riv( is |{id-liid and Valdivia. and hetween the Andes .ind liie Ma. and derive tlnir name limn the pniviiiee of Aranco. '|'lie\ :iic a rdluist and inus( nlm- pdiplr. df a li^lili r Cdinplexiini than the siirrdiindini'; Irihes. Knddwcd with an exlradidinary dcir,,.,. ,,f liddily activity, they reach did ai;c with few intirmities. and HI iicrally retain tin ir sii;),!. |,,,.ili and nn imny nnimpaired. They are lirave. tliscn d and ciiiiiiiiii; to a jiidverli. patienl in fatii;iie and cnllmsi- astic in all their enterprises, imd innd of war as the (inly source df dislinctidn. Hence their snccessfnl opiidsitiiin In tiie eiicroacliinenls of the Simniards : three centuries (if almost constant warfare have n( itiier snhdued nor tamed tiiem ; and " l^liUM,,,,, llivl. ,,ri|,,' W'lM llidirs. It, III, rlKip. :). * Sill W. ^ III \(i, AiTiiiiiil 111 till' Cliarili--, |>. I,'. TIIK AllAUCANIANS. 2U ;\llli(Mit;li iKilaii('t' -('r>, III l!ii dismay and diNnimlUuri' id' llicir cnriiiii s, 'I'litis in Ncvtiilrrii yiars al'lrr lluir first cnnimilrr witli Eiiniiiraiis. liny |)ii>scssid several slronj; M|iiadriins ipf liiiise. eitiidnelid (heir iiperatiiins in inililary mdir. anil, nnlike llie .\mirieaiis iji iieralljt. mil Iheir . neinies in Hir ii|ii'n field. Nutliiiii;. indeed, emild surpass lluir valnr; and (lieir wars with llie Spaniards are replilr willi tluise elii\alri(' exploits uliieli nuisliluir ijir ejiarin and rniiiaiiee of liislury. The AraiUMiiiaiis are highly Mi>eeplil)lc of niriilMl ciilliire. Iiiit lliey despix- the lestniiiits of cisilisitioii : luid those of them who have luen educated in the S|ianis|i c. in (he nianin r of the I'lruviaus; and it is | 'i;iMe that tiny derived iiio>| of Hum' iulvaiitai;is from the latter jiropli . Then \Vi>s. howl■^"r. lull lillli' inlircour^e lirtwem tlie two nations, as is pros.i i the fact thai t! .. are hut filleeii or (wi iil\ woiiU eominiin to their lani;ua' rs. * ' 'I'lli' IMivnlillu l.li.ls Mr ^.■||\^ i\ Horn MiillU.lV lll^l.lry nil hill, \'ol. II, [Jassilll. 242 C KAMA AMERICANA. J'LA'l'i: LXVI, LXVII. AKAI CAMAN ClllKK. /"v / ,A % 'riicic ]il;iti s ^ivf two view- (if Mil Anuic;iiii;iii cliitl' iiimud IJaiujuiiii. who was slain in an i ncdiintcr wil'i tiir C'liilian army nniltT fJcncral Hulnis. in IS3'). Tile sknil \\a- nlilaimil liy my rricnil Dr. Casanova, who cduld only Inniish tlic aliov( liiii f |iarti(iilai- in n iVn nrc (o it. It is a symnulrical luad : tlic frontal region is lol'ty. Imt narrow. Ilic whole iioslcrior cranium is lull, and the internal eapaeily is not much short of tiie Caucasian mean. The details are so well exjiresscd on the acciuuiianyinii plates. |lKa it oidy remains to add the anatomical Mr.ASriM'.Mr.NTs. Loniiitudinal diaMiel(r. . I'arii tal diameter, . . . . Frontal dianuter. .... \eilical dianu li I'. .... luter-mastoid arch. .... Inler-iuastoid line. . . . . < )cci[iitn-frontal arch, llofi/ontal |ieii|ih( r\ . Internal capaeil\ . . . . . Ca|)acily of thi anterior cliamher. Capacity of the postc|-i,ir chaniher. . Cajiariiy of the coronal re;;i(in, Facial anule ().l) Miches. T).! inches. ■I.I inches. .") I inches. I ■>. inches. •1.1 inches. 1 I. i inches. 1!).") iui'hes. 8 l.'i cnhic inches. M..'} cuhic inches. til. cuhic inches. I (t. cuhic inches. 7() decrees. 7 4 Tin: ARAUCANIANS. 243 I'LATE LXVIII. AltArCAN'IAN CllIKK A 'riiis is tlu' ciMirmm »( Miinllicr Araiicauian cliicl 'Mnicd Cliilicoi, wlm was killed ill tlic s;iiiii' I);i1tlt' with tlic Milijcct (if tjif pncciliiiLC |)liitr. 1 received it alMi I'iniii Dr. ('asaimva. w lio enuiil i^ive no additiniiMl iiarticiilar-. 'I'lie eye i» struck with liie pnijectinn- lace and coiiseiiueiil small facial alible, the low lore- head, the llalleiied vertex, and tlie ^lllalllR'ss of the whole head. .mi; A SI iii-.Mi;\i's. Loiiiililudiiial diameter. . Parietal diameter. . Frontal diameter. NCrtical diameter. . Inler-ma^loid arch. . Inter-mastoid line. . ()cci|)ito-frontal ardi. liori/.ontal peripheiv'. Internal capacity, Capacity of the aiilt rior (diamlier. Capacity of the posterior chamber, (.'apacily of the coronal region, . Facial anirle. .... ().7 inches. '). 1 inches. 1.7 inches. 1.0 inches. 1 1.2 inches. Lit inches. I;J.-I inches. I!). 5 inches. 77. ciihic inclu"-. 31. (Millie inches. ■15, cuhic inches. 1 l.!t cnliic inches. '2 dcitrees. The three Aiancaiiian skulls in my collection ijive a nman internal capacity of seventy-nine cuhic inches, wiiicli is much more than tliat of the Peruvians, and a little less than the averanc ot the collective American race. The mean facial aui^Ie gives barely seventy-live ilei^rces. 34t rSUAL POSITION OF TIIH 150I)Y IN INDIAN SKPULTIHE. As nil juldilidiml c liilcncc of tlic iiiiilv of race ami species in tlie American iiatioii>. I siiall now adduce tiie sini^nlar fact, tliat iVoni Patagonia to Canada, and rmni (ie(>an Ici ocean, and .qnallv in liie civiJlMcl and uncivilised tril)es. a jiecnliar mode of iilaeim; tlie liody in s( juillnn lias liei n practi^dl from imniemoiial (inie. This i)eeiiliaiilyc.iii^ist'« in \\\v .tilliiii,^ jin.-iliirt. :u\d will lie liest nnd( rslood by I'tlVreiice III llie annexed di'a\v;ii"'. I'LATK L.\l\. NAll l;\l. MIMMN (II- \ Ml ^s( A IMllW (i|- M:\V CKKNA I) A. Il \\ill lie oliv( r\( tj in tlii^ iii^i;inee ilml llie ImiiI_\ is ill the si,liiiLj jiosture. Ilie Ilii- li( iiiii 111 Aid iii:ain-| ilu aliilonu ii. and llie I'l i I Inined iinvanls. Tlie ai'ni» are aNii 111 At d ^n a- In Imieli llii elu-l. ilu eliin lu iiii; >'ii|i|iorted on llie |>alll|s III' Ihe liaiiils. and llir iilmi i^ rceei\i d ilil.. ilu liii|lii\\ ]:eiiealll llie cheek lioiii s. This iiiii M s|j||o ,•, II,. \\;|, |,|-,;imli| iiiiiii Ni w (iieiiada. ill Smilli AiiHrica. Ii\ llii lie ( hailes I )Hlllll i.-ll.. W III! .•^eii iiei s n| ihis eily. oiih desjecal, il ; Mill |triMiiiid il l:i Ihe Academy of Nalnral ■^liiii il is ii,,\\ |iiesirM(l. The heily is nut eiiihalnied. lull Well |)res(l\( work.) I have myself examined the desicealed hodies of six Peruvians, all of which were in the same positi(ui. The Indians of \i \v (ireuada followed the sanu> eu^t(uii. as i^ proved li\ the annexed illustratimi. Tiie Spani-ii residents of that repuldic have a tradition that the natives. Hyjiii;- from tile violence of their coii(|Ueroi'^. died in cavis and otiier obscure places, in an attitude which truly seems indicative of de-pair. Some very ancient monuments are said by llerrera to have been discovered by the early Spaniards near Zenu. in Veni /uela : "Tliesr nraves or t(unbs were manniiicent. adm-neil with bi'oad stones, into wliicii the bodies were placed in a sittinir posture." — //;.s7. .////(/■. I\'. n. in. The Mexicans somelinus burned and somctinu's buried their dead : when Ihey liuried them it wa- -in deep ditehis formed of stone and linu'. within which they placed the bodies \n a sitliiiM- ])os|ure. on low seats, or iriiiiHi." — Ci.u k.i-.ho. //is/, of .\/i.rii;t. W. VI — The swww auliior adds, that (i\iinet/,iu. one of the early C'IiccIk niecan kini;s of Mexico, was <'mbalnunl -ami afterward- placed in a iri'eat chair, clotliid in royal habits." — /,/(/». IJ. II. \N hen a Charib died ids body was placed in the lirave in an attitude -reM ni- bliu'j; that in which they crouched round the lire or the table wlnn alive, with '.he clbow-i on the knees, and il,,' palms of the bauds ai;ainsl the chec ks." — Siiciaios. /;/ ./rclv.tohi^. Jinir. I. p. ;{7S. — Siit W. Vol m,. ./mtiiiil of llu ('havihs. p. 8. The .Musko^ces iir (reeks had a simib-.r nsai;e. — ]{Aiirii\M. '/'iiir. p. .'it '>. — Human-, //hi. nf F/oriilii. I. p. 't.s — The latter author adds that the Arkansas were in the same jiractice. •■ with the addition of lyini;- the h.ad down to the knees." — /(/tin. p. loi. The Aiibamons bury their dead in a sitting' posture: in order to justify this am CHANIA AMERICANA. custom tlu-y ^ny that man is iiprii^lit. ami lias his lace turmd towards htavcii, which is to he his hahitalion. — Li; IJossr. Tnir. in /.iHusiami, I. p. 157. On the iliNcovtry of the Mammoth cave, in Kentucky, a won>aii was fonml ill a state of complete ilesiccatioii. " She was hiiried in a siinatting form, the knees drawn up close to the hreasi, the arms lient. with the hands raised, and crossing each otlier ahout the chin." — .Irvlr.vitloii. .Inur. I. p. 3 'ilt. I am informed hy Mr. Nuttall. that such also was the custom of th(> Osages of Missouri. — Of the Omahaws. Jamks. H.rjxil. 1. p. :2I. — Of the Maiidans. Lr.wis and (.'iauk. l-lriml. 1. p. l(i !.— Of the I'otowatomies. Ki-.AiiN(.. /J.riitd. I. |,. 115. — Of (lie C'hippeway-. lir.rnAM. 7'n/c. II. p. ilitl — Of the Delawares. SMirii. I/iat. iif \(ir .Id-snj. p. 1;!7. — Of tile \ahant> and other trihes df Titiiape ill New Kii'zlaiul. \\ \\u\y.s. CoiiiiHtr. /7(/c. iVr.. p. l;i I. — The present town of Salem, in MasNicluisetls. is ti:e >ite of the old village of the Naumkeaiis: on makiii'j: an excavation a few year- -inee. many skeleloiis wire found, "placed very near each other, with tiie knees dmwii up to the iina-l. and the iiaiids laid near the face, which wa-^ directed to tiie la-t." I)i. /'((irsaii's l.illir lo Ihr Jiil/ior. — Dr. Pearson had a drawiim' made of the ■skeleloiis /;/ .s/7m. In re-prct to liie Canadian Indians. ('liarievoi\ idisirves: "'riie dt ad man is painted. en\ilo|irii ill his Ik st I'dlii . :ind with his weapon- liesiije liini. is exposed at till' door of hi- ealiiii in the po-lure whieii he i- to pre-erve in the iirave : and this po-tnre i- that which a child has in the 1 o-om of it- mother.'" — Jininui/ d'tm /■(/.V- -i'. iVc. VI. p. HIT. Some excavations at (ioat Maud, at the l''al|s of Nianara. have revi aled the same fact. — liitsraiti's Mniiini/. A'c. |i. tjj. I''inall\. 1 am assiiii ij iiy Dr. 'l"roos| limt IJie inoiiiuls he opened in 'reiiiKssec contained s^, letoiis in llie same altitude: and Liiuteiiaiit Mather has made a similar comniiiiiieatioii to me in reference lo a mound examined hy him in \N iseoiisin. 'riiu- it is. that iiolwithslaiidiii^ tin divi I'sity of laiiiiiia^v. customs and intel- lectual character, we trace this usa^e lliioiiiiliout hoth Americas, and alloidiicj;. as we have already sluted. collateral ( videiice t'i' the alliliation of all the American nations.* ' I am ;i\vaiv lli;il tin- iprartn-r i- iinl cxrlii^n. Iv Aliieni-;iii. Mr, |-M\varil<:, IIiM. o( [\ir West lnil:rs liuok I, A|.|i.iiil.. i-ilis Ilrre.lolus un- il- |.r.v:il.-ii( ■■ :nw\<.j ihe .Nas-aiii ■-, a |ii (.|m.- uli.i ii;li:il'i!i'l iinrllnrii AlVn'a IiiMu.tu l-;-\pi .mhI Ciiilhr-'e ; ami (f,,;, i ils il as a umilt .if llie ■oiciriii lVrM:iiis. 'I'lie liio,!. Ill ( in.a-M.i II-. 111! Ill'' ill alli 111 :; imMi iiiaii, "mI up a liiL'li w.Mclru lud mi 217 T II E M () \ (J O L - A M K U I C A N S . PLATE LXX. KSKIM.vrx. Siiii'i' wriliiiL'; tlii' clinptcr on (lie I'olar Family, (pai^c ,>(),) T liavc Ijciu I'avorcil hy (J('(iru;o Coiiilic, Ksi].. willi tin; w^v of lour liciiuiiK.; Eskiinaiix skulls, wliifli arc limircd on the amiuxcd plate, 'i'hc eve al (nicc remarks (heir narrow, eldiiiiiiteil I'oi'm, tli(! iji'djei'tim!; upper jaw. the extremely Hat nasal hones, the expamled /ypiinatie arehe's, (he hniad, expanded elieek hones, and (he lull and prumini nt oeei|)ilal rei;ion. :Mr.\sinKMr.NT^ I'tn.iil 1 r<..tinil \'f Ml.ll I'nn.ll liM,r>.;Ll 1" '■■■ ' '"1 t r .li.n.i' ■ 1 ■ 1 IMI' ;■ |.li. .> aliKl. ■'■'1 " 7 . ."» 5..1 -1 (i :.. 1 1 1. i : 1.1 15.. 20. 1 7 2 !),i. 1 7.] 5.,') 1 1 .5. i 1 I.I '1.:! 1 I.I 20.:} 75^ SO. j 7..) 5.1 1 :i ■).■) 1 l.s ;!.!» 15.- 20. i 7, J S7.5 i (f.7 5. 1 1 ,-). 1 f.(. i 1. l;i.) 1S.!» 71 The e\licm:' elom;-at ion of llir up|iei- Jaw eontraels (he facial ani;le (o a mean of se\(iity-thli (■ decrees, wiiiie (l:c MliMli of three lieads of the tour, iiives ;in inlei-nal eapaei(y of ei^iily-seven euhie inelies. a near appmaeli to the Caucasian avera:;r. The fidlowin^- diagrams will eiialde tiie reader lo make iiis conqiarisons >tiil niori' iu driail. Ill till- M;irn ;iii-. ii|H,ii ulurh llii-y J'hi'v llir hn.ly "I' tlv d.rrasrd In :i sitlui? altiluilr al'lcr tlii' liowols liiivi' l".ii i:il>rii mil:" lull ill.' mlrniii'iil. wiii.ii is n.-lil il:iys l:ilrr, is in ih" n'Ciuiilioiit pLsIurr.- Ki. M'IIm i ii, f '(/(k./n/i;;; .\',///(»,,v, |.. ;i,i7. — I'iir Nru- HmHihiI'Ts s.uiii'limrs luirv lln'ir clr;iil in this :iniiiiil.. — liiiriMN. A. ■S'ljii/h //'(//(^^, |i. 'Jii.i. — 'I'iii' lliillriiinis, say-i Kollirni, iloiihlo up llie corpse •■ neck .mil liirU. niiioli in tlir inaiiiiri- ni' ;i Ininiiin lii'lii-.." — I'rcsenI Sliilr of Ciipe of (louii Hope, 1 1. :ll J. — TIlc |iin|ili' ,i| llir ■rull'.M |sl:i|l'ls, I'.li'ili.' O.iMll.illli r lll''ir ilr:iii III lllls [(OMIIDII. — M.MllUNF.ll, Toiiifii lslaiiil\. \K Jl I; nil, I K.il/.chur li:is also olis, ivnl il ;i! llir ishiiiils .'l' K:iil:irk ami lira. — I'ui/. of l)i!,c,,icri/. III. p, 17.i. ■,>ll. 248 CRANIA AMKIMCANA. Nn. 1. — Fnuii l);ivis"s strait : tlic ,''^^^ \ larpst licail in tl.i' series, and tlie liest .y,"*^ ^^ fnnital ileveliijinieiit. 'Pile nasal hones ly \ are so Hat as to be seareely perceptiMc. X ) J. \ L, i \/- No. '.'. — On tlii^ sknll is uriltm f the brief nieniornndinn. ■• l-'ounil in the '"^^ snow l)V Captain I'ariv." In excrv V nartienlar a well eharaeteri't extremity / of An eriea. and i- marked -from A. y Collie. Es(i.. Siiriieon of II. M. Ship /\^ Hlossom." ' X \ V A >J AN'ATO.MICAL IMEASURKMKNTS. 219 'Pile liicat Miul iiiiil'drni (liHtrciicc's hctwccii tlii'si' liiails mid IIhinc vi ttit; Amcricim liuliiiiis. uill lie (il)viiMis to every one i\ccu>t(iin((l to make comiiarisons of tliis kind, iiiid sci'vc as corrolioialivc evidence o|' the opinion tliat tin; Kskinianx are tlie only people possessiii;; iXsiatif cliaracteiistics on tiie American continent. A N A T 0 :M I C A L ]\I E A S U K i: M K N T S . \ Tlieso inea-'Ui'ciiicnts aiT d( riv((l from one liiindird and l'll^ly-^(■\•en skiilN ol' Ameiican inijian^ nl' I'nrty dillric nt nation^ anil trilirN; and liic crania are all of adult pei-MiiiN. and unallnid liy art. 'I'lie talili' i- il-i If ■,!illieieiili\ explanatory lor ncnei'al purpoves. Init it i^ n'cr^vary to premise tin- manner in wliieii tlu mea^ui'ement^ have In ( n taken. 'I'lie Innii'iharniiil iliiiiiii hr i^ 'nea-.nred from the nio^l jironiinent part of tlie o> fronli>-. hetween tile ^iiprreiijary ridLiC-. to the extreme ind of the occiput, 'The jiiirldi// (/iiinii li r i> mea>urrd hetwceu the nin^l distant point-, of tlie piiriclal honi'^. which are. fur the mo^t part, the protiiher.iners df tlicM- hone^. 'I'he fnnildl iHitiiii h r i^ (iLeii lirl\\((ii the antii'ini' inferior aimli"< of the parietal lHine>. '{"he rirlini/ i/idnii/ir \< mi'a^nred from tlie fo^Nn hilween the coiid_\ le-; ol the occipital hone, to the |i:p (if the ^kllll. 'I'hr hill r-niiialniil iin li i> niea-ureil. with a ^I'adnateil tajie. from the point of one mastoid process to tlie (ilher. over the I xlernal talde of the skull. 'V\w 'nilii--iiiiisluiil liiii is the distance, in a siiai-hl line, lu tween the points of the mastoid processes. 'I"he (icri/iiln-J'roii/ii/ iiri-li is nieasured hy a t,i|ie over tlu' surface of the ci'anium. froiu the posl.rinr mari;in of the I'oramen mai;num to the sntnre which connei'ls the OS fronlis wiih the hones of the nose. 'I"he linriziiiiliil j)! rijilii nj is measui'ed h\ passiu^- a tajx' aronnd the cranium so as to touidi the OS linntis immediattdy ahove the sni)crciliary ridi^cs, and the most proinimnt part of the occipital hone. The liiiLil/i iif Ihi liiiiil mill fitrr is nieasured from the margin of the ujijier jaw. to the most distant point of ihe occijiut. I 250 CHAMA AMHUIt ANA. 'J'lii; zi/iidiiiiilif (liiimthr is tlic distance, in a riiilit line, IjcIwimii (he iiidsI |)ri)iiiiiit'iit (loiiits (if diL' zyudinu'. 'Vhv fdcidl uiiiiii * is ascurtaiiuil ity an iii^tnimiiit (if iiii^ciiiinis coiislniclinii Till liuilll llll-'li', Wlllrll was fil-s| lirnli.i'.ril liy I liy till' I 'arih'il rnili -.-or Caiiii" r. is iiirasiiriil iii lln liill.iwiii.' iiiaiiiii 1 : a liiR' I :iili il ihr t'arial hlH'. is ilrawii Iruiii lli'' aMrimr iiLm' hT llir ii|i|irr j:uv. (iir, iT ihr 1(11 illi piMji ris |ii'\Liiiil llir jaW. riniii lln.' Iii"lll ilsi If.; |.i ill'' 111"^! | 'I'liiili n 111 I'ail nl llir liiirlirail. \ vr.oli'l "I- ll'HI/.'lllal I. Ill', IS iliawii '■Il IS ii-.iiaJy llir s|iarr I" Iwrni lli.' Mi|"a. i . iry ri'l.' llii'iiiijii till' rxli iiial I'l'iaiiiij "T ll lir c-ar iiii iMi- aU' li''iiiiis iiil ll iHij. Ill ^ ihi' l.asi.' 1.1 iIm' iiiisinl lia-i' I'l' ill'' hi III III '111' r iii-iama's i I" HV''ii ill'' Irniuiial r""l-~ "I' ill'- IimiiI iii' i~"r I.-' lli. aii.| lr"iii llii^ |-'iiil il |s Mill lu'.ili'irjnl iiiilil il inc. Is with 111!' lacial liU'' all' a'ly ili's.Ti!"'! : li' li'-.' lln' IW" iiii'^ m i\ iH' 'I ■''. <'l' '•'■IV !"■ ir. llir iKisal 111. ll. i-ii-salMii "I ill'- liiiis (ir.-ins al a Imiiil I -'iiM'I'-i-aMy aiil'-ri'ir I'l lii'- I'.'ii.-. ll i- "I'M'HI- llial an an-'..- uiil 1"- l"nii' 'I wli'-iv ih.-'- Iiii.s iliii. ml' 1-' 'I 1 a.-h "ih'-i-, aii'l ll.is is ili,. lai-ial ai. .-''-. 1-'"1- . \ ilii|'r-. ii.'ii'i- lli'- aiiii'-\'-'l u...'il iiil. (No. 1. will' ll i'-i'r''^'i]|s ih' sI.ilI ..f ill.' C'lwalii^K aln-ailv , ri--iii' 'I III lli's W'.rk III- '.ii.l 'I'l.' an ■ .\. li. ill'- lai-ial i;ii.',r\-|i ll'l Ml J. .1- MM 1.1'-- l\. 'I. Il.'lll III'' ani' r,"i- iiiai j:ii "I l!i'' ' r 1 iw I" I!.-' lll"^I i'r"ii ll' h! |. !l "f ih'- "s IT'. Ill, ~; ill'- s,., .ihl '1- l:"r;/"lilal iiii' . 1^ 1-' !>r'-^'-iil''il 1" IW. -11 ih'- I'.'iiii-- ( ";l IK l"i ill'- I'lir].'.-'- "I li u iirj a li\. .1 ji.'iiii ! '1 ,s aiil' ri'T I' iinariii'.ii. I lia\ '■ iiin: 'niil\ rani'-'l 1II-'|I|.- 7iiisiil I I a!..ivi' aii'l !" iw.'-ii lli'- i-"i .;s nf i!,,- uv.. iV.ini in. i>..r I- . ili. Tli'- |"'!ni 1-;, « ln-n- iIm-^.' liii. ■ ll'' i-a'-li .nil. i-. i> ill' I'i'-i.il all.!'', will' !i 111 ill'- 111. - 111 1 -■ 111--- wiil I'.- I'.iiiii'l I'l ni'-asuii- al...ii' \iv--i\ il.- '1 \v 1 'III N' a~ 'irawn 'ili a iiiii.-li l..-!|.i- l''ii-iii'-.| h. i,l. ih n ,.r :i 1', 111 will' 1 1 ill'' a 11. -I'- a I I-; 111.- iviii, ., v,-\,-i,t-, -Mv ll, .T'-. - iiiviaii li.'ljan / \ M,'- iii"-i .( 111'-..- ,1 ia_'riin> w: / I'll'' 1 1 I'll llio 1 1' 1 ll aii.M' 1^ 11'. .111.-11 1 ni'-iilal ml. !:..''-.i.--: aii'l 111 1 Jii^li.'- |.i Caiiiii.-r wc iniisi a-M ijiai ll.- ,j'.i-s imi a— ■ rl it i.. !■.- ^.i. Ill l-iii ll i-!ii. liy '.'iv.-s III'- ].i"i''-ii'iii i.r ill.- la.-.- Ill r. lalMii I.I ih'- ; '" 1|.- I'l, willi.'ill .■.'ii\-.-yiii_ 'll'- I' is| 1.1. a "fill'' .-a|i ii-ily "I ll aiianii. whl'-ll is .'ll.-ii llir salll" 111 li'-a Is wli'i-.- ilia "is .,,■•■ all. ..'. lli.-r .lil!. .I'lll. Til.- III. Ti' iil.lli|lhl ill'' I' 'ill i-"iili-a.-is ill'- ai,.-,'-; aii'l wlril is y I im'T.- iiii;."ri ml. i|:, --.,;,, v lirin-nn iln |iniy wli'-ii'-.' ih.' la.-ial liii'- Is 'hawii, iii iv 1 win:.- ill.' r..|-.-li.-a.l 111 IV ll'' V'r\- |'r"iiiiii. Ill lis. ,1 ;,.:i-,a!s SI, lai l.liv, that ll' ill. 'a. lal I a^ I'l Ji\'- an aiiL'l'- i.l' i-i^'lily il.-jri'i-- 111!' \'.' II- 111 1. 1.- I.. I'.ii.-li ll. lln- n-siillin- .1 ll"l ll'-rll: sl\IV-IU '- .|r-.'|-' Til" iiiaMiiiiiin an-.'!'- ihal laii 1"- .nil'i-a.-. .1 |...- tl„. i;i,|,,| •a\s Can a. Kan.-.- ih.-s.- lin.-s slill riiril.n-. ili,- h,';,.! I,. ].rr, •• is Ion : if 'lii.-s |'|-i-t.-|-na|iiia:!y I ir.-.-. as in liy.lii.i-i-|ilialiis, liiil ii IS siii-iiiisiiiL,' 1.1 .il.srrv,- ihal ll I- m.ist ail' I'-ni ('ii-..k aiisis |,a\.' .-h. -n ill.- vrv inaMiniiiii nl' lli' la'-rii aiiL'!''. wliil'- lli.- l..-s| I I'lnnii ■.■lavi-iii-s w.-|-.- saiisfi"i| ,villi ll 111! III.' aiiL'..- ..I 'I > ■ I liaVI- llllls (-s|,i|,l|s|i, ,1 |!,|. nvil r\tr.-iii.-s .j|' ul, Hiiity 111 111.- larial liiii'. MZ: rimii To lo loo ANATOMICAL IMKASUHKMKN'I'S. 2.51 IIDSI ;iii(l iciiily ;i|)|)lic;itinii. wliicli li;i-i ncuivctl so mmiy ailditions IVoin llic siigi^fslioiis til' (lillciciil imliviiliials. tlml its iiivcntiim ciimiot hr ascrilicil In any (inc piismi. 'I'lir iiic in i\|dainini;- it. inaMiincli as il aj)|)iaiN to nn' to Nn|(irMd( III iIk' •lirail. iinlil II IIIIVll V.I. 1. \ rih'v.. .■iiiliiMi'.. nil ill.' u'la. I, III. Ill-, 11.1111 llii' hi'iiil ill' llir N.'.'Im i.i lli.' siililim.. 1. Millv li.-|- I iw. 'I'lii- Mfiiiii. IS a Can.- i-iaii -liull. Ill wlu.-li l!i..s.. |iaris ar.' ii.- ii-;\- .'iiii'i'al.-il III 111.' iii'ii'- s\ iiiiii.'l|-i.-al .iiilliii.' ..!' ill.- wli.ili- li.-.i.l. ami i-s|ii.'i'Mily hy 111'- I'lill iii-v.-l..|iiii.-iii .if ih.' li-.niial ri--i.iii. 'I'll.- Hiinl li-'iiri' u lak.-ii iV.ua a M )|il;.iI li.-,i.|, lli wh.rh ill.' i.rl'ils anil i-h.-.-k l..inis arr (.'\|i.isi'i|. ;i- m ih.' .\(-:;i-... an. I lli.' /\--j.iiiia- arulir.l ami -\]iaii M l.-.l; hill III.' r.ii-.-h.'.i.l IS iiiii.'li hr.ii.l.'i', ilir l'. I'.' iii'.i.- r ■ira. l.-.l. aii.l llii' wl in.r rraiiinin larui r llaviiiL' h.-i-ii al iiiii.-h |iaiiis i.i -n.- ih.' iiiirnin nrlit-a/is ..lili.' skulls lijiiii-il in this wnik, ill.' rcaili r Wil! havr aiiiiHi' ii|.ii.i|-tiiiiiiy In r.nii |iai-.' I'll- hinisi'li; II.' will s.'.' ihat ih,' .Viii.'n.'iiu hrail apiiroa.'lii iii'ar.-si 111 III.' M.iii.'.il. yi'l is n.il sn l.iii.'. is iiariiiwiT in ir.iiii. Willi a iiiiiri' [iiDmim'iil I'.irt' an. I miu.-ii iniin- i.'ii..liai.'tL'd /\-:^ijiiia'. CIIAMA AMI'.IUCANA. III! ntlii r innilcN 111' ;iM'iil. lining llic r;u'i;il ;inuli\ Tlif Inllnw ini; ili;ini;iin iijirc^ciiN till iii^tniiiK lit. \\lii(li iiiMV lie (•i\llr(l III! i'liiiiil (iiiiiiiiiinlii; ii> ii|i|)li(il In a ('I'.iiiiiiiii I'ur iIk |iiii'|iii>i' III' iiiinsiii'i'iiii'iil. 'I'lir ji II. r- A. A. A ir|iiT~' 111 tin- n rt.iir^nhir I ;isil liinli^ nl' llir iii>(nniiriii. ^wliicli i> iiiii 'r III' !ir;i^-.) till III. Ill liiiili .-liilin^ III 15. -n :i^ In iiiciT.iM' 111' iliiniiii^li till iliM;iiiCi III t\\, I II tlir li'.lil .iliil Irl'l liliili-. In nidi r I'l li\ tlir Liiilliiililrti r 111 .1 'kiill. linn i- iill.ichi il In I iicli III Ihr l.il.riil liinli'- .1 -li.li- willi m "'niiiiMl pi\n| :itl;iclii il. ('. whicli iiiti r> till iiiiatilN nl' thr , aw 'I'll.' liliili I). I), i- ;ilt:icluil li\ ;i liiiiLir In tin lia^r. ami i-au li, liini|...:lil In I'nliii aii\ a;iulr witii il. <; i- a ^calf III' mil liiiiiijr. il (Il -Ti I V. altarln il li_\ M liili::i at I. aliil Irl lliriiiiL:li the liliili 1). I). at 11. !■; i- a Imri/niiial liiiili. at laLilit aii-li ^ uitli D. D. "H wliidi it ^liili^ at !■'. 'I'lir tliiii |iiiciii| \\iuh\. K. K. ha- ,111 iipi iiiiiu at L. In ailiiiit thr iias'.l hmn - tn jia-> tlii-iin..;h il. N'nw tlii- |iii it nl' wnnil in cc --ai'il_\ tmichi- tin- 11111-1 |iniiiiiiii iil |iar1- nf thr fni'i In ail anil \\\>\)rv niaxiliarv lulu . anil llirn I'lUi' rrini-nils \hv fuiin/ iiiit. To incaMiiv thr facial aimlr. hliliu thr iii>|h r Mirracr nl the aliti rinr hasil lililli (if the iiistniiiu 111 nil a hiiii/mital plaiir witii thr iiasil -[liiir : llnii let thr iiiiil) J). 1). fall hai'k iiiitil Ihr l.iliial liiiili K. Inucln - tin faii.il liin- K. K. wlun IIk' racial aiiirlr will hr at unci- ih -i-natril mi tin- mmIc Fnr the |iuriinM. nf u;rcatcr accuracy tllc lali'l'al hasil liiiih- nf the iii-t iniiirul alv ;;railuatril in inches aliil partxif ilichc>i. ANATOMIC :.VL MlvVSrUKMKNTS. 3A3 (••.(■III* to il nil III. iiiiii-li t( r In piM't U(l ll\ (mil r('|ii'('*( nil >l in llu' (li:ii::i';ini.) iiiiil lln ^lidiii^ |i;irlo of IIh' aiiti rim' linili an- lixcil II) MTcws (ii^ s(( II (III incli -idc III' A) ulinii \i r llic in^lniiiK ill is |iri)|uTly adjiisltil. Willi lliis aii|iainliis liir laiial aiiiilr nl' any skull may lie asccilaiiii'd wllli ( xarliicss ill III! liiii i' space ul hvii nr Hirer ininiilrs. Inliniitl iiijiniihi. — An iii'^i nimis iiiudi' nl' laivin-j; Iliis nicasiii'cnitiil \viis d( vised liy Mr. l'liilli|i . \i/, : a liii cvliiiiler was iiiii\ided aliniil Iwo inclies and llirt'e-fmii'llis ill (liai'ii lei. and Iwn I'ei I l\\i> incliis |iii;|i. siaiidinn mi a roul, and liailileil willl swijied IiHips iiliiilll Iwii iliclli s ;i|i,iil, and lirilllv siddered. Ill pit vent acciili iilal lliltriiiii'j;. — A ';:la*s Inlie lieinietieail_\ sr.ilnl al mie end. was eiil nil' sii iiN 1.1 Imld ( \a(ll\ I'lM (Mil ie iiielies 111' water li\ \\,iulil.al tiU Kalireiilieil. A llnal 111 li-ilil wiiiiil. well \ariii-lii il. Iwn and a (|uailer inelii s in iliaiiielir. with a slimier rnd nl' the same inaleiiil lived in ils ciiilie. was drnppnl intn llir tin cvlinder : tlieii live eiihie iiielie if Wall r. nieasiired in thei^lass liilie. were pmin lln llle CV lillder. a I id I lie pnilll a I wlliell I lie |nd mi I lie llnal sinird almVe tile Inp larked willl Hie 1 il-i' nl' a lile I lid acrnss il« Inp; and the 111.' e\ lillder. wa* ii successive m'ai llalin||> nil llli Una l-rnil. iiiiliealiir4 Tim ciiliic inelies eacli. wire ililaiiied li_\ pniiriiiii \'\\' eiiliic inclies ii'.im III! I II lie :j:i-II lii/iiii. and III irkiiin •acli rise nil Ihe llnal-rnd. The .^lai llinlis lllUs asci it, lined. Well I IMIlslerred In a iiiahniiaii\ md liltul with a llal I'.ml. and these siiiidi\ iiled. w illi cmiipasses jur the ciihic inches and parts, in nnli r In lueasiire the cipacilv nl' a craiiiiini. llic rmainina wire liisl s|,,|ipi d with ciMmi. and the caMl\ was ilmi lillcd with '•////. ir/nti l>i l>lii I' ■•*(! •' pniii'i I d illln llle I'.iraliU II llia'^lllllll lllllll it reaidled the siirlace, and press, d dnwiiwith the linLiir uiilil tin skull wmild rieii\e iin iimre. The cniileiits \\, IV 111, II trausl'i rred In Ihe till e_\ lillder. whiidi was \\,dl shaken in nrder In pack Ihe s,.,d. The nialini^.iiiv md h. in:;- lln n dmpp, ,1 ilnwii with its I'nnl resiin-- ,Mi the s, ,.,!. th,' cipaeil\ nt lln eraninin in culuc inclu s is at mice re.id n|V 1). I). . al !■ . Ilts In lilH lit filriiil I lilllh III!) 1). facial .Nearh all tin precediuii nieasuieiiienls were taken with ni\ nwii hands. Ciirniiii/. .siih-riiniiKil. iinlrriiir itnd jKislirlur r/niDihir.s of lln trmiiinii. — An apparatus was devised hy my friend Mr. I'hillips to nht.iiii these capacities, which Willi.- i|irr • ■il was s.l. ■.!.■. 1 .111 a. ■.■..lint el' ii- siiluii.-al f.irni, lis luirJiU'.ss, ami die ei|\ia\ si/,c of ill.' LTiaiiis. Il wa- als.i sii'tiil l.i ri'ii.l.r lli.' I'.iieihly slill L-realer. G4 ■iiracy nclit's. 2H CUAMA AMKHRANA \\\\\ III lii'^l mull i'l' tlir an- iiixid ili,ii;iMm. A. A. n |nr>iiit llir Inp ami liolliiiii. and It. II. till riiiU III till' iiiotniiiinit. I'liMtaiIrd into i acli ullu'i- In |iri'Vi i:l ^^al'|lin^. ||p^ ('. ('. ('. arc slidns mid >iTi »«*. tin lalirr luiiii; llllid W ill) ciillai'x nil raill -idr III" llir xlidi Tm ullilr Ilii'V paxx llinim;li il. in mdir that tlir •.cnw may w curry iIh' ^lidi r ali'im with il \\liiii nmM d liark- ward ami I'niw.iiil. I), cianinni tu In nnaxuri'd. . , K. F. i^ ail iron »lraii;lit-cdi;i'. Niaiidiiiu on tun „''• — - — ^ — — — > r-''-— — j' lri;s wriilcil III il and lil< il In lllf x.llllr Irnjllll. Ml If ' ^ thai wliiii liny n »l mi a Imri/nnl.il iilaiir. llir >lrai^:lil-nli:i' is al>ii Imri/.nntal. (i is a I'litl allaclnd In a llnat nl cnrK. ^iii.ill rnnii'^li In drii|i inln llic rnranicii inauniiin: il ix lilt In »u(li a II imlli that uln n tin lia^r nf llir llnal is rai-cd In the livrl nl" llir plain' mi wliirll n >l \\u- \iil^ nj lln >tlMii;lll-riliii !•;. {'". ||ii Inp nf llir mil xliall risf In llii' uii|ii'i' iiiaiLiiii III' till xlraiiilit-i ili^i'. II i« an mal Imlr cut in llif ln|i nt tlir I'laiuf A. (wliirii i» III' siniil iiiaiiin;aiiy plank.) lai'i^r inninjili In adinit tin' Iri'C adjiixtnn III nl tin l,ir;;i>l iranimii. /// ///( Inirtr /iinin. i: i> llir mtiw nmviiif; Ilic >lidi r (I. (I. till Imiin r. win n in placi. wmkini: inln a mil llinnmli a Indc in till' nialiii'^any tnp-piiii . (/. (/. arr i'laiiip> In cnnruii' lln' slide in a rr;inlar dircc- tinn-yitln |iiiilil 111 thr ^iillir a^ >.lin\\li in till- Inwir liilliri'. i> lir\illrd nil' nil till' lnp and Iwn >ii|rs : Imt tin luwir sjiji nt' llir >|iili r is cairii il mil •.liai'j.lil In till' pninl. wliicli i> tiiii- krpt in llir NMtni' plant' a> tlir Inp nl till' liainr mi wliicli il is linlind li\ tlir pilll'llilli;-«('li\\ (. lappid inln llii' I'laillp ill al'i'st llir pninl nl' till sliii, r. I'lijiiivilii nf t/ii Kiniiiii/ riii'iiiii. — 'I'liis iinasiirriin'iil is llir •'\\:\vr inclinli il lii'twiin an iiiia'miiar_\ plaiir drawn lliiiiii;:li llir nut lis nf nssilicatimi nl' llic paiirtal and liniital Imin s. and llir iiimr sinlai'i nl' lln- pni'limi nl' craniiiin almvc it. 'I'll nlii.iin tlii- nn asni'riinnl. llir inslinnnnl was |i|si adjiistid sn as In liiiii^- till' top nl' tlir tlann- A. A. In i-nincilli' W ith llir lllaiir III' till' linri/nll. 'I'lir siituris and small I'nraniina nii tlir tnp nl' \\\r ^Ui\\\ In iin;- sinppiil willi wax nr putty, and wllrll llrl'iss,ir_\ . Ill, ii:-iilr iij llir ciallilllii liaxiliu' licill Will \ aillislnil. llir crlill'cs nf nssjl'iiaiinii nf |||,' |iarii l.il liniu s wiii iiiarkrd with a ci'nss. and a linr was drawn lirt\\rrii ih, cnili'i s nl' nssijicatinn nf tlir ns I'mnlis : ||ir era nil: 111 \\as llirn placrd inviTlid in llir n\al Imlr II. and llir pninl nf thr sliilci' at till' mil nf llic I'lanir liiini; jiirss, d a-aiiis| llir draw n liiir In twi i u tin iinlrcs of nssiUcaliiiii nl the ANA'rOMU Ah MKASUUKMKN'IS. i!i5 4 ■j I'l'iiiiliil liiiiir. till' "liilci^ at (lie sides iil' tlir iiislniiiK'ui iirc I I lii'iiimlit ill ('(intact with llif ci'iiln s III' iissilicatioii of tlu' paiirtal liiiixs, tlii' sliihrat the nnl litiiiK nnivi'il liai'k\>ai-(l nr rmwatil In liiiii'^ tln' ciaiiiuiii iiil" tli< |)r in taking' tin c.ipacily of the coronal region, the slraiijht-idiie of a slip of wood is laid across il o\' r the anterior mari;iii of the foraiinii mai;iiimi and at rii;ht ani;li s to the anterior and posh rior diameter of the sknil. One side of a caipi tiler's >i|nari' is llun iaiii on tjic mahoi;any siirfaci . sii thai llie olln r sldr of the sijuaii . w liieli would ihi n lie npriiiht. would stand willi i|s llal snrl'aer |ii(ssini; anaiiis| llie siiir nj' ihr eiaiiiiiiii : and aiioilnr sipiare is :idiiisti d in the sunie manner on liie other sidr nf tin sknU. ,;ic|| h;ivinn one of their \erlical ed'j;es pressin;; against the sirainlil edu:e of llie ruler laid over the anterior margin of the foramen mauiinin : and a pencil inark is drawn on each parietal hone aloiiii the pii'iu ndiciilar elites nf liie s(|ii;ires adjiislrd to the stiai:;hl edi;e ; tliesr pencil marks will lie at ii'.;lil aiiiiles In liie plane passint;- lliroiii;li the centres of iissjl'iciniiin. and indicate llie iiosilion of the plane dixidiiii; the anterior and postciidr chaiiihers, as deseiilnd in the delinilioii of thai capaeilu 'I'he cr.i- niiini is then taken from the iiistrnineiil, and a hole. eiL^hth of ;in iiieli in diameter, drilled Ihroimh the pencil marks in each parietal hone, alioul two inches from the m.alus aiidiloriiis : a pieei' of s|ilV. stiMio],! wire is then passed throii'^h these two holes, and the craninm nearly iilled with while pepjier seed. The skull is then 256 (WAMA AMKIMC'ANA. held ill tlic 1(11 li;iii(l, witii tlic lace iistiiii; mi llic paliii; llic mi il litiiiii \m II packdl willi llic li:i;;i r (ir -\>r\ slrik( . and a caiiiilc |tla('( d ik ail v lnlwccii llu' eye ami ruraiiirii inaiiiiuiii. all llic ••nd ahoM' the iii-rrttil wire i-. drawn (Mil tiiriiiiijli llir rinanuii liy iiicaiis i,\' ,\ v;|rikc madr of a |iifci' cd' ^lilV ^l(■( I. iiall' an incli wide, lir^l lilcd >ti-ai';lit mi III" cd^c. and linn IkiiI lalciallv mi as lo drav imt tile sriil iV.iiii till' villi s nf llic clMiiiuill. I5y wmkiiii; llir >liikr almiil until il I'oird mi liiilli llir wire and aiiliiim- iiiaii;iii nf llu- I'diaimti niaiiiinm. anil cxaiiiiniim' lidw IIh' smf.uT (if ihr M.d (•nincidrd wiili iIhm' iwn pniiiN id' llic nicasuiciiiciil. by iiispi climi llirmi-li ilic I'lirnni n willi a due niaiia:;rniciil nT tlic liillil. the capacity can In nlilaini d in a niiicli iiii ic -niisiiicini'v inannci- lliali \\a<- at lir-t anticiiialrd. Tin mi il i^ tin n liaiisfi rn d lo the tin tnhc. and it- i|iianlil\ a-C'-rtaiiicd a- in iin a-niiiiL;- tin Inlal ca|iacit\. '\'\\r ni/iiiri/i/ iij llii imsli riar ilnifiihi f \~ t\\i\.\\\\{[\ liy drdiicl iiiii llic caiiacilN id' tlic aiiti liir idiaiiil" r I'lmii iLal n| the wlndc cr.iiiiiini. The |iiiiiil- thrmi-h w hiidi tin pLiin \\a- di aw ii in the twn la-t iiicasiiriiiieiit<. wa> pri I'l 111 d to uiie drawn iVom iln- iinatii- ainlilMi ins. s,, |h,,l it shmild lie Viltical win 11 llie ln;nl \\a- pLici d m it> iiatiir,il p-i-ilii'ii whni in liie : l.i caii-e the nil-Ill. II- tia 111 l m n ^|.. . i i,, , i ,'r\ -i^'i;'. will. !i 111 . Ill' It;, :ii;-. 1, ;i.,Li i!m iiiij . 1-. ii.iii m| - .|' 1 1 11 II. «l il- .1 r «■ ..III- i. i.iiii, 1.1 liiml - 1 1 .1. I- 1.1 |.r. . lie!.' lli. |.-.-,|.riU- ..| l.ikuu il..- iii..i.' .hll.-iil m i -i.i.ii.riii-, — All ihe I'l 1 in I 111- III nl,. ■! u nil :i -1,11 ■.!.■ Ir..iii llu' 'I'. iii|...' ..I i!,r '-mi, -i .■ [.ij.' 1 ;.'. I 1.. lijui. s iii ilie lir-I .■..liiiiiji n l'. r '■• 1 ..n. -|...;:'! I.J i.ien!.. i - i.| iii\ ( '.it .;..j.|. ..| ( i.in.i. :iii,| ,ii. n ■.. i ;. .1 |i.|. |..Mlir |iiii|i.'-.' .i| n |. |. I 1 I', .II..I !■. ju.i jn-iLi I I. .ji\ III i..iii|i liiij- .III. I 1 ..ii. . iiiij ill.' III. .1-111. iiiiiils lirri-all'i. 'I'lii' iiiiiii!.. r in il.. -.i..!..! .■..iiiinii i. |. i- i.. il..' ...i r. -I'.'ii.'ii.,' piili- in iln- u ..i I,, 'I'ji,. ■j'.ll.l.' \l,l- r.ill-|.l. I ll.iv r\l. ...'.'. I .|l|ll|..' ill.. |.|..JI.- ..r III.' U.ilk ll Ijll llli' |i|i'--. U lurh Ulll i'.\|>laui -.11 111' -li'.'lil 1 1 III. r. HIT- |.i |\m'.'Ii k a hi I llu it-iiIi- a- '-i.ii.'.l ui lli'' |'ir.'eilai.' iults. will lilt' (lilt I")? Tahiti: oi' anatomical .Mi:Asrin:.Mi:NTs. iiiiif nil III 111(1 till ililv cilv Ml-. IIk fJ.U- M r. will ('111 lull. ulii-.- Sniiini'lc iiliinl.' li.li.Ml I l-l)|i..'|.'l.N II i;.i>'>. ii;. 1 1 -A I ll-Hi [ii:i i',.ii ('■'^ i\ f.i'i i; 'I.I.I r 1 1 I' -1 IT-Ai'.. r. -.. l"* I'l I ■ III l-^-Vi'i '.i: I'.i i;'.i;i.ti l.-)!! M 7. i;.-i.i i:i..'i I l.!> I I I '.;.•)■.' i.'k.'i ,-. .-..:i |->. I .■■.,:i i.'i.'i ."i ,1. I ITi..") .'i ,'i.:) i.'i. 7 :•..-. II'.. 1.-, I II. .'i I :>:: 1 1--- I t.u I I. I.V ill 11 I.V'J I 17 i; I '.I I II I .-,.:. i-'i -' :i .-..:( I I '■' :i I :i I 1 -I .1 II.' I i.i; 1 1. :i l.'> II.' i:. I I I ■ 7 I '.Ii I ■ I .'..I !■' I'.ii. I-". I .'. I M :i .',,•. I I.'.'- I.-, I II. I. -I 'J i'';i :i .•. :i I 1 .1 :i.,'J I 1 Ii :i.i.:i I I I I I'l I .1. 1 I I 'I :(..■> |'.i.-< 7.-< :t..'i is.ii 7.1 :t. I'.I. I 7.1 :i.!i i!i.:i 7. '.I ;i.:i iM.:t 7.'.i :t.H 111.'.' s, :).■; III. 7.'.' 1.1 111.:. 7 ■• .'.7 is I 7.1 :i Ii \\i:: 7.1 ■I.'; 1-..-I 7 Ii i.ii I-I.7 7 I I. hi..-| 7.'- ■l.-i 111.'.' 7.7 I.'i -JiI.'.' 1. :i.l I'.i I 7..-. :i.'i I'.I. .-I 7. '.I ■-.Ii |i.7 7.:i :i I I'.I..-, 7.1 :i I l:i ."i I. ':i III 111 i:i III : >■■ I ' -' I :l.'.' 1,1,.; II III.-, '■ III.'; ■II III.. I I - III.. I Ii mil :i,.. |,, . I.I. I 171 71 ,:I7'^ ii:i II r. I.'I. II .'i III, .'ill I.'l.'i I. .Ml III I.I ii:i.l li.l .'ii.li I.I I'lii.ii.'i i.ti ! :i..-i lil. .1.1 . 7l.7.'i 258 CHAMA AMEIMCANA. 1 "" ' NMIiiN I - "- - ■-' 1 1 OK litlKi "' ' '; = : ' .MiiHUuiio'. .'iTll ■J,; - Mi.v|„.,.,r. III (i I ■[,,,,. ,1 ,,,, :iii '-7 1' * lU'lUkl 1 . ('iuTnk.l'. ( 'lirri'kri'. 1 1 i { ■ j ii:i:i r.it 1 ^ Cllt-rnkl't'. li;).") h ■ CluTMkrr. li. 'J.') 7 ( 'lllM'UlW . 11)^ 7 S;ink. .■nil 7 t )itii:.iiiiii'. il:i!> :il - ( MlliMIMU*. 11. 'I ,; I'lllOU.-UiMlli il.'iT ::i 7 ('lll('[iCU .l\ ii--:! "J"^ 7 ( 'iii[tj't\V;iV i;-. 1 7 .Mrimimnrf It.'i ,; iMi'iiiuiiinri* 1 1 ,') Mriiitn.ii.'T 7', 7 -Mi-rt|iiiiiii( r l.'.l •,';! li Ml iininini t' i:,:! 7 Y-Aouumr ,",ill! ,1 MciH'i, nil (■ w. 7 .Mri,.Ml,nMr '.II r, ■ .M.i^>:i-.inL:;i •J 7 7 l.nn;.-. III :i'i 7 ■ I..-,,..;.-. i;:iii 7 \1hi-i. r.iw r, ,M;uil... 1 1> 7 1 (;c|.r|i-r..l. 1 ■ 1 7 , Ml. 1 . * . 1117 I'l .Mi.iiiii. .'. 1 J ;iii 7 Mi.m.i. .'ii;.' 7 ■ Mi.utii. ."•11 7 1 N^lllrk. ii-' li N ill. 1>. -1 li N.iii,l>. I'.'.H li Niii.'k. i>'.i:i r, Nui.-k. l',-' 7 N:i:h-k. I'.IIO li \ .ih-l>. r.^-. 7 N:,li,-k. (.".'.I li .\ .11. ,>. i.il 7 \:,ii. ;,, li;)*J 1; N.iun.k. :l'. .',1,7 :i:i li Niiiiiii',' 1^. ii:il - S!i.i«.,.i ' I'liiii li II-..' 111'.', :i;i ,; \-ln ' ...:;. 1 ■,.",',! 7 \lri.i.... Ii.'lll Mr,.:.,:. r.i:i 7 \1 .„ ! . I'l 1 7 If,.'., . r. r.i 7 1 I-. ,;:.■. r..',,, 7 ((- ; 1 1 1 r. I'.,u ... , ( '.111,,: i\ . r. ( . |.i -' * ',1' , . ,. 1 '• II..I..M'' 1 1 ' .., ;., ll,.t,,!l. 1 ■■■.-. 1.. :i7 1,.,,,...-. \1. .... ( "... .. ',. 1 !..'...., I...I 1 : ," :>. I '- ."i.'j ■>., 1 .', . :i li.'i I ■J .1 :i I :<.'.! '.I ., ii '• .'1 1 :i .',7 7 .',.:i I .',.7 :! 1. 1 I ■, 1 I .VJ I .-,. I > I.'., .■I :..", 7 .'i,.'i I .',.:i s .1 ', ■I .1. 1 .', .',.:i :, .•, I I :,. I ■-' l.'.l :i .', 'J 11.',. I I li.-.' ■' .', :i 7 :, :) .1 .", .', :i .,..". 'i .'i.ii :i.',.:i I ;,.7 :..',. :i I .',.1 :i .■,. :i I .', 'J .", :>.A I .',.7 ,1 -. I J .',.:i I .-I.!! I II -' ■.. I '■' :< I I .,. I I.-,. I I .Vll I .',.1 i .', :i 1 I '.' I.,. I I :, - : .,. I I i.'J 1 .1 .", .-'7-' ■.i|.7.'i I'J .■) .v.'.'.'.i l.'i.d 7'.i.l."i .171 ~:i.;i :i7. '.'•"> .'rJ.-J.'i l-'.H 7ii.7 1 .!.:< I..1 I 1. 1 -jii.^ s.:i .1. 1 l.:i I.',, -jii. N.r, .',. I. i I i.:i 'Jii.l 7.') >l.:i . I.. I I. 1 I. I'l '.III.'-' 77 --s. :i(i..-, .-,!..-, :i.7 :!.■■ 1:1.7 \^.\> 7.S 7ii 7 1. :i.i. 11. hi. ."ih. I..', I. II. I'.i..'i N.:i 71 --l. :i'; .', I-'.."! 1:1. -J r,\.^ :i. i :i.ii i:).h is..-. 1..-, 711. is. .-.'j. I.I l..'>ll. r.M 77 ''■-'. :i.'i. 17. !-:.'.'.-itl:i.Tri i.ii .MM 1.7 I'.i.j y.i ."1.171 7;i. 'jN. .")i, i:t.7 i!,'> :i .'i.:i 1:1 l.'>. '.'1. s. ,-,.(isi ini,.-, 11. ."1 .-i.-i. •ji.';."i7'J. .'>,:i 1.7 il.'j -.'ii.:! S.I ,-|.ss'j ..II..") (II. .-,1.,-, i'j.7,-, 7S.7.-) .'1. I.'J I l.'J -jn.'.' .s.-; .'i.iTii >..!..-, :ii. .-,.,..-, m.-j.", 7ii.'-'.j li. I. I.'i.s .i-.'.i s.'j ri.'.'Mi '.Is. :i.'i..-| ii'j.,-, III. 7'.P. .'•I l.ii 1 l.'J 'JO.'i s. ,-,..-,s| ..11. IK. .-,1, I 1.7.-, 711. 'J,') l.s I.I 1 i.ii -JO.',' s.:i .-i..-)7:i s.-,,,-, :(.-,. ,•,,1 -, i;..^ 7.J n : I :: I.I i:r.-. l!i..-i 7.11 .'1.17-.; 7J..-| :i:t..-> :;;i. 11. 1 ."is. 1 : I i.'J 1 1. 111. 7 7.11 :>.>::> 71. [ I.; I.i I I.'.' 'Jl. S.I .-,.ti7s ■.,•,'.'.-, :ts. n.'.'.'i i:i.7.'i7l..'i 17 I.I III 111. '.I 7.7 .'>.--'7'i sii..-, :ii;..-, .-,11. |.-,,.-, 71. I ''I ''I I.I 'Jll.li S.-J .■i.s7.'i ^7. ;|7.,-| |.| ;, 1;;..-, 7;),-, .' ■! I ■', i I. '-'11. 1 s.i 7ii S.I,.-, Ill, |:j..-, !.s|,:||.-i. ;|l,.-, 7,-, H| .-, .,;| ,11 -, .; I |;.j -, I ; :i.'.i 1:1.11 lli.:i s. ,-,.1 71 71 .-, ;|ii, .1-1.1 I \:: 111..-. ■•.■; :,■• -v, 77 .-, .,,, I.I I.'-' 1 I..", 'JII. S.I .-,. 71; 7-..', :i:). ...r. I :i |ii. J I ..', s,s SII I. 1.1 1:1. s l'.i.:i 7.1; 7s 7.' l.ii:i.ii I 1. 111..-, 7.11 .■,.'J 7ii 7 l..'i :i,i. .",.1 1.1 I I.I JII.'.' 7.S 77. :;| l.'.l. Ill II'. 7. 'I ,VJ7r, 77..', :il. |ii..-| '.'11. .-,7,.-, I ■' I.I I I. 1. 1.- 7. '.I 7."i 711.7:, :i:i.'J.-, Hi.-, 17.1 I'.'.Mi, 1. 1', 111 I 1. 11 -I. S.I .-,.,-,7., ;||,. :|;j ;, .-„■,.-, ,;|;, 7,;- I .-> 1,'-' I I.I 111.:, s, 7s s-,..-, :.|;.-, I,; I,-,.-, |-,7. .'1. I.I |. -,..', -jii.:, s..-, ,-,.1 ..II. I..', 1.1 i I .1 111. S.J 7:1 77.7.,.;m l.:f 1.1 1:1.11 111.11 7.11 .'i.l 7s s.i. 11.-, :i I 1.1 11. 111. 'J -.1 711 77.';.',:(i' I. 'J I'l 1 1.1 liM S.J 7s 77 .-, :(ii ■!.:> II i;mi 111 .-, s. .-,. 7.-, 77 .-, js 1. I. 1 1.1 111..-, .', 1. 1.',. 'Jl-.'i s.;j .-,.s7'.i Inn. ;[« :i.:i 1.1 1.1.7 ill .-, 77 77. :i..', 1.1 11.1 liMl s..-, .-,.1 71 77 :i.ii 1.1 I l.'J 111. S.J I ,)7.j 7n l.:i :i.ii I 1. 1 111. s. ( s SII 7 I .',. i.'i I 1. Is. 7 ..1:1 :i .', :! 11 I I. Is. 7 7.7 7s 7 I. 1.7 1, 1 111..', Ill s 7.S .-,.J77 S.I. mi. |..i 1. 11 1:1 1 1. 11 U '.' s, I .-,117.1 ,17. III. .,7 I.l 1.1 1 1.7 -M.'.' s.., .-,.1 7 1 .,1 ., .(, .-,,1 I 'J:i.s 1 I li 'I, S.J I ,,77 , , :i '1 l.'J I 1.1 lli.s s.i .-, 7i 7,; :i ., I. I 1. 111..', s. I ii7ii 71 1 1.. Hi. 'i.l .>.).','.) |s..- 1;,..- l:i.';.-| lll.-^.-. ill.'J.'i li .'.■:.'> 1 1..', 1 '.' . .-, 111. 7.', 1.',. .',7.7."i li'J. 17..', 111..', n-;..', 11..-, , i:mi ii:i.s,-, Is. li.-,. I lii.ii liii.ii.'i 11..', I,:). I'j.l (i.'i.iii 'J:l.l 711.1111 'Jil. I.',. :i:!. ii!i..', l.-,.l .-,.',.11,1 lii.r, lis III :,7. Is.7.', 7s .j.-i .','1..', Is.ii 11.',. nil .11. .',1. '.'.'i. .',7. :il..', 1.',. 1 I. li';..-, '.'s. 1:1..-, hi. 'J.-, iii..-| Isll l.s I M 1.;, -Jii. s , I 1.1 n.l 111 .'. 7.7 .',.7 7 1.7 I.l 1:1. Ill I 7.:, .■,.'J7 i.'- I :i ( I. 111,11 s. .-,. 7 '■J.'i III., ■1. ;i7., ;,i..', :il. :7. :i:!. I. I. 1:1.11 -II. S.I .-,1 7..1 7..1 .-, :js ' I I I I I 1.11 .'II, s s..-, .-, ii7 I ..ij .-, :|i; I '.' I "1 !.',., -'11. s s I ;, I 7s ..1:1 .-, :(,-, I .'Ml I I. 111.'.' 7.11 7'1 -1,.-, :i:i. ' 1 1 I I. 'I 111 s S.J .-,.s7:i 7 I. lij .-, .". ■; I .'• I . I '.'lis s.s .-|..-| 7 I IIS ;, 1 1. .J I :: I. I I.l -Jil. i.7 I I I I,., JII -J s 1 ,1 I 77 ,| .-, ;„., I . I I I I, 111 s S.I .-,. I 7.1 SII, :,| i. ' J I I. 111. I 7.S .',.:i 71. 7 I. :i:i. 1;. 17.1 li.'i.i I.-, .-, I I.l lis.ll :r.i... Ill li ..11,11 II' I s ■; .-,s s II,:,' :,ii .-, |s,i 71 I .■,s .-, II,., s-j. Is.', 17 HI,.', 11,., 11.-, Ill 'PAHLi: OF ANATOMICAL MKASIJUKMKN'I'S. 259 ■-k>ill- rr-rn<';iw'^ mi llti' \ iilhy <>l ' lliio ! ^, ^tr^ -- -t r^- -J Hi ;f v;. = :■ III hi j ; _ J^ f fl| Slciilu'livill'-. r.:(i 7. li.i i,i;.-i,i I.-1..1 1.-.' 1 1. '.ill..-, M :i .-l..-| Mil nil. :)i(. .-ll. 111,'.' 7(1. M Sli'tilM'in lllr. un ii:i i!,7H. 1,1-.. 1,7 HI. 1. 1 1 l.i -.Ml. 'J M.l .'i (17'.( ic;. .■|:i,.-i .-lM,.-( Ill ■; 1 7','. 7.") SkmiIii'iivMIc. i:ts i'..Vl'i. I..-I.-..I l."i. 1,1 i:i.."i 'ill. >. .-i.:i Ml ,M|.,1 l.l. 11,1 1 i.ti (111.11 ^'l^'^llM•nvlllt'. 1 tl.'lH r,.7 li. I..'i,'i.'; l.-i. I.I i:i 1 '.Ml. s.:t 711 11'.; .-( ".* ',' . "^ (■11.7 Slciilviinlli'. i:iii 7. .'i.H I..-1.-I.7 l.'l.li 1,.") 1 l.'J 'JO..') s. .-(.'- 77 S'(. :il». 111. i.-i 1 7'' ll Siriilii-i. villi'. y.M (1.11 ,-1.,-. i.:i.-,.i 11. 1.1 i:).7 111.'.' H. .'l .'l 7 M 7.-1. lil.:i '"lM-7 SiciiIm'uviIIi'. III) 7.1 "1.7 l.c, .-1.1' l.-i. ( 1 1 1 -J 'J i.'i S.I 7(1 M',1. IK. ."ill. IM.7.- 7i(,'.'.-i SliMlhrir. iic. 1 (W7 il,'JH, I..-1.-1, 1 1 •- 1. i:i.'; I'.i 1 7'j. ii.'i .-1 :iii..-i l.-i 7.- ,-,11 ';,-, (toli'Diiila. ',V.N... ('i*j 11.7 .">,l l.:(,-i..-i 1 i.'i 1 1 1 1. i'j.;f 7.S 1,1(7(1 Ml. it.'i, '.'.-> l.-i,7.' |M. (l:i. kiill. fii.i ■ M-.Mii,|. ' ! Cjri'li'Villi', Ohio .'-.:) .^)i 7..'l.-)..-i 1,1,-1.1 1 i.ii 1,-; 1 l.l '.'!).:) x.'i .-1 , .'i 7 ' 1 M(i .-1 1 'ri'iiiii'sscf, T. .'i.'i li.d.-l.ll 1,1 ."i li \:<:: i.i 1 1. ii)..-i «,l .■l.-lMK m7..-| 1,-1 :) 7" " 1 t ,\l:iK:i|ii-i. c. fi..'i,-i.;t i,:i.-i,7 1 l.l 1,1 i:i.(i 1'^ ■< 7.:i .-1. -1 7(1. '" 1 t NiiU'iliV,. 1 . .'ii .-i.'.Ml.ll l.l, .'i 1 l.'l.li 1 1 I'j, 1 i'.i,ii 7-; Mil. 1 S:iill:i, I'tTil. ' T.'l .'iii 11,'-' .'i. 1 i,:i 1 '.1 1 1,11 1 .1 i:r:t ii ."i 7 s .-1,1 71 7 1 .'i :i'(. 11.-1 1 1 .-1 (IK. ! t Hum, II'. I'riii. II 1 ■ >7 (i.'.),"i.ii 1.1.-1,1 i,i,:i l,:i 1 1. Ill, 7 s :i ,'i .1 7'; 711. ■J1I..-1 I1I..1 1 1,1 (l(.l) Kiiini', INtii. 11-; .')'^ I1..-1 .'i.il i,.'i.-i. 1 1,7 :!,■' i:i,'; 111 ■: 7,H .1, 1 : 1 7(t.."» :il. r.'.-i i:i.7.- (1'.'.7.') I(iiii:i', I'lrii. lis 7. ."i.'.M.7.'i,l 1. -1.(1:1. 11 1 1 'J ■at.-.i Hi) .1 17 1 m;i .-1 .17. r;..-i 1 1 7.- 7 1 7.')' \ll .il,.-i 11, ■i 7.i,M 7m. ill. .ii. M 7, i (111. ■i.i ,i'i. :n. ,iM. Inn 7;. 7 !'■ 1. :rj..-i :i(i..i nil 111.1 7ii. :i 1. 1". l'i,7.i .-i7,i.' Ml. :i.i 'J |M,- 1 1 1, -i.'i 1111,7.' -.. : 'id. 1(1. .i 1 1.7.i .'i7.7.' >i .■ :il .'i .i'( Id i.i (l.i, 'i,- li.i .- lli,7.i l.i 7. li,7.i .i'i.7.' Mi;,\,< KlM■l.■l■-^ 111'' Til!: r(ii;i''.i;(ii\(; taiii.!:. l.,';i,'iM.|llnl .!l, Hill IT. 1',, 11. Ill .ll.liiil.l. !■>, iil,il .lliiii.'l, r. \i rllr J 'liii r. Inl. i-iM -l.,|,| .irrli. lull r-iiii-t i,| liiH. (1. ■.■!;. 11 .-li.inl ll ir.'li. II .11.' nlil I .in. I,, ii-lll ..111. 1.1 ,111.1 I. /.\ Ill,- .n I, II. 1. 1, I'.. 1.1 iiiji. , ( ■ li. 1 ■il\ ,.( ['1. ,111(1 !l ,i ■ .| 1 ''v ■'"• '11!" r.-i.ii'i ....1 -. r |.i. ii\ . I III. .■ .i..ii,.l I. ji 11. Ci]. in'\ ..| II,- -i,li-i :.r,.ii .1 r, ji.ii. Til. (.Ill I'liMrin liriiin 1 \,i:. ,|i .i,|i,. !-.',i I -n.ii '. .1 ,ii 1(1(1. Mu, s ' r..-i. ,.|i,iiiii,. .'iT. ( 1 I. 1 l!..uih,j |.t..,.. r ■ ( ■,.r,,|i,il 1. .J, I- r ,,., 1. -..i'-i-l' iil-,.l liiii. J Sir..i'.,r. r. -. -I, ill 1. i II 7. i: , ll II ,i i ■.: l.l J :; ,7 ■..:i i.i 111 1,1 1.:.'. ll 11,1: 1 ■; 1 1 i,-j IM ,, 1 1. 1 ■.:i 1 . " ,■* -,i 1 . :: ,i Ti :.i' .. ■1 •.: 1 1' In l. "■. -■ ■ -.',1 I. 1' 1 11'," ill. : ; 1- 1. 1 1'. '.' 1'. ,(. I.- 1 1, .,i :) ■- I li. ill- ,ir.- irlill. Mil. iii.iiili;..! ,: .1... (.iMlli-V Ml til,. Mini. Ulli, 260 CI? AN FA AMERICANA. Rr.MAitks. — III tlic ;ili(ivc seal,' (.f results, tlic skulls t'inm (lie iniiiiiids have lifdi classed with (he 'riijtecan division, and llidse t'nun the caves of Steiilienville. &,(•.. with (he ISarhamiis tvilies. '{"he ijreat size of the Steiilienville crania has considerably enhanced (he nuan internal capaeilv of the Ik ads ot' the Harharons Nations, so that it exceeds that of (lie Flatiii ads id' C(duinliia riv( r: l-iil tin latter, as heret(d'ore stated, comiiare fairlv with tln' averaiie u( the entire race. It is curious to (disrive, liowi \t r. (hat tiu' liarharons Nations possess a laiijer hraiii hv live and u half culiic inches, tiian the 'I'oltecaiis: while, on the otiier hand, (he Toltecaiis possess a unater rela'ive ca|iaeit\ id' (he aiit( rior idianilier (d' (he sivull. in the proportion (d' IJ. ! to (I.S. Ai::iiii. the cmonal niiinn. thiiiiiih ahsidiidiv ureater in the Uarlianms trilies. is ra |ur lander in |irop(irtiiui in the !)enii-ei\ ilised trii)es: and tlle Facial Aiiu^le is niiieh the same in iiotli. and iua\ he assiiiued. tor tile race, at sin )ili/-Jiri i/il^iii.s. In eoneliisiou. the author is ,,( the opinion that (he facts contained in this v\orl\ (end (o sus(aiii the loljuwin^ |iropositioiis : 1st. 'That the Aincriean li'aee dill'ers essentially iVom all ollii |-s. not eveeiilinii tile .MiuiLT'dian: iinr do the fi( hjc aiialoiiies i,\' lani;"ua'.:e. and the more ohxioiis unes iiici\iland nlii^ious iiistitulinus and tiie arts, d, imtr an_\ (liiii'j; lii_\ mid casual or C'ljunial eoniiiiunieatinii with the Asiati<' nations: and ev(n (lose analogies nia\ piiliaps he aeeount( (ll'or. as lliiinlnddt has sui^iiesied. in the nnre eoineideiiec arisiii:; from siuiila.r wants a id impiijsi s in nations iiijialiitiiiu' similar lalitinhs. -d. 'That tlle Amcrieai, iiatiniis. exeeptiii:; the I'olar tlihes. ari' o|' one l?ac; ,iUi\ one -iieeies. hut o|' twn ^i'eal families, wlueli n >! inlde ( acli oljii r in pli\siea|. Iiiit dilhr in iiit'lleetual eliaraeter. id. That the eiaiiial remains dise(i\ered in tlii' Mounds, from i'ern (o Wiscdiisin. Ill Ioiil: (o the same race, and |irnli;ili|_\ to (he Tolteeaii faiiiil\. Nun:. — Oh II, r litlcrnol Cnj 'irili/ if Ihr Cruniinii i>i ///■ ih ffn-riil liii<,\ if Men — IIn\ii,.' slllij.rlr.l ll.r ^kl;!|^ y |,-,.m s-inh. :il,il Mlrli ;!!■.. ) :r- 1 .'.MlM mIi| i:|] Ih.lil ll:y 111' li'S, In llir inlrlh.il '.ipacHy !ne:iM10'M|ii;l a!|i nly .1. sri ;!,r,|. | \\:,\r nl.lani. i| ihr |ii;!,iuiiiL' i'-ii!K, Til.' nil aiMiT lla- \llMi:rall li.M'-, m|| ill I ll, _■ 1 1 1. l|arM,.|i Is I'l | '■ a ll 1 1 I'Mi'll'l'lvl 11 , | 'li le 1 1 10 Ta I ■'■•. 'i'lii- •■kiilS ..| :lilul^ ami |Mr-Mijs uiidri au''- ua.ar ••\ liHii-r ir|i'i-irii. (■ iiir 1 a in. MMii..,,|iaii. Maliv. A iiiriiran. l-;ilii'i|'iui. '.' -7. Iii'i 7'.. Ill > I. 'I 1. h'l, |s s| S'l. 1,1, 1 17 sy III, 1,11 ■-"I 7s. 'M. I.'. ANA'I'OMICAL MEASUUEMKNTS. 261 1. 'I'lir r,n»7M/.()(v wrrc, wilh ;i siliglr r.VTpti.Mi. dcrivr,! iVnm thr low.'sl nml Icasl nluralnl claSMirs.Kirly. Il I-- |irolici-, liuw.viT. h> liiriili.iii llial liilt tliivf Iliiidnc.-, aiv aaiiilHed Lli ihi' wlioli; iniiulicr, iMraiis,' lh« skulls (if llics.' pcopli' aiv iirokiljly siimller lliaii llinsc of any ollin- uxisling iialiciH. I'm- rxaiMplc'.scvciilcTii HiikIcio hrads lmvc a moan ol'lml scvoiily-fivi> culiic iiicliiv; and llm lliiiT ii'ivivi'd iiit.i Ihr lalilo arr lalxMi at lliat avcniL":. T.i \ir mure siRMilir, wu will i,'iv.' m di'lail till' iLUir.l'iT 111' mdiviiluals (if each naUon as I'ar as asccrlami'd. .\Mi,'lo-Aliii'rii'aiis, '> (li,'rmans, Swiss and Dniih, ... - 7 ('(•lli(.' Irish and Scois, 7 Kni'lisli, ■• Cluani'hi' (Liliyan.) • S|iamsh, ' llnid.M. ' • ;uri>|iLMns, nalmn mil ascrrlaincd, - - - '-•' J. Thr Miiiii,"i/i,n,s m.MMnv.l.c m~I ..rchiursr and K-^iiiimiv; and wlial is u-.M'lhy nfrmiark. ihivr ,ir tUr lalirr -iv a ninni ,.l .luliU -i\ rnhir in.'hi s, whil.' -.-wn Clun.-r .nv./ hnl ri-hly-lu'... :t, Thr M,ih,/s .■nihra.-r Malays |,r,,|,. r and IN.Iynrsnns, ih.ilrrn «i dir |.,rmrr and livr .,i thr |;,l„-r: 1 dir mran ..Irarh |ir nis Iml a Irariional dnlrrnir'- i ihr niran of alL .^ Thr i:/',n-/il>nn wrc all unnn\rd ^■r-■^.r^, and nnir n dirm nalur Ainrans. Ihr whirh 1 .,in (inrlly mdrlilrd to Dn Mrl),.wrll. lorniniy allarhr.l In il,r r,.;..ny al l-ihrna. -, |{,,.| ini. Ihr Amniran Ih^v I havr „..ihinuMo add. r\,v|,nn_' iIm- sinkiii- fart dial ul' all ilir Amrnran nations ihr 1>, iinians had ihr Mnallr^l hrads, whilr thr-r ni ihr MrMrans unv s,,,,..- ihiiiL' lar^rr. and llm-r ofihr harharoiis inhrs dir Lir-, >t .ifall. \i/: ■|V|, ,,,,,„ ^ 1'. llivian^r,,i|.rlurl\. - - - ■ 7'. rllhir llirhrs. nalMlis. (< .M,.\iCall^ rnllrrtn..l\. ... - 7'' ruhlr mr-hr~. Ikirlurnu-^liihrs. a^prrTahlr. ■ - SJ rnhir ,l,rhr.. All .iiirivMn,.^ .|ur.i,o„ ,vin;,ni^ n. I- .olvrd. m/,: tl.r n-laiivr ,,r.i|H,n,nn ,.( hraiii in thr anirnor „,d i.uMrrirr rhanihrrs ,,| liir skull in ihr dilk-vm rarrs; an iiiMmry I^r whirh I havr hilhrr'o pos- M'.vrd iirillii^r siilhririit Irisiuv iirr ad. iiialr lii ilriial-. Diirin- Ihr lahnrioiis task nl or;, .lu Ihr 1 iris riiihrarrd 111 da- prrrrdin- inrasnrrin.nl-. I havr ,rr,i plr:isiiir in arkimwlrd.iii-. il va-wiial ;ilirndanrr and aid n Dr. touMard. Prolr..,.- W. If. .h.hn^nn, Mr. Townsriid, .Mr. U. IVaisall, Hi. ,1. K. liarnrs, Hi. Hardy, and .Mr, Kuhni K. IMrrson. fifi 2fi2 PII HK\()L()(JIC A I, M i: ASUUHMENTS. Mnin; Miilrlil.il III Ml-. I'lnllijiv i'mi ih,' .jiml,- oi (ililMiiiiiii'. liiiiiiy iil' lhi"if lui'iiMirriiii'iils, ;iihI Tor llir siirirssiul iirciimiilisluiiriil ul lliriji .ill, I linvi' III ilaiin'il liiMM liiiii llic r.ill.iwiiiL' i'X|il;iii;ilc>ry imlr: '•Tin llli';isUlrlurlll< in llir liill.iuillu' I lliii , iViMll ,Uli:i|iUIU'^s Id ciilliliallVillc^s llirlu-.U r, wrri! l.lL'll Willi llli rlMlihUllrUl'; ,1 IIIJ 1 1 \ rl |c■'.^ lirili.' iih.i^UHiI IhMII IIii' pcMIII wIllTi' llli' I'Mrllial iiril|i|l:il CI. 'Si inlc-r-. .'N llir linv.'r ~riiii •lunar niir: iIi.im' iiniii uiilivuliialily In |iIiiIii|iiol'i'IiiIi\ i'Iii-s>, In lnlwriii I nn^lliliir, . ii.ss iini n^ll^llll. :i\ riir^^, wiili iIh i jI1i|i.i~. I'min caiivalily to I'.ubalily, ainl siipivi orlnlai r..i nil. II III raiisalily. u nil iliV 111 I'v. 'I'h.' ninaMin'iiii'liI-- riniil llm liM'aln-lrin|MMal line In llm aj'rii lliiiii lanl'-'ii In raiuiiin. u nil ,1 ■jiailn.ili i| Mr.i).. 'I'lir linjlil nl' liiau'vnlrni n. Mainalmn. liriu- lif^^. . .ihM 1. nliiiii-nr^s ami liii|"-. ali.i\ ■■ ilm |i!aiir ilrawii llirmi:;!! tin' cnilrns ni' ns-nii aimn nl' llm iVi'liI il a;; I |iaiji lal ii.mrv, wi-, nlii.iniiil l'\ |ilariliL' llii' rrainnin in llir Iraiiir, Iniaiinii m i^iiiim ilnwiiUMi I-. ill.' i-iiiiis ..|'..v-.ii,- ihiiii |„ ;iij ailjii^ii .1 In llii' ) nli:N III 1 1 II' -iii|n|> a> liijnr.': a -lrai:;lit- _'s sliiirlrr I'nr rnii\ laiii In''. ua>i I'lUi', ^nn, 1 In llial iis.'il \nlli ill" llnal-iml i \r.'|.l iii liavni,' llir li'i In 111 nvi'i 111. -|inl In In- llir iviir.'il. lis j.'-, 1'. si in.' IIII lln' iiialn'jany -iiilarr; a L'railiiair.l iml w as ilini In'M M nirillv -A-j iii,s| lln- -nil' nT ill.' ^l|■a;L■ln-.'llL'.■, vv ilh iN iminl n '■imj .ui ill ■ |i'iil In I"' iin isini'il. win ii lln' i.i ijii nl' llir nijaii alinvi.' lln' inaiii' wass||.iwii nn llir mil wlni.' il ;iii|ii' ir.'il .ilmM' lln' Miai.l.l-iil.'i'. " Ti ■ "'In I 11 n isiii'inniiN wri'r lain '11 will 1 1 II' i'raiiiniin'l''i. i'aiii|'i i'--. dn'iil'Tv, ami I In' iinasin iiil; riann-, In r I' '■I'liii-.'- .,|i!i.. nr-aii~ as ir i.'. .1 mi a .■ i^i mi'msli. .1 I'', Mr. Cnii!..-. am I li.'ni.il "ii I'l.in- l.\\ll. 'I'l. iin'aMiii'iin His Willi lln ^\\.,i,l lln in: ,i I-' 1 ■ - 'I lln asiii, n,. Ills Willi ill.' I I' iininnl. I ami , ]. i-s. ., inin li r ,'\i, iisivr Ilian u,;, \\. I,,i,l -I'I. , i''ii-ln 'I. Ii.nl |.,'i'n 'ar, I'li'lv II., I'll- I'll ninv ,ini- ..|' I u "I lln' i rnni, wlnii M r, I 'n m _■.' ( .mil"' ^ii'i-' ■ •'■ 111 iliis ' ,1- , 'I'll 11 L'' ml. Ill in iniim .li ih '.\ |im nl, .1 nil, s ni\' ' rmnniiis |i..inis ,,| m,' isur,.. im 111. 'i-llrj llnlll lln' lis,. ,.ra ll i.|:v lliaiinil I' 1-,. linil ll ' l,i I r r - W. I '' 'nlnli'll. , . I . In.'' I i n 1 «|l|l ill' I'l' " '" sl.,\', I i| nil llnln. 1 ill. 11 )i|'. i|.ns,'.| lln -'1,1 1 1 nil .1-111' s. Ill,' livr l.lvl Illnl. r ill'' I 1 I'-Lrl, .iml -I'"' niln'i ', iml ihr wnrk w Is ri.iiiim iirr.l I'n u', |)r. .M.'n.iii ini.k iliiwii al! llir iiii',i-nii iiimN. ill' "■' 'I \.li.r.' W' 1'' inaili' iiyni\s. ll; ilni- av.mlm.' llir in iri'ina''ii's wlni'li liiiisl m''rss,inl\ li:V'-'' I. I I. ll 1.1 -I'V .rai ilillrr.'iil |i.'.s.iiis .'nnlrilinl' ,1 lln'ii' anl " H.'.ua^tsUk^.W.' TrnmSSSSS!^ ill! ■ I - - jij -._. f - - rt rs ?: r: « ; I ti.H.wiiMj _j r: ir: ?i f -• — •r — — ?i rt r» d Ti ;/3 X t^ (- II l|.il;i >.| 1K-I) /j -* t» — *- T» I- r: Ti ir. -c ?» ■X -6 -i i -i c (^ c ^* -i "^ ,u.,'.,,,i'- I'l,'..! , -i ,,. .....H.Um.iiI i iiii«!'i"l ■ I" :'IV "! 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(ititl llu /)ir(/(ij)iiiiii/s iif llnlr /iniiii-^: \]y (ii.dut.r. CoMiii;. K-(|.* No objrct can lie |in'<('iil('(l (n ilic pliiliisojihic iiiiiul inure nplctr willi iiilnvst tliaii Mil iiii|uirv into llif caii-cs nl' Uic (lilllnnccs dI' natinnal cliarai'tcr. If the caii-ii's l)c natural, ilo tlii'v oi'i-iiiatc in Uic (npinisilinn (if tlir limlv. in llic (Icvi l(i|)iiu'nl. (if (lie lii'ain. in tjic inllucncc of cliniatc m- mi ulial ntlicr pliv-ifal (Hivnl- (III llu y (IciK'iul .' If tlic dili; nnccs ivmiK miIcIv I'mm mural anil jii^lilical chTunistaiicc-. ii i- iinpurtanf lo trace llieir nature and iiitule-^ nf (iperatimi. 'riii-^ subject lia- lieeii iiive^iLralid liv philiisiipher- in -'eiieral. willidut any kiKiwlediiv iif. (ir reference III. the finictinus (if llie diti; i-eiil part- iif the lirain. Phreii(iliiui-t< have avuided Ihi- errnr. and have peinted mit and jiurMied i iiKire perfect iiieth.ul (if inve>tij,atiiin; hnf IIkt hav. imt puldi-hed any separate werk devilled e\cln-ively In Ihi- inipiiry. In prevenliin;- the fnlliiwiim- remark-. I aim (inly at enahlini;- the reader In nh-erve the relative inaiiiiitudev nf the ^\llllle hraiii. and the ivialiv(.' pnipdrlinn- ef Ihe dill'ei'ent parN (if the hrain. indicated h\ the natidiial |.ii!.ji,' s,, iin|i. rlrri a sk.leh, |i w |iin|,rr 1,1 iipaiihai. dial lirloiv I anivr,! m Aiunira Dr. M..r(,Mi \v.u\ nnnal ' 'I'liaile arrau-riii, m.. i;,,- ihr iiiiharalhin ..lliis u-,,ik, liy whirl, lima, wrrv iire-nili.,! hmli m ih,. mimli.a- ol pkitrs aiiil r\U'iii ,.r III,' kiirr |,ir-s. m niiis,M|ii, iiiv ,,l' u-lii.li II u-,is net ill 111- |H.\\aa' i,, allrr, er m niiiir |o |iruriiiv a uavaler >\i-jrv ili.ia is .irrii|ii. .1 liy ilie lulkiwiii^ nlisri'valmii-. 1 relia- llir ivailrr 1,1 my own .S;vs/,'//( (;/■ /'/(/T/ei/c:,','/ I'm ni.irc di'laik'il ml,irmali,iii. towanis llie em! "!' which llua,' IS a s-rlioii ,ai Naliniial Skiii:.-. (is i70 CHAMA AMHIJICANA. 1 piTpaiT thi^ iiu'innir willmul liavinii tlic ailvautaiic nl' x'ciiii; Dr. ISIdi'tiin'!" (|('»ci'ip(iiiii^ dl' the natural cliaraclcis nf llic iliiVcirul Indian Kaccs. 'I'liisc art' iKit vet pi'inlcd. 'I'lir liarnumy nv disiMiid hi twcni his liisldrical ilclinralions. anil llic ijliriiiiilitnical iiuluctions wliicli Uic icaclir w ill lie enabled In draw l)_v apiilyinu; llle laile- now til he laid down, \vill depend dil the decree nf apiil'dxiuiatinn ol' each 111 nalnir. \\ here diverepancies -hall appear, (ine or olhi r ot' our views nni-t he ei'ioneiiii-. I solicit the reader candidly to inve-'liiiate hoth representations, and not to condemn phi'eiiidoiiy at once as cliarL:;eahle excln-ively with error, linperlecl hi-lorical descriptions ha\e lieen iL^iNcn of distant nations, and particu- larly of harharous and sa\a^:e trihes. whose maiuiers have heen iniperl'ectly ohserved. and who-e lanunaLte has heen sc,u'C( ly at all conijii'ehended : and it may nltimately he discovered, that tlie (diaractei'istics indicated hy tlu' si/e and forms of tlieir hrains ha\e heen more cnrrect than the ha-ly impre--ions of travidlers. The favorite opinion with philo-ophers has heen. " 'I'hat the capacities of the human mind lia\e heen. in all a;;r-. the same: and that the diversity of phenomena exhihiti d hy our -pecies. is the result merely of the dilVei'eiil circumstances in which men ai'e placed." "'riii-." says Dugald Stewai't.'- "has Imcj; heen recei\ed as an uiicontrovertihle loLjical maxim : or rather. >u(di i-. the iiilluence of early in-truclion. that we are apt to iTi;ai'd it as one of the mo-l ohvious sn^'i;'estions of conimon sense. And yet. till ahout the tinu' of Moute-(iuieu. it was hy no nnans Ml ;;■( Me rally recoiiuised hy the learned as to have a sensihle intlncnce on (he I'a-hionahle tone of thinkiuL; over iMimpe." 'I'herc is some amhiuuity in this pasxaije. The proposition, that the '-capaci- tii s of the human mind have heen in all ai;i s the sann." dm s not necessarily imply tliat they liave hi en (ililii in all nations. The Hindoo mind may have heen the same in the yiar 100 as in the year isoo. and so may the Kn;;lish and all other national minds; hut it does not follow that either in the yeai' 1(10 or ISOO the Kn^lish and Hindoo miiuls were con-lituted hy nature equal in all tlieir capacities; yet this is what I understand Mr. Stewart to mean: for he adds, "that the diveisity of phenomena exhihited hv our sjiecics. is the lesiilt imrtlij iif f/ii (/ijftnul circiiiiistdiiiis in which men are placed;" emhracinii'. in this pioposition. men of every nation as equally iiifted in mental power. Thei'e is reason to question this doctrine, and to view it as not meridy sjuculatiNely erroneous, hut as layini; the foundation of nimdi hurtful iiractice. When we reiiard the dill'ereut ([uarters of the tilohe. we are sti'uck with till ■ Dls.-rrlallnll ]i|rfl\.-,l 1,1 l-",||ryr|ii]l, linll. )i. 'ij. ArPKNDIX. 271 cxliviiic (liN>imilMrily in the Mldiiiimciils „{' \\n: viiriclii's of iiicii who iiiluiliit tlicin. )!' we ulaiici- if\<]- tlic histurv nf Kiir(i|ic. A>i;i. Allien, ;iiul Aiiu ric;i. \vc sjinll liml ili>liuc( null iiirmaiiciil rciitiiris tt( cliurat'lcr wiiicli stniimiy iiuiicalc natural iliirrrcucis iu their ineutal enuslitutinus. 'I'lii' iuhai)itanls df Kuiojic. heidutiiui; tu tiu' C'auea-liluteil. art- |ii'aeti>((i. ami litiralure takiui;- mut. nut imlv iu iulrr\aK nf traniiuiility. hut iniiiiKt tlic alarms ol' war. Uilniv the I'diindatinn nl' {{lime, the Miruseans hail e-talilished eivilisitina and the arts in Italy. Umler the (ireek and IJonian emiiire-. philnMiphy. lilrrature. and the lim' ails were sediilmislv and -iieeessl'iilly enllivaled: and that portion of the [leople whose wealth eiiahled lliem to pay I'or ediieation. attaiiinl a hi-ii ilei;ree of iutellii;ence ami relinenieiit. I5y the irruption of the iiortlurii hordes, these eonnlries were suhsequeiitlv involved ill a rhaos of i;;iioranee : — hut a-ain the sun of •.eienee ro-e. the (doiiils of (iolhie darkness were dispcdled. and Ihirope took the lead of the world in seieiiee. morals, and philosophy, in the inhahitanis of lhi> purtion of the nhdie. theiv appears an elasticity of mind ineapaldr of heinn- permam'utly reprisved. Hornr down I'or a time hy external \ioleiiec. Iheii' mental energies M^tui to have ;;alhered streii;;tli under the restraint, and at himtli to have Inirsl tluir fetters, and overcome every olistaele opjioscd to their e\pan-ion. NVIiile these remarks are strictly correct in re-ard to the 'I'eutoiiic race in Europe, varieties also of mental aptitude have heen di-played hy other tribes inhahitimi; that re-ion of the ^l.die. In Franc. Indanil and Scotland, the t'lllic race remains far hihind the 'I'eutonic in the arts. science>. philosophy mid civili- sation. When we turn our attenliiiu to .\sia. we perceive manners and institutions which heloii^ to a period loo remote to he ascertained, and yet far iid'erior to the Kuropean siandard. The people of Asia early arrived at a point comparati\elv low in the scale of iniprovemenl. heyoiid which they have never pa-sed. The history of Africa, so far as Africa can he said to have a histor\. presents similar phenomena. The annals of the races who have inhahited (hat continent, wilh few exceptimis. exhihit one iinhrokeii scene of moral and intellectual desola- linn: and ill a quarter of thi' -lid)e eiiihracinn- the uriMtest varieties of soil and climate, no nation is at this day to he found whose iiistilulion- indicate even iiiodi'i-atc civilisation. Smne of the African Irihes. however, have advanced lievoiul the savaiic condition. 'I'licy have cities, rude manufacture;-, aiiriciilture. commerce. Government and laws; and in these respects they urcally excel sieveral of the CIJAMA A.MKHICANA. tiili(>i 1)1' imtivt' Anicvicniis. wlm h.wv roiitiiund xMimlcriii'j; s;ivi\i;fs Irnin tlii' lii'LiiiMiiiin' Id tile I'lul III' tlicir I'xislciuT. Till' n^picl III' Aiurricii is still more di'iiliiralilr lliaii Unit of Ai'ricii. Siir- roiniilcd I'm' criitiirir- ii_v I'linipcMu kiiii\vliiii;r. ciiliriiri-r. ami I'lici'ny. ami iiicitctl III iiii|iriiv(iiiriil liv llir rxainiili' of I'lirnptaii iiisliluliniis. many nl liii' iiali\rs (if lliat ciiiitiiiriit i-cniaiii. al liii' |in'Miil liim\ the same iiii'.( ralilc. waiulrriiii;. Imusf- l('»s and hnvlr-s savaiii^ as llirir aiicr^lnrs wn-c, wlicii C'ldiimlius tir^t sd |'(miI iipnn tliiir Miil. I'arliai cxci plinns In lliis (Icscriplinii may lie t'dund in snmo (if the siintliirii di-lricls III' Nnrlli Amriica: liul the nnnilars who iiavc adnplcd the inmlrs III' civili'-rd lil'r arc sii Miiall. and Ilir priii^i-c»s niadr liy llirm >ii limited, tiiat "prakinLi; nl' liir I'ac:'. \M' ilii nut cx.iii'Liri-iilr in >ayinu'. Ihal liny remain In liic pvi'Miil iimu' envrliipril in all their primitive sa\a^eness. and that lliey have 1 rallied cNtrennU Utile liy the iiitnidnelinii anmm;-l them nf arl>. seience- ami pliiliKiiphy. The -ame nliservalien^ have ni'cnrred In a writer ii. Ilie Kilinlinru;li Heview. The lellewim; remarks on ihe native American charaeler a|ipearid in that wiiik in an .irlicie on - Iln\\ icon's I'pper Canada." in June \sll. — •■ i'nini ;ill that we leain." -av- the reviewer, -ol' the -late III' Ihe aliorinincs of this :;i'eat cinliniiit Irom Ihi- volume, and I'rom every other source of inl'ormalion. it i- e\iilent llial llnv are making no advances towards civilisation, ll is cerlainly a slrikin^- and my-terious t'acl, llial a race of men -luudd thu^ h.ave conlinued for ai;vs slationai'v in a stale of ihe laiih -I liarliai'i-in. Thai lendcncy to improvennnt. a pi'iueiple thai has heen ill arihl more than perha|)s any other to di-ii;illy .uiVMiiccil Id accouiil fur \\\vm' (iilViiciicrs nf nalidiiMl (•liaracliT i^. dial Ilii\v arc prdilufcil hy ilivi r-itics of soil and cliniali'. Hut. allliiiiiuli llicsc may I'l'asdiialily lie Mippdscd In cxcil a ('ci'taiii iiiniiciicc. tlicy arc alto'^clliiT ina(l('(|iiali' In explain tlic wlinic pluiuMiuiia. ^V(• (iiii;lit cNcr In Ix'ar ill iniiid, thai Xaliirc !■< cini'laiit in licr opt ralimi^. and thai tlic same canscs invaiiahly prodncc tlic same cllccls. IIciicc. \vli(n wi; rinil (Xt'cptions in rcMilt wilhdiil iiciiii; alilc to assiijn (lillcrcnccs in causis. wc may rest assured lliat we liave not I'oMiid the' Inie or tlie only cause: and our diliiieiu'c oul;1iI to he (|nickeiied lo ohiaiii new liiiht. and iiol employed in maintaiiiiii'j; the Millicieiicy of that which We possess. If wc survey a niMj) of the wmld. we shall find nations whose soil is I'ertih' and climate temperate, in a lower deuree of im|)ro\ement tiian oihers who arc Ic^s favored. In \'an Diemen's Land and Ne\v South \Vales, a few natives have existed in Ihe most wrel(died po\(rly. iiiuorance and dei;radation. in a ciiuiilry that enriches Iviropeans as fast as they posMss it. In America, too. Europeans and native Inilians have li\cd for centuries under liie iiillueiu'e of the same plnsical causes: the former have kept pace in their ad\auces with their hretliren (HI the idd conliiient. wliilethe latter, as we have seen, remain siMiinuary in saviUic ii;norance and indolence. Such diU'ereiices are not I'onluied to Ihe i^reat cnuliiienls alone : hut dillerent Irihes in the same hemisphere seem lo piissrss (liU'ereut decrees of native minds, and these remain uncham;iii tlu-ou^h numerous ai;'es. Taeitus descrihes tlir (iauls as i:av. v(dalile. and lu'eciiiitate. pnuie to rush to actinu. Iml without the power of sustaiiiiu!^ adversity and the tm;- of siiifc; and this is tlie cliaraeter of tlu' C( Hie portion of Ihe i'rench nation down to thi' |)i'es(iit tlay. lie represmts the I'ritons as co(d. considerate, and sedate, possisscd of intellectual talent, and says tliat he jirefers tlii'ir native aplitndi' to the livelier maimers of the (iauN. The sami' mental (pialities characterisi the Kiuiiisli of the nineteenth century, and they and the French may still he ciinlrasled in similar terms, 'I'acitus descrihes ||ie ( iermaiis. allowing- for their state of civilisatiiui. as a hold, prudent, sidf-deiiy ini;'. and virtuous penph'. possessed it\' i;'reat force ol charact'r: and the same fiMlures distinguish them still. 'I'he native Irishman, in maimers, dispositiiuis and capacities, is a heiiiii w idely dill'irenl from the low land Scotchman: and if we trace the two nations to the remotest antiipiily. the same characteristic (liU'erenccs arc found. These dill'eri'nces hetweeu natimis liviicj; under similar elimatis, are com- GD 17 1 CHAMA AMKHICAN V. iiiiiiilv attrilinliil ciitirilv tii llw nliijiiius niiil pulilifiil iiisliliiliniis dl' the scvi nil (•(luiiln'cs. I'lislivtrn mill \y,\y'\>\\ scliuiils. I'nr i xiuiiiilc . ,irc Mijipdvcil tn Imvc riMidcrt'il llir Scdicliiiiiiii liuliilimlh .ittciitivr \» lii«. own inh ivsl : ciiiitidiis, tliminlitliil.Miiil lidiiot: wliili! I'opcrv mikI Calluilic pii.sl^ li;i\r iiiiulc llic Irisliiuiiii I'lTc anil tjciicrinis willial. Iiiit precipitate and iiiircllcctiiiLj — rcailv in the ;;ii>t (if passion to saciilicc liis friend, and in the nh.w ol" iViencMiip to ininiolate liiinself. It is l'oii;(jtleii tiiat there were au'es in whieh popery and jiriots jiad eijiial ascend- aiiey in all the Uritisli i^hs : and lliat tlie Knuiishnian. Irishman, and Seoteliniaii. were lieiims IIS speeilieally distinct then as at present: hesiihs. tiie nion correct, as well as till' more projoiiiid \ie\\. is to regard nliijioiis unii pnlilieal institutions, when not lorced upon a peoph' hy external con(|ues|. as the spontaneons i^rowth ol' their natural propensities, sentinieiils and iiitellectnal faculties. Hierarchies and eonstitntions do not sprin;; iVoin tlie uroinid. hut from the minds of nien. if we suppose one nation to he gifted with iiuieli wonder and vem ration, and little eonscii'iitioiisni'ss. relleetion and self-esteem: and another to possess an endowment exactly the reverse: it is ohvioiis that the first would he naturally prone to super- stition in reliiiion. ,111(1 Mrvility in the state: while the seeoiid wiuild. hy native instinct, resist all attempts to make them reverence (hinns unholy, and tend eonstanlly towards political institutions, litteil to alVord to each individual the ijratilication of his self-es|eeiu in independence, and his eoiiseientiousncss in e(|uality liefore the law. Those who contend that institutions came first, and that character loUows as their ellect. ai'e hoiiud to assign a cause for the institutions themselves. If they do not spiin^r (Ymn the native mind, and are not forced on the |)eople liy cominest. it is dillicult to see whence they can oritiinatc. The plireiioloiiist is not satisfied with tiiese cominon theo.ies of natimial ciiaracter: he has oliscrved that a particular si/.e ami form of hraiii is the invariahle concomitant of particular dispositions and talent--, and that this f;u't ludiK o(„,il i,, the case of nations as well as of iiidi\ iiliials. II this view he correct, a kno\vleili:e ol the si/e of the hraiii. and the jiiopor- tioiis of its diirereiit parts, in the dill", rent varieties of the liumaii race, will he the key to a correct appreciation of the dill'ereiic.s in their natural mental emlownunts. on wliiidi external circumstances act only as modifyinir iulliieiices. Such, accord- innly. is the lin-ht in which 1 renanl this Linai sulijeei. |r the si/.e of the lirain and the proportions of its (jiirei-.ut |,,.|,.|., l^. the index to natural national character, the jiresent woj'k. which represents with L:reat lidelity the skulls of the American trihes. will he an authentic record in which the philosopher may read the nali\e AIM'KNDIX. 275 tliat .'i|ililiiili ^. ili^|ii>>ili(>iis null iiii'iiliil I'lii'ci' III lliiM' r;iiiiilirs nl' iniiiikiiiil. Il tlli^ (lorliiiir lir iinriiiimlril. tliiM' <.kiilU HIT iiiirr l';icl> ill Niitiiinl lli^lm y. inrTiitinu; no piirliciiliii' iiilui'iniilinn ;i< In Ihr iiiriil;il i|iiiilitiis ul' lln |irii|ili'. Ill appl} iiii; pliniioliiuy to I'lr rluriilatimi nl' I'haiai'tri' M'^ inilii'atiil liy naliuiial >klllN. till' Illiisj inipiirlalll |lit. 'I'll jiiilur III' tlir sizi 111' liii' \\iinli' liraiii. 'I'liis is imiicatiil liy llif (limciisiniis 1)1' llir skull. .Mau.ii'.lii'. in iiis Cniiipciiiiiimi ol' IMiysiii|iii;y. says tiial ••till' niily Wiiy nf (slimaliiii;- tin' ruhinir nf llii Iniiin. in a liviii'j; |)risnii. is |n iiud.iiiir l/ii ilhiK iini'iiis tif lilt ulniil; ivrry nllu r niraiis. cmii llial prnpnscd liy C'aiiipri'. is iiiiiTitaiii ' (.Milli'.;aii'i 'I'laiisjalinii. p. Iill.) Sir C'liarlis Hill nbsrrvrs. ■•tiial tllr liniics nf llic ||i;ii| me ninllliliHl In liii' liraill. ailil lllf prcilliaP sliaprs III' \\\v liniiis dl' tlic |i(;ul air (Irlriiniiicd I)y tile nlii;iii,il j)i ciiliarily in llic sliapr III' till' liiaiii. " (Urll's Analnniy. II. p. ;J!)i).) Dr. (Jnrilnii. in tiii' I'mty- niiilli Niiiiilicr of tiir Kilinluiriiii Hrvirw. ailinits that "tlii'ic is in innst iiislniii'is. a n'lncral cnrrispoiHlciu'r lirhvrrn tile si/c nf Uir cranium, ami llir ipianlily nf ci'iiliruni : that lari;r liraiU iisiialiy I'nnlain lariir Inains. and small liraiis small lirains." (j). XMi.) 'V\w si/.f of till' iialiniial skulls iudicatrs tlic dimiiisinns nf thr brains wiiicli liny cniitaiiird. 'I'iir iiillui ncr of si/r ill ilic brain mi national clMractrr may br jnilni'd nf fl'iim till' I'nIlnW iuj;' I'ai'ts. First. 'I'lir hi'aiii nf a cliilil is small, and its miiid is wrak. As the brain Lj;rn\vs in si/i' ami attains In nialurity in striU'turt'. tin mriital iiiaiiil'rstatiniis iiu'rrasc in viiinr. Sifiiiiil/i/. A small brain is mic but not the niily caiisi' nf idincy. A brain may hi' riilai'urd by disrasc and idiiu'y iiisur: but if this nrt;aii br Inn small, althnuiih it br hraltli_\ in strurluri'. iilincy is an invariabli' cnnsi'iiurnci'. Pliri'- nnliiiiists liaM' in vain callnl nn tlirir nppnnriils tn prnducr a siiiiili' iiistaiirr n\' thr mind briiij; manil'isti' I \ii;ni'nus|y by a vrry small brain. Dr. (iall lias laid i; r wn as a fat't. to which tliirr is tin rxccptinii. that \\hi'ri' the brain is sn small that the hnriznutal circumlcii'iicc nf Ihc head ilncs not cxcii'il thirteen or fnurteeu inches, idincy is Ihe invariable conseiiueiice. " t'nm- plete intelligence. " he remarks, "is absnltitily imiinssible with sn small a brain : ill such cases iilincy. mnre or less cnnipbte. invariably ncciirs. and tn this rule no I'Xceptinn cither has been, nr ever will he fiiiiiid.' To Ihe same eU'ect. Dr. Spur/heim. in his work mi Insanity, says: -We arc very well aware that a ^rcal number nf facts, repeated under varinus circumstances, are necessary bel'nre we can draw a i;eiieral cmiclusion : but with res|iect to idintism from birth, vm' have nu IHAMA AMKIMCAN A. m:i(li' -ucli ;i ininilii r nl' hIim rvntimi^ in v;iriiiu> (•nmiliii*. lli;it \M' li;i\c iin In-ilii- lioii ill alliiniiiiL; tlinl ;i Inn siiimII liiiiiii is iiiil'il Inr llic ni.iiiil'cxliilion nl' tin niin.l. I lieu; til nniMi'k. Iliiil I dn iml >i\\ lli;i| iilinliNin is ilir nllrilinlc n|' :i inn sin;ill lll'llill nlilv: iilintisin niliV lit' lilr roilll nf (lillirilll (MIIsc*, nllc nf wllicll is ;i tun sinilll lir;iill. We ;il'i' cniuilll'rd (Vnin nlist r\;ilinli. tli;it (lie l;i\vs nf nallllc lire cnlistiillt : .111(1 if VVi' CI lllillllilllv iilis( I'M' lli:il lllr ^.uwr |illi linilirlinll lllkis place iiinlrr till' saiiic circiiiiis(anc('s, we cmisiilt r our cniiclusinn as ciitaiii. till i'\|iri'i- t'licc sjinws till' cmitrary. Nn mii'. tliiii. lias llir rinlit In inaiiitaiii that an inl'nriicc is Inn liaslilv drawn lircaiisc lie lias iinl iiiadi a siiHicic nl nniiiliri' nf nliscrv itimis. it is Iii> duty In s|i,i\\ j'acts wjiicli |iriivi' tlic ciintran. il' lir intiiid In deny the inl'i'iiiicr. " in till' .Iniinial nf Mh' l'liiiiinlni;ical Sncii l\ nl" Palis. I'm- April I SJ '>. Dr. \ oi^in ri pnrts nlisirvMiinns niadc npiui tlie idints uiidrr his caii' at the I'aiisiaii lliisiiilal nf Incuialili's. in lU'drr tn Miify llie assrrtinii nf Dr. (iail in the pasvaij;e just ([Uiitrd : and iiuntiniis that hi fniind it sulislaiiliatrd hy rviry mii' nf his ciiMS. Ill the |n\\i'>t class nf idints. wiirle till' illt I'llrctual lllanifi'stal inns Wiri- null, the hni'i/.nntal eireunil'rrini'c. t.iki ii a iil'ii' higher than ih ' nrhit. \.iiird frmii t li \en In thiltri II inches, whiji' tllr ilisl.illCi' frnni the rnnt III' the linsr li.U'kwards n\i'r the |np nl' tile he. id In the nccipitai spine was ii|i|_\ in Iwitii i i^ht and nine inches, will n t he sj/c varied fmni fniirleeii In scxcutccu iuthes nf hnri/niital nil asiire- 1 lie 111. and elrM'll nr t\\i'l\e ill the utile I' direct ii ill. l:I i iiljiscs nf fr( lilies and raildnin illtellil'lual pel'Cepliells Were iih>er\ali|e. lillt witlmut ally |in\\ ir nf atti 111 inn nr fixily nl' idea-. I.astl_\. whin the lil'-t nie.isiiri nuiit (Alrnded tn eii;lite( n nr llillelei II illldle-. all linlli;'ll the head was still ~lliall. the illlrllecllial inanifesl.iliniis Were ri'u;nlar ennu;;li. hut delieiiiit in iiileii'.it\. In a full si/cd lie.id. the lii'>t nil asurenieiit is eipial In twenly-twu iiiehis. and the sicmiii in ahiuit I'nurtieii inches. Sn lal'n'e was the head n{' Spur/hiilii. that e\eii mi the skull the«e l\M) nieasiii'enieiils aniniintid tn .'.'I and I i inches ri -pectively. '/7///'i////. iiiili\idiials and natiniiN di>l iiiuuislird fur lJ lea I atriire^iate fnrce nf mind, .'ininial. nmral and inlillectiial. ha\e had larije liraiii>. Kiiii; Wnhrrl Miiice. \a|in|inii. C'livier. Caiinva. Hums the |inrt. Di'. (iall aiul Dr. Spiii'/hcini. aiimnu iiieii. and lile 'I'elllnllie race cnni|)ared with the iliiidnn aiuniin' natiniis. may lie cited as examples. 1 (In lilt adduce thesr nlisci'valinlis as irii/ilic( tn jiniri the ihlllleiice nf si/c ill the hr.iin mi the pnwer with which the faculties nf the mind are manifested, hut merely as a sialinieiit nf the prnpnsiiidu that such inlluence exists. The suhject '.vill he fniind nmre fully expniinded ill my Systriu it\' IMirennlniiy. in which aUn the inlluence nf ti'i.iiier.'imeut. health, and exercise, in miidil'\iiii; tli(^ AIMM'ADIX. m cIVii'ls (if si/c. is cviilniih'tl ; Ik caii^i^ (lir (•(iinct |ilir(iiii|n^;i('iil iinipdjtilifiii i*. (hat ollii r ('(iM(liliiiii> lii'itii; i'i|iiiil. III!' -'\/r of lai'li i>i';;aii is an iiKlicaliuii nf llic vii;iir of llir iiiiiitai faculty wliicli it iiiaiiif(- ilill'iTcnl parts. Onr additional iiiforniation rarciv ixtiiids lnyonil tin: condition in wliicli tlir triliis l•\i^l^d. \'\/.: wlntlii r liny wire savages, harliarians. or civilised. I shall, for Ihrsi' reason^, conlinr my n inarks cliiilly to the si/e of the -kiills. and to the proportinns of their dill'eienl nuions. .Vccorilini; to these views, the anti'reijate natural menial imwii'. (animal. moral, and inlcllectnal.) of (he in(li\idiials com|insini;- any nation, will (other conditions heinn ei|nal) lie ureal or smiill in pioportion to the sj/i' nf their lirains. Plate lAXi repriMMts a S\vi>-s «.|viil|. „\' Mvcra-.;-!' size, part of the eojlrction of the l'hreno|o'j,ical Society of I'.dinhnr^h. I have vi-iled S\\ ilzerland and seen many skiilK of lli.it jieoplc and tluN one ;ippi ar> to me to r, pic -., nt fairly llic a\eia'j;e char.ieleristics. ilisloi'y informs n^ that in a rude a;:' . In fnre nioilirn civ ili-alion \va^ evtahli^hed. this pcoplr. in a w ild and inlin-.pitaMe country. di^pla\ 'il e\lra- ordinary mental \inor (animal, moi.d ;iiiil inlidlcclnal.) in \ iniiicaliu'j; and n ain- taininn civil and nliiiious lilicii_\: and ut know that thr suue eliaracler cnnliiiur* to dislin^uiNli them in the proeiil d.iv . 'They may here iir a-.-iimed a'- a -prcimeii of a powerful race, to ^erve as a ■•taudard h_\ wliiidi to cnnipare the '■kulls ol the other trilu V ri'iu-evented in tlli^ \vork. The nieasuremi'nt> of Ihi-- Swi^- ^kull. a^ taken hy Dr. Mortiui and Mr. Phillips, are a- follow ; l'lll!ii|'|iiL.'rllllUi'llr^ Sill'-i^ln 111, .\|i|inilKiU\ liir^--. I'llllllM.-'^. - Ciillvrinaiinisllr^'-, \'l llrr.lUilll, ll..,.e, .MlllVrlliillMR'SS, I,lr;ilny, - Hnii'Voliairi', CiiiHiilily, - Iiuliviilu.ility, 70 1. 1 I 'I ■I.H ■!.■> ■I.S 1.1 (ll.lrr. .... I.J Siviviivnu'-is. - - - ■!. I'l ( ,IUI1M11M|('>>. - - - '■'! 1 III sll llillV.iir^s. - • • .'."-'l CollllMlUi'lH'^--, - - - i-l-' lii'liv'jliialily I" I'lnliipri'-riiilivciioss. 7..' (■|>ni|i;in--iiii III L'ciiiiTiiir:iii',riir;-s. - i'-7 (■;llllinu^ll.-s^ |iM';iiilinllMir-.S, - "i.Vi lil.aliiy In lilralily. - - - 1.71 Srrlr||\rlir-s l.i >,vn Uvi'lli'S^, - li. |)i'>li'urlivriicss III llc■~ll■U(■ll^^lu'^s, - 'i. I CunilMlivi'iii'SS to coiiib;ilivciii'Ss. - .'i..; ('iiinlnirliWiiess I.I i.'Oii>lru(iivelirss, -l.ii (!an>;iliiv to causulilv, - - -M ns CHAMA AMKHK ANA. I.'l Alr'll IhllM IMIIIIilll III I'.UIIli'll, •'.li'l ' ItiMli'Vi'Irlli 1', • N'rIH'l.llliill, I 1 - '■^ I " ; ' ^l|■|liM^^■., I ^ '- I -; : • ( llll-n^lll|llll^i|r■•s, II. '5 I.J \.r, 1.7 l.:i \.} Si|pr;l-.Mli. liir.'llllrM III i';lll~:ilily, .M.Miii-ic>iii|iiir.il liiir, lllli'l-s|i|li'lliM(l,il hue OVrl lillcillllij or'.;. Ills, .... Illlrl .s|il|rn.iii|,ll lull' (H, I |iiTrr|ilH !■ MIL'. Ill-, .... .Melius 111 (■;llllliill'.|lr-i, . - ,I,M - - ■. 'I'llc illli I'lLlI (Mlliicitv III' lliis «ku|| is It.'i.,") Cllllic illl'llrs ; |||i' rjHtJIl'il}' III' (lie (•orimMJ I'cuiiiii 21..',"> Cllllic iiiclns; Incial iiii;j,ic, S7 . On ciiiiipai'iiii; IIum; iin ,i»iiiTiiuiits \>itli tlm-i' nl IIh' .Vinrricin skulls a.s cxiiiliitfd ill Dr. iMiiiliin'"! ImMo. llic ililli riiiccs will lie seen: nr hv i mnpaiiiii; the (liiiinisiims III' this Swiss skull as tliiv appear to llic eye in llie plalc with lliiisc III' the iiilier skulls (l( line iteil ill this wiii'k. all liiiiii!; ilrawii as hirnc as nature, their lelaliM prnpiiiliiiiis will liecmne a|i|iai'int. .\s. hiiweviT. ilitli rent parts df the hraiii iiiaiiil'i'^t liill'ereiit imiital laciilties. the miiiiid oliject in sIikIuii.; iiitiimal ciMiiia is to jiiil'j.<' nl tin' ^l/r nl the (lilli'ieiil parts III' the hrain in irlatiiin tn each ntln r. 'I'liis is inilis|ieiisaMe In a ciirt'cct eliiciilati'in nf nieiital cliaractei' as iiiilicalid liy the lirain : lint the limits til which 1 am ciiiirineil pre\eiit me rmm enteiiiej; intu minute detail. I. then- I'lin . ('I inline in_\ sell In a lew ililicliniis I'lip esliiiiatim;' the si/e 111' each 111' the three ureal leniiiijs (if tlie liraiii — tiial which is the si at nf llie iiitellectnal lacnlties; that which is Ihe sr.il III' the mural anil reli^imis s( ntinieiits : aiul that which is the seat III the animal piupeiisiiies. and nf the seiiliinents ciimmnii III man and the liiwi r animals. Isl. 'I'lie anteriiir hdie nf the hi'iiin i^ the -fi\t eiiii lly nf the intclleclnai pnwiTs. The jnwer ridu,!'. aiiil tile miiliile pi I iieniliciil.il' |iiiiliiin. manirest the faculties whicii iiliseive iiiiiri'ls that exist, llieii' iiualitirs, arliniis. and physical relalinns. 'The ii|iiier aiiteriur ridi^e manil'ists the pnwei's which ciimpare. nllcct. I'stiniate causes, ami draw inferences. Tlu' siiperinr hurizunhil piirtiiin nf the iinterinr Inlie mailil'esis snnie nf the llinral seiilimeuls. The anierinr lulu rests nu tile super-niliit ir plates, and tliese jilales indicate its hriifillt frnm side in side, and its lenntii fmni i'rnnt tn hack. The hniullli cm lie estimated liy nu ills iil callipers applied In tile iNlelinr nf the skull, .it the pnint where tile super-nrhitar plate readies eicli side. A. Plate LWI. The liuiilk it^ tlie siiper-nrliilir plate, and nf the , • 'erinr Inhe. frnm Irniii to hack, inav he iiid'j:ed nf, lint with iiial lii'iiiat ical accuracy, lint tn a decree (dnsely apprii.viinatirii; In truth, liy measiiriie^ the distance In wliicli the sj^nll exiends I'nrward from the pnint A In li nil tile superciliary riiliie. Tile pnint \ is Incaled in the jniddle AIM'KNDIX. 370 li.i I.. I I. II 1.7 1..' Icctllill ■>l (lie IVsicill rillccl. of (lie «|lili'r liclwriri llir ril.;r III' llii' siillll'i' iil' llii' rrii|il;il liiilli' iillil llir ril;.'!' iil' llir >i|ll;ili|iiMs '•liliii'i' III llir lrni|iiir:ll Imllr, wllrl'c llirir Umi ;i|i|i|'iiiU'll llriin">l In ilicll iillii'i. nil llir |il;iiii' III' till Mijii I'i'iliMi'v I'lili;!' Oil r\;iiiiiriiii'^ a iMiinlii r III' ii|irii "kiilN. I Iliiil tli.'it a Hill' I'liii ilin rllv ai-i'iilr. Ill till' ('iii'ri'x|i /'//:.'■ licail. it all'niils ;i nnaiis nl' aii|nrcialiiiu; llir Irli'^lll nl' tlir aillrlinr jnlir in living |irrsnl|s. 'I'lir ni,i«ks nf Napolrnn and C'annva sjinw very Imii; aiilrrinr Inlirs uliiii iiicasiirnl aci'nnlinn In l|ii> rnlr. 'I'lir //(/:,'•/(/ nl" the aiilninr jnlir. sn I'ar as il nianirr^ls llir inlrlli cliial lacnlliis. may lir rslinialnl liy a linr drawn I'lniii II mi llir >ii|irrriliai'y ridi;r. In a jininl alinilt a l|liai'lrr III' an inch almvr llir nnlrr n|' nssiiicalinn n|' llir rrnnlal linnr I). i'lalr l,\\l. 'I'llr |inin| 111' ns>irKMtiiin, I). Ill' llir I'liilllal linnr cnrirslimids In llir criltlr 111' llir iiri;an nl cail-ality n]\ racli »idr. 'I'llr spacr illfllldcd in 1), A. I?, dninlrs tlir diinrll-inlis 111" llir aiilrrinr jnlir ilrvnlrd In inli'llcct ill tlir Swiss kull. and assiimr all thr rrninn almvr this linr. nr thr space included in V.. C. I), tn iiianii'i ^1 tlir iiimal sintimriils. 'I'lle space K. C'. K. drnnlrs the seal nf the iirnalis ni M'lf-rslrrm. Inve nf apprnliatinn, and cantinnsness. C hriiiii in thr crntrr nf cantiniisiir>s. 'riiesr three scutiments are commmi In man with the Inwer aniinals. Srlf-estrrm and Invc nf apprnliatinn. take their direclinii fnun the iirednminant faculties with which they arc cnniliiued in the individual. If we lind thrni cnmhinrd with a hi;;h cnnnial reninn. they will assist the ninral senliinrnts. If Ihrv hr cniiiliincd with thr 280 CRANIA A:\IEniCA\A. foidiial rciiioii small, ami tlif liasc t,( \hv bniiii (the nrnaiis iyiiii;- IilIow !-'. C. I).) laruc tlicy will nivf an increased stiiniihis In the animal I'eelinns. Tile fiilliiwimr fitriiic.s will serve as adilitional illuslialinns nf lliese nieasiire- menls. I'l;;. I.— (i.nninii^ i' "^^ (€' 1-V. ^.-MlM' ,-'"■, .\.\\ \ , Ji>. / / ^ ■ .-- •a; \ o \ 7^ Fiii'. 1 re]ire-en1s llic head III' (i. imth her pareiiN. her t'nnc {diildreii. her first and seeond hnshanil>. ml alidul si,\ ethei' iiuli\ idii.ils. The line A 15 cdinmenee-- at the dr^ian nf eausalify IJ. ami passe^^ tliiMii^h tile middle df eantidll>-iiess. | >. 'I'jieve |)iiints al'e in ueiieral ^nllieiellt ly dis- tiiiLiiii^hahle dii the skull, and llie line can (a^il\ he traced. The cdn\(ilntidns lyinn' ahdVe the line A \\ ninst have hicn -liallnw and sinall. cuinpared with tliose hiddw. whicdi are devdted td the animal jiVdpi ii'-ilie^. V\'l. l is a sl-cetcli df the In ad df a Ni';:i'd calh il I'.n^lache. who was a^ mmdi di-'liiiiiiii-lied for hii;li nidralily and practical lienevdience. ;;•. (idtlfried \\a^ fur dellcieney df tlle^e l|nalities. DnrinLi the ma'-sacre nf the whiles hy the NcLirocs in SI. Ddiniiii;'!). JMistaidie. wliili' in the capacity (d' a ^lave. ^a\ed. hy his address. cdiira:;e and de\-dtidn. the live> el' his master anil njiwards of four hundred nthcr while--, at the daily ri-'k nf lii> nwn ^al'ety. 'I'hr line A 15 is drawn IVdin causality 15. lhrdn'.;h canlidiisin ss. i .> ; and the lireal si/.i' (d' the cdn\dliiliiiiis of the iiidral sentiments may he jiidu'ed df liMm the -pace lyini;' hetweeii lliat line and the tnj) (d' the head C. Ijdth id' the -kelclie-. are drawn iVdin hn-ts. and the cdii\iihilidns are tilled in siippii-ilivi ly fur the sake nf illnstratidn. The depth df the cnnvidiitidiis. in hdih cut-', is greater than in nature, tliid the cdiilra-t may he rendered the imire por- ceptilde. It will he kept in miiid. that 1 am here im rely leaidiini;' rules for idisei\inu head-, and imt pidvin;;- particular I'aids. The -paces, linwcvcr. hetwccii the liiu' ,\ ]J and the top nf the head, arc accurately drawn to a scale. APPENDIX. 281 l)i'. Al)r;iiu Cox lins siiijij^cstcd, (liat (In size of llic ('oiivolutions wiiicli con- stitute tlu^ oi'u;aii> of scll'-cstccin, love ol' a|)i)rol)ation. eonceiitrativpiiess, adlietsivc- iiess, and i)liiloi)ro;;ciiitivi'iiess. may l)e estimated l)y tiieir projection heyond a liase formed liy a plane passim;- tliroii;;li the centres ol' the two or;;iins ol' cautiousness and till' spinous jn'ocess ol' the occipital hone, He was led to this conclusion hy a minute examination of a ureat number of the s'uulls in the collection of the JMn'euoloi;ical Society. A section of this plaiu' is represented hy the lines C 1). in Fiijs. 1 and .'. To delermiue the si/e of the convolutions lyiuii in the lateral rei;ions of the head. Dr. Cox proposes to iniaiiine two vertical planes jjassim;' through the ori;ans of cau--ality in t'ach hemispliere. aud dii'ectly backwards, till eacli meets the outer Iiorder of the point of insertion of tlu' trapezius muscle at the hack of the neck. 'I'he more the lateral convolutions project beyouil tiiesc |)lanes. tlu^ larger do the organs in the sides of the head ap|iear to be — namely, eonibativene-s. destructive- nes-.. secretiveness. cautiou>ni ^s. ac(|uisitiveness. and coustructivencss: also, to some extent, tune, idealitv. wit. and mimber. I',^,.n,— Civ.iMi-l:. ' mild and paeilic. Dr. Cox s\iggests farther, that the size of the conv(dutions lying at the base of the brain, may be esiimated by their projection below a plane passing tlinuigh the superciliary ridges and the occipital spine, (D E. Fig. I. and D. Fig. 2.) and by o!)serving the distance at which the opening of tlie ear. the mastoid process, and other points of the base of the skull, lie below that plani'. 71 2S-2 CRANIA AMERICANA. 'I'lic ininilicr ol' national crania aci't'ssiblc (o any individnal is ciiiiiparalivcly >niall, and liic conclii^idns wliicii can in' drawn Ironi tlicni nni>t lie pruportidnally inipcrlcct. I. Ilicrelorr. stale tlic lollowinii; dcdnclions. nut as ascertained scienlitic results. l)nl as tlinse tn \^hicll I liave heen led by sncli lads as have liitlierln fallen nnder my (d)servali()n. 1. Tlie iiis. Mild cmnliativeuess or de^tnutiveness. in tlio majority of the penjde. Iiiili/K iii/(iir( n( a foreinn yoke may lie aciiieved. //V.sV///. by suhiiiitlini; to exlerniiliatiou in pi-eference to suhji I'tioii: m- src(iiiell'-defelice. The former (iniiep( luhliee !ilailltaine;l at tlie expense of exiNleiice) is the re-iilt of a comhiiKilinn in wliicli llu' organs of self-esteem, lii'inness. ('(unlialivcness and di-trueliveiie-v nw /ihis. and the moral and iiitenretnal oriiaiis iuinu>: and the ;iun|'ro;ale si/r of the whole liraiu is minus, in the nation which is exterminated, compared with that of the "ilinn which attacks it. 'The Carihs and the li'o(|Uois Indians, (see IMales WWII miuI liXI\'.) for example, have never Iieen siihdued hy the Aiiiihi Saxnii race, liut iia\c slrrnly maintained their iiiihpiiid( nee. They. how e\ir. have noi heen able to sustain tlieiiiseUes as independent eommnnilies possessing- thiiiiiw 11 territories : but ha\e either iieen exterminated or removed into distant re^iious. They h.ive reeedeil before the superior strenii'th. combination, and skill di' tiieii' invaders, lint never bowed the iieek and became (piietly subjecl to till ni. Tiir coiiihination now mentioned occurs in their brains. Iik/ijii iii/i iici sii'iira/ III/ xiicr(>is:fii/ silf-iltj'i iin . is tlie aceompanimeni of an aiit:re;;ate size of brain, auiinal. moi-al and inlelbetnal. etpial to that of llu invading nation. Tlie Araueanians. (I'lales lA \ 1. L.W II. IA\ III.) in South America, and the Swiss in Kiirope. (I'iale L.Wl.) all'ord examples of this I'emai'k. /'( niiiiiK III xiilijitruiit In II J'lirii^n i/nki. is the result of an inferior ai;';;reu;alc devi lopment of brain, animal, moral and iiitt lleclual, in the people subdued, to that possessed by the eoni[Uerini;' tribe: but with the moral and iiitidleclnal orijaiis lai^Ljer in tlie subdued people in proportion to the orirans of conilialiveness. deslrnc- tiveiu-^s anil self-esteem, than they exist in tribes \vbi(di prefer extermination to suiiinission. Tjie l'eru\ians and Mexicans, sul dued by the Spaniards, and the Hindoos subdued by tile iirilisji in India, all'ord examples. In them the airiireijatc si/.e of the wlnde brain is less than the ai;i;renate size of the whole brain in the Spaniards and English: but in them also the moral and intellectual regions of tlie brain are larger in proportion to the animal region, than in the Caribs and the Iroiiuois Indians. The increased size of the moral and intt llectnal regions in APPENDIX. 283 proportion (o llif luiiinal rci^ioii. nivcs docility, while the dcficieney in !i<;i!;regate .size is iicconipiinied hy leehlcness of eharacter. Imlvpnutrnvc accompanied hy ririlisn/ion. is the result of lavi;(^ aiinrenate size of hrain. with tiie intellectual organs well develo))t'd. and the intellectual faculties cultivated. liii/ipcndnici. cirilisa/ion.wud jxililifiti frrrdom. are the results of larite a™'re- gate size of brain, the moral and intellectual regions pridominating in the majority of the people, aided hy long cultivation. This conihination characterises tiie British. Anglo-Americans, and Swiss. Among the native tribes of Norlii America, tlie Clierokees and Chip[ie\vays have made the greatest advances towards civilisation: and the coronal and int(d- leclual regi(Uis in tlieir brains ai'c lari^er in proportion to thai of tlie animal propensities, than in tiie brains of liie llui'oiis and otlur tribes which ha\i' con- stantly receded before the JMn'opeans. These trilii's have preserved their ilide- pendener. and the aggregate size of tiieir brains, intduiling the animal, nioial antl intellectual regions, is larger tlian that of the Peruvians of the Inca race, who liave submitted to suiijcetioii. and larger tiian that of tlie Hurons who have icsisteil subjection, but been extci'iiiinated. As the present work may C(mie into the possessiim of readers wiio have not ready access to tlir coninion Phrenoliii;ical works, 1 subjoin a drawing ol' liie skull liaviu'^- the organs marked on it, I'late LXXl. and a table of the functions of the organs. The organs are divided into oi'ders and genera as follows: OWDKR I.— FEELINGS. Genus 1. PHOPENSITIES— rWw/»r/H h, Man with llir Loirir .Iniinuh. *1. AM.vrn I'.M.ss — produces sexual love. '2. Piiii.oei!(H;i;Mri\ r..\Ess. — Csoi; All'ection for young and tender beings. — .Ihitsrs: Pampering and sixiiling children. 3. Co^('r.^•ruv■rl^r,N^.ss, — I'srs: It givi>s the desire of permanence in place. and renders permanent, emotions and ideas in the mind. — Jhxm.s: .\ version to move abroad: mori)id dwelling on internal emotions and ideas, to the neglect of external impressions. '1. Aimr.siM-.Ne.ss. — I'.srs: Attachment; friendship and society result from it. riiesi' miiuliers R'l'oi' lo tiie conespiimliiit' munliLTS on I'latu LXXI. 284 CRANIA AAIHKICANA. — J/iii.sis: Cl;iiisliip fur imprDix r objects. nUacliimiit to worllilcss indi- viduals. It is iiciuniliy stronn; in uormii. 5. C(»MiiATni;Ni>s.— Ak.v; t'onranv to meet daniicr and overcome dilliciillies. tendency to opjiose ;ind attack wliatever reiiniivs opposition, and resist unjust (■ncn):iciinients.--.y/;„.sr,v.- Love of ciuitention. and tendi ncv to prnvoive and assault. 'I'liis IVelini; obviously ndapts man to a uoild in Avhicli danger and dilliculty alimnul. C. l)i>Ti!i cincM s>. — I'sLs: Desire to destroy noxious objects. ;hi(I to kill lor tood. 11 is very diseeruilile in carnivorous (mimals. — . y/<».ve.v .• Crneltv. min-der. desire to torment, tendency to passi,,n. ra^c and liMrsbiu ss. and severity in siieecii and wriliiin'. Tliis leelin- places man in barmony witb deatli and d-siniclion. w liicli are woven into tbe sysieni of sublunary cre.ition. ^'rne. i.i)\ i; or i.irr;. I'AiMT.Tiri; roii ro(M).— / w.v.- Nntrition. — lliii.sif: (iluttony and drunken- ness. 7: Si:(ni'.TiM-,M.s«._rs7.s.- Tendency to restrain witliin tlie mind tiie various emotionsand i(b'Mstlial inviduutariiy present tbemselves. until tile jud-nH'Ut has approved nf nivin- them utteraiu^e: it is simjiiy the propensity to t-nnccai. and is an iu-redient in prnilence. — l/msis.- t'unuin- deceit, duplicity, ami iyini;. ■s. A( ()Ms||im;m.,^._/-,,.,,. i),,,i,.,, ,,, pii-.ess. and tendency to accumulate articles of utility, to provide a-ainst want.— .7A//.S7,s.- Inordinate desire of l)ro])erly. selllsinnss. avarice, theft. 9. Cons rill (rn CM. s-.— r.sY.v.- Desire to build and construct ^vorks of art.— J/iii.sis.- Const, -uci ion of eniiiues to injiuv or destroy, and labrication of objects to deceive inaidvinil. (ieiius II. SENTIMENTS. I. Snitii)ini/s inniiiKin la Man (tuil llir Loirir Jniiiiiih. 10. SRi,r-r.sTnc.M.~/:sv,v,- Self-resp,.cl. sell-interest, love of independence, per- sonal di-nity.— .//,».v,,v.- Pii.le. disdain, overwcenin- conceit, excessive s(dlishness. Iiive of dominion. 11. Lovr, oi' vi'i'iiouArioN.— r.sY.v.- Desire of the esteem of others, love of praise, desire of fame or -lory. — J/nm.s: Vanity, ambition, thirst for praise independently of praise-worthiness. APPENDIX. 285 11. C\iri(ii-sNi'.ss. — I'si'.i: It nivcs oriniii Id llic st'iitiiiicnt of (aw. llic desire t(t shun ilaii;j;er. aiul circmiispeclioii: and it, is an ingredient in iirndence. ,lhiis(s: Excessive timidity, pidlrooneiy, nni'mmded apprelien-ions. de- spondency, melanchiily. 13. BKM'.vm.i'.N<:r,. — ('i(x: Desire of tlic happiness of olliers. universal charity, mildness of disjxtsilion. and a lively synipatliy with the enjoyinenl id" all animated beings, — .Ihii.srs: Profusion, injurious indulgence of the appe- tites and fancies of otlu'rs, prodigality, facility of temper. II. Sniliiiitiitu jimixr Id .\fr..\i.rr\. — ('■•us: Love of the beautiful and splendid, desire of excellence. poitie feeling. — .llw.sr.s: Extravagance and absurd enthusiasm, preference of the showy ami glaring to the .solid and useful, a tendency to dwell in the regions of fancy, and to neglect the duties of life. iO. Wrr. — Gives the feeling of the ludicrous, and disposes to mirth. 72 280 CHAMA AMKIUCANA. il. Imitvi'iov. — Copies till" niaimiTs, {^cstiins, anil actions ol' oUuts, and appearances in nature ncnnallv. ()Hl)i:i{ II.— IN'I'ELI.HCTUAI. FACULTIKS. (Jenus 1. ij.rlvnial Suhih. (ienns 11. /uioii'iiiii- F(inil/i(s ir/iir/i jirmin l/i, L'.ri.sfnin and QiiaUl'nH of ilvhiiKll Ohjicls. 12. IsDiMDi Ai.ii\. — Takes cni^nisanec of e\i>(( nee and simple facts. ■2i. FoiiM. — Wtiuleis man oli-ervani ol' form. li. Si/r;. — (;ives tiie idea of space, and eiialiles us to a|)|)reciate dimension and dist;niee. '.!'>. ^^ r.i(;ii r. — ('(unmunieates tlie perception of momentum. Meii;lit and resistanei': and aids e(|uiiiiirium. 2. — (Jives ijic iddi of direction in spiu'e. 2S Nr.Miir.ii. — (iives the laleni lor calcnlalion. J'J. Oiini'.n. — Comuuiiiieates luve nf piiysjcal arrangement. 30. Lvr.Nri Al.^■^, — 'i"ai coi^nisance of occurrences or events. ;3I. 'I'lMC. — (ii\es I'JM' to IJir perception of duration. 31. I'l M,. — Tile sense ni' uk Iddy and harninuy arises fnun it. 3J. Lan(;i \(;i;. — (Jives faeilify in acipirin-- a kno\vledij;e of arliitrarv sin-ns to express lliou-lils. readiness i,, tli,. use of theni. and tiu' power of inventim;- and recoileclinii)n of duties. \Vlien on" ni^Mn is small, aluist s may n^ult I'rom anotlier beiuij; left witiiout |)roper direction and rotraint. Thus, larne .\c(ini-itivene>s and Secretiveness. c(unbined with >m;dl Cou>eientionMMvs. ami delicient rellectinu; faculties, may iiroduce theft. Lan;r J)( stnicdvem v>. with small Henevolence. may produce crui 1 and ferocious actions. livery faculty when in action, fi'om whatever cau^e. |)riHlucis tlie kind of feelinii'. or forms the kiad of iileas. alr( ady explained a^ rtsultin^' IVom its natural con^litution. The I'liocuNsrrii'.s and Sf.ni'imi-.n rs e;uinot he (veiled to acti\ity by a mere act of tin; will. We cannot conjure up the emotion-- ol' fear, compassion, or veneration, by nu'rely willing to i \|ierience them. These faculties, however, may enter into action from internal exeilement of the oru;ans; and then the desire or emotion which eacii produces is e\|iei'i(nced. whetluM' we will to experience it lU' not. We jiave it in our power to pi'rinil or restrain t!ie mauihstation of them in the action; but \ve ha\e no option, if the oriian be excited, to experience or not to experience tile feeliuL; itself. There are times \vlieii we fe(d iiiMiluntary emotions of I'car. or hope. lU' awe. arisinn' in us. I'or wliiidi we cannot account: and such fe(din^s depend (Ui the internal aeti\ity of the ornaiis of tiiese sentiments. In the s.tMil iiitu iictivity in the siiiif inaiiiu r. Imt not in mi pnwi rl'iil .1 (Icunc. as if lluir a|i|)ri)|)riiilc olijccts were (Xtcriiallv jJicMiit. 'I'lic vivacitv of tlif I'cclini;-. in siicli (mncs. will lie in iinipdr- •'"" til till' >ti(iij;tli III' tlic (•(inccptiiin. anil the iiicr^T »( tiic jiiniicnsilii s and .scntiiiitiits liinctiicr. If we ciinriivr inwanllv an niijict in distress, and lieiievn- l<'nc<' lie |iii\verl'Ml. I'diiipassidn will hv I'l It. and tears will sonietinies lldw I'mni the enuitidn |iriidiK'ed. Hence lie wlin lias any |)rd|iensity cir sentiment jireddnii- iiantly active tViini iiiti rnal excitenieMt. will liave liis intellect Ireiinently lillcd Avitli ciineeptiiins titled tn iiratil'y it. 'rilrsc I'aeillties have nut the attrihutes dl' piTCrptiiin. Cdliceptiiin. Mleniiirw iniauination : tliey have the attiilmte (if scnsatimi almie : thai is tn sav. when they are active, a sensatidii iir enidtinn is experienced. Hence sensatidii is mi accnni- paniini nt nf the activity of all the facilities which I'erl. and iif the iiervniis sv-tein in iiriii ral : hut s, n»;itiiin is no faculty in itself. The laws df tlic KsdXMM, and I{i.n.i-.( ■riM, ficulties are ililleiviit. These faeultie- foriii ideas, and perceive rrlatinns: they cnii^titute will; and tliev iiiinister td the i;ratiticatinii i,( the iither faculties which niily fi el. Iv/. These faculties, as well as the liiriiicr. may he active iVdiu internal causes. and then the kinds „{' ideas which they are litted tn fiiriii. are presented invnliin- tarily tn Ihe mind. The iiiiisieian feels the imte- llnwiiii;- (in him iincalled fur. A man in whnm .Nuiiiher i- powi rful and active, calculates liy a natural impulse. '.'(////. These faeultiis may he exciti d hy the presentment (if the external dhjects lilted td call them intu activity: and. 3(////. Tiiey may he excitril tu activity hy an impulse from the pnipeiisities (ir sentiment-.. ^\ hen ( xeited hy the presentment (if external dhjects. the idijects are per- ceived, and this act i> called I'r.iu re riuv. I'erception is iidt a sejiarate pnwei, hut results friim the lowest de-ive of activity of these faculties; and. if im idea is fornieii when Ihe (diject is preseiiti'd. the individual is destitute of the power of manifi-tin;;- the faculty who-e fiinclidii is In ]ierceive iilijects (if that kind. Thus. '.vheii tones are iiroduced. he wlm cammt perceive the im liidy iif them, is destiiutc of the pdwer (if manifest inn- the faculty of tune. Kach of Them perfurms percep- tion in its dwii spliere. When these faculties are excited hy an act (if the will, the ide;is which they had picvidusly fdrnied are recalled: this act is named .MiiMdin. which results IVdm the (irlirili/ (if each of these faculties: hut it is nii faculty in itself. '^uiie rememhers music: Individuality, facts; and so on. Time acting along with any aimm:ni)ix. 2«^0 of those fiiciiltics ii;ivcs tlii' inijiiissidii (if tlic juuvioiix cvixlntrr iif tlic idiiis ircullcd, uliii'li iiiiprcssioii (listiiiu;iiis|i(s Mciiiory finm l'iiiici'|ili(iii or liii;iu,'iiinti'iii. Wlii'ii llicst; facMiltii's nic pnwcifully active, finiii inteniiil excileineiit. llie ideas lliev liave |)i'eviou>ly formed are vividly and laiudlv cniieeived. and tlie act of fonilill:', llielll. wllell not a-s(jcialed wilil (lie iliipiv^sion of past time, i^ ^l\led CilNCI'.rilON or Im Vf.lNAIION. Kacil eXecilles ci'lieeplioll ill its own spileic. Wiieii conceptions of alisent external idijects lieconie vivid ami permanent. tliroU'j;li di^ea>e of tile oriian-i. the individual lielieves in the aeliial |ires.iice of the ohjects. and !■< deluded hv plianlniiis or \i^iiiii>. This is the explanation of the cases cited in Dr. Ilihhert'> work on Apparition^, (iicat -i/.e or di^eii^e of the or'j;an oi Wonder, colilrilillte^ (specially to lliis elleel. And. la^th. .Ii in.Mr.s r. ill llir philosoiihical >eii-i'. Ik loni;^ to the relhetimi faciillii> aloiii'. The kiiowim; faeuilie- may lie •«aiil. in one -eiise. to jnilne: as. for e\ample. the faculty of Tune may he au:reeahly or di-aureeahly allected. and. in Ihi- wav. niav he siid to jud'zc of -onniU: !iut judnineht. in the proper seiiM of the word, is a pereepli if relation or of I'llneHs. cir nT the eoimeclion li(t\\ein mean^ and an end. and it heloiii;^ to tln' Vilhctiuii facuhii •-. 'i'he>e faculties have liereeptioii. memory, and imai;ination aKo. lie who pn-ve^-es them powcrlully. peri'eives and com'eive'>. reiiiemher-. and ima;iines. jiroet v-,i s of deduction, or idea> of ali^tract relation^, wilh i;rial facility. rruclinil .hiilLiiiiiiil in the all'air- of life. depen(U oiia hannoiiion-- conihinrition of,/// the or-an-. part ieulai l_\ of the iimpeUMtie-- and MUtimeiit-. in ju-t jiroportions. ill order to act ri-htl\. il is a> neees>ai\ lo leel correctly a> to rea-on deeply. AiTi-.x rioN i^ not a faculty of the mind, hut merely consist- in a \ivid application of tin ficu'tii- which form idea-. Vide-- an or-an he adeipiately po-M'sved. the ohject- of whiidi il taki •• co'.;iii-aiice cannot he attended to hv an etlort of till' will. The iutilleelnal imwer- are t^ivatly a-i>ted in prmlucint; attention h} ('oiiceiitralivem-'- and Firmne--. A«s()( i.vrioN e\iire--e> the mutual inlliience of the faculticN. The principle- of A-oeiation niu-t he -nuiiht for ill the c!iii>titulion ol the faculties, and not in the n latioii- of particular idea-. In n-iiij;- A<-ociation a- ,111 iii-trumeiil of artificial memory, we omilit to keep always in view, that e\ery individual will a--ociati'. with i;reate-t lacilily. idea- with tho-e particular thiii,:i- whiidi he has the ;;reate-t natural facility in perceiving. For example; he who ha- Numher most powerful, will a-nciate word- iiio-t ( a-ily with iiumher- : he who ha- Form nio-t powerful, w ill a-ociate words mo>t ea-ily w ith >liapes : he who li;is Locality nio-t powerful, will as-ociate word- most ea-i!y with po-ilioii: 7! '2!I0 CllANIA AMKIMC ANA. Hiiil lie wlm liii» 'riiiu' l^ll^t powii'rul. will asMiciatf winds iinot easily with iimsical lldt.s. lliiicc. alsii. llir iiillut'iicc (if assdcialiiiii (in our juil'j;miiil is easily accdiinted I'lir. He ill wlioiii N'eiieratiiiii is ijiiweilnl. ami In wlmm llie iiiiai^e of a saint has from iiiiaiiey lieeii i)reseiiteil as an olijtft di be venerated, experiences an install- laiieiiiis and invnlnntary eniiitiim nl' awe and re»iiect every lime the iniau;e is presented to liini ; or a e(inee|)tiiin nl it I'oriiied. iiecause it i> now a siu;n wliicli excites in him that I'eelinu. and tlie latter excludes the relleetinu; tac\dties I'mni perl'ormiiii; their l'unction^. lleiiir. until we can hnak this association. ;ii»d prevent the conception o|' the iniaiic iVoni operatin;; as a -ii;n to excite the I'aculty of NCnrration into activity, we >liall never succeed in hriniiini; his \inderstandini; to examiiH' into the real attrihnti ^ of the ohject itxll'. and to perceive its want of every (|nality that ouiiht justly to ])e viiieiati d. Thus, tlu' ;is>(iei:itions which mislead the juilnmeul and pei|)etuate prejiulices. are associations of words or thini';s w ith_/M////i^'.s or .smliiiKiilfi. and not associations nil rely ol ideas \\ ith ideas, I'l.i.A-i lie. and I'.vi.s.anil aUo ./(/(/and (Iriif.M'v allections of the mind arisiiiu; Irom the exircis.' of every laculty. I!vi r}' faeiilty. when in(liil:;ed in its natural action, fills pliasine: when disaiiiceahly ali'ected. feels jiain: conseiiuently the kinds (if |)aiu and pleasure are as numerous as the faculties. l'\-«i.>N is the hinhest dei;ree of activity of any facidty. and the passions are as diHtr/nt as the faculties: Ihus. a passidu I'or ulm-y is the result of i;reat enerny and activity of the faculty of Lidu iif .IjijtrdlHiliuii: a passimi (or money, of .Irijinsi- liriiiiss; ;i jiassinn for music, of '/'inn; a passion for meta|ihysics. of ('(iiisdlitij. S\Mi'\irn is not a laculty. nor is it s\ iiiiii\ miius \\ ith moral a|>prohation. '['lie same notes sininded hy ten instruments of the same kind, harnmnise. hicnd softly tii'.^( till r. and form one |ieal of melody. The cause of this is to he found in the siinilarily of the coiistilntion and stale of the strings. Kaeh faculty of the human mind has a s|i(cific constitution: and. in virtue of it. produces specific kinds of feeliii'.;s. {ir iii'iifiiiates or sii.j;m(.v|>; s|ieeilic kinds of ideas: and wherever similar faculties are active in diliirent individuals, similar fei lim;s are cxiierienced hy each, and similarity of fei lim; is sympathy. Synipalhy is not synonymous with moral approhalion. \Ve (//(/*/V(/v of tlu^ actions produced hy the lower faculties nf others, only when these are guided hy the faeiiities proper to man: we iie\er ajijirove of Conihativeiiess. when induli^ed for the mere pleasure of liLihliii::': hut wc approve of the action of this t'acnlty when directed hy justice and understandiiii^. \Ve ap|irovc of the action of the AIM'KNDIX. 291 '•('iitiini'iils i)ri)|)(r to niiin, niiiniiii^lLil \>itli any otlu r miptivc, wluii dirci'lcd Ity nilimlilt'iicd intrlh'ct. Habit is dffiiicd to Im' -'a [lowir in man nl' doiiii; u tliiiij;, iic(|uit('d by rrt'(|m'ntly dniiii^ it." Now, bclnrc il caii lie duni' al all. tlic i'aciilty and ii, ih,. T, iii|.|,. ,,|-||„ ll.' 1 I. r, rin an li'Hii lli,- T. illlli' S|| I ''all' 1 1 — .\. l'..nn i.iii 11,1111 Ih,' T, mpl,. iii'ihr Su I'l. II,. 11-11. w I 111 11,1111 ih,. ■r,iii|ii,. Ill III, I'i ll'- 1 I ~< . ri'iiaiaii 11,1111 I h.. T. nil ill. nt thr sn I'i.iii' 1 1 — 1). I'l iim III III, 111 ihr T, I'l. ill' 1 J .\lniian .il'llii. ()iiii,i,.|,. Illlli'. Ill llir Sim. 'lali' I ;, I'm |r|ii. ,i|' I', I 1-'. 'Ilia. I'lal,. I I, Cliairiia ,i| llr.i/il. I'l. III. r.. liiiliirmli,. I'lal, In. .\ii.ii.|il .M,.\i,.,,ii. I'i. III. 17. Ml \i .III. I''. ill. 17 -.\. .\li \i:,iii. Ill ill,. I'.imis inl".. I'laii' !■-. Ah.. I. I, I .\|..\i,.,iii. I'l. III. 1''— .\. M, VI, ..111, Ml ill,. TIaliiiira iialmii. I'l. Ill I'l. Cii.lini.i.li. s. ,,i' |,,,iasi,ii,a. I'i.ll.' -'II. .'1. Nairli. /. I'l.il.. .■;. Siiii I'lali' J-,. Cliii'iiki KXl'LANATION OK THK I'LATES. 293 I' f'l.i 1' I'll |,roj I'll PI I'l.' I'l I'l: I'l, I'l I'l I'l.. ;ui iiK'li ri.i I'll I'l. I'l I'l. I'l. I'l ri.i I.' ;l.' I I ■I'liiiu' .11 I'l • Hi. \r .17 .IS, .i'l 10, n I.'. \r I.I. I I l"i h.. 17 !-■ I''. lid. 111. li' lij. II I. 111. If ll'i, l.li, lis. tr li'l. 7". 7-1 Mii'-liiik'i'i', iir Cii'i'k. Ilr'llri', Cl'i'i 1, lulll'i'lji'llli'y. (■|ii|.|..'UMy. .Miiiciliilhii'. Ml. Mill rliK'l'. ! >iii-MiiHi'. nr l''.i\. 'I'lii-, ilr.iwiii^' is rnlili'i''! iilniiii iwii-ti'iilii.s nt an iiu'li. Liii i|ii', or Di'liiwiiri' wminii. \:uiiiil>i'ii'.', Ill' Mass ii'liiiM'K-. \\y ;,|, iTiiir Ml i.iIvHil; iIii' liiniil .•iin.'ii', llii' (.icr w ninili' , mill (111 illlL'li' llli rrliili' 1,1.1 s||i;i||. 'I'liis rrlll.irk is lllsil llli|il|i'lllili) Id I'llllrs l,'i llllll .)li. I'lilliiUMtullll. . . Cayir.M. (llH'V li. Iv'illli'iil liiMily liilir-lrlllli-. Ill' IIII il.ill, I liiiiiii, 'ir \\ . iinliii. I'.iu- Dirni I. HI' s,|,m\. Ciiliiiiay. Ilhichjiinl. ()>.r-'i'. 11 II I II II iK ill ('.iliiiiilii.i in it; immii iI I I. Ui'iliii I i| III arly l'o\ir-liMitlis nr.ui iiifli. Cllllliiuk rllli r. Ui'iil il rnlll-lillllls 111 ail llirll. . KLiNliiiii, III I'liliiiiiliia li\ I'l'. K illi'ii k. 111' Culiiiiiliia rivrr. ( Ills i|i. Ill ( iihiMilii.i ru rr, K il.i|iii'i\ all. 111' Ciiliiiiil.i I in IT. rilrkll.ll. Ill' I'lilllllllil.'l ri\|.|'. "ill. CiiwaliNk, 111 ('iiliiiiiliia rnri. 'I'lir iH'iifili' vii'W IS ri'iiiii'cil iirai'ly ilnri'-li'iillis .'I |''r.iiii a iiiiiiiiiil ai Cirrlrv illi'. ( lliin. I'i'.llll Hlll'l ml till' I'lilii'l \Il^M-^!|i|i|. I 'rum I III' ( ii.i\ 1' III 'I'l, nil II II I'l. I II ■ II' \\ Ih'i'liiiL', Vil'LTIua. I''iiiiii a iiiiiiiiiil nil llii' .Maliaiiia iimt. I'lMiii :i iiiiiiiii'l ill 'ri'iiiii'^si'i'. I'l'iiiii a 'riiiiiiiliis .11 S iiiiii. 111 I'lTii. {■'I'lilll ,1 'rilllllllll^ 111 lllr \ .lllry III IJllll 11'. Ill I'lTll. I''iiiiii a 'rniiiiiliis 111 llir \'.iil< y ul liiiii n'. iii I'cni. I'' rum an Aihh'IiI 'I'lHiili al Oiiiiiilia. m .Mi'Mio. l''riim .III .\iii'ii'iil 'I'liiiili. al ( lliiiiili.i. iii .\li \irii. Ki'iim .111 .\iii'ii'lil 'i'ulilli al (lliinilia, lli .MrMrn. I''i'iiiii a Civr al (lnlr.iii.la, in llliiiuls. I''r.iiii a Cavi' in'ai' Sliiiliinvilli', lllmi. Cliaiili 111' \'iiii'/.iliila. Cliarili 111' ^1. \'iiiri'lils. ii7. .\i'aiii'aiiiaii rliii'l'. .Vraiicaiiian rliu'l'. .\aliiral .Mummy ol'a Muvsi.i Iniliaii ul' Ni'W (".ri'IKula. M iii|^iil-.\nnTiraiis, or l'M>iiiiaii\. 294 CllAMA AMERICANA. I'lalo 71. Swiss .skull, iulroilucoil l,> iJliiMralr Mr. CumIh's I'luvnulo-icul iinMiioir. Sco p:i:.'r ','77. I'huo 7-'. I'liiviiological Chan. Takcji In.m a li,,hl hmiishr,! |„ ihr aiillinr l.y r.corjv Cniuliu, K^i|, Sl'l' .Ipjiciulix. p. '.'.s;!. 'I'hi' ;m)(/-c((/,v 01' tins work wriv lakcu iVoiu ivilu.:nl (tniwiim-s iiiailu Willi my own hands liy liiraiis ol'aii mslnnuem adai.tnl lo lli,. puiiu.s.. hy my liici„l .Mr. I'lnllips. 1 ha,l a].|,li,.,l I,, si'Vcral arlisis to I'liriiish these drawiiiirs, anil llie camera hieiila and i,M-a|ihic niinoi- weir hoili iiied in vam. On heinu' rnniislud wilh llu' annr.xed diawin:: apparallis. (wliieli niiL'lil he ealled a r/v/zi/t/-,,//;/,.) 1 was, -.ion ahlc hy praeliee lo make my uun drawiiii^s will. i;real celeiiiy and eorreelnes.s. Some of my earlier essays, however, are amon^' die lasi in lliis work, and will he reeoL;iiised hy dieir wain ol fniisli. f^,'^' .\ rrpivvriils ,'i dral hoard m.v I'm l..ii-,. and one I'ont wide; 1! 1) lw,i lir;iek.'ls lo snpporl iwo . los. piec.'s our ol' whieh 1- -r, n al ( '. ha VIII- :ui Mp.n spare heiweeii ihein .-dioiit two and a hair mehe-, wide, and ih.e,.nliv,,| ihe spare M.v mrli,.. ironi dir hoard A; I) a pie.v ol' ho anl six inehes wide dovel.aiird lo tl..- end .i| il, hn.ird .\, Mipporlnii; the eye-pieee K, ilie hole at K hem- si\ m.hes Iroiii Ihr hnard .\. liri.rn iiie|„. ir,,ii, the nearest surl'acvs of ih,; iwo cross pieers C. and pl.iefd j . r- peiidieiilar n. the in. dial liii.' .-f ih,' Ihi.u-,! ,\ ; (I a h.iaril ilovetail. d into ill.' lower .ai.i of .\. 'I'lie eramniii wa- a.ljiisi. .1 ,iii ll,. I ..ai.i C. wnli lis eeiilre m\ m.hes I'mm the Mirl'a. f.\; a pii'e.' ol Ldass was then laid ov r ili.' ..p. i :m_' h.iwe.n ihe i-rovs piee.s at C where it was hel.l .kiwii h\- a .ser.'W. liy looking'. l.iwii ,1; ih.' .•r.miiini I'.tiiion^h ilu' ey.'-]ii.'.v lO.iis outline and niarkiiiL's wiavs..'n ..n the L'lass .al (■ dimini-li. .1 1.1 ,ii„. ,|iiarl.r, ami w.av Ira.r.l out .m ih.' i.dass willi a |i.ai and In. ha mk, with L'lvat r;i|.i.hiy and a., iiia.'y. Th.- .Iiawiie:- thus ohtain.'.l on ill.' -la.ss, were then ira.'.al with a p.'U.al .HI pap.r |iivvM'd a.e.inM the -la-- whil.- h.'l.l up U) the li^dit, after wln.'li the drawniu was llnishe.l with a pen. hi Ihe aho\.' em ih.' 1 y.'-pieee is loo hiLdl. ii-'o C'diiibe, II li.-iilds liy 1 1(1 Ni'vrr.'il ii'il ill vain. iiiiftdji/i.) I SiMlll' 1)1' ,'ir want of ipiirt iwii imI a liaif A. Til,. 1 plI'LT Ol lUii l.\- :i II iraci'd I r\ J) I : X I (,'hfroki'cs. p. 171. ,lbiis!'itin\, p. II. ,i/ii/.\.\ini(ins\ p. Jii. Aisru-'ultiiral trilios. p. T.'J, 17.'. Ailiguwi, p. KSS. Albinos, .\inoi-ii;aii p, .i/furi III fiiini lU, •Jl. AlgoiKiiiiiis, p. 17J. Aiiu;rli;aii llacr, p. li. AinuniMii Faiialy. p. '■-'■ Aiuiliiiai:, p. 111. Aiialoiiiical iiirasureiiKiits, p. 2 In. Apalai-liiaii lialums, [i. li I. Apahicjhus, p. I "-I. Aiaiicaniaiis, p. J ID. ,\i-cliilrcliii-it III' ill,: I'LTUvians, p. 11! tlrtihitnis, p. I s. Al icaiiia, p, Aliin-s. p. 1>). ^■/ii\li-i);/friciiii Ftiini/i/, p. no. .Inxl/iiUdn Fainilij, p. n.f. 1!. Ihisclikii-s, p. 10. Ui'ard ,)I'iIk' Aiiierii:aiis, p. liT Jifllnllilis. p. ,'0. Ii,'i-h,r-. p, J.'. Ia,:kl,vl, p 201. l!la,;k ('iianbv, p. J ID. li,,l,,rl|,|,,,. |,. l.i-. liiM/iUan iialiiin--. p. li I. /iKI-ll/s. p. .i'l. liitnntwf, p. 17. . miniMiin /i',-. y. -s. (',i]ia,alv ,,l ilh' skull iiulillurciil iialioii.-.. p. 'JijO, ( a\ ii_M. p. I'l-'. (',■//((■ /•'iniii/i/. p. K'l. Cli.nni.iN. p. l.iT. CllirlirllU'C.l--. p Clii 10. i. 111. (7i(/ii M' i'liiiiilii. p. 1 I. l'hi'iiiiui,:li, s. p. III-'. Cli.ilnla. p. I.'io. Cliiii-laws. p. Iiil. Vir'as^Kins. [,. .'^ . {:h,vlhin,va-.. |,. I I,'. Chanl- • I'- lila -MO. Cliiiionk: p. 20:i, ■-'07. Cliippeway.'^. p. 17ii. Cii'i-'lcvilli' .MiMiiid, p.. ,'111. Cl'ivips, |i. ,M 1. Ch. ' I al, p. Jl 1. Ciichin-Chinii, p. id. Cillao, p. 10-'. (',iiiipl,'.\i,iiis ,i|' ih,.; Alilia'ii'aiis, p. fig. Cllllll.sdS, |i. s-,. Ciiniiivos, p. 1 17. ('ll/l/.S, |i. ',' I. (',1|,)I1.IV, p. Jol ( 1' iiwalilsk. p .'1 ■ Cn'uks, p. Ill I, 170. 174. (.'uz p. II". Dai-olas. jl. I!i7. Di'la wai'L'.s, |i. IMI. I'.i^ijptiaiis^ p. J 1. lv|ii,-'sliiaii tnlH'-, p. 7 I. iiinaux. p. ii,.'1m1,Iiiuis, , i..i. .'17 Hi hi i/Hun liucc. p. l-'a,-ial aiigl,', p. 2Jo. /•V//,//(V, p. J;-.. '■'Inns-, p. :>,S !•■ Nalioiis. 11. I'lO. I''i. nil, Mils iii'Climiliia river, p. l''ii,-uiaiis. p. li 1. (lullilfl. \). -'I. I irnri^ill lis. p. (irrtllililjl /■'/ Ciimmla, Cav (in//n. p. II. //)/, p. I . r; .■/,-< ij. (iii-i'iilainlias J I.- '!■/„' Illmlnns , |i. // ninis-nii. •I.; J/nl/ni/iits. p. !ll». Ilii 1/u nb. p. IJ 20G CRANIA AMi;i?ICANA. Jl'il/dts, |1, 111. In^iichvs, p. !i, ///./(/- Elll-(ipiitll llil/ioil.'i, huliisliiiiic /■'iii/ii/i/.\h 3: lii'lii-('/iini\sf Fiimiltj, p. liMipiois. p. I nil. Jdjiinic^r. p. 17. >li:ir\. p. jl. KiiiiiMhdll.inis, p. ,1.). Kdlit'hlls, p. fi^K K;ll:l^^■|l:l^. p. I ii,>. Ki'ralii. p. 'ij. Kiiiciin.dkv. p. Jill. J\iri:ii.\i(iii^. p. II, Klal^lll||l. p. ,' III. Juiiiril.s. p. 11. I\uri;il>^, p. ."ij. I.iiii^. p. ,"ii. J.iipl(nrl,r\. p. 'il. I.< M:ip.'. p. 17 'i. I'~:i. I.iliijiin I'll 'iiHij. |i. JJ. M, Mitlilil l,\ln\ p. il. ^lA/ /'.",' f'li niinj. p. ,'i;, M:M'. i:vpi:.li;il|..||,,| p. ",-,. M.iI.Im:-.. p. , -Ml :i-Iil.|i., III-., p. ,' pi, -M. lM,|,,:i!r, .. p. 17,,. -M' \.'- !.■:-. I'. III. J.il. .Mii:..p i I'., .Mi\,,l l;;h. .. p, V-,, Ml iiii;>. p. l-u, .M]^-,,uii li :!i, -., p, jiiii .MlMJ.„~. p, p„,, .Mill,-! ill-, p, pi'i. .!/,-/,/>. p, ,;„, M.ii,:: >/i„i, !.•„,;•. p, 1, Miii,.it,l-'r,n-h:r /''iliiilll. 11 MM|,_,,|-.\,n, n,,,„..p, ,,|' .1/,,/,. ^. p, P,. •Mmiii:,! -.Lii: -. p ,,|7. .Mii-I,... ■,■,-., |,, 1 1, I. i7n. ,V;il,'li, /,p, I -.7, •N, i'/'/ I'll mil II, p, :iii. A',7/- y.-iil iiiilirs, p, ,;i. .\Vr„/„„- /,/„„,A, p. I,,, l^il'ihr I'll mil II, p, J I, .\',i|iii;i v,rii,;iiis. p, ,'-,!, •Nllliians. 11, Jii, Ori'illlir .\>;'/7»\, p, HI. Oliili-'lla-. p. 1 1 V. Olj-.'p,,!,,!,-:,, p, J,', J, p. \-i ■17. I Osilgcn, p. l!l!l. \ llilidks. p. -,\. Oiidiimi's, p. 7:(. ; OliiNiba, 'roiiilis of p. 'J:!0. 1 I'- j I' II JUKI \\ p. !|a. l'alaL;iiiiiaMS, p. li I, 71. I'arliiiraiiia,', p, Li,', l'alrlii|ili'. p. Ill, 1 lii. I'aiiics, p. l.-)3. y'<'/(/,v-/. p. 11. I'vrsiiDis, p. fi. I'l'lliviall.s, .\lli;irlll p. m;. . liiia p. 1 l:i. Ph'-iiii iinis, p. jj, I'lii, ii,,|i,Liiial 'I'alilr, p, 'Jllj. I'nhir I'lllllill/, p, ,'|II. I'iill/llf. p, liij Y'lkiil^, p, .||, \ nil. ,,■., p, ll|;i. .'>, -'.ill. K R F? A T A . I'.iL'i' !i,'. Ill ihc A'(;/r. Mr All.is .MiuiiiIiiih, ii'inl •• Mountains ol'llii.' .Mikui,"' •■ I'l'i, iiiiilh liijr III' Mitf,iirnnrii/.s\ Uir !<.2 iiiclics. iv;\d ''8.7 inches." •• I'^O, CirPliil,. \\\1\-, |r:i,| '-I'LHr \\\ll." '• 2()l,l(iilh liiii' I'liiiH ihr linihiin.iA A- the words "ilii> puriinse of," '• JS.J, {\,v I'lalu L\\\, r.:iil •• rial,; LWII." I liavf iiKulvrrlciilly iMiiillril 111 iiiiiilioii ijiy oMi^alioiis 1(1 I)r, I'aiil Swil'l, ol' .N'aiiluckil, loi ll scrii's uT Nalick Skulls iiirasiiinl ni llic .Analoiuiral 'I'alilr. I'tiri-dlinns iif till- riiniwlm^ical Tii/ilr. IN'ni\i;iii. !l| ( ':ni~,iti1\" I'l -:iiiir. :i,s,') l,s,-, :t,7 •:,(•) I'rrnviiii, i:.il :t.-J •.','J IVTUviaii, 11, 'i S(i-it:i\rih--. 1, :i,:i I'lMin t:iii. '.'7 C.iininh'.iM-- In ^;llll(■, 1,1 I.H I'tTiiviaii. 111-,' ;i. •j_* I'tTiiviaii, *.,")_ :i. ■J, 7 IV'riiviaii. I'll ■~',7 •2,.-) PiTiivian. ■llii Srll-t ^l^l■nl, r.. !,"> I.I,") I'criiviaii. iml -,7 2,0 I'fniviaii. 7*^ ;i,s ■J. 7 I'tTiiviaii. Ml ■j.s,-) 2,70 I'fiuviaii. mo ■,;,o •l- IN'iaiviaii. ii',i M:irvcIloiis u\ s:niif. :),:) i.:i IN'ritviaii. Til ( '■iti>lriirii\i'r.>< III ^;iiiu-, H.s 1. l*iTUviaii. 7:t Mr;uuus lo 1 :iiiiiitii. ','.','.') :t, -J.") 'i, ;'),-) '.i.ll Mt'xican. ."i.">:i 'l.l ■J.I l*amt'-;. IWI .\ll';U(M(ill|iol;il lillu. ;i.r. ■Mi -IM ■J. 7 Lriiaiii. III Miami. riii-.: •iM 2.0 Sauk. alll :i. 2.H Mrnnminrp. 7*^ Ciiisinirlivriiois lo sumo, .').i.'-) l.l.^) \lfl|iHnilM'C. aliii .sii'rrcli\'rlU'>s U) same, ti.H.") ,'),S.-) Mu>knirpi^. III Sccrclivi iii'ss, I.IS.j :i,H,') CIllTokoi'. r.:n. ('alls:iiil\ , :t,;t.-, I.:).-) 1 < inji'oinhi I'avc. a.n.s. SciTiilvcilC'^s ll) s,mu\ I,-J.T ,").'J.') I'tTuviiin. 1 r.i JilraliU' ll) sailic. .-),'jr. 1. ','.') r(J° Till' li-i n|sulisi.-nl).,i^' names uill W linnislual vvulumt tlulav. ■Moit'ins I >ili,rt.ms ( rwiiiu Ainrrn.m.i IM I y f Ih ,i\M, hl.lU V.llul,- ,liui nil SlolU' llV \ UdlU ipi ^^l -1 ■pi lllilloll'.s ('I ^m fh/iloM's < I ! m m ■p a., ^ \1,Mt.l SI oili>n>( I iiiii.'i Viiicni ;ni.> n c, (jii'JV/ixrrAi^L S-m^.-ul^ 1 \|m,i Ml \|(irl..n^( 1^1111. 1 AiiKMK .mil I'l i^l^l^^nTlAi^ i^-liTL'D IIVOM SW I A l.,ili..i .l..lMii'„ii,„.,N':os i,Ti,n,iSil'lH M.Mlui.hl th 1 r,t ni/1 I rixTir •! I •I.H. I i;n\i TiiK 'n;\ii'i.K :• n II -AT.-'tt ^^"^f^'y^'s i^^ 1 un.M I 111; i'i:mim,i, t)i- nil. si s M Vtiii'l ••i>'> I'iMiiiii \iiifrii iiMii I'l II A Klt'iM I 111': I i;\in,K (II' I' I IK M .\. I'l.-ll.l'. \|l•|■(.■ll^ Cl-.Uli.' \lM''i ■H..\l TIIK I'KMI'M; nl' llIK Sl\, Mill I i.llV Cl.l |,i;, \ I,,,. ,.i|.„ „ I'l.ii.r w- .v'.r-"^ J:''Jii'Si'Sf'riA\'L I'KdM Til !■; ri-Mi'i,!': i II'' rii|.; SI \ , \| .Ml i.il . t , II II I. < \ 1 I .1 II .1 I'l II II i-iKiM riii: Ti;\in,i'. ui" ihk si n. 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