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\m€ML0i,J^--'^i ^jAAAKMiAA'^Mmf (/lu

T

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

REPORT

or

THE ENTOMOLOGIST

(JAMES FLETCHER, F.i l.S.C.)

1886.

Printed by order of the Minister of Agriculture, in compliance with a request
of the Committee on Immigration and Colonization.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

REPORT

OP

THE ENTOMOLOGIST

(JAMES FLETCHER, F.R.S.C)

i

18S5.

Printed by order of the Minister of Agriculture, in compliance tvith a request
of the Committee on Immigration and Colonization.

«vy

«iy

<

REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

(James Fletcher, F.R.S.C.)

Sib, — Herewith I have the honour to hand you a report of Observations on
Injurious Insects during the year 1885, with the raothods of prov«ntion and remedy
which I have suggested when thoy have been brought under my notice. I regret
that many investigations, the completion of which 1 had anticipated during the past
season, are still unfinished. This is owing to a sudden temporary impairment of my
eyesight, on uccount of which n y physicians forbade me for some montL.^ to read or
write, to use the microscope, or .o draw. The practical effect of this has boon the una*
voidable postponement until another season, of many interesting scientific studies
which I hod hoped to work out during the past summer, as well as the critical ezami<
nation and delineation of insects collected. This trouble, I am thankful to say, is
now passing away, and I look forward confidently to the coming summer, for further
opportunities of showing that the office of the Entomologist of year Department is
one of general utility to the country at largo. My efforts, during the past year, have
been necessarily continod to the answering of correspondence, which has now assumed
very largo proportions, of visiting and consulting farmers concerning the condition of
their crops, and addressing agricultural and educational institutions, whenever oppor-
tunities occurred, with a view to showing the direct bearing of Economic Entomology
upon Agriculture, and the (.nmparative ease with which many of the most formidable
of our crop posts can be viil,=tTiod, by those who will take the trouble to familiarize
themsolvos with tho meio clemonts of the stud}'. A visit to British Columbia in the
spring of the year, and to the Maritime Provinces, during the present winter, to attend
the Annual Meeting of the Fruit Growers' Association of Nova Scotia, gave mo oppor-
tunities lor becoming p'^rsonally acquainted with many of the farmers of those Pro-
vinces, from whom 1 have received much useful information. These visits were par-
ticularly useful to mo as allowing mo to acquaint myself by actual observation with the
different climatic conditions, and methods of culture practised, in those far distant and
fertile regions. In all cases I was received with tho utmost kindness and attention upon
making my mission known. The prosont report contains the results of my own
observations and those of some of my correspondents, extracts from whoso letters I
have inserted when I thought that they illustrated the subjects referred to, or would
bo of interest to others engaged in the same pursuits. It is prepared not so much
with the idon of giving it a scientific value, as with tho hope that it may be
found useful by those, for whoso benefit it is specially prepared — tho farmers, agri-
culturists, fruit-growers and horticulturists of the Dominion. Judging by the large
number and the tenor of the letters I receive from this class of the community,
asking for information concerning injurious insects, I am much pleased to note a
growing appreciation amongst thom, which is often expressocl in their corres-
pondence, of the value of the studies in which I am engaged. This recognition of
the importance of Elconomic Entomology as a necessary branch of agriculture, ia
becoming more widespread every day, as is evidenced by the amouat of work which
is being vigorously prosecuted in this direction, by Governments, societies and
private individuals in all parts of the world ; and so manifest is the direct bearing of
the results arrived at upon the success of all agricultural operations that even

for raoro than 3 «0 ) m° "roVo !,Sd ,^,1I™ '"' T'""", ''°"':'^"™» •■>"'>li ou,- own

bavins a Govor„;.«a o'till °;LSu dtlTllth uL'To'^S^^

Inaolla Ir.juriom to Ai-riciillure nn.l th™ „, i »'» ""'0 'o "Mying U,o haWls of

(leua) Academy, t.. ihis position.

westtTD locusts, as well as manr, F h ''■ ^ '' «i"-'«''"0"8 «f «^ JitrorontHpociesof
United States Nairi M^curn L .U rr ' ' '7^'^^', ^" ^'•- ^^ ^- «'"i^h, of the
coleoptera; to Pro^j! A lSp St r r^^' f '^^'L^'cdoB of Icpidoptera and
many matters rola iro- toTl^o invos i^ntin nr "''^ '^ .^'^^ York, for advico in
RivorH.ofthoUnivei'TtvyCaliforri ^^^^ ot injunous m.ocl., and to Mr. J. J.
e.ponmcntB whicha'e th « S d^ «^' t''" i-I'Oitant

. To Prof. Saunders, of London OitaTlV I .fnll i ^hvHox.n'a in California.
in some difficult quontions, cinccrnint^ wl i h hi Vnn '^^ '°'''''^"' ^"^ ''■""^'^' ^^^^^^
and extcDHivo knowl.d-'o If d,em t,^ . .« '"'f ""«,",^P°''«"^-' «« nn Eotomologist.
reference. Al.o to Mr." W J H n^',- on o/. ^°' •'" ^"^''"^"'"^i^^« ^^ur^e of
attend to my corref^pondHce whi 1 u" ?i' "^9^'^T'V .'^"'^ '^''""3' u.,do.t..olc to
investisatio/in ]3Ht£^S ' S"r i^!! '^:"''^'" -> '-' ^^ C"'»'»l^i'^. i>ur.n. mv

couvor iMacd. ^""»-"i'i'"f; mo uihecus oi Van-

beir timo ta
oiiomios. On
most ominont
ada theio aro
iiiitonioio^ical
turul lliMtory
tion to thoHo,
most amongst
\te CaiuvUen,"
nn.s of which
iiliari (armors
iortiii^' itiHoct
•e modi OH sug-
n-ing to, and
lino.

many of our
itcrif, than in

inslractions.
uch our own

noeosHiLy of
^l»o habits of
1 provonting
riy, and aro
mploy Euto-
I, of Loudon

:noiogist8, at
tho Hoveial
)o esc'codod.
1 aa prompt
1 repoatedly
portiHiily of
0 Ao<iii«ntly
i^y, who has
ntHpocicsof
inith, of tho
Joptcra and
T udvico ill
o Mr. J. J.

0 imj)oitant

1 California,
iioiy advico
itoniologist,
to fcourco of
doitdolc to
l>uiiiig my
jntion Irom
compli.shod
[uiriijp, and
ict.s of Van-

during tho
reports on
.vhieh h.,-0
I « , F.G.S ,
onefit it is

intended, with hhort, inlolligiblo ft"coiiiitH i,f iho chiof crop pusts, iuid tho most
practicnl romodios. Tho rojiorlM aro got np on tho namo i)lan um MIhh Onuofbd'a
most oxcolloni annual roporls, upon which it wauld ho difTicull to improvo, and aro
illustral.id liy ti^iiros whiidi have nlroudy fipp-arod in Mi^'s Ormorod's reports, and
aro well known from thoir accuracy and lifo Ikooxprossivonoss. Tho author o( the»o
roports has received a hi>,'h complimoni as to thoir wo; th in tho roquost of tho Bel-
gian Minister to republish thorn in Ihig'uni— a porinission mo^i properly granted by
tho iiaporial Privy Council. In otiier colonies ot iho British Ivnpiro tho" Legislatures
have found it necoK-ary to take cogniziiico of tho injiuioB annuully 'oimnittpd by
insoctH, and 1 have locoived, through Mr. D. \V. Headle, editor of the Canadian IJorti-
^u/(w^s^ a report of the .Joint Codling-Moth Ojnimittoo of New Zeal.\iid for l8d6.
This report is re))loto with useriil information concerning the most injurious posts of
fruit trees in tho colony. ]]y it wo find that the two mo;-t destructive enemies of
thoir apple crofs are tho same Codling Moth and Oyster-shell Birk-louso which work
such havoc in our orchards.

1 am frequently reminded of. and have ondoavourod to moot, the nocjos^ity for
expressing my reports in siiuide language, avoiding tlio usoof scientific terms, except
when actually nocossary for thosakeof accuiacy. Air. Kdwin Chase, of Port Williams,
N. S., writes: "lloraodies must b3 short, to iho point, and plainly oxp"ossod. Wo
shall then understand, reniombor and attend to thom botlor."

_ And Mr. Robert Wilkie, now Master of tho Dominion fri-ango, snys: "Endloas
vigilance is required, on tho part of tho agriculturist and horticulturist, to meet tho
atUick of insects. Most of tlio farmers know almost nothing of Entomology, and tho
scientific names, which aro geneially used in such writings, carry no moaning with
them to the farmer. lie knows the Wheat-midge, the Wire-worm, kc, when he
moots thoir names in the language ho is used to; but whou ho meets thom under
other names ho neither rocogniz9s thom nor does he know what he is reading
about. Ho consoquenily takes no interest in tho subject, and ovontually drops it
altogether."

Appended to this report are some papers of general interest, which I have con-
cluded would add to its utility. Tho address tn the Fruit Growers' Association ot
Nova Scotia is upon the general principles of Economic Entomology, and will, I
trust, be considered to attain tho end I had in view in preparing it.

From reasons to which 1 have already referred, tho preparation of my own illus-
trations was impossible; init as figures add so materially to tho intelligibility of any
report, I have gladly availed myself of tho gonerou-^ permission granted by the Ento-
mological Society of Ontario to make use of any of tho figures in tho possession of
that Society.

Finally, I beg to thank my many correspondents for their assistance in tho past,
and to request a continuance of the favour for the future, I am convinced, that if
ray work is to be of use to the country, much of the information made use of and
distributed through this moans, must be derived from practical men, actually engaged
in the cultivation of the soil. If suggested remedies are successful, tho very best
must bo discovered and mado known as widely as possible; if they fail, the reason
must bo discovered, and if they are useless, farmers niu?t bo warned against them, so
that no time may bo lost which might bo better employed.

NOTES OX THE PRINCIPAL INJURIOUS INSECTS OF TilE YEAR 1883.

Tho season of 1885 has not been, I am happy to say, ohai'aclori/.od by the
appearance of any new species of injurious insects in undue numbors, nor have some
of those meniionod in my last repoi L as injuriou-ly abundant, appeared again during
the present year. Tho Army-worm, lust year rocorded as being so abundant, in Now
Brunswick, was loss so in 1885. The " Black Army-worm," injurious in the
Ottawa district, was this year almost um-opreseuled, a few moths on!y, the
perfect insects of this caterpillar, being collecled al light on the evenings of 7th

and 8(h August. Tho Cloyor-hocl MM^o. po«sibly tho y ont iniurlou. in.oot of th.
year, ha8 OKuin commiUod HorioiiH depr(duti<)nrt • but it 'a nJi i n .T 7 "''

In a ar,.o moasuro, obviate this 1oh« by p hVu .J tho r Icvc. un ''"S^"''!""':" ^""'
middle of Juno, itiHtoad of leavin« it HlundinJ in thn i«l, ni ?. ^.° ^*['""""« «'*

Tho Wheat-midge momn to have HiiL'htIv a ta^'^-i ti k*' ^'"^ *'"'^?* ^"^ ™""'*'-

infected onionrfut at that ti-^o Si f I "^T "'"'"^ ""'»«"'«^ «mongHt the

Maggot wa^ab'undanl 'n'llT^ ,\t^ytoST^^^^^^^ '1^'^«^'^'\^

gardener. CubbiiL'e Huinach and ..II n.hln^. T !., ° ^'^^ "^ "• ^a»''«ian market

well as email frLs of SkindMTh^^^^^ ?''^"'" '"^ poHection, as

lopidoptorous larva vh h wuh attlckinS ?h«"l- "''"r •"'•'"' ^ T"'*^ ""^ ^"« " «^«1»
ance of which 8eem\o bo idLticXkK^^^^

east (Ba/^ruma cCo/u^Sa rC.dl L t ,'^°'°'' ^^o^^f^orry Fruit-worm of the
garden was at t^o .TmeSy v itt 11^0 o? be^rutifuTf ' products Mr. Murray's
contained many rarities. •'^ ^"'"'^ ^ '^'^'^° «* beaut-ful flower-., and his greenhouse

Cutworms of two or throe fipccicf not vot f.illTr ™^.^..^.»J ^ ...

Bp\" I r ^!;4h ^k^li^m"toL^^ '!r r^ 'r^ ^'''- NoaWy all'fhl'
aS the larvu of a S r madous T S ^" '*" u'^T' ^"u^ ?""'''' '^^"'^^ (^« ^'«ll
destroying them) were ?nfortu,merv u? 1 h T' ■^'*'^''^' '"^'"'^ ^^« ^«""^ "^''^^'y
could not bo m-otert!d dn Hnl h ^ killed by tho excessive heat, from which thoy

Becurodtva'spSiin"^? cohirrho^^^o^^^^^^ ^^?--'' ^ '

most diligent wofkor and keen TS^^^^^Cm^^: ^^^^ ^^^jf^) ^l^'^. '' %
Bomo of these species during the coming summer ' lile-hi«lor.es of

«uf^^rtr;h^;Scu;^^:;l"s\;;,t ii^lr'i 'k? " '\ ^^?'" ^^^-^'

S iu lu ai,u Ujbtci-..hell Eurklouso. In the Maritime

I

1 innoct of tho
at farmorH cjin,
10 boginninf^ or
I of tho month.
I larjfe aroa of
rtoot upon tho
anitobaunJ tho
redationH ; but
)ftho"iIatofuI
ficntion proved
3oived that tho
>p in California
a not auooeod

bleu have been
Ivor Island and
I found it to
ng from larvic
of tho genua
s amongHt the
. ThefJadish
I reports. A
on of a visit
olumbia. Tho
r moans of irri-
lage-brush and
uot likely to
consequently,
I for tho pre-
indor present
I tho extreme;
ofuso luxuri-
3avy expense
.ikulino rivor-
iiicod over 13
a sign of a
risian market
»orfection, as
was a small
ts and appoar-
worm of the
Ir. Murray's
i greenhouse

irred in the
. A. Knight,
early all the
ates (as well
)und actively
which they
wever, as I
it, who is a
)-l)iKtories of

lain extent,
1)0 Maritime

Provinoo^ the C" inker Worms have for tho last few yoar^ boon tho wor^Jt enoraioa of
this staple product.

In Prince Kdward Island tho Fall Web-worm is tho only insect, in addition to
the three last named spocios, concerning which serious complaints have boon made.

In many piirt.1 of the Dominion ilio Plum Curculio is inoroasing in numbers
doubtless owing to nogligonco on tho part of the fruitgrowers to jar their trees!
Noverthe o.is I fool conHdont that trouble with this insect is virtually at an ond.
Nearly all experimenters concur in testifying that its ravages may bj prevented by
spraying Paris Groen ovor the trees at tho time tho females are laying their eggs.
This material has also boon extensively and successfully used aijainst tho Codling
Moth. JO 6

Tho attacks on forest trees during the season havo not boon of a remarkable
character. Tho Larch Siiw-fly has not spread to the extent I anticipated it would,
and no now enemy of our forests has appeared in largo numbers. I will now give
a more detailed statement, under Iho lioaJings of tho chief classes of cropi, of tho
observations of tho year.

CEREALS.

WHEAT.

Tho Wheat Midgo {Diplosis tritici, Kirby).

Tho only grain crop which has suffered at all severely from insect causes, during
the past season, is wheat, and this, although assailed by rain, fungous diseases and
insects, has, upon tho wholj, produced a good average crop.

The Wheat Midge is of course, at tho present time, tho greatest enemy. Through-
out the Maritime Provinces, Quebec, and many parts of Ontario, a certain oroportion
of the wheat is attacked. '

The following extracts, from difforont sources, illustrate this. In tho Ontario
Agricultural Returns for November, 1885, wo find :—

'' The Wire worm has been at work on tho wheat roots in u good many localities
in Western Ontario, and a few yellow patches in the field indicate tho pro^enco of
tlie nes8ian-fly ; bat tho injury done by those posts is, ov the whole, insignilicant.
Some fields, too, wbich were sown very early, wore attacked o,bout tho edges by
trrasshoppors, and one correspondent expresses some alarm that tho post will return
in force next summer."

" '^^,? 'Jo3sian-fly has made its appoaranco for tho first time in this section of
country."— P. Cf..\nK, Culroes, Bruce, Ont.

" Wiioat sown alongside of grass fields, is considerably oaten up by Grasshoppers
but only tho outside ridge."— James Alexander, Ekfrid, Middlesex, Ont.

" Wheat suffered sovoroly from rust, and to a certain extent, from Woovil."—
G. Henky, Bomanville, Out.

" Wheat sulFors more or loss every year from the Midgo, On an avora^o about
J an inch of each head is destroyed."— Wm. Milne, Maxwell, Ont.

''Theonly crops which sutlerod to any appreoiablo degree, were whoat, from
the Wheat fly, turnips, from tho Flea, and clover, from tho Olovor-sood Midge."— II.
DoiPE, Kirkton, Ont.

• 'r^^'^ c^^?^^' ^''^^*'' ^^'""'°^ ^^"^ y^^^' 1^^-^' ^lo^troyod tho Egyptian and other
varieties of fall whout. It was noticed, howovor, that a variety of fall whoat called
I^emocrat was not much injared.'owing, it is thought, to tho chatf, or covering,
being thicker, consequently tho insect could not penetrate it. Tho 'Democrat'
variety was not injured again this year, and gave an excellent yield, while other
varieties were badly infested by tho Midge."- Jabel Robinson, Middlamarch, Oat.

Mr. 1. B. hLLrs, of Pembroke, Ont., writes:- "Tho Weevil has been bad in
past yea-s, but was not hurtful this your. Farmers hero sow earlier or later than

the usual tirno, no n-4 to a^oi'! ■'► f r-"'ifi\i- in ~-mit -,,.i— - ii ^- -u • ' ^-.„

i-> .- .m ..J j..)i.i ,,. 1 ptoioi to aow c.ifij-, 3u that lao Koniui may

mature, to a certain extent, before the egg is developed."

:^:.^^ ^'".115^^ - Sc;^b .vhoat has bel^^!:^ oZ 1 ^

HO injured iti '.omo r.a.o., but mt .11,^^^ rr.^'^l' ?'^^ ^'-'° boon

^■ or ' weevil ' docs «ot' apnea; \o^"r;;;'Leh'a°c!;reS ^^^^-^^^^^^^^ 'y'^^

' iiy ' or ' weevil ' docs

Iho limo of soM-ing anrriiK.nir/ f^^ ,711^'^^'!^;%'^"''^'*'",°* ,''"''''^^^'' a« if' is of
flyap,,oaiB,it i. a-^jparontly abfo lo w bsUnd /,; ' '^"""Sl^ advanced before the
year, all over Ontario, l.as .ulfe od /ro „ n st in n T'^'^r' ^^' ''"^'"^ '"'^ ^^'''
damage was not so heavy a. ii^ a, her we'st and U^ ''1?'?^ ^^ ^'"S^^"" ^^^^
tho avorago." "' ^^^^> ^'"'^ '"O quality is not much below

year tSai laSrS^^.^:;,::;^^ t^,r'f ''^ '"•■^- 7^ -- -der wheat this
over, seems to have .uffored ]e"s / on ^hc MiS 7.' '"' l"|'gc- J^hat grown, how-
accounts come from Montreal •- ^" ^^"" '"''''•• ^^° "^o.^ favourable

Mid^t^'noTS'an^-T;;:;:^^^^^ ^1 ^T' '^''' ' «"^ ^^■'^ ^^°

told by Hoveral compotont parU fih.i wo htvo , H t Ir ^'''^'J "' ^f '^ ^ ^^^'« l^^^"
-W. L\ SuAw, Montreal, Quo ^ "'"^ ^^'^^''' ^^''« ^^is year at all."

roap:d^t.;ih^Lu7£;;lstT/t^^^^^^ in my county have

Midgo is still with us: but did not iniurP tL"^^n u t^'\ ''""" y*'^''^ P"st. The

(M.P.), St, Ce«airo, Q ..o '' ' '^° '™i' "'"'^^ ^^^^^ soasoa."_G. A. Gigault

putting^n iTrgf qUi^^^^^^ "^t care to run the risk of

Midge'did not^injSre ufSh '-H n \rH'''ST ^i^sr* f'"'" J'^"^ ^^^'^' ^'^^
In the Maniimo l^-ovinpn« iKn Wk "T^vr- J *' ^''- ^'^'^"'''<^) Que.

loss troublesome, m' 1\W Morrison wS//''^^^1?^^',^ ^° ^"•^'1»"">' becoming
or as we call it down herr^heWerilhlf^^^^^ "The Midge,

bad that the farmers gave°^7 J^fJ-'^^l^^^^f ^«V«7 bad for a few years, in fact°so

quantities and it did v^y .efi, brn^vrr^e atTaS^b^ ?^^^ -«"

notilt-^d?sSti;T;rin^;Tyet^^.-^^'^^^^^ " ^" ^^^

pests!Tr.''A\Tn%^u'r:o3Z^^^ tZ.LZi' r^''?''' '"'^'^^ ^-- --t
little to complain of in thrwavffLpt«nI J Agnoulturo, writes .—" We have
committed few depredatioL fn thi« Soil ^'n' ^ "^'^ *''''"'«i'^ thissoaaon. They
damage as last }U^ Po Uto b^^« havri!: ^"^'T^^^ b^ve not done as much
an alarming extent." "^''^''^^-bugs have shown up in one or two places ; but not to

'cSSmSVr S^ J^S-t!!!?^.^'^"^'-'^ ^0 fi-om the attacks of insects,

a sects
-. -. — ^ ^^vjwiaiji^, v »»"ut;ii, man,

our cabbago-'s,'and by't^h; TuiWflv^'-C?/^^ gardens by Cut-worms among

Tho wheat crop in iSh Shim lli^h ^'"^ "^'^^ ^'"'■^''> -^•^«''^o". Man!
has been quite Bati,Lctory mid the t S no c^^^^^^^^^ that cereal has been culti'vatod
about Victoria, V. I. looked u^,li,nH "".complaints of insect attacks. Tho fields
ravages. At Kam oo^Ka C^^^^ oxaminod showed no .ign of in ec

& Maia, that ho bad ne;or see "anv^'flv iS- --Tf ^^'^Tu'^' '^ ^«'^«'^'^- ^^'^^^'osh
grain which he gave me from timt nnd tio ^..1 "f '" ^^? '°""^'"^' ''^"'"P'os of
wheat districts ohnC., 001^!^^:!^::^':^^:^^^::^'''-'''''' ''^^ '''

' Weevil ' was

traces of attack.

Midje Remedies.

' "'' ^""^ "^^ ^^^•^''^ It 13 clear that applications to

bish,

I grain from all

10 fly cr woovil,
)'ios hi.vo boon
attacked by the
rioty, as it is of
ncoJ I,oforo the
rvheat crop this
>f KingHton the
lot much below

idor wheat this
at grown, how-
dOdl favourable

I find that the
ct I have been
is yoar at all."

y county have
■IS past. The
G. A. Gkuult

un the risk of
Phis year the
[ue.

ally becoming

" The Midge,

Jars, in fact so

V sowed small

3."

' Weevil ' was

1 from insect
—"We have
soaaon. They
ouo as much

i3 ; but not to

ks of insects,
», Man.
'ps by insects
I, Man.

rorms among
inori>on, Man.
n cultivated,
. The fields
gn of in.soot
I's. Mcintosh
Samples of
^ich are the
of'attuek.

tical value.
)iication8 to

the wheat plant are impo-isiblo. However, .is the greater proportion of the larvio
eavo the ears and burrow int' the soil a few inches to cniplito hci. trao.form^

Zis rritd'^ S?C wS' i," '^? 7-^ ''^'''f'' dre..in, ^•„nncdi:'tol aftJ^Tht
CIO]) 18 cawiod. Mr. C. Whitehead in his hecond report to the Brilish Acricultural
Dopartnient, says : '< The sole practical means of prLrention i^to 'u iva e= he whoa
stubble, directly the wheat is carried, so as to burv the I'lrvn r .../, in ?„ i

A dressing of hot lime might be applied with gS r"u t ? ut in\\ s ca t^he'Sci
should bo very .ightly scarified with one oi Coleman's lightest scarifiers in order to
bring the limo into closo contact with the larva., Aftor'somo lay , he ianS shou d

leasuJ'tL^ m£ fo;;.'"?'^ ^'T '"' ^^^"'"f'^' '^'''^^^"^ Aulhcr\ranlr;ni >„,' ft
least to 11 0 imago form. Couch grass must be eradicated (this grass is botanicallv
closely allied with tho wheat plant and the Midge is known to go through Us tian^'
forma ions in ,t as well as in wheat). Hedge sides and outsides of fields should bo"
carefully brushed. It should be remarked hero that brushin. hedl sides and aU
outsidos, grassy roads, waste corners, and headlands should be done sys elSlv

again in tno autumn when insect . are hibernating upon grasses and hodrre-sido rnh

10 brush, the lubbl^h should be burnt or carried away to bo mii^onod "

It IS further euggostod that in years of bad attack all chaff or rubbi^h after

threshing should be burnt, put in a mixen. or under cattle in yards '

Sometimes a large proportion of the larvie remain in the ears until after the

grain is carried, and when threshed fall down with the chaft' ,hii -.Z J\\-u ■

sufficient numbei. to make the grouud quite Ted M .' M^h of M Le^^^^^

destroyed ^'"'^' '^ '""''''' ^'^"^ ^'''^ ">««^ '''<^^^^^y «w«Pt "P anJ

In many parts of Canada it has been found necessary to give ud nu'tinrr in fall
wheat altogothor and then by changing the time of plunLg i^nlhe s^ri^/ nSoTvou
to get the wheat 1..0 ear at a time when the Midge is not abundant The treaj
number of d,flerentva,ieties of wheat, some early and some late Sy a-.Lf the
armor in this direction, but ho mu.t cons.anlly 4tch for ,he ti n e 0 \ Lamnce of
nnt .^n -^^ ^' ""''' '"'"''V'' ^"^ '^'^ ^«^ or .noose varieties of whet which a?e

Tt a so cSlid M?*]'" •'"^' V\' ''T H '" '^''"'''^ ^y '^^'^ ^'"'^^'^'^ that when thj;
get a so-called Midp-proof wheat that after a time the Midge changes its habits and

wC:omtrin-oear''' w'h° "" f' bo. to correspond^vith"fh: !.':,»' olthe
thnf .KnnK ^ \ , •, ^^'"^ ''°«''*'"'^ ^° •'''« question I think it is more probable

£fs efou,id?o be t7 '"^?>'"'^''J-'V^""^*'"''^^ ^"^ "' "P^'> observation'

tnis De ound to be the case, the diflit^ulty might be obviated by frequontlv urocurl

Z^t^ua\h:Z:^::^T Jr ''^^ r ""« ^^ ^^^'' «f ce^trva'^etlerbeing
^auon,inou,^ultsof which are of eiiorn,AUH importance to the country at large

t' t'";i''frrn"'ait:'r' \r r^"' 'th' '^ ^ '•^ '"^'-y -- -i-ri u^p^vSed

thn L« ft /r^'", ''"f 1^- Mr. Casey, M.P„ informs mo that, even when grown in

Thei-o nrl a T, '.'""-"■ ""r"'*^^'' !' 'f 'r'''^'' ^'■«™ ^"^^^ ^^en they are d^est oyeS

Ifieio aio al..o other varieties which have almost the same renutation It is

robablo, however, that the same variety which will answer r'ne district will not

le^^uccossful in another, and the most suitable for each must bolSded by eipert

The Rocky Mountain Locust {Melanoplus spretus, Uhler.)

Lo Jtnni?! !**" North-Wost there are rumours of injuries by the Rocky Mountain
in ol;,.V ^^ "'fr''''?' '■^'''"'■)' ''"^' doubtless considerable i.^jury has been wrought

to n? h u-e ten ,lf "'"'t)"/ ^'"J "°"^ "V'^'^ '^'''"''''' which hivo been submitfed
10 mo ha^e boon the true Hocky Mountaiii Locust ; nevoMhnl..-- of eoP-o -v af the
.>ortii.\Vost iics wuhin the region where that species breeds, and it "is advisable for

!0

with the dostructivo eJ 'irZun" in to^^^^^^^^^^^^ / ' '"?'' most often confused
difference bot^voen whk/afrTZeT^^^ the most apparent

^^^

'Pig'l.~Melanop!usspretus,Vh\er. Fi.r ■> _ l/,./.,„. ; ,

It will be observed that M .nretus the Rook^^ ' f-nur-rubrum, B..rm.

much longer wing, and by h^'S^it .^'able t'^fl^^^^^^^^ H.teful Locust, has

inon Bedlegged Locust is usually confiUdIo the lo^a^ifv wh\°'''^''-''''u '"° ^«™-
thislatterspecieslargebroodsof Donlt.-xr flrl vo.f- 1 r^ ^^*"'^ "' '« ^o™- I^'or
thenumber8-and8hou!dformar.to/tlf« J '^'f '^ "'^'"' '" keeping down

addition to those ae.iSant ! a^l i,f ctiv^^^^^^^^ prairie 'fai'ln. ll

and particularly the different Bp i^s of Grrse Ltid b^ i^ ?'''^l'''^'''' ^^^^owlarks
farmer, i have dissected Prair e-henH/tCron, of thfr-f ^"''^ P™^""''^ ^^ '^^
the remains of Locusts. ' ^ "^'^'^'^ ^^^^''^ 'I'moat filled with

OATS.

corner of^X;: uSKl^^tT" 'si" ^^f^ ^""'^^^''« «-^ ^-''ty -d

under ., notice by Mr. J. «cr1Ve.-, ^ p! H^nU;^^.^;^'";;'';^^' "" ' '^"^'^^
The Rod-Loggad Locust {Mdanoplu, fe^mr-rubrum, B^rm) F,g 2

localHiek'^rtVeTonth tlltSZ7Z\ """"'^"'^ ^"^^ ^«^>^ ^-^'^t''- ' ^ certain
afterwards attackoJ^tho oa tsifso Thev^S H Zo7°'° '''^'■"'^~^ ^^'^'^ ^^^^"^ ""^ they
flowers just as thev came out nrt'h/ ^ ^.? '"'''! '"J'''"^' ^^^ '^'t'"^' off the separate

Their rivages wer'^> IZ sele ii^'h TotnSnVT '"'">r»^ ^"^^ "'-'° 1^' i"^'
particularly in the Parish of Laonilltt^.I'^r of Hemmingford and Havelock and
use them iov fodder!-' ' ^'^ ''"° ^"■"''^^'' ^'^'* ^^ <^»t ^-"vn his oat. and

also I'Sn^uV^,:^^^^^^^ -^« - the manner described has

Osborne, and, in Michigan! bv P^Jcook "' '' '" ^''''''' ^"^' '" ^^^«' ^J P^of.

injurioSTo'harrd'oatr Tl' w'"''^ "^ ''" '"™^ ^"'^■'^"^ ^^ ^'^^^'''O aud Queboo as
whence I rec^ied ono m ttrnn/'''^ ,"'?'•'""' '^" Vancouver Island, in jily!
crops generally ''' °^ '*'°"' "'^'^'^i^"^^' turnips as well as other

BARLEY.

The Grain Weevil {Calmdra oryzte, L,).

potbadey" bllcily ^i'nteWed'^vfth ^th/'iSf'' ^'Tt^ T t ^''^^P'*' «'^ imported
the C«ra///c>«.c/a^or Snout bretltsand^^Z^^^ beetle. This iu.soct belongs to

both in Europe aad7n h^ Suiu.l r. ,'""'^'^''^'''»'^'« ^^rnage to stored g..ain,
fornia.A'evvvi'rk.and Liv^rJooTEn^^^^ has com m.tted great havoc ia^Oali:

in Crtn.ida, but mi.'ht vorv (.•ihIIv 'hi","!; /• ' '"^iviiy, a common insect

18H I obtained from Mr! W S Vot^^of o" Tw .'' ? "'■^'''''' ""''"^y- '" ^"g««t>
Egyptian wheat which he had im,^nS Z^^^ r •; ''f' '^.T'^'^'"^ "^ ^^""P'^ «f
^nfestcd by these weevils, and I 'S':::^^:^^^^^^^^^^, ^ ^Z ^t

is

11

nboi- of "Grass-
it often confuHod
0 moot apparent
anying figures,

*""•»■*■»

'■rubrim, Biirm.
fill Locust, has
while the .ora-
is born. For
keeping down
lirio farm. In
' Meadow-larks
otocted by the
oat filled with

Jt quality and
i: was brought

itive 't certain
Sheni and they
the separate
vhole panicle.
Havelock and
n his oats and

described has
owa, by Prof.

d Quebec, as
and, in July,
well as other

0 only injury

of imported
t belongs to
itorod grain,
00 in Cali-
nmon insect

Jn August,
a sample of

was badly
them up in

a box for examinaiion vv, h some empty shelU of wheat. The insects remained
alive and .ictive in the box all the winter until Mi»rch, when I loft the city for some
time. In view ot the fact that they are »o tonaciona of life, groat care should be
taken not to allow them to escape if discovered. If the grain is not too badlv

ft? JM^.fo'^' TK''''-,f?^M^"> '^'"''^'^ '*>' ^''■^■■"« '^ ^''^'^ ^^^ J^^"-. "t a temper^
atureof 130°. This will k:ll the in.ects ; but will not injure the quality nor the
germinating power of the grain, ^ / uwi luo

fW^^n?I^?K''^*''^'n'''^^u'"/'°'''H^ "P^" ^^^ ^-^^^o grains in the granary; when
they hatch the small grubs bore into the grain and consume the interior, only
emerging in the shape of the perfect beetle in the autumn, after the whole of thj
contents have been consumed.

PEAS.

The pea crop still remains as free from the attacks of the weevil (Bruchus nisi
L.) as last year, The Black Army- Worm (Ayrotis fennica), noticed last^ear a" hav
ing been so destructive to this crop in the Ottawa district, did not, as was then antici-
pated, appear again this year in large numbers. Mildew seems to have materially
affected the quality of the pea crop. The Hon. W. IJ . Chaffers says : " The weather
which was very unfavourable for hay in the County of liouviUe, appears also to have
aflocted the peas, which crop was a general failure."

HAY AND CLOVER.
HAY.

The hay crop seems to have- sufforod considerably from various causes during
the past year A •' Joint-worm " is comp.ainod of in the Timothy from several
localities in Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. So far, I have been
unable to obtain specimens, and shall lool obliged to any one who, next year will
send me some for examination. It has been suggested that the injury is not from an
insect at a 1 ; but from frosts in the beginning of June. On the other hand, Mr. W.
Brodio, of Toronto, tells mo that he has actunlly found the larva of a species of fly
{thlorops) doing much harm in the four townships uf Pickering, Whitby, Uxbridiro
and Eeacn of the County of Ontario. Tae description of theattack ho noticed seems to
agree with that of the so-calltd " Joint-worm." Mr. Brodie writes : " The timothy was
just ready tor mowing, and, of couivso, quite green in colour; but in many fields the
aeaa heads wore so numerous as to give a ripened appearance to the crop. The heads
were pale straw color, dead and dry, and on a slight pull the calm parted at the
upper loint, whore the larva- had fed. 1 vv.u, unlii..k>lv, uaablo to work tho mutter
up; but, from the few larva' I succeeded in finding, 1 fool sure that the state of the
crop was duo to the attacks of a spocios of the genus named."

Mr. T. B. Ellis, writing from Pembroke, Ont:ino, says : "Tho timothv hay
crop was a comparative failure, not tho result of being wintor-killod, nor owintr to
any lack of rain ; but, though it grow well and promised well on tho 1st June, it did
not mature, but withered or faded whou it should have rip nod. I do not know tho
cause, which is unusual to farmers here. " And again : " Tho ' Joiiit-woim ' has boon
bad here, at timos destroying tho timothy largely.''

Mr.Petor AVhito. M.l'., of Pembvoko, Ontario, al^nt-lls m.) that tho "Joint-worm"
(locally know:i as "Cut-worm ") has attacked tho whoat in that district in the same
manner. I'rom the lact that tiio wiihorod stems, to tho extent of perhaps i- of I nor
cent., are scattered all through the fields, ho fools conlidont that tho iniu--y is done
by an inse^a. It is only during the last six or sovou years that ho has noticed the
attack at Pembroke.

It is woil known that in Europe a dy a the gonus mentioned (Chlorons tnniopus,
Luitis) commits groat i^avagos in holds of oats and burloy in a similar manner

Ihe attack, which ha.-, boon attributa^Uo tho " Joi;it-w orm," was sover.al times
rotorred to in coirespondenco from Quo'er, and was aUo observed in the vicinity of
JJalhousio,^.H.,ontho farm of Mr. Charles Stewart, where both timothy and
-Kentucky bluo-gra»8 were affected. The hay in Now Brunswick, in addition to the

12

reports that Iho hay cron in the I nL f JA . *"'^- ^''- J^^'"''^h Wood, M.P

greatly diminished VZTnt. i^^^.Lny tld'' ("o't^Ltl" '^"'^''.''^ ^^-^'-^ w-
^ _ MoBt of the reports from the Pr ;vinL nf A i u''^' ^^'' •'"''"■^'7 ^lostrayod.
below the arera^efand in many;,!; Ta ailure^'ltn^^r '''^"1 ^^^ ^"•^P^^'»«
Wence, as at Berthior, Q,.o., Vhore Mr 1 o Ca hb?r V P ""-"r""' ^^'''^ ^^'
the haywua remarkably heavy and rm^ I H.,>..\ [ ' ^•^•' '"fof'»'i mo that

«ocared ; but on the south sho'ef very S^'' aJ a rXl'ht^d' fi"' ''''^™' ^^^'^ «™P^
boon due more to raotoorologic;! causes h an to [n!^ n'^°'?''°^ «°^'"^ *« have
compImneJ of m injurinij pa«turoH irthoclunties or rr \- ^^'T^^'^P)'"''^ ^'^ve been

'Mr. S. A. Fisher, M.P. for Bromo O , ^ ?/T^^^^

promised well early i, the season wiTh' Jin ' "T ^ '^'^'^''"^''^ ^'^^ hay crop
growth. Tnis I attribut to thrco^l waat^ wh.T'^ '''"•?".' '''''^ ""' ™^ke an^
part of the summer. The pasture? wZiho-^nV^'"*''''"'^^ ^'"''"^ the greatoiV
reoovor after the first cropp n^J "'j, sZe par ofth^VT' .^""^l '^'^ "«^ ^^^"^ t^
Grnb did much injury in meadows Thi! fr, ■ ^^^"^^ ^^ ^^me the Whit'

can bo discovered, it w 1 1 bo a ™t iZn^''''''^' '' "^ "°^ ^J^'"g- ^n^ if a re/nodv
The reports on the 'ht o^oTwhS. iTZ'^Tl^'T ^^° ^^'°- ^^--S "
favourable than those from the Eastern PmWnpi?TT .f ^' Cjast are not more
^n most parts, was thin ; but Mr T A E Hon «r y/\?7^°^«"^0'- Inland, the hay,
mo, that on the alluvial flats and m-irHi; h^JiJ^Vh^' ^""'^ -^^^ Westminster, tells
the crop was good and very heavy? ' ''''°"* '^" '"^"'^ «^ ^he Fraser Iliver,

CLOVER

The Clover-seod Jlidge iCeeidomyia leguminicola, Lintnor).

Fig. 4.— Clover fioed Midge (female.)

'P'^g^ 3 — Olovor-sond MiJjre (,na!e.)

/-IT.- ' '''i^- 5 — OiovoMeod Mid

(Figures very much magnified.)

K

^e (larva.)

\o\v3 of tho raost
uh Wood, M.P.,
lie M;irnhos, was
ircly (.iostroyod.
10 hay crop was
<horo of tboSt.
ifofins mo that
oro, good crops
y Hoarns to have
'))or3 havo boen
i Eoiivillo.
tho hay crop
I not make any
ng tho greater
lid not f?oem to
)mo tho Whit';
ind if a romodj
i-n TowuHhipa."
t are not more
siand, the hay,
sfmiiistor, tells
I Fi-aser liiver,

e (female.)

(i;irva.)

instances where any .eod has bo n 'reaJd a e whcr fnZ^TJ^'fr '''^- J'^^ ^^'^
to stand in the field till tho end of Juno it ha7been f« 1 n ff , '^''^'"^ .*^? «'°^«'-
the beginning or middle of Juno and U on loft to i?l ^Y^^^^io and sheep till
There are apparently two broods of thl \f v/ • ^ U'' '^^'^ ^'''' ^'^^ '^"''i'"" crop,
second brood goes ove^r thTwintor n the nuna^^ff"!, '" ,^°f f" ^'"^"^'^"5 P^''* «f ^^o
May The 4s of this bZuri laiJtZ'^frm' rie'dfortho 1' '^'^T'"^ «^
completo their larval growth about the end of jJno^ K^then lolr/LP'rS^^I.
clover and go into tho ffiouni to comnl«tn tJ, .; . ♦ ■^"®'® ^"°» 'oa^o the bonds of
emerging about tho middl? o? July" 2 e a.ii? n^^n^^ ')\ ^''^''' fl'««

destroys tho full crop of clover s£d, and parf o ■ £^1 1'^' "'"'"^' ^"'''^' ""^^^^
part nut until tho next spring. The ZdFct of al7thr, .^-n^^^^
oxporiment now scorns lo bo that two m-n w , I 1 S'-o^ej-s who have tried the
at 'all, tho first crop m, st be ^Lred ,n iHSrh.^^^^^^^^^^^

middle, of Juno. In this way tho Suto krv- o of .hll'- ''!;'' "'"' '"''^'' '^«° t^o
for the second brood, arc UenbrthocatfirltV«^^

destroyed. It is nuito annaront fh>n \r,u} the H"mo time as tho clover, and

good w^i.l bedono,J,;d iflC aVd s ntll^^"^^^^ "^uch

hibernating brood, wo may hope, before loni to t ,^T p '^r^''-'^-^'' '^*''"'"y ^^^
FroHh gas-iimo, if obtainaLo iLuE.'t q'a^^Utief woiti undti; il"'."^'. "'^^^*-
m.dgo; but the supply of this is limited.^ Exp Sontfw?! h ^^1^^^^^ deHtroy the
something IS discovered. Late falfnlou-^hinc/ wn,^,? k li u ° *"* ^"^ ^'''^'^ ""'^i^
In the Ontario Agricultural Homrns wo S ^' IW I-T^"^^^. '"f^" ^ ^^^"^ ^^'^^t'
testimony from oxporionced fa •mo.^ th f"« . • n . ** f '"O'^'^ikablo concurrence of
deponded'^upon with'lny d'ireo 0^^^^^^ clover seed can no longer be

"In this section of th? couat v t rcllo; .^Z " ''^''^ 'f'^ '^^ ««^«o«^"
year, except whore it was pa "luif until t o'n ddS J' f" "''"■' ^"'''''■'^ «^^'^ ^^is

only cr'o^rboinTl " h';^rst^:;ri\Sot .ifow'S ^'^'V^ ^'^^'^« ^-^' ^^«
in spring."-K. J. Doyle, OwcSuld "^ ^^ '""^ ''^^'' P^^^uHng Jate

eari;ii^!frisi,^^o5:ihf.:^t:iL::r fo^": :rr «f p-^--^-^ tummg off

a late cold season like Lt fall mlv so doi.vV'i '•''"' ^7*''' ""''^'^ ^

it within tho season wl on he 3>"o tHk^^^^^^^^^

Dominion Grange, Blenheim, UnlS. "^-"Enr Wilkie, Master of the

ROOT CROPS AND VEGETABLES.

TUIINIPS.

Turn-;^X-C,:s.'%nX,:!'ijr;:^'V^S^^^ inju.y committed by the

White turnips had in wm/hXlLl tl i^ ' ' ^•' ^^^^

sufficient plants coul rbrsrveT nSko a oror'n"' """^ "^ ''^T ^'^^^^ before
different speoios of llaltica which nt?aokth«f,f" • -^^*^'"^«PP^''»' to bo two or three
one (much like Ji. pulJeTsl^^t^U t \''oubl so Tn' Z^^^^^IZ^!^^ ' " '"'^'^
largo numbers and is very destructive in Hnm„ ^. ,i'< ^ ». T'^^^ "^■^"'■^"' •«
of Cloverdalo, near Victona Jnfor a mo hovX hn iT. ^''- ^''^'^ ^^'- '^"'™'«.
very injurious to turnips on his farm ' mvin T<i ' , L^° ''•"' "°''^'' '«»"d 't to be
two veiV common weeds which irowabZdn^vn" "'k *'^f.'^«'-^':"'« «q"«lly fond of
a^ium and Fo,j,onu>n C'o«..W;^";;etT' iSy' d ivt'tt^aS n^^^
are far enough advanced to withsfind if*' ^ i, 7. • • ^'^ ""''^ ^'^c turn pa

resembling, il" not .denuSrw Uh, ^^V^.^.e^^^r/r vfK ''''''''''' ™-^^
abundant and destructive in the vicinitj^SrSr Sill V \ ^' ^''' remarkably

u

tbeso insectB appears to be to manure and plough thrSd in T,t"J,°„ ^°°'*"'^ ^'^^

plonghin, should not\e"lt :?SSe ortrn^S'af t XZl': uTtV '^1*
a lowmg the necessary muiHturo to evaporate and iavinL/ haZu./ ihr t?« • '?''
The farmers who have been most HucceLful .ay '' nZu^e we d tu b thl InZ'*''
little as possible in spring and put in plenty of seed " ' ° '"'^^°® "*

following extrac. will show, and Tould ecem to ?nS1caS 7h«^^^ th.s point, as the
guided by experience aocordini. to the condi on« whtH^^^^ one must be

trict. 1 shall be glad to receive notes upon th s maUer Son, An '" ^"/T '^"•
"we must sow early." others exactly the rever o Sr P W ^ correspondents say
Folly Village, N.S "To avoid the Turn in Pit ^^ u -.u ^^"'^'^n ^'-'tos from

the fast of (u^e.- Mr. Th^m^tHende; oTo'^^'S e'r O^f w ^^^'^"'

clay soil, te s mo that he nlou.'hs twn nr tKw>V^ ' • :' "'' ""'^ * ^^''™ «" a

advised the sprinkling of aVeakSLGroon wa^'h i V° ''"^ or two extreme cases
in check while the^-ough leave worfoTSfTl'-'^'r"'^^
garden cultivation of ear^ turnips 1 u^'h. ^ '" ,^"«.boen effective in
by mining 1 part of PaHs GiZn\vUhAn l ^ M^plicat.on may be made
l/usting .fith lime tJ^Z'VkT^^^^^^^^^ «f P-j^-

leaven s rciiorted fmm rl-ffi>,.o„«- V"'^ mnining wliuo the dew was on the

i« the .ame ^^^u^^l^^t^Zn^^^^^^^^ This

ThotrcatmentwSrep at 3i Ith'^^^^^^^ ^^'Ir'^ ^'""^' tbickly iith dust?

of destroying the rouTleavc? s no so S^ f'""^ appeared. The effect

perform .o importanh f ,Sn ' s tL fi h Z of *^\I?'^"t«: ^««^•^o thoy do not
leaves are sup|,oru.d by i^lroZX^el^^^^^^^^ The rough

of prepared tbod upon which tlip vntino- r.io,,t i J ,^ , actually the reaervoirs
by whU it can deJive Lu fshn'e nt ft^m^the to 1 'V"^/"V' '' ^'^ ^«™«^ '^^'''
as the application of gypsC n enThosnhu i .^''^Jl'^f^"^*'"/. therefore, such
growth ai the time the seedli,,?.' «3n, S t ' '•^°'' Y^'""^' P"'*»°« «" ^^^ active
past the stage when they calfe'lotod^b^^ " T^^"'' «« ^^ ^« ^'^^ ^^^^"^

true leaves Ire formed thov to?.ethf whh Vi 1 l^oetlos As soon as the rough or

manufacturing the p1anlSd^?"n wh" th e'toung ^ t fT. ''^"'^^''" ""^

performed, at first, by the Hoodle'^ivc.wlil!.l/i;vn^T^?.^'^ ^^ ^"'^'' "P' «» ^as

pose. In garden culture tSraTd^rowth E the cril caTt L\''' t' '''' ^^'"^ P"^"
watering the turnii in times of Hmmrh • t 't^f /?iit.cal time has been produced by

fields. Occasional y muS is g.own^w h tt n" ""'T ff^^"™ ^° practicable i^
nates more quickly, and, by thf t7me ho ,?"' "'P' ^""^ ^^^. ''""^^^^ ^hat it germi-
object, and an it also appearsVhave ™Lor ^u .V ''T'''\ ''.^ "'''"' ««n«Picuou9
diverted from the turnips lo the musfard ""''*^'"'"« ^'' ^^e beetles, the attack is

A Turnip Aphis— (^. brassicw, L. ?).

desc4eTas?'"'Gr:rAThi?-'^[ts'^^^^^^^ ^--uver Island is

much as to materially diminish tCK/!' '''''' f'"^)'^^^<^^ sometimes increases so

size.

^

15

as atonco pouncod
1 in England with
umn, leaving the
suitable seed-bed.
y the woods; but
>peaa up the soil,
t* lor the insects,
tuib the surface as

claimed to be sue-
this point, as the
each one must be
od in his own dis-
srrespondonts say
rison writes from
owoarly, or about
has a farm on a
ess the soil is too
waits until about
il supply of gyp.
\ the flea.
3d, those planted
FT, Howick, Ont.
wo extreme cases

0 keep the beetles
oen effective in

1 may be made
Plaster of Paris,
lew was on the
uccoesful. This
nd, where one of
10 early morning
ickly with dust.
Jared. The otfoct
luse thoy do not
OS. The rough
' the I'eservoirs
as formed roots,

, therefore, SKch
)s on an active
10 as to get them
as tho rough or
ame function by
)uilt up, as was
3r the same pur-
3on produced by
0 practicable in
in that it gormi-
ore conspicuous
OS, the attack is

)uver Island is
les increases so
s in the district.
t away, and in

the case of turnips tho root follows. With this flv tho smn^m !««,.„,» . • ,r.
baga) are mosi infe.tod, and, in 187<i whon it w?. w »L If .^"^ ^"^ '"'P' '^^'»'*-
but were anablo to rid oursolVo of ou^ unwol 'on^o v^ito,' ''-'Sfi^J'^^^' -^^^"•^^"ts,
appear, we remove the plant bodily and dSy .7 o^s dei ;n/t1,T' vvhonover they
pensive way of getting rid of the post." "^ ' '^^''"''^"^'"^ *'"' ^^^ "aost inex-

Ecinedies.

latter should always bo koDt down Km ;t Tu?. ' ^ " ^°'" ^^^'^^ ''°'*«<"^ ^^^^^
leaves it is rather a difScult i^lcHo tre! In Lt-fen IxZf'^''''^^ ^'T''' ^

quontly wfuld not be injured by S troL^u:' ''°' " ' '°'^''° P''*'^^' '' ^«'^^«-
Western Ten-lined June Bag-^'olyphylla decemlineafa, Sr-).

Island V^l^^r^l^^S::^^'^:: '"i^r'^,%'''^"?'^^*^ "^« ^^-'^ ^^-^-er
ing the tinip fieMH of^Mrf S am n Sa^s'^f'tt 'same Xlf Th?s°" IT^"" '^^''■
.ze,.s probably that of P. deceLneata, spoei^otorrhi'cL^T l^^'SS^l^lZ

Turnip Maggot— (^n//w?ft^/a).

IfoundKomf v''"" ""t^''-^'- ^- ^J"'^^'' "^ ^°""t Tolmio Road, near Vi

Carrot ¥ly-(Psilayos,c, FahJ

^lui^^Yt^^'S^'?;:rSSi!lT''frtr^ ^"^ '^--^^^e present

chased in tho ma^korwhi^h'v.^ru 1' nl^t^^^SlS^l^"' !"' ^t'T'^ u^'^'-
produced in tho breeding iars thecunoVlvrP ,VT • '"^^J^ii^'^-, J-^ose have

never heard of this insoct boino- ., ffl "^ \f ' ' ^' ^"^ "'J'-"-'""^ ''' lingland. I have
injurious ; but shou d i bm.mo so^ as Sck ^ "T"'""^ •;'! ^'"^"^^'^ '' ^' considered
ing thaattVks are HOwin^sZ aX'eSef^^^
thinning out, and wateri^. the hoTtlituZnl^Tl^^^^^^^^^

RADISriES.

The Radish Maggot- (Ant homyia raphanl, Har.)

slender HouJe.a,S'„. hll to'S^rt.^ra'i il^^^:Zr:^lJ::^^- '

Metnedies.

the b«StaeSrote''r„rr'%>r '""""'""f ">»;■• ««S' ■"■<= =l««i"=J'y

Victoria, V. f.,
luch resembling
3S formed by tho
tho crown and

10

State i\-neultural Collo/ro of ili "Can ^ .. ?T' •'' ^''''^' '^'^^ Carbalio Aci.l at th«
and is romarkablo f .,- the pormanenfrof . .l'^"'" "?,** ''^ ^^""^ ••opollant to i,lot
made by a.ldinp two quaftH o soKan fo r^'^^'n^'" '''''"'•• ^ Preparation wS
heated to the boilinir p^jnt, a pint of pS p V^?- ^'^"''"^ ^'^ water, to Which when
part of this mixture was talcor w t ,m-w%^"'?'''° ^^''^ ^"^^ turned in. For u^o on«
upon the plantH. it whs foun 2 ,1?'T' '"'* "^^''^^ ^V HprinklinJJ r^ctlv

whic

Gree

rardi

?JSb.^f irs -K.^:, «^'-'i^ 'o i:^u;S;s.Tu^s- r ^;^^^^^^

of Colle^.o of Agriculture of tl.o Unive.s^ V of km'''' ' "U^"PP''""«"t I to Report
powerful ab;wbent of almost all snbstanp^ . !, Y' ''*"'""'■ "« ^av^" ; " The Hoil m a
inactive toward animal life for (ho , ?n„ . "'^'"'^''^ '« ^^tor. thoroln- rendering hem
soil that enables it to pur , thS fouTo.t w!!^'- P" ««'"^ ^'^^'^f^^tinn Sv S
becoming otfensive, also .ervci to reSn7«' 7 ^^^'T'^ ''"''^"^'h it, without itUf
that maybe mtroduoed in wate^ o u io f 'rT :* '"^ 'r'^'"'-^''^'^ "'•-"^' P^^
saturated with it to a certain rvei^-vir;.?'i \ '." «"'y '^^tor the noil hii; 1 UoZ
become effective. Honoe the amminl ^eedtd T""' '^■'' ^''^^^-^-^^ porti m can
80il ,8 very much greater than that wh^Vh 1. i /^>^ >'>sectK.ido, when ined in the
applied to the insect directly. A 80 utTon rf n ' k fi^ T'i"*''^"^ '^' ^^lor were ?o bo
powder, that would ho instant death onni ^f ^'"'; ^'"^ "'• ^ ^^^ of Persia n iSoc?
and harmless when filtered ,hVo'ha'}ew rh''^'^;' "'^1'^*' '1'^ ^'' bocomes i doroul
true of all kinds of poisonH." 1 dn w o.nTok h7 '"'' ' '""'^ '^^ ''^^^ '^ •"'»-o or C
correspondents to wUm I had <^ oTnm^ X Tnf'r '? '^'"^ ^'"^^''^"^^ ^«-*^''«l o my
reported agaia.t its elli.aoy. Upon onnu tin^ ^ f'^, ' P''°^'""tive remedy have
fouml, .nvariably^ that it had boon Ted aJam^i".'' A^° ?^""^''' '^'^'^^^^^ ^ K
to bo infested. The lir^t apDJir^ution mu. h^ J, T / '^^'f'" ''^« '-^^^i^fios were found

POTATOES.

^ -#••■.7* \v'' ■ ' It'-/ ■ JiA .- / ■■ * V

Lanj

whet

out, i

the c

this i

Solan

food i

•regi

touch

ia eat

conaci

efficie

t-ado

pailfu

used, 1

local it

M

the po

hither

hope c

M

were t

Ie

but we

Tl

extend

Active

of its a

other B

Ml

most el

80 sligl]

bushels

Fig, 6.-The Colorado Poiato Beetle -r/) / T "

Re

Wire-w
those c
Vancot]
the Ion,
at Saan
wester^
gardi,a
snpplen
of Cow i
but last
oats kill
In Onta

MOE

much let
2

<Av;

10 State of Now York
Carbolio Acid, at tho
■y ropollant to inseote,
'• A preparation was
^ator, to which, when
Jrnod in. For use, one
oVHprinlfJing directly
00 inL-ects at bay for

wt entirely free from
lyian flies whoulj bo

^0 " of attack, not a
I' IS for koopini^ the
nod as a remedy to
dohtroy the radishes
)pli*mont I to Roport
^ays ; " The Hoil in a
I'ol^y rendering them
fifucting proporty of
:n It, without itself
irtiun of any poison,
Ihesoil hiis bocomo
aming portion can
>, when used in tho
f waior were to bo
oa of Persian ingoct
, bocorae-s inodorous
^umo is more or loss
aiise Hovoral of my
"itivo remedy have
'i;, hoH'ever, I have
■ ii^hos wero found
Lid loaves appear I
every week after-
id iwhos in rows and
week, until they
the ro3ts. Hardly

5-^7.)

whioKrcrtole^^SetodT^^^^^^^ ?«"'^-' - -nj JocalitioB

Green in water, at the tfmo the flrSToS ann^ ""'^ T^P.' application of S
pardoner acting in nni8on.th 8 pes couW^T^^^^^^^ ^'^^ «^«'T farmer and

llany of our i^'arious in;oot. Ten dS^a fJomThnir'/'"''""'?"^ o.terminated.
When the cultivation of that food-nlant iidJ^nin?- *J«"^ appropriato foodplant or
out, are able to exist in «nm 1 uXr" upon somroTfh''''^.^ ^T ^^^'-'^^k them
the cultivated crop they had atJkod With tTe Co . r Jn'tTV^^'""^^' '^"■«d to
this iH less tho case than with anv othn^ :„• • • ** Potato Beetle, however
Solanum which never occur abuiuyV^^^^^^ 'T '''' ^^'^ ^P^oios of

food supply. Moreover it is found thu^'aUhoih n^hl ^ »°a^^oquato to keep up a
•re grown, they are seldom attacked The toLA? "^'".^''■' ^^ ^^"^ Solanacero
touched until all the potato tops have die Jiown and then?.''""'"', '' u^'""'*'^ «^«r
is eaten vory sparinglv. So that if all wonlZni^ . '* '^ ""'^^ ^^"^ ^'""'t that

conscientiously tho remedies whth have been Ho^lo^nS^ "f '^ ^^^'"'^ ^° »««
efficient, we should seldom hoar of material dLLi^^.u^'o'! '''"^ '^^^^ P^'O^^d so
i-ado Beetle. The proper proportir ' f t ho nn^ ?^ ^*'^''*° •"'*'?' ^^y '^'^^ Colo-
pailful of water. ThroughoToataHold oLC ^ P"J''.°"*^ teanp-'oonful to a
used, there is vory littlo comnlaJnt fVf <i"«bec, where Paria Givoa is regularly

localities seem to^havo suSfd ^""^ ^«°°«»-">»g ^^'^ Potato Ec.tlo, yof a few

the Potato b^ug'^W^'C^^o'LS'ihr^"''^'^'' ^'''" ^"*^« •• " The annual ravages of
hith'erto indomitabfe onomy Kverv LrmorTtv' """'^r t' ^' '^'^''^ againft hS^
hope Of 7te™ati^.g thoUr^^^^^^^^^ --^ry, n. with the

but^fLpiTr^^^^^ found to bo badly infested.

e.tJd'e^d?aSr^d^ir^^^^^^ Columbia, hut has

Active measures are being taken in all tTes^PnT- "? ^''''^ ^°°"^ ^'^ ^^"^ Atlantic,
of its appearance at KentliUe in tL Annaoo^fs Tli« ^"^ 'T^. '' ^"^- ^ ^^^« "^tes
other spots, but never as being very injurious ^' "' ^^'*"'^' ^- ^^ '^"'^ '"'^"^

mosteSo^tlv^oS^dytr"^^^^^^^ «-" - found to be the

80 Slight as hardly to require noUce somo fn^ yf^' .however, its inroads were
bushels per acre." ^ ' ^""^ ^"""^^''^ ^^^'°g raised as high as 400

tlio long ,i™ of tho pi JSrahoJo ,L ?!k iiit?"'' "7"""' "''•■'^y "> <=" i"«»

Mr. William Millor, of Bridirotown wq „ .. ■■

oe«8ful farmer, toils me thK'cfn'^,*f°"7«« of large ex^^^^^

Sil"lKn"n?'™^"' «'««°'"« by tL third orooVhn""'^ f™"» wiro-worms hyS
thov should ho p oked un imm«d!Af«ir^fk P* "^boro potatooH are trrown hL Tn

folloMnuir quotation frn,^ .u '/om the bold. In confirmation of this I JiL,u:

t boon iaanaA K„ »r_ /-. 'r^A '^'' *'''«

- .o„ auui lion ot weeds from the land and fr7n^ ^^ ' °"^"'"'" ^"aoks on oVods^
boon reoognizod and adopted lon^ aao L ^°^ **^® outsidos of fields ThT^/

ing passage in Vol. X7 of thSrSoJtK ^^fr^'^'^t^' fo'" wo find the foUow
in an essay upon the farming of Suandw^T'-'^^''''"'^"™' Society of EnSand"

Black W„™,, Th„„,.„<,.,„gg^ Wo,.a„-.(«,,),

eTr&r "^"'^^^^^^^^^^^^^ whic\'t-i?r/.^PP-- *« b« difficult

out and then put nln^'^^'y '?.<;« « P^i' of PrySCm2lZ7l^'\^- '^''^^tmont has

i- sa..ayttiei^^os. In all soiutions

19

9 exporionoo and a sac-
ra wiro-wornis by hiirh
too*, are grown he says
[08t of the wiro-worms
laninstanooofapiooe

80 full of wiro-worms
tho bottom of the cart
tion of this, I give the

by Mr. 0. Whitehead
cil Offlooin England-
orm attacks on oroDsli
s of fields. This U
or wo find the follow-
il Society of England
TO liable to attacks of
™ which preaenta an
fand Qrsparing use of

crops and corn are
that ho starved them
f a crop.' "

Ice).

)e9 have been injured

begin the attack by

VV. Miller has found

ist manure to fields

y uaed as litter for

100 ies referred to is

lor in the " Country

f.' faundroda of these

truite had probably

fd, of London, tells

greonhouge, where

fy Province of the
severely. Theesti-
lie crop. Mr. G.
in a large bed of
Anthomyian flies,
es, Radishes and

irs to be difficult,

hands of another

ve treatment has

time of planting

plant at once so

0, sand saturated

In all solutions

applications. ^pniaes, and those which throw oflf wateiy

^^{oZ^'itSr^^^^^^ the attack of aU these

Prof. Riloy suggests late fall V^ollCrtmZwn^^^^ ^'''. '"'^" "««'»•

occurred, ho as to disturb their winter a uaS««n^. f ' Tf ""^ ^^""^^ '°''«°ts havo
frosts; ho alno quotes, with aporoSS a^HTr«ml^ n^P''"*' '''?"' ^° the effects of tho
lime or ashes around the U33fyoLrplarsC«?'" .•"''« °^ «"^' ''"«*. «'«kod
there a few plants not so protected^ IL&ntvTn.f"^ °"*' with here and

Injurioufl Catorpillara (-

•')

powder to 20 of' flour sfpniiod l?v mlan! 7 " ^^^ proportion of one part of tho
the plants with a soTuMo^n"^ wS bv pouHn^.^^l-Hf T^ "'' ^^"°^^ ' °' ^y water ng
Pyrethrum powder, in riarrwatmirnot^nnH .t ^''.\,^''^f' ''^«'' * «POO°f«l of
The perfect moth was bred frorcSs found on f?«?''"^'V"? ^'*i*' ^''^^ ^«t«r.
not yet boon idontifiod. In some iSroar«Uh«. 5 °''^''^°^.*''° P^"°^' ^^^ has
of attack, or from the circumScrof fh,f',o ^'^""J '^'""^^'^ '^'^t^"^' '*"he time

and we havo to resort to ham) S?° • ". *"^"'''. 'P°°'*' '*«m«d'es cannot be appli J

great success attending such^'SiodslYthoSfwIn"'' '^l f^^'' ^^ °«^""«« «f
It will bo scon that from tho dataSvon it I iinl JLi^ .°'"'?° /'"' '^ «^«raplifiod.
the attack dcKcribed should bo rofonod' '"'P^'''^*" *« decide to what species

cabblgJtlituilTr^VrauSif'oJB^ttS^^^ the slightest, have been
side of the leaf, as soon as Ihrare pu o2 1 U Jn P'';^' '^' '^^' ^° ^^^ ""^o"--
few days, and Commence at oYco to m tho'n S TiT. *.?'^ '"" ^^^' ''PP«'»^ i° «
them/ 1 havo soon an me of cahhU^Tr ' ?^ '^J®^' ''^"''^' '^'^^ ^

g«rd»r,or. a^' familiar wfth thrK»rii: E JuSrfo^aLl^^^^^^^ i'h ^T™, "*
" CounVy ?^i£; ^?«°'^"^ ^--1 ^'^P-t (1885) he quotes the following from tha

"d par., of 0.,.,,rlo u,{i D &« ' ^'"'""j' '">"• '>><> Province „f n 1
t.on.^h.v„ boon Jl,| rS"' ^'"o ,.J, o„p. h„„ JSi'nlii'^lX'dVX

ftod more on wild sne^L Pi ^« ^--pillarH of tho CcouvS SlT'^ "^'"'"«' ^"rm
tho larva) wor^ oe?bv m„ ^'■"^'u' ^'^"'^ «" «a'-Jen voSw'J"' m^' •^I^°'''«« Probably
laid amonff thS flower stcirH ^'^^ VP'-'ght etoms W «i^'L/^'"^u'^I^"''''"«°« of

tiie many obliffatinro n„^ i . . " '"H howovor Pmf r;i«^ j , . ^°'^" "ot im-
farmers IT^I^^ZZtZt^^^ ^' ^'^^ P'«««^ th'i whofo co^m^.'^.f ^T ""'^^^^'^

=r,onift=Si;r'-"^^^^^^^^^

in Europe, and which Z-JrT ^' f '' '^ ^°ia" parasitic flv^K;,!, • ^'''' HucoesBfuI

ONIONS.

^t Oft Cut-worms (A^oiis, etc.)

^- 1>»V»; 1. r.b,A moth. ,. ,io,^tpt,t atffij; '^°-°S

(Pieris Tiapce, L.).

'rovinoo of Quoboc
|al A^tiHHh Associa-
lurioa on the Island
voryahnndant, bat
'» itH )njiiiio8 have
?rown iho depreda.

sporios occurring

m PrtWr/fl So.) arc

With our oastorn

ind hummer form

I Hpocios probably

*"y «po"imon8 of

Tho cg^'H wore

'g Inrvif hatched

was conHuraod,

on each plant;

toad ovor a groat
wUhMtiinding tho
In Europe this
this continent,
ch woro not im-
id yot another to
ty, fjy giving tho
pisoftliieinjuri-
tho sucoeHBfuI
s very abundant
'.bore and por-
lous post.

n Ontario and
'• 16) and Cut-

wa wore tho

i

n

will bo bold ovor until neit ropSl't ' ^ ^^''''''' " '^°'*"«<* "^^ount of the CafXr
^ ^ The Striped Oucuml. Beetle (Diatrotica vittata, Fab )

may bo ..oly used. J, Hru!d ri^Sed'r; fh"'"' ^^P'^ -"ottr p^^n?
ap^arabovo the grouud. MoIo„h Zd Si kindn 0^"/'""^^ P'"ntH "« noon aTtSey
poetio, tbo perfect insects foodinir on fu„ ?, "' "quashes are attacked hx7 7iZ
larvio bore in the roots MvW^^r \h?,"«od-lo«^OH and leadintr 8hoot« »K;f fl'*

fo VHqu. h .oods in tl.o sa.no hi 1 vhi, h ^i^ ' "" "^^ *''*^« ^'^"Ptod is toX a

P'fiUlTS.

APPLES.

f^a, showinff
5d, ^

_ Tho 0,ster-.h.n Barlc-lou.o (%...,., ,,,,,,„„,, ,,,,,

his tree. .„coo«-fully by painting theai ii?hTu in n' .^^'^ ^'^PO'-ts having treated
fh<^ ' ^';^^« '^"^•o ^«««ct8 of all k nds rho snf n^t ''^i'"^'"' ^'^^ Petroleum or^
the mostGiroctive kerosene em is W For ?i. /"?°1''' ''"°'^^
young ,n.,ctH must bo diHcoverr so as to annil h "'''' ',^'^^"*^ ^^ '^^''ching of the
sascoptiblo of injury. With the kotnilnl ^^.^ ^^" '"'^'"^ '^"^ t'l'^ t'^o they a?a mo?f
have tho mixtuie too sTrong AkhoaH T^th'^" ^"'"^^ ''''' ^^'^ ba taken n^t^
injury resulted to the trees treated it w^/„i ^^y^P^^'^^^^ts montioae;? ab>vo no

bark tho trea "'i!! K„ :-,;., *;"^ 2,^ ^F7 "ffbtly, or by stonnino- „') *h~ _"". '^'?*'™-

88

JronKtim;!Sl;:S Ihavetnod a solo-

affected by them A svrWfi ;„ 1*^ completely cleared the only tree we had

Oyster.8he]lBark.louBei;th?wor;t enemy of Lr ^l^^f ^'^i^'^t' «ay«: "The

to Bome varieties than others Srr/AftrLw ''"'^ '^ '"«'•« Pa^^aJ

other kinds, will be covered with thf scat Lh^?\?"°'^'^8 '° «° o^c^^ard among

Aphides are very destructive J acWsevera^k^ln^^^^ comparatively free,

plum and cherry." ' ""'""'^'"g several kinds of frmi trees, particularly apple,

loose. -^ -'*°®*' ^°^*^®^"awa River by Ih) Oyster shell Bark-

The Codling Moth (Oarpocapsa pomonella, L.)

^r«J^'''^.w"^'*'^T° ^"^^^'^ '8 so well known to fruit

growers that any description of the insect TL mode

of working ,s unnecessary. Throughout the M^f

1 time Provinces, Quebec and"^ Ontario, it appears notT

Cdum'bTa" ?t"hr'^ '"^"^"^^ ^« usiial; rtTBHUsh
M o k H }r. '^^ S'^''° "i^ch trouble. Mr Thomas

ii^verv bad'S-,h''''°' ^•^•' ^^'*«« •• " ^^^ Sling Moth
ImlJartaZLTlvT^^^ one quarter of all oor
\.u ™ M u "^'"^ca by it. 1 have seen t n other nlacAs

P sTs a'resoSTh^"'^ T^^^^ •>«• I^f-ctthirandfc
?f finfi •'* that unions some remedy can be found

1 ^ T ^''°^?'' profitable to grow apple trees in fact
J^g. 9.-App,e injured by llZ^'tZtr^Zr'''''^^ ^^^ ^

Iarvaofa.dH„,Moth/ f?^ r^art^'^VerS ow^Vt\3^^?
affected districts, for with thf "M /ottS" ^'>^^ e-^'iS^hrwoS
and letting pigs and sheep have the ran J of L^T'^''^^^ *"^PP'"g ^he larv»
i1r%^^"r^^«"^^^^^^^^^^ "" always bo kept

these insects has been^y trSS the^ ''^^ i?^^ '".'"'^^^^^ '".«*^°'^ ^^ destroying
torn to chrygalide. After leEf the an i 1 !f ' /'"f *^7 ''^^^° ^^^ apples and
crevice of the bark of the neareTt\-eeantt« "^^turi y, they spin a cocoon in a
convenient uarbours for them to Jo % u ®? ^®"'^'" ^^^ ^^o winter. By placing
can be captured and destrt^^d^ The us^uaf IV'^i: t'^'lfT^i'^'^^' Invge'^Emberf
old sack or paper round the trunks of ?reos &L1 ^ f ^ ^ ^^"^ of cavpoi, cloth,
The larviB collect beneath these nhlpVtl^ between Ist June and the end of August^
easily destroyed. Whateve? matertl fs ZS'f' ""f'^^''^' ""^ ""y- ^^ «o"'4 be
and twisted round the tree twHr th ee tSl Thl 'i"^ '' ^'^"'.''.^ ^' ^^''^^^ ^^^^'^7
week from a month after the blossoms fall TnH fi ™P^, «boald bo visited every

be destroyed either by dippinTthe bar «Tn i .•'''^''P'"^'^ "'^'^ chrysalids must
Attracting the perfect inseTt?alnterrhan<,;^n"^ water or by crushing them.
on the top, has been frequently recom«^^^^^ ''''•-'' ''"" ''^^^^'' ^^'^^ " ''^^'^^ «»

time I tried this remedy there ceiSvwf' "* "^'^^ ^"^^'"^ «"ccc8s. The only
top of the oil. Neither of tLesorSi- I '"''^''"^ ""^^^^ P'^'^'^'^^ ^^^^^^ upon ?ho
ong to be practised, for tL XeHmon? of tZTf ; ^'^'' ^ ^'^''■'^^«' requiro'^bSforo
this and another of the ^orBt pests of our frut 'Inn/- V *^^«°*^'^ ^« «^«^^ that
within control. For years the Cod imr \r J. f^^,'" CJana«a have been brought
great havoc in almost ever^pLt o?tho1)omtion"^/ ""^ ^"'""""'^ ^^^" commiuSl
^'^?« '««»«. and in the case of th?clcSnZ •n"fi"''''^'- "°«^P««ted as I confesg

-th^ioe. writes with reg^^"^ .tclS Z^ ^ ^ V^" ^^^^

23

lave tried a eola-
)nly tree we had
r. Marphall, Cow-
trict, says : " The
1 18 more partial
Q orchard among
mparatively free,
articularly apple,

ar-old apple trees
>y8ter shell Bark-

II known to fruit
sect or its mode
ighout the Mari-
t appears not to
I; but in British
'. Mr, Thomas
he Codling Moth
lartorofall our
it in other places
ctthirt and other
Jy can be found
trees ; in fact,

0 notice of their
above come ia
r, no need for

1 in the worst
ping the larvae
always bo kept

I of destroying
the apples and
1 a cocoon in a
By placing
large numbers
'f carpet, cloth,
end of August.
, of course, be
I folded loosely

visited every
hrysalids must
lushing them,
""ith a little oil
!S8. The only
sects upon the
■oquiro before
I to show that

been brought
i^o committed
id as I confess
hero fleoms to

Hprayinw the

BiMldlQ Sf St.

e remarkably

wempt from all insect pests last season. Those who have experimented with Paris
Green, spraying it on the apple for the Codling Moth, and on the phira for the Oni
oaho, report very favourable results." This ^emed^ shouM certEX be Wed bv
•rrery one The proportion of Paris Green in this mixture should be much w^er
toan ,n other applications. Mr. Woodward, of Lockepoit, N. Y , givSone table
•I)Oonfnl to a barrel of water as the propel qnantity.'^After sprafr an Srohard
With Pans Green, animals should be kept out until after a rain. It is Ha bl that pS
Green acts as a pro eoiion against the Codling Moth in a two-fold capacity not o?^^ v
i» the small amount of the material eaten by the caterpillar a noisJn to ifcdii«X^
but also it appear that the parent moths avoid the treerEnlEu Senical com
nfpasTedtl uTa'ndm^^^^ ''°f ""'l ^e BP/^yed unfil thrbiroml Ce

Canker Worms CAnisopteryx vemata, Peck, and A. pometaria, Harris).

Fie. 10—^. pometaria, (Harris.)
a, male moih ; b, femnle ; c, joints of
ntennsB of female ; d, an abdominal see-
nent of female.

Fig. 11—^. pometaria, (Harris.>
«! egRi *. Jo. end view ;
e, mass of eggs; /, cater-
pillar ; f, enltirBred segment
of caterpillar.

Pig. 12— A. vcrnata, (Peck.)
«, male moth ; b, female ; c, joints of
Jemale anteniiiu; d, an abdominal
segment of female; e, ovipositor
of female.

Fig. 13— .4. vemata, (Peck.)-
a, caterpillar ; b, egof ;
c, d, enlarged segment
of caterpillar.

l^^J^f^*!!''® ^"^^ distinct kinds of moths in Canada, the caterpilllar? of which ara

&h7nhVbU8Td7'^""'"^°^T^- These two species resemble SolTdosdy!

Dom in habits and appearance. The moths of one kind, the Fall Canker-worm (A

Pometana) appear in October and November, and the eggs are la d then andTmkia

«meJirtVJln^'^'""*rV,?^^'^«^P"^ ^'^^^^'^ W«^^ moths al'ilpiopoS

Will£m«^ N S^'T^'"'''' .f ™Pl"'"ed of in Nova Scotia. Mr. C. R. II. Starr, of Port

printers' fnk^annlLTl 'T''f?'' '." combating the Canker-woim has been
piiniers mif, applied to bands of tarred mnnr arnnnH fhe ^r-ink dr-'^o- *^f, «-,*„-,-

^gtem ov"r '^Sl'^VTr.^ "^^^^^"^ daily tVp^tnt'the^r^XS?
"g them over with therr dead bodies. Paris Green and l!ondon Purple have boS

V6i,t&n aid ™ ^^^^^^''y '1 " yery few d.* , v«?i,M ! Mh^''*" °''*"* "-"i-S

worms a solution ofPnvi.r l^^ '^P^^i?. has proved the W rr }^^ ^^^^^^

with ?ooii°Xt a°S3l'','™? ,4"8'' ^ ^i " £ wo™ °"?„" rf '"""'«''

«o the iSou ,>°e'"Sf,„,f""r 'ho wi»!^r^S>X whe„ n^"! ""f"' ""^ '»"«
.....pe*„.edaK;:,t'lSSi-S;i'':~

difficult to trc-it Thl ^i-oaturos are comniainod of fmm

«pringar.d attt'k Jk """" ''^^n ^a«erpiliar commi? """"^ localities and are

apples are in l)I..,8om ^nJ I '^'^"* ^leprodations in the Vnnnfl ?^,/""«K flower-
tfie centre of h Zo't an ,1° n''"^^ "'^^ ^^^ AoworVand loZ f ""^^ ^Y'^J^V ^^^i'e the
of this liitio m h iw u^^ '""" ^'^0 t«"i?. I do not iZ^J^ ^'■"'^' ^'"' '><>'•«« down
of the aplX,s n. n?°'r?.''»'^^ '* P'^^^O" the winter aT ^ I '^'''"''^ '^' "^« ^^i^to^y
hibornalLintSr °'^''^^'^'^«o^«"«ffofHir "*" ^^"^ branches

when it aitu L L„^ l"^'"" "' ^entville, N.S Th^ ^iL p! f'""'^ ""^''" '^''^vvn larvm

_, Pig. 14

dot in th

to Fruits.

An interoHtintr account r """"''"■' " ^"'''^' ^"^''''^

ien,.th when iuil grown," and aboit 'tho^'BiJt?

25

"Xing a spoonful in a

''i-itcs me concernine
1 the roraedies which

we have had to deal
argo orchards being
KJa »re used for pr^
d of tarred paper, 6

■ with printers' ink
i urrtil the ground
It. To destroy the
» force pump to the
ution weak enough

•Some have used

•oen dusted on the

IS used when the

on, as it adheres to

there need be uo

dangerous to the

■ natural enemies,
n encouraging the
Horn hens. I call
•ole around under
es with, and leave
»ng. I am always
roquently find the

0.

ocalities and are
)na early in the
le young flower-
May, while the
, but bores down
a tho life history
>n the branches
aull brown larvjB
•pillar in nprinff.
ine larv.x^ are
wown chrysalids
ho moth, fig. 14,
an inch across,
iitifih gray band
MiH on each of
arks on a light-
>rmed by three
lotimes a black
^nsects Injurious

8, being put a

nber of brown
opening. Tho
out the size of

a large darning needle. I tried to watch them developing, but the birds so indn«
triously gathered hem. up that I could find none comiEg to maturUy Last suHv^
a few appeared but their ravages were insignificant." "«^""iy. ijast spring

^na iTe V. • ^^^°™^°' of Lakeville, N.S., reports the insect as particularly obnoxi-
T^^^aT^^T '?^°?' "^^^''^ '^ '^"^^ great'harm, by destroyinrthTbuds ScSns
should always be closely examined for eggs or small larv/of insects eanecS
when received from a distance. An alkaline wash would alway be UHof;i in^cleanf
mg them from any eggs of insects or young larvic ^ °*"

Specimens of this insect will bo mo.-st acceptable during the ensuincr season an,!
puYche'dr hel t S i^ ""''/' P"^'/^ '" ^'^'^^ ^'" boxe'rSouTr; hoTes

drying up. Baking-powder tins and mustard tins are veiyusefufrt his purple

PLUMS.

The Curculio (Oonotrachelus nenuphar, Herbst).

The Curculio U still the moat injurious insect which
attacks the plum trco-and this, 1 believe, in all parts
ot Canada. There is no doubt that this insect could
have been kept down in numbers, so as to allow of a
good crop being secured every year, by the well estab-
lished, simple method of jarring the "trees; but this
appear- to have been neglected by fruit-growers of late
years, and, consequently, complaints come in from all
quarters of the depredations of the Curculio. Fig. 16
shows the beetle and grub, and plum attacked by the
tormer. Tho unwelcome intelligence recorded below
„ r,M • • . ,"■- , , ", ^^ ^'"** "*^^ districts are suffering from its work.
hR« „fj''%'"««<^t, which has been so destructive in older sections of the Province
lo^n^fiV '^7.?'°''' ?" district, once so famous for plums, runs the risk of
losing Its reputation, unless some remedy is found. One trouble is. many of oar
SrZ' Zr!" T "a^ ''T^-''^ observers, do not know what i. tho mutter when they
see the ground under their plum trees covered with newly-formed fruit, from the
81^0 of a pea upwards, and conLsoquently do uoL take any stops to prevent the deore-
dations of the Curculio."-E. J. Doyle, Owen Sound ^ ^

bni ^ufT^*" ^^T/' ?«7°!f«^i"«' '•fPO'-ts: "A bountiful crop of plums ripened,

fitnihnln^h '^"''"^' J V^''''^nu^ "*• '^' ^'''' ^^»^ ^^° ravages of the Curculio may
still have been considerable. Cherries are almost extinct in these parts so frroat i«
the prevalence of Black Knot, and the few Cherries that are pS^id are wormy »
*rpm further correspondonce with Mr. Henry's son. Mr. Thom.s Henry, on tho latter
tCbeotUrfZ fr '^ '' ^^«^"''«°li? ^hi^l^ fttuoks them, having frequently shaken
neart? L T ^ ^^^^^''T trees. He has also noticed that those trees which stand
neaiest the plum trees are the most severely attacked.

k . "^|'*;^''"'''^»l'0 is very destructive to our Plum crop, and not only tho Plums
but the Cherries have to suffer from his insatiate appetite. Re has boon a lon^ S

^oTs to 1^'." r''^ ""f ^'ri'- i^'^^^-Iy-othod of destruction uied^nZ
X% tV , Tl""^" ''"^•' "■ '>"?*' ^."'^ "'^•'^ ^'"^ prisoner, when he trets a short
Hn i-!; u I ^^ *^® services of the Legiiorn chicks come into play w. II hero. I
And i^''"'' provide a sheet I simply do tho Jarring, and they make tho prisonere
and execute justice without delay ."-R W. Starr, Port Williams, W S

nfhni ^T^^'^^V^*^^ ^°°^® P'"*"^ *'■** ""' «^ ^•^'^li attacked by the Curculio aa
w«l .; ^ Kr ^^f. »°^«V°g «* ^^"^ ^''"it Growers' Association of Nova Scotia, there
was considerable discussion concerning the "Mnster« Plum "« "a-i-'y prodi-c--* -*

o/tir Rl«il' I l^^'^TiT'J^ "^^.^ ^^^^f' "^"^ ^•'"^^t ^^^'"Pt from the atta".ks botU
of the Black Knot and the Curculio. The Kev. G. P. Day, in answer to the sugges.

Fig. 15— Curculio

GBAPB8.

The Grape Phylloxera iPhyilo.era vastatrix PJa„ch )
grape vines in the Countv nf ^qf. '^^*'* subspinosus, Fabr ) was vm-^ • • •

27

k waa not noticed,
',andheh«dexami-
)rk of the Curoulio,
As already men-
3ar or two oxperi-
olo and unexpected
or London Purple
I found that where
thoBe treated with
ere badly infested.
y, and varieties of
ium Qurculio will
Jtlei

ot been so severe
»e Ottawa district

inoa.

).

vo in Canada the
aundoi-H, ofLoa-
iVostorn Canada,
imall vineyards.
• exist in Canada"
J, I do notthinJc
>ich some other
^hioh this insect

imer I had the
Practical Agri-
ff some impop.
^he University,
'itis Oalifornica,
aave also heard
ant stock ' with
Ian is now been

fy Jittle beetle,
f Chatoaugaay

7 injurious to
f Walsingham
s been sent to
lari,-o crop of
•und countless
'8— the leaves
lion, so I con-
in, just before
laving a boy
ood smoking,
t through the
r. The nex4
CO to use the

.ion *l,f.*. Jr »

I . O00BEBERRIX8.

The Imported Currant Saw-fly {Nematus veniricoaus, King.), when not promptly
ttiated with hellebore, did a considerable amount of damage in some sections. Tha
Cwoseberry Pruit-worra (Dakruma convolutella, Hub.) although appearing in most
dttptricts heard from, does not seem to have done much harm. This, or an allied
flpbciee, I found in small numbers in the garden of Mr. John Murray, at Spence's
Bridge, B.C., and also heard of its depredations at Cowichan, V.I.

Bemedies,— It has been suggested to dust air-slaked lime freely over the bushes
ia spring, to prevent the moths from laying their eggs on the young fruit. Hand
pfcking IS also a successful remedy. When the berries are attacked they turn pre-
— kturely red and should at once be gathered and destryed.

The Currant Plant-louse (^Myzus ribis, L.).

Two reports of severe attacks by this insect have come in, one from Nova Scotia,
■where great injury has been done to the gooseberry bushes, the other from Van-
oouver Island.

Mr. Isaac Shaw, of Berwick, N.S., writes : " For the last five years a small insect
hm attacked the Gooseberry bushes in this place ; they blight the entire foliage, and
stend proof against lime, ashes, brine, or drugs of any description yet tried. Br.
Middlemas, of this place, after having applied without success everything he could
laink of, dug up and cleared his garden of a fine lot of bushes which, previous to the
fttack of these insects, had yielded very large crops of fine fruit. Large numbers
df Gooseberry bushes have been planted in this valley during the past two years and,
if no remedy can be found to stay the ravages of this foe, much lo^ja will come to
unall-fruit growers on this account."

Remedies.— As a general thing these insects do not appear in sufflaient numbers
to work the destruction mentioned by Mr. Shaw ; when, however, they do, there are
aome standard remedies which can always bo tried, and will bo found successful,
filyringing the bushes with a solution of pyrethrura with a little soap in it, with a
kerosene emulsion, or with a carbolic wash, would undoubtedly have destroyed these
insects.

ODEHANTS.

The Currant Weevil (Anthonomus rubidus, Say). Just before the White Currants
diange colour and ripen, it is frequently noticed, at Ottawa, that many of them turn
brown and shrivel. These either fall to the ground or hang on the bunch. Upon
opening these shrivelled boniesa small white grub will bo found, which later in
Wie season hollows out a cell for pupation and ultimately produces a little reddish-
brown weevil. This insect in some gardens has destroyed as much as 5 per cent, of
the crop. It is also recorded as attacking the Raspberry ; but I have not noticed
this at Ottawa, even in the gardens where its attacks upon the White Currants have
been worst.

Mr. S. Greenfield, of Archvillo, near Ottawa, reports that a species of bark-louso
was very injurious to his currant bushes. The wood produced was very small and
the fruit was bitter and unpleasant.

The Imported Currant-borer (uEgeria tipuliformis, L.) commits considerable
depredations every year, and has a very wide distribution over the Dominion. The
caterpillar burrows for a distance of two or three inches down the centre of the stems
of Red, White and Black Currants and Gooseben ies, destroying the pith and some of
the wood. The moth appears in the month of June, and is a pretty little creature,
resembling in general appearance a small wasp.

^}^' ?j Y' ^''*"' ^^i*'i'^g ^''om Port Williams, N.S., says : " This insect is widely
spread, aud voiy dostruciivo to the Currant bushes in this locality. There is scarcely
A garden in the country but can furnish evidence of its work."

o„«, J.',?r.'.:*!^_^^« r?t-ned, comprise all th« „.>„..„ „_ ... . . . ^ '"« !?;[,«,,^^

ivom
'•I

iip seaE

FOBBST AND SHADE TR3E«? iiaban

• epid and

CONIFERS. Cteatun

Of ail the insect foea against wJi.'nK ii i:. ftrident

spraying, poisonous comrTounSovei!)^^'^^'.^'' '"''^ "«' be easilv ZL/f ^\'^ t»»«ir «^

natural enemies. ^ '''?' ^« ''"^ take are such as will fosJer anj ^^tecUher/ "^^"''^ ^

iw6cts "

AMERICAN LARCH oa TAJIABAO. ' " Y(

The Larch Saw fly fNemytfu, jp ■^ . .•*'°"^ "'

In^ , *^ ''^ <>^^^»^<«s -Enc/^oniY, Hartig.) iMivorem

cleffree as it did fh^^. ^ ^'^^^ increased, during thA.,, ^"J*°^' »* that timeso V^'^'^S

. . Mr. S. A. Fisher CM V^' •?• ''"'*'""' ^'ope that this , a^nf J. "^'^ "o"ce as
vieit some trees in Jml 188^,' TS'l^ from Brome, Q ,e SVe IT?^, ''^'^y-
-"^aHibllows:-<.l7aVi?±l^'^^^^°re, in many inZlZ^'2'L^^?^. -^- to

native T)
attacks 0
has been

Visit sometree T^lT-i^^: ^i^'l^ "-'^ B,^meTQ e I'S^C f^?^ ''^'^3'-
says as follows •—•'Ti?^' "^' "^^'^^ ^^ore, in manv in Jin! ^^"^ ^^^^ mo to
i'^ July, butTa;rnoticrn''!" '^' '^""^"'■^e troS sevJra S„ "^^'^^^^ defoliated!
^r A. S Packer ?^ "" destruction comparable wi^h J I^^' ''"''^ ^ «a«»e home
ington, in hfs BcStiiort^'rr'/^^"* '>f 'he Spl Lnt'oH J'" If' ^««''-"
Forest troesin Norton Sew i,^"^°'"«'«/?'«t «n the Sauso of th? n '^1'™' ^'''^-
report:-'. On the whok, w?, "^'"""^ ^""^ ^"^ York ffiyes th« ft. f Pestruction of

Enqt
injuries 1
wick of t
that this
Packard's
that the i
trunks of
but have

29

liars from complotin! ^^^^ matevmlly aBsisted tho tree in tustaining its vitality. Probablv ovp.-^ vo^.
mpiotiDg ^ro of our native prcdaceous insects attacic the Larch Saw flvanfHrnLwnnrjf
nation comes from OuGhoo. w},«r« Ro„ t w uLr^_ .. ^^^,"^' '^P'^ important infor

comploting

'Which have been seii
hat 18 quoted there is a
correspondents, which

o^ist has to
the forest.

ition comes from Quebec where BevfwTli;^ nf c/u?^ "^u ""PO^'^i'^^' i^for-

•i abundant ; and strange to say, every cocoon I met ^rith had^en oncnad at one
^ and Its tenant extracted. 1 send you some of the empty si oUs What kind of
SSr ^7' ^r^ ^^'^ f8g.^««««^«-g'-ound.beetIes, preda/eous h rv» or what ?

befor^elM-rr^Wo^lt^ffi^^^^^ the year

contend)
When
rs more than 300 feet

pet5 hoC:? S""Tf °?/ ''h° ^^'^^, ^'^ ^'^^'l!^ ^'^^ ^- y- i "buY^rrearoT th? foS;
iens, we are able to T^'t w'/k . h "^ "T^''' ^^*^" '"''"^ °°«^^«°« b'lt no empty ones, on the litter
10 various ingenious L'^^S'^'^t f/'^'^'^.f'^? «^ ^'"Pty cocoons but not a single sound one. At firsti con
3 able supervision 0 f,'!!:'!'"^"'^''" '^ '"r'^*" ^.^^\- themselves in an unsuitable position hS biUen
easily protected bv H!'"^ '''^? ^"^/^'J^""'^ ««"g^t other quarters, and I dug deeper and exaaiinod the
^Bects which attack #'"°^°'^7«f 5 but I soon abandoned the idea, romomborh,g that I had hud others of
necessary, is ouTof ^t^T.^T^ ''^ TT'^r^^''''^ ''' ^ ''^^^^^^

■or and p^tect theh- ^'f,l thf o'^^T • .1 t^^« «««°try, all of which remained intact^' I co^il J only
Ct«,^' ''°" the exposed cocoons had been assailed by preJaceouB

-•Inn" ^'"J,^^^^ ^^^'^ observed that tiie empty cocoons are of the same texture and
JOlour as the sound ones. Supposing that vacated cocoons of last yea?s iSoc" could

^ M«T'"1'°'"J V*^ *^^^\*' ""^ ^y discovery, they surely would have been more broken

Wackeued and decayed than those which I sent yoa." o-oaen,

The cocoons when received were much begrimed with damp earth- but unon
Vi«l"ng and comparing them I believe Mr. Pyles is correct in hirassSmpti'on ^
Irom the nature of the attack of the Larch Saw-fly and tho habS of tS; Larch
,,^-' .^^5."g rrom SSI^.^"^ •» deep peat bogs, nothing can be suggested a. a remedy When tSe
ttawa, and all the X!k3"?^ •''' « *'' the European Larch are grown as ornamental trea upon lawns

'omuVtiice'as ^tl^'.'^^'' ^^^;^^
passing away

fly upon the Tama.

'"i^'f that time so
,1»85, to the same
iich, judging from

hA^ honn finnn of Q+^"^ A ' T, rx ., ■> ''^"''J""^ uoueuore ovor the troco. :

aaa boon done at Ste. Anne's, P. Q., on the grounds of the Hon. J. J. C. Abbott.

had taken me to
ntirely defoliated,
'ince I came home

saw last yenr "
agriculture, Wash-
ae Destruction of
iowing favourable
^een killed by this
lors, seems, in the
•It much shorter
^arches died from
3t will diminish
"?e as rare as it
sites and favour-

' by this insect,
tok had finished,
'~~> •'vto larinor
)Iiago I have no

8PRU0B.

ir^ni^r^rl"" 'f ^^^^b^^'i received from Quebec and New Brunswick with regard to
injuries to Spruce forests, and a tew specimens have been received from New Bruns-
WicJc of the work of the Spruce Bud-fiioth C-TorMx fumiferana) ; but ll not th nk
that this IS the cause of' the injury complained of, and taking advantage ofX

£at?bf-n-"'''''S" u""/ '^ \"'*^^^" ?'^ ^^'■^^'' ^^'"« ««d New Bruns^v?ckr? belifvo
^l£jr^ ''"''•^' ^'■'^'^ *^' attacks of small beetles, Scolytich,, wh-'ch attack the
teunks of vigorous, growing, trees. I have not yet succeeded in getting specimens

Mentifiel ^'"' "^ ^"""'^ '"P^'^ ""*' ''*™™'^"' *^« «Pocies carf thTn bo

J I have boon informed by Mr. Edward Jack, a gentleman who has snr>nt miny
ears of his he ,n the forests of New Brunswick and has been a close ol^u'vor tS
^e hist noticed the diseased state of the Black Spruce, about 10 years a-o ',vh. n his
attention was called to it by the large amount of debris lying on the snow in iv nt.r
This he attributed to the operations of woodpeckers in hunting out the srubs He
iS^vrh. "«i;.«°d that the tops of the trees were red. This attack was particularly
noticeable on the ridges, where the trees grew thickest and had never beou cut amon Jsf.
HJ.no ■ a\ ^^^ ^^^¥ «Pi»ion that " the only remedy is prompt cuttin<r, when the
disease is first observed, at once cut out the injured treel When they die bon^re they

80

aro cut thoy are not used for lumber. Spmce forests are diflforent from Tamarao.
have noticed for 25 years that as soon as Tainarac is cut amongst it becomes diseased
but as soon as Spruce is thinned out, the other trees improve and disease will stop
"When Spruce grows amongst Cedars, on low lands, it is not nearly so much attacked a
when growing in dense bodies, in fact the more valuable the Spruce land the heavioi
the attack."

Mr. C. E. Towle, D. L. S., of Lachine, Quebec, informs me that this 'Spruo
disease" was very bad a year or two ago in the Township of Windsor, along the St
Francis Eiver and in the Township of Dudswell and adjoining townships.

From Dr. Packard's report, above referred to, wo are again able to receive com
fort; he says, after recounting the results of his investigations : " From various per
80ns we learned that the evil is now abating, and without doubt if the tracts of dea(
Spruce, at least those near settlements or villages, could be cut down and removed
leaving, however, the Spruce undergrowth, a new growth of Spruce would sprini
Bp which in 40 or 50 years could be profitably lumbered."

The Spruce Saw-fly (Lophyrus abietis, Ear.)

This insect has been bred and collected by Mr. W. H. Harrington, on Spruce, a
Ottawa. Larva), which, according to Dr. Packard's Bulletin on Insects injurious t
Forest and Shade trees, apparently belong to this species, although dififering somewha
in appearance from those found on the Spruce, were also found by him very abundat
on While Cedar. J J

Mr. Brodio, of Toronto, also announces that he has found the Spruce Saw-fly i
that locality. He collected a large number of the larv.-e and reared them to maturit
and found ihom very irregular as to their time of appearance. No parasites wor
iound by him.

PINES.

Mr. J . Goldio, of Guolph, has sot a good example, for which he deserves grea
credit. Some time ago ho imported from England a stock of ornamental pines
Upon planting theta in his grounds, ho observed that thoy were injured by som
Weevil which attacked them just above the ground, and not only mined under th
l)ark, bui bored into the substance of the wood. Directly he detected this, he at ono
grubbed up the tj-oes and burnt them, thus arresting the injury before the insect hai
become established in the neighbourhood.

On the Pacific Coast the magnificent Coniform hcemed comparatively free fror
insects which attack livin;:^, vigorous trees.

At Spence's Bridge, British Columbia, I had an opportunity of examining th
J*inus ponderosa groves. This handsome pine is sparsely scattered all through th
interior of British Columbia, and formed almost the only reliable source of firewood
previous to the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The living trees soeras
very free from injurious insects, although several species of Bupre&iidoi werecoUecte
from the piles of cordwood lying at the foot of the mountain.

Mr. Murray kindly obtained horses and we both rode up into the mountains t
examine the trees. Although a large collection of insects was made, none wore o
economic interest, except a Lepidopterous larva, which was found to be burrowing i
the cones of Finus ponderosa and destroying the seeds. But few of these were founc
and I was unable to roar them to maturity. I had previously heard of this insoc
from Mr. Albert J. Hill, C.B., in 1881, when it was much more abundant. At tha
time Mr. Hill wrote : " The cones are everywhere attacked by a small white grul
which Murka from the centre, and following the spirals of the cone destroys all th
seeds, so that it is difficult to procure any sound ones."

In ,,r»voIliiig up the Eraser Biver, the Douglas Fir was found to be attacked b-
many speaico of wood-boring beetles, and the exceedingly active little Bupresti
Melanop'' la Drii'dmondiif Kirhy, w.is always to bo seen in great abundance on th
bark. Jiamlcops, a ain^^lo specimen of Monohammus confusor, Kirby, was taken i;
Messrs. Mcintosh d Mara's Mill.

f

31

at from Tamarao. .
: it becomes diseased
id disease will stop
' so maob attacked a
ace land the beavioi

e that this 'Spruo
indsor, along the St
wnships.

able to receive com
" From various per
f the tracts of dea(
iown and removed
pruce would sprinj

igton, on Spruce, a
Insects injurious t
I differing somewhs
' him very abundat

e Spruce Saw-fly i

od thorn to maturit;

No parasites wor

h he deserves grea
F ornamental pines
ire injured by som
ly mined under th
ctod this, he at ono
oforo the insect ha

iratively free fror

y of examining th
red all through th
source of firewood
living trees soeme
stidoi were coUocte

0 the mountains t
lade, none wore o
to be burrowing i
i those were founc
leard of this insoc
buudant. At tha

small white grul
me destroys all th

to be attacked b;
fQ little Bupreati

1 abundanca on th
iirby, was taken i;

HABDWOODS— THK MAPLES, OAKS, &0.

The Sugar-Maple Borer {Qlycobius speciosua, Say.)

. „ Several specimens of the above-named handsome wasp-like beetle have been sent
llvZ:t TtTloTi r«!dorablo damage is reported ?o city shade trees fJ^^ta

w^Ih^bH Jt venrf^hnni ''t." -"''^ ^'^ '"^'^ ^" '«°«*'^' *°'^ '« beautifully mark^
with bright yellow bands It is easily recogni-.od by a W- shaped mark on tha
shoulders, with a semi-circular band close above! and another rathSf farther off below
It which almost form a circle round the W; there is then a broad band of bUok and

f rvtJ b^laS^sTHpra^fhS.^' ^" ^^"^^' '^^'^^ ^^ ^"^ black'sX^J?

Semedies.

The perfect beetles appear about the first week of July, and may be found well
on into August. When they occur in large numbers thoy may be prevented from
laying their eggs upon ornamental or shade-trees by washing the trunks with a soan
or carbolic w.Hh. The borers might also be destroyed in infested trees by cuttina
out or by inserting a stiff wire into the hole as soon as their presence is detected in
spring by the dust they cast out of the burrows. "i«"t«u m

The Maple-Leaf Cutter (Incurvaria acerifoliella, Pitch.)

i«„ai^^® ^^^1 rSP^"^ [^- ^']'^<^^(^rinwn and .4. sacccharinum v. nigrum), in many

S, L ^ T ^"^7' ^^""^ "f .'° ^""°^ *^ '^^ "^"^^l^^J' to a moderate extent, byZ
curious case-bearing larvii) of this pretty little moth ; but on the 12th September last
enormous numbers were found to be destroying the foliage in the woJds aSS
W *r7nrr^ House grounds. The Maple trees, for a space of perhaps 4 aoJes^
had the foliage almoBt all consumed, and the flat disc-like cases, which had fallen
from the leaves, were carpeting the ground, and were also seen in great numbers oa
the sides of trees; these larvfc probably had been blown down biforo mature, and
wVt"«T"^' h'^k'''" fohage to /eed. Growing amongst the Maples were som«
Beech trees, and these were also oaten after the leaves of the Maple had all been
devoured. The attack was very severe. The loaves were so perforated and
skeletonizod, that instead of the woods being green, thoy were cream-colored in hue.
Iho JarvsD, waen full grown, are about a quarter of an inch in length, with a brown
flattened head and are of a dirty white color. They cut from the loaves small oblonij
wads, trcm which they form cases, which they carry about with them as thev feed.
Ihe case seems to be fastened at one side to the leaf, and the larva then eats the
green part of the upper surface, in circles or parts of circles, leaving the fibres and
lower surface untouched. When it has consumed all within reach, it moves on to
another spot. The cases of the mature larvio are formed of four wadH, two of which
are about i of an inch in diameter, and the larger pair about §. When full fed, which
at Uttawa is in September, the larviu fall to the ground inside their cases, where thev
change to pup.-c in a few days, and do not emerge as moths until late in the following
^rT<f" ^f.?^''^^ IS described in Packard's " Insects Injurious to Forest and Shadt
Irees, as follows:-'''! ho moth, with long narrow pointed wings ; the fore pair bril-
liant steel-blue ; the hind wings smoky brown, with purplish reflections. Between the
antennio, a dense tuft of erect bright orange-yellow hairs. (Fitch.)"

The Eov. T. W. Fyles, ef South Quebec, sends mo the following account of a
visitation similar to the one experienced at Ottawa last year :—" This i nsect was
exceedingly abundant in MissisquoiOouGty in the year 1881. I noticed it particu-
larly in the Maple groves belonging to Hon. G. B. Baker, M.P., and Mr. G. P Shufelt
near the vi! age of Sweetsburgh, Que. The loaves throughout exteuHive Maple woods
wero 80 skclotonizod that they presented a brown and scorched appearance that waa

n

OAKS.

to both Oaks and Maples at Ottawr^"^'""'""'"*'"^^ «°J ^ '>• most injurioits

Clmocampa disatha, Hub. CC 5v/ya^!>a FTnr ^ fk r,
vor^ inj-irions in parts of Nova Sootia and W^f •^' ^ ?^'^''^'** Tont-Catorpillar was
entfroly defoliating largo tracts of hn^^ a I ^''" ^'^'«''' I ha^o boon infhrmTS
compIa,;nt. of theUs^bo ng frel^^^^ i" B'-'ti^'' C.h.Sa I ^

Iho Oakssuppy food for nvflsf „n^K„ V- """"S 'no past year.

havo 13 different kiLI^^f'gTl sVoXr t ?f *" ^"--^-bundanoo. On thoso we
least 9 species of fnquilines, or innlSs which lili -^^"T °^ ^mndce, containing ^J
oyer, causing their fLmation. S?lS aro In^.^^? ^^' ff«ll« withoutTow-
pterous parasites, tho Inquilines by atS t- that L ''^/^ T'''^' of Hymen^
differo»,t kinds of irsects:" ^ ^ *' ^^""^ '«' o«f oak gafis contain about 38

^eitdSrrxsr' "*"■ ""•"'^ » »"- "■•-^--d ..« ^^ ^,,

GARDEN PLANTS

and put OTor a XnU ™™main''th"Tn„°H?'',f °1 T' " • " «"" t" ""wW tosother
then ,t can be unhooked and Zt ,„.? ?„ '' """Pl'-nt is oat of the way of tho wor,S

S'^tr 't ''''St' 'in whe'^LT^nUorn'tteThT"- '^''l 'l!'^" »SSTe
K>W, in his Annual Report forifi'^? ^"^^. ^'*'^'' "^"^^t be resorted to Prnf

.m

largo tracts of tho
0 to bo Pocn on tho
aflon clouds of tho

inhoets, havo not
»ro voiy abundant,
••uctive :
n most injurioits

it-Catorpillar, was
0 boon informed,
Mumbia I hoard
) of a goomoter.
year.

wing intorosting
^ominont raombor
to the number of

5«. On thoflo wo
'«;, containing at
Ih, without, how-
io8 of Hymeno-
contaln about 38

trees havo been

iring flowering

first put out in
ite satisfactory,
iplo, cheap and

long, bent into
together," The

ookod together
y of the worm,
ido should bo
sun and burn
Qe if painted."
, with the tops
cts, and in the

n nowly-mado
tod to. Prof,
ly fo!- ridding
■nd quotes the
My method of
le field before
abbugo leaves
lunting them
3 up, and lost

.Sr:s;^Et"^r;^,.p";:^-^ of an ..^

dt2o=«c^.l':r ''--' - -?^ "- to -r^o'^c^or^^^^^

selvoJ wi.Kt^rCr K^ tS t'ellT' ^'^h 'T ^^T" ^^'^^ ^^^^^"^ <h-
Hftys :_" We used chiefly Clover snrnklSw^hf. ^''''P" ^'^'^ ^'" ^^'-oe times. Ho
valH between tho rows, in lonX'tLTino^h^^^ ^"'f ^"^ '"^'^ "* inter-

of prolonging the (roshneNH of tho baiTanT«?L f ' '"^V''^ ^'"^"^ ^ho double purpose

the vicinity of Viotona, \r I.. British oZmS?"''"^^^ '^^ spring months in

Onions sutlorcd most se;er;iy t^'^l'"nb>a; nearly all crops were attacked, but

by £'fr^i^^:^-ij::^:^^z!:L "z^irs^-- -^ored unsightly

bore or pyrethruln. Th Jeiuablo c mTte o? Y^l^ "''^'i !'^ ^^'"'^'"^ ^'^h h^elle:
tion of tho bent varieties of pUcraVKMlS. r™ I«'^"<1 P«''n>it8 the cultiva-

flowers are largely grown. Durinlrtho mo, \h!:"nl- m """''' ''?"r'' """^ly these lovely
Nuccessful.— An open nan wa« hnlf.flir'f "r/. '^'....^''/'^''o^^'nfe'

troatrentTaH^o;;,?! Huccre;:;^airirop:rnan'wS' fe^lt'T- ''''J'-" Tbo'followlng
into which, while hot, about Toz of tT„ Jn k Tu '"*'^f "«'• with strong Soap-suds,
young Hhoots upon whic^J tl g^iorftK w„r« ^"'" ^'"'''=^' ^'^'^^ coorenough the
washed backwards and forwLf two or throe tin."f"^''?K* ""''' *^""t dow^ and
cleaned. A similar treatment was sncf«L nil! r '? ^^"^ ''"" ''''''^ were easily

Cadboro Bay Jload, Victorr vT oS .?Z I P''«c"-'°J .by Mr. P. T. Johnson, of
Tobacco, a tables, o'onful of lVothn"m^ i^fhe w'/rl. ''''' !1 t'^ ""'"'''y- ^"«'««d <>{
the purpose better. Another i, sec which nL! H ^^«"'^*^«^« PO'^^it^'v answered
observed abundantly in tho rrJcn of f h« li r'° TM'''^"" "'">"^ ^'■«l"''''« was
Bm.jll white I^rytkroLrat^^l^tuli^'i^'^^ J'"?!^'V T''''^ ^^^« ^

sucking the sap from bono.ti. tlio ! j.^v i ,mS thl P' '•?^ ^""'''' ^ho lio.e by
and causing them to fall p,om turL r Thl T'^ T "• '^^1'^° P'''"«'i°J appoaranci
tions upon'tho loaves of tlir^Jn m foy a^o7 ZT/rTn''T^\'''''!' tr'nHforma-
are not nearly no active as when ni i nrn Th, u 6 ^''° '"'■^"' ""^^ P"Pal stages

condition is arrived at, b^syi r n' . he trel w^tl^slt^ ^° treated beforo^h'e perf?ct
rum wash. As they koop bor.ca h'tho 1 IZ „ '^P^P'^P^s and Tobacco or I^yroth-
A dry mixture of 1 part^of P,'; fhr m to ' ^o? pC^^r T'T'^ '? ''^"^'^ them,
from benoa.h; but is^Ic.s .ati.LtoryThan The sy in^in^^ ' "'''' " P"*""' "?

young magg<H birrows beneath tie epiderms of fh. h ^^\^"r?^ '^^^os. Tho
time, and then bores down the centre of he sTom M P "^ ""^ *''.° '"'*^°'' ^''''' «o«"«
not attack the huffo r>\antHnr<^ZM\v^n-\^^^

Carnation- and othcfkrr of Pi^rwt'''m!;r,\,^^^^^ the small ones.'^also

leaves. Thov dostrmo,) .-.,.,, „ J small, .-my tune before they irot five or siV

the Chines^^in£'d?i 17 LIuTaT^^^

think if A.hes or Lime were sm-I.W I„H ^ *k ^'"'?^''* ^^ey were a j)reventive. I

the centre of the loaves TsZa or beZ?°^^ 7 *'"*' '' '^^"'^ ^« ^^'l ^own intJ
the female from laying her eg^s theiV' t1 r„n ^' ?P?T'. '^ T"''^ ^''''^^^^y ^^^V
and went into tho groSnd L tu pate The f >. T^''''^' 'f^V^^' '^''^"ts about Ist Juno

3

U4

Mr. Oowlcy also complained tlmt—"tho PA/or 7)r.»..«,^. J •• /-I j . «.
other plantH were much attaokod by a vor/HmilL"? no Zfe *"^ *"** «*'""'

turnip fly, just a. noon as thoy nppoaro.la^Ctho trr^und Th^" "'*' ''^ ^^^ """"««"
I thought /or Bomo time the ^pluX wore ooverod wZLi^ZTll^ T"^^ '^''
dying and then dinoovored the cause, i used ashos fom f^l / .^T ^''®^ ^^^e

offeotive." ThiH Hmall insect is prob >bl v the Hmall Ik2 .Z ^^ *" ^.'^ouKht it wan
Sm^nthurus Kortenm (Kitch). w'hioh 'Lu.: T g rd„t "inTaran l** f '^'"" '^^
Bomet.meH injurious to seedlings of cruciferous iZZlluu ^ ,.^u^ ^^^^ "'^^ is
radishes. ^ cruciferous vegetables, as cabbages, cross and

of O'ana'da whmo tho iMMrhaTriil^d I„„? 1"'t« "iJ'"ioa.. in «««ry pan

boon porioJicully bmiKS'tomo W^Z'n-ilf v""''*,'","""""f' ''"™ 'or «omo yoa,,
wbicll b.,r»,;in L f;l Th°."K Fa va o" tbo aVuiirr i ° ""'"°,'" ""^ "w"

Which the pith is not much devoured but TtraL« *- "-r, "^ '^" Sunflower
the plant to any practical exte,Za '-Mant pTanf ovor^l2' fT -'"^^^PP?" ^o i„ju.„
many branchen was found to have the"S I. nH nn i ^ ff° J" ''«'«*'* ««^ ^ith
very tlowors ; hat yet grew wi h the aW r ,m,n i i f "?«""J ^''om the base tc the
and vigorous up to^the first frosts. '•""^"'kublo luxuriance and kept green

I have the honor to be, Sir

Your obedient servant,

JAME3 FLETCIIEJl,

^'"''"'""^ ^'^fomologist to Department, cf Agriculture.
Ihe Honorable

Tho Minister of Agriculture,
Ottawa.

H

^■m.\^_

85

candytuft, and somo
isizoof the common

wore 80 small that
1 I Haw thoy wore
and thought it wbh
as the Garden Floa

»nd Juno and in
kbbagos, oro88 and

tod Whito Cabbage
us. J n ovory part
piofor the scented

ivo for somo years
litno of the maggot
ss'-a lonyipennia and
f tho Sun flower of
ot appear to injure
I height and with
)m the base tc the
so and kept green

Agriculture.

APPENDIX 1.

THE ONION if AG(JOT (PAorbia ceparu,n, Meigen).

A LKTTER TO TUB <• OTTAWA OITfZBN," 30tu Jvty, IggJ.

<T i LltZ ^?'V'i^'r". that upou rocoipl
jTovos to bo a very sovon, «H«TffwJ'ot L

;;;•-" among, g,,,,,„, ,,^ . o^on m^!

wntu luHt tranMDlutitod. 0th w- sncciox aIma
^i.. -.-Onion-n, and - .. '^Z "S-^^^^^^^^^^

probably throo-nuartcrs of tho\vho'e'*"r!rL-n " ';''?"^^ "'''"'"" «^«""^ ''""'^"^^ny
caro and a little labour u largo ^.o,>orX T ^'•^^'''^'P^- t*"' I bCieve S'

or an HHelligorU application of^XXuHtiievf ''"^"'r' ""^^ '•^' '^'^ ^«ved
life-hmtory of the insoct wo wi.sU irHub fl nnVT '"^'••^. ^■'''''' «0'«o>bing of t'.c
woul.1 bo a g,-eat adrant^-a. to kno^ l!!' '," I' "'^ >"'™luont!y h.pp,..r il ut it
raarnudor might bolon.. Thor am r , T^^^^ '"^ ^'"''^ «P"cics of any goruw ho
almost identrcal in .si^o and Ip;;,!, ;1''7h';,'"'"?'' '^'^V^ '^' Antho^.nj^Ttl es
their varieties and at all sta/'osX' ow h' ^ ^•' " ^'V^'^'^^' ''^^^''^y onions in Till

f/?«8 of one spodos are laid at the h ■ ^nf' ?h , " "' ^'"! ^''"^^ '^''o difforont, the
bulb.tsolf, the grab« nttacldrV't f^o^ h n -TV"^ ^•^"''^ ^^' '»"«thor on tho
corta.D, after th» att..clc lus "'nroL' ."', ^''"""^f'-' It '« I.ujM..«ibIo to mhv for
under conRidorat ion bo on<r ba ?h r ,."" ''"'' '" ^^^if'l' ^ecios the iZects
'Onion fly," Fhorbla Tpa;u^'' jtro a.o t'^' ^'"'''1^ '^''"^^ ^« l'- 'ho true
hat constant vigilance fs ZJar" iC 7C" ^■'o^^i^ dunng the Hoa.ou, so

^yX Z':l^^\ r;;.^,/'"f ?> -^ -^ '^ a^^p^r c^

onions are coming un- the f "J nl; "^ v'^'* '"'^^"^ ^''O 'i'"" that tho voani

tho lowest •^^-o.ranS^iit'f^::, r.u;;;'t. tiv^r'""' 'v^. ^'-" '-<' ^^^ i'' bi^rs-

way down lo U.o bulb, bot.,-oo>, the u n a ml , ""•'' "^^ -'■"^'^' ^'>'<^'' ««t their
thoyoungbulbontirely.whieh of cm o ^'^^^^ 'm 'V-""^' thoy .oon destroy

36

iDsido It. Tho importance of raising the whole bulb and a portion of the ground
round It, by moana of some broad instrument, is very groat, because if the plants are
simply pulled up it is most likely the grubs will be loft in the ground, for they are
not always inside the bulb, but lie just outside, in the earth. It is also most necessary
to destroy the injured onions, as the following will clearly show : Miss Ormerod the
Entomologist to the Hoyal Agricultural Society of England, cites an instance of 'one
of her correspondents who noticed that some of his onions showed signs of flageins
while still only about tho diameter of a knitting needle. Every onion so affected
was at once taken up and carefully burnt. Tho beds wore treated this way evorv
two or throe days for three weeks, and tho result was, (^ ore was no further d-imaei
during the summer, and the crop of onions was the only good one in the neighbour-
hood. One of the gardeners employed on this work had an onion bed in his own
garden, and folio wed the plan so far as to pull up all tho faulty onions, but threw them
down a short distance from the bo J, and tho consequence was, he lost his entire cro^
Unluck,y"Nopean Farmer's "crop is to) large, and the insects have now done «o
much injury that this . omody is not practic:iblo at this busy timo of tho yerr but?t
IS imperative that something should bo done to preserve the remaindo/of the crop
and also to destroy the grubs so as to prevent their rayagos nest season After
many experiments with those insects I have come to the conclusion thTthe bos
remedy is hot water. This can bo easily appliel by means of an ordinary no^ whh
a spout, and should bo heated almost to\hl Liling'point and poured aSMhe rows
with the nozz 0 close to the roots, so that tho hot water may gi directly on tho bZs
bu not on the leaves. It has been found that this does not injure Lon^ons^b^
kills the grubs; and does not require any Large expenditure of labour oi time
AJler this treatment the onions should be hood, ami th. earth well drawn up over hJ
bulbs, so as to prevent further attacks. ' With reference to the earthing up ?fon[ons
most satisfactory results have followed in Kngland, where Miss Ormerod has ad vTsed
for some years that the onion bulbs .hould bo covered with earth up to tho nock or
oven higher, so that (he fly could not got at tho bulb to lay its egg"'^^, pon it \Vhen
mature, the oggs must bo laid, und if tho bulbs are well covered ?nt?yaJe laid toS

^^ Tliis'nlin^^'"^? V'ry '"J"^^^' «'' '''' '^'•^PP'^'* «" the earfh and perish
;heas^trK:woSl-/--1S^^^^

i^d S3;i:f ¥ff9? '^p^^p^^i:,

mmmmmsmm

-^^""go^^u^ as an onion, IS doubtless more susceptible of an attack when

37

n of the ground
e if the plants aro
aund, for they aro
80 most necessary
Hiss Ormerodjthe
n instance of one
I signs of flagging
onion so affected
'd this way every
) further damage
in the neighbour-
1 bed in his own
■i, but threw them
t his entire crop,
lave now done so
the year ; but it
indor of the crop
t season. After
)n that the best
rdiaary pot with
i along the rows
ctly on the bulbs
3 the onions, but
labour or time,
rawn up over tho
ing up of onions,
erod has advised
p to tho nock, or
upon it. When
thoy are laid too
and perish,
a trench, and as
cop thorn buried
onions large and

108 the winter in
from gas worifs,
hon fresh, both
tho air, a valu-
this substance,
f groat service
irao enrich tho

lod this season
sand saturated
and until they
Hies when they
Id also answer
ns of securing
t to draw tho
libs. Anyi)lant
1 attack when

being hoed or thinned out, for two reasons— not only does tho odour of the broken
plants attract insect enemies, but the vigour of the plant b3ing temporarily impaired
by the root fibres being disturbed and broken, it is less able to withstand such
injury.

Hoping that this information may bo acceptable and useful to your correspon-
dent, and bogging any others who may find their crops attacked to apprise me of tho
fact as soon as possible,

I am, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

J. FLETCHER,

Honorary Entomologist to Department of Agriculture.
Ottawa, 29th July, 1885.

N. B. — There are still some points affecting this question with regard to tho
cultivation of onions which I have not yet fully worked out. My thanks are due to
Mr. E, Bell, of Archville, for trying oxporimeuts and assisting me in other ways in
the study of these different root maggots. J. F.

sea doing well this

ths long dronght,

not wasted, for we

3^

APPENDIX 2.

INSECTS INJUJJIOUS TO FRUIT TREES.

the diHcussions at j^nur mc^ int tV^chTT-^'^FT'';'^ ''^'"•""" «^"«« by which
a comploto net of tLT^aZSSs Er Z''!!"'''^'^' ''?\^ ^^'^^ '^'^'"^"d to write for
C. R H. Star;-, your OMoriuioZretivv H"t?''^"f'.'T'^ ^''''«»^^h the courtesy of Mr.
of the ioadin/fruit-grovieff of ro Sipo ^v?^^^ communieution with'^Bovera

from vvhom 1 have received moTval. 3^^^^^^^^ """^ '"?''' °^ ^I^'^ as.o.iation,

wh.ch I have been entrusted Tr ho Gov^^^^^^^ ''"' ^'^'"^^ ^'^^^

appreciate better tlian you, who are dX brnn^tV f 'Tl^r^''"'" «^ ^'^'«^ "»"« can
of injury wrought by our sria hnt , It^f i ^^^ ■''''° ^.^ ^^"° ^'^^» ^l^o 'argo amount
i-ocoived^nmvUatK bTiM-Lent'STn^^^ '"^^^^ worid.^ When I

boiore you, I accepted lai/reX^^'^^^^^^^ ''''''''' ^ ^^^'^-

^,'''''^-(^.^}rn>g,agontUvanv,LZn^^^^^ by my Minister, the

of scenftic agriculture in Canada and to who, n' ^ P/'^'^oter and patron

having conceived, and organised the institution »r J'""^ .''''°"°'-' ^^^^ honour of
has developed into tho OrUa.fo SchooT of 1 ^ u^ ""''' ^^^"''^^ards re-located and
Gnelpb. Jt may not bo amiss here ?1 5v t^'"""'""'' ""'^ Experimor.tal Farm at
Dominion Entomoloffisi t1'„ ' * ^^^P'"'" "^'^'^''^ ^bat my position is n.
Minister of AgSuf™ in f r^JHeCoro 7o"reT'° '^ V^° ^^"- J" ^- ^^'p^ -be"
Bons ujterested in agriculture in var oS Zts om£«T'"'^'^^'°"' ^^'''"^ ««^«'-al Per-
he Select Committee on Agricultin- whi^h me at Ot'tawT?' ''^'^ Pj^rticularly^y
188-4 It was decided that the appointment fhLu Z^"^^^, '^"••'"g «he Session of
fact It was an experiment to test hTv51 nf I '^^ P"'"'^ "° honorary one: in
arge This decision wa., 1 bel eve a vm-v XZL 'rT'P^'""^' ^« ^^^ ««»«try L"
that farmers, agriculturists and ondJrdfstr th,l 'k''.^ Z?''^" ^"'""'^ ''^ experience
many of you here present this . onin^ unnn l^^''''\^^'l «°"»t'T. among them
siderablo trouble to assist mo in mt Inf.- 'VT"'"S ^bis fact, have gone to con-
such a large extent, bafthTbeen^a rioTn^/'^ "'f-'^' "^' ^^''^ been^the ca'e, to
portance of the work itself luld of oonr?« , ""^ '""'^"''' "PPointmont. The m^
long; but I cannot help thTni n-^ thaJT'thrh'^"™""^'*^ ^^''' attention beCe
work should be carried on by a snecia i«f . beginning, at any rate, this kind of
;t8 o,,„ ke, without thoughLfXy reward JnrM?:' ^^"^ 't "P «°"^ '^bours at it foJ
may be of benefit to tho woHd Fm- mt ' ''?'" "''^" ^bat the results arrived at
been allowed to labour in t is grearcaZZr"' ^ ^*^,f 1"'°'''^ P'''^"«g«d i J having
ai engaged in agriculture and horUcult r; of aU'' 7' '^"' f "'•'^«»« importancrt?
-hat ,s, tho lifehistories of Iniu.Sus and F fn^fi-"^ "/»" ""^ Boonomic K.itomolo^y
of keeping the former in check '' l^'^neficml Insects, and the best mothodi

Zrrift^ b^" nsl^r^gS^f 'T^' •- --*• ^^^U crops produced,
undoubted y bo saved by simple me hod" I t" P'-oportion 15 per cent, can
upwards of 200 different insectTwhid \ttao t <li ^"? '^r" <^'^lculatod That there at-e
probably nio.t can, with care, beVreven J Ut? .?'•'" f ""«: ^^ ^bis large numbei-
Tho famo of Nova Spoif-m „ P| • *^ ' ,P"^ f^eriously n urinir tho omn

Washington Territory, with tho boast that thev wore n ^'f ^'""nt, in Oregon and

tdty woio as good as any which could bo

produc

stanJa

TJ

built u

any su

the cor

1j

there n

with w

I injurioi

you, b}

enomie

time, al

you ha)

minute,

possible

tho hon

insects

* kinds C(

■ able. I

althoDgl

as publi

during 1

principli

^ and into

I tunities

i put to ni

I momberi

I better 1

i as a spec

? understa

i been ma(

i writings

I many, fo:

sibly, to

. terms ar(

as in ov

with the

5 of science

belonging

: on tho oti

highest k

, that they

J terms a la

^ Latin and

languages

remain no

in clasgic

Those

to speak o

different ii

Kntoniolof

with ; for

which brii

which thej

tinctivo El

a farmer fi

39

Scotia at their

0 my hands,
JoruHal of ihid
>nso by which

1 to writo for
urtofiy of Mr.

with aovoral
i assofiation,
0 work with
ch none can
argo amount
IJ. Whon I

an adJro33
Minister, tho

and patron
10 honour of
o-locatod and
r.tal Farm at
'iition is as
. Pope whoa
several per-
ticularly by
> Session of
•aryone; in
3 country at
' experience
imong them
gone to con-

tho case, to
It. Tho im.
tion before
this kind of
urs at it for
s arrived at
d in having
lortanco, to
Iiitomology
St methods

i produced,
' cent, can
t thoro are
go number
)p.

i'iHgland,
■litios; and
)regon and
ih could bo

ZSo^^eSncf"" ''''' P'^'"^^ ^'^^-^ that yours were recognized as a

built^up^TfeSt'^oMhTs n:IS:r '"' ^^'•^°^' "'^■^^ ^'^ been bo largely
any suLject which mute ia y .fS ■ ' js'oV Z'.^ ^T' ^P°••t^"''°. ^"d therefore

therom^yCretrgYt; u^'^Lwot^^^^^^ value of this study; but

with what comparative Sine yo,i mav bo ho hS i n ^ '*l'P'«C"'tod to what extent and
injurious insects. It is the coTvfction th^t ol "ir''' °'''!'''°*^ f ''"-'« ^^"'°«t
you, by simple and practical mctho ^to keen Jow? ! , ^'*'' ^^^'««,^hich will enable
onemioH, which has nducod mo to onmi >.„^.!' . '•^'■«° P''<^Portion of your insect
time, all too short, which Vor°otan^Kfo,hrH'^ '''''^™° ^? ^^^'^ "P ^ P^'"'' «f ^he
you have to consider at yoTannu.moSn^ Knr"" ^^ ■^' ™P«»-t''^"t subjects
minute, 1 shall ondoavor to make mv^om S J l^ recogmzmg the value of every
possible. With this tSoctrv,W^..r^'^ f . 'b^'t, an'I as much to tho point as
the honour of address urvou TwTm« T '' \^T^ ^^^' '"^^ain that 1 was to have
irsect« had made tl erekis r^osUbnt^^rr n^'U"'"' T'''''''' '^ °"<l'^»-« ^^at
kinds coneorning whicSrm-Uiorw^f m^^^^ ""■ ^'^'Sit treat especially of those
[ able. I found that the iiiorthi^hT ?! '^ '"^^""''^ ''"^ ^^'^'^ bo most accept-
although in a va'^ing dS hi 1^ arc mainly the same kinds whic\

as published accoJitf of tlLo w fh tiS ,i; "'''T "" ^"'be.- parts of Canada, and

understanding which will be mu.mMlhnnt?^- ^^ -tl' '"^''"•' "^^ '^all come to an

highest knowhX; o ''ff ' of scenco-which is merely another name for ?he
thff tK„^ K^®'"''"""Pt be confined to one country alone, and therefore in order

orms aTaZLn :r T'^^'^t^*^^ "" .""tions, scientific students use for tLei special
LatTn -ind GroT 7 f "'^ ^' '"''"'"^ ^y all. For this purpose the classic langu^ages
lan^Sate« and L ' ^ '"T"" '^"r '?*' '"'^^ "^° ^^' f''^'" ^he fact that beifg dfad
rem-Wn^nL ^4 n'P''''^." ''>' ^"J ''ving people to-day, they cannot changS but

in c s„"cTmo"Ar ''"'"'" ;"p"'^ '™"' *?.°^-'^"'^'^ the skme form as when fpoken
m ciasfeic times by tho anciei,t Komans and Greeks. i'un.ou

to ^riT^ ^^''"''' bo^evcr are for the uso of scientific entomoloffi^its, who require

Entom ir ,£' ^ '■' T ""^*^'-.»''e impression that lor the purpo.es'of Economic
With (S l^^HO technical sciont.lic terms may bo almo.t, if not entirely, dispensed
Which b, ni'^r'^'^ ?" "''"" '■•""ber of known insects is' enormous, thoso speciS
wh .1* J^^ themselves conspicuously under our notice, by moans of tho ravages

tTnctfvoZ'r")""" """"'■ "k '';"''' "'■'^f''' ''^••" ^•o"^i«'-"tive!y small, and 1 thinK
tinctivo English names can be found for them all. 'The chief thiru^ nece«s3=-v w'-cn
a farmer finds his crops attacked by insects is to discover the causae, so that L^^^'^y

40

apply the proper remedy, and it matters little to him what the name of the culprit
may bo, or by what minute ditt'eronce« it is eoparatod from its nearest relatives.
What concerns him most is to rooogniza the nature of his onomy by the state of his
crops, and thus to discover the best means of putting a stop to its ravages.

To enable him to do this, some knowledge of the life-histories of our common
insect pests is iudisponsible. By this 1 mean he should strive to get sufficient informa-
tion to recognize them in their different stages of grub, chrysalis, and perfect insect;
for it frequently happens that they are open to our iattacks in one ol their stages,
while they can defy our efforts in the other stages of their existence. The life of an
insect is divided up into four well marked periods, during each of which their habits
are entirely different. These are : 1. The egg ; 2 The caterpillar or larval stage,
during which, as a rule, they are most injurious; 3. The chrysalis or quiescent stage,
in which, except in a few orders, the insects lie quiet, and are without the power of
motion; and 4. The perfect insect. Some insects are injurious in three of their stages,
but the larger number in one only, so that unless we know ihem in all their forms
we may lose opportunities of destroying them, from not recognizing them as enemies.
It is clear that the farmer who possesses this informition has a great advantage over
the one who does not.

I would not, of course, advise men who are actively engaged in fighting the
battle of lite to stop and study the, to them, unnecessary details of a difficult science ;
hut I firmly believe from the fact that insects play such an important part in the
economy of nature, that a knowledge of the general principles of Economic Entomo-
logy is an absolute necessity for all who wish to become successful fruit-growers.

There seems, however, to be a prevalent opinion that much time and study is
necessary for the acquisition of sufficient knowledge to boar practical results, and
many of my correspondents, who give mo m&st useful information concerning the
lives of insects, begin their letters by saying that because they know little of entomo-
logy, therefore, their information will probably bo of little value.

Now, 1 hope this evening to be able to convince you that both these views are
very erroneous. With regard to the former, I shall endeavour to show you that the
actual amount of this information, necessary for a farmer to secure good results, is
small and easily acquired ; for it will bo found upon examination, that all injuries
committed by insects conform to certain general jjlans in accordance with the form of
their mouth-parts, and also that all remedies are applied upon broad general princi-
ples, dependent upon the same structural characters.

If you examine a large number of different insects yon will find that, they all
may be roughly divided into two large groups, by tho form of their mouth-parts.
These two groups ai-e : 1. Those which possess jaws, by means of which they con-
sume the substance of their food, and 2. Those which have instead a hollow tube,
by means of which they suck up their food in the shape of liquid juices. Now, it is
apparent that for insects of the first group, as the Colorado Potato-beetle, which con-
sumes the whole substance of its food-plant, all that is necessary is to apply to the
foliage some poisonous material, which will not injure tho plant, but which, being
consumed with the leaves, will destroy tho insects devouring them. Such poisonous
materials we have in the various arsenical compounds which I shall mention later.

For tho second group, however, which do
not masticate their food, these remedies are use-
less, for tho insects having their mouth-parts in
tho shape of a hollow tubo, as we find in the
Aphides, r plantlico, can pierce through these
poisonous applications on the surface of thoir
tood, and extract tho juices upon which they
live, from tho interior of the leaf. Fig. 17 repro-
i-etits yl;)/}is wiait, tho plant-louse of tho apple,
which belongs to this group, much enlarged.
With such insects it is neees-sar-" to make use of
f 1(?. 11.— Aphis mail, Fab. remedies which act by mere contact with 1'- jir

9 of the culprit
irest rolacives.
bo state of his
ges.

if our common
iciont informa-
))orfoct insect;
)1 their stages,
The life of an
ch their habits
)r larval stage,
uiescont stage,
it the power of
of thoir stages,
all thoir forms
torn as enemies,
advantage over

in fighting the
ifficult science ;
;ant part in the
uoraic Entomo-
it-growors.

10 and study is
!al results, and
concerning the
little of ontomo-

lese views are
iw you that the
;ood results, is
mt all injuries
vith the form of
general princi-

that, they all
ir mouth-parts,
hich thoy con-
a hollow tube,
JOS. How, it is
otle, which con-
> apply to the
t which, being

Such poisonous
mention later.

ever, which do
•omodies aro uso-
r mouth-parts in
we find in the
0 through these
surface of thoir
3on which thoy
if. Fig. 17 ropre-
0 of the apple,
much enlarged.
" to make use of
nlact with 1'- jir

41

bodies, and do not require to be oaton at all. For this purpose Coal Oil (Petroleum)
and Carbolic Acid, as woli as the vegetable insecticides known as Hellebore aud the
Persian and Dalmatian insect powdors, are most usoful. These remedies, too, as thoy
will destroy all insects, aro of much wider application than iho poisons mentioned
above.

And now with reference to information received from those who are not scientific
entomologists. Do you know, gontlomon, strange as it may sound, 1 believe, there
aro sometimes advantages to be derived from thi:j very want of scientific knowledge,
l^'armers are practical men, and only want practical information, and while all must,
of course, acknowledge tho necessity for some one to do the accurate scientific work,
and carry out tho tedious exporimonts which aro nace-isary, they are not the ones to
do it, for with very few exceptions, thoy have not tho leisure. No ! this is the work
of the scientific entomologist, and tho more extensive knowledge ho can acquire the
better he will succeed. Economic Entomology is a practical branch of Agriculture, and
deals with the successful results arrived at by tho scientific entomologist. All that
the farmer requires is to know the common Injurious and Beneficial Insects when they
appear, so as to apply tho proper remedies, and be able to refer to thorn by some name
when recording his observations or when seeking for information concorning thom. The
chances of mistake, as to the identity of the insects referred to, aro slight, especially
when specimens can so easily bo sent by mail ; and every single fact in the life history
of any insect, when accurately recorded, has its scientific value. Moreover, scientific
observers might possibly bo led astray by preconceived notions or theories as to what
any given insect ought to do ; bat tho j)ractical farmer would have no such danger,
but would carefully record, only, exactly what he had seen. This is one reason why 1
am here to-night, i want to show you the value of Economic Entomology. If I satisfy
you, and you think what I tell you is of value to you in increasing the yield of your
orchards, I, in my turn, expect to reap much benefit from your exporienco in fruit-
growing, which will assist mo in carrying on my studies. In all sciences there is a
great deal too much theory ; but what wo require is practical results. Ever since I
have concerned myself with tho study of Injurious Insects I have always kept before
my eyes a short motto, which is also a Avarning, and according ao I can follow out
its admonitions, by so much, I boliovo, will tho work I have undertaken bo successful.
That motto is. Be FracticaL

To attain this ond, I have endeavoured, as much as possible, to enlist the sympathies
and secure the co operation of practical farmers and horticulturists all over the
country, for none are so competent, or so likely to take notice of the results of any
treatment suggested as those actually engaged in making their living in these pursuits.
Many valuable discoveries have resulted from tho observations of such men, the most
remarkable, perhaps, of all, being the remedy lately found for that dread scourge, the
Clover-seed Midge. Ontario, five years ago, jiroduced a crop of clover seed worth
8648,(;00.* Since that time this post has made its appearance in great numbers and
its injuries have boon so considerable that, instead of Canada exporting largo quan-
tities of this valuable seed, our farmers have now to import seed to sow thoir fields.
I believe the honour is due to Mr. Jubel Robinson, ex-Master of tho Dominion Grange,
for discovering a means of checking its ravages. This con listed of the following
treatment : Instead of cutting tho first crop of clover at the ond of Juno, and leav-
ing tho second crop for seed in tho fall, ho pastured tho first crop until tho beginning
or middle of the month, and then left it to grow for the fall crop of seed. By this
means not only wore tho grubs of the first brood (tho eggs of which were deposited
on the growing clover as soon as the heads formed) destroyed by the cattle oating
them ; but many of the perfect ingects must have boon destroyed by the trampliug
of the cattle at tho time they were emerging from tho ground. By leaving tho clover
standing in the fields till the end of June, a sufficient time elapsed for the insects to
pass through tho preparatory stages, and leaving the heads of clover, go into the

•By the Census of 1881 we lind that Canada produced in that year 324,310 bushels of Iliy and
Clover seed; of Uiid i|"a»"iy f*^ '^'ast half Tvas cluyersfi^u, this wuu'.d give 162,i&8 ''"shfl" Clover
BPed ranges between *3 and $9 per bushel, but taking the value at only $4 per bushel we have !5'jt8,bJi.

42

ground and complete tlioir tran.formationH, to emoryo a^'ain just as the second cron
was com.ng ,nto blossom. The female flies ■>vnuld th'on lay thdr eggs in ZoLS
flowers, and thus the seed of the second crop would bo destroyed opening

Another remedy of gre^.t interest to all of you, was discovered almost by acci-
dent and WHS certainly contrary to what might have boon expected. I refer to the
use of Pans Wn as a remedy against the Codling Moth. The perfect moth
emerges Irr.m the chrysalis or dormant state in whicii it has passed thi winter just
about the time the appie trees aio in fl,.wcr, and the female lays Jier c'gs inside the
opening blossoms Here they remain for some days. After hatchirfg, the small
calorp, lar ea s its way into the young apple and destroys it. It has been dt
covered tiiat ,f a very weak mixture of Paris Green and water be syringed over the
troesjusaler the flowers have fallen, sufficient of .he poison will lod-^^'o insX ho
up urned calyces to destroy the young caterpillars whe'n they hatch f°orthe^^^^^^^
and start o oat their way into the apple. Great care, however, must br taken n?t
to apply the poison until after the flowers have passed .1 .^^r pZo. %fo tirao?a
saved, because the eggs do not batch until several days a: • u-elaid ,. nd seHous

injuries may result. Instances have been b.ought under , . ". X^^an annlo

grower by applying Paris green when the flow^ers were in ...ooUon an 6ned with
honey, k,l ed all his own and his neighbours' boos. Beside, this the sti>rn-i of all
flowers being without epidermis is veT-y sensitive, arl these Sn?calSpound
!t'i';;S7'^°/^«/«'>«'^[«.P^^t, might possibly injure the crop of aS a3ch a
the Godhvg Moth which it was desired to keep in check ^^

the Plum CuTculL.''"' '"''"'' J"'' "' ""«'^P'^^'^odly, been found to bo efficacious against

to sa^'^fLlP'''" T ^"^ ^ description of the most useful insecticides, it may be well
fhoL^ r r^'u^' **' ^° ^^"^ relations existing between insects and man and alto
those insects which we stigmatise as injurious. ' ^^ ^

.,= 1 naluralist founds his studios upon the assumption that nothinr' in natnrA !«

eS"' "e'ewfZl'T ''?'' f'A'' ''"^^ '^'''''' ^"-"''^ '« perform or^twouS no
f,n tL I *'p*'''^'« ""'i animal life are the two ro-agents emp oyod by nature to keen

otC ThoTtwl alTr;''' oneteedl., upon o^ deriviifg i^s nutriment from Z
hi fL-. ^°"*'' ^S^^^ ^^^' '^ ^ ^^^''tai" extent, acted upon and keot in chock

by their own component parts. Whenever too many seeds of any one S of xTlt
spnng up in the same place, they do not all mature, for, ^ thfy J?d iJl wouK
be JLf T '''"' f ^l^^' f"** "'^ ; consequently, it is prov ded tha^t the weaker haH

111 snlfstloi I g'-oup. mention may be made of those which ac? as scavengers

Ef?etel"lf'tur''"'i''f''"™' '^' ''''^'^ would soon become uninhaSe:
SgZn^t^^^^'lM'^o^o^ decomposition, without their accel^'

were it nni fsi f i? f'"''^" ^^'"t the whole atmosphere with noi>omo gases. And a-min
those loXLe^tsThifl^"'''' ""'^ ^^od-dostroying insects, wc codd have nonS of
of so much wS h , i^""" V ""'"'r ''"""^>' '" ^'"" l'^"J*^>^«Pe^ and are the source

be the^^i^i^dS ^tr Sse^^trsr: 'i ^^. rriSi:^;ist

Time ^; u i 1^0 ""e "r^ir ' ""'"'^f^ATi^ ^'^r ^''^'^ ^^« «p=^«« '^ --"«^:

surface of the Lnnd wonld S "^^^nld Uxl beside the first, until the whole

01 me ground would bo covered with the trunks and limbs of fa! Ion trees,

I

i^

and wha
wilderne
ficont o|
signs of (
which d(
eating t
ground i
thoir ogg
they soc
of air an(
in the wi
or as ra
rapidity,
years to
it to proc

Fig. 18. —^

parasite o
one of wl
part upon
placed.

same ord(
recogni80(
of wings,
by microe
a slender <
Fig. 19.

Fi

cocoon, ei
caterpillai
attacks it,
transform!

The!
as the Hoi
from those
skin of its

It is c
appearand
his friends
the dilt'erei
such with
habits. A
be found tc
and heavy
running po

Hocond crop
tho opening

r>''t by aoci-
rofer to the
3rfcet raoth
winter, Just
;h in'^ide the
, the small.
as been dia-
led over the
) inside tho
3m tho ogg,
f takan not
No time la
!<nd serious
0 an apple-
fillod with
igtna of all
3ompounds
as much as

)U8 against

ay be well
I, and as to

a nature is
would not
re to keep
t from the
it in chock
d of plant
1 would be
lakor shall
mpanions.
ts. When
it is sure
a prey to
ads, those
a. As an
(avengers.
I regarded
a stands a
(sirable to
3 insects.
habitable.
ii" accelc
Lnd again,
0 none of
ho source
lat would
t, injured
Q ground.
t covore<l.
lio whole
Ion trees,

48

;i?de?nl.^"Lr:otLrctl/i:r"o^ "ii^^'/e/lf '^'T. ""^ 'l^:^ ^'^'^ '^ « -«*
ficont operation o< natu,5 Sr Kr^s.^n , r '""''^'^'''^ '^'"'^^
signs of declining vig.rboforetLinloZ.«r^^^^^ 1'''''^^ ^'"' ^ '''' ^'^^^^

which detect any weak sr n ihor H ' i T '^ ?"^ '^'''^ F.rst come certain species,
eating their Wy Into th^tV o hmr7on IT/nr''" "^''^^

ground it is at oncn nounoo nnrM hT.h^ in ^*^"'^^- ^'.>«" '^ d'o^ and falls to the
their eggs upon Ihe baff S o hutch in T ^"^'^'•'^^V'"^' »'«"tlo., which deposit

they so?n bore irUo and t o„ 'tl o tS l^'^ with which

of air and moisture. Ft.rL'i soo dov In n« ' i'" ?"^V^ '^ ^"^ ^''^ ''"fluonces
in the wako of tho ar/C an i ort rint' .' ?h?«T "'i ''r''"^""•^ "^^'^ '""^''^'^ ^^^'^^^
or as materials for tffir nj t i^i^wo k^^^^^^^^
rapidity, and in an i^Zm%\kl't tJZ ttf^^^^^^^^^

years to mature is reduced to powder ^XcnorvmLi^^ hundreds of

.t to produce fresh trees to till ul, the gap S^^tr onV^iiK^g^nl.'"' '^"•^""

Among tho insects which
^■7^ prevent other species from
!-V;doing harm, jjurticular men-
tion must bo made of those
l)arasitic species, which aref
known by ihe names of leh-'
neumon Flies, P';g. 10, and
Tachina Flio.^ Fig, 18. In
these man finds his greatc,-t

p-arasite on Army-wo-rmBi of Fr^''"'T-^';"7 ^^^ ''^!'"''"^"

one of which is stiown fore- "Ordes which deprive him of

part upon which the eggs are SO much of his produce. Tho

P *'^''' former of those belong to tho

same order as tho l.eo and wat-p, and may always bo
recognised, from being very active, and having two pairs
of wings, which are caught together at their margins
by microscopical hooks, and in many species possessing
a Blender ovipositor at the end of tho body, as shown at
tig. 19. Their mode of life is as follows. Tho female

inserts an egg, by moans of a long slendorovipositor, beneati
the sltin of a caterpillar or other soft-bodied insect. Thia
hatches inside its victim and lives upon the juices of its body,
and it is remarkable that it never injures any of the vital

■Nemorwi laicanin

Fig. 19.-
Bite of
Borer.

■Bracon ckariis, a para-
Flat-headed Apple-tree

Fig. 20.

organs. When full grown it eats its 'way out, and snins a

cocoon either on tho body of its victim, as shown at Fig. 20, which represents a
caterpillar ol the Giape-vine Sphinx Moth with the cocoons of a small parasite which
attacks it, or attaches it to some object near at hand, or even sometimes it finishes its
transformation inside tho body of its hott.

Tho Tachina Flies, Fig. 18, have only two wings, and belong to the same order
as the House My, winch they n^uch resemble. Tho chief ditferonco in their habits
irom those of the Ichneumon Flies is that the egg is deposited on tho outside of the
Skin of its victim and tho )'oung mnggot oats its way into i(s host.

It is of course of paramount importance that every farmer should know t'.o
appearance of those beneficial insectH, HO thi.t ho may not indif-criminaloly destroy
his friends with his enemies. This is not a very difficult matter, for tho families of
the different classes into which insects are divided, may generally bo recogni'^ed as
such with ea.so, and, as a rule, tho different genera of any family have tho same
habits. As a general .statement, not however for closo application, tho following will
be found to ho a useful guide when tho habits of an iiisoct are unknown. If it boslow
and heavy in its movements it is probably injurious; if active and with well-developed
running powers, consider it beneficial until you have proved thecontrarv, Thoroasnn

44

Fig. 22.
Calosoma scrutator.

ll^oly t Ji:'^.:SZ -IE • 2?i:Z^'j!^ '^'^ ^'^ ^^-otablo matter a. most

on the other hand, require woll-devolonod meanTihr m,. J i^," „T*!« P''*^'^'!«'^o"^«pocleB,
have to catch thoiV i,,V before tSorcrde^^^^^^^^^ naovmg qu.ckly, because thoy

Thege two typos are well exomplifiod bv
the accompanying ill.istrationH, Fig. 21 is the
Colorado Potato- beetle, an inactive but vorv
injurious insect. Fig. 22 is the Green Cater--
piiiarhuntor, an active beneficial insect j'smK.

Insects in a state of nature soldotn' appear Fiff 21
to bo .njur.ous from the fact that their fJod is ^"
diBtiibutocthinlj' amongst other vegetation. Alarirefood
su|,ply ,H the main cause which reiuiatos the amount of

^^n?'' P'"'""''- ^^^"" ^^ cultivate large areTsunder
any one crop wo naturally attract those insects which
feed upon it, and in this way insects which had previ-
ously been scarce, may suddenly increase in numbers so
e onnously as to become a nerious hindrance to agrt
culture. In lUustiation of thn, let us glance at f h«

discovered aboutTev^nty yo^l^^'^Tk^'ot't ^'^^^V^-^'- ThlsE'tir wa':
where it fed upon SolanZ r Jr LTaT,lLf T) ^'^ V^''. '"ountains of Colorado,
which also the Wtatopl^^n^rn!^^^^^^^^^^ ''^ K''« ^^■ghtshade family, to

probably owing to the iuTthttu7^-^.ri.T^
plants widely separa ed Ma y vearn n ^ ''"' not abundant and the individua

marchwestwLd.hrjarHed witrhirhel oifo' w^^^^ ^^•'"^'^ ^™°'-'«^' •» ^is

until the home of the boitk, was iZhod a L. h' ^^'•-^',»1<^'"? «»It'^ated from the east,
swept eastward like a X° wi'fd carrvin^^^rTJ"' ^^"^.^"'"'"^d over which it has
however, it will ever be again th^scLr wh T -f \'' V^'' -^ 1^ ^«^ '^''''^'
remedy has been discovered Z whLhitTa^, hr.ffr^ /^^^ ^°"." ^" ^lie past, ior a
as it reached this Province^Pri/ci^Ja McKrof P^^o, ''''•fK''°P\'" '^''^- ^« '^^"^

at once caused to be printed hand'b'nistit^^gl'rfurr^n .''nS t"in air't^''^^^^'
and the proper means of destrovimr if ^^T "o"'" ^ ^-^o -"soct in all its stages,

direction, U thus the fLSsCL toSl°„H ?! '' ^'"' ^''^^'''buted in ov^ery
checked. I imagine that the cliS ^^'^P^f^'^' "«. ravages were successfully
numbers iucreasit to the alarminT nvf ^ .^^ I'T''^ ^'" "«*- «^'1«^ «f i>8
but should they do so the sovmL ,™f T.'^p
them. The application of this subsUn^co inZ% .^'V n'^""'" ^'^ ""^''^y' «beck

^'Til^n'atiirr-^^^'^"^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

cides^'r r £ ^Sr r EfaTe'^^^^

and those which act by coL^ ' o/tLrr^l^The'^mS [X-ra^nfarS^- '""^''^

Arsenical Compounds.
y.Bn?y,^;hfrrril^^^^^^^ Prof. Charles

furnishes one of the cheapest insSdes at el lnr"p' 10 gallons of water and
poisonous salt the formula is- m of ar.fn.v , ?? .k' Z*"!" ^^^ manufacture of this
water, till the arsenic is dissolved tM. ,1 w'"''^ I '^:''^"^' ««'*'^ ^^'^''^^ in 1 gallon of
40 gallons of water. The cSmei?t^o?Lfr„V' ^'-f'^''"^ ^' '^' '^'^ «' ^'^^'^'^ *«
demerits are its tendency il Zlthl f^C^^^^^^ It«

which accidents might occur bv its boln r m1^? i ^i °^" '"^'^ }^^ "^^'^^ ^^^or, from
substances of a like appearance ^ mistaken for some of the many harmless

I
i

latter are most

own u.so. As

lacoousHpocios,

bocauso thoy

ppoar Fig. 21.
bod is

. A large food
the amount of
;o areas under
insects which
ich had provi-
in numbers so
ranee to agri-
fliance at the
is bjetio was

of Colorado,
ide family, to
trerae rarity,
ho inc^ividual
loricii, in his
['rom the east,

which it has

10 not thinlf,
be past, lor a
3k. As soon
endable zeal,

11 its stages,
;ed in every

successfully
illow of its
ern Canada ;
Iways check
i03t as much

rtant insecti-
5t internally^

rof Charle3
arts that 50
water, will
f water, and
tare of this
1 1 gallon of
f 1 quart to
ibility. Its
color, from
y harmless

45

eeom the most satisfaotnTl T'"' '""^^^'in^o^asdi uontrt". yjt'ng« of Prof

to 50 01 the diluent ft Xr:* "?"^ ^' ''''^ '" the p Zo'lion-^nf T ^'T' ^^ ^^'^^
or in smaller quan i v i\t'^ "f'P'''"f «"- and J lb. to a'b« olrio ^T^'K^^" P^'^on
Jf the Paris Greon « n *. ' ^'^ ^ ^"^''^^t of water for 1 1 u ^'^^ S^Hons) of water-

Bhouid be tri?drutiouTar;"/l-''''^ """>' '^ '«''n<f^ oo Sn.^'^P'"^'"^'/"'"''^"^
stirred or the DoiNor?^. "'^ ^* ''''^^«^«i'"HmaIHrorTK^^ '"™° ^^^'">^^, so
adhere hot or to H n 'H *" ^''« '^""om. K Tml , ''^"•'.'' ""^^^ '^^^f'n^tantly

the poison :

Take ot London Purpjo..
Ohcap Flour.,.,'.'
Water

■;; i lb.

.',"'..'.'.".".'.* ^ qunrlP.

For mixini/ nso -1 ln^.,„ t ' ^'^ gallons.

quarters of a TOd^i^^^ ^ '^ «■""" manner- uniltirt ".,"''•'' '^■'r.'^ ''^°° ^°

I iloy tho/efore thir.ks t£t . 'n ^J;;;''--f f,'^^ foliage, is not likefto'oc'^^Tr
could bo P.oduccdi„s.'£t L ""/a J^Srid" h "'"T »»'' "">« "f kUt '.t "ul

46

only acts as an adhesive modiuin hnf nl-n i^.w.„„.w .

injury of thopoi«on on tirioavo; ' '^°"^' ^" """*'' °-^^<'"t the corrosive

Of the rcmedieH which act bv ponfiipf thn fi„^^ i i
following:- ^ °'^°''^'''' ''*° fi"'^ P'««o has boon claimod for tho

Kerosene Emulsions.

e«.cSo;dl:::;^^:ornrrl^ P-toctod ^ the

discover Homo Hub.tunce which wo.Jd Srov nuL^ wi""'' >t bo.^amo necoNnary to

Milk J-^'niulsm.-^lMroLZ^^^^^^^^^ ^» 'he plant?^

a spirit than an oil. was icnown to K si in h ,1 1^^ ^^ ' "f^ f"''''*' ^^ ^^"^ "^'aro of

to bo Jn all itH forms, very iniu.rn.s™.urtr ''"' "'^° '^"^^^

makiMgu8eofitwastodi8co\UHoLwHK ditBculty in tho way of

aasimil^ato. Thin (lilli mWiJ Xr ruc^tru.^^^^^^ '" P'""''' ^l''^ ^^^'^''^ " ^ou°J

raadeinl880byl)r. W.S BurnLd Umt w!^^^^^^ ovorcorao by tho discovery,

mixture could a'gain bo rodnc d with wa o U muil'Son ""'"" .T"^'r^ ^'^"^ '^l'
produced in a low minutes by ch.unin ^ wUh <i forcJ n In ^^""^1'"^ butter can be
IpartofBourmilkinapail.'^ The" uidJshoul.Z^^ W ^^ l^eroseno and

may then bo mixed w,th 12 times 'amount of ^^^^ This omnlsion

Kerosene

Water ^ gallons,

Common soap, or whaio'oirsoan ] ^°

^ '^ i pound.

r^^^^^'^'iT:'SX:f^^^ ?« ^— • Churn tho

emulsion, if perfect, fbrms a .;roi,i which ZZn^tl ■"' "' '"" ™'"'"««- Tho

without oiiinoss. to tho surface of Hu!rr\i,^„r. ''''"'"'^' ""'^ ^^'^^'^ adhoro.
>vith 9 parts of cold water. The above formula 11"?."'^ \r'' ^*' '^' ^'""'^ion
makes, when diluted, 30 gallons of Sti.i^ ^'''*'° ,*-'""""' ^^ emulsion, and
when the latter is warmed, fo 1 uZn verv morWr"° "'l^""''' "^*^'"''«' «^«P««'^^"y
but the mixture is not stable. aK ^aS onsLan H """'^^T' "" "^PP^^'ent union ;
by the addition of water. A proper emuHoriri^^^^^^ '"" ^^'««/^««loJ or diluted
violent agitation. It is formed not r.H?ii ,^7«-^""« »« obtained only upon
should no^.e much above bZdhea?''^S^^ '"^'^^^^'y- '^^^ temperature

that all who use kerosene as an hHe^ticiiL./f^ '''^' ^".-o^t stress upon the fact
remedy when properly emulsiTed," nd h ' maTnttu n's^'thu" T?-?"'' ^V'^ °"'^ ^ ""^^^
from carelessness in making tho emulsions ' "'■°' h'*^^' resulted

Pyrelhrum.

■n.4";i°s?;s;i;:r„::,:./,tSL''--'""''>'°- ',;' -"-' "^- «»™

and, in time, killing them when hromfhUn^..' ** "^T^^ "°'"" quantity i)aralysin£r
used with good results aga n t tho ?S n 11 '• of" S'' ^'^'^ 'Y\'' -^l?^'"'' ' ^' hus^hoef
terfly, and for keeoing down the nunS. if h ^'^%l""P"''ted White Cabbage But-
housos, and for destroying Greene or ,o.f/?"T ^''^'" ^"'^ Mosquitoc. in dwelling |
Jouse pests, as the last nanS k is^.^ni allv ^I «" ' "' '' ^^ '''" ^''''''^'' ^'''"o. Fof I
diluted with 10 times its weigh 0 flouJfJho, if hf V[^ ^'""^"^''^ ^""^ ^^Y b« f
bellows or insoct-guns; but it may a^o bi u eJ fo m7"^ '"1^ '*'" "''" ^^ '"^'^"^ ^^
either made from an alcoholic ^xiv^S^ ^1^1^. ^. ^^' '°'''^f ^?.* ''^'^''^ ^^''^tion, r
and keeping it covered until cool or bv si mnW «T- ^ ?,^"""^' ,^^'""fe' ^^^tor over i
of these methods will be found qui^S^SK^tT'"^ ^ ^'"^^ '" ^«^^'- ^ho last

quite as elhcient and much loss trouble than the others. *

Tho I

ciont
com/))
den ci
be UMu
■PyrotI
poison
J?owde

Th

way as
house p
Saw-fly^

poisonoi

owing tl

"iimplos,

'^^oy 8h(

. I ha

down 0111

woj'lc _>'oi,

■ng to cir

you upon

"m much

paid miici

published

Mr. Ji

about the i

special Htm

Had 1

evening, w,

ciown from

^'ngyou ba\

■4 further Ai

Ma. Pa,

to a toast, to

bating injan(

duriDg my vi

object with w

inoro profitab

have to be re.

addressed yon

four stages of

which they ar,

egg state. Im

exact names vf

effgs of /lies ha.

Iheeggaof bee
head, those are
attacks tho root
caterpillars: whi
to five pairs of 1
^'■e the Cankoi

le corrosive
nod for tho

od from the
lecoNHary to
10 plant.
10 nature of
dno known
lio way of
oh it would
discovery,
iJ that thin
ttor can be
irotiono and
is emnlHion
thoroughly
on with a

it eatisfaC"

Churn tho
Uo8. The
d adhoro,
> emulsion
lisiou, and
especially
nt union;
)r diluted
•nly upon
nporaturo
n tho fact
nly a safe
resulted

'on somo
itralysing
huH boon
a^'o But-
dwelling
ue. For
may bo
moan 8 of
solution,
r over it
Tho last
e others.

liliiilisiiiss

■lontcatorpillar of the .-m^u" i^^^»P'os ot

•'PPlo. It

's not al

these
ways

48

:\.M

ST''

1^'

a

Fig. 24.

posMiblo to lind a roraotly for a coitiiin insoc-t when it is in Kh moHt injurious
Btogo ; but by Htudyinfj its lifc-hislory %vo iiro fr»)(inontly iiblo to cboek it fromdovaH-
tatiii^ our cropH, by nuikirg uho of what aro itnovvn an Preveiitivo Roniodios. Wo thus
have for tho protection ot our cropH against iriMoctM, KomodioH and ProvontivoH. TboMO,
afjain, aro onfh divided urulor two heads. Romodios consist either of tlio application
of poisonous sub-tanooM to tho food plant, which maj' bo styled Automatic Hemodies,
or tho dilloront mothrds which may bo termed, in a ^'onenil way, " hand-pickin^t " or
Active Komodics, those methods ail consist of seeking thorn out in their ditforont
states, and destroying thoin. Wo will glanoo briefly at some of tlioso various
motbods, with reforonoo to the dilloront stages of tho Hvch of insects.

Thi< ajij. — Much useful work may be done by turning up the loaves ot plants
and destroying tho eggs. This may at first sight soora a very tc'-jus operation, but
it has boon found useful in many instances.

During tho early sprinir, when tho farmer has more leisure than at any
other time of tho year, if ho will walk through his orchard
on a dull day tho gummy egg clusters of tho Tont-calor-
jjillars (Fig. 28) will bo easily scon against tho leaden sky,
and by cnllocting these ho may with ease rid his orchard
of this pcsi. In like manner, tho coiioons of tho VVhitc-sput
Tussoekmoth may be collected and destroyed. Tho female
moth of this species is almost winglcs (b'ig. '24), and when
she ornorgOH from tho chrysalis, sho merely ci'i.wls outside
her cocoon and lays her eggs all over it, and then dies. Hero
tho eggs remain until tho following spring, and theroforo aro
at our inor(;y all through tho winter.

Fig. 23.

;V^f^;;o>,&, /.; ^ The /rtryrt.— Caterpillars and grubs may also bo

., ■V'*^J^3''^VvP~^^^ j;, , destroyed in largo numbers. Jicating infested plants

^i^^^'^'^^.'^r^^^-0'^'^' '''■ !,^ ^''^ generally dislodge any insects feeding upon
^"*^r^\|^-.thom. Trees badly attacked by tho Canker-worm
/f^^liP^v ^''^^° ^^^^ *l"''o cleared by beating them with long
'l 'f'^'" flexible rods. Tho caterpillars let Ihomsolvos down,
iMg. 25. when disturbed, by means of a silken thread, and

hang in mid-air. X fow swoops with a stick will break all tho threads, and they will
fall to tho ground, where chiclfons will bo tho most useful allies in destroying them,
or Homo of tho devices for preventing insects from ascending tho trunks of trees
may bo made uso of. liosidos chickens, j.igs and sheep will ho found most ablo
assistants, by eating fallen apples, in destroying tho caterpillars of tho Codling Moth.
In fact, up to this time this lias been found to bo one of tho most cfrective romodios.
It must bo romoniberod, however, that if iho trees aro young and tho bark smooth
the trunks must be protoctod from sheep rubbing against thorn, booauso tho oil from
their fleeces would injaro tho trees, or they might bo injarod by tho shoop nibblinL'
tho bark. ^ j t iy

The removal of the nests of tho Pall Wcb-worm, by cutting off tho boughs upon
which they aro situated, and cutting otf tho twigs bearing tl/i clusters of such
social caterpillars as tlio lied-humped and Vellow-nocked caterpillars of tho apple, are,
perhaps, tho best known remedies for those insects. Fur tho small cloar-win-^od moth,
the caterpillar of which bores in tho stems of currant bushes, and tho Two-spotted
Ivaspberrycano iioior, cutting out tho injured branch is tho only remedv.

rhc American Tent-caterpillar (Fig, 25) ocsasionally appears in vast numbers,
ana when tho oggs have not been collected during tho winter, tho orchards must be
carefully watched during May and June, and tho caterpillars destroyed. This is easiest
dono by taking advantage of their peculiar habit of feeding at certain times in the day,
and then returning to their "tent", or nest on tho tiunlc of the treo to rest lor
soyoral hours. Iheae caterpillars are closely allied with tho European procossionary
caterpillar, which has exactly the same habits as ours.

M

jfthi.

the el
face c
very
chryhi
tho 00
they a

TUH80(

7

com mi
tho en
our ere
may be
many
to dosii

L

Shov

'IlHOCts w

remedy is

spike shon

A blow u]

to make t,

be destroy(

will bo fom

Juuo-bug w

This bi

which I ha

two heads:

It is an

this is perfe

obtain by th

greatest use

First ai

4

i Irjiirious
•oni ilovas.
t. Wo thua
OH. ThoHO,
ipplioiition
komodioH,
ckinst " or
r (litferont
so variouM

n ot plants
I'ution, but

h

'**■'/

a

Fig. 24.

I ay also bo
iiod plants
ling upon
ilior-worm

with long
Ivos down,
uead, and

thoy will
.'ing ihom,
C8 of trees

niOHt able
ling Molh.

romodies.
ik smooth
10 oil from
p nibbling

ughs upon
rs of such
apple, are,
igod moth,
ivo-spotted

t numbers,
Is rau8t be
s is easiest
in the day,
to rest for
sessionary

The Chrysalia.-^j^^-y^ iMthTtr^^ -'■■— .m,^ — ^======~— -__

^hite-grub, is so pCnSlTm""" «^ ^'^^
.*>o a groat Dui.anco fr 1 ' ""^'""« «« *«
•"to houses at night CTn^^K^'^'''^
thoHo may bo <lnuf^ i , numbers of

^■•ght ove? an openT^ ^^.^r"^'"^ «
^ator. upon tho'^ton^Sf 'wh'V'^'^ ^'^h
placed Hc^mo petrSm Tho h ^tf *'°°"
jng against the Inntnnn . „*"" ^'oetloa fly.
beneath. In tbo 1 ^'*" '"^^ t^^o pan
claimed th^t 0X^X1^"^' '* '«
traotod in such Sk ""^ "^'^ »>o at-

thick coating over "^hr'/'/" ™'*'^° ^

, Hater, and that If tMs 1.'"'^^"". «^ the

«tantly in use a 1 ho L„ ?k ^' ^'P* ««"■

in«eet77it;i^£PrirhSr^- ''^^Ti^nt-^rat ^^^^^^^^^

A blow upon thFs w th a mlVhT ^^"™ *^« branches s^aTt.utV "^ \^"* ^'•«»
to make the Curmlln 1?. "°"*'."a™mer produces th« «!,„ o«tfrom the trunk
bodestroy^J Enjfnr 'V' '^^''^ «f ^he tree a^d fall th^ concussion noceLary'
Will bo foLd to have favoS: kind' ''i^^. ^^««* ''^^^Z fn 1^^?' ^""''^ '' «^"
Juue-bug will rest on thrcherrv anH ? ^''"°' °i^° which to ro^t' H ™''°^ «P««'o«

whicJth''at^eK-^1^

two heads. i5 A?-^u'*' f'-«v«ntive BemSs Th ' " " ""«^'^«'- ^argo class

It is an old and iSf "''" '' ^'''^"t'fic P^ventivl ' ^ ^.' dividefuSder

Fig. 27-June Biiir.

Show,nggruh.pi;pa,;,db,etlo.
ts within bounH« Jo k„„... '

60

vigorous, healthy growth is p'-omotod. Frequently, even after a severe attack has
begun, by putting on some quick-acting manure, the crop in picked upand forced on
past the period when it is likely to bo injured by insect pests. Mr. William Miller
tells me he has boon most successful with high culture, and thinks that by its means
he can clear his orchards of tho Oyfttw-sholl Bark-louse, and his fields from the Wire-
worm, in about three easons. v i. •

A most noceasary pai t of good agriculture which affects this subject, is a com-
prehension of the principles regulating the rotation of crops, by moans of which any
insect attmctod to a locality by a certain crop being grown there, will not have tho
dame plant to feed upon the next year.

It sometimes becomes necessary to change the time of planting a crop, so as to
present it to its insect enomiefa at their regular time of appearing in a condition in
which it cannot be injured, or oven to give up the cultivation of a certain crop for a
length of time altogether, so as to starve the insects out. For this latter remedy
to be successful, great care must be taken to have all hedges, rubbish-heaps and
fences kept clear from weeds and litter.

Occasionally the planting of a small strip of a more attractive food-plant, round
the outside of a field, has had the effect of drawing off insects from the main crop.

Amongst the active preventives are embraced all such methods as placing
mechanical contrivances on trees to prevent tho ascent of the female insects, ae tho
Canker-worm moths which leaving the ground in autumn and spring ascend the
trinks of trees and lay their eggs on the bark.

Traps in the shape of bands of straw may bo used for catching the caterpillars
of the Codling Moth when they are seeking a place to complete their transfoi mations.

Peach trees may be protected against tho borer by mounding tho earth up round
the roots; and the Flat-headed and Round-headed borers of tho apple may be pre-
vented from laying their eggs on apple trees by washing tho trunks during June
with an alkaline wash, made as follows: Make a cold saturated solution of washing
soda with .oft soap, until the soap is reduced to the consistency of paint. Apply
during dry weather, and it will form a coating over tho trunks of the tree not easily
washed off by rain.

There is one more principle wo work upon, namely, the fact that insects are
either attracted or repelled by certain odours. You will have observed that the small
maggot, which works such destruction by boring in the stems of young cabbages
when they are first set out, seldom attacks them in the seed-bed ; but immediately
after they are set out they suffer severely. This is due to the fact that in the opera-
tion of transplanting, many of the root-fibres ai o broken, and tho plants to some extent
bruised. On this account more of tho characteristic odour of tho jjlant is emitted
than when left undisturbed. This, added to tho fact that the plant is checked in its
growth by its removal, leaves it in a less vigorous state to withstand insect attacks.
The most successful treatment, in my experience, has been to place some strongly
odorous substance round tho young plants immediately they are planted out. For
this purpose gas-lime is tho best; but as tho supply of this is limited, sand saturated
with petroleum may be used. Take a pailful of dry sand and pour into it a toacupful
of petroleum. Mix all well together, until the sand is thoroughly permeated with the
odour of the petroleum, then put a good spoonful round each young plant, not quite
touching the stem. Whore fresh gas-limo can bo obtained it is a far better protection,
but must not bo allowed to touch tho plant, because until it has been exposed to the
air for some months it is very caustic, and will kill all plants or insects with which
it comes in contact. A ring, about 2 inches from tho young plants, I have found
a perfect protection. The advantage of this substance, too, is that after exposure to
the air for some time its caustic principle, sulphite of lime, is converted into the
harmless sulphate of lime or plaster, a well-known and useful manure.

1 have now, gentlemen, given you what may be called some of the first elements
of Economic Entomology. 1 trust that some of you who had not, previous to this
time, paid much attention to tho matter, may be induced to do so in the future, and I

utmost value to the ProviSco There ire cortliS'' "" ^^^^^t^^on would b^e of tJa
tned-as, for instance, whether particular nin^^^^^^ ^^'"^ have to be

varieties of fruits or piants carbrsiccoel^'^nl^^^ '."^ "«' «'««««« of manure, and
expense and risk of failure of Lch oxnSrS« T^^''^-'." ^"7 ^^'^^'^ ^^^^^'^^7- The
Province at largojnstead of cSnruS7hond;J^^°'w' '^""''^ ''^ borne by the
means nor time, as a rule, to run the r^k of fS ^i ^'"''TJ^™' ^^« ^^^o not the
ThT^'u'^''^^''.''^'"'^^^ n^ore gen al 4^^^^^^^^^ to these experi!

the whole Dom n on. These T onr^^Z u , " \ .' . . * ^^ paraciount mportance in
Federal Government. As examnlos oftol ^ """.^'"S' '^^"'^ ''^ carried on Sy the
which have taken up mVchoZtulSlSTn'f "^''"''T'' ^ ^^^'^^ mentio7two
Knot "and the peculiar disease vvh^Ph™. ^ ' '*^ present meetings, viz., the "Black

trees. The investigS "f fhost dis «?« ^'T^'^' ^'"ongst youi-Gravenstein apple
ments before we can hope to romJrfh ^'^'//l^'ro much study and many ex?erf
bacterian diseases affeX largely fh Sit or/!;""^ '^,? '"^* ''^'^^ ^^««« funlousC
«ary that steps should at once1)o taken fo y a 'd Zti ^'"''' "^ ^T^''' ''^' »«««-
to their ravages. As most of ^m,hlT 4 ^}^y,^^'^ "nd some moans of puttiue a stnn
you are probfbly awarTtha? dur nSe t^^r^^* "•' "^"^^^"terested in?he olatters^
Bum of 820.000 Jas voted flibK^ose H'T.f «5' ^u"""^''" Parliament a'
t.on IS started, it will be both suclsffind popular "^'''°' '^''' '^^""^ ^'^ ^"««tu.

rnom^^stSTou^^tdaSot?^ ^>fi^culty in getting

the active part the association h « tAk«r-^li ^i ''^.P'os^'ngsu'-priso at this, for, from
Scotia and Europe, and ^o'^ Uit ^S^^^^ ?P'« t^^^e between'Cva

the duty of eve.^ man, w^thor atXroweV'. i^^^ '^becomls

not, to join and support with his flub7crinfTnr„:.H '^''^«"[ '° tais fruitful valley, or
tion; and besides fhis he would got S'i'urLT/'*''^ ''"'^.?^ "«^^"1 «^g«°'^a-
the privilege of attending your SSand Hsf«nJn T'^^'l' .-^^y- ^'- Pr««ident,
hoard to-day, on the " Black Knot '' ZVn.f .'"^''"•"S to such discussions as we have

cultivate is'^^orth more thant"n\imL fho Sunt '^ott^'"\*'^ '*'.«' ^^"««'"^«
periodical meetings one moofs thnlnnH-n ^™ount of tho subscription. At vonr

Abbott, Hon
■^gtria tipui

borer.

Agrotu lubg

Agrotis Ypsx

Aleoehara, p

Alexander, ,

Alkaline VVa

ForB(

PorBj

American La

Anderson, M

Aniiopteryx j.

Aniaopteryx t

Anthomyta hi

Anthomyia ra

Anthomyian

Anthonomus t

Apantelet gk

Aphides on R

On Oh(

Aphis mali..,,

Apples. Inae

Army Worm .

Attack!

Arseniate of i

Arsenical Cot

Ashes for Cab

Cabbag

Grubs d

Baker, Hon. G
Bark-louse of ,

louee.
Bark-louse on
Barley. Inseci
Barnard, Dr. \
Beadle, D. W..
On use
and 0
Beech, attacke

Bell, B

Beneficial Insei
Black, A. B., 0
On use
Potato
Black, J. 0., 01
" Black Army-
Black Knot

" Black Worms
Bruehus pisi. ,
"Bti8rhton"Gr
British Oolumb;
Brodie, W., on ,
On Sprue
On Oak I
Burrows, E. Ac
Buprettidte, ou

Cabbai^. Insec
Cabbage Aphis.
Cabba(|;e Butte
Cabbage Butti
Oftbbaga Maggo

INDEX.

^bott, Hon. J. J. 0. ... ^^'

^^er^^tipuUformu. ^« ■imported Cwranil

Agrotit tubgothica „„

Agrotts Ypsilon •.;.::;;;; 20

AUoehara, parasitic on P. eeparum «

A exander, James ^ f

Alkaline Wash for Bark-lice..,.."" J

For Borers ij,

AmeriS^te!!.^"'""^"-""--"-- "»

Anderson, Major 6. J!.'^'. ?«

Antiopteryx pometaria ','. ^a

Amsopteri/z vernata ■""" „

Anthomyian fly injuring PinksV.V.V.V.V ^?

it^JlT'r''''^"'- ^" Currant W^eviT"

Apantelet glomeratut „„

Aphides on Roses £"

On Cherries i ." H

Aphis tnali ^^

Apples. Insects of.....".'."".;; o?

Army Worm — _ fi

^ Attacking hny ...;!'.!".;;;;;; ^' \i

Arseniate of Soda \i

Arsenical Compounds '.'.' ??

Ashes for Cabbage Maggot (TftraiiVc^);;;;; {9

Cabbage \^orm {P. Raprc) '' {9

Grubs destroying Pinks...,., ;;;;;; 33

Cabbage Maggot, Remedies for la

Gas-lime for iS

Petroleum for iA

Cabbage Worm (P. Rapm). "Swlmported
White Cabbage Butterfly. *^

Calandra orytm. See Grain Weevil.

" Canadian florticnlturist " ■

Canker Worms „,

Late Ploughing for "'" It

Remedies for .

23

Carli

Value of Poultrr for. io

g, Hon. J ^

Carbolic Acid for Cabb(i«« Aphis;" Ti

For Cabbage Worm (P. Eapg^C".'"".'. 19

For Currant Plant Louse..',.:... 27

For Onion Maggot «

For Radish Maggot " f!

Carpenter, J, B., on Rose-beetle injurinff
Grape-vines ;;^

Carpocapta pomonella. See Codliii'ir jf n'tfa '
Carrot Fiy *

26

Wheat.

See Oyster-shell Bark-

31

Baker, Hon. G. B.,..
Bark-louse of Apple,
louee.

Bark-louse on Currant-bushes 11

Barley. Insects of. fn

Barnard, Dr. W. S ;^

Beadle, D. W ."", ^l

and Codling Moth o.

Beech attacked by Maple-leaf Cutter. .;;;;,"." 31

^^"> '^ 07

Beneficial Insects f~

; Black, A. B., on Wheat-midge".;..."; q

P.?t °D P»"'8-green for Colorado

Potato Beetle -ii.

Black, J, C, on injury by Root-maggots;;;;;; ih

" Black Army-worm"..,...... ** « ,,

Black Knot.... ^' ij

'•Black Worms " (JuiiZrM.'.'.'Z 7ft

Bruehusptsi. .?e« Pea Weovil.

Ri^.'/ft. n °, " ^^'•.*P«'-Yi'»e, in j'a by //. ehalybea 26

British Columbia, Giant Cedars of , Va

Brodie, W., on Joint-worm in Hay "" 1?

On Spruce Saw-fly ii

On Oak Insects.... o?

Burrows, E. Acton '^i

£upre>tid!€,oa wood of Pinu^'pondtrosV.'.'.'..'. 30

Cabbage. Insects of „.. ,«

Cabbage Aphis. Remedy for ".".'. ik

%%bVBuSy. ^'«^-P-'«d"whiVe

Cabbage Maggot (A brasiicx) g^ jg

IS
9
47
26
18

7
6

10

Fiy
Casey, Geo. E., on " Democrat

Caterpillar. Definition of

Caulfield, P. B

Cauliflower, attacked by'Cabbage'Maggot;;;
OeetdomytaUgumimeola. See Cloyer-seed Midge

Chase, Edwin, on imparting iniormaiioB;."";
Chaffers, Hon W. H., on M./ermr^brum.. .„
On the Pea crop , ,

On the Wheat Midge .'.";".;;;;.;; 8

VMnopoJium album, diverting attack "of

Turnip Flea ,,

Chip Manure. Effect of using li'ZZi."" la

UAloropt txniops ' ,7

Clark, p , .......V .■;;;"■,"■. i

Clisioeanipa diutria. 'See Forest Tent Cater-

„P>lI»r ..- qa

Clover Insects ,, ft

Clover-seed Midge. Serious iDJury"by.V.*.;!"6. 7* 41

Descriptionof •••"»'. «i

Remedyfor ,.f

Colorado Potato Beetle a ,«

Remedyfor „ " **• \%

Oraig, Robt, ,i

Ouroulio. ;S«e Plum Curculio.

Currants. Insects of ,7

Currant-borer. See Imported Currant-bo^;

Lurrant Plant-louse. Remedies for 27

Currant Saw-fly. See Imported Currant
Hawny.

Currant Weevil (.4, rvbidm). 07

Attacking White Currants .' 27

Attacking Raspberries ;;; 07

Cuthbert, E. 0 il

Cutworms Z.'..^..""'".'.'."'i g 20

Poisoned traps for .' ' ' 09

Tin-bands for It

Coal-dust for Cabbage Maggot .;!." 10

Coal-tar for Plum Curcullo.r. «

For Rose BeeUe or

Oodling-Moth,. 6, 2i;2'a';4*i"48, 49

IjRntern trap for „ 00 .iq

Paris Green for '. .Z''^Z 2^

S4

PAOB

Godling-Hoth, Uemedies for^., 22

Colorado PoUto Beetle 16, 17

Conijeree. Insocto of - 28

"Concord" Grape-vine inj'd by IT. chalybea 26

Conotraehelui nenuphar. Set Plum Ourculio 26

Cook, Prof. A. J., on JU. /emur-rubrum 10

Bxperimenta with Carbolic Acid 16

Cowley, J. J., on the Garden Flea 34

On Gruba injuring Pinks 33

Cowlard, Copland 8

Daknma eonvoiutella. See Gooseberry Fruit

Worm.

Daubney, B., on Oyeter-sheil Bark-louse 22

Day, Rev. G. F., on the " Masters Plum ".... 26
" Democrat" Wheat, not attacked by Wheat

Midge 7, 9

Diabrotica vittata 21

Diplotit tritiei. See Wheat Midge.

Dominion Entomologist, Office of 38

Douglas Fir attacked by borers 30

Doran, Prof. B. W «

Doupe, Hy., on Insect injuries ?

Doyle, R. J., on the Clover-seed Midge 13

On the Plum Curculio 25

Dwindle, Prof. — •• 2t>

Edema albi/ron* - 32

£llis, T. B., on fae Wheat Midge 7

On the Joint Worm 11

EntomologicalSociety ot Ontario 4, 5

Evans, Benj 16

Eye-spotted Bud-moth 24

FaU Web-worm .~

Remedyfor

Pall Canker Worm

Parasite on Eggs of

Fisher, S. A., on the Hay crop

On the Larch Saw-fly

Plat-headed Borer of the Apple

Flour as a diluent for Arsenical poisons

Forest Tent Caterpillar

Forest and Shadb Trbbb

Eraser. Donald, on Insect injuries

Fruit Growers Association of Nova Scotia...

Address to

Fruits

" Fyfe" Wheat

Fyles, Rev. T. W., on Larch Saw-fly

On unknown enemy of Larch Saw-fly,

On Maple-leaf Cutter

7, 21

48

23

24

12

28

21

46

32

28

8

3

5,38

21

8

29

29

31

Gardkn Plants - 32

Gas-lime as a fall-dressing for Clover-seed

Midge 13

For Cabbage Maggot 18

For Onion Maggot 3C

Gigauli. G. A 8

Utyeobiut tpecioaut 31

Godel, Mr 17

Goldie, J., on destroying infested Pines 30

Gooseberries. Insects of 27

Gooseberry Fruit-worm 6, 27

Remedies for 27

Gordon, D. W., on Insects injuring fruit

trees 22

G-iin Weevil 10

Grapes. Insects of. - 26

Grape Phylloxera, ^'ee Phylloxera.

Grasshonpers , .• 7

Attacking Turnips 10

Injuring Pastures 12

Gray Aphis {A. brtfmen. 7) , » 14

FAOl

Green Fly on Roses 33

Greenfield, 8 ~ 27

Grub. Definition of- 47

Guignard, Prof. J. A 16

Gypsum as Manure 14

[ladena devattatrix 20

Tlaltiea ehalybea 26

Haltica pubeieeni 13

Hardwoods 31

Harrington, W. H 4

Destroying Larch Saw-fly 28

Breeding Spruce Saw-fly 30

Hart, Rev. J. R 21,24

Hateful Locust. See Rocky Mountain Locust 6

Hay. Insects of H

Haythorne, Hon.R. P 21

Hellebore, as an Inspcticide 47

For Cabbage-worms 19

For Imported Currant Saw-fly 27

For Larch Saw-fly 29

For Rose Slug 33

Henderson, Thomas, on Turnip Flea 14

Henry, George, on the State of the Crops..., 7

On Plum Curculio 25

Henry, Thos., on Plum Curculio : 26

HesiianFly in California and Oregon 6

Hilyard, Prof. E. W., on the use of Insecti-
cides 16

Hill, Albeit J., on Insect destroying seeds

of Pinus ponderoM 30

Hind, Prof. H. Y ^7

On JuUdiK 18

Hobbs, J. B., on the Pototo Beetle 17

Homer, J. A. R., on the Hay crop

Iced Water for Cabbage Worms 19

Ichneumon Flies 43

Imported Currant-borer 27

Imported Currant Saw-fly 27

Imported White Cabbage Butterfly. ..d

Injuring Mignonette 34

Inenrvaria acerijoliella 31

Inkirious Insects OF 1885 6

Insects. Useful mission of 42

Inskctb iN.ioiiions to Fruit Tbbis (App. II.) 38

Isosoma, Wheat 6

Jack, Edward, on Spruce Insects 29

Jack, G.J 26

Johnson, P. T 33

"Joint-worm" attacking Hay U

Attacking Wheat 11

Jiilidx 18

Julus crrruleocinctui 18

June-bug 49

Kerosene Emulsions 18, 46

For Cabbage Aphis 16

For Currant Plant-louse 27

For Scale Insects 21

Knight, G. A 6, 18, 19

Larch Saw-fly •" 7, 28

Enemy of 29

Latchford, F. R.. on Grain Weevil 10

Liddle, Geo., jun., discoverer of Paris Green

as an Insecticide « 4&

Lime for Cabbage Maggot 19

For Gooseberry Kruit-worm 27

Lime and Paris Green for Canker-worms 24

Lintner, Prof. J. A 4

Cited 16, 18, 19

1st Report 16

2nd Report 19

i

I

B6

FAOl

33

27

47

15

14

an

26

13

31

4

28

30

21,24

1 Locust 6

, 11

21

47

19

27

29

33

14

Jrops.... 7
25

25

on 6

Insccti-

16

Qg seeds

30

... ^7

18

17

19

43

27

27

•■ ^1)

34

31

5

42

App. IF.) 38
6

29

26

33

11

11

18

18

49

19,46

16

27

21

6, 18, 19

• ••■•••••••••a l| ^O

29

10

.ris Green

48

19

27

rorma 24

4

16,18, 19

16

"r. 19

i

PAdl

Lintner, Prof J. A., on Out-worms 32

London Purple as an Insecticide 46

For Oanker-worms 23

Lophyrut abietit. Set Spruce Saw-fly.

Lye, for Siki'k-iice 22

McDouK^ll, A. G., on State of the Crops 8

Mcintosh, James, on Wheat-midge 8

McKay, Principai, on Potato Beetle 44

McKay & Oo., T. Report on Crops 8

McLaughlin, J. J., on Potato Beetle 17

Maerodactylut tuhtpinoiu*. See Rose Beetle.

Mfcorpot. Definition of 47

Manitoba, Freedom of, from Insect pests 8

Maple-leaf Cutter. Severe attack of, at

Ottawa 31

Maples. Insects of _ 31

Marohall, Thos., on Wire-worms 17

On Bark-lice 22

" Martha " Grape - vine, injured by //.

chalybea ., 26

" Masters " Plam, free from Curculio 25

May-bug. 49

Meech, Mr., on Wheat-midge „ 9

Melanophila Drummondii on D.iuglaa Fir. 30

Melanoplue ipreiua. See Rocky Mountain

Locust
Melanoplua /emur-rubrum. See Red-lceeed

Locust.

.Melon, attacked by Striped Cucumber Beetle 21

Middiemas, Dr 27

Midge-proof Wheat 9

Miller, Wm., on Oyster-shell Bark-louse 21, 60

On Wire-worms 18,60

Milne, Wm., on Wheat Midge 7

Jlonohammus conjusor in British Columbia... 30

Morrison, T. W., on Wheat Midge ^ 8

Morrison, F. W., on Turnip Flea 14

Murray, John 6, 27, 30

Successful farming of, at Spence's

Bridge, B.C 6

Mustard, to divert attack of Turnip Flea

Beetle I4

Mytilasjna pomorum 2I

Mytusribu ,, 27

Natural History Society of New Brunswick. 4

NaturaliMe Canadien, le 4

Nematut Erichonii. See Larch Saw-fly.
Nimatut ventricotui. See Imported Currant

Saw-fly.
New Zealand Report of Joint Oodling-moth

Committee 6

Nova Scotian Apples 38

Oaks. Insects of , 32

Oats. Insects of 10

Oil Paint for Bark-lice 21

Onions. Insects of , 20

Omiom Magoot (App. I.)., „ 36

Onion Maggot 6

Remedies for 35

Ontario School of Agriculture 38

Ormerod, Miss B. A., RejMjrts of 5

Cited 14

Experiments of 19

On Onion Maggot ..36, 36

Ormler, Dr. A., on Cut-worms 3i

Osborne, Prof., on M. femuT-rubrum 10

Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club 4

OjBler-shell Bark-louse 6, 6

Injuryby 21

Attacking "Red Astrachan" Apple... 22

34

Packard, Dr. A. S., jun., on Larch Saw.fly. . 28

On Insects attacking Spruce 29,30

Bulletin on Insects injurious to Forest

and Shad'^-trees 30

On Maple-leaf Cutter 31

Pftria Green as an Insecticide 45

For Canker Worm 23

For Codling Moth 7 42 42

For Colorado Potato Beetle IV, 44

For Cut-worms 33

For Plum Curculio - 7, 22, 26, 42

For Turnip Flea 14

Pea Weevil ^ n

Peach-borer, Mounding for «....!!... 60

Pease, Insects of „ „ u

Petroleum, for Bark-lice ^ 21

For Cabbage Maggot 18

For Onion Maggot 36

For Radish Maggot , „^ 16

See Kerosene.
Phlox Drummondii, injured by the Garden

Flea ^

Phorbia Ceparum. See Onion Maggot.

Phylloxera, liesistent Stock for 26

Phylloxera vaalatrix 4 26

Phymatodet amienui, boring in Grape.......... '26

Pierie Jiapie. See Cabbage Worm.

Pieria Napi , , 20

Pines. Insects of 30

Pinua ponderoaa. Insects of ^ 30

Grub destroying seeds of „ 30

Plum. Insects of J6

Plum Curculio 7^ 35

Attacking the Cherry , 35

Jarring Trees for 25,49

Paris Green for 7, 22, 26, 42

Popo, Hon. J. H 38

Polygonum Convolvulua, "diverting attack of

Turnip Flea „ 13

Polyphylla decemlineata „ 15

Potatoes. Inaectsof , \q

Potato-bug. See Colorado Potato Beetle.

Poultry as destroyers of Insects 10, 24, 26, 48

Provancber, The Abbo 4

Paila roam ^ 15

Pyrethrum, as an Insecticide 19,46

For Cabbage Aphis 16

For Cabbage Maggot 18

For Cabbage Worm 19

For Currant Plant-louse 27

For Rose Slug , 33

For Rose Thrip 33

Radishes. Insects of 15

Radish Maggot g^ 15

Remedyfor , ' 15

Raspberry Cane Borer 48

Red-legged Locust 7, 9, 10 12

Red-humped Caterpillar of Apple 48

Riley, Prof. C. V „ 4

Introducer of parasite om P. Rapx 20

On Arseniate of Soda 44,45

On Cabbage Maggot 19

On Cutworms 32

On London Purple 44,45

On Kerosene Emulsions 46

Rivers, J. J., on Phylloxera of the Grape 4

Robinson, Jabel, on Clover-seed Midse 13.41

0" Wheat Midge " 7

Rocky Mountain Locust 6 9

Root Cuop.s and Vkgbtabi.e8 13

Rose-beetle attacking the Grape 26

Coal-tar smoke for , „ 26

Rose Slug 33

ft6

" RoseTbrip" ••••••••• ■

Round-headed Borer of the Apple...
Rutabaga attacked by Aphis

PAOI
33
31
16

" Salem" Orape-rine injured by //. ehalybta

Salt, for Cabbage Aphis

For the Carrot Fly

Saunders, Mr

Saunders, Prof. W ■•••

As an Entomologist _

On Eye-spotted Bad-moth

On Grape Phylloxera

On London Purple

Sawdust Manure. Effect of using

Scientific Urms. Use ol

Scolytidm attacking Spruce

>' Scotch" Wheat

Scott, John, on Turnip Flea

Scott, W •• •

Scrirer, J. , on M.femur-rubrum

Selaniria roue

Shade-trees. Means of protecting

Shaw, Isaac, on currant Plant-house

Bhaw, W. D., on Wheat Midge

On Cabbage Worm (P. Rapie)

Shufelt, G. F

Sifion, John W., on Cabbage Insects

Slaked lime <or Cabbage Maggot

Smith, J. B -

Smt/nthuriu horUntit

Soap to be added to all washes

Soap-wash, for Cabbages

For Rose Thrip

For Scale Insects

Solanum roilratum, food of Colorado Potato

Beetle ••—,■••

Squashes, grown as a protective remedy for

Oncnmbers ind Melons -~.

Spence's Bridge. B.C. Climate of

Spring Canker-worm -

Spruce, Insects of -

Spruce Bud-inoth

Spruce Saw-flv ~

Stewart, Charles

Starr, 0. R. H., on Canker-worms

Starr, R. W

On Canker-worms

On Imported Currant-borer

On Plum Curculio

Striped Cucumber Beetle

Remedy for

Sugar-Maple Borer. Remedie* for

Sunflower, Stems of, bored by Straussta
longip«nni»

Taylor, Revd. Q. W

26
15
16
15
4
4
24
26
46
18
39
29
8
14
10
10
33
28
27
8
20
31
19
19
4
34
19
19
33
21

44

21
6
23
29
29
30
11
23
47
24
27
25
21
21
31

34

PAQB

Tamarac. See American Larch.

Tachina Flies „, *^

Tent Caterpillar 21,48

Thousand-legged worms 1°

Tmetoctra acellana '4

Tobacco wash tor Aphides - 33

Tolmie, John W., on Turnip Flca3. 13

On Turnip Aphis \\

Tomato, Injured by " Black Worms" 18

Attacked by Potato Beetle 17

Toronto Natural History Society 4

Tortrixjumi/erana. See Spruce Bad-Moth... 29

Towlo, C. a., on injury to Spruces 30

Trutch, Hon. J. W 33

Turnips. Insects of ~

Turnii) Aphis, A mm •••

Turnip Flea-beetle ", 8,

Remedy for

Turnip Fly, See Turnip Flea-bettle.

Turnip Maggot

Tyndall, W

13
14
13
14

15
21

Vitit Californiea, exempt from attacks of

Phylloxera - 26

Weevil, Wheat. 5e« Wheat Midge

Western Ten-lined June Bug l"

„ o

13

7

7

7

8

Wilkie, Robert

On Clover-seed Midge ,

Wheat. Insects of.

Wheat, "Democrat"

Wheat, "Egyptian"

Wheat, "Fvfe"

Wheat, "Scotch" »

Wheat, "White Russian" »

Wheat Isosoma in California and Oregon 6

Wheat Midge - •• °i '

Remedies for ^

White, Peter, on Joint Worm 11

Whit* Cabbage Butterfly 20

White-grub ^9

Injuring meadows ^^

Whitehead, C. Report of 6, 18

Cited »i \l

White-spot Tussock Moth 48

Wire-worms ~ ^J

Attacking Wheat J

Attacking Potatoes }■'

Attacking Oats • JJ

Remedies for - JJ

Wood, Josiah J^

Woodward, Mr. '*

Yellow-necked Caterpillar of the Apple 48

" Yellow-worms." S^e Wire-worms.