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^v

*MVl8l0N0i7B0T/A"'
K.ANT PATHCIO •'

7

FLORA OP NOETHWEST AMERICA.

•,-,%

Contain i.\(i

RIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL TilE K\()WX INDIGENOUS AND
NATURALIZED PLANTS (iROWJNG AVITHOUT CULTIVATION
NORTH OF CALIFORNIA, WEST (>F UTAH, AND SOUTH OF

BRITISH COLUMBIA.

THOMAS HOWELL

VOL. L

PIIANIi:PvOGAM.E.

FASCICLE 3, VIBCRNACK.E TO SENIICIONIUE-K' f . . , .' m

Pnce F*/<3/ Cents.

PORTLAND OREGON,
August ^Ist, 1900.

^^6

Hit

SlS.\if.

liTf^ca,* »w

'^'^M

A

FLOHA OF NORTHWEST AMEHICA.

Containing

RIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE KNOWN INDIGENOUS AND
NATURALIZED PLANTS GROWING WITHOUT CULTIVATION
NORTH OF CALIFORNIA, WEST OF UTAH, AND SOUTH OF

BRITISH COLUMBIA.

BV

rv

THOMAS HOWELL

VOL. \.

PHANEROGAMiE.

rASClCLE 3, VIBCRNACKjK to SENKCIONIDK^

Price Fifty Cents.

PORTLAND OREGON,
Angn^t 21st, 1900.

Entered accordiim: to act of Congress in the year 1897, by Thomas
Howell, in the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington

48.

Division II. (lAMOI'KTAL.K.

Floral onvcloiM'S cdnsinting UHUully of both cnlyx iiiul corolla,
the j)etals usually more or h^Hs unit(Ml into a gmnopetuhtus corolla,

SYSOI'TrcAI, KkY to TIIK ( lAMOI'KTALOt'S OUDKRM,

a. Ovary inferiMr.
* FilanuMitfl and antherH (liHtiiict, Icavos opjiosite.

47. VIburiiacpap. Slirubs with simple or j»iniiatt' leaves and no 8ti|)ulc'9.
Stamens 4 or o: ntyicfi I or none. Fruit a l-")-celled, l-fewHceded
berry or capsule. Seeds albuminous.

48. nblacea*. Herbs or slirul)8 with opposite, stipulate or verticellate
leaves. Flowers regular, 4 rj-merous Stylo 1, entire or cleft. Fruit
dry, indehipcent, 2-4-fclled, 2-4-secde(l. Seeds albuminous.

4W. Vill<»riaiiacett». Herbs with simple or pinnate opposite leaves, with-
out stipules. Flowers irregular. Stamens 1-4; fewer than the lobes
of the corolla. Ovary 8-celled, becoming a 1-celled, l-seeded acliene*
like fruit. Seeds without albumen.

50. Dipsacaceve. Herbs with opposite or verticellate leaves, without
stipules and capitate involucrate inflorescence Stamens 2-4; as manv
as or fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Ovary simple, Icelleif,
with a single suspended ovule. Seeds albuminouH.

* * Stamens 5; anthers or filaments uniteil into a tube around the
2-cleftor entire style. Leaves various, without stipules.

51. Compositte. Herbs, shrubs or trees with opposite or alternate
leaves without stipules and l-numerous flowers m a capitate cluster,
surrounded by an involucre. Calyx reduced to a pappus or obsolete.
Filaments mostly distinct. Fruit an achene. Seeds without albu-
men.

52. Lobeliaceae. Herbs with alternate, simple leaves and irregular
scattered or racemose flowers. Filaments united : anthers sometimes
distinct. Fruit a 1-2-celled, many-seeded capsule; more or less infe-
rior. Seeds with fleshy albumen . v

* * * Stamens distinct. Leaves alternate.

58. CainpHnnlaceiB. Herbs with simple leaves, without stipules. Flow-
ers ret;ular, 5-merous. 'tyle one, 2-5 lobed. Fruit a 2-6-celled, many-
seeded capsule with placenttc in the axis. Seed with fleshy albumen.

b. Ovary superior or nearly so, compound.

* Corolla regular. Stamens not didynamous.

■♦- Fruit 6-many-celled. '

54. Vaeelnifioett. Shrubs with simple leaves without stipules. Flow-
ers regular, 4-5-merou8. Anthers opening by terminal pores. Style
one. Fruit a 4-10-celled many-seeded berry.

55. Erioacen. Shrubs with simple, mostly alternate leaves without
stipules. Flowers 4-5-merou8. Styles one. Anther-cells opening by

ITU

HYNOPTICAL KEY.

f.

i

a terminal pore or chink. Fruit a 4-lO-celled, S-many-aeeded capaule
with central (rarely parietal) placentn*.

A6. Nonotropaoen. Scal3'-hracte(I hei'brf without green foliaKe. Flow-
urn reijular, 4-5-n)erou3; style I, anther cellfl nimning hy a chink.
Fruit a I-5-celled, many'fleedod loculicldal capsule.

••- ■*- Fruit 1-celled, with a central banal placenta.

hit Arnierliic«». Murltime acnuleHcent herbs with entire IcavtM.
FlowerH A-merous; petals nearly distinct. Fruit a l-seeded utricli>.
encloaed in the scarinus calyx.

6H. I'riinalacen. Herbs with mostly entire alternate leaves Flow-
cr-f mostly 5-meroiiH. Stamens opposite tlio IoIhjh of the corollu.
which is wanting in (ilnii.r. ►Style, one. Fruit a ft-valved, few lit
many-seeded capsule with bamil placcntxe.

i1). Oleacem. Shrub.^ or trccH with opposite pinnate or simple leavcM.
Flowers 4-mt'roufl, perfect or di<ecious. Petals often wanting! Slii-
mor)f' usually 2. .Style one. Fruit a simple samara, usually l-Cfllcd
and l-seeded, or a 2-celled capsule or drupe.

60. Apocynaceie. Perennial herbs with milky juice, opposite, entire
leavt^H and .'>-merou8 flowers (/orolla convolute in tlie bud. .Anthers^
nearly free Pollen pfiwdcry. Fruit 2 carpels united by their styles
or stitrnias, becoming distin.'t follicles M'ifh numerous comose seedH.

€1. A.Hcleptalaeev. Perennial herbfl with milky juice; opposite, entire
leaves and ft-ruerous tJow.TH. Corolla and calyx nearly valvate in the
bud Anthers attached U> the sti^cma I'ollen in waxy masses. Fruit
2 carpels, united by their styles or ntit^mas; becoming distinct folliclo!>
with numerous seedff

68. GfintlauaceB. (ilahrous lierbs witli simple and opposite or .l-folin-
late and alternate leaves and not scorpioid inflorescence Flowers 4 (ir
5-nierous. Styles on«^or none. Stifrmas 1 or 2. Fruit a 1-celled, h('|)-
ticidal few-many-seedled capsule with 2 parietal placenta;.

68. Polenionlacew. Herbs, rarely shrubby, with opposite or alternate,
simple or compound leaves Flowers 5-merons. styles 3-cleft Fruit
a ;{-celled, .l-many-s eded loculicidal capsule with central placenta^.

64 Hydrolpacew. Herbs rarely shrubby, with alternate, rarely opjwi
site, often compound leaves and scorpioid inflorescence. Flowers 5-
merons Styles 2, usually more or less distinct. Fruit a l-celled locu-
licidal few-many-seetled capsule.

65. Ehretiacen. Herbs, nio.stly rough-hairy, with alternate or the
lower opposite, entire leaves, and scorpioid inflorescence. Flowers
.5merou8 Styles sinjfle. <)vary 4-celled and mostly 4-loHed, with
central placenta* Fruit 1-4 l-seeded nutlets.

66. ConrolvalacesB. Herbs mostly twining, with alternate leaves or par-
asitic and without green herbage, ^lowers mostly 5-merous. Styles 1
or 2. Fruit a 2-celled, 1-4-seeaed 2-valved or circiimscissile capsule.

67. Solaiiacen. Herbs or sbrubs with alternate, simple or pinnate
leaves. Flowers 5-merou8 Style simple. Corolla valvate or plaited
in the bud Fruit a 2-celled many-seeded capsule or berry.

llerb.s with alternate leaves and racemose flowers. Flowers 5-merouH.
Style single : corolla irregular, imbricate in the bud. Fruit a 2-cellcd,
many-seeded capsule. Verbascum in Rhinanthaceie.

F'lowertr irregular. Fertile stamens 2 or 4 and didynamous.

4- Fruit capsular, 1-2-ceIled. 8tyle single.

t

• «

SYNOPTICAL KEY.

277

Heeded capiitilo

ttH. RhliianthaceiR.

••♦ Secdii albuminoufl.

_ „ , . . HerbH or HhnibH with Hitornnte or opposite leaves.

Corolla imbricate in the bud. CapHule 2-ielled, with central pla-
centa*, few-many-Hecded.

69. Orobaiiohaoew. Pttranitic horbs, without Kreon herbage: scales al-
ternate; capsule l-celled, 2-vaIved, muny-seoded, with 2-4 parietal
placentte. "^

•.♦ -.♦ Seeds without albumen.

70. Plliiruicalacete. Herbs with capillary dissected or entire leaves.

Stamens 2; anthers l-celled. Capsule l-celled, n any-seeded, with
central placentiu.

•>- ■¥- Fruit of 2 or 4 distinct or united l-seeded nutlets.

71. Labiatw. Mostly aromatic herbs or shrubs with square sterna,
and opnosite, simple leaves. Htamens 4 or 2. ovary 4-lobcd around
the 2-cieft style, forming as many distinct nutlets.

72. VerbnnacesB. Herbs or shrubs with (»ppo8ite or whorled leaves.
Stamens 4, Ovary not lobed, 2-4celled at maturity, splitting Into 4
l-seeded nutlets.

4- -t- t- Fruit a 2-celled, clrcumsclsslle capsule.

78. Plautaglnacew. Auaulescent herbs Flowers 4-merous: corolla
scarlous. Stamens 2 or 4. Style 1. Fruit a 2-celled, 2-few-seeded
capsule.

Ohdku XLVII. VIBURNACE/li;, Dinnort. Coum. Hot. 5(J.

didynamous.

VAI'hIFOLIACKyK, Vent. Tahl. ii, MS.

Shrubs or herbs with opposite leaves normally without sti-
pules and regular or irregular hermaphrodite flowers. Calvx-
tube aduate to the 2-5-celled ovary. Stamens as many as lobes
of the corolla (in Linmeu one fewer) and alternate with them,
inserted on its tube or base. Embryo small, in the axis of
fleshy albumen. Corolla-lobes generally imbricated in the
bud. Ovules anatropous, when solitary, suspended and resup-
iuate; the rhaphe dorsal; seed-coat adherent to the albumen.

Tribe i. Corolla rotate or open campanulate, roj^ular style
short and 2-5-parted, or as many sessile stigmas.

1. Viburnum. Shrubs with simple or merely lobed leaves : nutlet of
the berry -like drupe only 1, flattened.

8. Sambncas. Shrubs or shrubby trees with pinnate leaves : nutlets of
the berry-like fruit, 2-6.

Tribe ii. Corolla from campanulate to tubular ; often irreg-
ular; st3?les elongated; stigma capitate.

8. Linnna. Creeping underel r ibs with simple leaves : corolla cam.
panula'ie, 6-lobea, obscurely wr^gular: stamens 4, unequal; ovary 3.

)(

2V8

VIBURNACE^.

VIBURXI'M.

I

f;

celled, two of the cells containing -several imperfect ovules,, the tliird
a solitary fertile ovule; fruit dry ; 1-seeded.

4. Symphoricarpos. Shrubs with simple or merely lobed leaves: cumlla
c ampanulate, regular or nearly so, 4-6-lobed : stamens as many as
lobes of the corolk: ovary 4-celled, but the berry-like fruit only
2-seeded.

5. Louicera. Climbingor erect herbs with simple leaves: corolla tiili-
ular, more or less irregular, commonly 2-lippad: stamens 5: ovary
and berry-like fruit 2-3-celled, several-seeded.

Tribe 1. Samhiiceir H. B. K. Corolla regular, short, rototr ar
open-campanulate, 5 lobed. Styles short, or hardly any: stifivKix
3-5; ovary 1-o-celled: ovules solitary. Fruit barcate-druparroiis,
with 1-5 seed-like nutlets: inflorescence terminal and cymose.

* ' ' 1 VIBURNUM Tourn.

Shrubs or small trees with potioled, undivided or hibed stiim-
hite or pseudostipulate leaves and mostly white Howers in ter-
minal cymes, the marginal ones sometimes sterile and radiant.
liimb of the calyx o-toothed. Corolla rotate, sometimes some-
what tubular or cam panulate, 5-lobed. Stamens 5: oviiry l-V
cclled, one of the cells containing a single suspended ovule, the
other abortive: stigmas o, sessile. Fruit drupaceous, with -a
thin pulp, 2-seeded. Embryo minute, at the extremity of thr
fleshy albumen.

§ 1. Cyme never radiant: drupes blue or dark purple or
black, . •^ ; ; "■-- • -

V. • elUpiicniii Hook. Fl. i, 280. An erect shrub 2-10 feet high ; win-
ter buds scaly : leaves from orbicular-oval to elliptical-oblong, rounded at
both ends, dentate above the middle, not lobed, at length rather coriace-
ous, 3-5-nerved from the base, the nerves ascending or parallel, pubescent
with simple hairs or glabrate above; on slender petioles; stipules subu-
late to setaceous: cymes pedunculate, with 5-7 primary rays. Corolla 4-5
lines in diameter: filaments equalling the corolla: stone of the fruit
deeply and broadly sulcate on both faces, the furrow of one face divided
by a median ridge On rocky ridges, Washington to Califoniia.

radiant or not radiant : drupes

§ 2. Opulus Tourn. Cymes
light red, acid, edible, globose,

Y. Opulus L. Sp. 268. Usually nearly or quite glabrous: stems 4-10
feet high: winter buds scaly: leaves dilated, 3 lobed, with accuminate
lobes, incisely dentate or the upper ones entire, rounded or broadly cune-
ate at base, palmately or pedately 3-5-ribbed, on slender petioles bearing
2 or more glands at or near the summit and usually setaceous stipules
near the base: cymes rather ample, terminating several-leaved branchlets,
radiant : anthers exserted : fruit nearly a half inch long, red, juicy, glo-
bose; stone flat, orbicular, even. In swamps and along mountain streams,
Oregon to British Columbia, Pennsylvania.

T. paaciflomm Pylaie in Herb. T. & G. Fl. ii, 17. A strangling
shrub 2-10 feet high with rather slender branches : leaves roundisii or
broadly uval in outline, unequally dentate, many of them obscurely or
distinctly .S-lobed, about 5-nerved at basOi loosely veined, glabrous or
sparsely pubescent; 1-4 inches long: cymes small, terminating short and

HAMHUJUS.

VIBIIRNACE^.

279

lark i)urplo or

adiant : drupes

merely 2 leaved branclilets, involucrate with slender, subulate caducous
'.nacts, destitute of neutral, radiant flowers: stamens very short: berries
light red, 4-6 lines in diameter, globose to oblong; stone flat, orbicular,
not furrowed on the sides. In swamps and marshes along mountain
streams, Oregon to Alaska, the Rocky Mountains, New Hampshire and
liUbrador. .

2. yAMBUCUS Tourn. (hLOEH). "

Small trees or shniUs with warty bark, pinnately compound
lonve'^ and compound tliyrsoid or tasligiate cymes of small
white or reddislr flowers. Limb of the calyx small, 5-cleft, at
Ii'iiirth obsolete. Corolla rotate, or nearly so. Stamens 5. Ovary
■!-.")-celled, forming small, baccate drupelets, with 3-5 cartilagi-
nous nutlets. Embryo nearly the length of the albumen.

* Cymes compound, thyrsoid-paniculate; the axis continued and
•sending off ;)-4 pairs of lateral primary branches, these mostly trifid and
again bifid or trifid: early flowering and fruiting.

S. arboresccns Nutt Mss. S. puhens rar. arhorexcem T. <0 G. Fl. ii,
13. A large shrub or small tree, 10-SO feet high with spreading branches :
leaves ample ; leaflets lanceolate to ovate, scarcely acuminate, closely er-
rate with strong, lanceolate teeth; 1-6 inches long: thyrsoid cyme ovate
to semi-orbicular; flowers white to yellowish, usually drying brownish;
fruit small, scarlet. On rich, alluvial lands along rivers,' etc. Oregon to
British Colun^lna.

S. pabens Michx Fl. i, 180 Stems 2-12 feet iiigh with spreading
branches; leaves from pubescent to nearly gla rous: leaflets 5-7, ovate-
oblong to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, thickly and sharply serrate: thyrsi-
form cyme ovate or oblong: flowers dull white, drying brownish: fruit
.scarlet, oily : nutlet- minutely punctate-rugulose Rocky banks and open
wodds. Oreg 'U to Alaska and across the continent.

S leiosperina Leiberg Proc. Biol. fioc. of Wash, xi, 40. 8hrub''y. 4-
7 feet nigh, forming with its spreading stems loose, open clumps: pith of
two-year old shoots yellowish-brown : leaflets 5-7, oblong to lanceolate, 2-
4 inches long, 6-l.S lines broad, acute or acuminate, subsessile or shortly
petioled, sharply serrate, the apices of the teeth usually inflexed, smooth or
witli a scattered, short pubescence, especially on the petioles and the
lower surface of the leave along the midrib; stipules present on the flow-
ering shoots, subulate, about lines long: cyme oblong, somewhat flat-
tened in fruit, scabrous-puberulent, the branches membranaceously mar-
gined at the foks: flowers yellowish-white: berry scarlet, containing 3-5
seed-like, very smooth nutlets 1-1)2 hn^s long. In the Cascade Mount-
ains from Crate Lake, Oregon to Alaska.

S iiielaiiocarpa Gray Proc. .Am. Acad. xix. 76. Stems 2-8 feet high :
glal)rous or the young leaves slightly pubescent: leaflets 5-7, rarely 9:
cyme convex, as broad as high: flowers white: fruit black, witnout
bloom. In the mountains of eastern Oregon to California and the Rocky
Mountains.

* * Cymes compound, depressed or fastigiate, 5 rayed; 4 external
rays once to thrice 5-rayed, tut the rays unequal, the 2 outer ones
stronger, or in ultimate divisions reduced to these; central rays smaller
and at length reduced to li-flowered cynielets or to single flowers : berries
never red ; nutlett punctate-rugulose.

S. glAViea, Nutt. T. & G. Fl. ii. 13. A large shrub or small tree 12-
iiO feet high and 2-12 inches in diameter covered with a dark, close, very
distinctly and rather finely fissured bark; glabrous throughout: leaflets

280

VIBURNACEiE.

LINNwRA.
SYMPHORICARPOS.

^

I

lanceolate to narrowlv oblong, thlckish, sharply serrulate, the lower oiu's
rarely 3-parted; cymes very large, flat: fruit blue with a den^e bloom.
Common from British Columbia to California.

Tribe 2. Lonicerese R. Br. Corolla elongated or at least cam-
panuUite, commonly more or less irregular. Styles elongateil.
Stigma mostly capitate. Stipules or stipnlar appendages seldom
seen.

3 LINNiEA Gronov. L. Gen ed. i, 118. (Twin-Flower.)

Creeping or trailing evergreen herbs with broadly oval, spar
ingly orenate leaves and showy, drooping flowers, on 2-flowered
peduncles. Calyx with the limb 5-parted into subulate-lanceo-
late lobes constricted above, the globular tube, deciduous from
the fruit. Corolla cainpanulate-funnelforni, not gibbous, almost
equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, 2 long and 2 shorter. Ovary ■;-
celled, 2 of the cells containing several abortive ovules; the other
with a solitary, suspended, perfect ovule, forming the single seed
in the dry and indehiscent coriaceous 3-celled small fruit. Style
exserted : stigmas capitate.

L. borealis Gronov. L. Fl. Lap. t. 12 f. 4. Somewhat pubescent;
branches filiform, leaves round to obovate, 6-12 lines long, crenately few-
toothed ; somewhat rugose-veiny, tapering into a short petiole: peduncles
filiform, terminating, ascending, short leafy branches, bearim; at summit
a pair of small, leafy bracts and from the axil of each a filiform, l-fiow-
ered pedicel, rarely the axis prolonged Rnd bearing another pair of flow-
ers : pedicels similarly 2-bracteolate at summit and a pair of larger ovate,
glandular-hairy inner bractlets subtending the ovary, soon connivent over
it or enclosing and even adnate to the akene-like fruit : flowers nodding:
corolla purplish to rose-color or almost white, a half inch or less long In
forests, California to Alaska and across the con inent

L. loiigiflora. L. horealu vat: longijiora Ton. Stems filiform, 1-4 feet
long, trailing and sending up numerous erect, filiform branches : leaves
round to obovate, crenate-toothed above, 4-12 lines long, narrowed below
to a short petiole: peduncles filiform, 2-4 inches long, terminating the
erect brancnes, 2-bracteate at the summit. 2-flowered ; pedicels filiform,
2-bracteolate and the fiowers subtended by an involucel of two ovate,
hairy bracts: corolla pink or rose-color, to nearly white, funnelform, (i-8
lines long. In forests, Washington to California.

4 SYMPHORICARPOS Dill. Eith. 371, t. 278. (Sxowbehrv.:

Low, branching shrubs with entire or lobed leaves on short
petioles, scaly leaf-buds and 2-bracteoiate small flowers, usually
crowded in axillary Or terminal spikes or clusters, rarely soli-
tary. Calyx with a globular tube and 4-5-toothed, persistent
limb. Corolla regular, not gibbous, fro?., short-campanulate to
salverform, 4-5 lobed. Stamens as many as lobes of the corolla.
inserted on its throat. Ovary 4-celled , 2 cells containing a tew
sterile ovules, the alternate cells containing a single, suspended
ovule. Fruit a globose, berry-like drupe containing 2 small and
seed-like, bony, smooth nutlets, each filled by a seed.

F ^'71

J k'

INNJCA.

0RICARP08.

the lower oiu-h
, denfre bloom.

at least cam-
es elongatt'il.
idagea sehJom

'lowkb.)

y oval, spar
on 2-flowt'io(l
)ulate-lance(t-
iiduous fnun
L>bou8, alnuxt
r. Ovary '■'>-
les; the other
le single seed
[ fruit. Stvle

lat pubescent;
, crenately few-
tide: peduncles
j'ini; at summit
filiform, l-flow-
ler pair of flow-
ot larger ovate,
connivent over
owers nodding:
ir less long In

liform, 1-4 feet
anches: leaves
narrowed below
erminating the
idicels filiiorm,
of two ovate,
unnelform, <5-8

rOWBERBV.)

ives Oil short
jvvers, usually
s, rarely i^oli-
led, persistent
inipanulate to
af thp corolla.
Qtaiiiing a few
;le, suspended
g 2 small and
d.

8YMPHOBICARPOS.
. XYL08TK0N.

VIBURNACEiE.

281

Corolla urceolate or open-eampanulate, only 2-3 lines

§ 1.
long.

S. oceldentalis Hook. Fl i, 285. Glabrous or strictly pubescent : ro-
i8t; leaves oval or oblong, thickish, 2 inches long; axillary flov/er clus-
«r8 not rarely pedunculate, sometimes becoming spicate, 4-12 lines long:
•joroUa 3 lines long, 6-cleft to below the middle ; densely villous-hirsute
with long hairs within : stamens and style more or less exserted ; style
glabrous; fruit white. Rocky grounds, eastern Oregon to Michigan and
north to lat. 64 degrees.

S. racemosas Michx. Fl. i, 107. An erect shrub, 2-10 feet high, with
slender branches: leaves round-oval to oblong, 6-18 lines long, entire, or
those of young and vigorous shoots sometimes irregularly lobed or toothed,
smooth above, more or less pubescent beneath: flowers in short and sev-
eral-flowered axillary clusters or spikes ; corolla 2-3 lines long, o-lobed
above the middle, villous-bearded within; narrowed at base: stamens not
exserted; style glabrous, not exceeding the stamens: fruit white, 3-8
lines in diameter. Common, California to Alaska and across the con-
tinent.

S. pancifloras .S. racemiam var. paaciftorm RohhiaH, at least in part.
A prostrate shrub with slender stems 1-3 feet long: leaves oval to oblong,
6-18 lines long ; the lower ones and those of vigorous shoots variously
lobed or toothed : flowers in small, 1-few-flowered, loose spikes; corolla
small, 6-lobed above the middle, villous within : stamens not exserted ;
style glabrous, not longer than the corolla: fruit white when mature, de-
pressed globose, 3-6 lines in diameter. In forests, Oregon and Washing-
ton, west of the Cascade Mountains.

S. acutos S. niollix var. acntus Gray Syn Fl. i, 14. Low, diffuse or
decumbent, soft-pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate to oblong, acute at
both ends or acuminate, sometimes irregularly and acutely dentate, very
soft-tomentulose : flowers solitary or in short clusters ; ^roUa open-cam-
panulate, with a broad base, 5-lobed above the middle, barely pubescent
within ; stamens and style included. Washington to California, east of
the Cascade Mountains.

§ 2. Corolla from oblong-campanulate to salverform, S-lobed
only at the summit: flowers mostly axillary,

8. rotandifoUns Gray PI. Wright ii 66. Tomentulose or glabrate :
stems rigid, much-brancfied, 1-3 feet high: leaves from orbicular to ob-
long-elliptical, thickish, ti-V4 lines long: entire or coarsely lobed : corolla
elongated-campanulute, .3-4 lines long, its tube pubescent within below the
stamens, twice or thrice the length of the broad lobes : stamens and style
included: fruit white, globular or oblong; nutlets oval, equally broad and
obtuse at both ends. On rocky ridges in mountainous districts, Washing-
ton to California and New Mexico.

S. oreophllns <Tray Journ Linn. Soc. xiv, 12 Glabrous or some-
times with Doft pubescence: leaves oblong to broadly oval, thickish, 6-10
lines long : corolla tubular, 4-6 lines long, its tube almost glabrous within,
4 or 6 times as long as the broad lobes : nutlets of the white drupj oblong,
flattened attenuate and pointed at base. Mountains of eastern Oregon to
California and Arizona.

6 XYLOSTEON Tourn.

LONJCKRA ^ XYLOSTEON DC. Prodr. iv, S3S.

Erect or merely trailing shrubs with membranaceous leaves
that are all distinct, and rather small flt»wers on usually 2-flo\v-

282

VIBURNACEit:.

XYLOSTEOX.
CAPBlFOLttlM.

\iii

ill

ered axillary peduncles. Tube of the calyx ovoid or glandular,
the limb 5-toothed or obsolete. Corolla from campanulato to
tubular, more or less gibbous at base, the limb somewhat irregu-
lar an 1 more or less bilabiate. Stamens 5, inserted on the tub'
of the (!orolla. Stylo slender: stigma capitate. Ovary 2-;^>-cell(.'(l,
with several pendulous ovules in each cell, becoming a fcw-
s^edod berry.

X. villosam Michx Fl. 1, 106. Loniccra cteraUa of American aii-
thors. Low, 1-2 feet high, pubescent or glabrate: leaves thin, pale or
glaucescsnt, ovate-oblong, obtuse, entire, an inch or more long: pedun-
cles shorter than the flowers: corolla ochroleucous, gibbous at base, nar-
rowly funnelform, scarcely at all bilabiate: bracts subulate or linear,
commonly larger than the ovaries: ovaries completely united formng a
roundish or ovoid black but glaucous berry. In moist grounds, California
to Alaska and across the continent.

X. coiijagialls Lunicera conjuginlh Kelh Shrub 3-5 feet high, fully
branching and bushy: leaves thickish, bright green, pubescent when
young ovate or oval, acute or acuminate, 1-2)^ inches long, short peti-
oled : peduncles slender, 3-5 times the length ot the dark, narrow flower.^:
bracts subulate, caducous; corolla 4-5 lines long, gibbous-canipanulate,
the upper lip crenately 5-lobed, throat and lower part of filaments and
style very hirsute : berries dark red, almost wholly connate. On the hiyli
mountains at 6,000-10,000 feet altitude, Washington to California.

X. Utaliensls Loniceva Utalun*h Watson. Stems erect, 3-5 feet hijjli
with loose, slender spreading branches: leaves oblong, subcordate at ba,so.
obtuse glabrous, 2 inches long bv one inch broad, on petioles 1-2 lines
long: peduncles axillary : bracts sliorter than the ovaries: corolla 5 lines
long, obtusely saccate at base, bilabiate, the hbes half shorter than the
broad tube; style included: berries red, nearly distinct, globular, 2-8
lines in diameter, 2-4-8eeded, on short peduncles. On high mountains,
Oregon to British Columbia, Montana and Utah.

X. involncratam Richard App. Frankl. Journ. 6. Lonicera involn-
crata Banks. An erect shrub 2-10 feet high with slender erect branches :
leaves ovate-elliptical to lanceolate, acutish to acuminate, 2-3 inches long,
petioled: peduncles 1-2 inches long: corolla yellowish, viscid-pubescent,
6-8 lines long, tubular funnelform, with 5 short, scarcely unequal lobes;
bractlets 2, viscid-pubescent at first, short, bovate or obcordate, in fruit
enlarging and loosely enclosing or surrounding the fruit: terries distinct,
black. On high mountains, < >regon to British Columbia and the Rocky
Mountains.

X. Ledehouril I jimice in Lcihhourii Ksch. Stems stout, 5-20 feet long,
often with the long vine-like branches reclining on or half climbing over
other shrubs or small trees: leave." ovate to lanceolate acute or acumi-
nate, short-petiolate 2-3 inch"' long, pubescent on the veins beneath and
on the margins : pedunc'es short : the flowers subtended by a pair of
large, ovate foliaceous bracts, calyx-limb obsolete; corolla strongly gib-
bous at base, strictly salverform above the gibbosity, the short rounded
lobes spreading abruptly; berries distinct, black. Tide lands and river
bottoms, California to Alaska.

6. CAPKIFOLIUM Juss.
LOyWKRA <) CAPRIFOLUM JX' L c. (Hoxjcvsucklk)

Mostly twining shrubs with the upper leaves often connate-
perfoliate, and showy fl»)wers sessile in spiked whorls at the

J

I'm

CAPniFOIIL'M.

RUBIACE.K.

283

ends of tlie brandies. Tiihe of tlie Ciilyx ovoid or ylt»l»nlar, the
limb 5-tooth(>d or truncate. Corolln tubular, riioio or less jiib-
Itous at base, the limb mostly bilabiate. Stamens •'), inserted on
the tube of the corclla. Ovary 2 celled v. ith severiil i)eiidulous
ovules in each cell b(>coniing a tew-several-seeded berry.

C. Clliosuin Pursh. Fl. 160. Lonivi'ru cili mi I'nir SteiiiH twiniiit: or
ilepressed ami ahiiost prostrate, 2-20 foet long, hIi'ImIct, leave.^ ovate <ii
oval, glaucous beneatli, usually ciliale, otherwis^e ylahrouH 2-o incliow
long, uppcrinost 1 or 2 pairs connate into an oval or oihioular disk : whorls
nf flowers single and terminal or rarely 2 or S and occasionally from
the axils of the penultimate pair of leaves. Corolla glabrous or spar-
ingly pilose-pubescent, yellow or crimson-scarlet, the limb slightly bilab-
iate, very much shorter than the elongated lube; stamens and style out
little exserted. Common in wooded districts, California to British Col-
umbia and Montana.

C. Ilispidulniii Lindl. B.»t. Keg. t. 1701, Luiiicrm hii^piihila Domjl.
litems slender, twining or trailing, 2-10 feet long, hirsute or pilose-lnspid
when young: leaves rather rigid, ovate or cordate, obtuse, 6-12 lines long,
glaucous and vdloiis-hirsute beneath, glabrous above, the lower ones peti-
oled, the upper one or two pairs connate-perfoliate: whorle of flowers
un slender peduncles; flowers small, rose-color, 6-10 lines long, strongly
bilabiate, the linear, lower lip nearly as long as the gibbous tube; fila-
ments slightly hairy below, exserted: ovaries glabrous. Common on
rooky places, western Oregon and Washington.

C. Call for llicniii Louicn-a Cnlifoniica T. S- (i. Stems slender, twin-
ing or trailing 6-10 feet or more long; branches glabrous: leaves some-
what coriaceous: ovate-oblong, 1-2 inches long, glabrous, glaucous be-
neath, not ciliate, up])ermost usually connate-perfoliate: flowers in rather
distinct whorls, tlie peduncle and rai^his clothed with glandular and his-
pid hairs intermixed; corolla 6-s lines long, yellowish, bilabiate, the short
tubes C(mspicuousIy gibbous, lower lip linear, the upper with four very
short, rounded lobes : ovaries glandular On dry rocky hillsides. Southern
Oregon to California

t)ui)ER XIA'IIl. ia:iIACE/E H. Ju.ss. Hort. Train \lo\). .

Trees shrubs or herbs with opposite orwhorled entire leaves
and reguhir flowers. Tube of the calyx adherent to the ovary,
tlie limb mostly 4-5-parted or toothed. Corolla inserted upon
the summit of the calyx tube, composed of as many united
petals u.s there are lobes of the calyx, mostlv valvate in the
bud Stamens inserted into the tube of the corolla, equal in
number and alternate with its lobes: anthers iufcrorse. Ovary
2-celled with a single ovule in each cell, or 3-several-celled
with 1-several ovules in each cell. Style single, sometimes
with 2 or more lobes or stigmas. Seetis a^iatropous or am-
phitropous, solitary, few or numerous in each cell. Embryo
straight or slightly curved, in the axis or at the extremity of
copious, densely fleshy or horn}' albumen.

1. <i>»llnin. Herbs with whorled leaves and no apparent stipules: fruit
2lobed and 2 seeded

?. KellofTlpia. Herbs with opposite leaves and stipules between the,
petioles; flowers in cymes ; fruit 2 lobed and 2-seeden.

X."'',

p»,«. Ci^,^

284

RUBIACE.E.

GALIUM.

11::

f.

^ /;^

riUf

1 GALIUM Tourn. (Bbdstraw. Cleavers).

Herbaceous ( r rarely suffruteseent plants with square stems,
opposite or verticillate loaves and perfect or rarely polygamous
small flowers in axillary or terminal simple or paniculate (\-
mules or solitary. Calyx-tube ovate globose or oblong; the limb
obsolete. Corolla rotate, 4-parte(l, rarely 8-parted: stamens as
many as l(»bes of the corolla, short. Styles 2, more or less unitt d
at base: stigma globose. Fruit 2-lobe(l, dry or baccate, separa-
ble at maturity into 2 indehiscent, 1-secded carpels.

§ Fruit dry.

* Annuals; fruit more or less hispidulous or hirsute, without hook.'il
bristles: flowers heraiuphrodite, white or whitish.

G« Aparine L. Sp. i, 108. Steins coarse, reclining, 1-8 feet long; in-
trorselj' hispid on the angles; leaves 6-8 in the whorls, oblanceolate to al-
most linear, 1-2 inches long, cuspidate acuminate, retrorsely hispid on tlu'
margin and midrib: peduncles rather long, 1-3 in the up|>er axils or ter-
minal, bearing 1-3 pedicellate flowers : corolla 1-2 lines in diameter, whitt-
ish: fruit not pendulous rather large, granulate-tuberculate, the tuhei-
cles tipped with uncinate bristles. In rich lands along streams, etc., Cal-
ifornia to Alaska and across the continent. (Europe).

G. spnriam L. Sp. i, 106? CJ. Aparine car, minor Hook. Stems sK-ii-
der, branching from the base, diffuse, 1-2 feet long, retrorsely hispid on
the angles: leaves 6-8 in the whorl, linear-oblanceolate, cuspidate, 6-1')
lines long, retrorsely scabrous on the veins and margin, the axillary um-
bellate cymes 3-9-flowered : corolla about 1 line in diameter, white or
greenish : fruit large, more or less flne-tuberculate and uncinate-hispid.
On stony hillsides, California to British Columbia and the Rocky .Mount-
ains, east of the Cascade Mountains.

6 bifolfam Watson Bot King 134, t. 14. Smooth and glabrous:
stems slender, 2-12 inches high, mostly erect, sparingly branched: leaves
2-4 in the whorl, lanceolate, 4-8 lines long, when 4 the alternate pair ninclt
smaller: peduncles solitary, lateral and terminal, naked, l-flowered, when
in fruit about equalling the leaves, spreading: corolla minute, white;
fruit small, minutely bispid, recurved at the end of the peduncle. In
open places on the high mountains, Washington to California, Nevada ami
Utah.

* * Wholly herbaceous perennials: flowers not dia'cious: bristle*
on the fruit short and uncinate or none.

■•- Leaves in fours throughout or fewer.

6. Oreganom Britton Bull. Torr. Club xxi, 31. G. Kamtitchaliciiiii oi
authors as to the Paciflc C?oast plant. Stems slender, numerous and radi-
ately spreading from the crown of a rather thick root, 6-18 inches long :
leaves oblong to ovate, acute or acutish or the lowest obtuse 6-18 lines
long, 4-6 lines broad, distinctly 3 nerved, ciliate on the margins and usu-
ally also on the upper side of the nerves : cymes mostly terminal, rather
few-flowered; flowers dull cream color, on short diverging pediceU ; fruit
hispid. In the Cascade and Coast mountains, Oregon to Alaska.

G. boreale L 'p i, 108. stems erect, 1-2 feet high, mostly glabrous:
very leafy: leaves from linear to broadly-lanceolate, 1-2 inches long, ob-
tuse, distinctly 3-nerved, often with fascicles of smaller ones in the axils :
the uppermost reduced to pairs of oblong or oval bracts : flowers in numer-
ous cK)se cymules collected in a terminal and ample thyrsiforni paniele.

GALIUM.

ts).

square stem*,
y polygamous
)aniculatc ( \ •
)ng; the limb
: stamens as
or less unittd
locate, separa-

nthout hook.^d

! feet long; iii-
anceolate to al-
ly hispid on tlu-
ler axils or ter-
iameter, whitt-
late, the tuliei-
eams, etc., Cul-

Stems slt'ii-
rsely hispid on
cuspidate, (i-1')
le axillary mn-
aeter, white or
incinate-hispid.
) Rocky .M oil lit -

and glabrous:
ranched: leaves
•nate pair miu'li
flowered, when
minute, white;

peduncle. In
ma, Nevada ami

ecious: bristle*

amtfchatirxiii of
erous and radi-
L8 inches long :
btuse 6-18 lines
argins and usu-
erminal, rather
; pedicek ; fruit
aska.

OHtly glabrous:
nches long, di-
es in the axils:
iwers in nuiner-
rsil'orm paniele.

GALICM.

RuaiACEi*:.

286

bright white, fragrant : fruit small, hispidulous when young, often soon
glabrouB. Rocky banks of streams, Oregon to Alaska and across the con-
tinent

••- -•- Pointless leaves in fours, fives or sixes; small, I-nerved.

6. trlfldam L. 8p. i, 105. Stems almost filiform ; erect; branching,
6-20 inches high, smooth, except the retrorsely hispid angles; leaves lin-
ear to oblanceolate, obtuse, 4-8 lines long; the midrib beneath and the
margin sparsely hispidulous: peduncles scattered, l-several-flowered ;
flowers white, sometimes 3-meruus: fruit small, smooth. In wet places,
California to Alaska and across the continent.

■*-■*-■*- Leaves in sixes, sometimes fives or on the branchleta fours,
cuspidately mucronate or acuminate.

0. asperrlmam Gray PI. Fendl. 60 and Bot. Cal. i, 281. stems erect
or diffusely ascending, but weak, 1-2 feet long; leaves' lanceolate, tJ-1 2
lines lon^: cymes twice or thrice dichotomous, with filiform pt>duncles
and pedicels : corolla white or turning purplish : ovary merely puberu-
lent or scabrous : fruit granulate-scabrous and sometimes minutely hiw-

?idulous. Shady places in mountains, eastern Oregon to California and
lew Mexico.

6. triflornni Michx. Fl. i, 80. Stems slender, diffusely procumbent^
smoothish, 1-3 feet long: leaves elliptical-lanceolate to narrowly oblong'
1-2 inches long : cymes once or twice ;^-rayed : pedieels soon divaricate ;
corolla yellowish-white to greenish, its lobes hardly surpassing the bristles
of the ovary : fruit uncinate-hispid. In forests, California to.\la9kaand
across the continent.

* * * Perennials with somewhat wootly base: leaves 4, in the
whorls, without any roughness ; fruit hirsute with long and straight
bristles.

ftt mnltlflorani Kell. Proc. Cal. Acad, ii, 97. Suffrutescent at base:
minutely scabrous topruinoseor glabrous: stems erect, tufted, I'-IJ inches
high : leaves in fours or the uppermost ones in twos, sessile, ovate to ob-
long-lanceolate, mucronate-apiculate or abruptly acuminate, 4-8 lines
long, with 2 or sometimes 4 lateral nerves from the base : flowers yellow-
ish or greenish, di(eciou3 montecious or perfect, solitary or somewhat
cymose or thyrsoid-paniculate: fruit usually covered with long white
bristles. In dry or rocky gulches, southern Oregon to California, Nevada
and Utah.

Var. Watsoni <iray Syn. Fl. i, pt.. 3, 40. Mostly glabrous and
smooth : leaves thinner, oblong-lanceolate; commonly about 6 lines long
by 2 lines broad, with lateral nerves either distinct or obsolete. In dry
gulches, southeastern Oregon to Arizona and Idaho.

§ 2 Genus Kelbunh'm Endl. Leaves 4 in the whorls, one-
nerved. Fruit baccate.

0. Nattalltl Gray PI. Wright i, 80. Suffrutescent, tall and climbing,
often .^4 feet high, mostly glabrous except the minutely aculeolate-his-
pidulous angles of the stems and margins of the leaves, these also some-
times naked : leaves small, oval to linear-oblong, mucronate, mr.cronu-
late, or obtuse: fruit smooth and glalaroua. In thickets and open woods,
iSouthern Oregon and California.

6. Bolanderi Gray Proc Am Acad vii, 350. Herbaceous from a
woody root, diffuse, a foot or two high, glabrous, sometimes pubescent:
angles of the stem not at all or hardly scabrous : leaves oblong-linear or
lanceolate, rather acute, about 6 lines long, thickish, with margins and
midrib either smooth and naked or sparsely hispidulous, those of the

286

VALERlANACEiE.

KKLLOaaiA.

■*

s

■1,

4

J-

■■3, «

'•'1

I ,

branchoH not rarely
juicy, drying bliick.
I'urnia.

opposite: corolla dull purple; fruit whi' ;^!nootli
Dry grounds, southe: n and wefci.-. « Cali-

0. Aiidrewsil Gray Proc. Amer. Acad vi, 538. Depressed : cespitoHr,
and with slender creeping rootstocka: glabrous or nearly so: the inatti-il
tufts 3-10 inches high : leaves very crowded, acerose-subulate, usually
shining, naked or sparsely spinuiose-ciliate, 2-(i lines 1 ng: Mowers din'-
cious, staminate slender-pedicelled, in few-flowered terminal cymes; pis-
tillate solitary, subtended by a whorl of leaves that are longer than tin- at
length deflexed peduncle: fruit dark-colored, smooth. Dry hills, Roiitli-
ern Oregon and California

2 KELLOGdIA Torr. Bot. Wilkes 332, t.

0.

Herbs with opiK)pite leaves and loosely cymosc-panicled, Hiiiall
flowers. Flowers commonly 4-m('roas ; ealvx-tube obovoid,
.somewhat flattened hiterally ; teeth 4, subulate persistent. Co-
rolla funneiform, the lobes naked, valvate in bud. Stamens its
many as lobes of the <'oroIla, and inse'-ted on its tube, more or
less exseited : filaments flattened ; anthers oblong-linear, attached
above the base. Styles tiliform, exserted : stigmas 2. Ovary 2-
celled, ovules erect from the base, anatropous. Fruit dry and
coriaceous, separating at maturity into 2 closed carpels which
are conformed and adherent to the seed, somewhat reniform in
cross section. Embryo comparatively large in fleshy albumen

K. galloiiles Torr. Bot. Wilkes 332 t 6. Glabrous or minutely pubes-
cent; Htoms slender, 4-12 inches high: leaves lanceolate, sessile, 1-2
inches long, the stipules small and scarioua: flowers small, in a Jose
dichoiomous cyme, the long pedicels thickened above and articulated witli
the flower; corolla funneiform, white or pinkish, 3-5 lines long, pubescent
on the outside: fruit small, oblong, coriaceous, uncinate-hispid. In shady
l>lace8, Washington to California.

Ordeu XLIX. VALEHIANACETIO Batsck Tab. Attin. 227.

Herb.s, rarely shrubby, with opposite, simple or divided
leaves ^vitliout stipules and usually small flowers in diclioto-
mous cymes that are often glomerate when young, frequently
corvmbose or paniculate. Tube of the calvx adherent to the
ovar}': the limb various, sometimes forming a plumous pappus,
occasionally obsolete. Corolla tubular fuTinelform or obcon-
ical, often gibbose ante) iorly or spurred, the limb mostly 5-
lobed and more or less irregular, imbricate in bud. Stamens
distinct, inserted into the corolla; anthers introrse. Ovary
mostly 3-celled, 2 of the cells empty , the other containing a
single suspended ovule : style filiform stigmas 2-3, or united
. into one. Fruit membran9,ceous or coriaceous, indehiscent;
1-celled or frequently 3 celled with 2 of the cells empty, some-
times 2-celled by the confluence of the empty cells, l-seeded.
Seeds anatropous with a membranaceous testa and no albumen.

* Limb of the calyx inrolled and concealed in flower, evolute and
pappuB-like in fruit.

KLLoaaiA.

VALE tANA.

VALERIANACE^.

187

«vhi* ;^!aootll
\vet;> .-. i Ciili-

3d: cespitoHf,
) : the inatU'ci
lulate, iisnany
: flowers diu'-
al cymes; pis-
;er than thi' at
•y hills, Boutli-

nicled, small
be obovoid,
sistent. Co-
Stainens .is
\xhe, more or
lear, attiichcd
2. Ovary 2-
ruit dry and
arpels which
; reniform in
shy albumen

linutely pubes-
Le, flcssile, 1-2
lall, in a JOse
rticulated with
ong, pubescent
ipid. In shady

Aftin. 227.

or divided
B in diclioto-
g, frequently
herent to the
nous pappus,
rm or obcon-
nb mostly 5-

d. Stamens
Drse. Ovary

containing a
5-3, or united
, indehisceut;
empty, some-
sUs, l-seeded.

no albumen.

rer, evolute and

1. Valeriana. Mostly tall perennial herbs with simple or sparingly
branched stems; corolla salverform, the limb not spurred.

* * Limb of the calyx obsolete.

i. Plectritia. Stems often simple, at least not dichotomous: cymes
thyrsoidly congested at the summit of the stem or branches: corolla
gibbous or spurred at base: fruit usually winged laterally.

8. Yalerlanella* Stems dichotomously branched, the branchlets ter-
minated by cymuk's '.l small flowers : fruit not winged.

1 VALKRIANA Tourn

Perennial herl)s with strong-scented mostly thiekeiied root-
fitocks or roots, simple or pinnate leaves and white or flesh col-
ored perfect or polygamo-diocious; Mowers in terminal often
panicled cymes. Limb of the calyx involute and concealed in the
flowering state, evoIut(? i'l fruit, iormed of several plumose bris-
tles, deciduous. Corolla with more or less cylinch'ical or obcon-
icul tube, whicli is often gibbous but not spurred at base, the
limb about ecjually o-lobed. Stamens <\; iibortive cells of the
ovary small or obscure, obliterated in the achene-like fruit.

V. edalis Nutt. T & G. Fl. ii, 48. Oisibrous or glabrate; the nas-
cent herbage tomentulose imberuient sometimes remaining so on the
leaf margins, stems erect, from a large fusiform perpendicular stock that
branches below into thickened roots, 1-3 feet high *. leaves thickish, ner-
vously veined, the radical oblanceolato to spatulate, ta{)ering into a mar-
gined petiole, entire or some sparingly laciniate-pinnatitid: cauline rarely
none, commonly 1-3 pairs, sessile, pinnately parted into 3-7 linear or lan-
ceolate divisions: flowers polygamo-di<wiou8, yellowish white, sessile in
the cymules which form an elongated thyrsitorm naked panicle, fruit
ovate, puberulent or glabrous. Wet plains and prairies, eastern Oregon
to British Columbia, east to the Rocky Mountains and Ohio.

V. sylvatlca Banks Richard App. Frankl. Journ. ed. 2, 2. Stems erect
from creeping rootstocks 8-10 inches high : radical leaves mostly simple,
ovate to oblong, sometimes some of them 3-5-foliolate : caulinr more or
less petioled, 3-11-foliolate or parted, the divisions entire or rarely few-
toothed : flowers more or less dimorphous ; corolla light rose-color, 2-3
lines long or more, the tube short: stigma nearly entire: fruiting cyme
open, at length thyrsoid-paniculate. Wet mountain valleys, California to
British Columbia and across the continent.

V. Sltchensls Bong. Veg. Sitch. 145. Stems rather stout, 1-5 feet
high, often branching: radical leaves mostly 3-5-foliolate, the terminal
one always much the largest: cauline short petioled, 3-i5-foliolate, the
divisions orbicular to oblong-ovate or of the upper ones ovate-lanceolate,
not rarely dentate or repand : cymes contracted ; corolla funnelform ; 3-4
lines long; white or more commonly pinkish : stigma entire. In moist
woods and wet places, i>regon to Alaska and the northern Rocky
Mountains.

V Columbiana Piper Bot. da?, xxi, 485. Stems erect from a rather
slender caudex 10 inches high, minuu'ly puberulent, especial^' below:
radical leaves ovate, entire obtuse at ap -x an inch long glabrous, their
petioles 2-3 times as long, narrowly mir.:ined, puberulent; cauline 2 pairs,
3-divided: the basal seicment^ ovate-lantvolate, obtuse, entire, the teruil-
nal segment 3-cleft into ovate-acutish lobes ; petioles a long as the blade
or shorter, nearly glabrous : inflorescence loosely cymose, the whitish
fldwers sessd^ in the cymules: peduncles puberulent: corolla seven lines

.« *:

X

9

I

I

i:^ki\

288

VALERIANACEif:.

PLKOTRITIH.

long, the tube twice the length of the limb, hairv at base within : Hta-
mens glabrous : stigiua minutely 8-lobe<l : bracts linear-aubulate, as loni;
a8 the glabrous fruit. Wenatchee Washington.

2 PLECTRITIB Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1096.

Low smooth annuals with opposite mostly entire leaves and
small flowers in terminal heads or spikes. Calyx-limb truncate,
entire or obsolete; tube of the corolla gibbous anteriorly, spurnil
at base ; the limb o-cleft, more or less bilabiate. Stamens ;!.
Stigma capitate. Fruit with a coriaceous, somewhat triangular,
fertile cell, the two empty ones often open their full length, eucli
forming an involute wing ; in one species almost wingless.

* Fruit somewhat meniscoidal, only obtusely angled dorsally : cotyl-
edons incumbent, that is parallel to the ventral face and expanded
wings.

P. niacrocera T. & G Fl. ii, 60. stems slender, 2-10 inches high,
simple or sparingly branched : flowers small, usually in 2-4 somewhat dis-
tant and spicately disposed verticillastrate clusters: corolla narrow, white
or pinkish, 1-2 lines long with a spur usually as long as the tube: limb
somewhat equally spreading, hardly bilabiate, or equally 4-lobed and the

fiosterior lobe emarginate-oitid : fruit glabrous or puberulent, obtuse or
ightly lineate-sulcate on the dorsal an^lu, the broad wing circumscribing
the ventral face of the achene, spreadmg or incurved. On dry hillsides,
British Columbia to California, Nevada and Arizona.

* * Fruit strongly cariuak^e-angled dorsally : cotyledons transverse tu
the ventral face, accumbent

-•- Wings conspicuous, more or less introrse, in the last species
small.

P. congesta DC Prodr iv, 631. Stems often rather stout, 4-20
inches high, simple or sparingly branched : flowers 1-4 lines long in a
capituliform or oblong simple or interrupted thyrsus, or sparingly verticil-
lastrate below: corolla rose or flesh color with obviously bilabiate limb
and spur half or less the length of the very gibbous throat: fruit broadly
winged and with prominent but rather obtuse keel, glabrous or puberu-
lent to short villous. On moist, usually shady slopes, British Columbia to
California.

P. aiiomala Suksdorf Valerianella anomala Gray Stems stoutish, 8-
20 inches high, freely branching: flowers small, in several approximate
verticil lastrate clusters; corolla white, a line long, wholly destitute of
spur, at most a small mammaeform gibbosity near the base of the short
and broadly funnelform throat; limb small, obscurely bilabiate, usually
4-lobed and posterior lobe emarginate or 2-cleft: fruit \]4 lines long,
acutely angled, with sharp edge on the back, with broad wings usually in-
flexed at base and expanding above. In moist meadows and woodlands
along the lower Columbia River

P. aphanoptera Suksdorf Valerianella aphanoptera Oray. Stems
slender and weak, 1-2 feet high, branching: flowers small, in 2-4 verticei-
lastrate clusters : corolla only a line lone* white, with obviously bilabiate
limb and short basal spur; fruit puberulent or glabrate, trigonous; dorsal
angle salient but rather obtuse, lateral angles with distinct but narrow in-
curved wings. Along streafiia, Southern Ortsgon.

- t- Winffs wholly wanting to the triquetrous fruit, the lateral
angle of which resembles the dorsal.

PLKOTRITIB.

VALKRIANKLLA.
DIPAACCB.

DIP8ACACE.K.

P. SAmollfolla H<»ck in Kngler, Jahrb iii, 37. A span to a foot high :
vcrticillastrate cluatcrB 2-4, small: corolla a linu or so in length, ob*
gnirely bilabiate, with short conical-saccate spur; achene-like fruit of tlie
shape of buckwheat, glabrous or a little piiDcsount, about a line long.
h>vf grounds along the Columbia River ami coast of California.

8 VALERIANELLA Tourn. (Corn salad).

Low glabrouB annuals with opposite leaves and small flowers
in terminal, cai)itale clusteiss. (.'ulyx-linibnone or a mere toothed
or oblique border. Corolla with nearly regular 4-parted limb,
fiiiinelform or more open throat, with or without a small saccate
gibbosity at its base anteriorly, and a short, proper tube. Sta-
mens 8 ; fruit S-celled, two of them empty and manifest, or often
enlarged and closed, sometimes at length confluent into one.

V. oi.iTOKiA Poll. Hist. PI. Palat i. 30. Plants 4-10 inches hisfh,
dichotomous, pubescent on the angles ; upper leaves sparingly toothed at
the basM, ciliato; the radical petioled : flowers pale blue in small glomer-
ules : stigma of 3 verv small linear-oblong lobes: fruit compressed, ob-
lique, at length broader than long, glabrous, the partition between the
empty cells often imperfect. In fields and waste places near Portland.
Or'^gon. Introduced from Europe.

ns transverse tu

he last species

ruit, the lateral

Ordkr L. DIPSACACK.E Lindl. Veg. King 690.

Herbs or suifrutescent plants (none of them native of Amer-
ica) with opposite or verticillate sessile leaves without sti-
pules: the flowers aggregated in a dense involucrate head upon
a common receptacle, e ich usually subtended by a chaff-like
bract and surrounded at the base by a very short closely ap-
pressed monophyllous involucel. Tube of the calyx adherent
to the ovary or sometimes free except at the summit the limb
various, sometimes forming a hairy or plumose pappus. Co-
rolla tubular : the limb 5-cleft or 4-cleft by the union of the
two upper lobes. Stamens 4. inserted into the corolla towards
the base, distinct, or rarely with the filaments united in pairs:
anthers introrse. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended
ovule. Fruit membranaceous or acheneiform, indehiscent,
or twned with the limb of the calyx. Seed anatropous with a
very thin testa. Embryo nearly the length of the fleshy
albumen. ■ .

1 DIPSACUS Tourn. (teasel).

Stout, erect hairy or prickly herbs with opposite leaves and
large, oblong or roundish head of small flowers : the expansion
of the flowers commencing about the middle and proceeding in
opposite directions. Involucre of rigid, spreadirg unequal
bracts. Bracts of the receptacle rigid, acuminate. Involucel ses-
sile, 4-angled, 8-ribbed, 4-to6thed. Calyx-limb cup-shaped, 4-
lobed. Corollft fdimi^lfonn, 4-cleft.

'MO

COMPOhlT.*:.

TVHVUVLOUJr..

sii' =^

"^^ /

'

D. Hvi.VKHTKiH Mill. Diet. HtuniH Rtout, 2-5 f(*et litKh prickly : laiir)'.-
liiti'-ohloiiK. ('onimto at Kaae, 4-0 iiichfH lonij;: involiirru uh lontcuHtln
lunuln: ItnictH of th« n'ceptttclc tipinsd with h Ioiii; uiul Htrniulit Huxilili'
awn; corollti tieflii-color. In wuHtu placeH and old tleldH. Nat(iraii/.t'>t
from KuroiHv

Ohdku \A. (X)MIH)Sn\K Vuill. Act. Acad. V is 14:^.

Her1)8, h)ii'uI>h or siiuill treeH with vju'iouh leaven uikI hiiih II
flowei'H in deime, closely iiivolucmte lieudH on a Him])le receplii-
t'lo, the heads often leHeniblinj^ a single flower. Flowers .V
nierous or sometimes 4-merons. Tul)e of the calyx wholly inl-
nate to the ovary, its limb none or obsolete or developeti iuti,
a cup or teeth scales awns or capillary bristles. ( 'orolla epi}^\-
nous, valvate in the bud. Stamens as many as lobes of the (((-
rolla and alternate with them, inserted on the corolla- tnlM;
anthers united by their edges into a tube, commonly with stcr
ile tips or appendages, the cells introrse, discharging tlic
])ollen within the tube, this forced out by the lengthening ot
the style. Style in all fertile llowers 2-cleft or lobed at sum-
mit and bearing introrse-marginal stignuis; ovpry 1 -celled.
with a solitar}' anatropous ovule erect from the base. Fruit .in
achene. Seed with a straight embryo and no albumen.

Herbs are said to he hoinnijamoiiH when all its tiowers arc nliki
in sex ; he(erngamov>^ \\hi}\\ imlikc (jrenerally mavfiinal flower-
pistillate? or neutral, and central lu'rtnay)lirodite or l>y abortion
only staminate) : nndrngynonn vihan oi pistillate and staininatc
flowers: vunueriona or diaerinuH when the flowers of ditt'crent sexc-
are in different heads either on tin; same or different plant?: m-
(Hate when there are enlarged ligulate flowers in the mar^jin :
lifjulate when all the flowers have ligulate corollas: liiHCoid when
there are no enlarged marginal corollas.

SiJHOUDKH r. TlBULIFLOKiE. ' "

Herbs or («hrubs with watery or resinous, rarely somewhat
milky juice. Corollas tubular and regular in all the hermaphro-
dite flowers. ■'

* Heads homogamous and discoid flowers all hermaphrodite, never
yellow ; anthers not caudate at base.

I. Eupatorlaceie. Style-branches elongated, more or less clavate-thick-
ened upward and obtuse, minutely papillose-puberulent, stigmatic oiily
below the middle.

* ♦ Heads homogamous or hetentgamous; flowers not rarely yellow:
style-branches of hermaphrodite flowers with stigmatic lines moHtly

f)rominulous and extending either to the naked summit or to a more or
ess distinct pubescent or hispidulous tip or appendage.

1.')% II* AgterotdwR. Anthers not cordate at base : style-branches in I

ler-

maphrodite flowers flattened and with a distinct terminal appendage
disk corollas generally yellow : rays of same or different color.

UHUMFLOBJt.

(UKMPOHIT.K.

i;i HAToimiM

aphrodite, never

I III. liialol<l(*M*. AiitliorM i-iiii(liiU>: Ntylt^-hraiichcH <>( lu>riiiiiplirnillUi
tl iwiTH HltMid-r, iliiMtitiilt' ot' iiiiy tt*riiiiiiiil ii|>|)i'inl,int', tlif Mtijrmatic liiioH
I'sttMnlin^ 'o or viiiilHliiiiK nt-tir l\u> iiakuil olttiim- or tniiKMitt* Hiiiiiinit.

II. lle!iuiitlioi*l«>ti>. KntliurH not ciiiuiiitu: Htylo-limiu'liitN with triincute
01 variKiHlv iipjK'iiitifiilHtc piilifHCfiit or hJHpid tipn : invidiirrt' not sea-
ri'iiiM: r»'«'»«ptacle Willi •■tiaffy liract.i HUhtfiidinj^ at. leant the oiitrr (ImIc
fJi'WerH: pappii-' nonn or varimiH : never of tlin< capillary l)risilt'H

V Heidi lofdeu'. XiiitpTx not •-aiulntc: Htyle-hninclu-H truncate or
viirioiisly ii| "iMJicuLiif: iiivoliirre not Hcarioi'iH : rercpiat'le witlioiit any
InactH HnlittMi>lin(f the (lowcrM; pippiiM from Hetilonn to paleaceon" or
none.

ll AMtliciiiidtMi'. Antliers not caudate: style laa'iclies mostly trnncat*':
involucre of dry ami srarioUH liracls, receptacle without or HometimeH
with hractH Hulttendiny; the llower-' : pappuH coroiiil'orm r of short
liaiete or none.

ITII. S«>ll<M'loiii«l<Mi>. AntherH not camhite; style-liranches of her(tii>|>h-
indite (lowers niostly olituse or truncaie. with or without short appmd-
iiKcs : involucre of mostly eipial not scarioiis liracts : n'ceptacle without
liractH HuhtendiiiK the tiowers: pappus of 'oftcapillary hristles
J- 'J )■,,-.' ■ .'f. ■

hill. CurUllilieH' \nthers conspicuously caudate, and with e1ont;Hted,
mostly connaie cartilajiiiioiis appendanes at tip: style l)ranclies short
or united, without appeinla^e, sti^matic ipiite to the idituse summit,
smooth and nailed, hut sometimes a pulie^cmt or hisnidiilous rin^ m*
ihkU' helow ; involu -re much imhricated: reieptacle densely setose or
liinhrillate or favose : pappus usually of many plumose hristies; In ads
never truly radiate

siHoiiDKi! I!. Li(irLiFi.():;;K.

Hirhs with milky Juice, ('oi-olhis uU lijiuliilc iiiul ll(»wei> nil
h(Miii!i|)hfO(lito.

|IX. CiclloriucMMis AntlierH not caudate: styU-]»ranches filiform, naktd,
sti;;matic only toward tiie hase: receptacle naked or paleaceous.

\mi)iix, ilixroid : ■ FloirerH hfrvxiphroilitc. irltli Inlnihir and rrtiiil'i r

'i-iillns; rercptiirlr in <i few (joicra jinlrfircoiix, in tnoul nnki'il. An-

lilwra withniif (iiilx ii.f hase. Styl('-I>rnnch('t< floiiiintcd, more nr Ickh

darate or IliU'kened iipwdi'd, minute} if fuipilhm' or inihcrnjoxx. or
Ulidtronn; the stifjwuiic lines only near fhr Ixixc tin I i nrnnxiiininiiH.

FhiiirrH ncrcr yrllow.

i. Knpatoriiliii. Involucre of more tlian 4 hract«: adienes o-angled,
destitute of intervening ribs: pappus i)f wholly capillary scahroiiH
liristles

'2- Coleosiiiithns. Bracts of the invohicre not herbaceous striate nerved :
iiihenes 10-coHtate or striate: putipus a single series of caoillary bristles.

I KUPATORIUM Tourn. Inst. t. 259.

I'erenniiil herbs or somewhat sliruhhy phints with opiiosito

(lai'uly altei iiate or verticiUate) mostly entire leaves that aie

iiltcn connate at base, and mostly corymbose heads of purple

Iblue or white flowers. Heads 3-many-tlowercd. Involucre cyl-

j5 3

lb}

^7f

l> io

I '

.

J

I

',

!

i

I

292

COMPOSITE.

COLEOBANTHU8.

indrieal or canipantilato ; the scales imbricated in 2-3 or nmiv
series or sonietiniee nearly eijual in a single series. Receptacle
flat, naked. Corolla tubular-infundibuliforni or often witL a
campanulntc limb, o-tootbed. Anthers included. Branchi > of
the style mostly exserted and elongated cylindraceous or some-
what flattened, obtuse. A( henes 5-angled, without interniediato
stria'. Pap|.us a sinftle series of very slender capillary bristles.

E. O'reideiitalc Hook Fl. i, 303 Nearly glabrouH : Htems slender, s-]2
inclies liijih, Honiewliat wo< dy at base: leaves alternate, rarely oppi-ite,
ovate witli a trniu*ate or subcordate or roundish base, acute or acuminaU',
ppiifiiifrly dentate repand or entire, rather sbort petioled : cymes pniall
and rather compact, UHuaily paniculate : beads 16-25-flowered : scales of
the involucre linear, acute, nearly equal in 1 or 2 series, nearly nerveless;
liardiy longer tban the mature acbenes. Corolla white to purple: acliems
slender glabrous. On cliffs and in stony places, eastern Waibington to
southern Oregon, California and Nevada.

2 C OLKOSANTHIIS Cass. Diet, x, 36.

HRWKKLLIA Kll. Sk. ii, 290.

Herbs or uiidershrubs with opposite or nlternate leaves ami
variously disjiosed heads of white or Hesh-colored flowers in late
sununei. Sciilcs of the Ciinipanulate involucre imbricated ian-
ccolale or linear, the extfrior shorter, none herbaceous. l{or(]i-
tacle fliit, nak( d. ( orolla slender. C-loothed at summit, the tcctli
mostly glandular externally. Pappus a single series of harliel-
late or suhpliiniosc or merely scabrous bristles. Achenes lO-cos-
tate Of lO-striate."

* Heads .S5-.">()-tlo\vered, (i-Jt lines high, pappus bristles merely sca-
brous or densely serrulate.

.♦- Piiiiesc( lit to almost gialrous: leaves sessile or subsessile all
alternate, cordate, seldom an inch long: stems herbaceous from a 11^'-
neous base, li'-l(i inches high or more, leafy to the top; heads mdstly
single, terminating corymbose, leafy branches.

C. Wreeiiei O Ktze. Rev Oan i, .'^W B-idcdUa Greenei Oray Very
viscid-pultescent : stems slender, lU-lC) inches higbr numerous from a
woody, perennial l)iise, sparingly branched above or simple: leaves ovate.
obtuse, somewhat serrate, sessile or somewhat petioled, the uppermost
forming accessary loose bracts to the involucre proper: heads terminal, 't
lines high; involucral bracts lanceolate and linear, acuminate glahnuis
achenes not glandular, glabrous or the upper part hirtellous with a lew-
scattered hairs on the ribs: pappus bristles subplumous. In gravelly
gulches and along streams, southern Oregon and no»-thern ('aliforuia.

C. obloil^ifolins i», Ktze. 1. c Bnckellin oblonqifoHa .Xiitl Sliglitly
viscidulons: stems herbaceous from a lignescent base 10-2 i inches liiuh:
leaves oblong or some upper ones lanceolate: involwcral bracts all acute "i
muricate pointed ; outer ones oblong-lanceolate, inner ones narrowly-lin-
ear: achenes sprinkled with minute glands, often a few bristles on the rili-
near the summit. In gravelly or dry soil, British Columbia to eastern
Oregon.

C. liiiifulias O. Ktze. 1. c. Brickellia linifulin Eaton. Minutely
glandular-pubescent: stems very numerous, 12--16 inches high t'nim .i
stout, woody base, cymose at the summit: leaves numerous, alteniati'
sessile, elliptical-lanceolate, entire, obscurely 3-nerved, 9-12 lines ImiK'

>IiE08ANTHU8.

C0LBO8ANTHU8.

COMPOSITE

293

■istles nierelv si:a-

headfl large, solitary, on elongated somewhat leafy branche8 : involucre
40-61 -flowered, the scales in several series, outer ones ovate, inner ones
linear, acute, style-branches dub-shaped, exeerted: achenes witli a double
row of minute bristles along the striie not glandular: pappus obscurely
plumose. Sandy bottoms and rocky gulches, eastern Washington to Utah.

■4- •♦- Barely pubescent or glabrate perennials: heads not viscid:
leaves slender-petioled, at least the lower ones opposite. »

C. grandlflorns O Ktze. 1 c. BrickeUiu g,and>Jiora Nvtt. Puber-
ulent or almost glabrous: stems 2-3 feet high, paniculately branched:
leaves broadly or narroMiy deltoid-cordate or the upper deltoid-lanceolate,
coarsely dentate-serrate with an entire usually acuminate apex, 1-4 inches
long: involucre about 40-tlowered, its bracts papery and scarious when
dried, the short outer ones ovate, the inner ones oblong-linear, obtuse or
acutish or some exterior ones with loose subulate acuminations: papyjus
white ; achenes sparingly aetulose toward the summit. On hills alonK
streams, Oregon to the Sierra Nevadas Montana and Arizona.

* * Heads 3-25-flowered not over 6 lines long: pappus-bristles
scabrous or not manifestly barbellate : heads sessile or short-pedun-
cled, terminating short leafy branch lets or in axillary clusters forming
a spiciform paniculate or interrupted thyrsus.

■*- Involucre naked at base, all the bracts dry and chartaceous,
glabrous and smijoth, the outermost short and appressed, wholly des-
titute of green tips

C. ( allfornlcus O Ktze. 1. c. BnckclUa CaNfaruica Gray, Minutely
puberulent : stems 2-3 feet high ; virgately branched : leaves ovate, obtuse,
rarely subcordate, somewhat crenate-dentate, commonly an inch or less
long, mostly surpassed by the small clusters of heads, these rather spic-
ately glomerate, forming an uninterrupted strict tliyrsus : involucral br-
acts'all obtuse or the innermost linear ones abruptly acute, short outer-
most ones oval and ovate : heads 10-20-flowered, 4-5 lines high. On rocky
banks of the Rogue Eiver to California, Nevada and Arizona.

*■ •*- Involucre of firmer bracts the outer with greenish and some-
what spreading tips, outermost loose and herbaceous and passing into
the small leaves of the branchlets.

C. iiilcrophyllus O. Ktze, I.e. Brickellia microphylla Gray Viscidly
pubescent and glandular: stems 12-18 inches high, much branched from a
woody base: leaves alternate, short pet ioled, ovate, coarsely toothed 4-7
lines "long, those of the branchlets much smaller and sessile, heads small,
15-20-llowered, clustered at the end 01 the branchlets : involucral bracts
imbricated, in many rows outer ones ovate, herbaceous witl^ squarrosetips,
inner ones erect, lanceolate, acute : pappas scabrous : achenes slightly setu-
lose. Eastern Oregon to California, Nevada, Colorado and Montana.

Tribe ll.ASTKIiOIDE.K. Headscitherheterogamovaand radiate,
the Ihpdaie ray fiovrrs feminivc or rarely vriifrah or hovunjavious
with the fowern all hermaphrodite avd tvhvlar or rarely the j'emale
jloivers with filiform corolla and vo ligvle or iv Bareharis dio eious
find the female rnroUasi all filiform. Heeeptarle t^eldom paleaeeons.
Corolla of the hermaphrodite Howern reijvlarlii 5-lohed, rarely 4-
lohed. Anthers ohtnse and entire or barely emarginate at base.
Style branches of hermaphrodite fioirers flattened, conspicuovsly
margined by the stigmafic lines, and extending into a hispid or
papillose appendage. Pappus rarioiis or sometimes none. Leaveis
mostly alternatf. Disk flowers vsnally yellow.

\.

294

C '\lP.»slT.K

■ » ,

■ I ?

:t »;

i

.i 3

I

I

SuHTRiBK I. HoMOcHKOM/E. Disk wlioUy of liennaplii odite
flowers, ol" the same color as the ray when that is present,
mostly yellow :

8. Oriiidelia. I'appue (»f t'ew elongated awns or rigid VjriHtles, hcmls
usually radiate, solitary at the ends of the branches: coarse herbs uiih
sessile rigid mostly serrate leaves.

4. Clirysopsis. Pappus oi numeroiiM setose bristles both in disk ami
ray, manifestly double, the inner capillary, the outer very short :niil
sqnamellate, low leafy stemmed perennials with sessile entire or ni'iuly
entire leaves

5. AiiKiiudia. I'appus of slender setose bristles obscurely doubli', tin)
inner capillary, the outer very short and setulose or obsolete : low per-
ennial herbs

0. Eriocarpuiii I'appus white or nearly so. of exceedingly uru'iiml
somewhat Hattened barbellate bristles: achenes short, densely silky; l,i\v
herbs with narrow sparsely dentate leaves.

7. Pyrrocoiiia. Pappus reddish-br wn or fulvous, of numerous uniioiMi
slender rigid bristles: achenes linear, elongated, some\\l. at turbinutr,
3-angled and striate: glabrous, rigid perennial herbs with mostly ra li>al
leaves.

8. Steiiotas. i'appus commonly bright white, of numerous soft unequal
densely scabrous capillary I)ristles: achenes oblong-turbinate deus iv
silky-vi lous: glal)rous shrubby plants with narrow ent',e leaves.

9. Milcroiieiiin. I'appus of soft slender bristles: a<'henes slender, in u-
pressed, few-nerved: soft pubescent low and many-stemmed suffrutesniit
plants with thinnish sessile entire leaves.

10. Ciirysotliamiins,. i'appus of soft suln-qual bristles: achenes narrow,
not compressed: shrubby or half shrubby i)lanis with narrow eiiiiiv
subcoriai'eous leaves.

11. Eutliaiala. Pappus of numerous equal capillary scabrous bristles in
one or uiore series ; achenes short and turbinate: villous pubesiiiit ;
perennial herbs with linea" entire l-nerved leaves.

I'i. Holida^o. Pappus of numerous capillary scabrous bristles: achcin'
terete or angulate 6-i2-nerved or C(jstate : perennial herbs with entire nr
serrate leiives.

SiBTiuBE II. Hiri'KHocHROMK.E. Disk flowers mostly yellow
the rays whit", red, purp'e or blue; seldom yellow.

13. Bellis. I'appus none: acheiu's obovate and (Compressed, nerveless
except at the margins: low perennial herbs with all radical leaves

14. Boltouia. Pappus of several short-setulose squamellaj and 2-4 elon-
gated rigid awns: achenes obovate, very fiat, with callous or winged mar-
gin : leafy-stemmed perennials.

15. Towiiseadla. Pappus a single series of long awns: achenes ol>ovati'
or oblong, much compressed with thickish or callous margins: depn's-
sed or hjw many-stemmed herbs

IG. SerlcocariHis. appus of numerous unequal scabrous bristles:
achenes narrow, little compressed, 2-nerved, silky-pubescent: Icafy-
steuiraed perennials.

17. Aster. Pappus of numerous dull white scabrous bristles: achenes
compressed : leafy-stemmed herbs with panicled or somewhat corym-
bose heads of flowers.

i

GRINIiEMA.

COMPOSIIMO

m

jntire or in'iu Iv

18. Eocephalns. Pappan copiouH the bristles unequal : achenes oblong,
compressed, villous: perennial lievbs without radical leaves.

l\), Oreastrnni. I appus a sinn^le series of brownish scabrous barbellate
bristles: achenes subterete, 5->-costate : acaalescent perennials with nar-
row entire leaves and scapiform inonocephalous branches.

H), Machieraiitherii. Pappus a single series of rather rigid ifnequal
bristles: achenes narrowed downward, compressed, few-nerved, the
faces somewhat striate: leafv-stemined, branching l)it'nnials or annuals.

21. Erigeroii. Pappus scanty and fragile: achenes small, mostly 2-ner-
ved: annual or perennial herbs.

SuBTRiBK in. Bacchaimdka,. Heads (liHcoid and unisexual.
Corolla of the fertile flowers filiform.

22. Baccliaris. Pappus copious, of tine and soft bristles, accrescent
after flowerii g: achenes compressed, o-lii costate ; shrubby or herljac-
eous pereiniials.

Siibtrihe 1, Humochrnvretf.. Gray Sya. Fl 1. Pt. 11, 52. Disk
wholly of herwaphrodit'' p'Wi'rs^ nf thf nainp color as the, rayniher that
ts present, mostly yellow: these corollas tuhnlar with more or less am-
pliate throat and 4-5-l'>hed limb Rn'.eptar.le not chaffii.fl'it or mere-
ly convex Involucre closely imbricate,, viostly iv several series

:! GUINDELIA Willd. Mag. Nat. P.crl 18('7. 2i!». ((rrM Plant.)

Perennial hionitial or siiU'iutcst-ont plants wit li entire ()r ser-
riti', somcwhiit veiliu;i(l-j)unctatc' or reticulate leaves the radieal
mie- usually s[)a(iilate ; the eaii ine sessile or partly clasping;
and middle sized or large heads of y(>llow Mowers terminating
the hranclies. Herbage iialsamie-viscid. heads many-Howercd.
InvoliiciC h3mispheri(!al or subglolH)se ;tlie sc lies imbricated, in sev-
eral series. Uecepraele Hat. foveolate Corolla of the ray ligu-
lale, pistillate or neutral, in a single serie:« ( in one sjxM-ies want-
ing ) ; of the disk tubular infundibulifortn, "j-tootbed. perfect:
blanches of the style linear, rather acute, the bairy appendages aa
long as the stigmatie portion. A-bents obovate or oval, some-
what angled, glabrous. I'appns of 2-S caducous nearly smooth'
awns or corneous bristles.

(i. iiite^rifolia l>0. Prodr v, 415 Stems rather stout, 1-:^ feet high,
usually corymbo.sely branched al)ove and bearing several or numerous
heads: pubescence soft villous sometimes sparse or none; leaves of
Boft texture, ijommonly entire, sometimes ser ate, cauline :!-4 inches long,
mof tly tapering from a broad base to an acute or acuminate apex : radical
spa ulate and obtuse: heads large, naked or surrounded by foliaceous
b acts passing into leaves: bracts of the involucre with mostly elongated
Betaceous subulate points to the bracts: achenes truncate and with an ir-
regular undulate or obscurely 3-5 toothed border around the terminal
are la; pappus awns stout, tlattish. Along swales and ditches. Brit-
ish Columbia to Oregon west of the Cascade Mts Flowering in
Butnmer.

0 Heiidersuiii Greene Pitt ii, IH. Flowering »tems erect, a foot
high, sparsely hirsute: leaves (on sterile basi'l branches i 6-8 incliea
long, blade oblanceolate, closely dentate or serrate, tapering to a

296

COMPOSITiE

GRIXDKLIA.
CHKYBOP8I8

1 ^t '^'^S, 't<\

m)^^. '' '''

¥>■■ '

Si 1.

h

f

i

*

i

i
i

winged petiole of its own length, heads large, the involucral bracts
Bqiiarrose and very glutinous, achenes neither angled nor striate, the ttr-
minal border low and entire ; awns of the pappus 2 or 3, flattened and cur-
neous, barbeilate along the edges Dry rocky banks of Lummi Island
outhern shore of the (iulf of Georgia Henderson.

G. Oregaua Gray 8yn ii. 1, Pt. 11, 118. Stems rather stout and tall,
branched above, leaves thickish not rigid, sparsely denticulate or entire,
mostly obtuse, oblong, spatulate or ligulate, or the upper lanceolate, the
larger 4 inches long by an inch wide, whole herbage glabrous: heu'la
large, bracts of the involucre with erector spreading slender linear-Hub-
ulate tips; achenes squarely truncate and even at the summit, not l>ur-
dered nor toothed, minutely striate; awns ot the pappus 1-3. In dry
soil, Oregon to Idaho

G. naua Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Sac. viii, 314 stems rather sleinlir,
6-30 inches iiigh, the larger plants coryinbosely and fully branched above,
herbage wholly glabrous: leave.^ ihinnish, lanceolate to linear or the
lower spatulate, entire or spiinilose serrate heads 5-0 lines high: bracts
of the involuiTe with slender and squarrose soon revolute tips; acluiu's
narrow, e^kciselv truncate or bideni ate, at summit: awns of the pappus
mostly 2. On dry hillsides. Washington to California.

G dlscoidea Nutt. 1 c. 315 Whole herbage glabrous stems slender,
several from the same root, fastigiately branched, leaves oblong-linear,
tapering to the base, sessile, somewhat spinulose serrulate above: heads
5-7 lines high almost globose : .-ca'es of the involucre with short subulate
equarrose recurved tips: rays none, achenes auriculate bordered at the
summit; pappus of 2 bristles. On dry banks of the Columbia river
east of tlie < ascades.

4 CHRYSOPSIS Klliot Sk. 11 333.

Mostly perennial herbs witli oblong or linear usually entire
Bessile leaves and middle-sized lieads of yellow Howers terminat-
ing the stem and branches. Heads many-fiowered, radiate.
Scales of the involucre linear imbricated: receptacle somewhat
alveolat(>, Hat. Corolla of the ray Howers ligulate, (dstillate, in a
single series disk corollas tubular, 5-toothed. perfect : Stylo
branches mostly terminated by linear or linear-subuliite his-
pid tips, often loiiger than the Hat stigmatic portion.
Aohenes obovate or linear-oblong, compressed. Pappus of the
disk and ray similar, double, the outer short sciuamellate-setose
or s.-mewhat cbaHy, the inner of numerous scabrous capillary
bristles.

C. villosa Nutt Hook Fl. ii 22. Stems 1-2 feet high, villous-puhesceiit
and sparsely hirsute, erect, simple or corymbosely branched, very leafy:
leaves one inch or more long, 1 nerved slightly veiny, oanescently stri-
gose on both sides, mucronate, entire or rarely with a few sharp scattered
teeth, hispidly ciliate toward tlie base, the upper linear-oblong, the lower
oblong-spatul'ate : heads solitary or somewhat corymbose at the ends of
the branches, on short peduncles: scales of the roadly oampanulate invol-
ucre linear-subulate, strigosely pubescent; achenes obovate, villous; exter-
ior pappus setose squamellate. Dry plains and river bars, Oregon to
111. and the Saskatchewan.

C. hirNUta Greene, Pitt. ill. 2t)(). "FjOW, slender, the tufte 1 and
leafy steins only <5 or S iuches high, very leafy and the leaves asceu lint;

AM. MO 1)1 A.

i:rioc.\rpum.
fyhkocom \.

COMPOSITiE

2«J7.

[spaiulately oblanceolate, acute, green and granular-glaiulul'ir beneatli a
sparse rather Htiftly liirsute pubescence, tlie leafy bracts subtending tlie
2 or li Hubsessile heads hirsnte-ciliate, as are also the small outer bracts of
tlie tui inate involucre, the others merely granular viscidulous: rays very
lew (about 5 to 8), deep yellow: pappus with an outer series of short very
nai low palea; Banks (jf Hangman Creek, near Spokane, Washington.

|C. V Pilfer."

5. AMM iDIA Nutt. Irana. Am. Hhil. Soc. n. Ser, vii :W1.

Somewliat viscid and pubescent pensnnialH witli entire leaves

;ui<l miildle-sized heads of yellow [lowers teriaiiKiting the stem

;in(l branches. Heads niany-tlowered ; the Mowers all [KMi'ect

1(1 tubular. Scales of the coinj)anulate, involucre scarious-

|mcuihranaceous, 1-nerved, imbricated in few series, tin; outermost

.shortest, Receptacle Hat, alveolate-toothed. Branches of the

style 8ul)ulate-filiform, the appenda^'es longer than the stiirniatic

portion. Achenes fusiform or somewhat compnissed, pubescent.

|Pappus of copious minutely scabrous capillary bristles.

A. oregpaua Nutt. 1. c. Chrynopsis Omiana Gnnj. Stems u foot
Ihigli, many from the same root, paniciilately briuuihed. leaves
lalternate,. oblong, entire, veiny, sessile: peduncles some-
Iwluit glandular; heads irregularly paniculate corymlmse:

[scales of the involucre linear or lanceolate, 1-nerved, the inne most as
J long as the flowers, the outermost short and appressed : corollas all similar,
jslender, slightly dilated upwards, 5-toothed, pale yellow nearly hid in the
Icopions white pappus. On gravelly bars along streams, Washington to
I California.

G ERIUCARPU.VI Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. 8oc. vii. 321.

Perennial or annual herbs with si)iaulose-(lentate leaves and
(ill ours) I'ayless heads of yellow Howers. Heads many-llower-
ed: involucre hemispherical, its bracts rigid ap[)ressed-imbricate
with the outer su(;cessively shorter, all with abrupt and more or
less spreading herbaceous tips. Disk corollas narrow merely '>—
toothed. Achenes densely silky, mostly short and turbinate.
Piippus white, of very unequal usually slun't and som(;\vhat tlat-
teiied awnlike barbellate bristles.

E. griiidelioides Nutt. 1. c. Aplopappiu Xatlitllii T. »(• G. Cinereous-
tomentose, becoming glabrate in age : stems ()-12 inches long, nunicroug
Iruin a woody caudex: leaves from spatulate oblong to almost lanceolate,
rather sparsely pectinately dentate: heads few, terminating the brandies,
8-10 li'ies high : involucre hemispherical, its bracts rather few ranked, anil
with slightly spreading greenii^h tiy)8: style appendages oblong-lanceolate.
Idaho to the Haskatchewan, .New Mexico and vrizona.

7 I'YttUOCO.MA Hook. Fl. 1, :50t).

Perennial rigid herbs witb simple steins, coriaceous alternate
leaves and showy iieads of yellow 'lowers trn-minal or in the axils
of the upper leaves. Heads many- flowered, radiate. • Br;icts of
the hemispherical or canipanulate involucre rigid, some.vhat foli-
ateous, nerveless, oblong with more or less sciuarrose or herbace-
ous tips. Keeeptacle Hat, alveolate -toothed, llay-tlowers num-

2itS

COM I'OSI I7I<:

PYPHOCOMA

u

^1

ii

il

I

i
4

eroiis, pistillate, sometimes infertib- or inconspicuous: disk-ll iw-
eis cylindrical, slij^htly diliited upward, with short erect teih
Style-hninclics of the ray-flowcr8 often une(iujd. or one of tin in
ahoitive, ^lahroiis: those of the disk-flowers suhulate-liip aij
elontated, the hispid appendages much longer than the stigmatic
port on. .\ehenes linear, elongated, somewhat 8 angled and
striate glahrous or rarely hairy. Pappus re(l(iish-l)rown or lul
vt)us, of e<>pious and uniform slender rigid bristles

* Headn hirne and discoid the sterile rays being hardly apiiartni
or very Hinull for the sizf of tlie head ; achenes glabrous and smootli,
slfuder h»it ttattish, 4 (Mtstate or nerved often Hnely striate

I', carthuiiioides. Hook- Fl. i, :<0(). t. 107. stens rigid several imml
tlie saitie ro..t, t)-12 inehes liitfh, leafy, -cahro |)uheruU'>'t when yoiui^. 1m
coMiiiig smooth, bearing a solitary terminal large head and sometinu's ont!
or two in a.xils: leaves from sp.itidate to oblong or lanceolate: eoriacfmiH,
sparingly spinulose-serridate the lowest 1-4 inches long, taperinginto slen-
der petioles: involucre hemispherical, ti-i" lines high, often Icalv
subtended at ba-^e, its proper liracts coriaceous rigid, from oblon;: i.
br la 1 y laiu- -ohite or the innerm nt hnear, more or less scarions-inai'.;iii
ed. ni ist of tiiem lipped with an abrupt mucro or cusp, the outer inin
moidv loosi' and becoming leaf-like either entire or spinulofe-denticulati
rays almost always pn Mit and rattier numerous but their lignles iinnn-
spii'th'us, being ^-hort ii, .'oiute and concealed in the pappus On plaiii> and]
ro.ky hillsides; British (.'ohinibia to () egon and Idaho.

P. radhltu Vutt Trans. \m. f'liil .Soc n. ser, vii .S;W. Whole phiiitl
glal'r.i is: stem stout. 12-18 inches high: leaves thick, the radical and l:>\\i-t\
caiiliiic obovate-oblong.ihe lowe.st ;^-t> inciies loiur by 2 inches broad, iu'lin
led till' ujijier cauline ovate-lanceolate or objong : heads tisiially seviial
an<l soinew hat corymbose, an inch higli and broad, bracts of the invd-
lucre n imerons. broad or broadisb : rays very narrow, exserted but incon.
8piciion<: arbenes 4 lines loiui, about the leiigih i>f the rigid expandiiii.'!
pappus, the bristles of which are ))arbellate-scabrou8 I ry plains ncaif
Walla Walla, Washington

1*. asickii (fiveiie Hryib. ii, rt\) Aplop'ippus rjirth iiioideif Vnr. C'l"
ickiidiiii .'<tenis (i-lS inches high ascending few-leaved : leaves nm.^t'yl
spatulale lanceolate . lieads comparatively small and few-flowered, tenni-j
nal and* subiermiiial : bracts of the involucre rather few, lanceolate, iimst-
ly acute or acuminate. Union County. Oregon Vasifk.

* * lieads middle-sized to small, evidently radiate?; tlie exserled
rays often infertile but styliferous

1*. racemosa '.t^O. Fl ii, -.'44, Stems glabrous, 12-1 S inches liifih,
beaiing 0-7 racemose heads at the summit: leaves glabrous, lanceolati'
slightly spinulose-serrate, the ujiper acute, oblong-lavceolate, partly clas])
ing. the lower tapering to the base, s<imewhat petiolen : heads hemisplur
ical, less than an inch in diameter : involucre imbricated, in '^ serii's its
ova t.(> oblong scales pubescent ; ray-flowers conspicuous and fertile; disk
corollas shorter than the pai)pus : achenes sparsely hirsute. Mains
the < oliimbia.

* * Heads ohovoid, sessile and often clustered : involucre as loin:
as the disk, the .ei-ales linear-oblong, with short distinct herbaceous
■ tips imbricated in several series: achenes glabrous.

P. imiiicalata T &(i 1 c. (ilabrous. ^tems a foot high, liranched at
ilie summit: leaves oblong-lanceolaie. mucronate, obscurelv and reniotciv

PYRUnCOMA

PYRROC'OMA.

COM P 'SIT /K

m

itij; the t'xserui

«orrnlate, the cauliiie partly chisning: heu(l« numerous, H-H liiu's hijih,
seflHile and suinewliat chiHt«red aionn the hraiielioH: brac^tn of tlif iiivohi-
cre oblonjf, obtuse, mnnronate: rays 10-12, Hleixler: acbenoH slightly hairy
toward tlie HUinmit. Plains of the Columlna near Walla Walla, Washing-
ton

I*. ar^utH T i^ (t 1 c Glabrous. Stems 10-12 inc-ht-s high: leaves
spatulate-lanct'olate, somewhat aciuminate, Hharj)ly serrate, the cauline
partly clasping: heads axillary and terminal, clustered, sessile, liraets of
the involucre lanceolate, acute : rays 10-12, usually infertile. Plains of
the Columbia near W alia Walla, VVasbington.

1* ^loinenita T & G 1. c. (xiabrous. -^teni simple or braM(;lii(l :
leaves obi ng lanceolate or the lower spatulate lanceolate; very acute,
mostly entire, the cauline partly cla-'ping : beads (1 lines long, marly as
broa<l, clustered atcl disponed in an interrupted spike* rays H-10, usually
fertile. Plains of the Columbia near Walla Walla, >\ ashingtofi.

1'. l'Oiig<>Ktu (Jreene Pitt, iii; 2 1 (Jlabrons tiirougliout except a
scan ly pubescence about the intiorcscenc.e : ste-ns rather slender, 1 -SO 'n-
ches high, sevtiral from the thick ligne<)us root, ascending, simple, leafy
below. Horiferous from below the middle: radical leavt's lanceolate, acute
at both ends, entire, the blade ;i-4 inches long, on a slender petiole as long;
cauline smaller, tapering to asm ill winu'cd p'tiole HeaU (Mustered in
the axils of all the r« luced cavdine leaves: involucre canipanulate, 4-"i lines
liigh, its bracts rigid oblong. Snervcd. with acute grc'utips: piipiius
tawny, of coarse very unequal l)ristles : only the outer <lisk flowers fertile,
the achenes of these oblong, appressed pi ose: abortive achene-' of ray and
inner disk densely silky-pul)escent. n dry hillsides, wesiern base of tlie
Coast mountains near Waldo, Oregon

P. Ilirtu (ireene Eryth. ii, (!!• Apliipnppii.^ Iiirt"x (iinij. llirsutely pii-
besiH'iit and villous, even to the invojiicrt', or ai base laniiginose: stems S-
\1 inches hiirh, i-ather simple ascending, iH'aring few or sitaltered peilun-
culatti heads : leaves meml>ranaceous, pectinately -^errate with lorn: and
salient slendersuliulate teeth: cauline an inch or two long: radical some-
times 4 inches l(tng and with margined petioles: involucre hemisplu'rical,
half inch or more high, its b acts rather loose, litiear, aciimnuite or acute,
all aliout equalling the disk, the outer iriaiidy foliaceous: rays Jo ,,v uiore
conspicuous : achenes rather shoii, serict'ous-imbescent : pai)pus eft,
whitish. ' astern regon and Washington

1'. Howellii Oreene 1. c. 70 Aphtpit'ppiis Iloircllii (intii. ericeous-
tomentose : stems ti-1 inches long ascending branching from the base:
leaves all narrowly lanceolate, acute, entire or rarely denticulate : heads
solitary, terminating the stem an branches, rather few-Howered involu-
cre 6-10 lines high, its bracts linear, rather obtuse, all of equal length:
rays conspicuous; style appendages long and slender: achenes oblong lin-
ear, nearly as long as the rigid pappus, pubescent. On dry ridges, Crain
(reek. Eastern Oregon.

1*. laiiceolata Aplapappnx lanceohttnx ''. Si G. Stems <i-24 inches high
at first lanuginose, at length neany glabrous: leaves coriaceous the radical
and lowest cauline lanceolate, acute irregularly spinulose-toothed, peti
oled : the upper small and bract like, linear-lanceolate, partly cliisping:
heads 2-6 : involucre hemispherical, its bracts lanceolate-oblong, charta-
€ous, unequal, imbricated : rays 2 -25 pistillate: style appendages lanceo-
late acute a out the length of the stigmatic porti(m: achenes silky. Idaho
to British Columbia and the plains of the Saskatchewan.

I*. Haliii Aplitpappyx Hullii (irny. Glabrous throughout: stems 12-
20 inches high, paniculately branched from a suffrutescent or even more
woody base, very leafy : leaves lanceolate or linear, 8-12 lines long by 2-3
lines broad rather rigid, mostly scaljrous on the margins, midrib promi-

i\.„

i!

300

COMPOSITi*:

8TBNOTC8.

N

. ■

1

I

i

f

nent beneath : heads paniculate, terminating short hranchlets or sonie-
tiinea rather cungeHted : invoUicre obovate, 4-5 lines iiigh, its bracts broad-
ieh-linear, imbricated in several ranks, the outer sucueHsively sliorter, the
short tips merely niucronate-acnte : rays about 10: style appendages lan-
ceolate, rather obtuse, about as long as the stigniatic portion : pappus
barely sordid. Base of the Casca e Mountains of Oregon and VVaHhiiigton.

P. tennivnnliH Aplopappus tenuicanlig Katun Ki>t, King. in. Silky-to-
mentose or at length nearly glabrous stems (M'> inches long, very slender,
curved and ascending from a fusiform cuudex : leaves all narrowly lanceo-
late, rather rigid, the radical 2-3 inches long, '2-'A lines wide, entire or
sparingly denticulate, narrowed into a very short petiole; cauline ones
sessile by a dilated base: heads small, 2-6, racemose, on slender peduncles:
involucre hemispherical, the broadly oblong scales tomentose on the l)ack
and rather obtuse rays about 20: disk-Howers numerous: style-branches
linear-lan(!eolate. hispid, twice iis long as the sti^matic porti(m: achenes
silky-villons; pappus white, of unequal almost plumulose capillary brist-
les. In alkaline meadows, Kastern Oregon to Nevada.

8 STKNOrUS Nutt, Trans. Am. Phil, &ic. vii, 334.

Dwiirt' iK'rhaceoiis pliints with linear or liinceolate l-;^-nervod
rigid persistent entire idternate or crowded loaves and niiddle-
si;;e(l heads (.)f yellow dowers. Involucre lieinispherical, its
sc'iles uhlong ovate to orbicular. 1-norved, nienibranaceous with
scarious margins, ofe(|Ual or moderately uneciual length, closidy
appressed and imbricated, lleceptacle flat, alveolate-toothed.
Heads niiiny-tlowerpd, radiati;. Hays .S-I-J, ligulate, pistillate,
oval to oblong: disk corollas perfect, dilated toward the summit,
deeply o-tootbed, Style branches broad and flat with the pu-
bescent apptmdages various in form. A(!henes oblong-turbinate,
densely silky villous. Paj^pus commonly bright wite, of num-
erous s(»ft une<|uai densely scabious capillary biistles.

S. Lyallil Aplopppua LyalliiGray. Viscid puberulent: stems ()-12 in-
ches high, equally leaty up to the head: leaves obovate-sputulate to ob-
lanceolate: heads solitary at the ends of the stem or branches, radiate:
involucre hemispherical 6 lines high, glandular, its l)racts acute, sometimea
2 or 3 of the outermost oblongand m .-e foUaceous : rays 15-20, conspicuous :
style appendages not longer than the stigmatic portion : achenes and
ovaries glabrous or nearly so. .\lpine region of eastern uregon to British
Columbia, Montana and Colorado.

S. laungliiosus Greene Eryth. ii, 72. Aplupnjypim Idniigin'Sna
Gray. Floccose-tomentose : stems 8-1 •» inches high from creeping root-
stocks, leafy : leaves soft, narrowly spatulate or the upper linear, the
sparse uppermost almost filiform, 1-2 inches long: heads solitary, termin-
al, radiate, many-flowered: involucre H lines high; its l)racts lanceolate,
acute or acuminate thin, n^^arly equal in 2 series, outer barely greenLsh:
style appendages elongated-subulate: achenes sericeous-canescent Al-
pine in the mountains of eastern Oregon and Washington to Montana.

8 Braiirteffel. Aplnpuppas Drajideyei (iray. Stems 8-1" inches high
from a tufted caudex, cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, and the involucre
lanuginose- tomentose: radica leaves obovate or spatulate or roundish, 6-8
lines long, contracted into a slender petiole; cauline few antl sparse,
small, ; lines long, oblong or lanceolate : involucre 3-4 lines high, its
lanceolate bracts loose, neaily equal: style appendages tl iam; ular-subu-
late : young achenes hirsute-pubescent: pappus rather scanty Moun-
tains of Washington in the Yakima district.

MACRONKMA.

COMPOS I T.E

301

S. acaalis Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, H:U. AplopnppuH (ic(tiiU$
dau. Depressed-ceHpirose from a miiltioipital lignoHwiit civmlex : leaves
rigm and perflistent, cmwded on the t-rown of the caudex and a
liw on the aca^iform flowering stems, from Hpatnlate to ohlanoeo-
li'teor linear, J-3 inchen long mucronate more or less 3iierved commonly
g.abrous : 8capiform flowering stems I-IO inclic" high : heads inoHily soli-
ttry, many-flowered, radiate: hraets of the invi re from ovate to ovato-
liinceolate, mucronately aeute or aciuninate, (.estitute of greeii^nh tips
the outer a little shortest: style appendages subulate: achenes caneHcent-
ly villous. Dry rocks on the mountains at «)000-8(K)u feet, eastern Oregon to
California and .Saskatchewan.

St steiiophyllus Ureene Kryth. ii, 72. Aplojxtppns stenophjiUnH frray.
nirt*!llous-HcabrouH; suft'ruticulose spreading : stems numerous I-.'! inches
lung: leaves very narrow, linear-spatulate to HIiform, (i-12 lines long l-
iicrved persistent: scfpiform peduncles 1-2 inches long: heads solitary,
nidiate: in-'olucre b lines high, its bracts linear, e<|ual, in I or 2 series
glandular ouberulent: style appendages subulate :acheiie8 canescently vil-
lous. Ou rocky ridges, eastern Washington to northeastern California
and Idaho

9 MACRONEMA Nutt, Trans. Am. Phil. Sou. vii. 322.

liow and viscidly-pubesiient luiich branched slinihljy plants,
the fastigiatu Unify branches terminated by solitaiy rather large
heads, with entire sessile leaves and yellow flowers. Hea<U
many-tloweied, the rays (»-S, ligulatc, pistillate, or none: disk-
tlowers tubular, jxM-feet. Bracts of the involcre few, loose, some-
what in two series, nearly eijual, linear-lanceolate, 1-nerved,
the exterior mostly with foliaceous spreading tips, commonly
with one or more foliaceous l)racts at the b'.se resembling the
upper leaves. Kecep*acle flat, areolate. Branches of the style
much exserted, the appendages elongated, subulat(\ hirsute,
much longer than the; flat stigmati(^ [nirtion. Achenes large,
much compn^ssed. I'aj>pus of copious somewhat une([ual scab-
rous capillary bristles.

M. HaffraticoHa Nutt. 1 c Aplopappm i<iij[f'r"ti('08i(x Gnuj. Stems t)-8
inches long from a low woody base, leafy ti> the summit : leaves oblong-
linear to lanceolate, acute, somewhat narrowed toward the base, 12-18
lines long by about 2 lines broad : heads mostly solitary, teminating the
branches : involucre simple and loose, 8-1' i lines high, its bracts mostly
with foliaceous tips : ray-flowers 2-S linear-oblong, pistillate : aciienes ob-
long or slightly obovate. flat, l-3-nerved o ■ each side: pappus ferru>;inous.
In the mountains of eastern i >regon to (California and Wyoming

M. molle (jreene Kryth ii, 73. AjdopappKS (in'enei rur inollix Ordij.
Cinereous-pubescent to cane:?cent-tomentose, even to the iuvoicure:
branches about a foot high from a shrubby base: leaves somewhat lance-
olate, rt-L2 lines long, 2-3 lines broad : heads solitary or few and crowded,
6 lines high brai^ts of the involucre in about three series, lanceolate, all
more <»r less foliaceous : ravs 2-7, 3-4 lines long; disk flowers lO-Ki. In the
mountains of eastern Oregon and Washington.

M. Greeiiei (ireene 1. c. Aplopapinix (frerwi 'rntij. '-ilal)rous or
ahove very obscurely viscid-puberulent, about a foot high, branching fr.im a
shrubby base : leaves spatulate-oblong to somewo:<t lanceolate, H-1 2 I iuea
long, 2-3 lines broad, c'^*'ise or mucronate: heads solitary or few and
crowded, half inch high : bracts of the involucre in about 3' series, lance

*■■■ ':

>
1

*-

*

302

COM POST r.t:

CIIKYHOTIIAMNUS.

I

iii

: A-

olate to linciir, till but the innermost with conHpiniituH hixI Hpieatliii .
mostly eloiigatt'il-Hiibiihtti' ioliaceouH tips : rays 2-7, 'A or 4 lines long : ili^l
flowers l()-lt5. AcliiMios soft-pnhescent. In tlie mountHJns of eiisteti
Oregon and Wasliington to California.

10 CHKYSOrH \MNITS Nutt.Trans Am hil. viii, «23

Pereiiniiil herbs or suffi utieosc jdants with linear or o1>loii,'
Bossile alternate leaves and rather small corymbose heads of
yellow flowers. Heads 5-llowered, rarely (i- or T-flowered in-
vulucre canipiinulate> its bracts imbricated mostly concave m
carinate, dry an<l chartaceous, destitute of green tips. Receji-
tacle flat, alveolate-toothed, the teeth fleshy or somewhat lacei-
ate. Co oU s nnrrow. S'vle l)r.inches with exst'tt-'d 'U^iulmc
or setaceous-filiform appendages. Achenes slender somewlmt
(M)iupressed, silky villous. Pappus simple, of copioii-
capillary bristles.

r. puiliillls Nutt Trans. I'hil. i^oc. vii, ',V2?>. lUifi'lorin Donghtnii nir
piDiiiln 'ir II. lirunrhcH ert't't. nnmcroiis, H-IO inches liiuli, ghiltnui-,
Viry leafy : leaves an iiieli long or more, glal)roiis slightly glutinons, iiiii-
rowly linear, very acute, S-nerved, (i*'ten involute or occasionally some-
what twisted : invohuwc '.'-"> lines li:i;h the' bracts not very <listin(tly 4-
ranked. the outer short, ovate-lsinciolate, the inner oi)long-lini'ar. imt
•I'Uti', faintlv carinate I'rv plain;-: <'asteni Washington to Montana and
Vtah.

('. pillierillUK t.ivene Erytli iii, 9:'.. Hiijelor'>t IhmilasH ■■iti- uuhi'fihi
(•roi/. HuheruU'nt to almost hispidiUous throughout: branches numer-
ous, ii-l(t inches high, very leafy : leaves narrowly linear very acute 10-15
lines long, l>-nerved : invohicre 2-'. 'lines hii;ii. the br cts 4-ranked. the
outer ovate-lanceolate, ilie inner oblong-linear On desert plains, Idalio
to Utah and Nevada.

V. visciditlorils Nutt. 1. c :iV24, Jiigrlnrin Doiu/insii ''rnii ^hrub "J-ti
feet idgh, fasligiatt'ly leanched : leav s 2 inches long, nar owly linear
very acute, rather firn., .! nerved, their margins more or less distinctly
»'rriilato scabrous: heads numeriMis, in an ample fastigiate terminal cm-
ymli. 8-4 lines high : bracts of the involucre linear-oblong, abruptly acute.
2-4 in each vertical rank. Plains of tlie ' oluml)ia.

C. speciosHK Nutt. 1. c. livielovia gvavcolenx Grni/ in part. Shrul)
2-4 feet high witli rather slender stems terminated by an ample rather
open cymous corymb of yellow tiosvers: leaves very narrowly linear and
branches of the inflorescence minutely white-tomentose : bracts of the in-
volucre firm acutish, not ciliate tomentose on the back, at least near the
tip. in ;!-4 vertical ranks: tube of the corolla slender, almost glabrous,
the limb rather deeply 5-lobed. Dry plains Washington to California
and Idaho.

var albicanlis Nutt. I.e. Stems and branches densely lanate-
tomentose: tu e of the corolla clothed with long villous or somewhat
arachnoid hairs. Idaho.

C. nanns .\p ojiappits nanus Eaton. A low branching heath-like
ehrub 3-8 inches high, glabrous and somewhat glutinous : leaves crowded,
3-6 lines long, linear-spatulate. rigid channelled, acute and with minute
leaves fascicled in their axils: heads small, cor mbed; involucre turbinate,
of numerous lanceolate carinate chartaceous bracts with scarious margins,
very acute the outer ones small and passing into the leaves : rays 4-6, disk-

•THA.MNllS

Hni.lllAdO

('<>MI'()>rT K

■.m

(lowers H-lt an loujj uh tl>e rayw; braiiclit's '•! t .e iHyte Un» r-«iihiilfttt', the

oil.

tall

I'l.

liirHUte appt'iidatfeH much longer than th' laatic pi>

the liigher muuritaiuH, VVaHhiiinton to Nt-vail . iho ami

i'm Blooiin^rl Greene Er>th, iii, 115 .Ip'opapi/ux li ixnneri (> K

^hruh \r-'2 feet high with numerous ulender virpite hranciie-j, ifl nuc*,
iiiore 01 leHH jfhitinous, leafy t(i tiie top: leavcH narrowly linear witi .ip*jr-
iiij; bane, ^r Hpatulate-linear, inu(Toiia»e, Hcarcely punctate, 1-;' ichis
l(inK: headH narrowly i)ani(rle(l or corynibed, leafy-ltracled, 8-U) Ihh s
high j0-'i5-fl()wered : hractH of the oltlong cylindraceouw nvolucre imhri-
lated in H or 4 ranks, chartacco-coriaceoUH ith a greenJMh niidrih and
KcariouH nuirgihH, the inner linear-oblong, thinner and villous-ciliate, ob-
tuse, a little shorter than the dirtk . the outer Hlmrter and abruptly tipped
with a Hiibulate loliaceoiis appendage: rays 1-4 or none,, o.dong, conspuni
ously exserted: Htyle-appetulageM Hubuliitfllliforni, much exr^erii-d :
itcheneH linear, linely jMibcHccnt. Diy ridgen of the higher luonnliuiiH of
Britinh Columbia to alifornia and Nevada. .

C resiliosus Kricumivia i-exiimxiKi Snll, -hrubby, li-M inchcH high,
very much branched, glabrous, becoming very glutinouH, leafy: leaves
liliformlinear, al)Out an inch long, acute, tapering to the base, mostly
with some very short oneH fascicled in their axils : heads loosely coryn-
bo.<e, 5 lines high, 8-12 Hovvered : bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acute:
iichenes hirsute when young. On shelving rocks in the iJlue Mountains
of Oregon.

11 SOIJD \GU Vaillant. (ooLnKN kod) - -

Feriun" ill herbs with mostly simple strictor virgite stoiiis,se-!-
sile iilteinate eauline hii> es initl siii.ll ViU'W H wcrs in ample
terminal panicles. Heads few to many liowi red, mostly radiate ;
disk-Howers tubular, perl'ci t Biacts > if t ho involucre im])ri-
cated, app:e-sed, <k'stit;ite of foliaceiius or herbaceous tips.
llecf[)ta.dc narrow mostly iilveolate. Appeiulagi's of the style
laiiceohite. Acln-'Ues somewhiil terct", many ribbed. Pappus
simple, of numerous scabious capilLny hrir-tlcs.

S. coiit'ertifloru IK". I'rodr. v. H:>!t. stems simple, leafy to the thyr-
sus, I-;! feet high, glabrous, angular above : leaves ovaUlanceolate, or ob-
long-lanceolat , serrate at the apex, enfire below, the lower 0-4 inches
lung by •' lines broad, the radical attenuated into long petioles: upper ]iart
of the stem and inlloresence resinous : hi ads numerous, in an elongated
cum o\ind thyrsus, h-lo-Howered : bracts of the invohure linear, erect:
rays few and small on gravelly plains Hritish Columbia to Oregon.

S. hfsperius S. hmnilis car nnif '■rni/. >tems erect. 2-U) indies
high, leafy to the inllorescence ; leaves spatiilatc toobuvate, 1-2 inches long:
heads few in a close glomerule or more numerous in a spiciforni thyrsus:
liracts of the involucre oblongdinear : acheiies pul;escent. On the highest
peaks of the Cascade and Kooky mountains.

S. Toliiiieaiia Gray r^yn. Kl. i pt. ii 151. Low, a loot oi less high,
luafy up to the short, and rather broad inflorescence ot spiciform some-
what corymbosely disposed clusters: leaves thicki:h and veins very in-
iMaispicuous, linear or lanceolate (2 or three inches long), entire, raiely
with aouif minute serraturts, the margins usually scabrous-ciliate. glab-
rous and smooth: heads about i lines high crowded in thyrsoid intloresceri: e,
not secund : involucral bracts lanceolate acutish, thin : rays rather small
8-16: achenes pubescent. Oregon and Washington to Idaho.

IM

COMFOHITi*:

XUTMAMM

,3

I.

.J

N. MlHNOiirleiiNlh Nntt' Jotirn. Acad Pliilad. vii. .S2. 8niootli ir I
plalirouMiHt iiH a toot nr irioro hifrli, Hiniplv or Bomet.init'H /aBtigjati y
limn«'lu>il nt Ui« Hiiinmit ; leavt'H rinid, rrowdni, often fasclKU'd in ti.e {i\>] < i
hxiIh. llnear-lanrt'olati', aciitJ', with v«'ry HtubroiiH marf<iiiH, tlie lower l<>'
t-rinjf to tlip Jiaw, Hlmrply and nparHtfly Herrulat« toward the ajH'x: ti •<
ratlioil ol>lonjt-Hjmtulatt«, pctioled. 8-5-nerved, rotit-ulated. tlio uppernic^t
entiri' and H<arf«ly If at all nervi-d: raccnien ratln-r denHet alenderut itMi;:ili
ro«'in'vi'd-Hj)rt'ading, forming a Hliort and crowded pyraniidHJ panii h ;
liractH imltricated : rayi* H-IO, ratlu-r Hliort, aclii'iieH sllglitly pubcHcent 1>\\
prairi«-H, Idaho to the AMHiniltojnc and tlie HoutlieaHtcrn HtateH.

M. Nerotliia Ait. Hort. Kew. iii. 211. SteniH stout, 2-8 feet high vt i_v
smooth and glaltroiiK U]) to or near the ample seound panicle- : leav-
lanreulot* or broader, JJ-IO inelies long, sharply and hahently serniii ,
glal>rouH both sides: heads very nunierouH, nrowdtd: ratlier Iwge and full, i
lines lii^'li : bracts of the involucre broadly linear-oblong or linear ; nivrt
7-H, consjMcuons achenes more or less pubescent. In ricii alluvial hunl>,
Ore^fon to Jtritish ( olumbia and eastward

S. elonfrata Nntt Trans. Am Phil. Soo. xii, S27. Stoms latin i
Blender, 2-4 feet high, smooth or minutely jMibescent, strict: leaves lanci i-
late, acute or acuminate at both ends, sparingly sornste, nearly glabii'iii,
obscurely S-ncrved : panicle elongated, virguie or narrowly pyramidal, (i-IU
inches lung, the racemes at length sonitwliat spreading: l)ractH of the in-
volucre linear siiliulate: lays small and slender: achenes pubescent Com-
mon ill ilry grounds, Hritisli Columbia to California.

8> Callforniea Nutt, I.e. Stems rather stout, 2-4 feet high canesctnt-
ly jM'berulent or JMibescent : leaves otdong or the upper oblong-lanceoinle
and the lower oltovat<', obtuse or apiculatc, entire or the lower with soine
Hniall teeth, canescently puberulent or beneath more pubescent: panicle
virgat' , 4-12 inches long, dense, the racemiform clusters erect or banly
spreading in ajje, wlien elongated mostly secund and even with the iipcx
at length recur\'ed. heads 3-4 lines long: bracts of the involucre lanceoliitf
oblong or oblong-linear, mostly obtuse, externally somewhat ••uberulcnt:
rays 7-12 fewer than the disk-flowers: achenes n'linutely pubescent Iny
grounds, southern Oregon to California, the borders of Nevada aiul
Mexico.

12 EUTHAMIA Cass Diet, xxxvii, 471.

Erect scabrous perennials with narrow alternate leaves iiiul
numerous small heads of yellow flowers in terminal eorvmbnse
panicles. Heads many-flowered, the ray flowers more nunit r-
oup than those of the disk, and never surpassing them in
height. Keecptaele limbrillat(; or tlie alv oli pilose. .Aclieiu-
villous pubescent, short and turbinate.

E. occidental is Nntt Trans, Am. Phil. *^oc vii. .ISfi Stems nupii l-
onH from extensi' ely creej)ing rootstocks, 3-ti feet liijih, loosely brancliid.
the Immcbes terminated by siuall clusters of mostly pedicellate beads:
leaves numerous, linear, ntire, smooth, usually :!-nerved, the margins ,,|,.
Hcurely scabrous; bracrts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acute : lays It;-
20; disk flowers H-\4 . alveoli of the recei)tacle pilose.

Svlitrihc a. Ileiernchrometv (irmj. Syv. Fi. i p'. S 54. Rnu
Jl •'V- IS hine reti or in-riili to vhiif r'>r Iv i.ellnw or ivohiivg in rer
1 •ii<. siifnes Duk of hervinphndiie ovd mnnthj ferUh fii^ir^-'S, ih^ir

RUTH AM I A

Smooth II 1
»'H faBtigiat' >
I'd in tlie upl ' I
, tli«> lower 1^' '
1 tlu' ajM'x: '1 "
tlie npperiiii'M
enderat leii;;'li
111 id 111 |)Hiii( M ;

UlH'HCeilt i'lV

t I'eet liigli vt ly
paniclot lea\r«
.liontly Hpvritii,
lii»g«' and full. ;
or linear: my*
I ftlluviul liuiils

, StPiiis ratlK'i
t: leaves lanci'-

learly k'hIiJ'""^'
pyramidal, t)-lO
linictH of thi' in-
iboHcent Coui-

L high canewiiit-
nblong-laiu't'oiiite
bwer with sfnne
beHi'ciit: panicle

erect or baivly

1 with the up>'X

olurrv lanccoliit''

vhat vmbcnilc'iit:

])idieHct'nt I'ly

(if Nevada niul

Xe leaves snid
nal c'oryinbnse
i move miniti-
sing them in
osc. AclieiH'>

Stems niii'ici-

oosely branciicil,

ediceilate licaiU:

the mai-irins ,,1'-

, acute: rays li;-

p'. 2 54. I'll]'
wni'fivg in rer

HKI.I.IH.
BOI.T N'lA.

t'OMl'oSlT.V

UUb

rnroHa yfllmv or rarely rrenm-r.olor^ yoniftivieH rhamjiixj to purple.
Rerfp'nr.le vnked.

18 HKIJ.ls oiirii fiMisv)

OiiTH low |«'remiiiil lurlis with >|uitnliit<' Icmvcs mid ^olit.-iry
111 juIh ol" vMi'i»»u>* coloit'd ri<>\\VTs t« riiiin.iting simple sciipe.^.
HcikIh inany-fluwta'ed, the niv-floweis |»i>t lliito, in u single
HtM'ies, those of the ilisk mhuiar and pert'eot. Invduere Ciim-
panuliite, its hrac^ts Honiewhat in a douhle series, foli;i(T(»us.
lierliiireons or soiiiovvhat inemhranacfuns, ei|nal. The icctsptaele
conical, slightly alveohitc. Branches ol the style lipped with a
nliort triangiihir appcn(hi«i('. Achenes ubovatf, compressed,
slightly hairy or hispid. I'appiis none.

H. PKHKNNiB I.. Sji I'i-lS. I.i'av* I- all ladiuil: MpMtiilalc-dbdvaic.
crenntely dentate, olmcnu-ly :i-i|§ivcd, 1-*,* iiiflio luiin. heads lar^a- termin-
ating Hinipie WHpch : liiactV et the invojucie eblnnc. olituse, Hoiiiewhnt
foiiacecaiH, equal : ray- )l(i\\ei> nniinw, twice a>. Innj: a^ ilie involucre. Kh-
CHped from gardens and becoming naturalized alonu the coast.

14 HOIJOMA b'Her. >ert. Aiigl. 27.
filaln'oiis peremiial herbs with strijite-an<j,led stems, sesnl"
entire h'avcH and rathei' showy heads of wliite, purple or violet
flowers. Heads niiiny-flowered. the Jay-flowers ntmierous. pi
tillate, in a single series; disk-flowers tulmlar jurt'ect S'-alos .'1'
the hemispherical involcnre imbricatetl, somewhat in 2 series,
appres-^ed. scarcely as long as the disk, with somewhat mem-
bri'.iiiiceoiis margins. Receptacle hemispherical or conical, oh-
scurely alveolate. Branches of the styh linenr-oblong. with
verysliort apj)endages. Achenes comj)ressed, obovatc. miirgincd
with a callous wing, in the ray often H -winged. Pappus of sev-
eral setose bristles and frequently with 2-4 more or less elongat-
ed subulate awns.

It oi'cideiitaliN B IdlixqimvKi var iirci<1>"nl"iiii (intii. Stems 2-<) feet
]\\^h, cyniose-paniculate at summit: leave.x bniadly lanceolate or the
upper linear-lanceolate: heads .^hort-ijcd uncled : Uiacts of the involucre oh-
loii^, olttuse: ray flowers white, 4-.^ lines lonn: awns of the jiapjjus pres-
' lit and conspicuou,s, thesetulose sciuamella' small. Rivor-hottoms of Un-
ion county, Oregon.

b^) TOWNSENI)I,\. Hook. Kl. ii, 10 t. ll!».

Pejiresscd or low many-stenimeil hcrlis with from linear to
>]i!i1u]a1e entire leaves and comi»aratively large heads, of from
violet or rose purple to white ray-flowers. Involucre broad,
many-flowered, imbricate: the bracts lanceohite, with scarious
margins and lips, outer usually shoiter and inner moie mem-
branaceous. Keceptacle broad, merely areolate, fl;it. Htyle-ap-
l»endages lanceidate. Achenes (dxivale or oblong much com-
pressed and with thickish or mostly callous margins, those of

;wr)

COMP()."^IT.E

TO\VX»KNI)rA
SKRICOt'AKFCS

I

?

Is

I

I

!

I

tlio my -oiiictimes triniiiiuliir. P;i])i»iis a sin<rl(; series of long
awns ()!• ut' coirsc and rigid bristles or in tlie lay reduced to
S(|Uain<'lla' or palca-.

T. arryi Kuton Am ' at viii, 312. SUmdh erect, 8t)Ut, naked and
pKUiiirulifoim a ove. J-K imlies hij^li, tlu' talU'i' I'orniH soinetinicH branch-
iiig: leaves m. stiy spatulate: bracts of the very broad involucre lanceolatv",
tliinnisli, with ratlier soft attenuate tips or tlie outer barely acuminate:
achenes narrowly nhovate caneKrj'utly pubescent the hairs simple or many
of them 2-(lentate at tip. ' appus ol ray-flowers pluriseiose, like that of
the disli. Idaho to ^\ yominu and Montana

T. noi'it'er (iray Proc. Am. Aead xvi, S4. ( inereous-hirsute: stems
ratlier slender, 4-1(1 ii>(;lie8 long, leafy: leaves linear or the lowest lancteo-
late-spatuhite, acute, mostly apiculate-acuminate: heads rather large, pe-
dunculate : bracts of tlu- involucre linear-lanceolate not prominently acum-
inate nearly et|ual : achenes oblong-obovate, pulu scent: pappus of numer-
ous setose liarhollulate bristles. i)n sandy hajiks and arid i)lains of thi
Columliia •

. , . Hi SKK CoCARI'lJ- Nces \st. 148.

I'eremii;d licibs witii idtetriate ronuminly entire and se^siie
leaves, and small luiids of white tlowers usually fascicled in a
terminal etiuipact cynic. eads 12-l.'i-flow('red, the rays abitit
o, distant. Bracts of the oliovate-(d)lt.ng or turl)inate-eylindri-
cal involucre <d(iscly inil»ricated in several series, nerveless or
obscurely 1-nerved, the lower portion cartilaginous, a!i[)resstMl,
the ape.K lierbaecous, often spi'eading. Ke('epl:vle sinall, alvco-
lat!', the alv ola toothed or lacei-atc eiliate. Apcndages of the
style lanceolate-subulate, minute y Inspid. longer than the stig-
matic portion. Achcncs obpyraniidal, short, densely silky.
Pappus simple, composed of rather numerous and rigid une(puil
scabrous bristles, some of them thickened upward.

S I'iNTidils I indl, Hook. Kl. ii, 14. -Minutely scai)rous : stems slender,
1-2 feet hijih. mostly sin>ple, leafy: leaves rigid, obloiiLr spatnlate obtuse,
often nuicronate, entire, somewhat .H-nerved, tlie uutrgiiis eiliaic-scahrous
10-12 lines long: heads alxait 15-tio\\ered, clustered in small compact c^Tv.
rabs: '.)iacts of the turbinate nivoliicre narrowly oblong or linear, l-nerveil.
the inner imes about equalling' the (iisk, somewhat "-icarious; the outer
shorter an<l with somewhat .H|i:arro>e grewnish ti))s: rays hut litt|«> if nt all
ex.«ertt'(l achenes when mature jiliout half as long as the white pappus,
slender, not very densely silky. On . ry ridges Oregon and Wa.sliingtoii to
the . icira Nevadasin California.

S. Ore^OlieilsiK Nutt. Trans. \m. Ihil. S(K. vii, H02 Nearly glal,-
rou«: stems rather stout, 2-;i feet high, corynd)o.«ely branched aljove:
leaves broadly lanceolate, acutish entire l-iierved, scabrous 1-2 inches
long l)y ti lines broiid, thickish, narrowed below: heads about b'l-Howered,
clustered in small compact corymbs : la-acts of the turbinate involucre ot)-
long-linear l-nerved: rays conspicuously exserted : achenes sleiuler, fully
half as long as the wlute l)appus, slender, not very densely silky. On dry
oryra\elly plains western Oregon and Washington.

l'OCAKI'L'8

•ies of long
reduced to

t, naked and
inies briuicli-
Tc Ian ce( tint*',

acnuiinate:
nple or many

like that of

irsut(! : steins
lowest lancH'o-
ler large, pc-
inently acniM-
)iis of nunii'i-
piains oi tli"

and se>sil('

scicled ill a
1' riiys abiut
iite-cylindri-

ncrvclcss (ir
, ii!)i)res.'-('d,
mall, alvco-
iiges of thi'

laii the !^ti^-
iiHtdy silky

IgKi

I met 1 11

al

stems slender,
atulate obtuse,
iliaie-scabrous
eonipact cd'y-
ear, l-nerveil,
us; tlie outcf
t little if at ail
uiiito pappus.
Wasjiingtoii to

Nearly glali-
finelied altovc;
WIS 1-2 inelicu
it lJJ-flo\vei(>(l,
' involucre ob-
slender, fully
ailky. On dry

ASTER COMPOSIT/E

17, ASTER Tourn. Inst. 174. L. Gen. n. 054.

307

Perennial, or rarely annual herbs? with alternate entire or ser-
rate leaves and racemose paniculate or corymbose heads of
flowers with white, purple or blue ray, and yellow, often chang-
ing to purple, disk corollas. Heads many flowered j the ray-
flowers in a single series, not very numerous, pistillate; those of
the disk tubular, perfect. Bracts of the involucre more or less im-
bricated, usually with herbaceous or foliaceous tips. Receptacle
flat or convex, naked. Appendages of the style (in the disk-
flowers) lanceolate or subulate, acute, rarely triangular. Pappus
simple; of numerous, often unet^ual, scabrous capillary bristles.
Achenes usually compressed.

* Involucre well imbricated: the bracts appressed and coriaceous
with short and abrupt mostly obtuse herbaceous or foliaceous, spread-
ing tips: achenes narrow, 5-10-nerved : raj's showy, blue or violet:
leaves of firm texture, more or less scabrous.

A* radnlinns Gray Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 38S. Bough-pubescent
throughout: stems rattier stout, 6-20 inches high, branching above and
bearing an open corymb of middle sized heads : leaves rigid and coriaceous,
oblong or the lower obovate-spatulate, sharply serrate above, tapering be-
low into a narrow entire base, prominently reticulate-veiny, scabrous both
sides, the midrib very prominent beneath : peduncles short : involucre ob-
conical, 4-5 lines long, its bracts rigid, appressed, lanceolote or oblong, ob-
tuse to abruptly pointed or mucronate, more or less glandular-pubescent,
the tips mostly green : rays 15-18, white to purple : achenes minutely pub-
escent. Dry open ground, British Columbia to California and Idaho.

A. conspicn^s Lindl. Hook. Fl. ii, 7. Scabrous: stems 1-3 feet high,
stout, rigid, bearing several or numerous corymbosely cymose heads, leaves
rigid, ovate, oblong, or the lower obovate, acute, ample, often 4-6 inches
long, by 1-4 inches broad, acutely serrate, reticulate-venulose as well as
veiny: involucre broadly campanulate, about equalling the disk, 5-6 lines
high, its bracts in several series, minutely glandular-puberulent or viscidu-
lous, lanceolate, acute; the greenish tips a little spreading : rays half inch
long, violet : achenes minutely pubescent. In the mountains of Eastern
Washington and Idaho, to British Columbia and the Saskatchewan.

* * Involucreand usually branchlets viscidly or pruinose-glandular,
either well imbricated or loose : rays shojvy, violet to purple : achened
mostly several-nerved and narrow : pubescence not sericeous : leaves all
entire or the lower with few and rare teeth, cauline all sessile or
partly clasping.

A. integrlfolins Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. s.vii, 291. Stems stout,
simple 6-12 inches high or more, villou^-pubescent, the summit and the
simple corymb glandular and viscid : leaves of firm texture, oblong or spat-
ulate, or the upper ones lanceolate, the larger ones 4-7 inches long, some-
times obsoletely repand-serrnlate, apiculate, traversed by a strong midrib-
venulose-reticulated, glabrate, half-claaping: lowest tapering into a long
stout wing-margined petiole \vithciaspingl)ase: heads fully half inch high,
hemispherical: involucre and branchlets viscid-glandular: its bracts
few-ranked, linear, ascending, not squarrose ; the outer sometimes short
and rather close, commonly larger and more foliaceous, nearly equalling
the inner; these equalling the disk: rays '15-25, bluish-purple, half-inch
long: achenes compressed-fusiform, 6-nerved, and sometimes with inter-
mediate nervefl,BparBel J* pubescent : pappus decidedly rigid. Open and moist

cj.on of Be/

308

COMPOSURE

ABTBR

Bubalpine woods and meadows in the Cascade mountains, Washington to
California and Montana.

A campestrlg Nutt. 1. c. 293 Prninose-puherulent and viscidulous;
stems 10-15 inches high, branching: leaves linear, about an inch long 1>y
2-4 lines broad or the lower lingulate-spatulate, mostly glabriate, same ol'-
scuiely 3-nerved: involucre 3-4 lines nigh hemispherical, of rather few-
ranked and little unequal linear, acute bracts pruinosp-glandular : rays
3-4 lines long, light violet or purple. Low grounds and plains BiitLsh
Columbia to California, Idaho and Montana.

A. modestUH Lindl. Hook. Fl. ii, 8. Merely pubescent or glabrato:
stems rather slender, 2-3 feet high, simple, very leafy: leaves thinnish,
lanceolate or broader, 1-4 inches lonj?, sparringljr and acutely serrate or
denticulate, very acute, mostly narrowed to a sessiileor partly clasping, hut
not auricnlate ibase : heads hemispherical, numerous and usually thyrsoidly
or cymosely congested at the summit of the stem : bracts of the involucre
loose and more or less herbaceous almost from the base, linear, attenuate,
all equalling the disk: rays numerous and narrow, pale blue to violet: style
appendages lance"late : acbenes hirsute. Along mountain streams, Brit-
inh Columbia to Oregon. Saskatchewan and Ptmbina.

* * Heads and infloresence, various, radical leaves all acute or at-
tenuate at base, not glandular nor viscid nor eilky-canescent : achenes
compressed, few nerved.

A. Geyerl. A. Ixvia Var. Oeyeri (Uray. Whole p'ant very smooth and

!;labrous : stem stout, a foot or two high, rigid : leaves from ovate or ob-
ong to lanceolate, 4 or 5 inches long, decreasing upward lo subulate
bracts ; radical and lowest cauline contracted below into a winged petiole ;
upf er all with auriculate or subcordate partly claspfng base : heads sparse-
ly tbyrsoid-paniculate, on short and rigid branchlets : involucre campanu-
late, the whitish subcoriaceous bracts mostly attenuate-acute, with ob-
scure gi-eentips: rays 20-80, troadish, sky-blae to violet: achenea glabrous
or nearly so, 4-5 ribbed. Valleys of Idaho to the Rocky mountains.

A. commutatns Gray Syn. Fl. i, Ft. 2. 185. Stems rather slender,
1-2 feet, high, with diverttent branches, cinereous or green : leaves small,
all linear and entire scarcely narrowed at the abrupt, closely sessile or
partly clasping base, uppermost of the branchlets passing into involucral
bra'Jts, the e mostly with obtuse tips: heads numerous, racemosely dis-
posed, 3—1 lines high and broad : invulncre of Equarrose or at ieast spread-
ing herbaceous obtuse or merely pointed tips: rays 20-30, white: achenes
canescent-biraute. On plains and river banks Eastern Oregon and Wash-
ington to Utah and Dakofa.

A. chanimissonis Gray Bot. Wilkes 341. Glabrous or above romewhat
hirsute : stems 2-5 feet high paniculately branched : leaves lanceolate, acute
entire or the larger obscurely serrate, 2-5 inches long, scabrous with sparse
appre&sed pubescenre, or glabrous, those of the flowering brancblets be-
coming small or minute and squarrose-spreading: heads loosely panicled,
5-6 lines high: involucre broadly campanulate or somewhat obconical; its
bracts numerous and imbricated in several ranks,thickish,linear-spatulate,
with ^hort and rounded green tips, the outr- successively shorter: rayH
20-25 purple or violet, nearly halt inch long: achenes sparsely and mi-
nutely pubescent. In moist thickets of Southern Oregon to California.

A. menziesii Lindl. Hook. Fl. ii, 12. Minutely 'loary with a fine
pubescence, or glabrate below; 1-2 feet high : stems and braocheB virgate,
rigid: leaves lanceolate or linear, acute, entire, or the lower obtusely ser-
rate, rather rigid, .1-2 inches long by 2-4 lines broad : heads racemose or
panicled, 4-5 lines high : involucre campanulate: its bracts numerous atid
imbricated in several ranks, thickish, linear, with abort usually somewhat

AHTBR

ASTBfi

OOMPOSITi*:

309

tVashington to

id viBcidulous;
in inch long 1 ly
triate, same ol:-

of rather few-
;landular: rajs

plains Biitidti

it or glabrato;
saves thinnish,
ately serrate or
;ly clasping, l)ut
ually tliyrsoidly
of the involucre
near, attenuate,
) to violet : style
streams, Brit-

A\ acute or at-
cent : achenes

^ery smooth and
om ovate or ob-
rard to subulate
winged petiole;
96 : heads eparse-
blucre campanu-
»cHte, with ob-
ichenes glabrous
oun tains.

rather slender,
leaves small,
osely sessile or
into involucral
racemosely dis-
r at ieast spread-
white: achenes
egon and Wash-
above fomewhat
lanceolate, acute
rous with sparse
; branch lets be-
oosely panicled,
at obconical ; its
inear-spatulate,
y shorter : rays
parsely and mi-
0 California.

ary with a fine
ranches virgate,
er obtusely ser-
ids racemose or
_ numerous and
lually somewhat

dilated and obtuse green tips, appressed, the outer successively shorter:
rajrs about 0, purple or violet, nearly half-inch long : achenes compressed
minutely pubescent. In Southern Oregon to California.

A. Hallli Gray Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 388. Stems slender, strict, 1-2
fuet high, leafy to the top, bearing numerous, short racem msely disposed
flowering branches, these minutely pubescent ; leaves, 1-2 inches long by
1-2 lines broad, entire, scabrous-ciliate, otherwise smooth and glabrous^
neither dilated nor contracted at base: heads numerous, 3-4 lines high,
somewhat racemosely paniculate and crowded: involucre campanulate,
glabrous; the bracts subepatulate-linear, with oval or oblong green tips,
rather close and erect : rays white or whitish, 2-3 lines long. Along ditches
and embankments, Willamette Valley, Oregon.

A. Fremont! Gray Syn.Fl. 1, Pt. 2, 191. Stems f lender, erect,l-2 feet
bigh,glabrous or the uppor parts soft-puliescent : leaves thinnish, the mar-
gins either quite naked and smooth or obscurely ciliolate scabrous, radi-
cal and lowest cauline oblong or oblanceolate, or somewhat obovate, 1-3
inches long, tapering into a slender margined petiole ; cauline from ob-
long lanceolate to linear, commonly half -clasping at base: heads solitary
in trie smaller specimens, several in the larger, 4-6 lines high, somewhat
naked-peduDcled ; bracts of the involucre narrowly linear, obtuse or acut-
ish. or the inner acute, some of the outer shorter, all loose and similiar:
ravs numerous, 4-6 lines long. In wet mountain meadows, Caicade moun-
tains near Mt. Hood to the Rocky mountains.

A. occldentalis. Nutt. T. & G. Fl. ii, 164. Smooth and glabrous, or
minutely pubescent below the heads, slender, 1-2 feet high; small plants
simple, bearing several to numerous corymbose or paniculate heads:
leaves mainly linear and narrow ; cauline 1-3 inches long by 1-3 lines
broad, rarely lanceolate and larger; radical, sometimes lanceolate-spatu-
late, with long tapering base : heads 4- 6 lines high : involucral bracts nar-
rowly- or Bubulate-linear acute or acutish, thinnish, loose, obviously im*
bricated of two or three lengths : rays light vioIet,4-5 lines long. In moist
meadows in Eastern Oregon and Washington to the Rocky mountains.

Var. intermedins Gray Syn. Fl. i, Pt. 2, 192. Stems slender, 1-2
feet high rather rigid; somewhat sparingly leafy, with paniculate flower*
ing branches : radical and sometimes cauline leaves lanceolate : short outer
bracts of the involucre often (juite obtuse. On edge of wet mountain
meadows of Washington to California.

A Oreganns Nutt. T. & G. Fl. ii, 164. Nearly glabrous : stem rather
slender, 2 feet high, paniculate branched at summit or bearing several to
many, paniculate heads : leaves linear-lanceolate, entire : heads about 3
lines high; bracts of the involucre loose, the outer ones herbaceous, lanceo-
late, acute, not longer than the thin and narrow inner ones: rays about
2 lines long white or purplish. On wet banks of streams, Oregon and
Washington to Idaho.

A. Donglasii Lindl. DO. Prodr. v, 239. Glabrous or nearly so:
stems 2-6 feet high with erect or ascending branches, bearing several or
numerous paniculate heads : leaves, lanceolate, 2-6 inches long, tapering to
both ends, more or less petioled, commonly serrate along thn middle by
acute and appressed or erect teeth : heads numerous, 5-6 lines high : bracts

I of the involucre linear, acute, loosely imbricated, the small green tips
commonly spreading outer foliaceous ones few and not dilated, often want-
ing: rays 20-30, violet to purple, 6-8 lines long: achenes smooth. Com-
mon along streams and river bottoms of Northern California to British

I Oolumbia.

A. follaceng Lindl. DC. Prodr . v, 228. Smooth and glabrous or
I the upper part of stem tomentulose or pubescent : leaves from broadly

,'*s fe-M

310

gomposit;e

ASTER

:^^

• I

I

: \

5

lanceolate to oblong or the lower spatulate, entire or nearly eo, 2-6
inches long: heads ^6 lines high, often solitary: bracts of the involucre
lanceolate to linear, nearly equal, the outer conspicuously foliaceous and
spreading or sometimes more imbricated and squarrose : rays violet to
purple, &-10 lines long. Along streams and in wet mountain meadows,
Alaska to California and the Rocky mountains. The following varieties are
perhaps good species but material is not now at hand for a thorough study
of their character.

Var. flrondens Gray Syn. Fl. i,Pt. 2, 193, Stems simple or with spar-
ing erect flowering branches, sparsely leaved: leaves comparatively am*
pie, 4-5 inches long, the lower tapering into winged petioles, upper often
with clasping base : heads solitary or few, naked-pedunculate, broad: in-
Yolucral bracts linear-lanceolate, loose and not imbricate, all equalling tlie
disk occasionally the outermost broader and leaf -like. Subalpine in the
Cascade and Rocky mountains.

Var. aprious Gray, 1. c. Stems clustered, ascending from tufted root-
Btalks, 10-18 inches higb, bearing solitary or 2-3 broad heads: leaves
thickish; involucral bracts a]! alibe, somewhat spatulate-linear, obtuse or
acutish : rays deep blue-violet. On dry ridges, of Mount Adams, Washing-
ton, at 6000 feet.

A. Borkei A. foliaceous var. Burkei, Gray, 1. c. A foot or two higli,
rather stout, simple or branched above, leafy to the top : leaves thicki»h,
very smooth, ample; upper cauline mostly oblong, and with broadly half-
clasping usually auriculate base : heads solitary or several very broad : in-
volucre of oblong or spatulate and obtuse, loosely imbricated bracts, the
outei commonly sliorter, or outermost sometimes more foliaceous and
equaling the disk. On Simcoe mountains, Washington, to the Rocky
mountains and New Mexico.

A* Eatoni. A foliaceous var. Eatoni Gray,l c. Rather tall, 2-3 feet
high, branching : heads numerous, rat'ier dmall, paniculate or glomerate:
leaves rather narrow lanceolate : involucre loosely imbricate, outer and
sometimes inner bracts foliaceous, erect or squarrose-spreading. In open
ground or woods and along streams of British Columbia to California,
Montana and Nevada.

A. mllitariiis Greene. Minutely tomentose, at least on the underside
of the leaves and the inflorescerce: stems rather slender, 1-2 feet high:
leaves narrowly lanceolate, 1-6 inches long, acute, narrowed below to i'
broad petiole, those of the branchlets small and passing into bracts:
heads numerous, in close panicles, about 6 line.'< high, its linear-lanceolate
or almost subulate bracts m several ranks, the outer successively shorter
and passing into the ordinary bracts of the branchlets, all acute, the inner
with distinct white margins: Kays 6-8 lines long, purple: achenea
sparsely hirsute : pappus rather copious, sorded. Along ditches and small
streams. Rogue River Vai ', Oregon.

A. Gnslckli Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xvi, 99 Soft-pubescent through-
out or sometimes approaching to glabrous: stems 1-2 feet high, simple or
corymbosely branched, leafy to the summit: leaves thin, nearly entire,
oblong-lanc:eolate or oblong ; upper ones moderately contracted above the
deeply cordate clasping base; lower ones with more elongated narrow
lower portion or winged petiole, with dilated but smaller auriculate clasp-
ing insertion : heads large and broad, terminating the stem or short leaiy
branches: involucre very foliose-tubtended and loose, the larger and
broader lanceolate outer bracts fully equalling the inner: rays numerous,
narrowly iinear,nearly half-inch long,pp.le violet : achenea glabrous. Along
Bubalpine streams of Eastern Oregon and Idaho.

Var. Lyalll Gray Svn. Fl. 195. Villous with soft pubescence: steme

ASTER

nearljr so, 2-6
)l the involucre
foliaceouB and

rays violet to
ntain meadow:-:,
ing vai'letiea are
t thorough study

pie or with epar-
nparatively am-
ies, upper often
late, broad: in-
all equalling the
ubalpine in the

from ♦.uf ted root-
d heads: leaves
linear, obtuse or
kdams, Washing-

oot or two high,
leaves thickish,
th broadly half-
very broad : in-
:ated bracts, the
i foliaceous and
Q, to the Rocky

lertall, 2-3 feet
ite or glomerate:
irate, oater and
fading. In open
ia to California,

}n the underside
•,1-2 feet high:
3wed below to i'
ing into bracts:
linear-lanceolate
cessively shorter
I acute, the inner
purple: achenes
htches and small

sescent through-
t high, simple or
1, nearly entire,
;racted above the
longated narrow
auriculate clasp-
n or short leafy
the larger and
rays numerous,
glabrous. Along

ibescence: ateme

A jTBtt
ItCCEPHALUS

COMPOSlTiE

311

over 2 feet high, rather stout : cauline leaves mostly narrowed below aad
with more orless auriculate half-clasping base : the lower 5 inches long by
an inch broad, nnt petiolar-contracted : heads terminating, simple leafy
branches : rays 8-9 lines long. Between Kooteuay and Pend Orielle, Wash-
ington.

A. Keudersoni Fernald. Stemr rather slender, loosely tomentose
above, branching near the top, leafy : upper leaves lanceolate, more or
less i.cuminate, entire, one-nerved, glabrous except the midrib, auriculate.
clasping by a broad base, 2-4 inches long : heads numerous, in an ample
])aiiicle: bracts of the involucre linear, acute, green or the inner wi h wni-
tish base, all of nearly equal length, equalling or surpassing the disk. 4-5
lines long: rays numerous, 8-10 lines long by a line broad, bright purple.
Eastern Washington to Idaho.

18 BUCEPHALUS Nutt. trans. Am. Pliil. Soc. vii, 298.

Perennial leafy-stemmed herbs without radical leaves and
solitary or panicled heads of purple, blue or white ray-flowers
in a single series, not very numerous, pistillate: disk flowers
tubular and perfect. Bracts of the turbinate eampanulate in-
volucre regularly imbricated in 3-4 series, dry and chartaceous,
ovate, concave, somewhat carinate, the innermost about the
length of the disk, the outer successively shorter but similar. Al-
veola of the receptacle lacerate. Appendages of the style lanceo-
late, acute. Achenes oblong, compressed. Pappus copious,
rather longer than the corolla : *^he bristles unequal ; the longest
ones sometimes thickened upwards. Stems very leafy, the lower
leaves being reduced to bract-like scales, or bristles.

E. elegang Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 298. Aster eUgans
T. & O. Stems slender, 1-3 feet high, mostly scabro ^uberu-
lent, leaves thickisti, laiicec?l?te, 1-2 inches long, erect, closely sessile, the
upper apiculate-mucronate : heads several at the summit of simple stems
or branches, 4-5 lints high : bracts of the involucie a'l close and conspicu-
ously wooUy-ciliate, barely acute, outer ovate, none with pointed tips :
rays rather few, about 4 lines long: style appendages linear- subulate,
hardly acute, equaling the stigma ic portion : achenes Hat, hirsute, becom-
ing glabrate at maturity. On mountains of Eastern Oregon and Wash-
ington to Montana, Wyoming and Nevada.

E. Engelmannli Greene Pitt, iii, 54. Aster Enqelmanii Qray
Commonly, rather tall and robust, green, slightly puberulent
to glabrous: leaves thin, ovate-oblong to broadly lanceolate,
2-4 inches long, loosely veined, the larger sometimes with a few
small acute teeth, the upper commonly tapering at apex into a slender or
cuspidate acumination: heads fully half inch high, hemispherical, either
racemosely disposed on slender axillary ppduncles or somewhat^ thyrsoid-
cymose : bracts of the involucre mostly acute or acuminate : some ooter
ones loose, narrow and partly herbaceous, or with loose pointed tij, •; in-
ner ones purp'ish rays about 6 lines long : style,appendages attenuate-sub-
ulate : achenes obovate-oblong with narrowish summit. In the higher
mountains of Oregon and Washington to the Rocky mountains.

E. serralatns Greene 1. c. 55. "Stoutish and rather tall, vivid green
and scabrous, the leaf margins even serrulate-scabrc uS under a lens :
leaves linear-lanceolate, 2 inches long, acute, marked by a very strong and
conspicuous white mid-vein and some reticulation of the surface : heads
few, large as in the preceeding, but bracts very different, being narrow

m

COMPOSITiE

BttCBPHALtrS
OREA8TRUM

7 -,

i

1

i

and almof>t woolly herbftceotis and taper pointed the margins p->rrulate-
scabrous, not woolly or cillate. Mt. Adams, Washington. - Suhsdorf A'o.
I5C3."

E. ledophyllus Greene 1. c. Aster Engelmannii var. ledophyllm C/nx.v,
Stems 1-2 feet high, rather strict: leaves lanceolate, mucrDnao-upicuIatc.
entire or lower, w ith a few apiculate teeth toward the ape:i 1-2 inches
long, cotton V tomentulose beneath, at leaet when young, the lower often
obtuse: hea<)s solitary, or few in a simple paniculate cyme: bracts of the
involucre lanceolate to linear, very acute or acuminate, the outer succea-
sively shorter but similar: rays purp'e, 10--12 lines long: achenes hirsute
at the summit. On the highest parts ofthe Cascade mountains.

E. tomentellns Greene 1. c. Sericocarpua tomentellua Greene Pitt, i, 29,3,
Strict, erect 2-3 feet high, paniculately branched above, leaves ovate-
lanceolate, acute or acutish oarely apiculate, entire, 1-2 inches long, ti*
mentuIoBu beneath, smooth above: heads small and narrow: involucral
bracts, strict with loose tomentose tips, in several ranks, the outer succes-
sively shorter and passing into ordinary leaves : rays usually wanting
rarely 1 or 2: achenes minutely appressed-hirsute. On dry ridges eastern
base of the Coast mountains near Waldo, Oregon.

E. glabratns Greene, Pitt, iii, 56. Stems strict, 1-2 feet hi^h : glab-
rate throughout : leaves ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate,acute 8-18 lines long,
entire, conspicuously reticulate veiny : heads rather few, small and nar-
row: bracts of the involucre linear, abruptly acute, in several ranks, the
outer successively shorter and more lanceolate : rays none : achenes hirsu-
tulous. On dry ridges of the Siskiyou mountains.

£. glaucescens Greene 1. c, Aster Engelmanni var. glancescena Oray
Her bajge, pale green and smooth throughout: stems mostly slender, 1-3
feet high: leaves somewhat glaucous, lanceolate, often acuminate, 2-3
inches long, 2-7 lin s broad, entire: heads larue, one to several in an open
terminal cyme : bracts of the involucre lanceolate, often acuminate in few
ranks, the outer successively shorter : rays 15-20, 8-12 lines long : achenes
appresBed-pubescent. On Mt. Adams, Washington and vicinity.

E. pamcicapitatns "Greene 1. c.Aster paucicapitatiit Robinson. Sim-
ple, monacephalous : stems decumbent at base, 6-18 inches high : herbage
glandular-puberulent even somewhat scabrously so, only the maritins of
the oblong-lanceolate obtuse thinnish leaves minutely woolly-ciliate : bracts
of the broad involucre not very unequal or much imbricated, lanceolate
and herbaceous though with a distinct carinate mid-vein : rays few, their
color doubtful: pappus rather c 'pious and fine, the bristle in no degree di-
lated upwards: achenes sparsely appressed-pubescent. Olympic moun-
tains, Washington. Piper."

E. Goyillel Greene Pitt, iii, 162. "Tufted stems more than a foot high,
somewhat flexuous, racemous-corymbose from near the middle, these and
the lower face of the leaves sparingly tomentulose : leaves oblong-lance-
late, acute,entire : bracts of the narrowly campanulate involucre granular-
puberulent. well imbricated, herbaceous and scarcely carinate, lanceolate
and oblong^anceolate : rays few (5-7), long and narrow, deep violet. Near
Crater Lake, Oregon. Coville.**

19 OREASTRUM Greene Pitt, iii, 146.

Acaulescent perennials with narrow sub-coriaceous entire
leaves and scapiform monacephalous branches from a stout some-
what fusiform and not freely branching taproot. Bracts of the
involucre narrow, sub-equal in about 2 series. Rays rather nu-
merous, elongated, purple. Disk caroUas tubular-funnel form,

/

SttCBI^nALtfS
ORKA8TBPM

rjfins porrulate-
1. Suksdorf No.

dophyllu? Urai/,
snao-topiculate.
ipex 1-2 inchoa
the lower often
) : bracts of the
le outer eucces-
achenes hirsute
tains.

■eene Pitt, i, 29,3.
, leaves ovate-
inches long, ti-
row: involucral
tie outer succes-
isually wanting
y ridges eastern

'eet hi^h : elab-
8-18 lines long,
small and nar-
eral ranks, the
achenes hirsu-

lanceacens Oray
tly slender, 1-3
icuminate, 2-8
eral in an open
uminate in few
9 long : achenes
iinity.

Robinson. Sim-
3 high : herbage
the margins of
y-ciliate : bracts
ted, lanceolate
rays few, their
n no degree di-
)lympic moun-

lan a foot high,
ddle, these and
i oblong-lance*
lucre granular-
late, lanceolate
>p violet. Near

Lceous entile
a stout some-
Bracts of the
ys rather nu-
funnel form,

OREASTRUM
HACHiGRANTIIRA

IONACTI8

COMPOSITE

313

5 toothed and the teeth erect. Style-branchos filiform fo subu-
late-linear, strongly hirsutulous. Achenes Hubterete, diHtioctly
5-8costate. Pappus a single series of brownisii barbell ate-scab-
rous and rather fragile or deciduous bristles.

0. alpigennm Greene 1. c. 147. Aster a1pige)iuH Grai/ Attler pulchel-
lus E itottf . Scapiform stems spreading and as urgent, 2-4 inches long to-
mentose at the summit : radical leaves from lingulate-spatulate to narrowly
lineal, glabrous, obtuse, nerveless, 1-:? inches long, 3-4 lines wide near the
apex , heads broad, fully 6 lines high and broad: bracts of the involucre
not very unequal, usually pubescent, linear, acute: rays purple, ti-S lines
long, style appendages linear-subulate: achenes linear, 'striate jjlabrate be-
low, hirsute near the top. On the highest peaks of i he Cascade moun-
tains,

0. Anderson! Gre no 1. c. Aster yliidersoni (rraj/. Scapiform stems
erect, 8-14 inches high: radical leaves Ungulate-linear or slightly broader
upward, grass-bke, mostly acute, 2-10 inches long, 2-3 lines broad.nervoee
when dry glabrous ; upper cauline redui-ed to scattered subulate bracts :
heads broad, fully half inch high and wide: bracts of the involucre linear,
acutish, rather loose, often tomentulose wh^n young: style appendages fili-
form: rays rather numerous, purple or violet : achenes oblong-linear, soft
villous. In wet mountain meadows. Coast mountains, near Waldo, Ore-
gon, and along the whole length of the Sierra Nevadas.

19 a lONACTIS Greene Pitt, iii, 245.

Low tufted perennials, often lignescent at base, never stolonif-
erous, or with radical leaves. Stems clothed eciually with nar-
row, rigid, one nerved and veinless leaves and terminating in one
or more showy heads with violet rays. In' olucre of well imbri-
cated bracts of coriaceous texture withv. at herbaceous tips, ap-
pressed even to the tips. Achenes narrow, villous. Pappus
double the more copious inner series bristly, the outer short and
setulose.

1. alplna Greene 1. c. Aster Scopnlorum Gray. Stems several from a
suffrutescent base, simple tomentose-pubescent, naked at the summit 3-4
inches high: leaves crowded, prect. linear-oblong, mucronulate, rather
rigid scabrous, 1-nerved, flat, with cartilaginous minutely serrulate-scab-
rious margins, about 5 lines long, by 1-2 lines broad: heads solitary, 4-(>
lines high; bracts of the hemispherical involucre linear, acute, 1-nerved,
with scabrious margins, pubescent, imbricated in about 3 series : rays vio-
let, 12-15 : exterior pappus of rather numerous setaceous bristles. Style
appendages Hubuiate-hnear as long as the stigmatic portion : ach-^ nes com-
pressed, silby-villous. On high rocky ridges of Southeasteru Oregon to
the Rocky mountains.

I. stenomeres Greene 1. c. Aster KtenomereK dean. "More slender, 6-10
inches high, green, minutely 'scabrous: solitary, naked neduirnliitehead
lariier: leaves all linear, (half to lull inch lon^, a line wide), iunte:y mii-
cronate, hardly margined : involucre broad ; itn bracts baroly in two mod-
erately unequal series, linear, acute or acuminate, thinnisli, often pulies-
cent: rajs pale violet, over half inch long; outer pappus setuloH'. style-ap-
pendagos elongated, subulate-linear or narrower: achenes flat, with strong
marginal nerves. Oa Rocky mountains of Montana and Idaho "

20MACH^RANTHRANees. Ast 224.
Annual biennial, or perennial divaricaiely branched herbs with

814

COMPOSITiE

MACn^BANTHRA
BRACHYACTI8

! ,•

J .1

pinnatifid or rarely entire leaves and solitary or corymbosely or
racemooely disposed heads of purple-rayed flowers. Heads many
flowered, the rays numerous, in a single series, pistillate ; those
of the disk tubular and perfect, with 5 short erect teeth. Bracts
or the obovoid or turbinate involucre clo'^ely imbricated for the
most part in several series, linear rigid, sumewhat carinate, un-
equal, with herbaceous sciuarrose-spreading or recurved tips : ro-
ceptdcle flat, somewhat alveolate ; the alveoli toothed or lacerate.
Style-appendages tiliform subulate or linear-lanceolate, minutely
hirsute. Achenes turbinate or cuneiform, often compressed,
pubescent or silky. Pappus of numerous scabrous and rather
rigid very unequal bristles.

M. Shastensig Gray Proc. Am. Acad, vi, 539. Aster Shaniensis Graij,
Canesont with a close scurfy tomentum : etf ms slender, 4-8 inches high
from a perennial root, paniculately branched : leaves line"--''patulate to
linear, 1-2 inches long with a few teeth near the middle: ht^uJa rather nu-
merous, scattered, 5-6 lines high: bracts of the invohicre linear, acute: tlie
outer ones shorter and often with spreading tips : rays 12-20, violet 3-6
lines long: style appendages tlender-subulate: pa. pus simple aid soft:
achenes narrow, hardly at all compressed, Bilky-pi.oescent. tjoutaeastern
Oregon (Camp Polk) to Northeastern California.

M. erndlata Aster Shastensis var. eradiatus Gray. Whole plant some-
what glaucous and canescently puberulent : sterna stoutish, 6-10 inches
high from a stout perennial root: leavea oblanceolate 1-2 inches long, 2-6
lines broad, attenuate below to a margined petiole, obtuse oracutish min-
utely apiculate, entire or sparsely serrate : head? rather numerous, 4-5
lines high : bracts of the involucre linear, acute, in 3-4 ranks, the outer
successively shorter and more fubulate: rays wanting: achenes sparsely
pubescent. On high rocky ridge of the Siskiyou and Scott's mountains.

M. attennata. Whole plant cinereous : stems stoutish, 1-2 feet high
from a large perennial root: cauline leaves linear, reduced above to sub-
ulate bracts, all acute and apiculate: heads numerous terminating in. the
branchlets: involucre hemispherical, its linear bracts well imbricated in
severa'i series, the outer successively shorter and passing into the ordinary
bracts of the branchlets, the inner ones attenuate above to a slender bris-
tle: rays dark purple, numerous 5-6 lines lon^: style appendages slender'
subulate: pappus simple, of soft capillary bristles : young achenes silky-
canescent. On sandy plains and banks iiear The Dalles, Oregon.

20 d BRACHYAOTIS Ledeb. Fl. Ross, ii, 495.

Annual or perennial low herbs with mostly entire leaves and
solitary or racemose-paniculate heads of inconspicuous flowers.
Heads many-flowered heterogamous ; the rays very n'^.merous
and occupying more than one series, fertile Involucre loosely
imbricated, in few series of herbaceous bracts or the innermost
somewhat scabrous. Heceptacle flat, naked. Style appendages
lanceolate. Achenes more or less compressed. Pappus simple of
copious fine and soft capillary bristles.

B. frondosa Gray Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 647. Aster frondosus G. & T.
Glabrous or nearly so: stems 1-12 inches high or more frora an annual
foot branching from the base : leaves spatulate linear, 1-2 inrjhes lone, the
ujjpermopt paSBijig itito the invojucrftl qracte, the lower attenuate below

:n^-BANTnR\

EtACHYACTIS

)ryinbo8ely or
Heads many
istillate ; those
teeth. Bract a
ricated for tho
; carinate, un-
irved tips : ro-
led or lacerate.
>late, minutely
1 compressed,
ous and rather

Shaatenaia Graij.

4-8 inches high
iQo-.fip{itulate to

hv:.ia8 rather nu-
linear, acute : the
12-20, violet 3-6
eimple aid soft:
nt. tioutaeastern

Vliole plant some-
tish, 6-10 inches
2 inches long, 2-6
se or acutieh min-
r numerous, 4-6
ranks, the outer
achenea sparsi'ly
(tt's mountains.

Ish, 1-2 feet high
jed above to bud-
srminatingin. the
ell imbricated in
into the ordinary
to a slender bris-
pendages slender-
ag achenes silky-
Oregon.

495.

itire leaves and
licuous flowers,
very n'lmerous
volucre loosely
the innermost
yle appenda}!;eH
appus simple of

frondoaus G. & T.

frora an annual

•2 inches lone, 1 he

if attenuate oelow

H1UCHYACTI8
ERIOBHON

COMPOHlTVl!:

316

into winged petioles, often ciliate: heads numerous, liemisphcrical, 4 lines
high*: bracts of the involucre oblong, obtuse, herbaceous: rays a line long,
pinkish-purple exceeding the involucre but shorter than the pappus;
achenes narrow, appreHsed-pubescent. Muddy saline flats and margins of
ponds, Washington to California, New Mexico and tlio Rocky mountains.

21 ERIGERON L. Gen. n. 951.

Herbs or rarely puflrutesccnt plants with entire, toothed or
lohod lea" and solitary, corymbose or paniculate heads of vari-
ous colored i.ty-Howere. Heads mostly hemispherical, many
flowered : the ray flowers very numerous and usually in more
than one series (sometimes wanting), pistillate those of the disk
tubular, perfect, or some of the exterior filiform-tubular and trun-
cate, pistillate. Bracts of the involucre mostly equal, narrow, in
ii single or somewhat double series. Receptacle fiat, naked,
|)unctate or scrobiculate. Appendagei^ of the style very short
and obtuse. Achenes compressed, usually pubescent, commonly
with 2 lateral nerves. Pappus a single series of capillary scab-
rous bristles, rather few in number, often with minute setsB inter-
mixed or forming an indistinct outer series, or sometimes with
a distinct and short squamellate-subulate or setaceous exterior
l)appas, the inner rarely wanting in the ray.

§ 1 EuERKiERON DC. Gray. Syu. Fl. Pt. 2, 207. Rays
elongated and conspicuous, or in a few species uniformly want-
ing, in one or two occasionally abortive : no rayless pistillate
flowers between the proper ray and disk.

* Perennials, commonly^ dwarf, from a multicipital caudez, alpine or
alpestrine witli comparatively large and mostly solitary heads: invol-
ucre loose or spreading, and copiously lanate with long multiseptate
hairs.

E. nniflorns L. Fl. Lapp. t. 9, f. 3. Stems 1-? inches high or mo<e
strictly, monocephalous, few-leaved, often naked and pedunculiform at
summit : radical leaves fpatulate or oblanceolate, 1-2 inches long: cauline
lanceolate fo linear: involucre usually hirsute as well as lanate occasion-
ally becoming naked, the linear acute bracts rather close, or merely the
short lips spreading: rays purple or sometimes white, 2-4 lines long. In
I^abradur to the Arctic coast and Unalaska, south to the Sierra Nevada^*
California and the Rocky mountains.

E. lanatas Hook. Fl. ii, 17, t. 121. Stems 8-10 inches high from a mul-
ticipital caudex, scapitorm or few-leaved, monocephalous: radical leaves
Hpatulate to obovate, about half-inch long tapering into a narrowed base
or into a slender margined petiole ; some primary ones occasionally pal-
mately .^-lobed; cauline one or two small andlaner, or hardly any: involu-
cre densely soft -lanate: the linear acute bracts rather close or merely the
short tips spreading: rays 3 lines long, white. In the Cascade mountains
of Washington to the northern Rocky mountains.

E. srrandifloras Hook. Fl. ii, 18, t. 123. Stems 8-2C inches high,
rather stout, usually several- leaved and monacephalous : radiral leaves ob-
ovate-spatulate' 1-3 inches long; cauline oblong to lanceolate, 4-6 lines
long: involucre half inch high, very woolly, its linear and attenuate-acumi-
nate bracts squarroses-spref^ing or the tips recurved : rays violet or pur-
l>le, 4-6 lines long. Rocky mountains from British Columbia to Colorado.

m

COUPOSITM

kltltiBlloM

1

H

* * Submaritimo perennial: heads full one inch in diameter: involu-
cre rather loose, Tilloaa with long multiseptate hairs: rajna about 100,
rather broad, aster-like: pappus simple: leaves obovate or spatulatei
ample, mostly entire.

E. irlancns Kor. Bot. Reg. t. 10. A span to a foot high, viscidulotis
and m^ire or less pabesceiit, producing a tuft of radical leaves from a rather
fleshy crown and some uacendiiig monocephaloui or occasionally branch-
ing stems; leaves glaucescent or pale green but hardly glaucous, somewhat
succulent ; larger radical 3-4 inches long by an inch wide, rarely 2-3-toothed ;
upper cauiine few, spatulate-oblong, obtuse, sessile, 10-18 lines long : ravH
half-inch long, briglit violet : achenes 4-nerved. On uanks or bluffs of the
Pacific coast within the influence of salt water, Oregon to southern Califor-
nia.

» » « True perennials from rootstocks or a caudex, neither stolon-
iferous surculose nor flagelliferoun : involucre from hiap'd or villous
t } glabrous but not lanate, in the first species loose and spreading.

•«- Comparatively tall and large, a foot or more Iiigh, except in al-

I >ine or depauperate forms, leafy-stemmed, glabrous to soft-hirsute:
eaves ratner ample, entire or sometimes few-toothed : heads pretty
large with usually very numerous rays.

** Aster-like; the rays comparatively broad: heads solitary or on
larger plants few and corymbosely disposed : pappus simple.

E. salsaglnosas Grav Proc. Am. Acad, xvi, 93. Rootstocks short and
thickisli : stems 7-20 inches high, the summit or peduncles lanate-pubes-
cent or puberulent: no bristly or hirsute hairs: leaves very smooth and
glabrous or glabrate, thickish ; radical and lower cauiine leaves spatulate
to nearly obovate, with base attenuate into a margined petiole, 1-3 inches
long; upper cauiine ovate-oblong to lanceolate, sessile, mucronate or apic-
nlate-acuminate ; uppermost small and bract-like : bracts of the involucre
loose or even spreading, linear-subulate, or attenuate, viscidalous or pu-
berulous (or at some northern stations sometimes pubescent) : disk )ver
half-inch in diameter : rays 60-70, purple or violet, half-inch or more long.
Wet ground, Kotzebue Sound ana Unalaska and along the higher
mountains to California and the Aacky mountains.

E. peregrinns Greene Pitt, iii, 166 Aster peregrinus Pursh. Tomentose-

Eut)escent and glabrate : stems slender, erect, usually solitarjr. 1-2 feet
igh, leafy : rootstock slender, creeping : lower cauiine and radical leaves
oblong-lanceolate, attenuate below to a margined petiole, 2-3 inches long,
upper cauiine lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, entire or shapely denticulate:
head solitary, or rarely 2, half -inch or more high, terminating the simple
stem : bracts of the involucre linear, acuminate, ^7 lines long, tomentose-

{mbescent or villous, not at all viscid or glandular : rays 20^0, 6-S lines
ong, pale to dark purple or violet. Wet meadows, Arctic coast and
Alaskan Islands to the mountains of Northern Washington and Idaho.

E. Howellii Gray Syn. Fli. Ft. 2, 209. Rootstocks slender: stem
12-20 inches high, leafy: leaves membranaceous, glabrous and smooth;
radical, slender, petioled, with oval or obovate blade; cauiine mostly ovate
with b oad half clasping base, 1-2 inches long by an inch broad ; mucronate-
acuminaie: peduncle puberulent: heads solitary, 8-10 lines broad: bracts
of the involucre subulate, the inner ones acuminate : rays only 30-35, 8-10
lines long, often 2 lines wide, white. Moist rocky banks along the Colum-
bia river near the Cascades.

E. cerrlnns Greene Pitt. iii. 163. Stems slender, 8-12 inches high, from
s'out ascending rootstocks, leafy at base, the whole herbage glabrous,
•only the peduncles and involucre glandular and slightly puberulent:

tCRUIBRON

imeter: involu-
a3r8 about 100,
e or apatulaU>i

igh, viscidulous
ea from a rather
noiiully braiu'li-
IC0U9, somewhat
rely2-3-toothed;
lines long : ravH
I or bluffs of tlfie
louth^ru Califor'

neither stolon-
ip'd or villous
ind spreading.

1, except in al-

0 soft-hirsute:
heads pretty

solitary or on
iple.

stocks short and
„ lanate-pubes-
)ry smooth and
leaves spatulate
etiole, 1-3 inches
ucronate or apic-

1 of the involucre
iscidalous or pu-
icent) : disk over
.ch or more long,
ong the higher

•sh, Tomentose-
soUtary. 1-2 /eet
Dd radical leaves
2-3 inches long,
;»ely denticulate :
ating the simple
long, tomentose-
20-30, 6-8 lines
Arctic coast and
a and Idaho.

:s slender: stem
)us and smooth;
line mostly ovate
road ; mucronate-
es broad: bracts
I only 30-35, 8-10
ilong the Colum-

inches high, from
erbage glabrous,
itly puberulent:

ERIOBRON

C0MP08IT.E

317

leaves thin, the lowest with obovate to oblanceolate blade, less than an
inch long and slender petiole 2 inches or more Ions; cauline leaves
oblanceolate to spatulate, 1-2 inches lontr sessile: Heads solitary or 2-3,
slender-peduncled : involucre about 3 lines high and 3-4 broad, the
bracts equal, broad-subulate, attenuate-acuminate : rays 25-30, 5-C I'nes
long, white to pale purple. Wet banks, at the head of Cheney Creek,
Josephine Co., Oregon.

£. siiatullfollas. Stems numeruns from a thick multisepital caudex,
slender, leafy, somewhat hirsute toward the top, monocephalous, 4-8 inches
long, erect or asc nding : radical leaves spatulate, attenunte below to a
broad-winged petiote, rounded at the summit, entire, or sparingly dentate
toward the apex, 1-3 inches long, glabrous both sides; cauline leaves
peveral, rather crowded, oblong to ovate, sessile by a broad somewhat
clasping base: heads half-inch high and broad: bracts of the involucre
linear, acute : rays 30-40, purple : pappus nearly simple of rather few
bristles: achenes smooth. On rocky banks Pansy Camp, Cascade moun-
tains, Oregon.

E. Allceie Rootstock slender, stem 18-30 inches high, erect, sparingly
branched near the top: whole herbage pubescent with soft spreading
hairs: radical and lower cauline leaves lanceolate, entire, the blade 2-3
inches long, 4-8 lines broad, on slender petioles as long or longer than the
blade : upper cauline lanceolate, sessile, often attenuate-acuminate : heads
rolitary, terminating the slender branches, 6-7 lines broad: bracts of the
involucre subulate acuminate, nearly equal, tomentose with rather long
white wool: rays 50-60, purple or violet. In open damp woods, Siskiyou
mountains near the Oregon line. Distributed in 1887 as E. Coulteri.

E. ampllfollns. Ktems erect, 20-30 inches high from a somewhat
surculose rootstock, leafy, glabrous or sparingly pubescent toward the top :
lower leaves ovate-lanceolate 8-16 lines broad, attenuate below to a long
slender petiole : upper ones lanceolate or oblong and sessile : heads one to
several, large, hemispherical: bracts of the involucre linear, acute or
acuminate, rather numerous, imbricated in 2 or 3 ranks: rays 50-60,
rather broad, blue or violet, 10-12 lines long: pappus simple or nearly so:
achenes obovate, 2-nerved, sparingly pubescent. On open hillsides near
Table Rock, Clackamas County, Oregon.

♦* -M. Less Aster-like : rays 100 or more and narrow : involucre
closer : pappus more or less double, but the exterior minute, setulose
or subulate squamellate: stems chiefiy erect, tufted, generally leafy
to the summit and bearing few or several heads: leaves entire.

E. speclosns DO. Prodr. v, 284. Sparingly and loosely birsate or with
a few scattering hair: stems 20-30 inches high, very leafy tothe top; leaveg
lanceolate, acute 3-8 lines wide, sparsely ciliate; lowest more or less spatu-
late: involucre hirsute-pubescent, or sometimes almost glabrous: rays
half-inch to almost an inch lon^, violet. Dry ridges and edges of prai'ies.
British Columbia to western Oregon.

■*- ■*- Low, rarel}^ a foot high, conspicuously his))id or hirsute with
spreading bristly hairs : leaves entire, narrow, involucre close : raj s
numerous occasionally wanting: pappus conspicuouNly double.

♦♦ Sparingly branched, sterna several or numerous from the crown
of a tap root, more or less leafy : heads middle-sized : disk a third to
half inch in diameter: involucre hispid: rays 50-80 long and narrow,
soon deflexed occasionally wanting.

E. eonclnnas T. & G. Fl. ii, 174. Very hirsute throughout with long
ftpreading white haiAs: stems several from the same root or caudex, 6-10
inches high, slender, leafy, branching, above, the branches terminated by

iA'

n\

m

C0MP08IT/K

KRiriKKON

single headfi : leaves narrowly linear, elongated, entiro, uttenuato at tlit
base, the lowermoat tapering into a Hlender petiole: headH r>-<i linen in
diameter: bracts of the involucre linear, very acute, densely hirsute: rayn
numerous. 6 lines long, white to purple. Arid plains bctweon the Cam-Rdt
and Rocky mountains, British Columbia to California and Now Mexico.

** *•■ Tufted, stems very short and densely leafy, bearing
simple and monocephnlous scapiform or few-lnaved tlowcring Hteins:
leaves narrowly spatulate-linc ar : heads large: rays 26-50 nut very
narrow, 3-4 lines long.

E. PoltospermnB Gray Syn. Fl. i, Ft. 2, 210 ^oft-hispid tbroughoiit
with white hairs: stems numerous, from a branched rootntock, an inrh or
le*s long, very leafy : leaves spatulate to lanceolate, 2-6 lines long, on
slender petioles 1-2 inches long: scapose peduncle 2-4 inches long: heads
half-) neb or more in diameter: bracts of the involucre FeiaceouH, densely
hispidulous: rays 20-30, blue-violet to almost white: auhenes densely
white-vilious : outer pappus ilender-squammellate, fully as long as the
breadth of the achene covered by the copious white Hilky hairs of tlic
achene. On dry rocky ridges along the Columbia rivcr from The Dalles
eastward.

E. Chrysopsldls Gray 1. c. Chrmoptis hirtella DC. Hirsute with
white spreading hairs, stems scape-liKe, leafy at the base, 2-4 inches high :
leaves spatu ate, mostly obtuse, including the petiole 1-3 inches long,
usually about a line wide at the summit: heads solitary, terminal: in-
volucre open-companulate, its bracts narrow, numerous 3-5 lines long,
hirsute : rays, 4J-oO, golden yellow, 6-8 lines long : achenes barely pubes-
cent or birsutulous : outer pappus merely sc'^'lose. On high stony ridges,
Eastern Oregon in the John U^y country.

-K ■•- -t- Dwarf, cespitose from a multicipital candex, with
monocephalous flowering stems, often scapose : radical leaves dissected :
pappus simple.

E. oomposltns Pu>sh Fl. ii, 535. Herbage hirsuto to g1a})rate and
more or less viscidulous: stems very short, from a somewhat woody creep-
ing base, densely leafy : leaves fan-shaped in outline, usually l-:S<iei'nately
parted into linear or short and narrow spatulate lobeH, 2-6 lines long, on
Jong slender hispid-ciliate petio'es; the few on the erect Howing stems 3-
lobed, or entire and linear ; involucre .S-4 lines high, sparsely hirsute : rays
40-60 not very narrow, white purple or violet mostly 3-4 lines long. On
cliffs, Artie seacoast, Greenland, and Spitzbergen to the higher moun-
tains of Washington, Oregon and California and the Rocky mountains.

Var. dlscoidens Gray, Am. Jour 6ci. 86r. 2, xxxi'i, 237. Rays want-
ing or abortive: heads commonly smaller. Some range as the radiate
form, often growing with it.

+■ -»- -4- •♦- Dwarf or low species, alpine or alpestine, entire-
leaved, cespitose from multicipital caudex, no fine or cinsreons
pubescence, monocephalous : leaves few on the simple stem at leasit
the radical broader tnan linear : rays rather numerous and not very
narrow : pappuH simple or nearly so.

** Involucre hirsute or pubescent, greenish : herbage not striguluHu
nor cinereous.

E. radicatns Hook. Fl. ii, 17. "A span high or less, densely tufted:
leaves all spatalate-linear or somewhat wider (broadest only a line or two
wide), hirsute or hirsiitely ciliate, or sometimes almost naked, then
glabroaa;no glandular rougbnesi: involucre more or less villous-pubes-
cenl; (bf^r^ljr 3 Wes higl|) ; rtkjn wbit« pr purplish, 2 or 3 linep long.'' M'

KRIOKUON

tfunuato tit till
<Ih r>-(t linen in
ly hirnute: rayH
'eon the CaNcHdi
Now Mexico.

leafy, hearing
wcriiig HteniH:
5-60 not very

apld throuKhout
lock, an inch or
6 lines lonx, on
hes long: licads
laceouH, d"n8ely
kchenes denaely
as long as the
cy hairs of tlu'
from The Dalles

Hirsute with
2-4 inches high :
-3 inches long,

terminal : in-
s 3-5 lines long,
38 barely pubes-
igh stony ridges,

candex, with
a ves dissected:

to glal)rate and
lat woody creep-
lly l-3.teriiately
-6 lines long, on

flowing stems 3-
jly hirsute : rays

lines long. On
le higher inoun-
Y mountains.

?7. Rays want-
e as the radiate

testine, entire-
or cinarcoiis

'■ stem at leas>t
and not very

not 8trigalo8e

densely tufted:
ily a line or two
>8t naked, then
IS villous-pubes-
inep long.'' AJ.

RKtORRON

COMPOfilT.F.

310

pine or tubalpino in the Rlue mountainH of Oregon to the Rocky
uiountains ana northward.

E. paciflcoH Hirsute with white hairs, s'ems soveal from a simple or
more or less raulticipital somewhat woody perennial root, ascending, 2-4
inches long, leafy monocephalous: lower leaves narrowly lanceolate to al-
most linear, 1-2 inches long ; oauline h ives similar but smaller: heads
1-5 lines high; bracts of the involucre )• "jar-lanceolate, acute or acumin-
ate, hirsute: rays 30-40, blue to pur^.e, 0 lines long: pappus of ray-
llowers manifestly double, the outer very short or a mere crown, the inner
about equalling the disk-flowers, soon deciduous: achenes minutely
l)ubegcent. On grassy slopes of the Cascade mountains near Table Rock,
Clackamas County, Oregon.

+. .». ^ H_ +. Various species with entire leaves, none truly
alpine, none hispldly hirsute except very rarelr some spreading
bristly hairs fringing the base of the leaves : involucre close, disposed
to be somewhat imbricated and rigid: rays not very nume:oui, in
several species uniformly wanting.

*- Either low or comparatively tall, leafy-stemmed or subscapose:
achenes compressed, 2-nerved, rarely 3-nerved.

= Heads radiate : leaves all narrowly linear to filiform, the broad-
est not over a line wide: pubescence either cinerous or obscure. .

a. Involucre only 2-3 lines high of unequal and somewhat imbricated ■
bracts .

E. flUfolius Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil 8oc.vii,328. Canescent or cinereous
throughout with very fine close pubescence, no loose hairs: stems slender,
10-20 inches hiuh from a lignescent slender base or branched rootstock
leafy, usually panioulatel v branched and bearing several or rather numer-
ous heads: leaves linear-iiliform or quite filiform, some lower ones some-
times dilated upward and flat: involutre canescent: rays 30-50, rarely over
80, purple, violet or white, 3-4 lines long: achenes slightlv pubescent or
glabrate: pappus simple, of fragile and indistinctly scabrous bristles.
Rocky or ary sandy ground, Eastern Oregon to British Columbia and
Idaho.

E. peacephyllus Gray Syn. Fl. i, Pt. 2, 213. Hoary with a minute
appressed puDescence : stems slender, 4-12 inches high, usually sparingly
branched: leaves narrowly linear, 1-2 inches long by half of a lino wide.
Hat: involucre 3-4 lines high; its narrowly lanceolate bracts unequal,
hirsute: rays 20-30, 4-6 lines long, bright yellow : ptappus double, the outer
squamellate: achenes smooth or nearly so: Dry liills Eastern Oregon and
Washington near the Cascade mountains. Dr. Gray evidently had two or
thiee species mixed in his description of E, peucp.phyllus, the above des-
cription is for the yellow-flowered one only.

b. Involucre 3-4 lines high, of equal bracts : rays of equal length.

E. ochrolencus Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 309. Cinereous-
pubescent to glabrate : stems 10-18 inches high, somewhat cespitose,
usually simple, naked above and r^.onocephalous, occasionally with one or
two additional heads : leaves rather rigid, narrowly linear, the radical 2-3
inches lone, often a line wide at the upper part, not rarely sparsely
hirsute-ciliate below : involucre tcmentose or hirsute pubescent: rays 40-60,
ochroleucouH, white or purplish : outer pappus setulose. Gravelly hills
and plains, Idaho to Mopt^na and Wyoming.

= = Heads rayles^ : leaves filiform to narrowly spatulate-linear,

cliiefly from the multioipital caudex : stems more or less scapiform and

monocephalouB.

E . Bloomerl Gray Proc, Apa, Acad, vi, 40. Pensely cespitotw, cinereoua-

^>*i»(i

320

COMPOSITiE

EBIQERON

3

I

"i 'i'

<i

pubernlent to glabrato : etems 2-6 inches high : radical leaves 1*3 inches
long, the larger dilafed upward, sometimes to a line or more wide; cauline
few and n^rly filiform: heads almost half inch high: bracts of tbe
ittvolncre litieiar- lanceolate, equal, soft>villous or canescent: rays wanting:
achenes glabt^site, r>blcng-linear, flat: pappus whitish , simple. Stony ground
Idaho to Eiistern Oregon and California.

E. nndatos Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xz, 297. Glabrous throughout
or the involttcral bracts sparingly puberulent, cespitose : stems scapitorm,
2S inches high, monocephalous : leaves linear-spatulate to almost filiform,
1-2 inches long,: rarely a line wide : involucre nearly half-inch high, of thick-
idh and green lanceolate bracts : achenes obovate-oblong, sparsely pubes-
cent: pappus whitish, simple. Rocky hillsides about Waldo, Josephine
Co., Oregon.

=x ss = Heads radiate : leaves from narrowly linear to oblong :
stems leAfy and disposed to branch but sometimes monocephalous:
pubescence cinereous : outer pappus setulose, sometimes ratber mani*
lest, somei^m^s obscure or none.

E. e«ryBlb«sv« Nutt. 1. c. Stems erect from a creeping rootstock often
a foot or two high, soft-cinereous or sometimes hispidulous with mostly
spreading snort pubescence : radical leaves narrow-lanceolate or spatulate-
lanceolate, lai|(est 3-4 inches long, 3-4 lines wide, 3 nerved ; cauline linear
and narrow : heads sopietimes solitary, usually several and corymbosely
disposed on short slender peduncles : involucre 3 lines high, canescently
pubescent: rays 30-50, mostly narrow and 3-5 lines long, blue or violet, ap-
parently sotnetimes white. Mountains of eastern Oregon and Washing-
ton to if ontana.

E* eonflnns Howell Eryth. iii, 35. Stems simple, one to several from
a ;woody pwrennial root, 4-8 incties high, very \ealy : leaves narrowly
spatulattt-lihter^ an inch long or more : beads usually solitary at tbe ends
of the stem^bnt often several together: involucre hemisphencal, its linear
acuminate bracts in few ranks nearly equal, 3-4 lines long : rays numer-
ous, rather broad, 6-10 lines long, purplish; pappus a single series of
barbellate-toibrous bristles : achenes sparingly pubescent. On high rocky
ridges of the Siskiyou mountains.

E. decmnbeng Nutt. 1. c, 309. Strigulose-pubescent or puberulent or

{^labrate : stems slender, commonly low or spreading, 6-18 inches high,
eafy, branched above: leaves linear or sometimes linear-spatulate;
radical 2-6 inches long by 1-3 lines broad : inyolur re minutely hirsute or
pubescent: rays 2(M0, white purplish or violet -tinged. From the
Willamette Valley, Oregon, to Montana and Utah.

=s s SB =s Heads wholly rayless : stems leafy to the summit :
pappus simple.

E. Inornatns Gray. Proc. Am. Acad, xvi, 88. Commonly glabrous
throughout and smooth, or with some spase hirsute pubescence: stem
10-20 inches high, erect: leaves from broadly to narrowly linear, 1-2
inches long by 1-2 lines wide : heads usually several and crymosely disposed
at the summit of tbe stem, short-peduncled, 3 lines high : involucre cam-
panulate, its bracts somewhat imbricated, very glabrous unequal. Com-
mon in dry open woods from Mount Adams Washington to California.

» » « » Perennials with membranaceous commonly serrate or
dentate leaves and middle-sized or small heads with glabrate in-
yolucfe : rays numerous : pappus quite simple.

*. Rays not very narrow, not mort than 60 or 70.

E. Or«faB«B Grayi Proc, Am. Acad, xix, 2. Pubescent throughout:

i . ' '■ : •- - • ■

ERiOEbosr

avea 1*3 inches
re wide; cauline
bracts of the
: rays wanting:
. Stony ground

3US throughout
terns scapiiorm,
almost filiform,
h high, of thick-
sparsely pubes-
'aldo, Josephine

)ar to oblong:

snocephaloua :

ratber inani*

rootfltock often
>us with mostly
ite or spatulate-
1 ; cauline linear
nd corymbosely
gh, canescently
lue or violet, ap-
1 and Washing-

to several from

eaves narrowly

ar^ at tbe ends

encal, its linear

;: rays numer-

single series of

On high rocky

)r puberulent or
■18 inches high,
inear-spatulate;
lutely hirsute or
;ed. From the

> the summit:

monly glabrous
ibescence: stem
wly linear, 1-2
moselv disposed
invofucre cam-
unequal. Com-

> California.

ily serrate or
1 glabrate in-

r 70.

mt throughout:

fefttGEBOl4

COMPOSlTit:

sai

sterna nnmeroua in a ronlate tuft, from a thick perennial root, proclrate.
9-12 inches long, leafy to the top, bearing aolitary or few rather amall
heads : lesves spatnlate or the radical cuneate-obovate, these 1-3 inches
long, 6-8 lines wide, coarselv 3-5-toothed or iucicied ; cauline more entire,
1-2 inches long : involucre 4-6 lines high its bzacta somewhat unequal,
httenuate-acumlnate, the outer often passing into leaves : rays 60-70, pale
purplish or pink, 4-6 lines long : p:;ppus rather scanty, shorter than the
corolla: achenes terete or nearly so, sparsely pubescent. Under over-
hanging cliffs along the Columbia river near the Cascades.

■*- •*- Bays verv narrow, 100 or more, disk onl^ 3-4 lines broad :
stems erect, either from a biennial root or from a biennial or winter
annual offset.

E. Philadelphiovs L. Sp. ii, 863. Soft-pubescent, or aometimes near-
ly glabroua : stemd rather slender, strict, mostly branched above, 1-3 feet
high : lower leavea apatulate or obovate, obtaae, dentate, 1-3 inchea long,
narrowed into short petioles; upper cauline leaves clasping and often
cordate at base, obtuse or acute, dentate or entire: heads several or
numerous corymbose-paniculate, 5-12 lines broad, slender-peduncled :
peduncles thickened at the summit : involucre depressed-hemispheric, its
bracts linear, usually scarious margined : rays 100-150, 2-6 lines long, rose-
purple or pink : achenes puberulent, Along streams and moist meadows
throughout North America.

« « » * « Annuals or sometimes biennials, leafy-stemmed and
branching : heads conspicuously radiate.

•«- Bays of the amall or barely middle-sized heads very numerous,
narrow, with pappus like the disk-flowers; the inner of rather scanty
bristles ; the outer of short subulate squamellse : leaves from entire to
sparingly lobed.

E. divergens T. & O. Fl. ii, 175. Cinereous-pubescent or hirsute:
atema diffuaely branched and spreading, 10-20 inches high : leaves linear-
spatulate, or the upper linear and the lowest broader, 1-2 inches long :
heads slender-peduncled, 6-8 lines broad, uaually nnmeroua: involucre
hemiapberic, its bracts linear, acute, hirsute or caneacent: laya about 100»
purpliah or violet, to nearlv white, 2-6 linea long, pappua douole, the abort
outer row of briatlea aubulate ; achenes narrow, little compressed, "^ith a
broad and whitish truncate apex. Low plains and river-banks, British
Columbia to California, Texas and Nebraska.

•«- •*- Bays of the small heads not verjr numerona nor very narrow ;
the bristles of their pappus commonly wanting or very few ; outer pappus
a short crown of distinct or partlv united slender aquamellse, persistent
after the fragile inner pappus has fallen : leafy-atemmed annuals or
biennials.

£. annnus Pers. Syn. ii, 431. Annual; sparingly pubescent with
spreading hairs: stems erect, corymbosely branched, 1-4 feet high: leavea
thin, the radical id lower cauline ovate to ovate-lanceolate, mostly
obtuse, petioled, usually coarsely dentate, 2-6 inches long by 1-2
inchea wide ; upper cauline lanceolate, oblong or linear-lanceolate, acute
or acuminate, moatly dentate in the middle, sessile or ahort-petioled ;
those of the branchea narrower and often entire : Heada rather nnmeroua,
5-7 linea broad, moatly abort peduncled : bracts of the hemispheric
involucre somewhat hispid : rays 40-70 white, or commonly tinged with
purple, 2-4 lines long. h\ fields and open ridges, Oregon to the Atlantic
states.

E. ramOBVa. B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 27. E. Strigoaus M%hl,
Pubescence appre^<)ed, either aparae and strigose or close and minuta:
atem 1-2 feet high : leavea lanceolate, the upper entire ; the lower from

322

•OMPOSITJi

KttlGBltOK
nACCHARtS

t

I

spatulate-Unceolate to oblonic, often sparingly serrate: heads ratiict-
numerous, small, involucre with few or no bristley hairs. Dry open
grounds, British Columbia to California and across the continent.

§ 2 TRiMORPH;f:A, Gray Sy. Fl. i, Pt. 3, 219. Rays incon-
spicuous or slender, numerous, sometimes not exceeding tin
disk : within them a series of rayless filiform pistillate flowers :
leaves entire or nearly so .

£. acris L. Spc. ii, 863. More or less hirsute-pnbeacent: etems 10-14
inches high irom a biennial or perennial r'^ot, the larger pm.its l-ranchin;:
and bearing several or numerous somewha j aniculately d sposed heads :
leaves pubescent or glabrate, entire the radical and lower cauline spatula te,
mostly obtuse, 1-3 inches long, petioled : upper cauline, mostly oblong oi-
oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, set-sile: involucre hemispheric, its bracts
linear, hirsute; rays numerous, purple equallingor exceeding the brownis 1 1
pappus: tubular pistillate flowers filiform, numerous: pappus simple or
nearly so, copious. Alaska to Oregon, the Rocky mountains and Labrador.

Var. Vrffibachensls Blytt. Norg. Fl. 661. Somewhat glabrous or
even quite so, involucre green, at most hirsute only at base, often minute-
ly viscidulous: rays slender somewhat slightly exserted sometimes
minute and filiform and shorter than the pappus. Katzebue Sound to
Oregon and New Brunswick.

Tar. deMlis Gray Syn. Fl. l,Pt. 2, 220. Sparsely pilose: rtems 3-12
inches high from an apparently perennial root, slender: leaves bright green ;
radical obovate or oblong; cauline spatulate to lanceolate, short: heads
1-3 in a teriuinal cluster, 4-5 lines high: braes of the iuvolucre sparsely
hirsute below, thesmootb attenuate tips itpreading: rays in flower rather
conspicuously supassing the disk. On moist cliffs, higher parts of the
Cascade mountains to Hudson's Bay and Labrador.

§ 3. C^NOTUS, Nutt. Gen. ii. 148. Rays of the sr. 'J . nd
narrow semingly discoid heads inconspicuous, little j -.i\ all
surpassing the disk or pappus ; tiie narrow ligule alwayt, (.iioitor
than its tube : disk-flowers sometimes few, with usually 4-tootlied
corollas: pappus simple.

E. canadensis L. 8p. ii, 863. From sparsely hispid to almost
glabrous: steiutj strict, 1-10 feet high, with numerous nairowly paniculate
heads, or in depauperate plants only a few inches high and with few
scattered heads : leaves linear, entire or the lower spatulate and incised or
few-toothed, commonly more or less hispid-ciliate : Leads usually very
numerous about 2 lines wide: rays whie usually a little exerted and sur-
passing the style branches. Common in waste places and fields through-
oat North America. ,

22 BACCHARIS L, Gen. n. 949.

Dioecious shrubs with alternate leaves and smjill paniculate or
corymbose heads of tubular flowers. Involucre regularly imbri-
cated, of squamaceous bracts. Receptacle mostly flat and naked,
rarely chaffy. Flowers of the staminate Leads with tubular-
funnelform 5-cleft caroUas, subulate style- branches with the
stigmatic portion obsolete and overy abortive ; corolla of tho
pistillate fi^wers reduced to a slender truncate or minutely
toothed tube, shorter than the filiform style. Achenes 5-10-
striate. Pappus of the satminate flowers of a series of scabrous

28

30

I

mttlGBUON
KACCHARta

: ^ heads ratiicr
lirs. Dry open
tinent.

Rays incon-
exceeding the
illate flowers :

int: etems 10-M
Itx.its l-ranchinK
1 eposed heads :
tuline spatula te,
lostly oblong or
leric, its bracts
ng the brownish
ippus simple or
s and Labrador.

9.t glabrous or
often minute-
ted sometimes
lebue Sound to

)8e: Ftems 3-12
es bright green ;
e, short: heads
olucre sparsely
n flower rather
er parts of the

the sr. r . nd
ittle i M all
Iwayj. t.iioiter
ally 4-toothed

jpid to almost
jwly paniculate

and with few
I and incised or
Is usually very
terted and sur-

fields through-

paniculale or
;ulaily imbri-
at and naked,
vith tubular-
hes with the
orolla of the
or minutely
Ichenes 6-10-
s of scabrous

COMPOSITiE

323

and often tortuose and more or less clavellate, bristles: of the
pistillate of usually more numerous and fine bristles.

Trib. Hi, Inuloidese Cass. An. Sci. Nat. 1839, 20. Heads
heterogamous, radiate or discoid with fertile flowers filiform or
ligulate; or sometimes homogamous and tubuliflorovs. Anthers
sagittate, and the base of the lobes produced into more or less of a
tail (caudate) or other appendage. Style-branches of the herma-
jihrodite flowers filiform or flattish not appendaged: the stigmatic
lines running to or vanishing near the roundish or truncate tip,
which is at most papillose or somewhat penicillate. Style of stam-
inate-sterih flowers commonly entire. Pappus usually capillary or
none. Invilucre commonly dry or scarious, rarely foliaceous.

suBTRiBis I FiLAGiNEiE. Bracts of t\iG iuvolucre mostly thin
and scarious. Receptacle with scales of various texture, enclos-
ing or subtending the fertile flowers or achenes : pistillate flowers
with filiform truncate or 2-3-tootlved corollas.

* Achenes gibbous and compressed : corolla and style lateral ; pap-
pus none.

25 Micropus Fertile flowers few and in a single series on the short recep-
tacle, included in the laterally compressea very gibbous scale of the
receptacle which strictly encloses the achene.

* * Achenes straight or slightly oblique : corolla and style terminal.

■*- Chaff loosely enclosing the aehene: central flowers sterile

26 Styloeliiie Fertile flowers 5-10 or more, in two or more series on a

cylindrical or columnar receptacle, their chaff thin, saccate or boat-
shaped : pat pus of few caducous bristles to the sterile flowers or none.

27 Psilocarplius Fertile flowers numerous, in several series, on a globu-
lar receptacle, each in an obovate turgid membranaceous and reticu-
lated chaff : pappus none.

+- ■*- Chaff more open, hardly enclosinjj the achenes : fertile flowers
in more than one series ; central flowers sometimes fertile.

28 Hespcrevax Receptacle villous, its centre elongated into a narrow
colunan: achvnes pear-shaped, flattened parallel to the subtending
chaff : pappus none.

SUBTRIBK II GNAPHALiEiE. Bracts of the involucve all thin and
scarious, often pearly, persistent. Roceptaclc naked. Floccose-
woolly herbs.

29 Antennarla Heads completely dioecious, the staminate with undivi-
ded style, and bristles of the pappus thickened or barbellate at the
apex : pappus of the pistillate flowers Rlentier and united at the base.

30 Anaphalis Heads incompletely dioecious: staminate heads with a
few hermaphrodite but sterile flowers in the centre: bristles of the
pappus all separate, those ot the sterile flowers little thickened upward.

31 Onaphalinm Heads all heterogamous : pistillate flowers very numer-

ous, in more than one series ; hermaphrodite fertile ones fewer, in the
centre : bristles of the pappus slender, not thickened upward.

SUBTRIBE III EUiNULEiE Outcr bracts of the involucre horba-

>f F},

324

OOMPOSITiE

MICBOPCB

<\

ni ]

j

ceous. Receptacle naked. Tali herbs.

t2 INULA Heads heterogamous, radiatei wHh all the flowers fertile : pap.
pns of capillary briBties.

suBTRiBE IV ADENOCAULE^ Bracts of the involucre herbaceous,
few, in a single aeries. Receptacle not chaffy. Heads few-flowered :
both pistillate and hermaphrodite sterile flowers with similar di-
lated tubular corollas, the former rather fewer and with enlarged
exsertad achenes

88 Adenocanlon Achenes club-shaped and several times longer than tlie
involucre, beset with some stipitate glands : pappus none.

SUBTRIBE V DiMEREBE^ Bracts of the involucre herVaceoiis,
few, in a single series. Receptacle not chaffy. Flowers feWj her-
maphrodite, fertile. Pappus of rather few bristles.

84 Dimeresla H(>ads 2-flowered : involucre of 2 slightly united bracts,
each almost enclosing a flower : pappus of 20 slightly united bristles
that are early deciduous.

Subtribe 1 Filaginese Fend Fl. ii 729. Heads hfterogamoiis,
mostly androgynous, discoid. Involucre of few srarious or firmer
bracts Receptacle chaffy, a chaff or involucral bract enclosing or
sudtending each pistillate flower or achene. CorolUi, of the pistillate
flowers a filiform, tube, shorter than the style; of the hermaphrodite
commonly s*erile flowers regularly 4-tonthed; their anthers sometimes
only acutely sagittats or auriculute at base, and the short style-bran-
ches or undivided stvU not truncate. Achenes mostly smooth and
even, small and seed-likCf the very thin pericarp destitute of nerves
or other markings.

25 MICROPUS Gaertn. Fr. t. 164.

Low floccose- woolly annuals with entire leaves and small
heads of inconspicuous flowers in sessile clusters. Heads discoid,
several-flowered ; the pistillate flowers with filiform corolla forming
a single series, each wholly enclosed in a conduplicate infolf 3d
and laterally compressed very gibbous chaff* or scale, which be-
comes firm-coriaceous or cartilaginous in fruit, and falls at ma-
turity with the completely enclosed achene, inclined at length to
dehisce into two valves ; the hermaphrodite but sterile flowers
with 4-5-toothed tubular corolla few and naked in the centre.
Involucre of few scarious bracts. Receptacle small and short.
Achenes obovate and gibbous laterally compressed, smooth, its
apex lateral. Pappus wanting.

M. Californleus F. & M. Ind. sem. P«>trop 1835, 42. Stems slender,
4-16 inches high, loi^^ely white-woolly, simple or sparingly branched above,
leafy to the top: leaves linear-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, entire, 6-8 lines
long, densely tomentose with a flne somewhat silky white wuol, the largest
near the centre of the stem : heads in lateral and terminal clusters which
are inclined to be spicate : fructiferous scales very woolly, under the wool
smooth, half-obcnraate, with a suberect beak terminating in a somewhat
dilated scarious apex. Common on dry open hillsides, southwestern Ore-

MICROPCS

virera fertile : pap.

ere heroaceous,
Is few-flowered :
ivith similar di-
l with enlarged

8 longer than the
lone.

icre herVacfous,
lowers fcWj her-

ly united bracts,
y united bristles

8 hfterogamous,
rioua or firmer
'act enclosing or
of the pistillate
hermaphrodite
ithera sometimes
short atyle-bran-
itly smooth and
'■stitute of nerves

ves and small
Heads discoid,
corolla forming
jlicate infolc''3d
cale, which be-
nd falls at ma-
led at length to
sterile flowers
in the centre,
null nnd short.
)d, smooth, its

Stems slender,
' branched above,
, entire, 6-8 lines
wool, the largest
il clusters which
y, under the wool
g in a somewhat
Ml th western Ore-

STYLOCUNB
PBIIiOCARPHOB

COMPOSITiE

325

gon and California.

23 STyLOCLIITE Nutt. Trans. At . Phil. Soc. viii, 338.

Low floccose-wooUy annuals with entire alternate leaves and
email heads of inconspicuous flowers in glomerate clusters.
Heads many-flowered ; the pistillate flowers with filiform corolla,,
eeveral or many, in two or many series on the columnar receptacle^
each with the ovary and achene loosely enclosed in the base or
body of an ovate broadly boat-shaped chaff" or scale of the recepta-
cle, of bcario'js or firmer membranaceous texture : the hermaphro-
dite but sterile flowers few in the centre, on the narrow summit of
the receptacle, involucrate but not enclosed by the 4or 5 merely-
concave scales of the receptacle, their tubular corollas 4-5-toothed.
Bracts of the involucre hyaline and inconspicuous or hardly any.
Achenes obovate or oblong with a narrow base, slightly oblique
or straight, the areola terminal. Pappus none to the achenes,
commonly a few caducous scabrous bristles around the sterile-
flowers.

Ours of § ANciSTROCARPHUs Gray. Fertile flowers 5-10, their
chaffy scales in not more than twj series, boat-shaped and invol-
ving the achene, of firm-membranaceous texture, and with a
hyaline tip ; the 5 uppermost scales sterile and larger, forming
an involucre around the sterile flowers, open, tapering into a
rigid incurved hooked cusp, persistent, and at length stellately
spreading.

S* fllaglneaGray Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 652 Canescent with a fine
and appres^ed wool : stems slender, 1-10 inches higb, erect, or diffuse and
and branching from the base : leaves narrowly linear or somewhat dilated
upward, 6-8 hues long: involucre outside of the .vooUy fructiferous scales
obscure or none : pappus to sterile flowers nont, On dry stony hillsides,,
southwestern Oregon and California.

27 PSILOCARPHUS Nutt. 1. c

Low floccose-wooUy annuals with entire mostly opposite leaves
and small heads of inconspicuous flowers in terminal capitate-
clusters and in the forks of the branching stems, involucrate by
the upper leaves. Heads discoid, many-flowered ; the pistillate
flowers with filiform corolla, nufnerous, in several series on the
depressed-globose receptacle, each loosely enclosed in an obovate
or semicordate hooded-saccate visiccular or inflated chaff" or scale
of membranaceous texture clothed with soft wool, its apex in-
trorse and more or less beaked with a hyaline scale ; the her-
maphrodite but sterile flowers few and naked in the centre, with
tubular 4-5-toothed corolla. Bracts of the involucre few, small-
scarious- Achenes oblong or cylindraceous and moderately com-
pressed, straight, small and loose in the sack of the scale, whicbi
is more or less open down the inner face Pappus none.

* Leaves all tapering below ; the midrib not prominent: canesceat
with close wool throughout : fructiferous bracts not over a line long.

326

COMPOSITiE

F8IL OCARPHUa
HE8PBRBVAX

P. tenellns Nutt. 1. c. Canescentljr tomentose throughout with fine
appressed wool which soon detaches from the stem : stems at length much
depressed aud branched, 1-3 inches long: leaves spalulate, 3-6 lines long:
heads very numerous, 2-3 lines in diameter: achenes halMine long, oho-
vate-oblong. In low grounds, Washington to California.

P. Oreganns Nutt. 1. c. Silky-lanate : stems erect, 2-6 inches high,
branching from near the ground : leaves nearly linear, attenuate below, 4-
6 lines long: heads numerous, 4-6 lines in diameter; achenes oblong-cylin-
draceons. Low grounds and roadsides, Oregon and Washington.

* * Leaves little, and those subtending the heads seldom at all nar-
rowed at base : herbage and especially the lieads loosely floccose-wooUy

P. elatlor Gray Syn. Fl. i, pt. 2, Supp. 448. P. Oreganus var. elatior Gnui.
Erect and caule-cent, or at length with spreading branches, 3-6 inches
high, robust: leaves lanceolata or subspatulate- linear, 6-12 lines long:
heads 4-6 lines broad, very leafy-subtended, loosely arachnoid-woolly, the
the wool of the fructiferous bracts shorter and mostly close : achenes cyliu-
draceous. Low places, Willamette and Columbia river valleys.

P. brevisslniiis Nutt. 1. c Stems very short, mostly simple: leaves ob-
long or lanceolate, 2-5 lines long, seldom surpassing the leaves: heads sol-
itary or very few, very woolly : achenes cylindrical or slightly clavate.
"Plains of the Oregon" Nuttall, to California.

28 HESPEREVAX Gray Pac. R. Rep. iv 101, t. ii.

Low annuals with mostly opposite leaves and small heads of
inconspicuous flowers. Heads discoid, many-flowered ; the pis-
tillate flowers Avith filiform corolla in several series on a conv<:x
villous and centrally elevated columnar receptacle, each subtend-
ed by an ovate barely concave chartaceous chaffy scale : hevm.'i-
phrodite but sterile flowers several on the apex of the columnar
receptacle, involucrate by a whorl of 3-7 coriaceous open bracts.
Bracts of the involucre resembling the chaff of the receptacle.
Pappus none.

H. hrevlfolia Greene Fl. Fr. 102? Eva.v caulescent Oniy in part. Floe-
cose-woolly: ptems 4-12 lines high, simple, or branching from the base,
often depressed : leaves lanceolate, 4-6 lines long, tapering into a Hlender
petiole: i eads inconspicuous, in sessile terminal or axillary clui-ters,
or solitary, a line or two long : chaffy scales of the receptacle, becoming
rigid, those eubtending the sterile flowers thicker and woolly inside:
achenes oliovate-oblong w ith a narrowed base, straight, more or less com-
pressed parallel to the subtending cllaff, very smooth. Dry barren spots
in prairies, southwestern Oregon and Calitornia.

Subtrihe ii Gnnphaleir Less. Syn. 269. Heads discoid, heteroga-
mous or androgynous or dioeciously homogawous; the hermaphro-
dite or staminoi ' fioivers when in the same head much fewer than
the pistillate ones; pistillate flowers with filiform tubular corolla
shorter than the style; the staminate flowers with style or style -bran-
ches mostly truncate, all xiMuaRy with capillary pappus. Recepta-
cle without bracts or chaff. Brads of the involucre numerous, more
or less scnrious or with scarious and often colored or petaloid sum.
mits. Anthers with slender tails.

AN

DioE

leaves
(liscoi
t • th
and st
ted, s(
Rocep
or flat
bristlf
and s(
ten cr

§ 1
all thi
obscu:
and a1
somev

A. d

matted
inch oi
very le
ffhitisl
involu(
inner s
inate 1
nus, of
Commi
Califor

A. fl

itary, (
from a
slende:
their a
lines 1
bracts
ones si
tern O

A. s

slende
form g
attenu
barely
dark b
thirds
only a

|2
scaric
*
row

A. (

Btems

F8IL OCABPHUa
HE8PERBVAX

roughout with fine
ms at length much
ite, 3-6 lines long:
lalMine long, oho-
I.

2-6 inches high,
ttenuHte below, 4-
enes oblong-cylin-
shington.

eldom at all nar-
ly floccose-woolly

<t8 var. elatior Graij.
inches, 3-6 inches
6-12 lines long:
chnoid-woolly, tlie
3se : achenes cyliu-
valleya.

simple: leaves ob-

leaves : tieads sol-

■ slightly claviite.

1, t. ii.

small heads of
t)wered; the pis-
ies on a convex
e, each subtend-
y scale : hevma-
of the columnar
3US open bracts.

the receptacle.

Gnty in part. ¥loc-
ig from the base,
ring into a Hlender
axillary cluf-ters,
3eptacle, becoming
md woolly inside:
more or less corn-
Dry barren spots

Uscoid, heteroga-
the hermaphro-
uch fewer than
I tuhidar corolla
le or style-hran-
ippus. Recepta-
•■ nume ouH, more
or pefaloid sum.

AnTENMARIA.

COMPOSITiE

29 ANTENNARIA Gtertn. Fruct. & Sem. ii, 410, t. 167.

DicBcious or polygamo-diujcious perennial herbs with alternate
leaves and many-flowered heads of inconspicuous flowers. Heads
discoir". ; the pistillate flowers with filiform truncate corolla shor-
t • thai! the 2-cleft style; staminate with tubular ')-lobcd corolla
and style with undivided truncate apex. Inv(jlucre of iuiljrica-
ted, scarious, persistent bracts, at least their tips white or culored.
Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Achenes small, nearly terete
or flattish, mostly glabrous. Pappus a single seiies of ciii)illur.y
bristles, those of the fertile flowers very slender, connate at base,
and so falling from the achene in a body; those of the stciile of-
ten crisp, mostly thickened at the apex.

§ 1 Bristles of the pappus of the staminate Howeas luirdly at
all thickened, but minutely burbellate near the apex : achenes
obscurely 2-3-nerved, pubescent, the short hairs with 2-lobcd

and at length biuncinate tips. Bracts of the
somewhat turbinate involucre brownish.'

iam[)anulate or

A. dimorpha T. &G. Fl. ii, 431. Depre8=?ed, cespitose, forming dense
matted tufts from a few inches to n foot or more in diameter and only an
inch or two high : the thickish rootstocks creeping : stems 1-2 inches high,
very leafy : leaves spatulate, attenuate below to a petiole, 6-^12 lines long
whitish-tomentose both sides: lioads solitary, 3-4 lines high : bracts of the
involucre well imbricated, the outer successively shorter and obtuse, the
inner acute or acuminate ; of the fertile heads narrow with hyaline acum-
inate tips: achenes oblong, pubescent: pappus of the fertile flowers copi-
ous, of soft and very slender bristles that are not at ail thickened ui>ward.
Common on dry plains east of the Cascade mountains, Brit. Columbia to
California and the Rocky Mouutains.

A. flagellaris Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 212 Silky-lanate: stem sol-
itary, 6-20 lines high, from a slender rootstock : lower leaves subulate
from a very broad and somev/hat clasping base, producing from their axils
slender wiry stolons 2-6 inches long, with a tuft of leaves and a bud at
their apices which root and form new plants: cauline leaves linear, 10-14
lines long, not at all narrowed at base : heads solitary, 3-4 lines high :.
bracts of the involucre in few ranks, but little unequal, acute or the inner
ones shortly acuminate. On barren rocky ridges in the mountains of eas-
tern Oregon and Washington,

A. steuophylla Gray 1. c. "Stems erect from a subtori anean caudex,
alender, 4-6 inches high, without stolons, leafy, terminated by a capituli-
form glomerule of 2-4 heads : leaves very narrowly linear or almost flhform,
attenuate to both ends (the larger 3 inches long), silvery-woolly: heads
barely 3 lines long: involucral bracts in both sexes broadish and. obtuse,
dark brown, or in the male the inner ones with white tips : achenes (two
thirds of a line long), minutely hirtellous-scabrous : lemale pappus scanty,
only a line long; * *. High hills Union Co. eastern Oregon Cusick. "

§ 2 Bristles of the staminate pappus stout, Avith clavate or
scarious-dilated tips.

* Not Burculose by stolons, 6-12 inches high : pistillate heads nar-
row, cylindraceous or clavate: achenes glandular.

A. Geyeri Gray PI. Fendl. iOT. Pubescence appressed silky-canescent:
Btems numerous from a lignescent branched base, 3-8 inches high : leaves

'1 n

<

320

COMPOSITiE

ANTKNNARIA

spatulate or oblanceolat«, 3-12 lines long, mostly acute : heads numerous,
3-4 lines high, cylindracecus, or the staminate campanulate, in terminal
spicately or cymosely dis^jged glomerules: involucre ver^r woolly at base;
ot the pistillate heads couimonly 4 lines long, of the staminate shorter, the
inner in both with ronspicuous rose'purple or ivory- white tips which in
the l»tter are obtuse, in the former narrower and acute. In dry open
woods, eastern Washington to California, not common.

* * Not surculose-stoloniferous : stems simple from the subterranean
branching caudex, rather strict, leafv, naked at the summit, and
bearing a mostly cymosO'Compound cluster of heads : inner braots of
the staminate involucre all with conspicuous ivorv-white obtuse tips;
those of the pistillate hwit hardly any tips: herbage silvery- lanate :
larger lower leaves 3-nerved.

A. Inxaloldes T. & O. Fl. ii, 480. "Closely siliiy-woolly : stems slender
8-12 inches high : leaves all narrowly linear or some of the lowest narrowly
lanceolate-epatulate, small, uppermost linear-subulate: heads small (2
lines or the pistillate baiely 3 lines long), several or numerous: involucre
glabrous nearly or quite to the base ; itf> inner bracts in the pistillate heads
obtuse : achenes glandular ; the spatulate and an it were petaloid tips of the
staminate pappus obtuse." 3rit. Columbia to Oregon and Wyoming, east
of the Cascade mountains.

A. ai'gentea Benlh. PI. Hartw. 319. Silverv lanate with a very fine
;and komewliat strigose pubescence: stems slender, 10-20 inches high,
leafy, leaves linear-lanceolate or broader to linear, 1- 4 inches long, atten-
uate below to a margined p<^tiole with a dilated and somewhat clasping
base, more or less prominently 3-nerved: heads small numerous, panicl-
ed : involucre glabrous, 1-2 lines high, its bracts obtuse or acutish : tips of
the staminate pappus dilated. Dry grounds, Washington to California.

A« lanata Greene Pitt, iii 288. A. Carpathica R. Br. as to tlie Ameri-
can plant. Densely white-woolly: stems simple, 8-12 inches high: lower
leaves spatulate-lanceolaie, 1-3 inches long, attenuate below to a slender
petiole, tlie upper linear, with conspicuous scarious tips : heads several to
many, in a close capitate terminal cluster: involucre 2-3 lines high, dense-
ly wooUvatbase, the inner bracts with conspicuous white tips; of the sta-
minate flowers broad and obtuse, of the pistillate linear and acute : achenes
glabrous: pappus of the staminate flower* of moderately dilated bristles.
On high mountains, Brit. Columbia to eastern Oregon.

* * * Surculose-proliferous by either subterranean or humifuse and
leafy shoots or stolons.

•*- Involucre woolly at base.

A. media Greene 1. c. 286. A. alpina of authors as to the American
plant. {Somewhat cespitose: radical shoots not very numerous, short:
densely silky-woolly: flowering stems 1-6 inches high: radical leaves broad-
ly spatulate to ; > -.'vate, 4-10 lines long] cauline linear-spatulate to linear:
lieads few to ~ .1; the pistillate sessile in a close capitate cluster, with
brown narro jolate acute involucral bracts; the staminate heads oft-

en somewhat . .iclcd, with oblonz mostly obtuse bracts with scarious
white tips : pappus but little if at aU thickened upward. On the highest
mountains, 'Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains.

A. rosea Greene 1. c. 281 ; A. dioica var. rosea Eaton. Loosely surculose :
flilvery-canescent and floccose: stems stoutish, 2-12 inches high, leafy:
leaves of the sterile shoots oblanceolate to spatulate, an inch or more
long ; of the flowering stems linear-lanceolate to linear, 1-1 jf^ inches long :
heads usually numerous, in a close panicle : bracts of the involucre rose-
color to red, about 2 lines long, lanceolate, mostly obtuse : staminate plant
not seen. On the highest mountains, from Brit. Columbia to California.

ANTKNNARIA

heads numeroue,
late, in terminal
y woolly at base ;
mate shorter, the
ite tips which in
lite. In dry open

le subterranean
suQimit, and
inner bracts of
ite obtuse tips ;
silvery-Ianate:

ly : stems slender
e lowest narrowly
: heads small (2
nerous : involucre
le pistillate heads
etaioid tips of the
id Wyoming, east

ft'ith a very fine
-20 inches high,
iiches long, atten-
>mewhat clasping
numerouij, panlcl-
•r acutish : tips of
n to California.
. as to the Ameri-
iches high : lower
lelow to a slender
: heads several to
lines high, dense-
e tips ; of the sta-
id acute : achenea
y dilated bristles.

r hum if use and

CO the American
numerous, short:
lical leaves l)road-
itulate to linear :
ate cluster, with
minate heads oft-
ts with scarious
On the highest
fountains,
oosely surculose :
hes high, leafy:
in inch or more
-1}^ inches long :
e involucre rose-
; staminate plant
a to California.

ANTKNNARIA

COMPOSITiE

329

A. pedtcellata GreMne 1. c 175 " Slender, more than a foot high, the
stems with scattered npreading and rather conspicuous leaves instead of
upright bracts : lowest leaves on short ascending branches hardly to be
called stolons or surcuti, small, oblanceolate, acute, nerveless, prominently
tomentdse on both 'acei and thin: heads on slender ped oels of }4-l inch
in length, thus forming a lax subcorymbose cyme: involucres short and
suboampanulate, their bracts in only about 3 series, the tips of the inner
narrow, acutish or obtuse : achenes obscurely 6 angled as well ai> very
imnutely and sparingly glandular. Blue mountains of Oregon, Cusick.'*

A. mnbrlnella Rydberg. Canescent with a very short silky wool which
becomes floi-cose upon the stem and upper leaves: flowering stems slender,
4-10 inches high from a shrubby branching bdse: leaves rf the short sterile
branches cuneate to spatulate, without any distinction o>- blade and petiole,
4-6 lines long 1-3 lines broad at the summit, permanenvlv canescent on
both sides, persistent for several years ; leaves of the dowerini; stems
oblong or narrower, erect, 3-8 lines long : heads few, sessile in a small cap-
itate cluster : involucre campanulate, 2-3 lines high, its bracts broad and
obtuse, the inner with conspicuous white tips : staminate plant not seen.
On dry foothills of the Cascade mountains on the east side. Distributed
by the author as A. dioica in 1881.

A. safTrntescens Greene 1. c 277. Low evergreen undershrub, tha rig-
id procumbent branches leafy throughout, 1-8 inches long: leaves ^f the
branchlets cuneate to spatulate, 2-6 lines long, obtuse and often enargin-
ate, densely white-tomentose beneath, green and glabrate above; '.lower-
ing stems slender, 3-6 inches long, with linear to subulate leaves and 1-5
comparatively large heads at the summit: involucre campanulate, 4-6 lines
high : bracts of the pintillate involucre narrowly lanceolate, the inner with
white acuminate hyaline tips those of the staminate mure ample, with ob-
tuse or emarginate tu acute white tips : bristles of the pappus in the stam-
inate flowers with evident though narrow and surrulate dilated tips. On
rocky slopes of the Coast mountains in Josephine Co. Oregon.

A* HowelUi Greene 1. c. 174. A. plantaginifolia of authors as to the
Pacific Coast plant. Freely surculose by slender stolons, the offsets bien-
nial . flowering sterns slender, 6-18 inches high, loosely woolly, bearing
linear or lanceolate leaves and a cluster of several heads : radical let /es
broadly spatulate to oblanceolate, acute or acutish and apiculate, attenu-
ate below to a short petiole, 1-2 inches long, somewhat neshy, canescent
beneath, green and glabrate above: involucre campanulate, about 4 lines
long, its bracts linear-lanceolate, the inner with very acute almost hyaline
white tips : achenes oblong, pappillose-granular. , Common in dry open
grounds, western Oregon to Brit. Columbia.

.1- -f- Heads loosely paniculate : involucre almost glabrous.

A, racemosa Hook. Fl. i, 329. Freely surculose by long and slender,
sparsely leafy stolons, lightly woolly, becoming glabrate: flowering stems
6-20 inches high, slender sparsely leafy, bearing few or numerous, racem-
ously or paniculately disposed heads, nearly all slender-peduncled : leaves
thin, the radical broadly oval, acute at each end, slender-petioled, includ-
ing the petiole 1-3 inches long, obscurely 3 nerved at basn, rather veiny,
densely tomentose beneath, green and glabrate above: cauline leaves sim-
ilar but smaller and sessile, lanceolate : involucre campanulate, about 3
lines high ; its bracts green or brownish ; of the staminate heads obtuse,
the inner obscurely white-tipped; of the pistillate heads narrow and most-
lyacute, with scarious white tips : Moist woods and rocky banks, Oregon
to Brit. Columbia and the Rocky mountains.

3S0

■

COMPOSITiE

80 ANAPHALTS DO. Prodr. vi, 241.

ANAPHALtS
GNAPHAIIDM

While-tomentose woolly i»orrenial herbs with loafy erect stems
entire leaves and numerous small discoid heads of yellow <lisk
flowers. Heads di(rcious but usually Avith a few hermaphrodite
flowers in the centre of the pistillate heads. Bristles of the pap-
pus of the staminate Howers but little if at all thickened at the
apex; of the pistillate flowers not united at base but falling sep-
arately.

A. mar^aritacea B. & H. Gen. ii, 303. Rtems stout; 1-2 feet higb,
tu'ted, very lealy, the white floccope wool rarely becoming tawny: leaves
from rather broadly to linear lanceolate, 2-6 inches long, w bite-woolly be-
neath, soon glnbrate :■ 'd green above, the broadei ones indistinctly 3-
nervej: heads numerous, corymbosely cymofe: involucre globniHr, its
numerous bracts almost wholly pearly-whie: achenes oblong. Common
on dry ridges in forests, Alaska to California and across the continent.

30 GNAPHALIUM L. Gen. n. 943. Cudweed.

Floccose-wooUy herbs with sessile, and sometimes decurrcnt
lejiv'os and commonly numerous heads of s mall flowirs in c)m-
ose clusters or glonierules. Heads heterogamous, discoid, fertile
throughout, of few or many series of justillate flowers surround-
ing a smaller number of hermaphrodite ones. Involucre pluri-
serial, imbricated, the scarious and commonly partly woolly
bracts with or without colored papery tips or appendages. Stylo
of hermaphrodite flowers 2-cleft. Pappus of numerous n)erely
scabrous capillary bristles in a single series. Achenes terete or
flattish, mostly nearly nerveless.

§ 1 EuGNAPiiALii'M DC. Prodr. vi, 122. Bristles of the pap-
pus not at all united at base, falling separately.

* Involucre woolly only at base, mainly scarious: heads paniculately
or corymbosely cymosc, ov glomerate at the tn mm it of trie leafy eem
and brunches.

G. microcephalum Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 404 _ Densely
white-woolly throughout : stems slender, 1-2 feet high, from a biennial or
more enduring root: leaves linear or the lower spatulate-lanceolate, with
slenderly decurrent base, persistently white-woolly, 1-2 inches long: heads
small, in small panicnlat« glomerules : involucre from turbinate to cam-
panulate, 1-2 lines high, woolly at base, its ovate-lanceolate bracts mostly
\inequal, acute, pearly-white. On dry bars and bluffs along water-courses,
Brit. Columbia to California.

©. Sprengelii H.&A. Bot. Beech. 150. Stems stout and strict, 1-3 feet
high from a biennial root : leaves lanceolate or linear or the lowest narrow-
ly spatulate, densely white-woolly or sometimes more thinly floccose, the
snort decurrent base or adnate auricles rather broad: heads numerous, in
single to numerous glomerules, terminating the stem or few branches: in-
volucre hemispherical, 3 lines high, white or yellowish, becoming slightly
rusty in age, its bracts thin, oval and oblong, obtuse. Common on moist
river-banks, Brit Columbia to California.

Gt deenrrens Ives Am. Journ, Bel. 1, 380, 1. 1. Stems strict, 2-3 feet
high, corymbosely branched at the top and bearing cymuiosely disposed

h 11

ANAPHALtS
iNAPUALIOM

fy erect stems
of yellow disk
lermuphrodito
es of the pap-
ckened at the
Lit falling sep-

• 1-2 feet high,
tawny: leaves
iliile-woolly be-
8 indistinctly 3-
e globnlHr, its
ong. Common
i continent.

:d.

TICS decurrcnt
Avers in c}m-
scoid, fertile
3rs surround-
olucre pluri-
jartly woolly
dages. Style
n-ous merely
les terete or

ONAFHALICH

COMPOSITiE

831

i of the

pap-

paniculately
Be leafy gem

404 Densely
a a biennial or
iceolate, with
es long : heads
inate to cam-
bracts mostly
water-courses,

strict, 1-3 feet
owest narrow-
' floccose, the
numerous, in
branches: lo-
oming slightly
mon on moist

strict, 2-3 feet
jsely disposed

({lomerules of rather broad heads : leaves verv numerous, lanceolate or the
upper linear, white- woolly brneath or rarefy glabrate: involucre broadly
(-ampanulate, white, usually becoming rusty tinged, the thin scarious
bracts ovate and oblong, acuiish, only the innermost linear-lanceolate and
acute. Rather open and dry grounds , Brit. Co.umbia to Washington.

* * Involucre less imbricated, more woolly, the scarious tips of the
nearly equal bracts not very conspicuous, dull-colored : heads glomerate
and leafy-bracteate, only a line or so high : low branching annuals.

0. palustre Nutt. 1. c. 403. Loosely floccose with long wool: stems erect
or diffusely branching from the base, 2-8 inches hinh : leaves spaiulate to
lanceolate'or linear. 6-12 lines long: heads very numerous, in smallglom-
orulestorminating the stem orbranehes: involucre campanulate, its bracis
linear with glabrous whiti.> acute tins. Edges of ponds and damp places,
Brit. Columbia to California and tlie Rocky mountains.

0. uuciiNoHUM L. Fl. Dan. 859. Appressed-wooUy : stems 2-0 inches
high, soon diffusely branched, leafy: leaves epatulate-linear or the lower
spatu'ate-oblanceolate, 6-12 lines long: heads numerous, in racemosely
disposed glomerules: involucre narrow, 1-2 lines long, its linear-lanceolate
or subulate bracts brown or soon becoming so. On moist banks and flats,
Brit. Columbia to California and the eastern States: introduced from Eu.

§ 2 GrAMOciiyETA Webb Chlor. And. 1, 1 51 , as gonus Bristles
of the pappus united at base into a ring and deciduous together
from the achene. Heads spicately or capitately glomerate, the
lower glomerules leafy-bracteate. Involucre brownish, purple or
sorded.

G. purpurenm L. Pp. i', 854. Canescent wltti close and dense silvery
wool: stems simple, stoutish, 5-12 inches high, from a perennial root:
leaves spatulate, 1-2 inches long, often becoming green and glabrale above;
beads numerous, in an oblong or t ylindraceous or spiciform ' ">fluresoence :
involucre campanulate, about 2 lines long, its ovate or lanceolate bracts
brownish or purplish. Common in fields and open places, throughout
North America.

Suhb'ihc Hi, Euinula DC- Prod?' r, 463. Heads lielcrogam-
ous,n'Wi the pislillale flowers all ligulale and radiale, and
the disk-flowers all hermapJirodilc and ferlile. ^Receptacle
naked. Slyle-hranehes of lie hermaplirodile flowers linear ,
rounded al the apex. Hellenes nioslly coriaceous.

32 INULA L. Gen. n. 956.

Tomentose or woolly perennial herbs with alternate leaves and
large heads of yellow flowers. Heads radiate, many-flowered.
Involucre imbricated, the outer bracts herbaceous. Receptacle
flat or nearly so, not chaffy. Achenes niore or less 4-costate.
Pappus of scabrous capillary bristles.

1. HELBNiuM L. 8p. 881. (elecampane.) Stems tufted from large thick
roots, simple, or rarely somewhat branched, 2-6 feet high, densely pubes-
cent above : leaves large, broadly oblong, rough above, densely pubescent
beneath, denticulate, the radical ones acute at each end lon^-petioled, 10-20
inches long by 4-8 broad ; cauline sessile or cordate-claspmg at the base,
acute at the apex, smaller: heads solitary or few, terminal, etout-peduncl-
ed, 2-4 inches broad : involucre hemispherical, nearly 1 inch high, its
stout bracts ovate, fuliaceous, pubescent : rays numerous, linear : achenes

382

C0MP09ITJ:

ADINOCAOLON
DIMMUU

glabrous, 4-aided. Roadaidea and waat places : introduced from Europe.

Suhtribe iv ridenocnulew Gray Syn. Fl. i, pi. 2, 59.
Heads hehrogamous, discoid; hoVi pistillate and nermaphro-
dile /lowers with tubular more or less ampliate 4^j-tootlied
or -lobed corolla.' involucre not scarious: receptacle naked:
achenes elongated, striate or nerved: pappus none.

88 ADENOCAULON Hook. Bot. Idlae. i, 119, t. 16. '

Perennial herbs with slender stems alternate and dilated leaves
on long margined petioles, and very small heads of whitish flow-
ers. Heads several to many-ttowered ; the marginal ones pistil-
late only; the more numerous central ones hermaphrodite-sterile.
Involucre of few thin herbaceous bracts. Receptacle flat, naked.
Corollas all somewhat alike ; of the sterile flowers broadly fun-
nelform and deeply 4-6 -cleft ; of the fertile ones less ampliate,
either regularly 4-lobed, or bilabiate with the outer lip 3-lobed.
Style of the sterile flowers undivided ; of the fertile ones with
short and broad stigmatic branches. Anthers sagittate, the au-
ricles minutely but evidently caudate, connate. Achenes obovate-
oblong or clavate, very obtuse, very much exceeding the involu-
cre, the upper part beset with stout stipitate glands.

A. blcolor Hook. 1. c. Stems 1-3 feet high, leafy Mow: leaves dilated-
cordate, 1-3 inches long by nearly as broad, coamely sinuate-dentate or
repand or slightly lobed, early glabrate and green above, white with thin
cottony wool Deneath : bracts of the involucre 4-6, in a single series, ovate,
reflexed in fruit : fertile corollas regularly 4-lobed : achenes club-shaped, 2-3
lines long. Common in forests and woods, Alaska to California and east
to Lake Superior.

Suhtribe v. DimeresefV. Heads homogamous, flowers all herma-
qhrodite and fertile. Corollas tubular and regular, 6-toothed.

34 DIMERESIA Gray Syn. Fl. i, pt. 2, Supp. 448.

Low annuals with opposite leaves and 2-flowered heads in
dense terminal glomerules. Heads discoid, homogamous, the
flowers hermaphrodite and fertile. Involucre of 2 herbaceous
oblong concave bracts, a little united at base, each subtending
and almost enclosing a flower. Corolla tubular, regular, 5-tooth-
ed. Anthers sagittate at base, the narrow auricles but little ex-
tended. Style-branches narrowly linear, obtuse, not appendaged,
the bordering stigmatic lines extending to and around the naked
apex. Achenes clavate-pyriform, glabrous, many-striate, with
small epigynous areola, bearing a pappus of stout plumose bristles
in a single series which are united at base in a ring and early
deciduous together.

D. Howellii Gray 1. c. 449. Stems stoutish, minutely floccose-wooUy,
simple or branched, 6-18 lines long, from a long annual taproot : leaves ob-
ovate or oval, including the broad petiole 10-14 lines long, thinly white*
woolly beneath, soon glabrate and green above : heads numerous, subses-
sile, in dense terminal glomerules : corollas purplish or flesh-color : pappus

BNOCAOLON
)IMMUU

[rom Europe.

pt 2, 59.
nermaphro-
4~J-loot/ied
acle naked:

9
• •

. 16. '

lilated leaves
vhitish flow-
ones pistil-
odite-sterile.
) flat, naked,
broadly fun-
iss ampliate,
lip 3-lobed.
B ones with
bate, the au-
nes obovate-
the involu-

lenves dilated-
ite-<Ientate or
lite with thin
I eeriee, ovate,
ib.8haped,2-3
rnia and east

8 all herma-
loothed.

148.

•ed heads in
gamous, the
herbaceous
subtending
lar, 5-tooth-
ut little ex-
ippendaged,
the naked
iriate, with
lose bristles
g and early

ccose-woolly,
ot : leaves ob-
thitily white-
»rou8, Bubses-
:olor: pappus

COMPOSITiE

On high stony hills, near Bteln mountain

of 20 long-plumose bristles,
southeastern OreK' n.

Tribe iv Helianthnideir B. it //. Gen. ii, 166. Headtt heterog-
amous and the pintillate flowers ligtdate and radiate^ or rarely with
corolla wanting, and then sometimes moncecions: or sometimes homo-
gamous by the absence of the ray-flowers: disk-flowers all with regular
4-5-toothed tubxdar corolla. Receptacle usually with paleie or chaff
subtending either all the flowers or the marginal ones only. Anthers
at most sagittate, not caudate at base. Style-branches of the herma-
phrodite or sterile flowers truncate or continued into a hairy conical
to subulate appendage. Pappus various or none: never of tndy cap-
illary bristles.

SuRTRiBE I IvKJR. Heads androgynous, having few fertile
flowers at the margin.

85 Iva Fertile flowers 1-5, with or without the txbe or cup repreeonting
a corolla

SuBTRiBE II, AMBROsiE.r Heads homogamous, monoecious :
the fertile ones witli,l-4 apetalous flowors in a closed bur-like or
achene-like pointed involucre ; the stevile with numerous flowers
in an open involucre.

* Involucre to the staminate flowers 5-12 lobev' -ir almost truncate

86 Ambrosia Fertile involucres 1-flowercd, acl,«
than one row of tubercles or short spinen.

87 Gwrtnerla Fertile invohnTea 1- -a . /ered, l-i-cell
more than one row of tubercles or i 'ick! ^s.

* * Involucre of the staminate heads of a few distinct scales

88 Xanthiam Fertile involucres bur-like, 2-celled, 2-flowered, beset with

with numerous hooked prickles.

SuBTRiBE III VERBEsiNEiE Heads radiate with either neutral
or pistillate ray flowers or ray less ; the disk-flowers perfect and
fertile. Receptacle chaffy. Achenes thick and 3-4-angled or
those of the disk laterally compressed.

* Receptacle elongated, becoming columnar.

89 Radbeckia Rays neutral or rarely wanting : achenes quadrangular
and compressed.

** Recepi.ic\. flat, concave or rarely conical;

■*- Jtiivys pistillate and fertile.

40 Balsaniorhiza Pappus none : achenes of the ray obcompressed ; of the

disk prismatic-qnsidrangular or somewhat compressed.

41 Wyetlila Pappus a chaffy-coriaceous crown or cup, continuous with
the broad i-uiaDait of the achene.

•*- •*- Rays neutral, rarely wanting.

42 Htfllanthella Achenes flat, the thin edges more or less wing-like :
papi)us a pair of persistent awnb or cbaffy teeth and a crown of inter-
mediate chaffy c-cales.

ii--iike, bearing no more
, armed with

884

COMPOSlTiE

t

^1 J

48 Hellanthns Achenea thick, quadraniiular-cotnpreased or with the
sides cunvex and the angles obtuse : pappus a pair of caduuous chaffy
scales or awns.

SuBTRiBE IV, BiDENTiAEiE Heads radiate, the rays neutral or
pistillate. Receptacle chatfy with flat or barely concave decidu-
ous chaff. Achenes all obcompressed Pappus of 2-4 teeth or
awns from the angles, or none.

44 Coreopsis

ed awns.

Achenes never rostrate-attenuafe nor with retrorsely barb-

46 Bideus Achenes iicither winged nor beaked, 2-5-awned with retrorse-
ly barbed persistent awns.

SuBTRiHE V, Galin90ge^<; Heads heterogamous with the ray-
flowers, when pr^ sent, fertile; disk-flowers either perfect and
fertile or sterile, Achenes neither compressed nor obeompressed.
Pappus in both ray- and disk-flowers few to numerous chaffy
scales. .c ■ ■'■ ;■■■;•.'-,".-■■: .■•■■■ , „ -• ^

46 Blepharipappns Heads radiate ; the rays pistillate : pappus of 12-20

thin scales with a stout midrib.

SuBTRiBE VI, Madte.'e Hcads hetcrogamous' ray-flowcr.'}. wheu
present, fertile; disk-flowers either perfect and fertile, or sterile.
Involucre a series of bracts, each subtending and more or less en-
closing a ray-achene. Receptacle chaffy only at the margin, the
chafl forming a sort of inner involucre or else subtending some or
all of the disk flowers

* Achenes all laterally compressed ; those ef the ray wholly enclosed
in the carinate strunglj' infolded bracts of the involucre.

47 Aiiisocarpus Bays conspicuous and mostly numerous, fertile; disk-

fiowers numerous, sterile or tne exterior ones fertile; with pubescent
corolla and a pappus composed of fimbriate or plumose lacerate scales.

48 Madaria Ravs numerous and conspicuous : disk-flowers without pap-
pus, either ail or only the central ones sterile.

49 Madia Eays 1-12 or none, short and more or less inconspicuous : disk-

fiowers numerous or few, all fertile, destitute of pappus.

50 Harpwcarpus Bavs 4-8, very short and inconspicuous; disk-flower
solitary, fertile, enclosed in a 3-5tootb.ed herbaceous cup : pappus none.

* * Achenes of the ray-flowers turgid, more or lees oblique or -ncnrv
ed, never laterally compressed but mostly eotte what obcompressed:
bracts of the involucre each investing an achene, rounded on the back.

61 Hemizonella Involucre stronglg 4-5-sulcate by the complete enwrap-
ing of tlie 4 or 5 achenes: disk-fiower solitary in a sort of inner invo-
lucre : pappus none.

62 Hemizonla Achenes of the ray-flowers obovate-triangular, with de-
pressed terminal areola; disk -flowers numerous, with abortive achenes :
pappus none.

58 Calycadenia Achenes of the ray-flowers obovoid, the terminal areola*
little if at all oblique, tiiangular; of the numerous disk-flowers well
formed, and sometimes truly fertile, surrounded by a cirele of herba*
ceou bracts ; pa} pus of conspicuous chaffy scales.

i or with the
lucous chaffy

s neutral or
lave decidu-
-4 teeth or

trorsely barb-
with retrorse-

ith the ray-
Derfect and
jompressed.
■ous chaffy

pua of 12-20

3werji. when
I, or sterile,
e or less en-
nargin, the
ing some or

y enclosed

fertile; disk-
th pubescent
erate scales.

without pap-
icuous : disk-
disk-flower
)appus none.

ue or -ncnrv
m pressed :
1 the back.

lete enwrap-
inner invo-

ir, with de-
iveacheues:

ninal areola:
Bowers well
tie of herba*

IVA

COMPOSIT^E

335

54 Centromadta Achenes of theray-flowers very obliqne, the sir all ter-
minal areola from the summit of the inner an^le or face, on a narrow
beak : receptacle convex or conical, chaffy throughout, the chaff distinct.

* * * Ray-qchenes obcompressed or clavate, completely enclosed
in the involucral bracts which are flattish on the back at base and their
thin margins abruptly infolded.

66 La^ophylla Heads few-flowered : ray achenes about 5, obovate, much
obcompressed, smooth: disk-flowers sterile: pappus none.

66 Layia Heads many-flowered: rays 8-20, with obovate or somewhat
clavate smooth aclr^aos; disk-flowers mostly fertile, their similar or
narrower achene< often pubescent ; pappus composed of bristles or sub-
ulate pointed scales or none.

67 Achyrachsena Heads many-Powered; the flowers all fertile: achenes

linear-cuneate or clavate, 10-ribbed, some or all of the ribs tuberculate-
scab' ous ; those of the disk with a pappus of blunt, silvery-scarious
scales in 2 series.

Suhtrihe i Ivem Heads androgynous^ bearing few pistillate flowers
at the margin; the more numerous staminate ones all or most of them
suhtended by slender chaffy bracts. Anther-tips short and obtuse,
rarely pointed. Involucre open. Achenes usually large for the size
of tne head, free.

35 IVA L. Gen. n. 1059.

Herbs or shrubs with entire or dentate or dissected leaves, at
least the lowest ones opposite, and small spicately or raccmosely
or paniculately disposed or scattered and commonly nodding heads
of inconspicuous flowers. Fertile and sterile flowers in the same
heads; the former 1-5. marginal, with a small tubular corolla; the
latter 7-20 (rarely only 2 or SJ, with tubular-campanulate or fun-
nelform 5-toothed corolla. Bracts of the campanulate or hemi-
spherical involucre 3-5, in a single series and more or less united
into a cup. Receptacle chaffy with linear or spatulate scales sub-
tending the sterile flowers. AntL ^rs nearly distinct. Style in
the fertile flowers deeply 2-cleft: of tlie sterile ones undivided.
Achenes obovate, thick, often granulate without a disk at the
apex. Pappus wanting.

I. axillaris Pursh Fl. 743- Herbaceous from somewhat woody creep-
ing rooistouks; the stems or branches nearly simple, ascending, 10-20
inches high : leaves obovate or oblong to nearly linear, obtuse, entire, sea*
sile, rarely over an inch long, even the uppermost usually much surpassing
the mostly solitary heads in their axiles: bracts of the hemispherical
involucre connate into a 4-5-lobed or sometimes parted and sometimes
merely crenate cup : bracts of the receptacle reduced to filiform chaff. In
saline or sandy places, Brit. Columbia to California New Mex. and the
Saskatchewan.

I. xaiithifolia Nutt. Gen. ii, 185 " Tall and coarse ( 3-6 feet high), pu-
bescent, at least when young : leaves mainly opposite, long-pe tided, broad-
ly ovate, ample coarsely or incisely serrate, acuminate, 3-ribbed at base,
pubescently scabrous above and when young canescent beneath : heads
nearly sessile, crowded in narrow spiciform clusters which are aggregated
in axillary and terminal panicles : involucre deprest-ed-hemispheric, biser-
ial, the outer of 5 broadly ovate herbaceous bracts; inner of as many mem-

336

COMPOSITiE

V

AMBROSIA
OJBRTNERIA

'

w

branaceouB dilated-obovate or truncate ones which are strongly conoave
at maturity and half embrace the obovate-pyriform and glabrate akenea."
Idaho and eastward.

Subtribe ti, Ambroaiese DC. Prodr. v, 6S2. Heads unisexu<ilf
moncecious; the fertile with solitary or 2^4 completely apetalous or
nearly apetalous pistillate flowers in a closed nut-like or bur-like invo-
lucre, only the style-branches ever exserted: the sterile of numerous
staminate greenish or yellowish flowers with obconical corollas in an
open involucre, the heads in a raceme or spike of centripetal evolu'
tion. Achenes turgid -obovoid or ovoid. Pappus wholly wanting.

* Involucral bracts of the staminate head united. Receptacle low.

36 AMBROSIA Tourn. L. Gen. n. 1067.

Coarse branching monoecious or rarely dioecious herbs with
mostly lobed or dissected opposite and alternate leaves and small
heads of greenish flowers the staminate heads racemose or spicate
without subtending bracts, the pistillate below, commonly in
small clusters in the axils of leaves or. bracts. Involucre of the
pistillate heads globose-ovoid or top-shaped, closed, 1-flowered,
usually armed with 4-8 tubercles or spines : corolla none. Stamens
none: style -branches filiform : of the staminate heads mostly
hemispheric or saucer-shaped, 5-12-lobed, open, many-flowered.
Receptacle nearly flat, naked or with filiform chaff. Corolla
funnelform, 5-toothed. Style undivided, penicillate at the apex.

A* artemisisefolia L. Sp. 987. Pubeecent, puberulentor hirsute pan-
iculateiy branched annual, 1-6 feet high : leaves thiii, bipinnatifid or pin-
nately parted with the divisions irregularly pinnatifid, or sometimes nearly
entire, on the flowering branches often undivided ; racemes of sterile heads
very numerous, 1-6 inches long, the involucres hemispheric, crenate, the
receptacle chaffy : fertile heads obovoid or subgloboae, mostly clustered,
1-2 lines long, short-beaked, 4-6-spined near the summit, sparingly pubes-
cent. Dry plains and fields, eastern Washington to Brit. Columbia and
the eastern States.

37 GiERTNERIA Medicus Act. Pal. iii, 244.

FRANSERIA Cav.

Herbs or woody plants with chiefly alternate, lobed or divided
leaves and small monoecious rayless heads of greenish flowers : the
staminate numerous, in terminal spikes or racemes : the pistillate
solitary or clustered in the axils of the upper loaves. Involucre
of the pistillate heads ovoid or globose, closel, 1-4-celled, 1-4-
beaked, armed with several rows of spines and forming a bur in
fruit : corolla none or rudimentary ; style deeply bifid, its branch-
es Cijserted ; stamens none ; achenes obovoid, thick, solitary in the
cells : pappus none. Staminate heads sessile or short-peduncled,
their involucres broadly hemispheric, open, 6-12-lobed ; recepta-
cle chaffy: corolla regulHr, the tube short, the limb 5-lobed: style
undivided : anthers scarcely coherent, mucronate tipped.

G* acanthocarpa Brit. Mem. Torr. Olub v, 332. Franseria Hookeriana

AllBBOBIA
GiBBTNKRIA

trongly concave
abrate akenea."

ids unisexual,
y apetalous or
r bur-like invo-
le of numerous
corollas in an
tripetal evolu-
oily wanting.

oeptacle low.

18 herbs with
ves and small
ose or spicate
commonly in
iTolucre of the
id, 1-flowered,
•ne. Stamens
leads mostly
any-flowered,
liaff. Corolla
at the apex.

•r hirsnte paa-
nnatifid or pin-
oaetimes nearly
of sterile heads
ic, crenate, the
ostly clustered,
jaringly pubes-
Columbia and

id or divided
1 flowers : the
the pistillate
I. Involucre
4-celled, 1-4-
ling a bur in
its branch-
)litary in the
't-peduncled,
)ed; recepta-
i-lobed: style
ped.

ia Hookeriana

OJtBTirBUIA
XANTHIUM

COMPOSIT-E

3S7

Nutt. Stems 1-3 feet high, from an annual or biennial root, diffusely
branchrd from the base, hirsute-pubescent or hispid, sometimes canescent
with strigose-sericeous pubescence when voung: leaves of ovate or round-
ish outline, 1-3 inches broad bipinnatifld or the upper oblong and only
pinnatifid : staminate racemes solitary or paniculate : pistillate involucres
armed with flat and thin lanceolate-subulate smoo'h and glabrous long
and straight spines, 3-4 lines long, commonly 1-flowered. On sandy plains
and river-banks, Brit. Columbia to California and Nevada.

G. bipinnatiflda O. Ktz. Rev. Gen. i, 330. Franseria hipinnatifida Nutt.
Herbaceous perennial with stout procumbent stems 2-3 feet long, some-
what hirsute : leaves ovate in outline, 1-2 inches long, 2-3-pinnately parted
into oblong-linear divisions and small oblong lobes, canescent with soft
tomentum or fine hirsute-EericeouB pubesence: stammate heads rather
large, in dense spikes or racemes; pistillate heads ovate-fusiform, armed
with rather short and thick but flattish tubercle-like spines, their acute
tips sometimes incurving. On sandy beaches along the coast, Brit. Colum>
bia to California.

G. Chaml88*ui8 O. Ktz. 1. c. Franseria Chamissonis Less. Stems pro-
cumbent, 2-3 feet long, from a perennial root : leaves cuneate-obovate or
oblong-ovate with a cuneate base, 3-5-nerved at base, obtusely serrate, the
lower often laciniate-incised : staminate spikes or racemes dense, of rather
large heads ; pistillate heads ovate, armed with rather short and ttiick but
flattish canah(;u'ate tubercule-like spines. Sandy sea-beaches, Brit- Co-
lumb a to California. Not common.

* * Involucre of the staminate heads of few distinct bracts Re-
ceqtacle cylindraceous.

XANTHIUM Tourn. L. Gen. n. 1056- (cockle-bdb)

Coarse annuals with branching stems, alternate and usually
lobed or toothed leaves, and mostly clustered heads of greenish
or yellowish flowers, in terminal or larger axillary clusters of
both sexes, the staminate uppermost. Involucre of the globu-
lar sterile heads 1-2 series of small narrow bracts. Receptacle
distinctly paleaceous", a cuneate or linear-spatulate chaffy bract
partly enclosing each sterile flower. Filaments monadelphous.
Anthers distinct but connivent, the inflexed apical appendage
mucronate. Sterile style unappendaged. Fertile head a closed
and ovoid bur-like 2-celled and 2-flowered involucre, 1-2-beak-
ed at the apex, the surface clothed with uncinate-tipped prickles :
each flower a single pistil, maturing a thick ovoid achene, the
two permanently enclosed in the indurated prickly involucre.

* Leaves cordate or ovate, 3-rlbbed from the base, with dentate
margins, and often incised or lobed, on long petioles : axiles unarmed :
fruiting involucre with 2 prominent beaks.

X. STRUMARiuM L. 8p. 987. Rough : stems 1-6 feet high : leaves slender*
petioled, broadly ovate to orbicular, 3-ribbed and moie or less cordate at
base, the lower often 10 inches broad, irregularly dentate and more or
less 2-5-lobed: fruiting involucre 6-9 l;nes long. KJabrous or pubernlent;
the beaks straight and rarely at all hooi ed at maturity. In waste places*
Naturalized from Europe.

X. Canadense Mill. Diet. ed. 8, No 2. Stems stout, 1-2 feet high, often
punctate with bro au spots : leaves ample, broadly ovate, coarsely and irreg-

■S

338

COMPOSITiE

XAMTHIUM
BUDBBCKIA

'

ularly serrate: fruiting involucre about an inch long, densely beset with
rather lone prickles, the stoat beaks at maturity usually hooked at the tip
or incurvea, the surface and base of the prickles more or less hispid, some-
times glabrate. Sandy shores and waste places Brit. Columbia to Califor-
i>ia and the eastern State?.

* * Leaves attenuate at both ends, short-petioled ; their axils triply
splnescent.
• X. 8PIN08DM L sp. 987. Stems stout, 1-2 feet high, much branched:
leaves ovate-lanceolate with cuneate bace, the larger 3-lobed or incisely
pinnatifid, green and glabrate above, white-' umentose Vieneath, with long
and slender 3-parted yellow spines in the F.als: fruiting involucre solitary
or few, in upper axiis, cyiind'-aceous, half-inch long, obtuse, armed with
short weak prickles, inconspicuoasly 1-2 beaked or pointless

Siihtrihe Hi, Verhesineft Less. Rays ligxdate and either fertile
or neutral, not rarely ivanting, the ligule not heeoming papery and
persistent on the fruit, hut sometimes marcescent. Disk-flowers her-
maphrodite and fertile or often some of the inner ones sterile, sub-
tended and sometiv.es enwraped by the chaff of the receptacle. An-
thers often hlackish. Achenes various hut those of the disk never
ohcompressed. Pappus cupulate or coroniform, or of teeth or aivns
from the principal angles, or of some squamellpe,, or of a feio stout
bristles, or none.

39 RUDBECKIA L. Gen. n. 980.
Mostly perennial herbs with alternate leaves and rather large
and showy heads terminating the stem or branches. Heads
^any-flowerd; the ray-flowers neutral, in a sing' 3 series, those
of the disk tubular and perfect. Bracts of the involucre folia-
ceous, in about two series, spreading. Receptacle conical or
often more or less elongated and spiciform. Disk-corollas with
a short but usually manifest proper tube and erect or spreading
teeth. Style-branches tipped with an acute or obtuse hispid
appendage. Achenes 4-angled, prismatic, in some species
quadrangular-compressed. Pappus a coriaceous or firm-scari-
ous and often 4-toothed crown, sometimes deep and cupulif orm .
sometimes obsolete, or none.

R. Califoriiica. Gray Proc. Am. 4cad. vii. .357. Stem simple, 2-6 feet
high 3-5-leaved, the long and naked peduncle-like summit bearing a single
large head: leaves finely aoft-pubescent, 3-40 inches long, ov ite to oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, pinnately veined somewliat toothed; the middle
ones sometimes with a pair of lateral lanceolate lobes at base, uppermost
sessile, lower tapering into a slender petiole : bracts of the involucre linear :
raya 2-3 inches long, narrowyl oblong, yellow : disk columnar 1-2 inches
long, disky brown: achenes compressed-prismatic, 2 lines long, crowned
with a pappus of 4 irregular thickish chaffy teeth, more or less united at
base intoacup. Wet meadows and cold spring runs, southwestern Oregon
to California.

B. occidentalis Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. soc. vii, 355. Nearly glabrous
and smooth, or somewhat scabrous-puberulsnt : stems stout, 2-8 feet high,
nearly simple : leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, entire or irreg-
ularly and sparingly dentate, 4-8 inches long, upper ones sessile by a
rounded or eubcord^te base, lower ones abruptly contracted into a snort

XANTHIUM
RUDBBCKIA

isely beaet with
ooked at the tip
Ba hispid, some-
mbia to Califor-

ir axilg triply

luch branched :
•bed or incisely
eath, with long
voluore solitary
ise, armed with

JS

' either fertile
g papery and
isk'flowers her-
es sterile, sith-
^eptncle. An-
'/te disk never
teeth or aions
[f a feiv stout

I rather largo
ihes. Heads
series, those
\rolucre folia-
jle conical or
corollas with
or spreading
>btuse hispid
}ome species
3r firm-scari-
l cupuliform.

imple, 2-6 feet
)earing a single
V ite to oblong-
1; the middle
lae, uppermost
rolucre linear :
lar 1-2 inches
long, crowned
less united at
estern Oregon

Barly glabrous
2-8 feet high,

mtire or irreg-
5cs9ile by a

d into a snort

BALBAMOBBHIZA

COMPOSITE

339

winged petiole : heads few, on long peduncles ; rays wholly wanting ; disk
brownisn, ovoid to oblong, becoming 1-2 inches long; its chaffv bracts
puberulent at tip : achenes 2 lines long, with conspicuous coroniioi

form sea-

nous pappus.
Mountains.

Woods along streams, Oregon to California and the Rocky

40 BALSAMORRHIZA Hook. Fl. i, 310 (under Heliopsis).

Low perennial herbs with scape-like stems from thick tere-
binthine roots., mostly radical leaves and rather large mostly
solitary heads of yellow flowers, Heads many-flowered, hete-
rogamous, with fertile ray- and perfect disk-flowers. Invo' ere
hemispherical or broader, ol more or less imbricated bracts, the
outer loose and herbaceous, or often foliuceous. Receptacle
flat or barely convex, with linear-lanceolate chaff subtending
and partly embracing the achenes. Rays oblong or lanceolate,
with short tube; disk-corollas cylindrical. Siyle-branches of
perfect flowers slender, hispid, at least on the filiform appen-
dages. Achenes of the ray flattened parallel with the bracts,
oblong; of the disk prismatic-quadrangular or more or less
compressed. Pappus none.

§ Kalliactis Gray PI. Fendl. 81. Ligules becoming thin-
papery, and persistent on or very tardily deciduous from the
canescently pubescent achenes.

B. Careyana Gray 1. c. *' Cinereous-pubescent, slightly scabrous:
flowering stems a foot high, bearing 3 or 4 small lanceolate leaves una 2 to
7 I acemosely disposed heads: leaves snbcoriaceous, entire, re'iciilated; the
radical cordate-lanceolate, a span or more in length : involucre half-inch or
more high: ligules oval, hardly inch long, abruptly contracted into a very
short but distinct tube: style-branches of the disk -flowers subulate and
very hispid throughout. Sandy plains on the Clearwater Idaho, and on
the Wallawalla Wachington.

§ 2 Artorhiza Nutt. 1. c. 350 Ligules deciduous, j^.chenes
glabrous. Heads 1-3. Leaves entire or merely serrate, the
principal ones cordate or with cordate base and long petioled.

B. sagittata Nutt. Proc. Am. Phil. Hoc. vii, 350. fiilvery-tomentulose
or caneRcent, and the involucre M'hite>woolly : stems numerous from the
crown of the thick root, 6-20 inches tiigh, evect or ascending, with a pair
of small linear to spatulate leaves near the middle: radical leaves from cor-
date-oblong to hastate, entire or nearly so, 4-10 inches long, the base 2-6
inches wide, on longer petioles : rays 1 to nearly 2 inches long. British
Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountamc;

B. ^:"-laea Nutt. 1. c. More or less pubescent or glabrate: stems
numerous from the crown of the thick root, erect or ascending, 5-20 inches
high, with a pair of small lanceolate leaves near the centre: radical leaves
broadly cordate to cordaiely ovate-lanceolate, sometimes nearly deltoid,
from irregularly serrate to entire, 5-10 inches long acute or shortly acu-
minate, very long -petioled : involucre woolly or tomentose At base; the
bracts in 2 series, longer than the disk, linear-lanceolate, the outer lar-
gest, foliaceous, spreading : rays 12-20, 1-2 inches long. Open ridges, Wil-
lamette Valley to California.

340

COMPO/STTJE

BALSAMOBRHIZA
WYBTHXA

§ 3 EuBALSAMORRHizA Nutt. 1. c. Ligules decidiioufs. Acli-
enes glabrous. Stems monocephalous . Leaves varying from
laciniately dentate to pinnatelyor bipinnately divided.

B. terebinthacea Nutt. 1. c. 349. Slightly and minutely if at all can-
escent: stems several frotn the crown of the rather small thick root, at
length 10-12 inches long and prostrate, usually with a pair of small opposite
lint^ar leaves below tlie middle : leaves from green and glabrate to minutely
h spidulous-scabrous, at length rigid and reticulate-veiny, oblong-lanceolate
with cuneate or truncate base, 4-8 inches long, spinulosely dentate or
some-tiuues crenate-dentate or laciniate-iiudoud or even pinnatifid : invo-
lucre lanate-tomentose, about an inch hi}.;*i, of nume/'ous narrow linear-
laiu'eolAte and attenuate loose and ][i(.'ii.rly eqnai htirhaceous bracts On
hig}< stony ridges, eastern Washicgt ri ;ud Oregon to Idaho.

B. Ho*kerl Nutt. 1. c. CaneMeut M'itl> fine ser-c-ri^ or more tomen-
tose pubescence, buft not at all hir:>ute; ..tomrf > inc/i: k .o at length a foot
long : leaves lanrseola ie or olongated-oblon^ in outline, iilnnate'y or bipin-
nately parted into laaneolat« orlincc'T divisions, or lobes, or sc^ue of them
only pinnatifid or incised, nearly equalling the stems, involucre Iron
canescent'y puberifient to lanate; its bracts from lineai- to oblong-lan-
ceolate, either unequal and well imbricated or som s of the outermost
ones foliaceous and loose.. On stony ridge; ;, Wjshinjjton to California
and Nevada.

B. incana Nutt. 1. c. 350. Densely \vhi<o''menl.ose throughout: stems
4-8 inches high: leaves ob'ong- or deltoid-lan^.oiate la outline, pinnately
cr bipinnately parted or lobod, thy divisions oval or oblong: bracts of the
involucre lanceolate to linear, 8-10 lines long, imbricated in 2 or 3 series :
rays 12-14, more than an inch long: chaff of the receptacle much shorter
than the flowers. Un high rocky ridges, eastern Washington to California
and the Rocky Mountains.

B. hlrsnta Nutt- 1. c. Roughish-hirsute or hispidulous, not tomentose
nor canesceht : stems 10-16 inohes high, with a pair of opposite leaves below
the middle: leaves lanceolate in outline, 4-8 inches long, short-petioled,
pmnately parted or divided, the divisions inciaely toothed or again pinnat-
ifid, soon rigid: involucre 8-12 lines high, ita bracts with ovate base and
long attenuate tip or linear-lanceolate, hirsute-ciliate. Dry plains British
Columbia to California, east of the Cascade Mountains.

41 WYETHIA Nutt. Journ. Acad. Philad. vii, 30.

Coarse perennial herbs with usually simple stems, alternate
mostly entire leaves and large heads of yellow flowers. Heads
many-flowered. Bracts of the campanulate involucre loosely im-
br".cated in two or three series, nearly equal, foliaceous. the inner-
most smaller and resembling the chaff. Receptacle slightly con-
vex ; the chaff lanceolate, carinate, acute, as long as the flowers
and embracing them. Rays large, pistillate, sometimes with ster-
ile filaments. Disk-corollas cylindrical, elongated, with a short
proper tube, 5-toothed. Style-branches in the ray-flowers glab-
rous: in the disk elongated, filiform, revolute, strongly hispid on
the inner faces. Achenes stout, elongated, 4-5-angled, terminated
with a coroniform 5-10-toothed or laciniate pappus, one or more
of the teeth usually prolonged into a rigid persistent awn.

^ W. helianthoides Niitt. 1. o. Stems leafy, 6-18 inches high, simple and

BRRIZA
HIA

IS. Ach-
ing from
i.

at all can-
ck root, at
ill opposite
;o minutely
[-lanceolate
dentate or
bifid: invo-
row linear-
)Tacta On

:ore tomen-
mgth a foot
y oi- bipin-
:ue of them
)lucre fron
oblong-lan-
) outermost
> California

lout : stems
J, pinnately
racts of the
or 3 series :
uch shorter
) California

tomentose
saves below
rt-petioled,
lin pinnat-
;e base and
lins British

alternsite
. Heads
)osely im-
,he inner-
;htly con-
le flowers
with ster-
h a short
vers glab-
lispid on
rminated
e or more
n.

simple and

WYETHIA
HBLIANTHELLA

COMPOSITiE

341

bearing a single large head or rar«ly 3 or 4: leaves from ova^ to broadly
lanceolate, denticulate or entire, mostly narrowed at base to a short margined

{>etiole, 4-8 inches long: bractaof the involucre numerous, narrowly lanceo-
ate, hispid-ciliate, usually with more or leas colored tips: rays pale yellow
to white, nearly ' inches long: aclienes 4 lines long, either prismatic-quad-
rangular or flattish, 12-nei-ved: pappus shorter than the width of the achene,
sometimes minute, chaffy-coroniform and cleft into few or several t«eth.

W. amplexlcaulis Nutt. 1. c. Glabrous and smootli throughout, balsamic -
viscid: stems stout, 1-2 feet high, simple: leaves mostly lanceolate-oblong,
entire or denticulate; radical 7-15 inches long by 3-4 broad, contracted be-
low to a short winged petiole ; upper cauline 2-6 inches long, partly clasping
by a rounded or subcordate base: heads. solitaiy or several, short-peduncled:
involucre campauulate, about an inch high: its bracts broadly lanceolate,
acute or obtuse often some of the outer ones larger and foliaceous: rays 6-20,
1-2 inches long, dark yellow ; achenes 3-5 lines long: pappus unequally 3-8-
toothed. one or tw3 of the teeth often prolonged into awns. Common in wet
places, British Columbia to Nevada and the Roclcy Mountains.

W. lanceolata. Smooth and glabrous throughout: 8t«ms assurgent, 6-12
inches long, bearing a single large head: leaves lanceolate, 2-6 inches long,
entile or obscurely dentate, all on short petioles or the uppermost barely
sessile: bracts of the involucre lanceolate, 10-12 lines long, acute, or the in-
nermost acuminate; rays bright yellow, 1^-2 inches long, pappus a cup or
crown with very irregular laciniately cut teeth. In damp ground , Blue
Mountains of Oregon.

W. robusta Nutt. 1. c. W. angtistdfolia of authors as to the Oregon plant.
More or less villous liiraute: stems stoMtish, 1-3 feet high mostly erect, leafy,
hearing a single largo head: radical leaves narrow-lanceolate, 6-20 inches long,
petioled, often sparingly sinuate-toothed; cauline lanceolate, acute, entire,
tapeiing to the base, the lowest petioled: bracts of the involucre lanceolate,
very hirsute, especially on the margins: pappus of 5-10 irregular stout teeth
and mostly 1-4 stout awns. Common in damp soil, western Oregon and
"Vyashiugton.

42 HELIANTHELLA T. & G. Fl. ii, 333.

Perennial herbs with mostly simple stems, entire scattered
and sessile leaves and solitary heads with yellow ray and yellow
or purplish-brown disk-flowers. Heads many-flowered, the ray-
flowers neutral : those of the disk perfect. Bracts of the involucre
in about two series, loose, somewhat foliaceous. Chaff of the re-
ceptacle persistent, embracing the achenes. Corolla of the disk
cylindrical, elongated, 5-toothed, with a very short proper tube.
Branches of the style very hispid, more or less obtuse. Ovaries
compressed, with one or both margins slightly winged and pro-
duced at the summit into a short auriculato and lacerate per-
sistent appendages or into an awn, sometimes with intermediate
squamellai. .

H. aniflora T. & G. 1. c. "Minutely pubescont or somewhat scabrous or
glabrate, 1-2 feet high: leaves more commmonly opposite, sometimes all at-
ternate, oblong-oblanceolate, 2-6 inches long; lower short-petioled : involu-
cre pubescent or slightly hirsute: rays a full inch long: achenes more or less
cilia te: pappus a pair of long awns and rather couspicuous aquamellte. Eas-
tern Oregon to the Rocky Mountains."

C-n'

tXper'-rr-t-i

1'',^

COMPOSIT-E

BtLikvmvu

H. DooKlastl T. * O. 1. c. Stems hirsute with spreading hairs, at least
above, 1-4 feet bigh, striate-angled, leafy: leaves oblong-lanceolate, acutish,
nearly sessile, triple-nerved, rough-pubescent, 2-4 inches long: bracts of
the involucre linear-lanceolate to subulate, 6-9 lines long : rays an inch long :
disk nearly an inch broad: achenes obovate, more or lees ciliate.f ringed: pap-
pus a pair of elongated awns with more or less chaf¥y dilated base, or some-
times reduced to this base, and with mostly conHpicuous squamellse. I>ry
grounds eastern Oregon to British Columbia.

43 HELIANTHU8 L. Gen. n. 979. (sunfloweb.)

Trect annual or perennial herbs with simple leaves and large
heads of yellow flowers, or those of the diss sometimes brown
or purple. Involucre hemispherical or depressed; its bracts
imbricated in several series. Beceptacle flat to conic, chafiy:
the chaff subtending and more or less embracing the achenes.
Ray-flowers neutral : those of the disk perfect and fertile , with
short proper tube and 5-toothed limb. Anthers entire or min-
utely 2-toothed at the base. Style-branches tipped with hir-
sute appendages. Achenes thick, oblong or obovate, compress-
or somewhat 4-angled. Pappus of 2 scales or awns, or some-
times with 2-4 additional ones, deciduous.

§ 1 Annuals. Involucre spreading, its bracts attenuate to
a point. Disk-flowers brownish or dark purple. Receptacle
flat or nearly so. Leaves petioled, 3-ribbed from or near the
base, all but the lower usually alternate.

H. annnns L. Sp. ii, 904. Stems hispid or scabrous, stout, branched
above, 2-6 feet high, or in cultivated forms sometimes 16 feet high : leaves
all but the lowest alternate, broadly ovate, petioled, 3-nerved. dentate or den-
ticulate, acute at the apex, rough on both sides, sometimes pubescent beneath
cordate at base, 2-12 inches long: bracts of the involucre hispid and hispid-
ciliate, the outer ovate and abruptly attentate to a stout bristle; the inner
lanceolate and attenuate : rays lanceolate, 1-2 inches long : disk an inch or
more or in cultivated plants 4-10 inches in diameter : chaff of the receptacle
3-cleft: achenes obovate-oblong, appressed-pubescent to nearly glabrous. On
sandy banks and plains, Brit. Columbia to California and Minnesota.

H. petiolaris Nutt, Journ. Acad. Fhilad. ii, 115. Stem stiigose-hispid or
hu'Bute, 1-3 feet high, simple or branched: leaves all but the lowest alternate,
petioled, oblong or ovate to lanceolate, rough on both sides, usually paler
beneath, 1-3 inches Jong, entire <'r denticulate, mostly narrowed at the base
to a long and slender petiole: bracts of the involucre lanceolate or oblong-lan-
ceolate, with acute and mucronate or sometimes more attenuate tips, seldom
at all ciliate: rays oblong, 12-18 lines long: disk 6-10 lines in diameter: chaff
of the receptacle 3-toothed, not longer than the corollas: achenes villous- pu-
bescent. On dry praiiies, Washington to Ai-izona Minnesota and the North-
west Territory.

H. exills Gray Proc. Am. Acad, vi, 545, More or less hirsute: stems
slender, 1-2 feet high, branching: leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate, nearly
entire, obscurely 3-nerved at base, tapering into a short petiole : heads small,
on slender sometimes leafy-bracted peduncles: involucre loosely hirsute, its
bracts linear-lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate: rays 5-8: chaff of the receptacle
produced into an awn-like cusp which equals or surpafses the dark-purple
corollas: achenes nearly glabrous : pappus of 2 ovate-lanceolate chaffy scales.

[<IANTBUB

laira, at least
ilate, acutiib,
ng : bracts of
m inch long :
.fringed: pap*
tase, or soma-
imellse. l>ry

B.)

IS aud large
meg brown

its bracts
m'c, chaffy:
tie achenes.
'ertile , with
ire or inin-
d with hir-

compress-
}, or some-

Btttenuate to
Receptacle
or near the

out, branched
it high : leaves
lentate or den-
lescent beneath
pid and hispid-
stle; the inner
sk an inch or
the receptacle
glabrous. On
inesota.

igose-hispid or
west alternate,
, usually paler
ved at the base
or oblong-lan-
ke tips, seldom
diameter :chalT
nes villous- pu-
and the North-
hirsute: stems
iceolate, nearly
3 : heads small,
lely hirsute, its
f the receptacle
the dark -purple
te chaffy scales.

HBLrANTHOB
00BK0P8IS

COMPOSITiE

843

[n moist meadows, southern Oregon and northern California.

;^ 2 Perennials. Receptacle convex to low-conical. Lower
leaves almost always opposite. Disk-flowers yellow with dark
anthers.

H. Nnttallit T> & 6. Fl, ii, 324. Stems slender, 1-4 feet high, common-
ly simple : leaves lanceolate or the upper linear, broader toward the base
ind tapering to an acute or acuminate apex, serrulate or entiret 3-6 int^hes
long by 3-9 lines broad, short-petioled or subsessile, scabrous both lides.
in small plants not rarely all opposite: heads half-inch high or more:
bracts of the involucre naked, or somewhat hirsute at base, lanceolate-sub-
iilate. attenuate, fully equalling the disk, herbaceous, loose or soon squarr-
ose-spreadiiig : rays ab^iut an inch long : paleae of the pappus long and nar-
row. In damp places, eastern Oregon to Brit. Columoia o.nd the Rocky
Mountains.

H. Cnsickii Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xxi, 413. Stems numerous from a
thick perpendicular resjiniferous root, forming clumps, at length resting on
the ground in an entangled mass, about a foot long: leaves mostly altern-
ate,linear-lanceolate, entire, obtusish, attenuate at base but sessile : invo-
JDcre about half-Inch high, its linear-lanceolate bracts hairy-ciliate, acu-
niiiate, lax : rayfl 1-1^ inches long : achenes glabrous : paleee of the pap-
pus oblong-lanceolate. On dry hills and sage-brush plains, eastern Oregon
and Washington.

H. TUBBBosA L. Sp. ii, 906. ( jerdsalbm artichokf ). Stems usually
pubescent or hirsute, 6-10 feet higb, branching at the top: leaves mostly
iltemate on the branches and on the upper part of the stem, ovate or sub-
cordate, sometimes oblong, acuminate, thickish-membranac-^ous, dull green
minutely pubescent and occasionally cinereous beneath, soon scabrous
above: bracts of the involucre lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate, hirsute, at
least the margins toward the base : rays 12-20, often 1)^ inches long : chaff
gf the receptacle hirsute-pubescent on the back : achenes more or less pu*
bescent : horizontal rootstocks enlarging at the apex into tubers which are
tweet and edible. Escaped from cultivation and becoming common along
Rail Roads.

Subtrihe iv, Bidentideae Less. Syn. 229. Achenes ohcompressed or
tometimes terete and the subtending chaffy bracts flat or barely con-
tave. Ray-flowers ligulate, neutral, or wanting; disk-flowers herma-
iite and fertile. Style-tips of the disk flowers produced into a cusp
nr cone or sometime" truncate.

44 JOREOPSIS L. Gen. n. 981.

Annual biennial or perennial herbs with mostly opposite leaves
md long-peduncled heads of yellow pink or brown ray-flowers.
Involucre usually hemispheric, its bracts in 2 distinct series, all
united at base, those of tbe outer series commonly narrower and
shorter than the inner. Receptacle flat or slightly convex, chaffy,
the chaff" flat or concave, Ray^flowers neutral ; those of the disk
perfect, fertile, their corollas with slender tube and broader 5-
toothed limb. Anthers mostly entire at base. Style-tips trun-
cate or subulate. Achenes flat, orbicular to oblong, winged or
wingless,

C. Atklnsoniana Dougl. Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1. 1379. Glabrous throughout :
biennial : steuis gtoutish, 1-4 feet high, with numerous opposite branches:

344

COMPOSITE

CORKOPPIR
BIDEN8

leaves usually all opposite, the lower bipinnately parted or divided, wit
linear lobes; the upper trifoliolate, with entire linear leaflets, or the u|>pt'
most linear and entire: heads numerous, in open cymes: bracts of tin
volucre more or less acarious^margined, the outer lanci>olate to Bul)iilat
about a line long ; the inner broad>ovate and 3-4 lines long : ruyn 8-10 lini
long by half as broad, yellow with brown base, obtusely ;Mob«d at tW
summit; disk-flowers dark purplish-brown: achenes elliptical distinct!
winged, crowned with 2 short subulate often deciduous teeth. l)am|
meadowi along rivers, Oregon to Brit. Columbia.

46 BIDEN8 Tourn. L. Gen. n. 932.

Annual or perennial herbs with opposite lower leaves and niostll ix
large heads of yellow flowers, Involucre campanulate or h<iiit ' _

IILEPI

m' 'wh

rmoph

§'!/ th

and

Sen
, most
cave.

bed

centr

seriei

sagittate at base. Style-branches with short or subulate tip
Achenes flat, quadrangular or nearly terete, cuneate, oblong c
linear. Pappus of 2-6 teeth or subulate barbed or hispid awns

spheric, its bracts in 2 series, distinct or united at base, theoiite
often foliaceous and much larger than the inner. Receptacle fla
or nearly so, chaffy, the chaff subtending the disk-flowers Ray
when present, neutral, mostly entire. Disk-flowers perfect, fertih WyV^
with tubular 5-toothed corollas. Anthers entire or minutel [tu^

ry, 2-<
idaged
binate

B. frondosa L. Sp. 852. Glabrous or somewhat hairy annual : steni eie wit
ei*ect, 2-8 feet high, branching: leaves pinnately 3-5-divided intolanceolat s to a
or broader sharply serrate and pinnately veiny commonly petiolulate lea
lets, or the uppermost undivided : heads usually numerous, pedunclec ' scabc
about 6 lines high:- involucre campanulate becoming hemispheric, it ' *bov
outer bracts more or lesr- foliaceous, often much exceedinn the ovate-lanc( ""' s^ss
olate soariuus-margined Inner ones : rays none, or rudimentary and incor '^ short
epicuous : achenes flat, oval or obovate, ciliate, with 2 slender downwardl 'licre li
Mrbed awns. Moist places mostly along streams, Oregon to Brit. Coluni «ding
bia and across the Continent. nspicui

plaind
B. cernaa L. Sp. 832. Annual: stems glabrous or setulose-hispid, 1- e Case
feet high : leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarsely and irregularly sharplv str |^y|„
rate, 3-6 inches long, sessile and commonly somewhat connate- perfoliut *"*
at base: ' '
ifig : rays i

its outer uiai^iiD i;uujiui->ijiv uiiiOito, uitcii iai)jc Biiu luiiaucuun aiiu ■">'^Hi. „

exceeding the broad yellowish-margined membranaceous inner ones ^I^ ll
achenes flat, cuneiform, usually 4-awned the margins and awns retrorsel ^ ' ?J
barbed. In wet places, California to Brit. Colunbia and across the Con't "^

B. Beckii Torr. in Sprang. Neue Entdeck. ii, 135. Aquatic pereniiiii
su' lersed stems much elongated in deep water, simple or little brttnehed
submersed leaves sessile, 1-2 inches long, repeatedly divided into niirner
ous capillary segments ; emersed ones few, sessile, opposite or sometiiue
in 3's, lanceolate or oblong, acute, serrate or laciniate, 6-18 lines long
heads solitary or few, short-peduncled : involucre hemispheric, its bract
oval or oblong, obtusish, glabrous, the outer somewhat shorter than tin
inner: rays ft-10, obovate or oblong;, obtuse, golden yellow : achenes near!;
terete, truncate at both ends, half- inch long : pappus of 3-6 rigid persisten

Sea

■jlower
lucre
ied aei

awhs which are smooth below, the upper part downwardly barbed. Ir
ponds and slow flowing streames, Canada to New Jersey and Missouri : re
ported from Green Lake King Co. Washiiij,'ton by Mr. C. V .Piper, perhap
introduced.

Suhtribe V, Madiex DC. Eay-Jloioersligulatc and fertile (rarel

AN

llous-
mticu
heads

!. Hi

Hate,

TtLKPHARIPAPPCS

COMPOSITE

845'

CORKOP^IK
BIDENB

fld or divided, wit]
iaflets. ortho iipixi
)h: bracts of tlic ii
u'l'olate to 8ul)iilat(
long : rays 8-10 lim
laely ;)*1ob(>d at tbl
elliptical di^tioctl
duous teeth. Dam

^nting), each siihtendrd by a bract of the umnUy unisterial involu-
cre which partly or completely encloses its achene, Disk-Howera
ifw aphrodite, but mostly some or all of them sterile. Receptacle
tff'H throvtihotU '< of only a more or less united ring between the

and disL-Jlowers.
i* Scales of the receptacle distinct, chaffy-membranaceous or scari-

mostly deciduous with the fruit, liractsofthe involucre merely

icave.

J2.

leaves and niostlj
anulnte or htini

at base, the ouU
•. Receptacle HiJ
isk-tiowers Riiyj
era perfect, fertilt
sntire or minutelj

or subulate tips
cuneate, oblonj; oj
d or hispid awns]

hairy annual : Bto
ivided intolanceola'
lonly petiolulate leal
timerous, pedxinclei
ing hemispheric, it
dinK the ovate-lano
imentary and incn
slender downwanll
egon to Brit. Colu

setulose-hispid, 1
(gularly aharplv m
at connate-perfoliai
ter or during flowei
)ressed-hemisph(ri
oliaceous and inuci
laceous inner ones
and awns retrorsel
nd across the Con

Aquatic perennial
e or little brrtnched
divided into nunieri
>ositt^ or sometiiuel
ite, (5-18 lines long
mispheric, its briicti
lat shorter than tli
low : achenes neiirl
f 3-6 rigid persisteni
iwardly barbed. I
ey and Missouri : re]
C. V .Piper, perhapi

46 BLEPHARIPAPPU8 Hook. Fl. i, 316 in Part.

Low corymbosely or paniculately branched annuals with nar-
L alternate leaves and rather small heads of white or purplish
Wrs. Heads heterogamous, with 3-6 pistillate broad-cuneiform
|obed ray- and 6-12 perfect 5-toothed disk-flowers, or some of
central ones sterile. Bracts of the involucre nearly in a sin-
series, nearly flat and almost equal. Receptacle convex,
iffy throughout, the chaff thin and membranaceous, deciduous
Ih the fruit. Style in the disk-flowers long, thickened upward,
jry, 2-cleft Jonly at the apex ; the branches obtuse and not ap-
idaged, or in the central sterile ones nearly entire. Achenes
[binate, silky- villous. Pappus of 10-12 linear or aristiform
1® with hyaline margins which are mostly lacerate-fimbriate
to appear plumose.

scaber Hook. 1. c. Puberulent and scabrous, and with some hispid
above: stems stoutish, 4-12 inches liigh, loosely branched: leaves
r, sessile. 3^-2 inches long with entire revolute or involute margins:
B short-ped uncled, terminating the paniculate branches: bracts of the
ilui^re lanceolate, acute, 4-5 lines long, more or less hirsute : rays much
ding the involucre, deeply 3-lobea, always inrolling and becoming
inspicuous when the sun shines on them : anthers brownish-purple.
plaind and mountains. Brit. Columbia to California and Idaho, east
le Cascade Mountains.

laevis Gray Bot. Gaz. xiii, 73. Stems slender, 6-12 inches high,
ith, branched : leaves linear, J-10 lines long, sessile, the lower ones -

ling, those of the branches closely appressed: heads small, termina- <t
[the filiform branchlets : bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, 2-8 u
long, scabrous : rays 3-4 lines long, not closing in sunshine, deeply h

d, often with dark-purple veins. On dry plains aud hill-sides,
lern Oregon to California.

I* Scales of the receptacle always present between the ray- and ,'
\jlower8, usually more or less united into a cup. Bracts of the
here conduplicate-infolded and embracing the laterally com-
\ed achenes.

\l ANISOCARPHUS Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, vii, 388. '

llous-hirsute perennial herbs with linear to lanceolate entire
nticulate sessile leaves and numerous paniculate or corym-
heads of flowers with yellow rays that do not close in suu-

Heads many-flowered; the ray-flowers abont 12, ligulate, .
Hate, those of the disk tubular, staminate and pistillate but

and fertile (rareli

t^'i

m

AirilOOAKPHOI
MAOAHIA

COMPOSITiE

346

sterile. Bracts of the subglobose involucre as many as the rav
carinate-complicate and <^nclo8ing the achenos. Kcceptacle boi
what convex, naked an J /^^ooth except the margin whicl
furnished with asing^ r^ri^" of more or less united chafl'y seal
between the ray- and Cc.k Mowers. Branches of the style in t
disk-flowers suljulate, very acute, minutely hispid. Achenea
the ray oblong, ohcompressed, somewhat incurved, glabrous, \\it
out lateral nerves or angles, crowned with a small scHsile ilit
destitute of pappus; of the disk obovate, with a pappus of 5
small fimbriate-lacerate membranaceous scales.

A. madloldes Nutt 1. c. Madia NultalHi Oray. StemM slender,
feet high, pubescent with white spreading hairs, glandular and paniculal pube

ly branched above: leaves linear-lanceolate, 2-8 inches long, remotely
rate, all but the lowest opposite : heads not very numerous, slender-ped
oled, about 4 lines high : bracts of the involucre 8-12, with short iiic(
spicuous tips, densely glundular and hispid : rays 8-12, fata-shaped, dee
8-lobed, 4-6 lines long : achenes obovate-falcate, much compressed, >t
their sides many-striate. Common on dry ridges in forests, Brit Colum
to California.

48 MAD ARIA DC. Mem. Soc. Genev. vii, 280.

Erect annuals with mostly opposite leaves and rather lai
heads of showy yellow-rayed vespertine flowers. Heads mai
flowered : the ray-flowers 10-20, ligulate, pistillate, in a sin
series: those of the disk tubular, perfect but sterile by the abort
of the ovary. Bracts of the subglobosc involucre as many as
rays, complicate and enclosing their achenes, flattish on the ba
and with long somewhat spreading tips. Receptacle somew
convex, flmbriate-hirsute except the margin which is furnisl
with 1 or 2 series of chafly scales between the ray- and disk-fli
ers. Corollas pubescent or hairy at base, the rays very conspi
ous but closing m sunshine. Achenes of the rays oblong-obov!
nearly straight, compressed, glabrous, without pappus

M* elef ans DC. 1. c. Madia elegmna Don. Stems stout, 1-6 feet hi

{mbescent with almost pilose spreading hairs, glandular above: lea
inear-lanceolate 2-4 inches long, usually more or less serrate, sessile, b
broad base, the lower crowded In a somewhat rosnlate tuft, the others
posite or scattered and becoming smaller upward : heads numerous, in
open cvme: bracts of the involucre hirsute, the linear tips nearly as
as the body : rays 12-20, 8-10 lines long, sharply 3-lobed, yellow, often v
a red or brown spot near the base : achenes rather thio and flat. On
hillsides, western Oregon to California.

dun
(low
a sii
invc
(dos
llec(
disk
othe
near

M.

giant
I)edu
oblor
long;
Oreg<

M.

pubtol

cd ab
cled c
2-3 Hi
those
mon <

M. eorymbosa DC. 1. c. Stems slender, 6-18 inches high, simple u
the inflorescence, pubescent with soft spreading hairs, glandular ab(
leaves linear, mostly opposite, remotely serrate, 1-4 inches long : h(
rather few, in an open corymb ; bracts of the involucre somewhat pi
and glandular, the linear tips not as lone as the body. On dry hills
plaines, southern Oregon to California. Blooming early.

40 MADIA Molina Chil.; Cav. Ic. iii, 60, t. 298.

Medium-sized viscid and heavy-scented annuals with oblonf
linear entire or denticulate sessile leaves and sessile or short

M.

genta

bescei

late t(

very

high:

what

placee

M.

high;
branc
eter, 1
disk-f^
Bides.

M

M.

simp!
ing h{
1-3 in
both
viseir
flowei
of the
Brit.

M.

Gray,
or loo
Bute a
tire:
unitec
From

846

many as the ray
, Keceptacle boh
3 margin whicl
united chafl'y sea
of the style in t
lispid. Achenes
ved, glabrous, wi
small sessile dii
ith a pappus of 5
;s.

. Btemn slender,
iidular and panicula
ties long, remotely «
neroue. slender-pedi
-12, with short l«c(
12, fab-ahaped, dee
luch com pressed, w
forests, Brit Golum

'. vii, 280.

BS and rather la

^ers. Heads mai

listillate, in a sin

Brile by the aborti

ucre as many as

flattish on the ba

:eceptacle somew

which is furnisl

ray- and disk-fl(

5 rays very conspi

rays oblong-obovi

it pappus.

as stout, 1-6 feet hi
landular above: lea
BSB serrate, sessile, b
date tuft, the others
heads numerous, in
near tips nearlv as
obed, yellow, often v
r thin and flat. On

kches higli, simple u
hairs, glandular abt
L-4 inches long: h|
)luore somewhat pi
»dy. On dry hills
early.

1, 60, t. 298.

inuals with obloni
d sessile or short-

MADIA

COMPOSITiE

347

(luncled^hcads of yollow vospcrtino flowers TToadn few- to many-
flowered; the ray-flowers 1-12, nuely none, ligulate, pistillate, i)i
a single Koriew; diisk-flowers tubular and perfect, liniets of the
involuere in a single neries, carinate and conduplicutc*, eaeh en-
(dosing an aehene. their free lu'il)ace()UM tipH erect or involute.
Receptacle flat, with a (single series of seales between the ray- and
disk-fiowerw, which are usually more or less united into a cup,
otherwise naked. Achenes linear-oblong or clavate, compressed,
nearly straight, glabrous. Papi)u.s none.

M. sattra Molina Chili ed. i, 130. Commonly robust, 1-3 feet high,
pubescent with slender somewhat vi'^cid liairs and beset with pedicillate
glands: leaves from broadly lanceolate to linear: huads commonly sLort-
jKiduncled, 6-6 line;* higli: rays 6-12, 2-4 lines long: disk-achenes cuneate-
oblong, quadrangular, prominently l-nerved on the faces, about 2 lines
long; those of the ray somewhat falcate, obovate, l-nerved on the sides.
Oregon and California to Chili.

M. racemoNa T. A G. FI ii, 405. Stems rather slender, 1-4 feet highf
pubescent but not glandular, except t >ward the top, paniculately branch-
ed above: leaves lanceolate to linear, l-(5 inches long: heads short-pedun-
cled or sessile, somewhat racemosely disposed, 3-5 lines high : rays 2-lU,
2-3 lines long: disk-achenes tlattish, not prominently nerved on the sides;
those of the ray somewhat falcate, not at all nerved on the bides. Com-
mon on plains and hillsides, Brit. Columbia to California and Idaho.

M. capitata Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 387. ^f. mtiva var. con-
genta T.&G. Stems ptout, 2-4 feet high, simplH, or branched above, pu-
bescent with soft-hispid spreading Imirs and glands : leaves linear-lanceo-
late to linear, 1-6 inches long, pubescent and hispid-ciliate : inflorescence
very viscid-glandular : heads sessile, in close capitate clusters, 6-8 lines
high : rays 6-12, 2-3 lines long : achenes of the disk almost linear, some-
what quadrangular; of the rays oblique-pyriform. In fields and waste
places western Oregon to California.

M. dissltiflora T. & Q. Fi. 405. " A slender twiggy plant 6-16 inches
high : stems as well as the lanceolate-linear leaves hirsute-pubescent; the
branches g'andular : heads scattered few-rtowered, scarcely 3 lines in diam-
eter, with inconspicuous rays: bracts of the involucre 5-8, very glandular:
disk-flowers .3-6 : achenee all flat and scarcely or not at all angled on the
sides. Blue Mountains and plains of Oregon . "

M. glomerata Hook. FI. ii, 24. Ptems rather slender, 1-2 feet high,
simple, or branched near the top, pubepcent with coarse somewhat spread-
ing hairs, glandular only near the top : leaves linear-lanceolate to linear,
1-3 inches Tone, often sparingly denticulate, ciliate near the base, pubescent
both sides with fine appressed haiVs: heads small, inclose ^lomerules, very
viscid-glandular; rays 1-5 or sometimes none, not surpassinsr the 3-5 disk-
flowers : achenes narrow, 2 lines long or more ; those of the disk 4-6-angled ;
of the ray flat somewhat curved and l-nerved on each face. Common from
Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains.

M. citriodora Greene Bull. Torr. Club ix, 63. Hemizonia citriodora
Gray, Stems simple, with short-pedunculate oorymbosely panicled heads
or loosely branched and the heads more scattered', cinereously villous-hir-
sute and above with small glands interspersed: leaves narrow, mostly en-
tire : rays 8-9 exserted, greenish-yellow : scales of the receptacle lightly
united into a cup : achenes rounded on the back and with a ventral angle.
From Hood River Oregon to northern California.

348

COMPOSITE
50 HARP.ECARPUS Nutt. 1. c.

HARP.«^ABPUS
HEMIZONELLA

Small annuals with entire narrow leaves and numerous small
heads of inconspicuous flowers. Heads few-Howered ; raj'-flow-
ers 3-8., pislillate, in a single series, each enclosed in one of the
carinate-complicato and lunate bracts of the involucre; disk-
flower solitary, tubular, perfect and fertile, surrounded by a 5-
angled and 5-toothed cup formed of the united scales of the rece-
ptacle. Corollas glabrous ; of the ray scarcely exceeding the in-
volucre, tubular below, cleft anteriorly ; of the disk funnelform,
6-toothed. Branches of the style in the disk-flower short, lan-
ceolate-oblong with barbellate-hispid margins. Achenes glabrous
much compressed, without })appus; of the rays obo vat e-lunate,
gibbous, the incurved summit produced into a short ascending
beak, when mature falling with the bracts of the involucre that
enclose them; that of the disk semiobovate, straight, with a trun-
cate terminal areola, enclosed by the united chaff.

H. uiadarioides Nutt. 1. c. Madia Jilipts Gray. Stems slender, 4-12
inches high, hirsute, glandular above, paniculately branched : leaves alter-
nate, narrowly linear, 1-2 inches long: heads numerous, 1-2 lines high, on
long filiform peduncles : bracts of the involucre 4-8, lunate and strongly
carinate in fruit, almost destitute of free tips, hispid and glandular: bracts
of the receptacle united into a 3-5-toothed cup. Common in open woods,
Brit. Columbia to California.

51 HEMIZONELLA Gray Proc. Am. Acad, ix, 189.
Little annuals Avith mostly opposite leaves and numerous small
heads of inconspicuous flowers. Heads few-flowered, heterogam-
ous ; the rays 4-5, pistillate ; the disk-flower solitary, or rarely
2 or 3, perfect and fertile. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous, as
many as ray-flowers, each inf(4ded and completely enclosing its
achene but rounded on the back and usually flattish on the inner
face. Chaff" of the receptacle an herbaceous 3-5-toothed cup en-
closing the disk-flowers. Corollas glabrous or merely glandular :
rays very short. Achenes obovate or fusiform, more or less ob-
compressed and thos3 of tlie rays incurved, the small terminal
areola oblique, either sessile or raised on a short beak. Pappus
wanting.

H. Dnrandli Gray 1. c. Hirsute with white hairs and glandular above:
stems 1-6 inches high, diffusely much branched : leaves linear, about 6 lines
long: earliest heads usually in the forks of the branches, slender-pedunc-
led; the later ones racemose, 2-bracted at base, short-peduncled : achenes
slightly hairy; those of the ray obovate-oblong and obcompressed, tipped
with a sliort inflexedbeak. On dry hills and gravelly bars, Oregon to Cali-
fornia and Nevada.

52 HEMIZONIA DC. Prodr. v, 692. ' >

Low annuals with alternate often crowded leaves and middle-
sized heads of yellow or white ray-flowers. Heads several to
many-flowered: rays 5-20, ligulate, 2-8-lobed, pistillate : those of
the disk tubular, perfect but sterile, 5-toothed, the teeth mostly

7

IARP.KCABPUS
HEMIZONELIiA

nmcroiis small
;red ; ray-flow-
in one of the
ivolucre; disk-
)unded by a 5-
iles of the rece-
ieeding the in-
sk funnelform,
ver short, lan-
ihenes glabrous
obovate-lunate,
hort ascending
involucre that
ht, with a trun-
■f.

tns slender, 4-12
hed : leaves alter-
1-2 lines high, on
nate and strongly
glandular : bracts
a in open woods,

ix, 189.

umerous small
red, heterogam-
itary, or rarely

herbaceous, as
ly enclosing its
sh on the inner
oothed cup en-
rely glandular :
nore or less ob-
small terminal
beak. Pappus

glandular above :
ear, about 6 lines
i, slender-pedunc-
duncled : achenes
)Uipres8ed, tipped
rs, Oregon to Cali-

s and middle-
'ads several to
tillate : those of
ae teeth mostly

HEMIOKZAT
CALYCAOKKIA

COMPOSITiE

349

glandular-bearded. Bracts of the involucre in a single series, ob-
long or lanceolate, concave or convolute and yjartly enclosing the
ray-achenes. Receptacle flat, chatty throughout, the scales of the
outer series united. 8tylo-appendages of the disk-flowers linear
or subulate, acute, very hispid. Achenos glabrous : those of the
ray obovoid, gibbous or slightly obcom pressed, convex on the
back, slightly stipitate, the ape.x mostly oblique and terminated
with a small often papillose exserted or beaked areola; of the disk
sterile or abortive, oblong, e5-7- nerved. Pappus none.

H* Inznlsefolla DO. I. c. Tomentose-canescent: stems erect, 6-18
inches high, corymbosely branched above, the branches and involucre hir-
sute and somewhat viscid : leaves linear-lanceolate, silky-villous, not
glandular, 1-5 inches long by 2-4 linea broad, the lower elongated, tapering
to the base, denticulate, 3-5-nerved, sometimes opposite : heads numerous,
3-4 line3 broad, many-flowered: involucre hemispherical, its bracts rather
shorter than the disk, with short and broadish herbaceous tips: rays 5-10,
rather large, white to pinkish : scales of the receptacle united into a cup.
Open grounds and fields, southern Oregon and California.

H. Clevelandi Greene Bull. Torr Club ix, 109. Stems stoutish, 10-20
inches high, branching from near the base, villous with long spreading
hairs, glandular above: leaves norrowly linear, 1-nerved, silky beneath :
heads racemosely or spicately disposed along the slender branches : rays
white. In fields and open places, southern Oregon and California.

53 CALYCADENIA DC, Prodr. v, 695.

Slender annuals with rigid chiefly alternate narrowly linear or
subulate 1-nerved leaver^ with revolute margins; the upper ones
usually terminated by a large saucer-shaped gland. Heads
many-flowered; the ray-flowers 8-5, pistillate, 8-lobed or 3-parted,
with slender tube ; disk- flowers tubular, itcrfect but mostly infer-
tile. Involucre leafy-bracteate at base, its bracts in a single series,
concave, partly enclosiiifif the ray-acheucs. Receptacle small, flat,
with a single series of distinct or united chaff" between the ray-
und disk -flowers, Disk -flowers funnelform, o-tootlied, their style-
branches with long flliform hirsute ap])enda,fres. Achenes some-
what hairy: those of the niy obovoid-triani^ular, without pappus:
of the disk quadrangular^ tapering to tht; base, infertile, with a
pappus of 5-10 chaffy and mostly awned scales.

C. trnncata DC. 1. c. HoiiiziDiin truvcatd (fray. Very smooth and
glabrous: stems 1-2 feet high, sirai>le orsjia ing y liranched adove: leaves
linear, 1-3 inches long, the lower ones op])osite : "leada campannlate ; 4 or5
lines high : bracts of the 'nvolu:;ro ovateot)l(.n<.', boat-shaped : ray-flowers
6-8, 3 lobed, the middle lobe smallest: chaif of the receptacle 7-9, lightly
united at the top into a truncate cup, at leiijith separable: disk- Mowers 10-
20, with a pappus of 7-19 oblong and somewhat erose fimbriate pointless
paleai much shorter ihau the achene, s nietime.s obsolete. On dry plains,
southern Oregon to California.

€. mnitiglaudulONU D('. 1. c. 8tem simple or diffusely much branch-
ed, 1-2 feet high, strigose hirsute: leaves mostly scattered, linear, mostly
with revolute margins, hirsuti-ly ciliate; sessile: heails uumi ii»us, terminal
on short lateral branchlets, cainpaiiulat"', 4 lines liijih: ))racts of the invo-
lucre linear, brietly-ciliate, with numerous tack-ehaped glunds on tlieir

1

V f

I Tfl

;ti;;

^ t

ikv '

' \

1^^

i'

COMPOSITE

CENTBOMADIA
LAGOPHTLLA

backs: raj'8 white, fan-shaped 3-lobed, their aclienes glabrous or ^l^bratc
short: j appus of the disk-flowers shorter than the achenes, of 10-12 unequ,
al pale«e, 6 of them oblong to hinceoUvte. On dry plains, southern Oregon-
to California.

54 CENTROMADIA Greene Man. 196.

Rigid branching annuals with some of the loTrer leaves pin-
natifid and the uppermost clustered around the sessile heads.
Upper leaves or their lobes pungently pointed. Heads many-
flowered; ray-flowers pistillate, numerous and in more than one
series ; disk-flowers perfect but mostly sterile. Bracts of the in-
volucre rounded on the back, concave and partly enclosing the
ray-achenes, acuminate and pungently pointed. Receptacle coni-
cal or convex, chafly, all the disk-flowers being subtended by
narrow and mostly quite distinct chaffy scales. Ray-achenes
turgid, obovate-triangular, very oblique, the terminal areola from
the summit of the inner angle or face, and by gibbosity common-
ly intraapical, raised on a little apiculation"

C. Fltchil Greene 1. c. Villous hirsute, somewhat viscid, above bese^
with small scattered tack-shjiped glands : stems stoatish, 6-20 inches high,
branching: leaves linear or subulate, 2-3 inches long, acute and pungently
pointed, some of the lower ones once or twice pinnately parted : heads
numerous, terminating the branches: bracts of the involucre subulate:
rays yellow, narrow, their achenes obovate- triquetrous : chaff of the convex
receptacle soft and pointless, villous : disk-achenes sterile, with a pappus
of 8-12 linear palese fringed or bearded at tip, somewhat united at base.
Dry plains, soutnern Oregon to California.

55 LAGOPHYLLA Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 390
Slender much branched annuals with narrow leaves and mid-
dle-sized heads with yellow, white or pink ray-flowers. Heads
jew-flowered; rays about 5, pistillate; disk flowers 5 or 6, perfect
but sterile. Bracts of the involucre as many as ray-flowevs, her-
baceous the margins infolded and enclosing their achenes. Re-
ceptacle flat, fimbrillat(3-hirsute in the centre, cliaffy at the mar-
gin between the ray- and disk-flowers, the chaffy scales 5-6, in a
single series, distinct. Achenes smooth, without pappus: of the
rays oblong-cuneiform, obcompressed, straight, nearly flat and
obscurely angled on the back.

L. ramosissima Nutt. 1. c. Stem slender, paniculately much branched,
6-30 inches high : leaves entire, canescent with soft silky pubescence ; rad-
ical and lowest caulino obovate-spatulate ; upper lanceolate or linear.ob-
tuse! the short ones subteiidinfj the crowded heads linear-oblong, densely
ciliate with very soft villous hairs: heads 3 lines high, crowded in small
and at length rather scattered irregular clusters : bracts of the involucre
3-4 lines long, comose-ciliata : rays yellow, closing in sunshine : achenes ob-
ovate-oblong, carinate down the inner face. Common on dry plains and
hill-sides, Brit. Columbia to California and Idaho.

56 LAYIA H. & A Hot. Beech. 148.

Low annual or biennial herbs with mostly opposite leaves and
middle-sized heads of yellow or white flowers,. Heads many-
flowered : the ray-flowers 10-15, pistillate : those of the disk tubu-

rUNTROMADIA
LAQOPHTLLA

ous or Klabrate
, of 10-12 unequ,
outhern Oregon-

rer leaves pin-
; sessile heads.
Heads many-
more than one
•acts of the in-
' enclosing the
eceptacle coni-
subtended by
Ray-achenes
lal areola from
osity common-

;id, above bese'i
j-20 inches high,
:eand pungently
ly parted: heads
olucre subulate:
laff of the convex
e, with a pappus
it united at base.

vii, 390

aves and mid-
owers. Heads
5 or 6, perfect
flowers, her-
achenes. Re-
ffy at the mar-
;cnles 5-6, in a
pappus : of the
early flat and

much branched,
(ubescence; rad-
ate or linear,ob-

oblong, densely
Towded in small
of the involucre
ine: achenes ob-

dry plains and

lite leaves and
Heads many-
thc disk tubu-

LATIA
ACHVBACHiGNA

COMPOSITE

361

lar, perfect. Bracts of the involucre equal, in a single series, the
base convolute and enclosing the ray-achene, foliaceous above,
Receptacle flat, pubescent, with a row of chaffy scales between the
ray- and disk-flowers. Style-branches of the disk-flowers filiform,
very acute, hairy above, at length exserted and recurved. Achenes
of the ray glabrous, linear-oblong, more or less obcompressed,
somewhat incurved, crowned with a small protuberant areola, des-
titute of pappus: of the disk linear-clavate, angled, appressed-
pubescent or villous, with a pappus of 10-20 equal bristly or
subulate awns which are naked and scabrous-serrulate above
and plumose or villous with long weak hairs toward the base.

L. glandulosa H. & A. 1. c. 358. Stems 4-12 inches high, diffusely
branched, hispid or hirsute and with dark stipitate glands above: leaves
linear-lanceolate, 1-2 inches long, the lower ones often more or less pinnati-
fid : heads solitary at the end of the branches, campanulate, 6 lines high ;
its bracts linear-oblong : rays 8-14, bright white, 6-8 lines long, 3-lobed :
chaff of the receptacle lanceolate, equalling or exceeding the disk-flowers:
pappus 10-20 stout bristles, copiouly villous. Sandy-banks and barren
grounds, Brit. Columbia to California and Idaho, east of the Cascade Mts.

L. Donglasll H. & A. 1. c. " Low, sparsely hirsute or hispid, a few
small stipitate glands on the upper leaves and involucre : radical leaves pin-
natifid-dentate ; upper linear and entire : rays rather short, broad, 3-cleft ;
lobes of disk-corola hirsute outside : akenes narrow, those of the disk vill-
ous-pubescent : pappus of about 10 minutely scabrous linear-subulate fiat
palese, nearly equalling disk-coroUas ; their margins toward the base scan-
tily beset with long and straight villous hairs. 'Jravelly banks, between
the Dalles and Great Falls of the Colnmbia River, Douglas. "

67 ACHYRACH^NA Schauer. Del. Sem. Hort. Vratsil 1838.

A low annual with chiefly alternate leaves and middlesized
heads of yellow flowers terminating the branches. Heads many-
flowered; the ray- flowers 6-10. with 3-cleft ligule much shorter
than its filiform tube, little surpassing the disk; disk-corollas
slei.der, 5-toothed. Involucre oblong-campanulate, of lanceolate
thin-herbaceous bracts : chaff of the receptacle similar but thin-
ner, only between the disk- and ray-flowers, distinct. Achenes
all clavate, with attenuate base, symmetrical, 10-costate; those of
theray slightly obcompressi C. "ounded at apex and with slightly
protuberant areola; those of ilie dirk mostly fertile, the truncate
apex bearing a large pappus of 10 elongated-oblong obtuse silvery-
scarious palese, the 5 inner as long as the corolla and achene, the
alternate outer ones shorter.

A. mollis Shanrer 1. c. Vilious-pubescent and slightly glandular-viscid:
stems erect, 6-18 inches high branching: leaves alternate, or the lowest
opi)osite, narrowly linear, 2-4 inches long, sesfiile, entire, or the lower la-
ciniate: heads solitary, long-peduncled, terminating the stem and fastigiate
branches, an inch or Ices long: pappus 3 lines long, in fruit when dry
spreading and forming a globular silvery-chaffy head. In fields and open
places, southern Oregon and western California.

Tribe V HELENIOIDE.E B. A If. Gen. ii, 167. Heads heU^
rogamous and the ligulale ray-flowers mo'^fly fertile, or homogavious,'

SS2

COMPOSITiE

K^ 1

Mi
'J

\

the disk-flowera hermaphrodite and fertile, rarely some infertile, with
regular J^-5-toothed tubular corolla. Receptacle naked, orfimbrillate.
Bracts of the involucre herbaceous or membrannceous, not scarious.
Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers with either truncate or
appendiculate tips. Pappus paleaceous or aristiform, or sometimes
plurisetose, but the bristles when capillary always more or less ri,gid.

SuBTRiBE I Jaumie^ Involucre of broad bracts, imbricated in
two or more series.

58 Jaumea Involucre campanulate : leaves opposite, connate at base,
narrow, fleshy.

SuBTRiBE II HELENIE.E Iiivolucre hardly at all imbricated ;
its bracts when broad nearly equal or in a single series.

* Achenes linear or linear-cuneate, 4-angled or compressed, but not
with cartilaginous margins.

••- Receptacle conical or convex, rarely flat: involucre of few or sev-
eral erect appressed or united herbaceous bracts.

*♦ Rays few, very short and included, rarely consjiicuous, or none.

59 Lasthenia Receptacle conical : bracts of the involucre united into a
IO-15-toothed cup : pappus none.

■•♦ ** Rays exserted and spreading.

60 Baeria Receptacle high-conical, minutely muncate : brncts of the in-
volucre distinct, flat, in a single aeries.

61 £rIophyllum Receptacle flat to conical : involucre manjr-flowered, its
bracts strictly erect, not membranaceous, more or less carinate- concave
in fruit and partly embracing the subtending achene : pappus of nerve-
less and mostly pointless paleoe.

62 Bahla Receptacle small, mostl^r flat; involucre 12-20-flowered, its
bracts not colored nor scarious-tipped, plain or merely concave, not
embracing achenes: pappus of several scarious paleee with callous-
thickened opaque base.

68 Hymenopappns Receptacle flat: Involucre many-flowered; its bract",
mostly appressed, with scarioua-membranaceous and usually colore '
tips: pappus of 10-20 mostly hyaline obtuse palea;.

+- +- Receptacle flat : bracts of the involucre narrow, chiefly linear

** Heads with regular ligulate and pistillate rays

64 Rlgiopappns Involucre campanulate, rather many-flowered: rays
short and inconspicuous : pappus of 4-5 rigid paleaceous awns.

•"■ -M- Rays wanting but the marginal corollas sometimes enlarged

Chsenactis Involucre campauuJate or hemispherical : pappus of blunt
hyaline scales, rarely wanting.

■M- ■"■ *♦ Ray-flowers ligulate and pistillate, mostly conspicuous.

Hnlsea Involucre hemispherical, very many-flowereJ, of very num-
_ erous linear bracts : pappus of 4 short hyaline blunt and nerveless palea>.

• * Achenes turbinnte or obpyramidal : disk-flowers all fertile.

I- Involucre bracts erect or appressed: achenes hirsute or villous.

65

66

w infertile, with
d, orfimhrillate.
s, not scarious.
her truncate or
m, or sometimes
ire or less rigid.

3, imbricated in

connate at base,

all imbricated ;
series.

tressed, but not

re of few or sev-

icuous, or none,
acre united into a

e : brncts of the in-

nanjr-flowered, its
s carinate- concave
: pappus of nerve-

L2-20-flowered, its
rely concave, not
alese with callous-
lowered; its bracts
nd usually colore '

V, chiefly linear

;e rays

ny-flowered: rays
Bous awns.

times enlarged

»l : pappus of blunt

y conspicuous.

ere J, of very num-
J nerveless palew.

era all fertile.

irsute or villous.

JATJMBA
LASTHBNIA.

COMPOSITiE

353

recep-

67 Actlnella Rays 8-12, pistillate : involucre of numerous bracts ;
tacle conical or convex : pappus of 5-12 hyaline entire pale(e.

■*- •*- Bracts of the involucre or their tips spreading ox* reflexed :
rays cuneate, 3-5-lobed: pappus of hyaline usually awn-pointed palete,

68 Heleninm Rays commonly fertile : receptacle wholly naked.

69 Oalllardia Rays neutral : receptacle with some rigid awns among the
flowers : achenes involucrate with villous hairs.

Subtribe i Jaumieas. Involucre of broad bracts imbricated in two
or more series. Ligides not persistent, achenes 5-angled or terete,
several-nerved. Many-Jlowered heads in ours radiate and the rays
fertile.

58 JAUMEA Pers. Syn. PI. ii, 367.

Herbs or suffruticose plants with opposite entire leaves and
terminal pedunculate heads of yellow flowers. Involucre cam-
panulate, its bracts fleshy or membranaceous, the outer shortest.
Corollas glabrous. Receptacle naked. Style-branches pappillose
or hairy, lanceolate or short-conical at tip. Achenes all alike,
linear, 10-nerved, more or less angled. Pappus in exotic species
narrow pointed or awned 1-nerved palese, in ours none.

J. carnosa Gray Bot. Wilkes 360. Glabrous perennial : stems procum-
bent or ascending, herbaceous, leafy 6-18 inches long : leaves spatulate-
linear, almost terete, very fleshy, about an inch long, sessile and connate
at base: heads erect, on short peduncleB, 6 lines high : rays 6-10, linear,
not surpassing the disk: receptacle conical, smooth and fleshy: achenes
glabious, destitute of pappus. In salt marshes along the coast, Brit. Co-
lumbia to California.

Subtribe ii, Heleniex. Cass. Involucre hardly at all imbricated;
its bracts when broad nearly equal, or in a single series. Ligules not
persistent. Disklflowers numerous, ivith 5 or rarely 4 teeth or lobes.
Achenes few-nerved or angled, or more numerously striate-angled
only when turbinate or pyriform.

* Receptacle conical beset after the achenes have fallen by project-
ing points. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous, in one or rarely two
series, commonly broad, sometimes cnpulate-connate. Achenes nar-
row, from oblong to linear, usually tapering to the base, few -nerved
and angled or nerveless, not callous-margined.

59 LA.STHENIACa88.

Glabrous and smooth annuals with opposite entire sessile
leaves and rather small heads of yellow flowers terminating the
branches. Heads radiate, or discoid by diminution of the
ligulea; disk-flowers all fertile. Involucre a single series of
herbaceous bracts united by their edges into a 5-15-toothed cup.
Diyk-coroUas 4-5-lobed, with rather slender tube and dilated
throat. Achenes linear or narrowly oblong, compressed, slight-
ly 2-3-nerved or nerveless, nearly marginless. Pappus of 5-10
subulate firm palese, or none.

354

COMPOSITiE

W'^-'

n

W [

m '

Is

W:

tin

15' (

BABRU
EBIOPHYLLUM

L. glaberrlma DO. Prodr. v, 664. Somewhat fleshy : stems ascending,
6-12 inches long : leaves elongated-linear : lieads on long peduncles which
are enlarged at the summit, nodding iu flower : involucre about 15-toothed :
corollas all shorter than the minutely puberulent oblong-linear achenes :
pappus of 5-10 rigid palese, two or three of them with subulate or short'
awned points, the others erose or laciniate. In salt marshes along the coast
of Oregon and California.

60 BAERIA F. & M. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. t. 7.

Low plants with opposite sessile leaves, and slender-peduncled
heads of yellow flowers. Heads mostly many-flowered, with 5-15
conspicuous rays. Bracts of the campanulate or hemispherical
involucre as many as rays, plain or becoming somewhat carinate,
at least below. Receptacle subulate to conical. Tips of the Btyle
truncate-capitate, with or without a central apiculation, to ovate,
sometimes with a cuspidate appendage. Disk-corollas with slen-
der tube as long or longer than the campanulate 5-lobed limb.
Achenes clavate-linear to linear-cuneate. Pappus a few paleee or
paleaceous awns or both, often wanting.

B. aristosa. B. gracilis var. aristosa Gray. Slender annual 3-10 inches
high, strigose-pubescent : leaves linear, entire, mostly opposite: involucre
3-4 lines high, of 8-10 broadly lanceolate to ovate acute bracts: rays as
many as bracts, ligulate, lanceolate obtuse: achenes linear-oblong, with
pappus of 4-5 small palese with awne gradually and slightly widened down-
ward and as long «s the achene. dry open places, southern Oregon and
California.

* * Receptacle flat or convex. Achenes from linear to obpyra-
midal, rarely 5-angled. Flowers {with few exceptions'), all fertile.

61 ERIOPHYLLUM Lag. Nov. Gen. & Spec. 28.

Floccose-tomentoso or rarely glabrate herbs (rarely suffr * ti-
cose), with alternate or partly opposite leaves, peduncled or
sometimes sessile heads of mostly yellow flowers. Involucre
many-flowered, from hemispherical to oblong, commonly equl
ailing the disk, of one or sometimes two series of oblong or
narrower firm-herbaceous or coriaceous permanently erect
bracts, distinct or sometimes partially united into a cup: at
least in fruit concave in the centre and partially enclosing the
subtending achenes. Kay-flowers usually with broad ligules,
very rarely none. Disk-corollas with distinct and sometimes
slender proper tube. Style-tips truncate, obtuse or obscurely
capitellate-eonical. Achenes narrow, from clavate-linear to
cuneate-oblong, mostly 4-angled. Pappus of nerveless and
r:ostly pointless palese.

E. stffiChafMfolium Lag. 1. c, Canescent with close-pressed pan lotse
tomentum, a iength partly denudate, 1 to 4 feet highfjom a woody bi',&^:
leaves once or twice pinnately parted into oblong or linear divisions, cr tht
upper ones sometimes entire, about an inch lon^, soon glabrate and grjen
above: heads 3-4 lines high, in rather loose paniculate clusters; involucre
cylindraceous-campanulate, of 8-10 linear-spatulate to narrowly-oblong
thinnish bracts: rays U-8, only a line or so long, roundlBh-oval : receptacle

BAERIA
JIOPHYLLUM

ema ascending,
sduncles which
out 15-toothed :
linear achenes:
bulate or short
I along the coast

t. 7.

ler-peduncled
red, with 5-15
[lemispherical
vhat carinate,
38 of the etyle
tion, to ovate,
las with slen-
5-lobed limb.
I few palese or

lual 3-10 inches
osite: involucre
bracts : rays as
lar-oblong, with
' widened down-
tern Oregon and

'.ar to ohpyra-
), all fertile.

. 28. .

arely suffr • ti-
peduncled or
Involucre
)inmonly equl
of oblong or
mently erect
ito a cup: at
enclosing the
3road ligules,
id sometimes
or obscurely
^ate-lineai- to
lerveless and

ressed pan lobe
a woody bi'.&'':
divisions, cr the
)rate and sr^en
gters; involucre
larrowly-oblong
oval : receptacle

EBIOPHYLLUM
BAHIA

COMPOSITE

355

convex, alveolate-toothed : pappas of 8-12 oblong-linear palese much shorter
than the linear smooth achene. Along the coast from Chetco Oregon to
southern California.

E. Ciespitosnm Dougl. Lindl.Bot. Beg. t. 1167. Floccosely white-wool-
ly herbaceous perennial; many-stemmed from spreading rootstocks, 6-24
inches high : leaves from spatulate to cuneate or roundish in outline, from
incisely ^-lobed to pinnately parted, or the upper verging to linear and
entire, upper face often glabrato in age: involucral bracts 8-12, oblong or
oval, often more or less united : rays 6-12, 6-8 lines long : tube of the disk-
corollas mostly hirsute-glandular and longer than the oblong scales of the
pappos. Common from Alaska to California and the Rocky Mountains.

E. achillsBOides Greene Man. 207. E. cxspitoaum var achillieoidea Gray.
Stems slender, 1-2 feet high : leaves pinnately parted or cleft into 3-5 nar-
row laciniately incised or pinnatifid divisions : heads somewhat corymbose-
l]r collected and rather sbort-peduncled : involuicre hemispherical, 3-4 lines
high, of 9-13 narrow bracts : rays 9-13, 6-8 lines long, usualljr narrow :
achenes sparsely pubescent or glabrate. Southern Oregon to California.

E. lencophyllnm Bahia leucophyllum DC. Lanuginose-toraentose
throughout : stems 6-12 inches high, branching from the base, naked above :
leaves oblanceolate or oblong-spatulate, 3-cleft or lobed at the apex, or
somewhat pinnately incised or the upper linear and entire : heads solitary,
long-peduncled ;. involucre campanulate, 4-5 lines high, of about 8 oblong
bra(;t8 ; rays oblong : achenes glabrous : pappus of 4 oblong or lanceolate
acutish scales and as many alternate smaller ones. Dry plains, Alaska to
California.

E. lanceolatnm. Snrculose-stoloniferous: stems slender, 8-12 inches
high, simple, bearing a single lar^e head or few-flowered cyme, floccose-
wooUy : leaves lanceolate and entire, or the lower ones spatulate and spar-
ingly dentate toward the apex, 6-12 lines long, densely white*tomentose
when young: involucre 5-6 lines high, very densely white-tomentose, of
10-15 lanceolate bracts : palese of the pappus acute, fimbriate-laciniate. In
marshy place?, Siskiyou Mountains near Ashland Oregon.

E. integrifolinm Greene Fl. Fr. 444 Bahia integrifolia DC. Low, oiten
dwarf, cespitose, 3-10 inches high : leaves from narrowly spatulate and en-
tire to more dilated and 3-lobed, AoccosaIv hoary; heads rather long-pedun-
cled; involucre cylindrical, of 6-8 narrowly oblong bracts: achenes glabr-
ous, rarely somewhat glandular-atomiferous near the summit: palese of the
pappus mostly of the same length, about equalling the very glandular but
not hirsute corolla-tube. Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky
Mountains : usually only on the highest mountains.

E. gracile Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xix, 25. Loosely floccose-woolly :
stems slener, 9-15 inches high : leaves narrowly linear and entire : heads on
long slender peduncles : involucre nearly 4 lines high, campanulate, of
about 10 oblong bracts : rays about 8 : receptacle nearly flat, alveolate-den-
tate : achenes slender, glandular, 2 lines long : palese of the pappus oblong
or quadrate. Southern Idaho on Snake river.

62 BAHIA Lag. Nov. Gen & Spec. 30

Suffruticose or herbaceous plants with opposite or alternate,
and small or middlesized heads of yellow flowers terminating the
branches. Involucre hemispherical or obovate, lax or open in
fruit, many flowered : the plain wholly herbaceous bracts distinct.
in a single, or rarely double series. Keceptacle small, mostly flat.
Lobes or teeth of the corolla short. Style-tips truncate or obtuse.

i-W'

i; i

-d

U

356

COMPOSITE

HYM1N0PAPPD8
BIGIOPAPPOS

Achenes narrow, quadrangular. Pappus of several scarious scales
with callous-thickened opaque base, rarely wanting.

B. oppotltlfolia Nutt. T. & G. Fl ii, 376. Herbaceous perennial ; sterna
densely cinereous, much branched, 4-12 inches tngh, very leafy: leavea
opposite, or the uppermost alternate, 6-18 lines long, palmately 2-5-parted
into linear obtuse or obtusisb, entire segments, finely cinereous on both
sides: heads 8hort*peduncled : involucre campanulate, or becoming hemi-
spheric, its bracts oblong, obtuse, densely tomentose : rays ^7, short -
achenes linear-oblong, glandular-pubescent: pappus of 4-8 spatulate to
lanceolate paleie with thickened bases. Dry plains, eastern Oregon to
Nebraska and New Mexico.

B. nndicavUs Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xix, 27. " Cinereous-puberulent
and slabrate, upper part of the scapiform stem and involucre minutely
glandular, a span or two high : leaves nearly all radical, oval or spatulate'-
oblong, (an inch or more long), tapering into a slender petiole : heads soli-
tary, or few and somewhat corymbosely paniculate, nearly half-inch high :
involucre hemispherical, of about 10 oblong bracts : rays 6-9, oblong : pap-
pus fully half the length of the cuneate linear sparsely hairy achene; the
thin margins of the palese of the pappus eroae ana the short-excurrent awn
barbellate-hispiduluuB. Wind River Mountains N. W. Wyoming. „ To
be looked for in Idaho.

63 HYMENOPAPPUS L»Her. Michx. Fl. ii, 103.

Perennial or biennial herbs with sulcate-angled erect stems,
alternate mostly once or twice pinnatifid or parted leaves, and
corymbosely cymose or solitary pedunculate heads of yellow or
white flowers. Involucre campanulate, many-flowered, of 6-12
mostly appressod bracts with scarious-membranaceous usually
colored tips. Rays none. Disk-corullas numerous, all alike,
with narrow tube, abruptly dilated throat and reflexed or widely
spreading lobes. Style-branches with short and thick conical
appendages Achenes obpyramidal, 4-5-angled, with attenuate
base, the faces 1-3-nervea. Pappus of 10-20 thin-scarious and
mostly hyaline obtuse scales; sometimes very short or obsolete.

H. fllifollvs Hook. Fl. i, .S17. Perennial from adeep woodyroot : stems
usually tufted, 10-24 inches high, woolly when young, densely leafy toward
the base, usually naked and sparingly branched above ; leaves rather rigid
once or twice or the radical thrice pinnatifid into very narrowly linear or
filiform divisions their margins soon revolute : heads few or solitary, 4-6
lines high ; bracts of the involucre oblong, usualljr densely woolly, with
whitish or purplish tips : corollas white to yellow, its refiexed lobes very
much shorter than the throat : achenes densely villous : palese of the pappus
short. Brit. Columbia to California New Mexico and Nebraska, east of
the Cascade Mountains.

64 RIGIOPAPPUS Gray Proc. Am. Acad, vi, 548.

Small slender annual with opposite leaves .and small heads of
yellow flowers terminating the branches. Heads inconspicuously
radiate. Involucre turbinate-campanulate, of numerous narrowly
linear rather rigid herbaceous bracts which are somewhat invo-
lute at maturity ; many-flowered, Receptacle flat. Ray-flowers
5-15, the corolla with slender tube and oblong entire or 2'tooth-

MBNOPAPPDB
[OIOPAPPns

jcarious scales

>erennial ; sterna
iry leafy : leaves
ately 2-6-parted
Dereous on both
becoming hemi-
rays 5-7, short :
:-8 spatulate to
tstern Oregon to

eous-puberulent
)lucre minutely
ml or spatulate'-
iole : heads soli-
half-inch high :
-9, oblong : pap-
liry achene ; the
t-excurrent awn
Vyoming. ,, To

103.

d erect stems,
ed leaves, and
Is of yellow or
vered, of 6-12
ceous usually
us, all alike,
ixed or widely
thick conical
rith attenuate
i-scarious and
t or obsolete.

oodyroot: stems
jely leafy toward
ives rather rigid
irrowly linear or
V or solitary, 4-6
ely woolly, with
exed lobes very
eee of the pappus
ibraska, east of

548.

jmall heads of
iconspicuously
jrous narrowly
)mewhat invo-
Ray-flowers
iire or 2-tooth-

CHAKACTIS
HDLBRA

COMPOSITE

867

ligule, not surpassing the disk. Disk-flowers more numerous,
their corollas small, with short proper tube, elongated narrow
throat and 3-5 short erect teeth. Anthers included. Style-
branche? with short and linear glabrous stigmatic portion, and
larger slender-subulate hispidulous appendage. Pappus nearly
similar in ray and disk, of 3-5 rigid and wholly opaque paleace-
ous naked awns, rarely obsolete

B« leptocladis Gray 1. c Stem slender, 6-12 inches high, paniculately
or subcorymbosely branched: branches commonly filiform, elontiated and
leaf less below, smooth, bearing solitary heads : leaves all alternate very
narrowly linear, sessile, erect, entire, those of the branches near the heads,
small and subulate : involucre 3 lines high : flowers yellow but often chang-
ing to purple or whitish : palese of the pappus two-thirds the length of the
achene, 3-6, rarely only 2 or 1 or none. Dry plains east of the Cascade
Mountains, Brit. Cfolumbia co California.

66 CH.SJNACTIS DC. Prodr. v, 659.

Herbaceous or rarely euffrutescent plants with alternate most-
ly pinnately dissected leaves and pedunculate solitary or some-
times cyraosely disposed heads of ye.'low white or flesh-colored
flowers. Head discoid, but the mar^^final flowers commonly
with enlarged limb to the corolla. Involu -re many-flowered, cam-
panulate or hemispherical, its bracts lin ?ar, erect, equal, herba-
ceous to the tip. Receptacle flat. Coroll is with short tube, long
and narrow throat, and short teeth ; or in the marginal ones of
some species with larger lobes or even imperfect palmate ligules
forming a kind of ray. Anthers mostly partly exserted. Style-
branches pubescent nearly throughout, filiform or withj'attenu-
ate-subulate tips. Ppappus of hyaline nerveless palese or none.

C. Nerii Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xix, 30. Slender wiuterjj^annual 4-10
inches high, puberulent throughout: leaves 6-12 lines long, once or twice
pinnately parted into linear-oblong divisions : heads rather short-peduncled:
involucre cam panulate, 4-6 lines high, of 12-20 lanceolate acute or acum-
inate iierbaceoua bracts : corollas yellow, the marginal ones but little larger
than the others : achenes terete, clavate, surmounted by a short and thick
obscurely denticulate crown, which is an epigynous di»k rather than pap-
pus. Near Muddy Station, John Day valley Oregon.

C. Casickii Gray Syn. Fl. i, pt. 2, Supp. 462. Very low, diffusely
branched, floccose-tomentose, soon glabrate : leaves rather fleshy, all entire,
spatulate'linear : peduncles short : bracts of the involucre broadly linear,
midrib obscure: flowers white, the marginal ones enlarged: pappus of 10
linear-oblong nearly equal palese about the length of the tube of the corolla.
Sandy hills of the Malheur valioy. Baker Co, Oregon.

€. stevioldes H. & A. Bot. Beech. 353, Floccose-tomentose. glabrate
in age, seldom a foot high^ freely and loosely branched, bearing numerous
somewhat cymosely disposed heads of white flowers on short slender ped-
uncles : leaves once or twice pinnately parted into short linear lobes, the
uppermost rarely entire ; bracts of the involucre narrowly linear, obtuse,
Witt) obscure micirib: marginal corollas with moderately enlarged unequal-
ly 5-lotied limb, not surpassing the disk : paleae of the pappus scarcely
thickened at base, those of the inner flowers onlong-lanceolate and shorter
than the corolla, of the outer ones ovate or oblong, often unequal, some-
times much shorter. Southern Idaho to Nevada and Utah.

358

COMPOfllTiE

BOLBBA
ACTINBLLA

m

I'. I

C. DouKlasU H. & A. 1. c. 854. Pubescent with a fine nomewhat floe-
cose or pannose tomentum, or Bcitnetimes early ({Ir.brate : stems stout, 6-18
inches nigh, paniculately branched: leaves mostiy of broud outline, and
bipinnately parted into crowded short obtuse divisions and lobes : heuds
6-9 lines bign, in large plants numerous and c». rymbosely cymose, : bracts
of the involucre linear or spatula te, obtuse : maiginal corollas notdistinctly
larger nor different from the others : piilete of the pappus from linear-ligu-
late to narrowly oblong, 4-6 lines long. Rocky hiUsideB and dry plains,
Brit. Colombia to Californi!' Montana and New Mexico.

Var. alplna Gray Sy», T'l. i, pt. 2, 341. " Dwarf, 3-5 inches high,
consisting of a rosette or thick tuft of leaves with very close divisions, and
naked or scapiform stems, bearing mostly solitary heads surmounting the
subterranean branches of a mmticipital perennial caudex or root stock.
Alpine region of the Rocky and Cascade Mountains. "

66 HUI.dE A T. <& G. Bot. Mex. Bound. 98.

Viscid-pubescent and balsamic-scented herbs with alternate
mostly sessile leaves and solitary or scattered large heads of yel-
low flowers, or the rays sometimes purple. Involucre many-
flowered, hemispherical, its thin herbaceous bracts in 2-3 series.
Receptacle flat. Rays numerous, ligulate but sometimes short
and inconspicuous; disk-corollas with proper tube slender, but
shorter than the cylindraceous throat. Style-branches short and
with thickened obtuse tips. Achenes linear-cuneate, compressed
or somewhat tetragonal, soft- villous. Pappus of mostly 4 truncate
wholly hyaline scales.

H. nana Gray Pacif. R. Rep. vi, 76, t. 13. Villous-hirsute when young:
stems stoutish, bearing a single large head, 2-8 inches high, from a long
branching rootstock : leaves mostly radical, 1-2 inches long, oblong*s^atu-
late, pinnatitid or incised, mostly tapering below to a margined petiole :
involucre 6-8 lines high, of lanceolate acute bracts: rays about 30, oroadlv
linear, 6-8 lines long: scales v ' ''he pappus usually longer than tha breadth
of the achene, incisely or fimbi lately lacerate. In valcanic ashes and scoriee,
Mount Adams Washington to Mount Shasta California.

67 ACTINELLA Pera. Syn. ii, 469.

Mostly low herbs with alternate narrow or narrowly lobed leavus
and slender-peduncled heads of yellow flowers. Heads (in ours),
radiate. Involucre many-flowered, campanulate or hemispherical,
its bracts in cwo or more series, somewhat herbaceous or coriace-
ous, often rigid, the outer ones sometimes united. Receptacle
from conical to convex, naked. Rays fertile. Style-branches of
disk-flowers dilated, truncate and somewhat penicillate at tip.
Pappus of 5-12 thin and mostly hyaline scales with more or less
manifest costa, or none.

A. BichardBoni Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 379. Stems tufted
from a multicipital perennial caudex, 8-12 inches high, obscurely ^uberu-
lent or nearly glabrous, woolly in the axils of the radical leaves : upper
leaves mostly once and the lower twice ternately parted into long and sim-
ple filiform-linear rather rigid lobes : involucre campanulate, 2-3 lines high,
6-9-angled, the 6-9 outer bracts strongly carinate, united below : rays cu-
neate, 2-4 lines long : scales of the pappus attenuate-acuminate. Plains of
eastern Oregon to Nevada Utah ana the Baskatchewan.

RrtSBA
ACTINBLLA

Romewhat floe-
lems stout, 6-18
)ad outline, and
lobes: heuds
cymose, : bracts
as not distinctly
'om linear-ligu-
tnd dry plains,

5 inches high,
e divisions, and
iirmounting the
ex orrootstock.

3.

i^ith alternate
heads of yel-
olucre many-
in 2-3 series,
netimes short
le slender, but
;hes short and
B, compressed
jtly 4 truncate

ite when young :
igh, from a long
g, oblong-spatu-
argined petiole:
bout 30, broadlv
ban the breadth
ishes and scorise.

ly lobed leaves
aads (in ours),
bemispherical,
aus or coriace-
l. Receptacle
le-branches of
cillate at tip.
,h more or less

Steins tufted
)8curely ^^uberu-
al leaves : upper
to long and sim-
e, 2-3 lines high,
below : rajrs cu-
inate. Plains of

BILINIOM
OAILLABOIA

COMPOSITiE

359

08 HELEMUM L. Sp. 886.

Erect herbs with alternate simple lenvos and pedunculate heads
of usually yellow, flowers. Heads many-flowered. Bracts of the
involucre subulate or linear, herbaceous, spreading or soon reflex-
cd, usually some inconspicuous short seanous interior ones. Re-
ceptacle more or less elevated, naked. Disk-corolhis usually with
short or almost obsolete proper tub*' and 4-5-toothed limb ; the
teeth obtuse, glandular-pubescent. Achenes turbinate, 8-10-cos-
tate. Pappus of usually 4-6 thin scarious scales.

§ 1. OxYLEPis Gray Proc. Am. Acad ix, 205. Rays fertile,
numerous, long and narrow. Disk-corollas with moderately long
proper tube. Bracts of the involucre numerous, in 2 series.

H. Hoopsii Gray Proc. \cad. Pliilad. 1863, 05. Slightly tomentosc or
pubescent when younir, jon glabrate : stein stout, 1-3 feet high, from a

y bearing several or sometimes solitary I? :T«

'ire, oblong-lanceolate, or the lower sp^ti.'SHio

'newhat nervose: rays becoming inch: iong,

ce-fourths inch high, hemispherical : rcicep-

al: scales of the pappus ovate-lanceolate,

' le shorter than the corolla. Eastern Orc-

au, ti i

strong perennial roof

heads : leaves thicki

with long tapering

tardily reflexed : dis^

taclein fruit ovoid-1

long attenuate- acum

gon to California and the Rocky Mountains.

§ 2 EiiHELENiuM Gray Proc. Am. Acad, ix, 205. Involucre
comparatively simple and small, of slender linear or subulate of-
ten unequal bracts, soon reflexed. Rays fertile, rarely sterile or
wanting, soon drooping. Disk-corollas with proper tube very
short or reduced to a mere ring.

H. antnmnale L. Sp. ii, 866. Nearly glabrous or minutely pubescent :
stems rather stout, 2-6 feet high, corvmooeely branched above, narrowly
winged by the decurrent bases of the leaves : leaves lanceolate to ovate-ob-
long, acute or acuminate, 2-5 inches long, dentate, narrowed below to the
sessile base : heads numerous, on long peduncles : bracts of the involucre
densely canescent : rays 10-18, drooping, as long or longer than the globose
yellow disk, fertile, 3-clef t : achenes pubescent on the angles : pappus-scales
ovate, acuminate or aristate, often lacerate or toothed. Wet grounds and
meadows, Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the eastern States.

Var. grandiflorum Heads larger : rays 8-12 lines long : scales of the
pappus narrower and longer awned. Common in wet meadows, Washing-
ion to California, west of the Cascade Mountains.

H. Bigelovll Gray Pacif. B. Rep. iv, 107. Almost glabrous: stems
simple or loosely branched, 2-3 feet high, conspicuously winged: leaves
from narrowly- to oblong- lanceolate, entire, 2-6 inches long ; the radical
oblong-spatulate, long-petioled: heads solitary, on very long peduncles ;
rays 10-15, 8-10 lines long, spreading, longer than the depressed -globose
yellow disk : scales of the pappus ovate-lanceolate or subulate, awn-pointed,
shorter than the corolla. In marshes, southwestern Oregon to California.

69 GAILLARDIA Fougeroux Mem. Acad. Sci. Par. 1786, 5, t. 1.

Erect herbs with alternate leaves and long-peduncled heads of
showy flowers. Involucre broad, the bracts in 2 or 3 series, all
but the inner series largely foliaceous or herbaceous and lax.
Rays neutral, rarely styliferous and fertile or none. Disk-corollas

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360

COMPOSITE

OAILLABDIA

S;

1

!

with short narrow tube, enlarged cylindraceous throat and 5 ovate-
triangular to subulate teeth or lobes which are beset with jointed
hairs. Style-branches with a penicillate tuft at the summit of
the stigmatic portion, thence produced into a filiform or shorter
appendage. Receptacle convex to globose, beset with setiform
or subulate or rarely small dentiform timbrillee among the flowers.
Achenes turbinate, 5-costate, covered with long villous hairs
which usually rise only from its base. Pappus conspicuous, lon-
ger than the achene, of 5-10 hyaline-scarious scales, with a costa
mostly excurrent into an awn.

6. aristata Pursh Fl. it, 573. PabAscent with jointed hairs : stems 1-2
feet high, few to many from the crown of a thick perennial root : leaves of
firm texture, lanceolate or broader, or the lower spatulate, from entfre to
laciniate-dentate or sinuate-pinnatifid mostly obtuse, 2-5 inches long:
bracts of the involucre lanceolate or narrower, caLlousatbase, more or less
hirsute ; rays all vellow, in the larger heads 18 lines long, neutral ; disk-
corollas brown, the subulate acute lobes tipped with a seta or cusp, extern-
ally beset with long hairs ; scales of the pappus slender-awned : nmbrillae
of the receptacle setiform, surpassing the villous achenes. Stream-banks
and plains, Brit. Columbia to California and Minnesota.

Tribe vi. ANTHEMIDEM Caaa. Opusc. m, 161. Heads horrw-
gamoua with the flowers all tubular and hermaphrodite or more
commonly heterogamoua with the piistillate flowers ligulate and radiate
or aometimsa with corolla reduced to a tube^ or obsolete. Receptacle
either naked or with aome chaffy bracts. Bracts of the involwre im-
bricated, wholly or partly dry and scarioua or scale-like, notfoliace-
oua, aeldom herbaceous. Anthers without tails at base. Stvle-bran-
chea of the hermaphrodite floioera truncate, and aometimea with obacure
conical tipa. Achenea uaually amall and ahort, with no pappua, or
a paleaceoua crown, or a circle of aquamellae.

* Receptacle with chaffy bracts subtending some or all of the disk-
flowers: heads radiate or the rays wanting iu certain species : involucre
of comparatively small imbricated bracts, the outer successively shor-
ter : receptacle convex to oblong : stjrle-branches truncate-penicillate

70 Anthemis Involucre broad : rays large : achenes 4-5>angled or 8-10-
ribbed,

71 Achillea Involucre narrow: rays small: echenes obcompressd.

* * Receptacle without chaff or bracts among the flowers.

••- Heads comparatively large, radiate, or rarely discoid, pedunculate
and solitary at the summit of the branches.

72 Matricaria Flowers in our species all alike and perfect : receptacle
high-conical : achenes angled, truncate at the apex.

78 Chbtsanthbuom Rays numerous and conspicuous : receptacle flat or
convex : achenes several -ribbed or angled.

•*- -*- Heads sessile, discoid, heterogamous ; pistillate flowers most
numerous, apetalous, their achenes pointed with an indurated persis-
tent style.

74 SoLiVA Rays none: receptacle flat: achenes obcompressed, with

75

76

77

OAILLABDIA

oat and 5 ovate-
let with jointDtl
the summit of
•orm or shorter
i with setiform
>ng the flowers.
» villous hairs
nspicuous, lon-
es, with a costa

i hairs : stems 1-2
[al root : leaves of
:e, from entfre to
^-5 inches loni;:
aase, more or less
I, neutral; disk-
» or cusp, extern*
,wned: nmbrillae
i. Stream-banks

. Heads homo-
irodite or more
date and radiate
Icte. Receptacle
he involucre im-
like^ notfoliace-
ae. Stvle-hran-
mes with obscure
no pappus, or

all of the disk-
ecies : involucre
ccessivel^ shor-
bte-peniciUate

^•angled or 8-10-

obcompressd.

le flowers.

id, pedunculate

lerfect : receptacle

receptacle flat or

te flowers most
idurated perais-

com pressed, with

ANTBims GOMPOSITiB 361

ACHILLEA

rigid wings or callous margins, sessile.

ft--*- Heads slender-peduncled, discoid, heterogamous: pistillate '■
flowers apetalous : style deciduous.

76 CoTDLA Rays wanting : receptacle flat or convex : achenes raised on
pedicels.

■*-■*-■*-■*- Heads discoid, heterogamous, the few pistillate flowers
with tubular 2-3-toothed or lobed corolla, or sometimes homogamoua:
style deciduous.

76 Tanacetnm Heads corymboselv cymose or glomerate^ manjr-flowered :
achenes 5-ribbed or 3-5 angled, with broad truncate summit: anther-
tips bruad and mostly obtuse.

77 Artemisia Heads panicu lately disposed, small : achenes obovate or
oblong, mostly with a small epigynous disk : anther-tips pointed.

70 ANTHEM IS L. Sp. 893.

Annual or perennial horbs with pinnatiBd or dissected alter-
nate leaves and usually large heads of both tubular and ligulate
flowers on peducles terminating the branches. Involucre hem-
ispherical, many-flowered, of comparatively smaLl imbricated
bracts the outer successively shorter. Keceptacle convex to ob-
long, cha% at least toward the summit . Itays pistillate and
fertile or neutral. Disk-flowery perfect, fertile, yellow, their
corollas with 5-cleft limb. Anthers obtuse and entire at base.
Achenes terete, 4-10-angled or ribbed, glabrous, the truncate
summit naked, or with a very short coronitorm or dentiform
pappus. >

A. CoTDLA L. Sp. 894. Unpleasant-scented annual, 1-2 feet high, diffu-
sely branched : leaves finely tri-pinnately dissected : receptacle conical,
with bristly bracts only near the centre : rays mostly neutral, white :
achenes 10-ribbed, rugose or tuberculate* Common along roadsides and
waste places. Naturalized from Europe.

A ABVBNsis L. Sp. 894. Annual or sometimes biennial, not fetid: stems
usually much branched, about a foot high, the branches decumbent at base :
leaves once or twice p nnately parted into linear-lanceolate acute lobes :
heads rather long-peduncled : bracts of the involucre obtuse, whitish-scari-
ous: receptacle conical, its bracts acuminate-lanceolate: rays white:
achenes oblong, obtusely 4-angled : pappus a mere crown. In fields and
waste places. Naturalized from Eurofte.

71 ACHILLEA L. Sp. 898,

Perennial herbs with erect leafy stems, alternate leaves and
small radiate heads corymbose at the ends of the stem and
branches. Involucre campanulate or obovoid, of small imbri-
cated bracts, the outer shoi-test. Beceptacle conical to oblong;
eha%-. Bay-flowers pistillate, fertile, short and broad. Style-
branches truncate. Anthers obtuse and entire at base Achenes
oblong or obovate, obcompressed, callous-margined, glabrous.
Pappus none.

- A. Millefolium L. Hp. 899. From villous-lanate to glabrate: stems
simple or corymbosely branched above, 1-2 feet high : leaves narrowly

362

OOMPOSlTiE

MATBIOARIA
CHRYSANTHEMUM

Is
Pi,

oblong or lanceolate in pntli'ne, 2-10 inches long, bi^innately dissected into
numerous small linear to setaceous-subulate divisions: heads numerous,
crowded in a fastigiate cyme ; involucre oblong, its bracts pale or some-
simes fuscous-margined or wholly brownish : rays 4-6, 2-3 lines long and
broad, white to rose-color : receptacle at length elevated. Very variable,
perhaps as here defined includes several species. Common from Alaska to
California and across the Continent.

72 MATRICARIA L. Sp. 890.

Herbs with finely once to thrice dissected alternate leaves
and pedunculate heads ol yellow flowers with white rays when
present. Heads small to rather large, radiate, or discoid and
homogamous by the absence of ligulate pistillate flowers. Re-
ceptacle conical or ovoid, rarely lower when young, withoui;
bracts among the flowers. Achenes glabrous. 3-5-ribbed or
nerved on the face or sides, rounded on the back. Pappus
none, or a mere coroniform border.

H« dlscoldea DC. Prodr. vi, 50, Glabrous annual: stems 4-18 inches
high diffusely branched, verv leafy : leaves 2-3-pinnateIy dissected into
short linear acute lobes : heads numerous, all short- peduncled : bracts of
the involucre oval, wijbh broad white scarious margins and green centre,
much shorter than the disk : receptacle high -conical : achenes oblong,
somewhat angled, with an obscure coroniform margin at the summit. In
yards and waste places Alaska to California and the Eastern States.

73 CHRYSANTHEMUM L. Sp. 888.

Perennial or annual herbs, with alternate dentate incised or
dissected leaves and large heads of both tubular and ligulate
flowers. Involucre hemispheric or depressed, its bracte ap-
presded, imbricated in several series, the outer shorter. Re-
ceptacle flat, convex or hemispheric, naked. Rays pistillate,
fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas with terete or 2-
winged tubes and 4-o-cleft limb. Achenes 5-10-ribbed, or
nerved, terete, or of the ray 3-angled. Pappus none or a scaly
cup.

C. Lkucanthemou L. Sp 888. Glabrous or sparingly puberulent : stems
.1-3 feet high, from a creeping perennial rootstock, simple or sparingly
branched : radical leaves ovate to spatulate, coarsely r'<'^^ato or incised,
narrowed below to long slender petioles; canline spatur 'le upper grad-
ually narrower, becoming small and linear, pinnately > ite or incised,
partly clasping at base : heads long-peduncled, bror/t anu Hat: rays white,
an inch long : pappus none. Becoming commoi : in meadows and waste
places. Naturauzed from Europe.

,,,74 SOLIVA Ruiss. & Pav. Prodr, 113, t. 24.

Small d)9pressed herbs with mainly alternate petioled pinnate-
ly dissected leaves and small heads of ^eenish flowers sessile
in the axils or forks of the branches. Heads discoid, hetero-

gamous; the apetalous pistillate flowers most numerous; a few
ermaphrodite but mostly sterile ones with a short and thick
2-6-lo.Ded corolla in the centre. Involucre of 5-12 nearly

MATBIOARIA
BYBANTHKMUM

tely diseected into
heads numerous,
ictfl pale or aome-
2-3 line9 long and
I. Very variable,
ion from Alaska to

ilteruate leaves
(rhite rajs when

or discoid and
te flowers. Re-
young, without

3-6-ribbed or
back. PappuH

stems 4-18 inches
ktely dissected into
duncled : bracts of
and green centre,
: achenes oblong,
t the summit. In
«rn States.

itate incised or
a,r and ligulate
its bracte ap-
shorter. Re-
Rays pistillate,
ith terete or 2-
5-10-ribbed, or
none or a scaly

puberulent : stems
imple or sparingly
^'^"tato or incised,
\e upper grad-
Jite or incised,
u iiat : rays white,
leadowB and waste

24.

etioled pinnate-
h flowers sessile
discoid, hetero-
Lumerons; a few
short and thick
of 6-12 nearly

SOUVA
COl'OLA

COMPOSITE

363

equal bracts in not more than 2 aeries. . Receptacle flat, naked.
Achenes obcompressed, with rigid wings or callous margins
which are commonly spinuiose-i)ointed at summit and the
apex armed by the spiniform persist* nt style. Pappus none.

8. sessilis Ruiz & Pav. 1. c. Villous or the leaves glabrate : stems
slender, 2-4 inches high, branched : leaves thrice divided, primary divisi-
ons 2-5, petiolate, parted into 3-5 narrow lanceolate lobes : heads depressed .
achenes broadly obovate, (hin-winged, spinulose-pointed at the summit, in
some the wings reduced to an acute margin: style persistent, long and
stout. Moist ground near the coast, Chetco Oregon to California and Chili.

75 CJTULA. L. Gen. n. 968.

Low herbs with alternate lobed or dissected leaves and slender-
peduncled heads of yellow flowers. Heads many- flowered, dis-
coid, heterogamous. Bracts of the involucre greenish, in about
2 ranks. Pistillate flowers in 1-2 rows, apetalous, with deciduous
style ; disk-flowers with 4-toothed corollas. Achenes raised on
pedicels at maturity, obcompressed, commonly thick-margined
or narrowly winged, in our species nearly or quite destitute of
pappus.

C. CORONOPIFOLIA L. Sp. 892. Somewhat succulent, nearly glabrous:
stems ascending, 4-12 inches long : leaves lingulate-linear, laciniate-pin-
natifid, or the uppermost entire, with clasping or sheathing base: heads
much depressed, 4-6 lines broad : pistillate flowers a single row, on flatten-
ed pedicels their achenes bordered with a thick spongy wing, notched at
both endd ; disk-achenes with winvs reduced to a thickened border. Wet
grounds near the coast, Oregon and California. Naturalized from Australia,

C. AUSTRALis Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. 128. Somewhat pubescent : stems
slender, diffusely branched : leaves bipinnately dissected into linear lobes :
heads small; pistillate ilowers in 2-3 rows, their achenes distinctly pedicel-
ed ; those of the disk less so. Coast of California and Oregon. Naturalized
from Aus'ralia. i

76 TANACETUM Tourn. L. Gen. n. 944.

Herbs or suflruticose plants with alternate variously dissected
leaves and solitary or corymbose heads of yellow flowors. Heads
many-flowered, discoid, the flowers all tubular and perfect, with
3-5-toothed corolla, or the marginal ones pistillate with more or
less oblique or imperfectly ligulate corolla. Bracts of the inv^o-
lucre imbricated, in few or several ranks. Styles deciduous.
Achenes 5-ribbed or 3-5-angled, with broad truncate summit,
bearing a coroniform pappus or none.

§ 1 Robust erect perennials, leafy to the top. Leaves 2-3-
pinnately dissected into very numerous divisions and lobes often
with interposed small ones on the main rhachis. Receptacle flat,
quite naked. Pappus coroniform-dentate.

T. VOLOARE L. Sp 844. (Tansy) Glabrous or somewhat pubescent:
stems 1-3 feet high, usually sim| le up to the inflorescence: leaves 4-12
inches long, pinnately divided into linear-oblong pinnatifid or incised seg-
ments, the lobes acute, usually serrate: heads numerous, crowdeJ in a

364

COMPOSITiS)

TANACfiTUM
ARTEMISIA

' i

k

corymbiform cyme, 2-4 lines broad, depressed-hemispheric: marginal
corollas incons^cuous, terete, with oblique 3-toothed limb. Roadsides and
waste places. Escaped from gardens,

sometimes

youne,

I : leaves lanceo-

I

T. Hnronense Nutt. Gen. ii, 141. Villous when

t;labrate : stems 1-2 feet high, from long running rootstocks :
ate in outline, 2-8 inches Ions, twice or thrice pinnately divided into lin-
ear or oblong divisions: heads large, the disk convex, 4-6 lines broad;
marginal corollas with flattish tube and 3-5-lobed limb, which often ex-

Sands into a cuneate ligule. On sand banks along the coast, Alaska tu
alifornia, the great Lakes and the coast of Maine to Hudson Bay.

§ 2 Low perennials. Stems, slender, more naked above, bear-
ing rather small globular heads. Leaves less dissected, or entire.
Receptacle convex or conical. Achenes usually utricular, with-
out pappus.

T. potentilloides Gray Proc. Am. Acad, ix, 204. Silvery-sericeous:
stems decumbent or ascending, 4-12 inches long, herbaceoui! to the ground ,
the naked summit bearing a few slender-jMduncled heads : radical leaves
numerous, petioled, 1-3 mches long, ))ipinnately or . tripinnately parted
into rather few mostly linear lobes ; cauline leaves few, sessile, more sim-
ple : heads 3-4 lines in diameter, in small paniculate corymbs ; bracts of
the involucre roundish-ovate or obovate: receptacle densely fimbrillate-
hiraute. Alkaline plains southeastern Oregon to Nevada iEina California

T. canmm Eaton Bot. King 179, 1. 19 f. 8-14. Silvery with minute close
tomentum : stems erect from a shrubby base, 6-12 inches high, leafy to the
top : leaves sessile, 6-12 lines long, spatulate and entire, or some of them
cuneate and 2-8-lobed : heads 2 lines in diameter, congested in small ter-
minal clusters : involucre cup-shaped, of about 12 ovate scarious-margined
concave bracts in 2 rows : receptacle conical, not hirsute. On cliffs and
rocky hills, southeastern Oregon to Nevada and California.

77 ARTEMISIA Toum. L. Gen. n. 945.

Bitter aromatic herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves and small
paniculately disposed commonly nodding heads of yellow or
whitish flowers. Heads few to many-flowered, small, wholly dis-
coid; heterogamous the pistillate flowers with smoU and slender
tubular corolla, and the hermaphrodite either r terile or fertile ;
or homogamous with the flowers all hermaphrodite and fertile.
Involucre imbricated in few or several rows. Anthers commonly
tipped with subulate-acuminate appendages. Achenes obovate
or oblong, mostly with small epigynous disk and no pappus.

§ 1 Dbacunculus Besser Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. viii, 97. Heads
heterogamous ; the disk-flowers hermaphrodite but sterile, their
styles mostly entire and peltate-penicillate at tip. Receptacle
not hairy.

* Achenes and flowers beset with long cobweby crisp hairs ; spines-
cent undershrub.

A* spinesoens Eaton Bot. King, 180, t. 19, f. 15-21. Stems stout and
densely branched, rigid 4-18 inches high, white-tomentose : leaves 2-4 lines
long, pedately 3-6-parted, the divisions 3-lobed: heads globose, racemosely
glomerate on short and leafy branchlets which become slender persistent
spines : bracts of the involucre 5-6, broadly obovate, obtuse : pistillate flow-

TANACfiTUM
ARTEMISIA

pheric: marginal
b. Roadsides and

'oune, sometimes
iks : leaves lanceo-
divlded into lin-
4-6 lines broad ;
, which often ex-
i coast, Alaska to
idson Bay.

:ed above, bear-
ected, or entire,
utricular, with-

8il very-sericeous:
OUR to the ground ,
ds : radical leaves
ipinnately parted
sessile, more sim-
lorymbs ; bracts of
snsely fimbrillate-
Ei ana California

with minute close
3 high, leafy to the
i, or some of them
sted in small ter-
scariouB-niargined
[e. On cliffs and

leaves and small
of yellow or
flail, wholly dis-
noH a)id slender
erile or fertile;
dite and fertile.
;hers commonly
.chenes obovate
no pappus.

viii, 97. Heads
)ut sterile, their
ip. Receptacle

[> hairs; spines-
Stems stout and

Ise : leaves 2-4 lines
obose, racemosely
slender persistent

Be : pistillate flow-

ARTKM18IA

COMPOSIT.E

365

ers 1-4 , with truncate corolla ; the hermaphrodite sterile flowers 4-8, their
corollas ventricose-campanulate from a narrow base, 6-toothed : achenes
oblong-obovate. On alkaline plains, southeastern Oregon to California
Wyoming and Idaho.

* * Perennial herbs without spines : heads many-flowered ; recepta*
cle hemispherical or ovate: achenes nearly glabrous.

A. Canadensis Michx. Fl. ii, 129. Glabrous, or mostly with at least the
radical and sometimes all the leaves either sparsely or canescently silky-
pubescent: stems 1-2 feet high from a perennial root: leaves mostly bipin-
nately divided into linear or almost filiform divisions: heads very numer-
ous, 1-2 lines long, in a compound oblong or pyramidal viivate panicle :
involucre greenish, glabrous, or rarely pubescent. On rocky banks and
plains, Brit. Columbia to California and the Eastern States.

A. Oroenlandica Wormsk. Fl. Dan. 1. 1585. Stens simple, 10-16 inches
high from a stout perennial caudez : leaves silky -pubescent, radical and
lower cauline 1-2-teraately or pinnately divided into linear lobes ; upper-
most linear and entire or 3- parted : heads numerous, in a somewhat loose
narrow thyrsus: involucre pilose or otlabrate, pile fuscous or brownish.
On wet banks, Washington to Alaska and Hudson Bay.

A. pedatiflda Nutt Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 399. Canescent tb/ough-
out with a fine and close pubescence : cespitose with stout lignescent cau-
dnx, very dwarf : leaves chiefly crowded in radical tufts and on the base of
the rather naked flowerine stems, once or twice 3-parted into narrowly-
spatulate or nearly linear obtuse entire divisions : heads few, loosely spicate
or racemosely disposed, canescently pubescent, 12-15 flowered ; the herma-
phrodite sterile flowers with style barely 2-lobed at summit and no ovary.
Arid grounds, Idaho and Wyoming to the Rocky Mountains.

A. dracanculoides Pursh Fl. ii, 742. Glabrous; stems 2-4 feet high
from a perennial root, vircately or paniculately branched : leaves mostly
entire, some of the lower ones'3-cleft or more divided, linear, 1-4 inches
long : heads very numerous, in a compound and crowded or open and diff-
use panicle : involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts ovate or oblong, green,
scanous-margined : receptacle hemispheric, naked. Dry plains, British
Columbia to California Texas and Nebraska.

§ 2 EuARTEMisiA Gray Syn, Fl. i, pt. 2, 369. Heads heterogam-
ous ; the disk-flowers harmaphrodite and fertile, with 2-cleft style.

* Achenes obovoid or oblohg, wholly destitute of pappus : receptacle
beset with long woolly hairs.

A. ftriglda Willd. Sp. iii, 1838. Silky-canescent and silvery : herbace-
ous from a suffrutescent base, about a foot high; simple or branchins,
numerous racefiaously disposed heads in an open panicle : leaves mainly
twice ternately or quinately divided or parted into linear crowded lobes,
and usually a pair of simple or 3-parted stipuliform divisions at the base
of the petiole : heads gloJbular, barely 2 lines in diameter ; involucre pale,
canescent, its bracts narrow and herbaceous : corollas glabrous. Idaho to
Nevada Texas Minnesota and the Saskatchewan.

* • Achenes obovoid or oblong, with small epigj'nous disk, wholly
destitute of pappus : receptacle not villous.

A. biennis Willd. Phytogr. 1794, 11. Annual or biennial: wholly glab-
rous and inodorous : stems strict 1-4 feet high, with nearly erect branches,
very leafy, bearing close glomerules of small heads in the axils from near
the base of the somewhat naked and spiciform summit : leaves 1-3 inches
long, 1-2-pinnately parted into lanceolate or broadly linear laciniate or
incisely toothed lobes ; or the uppermost small, sparingly pinnatifid and

366

COMPOSITiE

ARTEMISIA

i

lesH toothed : hea<l8 about \% lines broad, not drooping, sessile and verv
numerous. River banks and yards, Brit. Columbia to California Texas an<l
Hudson Bay.

A. Rlohardsoniana Bess. Supple. 64, & DC. Prodr. vi, 117. Stems
rather slender, 8-12 inches high, from a c^spitose perennial oaudex : leaves
silvery-canescent with fine very close -presBeil pubescencu : radical Iwicf
ternately or ijuinntely divided or parted into oblong-linear or narrower
lobes of 2-3 lines in length ; caullne few, mostly tritid : heads 2 lines high,
several or rather numerous in a strii-t simple racemiform inflorescence,
fuscous: corollas pilose or sometimes glabrous. On Mount Rainier Waeh-
ington to the Arctic coast and the northern Rocky Mountains.

A. Lndorielana Nutt. Gen. ii, 143 Canescently tomentose throughout,
or the upper face of the leave*) sometimes early glabrate and green : stemH
1-4 feet high, simple or with virgate branches : leaves lanceolate to oblong,
mucronate, remotely serrateor 2-3 cleft, or irregularly 3-6-parted into lan-
ceolate or linear entire lobes; the upper entire: heads gl iiibrately panicu-
late, not over 2 lines hiuh ; involucre campanulate, or in fruit ovoid, 12-20-
flowered, lanate-tomentose. Common on plainH and ba,nks, Brit. Colum-
bia to California.

A. heterophylla Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Roc vii, 400. A. vnlgariit vnr.
Calif omica Bess. Stems erect, 3-5 feet high, leafy to the top, simple :
leaves lanceolate or broader, 2-4 inches long, white beneath with cottony
tomentum, entire, or often laciniatel^ toothed or cleft: heads numerous,
in a short and dense naked panicle, 2 lines high, glabrate. On moist banks
along the coast, Alaska to California.

A. discolor Dougl. in Herb. Hook. Bess. DC. Prodr. vi, 109. Stems
mostly slender, 9-12 inches high, from a slender lignescent caudex: leaves
1-2-pinnately parted into narrow, linear or lanceolate entire or sparingly
laciniate divisions and lobes, white beneath with close cottony tomentum,
glabrate above : heads glomerate in an interruptec'i spiciforra or virgate pan-
icle, 1-2 lines high; involucre hemispherical-campanulate, greenish and
scarious, glabrous or soon becoming so, 20-30-flowered. Mountains of
Brit. Columbia to Washington and Mon'ana.

A. Incompta Nutt. 1. c. Stems rather slender, 1-2 feet high : leaves
once or twice pinnately parted into broadlv to narrowly linear lobes, green
and gla^^rate above, pale and slightly t mehtose beneath : heads about 2
lines nigh, in narrow spicate clusters on the upper parts of the stem and
branches; bracts of the campanulate involucre ovate, scarious-margined,
nearly ^Ubrous. Mountains of Washington to California and the Rocky
Mountains.

A. Lindleyana Bess. Abrot. 35. "A foot or tw*, rarely only a span
high, slender, with thin fiocculent tomentum sooa deciduous, or persisting
on the lower face of the mostly entire leaves (these inch or less long, a line
or much less wide, the lower occasionally with 2 or 3 small lobes) : heads
barely 2 lines high, loosel]^ spicate on the simple stem or paniculate bran-
ches of the inflorescence : involucre sparingly pubescent or glabrate, pale
fuscous. Sandy banks ot the Columbia River and its tributaries."

A. Frescottlana Bess. 1. c. 72. " Much branched from the base, a foot
or two high, sleuder, "glabrous or early glabrate : lower leaves cuneate-linear
and incised or cleft at apex, slightly tomentose beneath ; most of the can-
line pinnately parted into 5 to 7 delicate filiform divisions (of an inch or
less long) : involucre glabrous, hemispherical, aboat 15-flowe>'6J. Quick-
sand River near the Grand Rapids of the Columbia Douglas. "

§ 8 Seriphidium Bess. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. vii, 5. Low
shrubs or fruticulose plants. Canescent or silvery with very fine

ARTEMISIA

, seasile and verv
iforniaTezasanil

vi, 117. Pteins
al i-audez : leaves
icu ; radical twice
near or narrower
^ada 2 lines high,
rm infloreacence,
nt Rainier Waeh-
taina.

ntoae throughout,
a,nd green : ateniH
ceolate to oblong,
6-parted into ian-
iiierately panicu-
fruit ovoid, 12-20-
ika, Brit. Colum-

A. vulgaris vnr.

) the top, aimple :

ath with cottony

heads numerous,

On moiat banks

. vi, 109. Stems
nt caudex : leaves
itire or aparingly
ttony tomentum,
■ra or virgate pan-
ate, greeiiiah and
Muuntaina of

eet high : leaves
inear lobea, green
th : heada about 2
of the atem and
sarious-margined ,
lia and the Rocky

rely only a apan
19IU8, or peraiating
)r leaa long, a line
all lobea) : heads
paniculate bran-
or glabrate, pale
butariea."

m the baae, a foot
vea cuneate-linear
. moat of the cau-
>na (of an inch or
flowereii. Quick-

vii, 5. Low
' with very fine

ARTIMIBIA

COMPOSIT.E

S67

and close tomentum. Heads homogamous, the flowers all her-
maphrodite and fertile Receptacle not hairy.

* Heada aolitary in tliM axila, aurpaased by the rigid leavea.

A. riglda Gray Proe Am. Acad, xix, 49. " A apan to n foot high from a
thick woody baae or abort atenn. producing a profusion of rigid and alender
rather aimpid fastigiate branchea, leai'y to the very top: leavea aUo rigid,
flilvery-caneacent, filiform linear, 3-5 parted or cleft, or aome of the upper
and faacicled ones entire (even the lower rarely inch long), moat of them
subtending a aeasilehead: involucre oblong to campanulate, 6-1 2- flowered,
less than 2 linea long : bracts oval, hyaline-margined. On high rucky ridges,
N. E. Oregon and adjacent Idaho. ''

* * More naked-pinicnlate or thyraoid, at leaat the upper heada or
cluaters exceeding the aubtending leavea: heaila comparatively amall,
and iew-flower(>d, inoatly oblong, 1-2 linea long; fnvulucral bracts
rather firm in texture, wellimbricated. the outer tuccesaively ahorter.

A. arbascula Nutt. I.e. Dwarf. 8-12 incbea high, withaatout baae
and alender flowering branchea: leavea abort, cuneate or fan-shaped,
3-lobed or parted with the lobps obovate to apalulate-l inear, nometimes
again 2-lobed; those aubtending the heada usually entire and narrow:
panicle strict and comparatively aimple and naked, often apiciform and re-
duced to few rather acattered sessile heada: involucre 5-9-flowered. High
mountains and plaina, Idaho and Wyoming to Utah and California.

A* trldentata Nutt. 1. c. A ahrub or amall tree 2-15 feet high, much
branched : leavea cuneate, 6-18 linen long, 3-7-toothcd or lobed at the trun-
cate summit. u{)permn8t cuneate-linear: heads very numerous, in large
dense panicles ; in volui-re 6-8-flowered, oblong, its outer or accessory bracts
abort, ovate, obtnae, tomentoae-caneacent. Common on dry plaina and
mountaina, Brit. Columbia to California and Nebraaka, eaat of the Caacade
Mountains. Commonly called 8age Bruah.

Yar. anirvstifolla Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xix, 50. " Leavea all narrow;
lower apatulate-linear, barely 3 toothed at the roundish aummit; upper
entire and more linear, a line or leaa wide : heads amall : ahruo 3 or 4 feet
high, with foliage too like that of the following apeciea, but involucre of A.
tridentata. A id plains, S. Idaho and W. New Mexico to the Mohave Dbs-
ert and the southern borders of San Diego Co. California. "

A. triftda Nutt. 1. c. Silky-canescent : Stems 6-30 inches h'gh, much
branched: leavea Scleft towarl the apex or H-parted, the lobes and en' ire
upper leavea narrowly linear or slightly spatulate dilated : .head' numerous
in ihe lontracted leafy panicle, or spicately dispoaed on it<9 hrnnches: invo-
lucre 3-g-flowered, ita outer or acceasory bracta oblon<{ tc jhort-linear or
lanceolate. Elevated plaina, Wasliington to California.

Tnbe vii, SENECIONIDEM Gray Syn. Fl. i, pt. S 79. Heads
heterogamous or homogamous. Involucre mostly one or two Aeriea of
equal not acarious hracta. sometimes unequal^ or even imbricated,
with or without short accessory ones at base. Receptacle naked.
Anthers without tails al base, but not rarely engittate. Style-bran-
ches of hermaphrodite flowers most commonly truncat<> or obtuse,
tipped with short appendages or none. Pappus of numerous capil-
lary bristles, sometimes caducous.

* Heada aul dioecioua : atyle in the tubular aterile flowers undivided
or neaily so.

868

COMPOSlTiG

PRTAHITM

ft

I*

78 PetftBitet Flowers white or parplisb, the fertile ones pistillate and
more or less conapicuousely radiate.

« * Heads discoid, of wholly hermaphrodite fertile yellow Sowers.

79 Caealiopsis Heads very many-flowered : anthers entire at base.

80 Lalna Heads about 10-flowered : anthers sagittate at base.

81 BainierU Heads 4-6-flowered : achenea prismatic.

* * * Heads heterosamous or bomogamour* : the tubular disk.flowers
perfect and fertile, with 2-cleft style.

88 Groeidlam Herbs with alternate leaves : heads radiate many-flower-
ed: flowers yellow, all fertile, involucre hemispherical or more open.

88 TetradymU Shrubs with alternate leaves : involucre of 4-6 Arm and
concaire close and overlapping bracts.

84 BalUardelU Herbs with alternate leaves : involucre of a single ser-
ies of linear eqnal bracts, their edges liuhtly connate below the middle :
pappus of comparatively few and usually stout plumose bristles.

86 Arnica Herbs with chiefly opposite leaves : involucre of several thin
herbaceous equal bracts: pappus a single series of numerous capillary
scabrous to barbellate bristles.

86 Seneelo Herbs with alternate leaves : involucre of several erect her-
baceous bracts : pappus of soft-capillary merely scabrous bristles.

• Style-branches of hermaphrodite fertile flowers roundish-obtuse ^
or at least not truncate, wholly without appendages or hispidity at
summit. Receptacle naked, flat. Pappus bristles merely denticulate

78 PETASITE8 Geertn. Fr. ii, 406, t. 166.

Perennial herbs with thickish and most'y creeping rootstocks
senclingupscapiformfoliose-bracteate simple flowering stems and
ample radical leaves on long petioles in early spring. Heads ra-
cemoseljr or corymbosely disposed, white or purplish-flowered,
subdioecious ; those of the truly fertile plant wholly or mostly of
pistillate flowers with slender tubular and irregularly 2-5-toothed
or distinctly ligulate corolla; in the substerile with few of these
in the margin and numerous hermaphrodite infertile ones with
2-cleft or 2-lobed style and sterile ovary in the centre. Involucre
a series of soft herbaceous bracts. Achenes narrow, 5-10-costate.
Pappus of soft and white elongated bristles.

P. saglttata Gray Bot, Cal. i, 407. Scapes very scaly, 3-10 inches
high ; leaves deltoid-ovate or reniform-ovate, persistently white- tomentose
beneath, glabrous or nearlv fo above, 4-10 inches long, their margins sin-
uate denticulate, neither cleft nor lobed : heads short-racemose, ^coming
corymbose: involucre campanulate: flowers nearly white, the marginal
ones of the pistillate heads ligulate but not surpassing the disk. Wet
grounds, northern Washington to Alaska and across the Continent.

P. palmata Gray I. c. Stems very scaly, stout, 6-24 inches high:

leaves nearly orbicular in outline. 6-18 inches in diameter, 7-11 cleft to

beyond tbe middle or deeper ; the lobes oblong-lanceolate to oblong-cune-

ate, laciniately dentate, white-tomentose beneath, green and glabrate

above : heads rather numerous, in a fastigiate panicle, about 6 lines high.

PKTAHITIB

!S pistillate and

How dowers,
(ire at base.
; base.

ir disk.flowers

ite many-flower-
il or more open.

i of 4-6 firm and

i of a single ser-
slow the middle :
e bristles.

e of several thin
aerous capillary

everal erect her-
)us bristles.

oundiah-ohtuse ,
or hiapidity at
'ely denticulate

6.

ing rootstocks
ring stems and
)g. Heads ra-
plish-flowered,
y or mostly of
ly 2-5-toothed
few of these
rtile ones with
re. Involucre
, 5-10-costate.

laly, 3-10 inches
white- tomentose
leir margins sin-
mose, Incoming
;e, the marginal
the disk. Wet
Continent.

24 inches high:
iter, 7-11 cleft to
3 to oblong-cune-
en and gtabrate
)out tf lines high.

CACALIOPSH
LUINA

COMPOSITii:

86»

Common alons mountain stieams, California to Aiuaka Newfoundland
Massachusetts New York and Wisconsin.

P. nivalis Greene Pitt, ii, 18. " Rootalocks slender, matted, irarcely
subterranean : leaves 6-10 inches high : lamina 3 to 6 inches long, of round-
reniform or broadly cordate-ovate outline, 5-parted, the sinuses oblong and
closed, the segments of broadly cuneate-obovate circumscription, deeply
3- to 5-lobed, tbe lobes with a few coarse angular mucronate spreading
teeth ; lower face of leaves siiky-tomentose, upper glabrous, deep green :
scapes about a foot high ; heads a dozen or more, racemosely arranged and
long-peduncled." illong streamlets, Mount Rainier Washington.

79 CACALIOPSIS Gray Proc. Am. Acad, xix, 60.

Perennial herbs with palniately lobed leaves and rather large
heads of yellow flowers. Heads many-fiowered, discoid, of wholly

hermaphrodite and fertile flowers. Involucre hardly herbaceous,
simple, of carinately 1 -nerved bracts. Corollas rather deeply
5-cleft, the cylindraceous throat rather longer than the slender
tube. Anthers much exserted, with lanceolate tip» and entire base.
Style puberulent for some distance below the slightly flattish
branches. Achenes linear, glabrous, 10-striate. Pappus very co-
pious, soft and white, equalling the corolla.

C. Nardosmla Gray 1. c. Floccoee-woolly. at length glabrate: stems
stout; 2-4 feet high, 2-3-luaved and bearing several looselv paniculate heads :
leaves alternate, long-petioled. round-cordate to fan-snaped. 6-9-cleft, or
rarely parted the lobes or divisions rather broad, incisely dentate or lobed :
heads an inch high, discoid; bracts of the campanul<*te involucre 12-30,
lauceolate-linear, acuminate, a little shorter than the disk : corollas yellow.
Open Pine woods, Washington to California.

80 LUINA Benth. Hook. In. PI. t. 1139,

Low herbs with simple stems, alternate entire leaves and small
heads of yellow flowers. Heads about lO-flowered, homogamous,
of wholly hermaphrodite and fertile flowers. Involucre of 10-12
dry and rather rigid 1 -nerved equal bracts. Corollas with slen-
der tube and funnelform 5-lobed limb. Anthers much exserted,
sagittate at base. Style glabrous, its flattened and linear branch-
es obscurely pappillose on the back, very obtuse. Achenes ob-
securely 10-striate, glabrous. Pappus of numerous soft white
bristles equalling the corolla.

L. hypoleuca Benth. 1. c* Stems simple, few or many from a stout woody
rootstock, white wjtL appressed tomentum, 6-12 inches high, leafy up to the
coiymbiform cyme of several small heads: leaves ovat? nr oval, sessile, entire,
an inch or less lon^, rather coi-aiceous, the upper face green and glabrate, the
lower densely white -tomentose: involucre 4 lines high, nearly equalling the
light yellow corollas. On cliffs and rocky places in the mountains, Brit. Co-
lumbia to California.

81 RAINIERIA Greene Pitt, iii, 291.

" Stoutish upright milky -juiced perennial, with the aspect and
inflorescence of a Nabalia, but more nearly the characters of Mea-
adenua. Heads racemose, 2 or 3 in the axil of each small bract.
Involucre simple, cylindric, of 4 to 6 firm erect bracts. Recepta-

370

COMPOSITiK

CROCIDIIIU
TRTRADYMIA

' >

EI >

i

? ,

'

cle flat, naked, bearing 4 tu (> tubular flowers ; tbese witb narrow
cylindric proper tube rather longer than the combined narrow
throat and long linear segmcnte. Achenes prismatic. glabrouH,
Hurmountcd by a rather coarHe pappus of firm sorded or brown-
ish bristles which are smooth except at the slightly thickened
and scabrous apex. "

K. fitrleta Gieene I. c. Prenattthtu Hricta Greene. Luina Piperi Rofnnton.
" Perennial, 2 feet high from simple or branching horizontal rootstockH,
glabrous, bright ^'een, not glaucouH: radical leaves ((-10 inclieH long, oblong-
hinceolate, tapering to u winged petiole, abruptly acuminate, coarsely and
repandly dentate; canline sindlar but smaller, rather numerouH : intloiTRcencc
a strict and dense simple rat^eme 0 inches long; heads erect, their short ped-
icels single or in pairs; scales of the cylindrical involucre about 8, purplish
and with some white tomcntose pubescence, oalyculate bracts obscure or none:
achcnes equally and ol)tusely 16-ribl)od; pappus pale-fuscous. Dry north-
ward slopes, in rocky soil at the limit of trees on Mount Bninier Wash. "

* • Style -branches of hermaphrodite jiowern either truncate or
capitellate at tip, which ia either naked or penicillate or hirsute and
not rarely hearing a short conical or flattened appendage.

•*-- Involucre lax, usually of much overlapping or unequal bracts.

Hook. Fl. i, .S»5, t. H8.

with alternate leaves and y»-llow

82

CROCIDIUM

Small winter annual herbs
flowers on scape-like stems in early spring. Heads heterogamous,
radiate, the flowers all fertile. Involucre hemispherical or more
open, of 8-12 nearly ecjual thin-herbaceous bracts. Receptacle
conical. Ray-flowers about 12, oblong, with short filiform tube ;
disk-flowers with slender tube and canipanulate 5-toothed limb
Anthers with deltoid-ovate acute tips. Branches of the style short
and broad, term in ated by large deltoid appendages. Achenes fusi-
form-oblong, obscurely 8-5-co8tate, besot with hyaline oblong pa-
pilljE, which detaching when wetted throw out a pair of spiral
threads. Pappus a single series of equal white barbellate bristles
which are very deciduous, commonly wanting in the ray-flowers.

C. mvltlcaiile Hook. 1. c. Flocculent woolly when young, soon most-
ly glabrate, producing many simple sterna 2-10 inches long irom the tuft
of obovate or apatulate few-toothed sessile or short-petioled radical leaves ;
cauline li'aveB small, lanceolate to linear: heads solitary, slender-peduncl-
ed rather small but [?howy ; bracts of the involucre oblong-ovate. Bdoist
places, brit. Columbia to California and Idaho. '

- — *~ Involucre of 4-6 firm and concave close and strongly over-
lapping bracts, 4-9 flowered. Shrubs with alternate leaves.

83 TETRADYMIA DC. Prodr. vi. 440.

Low and rigid shrubs with alternate or fascicled narrow entire
leaves and rather large cymose or clustered beads of yellow flow-
ers. Heads homogamous, the flowers all tubular and perfect.
Involucre cylindrical to oblong Receptacle flat. Corollas with
elongated tube and lanceolate or linear spreading lobes longer

CROCIOIirM
TRTHADYMIA

e with narrow
ibined narrow
Ettic. glabrouH,
ded or brown-
tly thii'kont'd

Piperi Rohintofi .
)ntal rnot8took8,
len long, oblong-
be, coarsely aittl
mH: Inflorescenn-
, their short ped-
About 8, purplish
obscure or none:
iU8. Dry north-
ilnier Wash. "

ler truncate or
or hirsute ami
dage.

nequal bracts.

es and yt-Uow
heterogamous,
lerical or more
i. Receptacle
filiform tube ;
-toothed limb
the style short
Achenes fusi-
ine oblong pa-
pair of spiral
bellate bristles
le ray-flowers.

mng, soon most-
>ng Irom the tuft
d radical leaves ;
slender-peduncl-
ng-ovate. Bdoist

strongly over-
leaves.

narrow entire

of yellow flow-

and perfect.

Corollas with
ig lobes longer

TBTIIADYMIA
RAILLARnBI,I.A

OOMPOSlTi*:

371

than the short campanulate throat. Anthers wholly exscrted,
acutely and even eaudatoly sagittate at base ; the tips triangular-
lanceolate. Style-brandies flattish, the truncate and minutely
penicillate tips terminated by a very short and low obtuse c^ne.
Achenes terete, short, obscurely 5-nerved. Pappus of fine and
soft minutely scabrous capillary white or whitish long bristles.

g 1 EUTETRADYMIA T. & O. Fl. ii, 447. Involucro 4-flovvered,
of 4-6 bracts. Pappus extremely copious. Achenes either very
villous, glabrate or glabrous, varying even in the same species

T. oanesrens DC Prodr. vi, 640. A hoary sh^ab 1-2 feet h'gh, perm-
anenlly canesrent with a dense and close tomenxum, unnrmed, fastigiutely
branched : leaves from narrowly linear to spatulate-lanceolate, an inch
or less long: heads 6-9 lines high, most of them short-pedunculute. Dry
hills and plains, Brit. Columbid to California and New Mox. east of the
Cascade Mountains.

T. fflabrata Gray Pacif. R. Rep. ii, 122, t. 5. Shrub 1-4 feei high
with slender spreading branches ; whitened with h>08e at length deciduous
tomuntum : leaves at length nake i and green, primary ones slender-subu-
late, cuspidate, on young shoots appressed, 6 lines long; those of the fasci-
cles in their axils spatulate-linear, fleshy, pointless : heads mostly short-
pedunculate; involucre often glabrate: achenes, so far as known, very
villous. Southeastern Oregon to Eastern California and Utah.

T. Nnttallii T. & G. Fl. ii, 447. Shrub 2-3 feet higli, much branched,
woolly when young, canescent : primary leaves mostly converted into sub-
ulate spines; the others denselv fascicled in their axils thickish, linear-
spatulate, obtuse, half inch long, about equalling the spines : heads fasci-
cled and in corymbose clusters on very short peduncles. Southern Idaho
and Utah.

g 12 Laoothamnus T. & G. 1. c. 448. Involucre 5-9-flowered,
of 6 or 6 broader bracts. Proper pappus reduced nearly or quite
to a single series of brisH.es which are covered by a false pappus
of extremely long very soft and white woolly hairs which dense-
ly clothe the achenes. «. .

T. splnosa H & A. Bot. Beech. 36J. Slirub 2-4 feet high; at leaHtthe
branches densely white-tomentose; branches divaricate,' rigid, bearing
rigid straight or recurved spines in place of primary leaves; secondary
leaves fascicled in their axds, smaM, fleshy, linear-clavate, glabrous or
glabrate: heads scattered, peduncu ate, fully 6 lines high: pappus of com-
paratively rigid capillary bristles surpassing the wool of the achene. Dry
plains, eastern Oregon and Idaho to Utah California and Arizona.

-•-■►-♦- Involucre of several connivent-erect herbaceous equal
bracts, many-flowered. Ours herbs with the flowers all fertile.

84 RAILLARDELLA Gray Proc Am. Acad, vi, 550,

Acaulbscent herbs with stout creeping rootstocks, bearing tufts
of entire radical leaves and a simple naked scape terminated by
a ► ingle large head of yellow flowers. Head several- to many-
flowered, homogamous ; the flowers all fertile. Involucre naked
at base; of 6-14 linear equal bracts in a single series, lightly
united into a cup to or above the middle, Receptacle naked, flat

372

CoMPOSITi^

■il

ItAtLLAltDBtLA
ARNICA

or barely convex. Ray-flowers with irregular and cuneate deeply
3-4-cleft fertile ligules : disk corollas with rather short proper
tube, elongated and narrow-funnelform throat and 5-toothed limb.
Style-branches elongated, hispidulous, and produced beyond the
stigmatic lines into acuminate tips. Achenes linear, flattish, stri-
ate-nerved. Pappus a single series of rather stout aristiforni
plumose bristles.

B. argentea Gray 1. c. Rootstock extensiyely creeping, somewhat lig-
nescent : leaves silvery with silkv tomentum, 1-2 inches long : scapes 2-4
inches high : head narrow, in depauperate specimens 7-8-nowered, but
usually about IG-flowered : rays none. From Grater Lake Oregon to the
San Bernardino Mourtains in California.

B. Pringrlei Greene Bull. Torr. Club ix, 17. Scapes 12-18 inches high
from a branching rootstock or prostrate short leafv branches : leaves al-
most linear, some of them remotely serrate-toothed, glabrous, 3-4 inchea
long: involucre campanulate, about 40-ilowered, its numerous bracts, but
slightly united near the base: flowers orange-yellow, 6-10 of them conspic-
uously radiate: pappus-bristles 15-18. Subalpine in the mountains of
northern California, to be" looked for in southern Oregon.

■^+ Involucre of several connivent erect herbaceous equal bracts,
many-flowered. Ours herbs with the flowers all perfect.

85 ARNICA L. Gen. n. 958.

Perennial herbs with erect stems, mostly opposite leaves and
comparatively large heads of yellow flowers. Heads many-flower-
ed, conspicuously radiate, or the rays rarely wanting Involucre
campanulate, of several thin-herbaceous oblong-lanceolate to
linear equal bracts in a single or somewhat double series. Recep-
tacle flat, sometimes fimbrillate or villous. Corollas of the disk-
flowers with a commonly elongated hirsute tube and fun-
nelform or cylindraceous 5-lobed limb. Achenes linear, more
or less 5-lO-costate or angled. Pappus a single series of numer-
ous rather rigid capillary bristles, from scabrous to barbellate.

* Radical leaves mostly cordate at base, on slender sometimes
winged petioles : rootstocks slender and creeping.

•*- Rays wanting, or rarely some rudiments : cauline leaves some-
times by disjunction alternate, usually some of them petioled, irregu-
larly dentate : heads several, paniculate.

A. parvillora Gray Proo. Am. Acai. vii, 363. " A foot high, slender,

Subescent, even the pedunoles but slightly glandular : leaves narrowly
eltoid or oblong, truncate or abrupt at base, an inch or two lone : involu-
cre 4 or 5 lines high, about 20-flowered; its linear bracts sparsely pubes-
cent: achenes not pubescent, minutely glandular." From Crater Lake
Oregon to Humboldt Co. California

More or less villous and viscid :
radical and lower cauline leaves

A. discoldea Benth. PI. Hartw. 319.
stems 10-18 inches high, rather stout:
from ovate with truncate or abruptly cuneate base to cordate, not rarely
wing-petioled 2-4 inches long : invo'ncre 6 lines high, 30-50-flowered, usu-
ally very villous and glandular; its bracts lanceolate to linear : corollas all
tubular: achones pubescent. Wooded hills in the Coast ranges, Washing-
ton to California.

ttAtLLAttDBLLA
ARNICA

cuneate deeply
r short proper
5-toothed limb,
ced be3'ond the
iir, flattish, stri-
tout aristiforni

ng, Bomewhat lig-
long: scapes 2-4
r-8-nowered, but
ke Oregon to the

12-18 inches high
ncbes: leaves al-
:)rous, 3-4 inches
aerous bracts, but
) of them conspic-
he mountains of

,8 equal hractn,
'ect.

)site leaves and
s many-flower-
ing Involucre
j-lanceolate to
series. Recep-
las of the disk-
tube and fun-
Bs linear, more
sries of numer-
o barbellate.

der sometimes

e leaves some-
etioled, irregu-

ot high, slender,

leaves narrowly

;wo lone : involu-

sparsely pubes-

0m Crater Lake

illouB and viscid :
er cauline leaves
rdate, not rarely
50-flowered, usu-
fiear : corollas all
anges, Washing-

AKNIOA

COMPOSITE

373

A. spathnlata Greene Pitt. iii. 103. "A foot high or more, stoutish,
somewhat vi'cidly hirsute and tomentalose, very leafy below and ilorif-
erous from about midway of the stem : lowest leaves 3 to 6 inches long,
broadly lanceolate-spatulate, doubly toothed, the two or more pairs of
lower canline more narrowly spatulate but dilated just above the inser-
tion : p«duncle8 6 to 10, the lowest with a pair of ovate-acuminate Eessile
bracts in the middle : heads campanulate, ^ inch higb ; involucre densely
wnolly-hiraute and viscidulous ; rays none; disk-corollas orchrolencous,
the tube hire ute, the teeth with a tuft of pilose h&irs at tip : achenes
glabrous, minutely resinous-dotted ; pappas white, barbellulate-scabrous.
Oregon."

** ** Rays conspicuous and elongated, rarely wanting: cauline
leaves all opposite, in 1-3 pairs, broad and usually membranaceous,
dentate or denticulate.

A. cordifolia Hook. Fl. i, S31. Pubescent or the stems hirsute and
the peduncles villous : stems 1-2 feet h'gh, or in alpme forms 4-8 inches
high : lower cauline and radical leaves long-petioled, deeply cordate, or
sometimes onlv ovate; upper cauline small, sessile: heads few, in smaller
plants solitary : involucre 8 lines high, pubescent or villous : rays usually
an inch long: achenes more or less hirsute. Woods and high mountains,
Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains.

var. eradlata Gray Syn. Fl. i, pt. 2, 381. Heads smaller, without
rays : leaves oblong-ovate, at most subcordate. Eastern Oregon to Mont.

A. latlfoUa Bong. Yeg. Sitch. 147. Glabrous or minutely pubescent:
stems rather slender, (V-18 inches high: radical leaves cordate or subcor-
date and petioled, cauline 2-3 pairs equal ovate, or oval, usually sharplv
dentate, closely sessile by a broad base, or lowest with contracted base :
heads one to several, on slender peduncles in the axils of the upper leaves ;
bracts of the involucre oblanceolate with a broad base and long accumi-
nate apex ; achenes usually glabrate or glabrous. In mountainous districts
Alaska to Oregon and the Rocky Mountains of Colorado

A. cernuua Howell Glabrous or minutely pubescent; t'tems slender,
usually solitary, 4-12 inches high, bearing a single head on a curved pe-
duncle : leaves all more or less petioled, entire or coarsely dentate, ovate
and subcordate, or the upper lanceolate with a broad cuneate base, usu-
ally not more than 15 lines long : involucre 8-10 lines long, of lanceolate
but not acuminate bracts : achenes short-pubescent. On the serpentine
formation of the Coast range, near Waldo, Oregon

• * No cordate leaves : radical leaves petioled tapering or some-
times abrupt at base : root-stock usually creeping and slender

■*" Leaf J' to the top : cauline leaves very seldom less than 4 pairs
and the upper not conspicuously diminished : heads several or few,
in small plants solitary.

A. amplexlcavlis Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 480. Glabrous or
sometimes pubescent : 1-2 feet high : many-stemmed from matted root
stocks, rather stout, leaves from ovate to lanceolate-oblong, acute or acu-
minate, all the cauline sessile by half-clasping base, saliently and very
acutely dentate ; achenes hirsute-pubescent. Along small t^treams and oh
waterfalls never where it becomes dry. Oregon to Brit. Columbia.

A. Chamissonls Less, in Linn, vi, 238. Few-stemmed from short
running rootstooks; from tomentulose or villous pubescent to nearly glab-
rous, 1-2 feet high, rather slender: leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
denticulate or dentate, lowest tapering into a marginal petiole, upper broad
at base and somewhat clasping: achenes hirsute-pubescent. In the higb
mountains, Alaska to California, Utah, Coloiiido, Lake Superior and
Washington.

374

COMPOS ITiE

ARNICA
SENGCIU

A. longifolla Eaton Bot. King 186. Minutely scabrous-puberulent :
HteniH 14-2i incites high, many from a scaly caudex: leaves in 5-6 pairs, elon-
gated-lanceolate, acuminate, 7-10 lines broad, entire or denticulate, the very
lowest reduced to ochreate scales, the upper pairs sessile and slightly conna-
t<c-amplexicaul, the lower with sheathing connate petioles: heads 1-8, com
monly 5, not large; involucral bracts lanceolate, acute: achenes minutely
glandular but not hispid. In dense clumps among rocks, Powder Bivei'
Mountains Oregon to the Clover Mountains Nevada and in the Uintas abovo
Bear Biver Canyon; 10,000 feet altitude.

A* foliosa Nutt. 1. c. Tomentose-pubescent, strict, leaves lanceolate,
denticulate, nervose; upper partly clasping by narrowish base; lower with
tapering base, connate: heads short-peduncled, rarely solitary; achenes hir-
sute-pubescent or glabrate. Wet meadows and mountain sides, western Cali-
fornia to eastern Washington the Saskatchewan and the Rocky Mountains.

•«- *- Heads rayless stems leafy even on the flowering branches

A. Tlscosa Gray. Proc. Am. Acad, xiii, 374. "A foot or less high, fas-
tigiately branching, very viscid-pubescent: leaves small ( inch or less long ),
<>vate-oblong, entire, closely sessile but not connat« at base: involucre 4 lines
high, considerably shorter than the 25 or 30 flowers: corollas pale yellow: ach-
enes glandular-hirsute. On Mt. Shasta Calif oiiiia". perhaps in Oregon.

■t- -*■ Less leafy: cauline leaves 1 or 2 rarely 3 pairs, the upper
mostly small.

■•* Heads rayless, mostly 3-5 and rather short-peduncled at the naked
summit of the stem.

A. Parryi Grav Am. Nat. viii, 213. Somewhat hirsutely pubescent
and above glandular .slender, simple, 1-2 feet high : leaves membranaceous,
commonly denticulate, radical oval or ovate-oblong, 1-3 inches long, ab-
ruptly or cuneately contracted at base into a short margined petiole; cau-
line remote: involucre hirsute and glandular, 6 lined or less nitth, occas-
ionally some outermost corollas ampliate: achenes glabrous or with a few
sparse hairs. Eastern Oregon and Washington to the Rocky Mountains.

** ** Heads conspicuously radiate, solitary or very few, mostly
long-peduncled.

A. alplna Olin. Pubescent, hirsute or at summit villous: stems 18
inches high. 8trict, 8imple,u8uaUy monocephalous : leaves thiokish.from
narrowly oblong to lanceolate or the radi' al oblong-spxtulate and small,
uppermost linear entire, or denticulate, 3-nerved ; base of the cauline bare-
ly at all connate : achenes hirsute-pubescent, rarely gla> ate. Oregon and
Washington to the Aleutian Islands, the Rocky and Siti^ra Nevada Moun-
tains Labrador and the Arctic coast.

++ ++ Pappus of 8oft-capillary and merely scahrotia very nu-
vieroua bristles. Style-branches narrow^ truncate or capitellate and
often bearing a bearded ring at tip which sometimes is produced into
a short central cusp or obscure cone. Leaves all alternate.

86 SENECIO Tourn. L. Gen n. 954.

Perennial herbs ; with mostly simple stems from creeping root-
stocks, bearing solitary or few usually long-peduncled and rather
large heads of yellow flowers. Head many-flowered, with pistillate
rays ; or sometimes homogamous by the absence of the rays; the
flowers all fertile. Involucre* usually broadly campanulate na«

ARNICA
SENECIU

Etbrous-puberulent :
I in 5-6 pairs, elon-
inticulate, the very
md slightly connii-
i: beads 1-8, con;
: acbenes minutely
;k8, Powder RivcV
n the Uintas above

leaves lanceolate,

base; lower with

tary; achenes bir-

jides, western Cali-

Rocky Mountains.

ring branches

)t or less high, fas-
inch or less long ),
le: involucre 4 lines
IS pale yellow: acli-
bapsin Oregon.

airs, the upper
led at the naked

rsutely pubescent
9 membranaceous,
3 inches long, ab-
jined petiole; cau-
■ lees nitth, occas-
rous or with a few
ocky Mountains.

sry few, mostly

villous: stems 18
ves thickish.from
itulate and small,
f the cauline bare-

ate. Oregon and
L ra Nevada Moun-

ihrotis very nii-
' capUellate and
is produced into
'•nate.

n creeping root-
icled and rather
1, with pistillate
of the ravs; the
ampanulate na-

SRNECIO

COMPOSlTiE

376

I

ked at base: the scales thin-herbaceous, lanceolate or linear,
equal, in one or two sories. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays elon-
gated : disk-corollas with distinct id usually elongated tube and
funnelform or cylindraceous f bed limb. Style-appendages
obtuse, pubescent. Achenes ]\: i;dr, 5-anglcd or 5-10-ribbed,
somewhat hirsute or nearly glabrous. Pappus a single series of
rather rigid strongly scabrous or barbellate capillary bristles.

§ 1 Ours perennials with tomentose and usually floccose pu-
bescence or none, never viscid nor obviously hirsute.

♦ Heads more than balf-inch high, very many-flowered:
corollas merely 5-toothed : heads radiate.

disk

S. megacephalns Nutt. Trana. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 410. About a foot
high, loosely floccose-wooUy, tardi'y glabrate, leafy: leaves entire, lanceo-
late and tapering into a petiole, uppermost cauhne attenuate, thickish :
heads 1-3, short-peduncled, 8-12 lines high : involucre calyculate by some
very loose and setaceous-subulate elongated accessory bracts: rays over
half inch long. Mountains of Idaho.

* * Heads middle-s'zed or small, erect, mostly radiate.

■^ Stems herbaceous, numerously and equally leafy to the top:
leaves pinnately veined, not conspicuously reticulate, from entire to
laciniate-dentate or dissected, not narrowly linear,glabrous or very
early glabrate and smooth.

■•'- Low, alpine : heads few or solitary.

S. hesperis Greene. Pitt, ii, 166. Stems 4-10 inches hig[h from short,
spreading rootstocks, leafy only at the decumbent base ; sparmgly floccose-
tomentose when young, in age nearly glabrous : leaves thickish and some-
what fleshy, from round-oval to oblong and oblong-lanceolate, 6-12 lines
long, tapering or abruptly contracted to a short or long petiole, almost en-
tire or repandly or crenately few-toothed: head solitary half-inch high,
with the expanded rays 1 inch broad: involucre campanulate, the bracts
linear, outer calyculate ones few or none: rays 10-12 deep yellow, style tips
slightly penicillate. On the serpentine formation of the Coast range of
southern Oregon.

8. Fremontil T. & G. Fl. ii, 445. Many-stemmed from a thickish cau-
dex, 6-12 inches high, leafy to the top: leaves thickish, from rounded-ob-
ovate or spatulate to oblong, obtuse, obtusely or acutely dentate, some-
times even pinnatifld-dentate ; lower abruptly contracted into a winged
petiole: uppermost sessile by a broadish base: head half-inch hi^h, short-
pedunclea, subtended by a few short loose bractlets: rays 3-5 lines long.
Alpine regions of the Kocky Mountains to Lassen Peak California and
the Blue Mountains of Oregon.

S* occidentalis Greene Pitt, iv, 122. S. Fremontii Var occidtntalis
Oray. Stems many from running rootstocks, 4-12 inches high, rather
slender: leaves from round-obovate to spatulate, 6-12 lines long those in
the middle of the stem largest and the lowest smallest, coarsely dentate:
heads 1-several, aboat61ines high: bracts of the involucre linear, 1-
nerved, ccarious-margined, the small accessary ones setaceous to lanceo-
late, rays 4-6 lines long. On the higher mountains, Oregon to California
and the Rocky mountains.

8. streptanthifolins Greene Eryth. iii, 23. "Only a foot high, or even
less, from clustered leafy perennial rootstocks, glabrous throughout, some-
what fleshy-coriaceous and glaucous : leaves 1 to 1}^ inches long, orbicular

376

COMPOfilTiE

SBNEao

u

r

to obovate and oblon^-obovate, rather long-peduncled, the margin from
merely repand-denticulate to more conspicuoaely though sparingly
toothed: heads less than }4 inch high, in a loose unequally-brani-hed
corymb terminating the remotely bracted stem : both disk and ray flowers
very light yellow. On dry wooded banks in Beaver Canon, Idaho,"

8. GIbbonsli Greene Pitt, ii, 20. Stems stout, simple, 3 feet high or
more, leafy throughout: leaves rather fleshy, short-petioled, 3 inches long
deltoid-lanceolate, acute, entire or with a few irregular teeth near the base :
heads radiate, 6 lines high, disposed in a lax somewhat dichomotous cyme :
involucre campanulate, calyculate-bracted at base. Halt-marshes at the
mouth of the Columbia river,"

** ** Tall with corymbosely cymous and radiate heads : involucre
setaceously few-bracteolate, campanulate or narrower : leaves nearly
membranaceous.

8. triangularis Hook. Fl. i, 332. Rather stout, glabrate, stem sim-
ple, 2-5 feet high bearing several or somewhat numerous heads in a corym-
biform open cyme : leaves all more or less petioled and thickly dentate,
deltoid-lanceolate or the lower triangular hastate or deltoid-cordate and
the uppermost lanceolate with cuneate base: heads about half -inch high,
involucre campanulate, mostly 25-30-flowered, the oblong-linear, rays 6-
12. In wet ground on the high mountains, British Columbia to Califor-
nia and the Rucky Mountains.

S. sabvestitns Howell Eryth. iii, 35. Densely floccose- woolly through-
out: stem simple, 1-2 feet high, from short spreading rootstocks, leafy to
the top : leaves lanceolate, obscurely hastate, the lowest subcordate, all
petiolate, 1-2 inches long, strongly denticulate : heads several in a close
cyme, radiate, half-inch high, involucre campanulate, many-flowered with
or without calycuiate setaceous bracts at base. J" wet meadows,top of the
Siskiyou mountains near Waldo, Oregon.

8. serra Hook I.e. Strict, 2-4 feet high, very leaty, sometimes sim-
ple and bearing rather few, somewhat large heads, commonly branching
at summit, then bearing numerous corymbosely panicnlate smaller heads :
leaves 4-6 inches long, all lanceolate and tapering to both ends, sessile by
a narrow base, or the lowest short petioled, usually with the whole mar-
gin thickly serrate or serrulate with very acute salient teeth : involucre
oblong-cam panulate ,20-30 flowered : rays 5-8,oblong linear. Along streams,
eastern Oregon to Idaho, Wyoming and Colorado

Yar. integrinscnlus Gray Syn. Fl. i, Ft. 2, 386. Heads smaller, (3 or
4 lines high) and narrower, fewer-flowered : leaves minutely serrate or den-
ticulate or the upper entire, sometimes all entire or nearly so generally
shorter and smaller or broader and not acuminate. Common from
Eastern Oregon to California and Wyoming.

■»- ■*- Stems either few-leaved or with the upper leaves reduced in
size ; the infloresence therefore naked : none with linear leaves.

** Tall and simple-stemmed, from a coarsely fibrous cluster of
roots: leaves fleshy-coriaceous, all entire or barely' denticulate.

8. hydrophyllus Nutt. 1. c. Very glabrous and smooth sometimes
glaucous : stems robust, 2-4 feet high, strict : leaves lanceolate with strong
midrib and obsolete veins ; radical oblanceolate and stout-petioled, some-
times a foot long and nearly 2 inches wide; upper cauline sessile or partly
clasping: heads numerous m a branching coryrnbiform cyme, 5 lines high,
short pedicelled: involucre narrowly campanulate, slightly bracteolate, its
bracts 8-12 : rays 3-6, small, sometimes none. In water or wet places,
British Columbia to California. Along the Columbia river above the Dalles.

^

'Uj

8KNECIO

margin from
lUsh sparingly
aally-branfhed
md ray flowers

Idaho,"

3 feet high or
i, 3 inches long
near the base :
omotous cyme :
narshes at the

Is : involucre
leaves nearly

ate, stem sim-
ids in a corym-
ickly dentate,
lid-cordate and
half-inch high,
linear, rays 6-
ibia to Califor-

NooWy through-
stocks, leafy to
Bubcordate, all
eral in a close
y-flowered with
dowH,top of the

ometimes sim-
mly branching
smaller beads :
nds, sessile by
he whole mar-
)eth: involucre
Along streams,

,s smaller, (3 or

serrate or den-

y so generally

Common from

es reduced in
eaves.

us cluster of
ulate.

[>th sometimes
ate with strong
>etioled, some-
sessile or partly
e, 5 lines high,
bracteolate, its
or wet places,
)ove the Dalles.

^

SENECIO

COMPOSlTiF.

377

**■ ** Plants mostly in clumpg or tufts, or from tufted or creeping
rootstocks : stems commonly robuat, 1-5 feet high, hearing mostly
numerous heads in a cyme : leaves from entire to dentate, none really
cordate, nor with permanent tomentum : usually more or less woolly-
pubescent when young, often quite glabrate and green at flowering
time : heads mauy-fluwered : rays 8-12, conspicuous.

S. Colnmblanns Greene Pitt, iii, 170. S. lugens in part of authors, not
of Richardson. Floccose-woolly when young, at length glabrate : stems
stout. 2-4 feet high, from a fascicle ul coarse fibrous roots: It-aves thick,
very variable, from oblong to lanceolate, variously dentate tu serrulate ;
the lower petioled; the upper sessile by a broad base: heads numerons, in
an ample cymose panicle: involucre campanulate. 6-8 lines high; its num*
erous bracts lanceolate, acute or acuminate, with or without black ti^s:
rays yellow, 6-8 lines long, oblong to oblanceolate. Common on plams
aod hille, Brit. Columbia to California and Nebraska.

8. exaltatas Nutt Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 410. Sparingly villous
when young, at length glabrous: stems stout, 2-3 feet high, simpip, naked
above: leaves thick, equally crenate-denticulate; the radical and lower cau-
line broadly lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, on lonir petioles ; the upper lanceo-
late, acute, partly clasping, serrate : heads small, numerous, in a compound
fastigiate cyme: bracts of the involucre linear, with pubescent purplish
or black tips : rays 6-8, oblong, short : achenes glabrous. Plains of the
Columbia. Oregon and Washington. S. lugens var. ochroleucus Gray ap-
pears to be a nearly white-flowered form of this.

8. cordatns Nutt. 1. c. More or less pubescent, especially toward the
base of the stem : stem solitary, 2-6 feet h'gh, from a fascicle of fibrous
roots, sulcate angled : lower leaves cordate-ovate, repandly serrulate or
nearly entire, obtuse, on long petioles ; the upper lanceolate, clasping, ser-
rate :'heads numerous, in a nearly simple corymb : bracts of the involucre
about 16, linear, with pubescent bla( k tips :'rays 5-6. oblong. On sandy
hills 8auvie Island near the mouth of the Willamette River

8; Orcganns. Glabrous throughout: stems rather slender, 2-3 feet
high, from a somewhat woody caudex : leaves from spatulate to linear,
usually narrowly lanceolate, narrowed below to a slender petiole with a
dilated base, acutish to acuminate, more or less remotely denticulate;
the lowest ones, including the pet ole, 4-8 inches long; the upper ones
reduced to sessile subulate or setaceous bracts: heads 8-20, in a close
umbel the rays of which elongate forming a loose cymose panicle in fruit:
bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate or linear, acuminate, with black
tips : rays yellow, spatulate, 4-6 lines long : achenes about 2 lines long,
glabrous. In marshes bordering Lake Labish, Marion Co. Oregon.

8. foetidug. Glabrous: stems stout, 2-3 feet high, from a short hard
caudex, bearing an ample umbellate cyme of middlesized heads : leaves
thin, lanceolate, finely denticulate; the lowest 4-8 inches long including
the petiole, acute, tapering below to a short petiole; upper ones sessile
by a broad base, reduced upward to small bracts : involucre 6 lines high,
its very numerous linear bracts very acute, green or yellowish, often spar-
ingly hispidulous : rays 8-12, yellow : achenes short, alabrous. In swales,
Klickitat Valley Washington. This plant has a very unpleasant odor,
and my specimen? that have been in my herbarium 20 years have not
lost it.

*♦ ■*- ■»♦ Leaves crowded on the matted rootstock nearly veinlest :
achenes glabrous.

8. valerlanella Greene Pitt, iv, 109. Glabrous: sterna slender, de-
cumbent at base, 4-6 inches long, from slender densely tufted rootstocks :
leaves from round-obovoid to almost orbicular, about 8 lines in diameter,

378

COMPOSITE

BfiMECIO

slender'petioled, thin und delicate, lightly but rather evenly crenate; cau-
line bracts very variable, from somewhat lyrate to lanceolate or subu-
late: heads usually solitary: involucre suboampanulate, 3 i lines high,
of numerous broad thin bracts and one or more rather broad and her-
baceous bractlets at base : rays lU or more, broad and short, golden-yellow.
Coeur d'Alene Mountains Idaho.

«* **■ *t ** Stems 6-30 inches high, bearine some leaves and corym-
bosely cymose heads : involucre sparingly calyculate or nearly naaed
at base.

» Leaves all entire, rarely sparingly denticulate or toothed.

8. fastlglatas Nutt. I.e. Cinereous with a fine and close pannose to-
mentum, or glabrate: stems strict, simple, 1-2 feet high, terminated by a
faatigiate cyme of several heads, or sometimes with branches terminated
with single and rather large heads: leaves lanceolate or spatulate-lanceo-
late, obtuse, about 2 inches long, entire or sparingly dentate; upper often
linear ; lower cauline, and the sometimes oblong, radical tapering into
slender petioles : beads 4-6 lines high : rays conspicuous: achene^ glab-
rous. Plains of Oregon and Washington to Idaho and British Columbia.

= '= Leaves from entire or serrate to pinnatifid in the same
species, none pinnately divided.

S* Furshlanng Nntt. 1. c. S. Howellii Greene. Densely white tomen-
tose when young, tardily deciduous above : stems 4-10 inches high leafy :
leaves thickish the lower ones lanceolate, from nearly entire to coarsely
dentate or pinnatifid, slender-petioled ; upper leaver pinnately lobed or
toarted into oblong divisions, all petioled or the uppernost eesaile: Heads
few to numerous, in a rather close fastigiaie cyme, 6 lines high or more;
involucre campanulate its numerous bracts lanceolate acute or acumi-
nate, green with white margins, minutely puberulent, the tips pubescent :
rays ^12, elongated oblong, 6 lines long or more : achenes glabrous, light
colored prominently striate, Rocky banks Eastern Oregon and Washing-
ton to the Rocky mountains.

S* aureus L. Sp. 870. Perennial, glabrous or very nearly so through-
Qi)t; stems rather slender, solitary or tufted, 12-30 inches high: basal
lefives cordate-orbicular or reniform, crenate-dentate, very obtuse and
rounded, often purplish, 1-6 inches long, with long slender petioles ; lower
stem-leaves lanceolate or oblong, usually laciniate, pinnatifid or lyrate,
the upperraost small, sessile, somewhat auriculate and clasping : heads
several, 8-10 lines broad, 4-6 lines high, slender-peduncled, in an open
corymb; rays 8-12, golden-yellow; achenes glabrous; pappus white. In
vet places in the high mountains, Alaska to California and across the con-
tinent

S. balsamltlB Muhl. Wild. Sp. 1999. Stems slender, 10-20 inches high,
woolly at the base and in the axils of the lower leaves: radical leaves slender-
petioled, oblong, rarely slightly spatulate, veiy obtuse, narrow at the base,
mostly thick, crenate, often purplish, 1-3 inches long, 8-6 lines wide, their
petioles and sometimes their lower surfaces persistently tomentose or woolly,
or glabrous throughout; lower stem leaves petioled, lanceolate or pinnatifid,
the upper sessile very small : heads few or several, slender peduncled, 6-10
lines broad, 3-4 lines high: rays 8-12: achenes usually hispidulous: on the
angles. Dry soil, British Columbia to Washington, Texas, Nebraska and
Nova Scotia.

S. subnvdps DC. Prodr. vi, 428. Very glabrous throughout: stems
often decumbent at base, simple, slender, 6-10 inches high, nearly leafless
above and usually bearing a single head: radical leaves obovate, slender-
petioled, eoarsely dentate; cauline very few, sessile, oblong to linear, incised

BfcMBCIO

y crenate; cau-
olate or subu-
( 4 lines high,
road and her-
golden-yellow.

18 and corym-
nearly naaed

othed.

ose pannose to ■
ifininated by a
les tt-rminated
jatulate-lanceo-
te; upper often
I tapering into
achene^ glab-
tish Columbia.

in the same

ly white tomen-
ches high leafy :
ire to coarsely
natelj^r lobed or
; eessile: Heads
s high or more;
cute or acumi-
tips pubescent :
i glabrous, light
n and Washing-

arly so through-
es high: basal
try obtuse and
petioles; lower
itifid or lyrate,
slaspiog: heads
led, in an open
pus white. In
across the con-

-20 inches high,
leaves slender-
ow at the base,
ines wide, their
tttose or woolly,
te or pinnatifld,
peduncled, 6-10
idulous: on the
8, Nebraska and

ougbout: stems
, nearly leafless
>0Tate, slender-
> linear, incised

SBNKCIO

COMPOSITE

379

or somewhat pinnatifld: involucre open-campanulate, 4-^ lines high, of linear
acute bracts: rays 8-12, elongated oblong: achenes glabrous, striate. In
marshy grounds, Cascade and Buoky Mouutains.

S> elongatns Pursh Fl ii, 529. S. aureus var. borealia T dt Q. Stems
10-20 inches higb: leaver tbickish; the radical from roundish with abrupt or
even truncate base to cuneatc-obovate and cuneate spatulate, 6- 1 2 lines long,
slender-petioled: cauline seldom much pinnatifld; heads numerous or few,
not rarely rayless: achenes glabrous. In the high mountains^Brit. Columbia
to California and i\M Bocky Mountains.

S« Adamsi. Floccose-woolly below, glabrous above except the axils of .
the leaves: stems 4-12 inches high: radical leaves obovate or oblong to al-
most orbicular, crenately toothed, the blade 6-lS lines long, on slender pet-
ioles as long or longer; cauline leaves lanceolate to linear in outline, pinnatc-
ly lobcd or parted into oblong or linear lobes or divisions, sessile by a sDme-
what clasping base: heads 1-12, in a close or at length open cyme: involucre
bemispheilcal, of numerous linear- lanceolate acute bracts, 4-5 lines long:
rays 12-15, elongated oblong: achenes glabrous, almut a line long. By the
base of cliffs, Mount Adams Washington.

= = => Leaves mostly once pinnately divided or parted and again
lobed or incised .

S. Bolanderi Gray Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 362. Glabrous or early
glabrate : Htems weak and slender, 6-30 inches high from slender creeping
rootstocks : leaves thin and membraneous, mostly petioled : earlv raoical
orbicular, subcordate, palmately 5-9 lobed or crenate-incised; otfiers pin-
nately divided into 5-9 distinct leaflets or the upper lobes confluent with
rounded terminal one, all obtusely incised : heads several, loosely cymose
4 or 5 lines high, rays 5-8, rather long. Common along streams and
bluffs Washington to NortherntCalifornia west of the Cascade mountains.

«^ *> 4<. 4* «» Stems leafy, numerously or somewhat equably so
up' to the top

S. condensatns Greene Pitt, iii, 298 " Stems solitary, stout and low,
very leafy, 4 to 6 inches or rarely almost a foot high: herbage somewhat suc-
culent, sparsely flooculent when young: lower leaves almost as long as the
stem, spatulate-obovate; the upper oblanceolate, all obtuse, orenately or more
sharply dentate; heads 3 to 6, more titan % inch high, closely sessile in a
large cluster among the upper leaves: bracts of the decidedly flocculent in-
volucre lanceolate, acuminate: rays either waitting or few and deep yellow.
High ridges of the Blue Mountains Walla Walla Co. Washington, IHper.

§ 2 Annuals or biennials.

S* VULGARIS L. Engl. Bot. t., 748. (Grocndbel). Rather stout, branch-
ing and leafy to the top glabrate 4-16 inches high from an annual root:
leaves incisely pinnatifld the lon^ or roundish lobes and the sinuses
sharply toothed : heads 4-5 litie9 high : tips of the involucral bracts and
the short calyculate ones at base blackish : rays none : achenes canes-
cently puberulent, common in cultivated flelds and moist places, flower-
ing most of the winter months. (Nat. from Eu.)

Tribe viii. GYNAROIDEjE B. & H. Gen. ii, 211. Heads hom^
ogamou8 tubiflorous, the flowers all hermaphrodite with equally or
sometimes unequally 5-cleft corollas, the lobes Icnff and narrow, or
sovMtimes radiatiform and heterogamous by enlargement of the linih of
marginal flowers which are commonly neutral. Involucre much im-

^^%.

;', txpe'^f

Cm,

380

COMPOSITiE

CYNABOIDBA

hrictted'. receptacle mostly flat or convexed, often fimbrillate or densely
setose. Anthers with tails at base and commonly with elongated and
connate cartilaginous apical appendages, their tips distinct. Style-
branches destitute of appendage, short, sometimes distinct or partly
so, more eomm^yrUy united up to the simply obtuse tips, not hirsute or
hispid, but sometimes an hispidulotis or pubescent nng or node below.
Achenes thickish and hard. Pappus se'ose or rarely paleaceous.
Leaves alternate the teeth or margins often prickly .

HuBTRiBE I cARDUiNEiE Achenes attached by their very base.
Flowers all perfect ,( except one THISTLE ).

f * Filaments distinct.

■*- Leftvet neyer prickly: style slender, its branches partly distinct:
filaments glabrous.

87 Sanssnrea Involucre obovoid to oblong; its bracts appreaseti and without

apinose or hooked tips pappus double, the inner series united at base and
falling together, the outer distinct and falling separately.

88 Arctium Involucre fflobular; its bracts spreading above the appressed
base and hooked at tip.

•*- ■•- Leaves more or less prickly: style-bi-anohes united to or near
the tip: pappus simple, its bristles united at base and falling together;
filaments bearded or papillose-pubescent: involucre globose or obovoid,
of numerous usually prickly-tipped much imbricated bracts.

89 Cardsns Bristles of the pappus long and soft-plumose: receptacle

densely villous-setose.

* • Filaments united below, glabrous.

90 Sliybnm Involucre depressed*globose, its bracts prickly along the mar-
^s and tapering into a widely spreading spine; bristles of the pap-
pus in more thwi one series.

SuBTRiBE II cENTAURiNEiG Achcnes obliquely attached by one
side of the base or more laterally. Involucre globose or ovoid, its
'bracts appressed and variously appendaged.

91 Centanrea Achenes more or less compressed or quadrangular: pappus
of indefinite bristles or narrow palese.

98 Cnicns Aehenes terete: pappus double, each of 10 aristiform bristles.

Subtribe i, Carduineae Less. DC. Prodr. vi, 617. Heads discoid,
homogamous, many-flowered; the flowers all similar, perfect or di-
oecious. Bracts of the involucre imbricated in several series, often
spinose at the apex. Corollas usually curved outward, the exterior
often deeper cleft than the others. Anthers slightly or not at all
caudate. Achenes attached by their very base, glabrous, with a ter-
minal areola.

87 SAUSSUREA PC. Ann. Mus. Par. zvi, 107, t. 10-18.

Tall herbs with alternate not prickly leaves and middlesized
heads of purple or diark violet flowers. Heads many-flowered,
the flowers all tubular, similar and perfect. Bracts of the invo-

CYNABOIDBA

illnte or densely
\, elongated and
listinct. Style-
stinct or partly
i, not hirsute or
g or node below,
rely paleaceous.

heir very base.

partly distinct:

esseti and without
united at base and

ove the appressed

ited to or near
falling togetlier;
>ose or obovoid,
acts.

moae: receptacle

dy along the mar-
Btles of the pap>

ttached by one
)se or ovoid, its

rangular: pappus

■istiform bristles.

Heads discoid,
r, perfect or di-
ral series, often
ird, the exterior
y or not at all
•0U8, with a ter-

t. 10-13.

id middlesized
many-flowered,
its of the invo-

8ADB8URBA
ARCTIUM

COMPOSITiK

381

lucre imbricated in sevoral series, mostly not appendaged. Re-
oej^ '*' it, fimbrilL*:. or with persistent chaff Corollas with
slender lube, inflated throat and 5-uleft limb. Anthers with se-
tiform ciliate or villous tails. Pappus double, the outer of a few
short denticulate rigid distinct bristles; the inner of a series of
stout plumose bristles which are united at base.

8. Americana Eaton Bot. Oaz. vi, 283. Sterne rather otout, ?-6 feet
high, leafy to the top, lightly arachnoid when young, soon glabr:'ve, bearing
numerous oorymbosely cymose heads: leaves membranaceous, ovate and ob-
long-ovate, acute, or acuminate, denticulate or dentate: radicnl and lower
oauline subcordate, on slender margined petioles, 4 inches lon^ or more;
upper sessile, with acute base; uppermost lanceolate: heads 6-10 lines high:
involucre somewhat turbinate, pubescent; its bracts thin-coriaceous: in ^9
ranks all pointless and obtuse, the outer suooessivoly shorter: corollas blue or
purple: receptacle naked, or bearing more or less copious setif orm oh<*fT
among the flowers. In moist places in the high mountains, Oregon, and
Washington.

88 ARCTIUM L. Gen. n. 923. (Burdock).

Coarse biennial herbs with broad alternate petioled leaves and
rather large heads of purple or white tubular perfect flowers, ra-
cemose, corymbose or paniculate at the ends of the stems or
branches. Involucre globular; its bracts slender-subulate or
aristiform and spreading above the broader appressed base,
hooked at tip, imbricated in several series. Receptacle flat,
densely setose. Anthers sagittate at base. Filaments glabrous.
Achenes oblong, somewha^ compressed and 3-angled, truncate.
Pappus of numerous short and rigid or chaff'y bristles, separately
deciduous.

A. LAPPA L. Sp. 8x6. Stem stout, 2-9 fetst high much branched, rough:
leaves thin, broadly ovate, pale and tomentose beneath, obtuse, entire re-
pand or,dentate> mostly cordate, the lower often 18 inches long: petioles
solid, deeply furrowed: heads clustered or corymbose, sometimes long-pe-
duncled, 6-12 lines in diameter: bracts of the involucre glabrous or nearly
eo, their spines spreading, the inner ones equalling the flowers. Common
in waste places. Naturalized from Europe.

89 CABDUU8L. Gen. n. 925. (Thistle)

Stout herbs with alternate usually pricMy leaves and large or
middle-sized heads of purple, red, white or pale yellow flowers.
Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all perfect and fertile, with
tubular corollas with deeply, often more or less unequally, 5-
cleft narrow lobes. Involucre globular, ovoid, or at matur-
ity sometimes campanulate, the mostly narrow bracts inbricated
i n many series, more'commonly tipped with a spine or cuspidate
point. Receptacle flat, fleshy, densely clothed with bristles.
Filaments commonly papillose-hairy, distinct. Anthers sagit-
tate at base, the auricles frequently extended with tails. Style
filiform, sometimes thickened, or with a ring or node at the base
of stigmatic portion. Achenes glabrous, thick-walled, obovate or

882

COMPOSIFiE

CAROnOB

H^

oblong, more or less compressed, attuched by their very base.
Pappus of copious and rather rigid, long and plumous bristles in
a single series, connected at the very base into a ring, so that they
remain united after detaching.

§ Perennials with camparatively small diaudous heads.

C. ABVBNSiB Robs. BHt. Fl. 16]. (Canada Thibtlb.) .Stems 1-.3 feet
high from creeping perennial rootstocliB, corymbuaely branctiing, uaually
glabrate and green : leaves lanceolate, pinnatifid and toothed, furniBlied
with abundant weak prickles : heads loosely vymose. less than an inch
high, dioecious, in staminate plants ovatH-globular with the flowers well
exsertiHl; the pistillate oblong-cam pan uTate, the flowers lesti exserted :
bracts of the involucre appressed, nhort, with very small weak prickly
poiota. A troublsome weed introduced from Europe: becoming too com-
mon in the Willamette Valley

§ 2 Biennials with the flowers all perfect.

* Bracts of the involucre more or less unequal, all but the innermost
terminating in subulate, splnose spreading appendages.

C. LANCBOLATUB L. Sp. 821. (CoMMON Thistle) Stems stout, 2-4 feet
high, much branched: more or less villous- hirsute: leaves lanceolate,
deeply pinnatifid w th lanceolate lobes, rigidly prickly, upper face strigose-
selulose; the base decurrent on the stem into interrupted pricKJy wings:
heads obovoid, 1-2 inches high, terminating the stems and brunches :
bracts of the involucre arachnoid>woolly, lanceolate and mostly attenua'e
into slender spreading spines : corollan rose-purple. Pastures and waste
places throughout the northern United States. Naturalized from Europe.

* * Bracts of the ovoid or hemispherical involucre appressed-imbi i-
cate, the outer pucccessively shorter, all with loose and ailated fimbri-
ate or lacerate white-ecarious tips.

C. Americanas Greene Proc Phila<^ Acad. Stems rather slender, 2-4
feet high, branching above, the branches bearing solitary or scattered
naked heads leaves white-tomen*ose beneath, lanceolate or broader, sin-
uately pinnatifid or some nearly dentate, others pinnately parted, weakly
prickly: heads erect, one inch high; principal bracts of the involucre
naked-edged or merely fimbriate-ciliate below, and the dilated scarious
apex as broad aa long, fimbriate-lacerate, tipped with barely ezserted cusp
or mucro ; innermost with lanceolate nearly entire pcarious tips : flowers
ochroleucous : stronger pappus-bristles diiated-clavellate at tip. Willam-
ette Valley Oregon to Colorado and New Mexico.

* * * Bracts of the involucre mostly loose, not appressed imbricate
nor rigid, tapering gradually from a narrow base to a slender prickly
muticose apex ; outer not very much shorter than the inner, wholly
destitute of dorsal glandular ridge or spot.

•*- 8oma bracts of the involucre with scarious or fringed tip or mar-
sinB, at least the innermost slightly or not at all prickly-pointed :
leaves not decarrent on the stem, moderately prickly.

C. remotifollns Hook. Fl. i, 302. Loosely arachnoid-woolly when
young: stems 2-8 feet high: leaves from sinuately to deeply pinnatifid,
more or less whitened by the loose tomentum beneath even in age : heads
12-18 lines high, pedunculate, scattered, naked or nearly so at base: invo-
lucre lightly arachnoid and glabrate; the bracts attenua'e, the outer into
a weak small prickle; the inner or some of them with a scarious entire or
sparingly lacerate tip: corollas ochroleucous, their lobes much shorter than
tne throat: pappus of coarse bristles, the strongest with conspicuously

CARDUCB

oir very base,
lous briMtlesin
g, 80 that the}'

)us heads.

.Stems 1-3 feet
inchinit, usually
thed, furnished
8 thnn an inch
he Howers well
n lean exserted :
II weak prickly
!omingtoo com-

!Ct.

the innermost

stout, 2-4 feet
aves lanceolate,
per face strigose-
pricKly wings:
and branches :
Dostly attenua'e
stures and waste
d from Europe.

pressed-imbi i-
iilated fimbri-

her slender, 2-4
tarv or scattered
)r broader, sin-
T parted, weakly
)f the involucre
dilated scarious
ly exserted cusp
ons tips : flowers
at tip. Willam-

ssed imbricate
ender prickly
inner, wholly

ed tip or mar-
U'kly-pointed :

>id-woolly when
eply pinnatifld,
in in age : heads
BO at base : invo ■
!, the outer into
carious entire or
uch shorter ttian
h conspicuously

CARDUTTfl

COMPOSIT.E

383

clavellate tips. Common on prairies Brit. Colum'ia to Californli.

*■ ■*- None of the involucral bracts with fimbriate or noarious-dila-
ted tips, but tapering into an nlmost innocuous weak and sbort prickle
or soft point: leaves green both sides, mostly membtunaceous, not
deourrent on the stem.

C. ednlis Greene Proc. Philad. Acad. 1892, 308. Stems robust and
somewhat succulent, 3-10 feet high, piibescen*., k'Hfy to the top: leaves ob*
lon^ or narrower, from slightly to deeply sinuate-pinnutifid, weakly prick-
ly-ciliate: heads an inch h gh, scattered,' or few in h duster, usually* bracte-
ose at base : involucre coispicuously arachnoid-woolly when young, partly
glabrate in age: corollax purple or whitish the lobes much shorter than the
the throat, tiliform in the dried state and capitellate callous at the apex.
Edge o timbered lands, Alaska to California wes>l of the Cascade Mountainv.

C. Hallli. Cnicm HalHi Gray. Glabrate and green : stems slender, 2-3
feet high leafy :leavespiunatitid'; the lobes an! teetli rather strongly prick-
ly: heads solitary and pedunculate or 2-3 in a small terminal cluster,
more or less bracteose leafy at base: involucre sparingly arachnoid wben
young, soon glabrate, the attenuate tipa of all but the outermost without
rigid spines : corollas rose-purple to white; the lobes linear, plane, obtuse.
Oregon to southern California and Utah.

* * ♦ » Bracts of the involucre moderately unequal, or the lower
not rarely about equalling the upper, most of them with more or less
herbaceous spinescent-tipped spreading tvper portion and no glandu-
lar dorsal ridge.

C. oecidentalls Nutt. Trans. \m. Phil. Soc. vii, 418. Mostly stout,
2-12 feet high, very white with a thick coat of cottony wool : leaver from
sinuate-dentate to pinnatifld, not very prickly: involucral bracts some-
times narrow and herbac^eous acerosb from a little-dilated base, sometimes
with broader more coriaceous base, or the outer with lanceolate-subulate
tips : corollas bright red or crimson : style destitute of node. Dry hillsides,
southwestern Oregon to California.

# » « » » Bracts of the involucre regularly and chiefly appressed-
imbricated in numerous ranks; the outer successively shorter ; not
herbaceous-tipped or appendagud.

•*■ Heads oblong or cylindraceou'*, showy : not at all glandular on
the back ; inner ones all erect and purplish-tinged.

C* Anderson! Greene I. c. Slender, rather lightly and loosely woolly:
leaves lightly prickly, sinuate-pinnatifiii, rather sparse: heads naked-pe-
dunculate: involucral bracts comparatively loose and erect, all gradually
attenuate from a narrow base: outermost tipped with small weak prickles :
corollas bright pink-red, their slender lobes about equalling their throat:
style prolonged above thH very obscure node. Dry hills, southwestern
Idaho to eastern California.

■*- ■*- Heads broad, mostly large : involucre glabrous or earlv glab-
rate, the light arachnoid wool caducous, its bracts rather large, cbar-
taceous or coriaceous, not at all glandular on the back : anther-tips
narrow, very acute.

C. Drnmmondii Coville Contr. Nat. Herb, iv, 142. Green and some-
what villouB-pubescent, or when jroung lightly arachnoid-woolly: either
stemless and bearing sessile lieaii>< in a cluster on the crown, or caulescent
and even 2-3 feet high, with solitary or several loosely disposed heads:
leaves from sinuate or almost entire to pinnately parted, moderately
pricklv : larger heads fully half-inch high: bracts of the involucre thin-
coriaceous or chartaceous, mostly acuminate, weak-prickly, pointed or

C0MP08ITi«

CABDOPI

m-

t^Jil

innocuous with more scarioua and sometimea obviously dilated and erofle<
fimbriate tips: corollas wtiite to rose-purple, witli lobes usually shorter
than the throat. From the Arctic sea-shore to California and the Rooliy
Mountains.

C* foliosBS Hook. Fi. i, 303. Stems erect* robust, striate, somewhat
woolly, leafy to the cluster of a few sessile heads, 12-18 inches high :
leaves commonly elongated, linear-lanceolate, laciniately dentate, with
rather rigid prickles, arachnoid-tomentose beneath : heads broad, inch and
a half high leafy-bracteose : involucral bracts thin-coriaceous : corollas pale
or while, with lobes equalling or longer than the throat. Idaho to the
Rocky Mountains.

■*-■>-•*- Heads large or comparatively small: involucral bracts
closely appressed, coriaceous or thickish, commonlv with a glandular
or viscid ridge, short line, or broad spot on the back near the summit.

C. nndvlatns Nutt. Gen. ii, 130. Persistently white-tomentose, 1-4
feet high : leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile or deenrrent, or
the lowest petioled, undulate, lobed or pinnatifid the lobes dentate, trian-
gular, often very pricklv : heads about 2 inches broad, nearly as high, soli-
tary at the ends of the branches : principal bracts of the involucre mostly
thickened on the back by the broad glandular-viscid ridge, comparatively
narrow, tipped with short spreading prickles : corollas rose color or pale
purple to wnite, with lobes equalling or longer than their throats. Dry
prairies, Brit. Columbia to Oregon, New Mexico and Lake Huron.

Yar. megaeephalas Oreene 1. c. Stouter, usually broader-leaved;
with broad heads 2 inches or more high. Idaho to Minnesota and Texas.

C. Breworl Oreene 1. c. 363. Usually white-tomentose, 4-10 fe^t high :
leaves mostly elongated lanceolate, conspicuously prickly : heads panicu-
late, sometimes very numerous, subsessile, an inch or more high : bracts
of the globular involucre mueh appressed, firm coriaceous, with an oblong
or oval greenish viscid-glandular spot near the tip; outer ones ovate to
oblong, abruptly tipped wit^ a rather slender spreading prickle : corollas
palf purple or whitish, the lobes shorter than the throat. Moist places,
southern and eastern Oregon to California and Nevada.

90 SILYBUM Geertn. Fr. ii, 308. (Milk Thibtlk)

Annual or biennial herbs with large alternate clasping sinuate-
lobed or pinnatifid white-blotched leaves, and large discoid heads
of purple tubular flowers, solitary at the ends of the branches,
involucre broad, subglobose ; its bracts rigid, imbricated in many
series, the lower ones fimbriate-t>pinulo8e at the broad triangular
summit, the middle ones similar but armed with stout spreading
or recurved spines ; the inner ones lanceolate. Receptacle flat,
densely bristly. Corollas with slender tube and deeply 5-c'eft
limb. Filaments united below, glabrous. Anthers sagittata at
base. Style nearly entire, Achenes obovate-oblong, compressed,
glabrous, surmounted by a papillose ring. Pappus-bristles in
several series, flattish, barbellate or scabrous.

S. Marianom Gaertn. 1. c. 378. Stout, 2-4 feet high, little branched,

Slabrate or glabrous: leaves oblong-lanceolate, prickly, sinuate or pinnati-
d, the lower often a foot long, green blotched with white along the veins :
heads about 2}i inched broad : corollas rose-purple, deeply^ cleft : pappus-
brifltles white, barbellate. Waste places and road-sides, Brit. Columbia to
California. Naturalized from Europe.

CABDora

CINTAUBBA

COMPOSITiE

386

lated and erom-

I uaualty shorter

and the Rooky

riate, somewhat
18 inches high :

y dentate, with
broad, inch and

us : corollas pale
Idaho to the

}lucral bracts
a glandular
r the summit.

tomentose, 1-4
or deeorrent, or
I dentate, trian-
ly as high, soli-
nvolucre mostly
, comparatively
Me color or pale
ir throats. Dry
Huron.

broadnr-leaved ;
iota and Texas.

4-10 fe«t high :
r : heads panicu-
>re high : bracts

with an oblong
«r ones ovate to
•rickle: corollas
. Moist places,

btlb)

jping sinuate-
discoid heads
the branches,
cated in many
3ad triangular
out spreading
Receptacle flat,
deeply 6-c'eft
's sagittata at
?, compressed,
)us-bristle8 in

ittle branched,
uate or pinnati-
Eilong the veins :
y cleft : pappus-
rit. Columbia to

Subtribe n, Ctintaurie» DC. Frodr. vi. 557. Achenea more or
leB» eompreased or quadrangular. Heads globular or ovoid. Pap-
pus of in definite f few or many, bristles or narrow pale».

91 CENTAUREA L. Oen. n. 9R4

Perennial or annual herbs with ulternate leuvon and large or
middlesized headfl tubular and various colored dow«>rH. Invo-
lucre ovoid or globose, its bracts imbricated in many souoh, ap-
pressed, flmbrillate, or dentate. Receptacle flat, densuly bristly.
of arginal flowers usually neutral and larger tli m the centtol per-
fect and fertile ones, or flowers all perfect in Hoint* species. Co-
rolla-tube slender, the limb regular or oblique, 5-cleft <)r 5-lobed,
the segments sometimes appearing like rays. Anthers sagittate
at base. Style-branches short, somewhat connate, obtuse.
Achenes compressed or obtusely 4-angled, usually smooth and
shining, obliquely or laterally attached to the receptacle, sur-
mounted by a disk with nn elevated margin. Pappus of several
series of bristles or scales, rarely none.

* At least some of the involucral bracts armed with a rigid spine
or prickle and also apinulose along itn sides or base : cartilaginous ap-
pendages of the anthers commonly elongated and connate.

C. CALCiTRAPA L. Sp. 917. (STAR Thibtlb). Low, much branched,
diffusely spreading, green, glabrate or hairy : leaves narrow, laciniate-pin-
natifid ; uppermost somewhat iuvolucrate-crowded at the base of the sessile
hvads : princip&l bracts of the involucre armed with a wideljr spreadmg
very long and rigid spine which bears 2 or 3 spinules on each side at base :
corollas purple or pinkish : pappus none. Vancouver Island to California.
Sparingly introduced from Europe.

C* Mbl tbnsib L. 1. 0. Stems erect, 1-4 feet high, paniculatelv bran-
ched, cinereous-pubescent, somewhat woolly when young : radical leaves
Ivrate pinnatifld; cauline;lanceolate or linear, mostly entire, narrowly
decurrent on the branches : heads sessile or 1- or 2-leaved at base, prin-
cipal bracts of the involucre bearing a slender spreading spine of about
their own length, which is pectinately spinulose toward the base; inner-
most with simply spinescent tips; outermost usually with the central
spine reduced and the spinules palmate : corollas yellow : achenes lightly
costate : pappus of very unequal rigid bristles or eqnamellae. Rather com-
mon in fields and waste places British Columbia to California and Arizona.
Naturalized from Europe.

■*- •*- Bracts of the involucre unarmed, most of them terminated
by a scarious discolored flmbriate-ciliate or lacerate appendage.

€> Cyanub L Sp. 911. ^Fbbnch Pink, Bldb Bottle.} Slender branch-
ing annual : stems 1-6 feet hiith, whitened when young with floccose
wool : leaves linear, entire, or the lower toothed or pinnatifld : heads na-
ked on slender peduncles : involucral bracts rather narrow, furnished with
short scarious teeth: marginal flowers neutral, with much enlarged
radiform blue or white varying to pink purple or brown corollas : pappus
of unequal bristles about the length of the achene. Very common in nelds
Brit. Columbia to California. Introduced from Europe.

92 CNICUS L. Sp. 826. (BtBSSBo Thistle.)

Annual herbs with alternate sinuate or pinnatifld prickly leaves,
and large sessile heads of yellow tubular flowers solitary at the

^'1

p

886

COMPOSITiE

CNICUS

'■■■ I-'*

i

i

^h

!

i

ends of tlie brandies subtended by the upper leaves. Bracts of
the involucre imbricated in several series, the outer ovate, the
inner lanceolate, tipped by a pinnately branched spine. Recep-
tacle bristly. Achenes terete, striate, laterally attached, the
horny margin 10-toothed at the summit. Pappus of 2 series of
awns, the inner fimbriate the outer longer, naked.

C. BGNBDicTus L. Sp. 826. Hirsute or pubescent : stems low and bran-
ching: leaves prominently reticulated, pinuate-pinnatifid or laciniate-den-
tate, the teeth or margins prickly ; lower atvcnuate at base ; upper narrowly
oblong, partly clasping by a broad base: heads sessile, inch and a half
high, equalled by the upper leaves: bracts of the involucre thin-coriaceous,
in few ranks, all or most of them abruptly tipped with a spinescent and

{>ectinately pricklv spreading appendage: receptacle densely setose with
ong and soft capillary bristles: corollas light yellow. In fields southern
Oregon to California and the Eastern States. Naturalized from Europe.

SuBCBDER II LHiULIFLORiE DC. Prodr. vii 74.

Flowers all ligulate and perfect, in a homogamous radiati-
form head.

Tribe ix, CICHORACE^ Juss. Gen. 168. Herbs (or rarely
trees) almost ahoays with milky hitter or acrid juice, alternate or
all radical leaves and yellow pink blue or white, flrwers in involucr-
ate heads. Heads homogamous. the flowers all hermaphrodite and
with ligulate corolla. Receptacle flat or fiattish. Ligules usually
6-tooihed at the truncate apex. Anthers sagittate-auriculate nt base,
not caudate: pollen-grains scabrous, dodecahedral. Style-branches
filiform, minutely papillose, not appendaged but stigmatic lines ev-
ident only toward the ba^e.

§ 1 Pappus none. Receptacle naked,

* Achenes with rounded or somewhat contracted apex and small
areola.

Lapsana

striate.

Heads paniculate: involucre erect: achenes obscurely

§ 2 Pappus paleaceous or partly so; or aristiforni, or plumose.

* Caulescent herbs with small or reduced leaves on the rigid stems
or branches: receptacle not chaffy: flowers never yellow: achenes
usually short with truncate summit, not rostrate.

94 Cichorium Flowers blue : pappus of numerous very short and
blunt paleae in 2 or more series.

95 Ptiloria B'lowers pink or rose-color: pappus a series of plumose
bristles or rarely chaffy awns.

* * Receptacle naked: achenes long-rostrate: pappus a series of
long-plumose bristles or awns.

9tt Tragoi>osroii. Flowers yellow or purple: pappus a series of stout
bristles somewhat united at base into a ring.

* * * Involucre sparingly imbricated: receptacle with soft slender
chaff among the tiowers : achenes either tnmcate or the inner ones
rostrate.

CNICU8

es. Bracts of
uter ovate, the
ipine. Recep-
attached, the
! of 2 series of

a low and bran-
or laciniate-den-
; upper narrowly
inch and a haU
thin-coriaueous,
I spinesceiit and
iFely setose with
I fields pouthern
1 from Europe.

i 74.

mous radiati-

^erbs (or rarely
;c, alternate or
'8 in involurr-
iaphrodite and
dgules usually
iculate at base,
Style-branches
matic lines ev-

>ex and small
lenes obscurely

11, or plumose.

le rigid stems
low : achenes

iry short and

ies of plumose

B a series of

series of stout

soft slender
he inner ones