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Section IV, 1891.
I 29 ]
Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada.
^y.— Two Species of Trees from ihe Post-GIacial of III
UIOLS.
By D. r. Penhallovv, B.Sc.
(Rcatniay 27, ISOl.)
Last year Prof. 0. Marcy, of Evanston, Illinois, transmitted to mo two specimens of
fossil wood for determination. One was obviously an oak and the other a coniferous
wood of some kind, which Prof. Marcy thought possibly might be a Thmja. Both were
m such a state of preservation as to admit of treatment with caustic potash, and the sub-
sequent preparation of sections with an ordinary microtome. The sections showed the
structure to be on the whole well preserved, though in the oak, somewhat modified by
decay and pressure.
Geological Position.
From the data furnished by Prof. Marcy, I am able to make the following statement
respecting the geological position of these plants : —
As appears from the accompanying map,' three lake ridges are prominently develop-
ed in the immediate neighborhood of Chicago. Two of these, the middle and lower
JB
I'lO. 1.
beaches, have their western terminations on the shores of the present lake at Evanston,
where the water has so encroached upon them as to make a cutting, exposing the ridges
in section. The relations of the various deposits thus brought to view are exhibited^n
the sectional figure (fig. 1).
Plato III.
/
30
I'. P. I'MN'JIALLOW OX TWO SPHCIKS ()!•"
From this it appears that the houlder clay is Iouik; al about the pros.Mit level of the
lake. Immediately above the boulder clay is a thin layer of soil (A), in which the cou-
iforous wood was found. Following this are 3.i2o feet of gravel and l.T) feet of peat, con-
taining shells. The peat is covered by 1..^) feel of lino , sand, in which the oak was im-
bedded. The peal (No. 4) includes at tiie top, shell marl. The shells embra^'e such formB
as those of P/aiwrbis, Limnen, etc,, in all, nine different genera, which Stimpson pro-
uouuoes to be of existing species. The local evidence is such as to confirm the view
that the Picea grew upon the spot where found, sending its roots down into the clay.
The cross section (fiii-. 2) supplied to Prof Marcy l)y Dr. f] Andrews, shows the posi-
tion (S) of the layer of jieat, lorrespondiiig to No. 4 of liiiure 1.
Figure 1 is a section of the lower beach at the point where it is (>ut by the lake, and
about six years ago, bones of the mastodon were found in or on the layer of peat (No. 41
thus exposed.
Prof. Marcy expresses the view, based upon Spencer on the Iroquois Lake,' that at
the time the Picea grew, the waters of the lake wore as low as, or lowiT than now. The
wat-rs afterwards rose and formed the upper beach, then the middle, and finally, the
lower beach, which is still in process of formation. At the high level, there was a bay
covering Chicago, and an outlet through Lemont. From these data it would appear that
the formation is a recent one, aud Sir Wm. Dawson seems inclined to consider it as early
post-glacial.
Descriptions of the Woods.
Q/wcM.s'.— The oak is suliicioutly well preserved to render good transverse and longi-
tudinal sections possible, after treatment with caustic potash. In the transverse section
only the general structural features can be made out, with tlio exception of the thyloses,
which are very clearly defined. The wood cells hav.« been so far brouglit under the
operations of decay, as to render it impossible to make out their detailed characters.
Th.' same cause, of course, has ociually atlectcd the structure as exposed in lon out with sullicient
distinctness to serve as the basis of the description given.
By comparison with recent species of Qmrcin^, this fo.ssil appears to most nearly
approach Q. pritins and Q. gairi/ana, the affinities being nearer the former than the latter.
Such difFereuces as could be definitely established, were found in the length of the ray
' 'Amer. Jnl. Sc.'xl,447.
/
\
TI;HKS I'lJO.M •lllK I'OSTCI.ACIAL OF lLI,INOlS.
31
('(>lls, the al)uuclaui-o nnd lonn of I he markiim'.s on the vcisscls, iuid the munhcr mul sizo
of tho medullary rays. These dillereiices arc such as to render exaet ideiitilicatioii with
luodern species hardly probable, and as a suiiable means oi' distinction and recognition
I would therefore propose I'ur this ibssil thi' name ol' Quen/ix mitiri/inni.
I'ii'(i.—l\iv wuud of Ihe Picfii was cut with as iireat Iheility as the oak, and while
the transverse sections were ([uite clear as to the details of frtructure, the longitudinal
soctious also gave numerous well preserved details, iVom which a scries of drawings
(plate II) Were prepared.
So lar as the details iiave l)cen made out, tliey , seem to establish ailinity with /Vrfrt
silchensif, but as in the ca.se ol'the (^/inriis. the diirerences are such a:> to cause hesitation
in e.-tablishing exact identity between them. Were it po.=sible to estaldLsh identity
between tlu' two, tlien there would be good evidence to show the extent to which the
area of distribution of Pimi si/rluusis has contracted within recent geological time, since
this species is now (■ssenlially conhic'd to the I'aciiir coast, from A la.ska to ^lendocino,
California, extending inland not more than iifty miles. I deem it expedient to distinguish
this fossil by a separate name, for which I would suggest Piccu eninsfoni.
QuERcrs :\i.\RCVANA, n. sp.
Transverse sertiin/. (rrowth rings deHiunl only by ai)position of wood and vessels. No
obvious distinction of spring and auUiinn wood. Wood ccdls irregularly dispo.sed,
the largest; about 0.04 mm. in diameter.
Vessels luunerous and large, measuring about 0.20 X 0.:!0 mm. compressed tangen-
lially, chiefly in zones, alternating with zoiU'S of wood of about the same width.
Thyloses conspicuous. The larger medullary rays are about 0.24 mm. broad, and
usually separated by about tweiUy narrow rays of one cell in width.
RmHal section. ^Markings of the vessels obscuri', owing to the operation of decay.
Thyloses conspicuous and abundant, and showing few round pits.
^Medullary rays well developed ; cells short, usually once or twice as long as broad ;
walls rather tliick aiul irregular, with nunu'rous small channels; ends squan or
somewhat oblique, rerforations on the radial walls round, conspicuous and some-
wliat numerous.
Tangtntiiil sirtlo)i. Thyloses conspicuous, the markings numerous and composed of narrow
slits. Markings on the walls of the vessels som(>what conspicuous and compoi^-ed
of linear or narrowly elliptical slits.
The smaller rays usually otie row of ells wide, few to many cells high. The larger
rays are many ct'lls broad ami very'high.
I'lOE.A EVAN8T()M, 11. sp.
I'lATKS II iUld III.
Annual rings well defined; tracheids of the autumji wood rather thick walled, of
the spring wood thin walled, with a single row^ of unequally disposed bordered fpits.
/
32
l>. I". I'K\IIAIJ-nW ON' TWO SI'KCIKS ()!•' TI.'IIKS, l/rc
Mfdiillarv rays IVoiii two lo twfiit y ii'lls luiih, usuiilly ol' oiii> row, or ociasioiiiilly of
thrcf rows of ci'lls at tho irnlro. Kivsiii tubi's couspicuou.s in the autumn wood, but not
nunuTous.
'I'riihsvrrse srr/ioii Annual rin^'' Wfll (Iclii.cd. the autumn wood about tniual to the spring
wood. Cells disposed in radial rows, I'sually about live rows between the mednllarv
rays. JJays somewhat abundant and narrow. The resin passages are not lar."). 7 - 10.') 8 // in dinnictcr, — (onspieuous and lo( atcd wholly in the autumn wood,
ehielly forming a row on its inner I'aci'. Many annual rings wholly destitute of
resin passages.
Jiditiftl srdioii. The thick walled traeheids oi' the autumn wood provided with a single
row of bordered pits, somewhat irreii'ularly disposed, the outer ring *).!• - 1^.H i, in
diameter. The thin walled traeheids of the spring wood with bordered pits in a
single row and olten scattering, the outer ring fl.lt - 17.3 // in diameter. The
medullary rays womewhat alnuidant, the cells rather long and thin walled, and
showing pits.
TangDilial sec/ion. The medullary rays usually composed of a sincrle series of cells, some-
times showing two or three rows at the centre; usually from two to twenty cells
high. No pits in the tangential walls.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
ri.Aii; II.
I'iC'ii I i'(((,-7i/)ii'.
1. — Transverse section showiii}: ilemarcatiDii ef jjrowlh riii;;, anil a niediillary ray. x L'iio.
"•— 'I'rachoid.s showing borilerod ])its {u i of the sjirint; wood, and i '/) of the autumn wood, x :!0n.
;!.— Moilullary ray passin;; tlirouj;h the sprini; wood, sliowinj; structuro and pits on radial waits, x l'HO.
■4. — Meihiliary riiy passint; tlir(iU'_'h tho autumn wcod, -howin); pit.s on radial \vnll.'<. x ;',(il).
5. — Tantxential .section of medullary rays of tho ordinary form, x 'i'.Mi,
H.— Tangential .section (if one of the l)roadnieilullary rays, x '.'(iti.
I'l.ATK III.
Map showing lake ridges in vici'iity fif Chicago.