^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 4p.. // 4^ II 1.1 11.25 ■tt|2£ Hi. ^ DA U 11.6 I Sciences Corporalion 23 WBT MAIN STRiiT WIUTIR,N.Y. 14SS0 (71«)t72-4S03 .n^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CiHM/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historicai IMicroraproductions / Institut Canadian de microraproductions liistoriquas Tachnical and Bibliographic Notaa/Notas tachniquaa at bibiiograpliiquaa Tha inatituta haa attamptad to obtain tha baat original'copy avaiiabia for filming. Faaturaa of thia copy which may IM bibliographically uniqua, which may altar any of tha imagaa in tha raproduction, or which may aignif icantiy changa tha uauai mathod of filming, ara chackad balow. 0 D D D El Coiourad covara/ Couvartura da coulaur I I Covara damagad/ Couvartura endommagAa Covara raatorad and/or laminatad/ Couvartura raataur^a at/ou palliculte I I Covar titia miaaing/ La titra da couvartura manqua Coiourad mapa/ Cartaa gAogra/ihiquaa an coulaur Coiourad ink (i.a. othar than blua or black)/ Encra da coulaur (i.a. autra qua blaua ou noira) Coiourad piataa and/or llluatrationa/ Planchaa at/ou llluatrationa an coulaur Bound with othar matarial/ RailA avac d'autraa documanta y| Tight binding may cauaa ahadowa or diatortion ' along intarior margin/ La re liura aarrte paut cauaar da I'ombra ou da la diatortion la long da la marga intAriaura Blank laavaa addad during raatoration may appaar within tha taxt. Whannvar poaaibia, thaaa hava baan omittad from filming/ II aa paut qua cartainaa pagaa blanchaa ajouttea lora d'una raatauration apparaiaaant dana la taxta, mala, loraqua cala Atait poaaibia, caa pagaa n'ont paa AtA fiimtea. L'Inatitut a microfilm* la maillaur axamplaira qu'il lui a 4tA poaaibia da aa procurar. Laa dAtaila da cat axamplaira qui aont paut-Atra uniquaa du iioint da vua bibiiographiqua, qui pauvant modifiar una imaga raproduita, ou qui pauvant axigar una modification dana la m^thoda normala da filnraga aont indiqute ci-daaaoua. I — I Coiourad pagaa/ D Pagaa da coulaur Pagaa damagad/ Pagaa andommagtea □ Pagaa raatorad and/or laminatad/ Pagaa raatauriaa at/ou paliiculAaa 0 Pagaa diacolourad, stainad or foxad/ Pagaa dAcolorAaa, tachattea ou piqutea □ Pagaa datachad/ Pagaa d^tach^aa 0Showthrough/ Tranaparanca □ Quality of print variaa/ Quality InAgaia da I'impraaalon □ Includaa aupplamantary matarial/ Comprand du matAriai auppMmantaira □ Only adition avaiiabia/ Saula Mition diaponibia Pagaa wholly or partially obacurad by arrata alipa, tiaauaa, ate, hava baan rafilmad to anaura tha baat poaaibia imaga/ Laa pagaa totalamant ou partiallamant obacurclaa par un fauillat d'arrata, una palura, ate, ont it* fllmiaa * nouvaau da fapon A obtanir la malllaura imaga poaaibia. Th< to Th( poi of filri Orl bai the alo ot» fin alo or Th ahi Til wl Ml dif an ba< rig rac m< Additional commanta:/ Commantairaa aupplimantairaa; Pagination continued from vol. VI. Thia itam la filmad at tha raduction ratio chackad balow/ Ca documant aat filmi au taux da reduction indiqu* ci-daaaoua. 10X 14X 18X 22X 28X 30X X 12X 16X 20X MX 28X 32X The copy filmed hare has baan raproducad thanks to tha ganarosity of: Plint RMMrch Libriry Agricultura Csnada Tha imagas appaaring hara ara tha bast quality posslbia considaring tha condition and lagiblllty of tha original copy and in kaaping with tha filming contract spacifications. L'axamplaira fiimi f ut raproduit grAce A la gAnirositi da: BibliotMqu* da racherchM wr let vMtsux Agriculture Canada Las imagas suivantes ont 6t6 reprodultes avec la plus grand soln, compte tanu da la condition at da la nattatt da I'axamplaire fiim6, at en conformity avac las conditions du contrat da filmaga. Original copies in printed paper covers ara filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or Illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. 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Tous les autres exemplairas originaux sont film6s en commenpant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la darnidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symboie — ► signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symboie Y signifie 'FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent dtre filmte d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seui clich6. il est film6 d partir de I'engle 8up6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la methods. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 I i ! ! / .NATU V.'HTl \. '"•• / A FLORA OF NORTHWEST AMERICA. Containing IJUIKI-' 1)E8('H i 1-1 iu.WS UF ALL THE KNoWN IN i 'I( i l.,\( M,- AisU >AT(IKAL1ZE|) PLAM'y GKOWI.\(. WlTIIolT ( ( l.TiVATluN NiiRTH OF CALIFORNIA, WEST ( »F UTAH, AM» SoCTU oK BRITISH c;OLUMBL\. BY THOMAS HOWELL VOL. I. PHAXEROGAM.li;. /a 1- /oz ua^-fS^e^v'a tet*4^ 670 /o^ '^^Va. i.Mtt ci- OUB, without perianth : anthers sessile, in 2 rows on a spadix : ovaries in 2 rows on the inner side of a margined enclosed spadix, ascending: stigmad 2, linear, sessile. 4 LlIiBa Annual stemlecs plants : flowers nionu'cious ; 8taminate in close spikes on scapes under a single bract: pistillate flowers at the base of the leaves with very long styles, or in dense heads on scapes ; stigmas capitate ■*- ■*- Ovaries about 4, nearly sessile, becoming more or less stipitate. i Zannlchellia Leaves opposite : flowers monu'cious, axillary or nearly so : anther solitary, on a slender naked filament : pistillate flowers solitary, with a cup-shaped membranaceous spatheor perianth : stigma peltste. tt Bnppla Leaves alternate: flowers perfect, 2 or more on an enclosed sptadix, at length long-exserted, without perianth: anthers 2, sessile : stigma depressed. * * Flowers perfect, with herbaceouK 4 parted perianth, in a peduncled spike. 7 Potamofircton Ovaries and anthers 4, sessile : stigma sessile. 1 NAIAS L. Sp. 1015. Slender branching aqnatic wholly submerged plants with oppo- site, alternate or verticellate leaves with sheathing bases, and in- conspicuous monoecious or dioeidous flowers in axillary clusters or solitary. Staminate flowers of a single stamen and a membranous tubular 4-lobed perianth within a small cup-shaped membranous spathe. Anther 4-celled, nearly sessile : pollen granular Pistil- late flowers without perianth or spathe, the oblong ovary termin- ated by a short style and 3-4 narrowly subulate stigmas. Fruit a membranous utricle, filled by the single erect anatropous seed. N flexilis Ro&t. & Schmidt Fl. Sed. 384. Stem slender, dichotomous- ly much branched 6-18 inches long : leaves linear, acuminate or abruptly acute, 6-12 lines long. }4~^ line wide, numerous and crowded upon the up- per part of the branches, with 25-.S0 minute teeth on each side ; sheaths obliquely rounded, with 5-10 teeth on each margin: fruit ellipsoid, with very thm pericarp, 1-2 lines long: style long, persidtent; stigmas short : seed smooth, shining, straw-color, sculptured with 30-40 rows of nearly square or hexagonal reticulations. In ponds and streams, throughout nearly all parts of North America: also in Europe. N. Oaadalnpensis Rlorong Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, iii, 60. Stem near- ly capillarv 1-2 feet long, widely branched from the bape: leaves numerous. 6-9 lines long, H~H line wide, acute, opposite or in fascicles of 2-5, fre- quently recurved, with 40-50 teeth on each margin : fruit about a line lung; pericarp dark and strongly marked by 15-20 rows of hexagonal or rectangu- lar reticulations which are transversely oblong: seed straw-color, not shining. In ponds and streams, Oregon to Nebraska and Texas : also in tropical America. 2 ZOSTERA L. Sp. 968. Marine plants with creeping rootstocks, branching compressed ii' 1 'I 672 NAIADACE.E ZOBTBKA PHYLI-OBPADIX steius, long grass-like entire few-nerved leaves and inconspicuous flowers on an enclosed f^padix. Flowers monoecious, without perianth, the single stamens and ovaries arranged alternate!} in 2 rows upon the face of a linear-oblong leaf-like sessile spadix en- closed in the dilated membranous base of a leaf. Anther 1-celled, sessile ; pollen thread-like. Ovary attached near its apex, beaked by a short style with 2 linear deciduous stigmas, witn a single pendulous orthotropous ovule. Fruit utricular, oblong. Seed with subcrustaceous testa. Embryo split longitudinally and en- closing the long linear curved plumule. Z. marina L. Sp. ()68. Stems rather fleshy, 1-7 feet long: leaves rib- bon-like, obtuse at the apex, 1-8 feet long, 2-4 linps wide, with 3-7 principal nerves: spadix 1-3 inches long: flowers crowded, usually from 10-20 nf each kind on the spadix : at anthesis the stigmas are thrust through the opening of the spathe and drop off before the anthers of the same spadix open : the anthers at maturity work their way out ^nd shed their glutinous stringy pollen into the water: seeds cylindric, strongly about 20 ribbed, about 1>2 lineF lonir, truncate at both ends. In bays and Htreams along the coast, Alaska to California and on the Atlantic coast and Europe. Z. latifolia Morong, Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, iii, 63. Rontstocks very thiuk : stems stout 2-10 feet long : leaves 2-4 feet long, 3-6 lines wide, the broadest 10-13-nerved : spadix 2-3 inches long: fruit l>^-2 lines long, cylindric, with a stra'ght beak as long as itsself and attached to the spadix by a short stipe, distinctly 20-25-costate. In bays, Puget ^ound to Calif. 3 PHYLL08PADIX Hook. Fl. ii, 171. Perennial marine herbs with thick rootstocks, slender stems' elongated linear leaves and inconspicuous dioecious flowers on a spadix. Staminate flowers of numerous sessile anthers in 2 rows crowded upon a apadix. Anthers 1-celled dehiscing by a vertical slit, dorsally attached near the middle : pollen thread-like. Pis- tillate flowers of sessile ovaries attached above the base, attenuate into a short style. Stigmas 2, capillary. Fruit a coriaceous utricle. P. Sconleri Hook. 1. c. Stems very stout, an inch or two high, bear- ing solitary spathes : leaves 2-6 feet long, 1-2 lines wide, S-nerved, with many fine striae between the nerves: spadix appendages on both kinds of flowers elliptical, about 6 lines long; fruit broadly flattened, the lobed half as broad as the body. On rocks that are exposed at low tide along the coast, Oregon to Alaska. 4 LILJKH. Humb. &Bonpl. PI. Ag. i, 221. (1808.) Annual acaulescent palndose plants with terete leaves and dimorphous flowers sessile among the leaves and in heads on sim- ple scapes. Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same or separ- ate heads, without perianth. Stamens solitary. Anthers nearly sessile, rounded, 2-celled, subtended by a hyaline bract. Ovarien naked,sessile and erect in the axils of the leaves with Very lonji styles and in heads on exserted scapes with short styles. 1-celled and 1-ovuled. Stigma capitate. Fruit coriaceous, ovoid, inde- hiscent, compressed and ribbed, the upper narrowly winged, the LILiBA ZANNICHBLT,! NAIADACEiE 678 Seed with lower wingletr ..nd laterally toothed at the summit, membranous testa and straight narrow embryo. L. snbnlata Humb. & Boupl. 1. c. Leaves 6 inches to 2 feet long or more, 1-2 lined thick: beada crowded, 6-12 lines long, on scapes shorter than the leaves : staminate bracts narrowly oblong, obtuse, }4 line long, twice longer than the anthers : radical fruits 3 lines long, the filiform styles often nearly as long as the scapes : upper fruits elliptical, acute, somewhat smaller. In shallow water or mud, Vancouver Island to South America. 6 ZANNIOHELLIA L. Sp. 969. Very slender immerif>ed branching aquatic herbs with filiforin flattened mostly opposite leaves, with small free membranous stipules,and inconspicuous monoecious flowers in axillary clusters. Staminate flowers of a single naked stamen with elongated flla- ment and 2-celled anther. Pistillate flowers usually in the same axils, of 2-5 sessile or shortly stipitate ovaries in a membranous cup-shaped perianth or spathe: style short, with peltate stigma. Ovule solitary, suspended. Fruit an obliquely oblong coriaceous nutlet, somewhat compressed, beaked by the short style. Seeds with membranous testa. Embryo slender, the attenuate'eotyle- donary end bent into a coil. Z« palvstrig L. Sp. 969. Stems 2 inches to 2 feet long, branching an'l leafy : leaves about 3 inches long. i4 lino or less wide, thin, 1-nerved : fruit sometimes incurved, often more or less toothed on the back. 1-1)^ lines long, about twice longer than the style, UFually becoming shortly stipitate and often also pedunculate. In fresh-water ponds and slow streams, throughout most partb of the World. , _ 6 RUPPIA L. Sp. 127. Slender branching submersed herbs growing in brackish or salt water, with filiform or capillar)' alternate leaves, with broadly sheathing bases, and small perfect flowers enclosed in the base of the leaves. Flowers on a capillary spadix-like peduncle, without perianth, consisting of 2 sessile antners, each with 2 separate cells, attached by the back to the peduncle, having between them sev- eral pistillate flowers in 2 sets on opposite sides of the rachis, the whole at first enclosed in the base of a leaf, the peduncle at length long exserted and bearing the ovaries in 2 clusters at the end. Ovaries at first sessile, with nearly sessile depreseied stigmas and solitary suspended camplytropous ovules. Fruit obliquely ovoid, very shortly beaked, on elongated slender stipes, hard and drupe- like. Seed with membranous testa. Embryo ovoid, with short cotyledon and short lateral plumule. R. marltima L. Sp. 157. Stems elongated, filiform, 6-20 inches or more high, leafy : leaves 2-4 inc!>es long. ^ line wide, with usually broadly dilated oases: flowers 2-8, in a short close spike : fruiting peduncle 3-6 inchex long, contorted : fruit l^ lines long, the stipe 1-12 lines long. In brackish or salt pools along the coast. Alaska to California, and in moat parts of the world. on 01 ho,^^ XJ*' '»«i r.i> 674 NAIADACE^ POTAMOGBTON I ,'' 7 POTAMOGETON L. Sp. 126. Submersed aquatic herbs with slender jointed branching stems, mosily alternate leaves with scarious stipules and perfect flowers in peduncled axillary spikes. Perianth herbaceous, of 4 narrow valvate segments. Stamens 4, opposite to the segments, with nearly sessile 2-celled anthers. Ovaries usually 4 and sessile, with oblique depressed nearly sessile stigmas and solitary ascend- ing campylotropous ovules. Fruit somewhat compressed, ovate, drupe-like, with a crustaceous nutlet within. Seed with mem- branous testa and strongly curved or spiral embryo. * Floating leaves more or less coriaceous, with a dilated petioled blade, different in form from the thinner submerged ones: stipules free: spikes cylindrical, mostly dense, not interrupted. P. natans L. Sp. 126. Stems 1-4 feet long, simple or sparingly bran- ched: floating leaves thick, ovate-elliptic to lanceolate, acutish, sligiitly cordate at base, usually 2-3 inches long, mostly shorter than the petiole, 2l-29-nervtiil: stipules long and conspicuous, acute or acuminate ; upper submersed leaves often with a small l^tnceolate blade, the lower reduced to petioles: peducles stout, bearing an emersed spike 1-2 inches long : fruit turgid, obliquely obovate, acute, 2 lines long: nutlets with a small deep pit on each side : embryo nearly circular. In ponds and ditches, Alaska to (Jalifoi'nia and across the Continent : olso in Europe and Asia. P. amplifolias Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci. (II) vi, 225. Stems often stout, simple: floating leaves elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, acute, mostly roun^-4 inches long: stipules 2-carinate: spikes dense, long-pb\luncled : fruit adout 2 lines long, turgid, tapering into a stout apical style, the back sharply 3-keeled: embryo coiled. In ponds, Idaho to Main and Georgia. P. Nnttallii Cham. & Sch. Linn, ii, 226. P. Claytonii Tuckem. Stems compressed, mostly simple, 2-6 feet long: floating leaves narrowly oblong to elliptic, 1-3 inches long, 11-17-nerved, obtuse or acutish, attenu- ate below into a flattened petiole usually shorter than the blade : stipules sheathing, soon deciduous, an inch or less long : submerged leaves very thin linear, 2-5 inches long, 5 nerved, with a close cellular reticulation between the middle nerves r f pikes 6-12 lines long, on short stout peduncles: fruit obovate, 3-keeled, slightly apiculate, 1-1 ^ lines long: nutlets slightly depressed on the sides : embryo coiled nearly 1% times. In ponds ana streatnH, California to Alaska and the Eastern States, P. alpinilH liall)is Mls.i. Bot. 13. (1804). P. rufeacem Schrad. (ISir,.) MOGBTON POTAMOGBTOK NAIADACEiE 676 Schrad. USUk) Stems simple or branched, 1-2 feet high, somewhat compressed : floating loaves often wanting, rather thin, 11-17-nei i'ed, narrowly oblong-elliptic or oblanceolate, 2-4 inches long, acutish, attenuate into a very broad snort petiole ; submerged leaves m lai^e as the floating ones, sessile or nearlj^ so, mostly attenuate, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 3-12 inches long, 3-6 lines wide '■ stipules broad, usually acuminate, 6-12 lines lone or more : spikes 1-2 inches long, rather slender, on stout often elongated peduncles: fruit round-obovate, \% lines long, compressed acutely margined, beaked by the rather long style : nutlets pitted on both sides : emb^o nearly circular. In alpine ponds, Brit. Columbia to California and the Eastern States, also in Europe. P. lonchites Tuckerman Am. Joucn. Sci. (II) vi, 226. Stems rather slender, branching, terete, 3-6 feet long: floating leaves thickish, 11-23- nerved, long-elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, usually 2-4 inches long, 9-16 lines wide, acute or acutish, rather abruptly narrowed into a petiole, usu- ally longer than the blade ; submersed leaves thinner, mostly linear-lance- olate, 3-12 inches long, 2-12 lines wide, attenuate at base, the lower sessile : stipules 1-4 inches long : spikes dense, 1-2 inches long, on stout peduncles: fruit obliquely obovate, 1-2 lines long, carinate, acute : nutlets somewhat 3-keeled, the sides scarcely impressed : cotyledons incurved above the base of the slightly incurved embryo. In ponds and slow streams, Washington to California and the Eastern States. P. heterophyllns Schreb. Special Fl. Lip. zxi, 1771. Stems very slender, brancning : floating leaves rather thin, 9-16-nerved, oblong-ellip^ tic, acutish, 1-2 inches long, rounded or cuneate at base, on slender peti- oles mostly as long or longer than the blade : stipules broad, obtuse, about an inch long : submersed leaves linear-lanceolate, 1-2 inches long[, 1-3 lines wide, acute or acuminate, narrowed at base : spikes about an inch long, rather loose, on stout often elongated peduncles : fruit round-obovate, a line long, acute, scarcely keeled : embryo stout, incurved. In different forms throughout most parts of North America: also in Eerope. * * Leaves all submerged and uniform, thin and dilated, numer- ous, mostly sessile : spikes dense, on stout peduncles. P. prselonicag Wulf. in Roem. Arch, iii, 331. Stems stout, elonga- ted, branching and flexuous above, usually growing in deep water, some- times 8 feet long: leaves often lanceolate, 2-10 inches long, 6-12 lines wide, obtuse and somewhat cucullate at the apex, rounded and clasping at base, undulate-serrate: stipules white and conspicnoua, 6-12 lines long: peduncles often much elongated ; fruit semicircular, 2 lines long, acutely keeled, prominently beaked : embryo slender, the cotyledons pointing to the base of the radicle. In deep water, Brit. Columbia to California and the Eastern States. P. perfoliatus L. Sd. 126. Stemsslender, not flexuous, 2-4 feet high, branching : leaves broaaly cordate to cordate-lanceolate, 6-18 inches long, obtuse to acute, clasping at base : stipules small and not persistent : spikes 3-12 lines long, often flowering and fruiting under water : fruit obliquely obovoid, nearly \% lines long, obtusely keeled, beaked b^ the short slender style : embryo slightly incurved or with the apex pointing directly toward the base. In streams and ponds, California to Brit. Columbia and across the continent. Var. Richardsonii A. Bennett Britten's Journ. Bot. zxvii, 25. Leaves 1-6 inches long, 4-8 lines wide at the broadened amplexicaul base, often curved inward at the apex, 13-23-nerved : fruit about 2 lines long, 1'^ lines thick. In streams and ponds, Oregon to California and Delaware. P. zostersBfolIas Schum. Enum. PI, Saell. 50. Stems much flattened, NAIADACE^ POTAlfOGBTON 1'. S: I: if. ■ I; A ■ kometimes winged, widely branching: leaves linear: mucronate or short. pointed at the apex, 2-12 Inches long, 1-2 lines wide, with 3 principal nerves and many fine ones: stipules scarious, finely nerved, soon perishing: po- dunclea 1)^-4 inches long: spilce cylindric, about }4 inch long, l2-l6-flow- ered : fruit obovoid with a broad base, about 2 lines long, 8-Keeled on t)ie back, the lateral keels rather obscure, beaked with a short recurved style: embryo slightly incurved. In still or running water, Oregon to New Jersey and New Brunswick : also in Europe. P. foliosvs Raf. Med. Rep. (ii) v, 354. Stems flattened, much bran- ched, 1-3 feet long: leaves 1-2 inches long, >^-l line wide, acute, 3- nerved, mostly glandular at base: stipules white, hyaline, obtuse to acute, 6-10 lines long : peduncles more or less clavate, erect, about 6 lines long : spikes about 4-nowered, fruit lenticular of nearly otbicular, about 1 line in aiain- eter, 3-keeled on the back, the middle keel winged and sinuate-dentate, the face strongly angled or arched, sharp, often with a projecting tootli at base : st> e apical. In ponds and streams, California to Brit. Columbia, and New Brunswick. Yar. Californicns Morong Bot. Gaz. z, 254. Stems stout and bushy, strongly flattened and sometimes winged, thickly clustered: leavea smaller, with dilated midrib and frequently 5-nerved at base: pedunclos 4-6 lines long, erect, clavate, flattened : spikes often ripening 12 strongly marked fruits. Eastern Oregon to southern California. P« pngillus L. Sp. 127. Stems filiform, branching, 6-24 inches long: leaves narrowly linear, 1-3 inches long, rarely a line wide, often nearly se- taceous, 1-3-nerved, obtuse and mucronate or acute, biglandularand sessile ; stipules obtuse, becoming setose: spike capitate or somewhat elongated and open or interrupted, on slendei flattened peduncles J4 to nearly 2 inch- es long: fruit obliquely ellipsoidal, about a line long, 2-groovea on the back or sometimes with 3 distinct keels : apex of the embryo slightly in- curved and pointing obliquely downward. In ponds, Brit. Columbia to California and across the continent : also in Europe. ■*- ■*- Stipules united with the sheathing ba^e of the leaf: spikes interrupted. P. pevtlnatii8 L. Sp. 127. Stems slender, repeatedly branched, 1-:] feet long: leaves setaceous, attenuate to the apex, 1-nerved, 1-6 inches long, often capillary and nerveless: stipules half free, 6-12 lines long, thin; sheaths scarious on the margins: peduncles filiform, 2-12 inches long, the flowers in verticils: fruit obliquely obovoid, with a broad thick shell, 1-2 lines long, plump on the aides : apex of the embryo pointing almost directly toward the basal end. In ponds and brackish or salt water, Brit. Columbia to California and the Eastern States. P. Bobbinsii Oakes Hovey's Mag. vii, 189. Stems stout, widely bran- ching, 2-4 feet long : leaves linear, 3-5 inches long, acute, finely many- nerved, crowded in 2 ranks, minutely serrulate^ auriculate at the point of attachment with the obtuse at length setose stipules : spikes usually sev- eral, on stout peduncles altout an inch long, loose and more or less inter- rupted, about 6 lines long : fruit oblong-obovate, nearly 2 lines long, keeled with a broadish wing, acutely beaked : embryo stout, the apex pointing a little inside of the basal end. In ponds and lakes, Oregon to California and tbte Atlantic States. Order CV SCHEUCHZERIACEiE Agardh theor. Syst. PI. 44. Marsh herbs with terete or semiterete leaves aod small flow- ers in terminal spikes or racemes. Perianth 4-6.parted, its kUOGBTON TRIOLOCHIN 8CHEUCHZERIA SOHEUCHZERIACEiE 677 much bran- segments in 2 series. Stamens 3-6, with short or elongated filaments and mostly 2-celled extrorse anthers. Carpels 3-6, 1- or 2-ovuled, more or less united until maturity. Seeds ana- tropous, without albumen. Bmbryo straight. 1 Trlf loohln Leavee all radical : flowers bractless, in a spike-like raceme terminating a jointlees scape : ovaries 3-6, united until maturity. i Scheachzeria Flowers bracteate in a loose raceme upon a leafy stem : ovaries 3, nearly distinct, at length divergent. 1 TRIGLOCHIN L. Sp. 338. Perennial herbs with all radical terete or seraiterete ligulate leaves with membranous sheaths, and perfect flowers in a naked raceme upon a scape-like peduncle. Perianth herbaceous, decidu- ous, of 3 small concave sepals and as many similar petals. Sta- mens 3 or 6, with oval nearly sessile anthers. Ovaries 3-6-celled with sessile stigmas and solitary ovules, separating at maturity from the central axis into as many distinct carpels. Seeds ana- tropous, erect, with membranous testa. Embryo straight, with minute included plumule. T. maritlma L. Sp. 339. Kootstock without stolons, often s: bligne- ous, the caudex thick, mostly covered with the sheaths of former leaves : scapes stout, nearly terete, >^-2 feet high: leaves semiterete, usually about 1 line wide, shorter than the scape : raceme elongated, often 16 inches or more lon^: pedicels decurrent, 1-1)^ lines Icmg : segments of the perianth 6, each with a large sessile anther at its base : pistil of 6 united carpels: fruit oblong or ovoid, 2)^-3 lines long, obtuse at base, with 6 re- carved points at the summit : carpels 3-angled. In saltmarshes aud saline places. California to Alaska and across the continent : alao in Europe. T. palastris L. ^p. 338. Bootstock short, oblique, with slender fu- gaceous stolons : leaves linear, shorter than the scapes, 5-12 inches long, tapering to a sharp point : scapes striate, 3-20 inches high: racemes 5-12 inches long: pedicels capillary, in fruit erect-appressed, 2)^-3 lines long: perianth s^ments 6, greenish-yellow : anthers 6, sessile : pistil of 3 united carpels: stigmas sessUe : fruit linear or clavate: ripe carpels separating from the axis and becoming suspended from its apex, the axis 3-winged. In bogs, Idaho to Alaska and the northern Atlantic States : also in Europe. 2 SCHEUCHZERIA L. Sp. 338. Bog perennials with creeping rootstocks, erect leafy stems flat- ish leaves and small flowers in a loose terminal raceme. Perianth of 3 oblong sepals and 3 narrower petals. Stamens 6, with linear- oblong anthers and slender exserted filaments. Ovary of 3 nearly distinct ovoid 1-2-ovuled carpels, becoming divergent coriaceous subglobose follicles, dehiscing ventrally. Stigmas flat, sessile. Seed ascending, anatropous, with coriaceous testa. Embryo straight, thick. S. palvstrls L. Sp. 338. Stems solitary or several together, usually clothed at the base with the remains of old leaves, 4-lU inches high : leaves 5-15 inches long, exceeding the stem, the uppermost reduced to bracts: pedicels 3-10 lines long, spreading in fruit : flowers white, few, in a loose terminal raceme : segments of the perianth membranaceous, 1-nerved, 1}4 lines long : filaments 2-4 lines long : seeds oval, brown, 2)^-3 lines long. 678 ALIRMACE^ 4.LI8MA . ! ' .'■J. oi- I P with a very hard coa£. In cold bogs, California to Alaska and acroBB tiie continent: aldo in Europe and Asia. Order CVI ALISMACEiE DC. Fl. France iii, IHl. Marsh herbs with scape-like stems, broad leaves with sheatli- ing base and conspicuous perfect or unisexnal flowers in pani- oles or racemes. Ferianth of 3 herbaceous persistent sepals and as many often conspicuous white deciduous sepals. Stamens 6 or more, included. Ovaries numerous, distinct, 1-celled and mostly 1-ovuled, becoming achenes in fruit. Seed erect, campy- lotropous, with membranous testa and no albumen. Embryu strongly recurved or uncinate. 1 Allsme Flowers perfect : stamens usually 6 : carpels numerous, vcr- ticillate, distinct, obovate-oblong. 2 Saglttaria Fowera moncscious or diuecious : carpels numerous, flat- tened and membranoasly winged. 1 ALISMA L. Sp. 342. Perennial herbs growing in shallow water or mud with broad leaves and small flowers in a verticillately branched panicle. Flowers perfect, small, numerous, on unequal 3-bracteolate pedi- cels. Stamens 5, rarely more, with short filaments, Ovaries distinct, numerous, borne in several whorls on a small flat re- ceptacle, 1-ovuled. Styles very short, ventral. Achenes in a crowded whorl, ovate-oblong, flattened. A. Plantago-aqnatica L. Sp. 342. Scapes %-'& feet high, usually solitary : leaves ovate, acute at the apex, cordate, rounded or narrowed at base, or when floating sometimes lanceolate or even linear, on petioles 1-10 inches long : inflorescence a large loose panicle 5-16 inches long : pedicels verticillate in 3's-lO's, subtend^ by 3 striate acuminate bracts : petals >2-i line long: styles deciduous, the base remaining as a small point or short beak on the inner curve of the achenes : stigmas small, terminal : achenes nearly 1 line long, arranged in a circle forming an obtusely triangular truncate head. In shallow water or mud, throughout North America: also in Europe and Asia. 2 SAGITTARIA L. Sp. 993. Perennial aquatic or bog herbs with broadly sheathing leaves, often without blades, and mostly simple stems bearing one to few whorls of flowers mostly in threes. Flowers monoecious or some- times dioecious, the staminate ones above. Petals usually con- spicuous. Stamens usually numerous, inserted on the convex receptacle: anthers 2-celled, dehiscent by lateral slits. Pistillate flowers with numerous distinct ovaries. Stigmas small. Achenes numerous, densely aggregated in subglobose heads. 8. arlfolia Nutt. J. G. Smith Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot, Garden vii, 32. Garden vii, 32. aAGITTARIA JUNCOIDKB JUNCACE^ 679 pi . 1. Glabrous or nearly so, terrestrial or partly submerged: scapes weak« aflcendinp, 8-20 inches high : leaves sagittate, long-petiol^, the blade 3-10 inches long, acute, the lobes divergent, acute or acuminate: bracts lanceo- iHte, acute, 4-10 lines lon^, acarious-ros^^ined and obscurely veined, often rcflexed : 1-3 lower verticils pistillaU) : fruiting heads 4-8 lines in diameter: achenea a line long, tumid, winged on both margina. Along streams and borders of lakes, Brit. Columbia to Crlifornia and Minnesota. Tnr. strlota J. G. Smith Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot. Card, vi, 8. Slender, erect, 12-16 inches high : blade ot leaf 1-3 inches long : scare simple : bracts ovate, acute, 3-4 lines long: fruiting heads 6 lines in diameter: achenes smooth or laterally unicostate. Boggy meadows and slow streams, Falcon Valley, Washington. S. onneata Sheldon Bull. Torr. Bot. Ciub xx. 289, pi. 169. Sub- merged a(}uatic, rooting in the mud : l<«< horizontal beak. In shallow lakos, Brit. Columbia to California: this species was very abundant along the lower Columbia river, but is now almort exterminated by the Carp. Ordeu CVII JUNCACEiE Vent. Tabl. ii, 150. (1799.) ^ Mostly pereiiuial herbs, cespitose or with creeping rhizomes, terete hollow or spongy usually simple stems, alternate sheath- ing flat, channelled or terete leaves and small usually sessile scarlous bracteolate flowers in panicles, cymes, subumbellate clusters or spicate heads. Flowers perfect, with a regular per- sistent perianth of 6 similar glumaceous segments in two rows, 3- 6 nearly hypogynous included stamens with persistent filiform filaments and 2-celled anthers, and a superior 3-celled ovary, or sometimes one-celled with 3 parietal placentsB, with three or many anatropous ovules. Styles very snort, with three filiiorm stigmas. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds with mem- branous or cellular often caudate or appcTidaged testa. Em- bryo minute, enclosed within the base of fleshy albumen. 1 Jnncoides Stems leafy, hollow : leaves flat and soft, often villous : capsule 1-celled, with 3 parietal l-seeded placentae. 2 Jnncns Stems usually with spongy pith : leaves terete or flat, not villous. . . 1 JUNCOIDES Adans. Fam. PI. ii, 47. (1763.) LUZULA DC. Fl. Fr. Hi, 47. (1805.) Perennial herbs with simple hollow leafy stems, grass-like flat leaves and numerous small flowers in loose involucrate umbels 1 or panicles, or more or less densely clustered or spicate. FJoral .^v^^ ^' '"^^. ^■' Cf'i''" I! [xperi'T^*'"*-al f arm, , v\ — .. J X "". 680 JUNCAOE^ JUNCOIDKB bracts small and scarious. Stamens always 6. Capsule 1-celli «1, with 3 parietal placentee and 1-3 erect seeds. J* pllosvm Kuntze Rev. Gen. ii, 726. Tufted, often somewhat stolon- iferous: stems erect, 2-4-Ieaved, 6-12 inches high : radical leaves 2-6 inclitH long, 2-4 lines wide, slightly pubescent, acuminate into a blunt alniimt gland-like point: cauline leaves similar but successively shorter: inflonH- cence an umbel-like cluster, the filiform pedicels usually nearly eqiml, 1-2-floMrered : perianth 1-1)^ lines long, its segments triangular-ovate, acuminate, brown with hyaline margins, almost twice as long as the toothed bractliets: capsule about ^ longer than the perianth, its valven ovate-lanceolate : seeds about 1 line long, with a conspicuous hooked ca- runcle at the summit. Oregon to Alaska and in the Alleghany Mountain^: also in Europe and Asia. J. spadicenm Kuntze 1. c. 724. Glabrous or slightly villous: steinH 6-18 inches high : leaves 4-6 inches long, 3-6 lines wide, acute or shortly acuminate: inflorescence lax, and drooping, much exceeding the usually small involucral bracts: perianth straw-color or tinged with brown, the segments lanceolate, acuminate, about I line long, slightly shorter than the acute apiculate capsule : seeds oblong, brownish, not appendaged. In the mountains, California to the Arctic regions and the northern Atlantic States : also in Europe. J. parviflornm Coville Cont. Nat. Herb, iv, 200. Stems slender, tufted, 1-2 feet high : leaves narrowly lanceolate, 3-6 inches long: 3-6 lines wide : inflorescence a loose decompound panicle, commonly 3-4 inches high, its lowest bract foliaceous, seldom more than W the length of the panicle : flowers borne singly or 2-3 together on the branches of the panicle, on slender pedicels: Bractlets ovate: perianth %-\l^ line long, its segments ovate, acuminate, slightly exceeded by the green to brown ovoid capsule : feeds narrowly oblong, attached to the placentee by a slender fibre. In sorests, Alaska to California and the northern Atlantic States. Yar. m^lanocarpvm Sheldon Bull. Geol. Surv. Minn, ix, 63. Stems stouter and shorter : leaves more numerous, and somewhat broader: inflor- escence more dense : bracts all scarious : pedicels .S-6 lines long : perianth and capsule dark brown. On the highest parts of the Cascade MountainH. Yar. svbcongestnm Sheldon 1. c. Often tufted : leaves narrower: inflorescence more narrowly paniculate : pedicels only a line or two long, the flowers thus appearing in small heads. In the high mountains, Alaska to California. J. spicatuin Kuntze 1. c. 726. Closely tufted, without rootstock»: stems erect, 4-16 inches high, distantly 1-3 leaved tapering to a filiform summit : leaves 2-3 lines wide, often involute, tapering to a sharp apex : inflorescence a nodding spike-like often interrupted panicle, commonly 0-16 lines long, usually exceeded by the lowest leaf-like bract, ovate-lan- ceolate, acuipinate, equalling the perianth : segments of the perianth brown with hyaline margins, 1-1 >^ lines long, lanceolate, aristate-acuminate : capsule broadly ovoid, about % as long as the perianth : seeds narrow and obliquely obovoid. Alaska to California and across the continent. J* comosnm Sheldon 1. c. 64. Stems slender, 6-16 inches high, leafy, leaves 3-4 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, the foliaceous bract usually exceed- ing the narrow panicle : peduncles 2-12, unequal, the longer 1-3 inches long spikes simple, usually oolong, loosely -flowered: perianth pale or somewhat tinged with brown, about \% lines long, its segments narrowly acuminates equalling the obtuse capsule: anthers small, as long as the filaments: seed, dark brown with a white caruncle, appendage sometimes half as long as the seed. Alaska to California and the Rocky Mountains. JDNOOIDIB JUNOITB JUNOACEiE 681 Yiir. conffeRtam Sheldon 1. c. Spikes leveral, sesaile and cloia, forming a lomewbat pyramidal head : bracts white and conspicuous : peri- nnth brown, 1)^ lines long. Near the coast, Oregon to California. Var. maerantham Parish. Perianth 2-3 lines long, much exceeding the broad obtuso capsule : anthers equalling or twice longer than the fila- ments : seeds longer, the appendage always short. Alaska to California. Var. sabsesslle Watson Bot. solitary or few, nearly nessile, loose : Oregon to California. Cal. ii, 20:i, under Luzula. Spikes perianth-segments lax and scarious. J. campestre Kuntze 1. c. 724. More or less villous with long white hairs : stemb densely tufted, erect, 4-10 inches high, 2-4-leaved : leaves 2-5 inches long, 1-4 lines wide, tapering at the apex to a blunt almost gland- like point: branches of the panicle unequal, straight, each bearing an oblong or short-cylindric dense spike : the lowest bract leaf-like, often exceeding the panicle : floral bracts white, ovate, acuminate, about equal- ling the flowers : segments of the perianth lanceolate-ovate, acuminate, brown with white margins, 1-1>fiowered, 6-12 Imes high: segments of the perianth 1^-1^ line long, green with hyaline marginu, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate: stamens 6, about half the length of the Eerianth: anthers shorter than the filaments: capsule obovoid, green, arely pointed, about % as long as the perianth, .3-celled : seeds oblong, about ^ line long, pointed, at each end. In marshes, Washington to Alaska andacross the continent. *■ Low alpine perennials : flowers 1-3 : stamens 6. J. Drammondil E. Meyer Ledeb. Fl. Ross, iv, 235. Cespito»e: stems very slender, 10-16 inches high: sheaths green, obtuse, the inner ones bristle-tipped : spathe filiform, 6-12 lines long, equalling or exceeding' the usually 3-flowerea panicle : perianth-segments about 3 lines long, green with brown margins, lanceolate, acute, or acuminate : anthers a little longer than the filaments : capsule brown, oblong, retuse, nearly equalling the Eerianth : seeds a line long, ovate, caudate, very finelv striate. On tlie ighest mountains, California to Unalaska and the Rocky Mountains. J« Parryl Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad, ii, 446. Cespitose: sterna filiform, 3-10 inches high : inner sheaths leaf-bearing, the leaves suicate at base, terete above, much shorter than the stems: spathe longer than the inflorescence, 6-18 lines long: panicle loosely 1-3-flowered : perianth-seg- taaents 3 lines long or more, more or less tinged with brown, lanceolate, acuminate, or the inner obtuse : anthers much longer than the filaments : capsule oblong, acute, about equalling the perianth : seeds ovate, caudate, a line long, finely striate. On grassy slopes on the highest mountaitis, Brit. Columbia to California and the Rocky Mountains. J. oastaneas Smith Fl; Brit, i, 383. Stems erect, 4-20 inches high, J. tar. c< nearly U epathe 2 more con late, fuse about h{ the filai periantli seeds ob striate. J. c .TOMOOI JiTNCArEif: 08.'^ obovate or 'oafy, from alender rootttocka : leaves terete, deeply channelled at bate : patbe longer than the infloreacence : headn 1-8, ;{-l2 flowered : perianth- Hegmenta brown or bmck, 2-4 lin(>fl Ions, luncoolate, acute: anthers pointed, half AB long aH the ^laments: capHurc brown, loii^^er than th(> perianth, narrowly oblong, tapering lo an acute Hiiuimit, imperfectly 3-celled: seeds with long alender tails, the iind acroaa the Continent. viy al»ont ^j line long. Oregon to alaska 0 inches hi^?h, * * Htems leafv at base: loaveH tiat or semiterete, tiot knotted: panicle or bead evidently terminal : the apathe UHually Hhort. ■*- Dwarf or low slender annuals with fibrous rootx: stems leafy, branched. J. bafoniOR L. Sp. 328. Sterna uaually branching from the base, 1-12 inches high: leaves very narrow, usually revoluteann briHtle-like: flowers greenish, moatly remote and aecund upon the spreading branchcM : perianth- segmenta lanceolate, acuminate, with scarious margina, 2-3 lines long, the inner slightly shorter: stamend 6; anthers about as long as the Hlaments: capiule oblong, obtuse, ahorter than the perianth : seeds ovate, obtuse, very finely striate and cross-lined. A common species everywhere, grow- ing in places that are wet in spring. J. trlformis Engelm. 1. c. 492. Htem very short or almost none, bearing several erect filiform acape-like peduncles 1-3 inches long: leaves un inch long or leas, filiform, channelled, flat above: flowers uaually S-7, in a amali iiead : perianth browniah, its segmenta narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 1-1)^ linea long, a little longer than the 3 stamens ard the obtuae apiculate capaule : atyle exserted, with elongated atigmas : seeds ovate, obtuse, finely ribl)eil and cross-lined. In barren places that are wut in spring, western Oregon to California. Var. braohyatylas £ngelm. 1. c. Smaller, the peduncles 1-3-flow- ered : stamens helf the length of the perianth ; the oblong anthers shorter than^the filaments : style and stigmas short, included. With the type. Var. nntHoras Engelm. 1. c. Very small, only half to an inch high, the solitary flowers mostly dimerous. Oregon to Cnlifornia. ■*- ■*- Taller perennials : stems simple : stamens 6. *- Sterna naked : flowers solitary in a diffuse or compact panicle, J. tennis Willd. Sp. Pi. 214. Stems slender, erect, 1-2 feet high, leafy at base : leaves very narrow, flat or more or fees channelled or invo- lute*, shorter than the stem : spathe exceeding the inflorescence : panicle usually loose and spreading : perianth-segments pale, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, l>^-2 lines long, spreading in fruit and equalling or exceeding the ovate retuse greenish capsule : seeds white-appendaged at each end, very finely ribl>ed and cross-lined. Tn dry or moist soile, throughout most parts of North America. J. ocoidentalls Weigand Bull.'Torr. Bot. Clul> xxvii. 521. ./. teiiuij tar. cungeHus Engelm. Stems stiff and erect, 1-2 feet high, pale green, nearly terete ; leaves y^-yi the length of the stem, flat and flexuous : epathe 2-3 inches long, exceeding the inflorescence : panicle glomerate, or more commonly somewhat o|>en, tuscous : perianth-segments broadly subu- late, fuscous with green midrib and rather broad Hcarious margins : stamens atx)ut half as 'ong as the perianth, the oblong anthers much shorter than the filaments: capbule oblong-ovoid, 'obtuse or retuse. ^ as long as the perianth, fuscous, the placentae extending only about half-way to the axis : seeds ol long, irregularly apiculate at each end areolate-reticulated, not Htriate. Along ditches and in wet places, Oregon to California. J. confasns Com,' Pror Biol. Son. of Wash, x, 127. Denwelv tuft- 684 J UNO ACE /E JUNCD8 'M - \ ed, 7-30 inches high, erect : sheaths of the leaves with well developed ligules, the blades about }4 the length of the stem, flat, usually involute: spathe much longer than the inflorescence, usually involute: panicle con- gested into a turbinate cluster, an inch long: perianth-segments ovate- lanceolate, acute, I rown with green midrib : stamens 6, the anthers shorter than the filaments : capsule oblong, equalling the perianth, retuse, com- pletely 3-celled : seeds light brown. In meadows, eastern Washington to Montana and Colorado. -••' ** Stems more or less leafy ; the leaves flat and grars-like, not equitant: flowers clustered. J. falcatag E. Meyer Reliq. Haenk. 144. Bright green: stems slender, 6-18 inches high, from slender stqloniferous rootstocks : leaves usually equallingor exceeding the stem, 1-2 lines wide, the open somewhat oblique sheaths without ligules : spathe short : heads usually 1-5, l-lO-flowered : perianth-segments brown with bright green midrib, 2-3 lines long, ovate, the outer shortly acuminate, the inner obtuse: anthers much shorter than the filaments: capsule ovate, obtuse, apiculate, as long or longer tlian the perianth, almost black, 3-celled: seeds oblong-ovate, obtuse, K line long. with loose pale testa, longitudinally reticulated. In springy places alonj; mountain streams, California to Alaska. J. longistylis Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 223. Stems rather stout, 1-2 feet high, from stout stoloniferous rootstocks : leaves 6-12 inches lon^', the sheaths with distinct ligules: spathe narrow, 2-4 inches long: headH 5-20, in a sparingly branched panicle, few- to several-flowered : perianth- segments pale brown with green midrib and h3^aline margins, about 3 lines long, lanceolate, acute or the outer ones acuminate : anthers murh longer than the filaments : style about a line long : capsule brown, oblong, about half as long as the perianth, angled above, obtuse or depressed at the sum- mit, 3-celled : seeds light brown, 34 'ine long. In wet places. Washington to California. * * * Leaf^-stenimed perennials : leaves terete or laterally flattened, more or less distinctly knotted by internal partitions: flowers capitate. ■*- Leaves terete or only slightlv compressed. J. Bichardsonianas Schult. in R. & S. Syst. vi, 201. Stems erect, 6-20 inches high, in loose tufts from creeping rootstocks, 1-2-leaved below the middle: panicle 3-8 inches high, its oranches strict or slightly spread- ing: heads 3-12-flowered : perianth-segments unequal, the outer ones pale, obtuse, mucronate or acute; the inner ones shorter, obtuse, stamens )>; the anthers much shorter than the fllamentL': capsule ovoid-oblong, slight- ly exceeding the perianth, acute or obtuse, with a short tip : seeds about }i linp long, narrowly obovoid to oblong, apiculate, acute or acuminate at base. Idaho to Brit. Columbia and across the Continent. J. dubioas Engelm. 1. c. 459. Stems rather stout, 2-4 feet high, from stoat horizontal rootstocks, several-leaved : leaves narrow, often equalling or exceeding the stem, the sheaths with scarious margins: panicle com- pound, diffuse, 3-12 inches long : heads numerous, 6-20- flowered : perianth - segments brown or brownish, about 2 lines long, lanceolate, acuminate: stamens 6, the anthers elongated, longer than the fliaments: capsule nar- row, acuminate, shorter than the perianth: seeds ovate, rather abruptly acuminate at each end, brownish. In marshes, Oregon to California. J. uodosng L. Sp. 466. Stems sliender, 6 inches to 2 feet high, arising singly from tuber -like thickenings of a slender rootstock : leaves narrow, the upper one often exceeding the inflorescence: panicle 1-3 inches long, bearing 1-30 spherical 8-20-flowered heads: perianth-segments usually reddish-brown above, lanceolate, acuminate, \}i-\% line long, the inner J U NCOS JUNCACEiE 685 longest : stamens 6, with anthers about as lon^ as the filaments : capsule lanceolate-subulate, 3-angled, 1-celIed. exceeding the perianth : seeds ob- long, acute below, apiculate above. Alaska to Oregon and the Eastern States, J. Torrejrl Coville Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxii, 303. Stems stout, 8-40 inches high, arising singely from tuber-like thickenings of a slender root- Btock : leaves terete, thick, abruptly divergent from the stem : inflorescence congested, consisting of 1-20 dense heads 5-8 lines in diameter: perianth- segments 2-2>^ lines long, subulate, the outer longest: stamens ti: capsule subulate, 3-angled, 1-celled, with a beak M~^ i^o^ long, exceeding the perianth and holding the valves together Juring dehiscence: seeds oblong, acute at each end. Oregon to California, Texas and New York. J. Oreganns Watson Proc. Am. Acad, xxiii, 267. Stems numerous, very slender, 6-10 inches high, exceeding the very narrow leaves, from very slender matted rootstocks; heads simply panicled, few-flowered, often proliferous: perianth-segments nearly equal, lanceolate, acute, : stamens 6, with anthers as long as the filaments: capsule dark brown, acutisb, mu- cronate, at length nearly twice as long as the perianth : seeds rather turgid. In bogs, llwaco, Washington. i, Bolanderi Engelm. I. c. 470. Stems slender, about 2 feet high : leaves subterete, nearly equalling the stem ; the ligule conspicuous, some- times elongated and leaf-like : heads subglobose, usually 2 or 3, very many- flowered: perianth-segments greenish brown, narrowly lanceolate and setaceouslv acuminate, 1)4 lines long; stamens 3, with anthers much shorter than the filaments: capsule clavate-oblong, shorter than the perianth, obtuse, apiculate, 1-celled: seeds very small. In wet places southwestern Oregon to California, .T. Nevadensis Watson 1. c. xiv, 303. Stems very slender, 6 inches to 2 feet high, somewhat compressed, from slender creeping rootstocks : leaves very narrow, somewhat compressed nearly equalling the stem, with large sheaths and conspicuous ligules : heads small, few to rather many, in a short open panicle, or often solitary : perianth-segments brownish, lanceo- late, acuminate, 2 lines long : stamens 6 ; anthers linear, longer than the filaments : capsule oblong, abruptly acute and beaked, nearly equalling the perianth : seeds minute, apiculate at both ends. Common in wet mountain meadows, eastern Washington to California and Nevada. J. Saksdordl Rylberg Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxvi, 541. Stems about a foot high, strict, light green : leaves terete or slightly flattened, the low- est ones short : cauline except the upper one often a foot long, all with conspicuous scarious sheaths : heads in a contracted panicle, brown and shining, 2-8-flowered :. perianth-segments subequal, about 2 lines long, narrowly lanceolate, acute or acuminate, stamens 6; anthers longer than the filaments: capsule dark browd and shining, oblong, acuminate. 3-anjjIed. In wet meadows about the base of Mount Adams, Washington. r. brachyphyllus Weigand Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxvii, 519. Stems stiff, erect and very stout, 20-30 inches high, slightly compressed, very conspicuously grooved: leaves short, }4~H the length of the Rtem, the blade, usually broad and flat but rather thick, stiff and spreading, about a line wide ; sheaths loose and mostly free, with membranous margins ; ligiile conspicuous: inflorescence short and crowded: perianth-segments 230 lines long, slightly unequal, subulate, very acute: anthers oblong, I about as long as the filaments : capsule rathei' narrowly oblong, trianeular above, obtuse or retuse, equalling the perianth, 3-celled: seeds oblong, I strongly apiculate at each end. Idaho to Arkansas. J. latifolius Buch. Stems 15-36 inches high, from creeping rootstocks: [leaves flat, about a line wide, pale green, shorter than the sheaths, with 686 JUNCACEiE JONCOS m ligules: heads panicled few-flowered: perianth-eegments straw-color, lan- ceolate, acuminate, scarious-margined, rough, 3 lines long: stameng li: caqsule triangular, oblong, acute, short-beaked. Common along streaniH, eastern Washington. ^ ■*- Stems compressed and usually acutely edged : leaves flattened latterally and equitant. J. ensifolins Wike. Stems &-20 inches high, leafy, from thick ruol- Btocks: leaves equitant: heads several to numerous, panicled, globone, usually dark brown : perianth-segments lanceolate, acuminate 1 J^ lineF long: 'stamens 3: capsule 3-angled, acute, hardly exceeding the perianth. Common in wet places Brit. Columbia to California. J. xiphioideR Meyer 1. c. Stems rather stout, 1-4 feet hieh, from stmit creeping rootstocks: leaves 3-3 lines wide, the sheaths without ligules : heads few to numerous, dense, ^^20-flowered, in a compound panicle: peri- anth-segments brownish to almost black, l}4 lines long, lanceolate, acu- minate: stamens 6; anthers very small oblong-linear, equalling or mncli shorter than the filaments : capsule oblong, acute. about^equaHing tlie perianth : seeds very small, ovate-oblanceolate. A variable species : in wet places, California to Alaska. J. oxymerig Engelm. 1. c. 483. Stems stout, 2-4 feet high : leaves 2-3 lines wide: panicle decompound, 4-8 inches long: heads small, very num- erous, 3-12-fiowered : perianth-segments linear-lanceolate, acuminate-awn- ed, about 2 lines long : stamens 6 ; anthers twice as long as the filaments : capsule lanceolate, rostrate, longer than the perianth, 1-celled : seeds ovatti- oblanceolate, ^ line long. In marshes, southern Oregon to California. J. Mertenslanus Bong. Veg. Sitch. 167. Stems weak, 6-18 inches high, from matted rootstocks : leaves usually about a line wide ; ligule conspicuous : inflorescence usually a single many-flowered head, 4-6 lines in diameter: perianth-segments very dark brown, ovate-lanceolate, the outer ones aristate-acuminate : stamens 6 ; anthers usually mucronate, as long or shorter than the filaments : capsule obovate, obtuse, about equal, equalling the perianth : seeds oblanceolate, apiculate at each end. In wet meadows on the highest mountains, California to Alaska and the Rocky Mountains. Order CVIII CYPERACEiE J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. i, (VJ. Perennial or annual herbs with rhizomatous rootstocks, tri- angular or terete mostly solid stems, alternate mostly radical leaves and small perfect, monoecious or dioecious fiowers in the axils of imbricated glumaceous bracts or scales. Perianth none or represented by bristles or scales. Stamens usually 2 or 8, hypogynous, with basifixed anthers. Ovary 1-celled, with an erect anatropous ovule and a 2-3-cleft style, in fruit a lenticular or more or less triangular membranaceous, crustaceous or bony achene. Embryo minute, lenticular or turgid, at the base of copious albumen. * Flowers of the spikelets all or at least one of them perfect : spike- lets all alike, few- to many-flowered, capitate or umbellate, one or two of the lower scales usually sterile. ■*- Spikelets more or less flattened, the scales being in two ranks : inflorescence involucrate. 1 Gypervs Inflorescence spicate or clustered: perianth none: style persistent. CYPSHD8 CYPERACEiE 687 2 Dnllchlum Infloreeceuce axillary: t>efiHiith of 6-9 briBtles: Htyle persistent. ■*- -^ Spikelets many-flowered, not flattened, the srales imbricated all around. ■•♦ Styles not enlarged at base. 3 ScirpoH Spikelets solitary or clustered, or in a compound umbel, involucrate: perianth of few barbed persistent bristles or wanting. 4 Erlobhorani Spikelets solitary or few, involucrate : |ieriauth of numer- ous long silky naked bristles : stamens 1-3. 5 Hemicaruha Low annuals: spikelets solitary or few, in a sessile apparently lateral cluster: perianth a minute hyaline bractlet between each flower and the rachis: stamen only one. •♦'• ■•* Style enlarged at base. 6 Eleocharis Spikelet solitary and terminal upon a leafless terete stem: perianth of 3-9 retrorsely barbed bristles, or wanting: stamens 3: base of the style persistent. 7 Stenophyllns Low annuals, the stem leafy at base ; spikelets in an involucrate umbel: perianth none: stamens 1-3 * * Spikelets polygamous, few-flowered, ovoid, the scales imbricated all around, only the terminal one fertile. 8 Rhynohospora Stems leafy : spikelets variously clustered : perianth of 9-12 retrorsely barbed bristles: achenes lenticular, l)eakea by the persistent base of the style. * * * Flowers monoecious, in the same or distinct spikelets, or dioecious: pistillate flowers enclosed in an inflated sac like persistent perigynium. 9 Carex Spikelets solitary, spicate or panicled : perianth wholly want- ing, or of a single short bristle at the base of the ovary. ; 1 CYPERUS L. Sp. 44. Perennial or annual herbs with mostly triangular nearly naked simple stems, alternate nearly radical leaves and perfect flowers in few- to many-flowered mostly flattened spikelets, the concave more or less carinate scales in 2 ranks. Perianth wholly wanting. Stamens 1-3. Style not thickened at base, 2-3-cleft, deciduous. Achenes lenticular or 3-angled, not beaked, smooth or nearly so. C. ' inflexnH Muhl. Gram. 16. C. aristatus Baxkl. in part. Annual : stems slender or almost filiform, diffusely branched from the base, 1-6 inches high: leaves a line wide or less, about equalliug the stem: those of vhe involu- lucre 2-3, exceeding the inflorescence: umbel sessile, 1-3-i'ayed: spikeletH linear-oblong, O-lO-flowered, 2-3 lines long: scales bright brown, lanceolate, rather flrm, strongly several-nerved, tapering into a long recurved awn. fall- ing from the rachis at maturity: stamens 1: style 8 -cleft: rachis narrowly winged, the wings persistent: achenes 3-angled, dull brown, narrowly obovoid or oblong, obtuse, mucronulate. In wet sandy soil, California to British Columbia and the Eastern States. C. acumiuatiis Torr. & Hook. Ann. Lye, N. Y. iii, 436. Annual: stems very slender, tufted, 2-16 inches high: leaves light green, usually less than a line wide, often equalling the stem, those of the involucre much elongated: umbel 1-4-rayed, simple, ruys short: spikelets flat, ovate oblong, ■Hi I 9t» CYPERACEJ-] CYPBKU8 DULICHUM obtuse, 2-4 lines long, many'tiowered, densely capitate: scales oblong, jialc green, 3-nei'ved, coarsely cellular, conduplicate, with a short sharp more or less recurved tip: stamens 1: style 3-cleft: achenes sharply 3-angled, gray, oblong, narrowed at each end, almost half as long as the scale. In moist sandy soil, California to Oregon "nd Illinois. C. escolentas L. Sp. 45. C. phyinaloides Muhl. Perennial by sraly horizontal tuber-bearing rootstooks: stems usually stout, 6-30 inches hi<;li: leaves bright green, as long or longer than the stem, 2-4 lines wide, the midrib prominent; those of the involucre much longer than the infloi-escencc umbel 4-10-rayed, often compound: spikelets numerous, in loose spikes, straw-color or yellowish brown, flat, spreading, 6-12 lines long, many-flow - eretl: scales ovate-oblong, subacute, 3-nei'ved: luchis narrowly winged: stamens 3: style 3-cleft: ache&es obovoid, obtuse, 3 angled, In moist sandy fields, Alaska to California and the Atlantic States. €. erythrorhlzos Muhl. Gram. 20. Stems tufted, stout or slender, I! inches to 2 feet high: leaves 1-4 lines wide, rough-mai'gined, those of the involucre 2-7, some of them often 4 times as long as the inflorescence: uml)(l mostly compound, several -rayed: spikelets linear-subulate, 3-10 lines long. less than a line wide, compressed, many-flowered, clustered in oblong nearly or (|uite sessile spikes: scales chestnut-brown, oblong-lanceolate, mucronulatc, appressed, separating from the rachis at maturity: the membranous wings of the rachis separating as a pair of hyaline interior scales: stamens three: style three-cleft: achenes sharply 3-angled. oblong, pointed at both ends, pale, ). as long as the scale. In wet soil, Oregon to California and the Eastern States. C. Honghtoni Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii, 277. Perennial by tuber" like cor ms: stems slender, erect, 1-2 feet high: leaves shorter than the stem' a line or less wide, smooth; those of the involucre 3-5, the longer much ox" ceeding the inflorescence: umbel^ simple, 1-5-rayed, the rays mostly short- their sheaths 2-toothed: spikelets loosely capitale, linear, compressed, acuto 4-8 lines long, about a line wide, 11-15-flowered, falling away from the im'' when mature: chestnut brown, firm, somewhat spreading, shining, oblong, obtuse, truncate or apiculate: rachis very nan'owly winged: stamens 3: stylo 3-cleft: achene broadly oblong, H-angled, brown, apiculate, nearly as longaH the scale. In sandy soil, along the Columbia river to the Eastern States. 2 DULICHIUM L. C. Richard Pers. Syn. i, 65. (1806.) Tcill perennial herbs with terete hollow jointed stems, leafy lu the top, the lower leaves reduced to sheaths, flat grass-like leaves and perfect flowers in axillary simple or compound spikes. Spikelets fiat, linear, many-flowered. Scales 2- ranked, carinate, conduplicate, decurrent on the joint below. Perianth of 6-9 re- trorsely barbed bristles. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft at the apex, persistent as a beak on the summit of the linear-oblong achene. D. spathaceuin Pers. Syn. i, 65. Stems stout. 1-3 feet high, erect: leaves numerous, flat, 1-3 inches long, 2-4 lines wide: spikelets shorter than or the uppermost exceeding the leaves: pedicels 2-12 lines long: spikelets nai'i'owly linear, spreading. 6-12 lines long, about a line wide, 6-12-flowevo(l' scales lanceolate, acuminate, appressed, brownish: bristles of the perianth stiff, longer than the achene: style loug-exserted. In mai'sbes Oregon to Minnesota and Nova Scotia. •!> » # S. 8iibt( iise, 1-3 fe( jne wide, s] ^ lines loi uembranaci lie achene ( iliovoid, 2-a faked by ^asiiington S. XeTa( 8CIBPI' S C f PERACE.E 680 ial by tuber" ban the stem- (Uger much ex' B mostly short- pressed, acute Y from the axi" lining, oblong, amens 3: style arly as long as tern States. 1806.) eras, leafy to 5S-like leaves )und spikes, ed, carinate, h of 6-0 re- at the apex, ong achene. it high, erect: ts shorter than ong: spikelets 6-12- flowered f the perianth bes O regon to 3 SCIRPU8 L. Sp. 47. Tufted annual or perennial herbs with creeping rootstocks, leafy stems, or the leaves reduced to sheaths in some species, and perfect flowers in a terminal or apparently lateral involucrate cluster or compound umbel-like panicle. Spikelets usually many- flowered, with the scales closely imbricated around the rachis, the lower one or two often empty. Perianth of 3-0 bristles or none. Stamens 1-3. Ptyle 2-3-cleft. scarcely or not at all thickened at base, deciduous or only the base persistent. Achenes lenticular or more or less 3-angled or obovoid. 1 IsoLEPis Benth. Stems low and slender. Spikelets soli- I tary, small, with a single erect involucral bract. Perianth none. riparins Spreng. Stems tufted, from fibrous roots, very blender, I often setaceous, 2-10 inches high, sheathed at base, the upper sheath usually bearing a short slender leaf: involucral bract 1-10 lines long or nearly want- ing: spikelets ovate to ovate-oblong, 1^-3 lines long: scales pale or often deep brown, with a pale prominent midrib, concave, obtuse or pointed: stamens I usually 3: style 3-cleft: achene triangular-obovoid, with distinct angles, the convex, dark brown when mature. In marshy places near the coast I Oregon to California and South America. 2 EusciRPL'8 Benth. Bristles present, retrorsely barbed or |ciliate, not elongated. * Inflorescence termi'-al, without involucre. S. nanns Spreng. Pug i, 4. Annual: stems iiliforni, flattened, [grooved, tufted, erect or ascending, l-'ii inches high, bearing bladeless scari- lous sheaths near the base: spikelet solitary, ovoid-oblong, 3-8-flowered, 1-1 i ■lines long: scales ovate or lanceolate, pale green, the lower obtuse, the upper lacutish: bristles about (i. longer than the achene: stamens 3: style 3-cleft: lachene oblong 3-an^led, pale pointed at each end, smooth. Muddy places, lOregon to Alaska and the Atlantic States. S. paucifloros Lightf. Fl. Scot. 1078. Perennial by fiiitorm rootstocks : Istems very slender little tufted, 3-iO inches high, upper sheaths truncate: Ispikelets solitary, oblong, 4-10-flowered, 2-3 lines long; scales brown with llighter margins and midrib, lanceolate, acuminate: bristles 2-6, hispid, as long as the achene or longer: stamens 3: style :t-cleft: achene obovoid-oblong, Ijray, rather abruptly beaked, its stirface finely reticulated. Ic wet soil fiongthe Columbia river, Oregon to Brit. Columlria, Ontario and New York. Inflorescence apparently lateral, with a single involucral leaf. *- Stems terete or nearly so. 8. snbtermlnalis Torr. Fl, U. 8. i, 47. Stems slender, terete, nodu* e, 1-3 feet high: leaves slender, channelled, 6 inches to 2 feet long, [-J [jDe wide, spikelet solitary, terminal, oblong-cylindric, narrowed at each end, i-S lines long*, involucral bract 6-12 lines long: scales ovate-lanceolate, acute, juembranaceous, light brown with green midrib: bristles about 6, as long as h achene or shorter: stamens 3; style 3-oleft to about the middle: achenes Ibovoid, 2-angled, dark brown, smooth, about a line long, obtuse, abruptly VaKed by the slender ba.se of the style. In ponds and streams, eastern Washington to Pennsylvania and New Brunswick. |H. Neradensls Watson Hot. King, 3fM). Stems clustered, from run* * « m 690 oyperace;!*] sriRPus ning rootstooks, 6 inches to 2 feet high, somewhat flattened above, leafy: leaves nearly equalling the stem, deeply channelled or revolute, very roniih on the margins, sharply acute: spikelets 1-8, in a sessile cluster, ovate-oblong. acute, 4-10 lines long: scales brown and shining, ovate, sharply carinntc, acutish: bristles 1-3, not half the length of the achene: style 2 -cleft: nchnie broadly ovate, plano-convex, acute, a line long. In alkaline soil on hoidors of lakes, eastern Oregon to Nevada and California. S. lacttstris L. 8p. 48. Perennial by stout rootstocka: stems stout, terete. 6-1'i feet high, often nearly an inch in diameter, sheathed below, the the upper sheath sometimes extended into a short leaf: involucral bract stout, shorter than the inflorescence : spikelets numerous. soHtaiy or more or logs clustered in an iiTcgularly compound umbel, oblong-ovate, 3-6 lines long: scales broadly ovate, very obtuse toemarginate and mucronate, ciliate, often pubescent, usually pale with fine brown lines; bristles usually 6, sleniler, equalling or longer than the aohene; stamens 3, style 2-c!eft; acliene broadly obovate, rounded at the summit, abriiptly short beaked. In marshes, Alaska to California and the Atlantic States; also in Europe. ■t- *■ Stems acutely triangular or triquetrous. S* Olneyi Gray Best. Journ. Na' hist, v, 238. Stem stout, 2-7 leet high, from a stout running rootstock more or less deeply triquetrous or wing-angled, sheathed at base; leafless or with a few short leaves; involucral bract stout, triangular, an inch or less longer than the inflorescence: spikelets 2-li!, in a crowded sessile cluster, oblong-ovate, brown: bristles 4-G, shorter than or equalling the achene: stamens 2 or 3: style 2-cleft: achene obovate, plano-convex, mucronate, brown. In salt marshes, eastern oregon to Cali- fornia and the Eastern States. S* Amerioanns Pers. Syn. i, 68. S. pungens Vahl. Stems usually slender, from long perennial rootstocks, 1-4 feet high, acutely triangular, somewhat leafy at base: leaves 1-4, shorter than the stem, keeled: involucral bract more or less channol led, 1-4 inches long: spikelets 1-6, closely crowded in a sessile cluster, ovate to ovate-oblong: scaleH brown, often very dark, broadlv (»vate, emarginate and usually tipped with a straight awn: bristle.^ 3-6, shorter than or equalling the achene: stamens 3: style usually 2-cleft: j achene obovate, smooth, dark brown mucronate. Common in salt marslie!<. throughout the United States. « * • Stems triangular, leafy at base: leaves flat : involucre foliaceous. Spikelets large, few, in a sessile cluster or sparingly umbellate, rufous. 8* robnstas Pursh Fl. 56. Stems stout, 1-3 feet high, from running I often tnberiferous rootstocks: leaves flat, equalling or exceeding the s>.o?r.\ involucral bracts unequal, one much longer and more erect: spikelets ovate j to oblong-ovate, acute, 5-10 lines long: scales ovate, 2-3 lines long, dull I brown, emarginate, tipped with a long slender soon reflexed awn: bristles I 1-6, fragile, shoiier than the achene: stamens 3: style 3-cleft: achene coin-j pressed very flat on Ibe face, convex, or with a low ridge on the back,! obovate-orbicular, dark brown, shining, H lines long. In salt mar'^hes,] Bri. Columbia to California find the Atlantic States. ■*- ■*■ Spikelets small, numerous, greenish or light brown, in a compound or decompound umbellate panicle. S. nilcrocarpUB Presl. Reliq. Hsenk. i, 195. S. Hyhaticus var. digynm Bcekl. Stems usually stout, 3-5 feet high, from perennial rootstocks:! leaves ample, often exceeding the stem, rough-margined, thope of the in-l volucre usually exceeding the inflorescence: panicle ample, decompound I rather loose : spikelets ovoid, oblong, acute, 1^-2 lines long, 3-25 togetherT 80IRPUS ERIOPHOBDH CYPERACE^ 691 »t brown, i» a in capitate clustera at the ends of the usually spreading raylets : scales brown with a groen midrib, obtuse or subacute : briqtles 4, somewhat lon- ger than the achene: stamens 2: style 2-cleft: achenes oblonp;-obovate, nearly white, plano-convex or with a low ridge on the back, pointed. In swamps and wet woods, Alaska to California and the Atlantic States S. atroTlrens Muhl. Gram. 43. Stems rather slender, leafy, 2-4 feet high, from slender perennial rootstocks : leaves elongated, rough on the margins, dark green, 'i-6 lines wide one or two of them usually exceeding the inflorescence : umbel simple or 1-2-compound : spikelets ovoid-oblong, acute, 6-20 in the dense capitate clusters at the ends of the rays or raylets : scales greenishbrown.oblong, acute, the midrib excurrent, bristles usually e, about as long as the achene : stamens 3 : style 3-clef t : achene obovoid- oblong, 3-angled, pale dull brown. In swamps, Oregon to Nova Scotia and Georgia. S* lineatns Michx. Fl. i, 32. Perennial by stout rootstocks: stems rather slender, erect, 1-3 feet high, leafy : leaves light green, shorter than the stem, 2-4 lines wide, the upper ones and those of the involucre not exceeding the inflorescence, flat, rough on the margins : umbels terminal and commonl3r also axillary, decompound, the rays very slender, becoming pendulous: spikelets mostly solitary at the ends of slender raylets, oblong, obtuse, 3-5 lines long : scales ovate or oblong, reddish-brown with green midrib: bristles 6, weak, smooth, much longer than the achene: stamens 3: style 3-cleft: achenes oblong, pale brown, narrowed at both ends, 3-angled, short-beaked. In wet places, Oregon to Texas, Georgia and Ontario. § 3 Steins leafy, bearing a sessile head of spikelets subtended by a few involucral bracts. Bristles elongated, the barbs directed upward. S. criniger Gray Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 392. Stems slender, 3 inches to 3 feet high, from slender matted rootstocks, trianf^ular and striate, rough above : leaves flat, rough on the margins, the radical one elongated but shorter than the stem, the cauline only an inch or two loner, distant, the uppermost usually very near the top: involucral bracts broad and scale-like, acuminate, 2-4 lines long : spikelets 5-9, oblong, 3-4 lines long : scales thin and soft, brownish, oblong : bristles 6 : filaments slender, much exserted : style 3-cleft: achenes oblong, 3-angled, acute and shortly beaked, a line long. In marshes, southern Oregon to California. , 4 ERIOPHORUM L. 8p. 52. Low herbs with creeping perennial rootstocks, triangular or nearly terete stems, grass-like leaves and small perfect flowers in terminal solitary or umbellately clustered spikelets subtended by a one- to several-leaved involucre or naked. Scales spirally im- bricated, usually all fertile. Perianth of few to many filiform smooth soft exserted bristles. Stamens 1-3. Style 3-cleft. Achenes 3-angled, oblong, ellipsoid or obovoid. * Involucral leaves none : spikelets solitary. E. vaglnatam L. Sp. 52. Stems stiff, tufted, obtusely triangular, smooth, slender, 8-16 inches high, leafless except at base, bearing 2 inflat- ed sheaths, the upper one usually above the middle: leaves stiff, filiform, triangular, channelled, shorter than or sometimes exceeding the stem : spikelet ovoid, erect : scales ovate-lanceolate or the lowest lanceolate, acu- minate, purple-brown, thin: bristles numerous, white, straight, glossy, 4-6 times as long as the scale: anthers linear: achene obovoid, obtuse ^i K, I ^•^■ lis k 692 GYPERACEiE ERIOrHORUM HEHICARPHA brown, minutely apiculate. In high mountain bogs, Washimtton (•> Alaska Newfounaland and Pennsylvania. E. Scheachzerl Hoppe Taschenb. 1800, 104. Stems slender, amootli, nearly terete, 10-20 inches high, leafy below, often with a leafless sheatlt above : leaves Aliform, channelled, usually much shorter than the stem ; spikelet erect: scales ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, purple-brown membranaceous: bristles numerous, white or slightly yellowish, weak, nearly straight, 4-5 times as long as the scale:' achene narrowlv oblong, brown, acute and somewhat beaked. In bogs,' Oregon to Al^cka and Newfoundland. E. rnsseolam Fries Novet. Mant. ii, 67. Stems solitary or little tufted, triangular, smooth, 8-20 inches high, leafy at base, bearing an in- flated mucronate sheath above: leaves filiform, triangular, channelled, mucronate, 1-4 inche(< long : spikelet erect: scales ovate-lancnolate, acu- minate, thin, purplish-brown with narrow white margins: bristles numer- ous, bright reddish brown, an inch or more long: achene oblong, narrowed at each end, apiculate. In marshes, Oregon to Alaska and Newfoundland. * ' Spikelets several, subtended by a 1-4-leaved involucre. E. polystachyon L, Sp. 62. Stems stiff, smootii, triangular above, nearly terete below, 1-3 feet high, leafy : leaves flat, shorter than the stem, 1-4 lines wide, tapering to a triangular vigld point: involucre of 2-4 leaves, commonly equalling or exceeding the inflorescence : spikelets 3-12, ovoid or oblong, nodding, in a terminal more or less compound umbel; raya filiform: scales ovate-lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, purple-green or brown : bristles numerous, bright white, about an inch long: achenes ob- ovoid, obtuse, light brown. In bogs, Oregon to Alaska and the Atlantic States: also in Europe and Asia. E. gracUe Koch Roth. Catal. Bot. ii, 259. Stems slender, obtusely 3-angular, rough on the angles, 1-2 feet high, leafy : leaves narrowly linear, about a line wide, triangular-channelled, rough-margined, shorter than the stem : involucre commonly of a single stiff erect leaf : spikelets 3-8, capitate or subumbellate, the longer-ped uncled ones 'drooping : scales ovate or oblong, obtuse or subacute, greenish-brown, the midrib rather strong: bristles numerous, bright white, 8-12 lines long: achenes linear-oblong, acute, pointed. In bogs, California to Alaska and across the Continent-, also in li^urope and Asia. 5 HEMICARPHA Nees & Am. Edinb. New Phil. Joum. xvii, 263. Low or dwarf setaceous annuals with flattened stems, somewhat leafy at base, linear leaves and 1-8 small spikelets sessile in an involucrate cluster. Scales spirally imbricated all around, de- ciduous. Flowers perfect. Perianth of a single hyaline scale between the rachis and the flower. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-cleft, deciduous, not enlarged at base. Achenes oblong, turgid or lenticular. H. subsqnarrosa Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras, ii, Pt. 1, 61. Stems tufted, numerous, 1-6 inches high, with brown sheaths at base : leaves 1 or 2, very short, filiform: principal involucral bract continuous with the stem, 6-12 lines long, the others much smaller or wanting: spikes 1-3, brownish, ovite, 1-1J4 lines long: scales numerous, cuneate-obovate, shortly acumin- at'; and slightly spreading at the tip or erect, W line loug, litLle exceedint; the obtuse nutlet. In moist sandy soil, Washington to Brazil and the Atlantic States. H. occidentalis Gray Froc. Am. Acad, vii, 391. Stems filiform, 1-2 E. stocks weak, HKlflCARPHA BLEOCHARIS CYPERACEiE 693 8 filiform, 1-2 inches high, tufted, with reddiah-brown basal sheaths : leaves filiform, shorter than the steD.< : principal involucral bract continuous 'th the stem, 5-8 linep long, the others snorter: spikelets greenish, broao. tvate : scales with broadly ovate base and long acuminate spreading tips, twice as long as the nutlet: hyaline scale truncate or erosely toothed, not ad- herent to the nutlet. In wet grounds, base of Mount Adams Washington to California. H. Intermedia Piper Fl. Palouse Keg. 80. Stems numerous, tufted, 2-4 inches high: leaves narrow, involute, the recurved blades 6-18 lines long: spikelets ovoid, obtuse, 1-2 lines long: involucral bracts usually 3, the uppermost 6-18 lines long, the others much shorter : scales ^^-l line long, broadly obovate, the abruptly acuminate somewhat spreading or re- curved apex as long as the body: hyaline scale triangular-ovate, not ad- herent to the nutlet, which is oblong-ovate or obovate, about % line long, with a short beak. Margins of ponds along the Columbia and Snake rivers, Oregon and Washington. 6 ELEOCHARIS R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Hoi. i, 224. (1810.) Annual or perennial herbs with simple triangular, quadrangu- lar, terete, flattened or grooved steins, the leaves reduced to sheaths, or the lowest rarely leaf-bearing, and small flowers in dense sol- itary terminal spikes without an involucre. Scales concave, spirally imbricated all around. Perianth of 1-12 bristles, usually retrorsely barbed, wanting in some species. Stamens 2 or .'i. Style 2-cleft, the base persistent and forming a tubercle on the summit of the more or less 3-angled achene. E. ovata R. & S. Syst. ii, 152. Glabrous annual with fibrous roots: stems tufted, slender or filiform, rather deep green, nearly terete, mostly erect, 2-16 inches high : spike ovoid or oolong, obtuse, many-flowered, 2-6 lines long, \-\% lines in diameter: scales thin, oblong-orbicular, very obtuse, brown with green midrib and scarioua margins : bristles 6-8, de- ciduous, usually longer than the achene : stamens 2 or 3 : style 2- or 3-cleft : achene pale brown, shining lenticular, obovate-oblong, smooth, ^2 lii^^ long or more: tubercle deltoid, acute, compressed, scarcely constricted at base, about ^ as long as the achene and narrower. In wet soil, Oregon to Brit. Col 'mbia, New Brunswick and Florida: also Europe. E. palastris R. & S. 1. c. 151. Perennial by horizontal often densely matted rootstocks: stems stout, terete or somewhat compressed, striate, 1-5 feet high : basal sheaths brown, rarely bearing a short blade, the up- per obliquely truncate: spike ovoid-cylindric, 4-12 lines long, IJ3-2 lines in diameter, many-flowered, thicker than the stem : scales ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, purplish brown with scarious margins and green midrib, or pale green all over: bristles usually 4, slender, longer than the achene and tubercle, sometimes wanting: 9'tamens 2 or 3: style 2- or 3-cleft: achene lenticular, smooth, yellow, % line long: tubercle conic-triangular, constricted at the base, flattened, J^-K as long as the achene. In ponds and moist meadows, Alaska to California and across the continent : also in Europe and Asia. Var. glaucescens Gray Man. ed. 5, 558. stems slender or nearly filiform, 8-18 inches high : spikes oblong, 2-5 lines long: achenes smaller: tubercle narrower. In wet meadows auJ ■:narshe8, range nearly of the type in North America. E. acicnlaris R. & S. I. c 154. Perennial by filiform stolons or root' stocks: stems tufted, filiform or self ceous, obscurely 4-anglt;d and grooved* weak, erect or reclining, 1-8 inches long: sheaths truncate: spikes com CYPERACE-* BTKNOPHVLBLO RYNCHOBPORA i preised, narrowly ovate or llnear-oblons, acute, broader than the stem, 2-10-flowered, 1-4 Hnds long, }4 line wide : Buales oblong, obtuse, or thu upper subacute, thin, pale green, usually with a narrow brown stripe on each side of the midrib, deciduous, many of them commonly sterile : brist- les 2-4, fragile, fugacious, shorter than the achene: stamens 3: style 3-cleft: achenes obovoid •oblong : tubercle conic, acute, ^ as long as the achene. In wet soil, throughout North America: also Europe and Asia. E. rostellata Torr. Fl. N. Y. il. 347. Perennial by a short caudex: stems slender, the fertile erect, the sterile reclining and rooting at the apex, 1-5 feet long: upper sheaths truncate: spikes oblong, narrowed at both ends, thicker than the stem, 10-20-flowered, 4-6 lines long, about a line in diameter : scales ovate, obtuse or tlie up^r acute, green with a somewhat dark(>r midrid and slightly scarious margins: bristles 4-8, longer than the achene and tubercle : stamens 3 : style 3-cleft : achene oblong- oboYoid, obscurely 3-angled : tubercle conic-subulate, about half as long a the achene. Brit. Columbia to California and the Atlantic States. 7 STENOPHYLLUS Raf. Neog. 4. (1825.) Annual herbs with slender erect stems, narrowly linear or fili- form leaves with ciliate or pubescent sheaths and perfect flowers in umbellate, capitate or solitary spikelets subtended by a one- to several-leaved involucre. Scales spirally imbricated all around, mostly deciduous. Perianth wholly wanting. Stamens 2 or 8. Style 2- or 3-cleft, glabrous, at base much swollen and persistent on the achene as a tubercle. Achene 3-angled, turgid or lenticular. 8. caplllarls Britton Bull. Torr. Bot. Club zxi, 30. Fimbristylis cap- illaris Oray. Stems filiform, densely tufted, erect, grooved, smooth, 2-10 inches high : leaves filiform, rou^hish, much shortier than the stem, their sheaths more or less pubescent with lonf hairs: involucral leaves 1-3, se- taceous, shorter than or one of them ezcoi^ing the inflorescence: spikeleta narrowly oblong, somewhat 4-Bided, 2-4 lines lon^, less than a line thick, several in a simple or compound umbel, or sometimes solitary : scales ob- long, obtuse or emarginate, pubescent, dark brown with green keel: stamens 2 : style 3-cleft : achenes yellowish brown, narrowed at base, very obtuse or truncate at the summit ^ line long, 3-angled, transversely wrinkled: tubercle minute, depressed. In dry or moist soil throughout North America. 8 RYNCHOSPORA Vahl. Enum. ii, 229. (1806.) Leafy-stemmed herbs with erect 3-angled or terete stems, nar- row flat or involute leaves and small flowers in variously clustered spikelets. Scales thin, 1 -nerved, imbricated all around, usually mucronate by the excurrent midrib, the lower empty. Upper flowers iqiperfect, the lower perfect. Perianth of 1-20 barbed or scabrous bristles or none. Stamens commonly 3. Style 2-cleft, 2-toothed or entire. Achenes lenticular or swollen, capped by the persistent base of the style, or sometimes by the whole style. B. alba Vahl Enum. ii, 236. Pale green: rootstock short: stems slender or almost filiform, glabrous, 6-20 inches high : leaves setaceous. i^-% line wide, shorter than the stem : spikelets several or numerous, in 1-4 dense corymbose terminal and axillary clusters, narrowly oblong, acute, at both ends, 1-3 lines long : scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, white, acute : bristles 9-15. downwardly barbed, slender, about as lon« as the achene and tubercle : achene obovate-oblong, smooth, pale brown, lenticu- CARBX CYPERACE^ Jar: tubercle trianguUr-subulate, flat, U as long as the achene. In bogn, jOreK'on to Alaska, ^ewfonndland and Florida. 9 CAREX L. 8p. 972. I'erenniul herbs with trianguhir stems, linear 2-ranked leaves land monoecious, dioecious or androgynous flowers borne in termin- |al solitary or racemed spikes, each usually subtended by a leaf- bract. Perianth none or rarely represented by a single bristle. IStuiiiinate flowers of 8 stamens with flliform filaments, usually |;ill in the terminal spike. Pistillate flowers of a single pistil Iwith a style and 2 or 3 stigmas, borne on a very short axis in the laxil of a sac-like bractlet or second bractlet called the perigynium Iwliich completely encloses the 8-angled, lenticular or plano- Iconvex achene. Subgenus i Eucarex Cosson Fl. Paris, 744. Staminate jiowers in one or more terminal spikes, sometimes with pistillate lowers at the base or apex. Pistillate flowers in distinct and limple mostly peduncled spikes. Cross-section of the perigynium lircular, obtusely angled or prominently trigonous in outline. ptyle mostly 3-parted and the achene triangular or triquetrous. Tribe i PnYsocARPiE Drejer Symb. Car. 10. Spikes few to nany, distinct, densely flowered. Perigynium mostly straw-color bt maturity, papery in texture, more or less inflated, smooth, Wved, tapering into a beak as long or longer than the body. ptigmas mostly 3. 1 Pauciflorje Tuckerman Enum, Meth. 7. Spike andro- ;)'nous, the pistillate flowers at the base, few. Perigynium green- [sh, linear-lanceolate, several times longer than the scale. C. panciflora Lightf. Fl. Scot. 545, t. 6. Glabrous: stems erect or Bsurgent, very slender, 4 inches to 2 feet high : leaves very narrow, shorter Ihan the stem, the lowest reduced to toothed sheaths : scales inconspicuous, lanceolate to ovate, deciduous: perigynium scarcely inflated, 3-4 lines |ong, about ^ line in diameter, tapering from below the middle into a lender or almost subulate beak, strongly reflexed: stigmas 3. In bogs, li^ashington to Alaska, Newfoundland and Pennsylvania. 2 Vesioari^ Tuckerman 1. c. 13. Staminate spikes com- nonly 2 or more. Pistillate spikes usually long-cylindrical and ^ense. Perigynium smooth and shining, much inflated, at ma- nrity straw-color or sometimes purple, beaked and conspicuously l-toothed, usually prominently few-nerved. Stigmas 3. |Ct ntrlcnlata Boott Hook. Fl. ii, 221. Glabrous: stems stout, erect, 1 feet high : leaves elongated, the upper mostly exceeding the stem, 2-6 Des wide, the midrib prominent : bracts leaf-like: staminate spikes 2-4, iiear, peduncled, the lower sometimes pistillate at the top: pistillate kikes 2^-4, densely many- flowered, or sometimes looser near the base, 2-6 fches long, the lower short- peduncled, the upper sessile or nearly so. pmetimes staminate at the summit: scales lanceolate, the lower awndd pd slightly longer than the perigynium, the upper acute: perigynium pid, light green, 2-3 lines long, narrowed above to a sharp 2-toothed (m OYPKRACEi*: CAKK\ l)eak. In marRhoe, California to AluBka and across the continent. C> inoiiile Tuckerman Enum. Meth. 20. Htems slender, erect m ii>. dining, l-.'t feet liiuli : leaves elonKated, rather light green, 1-4 lincH \\ii|i', | sometimes exceedrng the stem: bracts similar, often longer than tin- in. Horescence: staminate spikes 1-4, slender«|)eduncled: pistillate spikes l-:i, cylindrical, 1-3 inches long, uboiit 4 lines in diameter, rather loose nl ma. ttiritv. the upper sessile, the lower one when 3, slender-pediincled :in(|| usually remote: perigynium yellowish-green, ovoid, inflated, about 2>., lines long, tapering into a sharp 2-toothed beak, longer than the lantToluti' acuminate scale. Jn marshes and wet meadows, California to Alaskii and across the continent. C. exslccata Bailey Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, i, 6. Stems stout, iTcct, 1-3 i'eet high : leaves pale green, 4-6 lines wide, the upper ones surpaHRin..' the stem : staminate spikes 1 or 2, slender: pistillate spikes 1-3, cviiii'lric,! 1-8 inches loiig, nearly sossiU- or the lowest one slender- peduncled : HcaleHl very narrow, muticose: perigynia lance-ovate, scarcely inflated, stnin^'iyf nerved, 3-4 times longer than the scale. In swales, Oregon and WaBhiiit;ton. Var. globosa Bailey I. c. More slender, with narrower leuvi.": spikes small, an inch or loss long, more or less scattered, closely seHHilcJ rusty in color: scales hyaline and very small: perigynia narrower, con- spicuously spreading. lu ponds on the high mountains, Oregon to Bril,| Columb'a. €• retrorsa Hchwein. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i, 71. Glabrous: stems amil sessile or nearly so, or the lowest distant and peduncled, densely -flowerfcdj 1-2 inches long, 6 lines in diameter: perigynia ovoid, membranous, yellow- ish-green, about three lines long, tapering into a subulate 2-toothed beuk.l V3 longer than the smooth lanceolate acute scale, retlexed at maturity. Iii| bogs and wet meadows, Oregon and the Atlantic States. C. comosa Boott Trans. Linn. Soc. xx, 117. Stems stout, 2-3 feet high : leaves ample, rough on the margins, 5--6 lines wide : staminate epike^ erect, short-peduncled, sometimes pistillate at the top: pistillate gpike!^ 6-6, all on slender peduncles, or the uppermost nearly sessile all nodding or spreading, about 2 inches long, 5-7 lines in diameter : scales narrow,! very rough, oblong or lanceolate, short acuminate, about 2 lines \on\i\ perigynia with oblong little inflated base and long slender 2-toothed heakJ twice as long as the scale ; the long slender teeth spreading. In boj^sj Washington to California and the Atlantic States. Tribe ii Tuachychl.knjr Drejer Synib. Car. 9. fetaiuiiiatd s])ike8 one or more. Pislillii ' spikes compactly flowered, moj'tl}! large, erect or nearly so. Htamens 8. Perigynia mostly thiikJ and hard in texture, commonly scabrous or hirsute, straij:lit{ beaked. § 1 Anomal^e Carey Gray's Man. ni\7. Terminal spikes all staminate: pistillate spikes long and cylindrical, mostly densel}j flowered. Perigynia broad and short, short-beaked, the npcj very slightly toothed or entire, mostly granulate. C. amplifolla Boott, Hook. Fl. ii, 228, t. 226. Stems stout, 2-3 feel high, very sharply angled, rough above: Laves many, 5-8 lines \Yidel rough on the margins, usually exceeding the stem : bracts leaf-like, witiil out sheaths : pistillate spikes 4-6, erect, the upper one sessile, the lowel t'ARKX lihort-peduncle< IconHpicuously ft Idi;. about as loi |ret places in w( }t 2 HlRT^ lall staminate; |mnre or less h t'. Oreironei nearly so, very 1 lon^, often stami perigynia ovate, covered with sho distinctly 2- tooth |ln the higher pa €. laua^iiio! tied and rough lat, not involute |ite spikes 1-3, loi 1-3, usually dista ivale, membrane [reen, densely pi onger than the 1 ind across the co J) 3 Pali'dos llong-peduncled |led, long and exture, strongl [long beak wh pproading teet C. aristata . brroughish abovt hide, more or lej pacts similar, th remote, cylindrici ft the base, denst cales oblong-Ian ng, conic, glabro fously 2-toothed fhe Northwest Tt t'. riparla C sutoi rather sle pgh : leaves elou] ie stem : stamin »ng, about 4 line bwer more or les ate or acute : pet Jfadually into a 3 [n swamps, Idahc Tribe hi M Jpine species c [rowing in den prominently to \KK\ 'ARRX CYPERACEi*: «97 Ct or IB- lOH wide, ,n tlu' ill- likes 1-:;, ae ill iiiii icled Mill iboiit 2',, ar.cfoliilc lankM mill »Ut, tTl'l't, cyliiiilric,! , atrninjlyl leiuiiu'tnii.l jr Uiuvcs:! ily 8eH»il(',| wer, con- n to Bril.l emsstoutJ lines widt'l iat« Hpiki'^ le top andl r -flowered,! 18, yellow- thed beiikJ urity. Ill 2-:{ fet't late spikea ate Bpiki'i^ ill notldiii^ ea narrow.1 ines lonnj thed beak J In bogs J jtaniiiiate jd. nioHthj tly thickl straij-'liW spikes ill y denseh the iipe' ut, 2-?. lee lines wide -like, witli 13, the lowe Jihort-peduncled, 1-4 inches long slenderly cylindrical : perJKynis elliptic IcunHpicuously few-nerved, abruptly narrowed Into a whitiali hoalc, Hpread- lioi:. abuiit an lon^ as the whitlflit purple-niaruined awn-pointed Hcale. In Iwet places in wooded dintrictH, California to Oregon and Idaho. || li '-^ HiR'i.K Tuckoi'inan Knuin. Mt^th. 11. Tenuiiial spike ill staminatc: p.stillato Hpikew densely immy-HowenMl. Perinynia more or less hairy, the beak more (leeply toothed. I'. OreiCOiieiiRiH Olnuy Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 407. Stems nmouth or nearly so, very leafy, about a foot high : pistillate spikes about .'i, an inch ioD^, often Btaminalu at the top, erect, approximate, shortly poduncled : perigynia ovate, tapering at botli ends, prominently many-nerved, thickly Icovered with short stiff hairs, gradually produced into a white and smooth distinctly 2-toothed beak, longer thnn the ovate acute membranous scale. |ln the higher parts of the Cascade Mountains. I C. lauoKliiosa Michx. FI. ii, 175. Stems rather slen| short peduncled. more or less contiguous, whitish or yellowish : perigynia oval, smooth, straw color, thin in texture, narrowed abruptly into a verjj short slightly emarginate beak, longer and broader than the obtuse on muticose purple white-ribbed scale. In the mountains California t(j Idaho. C« Bayuoldsli Dewey Sill. Journ. xxxii, 39. Stems 6-18 inches liigh^ sharply angled : leaves glaucous, .3-4 lines broad, flat, with revolute marj gins rather abruptly tapering to a triangular apex, shorter than the stenij spikes 3-6, oblong or obovoid, the staminate 4-9 lines long, sessile; pistil-] late 6-8 lines long, 3-4 lines thick, sessile or short peduncled, contiguoul > . CAREX CYPERACEiE 699 or the lowest distant, on a peduncle 1-1)^ inchee long: scales purple, or pale in the middle and on the margins, oblong or oval acute or acuminate, divergent, pale yellow above, abruptly rostellate with a purple emarginate beak, longer and broader than the scale. In the mountains, California to •astern Washington and Montana. C. stylosa C. A. Meyer Act. A«ad, St. Petersb. i, 222, t. 12. Stems slender, erect, 12-18 inches high, rough and leafless above; leaves 1-2 lines wide, shorter than the stem : Staminate spikes solitary, nearly sessile, often partly pistillate, an inch or less long: pistillate spikes 2-3, 6 lines long or less, the lowest longest, slender-peduncled, the others sessile or nearly so: perigynia turgid-ovate, fuscous, minutely punctate, beakless, the entire orifice closed with the stiff and persistent style from which the stigmas are caducous, longer than the very obtuse black white-ribbed scale. In wet meadows, northern Washington to Alaska and Labiudor. C. spreta Bailey Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, 1, 6. Stems stout, 12 to 18 inches high : leaves 2-3 lines wide, usually equalling or exceeding the stem: spikes sessile 4-6 lines long, and nearly as thick, the upper 2-3 contiguous to the staminate spike : perigynia broadlyJ[elliptical, or broader than long, beakless, thin, green, longer, and much broader thav the black and muticose faintly white-nerved scale Columbia river{bottoms. Q. Tolmiei Boott Hook. Fl. 1], 224. Stem rigid, 12-18 inches high triquetrous, smooth or nearly so : leaves rough on the margins, mostly shorter than the stem : lower bracts leaf-like and about equalling the stem, slieathless : spikes 4-7, the uppermost an inch or less long, staminate and mostly contiguous, oval or oblong 8-12 lines long, dark-colored, often stam- inate at the apex, the 2 or 3 lowest slender-peduncled 1-2 inches long: perigynia compressed-trigonous, oval or oval-oblong, pale and more or less discolored with purple dots, produced into a very short and entire cylind- rical beak, either longer or shorter than the obtuse or muticous purple white-ribbed scale. Oregon to Behring Straits. Yar. nlgella Bailey Men. Torr. Bot. Club i, 47. bidentate : scale narrower and more acute. Tar, snbsessiUs Bailey I. c. Spikes short and thick, very densely flowered the staminate sessile; the pistillate aggregated near the top, sessile or the lowest very shortly peduncled : perigynia broader and more abruptly' contracted, ffastern Oregon to Colorado. Tar. ahgnsta Bailey 1. c. Taller, leaves very long and narrow, the basal sheaths becoming fibrillose : spikes sessile or lowest peduncled, cy- lindrical: bracts narrow or filiform. Kerbyville Oregon. G. Kellcggil W. Boott. Bot. Cal. 11. 240. Stems very slender 12-16 inches high, sharply angled and scabrous above : leaves 1-2 lines wide, the cauline shorter, the sterile rather longer than the stem : bracts with- out sheaths, the lowest slightlv exceeding the stem; spikes 4-5, narrowly cylindrical or cfavate, short-peduncled and loosely flowered at base, the up- permost staminate, rarely with some pistillate flowers at top or base, 9 lines long ; pistillate spikes 3-12 lines long, about a line thick : scales purple with pale midrib, obtuse perigynia- pale, ovate, tapering to a short beak, the orifice entire, purple, smooth, longer than the scale. In the mountains, California to Brit. Columbia. C. decidua Boott. Linn Trans, xx, 110. Stems 12-18 inches high : leaves 1-3 lines wide, shorter than the stem: bracts without sheaths, the lower exceeding the stem; spikes 4-6, dark purple, oblong or cylindric, the uppermost staminate, at least at base, or at both ends, 12-14 lines long, 2-3 lines thick, the others pistillate and solitary or in clusters of 2-3, 6-18 iinies long, 2-4 lines thick : scales dark purple with pale centre, oblong-oval Perigynia minutely 700 OYPERACEilC CARBX ; " i to lanceolate and mncroMolate : perigynia ferruginous, oval, roatellate with an entire beak, stipitate, papillose, deciduous, longer or shorter than the scale. Oregon to California and Patagonia. C. nndata W. Boott Bot. Cal. ii, 24t. Steins slender, 12-16 incbeH high, sharply angled, scabrous, leaves 1-2 lines wide setaceously pointed, shorter than the stem : bracts without sheaths, the lowest rarely equalling the stem, the others shorter than the spike: spikes 4 or 6, cylindrical, the uppermost staminate. at least above, 6-12 lines long, l-l>i^ lines thick, single or rarely with a smaller pne at its hnse, the others pistillate, 6-18 lines long, 1-2 lines thick, the highest close to the staminate and sessile, the others contiguoud on short penuncle^or rarely the lowest radical on a {)eduncle a foot long : scales dark purple, oblong, obtuse, or the lower anceolate and acute : perigynia purple above, almost lanceolatei attenuate to an entire cylindrical beak, very aeciduous. Along streams in the coast mountains, Oregon to California. Vart angastifolta Bailey Mem. Torr. Bot. Club 16. More slender and lax : leaves narrower : spikes 6-9 lines long, sessile or nearly so: perig. ynia shorter and relatively broader; much more abrutlv contraced above. Along streams in the Coast Mountains, Oregon to the Sf ackenzie river. Var. anomala Bailey 1. c. Very slender, 18-30 inches high, the stem and leaves very rough : leaves very numerous, long and narrow : spikes 3-6, the lowest one or two on long and very slender peduncles, very narrow and thinly flowered at base, 1-2 inctves long, greenish or brownish, the terminal one often pistillate at the tqp . or throughout : perigynia firmer in texture, long and often very slender, green or greenish-yellow, longer than the narrow brown and obtuse scale. Cascade Mountains of Oregon. C. Hallii Bailey Proc. Am. Acad, zzii, 82. Stems 1-2 feet high, sharp-angled and rough, strict: leaves narrow, rou|;h on the margins, shorter than the stem ; bracts all serrate on the margins, without sheaths the lowest more or less leaf-like and ecjualling the item, the upper seta- ceous : spikes sessile, about 6, the terminal staminate and usually more or less pednncled, the others closely sessile and short: scales of the staminate spike very broad and obtuse, often emarginate purplish-black: perigynia flat, almost white, elliptic with contracted ends, smooth, the beak very short aad entire, either much exceeding or about the length of the broad obtuse black scale. Oregon. C. inrisa Bailey I.e. Htems 5-24 inches hig|h, sharply ansled, erects smooth: leaves nearly as long as the stem, 12 lines wide, roughisu on the margins, short- pointed : spikes 4 or 5, all sessile^ or the two lowest on short peduncles and erect, oblong and somewhat narrowed at base, About an inch long, or short and nearly globular, the upper 1 or 2 staminate and short, the others all approximate or contiguous and pistillate : bracts short and sheathless: perigynia elliptic-ovate groeQ- and olive-colored with black-purple blotches, flat, very short beaked, the orHlce entire or nearly so, broader and commonly longer than the purpye-black, very conspicu- ously white-ribbed apiculate scale. In the moi^niliains, California to Brit. Columbia. C. laclntata Boott. 111. 176 t. 694. ^ms stout. 2-3 feet high, very sharply angled : leaves stiff and carinate, pale, 2-4 lines wide: bracts without sheaths, the lowest sometimes 2>^feet long: rominently peduncled; pistillate spikes about 4, 2-4 inches long, cernuous or somewhat bent, the upper •<* on peduncles 6-12 lines long, aiid usually staminate above, the lowest very long-peduncled: peiigynia nar- rowly elliptic or elliptic-oblong, conspicuously granulate when mature, pro- duced into a slender and entire beak, shorter than the linear-lanceolate muti- cose dull brown scale. In swamps along the coast, from the mouth of the Columbia river to Alaska. § 5 FERRUGiNEiE Tuckerman Ennm. Meth. 12. Plants smal- ler : spikes small, an inch or less long, the upper ones often and- ijgynoiis: perigynium tapering into a conspicuous point, often rough on the angles, dark-colored : bracts conspicuously sheath- ing: stigmas usually 3. C. ftigida AH. Fl. Ped. ii, 270. Stems 8-20 inches high, leafy at base: leaves shorter than the stem: spikes 4-8, rusty-black, oblong, the teiminal one staminate, the others pistillate, the upper contiguous and sessile, the lower remote and exserted on a long peduncle: bracts shorter than the stem: perigynia tiiangular, lanceolate, tapering to a beak, bifid at the orifice, bispidon the mai'gins longer than the ovate accuminate mucronate scale. In wet prairies on the high mountains, Washington to California and Utah. C. Inznltefolla W. Boott. Bot. Cal. ii, 250. Stems 2-^teet high, obtusely angled, smooth 1 or 2 leaved at or below the middle, many-leaved at base: leaves 4-10 inches long, 2-4 lines wide, acuminate to a sharp rough irvegu- lar point, much shorter than the stem bracts tapering to a short sharp roint, shorter than the peduncles: spikes S-'G, the upper 1-3 staminate, clava^te or obovoid, 3-6 lines long;, 1-3 lines thick, often crowded so closely ,'^as to ap- pear as a single one, the others pistillate, clavate, 6-14 lines long, 2 lines thick, the upper often sessile at the base of the staminate, the others all re- mote on exserted scabrous peduncles 3-6 inches long: scales purple or pale in the middle, oblong to lanceolate, ciliate obtuse or acute or roughly cus- pidate: perigynia tawny or purple, oval to lanceolate, acuminate to along cy- lindrical bidentate beak, stipitate, smooth, longer and broader than the scale.. In the high mounttuns, California to southern Oregon. § 6 Pendulin^: Fries Corp. 190. Bracts sheathless: perigyn- ium whitish, more or less granulated, nearly i)ointless. C« Umosa L. Sp. 977. Stems slender, rough above, erect, 10 inches to 2 feet high: leaves a line wide, or less, shorter than the stem: bracts lincar- filifonn the lower ^ to 2 inches long: staminate spike tiolitaiy on a long pe- duncle: pistillate spikes 1 or 2 on filiform peduncles, drooping, oblong 3-10 lines long about 3 lines thick: perigynia pale, oval, narrowed atboth endsl)^ licas long, tipped with a minute entire beak, about as long as the oval green or purplish-brown acute or cuspidate scale. In bogs, Idaho to New Jersey and the Atlantic regions: also in Europe. Tribe iv HYMENocHLiEN^ Drejer Symb. Car. 10. Staminate spikes several or many, mostly loosely flowered and on filiform nodding peduncles Perigynia mostly light green or whitish, thin- Diembranaceous, mostly somewhat inflated, commonly smooth and shining, tapering gradually into a minutely 2-toGthed beak. Cf caplUarls L. Sp. 977. Stems slender or filiform, smooth, or roughish above, erect, 2-14 inches high: leaves ,^-1 line wide, much shorter than-tbe stem, flat or somewhat involute in drying, roughish: bracts all with sheaihiog base: spikes all on filiform peduncles, the termitaal one staminate; r ' r 704 OYPERACEiE CARKX mi pistillate opikes 1-8, nanowly obloDg, 2-6 lines long, 1 line thick, nodding, 10-1^-flowered: perigynia oblong, Wangled light gi'een, the slender beak about ^ as long as the body, longer than the oval, scarious margined scale. Idaho to Alaska, Greenland and the Atlantic States: also Europe and Asia. C. cinnainomea Olney Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 396.- Stems slender, 1-2 feet high, erect: lef^ves narrow-margined, shorteil than the stem: bracts sheathing, longer or shoi'ter than the stem: spikes 3-5, erect, 12-18 inches long, cinnamon colored, the terminal one staminate, fusiform and long |je- duncled, the others pistillate, cylindrical, densely flowered, the upper ap- proximate, the lower on long exserted peduncles, attenuate and loosely flow- ered at base, the lowest remote: scales cinnamon colored with gpreen centre, membranous, ovate, obtuse, ciliate at the apex: perigynia elliptical, 3 anglcii, green, rostellat« with bidcntate orifice ciliate within, glabrous, longer and broader than the scale. In marshes, southern Oregon and California. Tribe v SpiRosTACHYiE Drejer Symb. Car. 10. Staminate spikes usually solitary, pistillate spikes 2-5, short yellowish or fuscoup, compactly flowered. Perigynia smooth or minutely gran- ulate, rarely somewhat serrate on the margins, prominently nerved, squarrose, mostly beaked, the orifice entire. Stigmas 8. C. Tlrldnla Mich. Fl. ii, 170'. Glabrous and bright green: Stems slender, erect, 4-15 inches high: leaves a line or less wide, often longer than the stem: bracts similar, strictly erect and much exceeding the spikes, ses- sile, sometimes pistillate at the top: pistillate spikes 2-5, all approximate and sessile or the lowest distant and short-peduncled, oblong, 2-6 lines long, 2 lines or less thick: perigynia ovoid-oblong, a line or less long, narrowed at base, tppering into a 2-toothed beak about half as long as the body, longer than the ovate scale. In wet places, Washington to Alaslca, New Foundland and Pennsylvania. Tribe vi Pactylostachy^ Drejer Symb. Car. 10. Bracts sheathing, the sheaths often conspicuous and colored. Staminate spike mostly one: pistillate spikes short, commonly rather loosely flowered and slender, their scales mostly whitish, often small. § 1 Laxiflobae Kunth Enum. PI. ii, 452. Slender, more or less broad-leaved species with mostly leafy bracts, green sheaths and loosly flowered spikes. Perigynia mostly conspicuously 3- angled, with a more or less curved beak. C. Hendersoni Bailey Proc. Am. Acad, xxii, 115. Slender and rather weak, I -2 ,^ fii8 wide, usually much exceeding the stems: ataminate spike, solitary, terminal 4-6 lines lortg commonly connpicuoua: pistillate spikes 1-8, all filiform peduncled from the basal sheaths or 1 or 2 of them sessile or very nearly so at the base of the etaminate, ovoid-oblong, several flow- ered, 2-4 lines long: perigynia oval, finely pubescent, pale, obtusely 3-angled, tipped with a subulate 2-toothed beak nearly as long as the body, about as long as the ovate-lanneolate acuminate or' short-awned scales. Oregon to the eastern states. C. globosa Boott Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 12i). Stoloniferous: stems 4-16 inches high, very nlender, scabrous, clothed at base with reddish brown sheaths that break up into tliread-like fibres : leaves firm, 1-2 linen i wide, the lower longer than the stem : lower bracts longer than the spikes : ataminate apike 6-12 lines long, a line thick; pistillate spikes oblong, i looaely 2-9-flowered, 3-6 lines long, 2 lines thick, the upper sessile and c'.'jse to the staminate, the others remote and pedunculate, scales oblong or lanceolate, acute or cuspidate, purple with green midrib and hyaline [ margins : perigynium more or less purple, globose, produced at base, ab- ruptly beaked with a bidentate orifice, hirsute scabrous, broader than! the scale. Washington to California. C. inops Bailey Proc. Am. Acad, zxii, 126. Stems slender, rigid, sharply angled, a foot high, from long and erect rootstocks : leaves numer-i ous, rigid, narrow, long-pointed, about half as long aa the stem: spikesl 3-4, all aggregated and sessile at the top of the stem, the lowest subtended I by a sheatbless bract of about its own length, the terminal spike staminate,! about an inch long, the others half as long and staminate at the top : per-j igynia small, elliptic, brown below, very abruptly produced into a whitel straight and deeply cut beak, scabrous below, hairy on the ^boulders and! beak, about as long as the brown-centred broad acute scale. On sandy] ground among timber on Mount Hood. Tribe viii Phyllostachys Carey Gray's Man. 1848, 53H.J Spikes solitary, staminate above ; pistillate flowers few, often! remote, usually on a more or less zigzag rachis : scales prolonged! and leaf-like or scabrous. OARCX CYPERAOEif: 707 C. Geyerl Boott Linn. Trans, xz. 118. Stems stiff, slender, 6 inches to 2 feet high, leafy at base : leaves rigid. }4~1 line wide, carinate, scabrous on the marains and keel : staminite flowers 1-6, alternate, appressed to the rachis : scales whitish, becom'- ^ temiginoua, green in the middle, ciliate, in the staminate flowers oblong anv^ obtuse, the pistillate claspini^ and cos>- pidate, the lower foliaceons and equalling the stem : perigynia triangular- ellipsoidal, tapering to the base, with a verv short entire beak aAd hyaline orifice, smooth, 1-nerved on the middle of 2 sides, shorter than the scale. On dry ridges, Oregon and Washington to Colorado and Montana. C. mnltloaalis Bailey Bot. Gaz. is, 117. Stems num neath the spike, dark green ana remaining so a year after fruiting : leaves short and reduced to sheaths : staminate flowers 3-8, their scales oblong or ' mceolate, green with hyaline margins, appressed; pistillate flowers 1-4, their scales green with ovate scarious-margined base and long acuminate tips, sometimes longer than the spike : perigynium large, green, triangular contracted below to a stipitate base, tipped with a short stout beak. On dry r dges among pine timber, southern Oregon to California. Tribe ix Lamprochl^na Drejer Symb. Car. 10. Small mostly boreal species. Spikes mostly solitary. Scales obtuse with hyaline margins. Perigynium smooth, firm in texture, or or even horny, glossy or shining, brown or black, lightly nerved or nerveless, tipped with a ^hortbeak. Stigmas mostly 3. C* Pyrenalca Wahl. Acad. Handl. xxiv, 139, Cespitose. the filiform stems 4-7 inches high, very leaf^ at base : leaves >^-l line broad, flat or often c(Hidaplicate': bracts scale-like : spikes dark-brown or purple, ellips- oidal, densely-flowered, 5-8 lines long, 2-4 lines thick, staminate above : scales membranaceous, deciduous, of the staminate flowers lineair-oblong, acutish : of the pistillate darker, ovate- lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, the lowest often cuspidate or subfoliaceous : perigynium membranaceous, lan- ceolate or spindle-shaped, gradually attenuate to an acute obliquely cut, hyaline-mamned orifice, long-stipitate, reflexed at maturity, rather longer than the scale. On the high mountains, northern California to Alaska and . the Rocky Mountains. C* nlf rieans G. A. Meyer Cryp. Nov. t. 7. Stems ratber stout, 4-8 inches high, very leafy at base: leaves 1-6 lines wide, not half as long as the stem, flat, attenuate to a very sharp point : spike very dark brown or black, oblong to obovate, 3-6 lines long, staminate at the top : scales ob- long to ovate, acute or acuminate : perigynia broadly lanceolate or oblong, abruptly contracted below to a slender stipe, produced above into a slender sharvly 2-toothed beak, usually longer than the scale. In wet meadov^ on the highest mountains, California to Alaska and the Rocky Mour'^ns. Tribe x Leptocephalje Bailey Proc. Am. Acad. 7.i.li, 131. Spike solitary, staminate above, thin and slender. Perigynia thin in texture, green, ^oblong, lanceolate or linear in outli le, beakless or" nearly so. C. leptalra Wahl. Kongl. Yet. Acad. Handl. (11,) xxiv, 139. Light gfeen and glabrous: sterna nlirorm, erect or spreading, 6-18 imhes long: leaves i^ line wide, mostly shorter than the stems: spikes narro.^ly linear, 2-7 lines long, less than a line thick : perigynia few, linear-oblong ; narrow- ed at base, obtuse and beaked at the summit, 1)^ lines long, loi g^er than the attenuate scales. In wet places, California to Alaska and f cross the contineu't. Tribe xi Physocephal^ Bailey 1. c. 132. Spike? solitary. ■v !r 708 CYPERACBiE CABMX K 1^1; I globular or short-oblong, staminate at top. Perigynia straw- color, papery, more or less inflated. Stamens 3. C. Brewei 1 Boott III. 142, t, 466. Rootitock creeping, itoloniferous : Btema 6-18 incbea high, obtusely angled, smooth, leafy at base: leaves rig> id, filiform, the cauline shorter than the stem: spikes dark fulvous or chestnut-color, oval or ovate, 6-12 lines long, 4-6 lines thick, naked: sta- minate flowers few: perigynia oval, much inflated and very thin, with a very short obliquely cut entire beak, lo^er and broader than the hyaline- margined scale. Alpine, California to Washington. Subgenus ii VIGNEJE Koch Syl. Fl. Germ. 748. Staminate flowers few and inconspicuous, borne at the base or apex of the spikes. Pistillate flowers in one to several short and sessile spikes which are commonly more or less aggregated into heads or even panicles. Crossection of the perigynium plano- convex in outline. Styles 2. Achenes lenticular. Tribe xii Acroabrhen^ Fries Summa. 73. Staminate flow- ers borne at the top of the spikes, or the spikes wholly staminate or the plants sometimes dioecious. § 1 FcETiD^ Tuckerm. Enum. Meth. 10. Spikes tawny or brown, not elongated, very densely aggregated into a continuous globose somewhat chaffy head. Perigynium ovate br ovate-lan- ceolate, nerveless or nearly so, mostly thin in texture. C* vernacnla Bail. Bull. Torr. Bot. Glub xx, 417. Stems rather stout, triangular, 3-30 inches high, leafjr at base: leaves flat, 1-2 lines wide, 1-4 inches long : bract leaf-like, sometimes much longer than the inflorescence : spikes congested into a head 6-i20 lines long by 3-8 lines thick, of numerous small roundish ferruginous spikelets, the lower often distinct : scales ovate, acute, cuspidate : perigynia ovate, contracted below to a short stipe and above to a stout bidentate beak, longer than the scale. ^ In the high moun- tains, Washington to California and the Rocky Mountains. C. Hoodii Boott Hook. Fl. ii, 211, t. 211. Stems slender, erect, 1-2 feet high longer than the leaves: spikes several to many, very few-flowered, in a dense ovoid or oblong head 6-9 lines long : perigynia spreading, small and narrow, gradually contracted at both ends, green, nerveless or nearly so, conspicuously winged, rough on the angles, about the length of the brown or tawny scales. Oregon and Washington to Montana. Yar. nervosa Bailey Mem. Torr. Bot. Club i, 14. Very tall and slender, 2-3 feet high : head looser : perigynia more conspicuouslv winged on the outer face. In woods near the coast, Puget Sound to California. § 2 VuLPiNA Kunth Enum. PI. ii, 383. Spikelets mostly yellow or tawny when mature, densely aggregated or sometimes somewhat scattered below or even panicled. Perigynia thick in texture, spongy at base, mostly stipitate, conspicuously nerved. C. Jonesii Bailey Mem. Torr. Club i, 16. Sterna slenderi erect, some- what stiff, 7-18 inches high, sharply angled and rough, soniewhat exceed- ing the narrow leaves, spikes several to many, densely aggregated into a small oblong or ovoid naked head an .inch or less long: perigynia small, lanceolate from a truncate base, stipitate, very strongly many-nerved, marginless, smooth or but slightly rough on the angles above, the long and brown beak nearly entire, exceeding the brown muticose or obtuse scale, in the mountains, Washington to California. OABIX CYPERACEiK 709 G* maei'OoejihalA Willd. in Herb, Spring. Syst iii, 808. Stems atout, 3-angled, 4-12 Inches high, from long running rootstocks : leaves stiff, 1-4 lines wide, rough on the margins, as long or longer than the stem : spikes densely aggregated into an oblone or ovate head 1-3 inches long by 1-1)^ inches thicK. subtended by slender oravts : perigynia 6-8 lines long, 2 lines or more thick, ovate from a truncal base, produced above into a subulate deeplv 2-toothed beak nearly as lot j as the body, the angles conspicuosly maivined with dentate wings, longer than the ovate acuminate scales. On ■anoy banks along the coast of Oregon an4 Washington. C. Btlpat* Muhl. Willd. Sp. PI. 233. Stems smooth, erect, 1-3 feet high: leaves flat, 3-4 lines wide, shorter than the stem, the upper ones sometimes exceeding the spike: bracts, bristle-like or wanting: spikes numerous, yellowish, crowded into an oblong cluster 1-4 inches lung, the lowest sometimes branched : staminate flowers few, always terminal : peri- gynia lanceolate, 2-2K lines long, about a line thick at the base, gradually tapering into a rough flattened 2-toothed beak 1-2 times as long as the body, longer than the ovate or lanceolate acuminate hyaline scale. Com- mon in wet places. Brit. Columbia to California and across the continent. § MuLTiFLORiE Kunth Enum. PI. ii, 387. Heads various, mostly loosely flowered, sometimes panicled, yellow or tawny. Spikes short. Staminate flowers sometimes occupying whole spikes in the middle or at the apex of the head. Perigynia mostly small and short, nearly nerveless in some species, becom- ing nearly lanceolate and more or less prominently nerved, firm in te.vture. C. Ciayana Desv.. Fl. Chile, 206. Stems 1-2 feet high, scabrous: leaves 1-2 lines wide, shorter than the stem : spikes aggregated into an oblong or ovoid head 6-10 lines long by 4-7 lines thick, dioecious or nearly so : scales membranous, chestnut color with hyaline margins, ovate, acuminate, cari- nate, cuspidate : perigynia chestnut color, broadly ovate, cordate, stipitate at base, tipped with a minute conical beak with an entire orifice, shorter than the scale. Idaho to Colorado. G. marcida Boott Hook. Fl. ii. 212, t. 218. Stems slender, 1-2 feet high, scabrous: leaves a line wide, shorter than the stem : heads 8-15 lines long, 3-5 lines thick, sometimes nearly dioecious, dull brown, com- posed of many ovate crowded or contiguous closely imbricated spikes 2-3 lines lone by a line thick, the lower compound, the upper simple : perigynia nearly black at maturity, orbicular with a short, or ovate with a longer, bidentate beak, stipitate, equalling the ovate acate or cuspidate hyaline- margined scale. In meadows, Oalifornia to Brit. Columbia and Colorado. Tar. debills Bailey Proc. Am. Acad, xxii, 136. Small and slender, ■ a foot or less high, the stems mostly exceeding the very narrow leaves: perigynia smaller and more contracted at base. Along streams, eastern Oregon. G. teretinscnla Ooodn. Trans. Linn. Soc. ii, 163. Stems slender, erect or reclining, very rough, at least above, 1-2 feet long: leaves mostly less than a line wide, shorter than or sometimes equalling the stem : spikes several or numerous, staminate above, in a narrowly oblong compact or interrupted terminal cluster 1-2 inches long: perigynia ovate, smooth, dark brown, slightly more than half a line long, truncate or rounded at base, tapering into a flat conic beak about as long as the body, about equalling the ovate brownish, acute or short-awned scales. In svramps and wet mead- ows, Idaho to Brit. Columbia and Hudson Bay. Tar. prairea Britton. Clustersof spikes compound, branched, the 710 CYPERACE^ CARRK ■ {^■ ml m I. ; '■ ■ ' i' ' M : top commonly nodding. Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the Eaitem Statef*. Yar. amplla Bailey Mem. Torr. Bot. Club i, 63. Yerv large and atout, 2-3 feet high : heads 1-3 inches long, much branched ; perigynin a line or more long, nerved on the back, produced into a long beak.' In bogs. Oregon and Washington. C. vlcarla Bailey 1. c. 49. Stems 10-80 inches high, slightly soabro'j a above: leaves l-2>^ lines wide, shorter than the stem : bracts setaceruB, exceeding the spike, heads ferruainous, 6-20 lines long by S-8 lines thick, ovatO'Oblong or cylindrical, of numerous small roundish crowded spikes or clusters of spikes, the lower often distant : scales ovate, acute, cuspidate : perlgynia divergent, membranaceous, ovate, rostrate and bidentate, rierrate above on the somewhat winged margins, longer and broader than the scale. In wet places, Oregon to California. Yar* oostata Bailey 1. c. 49. Perigynia very strongly many-nerved or ribbed on the outer face and usually bearing 3 or 4 nerves on tne inner one. Southern Oregon. § 4 Arenari^ Kunth Enum. PI. ii. 376. Spikes longer, linear or nearly so, aggregated into short almost globose heads. Perigynia lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly larger and more delicate in texture. Scales very acute or awn-pointed. Stamin- ate flowers variously situated. C. Donglasli Boott Hook. Fl. ii, 218, t. 213. Rootstocks creeping: stems about a foot high, obtusely angled, smooth : leaves 1-2 lines wide, tapering to an extremely slender triangular point: bracts scale-like, clasp- ing, cuspidate, or the lowest prolonged beyond the stem : heads dioecious or nearly so, oblons, pale or chestnut color, 1-2 inches long, 6-9 lines thick, of many ellipsoidal or ovoid crowded spikes the upper simple, the lower compound and sometimes branching, often half inch long : perigynia ovate or lanceolateK>vate, acuminate to a slender obliquely cut beak, stipitate, shorter than the ample membranous oblong or lanceolate acute or cuspi- date hyaline-margined scale : stigmas ?, very long. In alkaline soil, eastern Washington to California. § 5 MuHLENBEROiANiE Tuckcrm. Enum. Meth. 9. Spiketi green or nearly so when mature, aggregated or scattered, never in compound heads. Staminate flowers always borne at the top of the spike. Perigynia mostly short-ovate, usually not conspicu- ously nerved. G. tonella Schk. Reidgr. 23. Rootstocks very slender : stems almost filiform, rough, commonly reclining, 6 inches to 2 feet long : leaves soft, about %, line wide, spreading, shorter than or sometimes equalling the stem: spikes very small, 1-2-flowered, distant, or the upper close together: perigynia ovoid-ellipsoid, nearly terete, hard, about 1 line long bv % line thick, tippjBd with a minute entire beak longer than or equalling the ovate acute hyaline scale : stigmas 2. In bogs, Brit. Columbia to California and the Eastern States. C* vallcola Dewey Sill. Journ. 2nd ser. xxxii, 40. Stems 6-12 inches high, very slender: leaves >^ line wide, shorter than the stem : bracts roughly cuspidate from a broad hyaline-margined base, the lowest equal- ling or exceeding its spike : head 6-12 lines long, linear-oblong, of 4-7 nar- rowly oblong contiguous spikes : scales chestnut-color, membranous,^ with very broad Lyaline margins, acute, or the ecabrous keel prolonged into a short mucro : perigvnia pale brown, obovate, abruptly attenuate to the base and to the obliquely cut entire beak, about equatling the scales. CABBZ C f PERACEiE 711 itern Statet*. Southern Idaho. ■• . • C* nardluA Fries Mant. ii, 6S. SteouB filiform, erect, >niooth, 2-6 inches high, very densely tufted: leaves filiform, erect, about as long as ttie stems: spikes solitary erect, terminal, ovoid-oblong. 3-ft lines long, less than 2 lines thick, bractless: perigynia oblong-elli ;, yellowish- brown, narrowed at both ends, nearly 2 lines long, somewhat hispid above, beakless, the orifice 2-toothed, equalling or shorter than the brown ovate acute or cuspidate thin scales. Washington to Brit. Columbia and Hudson Bay. Tribe xiii Hyparrhen^j Fries Summa. 72. Staminate flow- ers borne at the basie of the spike or variously situated. § 1 Elongate Kunth Enum. PL ii, 402. Spikes silverv- green or sometimes tawny when mature, distinct, mostly small. Porigynia not wing-margined nor conspicuously broadened, mostly nearly flat on the inner face. C. fterllls Willd. Sp. PI. iv, 208. Stems slender, stiff, erect or spread- ing, 8-18 inches long, rough above : leaves ^-1 line wide, shorter than the item : bracts very snort or sometimes bristle-like : spikes 3-5, subglobose or short-oblong, contiguous or separated, about 2)^ lines thick : staminate flowers usually numerous at the base of the upper spike or sometimes whole spikes staminate, rarely quite dioecious : perigynia pale, lanceolate, compressed, spreading or reflezed when mature, 1^ lines long, thickened It base, tapering into a sharp-edged 2-toothed rough beak more than half II long as the body, longer tnan the ovate hyaline scale : stigmas 2. Com- I mon in moist places, California to Alaska and across the continent. C* eanesoeiiR L. 8p. 974. Pale green and somewhat glaucous : stems I slender, erect, roughisn above, 10-30 inches high: leaves flat, %-l line wide, shorter than the stem : bracts very short or none, or the lowest bris- tle-like and longer than its spike : spikes 4-9, short-oblong or subglobose, densely many-nowered, 2-6 lines long, about 2 lines thick, scatteied or the apper close together : staminate flowers basal : perigynia oval, silvery-green to nearly white, rather less than a line long, about }4 line wide', rough above, tipped with a minute entire beak, equalling or surpassing the ovate hyaline acale. In swamps and bogs, Oregon to Alaska and across the I continent. Var. Oregana Bailey Mem. Torr. Bot. Club i, 75. Head larger land more dense, becoming brown: spikes loosely flowered, the perigynia tometimes spreading in a stellate manner, narrow, often almost linear* lanceolate, brown-nerved, sharp-edged and rough above. In wet places. I Oregon to Vancouver Island. C. brunndsoens Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Supp. iii, 286. Rather dark Igreen, not glaucous: stems slender, stiff, erect, s-18 inches high: leaves a I line or less wide, shorter than the stem, spikes 4-8 subglobose or short- loblong, few-flowered, rarely over 2)^ lines long, scattered or the upper Iclose together: staminate flowers basal: perigynia ascending or spreading, Ibrown, less than a line long, tipped with a beak about H as long as the Ihody, about equalling the ovate membranous brownish scale. In wet Iplaces, Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the Eastern States. C. arctli Boott 111. 155, t. 497. Rathet lieht ereen but not glaucous: litema slender, erect, 12-.30 inches high, rough above: leaves flat, aline Iwide, shorter than or equalling the stem : spikes oblong, many-flowered, v-i lines longj about 2>^ lines thick, all aggregated into a terminal ovoid [cluster : staminate flowers basal : perigynia pale, ovate, mostly spreading, Itapering into a rough beak about half as long as the body, longer than the 'm 'iff. 712 CYPERACEiE CARBX ,'f^ membranoas pale brown scale : stigmas 2. In swamps and wet woods, Oregon to Brit. Columbia and across the continent. C* Deweyanft Schwein. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i, 65. Stems slender)! spreading, nearly or quite smooth, 1-2 feet long : leaves 1-2 lines, nifide, flat. soft, shorter than the stem : spikes 3-6, oblong or subglobose, few-flowered, | 2-3 lines thiclr, distinctly separated or the upper ones contiguous : stamin- ate flowers basal : perigynia lanceolate or ovite-lanceolate, thin, tapering I above to a rough strongly 2-toothed beak half as Ions as the body, equal- ling the hyaline-margined broadly ovate acute or cuspidate scale : stigmas | 2. In wooded districts, California to Alaska and across the coiitinent. Yar. Bolanderi W, Boott Bot. Cal. ii, 236. Stems stouter and I leaves broader: spikes 4-10, with more numerous flowers: scales hiepid-l awned. With the type, Washington to California. § 2 OvALES Kunth Enum. PI. ii, 394. Spikes tawny ori .dark, rather large, sometimes crowded. Perigynia with a more or less winged margin which in mostly incurved at maturity mak- 1 ing them concave. . C. slccata Dewey Am. Joum. Sci. z, 278. Rootstock long and stout: stems slender, erect, 1-2 feet high: leaves about a line wide, the upperl sometimes exceeding the stem, the lower short: bracts short or the lower! bristle-like and elongated : spikes 3-^, oblong or subglobose. 3-4 lines long,! brownish, clustered or more or less scattered: staminatis flower variouBlyl situated or whole spikes staminate : perigynia ovate-lanceolate, less than 3| lines long, wing-margined, tapering to a rough beak nearly as long as the! body, about equalling the ovate-lanceolate membranous acute or acumin-r ate scale: stamens 2. In dry ground, California to Brit. Columbia and! New Yorkl C. pratensis Drejer Rev. Crit. Car. 24. Stems slender, erect when| froung, the summit at length nodding, 12-18 inches high : leaves about 1 ine wide shorter than the stem : spikes 3-6, oblong or club-shaped, scat-l tered or the upper contiguous, silvery-brown, shining, 3-5 lines long, lesa than 3 lines thick, several-flowered: staminate flowers basal: perigynia lanceolate, thin, pale, wing-margined, tapering into a beak nearly as lond as the body, about as long as the lanceolate acute or acuminate membranl ous scale : stigmas 2. Eastern Oregon to Alaska, Labrador andthe Rocky| Mountains. C. straminiformig Bailey Mem. Torr. Bot. Club i, 24. Stems 6 inched to 2 feet high, obtusely anglei, nearly smooth : leaves flat, 1-2 lines wide! shorter than the stem: heads variegated, pale green and chestnut, 6-lf lines lone, 6-10 linco thick, oblong, triangular-ovoid or subspherical, o| 3-8 crowded ellipsoidal spikes: scales chestnut-color, pale in tne middiel with narrow hyaline margins ovate, acute: perig3^nra broadly ovate oi roundish, abruptly attenuate to a sharp minutely oidentate beak, broadli wing-margined to the base, the wings finely serrate, longer and broadel than the scales. In dry soil on the high mountuinn, Washington tc Caliil C. feta Bailey Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xx, 417. Stems slender, 1-3 feel high : leaves 2 lines wide, shorter than the stem : heads ovoid or oblong, ol 4-12 crowded or contiguous, spikes, naked or the lowest with a setaceoul br^t with a dilated base: perigynia pale fulvous, lanceolate, attenuatej rather sharply bidentate, winged, nearly 2 lines long, broader than th# membranous fulvous lanceolate acuminate scales. In swales, Washingtoij to California. C. leporlna L. 8p. 973. Stems slender, errut, roughish above, 12-11 inches high : leaves about 1 line wide, flat, shorter than the stems : bracti S! CARBX CARBX OYPERACE^ 718 very short and scale-like or wanting : spikes 4-7, oblong, obtuse, narrowed gnd Btaminate at base, 4-6 lines long, about 3 lines thick, dark brown, shining, ckistered but distinct in a terminal oblong head about an inch long: perigvnia erect or ascending, ovate-lanceolate, 2 lines long, rather narrowly winged, the rough tapering 2-toothed beak nearly as long as the body, longer and broader than the lanceolate acute membranous scale. I Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the Rocky Mountains. C« festiva Dewey Sill. Journ. xxix, 246. Cespitose : stems 6 inches to 1 2 feet high, sharply angled: leaves 3-5, the upper longest, commonly nhor- Iter than the stem, 2-8 lines wide; heads dark ferruginous, 9-12 lines long, |H2 lines thick, of from6-12or more nearly equal roundish or ovoid tpikes, Icontiguoas in an oblong, or crowded in a spherical or ovoid cluster^ naked lor subtended by a scale-like or foliaceous bract that sometimes exceeds I the stem; perigynia membranous, spreading or divergent, ovate, lanceo- llate or narrowly elliptical, attenuate to a longer or shorter obliquely cut beak, narrowly winged, serrate above on the sharp margins, longer than the scale. In moist meadows, California to the Arctic regions and the I Rocky Mountains. Tar. gracilis Olney Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 407. Stems very slen- Ider, noddins at the top, 20-30 inches high : heads oblong, 12-18 lines long, lof 3-6 roundish contiguous or approxima<:e ferruginous spikes. Washing- I ton to California. Yar. strlcta Bailey Mem. Torr. Bot. Club i, 51. Stems rather stiff 120-30 inches high : leaves stiff and the lower ones short : heads very dense [globular or short-ovoid, light brown, 9-12 lines long: perigynia broad |more or less nerved. In wet places, eastern Oregon to California. Yar. pachTstachya Bailey 1. c. Stems 1-3 feet hieli, flat and weak, [longer than the lax leaves : heads small, globular cr oblong, dull dark [brown, the spikes often somewhat distant, very short : perigynia spreading, [ibout equalling the ovate-lanceolate muticose brown scales. Oregon to lAlaska and Montana. C. athrostachya Olney Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 393. Cespitose: stems jicutely triangular, leafy, 8-24 inches high : leaves narrow, shorter than |the stem: bracts vlth an expanded stronely nerved hyaline-margined the lower 3-5 foliaceous, much exceeding the stem : heads globose, litraw-color, of 6-20 densely crowded spikes or the lowest distant : scales, loembranous, pale ferruginous, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate: perigynia, lovate-lancieolate, attenuate to an elongated sharply bidentate oealc, the ■winged naarsins serrate, about as long e \ broad as the scale. In the inountaina of California to Brit. Columbia aud the Rocky Mountainis, Order CIX GRAMINEiE Juss. Gen. 28. (1789) Annual or perennial plants with usually hollow cylindrical, iBi« w««-, —Wely flftttened, jointed stems with closed nodes, two-ranked onger and broadeSigQaUy linear parallel-veined leaves with sheathing bftse, the, "'"*""*'"' *" ^°'' beaths open on the side opposite the blade, and usually a sca- lous or cartilaginous ring called the ligule at the orifice of the \eath, and small flowers in spikehts which are arranged in .nicies, raqemes or spikes, and which consist of a shortened brot^er^than thViis called the rachella, and two or more chaff-like distichous wales, Washingtot nbrioated scales called glumes of which the first two are usu- Uy empty, in the axil of each of the others, except sometimes ghish above, 12-11 q the uppermost, is borne a flower and a two-nerved scale called the stems : bractfl and wet woods, Stems slender* I lines, wide, flat, 9e, few-flowered, I iguous : stamin- I, thin, tapering I the body, equal- B scale: stigmas] e continent. ims stouter and| s: scales hispid- ikes tawny ori ia with a morej maturity mak- k long and stout: J wide, the upper[ hort or the lower] ise. 8-4 lines long,l flower variously| lolate, less than 31 rly as long as thej acute or acumin-[ ). Columbia and| ider. erect when| h : leaves about ;lub-sbaped, ecaH j-5 lines long, lesa basal: perigynia &k nearly as long ninate membran'j lor andthe Rockyj [. Stems 6 inchei at, 1-2 lines wide, tid chestnut, 6-r r subspherical, 0 ilein the middlej broadly ovate oi tate beak, broadl; oade shington tc Caliil 18 Blender, 1-3 fee ovoid or oblong, o| jt with a setaceou ceolate, attenuate 1 i 1 1. B ' t n » H J' 1 ! •5 I 1 ^^H ( ^|b *!; B b <. ■ 1 ■ B ^n HB Sk ' l^H hS m 1^1 ^ 1 • 1 i i ^1 » L M ', w '■1 S- \ 4 C^ , 1 € 1 j^. - i 1 1 Ff ^ i" ll ' -» i sJ 1 • 5 1*' \ t i r i L i-l 1, 714 gramingj: the pajet, with its back turned toward the rachella and often enveloping the flower by its enfolded edses: at tiie base of the flower Ddtween it and its glume are usually two ver^ small hya- line scales, called lodicules. Stamens 1-6, usually 3, with very slender filaments and two-celled usually versatile anthers. Pis- til with a one-celled one-ovuled ovary and one to three, usually two styles with variously branched mostly plumose stigmas. Embryo small, situated at the base of the seed and covered only by the thin pericarp. Fruit a caryopsis, usually called a grain, with copious mealy albumen. Suborder i PANICACEiE R. Br. Spikelets 1- or 2-flowered, when 2-flowered the upper fertile, the lower staminate. Rachella articulated below the glumes or the subtending involucre, not extending beyond the flower. Tribe i Andropooone/e Spikelets perfect or one staminate or rudimentary, mostly silky. Flowering glumes and palet hya- line, none of the glumes spiny. 1 Imperata Spikelets in pairs both perfect : empty glumes clothed with long white silky balrp. Tribe ii Panice^ Spikelet of one perfect liower with a sta- minate or neutral one below it, the latter often reduced to a single palet ; sometimes appearing as if one-flowered by the supression of the lower glume and the palet of the neutral flower. 8 Paspalnm Spikelets apparently 1-flowered, plano-convex, on one side of a flattened rachis, witnoiit an involucre. t Panlomn Spikelets 1^^-2-flowered without an involucre, the lower usually minute. 4 Chntochloa Spikelets 2-flowered, with an involucre of bristles proceed- ing from the pedicels. Tribe hi Oryze^ Spikelets usually much conpressed lat- erally, one-flowered. Empty glumes two or more. Stamens of- ten 6. 6 Homaloeenohras Spikelets much flattened : glumes wanting : palet Homaloeenohras rigid. Suborder n POACEiE R. Br. Spikelets not articulated below the glumes, one- to many- flowered, the imperfect flowers if any usually uppermost. Tribe iv Phalaride^ Spikelets more or less laterally com- pressed, 1-3-flowered. Glumes 5, the first 2 below the articula- tion of the rachella the third and fourth very unlike the others ; the fifth with a hermaphrodite flower. 6 PhalarU Spikelets 3-flowered, the lateral reduced to a rudiment, the fertile coriaceous. 7 ANTHOXANTHDM Spikelets 3-flowered, the lateral neutral, of a single OBAMINEJB n^ a and often 9 base of the r » small hya- '3, with vei-y itiiers. Pis- ^ree, usually ose stigmas, and covered lally called a upper fertile, the glumes or i flower. 3ne Btaminate md palet hya- les clothed with vet with a sta- iced to a single he supression rer. vex, on one side acre, the lower bristlea proceed- ).'iipre8sed lat- Stamens of- i wanting: palet )ne- to many- rmost. laterally com- ff the articula- ke the others; D a rudiment, the Butral, of a single •wned hairy palet. r . , • -^ 8 Hleroekloa Spikelets 8*flowered, the lateral ones stsiuinate. Tribe v Aorostide^ Spikelets all hermaphrodite and fertile, with 3 'glumes, the first 2 empty. Rachella sometimes prolonged behind the paleae into a naked or plumose bristle. * Flower sf mile within the glumes. 9 Coleantlms Bpikeleti in crAall umbellate cluatera, all perfect. 10 Sporobelas Spikelets in contracted or open panicles, all perfect. * * Flower raised within the glume on a short rounded or stalk* like base. Glumes long-awned. 11 Poljrpofon Glumes much longer than the flower. *• •*• Glumes mobtly awnlera. 12 Af r«RtU Lower glumes exceeding the very thin obtuse paleta ; iaflor* escence spike-like to open paniculate. 19 Gastridiuii Inflorescence spike-like : glumes with a shining ventri- cose base. 14 < Inna Flower distinctly stipitate: flowering glume short^awned be* 'he tip. ft r\i lenbergta Flowers mosvly bearded at baae, early deeidooua: ;'u .oring glume awned from the apex. ■*-■*-•*- Flowers with a more or less conspicuous tuft of bain |t base, shorter than the glumes. 16 CalamavrMtis Spikelets 2-flowered and mostly with the mdimenta of a second flower present : palet awned from below the apex. Tribe IV Chloride;^. Spikelets one, to several-flowered, in simple one-sided spikes, upon a jointleei^ rachis. * Spikelets one-flowefed. 17 Spartlna Spikelets much flattened laterally, in 2 rows i|j>on one side Ota 8-angled rachis: spikes racemed. 18 B^ekmannla Spikes panicled : spikelets 2-floweredi or by abmon I'floweredt upon one side of a flattened rachis. ^j i ; * * Spikelsts 2-flowered or more, one flower perfect vnth ow' or more imperfect or neutral ones above it. 19 Boatelova Flowering glumes 3-cleft and 3-awned at the a]^x : im- perfect flowers often reduced to these awns. to Elbuuhb Spikes digitate at the summit of the stem : spikelets sev- eral-flowered. Tribe v S^tipacejs Spikelets strictly one-flowered, lowers with a sharp-minted callus at base, deciduous. Flowering glume wrapped ardutid the flower and palet, coriaceous and indurated in fruit and terminated by a simple or triple awn. 81 Siipa Awn simple, long, twisted below, not caducous. 88 Oryiepils Awn simple, caducous : flower clothed with long silky hain. ; I 716. ORAMINKiG i6 87 88 29 80 81 82 88 Aristida Awn triple, continuous or articulated with the glume. 24 Phlevm Panicle dense and spike-like: glumes distinct: awn simple, 85 Alopecurns Panicle spike-like : glumes more or less united at base : awn simple. Tribe vi AvENACEiE Spikelets panicled 2-8everal-flowered, rachis often bearded, prolonged into an imperfect rudiment. Glumes mostly equalling or exceeding the flower. Flowering- glumes usually bearing an awn on its back or between its teeth. * Spikelets with 2 or more lower flowers perfect. Danthonia Spikelets several-flowered, awned from the 8 united middle nerves. AvBNA Spikelets 2-flowered, awned from the midnerve only, Trisetvm Bpikelets 2-8everal-ftowered : flowering glume 2-toothed at the summit, awned from the midnerve only. AiBA Spikelets 2-flowBred, both perfect, the rachella not prolohged beyond the upper one. Deschampsia Spikelets with 2 perfect flowers, the rachella prolonged beyond the second flower. * * Spikelets 2-flowered with one flower staminate Arbhenathebom Lower flower staminate, upper perfect and usually awnless. t '^<(t •• ■ - '' HoLCDS Lower flowor perfect, awnless, upper staminate and awned. Tribe vir F^stUce.*: ' Spikelets panicled, 2-many' flowered, the rachis usually prolonged and bearing an imperfect flower or bristle. * Lower one or t,wo flowers staminate or neutral. 88 Mnnroa Spikelets in clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, with the two lower glumes empty. s in an ample panicle^ with one staminate flow- , es : rachis bearded with long hAirs. Lowest flowers all perfect : grain not adherent to the palet. -^- Flowering flumes pointed, awned or acute, the nerves, when present, running into the point. 8i DAcrYLis Spikelets in dense one-sided clusters in a one-sided panicle : glumes herbaceous, compressed, a:wn-pointed. . , 86 Kwlerla Spikelets in a dens^ spike-like panicl»: glttmeB membranous, keeled, pointed or mucronate. ■*- •*• Flowering glumes pointless and, except in Melica, awnless, obtuse; tht) nerves parallel. -»•- Flowering glume 1-nerved ; the palet 8-nerved. 87 Eatonia Glumes very unlike; the upper one much broader than the linear lowor one and wrapped around the flower. >* •»■ One or two of tb<; glumes 5-nerved or more. 88 Melica Floweiteg glumes flattish on the back, 7-nerved or more, membranaceous at tip : fertile flowers 1-3, the upper enwrapping the 84 Phragmltes Spikelets er below 2-4 perfect ones : • * •In.';; ,i: I'. ::-\ '■■■ ■ 'vi AH..V;i, 46 .h".i i • ■ y.'i ■ i • • . ) '. f . !.• , .-■'•■ ■V. ... ■'■ ■■'■ -•>•■, ... ■ j,,v . ' • - ■■;'■■.•? ;. 4,^ .KvlU ■ GRAMINEiE ,, , -Jl? {lame. Biwn simple, ted at base : ,1-flowered, radiment. Flowering- its teeth. he 3 anited ►nly, , le 2-toothed lot prolonged lla prolonged te land usually and awned. ly- flowered, ct flower or leaves, with iminate flow- , I. •V le palet. irves, when lided panicle : membranous, '.a, awnless, Jd. ader than the fe. ved or more, 1 wrapping the 1-3 imperfect ones. 89 Dlstlchllg Flowers dioecicus: flowering glumes much compressed laterally, many-nerved, somewhat coriaceous. ' *♦•»♦** Glumes 1-8-nerved. , • ■• 40 Catabrosa Glumes memb'.anous, erose-truncate. 4! Clraphepl9?riim Rachella hirsute with s^iff hairs, extended into a hairy appenucgo: flowering glumes membran6us'. ' 48 Fanlenlaria Spikelets several-flowered deciduous, the rachella breaking up into joints : flowering glumes rounded on the back, the 5-7 nerves not reaching the scarious mostly obtuse apex. 48 Paccinellla Flowering glumes chartaceous, convex on the back, faintly 2-nerved, the nerves not reaching the obtuse subdenticulate or or mucronulate apex. 44 Pleoropogon Flowering glumes chartaceous, several-nerved, the nerves not reaching the truncate awned apex. 45 Poa Flowering glumes laterally compressed, mostly keeled, 6-nerved. membranous, the margins or nerves below with cobweby hairs, or pu- bescent: palet falling with the glume. 46 Eragrostis Flowering glume 3-nerved, keeled; deciduousi leaving the persistent palet. ^ r * * * Spihelets several- flowered : lowest flqwers all perfect : grain adherent to the palet. ' ; 47 BfiiZA Spikelets somewhat heart-shaped : flowering glumes rounded, -many-nerved, becoming ventricoee. 48 Festnca Spikelets flattisb: flowering glumes rounded on the. back, few-nerved, pointed or awned at the tip : ovary mostly smooth. 49 Bromns Spikelets flattened : flowering glumes convex to compressed, mostly awned below the tip : ovary puwscent. TRibE VIII Horde AE Spikelets one- to several-flowerfed, ses- sile in alternate notches on the opposite sides of 4 zigzag rachis, either solitary or several together. * Spikelets single at each joint of the rachis. 50 Scrlbneria Spikes slender, solitary : spikelets 1-flowered, almost, ^m- ^v>dded in the notches of the rachis. 61 LoLiCH Spikelets several-flowered, placed with the edge next t6 tbe rachis ; the inner glumes wanting except the termliiial one. 62 AgropyrDn Kpikelets 3- to several-flowered, placed flatwiefe on the rachis: both glumes present, standing right and left. * * Spikelets 2 or more at each joint of the liichis :' glumes anterior, ' forming a sort of involucre tb the spikelet. ' ' ' - . j . . , u 68 Hordenm Spikelets 1- to several' floWered, in 'three's at each joint: lateral spikelets usually sterile. ! 54 Elymas ' Spikelets 1- to several-flowered, 2-4 at each joint, all perfect and. similar : glumes shorter than the spikelets: flowering glumes nop long-awned. 55 Sltanion Spikelets 1- to soveral-flowered, 2-4 at each joint, all perfect:: glumes very long, usually 2-parted to the base and long-awned : flow- ering glumes long-awned and 2-toothed, or 3-awned. ;.^V'.-jft 718 GRAMINEifi IMPBBATA PASPALCM if': mi ' -I SvBORDUi I PANICAOE^ B.2Br. Verm. Schr. i, 114. Spikelets one- or two-flowered, when two-flowered the second or terminal one is perfect and the lower one staminate or neutral. Rachella articulated below the empty glumes the spikelets falling from the pedicels entire either singly or in groups or with the joints of an articulated rachis. Tribe i Andropogonea. Spikelets in spike-like racemes, 2 at each joint of an artietdated rachis, one sessile and hermaphrodite, the other IpedieeUate and either hermaphrodite, staminate, neutral or or reduced to the pedicel only, glumss usually 4, the first & enfipty, larger and much firmer in textur&Xthan the others; the third usually with a stdminate flower in its axil; the fourth hyaline with a fertile flower in its axil, usually awnfid. Awn usually twisted or geniculate. i 1 IMPER4TA Cyrill PI. Bar. Ic. ii, 26. (1796.) Panicle ^pike-like. Spikelets in pairs on unequal short clavate pedicels or one sessile, both perfect, awnless. Outer empty glumes clothed with long white silk^r hairs: third and fourth glumes and palet hyaline. Stamens 1 or 2. Stigmas 2. I. H«okeri Bnpr. (Efvera Vet. Acad. Stockh. 160. Stems 2-4 feet high, limpte, smooth, from creeping rootstocks: radical leaves 4-12 inches long, the canline shorter, decreasing upward : ligule short, ciliate : panicle nearly cylindrical, erect, 6-12 inches long, sometimes interrupted oelow : hairs depse, straight, about }4 inch long, giving the peculiar feathery ap pearance, flegked with the yellow or brown anthers and stigmas streams, eastern Oregon and Nevada to California and Texas. Along Tribe 2 Panicese. Spikelets hermaphrodite, terete or flattened on the back. Olum£8^-4, when 4 there is sometimes a staminate flower, or paUa in the axil of the third. Axis of the inflorescence not artieuUitedi the rachella being articulated below the glumes, the spikelets falling off singly from their pedicels. • 5 PA8PALUM L. Syst. ed. 10, ii, 855. Spikes o^ racemes either solitary, few and digitate or many and paniclQ^* 0pikelets in 2-4 rows upon one side of a flattened or filifortxji jointless rachis, jointed upon their short pedicels, piano- conyez, awnless, apparently one-flowered. Glumes 2, nearly equal, few-neWed. Flowering glumes roundish or ovate, coria- ceous, (Convex and enclosing the palet. Scales 2. Stamens 3. Ovary smopth. Grain enclosed in the glume. F. 4{ittell«ai L. Amoen. Acad, v, 391. Bootstock widely creeping, perennial: stems 6-18 inches high, clothed below with the somewhat crowded sheaths: leaves flat, 2-3 inches long, glaucous, rough above: Spikes 2v spreading, one sessile, the other peduncled, 1-1 >^ inches long, enMly flowered: spikelets in 2 rows, ovate, acute, 1>^ lines long: glumes 8-nerved, mdre or less pubescent. In moist meadows Oregon to Uallfornia and the^ionthern Atlantic States : also.in Europe. 3 PANICUM L. 8p. 66. Spikelets 1- or 2-flQwered, when 2-flowered the lower one sta. P. long, „ late, 3 hairy panicU IMPBBATA PABPALUM , 114. he second or or neutral. celets falling or with the ncemea, 2 at phrodite, the e, neutral or irat ^--einipty, third umally with a fertile orgetdculate. J.) short clavate impty glumes h. glumes and Stems 2-4 feet .ves 4-12 inches ciliate: panicle irrupted oelow : iar feathery ap- tigmas. Along as. e or flattened ',8 a staminate ifloreacence not ie glumes, the J or many and ' a flattened or sdicels, plano- les 2, nearly ir ovate, coria- !. Stamens 3. ffidely creeping, L the Boniewnat m, rough above: ■1% inches long, les long: glumes gon to California lower one sta. PANICOM GUAMINE^ minate only. Glum as 4, the 3 lower membranous, empty or the third with a stuminate flower, the fourth chartaceous, shining, enclosing a palet of similar textare and a perfect flower. Sta- mens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclos- ed in the hardened fruiting glume. « * Spikelets in pairs, one sessile the other pedicelled, crowded on one side of simple flattened branches which are digitately clustered at the top of the stem : lower flower neutral, of a single palet. F. BANGUiNALB L. 8p. ft7, Stcms erect or decumbent, 1-3 feet long, often rooting at the lower nodes, smooth : leaves 2-6 inches long, 2-4 lines broad, acuminate : spikes 3-10, narrowly linear, 2-6 inches long, digitate or in approximate whorls at the summit of the stem : rachis flat, mareined: spikelets lanceolate, acute. In fields and waste places throughout North America ant*. Europe except the extreme north. * Spi^lets disposed in panicles, awnless. ■*- Annual. P* eapllaro L. Sp. 58. Stem erect or decumbent, 1-2 feet lon^, sim« {>le or sometimes branched: sheaths pilose-hirsute: leaves 6-12 inches ong, 3-8 linep broad, more or lees pubescent: terminal panicle 3-14 inches long, its lowor branches at first included in the upper sheaths, finally ex- serted and widely spreading, 2-10 inches long: spikelets 1-1 )i lines long, acuminate. In dry soil, throughout most parts of North America and Europe. •*-•*- Perennials. P pabescens Lam. Encycl. iv, 748. Stems at first erect and simple, later profusely branched and leaning or ascending : sheaths hirsute to villous, often papillose : leaves rounded-truncate or often narrowed at base, those of the stem 2-3 inches long, those of the hranches much shorter : primary panicle less than 3 inches long, ovoid, the branches ascending : spikelets hardly a line long, pubescent. In dry coil, eastern Washington to the EaUtem States. P. diehotomum L. Sp 58. Smooth and glabrous or the lower nodes bearded : stems erect, 6-24 inches high, at first siu^ple, later profusely di- chotomously branched at about the middle : leaves light green, generally much narro\7ed toward the base, the primary onesidistant, 2-3 inches long by 2-3 Hues broad, those of the branches much smaller, sometimes invo- lute : primary panicle usually long-exserted 1-2 inches long, the branches loose and spreading, bearing few glabrous ellipsoid spikelets about a line long. In dry woodlands, Washington to the Eastern States. P. Scribaerlaniim Nash Bull. Torr. Bo\ Club xxii, 421. Stems erect, 6-24 inches high, simple or later in the season dichotomously branch- ed above, sparingly pubescent : sheaths shortly papillose-hispid, sometimes glabrate: leaves 2-4 inches long, 3-6 lines broaa, rounded or truncate at base, acuminate, more or less spreading, smooth above, scabrous beneath : paniclea small, the primary one exserted, ovoid, 1-3 inches lon^, its bran- ches spreading 8-12 lines long, often fiexuous : spikelets turgid obovoid, about l^ lines long. In dry or moist soil, eastern Washington to the Eastern States. P. Seoparlnm Lam. Encycl. iv, 744. 7 Stems spreading, 6-24 inches ^ong, geniculate at the lower nodes and at length branched: Teaves Is 'ceo- late, §^ inches long, 4-^ lines broad, mostly erect and somewhat rigid ; hairy beneath and fringed with spreading hairs at base : sheaths hairy panicle 2-3 inches long nearly simple, the simple branches bearing a few [til I I 1 It.; 55 •ft. t;J;vJ»K, 720 OBAMINE^ CHiBTOCHtOA HOMALOCENCUROH large tumid obovate usaally hairy spikeletR 1>^ lin^s long. Common in open plbces, Wae|iington to California. • *■ *■ Spikeleta crowded in 3-4 rows or irregttli^riy on onei tide of the Bpike-like branches of the panicle. P. Cbos-oalli L. Sp. 66. Stems stout,, 1-4 feet high, often branching at base: sheaths smooth and glabrous: leaves 6-20 inches long, ii-1 inch bri^, glabrous, smooth or itcabrous : panicle composed of 5-16 sessile erect or ascending br&.nches, or the lower branches spreading or reflezed : epike- lets ovate, green or purple, densely crowded, the glumes more or lees awned. Common In fields and waste places throughout North America: naturalized from Europe. 4 CHiETOCHLOA Scribn. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Bui. 4, 38. Mostly annual grasses with erect stems, flat leaves and spike- like panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered or rarely with a seeond sta- minate one. Rachella with bristles below the articulation. Spikelets with 4 glumes, the 3 outer membranous, the third often subtending a palet and rarely a staminate flower, th^ fourth chartaceous, subtending a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, elongated. Stigmas plum- ous. Grain free, enclosed in the glumoi ' 'I'l,, C. viBiDis Scribn. 1. c. 30. Setaria vifidit Beam. . Stepas erect or as- cending, 1-3 feet high, simple or branched: sheaths glabrous : leaves 3-10 inches long, 2-6 lines wide: spikes 1-4 inches long: spikelets about a line long, elliptical, much shorter than the upwardly barbed bristles. In waste S laces and cultivated fields, throughout North America : iptroduced from lurope. Tribes Oryzeeb Kunth Enum. i, S. Spikelets- usually much compressed laterally, l-flowered, staminate, pistillate or hermaphro- dite. Empty glumes 2 or none, the flower being subtended^ hy the floral glume and palet alone. Stamens frequently 6. Axis of the inflorescence not articulated; lju ,? - 6 HOMALOCENCHBUS Mieg.; Hall Hist. Stirp! HelV. ii, 201. Panicle loose, its base often enclosed by the upper sheath. Spikelets much flattened, mbre or less crowded and overlapping each other, awnless, 1-flowered. Glumes only one, hard, strongly flattened laterally, fringer! < the keel with bristly hairs, S-nerved. Stamens 1, Sr, or 6. Gv looth. , Styjies short. ^ Stigmas plu- mose with branching hu;.i Grain flat, enclosed by the glume. H. oryzoides Poll. Hist. Pi. Palat. i, 62. Stems 2-3 fdet high cleaves flat, spreading, 6-8 lines wide, very rough upward : panicle much branched, spreading, 6-8 inches lon^: spikelets 2}4-3> lines long, pale green: stainens 3. In wet places, eastern Oregon to California and the Atlantic Statesi V ScBMUjEB II FOACEJC R. Br. Verm. Schr. i, 115. Spikelets one- to many-flowered, the imperfect or rudimentary flowers if any uppermost. Rachella usually articulated above the empty glumes so that these are persistent. In spikelets with 2 or more flowers the rachella is usually articulated beloW each flow- ering glume. A. OIM [fom a pe ind obtu ipikelets ; Eromnear mtly scei PBAtARlS AMTBOZAMTHOM ORAMINE^ 721 Common in ■ Tribe 5 Phalarideae Kunth Enum. 118. Spikeletn more or leas laterally compressed, 1-S-floxoered. Glumes 6, the first 2 empty and below the articulation of the rachella, the third and jourth usually empty, very vmlike the outer ones, rarely subtending staminate flowers, fometimes reduced to mere bristles; the fifth glume with a 1-nerved or nerveless palet and a hermaphrodite flower. ,,• ,' ,6 PHALARIS L. 8p. 54. • ♦. . : r *; Panicle dense and spike-like: glumes . keeled. P. Ganaribnbis L. 8p. 64. Stems 1-3 feet high, from an annual root; leaves flat, "with the upper sheaths much inflated: spikes 1-2 inches long, ovoidor somewhat, cylindrical, very dense: glumes broad, with a conspicu- ous keel with a diatinqt green line, within it: rudimeutanr flowers repriesented by small smooth lanceolate scales: perfect flowers with minute silky hairs In fields and waste places: Intrt^uced from Europe. P. Oarollntana Walt. Fl. Car. 74. P. intermedia Boac. Stems 6, inches to 4 feethigh, smooth, from an annual root; leaves short, an inch long or less, often g[lauoous; shuaths inflated: spikes 1-2 inches long, dense: spike- lets 3 lines long: glumes with a broad keel, pointed ^udimeiltary flowers linear, huiry, less tibian half as long as the perfect one which is long-pointed, hair>' and one third shorter than the gli^mes, In waste places, Oregon to I California and the southern Atlantic States, v-^ >'.».; ■•\'> P. amethystina Trin. Phalarid. 10. Stems rather slender, 2-8 feet I high, from a perennial rout: leaves often purplish; short, the sheaths inflated: spikes oblong, i-2 inches long, usually purplish: spikelets 2 lines long or more: glumes but slightly keeled: rudimentary flowers hairy, more than half as long as the hairy perfect one. Along the coast, southern Oregon to Calif. . * * Panicle branched: u;lumes not keeled. , . Pi arniidlnaceae L. Sp. 66. Stems 2-R feet high, from creeping per- lennialrootstocks: leaves 8 -20 inches long, 3-8 lines wide smooth panicle 4-8 I inches long, its rough branches erect or somnwhat spreading: spikelets 3 I lines long, ovate: glumes pointed, 3-nerved, not keeled: rudimentary flowers Ireduced to narrow silky scales, one-third as long as the perfect one which is I smooth or silky %ij|4 one- third shorter than the glume. Common in low I grounds California to Brit. Coljambia and the Atlantic States: also in Europe |ind Asia. 7 ANTHOXANTHUM L. Sp. 28. Panicle cylindrical, spike-like. Spikelets 3-flowered, the lat- eral flowers neutral and consisting of a single palet ; the upper or ■central ond perfect. Glumes thin, unequal, the' lower smaller, ll-nerved, the upper about twice as long as the lower and 3-nerved. IPalets of neutral flowers usually awned. Stamenis 2. Ovary Iglabrous. Stigmas feathery. Grain ovate, enclosed by the glume. A. ODOBATOU L. Sp. 68. Stems erect and rather slender, 1-2 feet high. . Irom a perennial root: leaves flat hairy: sheaths often hairy; the ligule short ind obtuse: -panidlo 1-6 inches long, interrupted below^ often .brownish: ipikelets 3-4 lines long: neutral palets 2 lobed,. hairy,, one with a. bent awn . rem near the base, the other short-awned be^ow jthe tip: whole plant pleas- mtly scented when drying. Common'in lawns and waste places: introduc- ed from Eurt^. ... ^. i ■tT»'''0;;O/iO^i. SJ - » I"* ■i nl Ik \ I ■M !|:^ l|-:.!! ORAMINEA BIMOCHLOB OOLBANTUUS 8 HIEROCHLOE Gmelin Fl. Sib. i, 101. Panicle loose and spreading. Spikeleta laterally compresseil, 3-flowered, the 2 lower or lateral ones staminate, the upper or central one perfect. Glumes 5, the first and second about equal, acute, glabrous; the third and fourth somewhat shorter, obtuse, entire, emarginate, 2-toothed or 2-lobed with or without an awit, enclosing a palet and stamens ; the fifth often produced into a short awn, enclosing a palet and perfect flower. Stamens 3 in the staminate flowers, 2 in the perfect one. Styles distinct. Stig- mas plumose. Grain free, enclosed by the glume. d» maerophylla Thurber: Bolander in Trans. Oal. Agr. 8oc. 1864-65, 132. Stems 1-8 feet high forming large loose tufts, with leaves 12-18 inches long by 4-10 lines wide, rough on the upper surface and margins: panicle with rather distant branches in pairs: glumes greenish along the very aistiuct nenres, obtuse and barely equalling the staminate flowers, the lower palets of which are stronghly fringed on the margins, notched at the apex ace*, often with a slight mucro or awn: perfect flower pul)escent toward the apex, other- wise smooth and shining: the flowering glume ver^ obtuse and fringed on the margins. In forests, western Washington to California. H. borealis R. & 8. Syst. ii, 613. Stems 1-2 feet high, erect simple, smooth: lower leaves elongated, 4-8 inches long, 1-3 Mnes wide, scabrous, the upper ones )^-2 incites long: panicle 2-4 inches long, its branches 1-2 inches long, usually spreading, naked below: spikelets yellowish -brown and purple, 2-3 lines lon^: lower glumes glabrous; flowering glumes villous and strongly oiliate, entire, awn-pointed: palets villous at the apex. Along streams, Oregon to Alaska and the northern Atlantic States. Tribe V Agrostidese. Spikeleta all hermaphrodite, one-flowered, with one pair of empty glnm£a,or these rarely wanting, uaualli^ as long a» or exceeding the flowering glumsa. Rachella aometimea prO' l&nged behind the palet into a naked or plumoae bristle. 9 COLEANTHUS Seidel Reicbenb. Incon. Fl. Germ, i, 177. Panicles simple or branched, the flowers in umbellate clusters of short 1-flowered ray^-2 inches long, very narrow, of few solitary distant erect branches: spikelets 1 line long or less, short-pedicel led: empty glumes ovate, obtuse, nearlv equal : flower about twice ae long as the emp- ty glumes, often blackish, aeciduous ; flowering glume obscurely 3-nerved, the mid-nerve often excurrent as a small mucro: palet nearly a« long as theslume. On margins of ponds, eastern Oregon to California and New Mexico. 724 GRAMINEiE RPOROBOLUS POLYPOOON ,1 8. BoUndfirl Vaiiey Bot. Gaz. zi, 3R7. Rtems alender, about 1 to<>[ long, decumbent below, amooth : liffules shoi c and obtuse : leaves narrow . flaccid, the radical ones about 6 inches long: cauline ones similar,!-.] inches long: panicle 2-3 Inches long, open, lax, its lower branches in twox or threes, nliform, 12-18 lines long: empty glumes unequal, l-nerved; flowering glume exaerted, 6-nerved, softly pubescent on the nerves below. Collected at Multnomah Falls Oregon by Dr. H. N. Bolander. S. confasoB Vasey Beal Grasses N. Am. ii, 294. Stems slenditr, tufted, branching, 3-8 inches high from an annual root : sheaths Iooho : leaves flat, d-12 Tines long: panicle ovoid or oblong, with loose capillary branches: spikeleta leas than a line long, smooth, on capillary pedicels 3-4 times as long : emptv glumes aubequal, obtuse or retuse at the apex ; flow- ering glume out little longer, barely acute. On sandy banks of streamn, eastern Washington to California, Coloraiio and Montana. 8* irraoilllmas Vasey Vilfa gracilUma Thurber. Stems capillary, smooth, much branched at base, forming small dense tufta, 3-12 incbos high, the leafy i>ortion about 2 inches high : sheaths equalling the int^r- nodei, smooth, with hyaline margins: liicules about a line long, obtuse and lacerate: leaves 8-6 lines long, less than a line wide, flat, involute at the apex, very minutely scabrous on the upper side and. margins : panicle long- exserted, narrowly linear, few-flowered, interrupted below, its branches in twos or threes, appressed : spikeleta about 1 line long : empty glumen subequal, membranaceous, very obtuse, distinctly 1-nerved, mui-ronate or erose-dentate at the apex: flowering glume 3-nerved, mucronate or tipped with a small awn. Edge of marshes in the high mountains, Oregon to California. 8* simplex Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 11, 48. A densely ceapi- toae leafy annual, 2-6 inches high: stems slender, smooth: lower sheaths looae. longer than the internodes: ligules a line or more long : leaves flat, 1-2 inches long, scabrous on the margins, very rough near the rigid apex : {)anicle linear, 1-2 inches long, its scabrous branches erect: spikelets 1 line ong: empty glumes aubequaUobtuse or truncate,acabrous on the back above, flower twice as long as the glumes: flowering glumes 3-nerved, mucronate pointed, scabrous above. In moist places, Idaho to California and Colorado. S. fliirormts Scribn. 1, c. Bull 17, 173. A very slender densely tufted annual, 3-12 inches high : stems filiform and scape-like, with very short internodes below: leaves filiform, 6-12 lines long: panicle linear, long-ex- serted spikelets less than a line long: empty glumes subequal, obtuse and mucronate, flowers .about twice as long as the empty glumes; flowering glume acute, 3-nerved, scabrous on the midnerve. In moist soil in the high mountains, Washington to California and Utah. 11 POLYPOGON Desf. Fl. Atl. i, 68. (1798.) Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and numerous flowers in spike-like panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes 8, the 2 outer empty, nearly equal, compressed, 1-nerved and bear- ing a long awn at or below tne apex^ Flower much shoi^ter than the empty glumes, without manifest callus and naked at base. Flowermg glume hyaline, broacj, 1-nerved, truncate,; toothed, awned at the apex: scales 2, falcate, entire, as long as the ovary. Stamens 3, with small anthers. Styles short, with long feathery stigmas. Grain free, enclosed in the glume and 'j^alet. P. Monspellenstg Pesf. 1. c. 67. Stems 6-30i inches high erect from a procumbent geniculate bane, often branching from the lower nodes : sheaths smooth usually shorter than the internodes : ligules 2-3 lines long, obtuse : 11 FOLYPOOOM AOHOSTIS ORAMINEit: 72ft leaves flat, 2-6 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, somewhat scabroils : panicle 2-6 inches long oylindric or somewhat interrupted, yellowish, dense and soft : empty glumes about 1 line long, obtuse, notched at the apex, bearing slen- der awnH 2-3 lines Innti; flowering glume much shorter, ero«e-truncate, bearing a slender awn about ^ line long inserted below thn tip. Common in wet places, Brit. Columbia to Mexico and the Atlantic States. P. Uttoralls flmith Comp. Fl. Brit. ed. 2, 13. Stems slender, from a f>erennial root, 1-2 feet long, often decumbent and forming large tufts: igules 1-3 lines long, acute: leaves narrow, scabrous on both sides: pani- cle narrow, much lobed its whole length and sometimes completely inter- rupted l)elow, often purplish : empty glumes scabrous, attenuate above into an awn as long as the bo^ lines long: fl)weringKlume acute. 6-nerved: palet about as long as the glume. In moist ground, Alaska to California. A. ALBA L. Sp. 63. (Rbdtop.) Stems Blender, erect, often decumbent at base, 6-.S0 inches high : sheaths smooth : ligules short and truncate or long and acute : leaves flat, 4-12 Inches long, smooth or rough : panicle slender, 2-8 inches long; green, red or brown' ^. its roughisb branches usually spreading in flower and more or less cc.r. :y'^,led afterwards: empty glumes nearly equal, or the lower slightly longebi : flowering glume very thin, with some short hairs at base, shorter than the empty ones, rarely with a short awn : palet }4~H ^ long as the glume. Common in meadows and waste places. A. exarata Trin. Unifl. 207. Steras 1-3 feet high, erect, sometimes decumbent at base, simple, glabrous: sheaths usually shorter than the internodes: ligules 1-3 lines long: leaves 1-8 inches long, 1-4 lines wide, generally erect, flat or involute, scabrous: panicle contracted, 2-10 inches long, often interrupted, its branches 1-3 inches long, erect or appressed : spikelets crowded, 1-2 lines long : empty glumes subequal, scabrous : flow- ering glume yi-% line long: palet minute. In moist meadows and along streams, Alaska to California and Nebraska. A. asperlfolia Trin. Mem. Acad. 8t. Petersb. ser. 6, 331. Pale green throughout or the inflorescence purplish : stems erect or slightly eenicalate below, nearly smooth, 2-3 feet high : sheaths rather loose, smooth, the 726 GRAMlNEiE AGBOHTIB lower exceeding the internodea : ligales almost herbaceous, 3-4 lines long, obtuse: panicle rather dense, narrow, erect, 7-10 inches long, its short branches erect: spikelets l-lj^ lines long, narrowly lanceolate, turgid : outer glumes unec|ual, hi!4palet minute or none. In meadows, Alaska to Calilornia and Pennsylvania. A* HalUl Vasey Contri. Nat. Herb. .3, 74. Stems erect, simple, stout, smooth, 2-3 feet high: sheaths slightly roughened, usually crowded below : ligules acute, 2 lines long : radical leaves numerous, mostly involute, 3-6 inches long, 1-2 lines wide: panicle 6-9 inches long, narrow, its bran- ches in clusters of 5-10, slender, scabrous, erect or slightly spreading, un- equal: empty glumes lanceolate, acute, subequal, 1-1^ line long, 1-nerved, hispid on the keel : flowering glumes oblong, obtuse, thin, smooth except 2 tufts of short hairs at the base, 6-nerved, % line long : palet wanting. In moist meadows, Washington to California. A. Diegot^nsls Vasey. A. foliom Vasey. Stemserect. or decumbent at base, smooth, 1-2 feet high: sheaths close, equalling or exceeding the internodes: ligules obtuse, 1-2 lines long: leaves flat, 4-8 inches long, 2-3 lines wide : panicle loose, 3-6 inches long, its slender scabrous branches 1-2 inches long, spreadins or ascending: empty glumes ovate, acute, 1-nerved, 1-1>^ lines long, usually equal, the lower one scabrous on the keel : flower- ing glume ovate-oblong, nearly equalling the outer ones, smooth except a tuft of hairs at base, 4-nerved above, the nerves terminating in 4 short teeth; awn arising at the middle or below, >^-2 lines long: pallet wanting. On open hillsides m the mountains, Brit. Columbia to Califor.' ia. A. gemlnata Trin. Unifl. 207. Densely cespitose : stems slender, erect, 8-14 inches high, from a perennial root: leaves flat, mostly basa% 1-3 inches long: panicle loose, 2-4 inches long, its capillary branches mostly in pairs, spreading i empty glumes nearly equal lii-l}4 lines long, lanceo- late, scabrous on the keel : flowering glume less than a line long, obtuse or retuse; awn arising about the middle, not surpassing the glume. Washington to Alaska. A. attenuata Vasey Bot. Gaz. xi, 337. Stems slender 2-3 feet high, from running perennial roots-tocks, usually solitary : sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth: ligules 2-3 lines long, lanceolate, often lacerate at the acutish apex : leaves &w, 3-6 inches long, 1-2 lines wide : panicle 2-6 inches long, the unequal capillary branches in fascicles of 2-7, spreading or ascending: empty glumes equal, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, about 1)^ lines long, scabrous on the keel : flowering glume oblong, obtuse, ^<4 as long as the outer ones : palet wanting. In wet mountain meadows, Oregon to California. A. Sconlerl Trin. Agrost. ii, 83. Stems slender, erect, 1-2 feet high, from a perennial root, somewhat rigid: sheaths smooth, longer than the internodes ligules about 1 line long, obtuse, often lacerate : leaves 3-4 inches long, flat or involute, 1)4 lines wide, tapering to a long point: pan- icle long-exserted, open and few-flowered, the lower branches over an inch long, clustered : empty elumes about 1 line long, acute, the lower a little longer and roughened on the keel, the upper roughened only at the tip : flowering glume 6-nerved, entire and somewhat truncate at the apex : palet hyaline, very minute. Nootka Bound to California. 728 GBAMINEiE AOROSTIB K;r ■'> h i I ^ I, I f?l^ k» Howellti Scribn. Loosely tufted perennial : stems rather slender, 1-2 feet long: lignles about a line loae, usually obtuse and lacerate at the apex: panicle 4-^ inches long, its scabrous capillary branches 2-3 inches Ioo)(, usually spreading: empty glumes 1 line or lesa long, acuminate-lan- ceolate ; flowering glume lanceolate, acute, bearing a long slender bent awn on its back : palet hyaline, minute. On cliffs along the Columbia river. A. soabra Willd Sp PI. i, 370. Stem very slender, 1-2 feet high, from a perennial root, smooth: sheaths generally shorter than the inter- nodes: ligules 1-2 lines long: leaves 2-5 inches long, %-l% lines wide, usually erect roughish: panicle 6-12 inches long, usually purplish, its capillary branches spreading or ascending, or often drooping, the lower 3-H inches long: empty glumes %rl line long, acute, scabrous toward the apex and on the keel ; flowering glume nearly as lonp' as the outer ones, rarely bearing a short awn on its back : palet very small. Common throughout most parts of North America. A. Idahoensis Nash Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xxiv, 42. Stems cespitose, slender, 8-16 inches high, erect, bearing usually 2 distant leaves below the middle: lower sheaths short, the upper one elongated: ligules 1-2 lines long, obtuse cut'toothed at the apex: leaves 2-5 inches loni;, erect, acu- minate at the apex, rough on the margina : panicle oblong 3-6 inches long, its branches and pedicels scabrous above : empty glumes lanceolate and acuminate, about 1 line long, scabrous on the keel, the first longer than the second : flowering glume about % as long as the outer ones : palet wanting. In forests, Idaho. A. varlans Trin. Agrost. ii, 68. Stems slender, erect, densely cespi- tose, 3-10 inches high: sheaths longer than the internodes : upper ligule about % line long, acutish: leaves very narrow, slightly scabrous above: panicle 1-2 inches long, dark purple, its branches an inch or less long. erect or ascending : empty glumes nearly equal, roughish on the keel toward the apex, subacute; flowering glume nearly as long as the outer ones, 2-toothed at the apex, awnless : palet wanting. In wet places on the high mountains, Washington tu California. At Oregonensis Vasey. Stems slender, erect, 1-2 feet high, from a {lerennial root: leaves flat, 2-3 inches long, the upper one usually longest: igule.*) 1-2 lines long, acute : panicle lon^-exserted, 2-4 inches long, dark 1>urpii), narrow, its capillary branches 1-2 inches long, erect : empty glumes ):inceolati3, acuminate, about 1 line long; flowering glume hyaline, about ^ as long as the outer ones, acute, not awned : palet wanting. In moist meadows about the base of Mount Hood) Oregon. A. Aamills Vasey Bull. Torr. Bot. Club x, 21. Stems densely cespi- tose, 2-6 inches high, from perennial rootb: sheath usually only one, about 3^ as long as the stem : ligules auriculate or 3-lobed, ^ line long : leaves mostly basal, 1-3 inches long, less than a line wide, erect: panicle narrow 6-18 lines long, dark purple, its very few branches erect or appres- sed : empty glumes equal, lanceolate, acute, smooth, %-\ line long; flow- ering glume nearly equalling the outer ones, liinceolate, minutely toothed at the apex : palet ovate-oblong. In wet meadows on high mountains, Washington to the Rocky Mountains. A. Tlrescens HBK. Nov. Gen. i, 136. Stems 1-2 feet high, from a perennial root : sheaths much shorter than the internodes mostly smooth : ligules more than a line long, truncate : leaves flat, erect, about 6 inches long by 4 lines wide, rough on both sides : panicle pale greenish tinged with purple, about 6 inches long, its branches in clusters about an inch apart on the common axis : empty elumes very acute, the lower terminated by a distinct seta, rough on the keel and pubescent all over; flowering glume about j^ shorter than the empty ones, bearded at base by a few short white hairs, 5-nerved, the lateral nerves projecting as distinct teeth, I,' I AGROSTIS OASTltlDIXTM CINNA GBAMINE^ f2S the central one ezcurrent at or below the middle as a strong bent awn 1-2 lines long : palet very small or none. Oregon to California. 13 GA8TRIDIUM Beauv. Agrost. 21. Panicle contracted into a somewhat loose tapering spike. Spikelets 1-flowered. Empty glumes with an enlarged ventricose shining base, very acute above, obscurely keeled, the lower longest. Flowering glume less than i as long as the empty ones, minutely hairy at base, very thin, truncate and dentate at the apex. Awn slender, arising just below the apex, equalling or exceeding the glumes. Pdet equalling the flowering glume. Scales 2, linear, as long as the ovary. Stamens 3. Stigmas 2, subsessile. G. AOSTRALE Beauv. 1. c. Loosely cespitose: stems 6-24 inches high, smooth, branching at the lower nodes, geniculate below : sheaths shorter than the internodes, slightly roughened: ligules 2 lines long, lanceolate, fringed: leaves flat, 2-5 inches long about 2 lines wide, scabrous on both sides, pale green: panicle 3-6 inches long, very pale green, shining with a satiny lustre; empty glumes about 2 lines long, very acute, slightly scab- rous above, shining below : flowering glume hairy. On prairies, southern Oregon to California : introduced from £urope. 14 CINNA L. Sp. 6. Tall grasses with flat leaves and numerous spikelets in more or less open panicles. Panicles flexuous, with spreading or erect branches. Spikelets one-flowered, more or less flattened. Emp- ty glumes lancoohte, acute, one- nerved, the lower shortest, the upper equalling or slightly exceeding the flower. Flowering glume 3-nerved, acute and awnless, or bearing a short awn or seta just below the apex. Palet slightly shorter than the glume. Scales 2, very short. Stamens 1, 2 or 3. Ovary oblong, smooth. Styles 2, elongated. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, linear-oblong. C. pendnia Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. vi, 280. Ktems usually slender, erect, 2-6 feet high, smooth : sheaths shorter than the internodes, sometimes slightly (scabrous : ligules 1-2 lines long : leaves 4-10 inches .ong, 2-6 lines widje, scabrous: panicle 6-10 inches long, open, the capillary branches mostly spreading, flexuous and often drooping, the lower 2-5 inches long : emptjr glumes l}i lines long, scabrous, acute, strongly hispid on the keel : flov/ering glumes shorter than the outer ones, bearin|; a rough awn IK ' lines long from the 2-toothed apex. In wet places, California to AJaaka and the Eastern States. 1 15 MUHLENBERQIA Schreb. Gen. 44. ^ ! lifostly perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaves and pan- iculate inflorescence. Panicle contracted or open. Spikelets one-flowered, very rarely two-flowered. Empty glumes hyaline 0^ membranous, acute, sometimes awned. Flowering glume 3-5- nerved, oibtuse or acute, or often produced into a capillary awn. Palet 2-ikeeled. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles distinct, with plumose stigmas. Grain narrow, tightly enclosed in the glume. M.. glomerata Trii^. Unifl. 191. Stems 1-2 feet high, erect, usually much branched, smooth: sheaths smooth, those of the stem shorter than the intemodes. those of the branches overlapping and often crowded : f-lf '^1 K ;. ■ k 1.'': ■ill ft •I- 730 GRAMINEJJ MOHLBNBBBOIA CALAMA0B08TIS Ugules about one half line long, erose-truncate : leaves 2-d inches long, 1-3 lines wide. ri'!S scabrous: sheaths smooth or slightly scabrous, thoee of the stem . ir\ i than the internodes : li^ules about one>half line long, erose-truncatc : leaves 2-7 inches long, 1-3 hnes wide, rough : panicle 8-7 inches long, somewhat lax, the branches 1-3 inches long, erect or ascend- ing: empty flumes l}i~^% ^'^^ long, awnrpointed, scabrous: flowering glume equalling or exceeding the outer ones, strongly scabrous, attenuatfl into a slender awn 2-4 times as long as the body. In moist woods and along streams Idaho to the Eastern States. Yar* setiglnmls Watson Bot. King 378. Stems 1 foot high, nearly erect: panicle contracted, the branches solitary and densely flowered: empty glumes attenuate into a scabrous bristle, 2-3 lines long; the flower- ing glume with its long awn about twice longer. In the mountains, eastern Washington to Nevada. M* comata Benth. Yasey Cat. Grasses U. S. 39. Stems slender, erect, 12-18 inches high, smooth: sheaths shorter than the internodec, smooth or slightly scabrous : ligules about one-half line long, truncate, naked or minutely ciliate : leaves 2-5 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, erect, flat, rough : panicle 2-4 inches long, dense, its branches 6-18 lines long, erect : empty glumes equal or the upper one a little the longest, smooth, scabrous on the keel : flowering glume shorter than the outer ones, smooth, bearing an awn 2-3 times iti3 length. bai?al hairs silky, erect, fullv as long as the glumes. On prairies, eastern Oregon to California and Colorado. 16 CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. Fam. PI. ii, 31. Mostly perennial grasses with flat leaves and paniculate inflor- escence. Spikelets one-flowered, the rachella usually prolonged beyond the flower and pubescent. Empty glumes membranous, carinate : flowering glume hyaline, shorter than the empty ones, obtuse, usually copiously hairy at base, sometimes the hairs scanty or short, and bearing a dorsal awn. Palet* shorter than the glume, two-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct, with plumose stigmas. Grain free, enclosed in the glume. C* HowelUl Vasey Bot Gaz. vi, 271. Densely tufted perennial : stems 10-20 inches high, erect or somewhat geniculate below, smooth : sheaths smooth, shorter than the internodes : ligules 1 line or more long, often lacerate at the obtuse or acutish apex : radical leaves numerous, loosely involute, erect, nearly equalling or exceeding the stems, persistent and Sreen for several years : panicle 3-4 inches long, its branches spreading in ower, soon erect, the lower 6-18 lines long : empty glumes 2-3 lines long, nearly equal, lanceolate, acute, strongly keeled, the mid-rib prolonged into a short awn : flowering glume slightly shorter than the outer ones ovatci- lanceolate, acute, the apex with 2 mucronate pointed teeth, the strong awn inserted about the lower third, half an inch Ibng-: palet shorter than its glume : basal hairs about half as long as the flower. On cliffs along the Columbia river near the Cascades. C* parpnrascens B. Br. Richards. App. Frankt Journ. 131. Rather rigid cespitose perennial : stems erect, simple, smooth and shining, or CAt.AMAdltOSTiS GRAMlNEiE 731 slightly hispid near the nodes, 2-2^ feet high: sheaths bispidulous or nearly smooth, much shorter than the internodes : Jigules 2 lines long, lacerate or fimbriolate at the obtuse apex : radical leaves nearly as long as the Htems, those of the stem 3-8 inches long, the uppermost shorter, all less than 2 lines Mide: panicle narrow and spike-like, dense. 3-5 inches long, its branches appressed: empty glumes lanceolate, acuti , smooth, purple at the apex or throughout, 2 lines long, the lower one cariuate, 1-nerved, the second convex, distinct, 3-nerved : flowering glume oblong, arose at the obtuse apex, pmooth, 4-nerved, 1^ lines long: awn attached ^4 way from the base, 2-4 lines long : basal hairs scanty and short : palet oblong, as long na the glume. In the high mountains, California to Alaska and Greenlanf'.. C. Vaseyl Beal Grasses N. Am. ii, 344. Stems densely cespitose, 2-3 feet high, erect: obeaths shorter than the internodes : ligules aoout 1 line long, ciliate at the obtuse apex : leaves flat, rather rigid, 4-10 inches long, 1-2 lines wide: panicle 3-4 inches long, narrow and spike-like, often inter- rupted : empty glumes about 2 lines long, lanceolate, very acute or acum- inate, rough on the keel : flowering glume 1}4 lines long, 2- toothed at the apex : awn nearly straight, 1-2 lines long, attached below the middle : basal hairs short and rather scanty ; palet linear-oblong, as long as the glume. In the mountains of Oregon and Washington. C. Tweedy! Scribn. Vasey Mon. Grasses U. '6. 83. A closely tufted Btoloniferous perennial: stems erect, smooth, ^.\int, 30-40 inches high: sheaths rather loose, smooth or slightly scabrous, shorter than the inter- nodes: ligules thin, 2-4 lines long|: leaves flat, hispid, 1-10 inches long, 3-5 lines wide : panicle close and spike-like, 3-4 inches long, the branches an inch long or less, appressed, unequal: empty glumes lanceolate, acute, nearly smooth, about 3 lines long, the first 1-nerved, slightly carinate, the second 3-nerved, convex: flowering glume ovate-oblong unequally toothed at the rounded apex 4-Kerved 2}4 lines long : awn attached J^ way from the base, twisted and bent, 3-4 lines long : basal hairb short and unequal : palet lance-oblong, obtuse, smooth. In the Cascade Mountains of Wash. C. Aleutica Bong. Veg. Sitcha 171. A densely cespitose perennial: stems erect, smooth, 2-5 feet high: sheaths loose, slightly roughened, usually shorter than the internodes : ligules ovate, uearlv 2 lines long : leaves flat, or loosely involute, with long attenuate points, hispid on both sides, 10-20 inches long : panicle rather narrow, 6-2u inches long, its bran-, ches unequal, crowded in ]0-15 clusters, the longer ones 1-3 inches long: empty glumes narrowly lanceolate, acute, hispid on the nerves, the first one carinate, 1-nerved, 2>^-3 lined long, the second convex, 3-nerved, J^ line shorter: flowering glume oblong, obtusely 2-lobed at the apex, thin, luspidulous, 2 lines long : basal hairs half as long as the glume : awn at- tached below the middle, not eguilling the glume: palet oblong, irregu- larly toothed or fringed at t\^ ./.^uuse apex. In wet places near the coast, California to Alaska. €. TUbescens Buckl. Proc. Phila. Acad. 1863, 92. More or less purp- lish throughout: stems tufted, slender, erect, 30-40 inches high, from stout perennial rootstocks : sheaths half as long as the internodes : ligules I>2-2 lines long, lacerate at the acute apex : leaves of sterile shoots numer- ous, involute, setaceous, glaucous, scabrous, 5-10 inches long, 1)4-2 lines moe, those of the stem 3-4, 2-7 inches long, usually with dome woolly hairs at the base of the blade : panicle strict, dense, interrupted, 3-ft inches long, its short branches densely flowered to the base i empty glumes ovate- lanceolate, rough, acute, the flrst 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved: flowering glumes a little shorter, narrowly elliptical, acute, 2-toothed at the apex, the stiff twisted and bent awn arising a little below the middle and equal- ling the glume : basal hairs in 2 tufts, less than half as long as the glume. Oregon to California. ^i m 732 GkAMlKEi^ dALAMA^BOBtlS G» Saksdorfll Bcribn. Vuey Monog. Grasses XT. 8. 82. A. loosely tufted perennial: stems rather slender, 1-3 feet high^ erect smooth: sheathb shorter than thfi internodes : ligales about 1 line lone, obtuse, often I>i<^rate: leaves usually involute, 6-12 inches long, about 1 line wide: panicle narrow, 2-^^ Inches long, densely flowored, its !)ranche» «scen<^Mnx orappressed: empty glumes oblong, acute, lieeU'd, 1)<^' line long: fimver- ing grume lanceolate, about 1 line long, 2-toothed at th; upex : awn neirly straight, attached below the middle, but little longer thaxi the glume; \>:\-.\\ hairs very few or none : palet lanc6<'.>late, nearly 'm 'oig ar, ',h« '/lume. ' open woods, eastern aide of the Cascade Mountaiae. Var. InxarUnri Kearney U. &. Dept, Agr. D,v. Agrost. Bull. 11, J4. Stems stout, 4-5 feet higli, usually of softer texture : leaves softer and len : involute : panicle larger :\nd more ioose. Washington to Brit. Columbia and Idaho. C. LauKSdorfll Tria. Unifl. 226. Dei^isicly cespltose pereuniai: ste/ns erect, simple, 2-4 feet hi^k, smooth or rou^jjhish : sheaths shorter than the hitornodes: li^ules 1-3 lines long: leaves ^-I'i iuohea long, ^-4 lines wide, flcabrous: paiacle 2-6 inches long, loose, its bianche;' spreuvi* jg, or some- ti'/aes erect, the lower 1-3 inches long : empty glumefi 2-;l !ines loug, stiongly ■ci'bruus, iRnceolate acuminate: flowering glume lanceolate, acute nearly equal.'u:^ tm outer ones, scabrous: awn stout, about equalling the glume: basal i.^rn nuoierous, nearly equalling the glume: palet lanceolate. In damp p!.ii':8g, California to Alaska and acrosci the continent. C.: iactea Boal Grasses N. Am. ii, 346. Stems stout, scabrous, 40-50 inches high : sheaths }4-% ^ loi^R f^^ the internodes : ligules 1-1>^ linea long : leaves 10-15 inches long, 2-3 lines wido, scabrous : panicle slightly ezserted, dlvery green, rather thin, 4-6 inches long, its branches in half- whorls of 4-6, the longest l%-2% inches long: empty glumes subeaual, 2-3 lines long, lanceolate, the first l^-2 lines long : f.owering glume lanceolate, about equalling the empty ones, scjibroue : awn delicate, about equalling the glume : basal hairs numerous, about equalling or shorter than the glume. Common in wet meadows, California to Alaska and across the continent. Tar. acnminata Vasey U. S, Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 5, 26. Panicle commonly rather small, more flezuous, and densely flower&d, usu- ally dark purple: empty glumes narrower, sharp attenuate-acuminate, nsually much more scabrous: awn longer, often exceeding the flowering glume. In meadows, California to Alaska and the Rocky Mountains. C. Maconaiana Vasey Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb, iii, 81. Stems 2-3 feet high, erect, smooth : sheaths shorter than the internodes : ligules about 1 line long: leaves 3-7 inches long, l-2>ie lines wide, erect, acuminate, scabrous : panicle open, 3-6 inches long, its branches ascending . or some- times erect, the lower I-IK inches long : empty glumes about 1 line long, acute, scabrous, the first shorter than the second : awn a little exceeding the glume : basal hairs about equalling the glume. Washington to Brit. Columbia and Manitoba. G* Serlbnerl Beal Grasses N. Am. ii, 343. Sterna rather slendei. C. erect: basal its bn somev awn n hairs to be the 8 rous paniol not e( C. amoot CALAMAOR08TI8 GUAMINEiE 783 rather elendei, erect, 30-40 inches L'gh, from a perennlai jase: sheaths scabrons, much shorter than the intemodes: ligules IH lines long; leaves scabrous, about 10 inches long, 2 lines wide: panicle lanceolate in outline, about 7 inches long, its branches erect, the longest 2-3 inches long: empty glumes equal, scabrous: flowering glume oval, truncate, 4>toothed, l-l>ji lines long: awn rather shoii, atteched below the middle and extending beyond the glume: basal hairs about 1 line long: palet nearly as long as its glume. Oregon and Washington to Montana. C. Casiokll Vasey Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb, iii, 81. Loosely tuft- ed perennial with numerous sterile shoots and few erect flowering stems 3-4 feet high: sheaths nearly smooth, of the stem half as long as the in- temodes. or the lower ones equalling the interaodea, of the shoots close and ov^..lapping: ligules obtuse, 2-3 lines long: leaves flat, ti-15 inches long, 2-4 lines wide, hispid on both sides: panicle 6 inches long, narrow and densely flowered, its unequal branches erect or ascending, the lower ones 1-2 inches long: empty glumes lanceolate, acute or acuminate, convex, nearly smooth, rigid, the first 1-nerved, 2-2}4 lines long, the sec- ond obsciirely 3-nerved and slightly shorter: flowering glume 4-toothed at the slightly cleft apex 1% lines long: awn attached below the middle, exceeding the glume: basal hairs scanty, about half as long as the glume. In the mountains of eastern Oregon to California. C» neglecta Qaertn, Fl. Wett. i. 91. Glabrous and smooth through-' out: stems slender, 18-30 inches high: sheaths shorter than the intemodes: ligiiles }4 line long or less, truncate: leaves narrow, involute, the basal % aa long as the stems, those of the stems 2-5 inches long, erect: panicle contracted, 2-4 inches long, its branches 1 inch long or less, erect; empty glumes about 2 lines long, acute, scabrous: flowering glume about % as long as the outer ones, obtuse: awn bent, exceeding the glume: basal hairs numerous, about half as long as the glume. In wet places, Oregon and Washington to Labrador and Newfoundland. €• Inexpansa Gra^ Gram. et. Cyp. i, 20. Stems l>^-3 feet high, erect: leaves 2 lines wide or less, rough, flat, or involute at the apex, the basal often }4-% as long as the stems: panicle contracted, 2-9 inches long, its branches 1-2 inches long, erect: empty glumes l>^-2 lines long, acute, somewhat scabrous: flowering glume obtuse, shorter than the outer ones: awn more or less bent, from a little shorter to longer than the glume: basal hairs equalling or shorter than the glume. Brit. Columbia to New York, to be looked for in Idaho. Tar. cnprea Kearney U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 11, 37. Somewhat stouter and more rigid: panicle more densely flowered: empty glumes copper-color or dark purple with copper-colored tips. In shallow water, base of Mount Adams, Washington. Yar. barbnlata Kearney I. c. Stems stout, pubescent just below the strongly constricted nodes with short reflexed hnirs, somewhat scab- rous for some distance below the pubescence: sheaths strongly^ twisted: panicle rather rigid, purplish: awn very short, attached above thejmiddle, not equalling the glume, often wanting. Mason Co. Washington. C. hyperborea Lange Fl. Dan. 50. Stems lK-3 feet high, erect, smooth: sheaths shorter than the intemodes: ligules about|l line long: leaves 2 lines wide or less, rough, flat, those of the stem 2-10 inches long: panicle narrow, 2-9 inches long, ite branches 1-2 inchesflong,f erect: emp- ty glumes about 2 lines long somewhat scabrous, acute: (f lowering glume nearly equalling the outer ones, obtuse: awn more orless bent, nrom a K l.xpcriT^^'^'3' 'h'"' 734 GRAMINE/E CALAMOVILFA BPARTINA i' I 'f I U little shorter to slightly longer than the glume: basal hairs equalling or sliortii' than the glume. In bogs, Washington to California and the Eastern States. Var. (.. JtUKata Kearney I. c 40. Less strongly cespitose and less rii; id, with few '-.iedle shoots; smaller spikelets and often less pointed empt \ glumes. Califoi:.''^ to Biit. Columbia and Ontario. Yar Americana Kearney I. c. 41. Panicle usually very dense: empty glumes lK-2 lines long, usually very acute. Oregon to Brit Columbia anil Hudson Bay. C. craSBlKlnmls Thurber Bot. Cal. ii, 281. Stems about 1 foot high , erect, rigid: sheaths loose, smooth, longer than the internodes: ligules obtusr, }4 lino Idng or less: leaves 2-6 inches long, spreading, involute toward the acute tips: panicle dense and spike-like, 2 inches long, deep purple, its branclics glomerate, 2-8 lines long, appressed: empty glumes broadly lanceolate or lance- ovate, abruptly pointed, subcartilaginous with thin margins, hispidulous tlu-ougli- out, hispid on the nerves, 2 lines long or less: flowering glume oblong-ovatc;, toothed at the obtuse apex, minutely hispid, l}4 lines long: awn attached at tlie middle or. below, equalling or exceeding the glume: basal hairs numerous % as long as the glume: palet oblon«r, about 1 line long, broadest at the apex. In swamps, northern California to Brit. Columbia. CALAMOVILFA Hack. True Grasses, 113. (1890.) ' Tall grasses with stout horizontal rootstocks, elongated leaves and numerous spikelets in more or less open panicles. Spikelets one-flowered, the rachella not prolonged beyond the flower. Glume«i 3, one-nerved, acute, the two outer unequal empty : the third longer or shorter than the second, with a ring of hairs at base. Palet strongly 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, with plumose stigmas. Grain free. Seed adherent to the pericarp. G. loirlfolla Hack. 1. c. Stems stout, 5-6 feet high: sheaths Ion jer than the inteniodes, smooth or more or less soft woolly: leaves very long and narrow, with involute attenuate points: panicle 5-20 inches long, at first rather narrow and close, but later spreading, its branches rather distant: spikelets compressed, 8-4 lines long: first glume cuneate, 2-3 lines long, second lance-linear and lon- ger: flowering glumes as long as the second one, cunenie-Ianceolate: basal hairs two-thirds as long as the glume. In sandy places, Brit. Columbia to eastern Oregon and Coloimlo. Tribe 4 Ohlorideae. Spikelets on^- to several-flowered, in one-aided digitate or fasciculate, rarely solitary, spikes or racemes. Flowering glumes usually keeled^ entire and unawned, or toothed and with one or three straight awns. 17 SPARTINA Schreb. Gen. 43. Glabrous perennial grasses with horizontal rootstocks, flat or involute leaves and one-sided spikes in panicles. Spikelets nar- row, borne in 2 rows on one side of a triangular rachis, articulated with the very short pedicels below the glumes. Glumes 3, the 2 outer efnpty, keeled, very unequal, the third subtending a perfect flower, keeled, equalling or shorter than the second. Palets often longer than the glumes two-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles filiform, elongated, with filiform papillose or shortly plumose stigmas. Grain free, laterally compressed. i BECKMANNIA nOUTKIOCA GRAMINEA S. cynoRuroldes Willd. Enutn. 80. Stems 2-6 feet high, silnple, smooth: Hheatlis longer than the interaodes, those at the base of the stem crawded: ligules a ring of hairs: leaves a foot long or more, 3-7 lines wide, scabrous on the mar- dns, becoming involute in drying, attenuate into long slender tipn: spikes 5-30, 2-5 inches long, often on peduncles 6-12 lines long, erect or ascending: rachis rough on the mai'gins: spikelets much imbricated, 6-7 lines long: empty glumes 2-4 lines long, awn-pointed or awned, strongly hispid-scabrous on the keel: flowering glume as long as the first, the scabrous midrib terminating just below the emarginate or 2 -toothed apex : palbt sometimes exceeding the glume. Along Rtreams, eastern Oregon to Nova Scotia and Texas. 8. gracilis 'rrin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. vi, 110. Sterna 1-8 feet high, erect, smooth: sheaths longer than the internodes, the lower ones crowded: ligules a ring of short hairs: leaves 6-12 Indies long, 1-8 lines wide, flat or in- volute, attenuate into long tips: spikes 4-8, 1-2 inches long, appressed, more or less peduncled: empty glumes 3-4 lines long, acute scabrous-hispid on the keel, the first half as long as the second: flowering glume obtuse, slightly shorter than the second one: palet obtuse, about equalling the glume. In wet mead- ows, eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia and Nebraska. 18 BECKMANNIA Host. Gram. Austr. iii, 6. Tall erect grasses with flat leaves and erect spikes in a terminal panicle. Spikelets one- or two-flowered, compressed-globose. Glumes 3 or 4, the two lower empty membranous, saccate, obtuse or abruptly acute : flowering glumes narrow, thin-membranous. Palets hyaline, two-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, with plumose stigmas. Grain free, enclosed in the glume and palet. B* eracwformis Host 1. c. Glabrous throughout: stems often stout, 2-8 feet high, erect: sheaths longer than the internodes, loose: ligules 2-4 lines long, obtuse, often lacerate: leaves 3-10 inches long, 2-4 lines wide, rough: panicle 4-10 inches long, simple or compound, the spikes al)out 6 lines long: spikelets 1-2 lines long, 1-2-flowered, closely imbricated in 2 rows on one side of a liattish rachis: glumes smooth, the first twu saccate and empty, obtuse or abruptly acute: flowering glumes acute, the lower usually awn-pointed. Com- mon in ditches and along streams, California to Brit. Columbia and Iowa. 19 BOUTELOUA Lag. Var. (Uenc. y Litter Part 4, 134. Annual or perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaves and numerous spikelets in one-sided spikes. Spikelets gne- or two- flowered, arranged in two rows on one side of a flat rachis, the racheiia extended beyond the base of the flowers, bearing 1-3 awns and 1-8 rudimentary glumes. Two lower glumes empty, acute, keeled : flowering glumes broader, 3-toothed, the teeth awn- pointed or awned. Palets hyaline, entire or toothed. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, with plumose stigmas. Grain free, oblong. B. oligostachya Ton-, Gray Man. ed 2, 553. Stems 6-13 inches high, glabrous: sheaths shorter than the interaodes: ligules a ring of short hairs: leaves 1-4 inches long, 1 line wide or less, involute, at least at the long slender tips, smooth or scabrous: spikes 1-3, 1-2 inches long, often strongly curved, the rachis terminating in a shoit biconspicuous point: spikelets nulperous, pectinately ai-ranged, about 3 lines long, first glume hyaline, shoiter than the membranous second one which is scabrous and sometimes long-ciliatc on the keel: floweiing glume pubescent, 3-cIeft, the nerves terminating in awns: ra- cheiia with a tuft of long hairs under the rudimentary glumes and awns. On i, "'•, >'■ w fc^/ti rf: '■■I i 780 ORAMINfiiB KLBDBINR BTIPA pniries. WMhIngton to California and Wiwonain. 20 ELEU8INE Qnrtn. Fruct. et 8em. \, 7. Tufted annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and spicntc inflorescence, the spikes digitate or close together at the summit of the stem. Spikelets several-flowered, sessile, closely imbricat- ed in two rows on one side of the rachis, which is not extended beyond them. Flowers all perfect, or the upper staminato. Glumes compressed, keeled, the two lower empty, the others sub- tending flowers or the upper empty. Stamens 3. Styles di«tinct, with plumose stigmas. Grain loosely enclosed in the glume. E. Indica Gaertn. 1. c. Stems 6-12 inches lon^, tufted, erect or decum- bent, glabrous: sheaths loose, longer than the internodes, often crowded at the base of the stem, glabrous sometimes sparingly villous: ligules very short : leaves 3-12 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, smooth or scabrous : spikes 2- 10, 1-3 inches long, whorled or approximate at the summit of the stems or one or two sometimes distant: spikelets 3-6«flowered, l%-2 lines long: glumoH acute minutely scabrous on the keel, the first 1-nerved. the second 3-7- nerved, the others 3-ft-nerved. In fields and waste places, naturalized from Europe. Tribe 3 Stipacese. Spikelets strictly 1-flowered. Flowers roith a sharp pointed callus, deciduous. Flowering glume enfolding the palet and grain, coriaceous and indurated in fruit, and terminated by a simple or triple awn. 21 STIPA L. Sp. 78. Mostly tall grasses with usually convolute leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Panicle open, with a few spreading branches, or sometimes crowded and narrower spikelets 1-flowered, the cylin- drical flower with an obconic bearded and often elongated sharp- pointed base. Glumes subequal, membranous, often terminated by a long subulate point. Flowering glume coriaceous, cylindri- cal-involute, enclosing the mostly shorter palet, entire at the apex or terminating in 2 minute sometimes hyaline teeth, nake d or with a crown of short h; s, conspicuously awned. Awn articulated with the glume, often caducous, geniculate below, glabrous or pu- bescent, or plumose with spreading hairs. Stamens usually 8. Styles short, distinct: stigmas plumose with simple hairs. Grain cylindrical, smooth, free, enclosed in the glume. S* occldentalls Thurber Bot. Wilkes 483. Stems slender 1-2 feet high, somewhat scabrous, pubescent at the nodes : sheaths close, hispid, shorter than the internodes : ligules 2-2>^ lines long, lacerate at the apex : leaves filiform, convolute, sharp pointed, hispid, 2-12 inches long : panicle slen- der, 3-4 inches long, often included at the base, its branches mostly in twos, erect, 1-2 inches long: spikelets lanceolate, turgid, 4-6,Iines long: empty glumes appressed, lanceolate, acute, thin, purplish below, smooth, the first one obscurely 5-7-nerved at base, 6-6 lines long, the second about 1 line shorter, 3-nerved : stipe obcouical, acute, pubescent,)^ line long: flowering glumes thin-chartaceous, pubescent, plainly 5-nerved : awn artic- ulated, persistent, flattened, twisted, l>^-2 inches long, bent near the mid- dle, the lower half plumose : palet oblonc, 2-2)4 lines long, pubescent o" the back and obtuse apex. Common in ue mountains, central Californ i ■TIPA Qtk^ '^iNEiE m to Waahington. 8. eom«U Trin. & Rupr. Mem. Acad. St. Peterab. (vl.) v, 76. Stem Ntout, 1-4 feet high, mostly scabroaa: sheaths loose, the uppermost some- limes inflated, smooth, at length shorter than the internodes: ligules con- spicuous, acute, 2-3 lines long: leaves smooth or somewhat scabrous, the basal ones }4-}4 as long as the stems, those of the stems 3-6 inches long, involute : panicle 6-9 inches long, loose, its branches 3-5 inches long, as- cending: empty glumes 9-12 lines long, glabrous, acuminate into an awn 2-4 lines long : flowering glume 4-6 lines long ; callus acute : awn slender, 4-8 inches long, spiral and pubescent below : palet equalling the glume. On prairies, eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia, Alberta, Nebraska and Cal', 8. setlgera Presl Reliq. Hsenk. i. 226. Stems stout, 1)^-3 feet high, often pubescent at the nodes: sheaths hairy at the throat, the lower shorter than the internodes : ligules truncate, about 1 line long : leaves of sterile shoots mostlv involute, ^ as long as the stem, those of the stem 2-3, often flat 6-18 inches long, 3-6 lines wide: panicle usually included at base in the upper sheath, 6-15 inches long, its slender branches mostly in pairs : empty flumes subequal, or the upper shorter, long-acuminate, 3- nerved, 8-12 lines long : flowering glume 6 lines long, silky-hairy on the nerves, the callus sharp and curved: awn 3-5 inches long, twisted and pu- bescent below, geniculate and above the middle bent again. On dry hills, eastern Oregon to California, Texas and Kansas. 8* Kingll Bolander Proc. Cal. Acad, iv, 170. Stems erect, smooth, 6-12 inches high, naked above, with but 2 nodes near the base which are covered with the remains of many sheaths : radical leaves half as long as or equalling the stem, setaceonslv convolute, minutelv scabrous, stem leaves 2, the upper with close sheaths 3-6 inches long : ligule a line long, acute, of- ten cleft : panicle narrow 1-2 inches long, the short erect branches scabrous empty glumes obtuse, eroded and sometimes mucronate hyaline witha tinge otpurple at base : the first one 1^ lines long; stipe obconical scarcely acute short-oearded : flowering glume ovate, brownish-purple, pubescent : awn persistent, finely pubescent, loosely twisted and somewhat cent below the middle : palet broadly ovate, obtuse. Eastern Oregon to Nevada and California. 8. Blvomert Bolander 1. c. 168. Stems lK-3 feet high, clothed at base with the remains of old sheaths : sheaths shorter than the internodes, the upper somewhat inflated : leaves very narrow and convolute, smooth or somewhat roughened, the lower ones about half as long as the stems : panicle 6-12 inches long, erect, narrow, with distant branches: empty glumes 4 lines long, nearly equal, acuminate into a slender point, 3>nerved, minutely scabrous : flowering glume 2}4 Hnes long, minutely 2-toothed at the apex : awn 6-9 lines long, geniculate near the middle, almost plumose below, scabrous above : palet nearly as long as the gluvue. Eastern Ore- gon to Nevada and California. 8* Oregoneasis Scribn. U. S. Dept. Asr. Dlv. Agroat. Bull. 17, 130. Stems erect, slender 12-18 inches high ; pubescent at the nodes : sheaths rather loose, minutely hispid, longer than the internodes ; ligules lacerate, the lateral teeth longer : radical leaves 10-15 inches long, involute ; those of the stem 3-6 inches long, conduplicate or involute, 1-2 lines wide : panicle narrow, included in the upper sheaths, the branches appressed, unequal, 1 inch long or less : empty glumes lanceolate, slender-pointed, convex and herbaceous below, thin-membranous and carinate above, sometimes purp- lish: first glume 6-6 lines long, second usually % line shorter : stipe siend- der, curv^, acute, short-bearded : flowering glume thin-chartaceous. with 2 ciliate teeth, pubescent, 5-nerved : awn twisted and pubescent below, naked above, usually bent twice, 1-2 inches long: palet lanceolate, cleft or erose dentate at the apex, pubescent between the 2 nerves, 1^ Uhubb long. m GRAUIUKM ftrPA ORYZOPtHH fi t It w-"A \M In the mountains, Washington to California. 8. TirldaU Trin. Bull. Be. Acad. St. Peterab. i, 67. Ftems \}i-5 fen high, with numeroua withered Hheatha at base : sheatlis half as long as tlic internodes or less: ligules very short: leaves all involute-setaceous at tin apex, smooth or slightlv scabrous, pale green, the lower }4 as long as Uw stena : panicle 6-18 inches long, narrow, loose, the short erect branches in twos or threes: apiiieletB 4-5 lines long, on short pedicels: empty gluiiu's nearly equal, ovate, briatle- pointed, the lower 5-nerved, the upper 3-nerv('(l; ihc flowering glume about }4 shorter than the empty onea, with short scattered haira which form an irregular crown, and with 2 very minute hyaiim teeth, the callua very abort: awn 1-1 'e inches long, alender, flexuouM, usually twice bent, pubescent below, scabrous above at length deciduouN : palet more than half as long as the glume. California to Brit. Columbia and Nebraska. 8. minor Scribn. 1. c. 11, 46. Densely cespitose : stems 16-24 inchc.^ high, smooth or very minutely pubescent below the nodes: sheath" smooth : ligules very short, slightlv auricled, broader than the base of tlx' leaves: leaves 5-15 inches long, 1--2 lines wide, with very long attenuate- involute tips : empty glumes lanceolate, sharply acuminate-pointed, 3-nerv- ed near the base, the lower slightly broader and longer than the upper and less distinctly nerved: flowering glume, includin^^ the short callus, L' lines lontr, thinly pilose all over and with a crown of hairs at the distinctly 2-toothed apex : awn once or twice bent, about 10 lines long, very minute- ly scabrous: palet about ^ as long as the glume. Moist mountain sides, Idaho to Montana and Colorado. 8. Lemmonl Scribn, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. HO, 3. Stenifi slender, rigid, erect, 1-2 feet high, glabrous: sheaths glabrous, shorter th«n the internodes : ligules less than a line long, rounded, entire, leaveH 2-5 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, glabrous beneath, pubescent and strongly striate above, closely involute when dry : panicle 5-6 inches long, strict, its branches erect, 1-lK inches long, few-flowered : empty glumes nearly equal, about 6 lines long, broadly lanceolate, long acuminate-pointed, 3-6- nerved, scarious except the nerves: flowering glume oblong, about 6 lines lon^, obtuse, 2-toothed at the apex, thinly pilose all over with appressed hairs : palet hairy, nearly as long as the glume. Dry rocky slopes, eastern Washington tu California. * 22 ORYZOPSIS Michx. Fl. i, 51. Usually tufted grasses with flat or convolute leaves and panicled inflorescence. Spikelets broad, one flowered. Glumes 3, the 2 lower ones about equal, obtuse or acuminate, the third shorter or a little longer, broad, bearing a terminal awn which is early decid- uous. Callus short and obtuse or a mere scar. Stamens 3 : styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, tightly enclosed in the glume. 0. cnsptdata Vasey Special Rep. U. S. Dept. Agr. 63, 23. Closely tufted perennial : stems slender thickened at base, solid smooth 12-18 inch- es long : sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth and close, the upper one longer and loose : ligules ovate, a line long, acute or lacerate : radical leaves numerous, the scarious sheaths clustered thick about the base of the stems, 6-10 inches long, involute : panicle very loose, 4-6 inches long, inclosed at the base, branches mostly in pairs, distant, horizontal, divided in pairs beyond the middle, bearing solitary spikelets on long flexuoos pedi- cels : spikelets 3 lines lonicj, first and second glumes equal, inflated and widened below, narrower above to a long sharp point, scarious except the 5 nerves, minutely pubescent : flowering glume ovoid, or oblong, profusely ORYZOPHllI ?ma l>^-5 fed as long aa tin' taceouH at till' as long aa tlu' ;t branches in ;mpty glumt^H pper 3-nervt'(l, liort acatterctl inute hyaliiit ider, flcxuous, [th deciduouH Irlt. Columbia 8 16-24 inches )dea: sheatii'' the base of thf ang attenuate- ointed,3-nerv- iian the upper abort callue, '-' [; the diatinctly ;, very minute- lountain aides, . 30, 3. Stems jbroua. ahorter entire, leaves It and atrongly lea long, strict, glumes nearly ;e-pointed, 3-5- I, about 6 lines with appreaaed slopea, eaatern 1 and panicled imes 3, the 2 ird shorter or is early decid- lens 3' : styles ;htly enclosed J3, 23. Closely )oth 12-18 inch- lose, the upper cerate: radical 1 the base of the 1-6 inches long, izontal, divided g flexuous pedi- l, inflated and ■ious except the )long, profusely ABISTIDA PULBUM GRAMINB^ 739 clothed with long white hairs 1% lines lontr, terminating in an awn 2 lines long which falls at maturity: palot conical, smooth, hard, brown. On sandy plains. Eastern Oregon to California. Texas and Brit. Columbia. 0. exlraa Thurber Bot. Wilkes 481. Stems slender, erect, 6-16 inch- es high, hiapid, the nodes black, scarcely constricted : leaves of sterile shoots numerous with close striate hispid sheaths and narrow involute wiry scabrous blades 4-7 inches long, of the stem usually 4, lower 2 with short overlapping sheaths and blades like the radical ones, next sheath above much shorter than the internodes with blades 2-4 inches long: ligules acute, 1-2 linea long: paniclH narrow, secund, 2-3 inches long, its branches usually in pairs, erect: unequal: empty glumes oblong-ovate, barely acute, or abruptly acuminate, membranous, minutelv scabrous, equal, 2-2)^ lines long flowering glumes herbaceous, becomiug enartaceous, obtuse or with purple teeth at the apex, short-pubescent throughout, 6 nerved, the nerves united above: awn peraiatent, minutely hiapid, 2-3 lines long: palet equalling the glume, obtuse or bidentate at the apex. In the monntains of Oregon and Washington. 0. Hendersonl Vasey Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7, 267. Stems densely tufted, 7-10 inches high : lower sheaths rather loose : leaves scab • rous, conduplicate, rigid pungent 4-^ inches long : panicle narrow 2%-i inches long, its branches mostly in twos, the longest \%-2}^-2 lines wide, scabrous, especially above : panicle 1-3 inches long, %-2 lines thick : empty glumes slightly united at base, 1-1^ lines long, obtuse or subacute, elaDrons except on the pubescent lateral nerves and strongly ciliate keel : flowering glume some- what shorter, obtuse, glabrous, the awn inserted at or below the middle, equalling or exceeding it. Common in wet places, California to Alaska and across the continent. Tar. robnstns Yasey Bull. Torr. Bot. Club xv, 13. Stems 20-30 inches long, sometimes branched : leaves flat, hispid above, 3-6 inches long, 2-3 lines wide. In the mountains, Washington to Alaska. A* PBATBN8I8 L. Sp. 60. Stems slender 12-30 inches high, simple, erect : sheaths usually much shorter than the internodes, loose or somewhat in- flated : ligules about 3^ line long, erose-truncate : leaves 2-4 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, scabrous, at least above : panicle 1-3 inches long : 4-6 lines wide: outer glumes, united at base for about ^ their length, 2-3 lines long, acute, glabrous except the sparingly -pubescent lateral nerves and the strongly ciliate keel: flowering glume sliglilly shorter, obtuse, glabrous, the awn inserted about ^ way from the base and surpassing it. Common in cultivation and waste places : naturalized from Europe. A. Californlcus Yasey 1. c. Stems slender, smooth, genicnlatG below, 10-15 inches long often branched: sheaths loose, the upper one inflated, smooth, shorter than the internodes: ligules about 2 lines long, acute: leaves 1-5 inches long, flat, hispid above : panicle cylindrical, dense. 1-2 inches long, ^-% line thick: empty glumes oblong, obtuse, carinate slightly united at Dase,thin, purple above, hairy on the keel, and slightly pubescent the obscure lateral nerves, lJi-1% lines long : flowering glume oblong- ovate, obtuse, its edges united ^ way from the base, smooth, about equal- ling the lower cues: awn arising near the base of the glume twisted, bent near the middle, 2-3 lines long : palet wanting. In wet places, California to the Willamette Yalley Oregon and Idaho. A. pallescens Piper Fl. Palouse Beg. 18. A pale green smooth tufted perennial: stems 16-2i inches high, erect, or slightly geniculate below: sheaths shorter than the inbernmles, inflated, smooth: ligules scabrous, l>^-2 lines long : leaves flat, 3-12 inches long. 1-3 lines wide, acuminate, strongly scabrous above: panicle usually well exserted, pale and silvery, 1-3 inches long, about 3 lines thick, erect: empty glumes nearly equal, 1-3 lines long, strongly ciliate on the keel, obtuse : flowering glume nyaline, 2-nerved, as long as the outer ones, obtuse: awn arising near the base, stout bent, S lines long. Common in wet places about Pullman Washington. A* saccatns Yasey Bot. Gaz. vi, 290. Tufted, apparently annual: stems erect, or slightly geniculate at base 5-10 inches high, smooth, simple : sheaths rather loose, the upper one inflated, slightly roughened usually phorter than the internodes : Hgules membranaceous, 1% lines long : leaves narrow, rough on both sides, 1-3 inches ^ong: empty glumes united at base, ovate-oblong, barely acute, carinat«, scabrous at the apex, puberulent ihronghout, ciliate on the keel and lateral nerves, 2 lines long : flowering glume broadly oblong, truncate, the margins united to the middle or above, smooth except the ciliate apex, 4- nerved. 2 line." long: awn arising near the base of the glume, twisted, bent 3-4 lines long. ^iw-^K wantine. On the margins of pools that are dry in summer, eastern base of the Cascade Mountains at Barlow Gate, Oregon. '.i m. for m M 742 GRAMINEiF. ALOPBCURIS DANTHONIA A. Howellii Vaaey Bull. Torr. Bot. Olab, xv, 12. A low tufted an- nual, often purplish throushout : sterna erect, or somewhat geniculate at base, mostly simple, smooth, 3-6 inches high : sheaths loose or vaginate, the upper one more inflated, smooth, the lower shorter than the inter- nodes, the upper one exceeding the internode, with a short blade : ligules membranous, obtuse, 1 line long: leaves filiform-convolute, exceeding the stem : panicle cylindric, 1 inch long, usually included at base: empty glumes slightly united at base, oblong, obtuse, carinate, scarioue on the margins, ciliate on the keel and silky on the lateral nerves and near the base, 1^-lM lines long: flowering glume broadly ovate oblong, truncate, thin, smooth, 4-nerved, equalling the empty ones: awn arising below the; middle of the glume, slender, naked below, bent, 3 lines long: palet want ing. Margins of small pools that are dry in summer, on the rocky plains near Medlord southern Oregon. A. occidentalis Scribn. Bot. Gaz. xi. 170. Stems rather slender, 2-3 feet high : sheaths loose, shorter than the internodes : leaves flat, 2-4 inches long: panicle oblong, an inch lone: outer glumes united at the base, about 2 lines long, acute, pubescent with short hairs, the keel ciliate with long hairs: flowering glume a little shorter than the outer ones, glabrous except at the villous apex : awn inserted below the middle, straight, much exceed- ing the glume. Wet medows and banks of streams, in the high moun- tains, Idaho to Montana and Colorado. Tribe 5 Avenex. Spikelets two- to several-flowered. Outer empty glume usually longer than the first flowering one. One or more of the flowering glumes awned on the back, or from between the teeth of the bifid apex. Awn usually twisted or geniculate. Callus and usually the joints of the rachis hairy. 26 DANTHONIA DC. Fl. Fr. iii, 32. (1805.) Mostly perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaves and con- tracted or open panicles. Spikelets 3- to several-flowered, the flow- ers all perfect, or the upper staminate, pubescent, extended be- yond the flowers. Glumes 5 to several, the 2 lower empty, keeled, acute, subequal, persistent, generally exceeding the uppermost flowering one. Flowering glumes rounded on the back, 2 toothed, deciduous, the awn arising from between the acute or awned teeth, flat and twisted at base, bent. Palet hyaline 2-keeled near the margins, obtuse or 2-toothed. Stamens, 3. Styles distinct, with plumous stigmas. Grain free, enclo sed in the glume. D. Callfornica Bolander Proc. Calif, Acad, ii, 182. Stems slender, 1-4 feet high, erect, or geniculate at the lower nodes, smooth : leafy nearly so the top : sheaths rather loose, closed at the hairy throat, usually pubses- cent mostlv shorter than the internodes : ligules nearlv obsolete : leaveoa of the'radical shoots numerous, with short sheaths and slender involute brcdes 4-8 inches long; of the stem with flat or loosely involute blades, scabn ub, especially toward the involute point, often thinly pubescent, 2-5 ie ^hes long : inflorescence a short simple panicle : spikelets cuneate, comprv^^sed, 6-8-flowered: empty glumes lanceolate, with long carinate or m lute points,6-7 lines long: flowering glumes broadly lanceolate, acuminate with 2 teeth 1 line long at the apex, smooth except a tuft of pilose hairs on each margin,, or often slightly ciliate throughout: awn inserted at the base of the sinus, slightly hispid, often twisted and bent, 3-6 lines long : palet ob- long, S-tootheid at the apex. In moist ground, Washington to California. D. Intermedia Vasey Bull. Torr. Bot Club x, 52. Densely tufted . A. smoot often long, 1- ing:spi floweri: pubesc awn. DANTHONIA AYBNA GBAMINEiE 748 densely tufted: stems slender 1-2 feet hit j : leaves of sterile shoots with crowded sheaths and narrow involute blades, sparsely pilose to glabrous, 4-12 inches long : Bheaths of the stem shorter than the internodes, more or leas pilose : li(^ules short, ciliate: inflorescence a short spicate panicle of 3-12, erect spikelets: empty glumes lanceolate, acute or acuminate, keeled, smooth, 4-5 lines long, exceeding the flowering glumes which are broadly lanceolate, 2-3 lines long, acutiah, 2-toothed, the awn more or less bent and twisted, 4-6 lines long. On low prairies, eastern Washington to southern California Montana and Canada. Yar. Cnsickli Williams. Larger: leaves longer flatter, softer, less scabrous, quite destitute of pubescence, rather large spikelets and usually more open panicle. In the Blue Mountains of Oregon. D. anispioata Munro. Stems loosely tufted, 6-12 inches high: sheaths shorter than the internodes, or the lower ones longer, pubescent with long white hairs : ligules very short or reduced to a row of white hairs : leaves flat or more or less involute with acuminate tips, 2-4 inches long, more or less pubescent : inflorescence a single terminal spikelet : emptv glumes lan- ceolate, long-acuminate, exceeding the upper flowering one, glabrous, 6-12 lines long : flowering glumes lanceolate, acute, 4-5 lines long, termina- ting in 2 usually dark-colored awns, ciliate on the margins : central awn twisted and bent below the middle, about 6 lines long. In partially barren places, eastern Washington to California. D. Americana Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Cir. 30, 5. A slender dense- ly cespitose perennial 8-16 inches high, with short slightly inflated sheaths, narrow mostly involute leaves and simple panicles of 1-4 large spikelets : sheaths much shorter than the internodes, pubescent, at least the lower ones long-bearded at the throat : empty glumes acuminate- lanceolate the narrowed apex obtuse, 6-9 lines long, as long as or slightly exceeding the flowers : flowering glumes S-4 lines long, rounded and glabrous on the back, densely silky villous on the margins from just above the base to a little above the middle, abruptly 2-toothed, the teeth very slender bristles 2-3 lines long : awn very slender twisted below, 3-5 lines long. Brit. Columbia to California and Chile. 27 A VENA L. Sp. 76. Annual or perennial grasses Avith usually floi. leaves and nam- eroug spikelets in panicles. Spikelets one- v- several-flowered, the lower flowers perfect, the upper often staminate or imperfect. Glumes 3 to several the 2 outer empty, somewhat unequal, mem- branous, persistent. Flowering glumes deciduous, rounded on the back, acute, generally bearing a dui^al awn, the apex often 2-toothed. Palet narrow, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct, with plumose stigmas. Grain oblong, deeply furrowed, enclosed in the glume and palet, free or sometimes attached to the palet. . A. FATUA L, Sp. 80. Stems stout, 1-4 feet high, e/ect, smooth : sheatiis, smooth, or scabrous at the summit, sometimes sparingly hirsute, the lower often longer than the internodes: ligules 1-2 lines long: leaves 3-8 inches long, 1-4 lines wide : panicle open 4-12 inch es long, the branches ascend- ing : spikelets 2-4 flowered, drooping : empty glumes 9-12 lines long, smooth, flowering glumes 6-9 lines long, with a rin^ of stiff brown haire at base, pubescent with long rigid brown hairs, bearmg, a long bent and twisted awn. In fields and waste places : naturalized from Europe. Vab. olabbbscens Coss. Stems stout, pale, lM-23^ feet high : sheaths equalling the internodes : leaves flat, 4-6 inches wide : flowering glumes i{ jvJ •i^ GRAMINK^' AVEKA TBIBETIIM 11 I*' smooth except the ring of stiff white hairs at the base, and the scabrous apex. In cultivated fields and waste places : naturalized from Europe. A, Smlthii Porter, Gray Man. ed. 3, 640. Stems 2-6 feet high, erect, simple, scabrous : sheaths shorter than the internodes, very rough : ligules 2 lines long: leaves 4-8 in ':es long, 3-6 lines wide, scabrous: panicle (i-12 inches long, the branches finally spreading : bpikelets 3-6-flowerod : empty glumes smooth, th& second 3-4 lines long, 3-nerved: flowering glnmei^ 5 lines long, naked at base, stiongly nerved, scabrous, bearing an awn )^-j^ their length. Eastern Washington to Michigan. 28 TRI8ETUM Pers. Syn. i, 97. (1805.) Mostly perennial tufted grasses with flat leaves and spike-like or open panicles. Spikelets 2-4-flowered, the flowers all perfect or the uppermost staminate. Rachella glabrous or pilose, exten- ded beyond the flowers. Glumes 4-6, membranous, the two lower empty, unequal, acute, persistent. Flowering glume usu- ally shorter than the empty ones, deciduous, 2-toothed, bearing a dorsal awn below the apex, or the lower one sometimes awn- less. Palet narrow, hyaline, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles dis- tinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the glume. T. barbatnm Steud. 8yn. PI. Gram. 229. Stems erect, or decumbent at base, often branched below, smooth, loafv nearly to the panicle, 1-3 feet high: sheaths sparsely retrorsely hispid, half open above, shorter than the internodes : ligules obtuse, erose, 1 line or less long : leaves 3-6 inches long, 2-3 lines wide, scabrous, sparsely pubescent or nearly smooth: pani- cle open to constricted, 4-8 inches long, its brandies 3 inches long or less: spikelets loosely .3-6-flowered, 7-10 lines long ; first empty glume very nar- rowly ovate, subulate-acute, smooth except the slightly hispid prominent keel, 3-4 lines long; second one lanceolate, acute, 6-6 lines long: flowering elumes lanceolate, with 2 teeth about }4 li°e long, pubescent, 5-7 lines long : awn inserted at the base of the sinus bent, hispid and twisted below : palet linear thin. Washington to California. T. canescens Buckley Proc. Acad. Phil. 1862, 100. Stems erect, nearly smooth, 2-3 feet high : sheaths open above, canescent to nearly smooth, shorter than the internodes : ligules ovate, erose or lacerate, 2-3 lines long: leaves fiat, 4-10 inches long, 3-4 lines wide, canescent to nearly smooth : panicle narrow, 6-8 inches long, its branches unequal, 2 inches or less long, erect: spikelets slightly compressed, 3-4 lines long, 2-flowered or with only 1 imperfect one : first empty glume narrowly ovate, acute, slightly carinate, thin, hispid on the keel, 1)^-2 lines long; second one broadly lanceolate, acute, about 3 lines long : flowering glume o\rate-lanceo- late, cleft }4 ^' '"om the apex, minutely scabrous, 3 lines long: awn attached at t le of the cleft, hispid, twisted and bent. Common in wooded distr' alifornia to Alaska. T. ceruiiam Trio. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. 1830, i, 61. Stems slen- der, erect, smooth, 2-3 feet hieh: sheaths loose, open above, smooth or scabrous above, shorter than tne internodes: ligules ovate, lacerate: 1-6 lines long: leaves flat, scabrous on both sides or nearly smooth ben ath, 6-10 inches long, 3-6 lines wide: panicle rather loose, nodding, 6-8 inches long, its branches slender, ascending : spikelets 2-4-flowered, 3-4 lines long : first empty glume narrowly ovate, carinate 1-13^ lines long ; second one broadly oblong, obtuse or acuminate, thin, hispid on the keel above. 3'nerved below, 2-2}4 lines long: awn arising below the base, of the cleft, 8-5 lines long. Along streams m the mountains, California to Alaska. T. svbspicstam Beauv. Agrost. 180. Softly pubescent to glabroi.s: cronate inse'-tec hyal.ne closod i A.. CA 6-1 1 inol l}i line inches 1< lines Ion ed 1 line ized froi A. PI erect, fn nodes : Betaceoa in the acute : long: Perei flowers both p( rarely the 2 lo the flo toothec nerved, froe, er D. with ve pie, gla long: h the bast panicle often so long: AVBNA TBI8ETUM id the scabrous om Europe. eet high, erect, r rough : ligules b: panicle (')-] 2 owerod : empty rering glumes 5 rig an awn M-H md spike-like era all perfect pilose, exten- lous, the two ig glume usu- )thed, bearing netimes awn- Styles dis- the glume. AIBA DE8CHAMPSIA GRAMINE^ 745 I it, or decumbent panicle, 1-3 feet ] re, shorter than eaves 3-6 inches I y smooth : pan!- 1 oes long or less : glume very nar- iepid prominent I 9 long : flowering lescent, 5-7 lines | id twisted below : ). Stems erect, I lescent to nearly 5 or lacerate, 2-3 nescent to nearly inequal, 2 inches I long, 2-flowered | wly ovate, acute, ong ; second one | ime ovate-lanceo- lines lopg: awni >nt. Common in { 61. Stems slen above, smooth or ate, lacerate: 1-6 smooth ben ath, dding, 5-8 inches ed, 3-4 lines long : long ; second one the keel above. base, of the cleft, lia to Alaska. lent to glabrous: stems simple, erect, 6-20 inches high : sheaths usually shorter than the internodes: ligules >^-l line long: leaves 1-4 inches long, 1-2 lines wide: panicle snike-like, 1-6 inches long, often interrupted below, its branches 1>^ inches long or lesSj erect: spikelets 2-3- flowered, the empty glumes hispid on the keel, shining, the second about 2% lines long: flowering glumes 2-2% lines long, acuminate, scabrous: awn inserted below the I sinus, bent and twisted below. In rocky places in the high mountains, California to Alaska and across the continent. Tar. moUe Gray Man. 641. Stems and leaves minutely soft-down y Range of the type. 29 AIRA L. Sp. 63. Mostly annual grass ^s with narrow leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets small, two-flowered, both flowers perfect. glumes 4, the two lower empty, thin-membranous, acute, subequal, persistent: the flowering glumes usually contiguous, hyaline, mu- cronate or 2-toothed, deciduous, bearing a delicate dorsal awn inscted below the middle. Palet a little shorter than the glume, hyaline, 2-nerved. Stamens 3, with plumose stigmas. Grain en- closod in the glume and palet and often adherent to them. ^. CARYOPHYLLEA L. Sp. 66. Smooth and glabrous throughout : stems 1 6-1 1 inuhes high, erect, from an annual root,: sheaths mostly basal : ligules \}4 lines long : leaves 6-25 lines long, iiivolute-setaceous : panicle 1-4 inches long, open, the branches spreading or ascending: upikelets 1-1^ lines long, the empty glumes acute: flowering glumes very acute, 2-tooth- ed 1 line long: awn 1-2 lines long. Common in dry open places : natural- I ized from Europe. A. PBiBCOX L. Sp. 65. Smooth throughout : stems 1-4 inches high, I erect, from an annual root, simple, rigid : sheaths shorter th&n the inter* nodes: ligules about IVi lines long: leaves 1 inch long or lesa, involute- setaceous: panicle contracted, strict, 6-12 lines long, its base often enclosed I in the upper sheath : spikelets about \% lines long, the empty glumes acute: flowering glumes acuminate, 2-tooted at the apex, about 13^ lines I long : awn straight, 1-2 lines long. In dry places : naturalized from Eu. 30 DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. Agrost. 91. (1812.) Perennial grasses with flat or involute leaves and numerous I flowers in contracted or open panicless. Spikelets 2-flowered, both perfect; the hai.y rachella extended beyond the flowers or rarely terminated by a staminate one. Glumes 4, rarely more, the 2 lower empty, keeled, acute, membranous shining, persistent ; the flowering glumes of about the same texture, deciduous, 2- toothed at the apex and bearing a dorsal awn. Palet narrow, 2- nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain I froe, enclosed in the glume. D. cnspitosa Beauv. Agrost. 160, t. 18, fig. 3. Densely cespitose with very numerous basal leaves: Stems erect, slender 2-4 feet h.igh ; sim- ple, glabrous : sheaths much k^horter than the internodes : ligules 1-3 lines long : leaves flat l-\.% lines wide, smooth beneath, strongly scabrous above, the basal ones }4r% ^^ long as the stem, those of the stem 2-6 inches long : panicle open 3-6 inches long, the branches widely spreading or ascending often somewi.r>t flexuous the lower 2-5 inches long : spikelets l%-2 lines long: empty glumes unequal, lanceolate, acute; flowering glume oblong, i'riV I' H m:, i GRAMINE^ DESCHAMPfllA ARBHBNATHERUH about IK lincB long, erose-truncate at the apex : awn straight, insertti above the middle, 1-2 lines long. Common in moist meadows, Oalifornia to Alaska and across the continent. 1). atropnrpttrea Scheele Flora xzvii, 66. Stems 6-18 inches hi^^ii, erect, simple, rigid: sheaths shorter than the internodes: ligules truncate, 1 line long or less: leaves 2-5 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, flat: panicle 1-2 inches long, narrow, usually purple or purplish, its branches erect, ur sometimes ascending, the lower 6-18 lines long: empty glumes broadly lanceolate, acute, 2% lines long : flowering glumes oblong, erose-truncat'e at the apexj about 1)^ lines long : awn bent and much exceeding the glume, Alpine^ summits of the nigh mountains, Oregon to Alaska and across the continent. D. eloDgata Munro in Benth. PI. Hartw. 242, t. 228. Densely cespi- tose perennial : stems very slender, 1-2 feet high, simple, erect, : leavoH very numerous, mostly basal, 1-18 inches long, flat and smooth, less than 1 line wide : ligules elongated : panicle very long and narrow, 4-12 inches long, its very unequal scabrous capillary branches mostly appressed: empty glumes about 2 lines long, linear-subulate, nearly equal, green and scabrous on the keel : flowering glumes about 1 line long, smooth and shining, with a silky tuft at base, irregularly 6-toothed above, with a very slender awn 2 lines long from near the base, Common in open woodn, California to Washington, west of the Cascade Mount.ains. D. calyclna Presl Bel. Hienk. i, 251. Loosely tufted annual : stems slender, 2-24 inches high, sometimes geniculate and sparingly branched below : leaves very narrow those of the stem 1-2 Inches long, with elonga- ted ligules : panicle very loose, and open, 1-12 inches long, tiie lower branch- es in threes, the others in pairs or solitary, distant, mostly spreading : em- pty glume 3 lines long or more, linear- lanceolate, green and rough on the keel: flowering glmnes about a line long, shining below its truncate 4- toothed apex, the hairs at base % as long : awn inserted just below the middle, about 3 lines long, twisted below and bent near the middle common in places that are wet in spring. Celifornia to Washington. 31 ARRHENATHERUM Beauv. Agrost. 55, t. 11, fig. 5. Tall perennial grasses with flat leaves and narrow or open panicles. Spikelets 2-flowered, the upper flower perfect, the lower staminate the rachella extended beyond the flowers. Glumes 4, the 2 lower empty, thin-membranous, keeled, very acute or awn- pointed, unequal, persistent : flowering glumes rigid 5-7-nerved deciduouR, the first bearing a long bent and twisted dorsal awn inserted below the middle, the second unarmed. Palet hyaline, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain ovuM frtu. A. KLATio* Beauv. M. & F Deutsch. Fl. i, 546. Glabrous perennial : stems 2-4 feet high, erect, simple : lower sheaths longer than the internodes ligules 1 lines long: leaves 2-12 inches long, 1-4 lines wide, scabrous: panicle 4-12 inches long, narrow, branches erect, the lower 1-2 inches long, empty glumos finely roughened, the second 4 lines long, nearly twice as long as the first one : flowering glumes about 4 lines long. In meadows and waste places ; ufttnralized from Europe. 81 HOLCUS L. Sp. 1047. Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and open or spike- liko panicles. Spikelets dioecious, 2-flowered, the lower flower HAMPBIA NATHEROM ofight, ineert(>WB, OaUfonii:\ I inches hi^it, galea truncate, at: panicle 1-2 ichea erect, or ;lameB broadly erose-truncate exceeding the to Alaska and Densely cespi- , erect, : leaves looth, less than )w, 4-12 inches tly appressed : c[ual, green and ig, smooth and ve, with a very in open woods, annual : stems ingly branched Qg. with elonga- le lower branch- ' spreading : em- id rough on the its truncate 4- id just below the middle common n. 1, fig. 5. rrow or open rfect, the lower 8. Glumes 4, acute or awn- ;id 5-7-nerved ted dorsal awn Palet hyaline, gmas plumose. ibrous perennial : an the mternodes wide, scabrous : ower 1-2 inches ong, nearly twice ng. In meadows open or spike- le lower flower HOLOCS HCNHOA GRAMINE^ perfect, the upper staminate. Glumes 4, the two lower empty, memhranous, keeled, the first 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved and often short-awned. Flowering glumes chartaceous, that of the Upper flower bearing a short awn, Palet harrow, 2-keeled. Sta- mens 3. Styles distinct, with plumose stigmas. Grain oblong^ free, enclosed in the glume. H. LAN/ ~^s L. S^, 1048. Light green, densely and softly pubescent stems 1)^- 3 feet high, erect, often decumbent at base, simple : sheaths shorter than the internodes : ligules }4-l line long : leaves 1-6 inches long, 2-^ lines wide : spikelets 2 lines long : empty glumes about 2 lines long, white villous, the upper awn-pointed : flowering glumes 1 line long, smooth, glabrous and shining, the lower sparsely ciliat? on the keel, somewhat ob- tuse, the upper 2-toothed and bearing a hookod awn just below the apex. Common in meadows and waste places : introdviced from Europe. Tribe 4 Festucacese. Spikelets two- to several-flowered, usually hermaphrodite, pedicelfdte, in panicles or racemeSj the former some" tim£8 dense and spike-li^e. Flowering glumes usually longer than the empty ones, awnless or with one to several mostly straight awns which are either terminal or home just below the apex. S3 MUNROA Torr. Pac. R. Rep. iv, 168. (1856.) Low diff'usely branched grasses with flat pungently pointed leaves and few flowers in panicles. Spikelets in clusters of 3-6. nearly sessile in the axils of the floral leaven, 3-5-flowered, the flowers all perfect. Glumes .5-7, the two lower empty, lanceolate, acute, 1-nerved, hyaline. Flowering glume larger, 3-nerved, one or two empty ones above the flowering ones. Palets hyaline. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, elongated: stigmas barbellate or short- plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the glume and palet. M. sqnarrosa Torr. 1. c. Stems 2-8 inches long, tufted, erect, decum- bent or prostrate, much branched : sheaths short, crowded at the nodes and at the ends of the branches, smooth, pilose at the base and throat, sometimes ciliate on the margins : ligules a ring of hairs : leaves 1 inch long or less, 1-6 lines wide, rigid, scabrous : spikelets 2-5-flowered, the flow- ers perfect : emptyglumesl-nerved : flowering girmes 2-2)^ lines long, lon- ger than the emptv ones, 3-n»rved, the nerves excuirent and forming 3 teeth or awns, with tufts of hairs about the middle: palets obtuse. On dry plains, eastern Oregdn to Alberta and Texas. 34 PHRAGMITES Trin. Fund. Agrost. 134. Tall perennial grasses with brOad flat leaves and very numerous flowers in ample panicles. Spikelets 3- to several-flowered, the first flower often staminate, the others perfect. Rachella articu- lated between the flowering glumes, long-pilose. Two lower glumes empty, unequal, membranous, lanceolate, acute, shorter than the spikelet, the third glume empty or subtending a stamin- ate flower. Flowering glumes glabrous, narrow, long-acuminate, much exceeding the short palets. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, loosely enclosed in the palet and glume. P. C0D*miini8 Trin. 1. c. Stems stout, 3-15 feet high, erect, from long 1 >■■; m '4 m 748 GBAMINEJE PflBAOMITM DAOTTLII horisontal perennial rootstookB, gisbroni : abeatha shorter iban the inter- nodes, loose : ligalea a ring of very short liaira : leaves 6-18 inches long, 4-0 linea wide: spikelets crowded on the aacending branches : flrat glume 1- nerved, %-% as Ions aa the a«cond one : flowering glumea 5-4 linea long, 3-neryed, long-acuminate, equalling the haira of the raohella. In bogn and wet placea nearly throughout North America : alao in Europe and Aaia. 36 DACTYLIS L. 8p. 71. Tall perennial grasses with broad flat leaves and numerous spikelets crowded in paniculate short capitate clusters. Spikelets 3-5-flowered, all perfect or the upper staminate, the two lower glumes empty, thin-membranftceous, keeled, unequal, mucronate. Flowering glumes longer than the empty ones, rigid, 5-nerved, keeled, the midnerve extended into a point or short awn. Palets shorter than the glumes, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the glume and palet. D. OLOMBBATA L« 8p. 71. Stcms simple, erect, 2-4 feet high ; sheaths shorter than the internodes : smooth or rough : ligulea 1-2 lines long : leaves 3-9 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, flat, scabrous : panicle 8-8 inches long, its branches spreading or ascending in flower, erect in fruit, the lower 1-3 inches long, spikelet bearing from about the middle: spikelets in dense capitate clusters, 3-6-flowered : empty glumes 1-3-nerved, the first shorter than the second : flowering glumes 2-3 lines long, rough, pointed or short- awned, ciliate on the keel. In fields and waste places, naturalized irom Europe. 36 ECELEBIA Pers. Syn. i, 97. Tufted perennial or annual grasses with flat or setaceous leaves and numerous spikelets in spike-like panicles. Spikelets 2-5-flow- ered. Glumes 4-7, the two lower empty, narrow, acute, unequal, keeled, scarious on the margins. Flowering glumes 3-5-nerved. Palets hyaline, acute, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, with plumose stigmas. Grain free, enclosed in the glume. K. cristata Pers. 1. c. Stems erect, simple, rigid, often pubescent just below the pianicle : sheaths often shorter than the internodes, smooth or scabrose, sometimes hirsute : ligules }i line long : leaves 1-12 inches long, yi-iyi lines wide, erect, flat qr involute, smooth or rough, often more or less hirsute : panicle 1-7 inches long, pale green, usually spike-like, the branches erect or rarely ascending, 1 inch long or less : empty glumes une- qual, the first one about 2 lines long, scarious except the green keel ; second one longer, scabrous on tlie keel ; flowering plumes scarious, lM-2 linea long. On sandy bars along rivers. California to Brit. Columbia and Pennsylvania. 37 EATONIA Baf. Joum Phys. Ixxziz 104. Tufted perennial ijr.asses with flat leaves and usually contract- ed paniclei!. Spikelets 2-3-fiowered, the rachella extended beyond the flowers. Two lower glumes empty, shorter than tlic spikelet, the first linear acute, 1 -nerved, the second much broader, 3-nerved, obtuse or rounded at the apex or sometimes acute, the margins, scarious : flowering glumes narrow, usually obtuse. Palets narrow, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free loosely enclosed in the glume and palet. M. high, pm the in wide, both most long, lance< ed« 4- acute obtut ■ATOMIA MBLICA ORAMIN£iE 749 E. obtvMU Oray Man. ed. 2, S58. Stems often stoat, l-2>^ feet high, erect, aimple, smooth : sheaths shorter than the intemodes, usually more or less rough, sometimes pubescent: ligules >j|-l line long: leaves 1-0 inches lone, 1-4 lines ^ide, scabrous : panicle 2-6 inches long, dense and usually spike-like, strict, the branches iK inches long or less, erect : spike- lets crowded, 1H~^% \iaeB long: empty glumes unequal, often purplish, the first narrow, shorter than and about >^ as wide as the obtuse or almost truncate second one: flowering glumes narrow, obtusC; |!^-1 line long. California to Washington and the Eastern States. E. FennsylTanloa Gray 1. c. Stems slender, erect, smooth, 1-3 feet high : sheaths shorter than the intemodes ; ligules % line long : leaves 2-7 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, rough : panicle S-7 inches long, contracted, often nodding, lax, its branches 1-3 inches long : spikelets 1)^-1^ line long, usually numerous, somewhat crowded, and appressed to the oranches: empty glumes uneaual, the first narrow, shorter than and about ^ as wide as the obtuse or aoruptly acute second one which is smooth or somewhat rough on the keel; flowering glumes nanow, acuto, ])^ lines long. In moist soil, eastern Washington to the Eastern States. 38 MEUOA L. Sp. 66. Tall perennial graeses with flat leaves and contracted tr open panicles. Spikelets 1- to several-flowered, often secund, r .chella extended beyond the flowers and usually bearing 2-3 erapi ' club- shape hooded ecaleu, convolute around each other. Two lower glumes empty, membranous, 3-5-nerved ; flowering glumes larger, rounded on the back, 7-13 nerved, sometimes bearing an awn, the margins more or less scarious. Palets broad, shorter than the glume, 2'keeled. Stamens 3. Style distinct. Stigmas plu- mose. Grain free enclosed in the glume and palet.^ § 1 EuMELicA. Empty glumes nearly or quite equalling the flowers. Flovt'ering glumes scarious margined, obtuse and entire at the apex. Sterile flowers clavate, hooded, or like the others, but smaller. M* Iqterrupta Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. 1840, 59. Stems tufted, slender, 1-3 feet high, from strong fibrous roots : leaves narrow, long-acu- minate, from smooth to very ecaorous and pilose-pubescent : panicle 8-12 inches long, its branches in remote fascicles, very unequal, the lower 1-3 inches lone: spikelets 5 lines long, minutely scabroqs, 1-fiowered, with an imperfect floret : first empty glumes 3-nerved, second laraer and indistinct- ly 5-nerved : fiowering glume acutish, strongly 7-nervea, usually purplish above except the scabrous margins: palet about as long as the glume, 2- toothed : sterile flowers ehort-pedicelled, % as long as the perfect ones, sometimes enclosing a second one. Oregon to California. H* strleta Bolander Proc. Cal. Acad, iii, 4. Densely tufted, 1-2 feet high, pale green: stems erect, or geniculate below, branched at base, softly pabescent to scabrous: sheaths retrorsely velvety-pubescent, longer than the intemodes: ligules about 2 lines long : leaves 3-4 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, flat, or involute toward the rather rigid points, velvety-pubescent on both sides: panicle secund, of 6-12 nodding spikelets, the scabrous branches mostly single, erect, making the panicle appear single : spikelets 5-7 lines long, with 2-3 perfect flowers and rather large rudiments: empty glumes lance-oblong, narrowed below, obtuse or barely acute, thin smooth, 6-nerv- ed« 4-6 lines lone, the flrst slightly shorter ; flowering glumes lanceolate, acute, minutely hispid, 7-nerved, ^%-hyi lines long : palet obovate-oblone, obtuse, minutely hispid, pabescent on the arched keels. In the high 760 GBAMINEiG MKLICA I! mountaina of eastern Oregon to California and Nevadn Mt balbOBB Geyer, Hook. Journ. Bot. vlii, 19. Stems 1-3 feet hig)), enlarged and bulb'fike at base: sheaths longer than the internodes, nearly smooth to scabrous: leaves 2-3 inches long setyi!.u.'ouBly convolute, nearly smooth to scabrous: ligules nearly 2 lines Tony; > o/inn coarsely lacerate: panicle strict, 4-8 inches long, interrupted below, the branches mostly in iiairs, very unequal, erect : spikeletu with 2-3 perfect flowers, about 4 linci' ong: empty glumes membranaceous, broad, obtuse, the lower 3-6-nerver somewhat letB 3-4 lines 1 3-5-nerved, les long, the gly 7-nerved, alets slightly milar to the fornia. ets of 3-8 Flowering awned by rowly trun- elender, 3-4 iger than the inches long, upper ones [•exserted, its g only one or long, acute, e, with broad r\y margined, nerves. On more open ir but slightly B erect, bran- ise : sheaths -2 lines long, ) iqches long, ranches erect : ■ect spikelets : 6-Aerved, 8-4 Ig glumes Ian- n^, Bcarioaa- >n the margin* MHUOA DI8TICHUS GRAMINE^ 761 al nerves below the middle, 7-9-nerved, 4-6 lines Ion;;: palet oblong, obtuse or emarginate, pubescent on the 2 arched keels, 3-4 lines long. On open ridges in the mouutainp. Oregon to California. Var. minor Vasoy, Beal Grasses N. Am. ii, 610. Sterna slender, 10-15 inches high erect: panicles very simple, l>^-4 IncheN long: ^pikelets usually 3-flowered. On dry ridges in the Siskiyou Mountains. H* arUtAta Thurber, Bolander Proc. Cal. Acad, iv, 103. Stems slen- dei, tufted, 2-4 feet high : leaves flat, 2-4 inches long, 3 lines wide: panicle narrow, 5-12 inches long, its branches erect: spikelets .3-5-flownred, pale or purplish : first emptor glume oblong, about 3 lines long ; the second about a line longer : flowering glumes about 5 lines long, with a few stiff marginal hairs near the base, very scabrous, the centra' nerve excurrent just below the bifid tip as an awn 8-5 lines long : pal ' >ut 3}4 lines long, strongly ciliate at the apex. In mountains, Wa8t< m to California. M. aeumlnata Bolander 1. c. 104: nder, erect, 2-3 feet high, with thickened bulbous base: sheaths n ing or shorter than the intemodes, more or less pubescent : lign long, laciniate : panicle 4-12 inches long, narrow, the capillary b ,.^. ct or barely spreading : spikelets 3-5-flowered, often purplish : flrat empty glume linear, about 2 lines long, much smaller than the acuminate second one : flowering glumes lanceolate, long-acuminiite about 5 lines long, 5-7-nerved : ciliate on the margins below : palet about half as long as th6 glume, densely ciliate above, narrowly truncate. In open woods, California to Alaska. M. speetabllls Scribn. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1885,46. A slender tufted stoloniferous perennial : stems about 2% f^^t high, with a corm at the base of each : sheaths mostly longer than the intemodes: ligules white, about 1 line long : leaves 3-4, flat or involute, scabrous, 7-10 inches long, 1-2 lines wide : panicle simple, 5-8 inches long, its slender branches solitary or in Sairs, sometimes in threes, the longest 1)^-2 inches long: spikelets 3-8- owered : empty glumes ovate, obtuse or acute, with transverse nerves near the iiuiddle, the first 3*nerved, the second 5-nerved, 2)^-3 lines long: flowering gluihes 3)<^-4 lines long, abraptly tapering, oval, the apex with 2 very short teeth or a notch, 7-0-nervea : palet elliptical, 2)^ lines long. Oregon to Montana and Cs'lifornia. M. seabrata Scribn. Piper & Beattie Fl. Palouse Reg. 26. Stems mostly solitary, erect, 2-4 feet high, with bulbous base: sheaths nearly as long or longer than the intemodes, scabrous : leaves flat, linear, 5-7 inches long, 1-2 linen wide, scabrous on both sides : panicle erect. narrow,3-7 inches long, lower branches mostly in three8,the2 outer short and bearing a single spikelet, the central one longer and bearing 2-5 spikelets 5-7-flowered, usually purple ; lower empty glumes 2>^ lines long, the upper 3)^-4 lines long, acutish: flowering glumes about 3% lines long all minutely scabrous. In low meadows about Pullman Washington. 89 DISTICHL1S Baf. Journ. Phys. Ixxzix, 104. DiociouB grasses with rigid steins, creeping or decumbent at base, flat or convolute leaves, and numerous spikelets in spike- like papicles. Spikelets flattened, more numerous on the stamin- ate plants than on the pistilate, 6-16-flowered. Rachella con- tinuous in the staminate spikelets, articulated in the pistillate. Two lower glumes empty, narrow, keeled, acute, shorter than the flowering ones. Flowering glumes broader, many-nerved, acute, rigid. Palets 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles thickened at the base, rather long, aistinct. Stigmas long-plumose. Grain free [enclosed ia the glume and palet. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // 4k 1.0 I.I 11.25 m Uii 12.2 lii Us ■luu 0%. 71 / Photogra{iiic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STHIT WnSTIR,N.Y. 14S80 (716)«72-4S03 in 762 OBAinNEJE OATABXMA OBAFaBPHOBOM ■^ fl D. mAritlmii Bsf. 1. c. Olabrons throvghoat: itemi 8 inches to 2 feet high, erect, from horizontal rootatock, often decumbent at base: sheaths shorter than the intemodcis, of ten crowded : h'gnles a ring of very short hairs: leaves >^-0 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, flat or involute: panicle dense and spike-like 1-R inches long, the branches 1 inch long or less, erect : spikelets 6-16>flowered, 4-9 lint^s long, pale sreen or purplidi : empty glumes acute,the first 1-3-nerved, % as Tongas the 3-2-nerved, second one: flowering glume \%-2% lines long, acute or acuminate. In salt marshes along the coast Brit. Columbia to California and in the interior, also on the Atlantic coast. 40 0ATABB08A Beanv. Agrost. 07, t. 19, flg. 8. Perennial grapses with soft flat leaves and open panicles. Spikelets usually 2-fldwered. Two lower glumes empty, thin- membranaceous, much shorter than the powering ones, unequal, rounded or obtuse at the apex. Flowering glumes membranous, erose- truncate. Palets barely shorter than the glume. Stam- ens 3. Styles distinct, with plumose stigmas. C* aquattca Beauv. Agrost. 167. Smooth and glabrous: stems erect, from a creeping base, K~2 feet high, bright green, flaccid: sheaths usually longer than the internodes, loose: ligule l)i-6 inches long, 1-8 lines wide, flat, obtuse : panicle 1-8 inches long, open, the branches whcrled, spread- ing or ascending, very slender %-2 inches long, spikelets IH-^H lines long, the empty glumes roilnded or obtuse, the first about half as long, as the second which is crendlate on the margins : flowering glumes 1-1^ lines long, 3-nerved, erose-trunate at the apex. In water or wet places, Washington to Alaska and labrador to Nebraska: also Europe and Asia. 41 GBAPHEPHOBUM Deav. Bull. Soe. Fhilom. U, 189. Erect grasses with flat leaves and usually contracted nodding panicles. Spikelets 2-4-flowered, flattened, the racheUa prolong- ed beyond the flower. Glumes 4-6, the 2 lower ones empty, somewhat shorter than the flowering ones, thih-membraniaceous, acute, keeled. Flowering glumes membranous, obscurely nerved, entire, sometimes short-awned just below the apex. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, with plumose stigmas. Grain gutbrous. G. Wolfli Vasey Des. Cat. Gr. U. 8. 66. Stems slender, 16-30 inches high, from a perennial root : sheaths about as long as the internodes : ligules about a line long : leaves flat, scabrous, 6-10 inches long, 2-3 lines wide: panicle erect, subspicate, 8-9 inches Ions: spikelets 2-4-flowered, purplish : rachella villous: empty glumes elliptical, nearly equal, about 3 fines long the first 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved : flowering glumes 2-2X lines long, less than 1 line wide, obscurely 6- nerved, obtuse, lacerate, some- times sput or 2-toothed, bearing an awn ^ line long: palets shorter than or nearly equalling the glumes, tana and California. Dry rocky slopes, eastern Oregon to Hon- 42 PANICULABIA Fabr. Enum. Hort Helmst. 873. (1763.) QLYCERIA R. Br. (1810.) Mostly perenqial grasses with flat leaves and numerous spike- lets in more or less open panicles. Spikelets 2-20-flowered, terete or sometimes flattened. Two lower glumes empty, obtuse or acute, 1-8-nerved : flowering glumes membranous, rounded on the back, 5-9-nerved, the nerves disappearing in the hyaline apex. VAtatMA raSPHOBOM inehes to 2 feet bbMe: Bheaths { of very short rolate: panicle ig or leMt erect: urpliib: empty red, second one: In eali marshcB interior, also on {. 8. pen panicles. empty, thin- >ne8, unequal, membranous, ;lume. Stam- en; atema erect, ; sheaths usually ;, 1-^ lines wide, rhcrled, spread- its 1^-1^ linen t half as long, as Ig glumes l-l^i er or wet places, irope and Asia. . ii. 189. acted nodding leUa prolong- ones empty, embranaceous, icurely nerved, Stamens 8. rouB. rAXICOLABIA OBAMINEJi. 768 , 16-30 inches the intemodes: , long, 2-8 lines ets 2-4-flowered, y equal, about 3 ig glumes 2-2>^ , lacerate, some- ets shorter than Ongjon to Mon- 8. (1763.) nerouB spike- owered, terete |ty, obtuse or rounded on Ihyalineapez. Palets scarcely shorter than the glumes, rarely longer, 2-keeIed. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles distinct, with plumose stigmas. Grain smooth, enclosed in the glume and partly free, or when dry slightly adhering to the palet. P. flittans Kuntie Rev. Gen. PI. 782. O. fluitans R. Br. Stems 2-S feet high, erect: stout, simple smooth, often rooting from the lower nodes: sheaths loose, generally longer than the intemodes smooth or rough: ligules 2-8 lines long: leaves 6-12 inches long, 2-6 lines wide scabrous: often floating: panicle 9-18 inches long; the lower branches at first appresaed, later ascending 3-6 inches long: spikelets Ihiear, 7-18-flowered, 4-12 lines loug: empty glumes unequal, 1-neived, the lower acute or obtuse, the upper obtuse or truncate. In water and b<^, California to Alaska and across the continent. P. borealls Nash Bull. Torr. Bot. club zxiv, 848. Stems weak, erect, glalurous, l)jt-8 feet high: sheaths loose, longer than the intemodes: leaves 4-10 inches long, pale green, neaily smooth: panicle lax, 7-16 inches long, the branches single or in pidrs usually short and erect: spikelets linear, 6-7 lines \^-2 lines long, 7-nerved, the nerves min- utely hispid. lu shallow ponds, eastern Washington to California and the Eastern States. P. nervata Kuntze 1. c. O. nervata Trin. Stems slender, erect, 1-3 feet high, dmple, smooth: sheaths ahorter than the intemodes, usually mord or less rough: ligules >^ line long, truncate: leaves 6-12 inches long, 2-5 lint^s wide, acute, smooth b^ieath, rough above: panicle 8-8 inches long, open, t'ae filiform branches spreading, ascendine or often drooping, rarely erect, the lower ones 2-6 inches long: spikelets 8-7-flowered, l-l^l lines long: empty gl'jmes obtuse, 1-nerved; flowering glumes about ^ line long, obtuse or rounded at the apex, with 7 sharp distinct nerves and cedent furrows between them. Com- mon in wet places and along streams, California to Alaska and across the continent. P« pallida Kuntse 1. c. 783. Pale green, stems 1-3 feet long, assurgent, simple, smooth: sheaths loose, shorter than the intemodes, ligules 2-3 lines long, acute: leaves 2-6 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, smooth beneath, rough above: panicle 2-7 inches long, the branches erect or ascending, often flexuous, 1-2 inches long: spikelets 4'^-flowered, 2}4-^H Ihies long: empty glumes unequal, the first 1-nerved, obtuse, shorter than the S-nerved and truncate second one: flowering glumes 1|^-1>I^ lines long, truncate and denticulate at the apex, sharply and distinctly 7-nerved, with ■pitta furroWs between the nerves. In shallow water, Wasbhigton to Indiana and New Brunswick. P. paieliora Kuntze 1. c. O. pauciflora Prest. Stems stout, 2-4 feet long: sheaths nearly smooth, loose, usually longer than the intemodes ligules rounded or more often lacerate 2-8 lines long: leaves 6-16 inches long: 8^ lines wide: panicle 6-8 inches long, somewlMt contracted and flexuous or at length loose and open, usually purplish, its branches hispid, 4 inches long or less: spikelets 6-7-f lowered, 2-8 lines long: empty glumes less than half as long as the flowering ones, the first uvate, denticulate, near the subacute apex, smooth, 1-nerved ^ line long; the second erose at the rounded apex, 8-nerved, nearly 1 line long: flowei^g glumes broadly oblong, erose at the rounded scari- ous apex, Idspidulous on the keel, promhiently 6-nerve(l, l-l}i lines long: palet oblonir, emarginate, slightly pubescent on the 2 keels, nearly equidling the e^nme In shallow water or wet places, Calif omi^ to Alaska and Colorado. P. Amerieana SCacM. Met. Minn. 81. Stems stout, erect, simple, smooth, 8-6 feet hi^: sheaths loose, smooth or somewhat rough: ligules 1-2 lines long, truncate: leaves 7-12 inches long, 8-8 lines wide, usually smooth beneath, rough above: panicle 8-16 inches long, its brandies spreadhig, ascend- I 764 ORAMINEifi poociinitUA ing or rarely erect, 4-8 inohes long, spikdieto 4-r-flowered, 2-8 lines long: empty glumes acute, 1-nerved: flowering glumes about 1 line long, obtuHe or rounded at the apex, sharply and distinctly 7-nerved, the furrows between the nerves evident. In wet soil, Alaska n> Oalifomia and Neb. 43 PUCCINilXlA Pari. Fl. Ital. i, 366. Perennial grasses with flat or involute leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spikelet» 2-10-flowered. Two lower glumes empty : obtuse or acute, unequal: flowering glumes obtuse, or acute, rounded on the back, 5-nerved, the nerves very obscure or almost wanting. Palets about equalling the glumes. Stamens 3. Stigmas sessile, simply plumose. Grain, compressed, usually adhering to the palet. P. maritlma Pari. 1. c. 370. Stems atoloniferous, 6-24 inches high, erect, or decumbent at base, smooth, simple: sheaths usually exceeding the intemodes: ligules >^-l line long: leaves 1-S inohes long, 1 line wide or less, flat to in'?olute: panicle 0-6 inches long, open, its branches ascend- ing or rarely erect, 1-2 inches long: spikelets 8-t0-flowered,3-7 lines long: empty glumes unequal, the first usually 1-nerved, the second 8-nerved: flowering glumes l>^-2 lines long, obtuse or trunciate. In salt marshes along the coast. F» angastata Nash Bull. Torr. Bot Club xxix, 513. Poa angtutata R. Br. Stems erect, 4-12 inches high, simple; sheaths usually longer than the intemodes: ligules 1 line long: leaves K-8 inohes long, 1 line wide or less: panicle 1-2 inches long, contracted, its branches short and erect or appressed: spikelets 2-7-flowered, 8-4 lines long: empty glumes obtuse or rounded at the apex, the first 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved: flowering glume 1^-lM lines long, usually purplish, rounded at the apex. Iq salt marches along the coast, Oregon to AlEtska, and Labrador to Maine: also Europe and Asia. P. distans Pari. 1. c. 367. Olyceria distans Wahl. Stems 1-2 feet high, erect or sometimes decumbent at base, tufted: sh^ths often shorter than the intemodes, glabrous: ligules M-1 lii^e long: leaves 1-6 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, flat or folded, usually stiff and erect, smooth beneath: pamcle 2-7 inches long, open, rarely contracteil, iti> branches spreading or ascending, whorled, the lower 1-4 inohes ': , sometimes reflexed: spikelets crowded, 3-6 flowered, l)i^-2>^ lines i empty glumes obtuse or acute, 1-nerved; the second exceeding %<) fi. i. ilowenng glumes }4-l line long, obtuse, obscurely nerved. Alor g the coast of Washington, and on the Atlantic coast from Nova Scotia to S^ew Jersey: also in Europe. P* Lemmoni Scribn. Am. Grasses ii, 276. Olyceria Lemtnoni Va$ey. Densely cespitose, with'numerpus invvlute-setaceous radical leaves, pale green and glaucous: stems slender, 4-16 inches high, smooth^ simple: she-tths shorter than thie intemodes, smooth: ligules nearlvlhne long, acute: leaves setaceous, 2-4 inches long, smootti: panicle long-exserted, often purplish, 1-4 inches long, open, its une!qual scabrous branches spreading or ascending, the Kwex* 1-2 inches long: spikelets narrow, 7-flowered, 2-8 lines long; first glume less than a line long; the second about twice as long: flowering gwmes about a line long, abruptly pointed. In alkaline meadows: eastem Oregon to Oalifomia and Brit. Oolumbia. 44 PLEUROPOGON B. Br. App. Parry Voy. 286. Perennial grast^es with flat leaves and rather few spikelets in PLIOROPOOON POA GUAMINE^ 766 ocmmxtA !-3 lin«s long: 9 long, obtQHe 1, the furrows ia and Neb. d contracted )wer glumes iS obtuse, or y obscure or , Stamens 3. ised, usually \ inches hi^h, aUj exceeding ig,' 1 line -wide ■anehes asceud- ,3-7 lines long: oond S-nerved: [n salt marshea Poa anmutata osnally longer les long, 1 line ahes short and empty glumes oond 3-nerved: led at the a^x. ador to Maine: (terns 1-2 feet is often shorter res 1-6 inches nooth beneath: ohes spreading imes reflexed: [lames obtnse ig glumes >ii-l Aslungton, and in Europe. emmoni Vasey. lal leaves, pale loothj simple: , lline long, long-exserted, ons branches lelets narrow, ; the second ptly pointed. Oolumbia. fo: 286. spikelets in simple racemes. Spikelets 5-20-flowered, all perfect or the up- per staminate. Two lower glumes empty, unequal, thin-mem- branous, 1-nerved, or the second imperfectly 3-nerved : flowering glumes longer, membranous, 7-nerved, the middle nerve excur- rent as a short point or awn. Palets nearly equalling the glumes, 2-keeled, the keels winged or appendaged. Stamens 3. Styles short, with plumose stigmas. Grain free, enclosed in the glume and palet. Fo Californtcnm Benth. Vasey Grasses Pac. Slope, ii, 68. Stems erect, or somewhat decambent at base, rather weak, 2-4 feet high : sheaths smooth, equalling or exceeding the internodes, the lower ones short and membranous: ligules 2-^ lines long: leaves flat or folded, 3-21 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, obtuse, smooth, or barely rough above : panicle a simple lecund raceme, 6-12 inches long : spikelets linear-oblong, 10-20-flowered> about 1 line long: empty glumes oblong, obliquely obtuse, smooth, 1-nerved below, the first 1-1 >ii lines long, the second 1 line longer: flowering glumes rance-oblong, erose or dentate at the membranous obtuse apex, scabrous, strongly 7-nerved, 3-4 lines long : awn arising below the apex, 1-6 lines long : palets oblong, obtuse, nearljr equalling the glumes. In low meadow sands, southern Oregon to California. F. refractam Benth. Vasey 1. c. 69. Tufted from a strong creeping lootstock : stems rather weak, 2-4 feet high, erect, smooth , simple : sheaths nearly smooth, equalling or slightly exceeding the long internodes : ligules 1-2 lines long, truncate : leaves flat or folded, scabrous above, 2-10 inches long. 2-4 lines wide : panicle a simple secund raceme of 6-10 spikelets pendent on recurved pedicels, 6-12 lines long : spikelets linear-oblong, ' 8-12-flowered, about 1 inch long : empty glumes lance-oblong, obtuse or emarginate. often denticulate, thin, smooth, 1-nerved, 2-3 lines long, the second slightly longer: flowering glumes lance-oblong, erose or dentate at the truncate membranous summit, nearly smooth, prominently 7-9-nerved, Sy^-A lines long : awn arising at the apex, 2-4 lines long.: palet linear, emarginate, shorter than the glumes. Along mountain streams, Oregon and Washington. 45 POA L. Sp. 67. Annual or perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaves and numerous spikelets in open or contracted panicles. Spikelets 2-6-flowered, compressed, the rachella usually glabrous. Flowers all perfect or rarely dioecious or polygamous. Glumes membran- ous, keeled, the two lower empty, 1-3-nerved : the flowering glumes longer than the empty ones, generally with a tuft of cob- webby hairs at base, 5-nerved, the marginal nerves usually pu- bescent. Palets a little shorter than the glumes, 2-nerved or 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct, with plumose stig- mas. Grain free, or sometimes adherent to the palet. § 2 Melicoioes Glume<) obtuse or barely acute, the empty ones 1-5-nerved, the floweriag ones without cobwebby hairs at base, not prominently keeled. P. argentea Howell Vasey Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xv, 11. Stems slender, loosely tufted, 6-8 inches high, erect or somewhat decumbent at base: sheaths loose and membranous, longer than the internodes: ligules acute, XH~^ lines long; leaves of the sterile shoots numerous, curved. ^ ,'"^, «•( 7S6 GRAMINE^ roA ,' >: i . ■■' I oondapllcate, ^-3 inches Ions, less than 1 line wide : panicle \-\% inches loiig, oblong, looiely-flowerea, with a pale ailvery hue : spikeleta oblontr- linear, 3-4 Imes long, 3-5-flowered: empty glumes subequal, 2-2)^ lines lont;, 3-, 4- or 6-nerved, obovate, with shining scarious margins : flowering glumes nearly 3 lines long, oval or ovate, denticulate, &-7-nerved: palets lanceo- late, abont as long as the glumes. On the top of Ashland Butte in tlie Siakiyou Mountains, Oregon. P. maerantha Vasey Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xv, 11. Stems stout' smooth, 15-20 inches high, from stout perennial creeping rootstocks* dioe- cious: sheaths loose, eqaalling or exceeding the internodes: ligules)^-! line long: leaves folded orinvolute, the lower ones with sterile branches in their axils, 6-10 inches long, blunt or abruptly acute at the apex : panicle 2-5 inches long, sometimes interrupted below.its branches in twos or threes, erect,! the longest \yir2% inches long : staminate spikelets 5-8 lines long, comptressed, 4-7<^flowered, yellowish : empty glumes oblong-lanceolate, the first, 4-6 lines long, 3-5.*nerved, ciliate on the midnerve ; second 4-A lines long. 3-7-nerved : flowering Rlumes 4-5 lines long, oval or lanceolate, with soft Ijaira at base and minutely pubescent on the nerves, the apex notched, awnless, 3-10-nerved : palet but very little shorter than its glume, linear, ciliate on the keels ; pistillate spikelets rather smaller and more compact. On siind-dunes along the coast of Oregon and Washington. § 2 EupoA Glumes usually acute, more or less prominently cariuate, with or without cobwebby hairs at the base of the flow- ering glumes. '¥• AmnrA L. Sp. 66. A soft depressed or sometimes erect annual : stems weak, 2-12 inches long : sheaths shorter than the internodes : ligules 1-2 lines long: basal leaves \-% as long as the stem; those of the stems 3, flat iMr condnpHcate, abruptly acute, the upper %-2 inches long: panicle ovoid or pyramidal, subsecund, 1-8 inches long, its branches mostly in pairs, the longest 1-2 inches lon^, sometimes drooping : spikelets 2-3 lines long, 3-7-flowered, oval or ovate-lanceolate : empty gjumes compressed ; the first 1-S-nerved, the second 3-nerved, broadest at or above tho middle, usually 1-2 lines long: fiowerln^ glumes ovate-oval, smooth, erose at the apex, 1-2 lines long, with coft hairs on the keel for t .If its length and on the lower part of the lateral nerves : palet about 2% lines long, ciliate or pubescent on the keels. Common everywhere : naturalized from Europe. P. sabarlstata Scribn. Macoun Cat. Can. PI. 4, 227, name only. A slender densely tufted perennial 10-20 inches high : leaves of sterile snoots conduplicate, scabrous, 2^-6 inches long: sheaths of the stem 2, smooth, the tipper one nearly half as long as the stem : ligules % line long : upper leaf pungent, %-2 inches loug : panicle linear to oval, dense, somewhat in- terrupted, lK-8 inches long : spikelets linear-lanceolate. 4-7-flowered, 3-5 lines Idng ; empty ffluiDes subequal, linear-lanceolate, 8 lines long, 1-nerved ; fiowering glumes linear-lanceolate, 3 lines long, scabrous on the nerves, not webbed : palet 2% lines long, ciliolate on the keels. Idaho to Wyoming. P. Casiekll Vasey Cont. U. S. Nat. Herb, i, 271. A glabrous, tufted perennial 16-20 incites high: leaves of the stem 2: lower sheaths longer than the internodes: ligules 1-lK lices long: leaves fiat or involute, acute, 2-t% inches long, less than 1 line wide : panicle more or less exserted, narrow, 3-5 inches long, the branches mostly in pairs, the longest \%-2 inches long, bearing i-% spikelets on the outer half : spikelets 3-3)^ lines long. 2-8-flowered : rachella hispidulous : empty glumes with broad char- flaceo-hyaline margins, fir^t ovate-lanceolate, nearly 2 lines long, 1-nerved, rarely 3-nerved, second' oval erosely acute, about 2 lines long, 3-nerved : towering glumes keeled 2-2-% lines long, scabrous, oval, subacui^: palets 6 lines long, 2 toothed, ciliate on the keels. In the mountains of eastern POA GBAMINEiE 757 Oregon. P« reflex* Vasey & Scribn. Cat. GraBBes IT. 8. 83. A slender peren • nial 2-6 feet high : figalee 1 line or leas long : leaves 2-4 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, nearly smooth, flat, abruptly pointed : panicle open, pyramidal, 2-4 inches Ions, its branches often reflexed, the longest 2-4 inches long, bearing 2-4 spTkelets near the ends : spikelets liniear, 4-5 lines long, 2-<4- flower^ : empty glumes unequal ; the nrst 1-nerved, 1-lK line long; the second lj^-2 lines long, 3-nerved, oval; flowering glumes slightly pubescent at base, 11^-2 lines long, oval, abruptly pointed: palets nearly as long as the glumes. Idaho to Montana, Colorado and New Mexico. F. nerroM Vasev Graeses Pac. Slope, ii, 81. A tall often dioacious loosely tufted perennial : stems rather stender, from slender atoloniferous rootstockfl, 1)^-3 feet high, erect, smooth : leaves of Aterile sheets numerous, flatorconduplicate, scabrous above, rather thin, 6-12 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, those of the stem usually 3 : sheaths closed, smooth, shorter than the long internodes: ligules obtuse, 1-2 line long: panicle loose, 3-6 inches long, its lower branches scabrous, 2-4 at each of the-6or Tuodes, 1-2 inches long, bearing 2-5 8pik<)lets near the extremities: spikelets compressed, 4-S lines long, 4-7 flowered : empty (flumes ovate, acute, carinate, hispid on the keels,l>^-l>fi lines long : flowermg glumes lanceolate, barely acute.scari* ous-margined, scabrous on the nerves or throughout, often villous below but not webbed, 5-nerved, 2- lines lone: palets lance-oblong, ciliate^n the keels, nearly equalling the glumes. In open places in wooded diitricts California to Alaska and Montana. F. Idahoensls Beal Grasses N. Am. ii, 639. A slender tufted erect perennial 20-30 inches high with 2 or 3 distant leaves: leaves of qterile shoots numerous, mostly filiform, 6-10 inches long, flaccid, erect; those of the stem with long 8heaths,and erect flliform blades 1-3 inches lone; ligules acute, about 1 line long : panicle loose, and flexuous, 3-4 inches long, its scabrous capillary branches in twos or threes or solitary, the longer 1^ inches long, with few spikelets near the extremities : spikelets compressed^ 3-6 lines lonft rather loosley 4-7-flowered : empty glumes nearly equal, linear-ovate, acute, with broad scarious margins ; flowering glume 2^-8 lines long, lance-oblong, subacute, bcarious at the apex, minutely scabrous throughout : palet nearly equalling the glume. On rocky slopes, eastern Oregon to Idaho. P. Sandbergil Vasey Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb, i, 276. Stems tufted, 10-16 inches hign, slender, the lower portion bearing aboutlT sheaths with very short blades : ligules about 1 line long : panicle 1)^-8 inches loug, sometimes very narrow, the branches ascending, neaily smooth, the lower in twos or threes, unequal, the longer 1-2 incnes longr spikelets 2-4-flowered, about 3 lines long, purplish : empty elumes lanceo- late, subacute: flowering glumes linear-oblong, obtuse, nearly 2 lines long, sparingly pubescent or puberulent, somewhat villous near the base but not webbed, scarious at the apex : palets equalling the glumes. On grassy slopes, Clearwater Valley, Idaho. P* Inenrva Scribn. A Williams U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Cir. 9. 6. Stems slender, closely cespitose, 6-10 incnes high, flexuous, smooth : sheaths smooth, shorter than the internode : ligules acute, often irregu- larly fimbriate : leaves rather rieid, flexuously recurved, convolute, smooth below, minutely hispidulous above and at the acute apex, 1-2K inches long, those of the radical shoots much the longest : panicle few-flowered, purplish, its branches mostly solitary: spikelets compressed, loosely 2-3- flowered, about 2*4 lines long : empty glumed unequal, the lower oblong- lanceolate, subacute, indistinctly 3-nerved. about 1 line long, the upper broadly ovate, distinctly S-nerveii, usually 1% lines Inne, flowering glumes rounded on the back densely pubescent below rather broadly scarious- 'I I, ti. ^- h i' \\ 768 OKAMINE^. POA margined above, about 2 lines Ions : palet nearly or quite equallinK the glume. Olympic Mountains Washington at about 6000 feet elevation. P. oeeldentalls Vasey A Scribn. Cont. IT. S. Nat. Herb, i, 274. A loosely tufted, perennial : stems slender, 2-3 feet high, rather weak, more or less scabrous : sheath shorter than the internodes : ligules ovate, l>^-2 lines long, leaves of the stems 3-6, flat, 2-7 inches long, 1-3 lines wide : Eanide 4-10 inches long, its filiform branches in pairs or threes, or solitary Blow, the longest 2-6 Inches long, bearing 2-6 spikelets near the extremi- ties: spikelets ovate or ovate^lanceolate, 3-4 lines long, usually 4-flowere(l : first empty glume hnceolate, 1-nerved, 1^ lines long, acuminate; second ovate-lanceolate, 2j^ lines long; flowering glumes oblong-lanceolate, 2^-3 lines Ions, acute, very thinly pubescent on the marginal nerves and the lower half of the keel : palets nearly as long as the glume. In moist woods, northern Oregon to Alaska. P. KelloKgll Vasey Grasses Pac. Slope, ii, 79. Stems tufted, from stoloniferous rootstocks, slender, 2-3 feet high : leaves from the base num- erous with short scarious sheaths, and flat or loosely involute blaides 6-12 inches long: leaves of the stem usually 3: sheaths nearly smooth, nearly equalling or exceeding the internodes, the upper one extending nearly to the panicle : ligules 1 line long, or less : panicle pyramidal, open, its scab- rous branches divergent or horizontal, 1-8 inches long : spikelets oblong, compressed, 3 lines long, loosely 2-3-flowered : empty glumes ovate, acute, hispid on the keel, the first 1-nerved, 1^ lines long; the second ^ line longer and 3-nerved, ; flowering glumes lance-ovate, acute, smooth except the long thin web at the base, 5-nerved nearly to the apex, the midnerve barely excurrent, about 2 lines long : palet linear-oblong, 2-toothed, nearly smooth on the ^reen keels, ^ line shorter than the guimes. Eas- tern Oregon to California. P. Bolandeii Vasey Bot. Gaz. vii, 32. A loosely tufted perennial: stems erect, or slightly geniculate below, somewhat thickened at the base, smooth: basal leaves thin and lax, smooth, 3-6 inches long, of the sterna 3-4: sheaths smooth, closed at the throat, shorter than me internodes: ligules obtuse, 1)^-2 lines long : st^em leaves 2-4 inches long, about 2 lines wide, flat, rather abruptly pointed, thin and smooth ; panicle erect, slen- der, 4-6 inches long, its branches smooth, 2-4 at each of the 4 or 6 distant nodes, erect or at length spreading : spikelets 1-3-flowered, 1^-2 lines long : empty glumes ovate, nearly acute, smooth, the first 1-nerved, 1 line long, the second obscurely 3-nervod and longer : flowering glumes ovate- oblons,. obtuse or barely acute, scariour -margined, nearly smooth except the slight web at the base, 6-nerved, I>^ lines long: palet oblong, obtuse, green, nearly smooth, slightly shorter than the glume. In moist places in the Coast Mountains, Oregon to California. P. HowelUi Vasey & Scribn. Cat. Grasses U. S. 82. A densely tuf- ted pale green perennial with fibious roots : stems erect, nearly smooth, 1-2 feet high : sheaths nearly smooth, half open above, shorter than the internodes : ligules 2-3 lines long, obtuse and lacerate at the apex : basal leaves numerous, flat, thin, 3-6 inches long, 1-2 lines wide ; oi the stem 2 or 3, flat, or involute near the attenuate points, 2-4 inches long : panicle rather loose and open, 5-8 inches long, its oranches 2-6 at each of tne 5 or 6 nodes, er^t' Until near maturity, the longer 2-3 inches long : spikelets 2-3 lines long, loosely 2-6-flowered: empty glumes ovate, acute, thin, green, sparingly hispid on the keels, I-IM lines long : flowering glumes ovate, acute^ green except the narrow membranous, margins, pubescent thrpugh- out, &-nerved, 1% lines long: web at base thin, about as long isis the glume: palet oblong, emarginate, nearly smooth, on the green keels, slightly shor- ter than the glume. In dry open places in forests, western Oregon to Cal. P. pnrpvrMeeng Vasey Bot. Gaz. vi, 297. Stems wiry, erect, 1-2 roA POA graminej: 7fiU eqaallinK the elevation. jrb. I, 274. A ler weak, more es ovate, l>t^-2 -3 lines wide: eea, or solitary ir the extremi- lly 4-flowere(l : ninate ; second nceolate, 2^-3 lerves and the a n^oist woods, 8 tufted, from the base nam- ite blades 6-12 imooth, nearly iding nearly to , open, its scab- ikelets oblong, IS ovate, acute, second ^ line smooth except the midnerve me, 2-toothed, glumes. Eaa- E ted perennial: ed at the base, , of the sterna e internodea: ;, about 2 linea :le erect, sler- B 4 or 6 distant red, 1^-2 linea nerved, I line glumes ovate- imootb except )Iong, obtuse, noist places in A densely tuf- learly smooth, orter than the he apex: basal e ; of the stem I long : panicle ach of the 6 or ong: spikeleta te, thin, green, ; glumes ovate, iscentthrpugh- ;aB the glume: , slightly shor- )regon to Gal. iry, erect, 1-2 feet high, smooth or slightly scabrous, from stout creeping perennial root- stocks: sheaths smooth, the lower ones short but exceeaing the internodes: ligules obtuse, 1 line long or less, or often nearly obsolete i panicle oblong, 1-^ inches long: leaves flat or involute, 2-6 inches long, 1-2 lines wide: rinicle 1-3 inches long, its branches hispid, 2-4 at each of the 5-7 nodes, inch long or less, nearly erect or somewhat spreading: spikelets rather turgid 3-6-flowered : empty glumea ovate, acute or acutish, smooth, lH-2 lines long: flowering glumes lance-ovate, minutely ocabrous, hispid-ciliate on the keel, purple with acarious tips, 6-nerved, 2V^-3 linea long: palet oblong, obtuse or retuse, 2 lines Ions, ciliate on the keels. On the highest peaks of the Cascade Mountains, Washington to California. P* pratensU L. Sp. 67. Stems slender, erect, simple, 1-4 feet high, from long running rootstobks : sheaths often longer than the intemodes : ligules truncate, ^ line long, or less : leaves 2-10 inches long, flat or invo- lute 1^-S lines wide : panicle 2-8 inches long, usually pyramidal, its bran< ches spreading or ascending, 1-3 inches long : spikelets 3-6-flowjred. 2-2){ lines long : empty glumes unequal, glabrous, rough on the keel, the lower l*nerved, the upper 3-nerved : flowering glume IH line lon^, acute, 5-ner- ved, webbed at the base, the marginal nerves and midnerve silky-pubescent below. Common everywhere. P. COM PBK88A L. Sp. 69. Pale bluiah-green and glabrous : stems 6-24 inches long, decumbent at base, from long horizontal rootstocks, smooth, much flattened : sheaths loose, moatly shorter than the intemodes : ligules }i line long: leaves 1-4 inches long, about 1 line wide, smooth, beneath, rough above : panicle usually contracted, its branches erect or ascending, 1 inch long or less: spikeleta 3-9- flowered, 1^-3 linea long : empty glumes acute, 3-nerved; flowering glumes 1-1^ lines long, obscurely 8-nerved, the nerves slightly pubescent toward the base. In fields and waste places: naturalised from Europe. P. I^heeleri Vasey Rothr. Rep. Bot. U. S. Surv. vi, 291. Stems 10-30 inches high, from perennial running rootstocke : ligules about 1 line long: leaves of sterile shootn 7-10 inches long, 1-2 linea wide, rigid, condu- 1>licate or involute, with a firm oblique point: panicle open, 4-6 inches ong, ovoid, its slender branches mostly in pairs, the longer about 2 inches long, spikeleta lance-elliptical, 2-4 lines long', .?-flowerea : empty glumes Bubequal, ovate-lanceolate 3-nerved; tUe second one 2 linea long; flowering illumes not webbed, 2 lines long, ciliate on thn lateral nerves and on the ower part of the keel, oval, subacute, with scarlous margins : palets trnci- cate very nearly as long as the glumes, cilialeon the keel. Eae >n.^ inches long : spikeleta lanceolate, acute, 6-7 lines long loosely 4-7-flowered: empty glumea unequal, hispid on the back, the lower long- acuminate, 3-nervedt the upper lanceolate, acute, more or less distinctly 5-nerved, 2 lines long; flowering glumes narl-owly oblong-lanceolate, acute, 5-nerved, hispid on the back : palieits oblong-linear, acute, a little shorter than the glumes, ciliate on the keeli. Near. Grave Creek, southern Oregon. P* ftpllis Scribn. 1. c. A closely cespitose perennial with numerous basal leaves from intravaginal shoots: stems slender, smooth, sheaths most- ly shorter than the intemodes: ligules of the stems leaves acute, 1% line long: leaves smooth, flat or convolute, 2-10 inches long, panicle contracted, its smooth branches erect or ascending, 1-2 inches long : spikelets ovate- 700 QRAMlNEifi - \ Unoeolftte 3-4 flowered, about 4 lines long: empty glumes gmootb, unequal, the lower lanceolate or broader, acute or acuminate, 1-nerved, 1 line long; the upper broadly ovate, acute, 3-nerved, about 1^ ItneBlonii: flowering glumes 5-nerved. rough-hispid on the back, oblong-elliptical, obtuse, about Zlineslon^: paiets a little shorter than (be glumes, ciliate on the keels, the apex bidentate. In open places in timberland, eastern Washington to Colorado. P. eonflnts Vasey Grasses Pac. Slope, 11, 66. A cespitose imperfectly dicBcious perennial, with long running rootstouks: stems erect, slender, 4-12 inches high.smooth : sheaths shorter than the internodes, open above : ligulesa line long to obsolete : leaves of sterile, shoots numerous with smooth scarious-mari{ined sheaths and involute blades 2-6 inches long, about )^ line wide : panicle oblong, 1-2 inches long its scabrous; branches in threes, twos or solitary, 1 inchlon'g or less: spikelets slightly compressed, 2-8 lines long, 3-6-flowered: empty glumes broadly ovate, acute, 1-nerved, nearly smooth, 1-1)^ lines long, the second slightly longer but neither equalling the first floret : flowering glumes broadly ovate, acute, not webbed, (^nerved, about 1}4 linM long: paiets ovate-oblong pubescent on the keels: stamin- ate flowers with abortive ' ovaries, and piii-2 lines long: empty glumes rough above on the keels, the lower usually 1-nerved; the upper three-nerved : flowering glumes obtuse, somewhat webbed at base, 1-1>^ lines long, silky- pubescent on the lower half of the marginal nerves and the midnerve. In moist meadows, Oregon to Brit. Columbia and Illinois : also Europe and Asia. P. nemoralls L. Sp. 69. Stems slender, 6-24 inches high, e^eet, sim- {)le smooth : sheaths usually shorter than the internodes : ligules )^-l line onf||, truncate : leaves 1-4 inches long, 1 line wide or leas, smooth or rough : {Panicle 2-5 inches long, open, its branches erect or ascending 1-2 inches png: spikelets 2-5-flowered \yi-2\4 inches long: empty glumes acute; or acuminate, 1-3-nerved : flowering xlumes obtuse or acute, i-l>^ lines long, faintly 6-nerved, somewhat webbed at the base, the middle and marginal nerves silky on the lower half. Eastern Washington to the Eastern Stotes. P. OLAUCA Vahl Fl. Dan. t. 9^4. - Stems erect, 6-24 inches high, rigid, f;labrous and somewhat glaucous : Aeaths longer than the internodes : igules 1 line long : leaves 1-2 inches long, 1 line wide or less, smooth be- neath, scabrous above : panicle 1-4 inches long, open, with erect, or ascend- ing branches 6-18 lines long : spikelets 2-4-flowered, 2>^-3 lines long : empty Slumes acute, 3-nerved, glabrous, rough on the upper part of the keel : owering glumes Ti%-\% lines lon^, obtuse or acutisb, rough, not webbed at Uie base, the lower part of the midnerve and marginal nerves silky-pub- escent. Oregon to the Rocky mountains and Maine : also in Europe. P. laxa Hsenke Sudet. 118. Stems 6-12 inches high, erect : sheaths often longer than the internodes: ligules about 1 line long: leaves 1-3 inches long, %-l line wide, acuminate : panicle 1-4 inches long, its bran- ches usually erect, sometimes ascending, 1 inch long ot less : spikelets 3-5- flowered, 2-2^ lines long : emptv glumes usually 3-nerved acute, glabrous, rough on the keel at the apex: flowerinf; glumes 1^-1^ lines long, obtnse, 3-nerved, or sometimes with an additional pair of obscure nerves, the midnerve pilose on the lower half, rough above; the lateral ones pilose below. Washington to Alaska and across the continent : also in Europe. POA ORAMIN:.« 7dl P. frMllllma Vatey Cootrib. U. S. Nat. Herb, i, 272. A denrnty tufteU perennial : stems slender, 16-25 inches high, erect, smooth : sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth : ligules about 2 lines long, lanceolate, acute : leayes of sterile shoots thin, smooth, acute, flat or conduplioate, flliform, 2-6 inches long, i^-^ line wide, those of the stem 2, the upper with very long sheath and short blade : panicle open, pyramidal or ovoid, 2-4 inches long, its scabrous branches in twos to fives, the longest 2-2>^ inches long, bearing 2-4 spikelets on the outer third : spiielets oval or ovate- lanceolate, 8-6-flowered. 4-6 lines long: empty glumes lanceolate, acute, 8-nerved, the first 2-2^ lines long; the second a little longer: flowering glumes elliptical, 2-8 lines long, subacute or obtuse usually purplish with a wide scarous tip, scabrous, pubescent on the nerves below : palets linear, as long as the glumes. On cliffs along streams, Oregon and Washington. P. Sftxatllls Scribn. & Williams U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Cir. 9. A closely cespitose perennial : Stems erect, very smooth, 10-18 inches high : sheaths smooth, or the lower ones snarsely pubescent, shorter than tho internodes: ligules 1-2 lines long: leaves flat, soft, smooth, 1-2 inches long: panicle lax, 2-4 inches long, its flliform branches ascending, the lower ones about 2 inches long : spikelets compressed, lanceolate, 4-6 lines long, S-6-flowered: empty glumes somewhat unequal obtuse or subacute, 3-nerv- ed, smooth, about 2 lines long: flowering glumes obscurely 6-nerved, minutely scabrous on the back with broad scarious erose-dentate margins, 2-8 lines long: palet nearly equalling the glumes, ciliate on the keels, bidentate at the apex. Dry rocky places on Mount Rainier, Washington. P. lavAfiBftta Scribn. A Williams 1. c. 6. A smooth cespitose per- ennial with numerous intra vaginal 8bout« and marcescent sheaths : sheaths soiooth: ligules acute, 2-2j^ lines long: leaves mostlv flat, rather narrow, smooUi or the margins minutely hispidulous near the base : panicle sub- pyramidal to oblong, its filiform scabrous branches mostly in threes or fives: spikelets compressed, lanceolate, rather loosely 2-6-nowered, 2^-4 lines long: empty glumes 3-nerved, narrowly oblong to oblong-ovate, ob- tuse to subacute, the lower 1^-2 lines long, the upper a little longer : flow- ering glumes keeled, oblong-ovate, 5-nerved, minutely scabrous above, pubescent below on the nerves, 2-3 lines long: palets shorter than the flumes, ciliate on the keels. On bluffs along the Columbia river near [ood River Oregon to California. § 3 Atropis Rupr. Fl. Samoj. 64 : as Genus. Empty glumes much shorter than the florets: flowering glumes chartaceous, rarely herbaceous, convex on the back; the midnerve often reach- ing the denticulate apex, or extending as a mucro ; the lateral nerves all vanishing at some distance below the broad scarious apex. P. Saksdorfll Vasey Beal Grasses N. Am. ii, 574, under Atropis. A densely tufted light green perennial: stems 6-7 inches high: ligules truncate, about 1 line long: leaves of sterile shoots rigid, recurved, conduplioate, pungent pointed, 2-4 inches long, those of the stem erect imd sborter: panicle narrow, simple, spike-like, 1-4 inches long: spikelets linear-lanceolate, 1-3-flowered, 2-8 lines long: empty glumes linear-lanceolate; the first 3-nerved 2-2>^ lines long; the second a little longer: flowering glumes cbortaceous, ovate, 2-2^ lines ong: palets ciliate on the keels. On gravelly banks near glaciers, Washington. P. Yaseyoehloa Scribn. U. S Pept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Oir. 9, 1. P. ^Ichella Vasey. 8t<)ms densely tufted, 5-10 inches high : erect or ascend- ug from the base, smooth: leaves of the steiile shoots numerous, conduplicate, abruptly pointed, 1-2 inches long, less than 1 line wide: those of tho stem 1 or 2, 6-12 lines long: panicle ovoid or pyramidal, 1-2 inches long, its branches ' 762 ORAMINBiV: POA \'''\ mostly in pain, ■mootb, each bearing a alnglo apilKelct: purpliili, oval or line:ir 4-S-flowei-e(l, 3-R lines Ions: empty giumea obtuse or acute, often erose-dontlon- late, broadlv scai-iouB-marjipned; tbe first ovate- lanceolate, 1-nerfed; the secoiil oval-lanceolate, 3-nerved, 2 lines long: tluwering glumes ovate-lanceolate, 3-'i- nerved, ni't pubescent uor webbed at base: palets curved, linear, 2i4 lines Ion;: ;; -toothed, scabrous on the keels. On the plains of eastern Oregon and W^asli. P. FendlerUna Vaaey Grassei Pac. Slope ii, 74. A densely tuttt'd oompletely dUBcions |)erennial: stems erect, scabrous to nearly smooth, \-'i feet nigh: sheaths rather loose, scabrouH above, shorter than the internodeH.- UgulflH 1-2 lines long: leaves of sterile shoots very numerous, oonduplicat<>, 8-12 lines long, about 1 line wide: panicle 2-4 inches long, oblong, its min- utely scabrous branches in twos or threes, erect or somewhat spreading, 1-2 inches long: spikelets compressed 8-4 linos long, 8-S-flowered: empty ?:lumeB broadly ovate, acute, carinate, minutely scabrous, 1-nerved, 1-2 ines long the flrst slightly smaller: flowering glumes ovate-oblong, erose or emarginate at the obtuse apex, carinate, hispid on the keel above and more or less pubescent on the marginal nerves and roidnerve below, 2-8 lines lon^: palets oblong, emarginate, pubescent on the keels. On dry hills, eastern Washington to California and the Bocky Mountains. P. Ivelda Vasey Gont. U. 8. Nat. I!erb. i, 274. A siender tufted perennial: stems 18-24 Liches high, smooth: sheaths equalling or shorter than the internodes, smooth: ligules 2 lines long: radical leaves S-7 inohen long 1-2 lines wide; those of tbe stem about 3, 2-3 inches long: panicle 4-0 inches long, narrow, its branches mostly in twos or threes, the lower ones 1-2 inches long, erect or appressed: spikelets 3-4 lines long 3-4-flowered, shining, pale green: empty glumes oblong, abruptly acute, unequal, lK-2 lines long, smooth, scarious at the upex and moi'gins: flowering glumes 2 lines long, linear-oblong, obtuse, sparsely and minutely scabrous, slightly pli- nescent near the base of the keel and lateral nerves, scarious at the apex, S-nerv- ed: palet nearly equalling its glume. On high hills, eastern Wash, to Oolo. P. Leckenbyt Scribn. 1. c. 2. A pale green tufted perennial: stems 2-2>^ feet high, smooth, often rooting^ at tbe lower nodes: sheaths smooth, all but ihe uppermost exceeding the internodes, the lower ones membran- ous, inflated: ligules about 8 lines long, acute, often fimbriately divided: radical leaves long and slender, glaucous, green, smooth beneath, rough above and on the margins, acute, flat: panicle 6-7 inches long; its branch- es erect, the longer ones 2-8 inches long: spikelets oblong-lanceolate, 6-7 lines long, 5-6-flowered, compressed: empty glumes subtsquAl 8-nerved, rough-hispid on the nerves ramer narrowly lanceolate, acute or acuminate 4 lines long: flowering glumes ovate-oblong, S-nerved, 3-5 lines long, Boarious-margimed, often erose dentate above, hispidulous on the upper and pubescent on the lower half: palets shoi ter than the glumes, oonspiau- ous, ciliate on the keels and minutely pubescent below, narrowed above to an erose cilate apex. Dry and very sandy soil eastern Washington. P. NeradenslR Vasey Rcribn. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club x, 66. A loosely tufted perennial : stems rather stout, 20-40 inches high, scabrous below the panicle: ligules shorter than the internodes; ligules about 2 lines long, scabrous : leaves of sterile shoots very narrow, flat or oonduplioate, 6-12 inches long, scabrous, those of the stems usually 3, with sheaths 4-8 inch- es long and blades 1-4 inches long : panicle narrow rather densely flower- ed, 4-6 inches long, its branches 2 or more at each joint, erect: spikelets 3-6 lines long, 3-8-flowered: empty glumes l^-d lines long, nearly equal obtuse or subacute, 3-nerved, JBcabrouf : flowering glumes 2 lines long, oblong, obtuse, scarious-margined above with a few very short hairs at base: palet ciliate on the keels. Moist soil, Oregon to Nevada Brit. Golnm- POA ORAMIN£iG 763 bia and North Dakota. P* laeTlratft Soribn. P. tmvi» Vatetf, not Barb. Stems tufted, pale, •lender, erect, smooth, 2-3 feet high, with 2 or 8 distant lea res; sheaths •mooth : Ugules acute : leaves of sterile shoots narrow, 5-b inches long, those of the stem shorter: panicle narrow, rather loose 4-8{nchei long, sometimes interrupted below, its branches erect or appressed the lower In twos or threes, unequal, the longest 1-2 inchest long: spikelets linear, 3-5 lines Ions, about 6-Howered : empty glumes nearly equal, linear-lanceolate, acute, thin, pale and scarious except on the minuetly scabrous midrib : flowering glumes 2-2^ lines long, linear-oblons;, subacute.S nerved, minute- ly scabrous, slightly pubescent on the keel and marginal nerves near the base, the apex scabrous and yellowish-tinged in age, somewhat erose : palets equalling tne glumes, scabrous on the keels. Eastern Washington to Brit. Columbia, Montana and Aritona. P. lonflllf nla Scribn. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Oir. 9, 3. A cespitose glaucous perennial : stems rather stiff, 16-20 inches high : basal ■heaths persistent and rather crowded : ligules conspicuous, 2-6 lines long : leaves of sterile shoots erect or spreading, usually 6-10 inches long, flat or conduplicate, with conspicuous decurrent ligules : cauline leaves shorter, the upper ones sometimes reduced to a mere mucro, all rather rigid and mucron- ate-pointed: panicle ovate in outline, 3-6 inches long, its lower branches 1-2 inches Ions : spikelets compressed, ovate-lanceolate, rather acute, 4-6-flow- ered, 3-6 lines long: empty glumes unequal, more or less rough-hispid on the back, the lower lanceolate, acute or acuminate, l-nerved. 3 lines long; the upper much broader, 3-nerved; flowering glumes ovate-oblong, obtuse, 5-nerved, more or less scabrous above, woolly-pubescent on the lower half of the keel and marginal nerves, with broad hyaline margins, 2j^-3 lines long: palets much shorter than the glumes, hyaline with green hispid- pubescent keels. Oregon to South Dakota and Arizona. P. Lettermanl Vasey Gontrib. Nat. Herb, i, 273. A dwarf densely tufted perennial : stems 2-4 inches high : sheaths loose, longer than the internodes : ligules rather conspicuous, acute : radical leaves flat, 1-2 inches long. %-l line wide ; those of the stem 1 or 2, about 1 inch long : panicle 6-12 lines long, oblong, rather dense, its branches fttostly in twos, short, erect, with 1-3 spikelets at the extremities: spikelets 1^-2 lines lone, 2-4- flowered, purplish; empty glumes nearly as long as the spikelets, oblong- lanceolate, acute, nearly equal, smooth; flowering glumes 1-1% lines long ovate-oblong, acute, or subobtuae, obscurely nerved, smooth, scarious at the apex : palet nearly equalling the glume» acutely 2 toothed at the apex . On mount Rainier Washington at 9000 feet altitude, and Gray's peak Col. P. Pringlel Scribn. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club x, 31. Stems tufted, 5-10 inches high> slender, wiry, with 1 or 2 leaves : ligules conspicuous, 2 lines long: leaves mostly basal, 1-2 inches long, convolute, rigid, those of the stem with very short or nearly obsolete blades : panicle 6-12 lines long, compact, oblong, the few branches mostly in pairs, erect, with 1-2 spikelets each : spikelets 3 lines long, mostly 2-flowered, oblong, turgid, purplish : empty glumes thin, membranous,' ovate-lanceolate nearly as long as the florets ; flowering glumes about 3 lines long, oblong-lanceolate, subulate, scarious at the apex, smooth, obscurely 6-nerved, ; palets a little shorter, acutely 2-toothed. On the high mountains, California to Washington. P. LeibergU Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bril. 8, 6, 1. 11 • A densely cespitose fibrous-rooted glabrous perennial : stt i s slender, 2-6 inches hish, the base clothed with loose scarious sheaths : hgules hyaline, about 1 Ime long: radical leaves numerous, 1-2 inches long, about % line wide, those ot the stem 6-12 lines long, conduplicate when dry, minutely fcabrous along the margins and at the apex, otherwise smooth : panicle simple, of 1-7 spikelets, its lower branches usually in pairs, each branch 744 GBAMlNEiG V ^ XBACIROHTIS bearing a aingle spikelet : spikeleta 2-3-flowered, 3-4 lines lon^^, rather broadly ovate : empty glumes somewhat aneqaal, the Qrst broadly lanceol- ate, 1-nerved, subacute, the second much broader than the first, 3-nerved, from subacute to broadly truncate at the erose-dentate apex : flowering Slumes glabrous, 2-3 lines long, distinctly 5-nerved, obtuse and erose- entateatthe scariousapex: paletsa little shorter than the glumes. On the summits of high ridges. Malheur county Oregon. P. Eaokleyana Nash Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. P. tenuifolia Buckley. A slender tufted perennial : stems erect, 12-20 inches high, usually glab- rous and tinged with brown or pink: sheaths smooth, the lower longer than the internodes : ligules 1-2 lines long, acute or acuminate, radical leaves numerous, flatorconduplicate. 2-6 inches long, less than I line wide, often abruptly acute at the apex, those of the stem 2, 1-2 inches long : panicle erect, narrow, 1-3 inches long, its filiform branches in twos or threes, 3-12 lines long, erect or somewhat spreading : spikelets rather firm 3-5 lines long, mostly 3-fiowered, pubescent, elliptical-lanceolate; empty glumes obtusely keeled, 3-nerved near the base, the first linear^anceoiate, about 1% lines Ions, second elliptical-lanceolate, about 2 lines long : flowering glumes 2-2>^ hues long, elliptical or linear-oblong, acute to obtuse entire or erose, pubescent on the lower third,puberulent above : palets linear, 2-tootb- ed, 2 linea long. Common ou dry piains, eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia. Tar. stenophyllft Yasey, Beal grasdes N. Am. ii, 680, under Atropls. Stems stouter : panicle open in flower : spikel«ri.fl 4-^-flowered : glumes slight- ly larger. On ary hillsides near Roseburg Oregon. P* Canbvi Olyceria Canbyi Seribn. An erect smooth stout perennial : stems simple 3>j|-4 feet high : sheaths shorter than the internodes : ligules broad, obtuse, 3-4 lin^s Ions: leaves of the stem 3-4, flat below, condupllcate above, 7 inches long, 3-5 lines wide: panicle linear or lanceolate, usually interrupted below, about 7 inches long, its branches in half-whorls, erect or ascending, densely flowered, the longer 2-4 inches long : spikelets 3-6- flowered: empty glumes oval, acute or obtuse, almost keeled, 3-nerved, the first 1)^-2 lines long, second 2-3 lines long: fiowerins glumes oval, scabrous 2-2)]^ lines long, 5-nerved, often irregiilary toothea at the acute apex : palets 2 lines long, narrow, 2'toothed at the apex. In the Cascade Moun- tains of Washington. 46 EBAGBOSTIS Beauv. Agrost. 70, t. 14, fig. 11. (1812 ) Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and contracted panicles. Spikelets two- to several-flowered, more or less flat- tened. Two lower glumes empty, unequal, shorter than the flow- ering ones, keeled, one-nerved, or the second one three-nerved: Flowering glumes membranous, keeled, three-nerved. Palets shorter than the glumes prominently two-nerved or two-keeled, usually persistent on the rachella. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles dis- ' tinct, short, with plumose stigmas. Grain free, loosely enclosed in the glume and palet. E. reptang Nees Asrost. Bras. 514. A glabrous annual: steq^s 1-18 inches long, creeping, often forming mats 2-20 inches in diameter and 1-6 inches high, branching, the branches erect or ascending : -t^ieaths shorter than or equalling the internodes, villous at the summit :, ligules a ring of short hairs : leaves 1-2 inches long, }i-l line wide, fiat,.' smooth beneath, rough above: spikelets dioecious, 10-36-flowered, 2-8 lines long: empty glumes unequal, the first H-^ as long as the second : floweringglumes about l^i lines long, broadly ovate, acute : palets shorter than the glumes, ciliate on the keels. In wet places Oregon to the Eastern States. UOROHTIB lonf{, rather ladly lanceol- Bt, 3-nerved, x: flowering le and eroae- glumes. On olia Buckley. usaall? glab- lower longer inate, radical a I line wide, inches long: W08 or threes, firm 3-5 lines mpty glumes ieolate, about ig: flowering tuse entire or [near,2-tootb- rit. Columbia. inder Atropis. glumes slight- }ut perennial : nodes: ligules , condupllcate olate, usually :-whorl8, erect spikelets 3-5- 3-nerved, the oval, scabrous ) acute apex : ascade Monn* (1812 ) d contracted or less flat- lan the flow- hree-nerved: ved. Palets r two-keeled, Styles dis- jely enclosed steq^s 1-18 imeter and 1-6 heaths shorter giales a ring of npoth beneath, s long: empty igglumes about glumes, ciliate BRIZA FESTUCA GRAMINK^ '66 E. Intescens Scribn. XT. S. Dept. igr. Div. Agrost. Cir. 9, 7. A low much branched add densely cespitose annual, 4-8 inches high : sbeaths loose, smooth or with a few short hairs at the throat : ligules very short, ciliate : leaves flat, 1-8 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, minutely scabrous above, very acute : panicle pale green or straw-color, 2-4 inches long, its branches ascending to appressed, pr>ikelets narrowly oblong, 3-12-flowered : empty glumes unequal, the first about % line long, the second ^ longer; flowerine glumes about 1 line long, obtu8e,3-nerved. On sandy banks along BtJake nver eastern Washington to Idaho. 47 BRIZA L. 8p. 70. Annual or perennial grasses with flat or coDvoltit» leaves, and open or rarely contracted panicles. Spikelets flattened, several- flowered, nodding: flowers perfect, glumes thin, membranous, strongly concave, the two lower empty, 3-5 nerved, flowering glumes imbracted, broader than the empty ones, 5-many-nerved, the uppermost glumes often empty. Palets much shorter than the glumes, hyaline, 2-keeled or 2-nerved. Stamenn 3. Styles distinct, with plumous stigmas. Grain usually free, enclosed in the glume and palet. B. MINOR L. Sp. 70. Stems slender, 4-15 inches high, from an annual root, simple: sheaths shorter than the internodes: ligules 1-3 lines long, acute : leaves 1-6, 1-4 lines wide, sometimes scabrous : panicles 2-5 inches long, o|(en, its capillary branches spreading or ascending, 1-3 inches long : spikel^s 3-8-flowered, 1-lK li°es long, about 2 lines broad, truncate at the base : glumes scarions-margined, the empty ones about 1 line long : flowering glumes much broader and deeply saccate, about % line long. Common in southwestern Oregon to California: naturalized from Europe. 48 FESTUCA L. 8p. 73. \nnual or perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets two- to several-flowered, the two lower glumes empty, more or less unequal, acute, keeled : flowering glumes membranaceous, narrow, rounded on the back, 5- nerved, usually acute, and generally awiied at the apex. Palets scarcely shorter than the glumes. Stamens J- 3. Styles very short, distinct, with plumose, stigmas. Grain glabrous, elongated, often adherent to the glume or palet. F. mierostaehya Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. u. s. i, 187. Stems slen- der, erect, 6-20 inches high, from an annual root: sheaths shorter, than the ibt:emodes, smooth or pubescent: ligules very short: leaves 2-4, erect, slender, 1-4 inches long : panicle erect, racemose or spicate, 2-6 inches long. Its branches chann6llea, single or some of the lowest in pairs, erect, spread- ing or deflezed, the longest 6-18 lines long : spikelets 1-5-flowered : empty glumes involute, the first 2-3 lines long, second 3-5 lines lone : flowering glumes convex, involute, acuminate, scabrous: 2)^-4 lines Tone: palets scabrous, bearing 2 short awns : stamens 1 :■ very variable. On dry open ridges, Arizona to Brit. Columbia. 'Yar* elllata Gray, Seal Grasses N. Am. ii, 587. Axis, branches of panicle and glumes all strongly ciliate. On dry ridges, southern Oregon to California. Tar. paaelHora Hcribn. Vasey, Cat. Grasses XJ. 8. 90. Stems slender, 1-2 feet high : panicle louse, with longer branches : spikeletu 1-2- flowered, the flowering glumes with awns 6-12 lines long. On dry open reft GRAMINBiE FK8TD0A A places near Portland Oregon. . F. MYDRU8 L. Sp. 74. A soft rather pale green annual : steiDB slender,, smooth, erect, or geniculate at base, 1-3)^ feet high, : sheaths smooth, long(>r than the intemodes : ligules verysliort: leaves 3-5, erect, slender 3-6 Inches long: panicle narrow, more or less secund, 2-15 inches long its scabrous triquetrous branches in twos and threes below, appressed, the longest racemose, 1-6 inches long : spikelets on stout pedicels, linear, 6-8-flowered 5-6 lines long; the first glume 1 line long or less; the second involute, lanceolate 2-3 lines long : flowering glumes scabrous, involute, acuminate, 2-3 lines long, exclusive of the awns which are 4-10 lines long : galets lanceolate, scabrous on the keels, bearing 2 short awns: stamens one. ommon in fields ; naturalized from Europe. F. octoflora Walt. Fl. Gar. 71. F. tenella Willd. An erect slender tufted annual or biennial : stems sparingly branched 1-2 feet high : sheaths shorter than the internodes, sometimes pubescent : ligules about j^ Hue long: leaves erect, slender, 1-4 inches long, panicle simple, erect,2-5 inches long, narrow, or spreading at the base; its branches in pairs or solitary, the longest 1-3 inches long : spikelets flat, oval 2-6 lines long, 7-13-flower- ed : empty glumes involute so as to appear subulate, the first 1>^ lines long, the second about 2 lines long : flowering glumes involute, acuminate, scabrous, lK-2 lines long, with an awn K-3 lines long: palet a little shor- ter than the glumes : stamens 2. On dry barren ground, Oregon to Cali- fornia and the New England States. F. conflnlB Vasey Bull. Torr. Bot. Club zi, 126. A tufted stout light green perennial : stems erect, 2-4 feet high : sheaths loose, shorter than the internodes : ligules truncate, )^-3 lines long : leaves of sterile shoots half as long as the stem, with long slender points, those of the stem 2-3, 6^ inches long, 2-3 lines wide, flat or involute, smooth or scabrous : pani- cle narrow, 4-6 inches long, its branches in twos or threes, erect, the longer 1-2 inches long : spikelets oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 3-9 lines long, 2-3 flowered: empty elumes chartaceous, the first ovate, 1)^-3 lines long, 1* nerved the second linear-lanceolate, 3-3)^ lines long, 3-nerved : flowering glumes 2>^-3 lines long, lanceolate, scabrous, rather flrm, acute or acumi- nate, nearly awnless: palets elliptical, scabrous, ciliate on the keelp. South- eastern Oregon to Utah and Wyoming. F. denticnlata Beal Grasses N. Am. ii, 689. F. ambigua Vasey, not Le Gall. A rather stout erect perennial : stems erect, 2}4-i feet high : sheaths scabrous, longer than the internodes : ligules very short: leaves of pterile shoots rather rigid, 7-10 inches long, those of the stem usually 4, flat or becoming involute, with long attenuate points : panicle 7-10 inches long, its branches flezuous, mostly in pairs, the longest 3-5 inches long : spikelets purplish, 3-4-flowered: empty glumes narrow, the first about 1 line long, the second 2 lines long, 3-nerved : flowering glumes 3-4 lines long, olMCurely 5-nerved, scabrous, acuminate, bearing an awn 4-8 lines long : palets 2-toothed. Oregon. F. Callforntca Vasey Cont. U. S. Nat. Herb, i, 277. Stems erect, rather stout, 2-5 feet high, from a perennial root: leaves of sterile shoots numerous, scabrous, involute, i^-H m long as the stem, about 2 lines wide, of the stem usually 2: sheaths scabrous, shorter than the internodes hairy at the throat: ligules a ciliate fringe: panicle open* pyramidal, 4-7 inches lone, the lower branches slender, mostly in distant pairs, the longest 2-5 inches long : spikelets 4-6-flowerod 6-8 lines long, empty glumes ovate- lanceolate; the nrst 3 lines long, the second 3)^ lines long: flowering glumes linear-lanceolate, 4-5 lines long, bearing a short awn, scabrous : palets scab- rous, linear, 2-toothed. Edge of woods and open places, western Oregon. F. Hoirellit Hack. F. viridula Vasey. A densely tufted perennial : sheaths shorter than the internodes: ligules less than 1 line long: leaves of FESTOCA GRAMINE^ 767 sterile shoots numerons, sS- lalf as long as the stem ; those of the stem 2-S, erect, involute, 2-3 incy 'ong : panicle erect, open 3-6 inches long, its branches mostly in pairs, th**) >.. vrer >^-2 inches long : spikelets brownish red, linear-lanceolate, 4-7 lines long, 4-8-flowered: empt^ glomes unequal, the first lanceolate, acute, 2 lines long, the Becond aline longer; acuminate, flowering glumes linear-lanceolate, 6*nerved, 2^-3 lines long, palets lahceo* late, scabrous below and on the keels. On the highest peaks oi the Cascade Mountains. F. BLATioB L. Sp. 75. A tufted perennial: 2-6 feet high, often with short creeping rootstock : sheaths smooth, shorter than the internodes: liguies short : leaves of the stem 2-4, flat, 6-10 inches long, 2-3 lines wide : panicle contracted after flowering, 4-10 inches long : its branches mostlv in pairs, the longest 3-6 inches long: spikelets linear-oblong, 6-11-flowered, 6-8 lines long: empty glumes lanceolate, the flrst 1\^ line long, the second a little longer; flowering- glumes oblong, acute, scabrous toward the tip. rarely awned, 6-nerved, 2>|^-3 lines long; palets linear, scabrous on the keel. Common in meadows and waste places : introduced from Europe. F. Jonesll Yasey 1. c. 278. A densely tufted, perennial : stems erect, 3-4 feet high : sheaths usuallv scabrous, shorter than the internodes : liguies less than a line long: radical leaves numerous, about half as long as the stem; those the stem 3-4, flat or involute, 6-16 inches long. 2-4 lines wide : panicle slender, open, 7-16 inches long, its capillary flezuous bran- ches single or in pairs the lowest remote, 3-6 inches long : spikelets narrow, 3-5-flowered, 6-6 lines long : flowering glumes scabrous, Imear-laoceolate, 2-3 lines long, 3-6-nerved : awns slender, 3-7 lines long : palets linear- lanceolate : stamens 3. Oregon to Brit. Columbia and Idaho. F. brevlfoUa B. Br. Parry flrst Voy. Suppl. 280. A densely tufted perennial : stems rigid, 2-5 inches high : sheaths shorter than or equalling the internodes: leaves of sterile shoots setaceous, 1-3 inches long, those of the stem short or almost obsolete : panicle dense, linear, simple, racemose, 2-3 lines long; spikelets elliptical, 3 lines long, 1-4-flowered : empty glumes scarcelv equal, the second broadly lanceolate : flowering glumes 1-2 lines long, elliptical-lanceolate, keeled above: awn 1 line or less long: palets oblong, acute, 2-toothed. On high mountains eastern Oregon to Alaska and the Bocky Mountains. F. ovlna L. 8p. 73. A densely tufted perennial : stems slender, erect, rigid, simple, 6-20 inches high : sheaths usually crowded at the base of the stems: liguies short: leaves filiform or setaceous, those of the stem few, 1-3 inches long, erect, the basal ones numerous : panicle 1-3 inches long, of- ten secund, narrow, its branches short, usually erect or appressed : spike- lets 3-6-flowered: eippty glumes unequal, acute, the first l-nerved, the second 3-nerved; flowering glumes IK'^ lines long, smooth, acute, usually short -awned. Ca plains and rocky slopes in various forms, Mexico to Alaska and across the continent : also Europe and Asia. Yar. flvrlvscula Hack. Monog. Feat. Eu. 89. F. duriuscula L. Stems taller and stouter, panicle usually more open : flowering gldmes about 3 lines long. Oregon to Alaska and the Bocky Mountains: also in Europe. Yar. polyphylla Yasey, Beal 1. c. 597. Stems 2^-3 feet highi grooved below tne panicle: leaves of sterile shoots numerous; sheaths split for most of their length: panicle open, 4-8 inches long; spikelets linear- lanceolate, 6-flowered: the second glume ovate-lanceolate 3-nerved. flowering glumes slender 3-3)^ lines long. Oregon. Yar. tnyrata Hack, in herb. Beal I c. 698. Stems 20-30 inches high; leaves of sterile shoots scabrous, 8-10 inches long; those of the stem 8-S inches long; panicle 4-6 inches long: its branches in pairs oi Jiingle the longest about 2 inches long; spikelets 6-8-f lowered: the second glume 768 GRAMINEiB rSBTCCA linear, acute, S-nerved, about 3 lines long: flowering glumes elliptical lanceolate, aliont 3 lines long, the awn )^-2 lines long. Southern Oregon. Tar. Colvmblana Beal 1. c. 590. Stems 20-30 inches high, with 2 nodes: sheaths smooth: leaves of sterile shoots 7-12 inches long, firm, flaucous: scabrous, nearly cylindrical: panicle thin, 2-7 inches long, ita ffimohes scabrous, the longer 2-3% inches long: spikelets 4-7 lines long, 3-7-flowered, the first empty glume narrow about 2 lines long, the second linear, acute, 2^-3 lines long: flowering glumes 3-3>|^ lines long. About Pullman Washington. Tar* Oregana Hack. Beal 1. c. 699. Stems slender, 2-3 feet high : leaves of sterile shoots 4-6 inches -long, panicle thin, 2-4 inches long, its branches solitary, the longest 1-2 inches long: spikelets 3-6-flowered; second glume linear, subulate, 3 lines long: flowering glumes linear, 3 lines long, palets a little longer than the glAmes. Eastern Oregon. F. amethjTBtlna L. Sp. 74. A tufted perennial : stems rather slen- der, 2-3 feet mgh, with 2-3 nodes: sheaths shorter than the intemodes: ligules a mere ciliolate ring: leaves of sterile shoots flaccid, conduplicate, 6-16 inches long: those of the stem 2-8, the upper 3-5 inches long: panicle simple: secund, narrow or spreading, 4-8 inches long, the lower branches usually in pairs, scabrous, the longer 4-5 inches lon£[: spikelets linear- lanceolate or oval 3-7-flowered, about 3% lines long: first empty glumes lanceolate, 1^ line long, the second linear-lanceolate, about 2 lines long: flowering glumes soarious, lanceolate-oblong,2-3 lines long: involute, awn- less or with an awn %--l line long: palets linear, 2-toothed, scabrous on the keels. Oregon to Calif omia, also in Europe. F. Rcabrella Torr. Hook. Fl. ii, 252, t. 233. An erect tufted peren- nial 2-4 feet high: sheaths smooth: ligules acute, 1-6 lines long: leaves of sterile shoots numerous, smooth or scabrous, involute, those of the stem usually 2, rigid, scabrous above, 8-5 inches long: panicle thin, 6-7 inches long, its branches mostly in pairs, 8-6 inches long: spikelets 3-7- flowered, 4-7 lines long: empty glumes chartaoeous, ovate-lanceolate, the first 1-nerved, 2-3 lines long, tiie Mcond 3-nerved 2-3)^ lines long: flower- ing glumes oblong, scabrous, 6-nerved, 3-4 lines long, sometimes with a stout awn about % line long. Eastern Washington to Alaska and Iowa. F. rubra L. Sp. 74. A densely tufted perennial: stems ascending, geniculate at base, 1%-^% feet high, from running rootstooks, sheaths usually shorter than the intemodes, ligules very short, truncate: basal leaves involute-flliform: 8-6 inches long, those of the stem erect, flat or involute: panicle 2-6 inches long, sometimes red, open in flower, contracted in fruit: spikelets 8-1 0-f lowered, 4-6 lines long: empty glumes acute, the first l-nerved, shorter than the 8-nerved second op@: floweitag glumes about 8 lb ss long: ob- scurely 6-nerved, sometimes scabrgus, bearing awns of less thiun the£ own length. Oregon to Alaska and Labrador. Tar. flallax Hack. Fest. Eu. 142. Densely cespitose, glaucous, strongly tinsed with purple. 20-30 inches high: panicle 3-4 inches long: spike- lets ellipticu-lancenlate, 2-7-flowered: flowering glumes 2-8 lines lohg, rather abruptly pointed with a very short awn. Oregon and Washington to the Bocky Mountains. Tar. triehophylla Hack. 1. c. 141. Stems slender, about 30 inches high, ascending from creeping rootstocks: lower sheaths shredded: panicle linear-oblong 8-6 inches long, flowering glumes linear-lanceolate, glabrous , bearing a short awn. Oregon and Euro[ e. Tar* pabeseens Vasey, Beal 1. c. 607. Stems Joosely tufted, 2-3 rKBTDCA tnes elliptical itiiem Oregon. ) high, with 2 es long, firm, aches long, its 4-7 lines long, ag, the second I long. About 2-3 feet high : aches long, its owered; second ir, 3 lines long, ms rather slen- the internodes: , conduplicate, )s long: panicle lower branches pikelets linear- empty glumes it 2 Ibieslong: : involute, awn- scabrous on the t tufted peren- es long: leaves e, those of the anicle thiu, 6-7 j: spikelets 3-7- 9-lianceolate, the les long: flower- metimes with a ska and Iowa. ems ascending, ttstooks, sheaths ate: basal leaves flat or involute: ntraeted in fruit: tie first l-nervert, 8 lb ss long: ob- itbui tbeS own •itoie, glaucous, iches long: spike- lines lobg, rather isbiugton to the about 30 inches ihreddjsd: panicle ieolate, gUbrous , Bely tuftedi 2-3 FB8T0CA BB0M08 QRAMINE^ 769 feet high: panicle 5-7 inches long, interrupted, more or leB£ pubescent through- out: spikelets 6-8-f lowered: second glume oblong, abruptly acute, flowei&g glumes oybA, acute: palets linear, acute, longer than the gluni'38. Oregon. Tar. Ilttoralis Vasey, Beal 1. c. Rmooth and glaucous : stems 5-10 inches higb, from creeping rcct<>tocks: panicle dense, secund, 2-3 inches long: spikelets usually 5-flowered, the second glume ovate-lanceolate, 8-nerved, flower- ing gliime^ oval, acute: awns >^-l line long. On sand banks along the coast of Oregon. F. heterophylla Lam. Fl. Fr. ed. 1, 6Q0. A densely cespitose per ennial: stems slender, 2-3 feet high: sheaths smooth: leaves smooth, soft, con volute, those of the stem usually 3, flat: panicle 3-8 inches long, lax, nodding its branches in twos or threes: spikelets linear-oblong, 3-6-flowered: empty glumes unequal, very acute, the second subulate-lanceolate, 8-nerved; the lateral nerves short: flowering glumes linear-lanceolate, 3-4 lines long, very acute: awns hsAt as long as the glumes or longer: palets linear-oblong. Washington to Brit. Columbia and Michigan. 49 BROMUS L. 8p. 76. Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and numerous spikelets in terminal panicles, the pedicels thickened at the sum- mit. Spikelets few to many-flowered, the two lower glume^ line long, erose leaves 2-6 inches long, l-i lines wide, sometimes rough or hairy: panicle open, its branches ascending or drooping: spikelets turgid, glabrous, 6-10-flowered: empty glumes scabrous toward the apex, the first 8-nerved, acute, second longer and broader, 7-nerved, obtuse: flowering glumes 3-4 lines long, broad, obtuse, rough toward the apex, awnless or bearing a straight awn between the obtuse teeth: palets about equalling the glumos. Common in fields everywhere. B. BACSMO808 L. Sp. cd. 2, 144. Stems erect. 1-3 feet high, smooth, or sparingly pubescent below the panicle: sheaths shorter than the interaodes: ligules 1 Une long: leaves 1-9 inches long, K-4 lines wide, pubescent: panicle 1-10 inches long, its branches erect or ascending: spikelets erect, 5-11-flower- ed: emp^ glumes acute, the first 3-nerved, the second longer and broader, 5-9- nerved; flowering glumes broad, Z%-A% lines long, obtuse, smooth and shining, the nerves prominent: awns straight, 3-4 lines long: palets shorter than the glumes. Common in meadows and waste places. VAB. COMMOTATOS Hook. f. Stcud. Fl. Brit. Isl. 461. Panicle rather broader: spikelets larger. Common in waste placfs. B* HORDEACBons L. Sp. 77. B. mollis L. Stems 8-36 inches long, erect, often slender, usiudly pubescent below the panicle: sheaths shorter than the internodes, mostly pubescent: ligules )te line long: leaves 1-7 inches long, 1-8 lines wide, pubescent: panicle genei-ally contracted, its branches erect or 770 ORAMINEA BR0MU8 :i I SRcending, 1-B inohes long! tpikelets appresse^-ptibescent : empty glumes acute, the first 3-nerved, tue second, longer, &-7-nerved : flowering glumeH broad, obtuse, S^-i}4 lii^^B long. In fields and waste places. ▼AB. OLABRK80BN8 Shear U. S. Dept. Agr. Diy. Agrost. Bull. 23, 20. Spikelets glabrous or only scabrous throughout. In fields and waste places. 'B. BBizxroBMis F. & M. Ind. 8em. Hort. Petrop. iii, 80. Stems 8-24 inches high, erect, glabrous; sheaths shorter than the internodea : the lower pubescent with soft villous hairs : ligules 1 line long, erose>truncate : leaves pubescent: panicle 1-8 inches long, open, the branches ascending or often drooping : spikelets few, %-l inch long, compressed : emptv glumes very obtuse, the first 3-5-nerved. the second larger, 5-9- .erved : flowering glumes, 3-4 lines long, very broad, obtuse. 6-nerved, not awned. In fields and waste places. §2 8TEN0BR0MUS C Hseb. Annuals or biennials with mostly narrow glumes and rather long awns. B. Madbitbnbib L. Cent. PI. i, 6. A tufted annual : stems erect, or somewhat seniculate at base, smooth, 1-2 feet high, : sheaths smooth, or the lower slightly pubescent: ligules about 1 line long, Bubtruncate and acerate : leaves 2-7 inches long, 1-2 lines wide : panicle erect, 2-6 inches long, oblong-ovoid, the lower branches somewhat spreading, 6-12 lines long: spikelets l>ii-2 inches long, nearly smooth to scabrous, 7-11-flowered: empty glumes lanceolate, acuminate, the first 1-nerved, 6-7 lines long, the Beoond 3-nerved, 7-8 lines long : flowering glumes linear-lanceolate 7-9 lines long, distinctly 3- or faintly 6-7-nerved, with 2 acute, hyaline teeth, bear- ing a long rough somewhat curved awn. Southern Oregon to California, naturalised from Europe. B« OoBSONi Pari. Bar. PI. Sic. 2, 8. An erect annual, 6-80 inches high : sheaths pilose-pubescent : ligules 1-2 lines long, rounded above : leaves pilose botn sidiMi: panicle lax, 4-8 inches long, the upper part some- what drooping : spikelets usually 3-7-flowered, 4-6 lines long : empty glumes Bmooth, lanceolate acuminate, the first 8-10 lines long, strongly l-nerved, the second broader and longer, prominently 3-nervea : flowering glumes !6-nerved, 10-12 lines long : awn stout, 2-2>j^ inches long, very rough. In waste places, Washington to California and Arizona. B. BUBBNS L. Cent. PI. i, 5. A tufted annual : stems about 10 inches high, erect, pubescent toward the top; sheaths pubescent: ligules >^-l line long, laciniate-dentate : leaves 2-7 inches long, pubescent Iroth sides : panicle erect, compact, ovoid, usually purplish, 2-4 inches long: spikelets mostly 7-ll-now«fed, 1-1^ inch long: empty glumes acuminate, smooth to scaorous, the first narrow, 1-nerved, 8-5 lines long; the secpnd broader and longer, 3-nerved ; flowering glumes 7-8 lines long, lanceolate, acute, 6-nerved, scabrous, deeply cleft at the apex into 2 long-acuminate hyaline teeth: awns straight, 8-12 lines long. In waste places: introduced from Europe. ' B* BTBBiLts L. Sp. 77. Stems 1%-i feet high, erect, smooth, from an annual or biennial root : sheaths usually shorter than the internodas, the lower sometimes pubescent: ligules 1 line long: leaves 3-9 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, usually moreor less pubescent: panicle 6-10 inches long, its branches ascending, or often widely spreading, not one-sided, stiff: spike- Idt^vfew, R-10-floweredi spreading or pendulous: empty glumes acuminate, n* brans, the first 1-nerved, the second longer, 3-nerved; flowering glumes lines long, acuminate, 7-nerved, scabrous on the nerves ; awns 7-12 lines long. In waste places; introduced from Europe. B* ' TBCTOBOM L. Sp. 77. Stems 6-24 inches high, erect, from an annu- al root, simple, smooth : Bheaths usually excecfding the internodes, at least B. BR0MC8 BBOIIUB QRAMINEiE 771 empty glumeK wering glumeH les. It. Bull. 23, 20. d waste places. 0. Stems S-24 nternodea: the irose* truncate : bes ascending emptv glumes ■ved : flowering ned. In fields with mostly stems erect, or bths smooth, or ibtruncate and rect, 2-6 inches ing, 6-12 lines , 7-11-flowered: ' lines long, the ceolate 7-9 lines ne teeth, bear- in to California, al, 6-80 inches rounded above: pper part some- ; : empty glumes ongly 1-nerved, owering glumes very rough. In about 10 inches It: ligules H-^ cent both sides : long: spikeleis iminate, smooth ) secpnd broader mceolate, acute, iminate hyaline introduced from smooth, from an internodes, the inches long, 1-3 inches long, its Ided, stiff: spike- ames acuminate* flowering glumes irves : awns 7-12 it, from an annu- ternodes, at least the lower ones softly pubescent: ligules 1-2 lines long: leaves 1-4 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, softly pubescent: panicle 2-6 inches long, open, its branches slender and drooping, somewhat one-sided : spikeleta numerous, 5-8-flowered. on capillary recurved slender pedicels: empty glumes acu- minate, usually rough or hirsute ; the first 1-nerved, the second longer, S-n^rved; flowering glumes 4-6 lines long, acuminate, 7-nerved. usually rough or hirsute : awns 6-8 lines long. In fields and waste places : natur- alized from Europe. § 2 2ERNA Panz. Short-lived perennials, usually with a weak drooping panicle and more or less pubescent flowering glumes. B. Padflcns Shear U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 2S, 38. Stems stout, leafy, pubescent at the nodes, 3-^ feet high : sheaths mostly retrorse- ly pilose : ligules l>^-2 lines long rounded above, somewhat lacerate-den- tate : leaves 8-14 inches long, 4-7 lines wide, sparingly pilose above, scab- rous beneath : panicle dense, drooping, its lower branches secund : spikelets 1J4 incli lo°Ki 7-11-tiowered, coarsely pubescent throughout: empty glumes acute, the first 1-nerved, or rarely with 2 short lateral nerves, 3-^ lines long, the second broader and 3-5-nerved ; flowering glumes inconspicuously 7-nerved, broadly lanceolate, emarginate, 6-7 lines long: awn straight, 2-3 lines long. In moist thickets near the sea, Clatsop County, Oregon. B. Orcnttianng Vasey Bot. Gaz. x, 223. An erect perennial 2-5 feet high, sheaths pubescent: ligules ^ line long: leaves nearly smooth, 5-10 inches long, 3- 9 lines wide : panicle erect, thin, 6-7 inches long, its bran- ches in twos and threes, bearing 2-3 spikelets each, spreading : spikelets 47^flowered the first empty glume linear, acute, l-.^-nenred : 4 lines long, the second linear, almost acute, 3-nerved, 5-6 lines long, flowering slames, scabrous, rounded on the back, lance-elliptical, 6-7nerved, 6-7 lineF long, obtuse : awn 2-6 lines long : palets linear. On the high mountains Wash- ington to lower California. B. vulgaris Shear I. c. 43. Stems slender, erect, 30-40 inches high, pubescent below the nodes, which are retrorsely bearded: shea^ihs pilose, with bpreading or reflexed hairs : ligules truncate, 1-2)^ lines long : leaves 7-12 inches long, 2-6 lines wide, thinly pilose above, glabrous or sparsely pilose beneath : spikelets covered with a short coarse pubescence, the first narrow, very acute 3-4 lines long : 1-nerved, the second much broader and longer, 3-nerved, scabrous on the back : flowering glumes about 6 lines long, sparsely pubescent, 5-nerved, awns slender, ^6 lines long. In open wo^s; California to Brit. Columbia and Montana. Tar. eximias Shear 1. c. 44, More erect and robust : sheaths and leaves glabrous : flowering glumes pubescent only un the midnerve and near the base. Eastern Oregon and Washington. T. robnstns Shear 1. c. 44. Tall and leafy: sheaths and leaves sparingly pilose : panicle laiger. Along the coast, Oregon to Brit. Columbia. B. IsBvipes Shear 1. c. 45. Stems 30-40 inches high, from short creep- ing rootstocks, pubescent just below the nodes : sheaths glabrous : ligules l>|-2 lines long, truncate, entire or lacerate-dentate : leaves 6-12 inches long, 2-4 lines wide: panicle lax, drooping, 7-10 inches long: spikelets drooping, narrow, terete, 5-9-flowered: empty glumes smooth, the first acute, 3-nerved, 3-6 lines long,the second broader, 5-nerved, 5-7 lines long: flowering glumes obtuse, 7-nerved, 6-8 lines long, densely pubescent on the margins and on the back at the base, hyaline and usually brownish- yellow at the apex : awn straight 2}4-S lines long : palets about 1 line long, shorter than the glumes. In thickets, Washington to California in the Coast and Cascade Mountains. B* Suksdorill Vasey Bot. Gaz. x, 223. An erect coarse tufted per- 772 ORAMINEiE BROllUa (»-, 9 1 -^ ennial : stemB amooth : or pubescent just below the nodes, 2-3 feet high : sheaths smooth : ligules about ^ line long, truncate, dentate : leaves usually 6 or 6, 4-8 inches long, 6-6 lines wide, rawer abruptlv acuminate, Arm and smooth ; panicle narrow, erect, rather dense, 8-8 mcnea long, its branches erect, or ascending, the longest 1-2 inches long : spikelets 6-9-flowered, 1- l>^ inches Ions, terete at first : empty glnmea glabrous, or scabrous on the nerves the first acuminate-lanceolate, l-nerved, or sometimes with a pair of short lateral nerves, 5-6 lines long; the second broader, subacute, 3- nerved, 6-7 lines long: fiowering glumes oblong-lanceolate subacute, 7-8 lines long, 5 or 7-nerved, appresaed-pubescent near the base, emargmate at the apex : awn 1-2 lines long : palets about ^ as long as the glumes. In open places on the high mountains, Washington to Califomia. B. iMEBMis LeysB. Fl. Hal. 16. An erect smooth perennial: stome rather stout, amooth, 2-3 feet high : sheaths smooth : ligules >^-l line long, subtruncate, somewhat lacerate: leaves smooth or minutely scabrous, 6-10 inches long, 2-6 lines wide : panicle, 6-10 inches long: spikelets narrow, terete, 1-lM inches long; empty glumes smooth, the first narrow, acute, 1-nerved 2-2)^ lines long; the second subacuminate, 3-nerved, 3-4 lines long: flowering glumes obtuse, emarginate, 6-nerved, 6-7 lines long: glab- rous, with or without a short awn : palet equalling the glumes. In fields and waste places : introduced from Furope. Spikelets large, strongly § 3 CERATOCHLOA Beauv. as genus, compressed and more or less keeled. B. marginatva Nees in Steud. 8yn. PI. Gram. 322^ B. breviaritta- tu» Buckley. A densely tufted coarse perennial : stems erect ; ^ feet high, mostly pubescent or puberulent : sheaths pilose-pubescent^: Ij^ules l>i^-2 lines lone, laciniate : leaves somew7iat sparsely pilose throughout, rather rough 6-12 inches long, 3-6 lines wide: panicle erect, rather liarrow, uanally 4-8 inchea long, the lower branchea somewhat spreading in fiower, l-3>^ inches long; bearing 2 spikelets: apikelete 1-2 inches lone, lateral compress- ed, usually 7-9-flowered, erector ascending: empty glume rather broad, scabrous, the first subacute, 3- or 6-nerved. 4-6 lines long, the second broader, obtuse, 6-7 lines long, 6 -7-nerved, the lateral nerves broad; fiow- ering glumes ovate-lanceolate, acute, coarsely pubescent, 6-8 lines long, 7-nerved, with short hyaline, teeth at the apex: and a stout atraight awn 2-3 lines long: palets almost equalling the glumes. Common from Cali- fornia to Alaska and the Rocky Mountains. Tar. latior Shear. 1. c. 56 Larger and stouter: panicle larger with the lower branches 2-10 inches long, with the type. Var. semlnudvs Shear 1. c. 65. More leafy and less pubescent or nearly smooth, throughout: empty glumes glabrous or scabrous on the nerves. With the type. B. |»olyaiithii8 Scribn. & Shear 1. c. 56. A rathes stout erect perennial : stems erect,Bmooth, or puberulent at the nodes,2-3 feet high: sheaths smooth, or sparsely pilose : ligules about 1 line long, rounded : leaves mostly acab- rous : panicle elongated, erect, ite branches usually short and erect or slight* ly spreading ; spikelets 1^-2 inches long, 7-11-fiowered : empty glumes broad, smooth or somewhat scabrous, the firstB-nerved, 3-4 lines long, the second 4-7-nerved, obtuse, 6-6>^ lines long : fiowering glumes 7-nervea, 6-9 lines long, smooth or scabrous, obtuse, emandnate, with broad 'hyaline margins : awn 2-4 lines long. Washington to Oalifoinia and Wyoming. B. Sltchensis Bong. Vee. Siteh. 173. Stems stout, leafy, amooth, 4-6 feet high; from a perennial root : aheatha ahorter than the intemodes, smooth : ligrles large, rounded, entire or somewhat lacerate, l%-2% lines long : leavcb 8-16 inches long, 6-7 lines wide, sparingly pilose above, smooth beneath : panicle large, lax, drooping, 10-14 inches long : its lower SOI BROMOI -3 feet high : eftvea UBually ate, firm and , its branches )-flowered, 1- brous on the I with a pair ■ubacute, 3- lubacnte, 7-8 e, emargmate the glnmes. mia. nnial: stems _-l line long, BcabrouB, 6-10 leletfl narrow, arrow, acute, ved, 3-4 lines Belong: slab- les. In fields rge, strongly I. breviarista- t; 2-^ feet high, : Ij^ules lK-2 iffhout, rather larrow, usnally n flower, ISH teral compress - e rather broad, g, the second res broad; flow- S-8 lines long, it straight awn mon fromCali- icle larger with 38 pabescent or abrouB on the Brect perenninl : sheaths smooth, SB mostly scab- d erect or slight- empty glumes 4 lines long, the les 7-nerved, 6-9 I broad 'hyaline id Wyoming. afy, smooth, 4-6 the intemodes, ite, l>s-2>i lines r pilose above, I long: its lower BRUMIIB aOklBNBBIA ORAMINEiR 778 branches 8-^12 inches long, weak, spreading, usually bearing 1-8 spilcelets on very slender pedicels: spikelets 1-3 inches long: empty slumes acute, smooth, or scabrous on the nerves, 4-6 lines long; tne aecond 6-7 nerved, 6-7 lines long : flowering glumes broadly lanceolate, acute, 7-8 lines long, 7-nerved, shortly bidentate at the apex, with an awp S-6 lines long : paleta shorter than the glumes. Washington to AlaskH, near the coast. B. earlnatus H. de A. Bot. Beech. 403. Stems 20-30 inches high, slightly pubescent at the nodes: sheaths mostly shorter than the In- temodes, retrorsely soft-pilose : ligules l%-2 lines long, sublaciniate : leaves mostly narrow 4-10 inches long, 1%-S lines wide thinly pilose both sides : panicle pyramidal, somewhat drooping : spikelets 1^ inches long, 5-9- norered: empty glumes lanceolate, acute, glabrous to slightly scabrous; the first distinctly 3-nerved. or sometimes obscurely 5 -nerv^, 4-5 lines long, the second 6*nerved, 6-7 lines long, fiovrering glumep 7-nerved, pu- berulent or short-pubescent, 7-8 lines long, bifid at the ::»pex and tapering into an awn 4-6 lines long ; palets nearly equalling the glumes. Washing- ton to California and Nevada. B. HookeriMias Thuiber Bot. Wilkes, ii, 493. An erect tufted per- ennial 20-30 inches high : sheaths smooth to densely hairy, ciliate at the throat: ligules >^-l line long, leaves 7-12 inches lone: 2-3 lines wide: panicle 7-16 inches lojrg: spikelets 6-10 -flowered: empty glumes smooth, compressed, acute; the first 5-nerved, 6-8 lines long,the second 7-8-nerved, 7-8 lineB long : flowering glumes oval-lanceolate, scabrous or pubescent, 9-nerved, 7-8 lines long; awn 3-7 lines long. Brit. Columbia to California. Tribe 8 Hordese Spikelets one-to several-flowered, usually hermaphrodite, sejsile along tfte common rachis, forming a simple or compound spike. Olum^s awned or awriless. 60 8CRIBNERIA Hack. Bot. Gaz. xiii, 105. Annual grasses with slender stems and very slender spikes. Spikelets one-flowered, sessile and half embedded in the alternate notches of a more or less articulated usually simple spike. Raehella very short, articulated abo^ the lower glume, extended as a short hairy awn beside the floret. Empty glumes 2, flow- ering glumes a third shorter than the first, membranous, keeled^ bearing an awn between the teeth. Palets longer than the glumes. Stamens 1. Stigmas sessile, feathery. Grain free, linear, laterally compressed, with a groove. 8. Bolanderl Hack. Bot. Gaz. xiii, 106. Stems slender, tufted, often geniculate and with a few branches from the base, 2-12 inches high : sheaths loose, scarious-margined : ligules a line or more long, acute: leaves 3-10 lines long^ oonvolute,mucronate : spike 1-4 inches long: very slender, spikelets 2-3 lines long, solitary or sometimes 2 at each joint ; glumes very thick, except the first, 3-nerved, scarious-mai^ined; the second slight- ly shorter and 2-3-nerved: flowering glumes indistinctly 5-nerved, smooth and shining below, scabrous near ihe irregulary 2-toothed apex, the mid- nerve excurrent as an awn nearly as long as the glume. Along roadsides, southern Oregon to California. 61 LOLIUM L. Sp. 83. Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and terminal spikes. Spikelets several-flowered, solitary, sessile,alternate in the notches of the usually continuous rachis, compressed, the edge of the spikelets turned toward the rachis: glumes rigid, the lower one 774 QRAMINEiC LOLIDM AOROPYBON empty in the lateral spikelets and the two lower ones empty in the terminal one : flowering glumes rounded on the back, 5-7- nerved : palets 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, very short, with plumose stigmas. Grain adherent to the palets. L. PCBiNNB L. Sp. 8^{. Stems 6-30 inches high, erect, simple, smooth, from a perennial root : sheaths shorter than the internodes : ligules very short: leaves 2-6 inches long: 1-2 lines wide, spike S-8 inches long: spikt)- ietfl 5-10 dowered, 4-6 lineslong, empt}' glumen shorter than the spikelets, strongly nerved ; flowering glumes 2-8 lines long, obscurely nerved, acumin- ate or awned, the awn sometimes nearly as long as the glume. Common in waste places: naturalized from Europe. L. TBMULBNTDM L. Sp. 83. Glabruus throughout : stems 2-4 feet high, erect, simple, from an annual root : sheaths longer than the internodes : ligales aline long or less: leaves 4-10 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, smooth beneath, rough above : spike 4-12 inches long: spikelets 4-8-flowered, 5-9 lines long, the strongly nerved empty glumes equalling or exceeding the obscurely nerved flowering ones. In fields : naturalized from Europe. 62 AGROPYRON J. Gsertn. Nov. Comm. Petrop. xiv, pt. 1, 539. Annual or perennial grasses with flat or involute leaves and terminal spikes. Spikelets 3- to several-flowered, sessile, solitary and alternate at each notch of the usually continuous rachis, the side of the spikelet turned toward the rachis. Glumes rounded on the back, the two lower empty : flowering glumes rigid, rough on the back, 5-7-nerved, usually acute or awned at the apex. Palets 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain pubescent at the apex, usually adherent to the palet. A* dlvergens Nees in Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 347. A slender densely tufted glaucous perennial 1-3 feet high : lower sheaths longer than the internodes, upper ones shorter: lignles very short: basal leaves numerous, 4-12 inches long : those of the stem 2-4 inches long, all more or less convol- ute and setaceous, nearly smooth: spikelets 3-8 inches long, slender: spikelets 3-6-flowered; first empty glumes 3 lines long,3-nervea, the mar- gins scabrous; the second 4 lines long, 6-nerved, with the midrib at one side, awnless ; flowering glumes, 4-6 lines long, plainly 5-nerved above : awn stout, diverging or recurved, longer than the glumes. Common on dry plains east of the Cascade range. Brit. Cdlumbia to California and the Kocky Mountains. Tsr. Inermls Scribn. & Smith U.. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 4, 27. Empty glumes uneaual, narrowly lanceolate, acute, 4-6 lines long ; flowering glumes 5-6 lines long, smooth : acute, or acuminate, awnless or with a straight or spreading awn shorter than the glume. Eastern Wash- ington to Brit. Columbia and Idaho. Var. tenaispioatnm Scribn. & Smith 1. c. Stems 2-3 feet high : leaves very narrow, spikes slender, flexuous. 3-6 inches long : spikelets 5-7 lines long: awns 5-9 lines long, slender, straight, curved or diveivent. On high dry plains, eastern Oregon to Brit. Colupibia, Montana and Wyoming. A. Taseyl Scribn. & Sm. 1. c. Stems rigid, erect, wiry,l-lK 'eet high, ?;lal]^u8, or glaucous : sheaths glaucous, shorter than the internodes : igules very short, leaves minutely strigose-pubescent above, rigid, 1-6 inches long, 1 line or less wide: spikes very slender, 2-4 inches long: spikelets ^ lines long, 3-5-flowered : empty glumes olslanceolate, acute LOLIOM IROPYBON 3 empty in back, 5-7- very short, iplti,flinootli, Tigules very I long : spike- the spikeleta, ■ved, aciunin- Gommon !-4 feet hiKh, ) internodes: vide, smooth [lowered, 6-9 txceeding the , Europe. pt. 1, 539. 3 leaves and sile, solitary rachis, the les rounded rigid, rough it the apex, ct. Stigmas lerent to the lender densely nger than the res numerous, or leas convol- iong, slender: rved, the mar- midrib at one nerved above: Common on California and '. Agrost. Bull. 4-6 lines long ; ite, awnless or Eastern Wash- 2-3 feet high: I : spikelets 5-7 divergent. On and Wyoming. I-IK feet high, le internodes : jve, rigid, 1-6 4 inches long: iceolate, acute AQROPYBON GRAMINEiG ftt or acuminate, slightly unequal, scarious along the margins 3-4 lines long: flowering glumes 4 linos long, lanceolate, acute, tipped with a stout div- ergent awn 4-5 linos long. On dry plains, eastern Oregon and Washington to the Rocky Mountains. A. oanlanm Beauv. Agroat. 102. Stems 1-3 feet high, erect, smooth: sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, smooth, or the lower some- times pubescent: ligules short: leaves 3-9 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, smooth beneath rough above: spikes 3-8 inches long, sometimes one- sided, often nodding at the top : spikelets 3-({ flowered : empty glumes 4>^ -6 lines long, 3-5-nerved, acuminate* awn-pointed or bearing an awn, 1-3 lines long; flowering glumes 4-5 lines lon^, usually scabrous toward the apex, acuminate into an awn sometimes twice their own length. Eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbia, New Brunswick and North Carolina: also in Europe. A. teneram Vasey Bot. Oaz. x, 25S. Stems 1-3 feet high, erect, often slender, glabrous : sheath^-3>^ inches long, 1-2 lines wide, very acute, strigose, scabrous above, very smooth beneath: spikelets approx- imate .usually 3-flowered, empty glumes narrowly lanceolate, 2-3-nerved. scabrous on the keel, short-awned; flowering glumes 6 lines long, 5-nerved, scabrous on the back, short-awned. On mountain sides, eastern Wash. A. Tiolaoenm Yasey Spec. Rep. U. S. Dept. Agr. 46. Stems 6-24 inches high, erect, smooth : sheaths usually shorter than the internodes : ligules very short: leaves 2-6 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, flat or involute, rough, or sometimes smooth beneath, spikes 1-6 inches long, 2-3 lines broad: spikelets 3-6-flowered: empty glumes broad: usually purplish, scabrous-margined, 5-7-nerved, 4-6 lines long, acute, or acuminate, some- times awn-pointed or long-awned: flowering glumes often purplish, 5-7- nerved, scabrous-margined, 4-6 lines long, acuminate or short-awned. Idaho to Alaska and Ontario : also in Europe and Asia. A. Scrlbnerl Vasey Bull. Torr. Bot. Club x, 128. Stems densely tufted, geniculate near the base, slender, 16-30 inches high, sheathe longer than the internodes: ligules obsolete: leaves 1-3 inches long, involute, narrow and rigid ; spikes 2-4 inches long: spikelets 3-6-flowered: empty glumes 3-4 lines long, linear-lanceolate, 3-5-nerved, acuminate into a long point: flowering glumes oblong-lanceolate, 4 lines long, smooth, the mid- nerve extended into a strong spreading or recurved awn. On high moun- tains Washington to California and the Rocky Mountains. A* Hmlthil Rydb. A. glaucum of American Authors, not of R. & S. Glabrous: stems rigid, erect, 1-4 feet high: sheaths smooth, shorter than the internodes: ligules very short: leaves rigid, bluish-green, smooth or slightly scabrous beneath, rough-scabrous on the margins, becoming in- t- It 0.^^^ O-V' axATV^ -Vi/u 776 OUAMINEifi I J. I la- If hi 1 i ,Y' ,v«> vJ^'- AOROPYRON HORDRUM yolnte, 4-7 inches long, 2-3 lines wide, those of sterile shoots narrower and sometimes half as long as the stems: spikes 3-7 inches long; spikelets 6-12 line^ long, 7-13-flowered: empty glumes lanceolate, acuminate or awn-poin- ted, scabrous on the nerves: flowering glumes 4-6 lines long, narrowly lanceolate, acute to awn-pointed, rounaed on the back ; smooth or thinly pubescent. In meadows, Oregon to Brit. Columbia and Minnesota. Var. moUe Scribn. A Smith 1. c. Glumes and rachis more or lenit villouH-pnbescent. Washington to the Saskatchewan and New Mexico. A. Elmerl Scribn. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 11, A4. Stems erect 3-6 feet high, from strong creeping rootstooks: sheaths smooth, the lower ones longer than the internodes ligules short, minutely fringed along the edge: leaves 6-12 inches long, 2-6 lines wide, atrigose, scabrous above, smooth beneath, long attenuate-pointed spikelets 6-10-flowered : empty glumes lanceolate, very acute or subaristate, rigid, about 1 line long, 'A- nerved, scabrous on the nerves: flowering glumes oroadly lanceolate, sharp- ly acuminate, 6-nerved, short-pubescent on the back. On sandy banks of Snake /iver, Washington. A. dasTstachyam var. sabTlllosam Scribn. & Smith 1. c. 33. More or less glabrous : stems slender 2-4 feet hish : sheaths nearly as long as the internodes: ligules a mere rins : leaves of sterile shoots ^-H &■ long as the stems: spikes 6-7-flowerea: empty glumes ovate-lanceolate acute to acuminate: flowering glumes 3-6 lines long, pubescent tolanate. Eastern Washinffton to Montana and Oolorado. A. lanceolatnm Scribn. & Smith 1. c. 34. Pale yellowish-green oi glaucous : stems 2-3 feet high : sheaths somewhat inflated, shorter than the internodes: ligules very short; leaves 6-12 inches long, about 2 lines wide, scabrous beneath and on the margins; pubescent to thinly hirsute above; spikes 4-6 inches long; spikelets 6-10 lines lone, 4-7-ilowered ; empty glumes unequal, narrowly lanceolate, or oblanceolate, acuminate. 3-4 lines long, 3-6-nerved ; scabrous on the' nerves ; flowering glumes. 4-7 lines long, broadly lanceolate, acute, mucronate, truncate or bidentate, rounded on the back, more or less pubescent, 3-nerved and scabrous toward the apex. Eastern Oregon and Washington to Idaho. A. pseadorepens Scribn. & Smith 1. c. 84. Siems 1-3 feet high, erect or ascending from a geniculate base : sheaths glabrous, shorter than the internodes : ligules 1 line long or less ; leaves scabrous throughout, 4-8 inch- es long, 1-3 lines wide; spikes 3-8 inches long: spikelets 3-7 flowered, 8-9 lines long, erect, and appressed: empty glumes linear-lanceolate acu- minate or awn-'pointed, 5-nerved, scabrous on the nerves and scarious. margined : flowering glumes linear-oblong, acuminate, rounded on the back, 5-nerved. scabrous. Washington to Brit. Columbia, Nebraska and Texas. Yar. magnum 8cribn. & Smith 1. c. 35. Robust, 3-4 feet high : leaves 8-22 inches long : spikes 6-8 inches long, one-side: spikelets crowded , acute, an inch long. Idaho to Montana and Colorado. A. RIPENS Beauv. Agrost. 146. Stems 1-4 feet high, from long runn- ing jointed rootstocks : sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, glab- rous: leaves 3-12 inches long, 1-5 lines wide, smooth beneath, scabrous above : spikes 2-8 inches long, strict : spikelets 3-7-flowered : empty glumes strongly 6-7-nerved, usually acute, or awn-pointed: flowering glumes acute or short-awned. Naturalized from Europe. 63 HORDEUM L. 8p. 84. Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and terminal cylindrical ifipikes. Spikelets 1-flowered, usaally in threes at each joint of the rachis, the lateral generally imperfect. Rachilla HOROKOM GRAMINEiC m OPYRON RDEUM Trower and Ikelets 6-12 r awn-poln- , narrowly I or thinly eeota. nore or leflfl Mexico. M. Btema imooth, the ringed along )roa8 above, ered : emptv line long, iv »olate, sharp- ndy banks of c. 33. More IS long as the ^ ai long as ilate acute to ite. Eastern wish-green oi shorter than ibout 2 lines lilnly hirsute 4-7-flowered ; e, acuminate, kg glumes. 4-7 ) or bidentate, abrous toward eet high, erect iorter than the hout, 4-8 inch- 3-7 flowered, lanceolate acu- I and scarious- ed on the back, ska and Texas. 3-4 feet high: kelets crowded , rom long runn- iternodes, glab- neath, scabrous : empty glumes jwering glumes and terminal in threes at ect. Rachilla produced beyond the flower, the lowr^r empty glumes often reduced to awns and forming an apparent insolucie around the opikelets. Emptv umes rigid : the flowering ones rounded on the back, 5- nerved at the apex, awned. Palots about e(|ti 11 in^ tho glumes, 2 keeled. Stamens 8. Styles very short, diHtinct. (Jruin usually adherent to the glume, hairy at tiio summit. H. Jabatom L. 8p. 85. Stems 10-:U) incheH high, erect, iiaually slen- der smooth, sheaths usually shorter than the internodes: smooth : ligules ^ line long, or Iass: leaves 1-6 inches long, 1-2 line? wide, erect, rodgli : ■pikes 2-4 niches long: spikelets usually in threes, the central one, con- taining a perfect flower; lateral ones imperfect: empty glumes consiHting of slender rough awns 1-2)^ inches long : floweriuK glumes of tho ecutrin spikelets 3-4- lines long: scabrous at the apex, bearing a slender rough awn 1-2)^ inches long, the corresponding glume of the lateral spikelets short- awned. On dry soil eastern Oregon to California, Pennsylvania and Labrador. H* MARiTiMUM With. Arrang. 172. A bmooth somewhat glaucous annual : stems 6-18 inches long : sheaths about as long as the internodes, the upper one inflated: ligules a mere ring: leaves 1-3 inches long, mostly involute: spike subterete, scarcely exserted, 1-2 inches Ions, the rachis breaking up when mature: spikelets an inch long, including toe ^jtiffawns: emptv glumes all lanceolate, not oiliate. one of each lateral spikelet a little broader. Southwestern Oregon to California : introduced from Europe. H. Gcssonbanum Pari. PI. Palerm. 244. Stems smooth often decum- bent, 10-16 inches long : leaves thia, flr.t, flnely pubescent, 1-3 inches long, about 1 line wide: spikes subterete, exderted, 1-2 inches long, breaking up when mature, empty glumes reduced to mere bristles, 6-8 lines long, except the inner one to each lateral spikelet is twice as wide as the others : flowering glumes oval, rough, 6-nerved, the awn S lines long. Oregon to California, introduced from Europe. H. MURiNUM L. Sp. 85. k coarse decumbent annual : sheaths about equalling the internodes: ligules very short: leaves 1)^-3 inches long, often hairy: spike 2-4 inches long: often partly included in the upper sheath sli- ghtly compressed, soon breaking up when mature: spikelets, includins the awns, 1-2 inches long, empty glumes of the middle spikelets lanceolate, with ciliate margins: flowering glumes scabrous above, flat on the back, 8-10 lines long. In waste places, introduced from Europe. H. pnslllnm Nutt. Gen. i, 87. Stems 4-16 inches high, smooth: sheaths loose, usually shorter, than the internodes, smooth, the upper often enclosing the base of the spike: ligules very short: leaves l>!g-3 inches long : ^-2 lines wide, smooth beneath, rough above : spike 1-3 inches long, spikelets usaally in threes : glumes awned, the empty ones scabrous: flowering glumes smooth, that ot the central spikelets 3-4 lines long : short-awned tliat of the lateral spikelets smaller. In dry soil Californ- ia to Brit. Columbia Nebraska and Texas. H. nodosum L. Sp. ed 2, 126. //. prateme Huds. Stems 1-4 feet high, often geniculate below, simple, smooth; sheaths shorter than the in- ternodes : ligules ^ line lon^, truncate : leaves l>^-6 inches long, 1-3 lines wide, flat, rough : spike 1-4 inches long, flat, often arcuate: empty glumes awn-like : flowering glumes of the central spikelets 3-4 lines long, tearing an awn 3-6 lines long; that of the lateral spikelets much smaller. Common in meadows, Californ^ to Alaska, Indiana and Texas also in Europe and Asia. H. boreale S:;ribn. & Smith 1. c. 24. Stems slender, erect, smooth: sheaths shorter ' nan the internodes the lower ones pubescent : ligules very 778 GBAMINE^ BLYHUB -■:,1 J it short, leaves 4-6 inches long, 2-4 lines wide, scabrous : empty glumes awn - like 7-9 lines long, those of the lateral spikelets exceeding the other; flower- ing glume of the central spikelets 5 lines long, broadly lanceolate, scabrous toward the apex, bearing an awn about 5 lines long, that of the lateral spikeletp smaller, subulate-pointed or short-awned. California to Alaska. 54 ELYMUS L. Sp. 93. Tall grasses with flat or involute leaves and dense terminal spikes. Spikelets 2- to several-flowered, sessile, usually in pairs, sometimes 3 or more in the alternate notches of the continuous or jointed rachis, the empty glumes forming an apparent involucre to the clusters. Two lower glumes empty, narrow, acute or awned: flowering glumes shorter, rounded on the back, 5-nerved, usually bearing an awn. Palets a little shorter than the glumes 2-keeled, Stamens 3. Styles very short distinct, with plumose stigmas. Grain sparsely hairy at the summit, adherent to the palet. E. saxlcolas Scribn. & Smith U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 11, 56. A rather slender wiry densely cespitoae perennial : stems 3-5 inches high, pubescent: sheaths pubescent: ligules very short: leaves 3-10 inches long. 1-2 lines wide, pubescent on both sides, attenuate- pointed spikelets 2-B-flowered, about 9 lines long: empty glumes narrowly lanceolate, 1-3- nerved, about 3 lines long: awns divergent, 10-12 lines long: -flowering glumes 6 lines long, smooth or slightly scabrous near the apex, rather broadly lauceolale and gradually tapering into a slender more or less di- vergent awn an inch long. Among bowlders and rocky crevasses, summit of Mount Chapaca. E* arenarias L. Sp. 83. Stems 1)^-8 feet high, simple, usually softly pubescent at the summit: sheaths smooth, often glaucous, the' lower longer and the upper shorter than the internodes: ligules very short: leaves 3-12 inches long, 1)^-5 lines wide, flat or becoming involute, smooth beneath, rough above: spikes 3-10 inches long, usually strict: spikelets 3-9-flowered; empty glumes 8-14 lines long, 3-5-nerved, acuminate, more or less villous; flowering glumes 8-10 lines long, acute or awn-pointed, 6-7-nerved, usually very villous. On shores, California to Alaska and across the continent : also in Europe and Asia. £. arenicolas Scribn. & Smith 1. c. Cir. 9, 7. A stout erect glaucous perennial : stems simple, glabrous, 2-5 feet high ; sheaths smooth or the upper ones strigose-pubescent, nearly as long 4s the internodes; ligules about }4 line long, coarsely fimbriate : leaves rigid, deeply furrowed on both sides, strongly scabrous on the nerves, 1)^-2 feet long, 1-4 lines wide, strongly involute and pungently pointed: spikes rather slender, 6-10 inches long, interrupted below: empty glumes subulate or narrowly lance- olate, rigid, scabrous above, 4-6 lines long : flowering glumes rounded on the back, (icute, sparsely hirsute toward the base, 5-nerved, about 6 lines long. On sand-dunes along the Columbia river near the Dalles. E. moUts Trin. Spreng. N. Endt. ii, 172. Sterna stout, 3-7 feet high: sheaths smooth or more or less pubescent: ligules very short: leaves 16-80 inches long, 6-8 lines wide, strict and pungent: spiko erect, 10-16 inches long: spikelets 5-8-flowered, more or less aoft-pubescent: empty glumes 1-1 J inches long, 5-7-nerved: flowering glumes 8-10 lines long, 7-nerved. Along the coast, Washington to Alaska, and Maine to Nova Scotia. E. flavescens Scribn & Smith 1. c. Bull. 8, 8. Stems stout, 2-4 feet high, usually pubescent just below the nodes: sheaths smooth, often some- what glaucous, the lowest becoming loose and fibrous: ligules very short: Col CLYMUB BLTMTIB 6RAMIN££ 779 umes awn - ler; flower- e, scabrous the lateral to Alaska. Lai spikes, lometimes or jointed !re to the ir awned: i, usually \ 2-keeled. e stigmas, ihe palet. t. Bull. 11, 3-5 inches 3-10 inches ed g pikelets leolate, 1-3- : -flowering [)ex, rather ( or less di- 9es, summit fiually softly the' lower irery short: ute, smooth :: spikeleta inate, more Yn -pointed, Alaska and ict glaucous )oth or the ides; ligules (red on both lines wide, nder, 6-10 owly lance- roundcd on x>nt 6 lines feet high : eaves 16-30 -16 inches pty glumes , 7 -nerved. >tia. ut, 2-4 feet often some- very short: leaves 10-20 inches long, 2-4 lines wide, smooth beneath, scabrous above, gradually tapering into very acute pungent tips : spikes linear, sometimes branching andpanicled: spikeleta 3-6-flowered, 6-12 lines long, villous with long whitisn or yellowish hairs : empty glumes lanceolate, subaristate- pointed : flowering glumes broadly lanceolate, very acute, densely silky- villous on the back : flowering glumes 6-7 lines long. On sand dunes along the Columbia river near the Dalles. E. dMjstaehys Trin. Ledeb. Fl. Alt. i, 120. Stems stout, smooth, 2-3 feet high, from stout creeping rootstocks : sheaths smooth or scabrous, shorter than the internodes : ligules very short : leaves rigid, more or less involute, pungent-pointed, 4-18 inches long, 2-4 lines wide : spike strict, 3-6 inches long: spikelets 2 at each joint, 10-12 lines long, closely imbricated, 4-7-flowered: empty glumes, equal, 7-8 lines long, more or less cilate, shori-awned, narrowly lanceolate 3-nerved : flowering glumes, more or less pubescent, slightly ciliate, 10-12 lines long, short-awned. Washington to Alaska and Montana. E* Uttoralis Turcz. Stems rather ptout and somewhat rigid, erect, 3-4 feet high, glabrous: sheaths glabrous, the lower ones scarious, loose and sometimes bladeless: ligules very short, minutely ciliate: leaves 1(M90 inches long, 2-3 lines wide, glabrous beneath, strongly strigose-pubefcent above, very long acuminate-pointed, becoming involute: spikes 10-12 inches long, rather loosely flowered, often branched : spikelets 6-9-flowered : empty glumes narrowly lanceolate, scabrous on the keel, especially toward the rigid subulate apex : flowering glumes 7-9 lines long, lanceolate, very acute, or subaristate-pointed, 5-nerved, scarious margined rather densely pubescent on the back below, the upper third glabrous. Eastern Wash- ington to Idaho. E. condensatas Presl Rel. Hsenk. i, 265. Stems erect, smooth, 2-10 feet high 1 sheaths glabrous, the upper ones shorter than the internodes: ligules 2-3 lines long, truncate: leaves 6-20 inches long, 3-11 lines wide, scabrous above : spike 4-16 inches long, usually stout, strict, often interrupt- ed below, sometimes branched at the base : spikelets 3-6-flowered : empty glumes subulate, 4>^-6 lines long, 1-nerved, usually rough : flowering Sjlumes 4-5 lines long, generall;^ awn-pointed, usually^ scabrous. Common rom eastern Oregon and Washington to Brit. Columbia, Nebraska, Arizona and California. E. trltlcoldes Buckl. Proc. Acad. Phila. 99. Stems rather slender, 2-4 feet high: ligules very short: leaves 7-12 inches long, narrow, often involute, the upper equalling or exceeding the stem : spikes 3-8 inches long, erect: spikelets 4-8-flowerM, sometimes glaucous: empty glumes linear- lanceolate, rigid, long-pointed, 4-6 lines long: flowering glumes firm, lan- ceolate, acuminate or short-awned, 7-nerved. Washington to California and the Bocky Mountains. E* glaucns Buckl. 1. c. E. Americanus Vasey <& Scribn. Stems erect, 2-5 feet high, smooth : sheaths often shorter than the internodes, usually glabrous : ligules 1 line longor less: leaves 4-12 inches long, 2-8 lines wide, smooth beneath, sometimes scabrous above : spike 5-8 inches long, slender: spikelets appressed to the rachis, 3-6 flowered: empty glumes narrowly lanceolate, 4-6 lines long, acuminate or awn-pointed, rigid, 3-5- nerved: flowering glumes smooth or slightly scabrous, 5-6 lines long: bear- ing a slender straight awn 6-9 lines long. In moist soil California to Brit. Columbia, Ontario, Michigan and Arizona. E. Canadensis L. Sp. 83. Stems erect, 2-5ieet high, smooth : sheaths usually shorter than the internodes : ligules very short : leaves 4-12 inches long, 5-10 lines wide, scabrous, sometimes glaucous: spike 4-12 inches long, stout, often nodding: spikelets spreading, 3-5flowered: empty glumes narrowly lanceolate, or subulate, rigid, 3-5-nerved ,4-8 lines long. :r iWb GRAMINEiE BITANION tapering into an awn ae long or longer than the body : flowering glumes 4-7 lines long, nearly smooth to hirsute, bearing a slender scabrous awn, 1-2 inches long. On river banks and bars, Oregon to Nova Scotia, Georgia and Texas. E. Capdt-Mbdus^ L. Sp. 84. Stems slender 12-20 inches long, genic- ulate below : sheaths about equallini; the internodes : ligules very short : leaves 2-3 inches long, involute: spike stout, 1)^-2 inches long, dense : spike- lets 1-2-flowered : empty glumes narrow, rough, spreading, about an inch long : flowering glumes hispid, 3-4 lines long, gradually tapering into an awn 2-2)4 inches long. On dry prairies, southwestern Oregon : introduced .from Europe. 55 SITANION Raf. Tall annual or perennial grasses with usually flat leaves and terminal spikes. Spikelets 1- to several-flowered, sessile, usually in pairs in alternate notches of the pointed rachis. Empty glumes forming an apparent involucre to the cluster: glumes very long, often 2-parted to the base, the divisions unequal, 2-cleft and long-awned: flowering glumes long-awned, 2>toothed or 3-awned. Palets a little shorter than the glumes, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct, with plumose stigmas. Grain sparsely hairy at the summit, adherent to the palet. 8. elymoldes Raf. Journ. Phys. Ixxxix, 103. Elymus Sitanion ShuUes. Stems simple smooth, 6-24 inches high : sheaths smooth to rough or hirsute, usually shorter than the internodes, the upper ones often inflated and enclosing the base of the spike : ligules short : leaves 2-7 inches long, )^-2 lines wide, usually scabrous, sometimes hirsute, flat or involute ; spike 2-6 inches long : spikelets 1-5-flowered : empty glumes entire or divided, often to the base, the divisions subulate and bearing long unequal slender awns : flowering glumes 3-5 lines long, 5-nerved, scabrous toward the apex, bear- ing a long slender divergent awn 1-3 inches long. In dry soil, California to Brit. Columbia and Kansas. S. glaber J. G. Smith. Stems stout, erect, densely cespitose, 12-20 inches high : sheaths loose, longer than the internodes, elabrous : leaves 2-6 inches long, glabrous beneath : spikes 2-4 inches long, oarely exserted : awns of the flowering glumes 2-2i^ inches long. Washington to California. S* villosum J. G. Smith. Stems stout, mostly erect, 10-15 inches high : sheaths densely hirsute : leaves short, flat, strigose-pubescent and some- what hirsute: spike 3-4 inches long, enclosed in the upper sheath : empty glumes 3-8-parted, each part bearing a slender awn 2-4 inches long; flow- ering glume lanceolate, 3-awned, the middle awn stout, 4-5 inches long, the lateral ones slender and usually shorter. Common in dry ground about PuMman, Washington. 8. Leckenbyl Piper Fl. Palouse Reg. 32. Stems stout, erect, 2)^-3 feet high : sheaths glabrous or on sterile shoots ciliate : leaves stiff, erect, 2-7 inches long, involute glabrous beneath, strigose above, sharply acu- minate : spike 5-7 inches long, slender,usually erect, long-exserted : empty glumes 4, equal, 2)^-3 lines long, entire, setaceous: flowering glumes lan- ceolate, 5-6 lines long, smooth, at base, scabrous above, bifid at the apex and tipped with a straight awn l}4-2 inches long. Bars of Snake river at Wawawai, Washington. 8. flexaosnm Piper 1. c. Stems tufted l>^-3 feet high, erect : sheaths glabrous or on sterile shoots villous : leaves 2-6 inches long, involute, strigose-pubescent on both sides, or the upper nearly smooth : spike slender, eroct, 4 inches long, long-exserted : empty glumes subulate-setaceous, 1-2 BITAinON TAXUa TAXACE.E 781 lines long, tipped with an awn 5-6 lines long, sometimes with 2 very short lateral awns: flowering glumes lanceolate, smooth at the base, scabrous above, bifid, bearing a divergent awn 1J4-2 inches long. Bars of Snake river at Wawawai, Washington. S* Brodiei Piper 1. c. Stems erect, l>^-2 feet high: leaves stiff, smooth on both siaesi involute, 5-7 inches long: spike pale green, long- exserted, erect, 2)^-3)^ inches long : empt}r glumes subulate, entire, 4 lines long, bearing an awn 6 lines long : flowering glumes lanceolate, dense- ly appreesed-pubescent, 6 lines long, rarely with 2 short lateral awns. Bif>hop's Bar, Snake river, Washington. Class 2, GYMNOSPERMJ}. Monoecious or dioecious trees or shrubs, mostly evergreen, with usually rigid needle-like, subulate, or scale-like leaves. Ovules naked upon a scale, bract or disk, or within a more or less open perianth. SYNOPTICAL KEY. , y 110 Taxacen Dioecious evergreens: flowers solitary and axillary: ovule ' solitary, in fruit a bony seed within a fleshy envelope or cup-shaped disk. 111 PlnacesB Mostljr monoecious and evergreen trees or shrubs: stamina te flowers in aments : pistillate flowers in scaly aments becoming cones or berry-like, ovules 2 or more at the base of each scale. Order 110 TAXACEiE Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 316. Sparingly resinous trees or shrubs with scattered, in ours ever- green, linear leaves spreading in 2 ranks and dioecious axillary and solitary flowers achlamydeous and naked or surrounded by the imbricated and usually decussate bud-scales. Staminate flowers with the filaments monadelphous in a column, each fila- ment surmounted by several more or less united pendent an- ther-cells, dehiscing longitudinally on the lower side, Pollen globose. Pistillate flowers of a solitary orthotropous ovule which in fruit becomes a bony-coated seed raised upon or more or less surrounded by or consolidated with a fleshy disk, cup or other coating. Embryo axile, in fleshy or farinaceous albumen. Cotyledons only 2, semiterete. 1 TAXUS L. Sp. 1040. Trees or shrubs with evergreen spirally arranged short-poirued linear flat mucronate leaves, spreading so as to appear 2-ranked, and axillary and solitary sessile or subsessile very small aments. Staminate aments consisting of a few scaly bracts and 5-8 stamens, their filaments united to the middle: anthers 4-6-celled. Ovules solitary, axillary, erect, subtended by a fleshy annular disk, which is bracted at the base. Fruit consisting of the fleshy disk which becomes cup-shaped, red and nearly encloses the bony seed. T. brevlfolia Nutt. Sylva iii, 86 t. 108. A tree 20-90 feet high, by . s V r> 782 PINACEiE JONIPBBOB 1 I'-S feet in diameter, with slender sprefiding, or drooping branches: leaves ft-12 lines long, acuminate, and cuspidate, the margins somewhat revolute, bright green above, glaucous beneath, abrupt):^ narrowed at the base into a short slender petiole: staminate aments 1>| lines broad : fruit amber-red 3-6 lines in diameter, much flattened : seeds broadly ovate and somewhat flattened, acute: ovary 2 lines long. Common from western Brit. Colum- bia to California. Order 111 PINACEiE Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 313. Besinous trees or shrubs, mostly with evergreen narrow or scale like entire leaves and monoecious or rarely dioecious flowers. Staminate flowers reduced to the stamens only which are indefinite in number and often numerous, the filaments upon a central axis with the 2 or more anthers either adnate to the back of the connective or suspended from the under side of its scale-like or peltate summit, the cells dehiscing variously. Pistillate aments consisting of few to many scales, becoming a dry cone in fruit or fleshy and berry-like. Ovules naked, two or more at or on the base of each scale, adnate or free, erect or inverted. Seeds naked or winged, with chartace- ous or crustaceous or sometimes bony testa. Embryo straight, axile, in fleshy oily albumen. Cotyledons two to several in a whorl. . Trtbe I CuPREasiNE^ Scales of the fertile aments few, decus- sately opposite, apparently single, becoming a small cone or connate into a drupe-like globulus. *^ Leaves opposite or in three's, never 2-ranked : flowers dioecious : fruit drupe-like, with bony ovate seeds. 1 Jantpems Ovules in pairs or solitary at the base of the fleshy scales : seeds 1-5 or more : fruit globose, ripening the second season. * * Leaves opposite : flowers monoecious : fruit a dry cone. •*- Cone subglobose, of spreading, peltate or cuneate scales : seeds one or more to each scale, angled or narrowly winged. 2 Chamncyparls Leaves and branches more or less 2-ranked: seeds one or two to each scale. ■«- ■*- Leaves 2-ranked : cone oblong, of imbricated or valvate ob- long scales: seeds 2 or more to each scale, maturing the first year. t Thqja Scales 8-12, rather thin, imbricated : seeds equally 2-winged. 4 Llbocedrus Scales thick-coriaceous, valvate, only the middle pair fertile : seeds unequally 2-winged. Tribe ii, Taxodine^ Scales of the fertile aments more num- erous and spirally arranged, in fruit forming a woody cone. 6 Sequoia Large trees with short-linear to ovate-lanceolate acute cari- nate leaves and ovate cones with cuneate spreading scales. Tribe hi, Abietine^ Scales of the fertile aments numerous, spirally imbricated, ca;pellary, each in the axil of a thin distinct persistent bract, in fruit becoming coriaceous or ligneous and forming a strobile or cone. 10 11 NIPBRUB ches: leaves mt revolute, ;he base into it amber-red id somewhat Brit. Oolum- 2, 313. I narrow or dioecious only which ) filaments r adnate to the under ; dehiscing any scales, le. Ovules ), adnate or bh chartace- yo straight, several in a i few, decus- lall cone or 1 dioecious: fleshy scales : ion. cone, cales : seeds einked: seeds i^alvate ob- 8t year. 2-winged. middle pair more num- 7 cone. ,te acute cari- es. s numerous, hin distinct gneous and .TUMIRBRITS PINACEili. 783 * Leaves not in sheaths, mostly entire : flowerd on last years bran- • cblets : cones maturing the first year. i ■«- Branchlets smooth, the leaf-scars not raised. ** Leaves in fascicles at the ends of email branchletp, deciduous. 6 Larfx Cones pendant at the ends of short branchlets, with thin persis- tent scale : seeds without resin vesicles. ** ** Leaves solitary and scattered along the branchlets, persistent. 7 Abies Leaves sessile, leaving circular scars : cones erect, their scales and bracts deciduous from the central axis : seeds with resin vesicles. 8 Psendotsnga Leaves pecioled, the dears transversely oval : cones pen- dulous, their scales and bracts persistent on the central axis : seeds without resin vesicles. ■*- •*- Branchlets rough from the prominent persistent leaf- bases: . cones pendulous, their scales and bracts persistent on the central axis. 9 Tsiiga J.«aves petioled, with a single dorsal duct : seeds with resin vesicles. 10 Pleea Leaves sessile, keeled on both sides, with 2 lateral complete or inconiplete ducts : seeds without resin vesicles. • * Cones maturing in the second year their bracts becoming corky and thickened : leaves of the perfect plant in bundles of 1-5. from the axil of scarious bracts, their bases surrounded by a sheath of "" scabrous bud-scales, usually serrulate. 1 1 Plmis Leaves needle-shape, the resin-ducts inconstant in number and variously placed. Tribe 1, Cupreasineae. Cupreaaineae and Juniperrse Endl. Syn. Conif. 6. Leaves decvaaately opposite or temate, often dimorphoua, usually acale-like and mostly adnate, the earlier ones free and subu- late: leaf -buds not scaly. Anther-cells 2-8, introrse on the lower part of the face of the peltate connective-acale. Pollen-grains sim- ple. Scales of the fertile amenta few, decuaaately opposite, apparently single, becoming a small cone or connate into a drupe-tike fruit. Ovules erect, solitary or rarely S to each scale. Cotyledons usually 2. 1 JUNIPERUS L. Sp. 1038. Shrubs or trees with opposite or verticillate subulate or scale- like sessile evergreen leaves, usually of 2 kinds, and dioecious or sometimes monoecious small globose axillary or terminal aments. Staminate aments oblong or ovoid. Anther-cells 4-8 under each shield-shaped scale. Fertile aments of 2 or 3 series of fleshy scales, with 2 erect ovules to each scale, in fruit becoming united into a blue-black or reddish drupe, ripening the second season. Seeds 1-12, ovate, bony. § 1 OxYcEDRua Spach Ann. Sc. Nat. 2nd. Ser. xvi, 289. Leaves ternate, free and jointed at the base, linear-subulate, pungent, channelled and white-glaucous above, not glandular- pitted. J. commanls L. Sp. 1040. A low tree or erect shrub 1-26 feet high ; with shreddv bark, the branches spreading or drooping: leaves all subulate, rigid, spreading or some of the lower reflexed, mostly straight, vertieillate w 764 PINACE^ CHAMXOYPARIB It I in threes, often with amaller ones in their axils, 5-10 lines long less than 1 line wide, channelled and commonly whitened on the apper surface: berry-like cones sessile or nearly so, dark blue, 3-4 lines in diameter. On dry hills, northern Washington to Brit. Columbia and Pennsylvania. • J* nana Willd. Sp. PI. iv. 854. A depressed rigid shrub seldom over 18 inches high, forming irregular patches often 10 feet iu diameter: leaves lanceolate, acute and cuapidate, 4-6 lines long, channelled and white above, dark green and carinate beneath, mostly incurved : aments axillary : berry- like cones blue, 3-5 lines in diameter. Common in the hi^h mountains and along the coast. California to Alaska and across the contment : also in Europe and Asia. § 2 Sabina Spach 1. c. 291. Leaves ternate or opposite, of 2 forms, mostly adnate and scale-like, closely appressed and crowded upon the branches and often glandular-pitted, occasion- ally more distinct, free and subulate. 'J. ocoldentalls Hook. Fl. ii, 166. A rather small tree 20-60 feet high and 1-2 feet in diameter : leaves in threes scale>like, closely imbricated and oppressed, ovate, acute, convex on the back : usaally very resinous fruit on short oranchiets, solitary, numerous, globose or obovoid, 3-4 lines in diameter, blue-black, resinous: seeds 1-8, deeply pitted. On very dry plains and banks, eastern Oregon to Brit. Columbi and Idaho. J* scopulornm Sargent. /. Virqiniana of authors as to the western tree. A tree 10-50 feet high, 1-2 feet in diameter: leaves mostly opposite; all those of youn^ plants and commonly someof those of twigs of older trees subulate, spiny-tipped, 2-4 lines long, those of the mature branches scale- like, acute or subacute, closisly appressed and imbricated, 4-ranked, causing the twigs to appear quadrangular: aments terminal : berry-like cones light blue, glaucous, about 3 lines in diameter, borne on straignt peduncle>like branchlets of less than their own length, 1-2-seeded. In dry soil, eastern Washington to Brit. Columubia. 2 OHAM^CYPARIS Spach Eist. Veg. ii, 329. (1842,) Trees with minute opposite appressed 4 ranked scale-like ever- green leaves and small monoecious terminal aments. Staminate aments globose, with opposite 2-4-celled anthers, the cells globose, 2-valved. Fertile ainents globose, with few peltate opposite scales each bearing 2-5 erect seeds, closed until mature, each with a central point or knob. Seeds winged, maturing the first year. C. Lawsontana Parlat. DC. Prodr. xvi, 464. A tall tree 100-200 feet high and 2-6 feet in diameter, with slender spreading or drooping branch- es : leaves small, deep green with a glaucous margin when young, acute or acutish, more or less glandular-pitted : cones 4 lines in diameter glaucous when young, of 8-10 scales with the flattened summit crossed by a narrow transverse ridge : seeds 2-4 to each scale, wing-margined, 2 lines long. Along streams in the coast mountains. Southern Oregon and northern California. C. Ifootkatensis Spach Hist. Veg. xi. 333. A slender tree 50-160 feet high and 1-3 feet in diameter at the base, with slender drooping branches and terete branchlets: leaves small, very acute, dark green, obscurely glandular: cones globose, 5-6 lines in diameter, of 4-6 thick green scales with ver^ prominent central bosses : seeds 2-4 to each scale, thick and nar- rowly winged. On the highest parts of the Cascade Mountains, Oregon to Alaska. KOYPABIB THUJA UBOCIDBDB PINAOE^ 3 THUJA L. Sp. 1002 786 Trees with thin fibrous bark, scattered branches and distichous evergreen foliage. Leaves opposite, adnate and imbricated in 4 rows, oblong, with free acute tips somewhat dim'orphoua. Flow- ers monoBcious. Aments terminal, of few scales decussately imbricated in pairs. Staminate flowers numerous, very small, with 3 or 4 anthers under each of the 4 or 6 subpeltate broadly ovate pointed scales. Pollen grains simple. Fertile aments ter- minating stouter branchlets, of 8-12 erect scales, with 2 or more erect ovules ut the base of each. Cones sopn strongly reflexed, maturing the flrst season, small, the thin-coriaceous scales ovate, the lowest and uppermost pairs sterile. Seeds lanceolate and somewhat compressed, nearly equally winged. T. pllcata Don Hort. Cantab, ed. 6, 219. T. gigantea Nntt. A tall graceful tree 100-250 feet hich and 2-12 feet in diameter at base : foliage light f;reen and shining : leaves ovate, acuminate and subpungent : cones 6-8 ines long, ovate, cinnamon-colored, somewhjii clustered at the ends of branchlets, the ovate scales with a thin acute usually appressed miicro, the lowestand uppermost pairs sterile, the others with 2-6 ovules : seeds a little shorter than the wings which are 3 lines long, distinct and slightly unequal. Frequent in forests California to Alaska and Idaho. 4 LIBOCEDRUS Endl. Syn. Conif. 42. (1847.) '\ Evergreen trees with smooth or fissured bark, scale-like leaves and monoecious or dioecious flowers. Leaves decussately opposite, imbricated by fours and dissimilar, the facial ones smaller, flat and appressed, the marginal ones bract-like and keeled. Aments solitary, terminal : the staminate ones with subpeltate scales, each with 3-4 longitudinally dehiscent anthers on the dorsal side. Fertile aments bracteate, with 4-6 decussately opposite erect scales, the lower pair usually sterile, the third when present con- nate into a longitudinal septum. Ovules 2 to each scale, flask- shaped. Cone ripening the first year, its scales subwoody, mu- cronate below the apex, erect, at length spreading. Seeds in pairs or solitary. Cotyledons two. L* decnrrens Torr. PI. Fremont 7, t 3. A tall tree 100-150 feet high by 3-7 feet in diameter, with lax scattered spreading branches : leaves bright green, in 2 decussate pairs at each joint, closely adnate except the shoTt acute tip, the lateral without glands and nearly covering the flat- tened obKurely pitted inner ones : staminate flowers ovate, of 12-16 scales: cones 9-12 lin^i long, scaly-bracted at base, oblong, tLe lower scales very short, the upper connate into a longitudinal septum, the middle pair convex, obtuse at the tip, all with a short acute somewhat incurved mucro : seeds oblong-lanceolate, 3-6 lines long, the narrow outer wing scarcely longer; the inner one broad and nearly equalling the scale. On dry hill- sides, Oregon to California and Nevada. Tribe 2 Taxodinex. Leaves alternate. Scales of the fertile aments more numerous and spirally arranged, in fruit becoming a woody cone. Ovules erect: in some genera inverted. 5 SEQUOIA Endl. Syn. Conif. 198. Tall trees with straight columnar trunks, short spreading bran- 780 PINACEiB ■■QOOIA LARIZ Ki cheB, linear leaves and monoecious flowers. Aments terminal and axillary upon young shoots, of rather numerous spirally arranged' scales. Staminate flowers small, involuerate with scale- like leaves, with 3-5 anthers under each subpeltate scale. Pollen grains simple. Fertile aments oblong-ovate, erect, with 3-7 in- verted ovules at the base of each scale. Cones maturing the second year, woody, oval, the scales divergent at right angles from the axis, thick and wedge-shaped with a rhomboidal rugose umbilicate apex, setaceous-nmcronate. Seeds compressed, oblong- obovate, witn thick spreading marjzins. Cotyledons 4-6. 8. sioiperTlrens Endl. 8yn. Conif. 198. Erect evergreen treei 100-360 feet high by 4-20 feet in diameter, with thick fibrous aponery bark, com- paratively short spreading branches and linear 3-ranked leaves: leaves bright green above, glaucons beneath, spreading distiohonslj, those of Uie main branches appressed, acute, or acuminate and mostly pungent, 6-12 linert loAg, about 1 line wide: staminate aments about 2. lines long: conea oblorg, 9^12 lines Jong bv 6 lines thick, of about 20 (scales: jseeqs brown, 2-2)^ lines long. Near the coast, extreme southern Oregon and Galifomia. )« 3 . Ahietinese Endl. Syn. Conif. 79. Leaf-biidsi scaly. Leavee scatiered or Jateided, from linear to a^icular. , Stamiriate flowers spirally arranged and subtended by involucral scales: an- ther-cella extrorse, parallel and contiguous upon the sif^es of a very narrow connective which is often surniounted by a scariQ'^s dilate^ inflexed tip. Scales of the fertile aments numerous, spirally imbri- caied^ carpellary^ each in the axil of a thin distinct bract, in fruit becoming coriacecms or woody and forming a cone. Ovules in pairs, adndte to the inner face of each scale near the base, inverted. Seeds separating from the scale at maturity, conspicuously winged. Coty- ledons 3-16. C LAEIX Adans. Fam. PI. ii, 480. (1763) Tall trees with horizontal or ascending branches and small narrowly linear deciduous leaves without sheaths in fascicles on short ■ lateral scaly bud-like branchlets. Aments short, lateral, monoecious ; the staminate from leaflets buds ; the fertile buds commonly leafy at base and the aments red. Pollen grains sim- ple. Cones ovoid or cylindric, small, erect, their scales thin, spirally arilanged, obtuse^ persistent. ft.! occldieataliB Natt. Sylva iii, 143, t. 120. A large tree 100-200 feet high and 1-6 feet in diameter, with thick reddish longitudinally fissured bark: branches short, horizontal,' with glabrous bratlohlets: leaves nar- roirlv linear, 1^2 inches long, in alternate fascicles of 12-18, promptly deciduous: cones ovate-(i^lindric, 1-1>^ inches long, its scales broadly ob- long, truncate, ciliate-fringed when young: bracts scariotis, dilated at baka, the narrow terminal part exserted. In the mountains of eastern Oregon and Washington to Idaho. , L. Lyalltl ftiVlat. Ehuiii. 8eai. Re{|. Fl. 259. A rather small tree 50- 100 feet high with horizontal or ascending branches, the branchlets a=d bud-scales dens' jly pttbescent with whitish hairs: leaves narrowly linear, aiQOOlA LARIX ts terminal ous spirally e with scale- lale. Pollen with 3-7 in- laturing the right angles oiaal rugose ised, oblong- 4-6. i;treeil00-3a0 "y bark, com- ^ves: leaves ibIj, those of >itly pungent, 1 2 lineilong: ^oaJes: jseeds k Oregon and ^-budii 8fMy: .Biamimte I scales: an- ^€8 of a very r}QU8. dila^e^ irally imbri- raety in fruit ules in pairs, rted. Seeds nged. Coty- )d and small fascicles on lort, lateral, fertile buds grains sim- scales tliin, se 100-200 feet aailj fissured leaves nar- -18, promptly 9s broadly ob- is, dilated at .ins of eastern aKII PINACEJE 787 small tree'50- ranchlets axii. rrowly linear, 1-2 inches long, deoidnons: cones oblong, 1H~2 inches long, promptly deoiduoos. In the CMcade Monntains of Washington. 7 ABIES Jnas. Gen. 414. (1789.) Evergreen trees with linear flat scattered leaves and monoeci- ous flowers. Leaves sessile, often spreading so as to appear 2- ranked, but in reality Hpirally arranged, not jointed to a persistent base but leaving circular flat scars on the naked twigs. Stamin- ate aments from the axils of the previous years leaves. Anthert 2-celled, tiie cells transversely dehiscent ; the connective prolonged into a short knob or point. Pollen grains compound. Fertile aments lateral, ereit. Ovules 2 to each scale. C-ines erect, cylin- dric to ov(»id, tl.<'ir Iroad obtuse scales deciduous fr«>tn the persis- tent central axip. A. gnmilt I.indl. IViiny Cyc. 130. A tall straight trve 10t'-3i(0 feet high and 2-6 feet in diameter, with iimooth browoinh blotched with white bark and spreading brunebcs: leaves flat, dark glossy green and channel- led above, glossy with two palo or white stripes beneath, 1-2 inches long: cones cylindric, retuse, 2-0 inches long, l-\H iooh thick, with scales nearly ivriot as broad us long: the quite short obcordate or 2-lobed bracts with or without a short point: wing of the seed very oblique, 2 4 lines long. Common in moist places in forests, Brit. Columbia to Galifotria and Iddio. A. L«wl«Ba Mnrr. Syn. Vur. Conif. 27. A tall (tracA-fuI tree 10U-2IM) feet high and 2-8 feet iu diameter, with, when mature, dark-colored fif- aured biirk and spreading branches: leaven 2-ranked, 1-2 inches long, green al>ove, green with two white stripes beneath: cones cyliudrii;. 2-4 inches long, with scales nearly twice as broad as long; bracts not exMerted: wing of the Heed oblique. In the Siskiyou Mountains and southward. A. conculor l.iivil. .r(»iirii. Hort. st«; cones oblong cylindric, 8-9 inches long 1^-1^ iich in diameter, pale Cn to dull purplidi: ccales 12-15 lines wide, ueai'ly 1;wice as wide as „: bracts truncate, not exserted: wing of the seed oblique, ab long aiS wide. In the mountains at 3000-4000 feet elevation, southern Oregon to California. A. l«Kl«carpa Niitt. Sylva, iii, 13s. A small tree 50-75 lee) hitrli «d«{ 7-12 inches in diameter, with smocth whitish bark and drooping branchev; leaves of the main branches 1-2)^ inches long, erect, ACute and pungentfy piointed, those of the branchlets more or less spreading or curved upward, rigid and more or less pungent: cones cylindric, usually purple, 2-8 inch- es long, ^-\ inch thick: scales broader than long: bracts not exserted. On the highest peaks of the Cascade Moniitaius. A. auablltl Forbes Pinetnm Woh. I2'i. t. 44. A blender tree I O-loO feet high and 1-8 feet in diameter, with smooth whitish ';'>?k and spreading branches: leaves rigid, acute or obtuse, 1-2 inches lung, ou the lower branches and on young trees 2- ranked, on the upper parts of mature trees shorter and curved upward: cones dark purple, 2-4 inches long, 2-8 inches m PlNACEiK PdKODonroA nUQA m r' :f U ! f i: in diamuter: acalea nearly twice as broad as long: hnctt< not exaerted. On the higher parts of the Cascade Mountains. A. nobllls IJnIl I'enny Gyc. i, 30. A very large tree 200-300 feet high and 8-6 fet^t in diameter, with spreading branches and somewhat rough (iaric gray or bladcislt baric: leaves rigid, acute or obtuse, 1-2 inches long, on tlie lowest branches and on young trees somewhat 2-ranI(ed, flattlsh and slightly grooved; on the upper branchlets curved upward and covering the upper side, glaucous and Iceeled on both sides: cones rylindrlcal oblong, 5-0 inches long, 3-4 iiicbcH in diameter, almost covered by the esserted and reflexed cuneate cuspidate-pointed bracts: scales 12-18 linus wide by 12-lff lines long: seed slen.ier, with a cuneate Homcwhat letuse wing nearly as long as the scale: coty- ledons 7 or 8. Common in the liigh mountains at 40uO-60UO feet elevation, WaiiiingtoD tt) 'Jaliforniu. 8 PSEUI O SrCiA Carr. Conif. ed. 2. 266. L:ir;ie tret-H with rough dark l>rowii or whititih bark, flat dis- tiiiotly |)e'inle stoinatose only on the l.twer side wit!i 2 lateral resin-ducts dose to the epiderinie of the iowi.r tfidti, l.'jiviiig on tlic Idjint'lih'ts Hcarctly prnminent trnns- ve e>eiy oval r.iised tmrHrs. Flowers niinooi-ious, from the axils ot" the pieviouH year'a leaves. Staininate Hower an oblong or Hubcylindriu coiumii Hunounded and partly enclosed by nnnier- tms coiispituoiis orbicular buil-sculep: <'oiiimisHiire of the aiitheiH terminiiting ii) a ^hoit spur; the cellt* opening obliquely by one continuous Klit : pollen grains ovnte-fiubglobooe. Pistillate flow- ers with the Hcah's much shorter than the broadly linear acutely 2 lobed: long-pointed or ; ristate bracts. Cones matuiing the first year, with persistt-nt senles and exserted bracts. Seeds without resin-vehich's. Cotyledons H-10. P. Doorlasll Carr. 1. c. A large trt>H 100-300 feet high and 2-lS feat In diameter: leaves linear, mostly obtuse, 8-18 lines long, but slightly if at all 2-ranked, glossy green HlM)ve, wliite with a green midnerve l)eneatb: staminate ■aments oblong -cyliiidiical, 6-10 Hues long: cones oblong to cylindrical, 1-4 inches long: wales 10-14 lines wide, broader than long: bi-acts 2-8 linea wide, more or less exser ted, acutely 2-ti>othed or lacerate at the apex, the promhient midnerve prolonged Into a long subulate awn: see(l8 without nnd 2-16 feet gbtly if at all tb: Btaminate rlindrical, 1-4 -8 lineii wide, he promhient uTex and red- about 8 lines ommon from g terminal somewhat y petioled, -J persistent nens in the numerous in a short contiT»uous branchlets: aturing the ersistent on TBCOA PICBA PINACE^ the axis. Hef rls with resin-vesicles on the surface, winged. T. heterophylla bar^ent. Abie$ heterophylla Raf. Tsuga Mertemiana >f authors not of Carr. A very largtj tree lU0-20ti leet high and 'J-6 feet in diameter, with rough rather thick ba'lc ultimate branchlets very slender, roughish and when young long- hairy: leaves linear, 4-9 lines lonji, abruptly petioled, entire or uf^ually spiuulose-derrate toward the rounded a|)ex, shiring above, when youn< wilh 2 wtiite stiipes beneath: staminate flowers 2-8 linen in diameter, shorter than the Htipe: cones obloug-cyllndrical, acute, 4-0 lines long, slightly pubescent: sch les longer than wide: bracts truncate: seeds ubout 1 line long, tlie wing twice as long: eotyledoiis 2 or 4. In moist places hi forests, California to Alaska. T. Mertensiana Carr. Conif. ed. 2, 25). T. Pattouian" Engelm. \ large tree 100-200 feet high nnd 1-4 feet in diameter, with rough dRrk brown bark, slender pubescent branchlets and and dark green foliage: leaves 6-12 lines long, angular, acutish, atti-nuate at the base, often curved, stnmat'ise and keeled both sides, unequal and npiiearing at ii in fascicles: statninate flowers about 2 lines thick, on a very sleiiiler Bti|)e: cones' cylindriral-obldiig 2-3 inches long. 0-8 lines in diameter; seeds 2% lines Umg, with an obliquely ohovate wing about 4 lines long. t)n the hi^h niouiitains <;alitprnia to Alaska. 10 I'K'EA Link Abh. Akad. Wins, iierlin 1727, 17». r^arge evergroen trees wiili icddinli fljiky bark and on a prominent, tit biht lipneuu.-, | ere-iistent rhombic bas», spirally arranged all jiround tin- linmclilits, some- times by a twist ot the biise f-oniewluii *2-r!iiiked: rtsin-ducif* irregular. Staminate flowers iixi Inrv and terin.i al on the previ- t»us yearV hriinchlets. with an oblong or rylindiicid st:imii al column, its short stipe snrroi n ieti hy iiuni(rt»ii> hud-scales: ihe coinmi.'-sure ofthc anthers expanding into a l>road i.e.-irlv niriular erect crest: nnth< i-cells op' idng h ngitudinally. I', lien gmins large, with 2 air-s;iut A linoH long: uniliers dark purple: eoneH olilong-cylindrical to ovate, 1-8 inches ion^, griidually narrowed to eaeh end: ncalea thin, straight, unnally f^roHe-( lentil te: seed t>laek, aliout half an hmg as the liroad very ohiique wing, In wet |)laeeH on the high mouiitaiim, Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the Rocky MountxinH. I'. SItchiMisIs «iiri (.' nil'. 2i.. . A vciy lu \iv tm-, 2()(i-3"ii feet high and l-iC fnet in diameter with thin Hcidey redlirown liark • l>ranchletBtkick, rough witli the prominent ])eri-iHtent leaf ImseH, ghibrnuM: leave" 8-8 lines long, idmnt 1 line wide, fattened. Mlioit-|U)lnl*'(l orohtuoe to acute, Btomatose H' (1 wlieii young white on ; lie upper Kurlnoe: eoncB cylindrical-oval, 1^-3 ii (he H l.ii'g (in indi thick or lenh: liracis la eeolate. rigid y-i-% as long an till scid>!>; Hcal h yello^^isll. ohlonjL' Hoft. ronnded and denticulate at the iipex, !'-!•_' iinet* long: 8u (Ik hlender 1J^-1>8 lines long, the wing 4-5 lines long liy 1-1 j.. lni«H wi: tilt' s(;r(»n'liiry in l)unfll(i.>< of 1-'). Iron) il <• nxile > t hucl-i-cnlu- iin I siinouudeii nt l»iiw! by a nioiLMir Ii ^.'^ pcisi^t lit slic. til (dinem' rinvnis .-citlrs, iiee'llc-.«jliaj)ed, i':?reti\ SL'miifinc or triinigiilsir accoidiiii! as Itimdles arc of lor inoic, mostly 'elicntcly .s;ii-i!i!t ts v.iriou.-; in ^^i imtion .hhI nvimher. Stnraiiiiite ametits ;iii .ii»liiii_' o- cyliii'liicid iiften much tdiMijr.ite 1 Htaniinal column sill 'oiindfil by !! soiiicwliat definite number of calyx-like laid- scales, the o iti-r ones lateral and -troiij;Iy keeltjd, from the axils of t^calcs and crowded into a ciipitatc or spicate inflorescence around tho i>a«' of tin; .-.imH Si»riu;j;s growth: anther cells open- in;: lontii udiinilly. tlie connective terminatiny: in a knob ursenii- t iicniar erect c'cst. Pollen-L'rains rather small, •i-lobed, with 2 air sacs. Pi-lillatc aments axillarv or subterminal, solitarv or !-everal tngetlicr. 1 1 it scales mucli larjrcr than the I)ra.cts. C(mes matiirint^ the second year, scales more or le>is tluckencd and corky, ihe iVee exposed portion bearing a terminal or dorstil un- arnieci or prickly protMberance (uniho). '^eeds without resin- vesicles, usually surrounded by tlie ri-ii like base of the wing wliich often spreads partly over the outer side of tlie seeds. *-()lytedoss 5-15. § 1 Leaves in fives with peripheral resin ducts their sheaths loose and deciduous. Cones subterminal. Scales comparatively thin at the free exi)osed apex, with a terminal unarmed umbo. Anthers terminating in a knob or a few teeth, or in a short in- complete cresit. P. Lambertiana Dougl. Linn. Trans, xv, 5<)0. A large tr.e 100-300 feet high and 5-20 feet in diameter, with light brown smoothisb bark and spreading branches: leaves 3-4 inches long, rigid, with 5 or 6 lines cf stomata PICK« IMNITS n amentH oval, tl lines loiiii. with 1(1-15 iiivoliKTul males anthers (lenticiiiatucrt'bti'tl : cnnei' Itri^ht bruwn,. On dry hillHirfert Oreijon to California. P. montlcola D. D<>n, Lumhert I'inns 111. A Nleiiiier tree l(iO-20() feet high and 1-6 feet in ili-uneter and rather slender Rpreailiiii^ or Home- what(h'<>o|iiii(; bianciitB : ' ii Inily triown tiees divined into iieiirly i-qiiare piatt h covered by stiiall clot-ely ajiprent-ed purple HcaleH : leaven in t\>f, blue jireen and gIan«'onH, l)'«-4 incheH long, w.tli brown or wImo noon decidmiu?! sli«;ith.t: rttaiiiiuate flowerrt oval, 4-5 lines loug, tlie ►ta-nens terniiiiatin^.' in hIio l crests o' kiiolis r^utoiinded by 8 bracts : pistillate flowers ol)lon;^'Cylindric, witli tliii) .-^caleH r.iir^ed upon stout pediini'les: conen i-ll iticbeM loiiii, peniiiiloiH. 1-2 indi'.-i tlii<'<: scales thin, oliiong ovutf,l-13^ inches long, -lightly tlii( kfiicil am! r^niootb toward theaptx, tippeil with n Hitiall dark ninbo: needs narrowed at Idtb ends, 4 lines long. <>n the high uionntainH, Cabfortda to lirit. Colnnibia. P. flexilis .TaniCH LmigV Ixjitd. ii, 34. \ st >nl tue usnally 4('-8o feet high witli a Fhoit nncsive trunk l-> feet in diamet>r with nliott si. ait flexible Npreading or fiiiii-wlmt iisic ndin^' bramhiH and whitish or on ojfl trees dark brown bark : leaves stout and riirid hliarp pointe , \\ iib callous tips, dark gret-n, abou; 2 inches loiiij, with light lirown or white r-oon . .\ «tint tree 2i-t)0 feet high anil 1-3 leet in diameter with sinnoth li>;ht-io|..re i ba'k: leaves nlentler, l)-8-;] inohe« l"ns.'. witli few row- ..f ^t'•no^ta on tlu' in-ide. entire or nearly so: Ktaminate ainents shori : anthers tipned with i s(>nr: cones oval to gl biilar, 1>^-S ineheM Ion.', IH-J? iiici.e- thick. |iiiipii.sh brown: scales thick and someihat tieshy, at central a;(is: seeds oval, turgid, ' • line- long the Cascade Mountains. eiiiitli 'le iilu"Us tiom the I In the liiuhe*! la ak^ ol ,§ 2 Apoidivsis with a miicronate >>v IJunt | loml :eran( e on the back. Anthers tenninuling in a .'■einioibici.hir or ahrp'st orbicul.-ir crest. * LeavreH Mirriilat-i, vvii: Ht. in it I up )ii ill-'il'.s: •< oMI'i.s per-si.s'eiit. ■*- heaves in threes. P. ]iOiider08a Dongl. l.awi-on's Man. 351 A larg;- ire.- Iie-.^'O f>'et high and 2-12 feet in diameter with verv thick reil-brown bai k, d ep- ly furrowed and split into large flakt-f : the branches rather dose sjireai- ing or slightly drooping: leaves on stout branchltts in tin- axils ■ f strongly fringed somewlnit persistent liracts, 5-11 inches loig, the thin slieaihs at first H-IU lines long: staminahf an'hers cylindric, flf-xuuus, IK"- inches long: involucre of 10-12 scales: anthers with a liirge semicir. ular »cai' ely dentate crest: cones oval, 3-5 inches in diameter oi ten II— ^ toj>ether. Bessile or nearly so, of a ri«h brown color: scales thick at the apex ; umbo high, with a short stout triangular strfi'ght or incurved prickle: seeds dark brown, .3-4 lines long: wing 10-12 lines long.widest a ove iheniidd'e: cotyledons (5-9. v oinmon in the dry region-, California i» Brit. Columbia and Nebraska. P. Jefferyi Oregon Com. A rather slender tree lUO-200 feit high and m '"i 7ft2 PINACK/E PIK17B 2-4 feet in Jiainett-r with dark brown to nearly black bark and rather sparselj' V)ranched witli spreading ordrnoping usually crooked branches : leaven -i-IU inches long: staminate amenta 1-1^ inch long, the stamens with a large K'liiit'in'ularereptt conep 5-1-' inches long, dark brown, pend- ent, on |it'«luii(leH 1-2 incheH long apophyHes rather thin, with a prominent niiilio :inar8ely and remotely serrate firm and ri;iid, pile yelluw or liiuifh art-en, 3-7 inches long: stami- iiHte Howei sin elongated spkies. cyl;iidricHl,6lineplong: anthers terminat- i L' ill irregular toi»tlieli(]|ueat biise stri.nnly refiexed, 8-6 inches long. 1^-2 inclit 8 thick, remaining clns«d for many years: scales flat, rouiidid at tlie apex, tli(>»-e of the outside being enlarged into promiment knolis aiii'd with thick flattened incurved spines. On dry mountain ^idcs i-outhe'ii Or. gon tn California. ■*- •*- LeaveH in twos. P. coiitorta I oudoii Arh. Brit, iv, 2292. A small tree 10-3 ) feet high with a shoi-t trunk «>-l2 inches in diameter: leaves 1-lK inches long, acute, with shoi-t callous tips, finely and sharply serrulate: staminate aments cy- lindrical, about 6 lines long, with orange-red anthers teitninating in semi- orbieular nearl/ entire crests surrounded by 6 scales: cones oval or sub- (cylindrical 1-8 inches long, tapering toward the apex, very oblique at the base: scales thin, rounded at the apex which is transversely keeled and alightly thicket. ed into narrow oblong dark umbos armed with slender often recurved prickles, often remaining closed several years. Common on the coast and on the mountains California to Alaska and the Bocky Mountains. P. Mnrrayana Oreeon Com. A small slender tree 50-120 feet high and 4-12 inches in diameter, with veiy thin light grayish-brown bark and spreading or ascending branches : leaves 1-3 inches long, light green, delicately sen'ulate: staminate aments cylindrical, suiTounded by 6-8 scales: cones oblong- cylindrical, 1-2 inches long slightly oblique at base, tapering toward the apex often opening at maturity and deciduous: s^b black, the wings 6-8 lines long. On the high mountains California to Brit. Columbia and the Rocky Mountains east of the Casacde Range. Fi rs ■"-'■''■■ , ' ^ •at her ■ jches: aniens pend- iinent 1 7-11. 1891 dark- 1 thin lotely atami- ninat- ) elon- inches B flat. iment .'■■■, intain -■ t high acute, its cy- 1 semi- >r sub- i at the id and i!ender mmon Rocky it high irk and icately •blong- beapex B long. iintains