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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film6s en commen^ant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film^s 6 des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est filmd d partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant 1 3 nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants iilustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 * QUADRUPEDS OF NORTH AMERICA. f .<•*. -«».-^» THE QUADRUPEDS OP NORTH AMERICA. BY JOHN JAMES AUDUBON, F.R.S.,&c.&c. AND THE REV. JOHN BACTIMAN, DJ)., &c. &c. VOL. Ill NEW YORK: GEOROE R. LOCKWOOD, (I.ATE ROE I.OCKWOOD A SON,) 812 HUOADWAY. * 7/5 V.3 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1849, by V. G. AUDUBON, In ,l.e Clerk's Office of the District Coua of the Southern District of New-Tort TABLE OF CONTENTS. Felis Unco, . Mophitig Mnorourn, . , Arctoinya Pruinosus, Seiurus CoUoji, PseudMtomn Douglnsii, Corviig RicImrdBonii, Arctotnyg Lewisii, . Lepus Badimani, . Spcrraopliiliifl Mexicanue^ , Pseudostoino Talpoidea, . OviboB Moschatua, . Lcpus Californioue^ Canis Familiaris (var. Bortalis)^ Spermophilus Lateralis, . Arvioola xanthognatha, . . Vulpes Fulvus, , , Seiurus Nigrescena, Cervua Leucurus, . , GeorycliHs Iludsoniue^ . Georyclms Ilelvohis, . , Gcoryclius Trimucronatua^ Vulpes Lagopua, . Luti-a Canadensis (var. Lataxina Mollis^ Aplodontia Leporins, Sponnophilus Mexicanua, Sorex Palustris, Eangifer Caribou, . Ursua Americanua (var. Cinnamomum), Capra Americana, . Arvioola Borcalis, . Dipodomys Phillipsii, Ursua Ferox, . Canis Familiaris (var. LagopuaX Lepua Texianua, Aj-ctorays Flaviventer, Arvicola Richardsoni', Arvioola Drummondii, Cervug Virginiamut . Jiiguar, .... . liorge-tailed Skunk, . . Hoary Marmot.— The Whittle . Collie's Squirrel, , , . Columbia Pouched-Rat, . . Columbian Black-tailed Deer, . Lewis's Marmot, . . . Backman's Hare, , Californian Marmot-Squirrel, . Mole-shaped Pouched-Rat, . Musk-Ox, . . , . Californian Hare, . , . Esquimaux Dag, . Sai/s Marmot- Squirrel, . , Yellow-cheeked Meadow-Mouse, American Black or Silver Fox Dusky Squirrel, Long-tailed Deer, , Hudson'.^ Bay Lemming, . Tawny Lemming, . , Back's Lemming, , Arctic Fox, Canada Otter, . . , Seicellel, .... Mexican Marmnt.Squirrel, American Marsh Shrew, . Caribou, or American Reindeer, Cinnamon Bear, Rocky Mountain Ooat, Northern Meadow-Mouse, , Pouched Jerboa Mouse, . Grizzly Bear, . Hare-Indian Dog, . Texan Hare, . Yellow-bellied Marmot, . Richardmn's Meadow-Mouse, DrummoniVs Meadow-Mouse, Common Deer Pift 1 11 17 91 24 27 32 86 89 43 46 63 51 62 67 78 74 77 82 85 87 90 97 99 39 108 111 126 128 .•34 137 14! 163 156 160 163 166 168 ^ 17 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Echvora Marinn, , M'isto.ft Martea, Spermophiltig Mncroiinis, I'utonus Agili^ Ursus AniorieanuB, . , PBCuaoatoiiia ISurcalis, Pteroniys Sobrinus, Pteromys Alpinus, . Arvicoia Townseudii, Arvicois Nasuta, . Arviooia Orizivora, Soalops Townscndii, Doaypus Pcba, Sperraopliiliis Townsciid Arvicola Oregon!, . Arvicola Texihna, . Putoriiis Fugcua, . Sciurua Frinionti, . Bciurua Fuliginosua, Pieudostoma Floridana, Sorex Dekayi, Sorex Longiroatria, . Soalopa ArgentatuB, Vuli)es Utali, . Sciurua Alustelinjs, Sciurua Auduboni, . Sciurua Aberti, Sciurua Fossor, Spermophilua Ilarrisii, Arvicola Edax, Procyon Cancrivorua, Mephitis Zorilla, . Canis (lupus) Griseus, Arvicola Dekayi, , Arvicola Apella, . Arvicola Austerua, . Arvicola Cnlifornica, Arvicola Occidentalia, Arvicola (Ilcsperomys) Arvicola (Ilesjjeromys) Arvicola llubricatua, Pcrognathus Penicillatus, Pgeudostonia (Geoniya) Arvicola Montana, . Pecudostoma Custanops, Pgeudostoma (Geomys) Hiapidum, Paeudostoma Umbrinua, PaeudoBtoma (Geomya) Jlexicanua, Campestr Sonoriensia, Fulvua, . Sea Ollrr, , . Pine Miirtrn, . , . Large-laHed Sprrmophile, . Little Nimlile Weasel, . American Black Bear, . . Calling Rat, , , Serern-Iiivcr Flying. Squirrel, . Rocky Mountain Flying-Squirrel, . TotensentTa Arvicola, . Sharp-nosed Arvicola, . Rice Meadow-Mouse, , . Toirnsend's Shrew-Mole, . . Nine-Banded Armadillo, . . Ami ican Souslik, . , . Oregon Meadow-Mouse, , . Texan Meadow-Mouse, , . Tawny Weasel, . , . Fremont's Squirrel, . , Sooty Squirrel,, . Southern Pouched Rat, . , DcKay's Shrew, Long-nosed Shrew, , , , Sihtry Shrew-Mole, . Jackall Fox, , Weasel-like Squirrel, . Large Louisiuua Black Squirrel, Colonel Aberfs Squirrel, . California Grey Squirrel, . Harris's Marmot Squirrel, California Meadow Mouse, Crab-eating Jiaccoon, Californian Skunk, . American Grey Wolf, Glossy Arvicola, Woodhouse's Arvicola, Baird's Arvicola, Californian Arvicola, Western Ariicola, . New Jersey Field Mouse, . Sonora F'icld Mouse, . ■Red-sided Meadow Mouse, . Tuft-tailed Pouched Rat, . Reddish Pouched Rat, Peale's Meadow-Mouse, Chestnut-cheeked Pouched Rat, Leadbeater's Sand Rat, . 170 . M% , 181 . 184 . 187 . 198 . 20a . 906 . 209 . 211 . 214 . 217 . 220 . 226 . 232 . 230 , 284 , 287 , 240 242 248 249 252 2S5 268 260 262 204 267 270 272 276 27 a 287 289 2U1 293 294 29S 296 297 2U8 300 802 804 806 807 309 TAilLE OF C0NTENT8. 8or«x Koruteri, Sorcx Coojicri, . . , Horcx Fimbripes, , . . Sorex PerHonatua, . Oeorychus GrceiilanJiouB, DipoJouiys Ordii, . Arvicola (Ilcsporomys) Texaiiu, Scalops /Eneufl, Scftlops Latimanua^ . , Mus Le Contei, . . , Mu8 Micliiganensis, Perognathus (Crioetodipus) Parvus, Didelphig Breiicops, Didelpliis Califurnica, . Mus Corolinei sis, . Sorex Riolmrdaonii, Sorex Brevicaudns, Pscudostoma Bulbivorum, . Dipodomys Agilis, . Dipodomys Ileenr-anni, . PerognatbM Fasciatug, . Soiurus Clarkii, 'iciurus Annalata«^ Fomter't Shrew Alouie, Cooper's Ulirew, Fringt-footed Shreui, . Oreenland Lemminr/, Ord'i Pouched Mouu, Black-clamed Shreui Molt, Texan Shrew Mole, . L« Content Mntitf, , Michigan Moute, Carolina Mou*e, Richardfon'i Shrev), Short-lailed Shrte, Otark't Squirrel, Lmoii* Squirrel, «l« III n* 814 na 817 81» 891 8M 824 820 828 88U 881 882 884 88S 889 889 840 841 842 848 t QIADIUI'KDS OF NORTH AMKRICA. FKLIS ONCA.— LiN.v. ■lAOtAll. PLATE CF.— Femalk. p. Supra fulva, 8ubtus albus ; corpore ocellia anmilaribufc nigris ornaio, In series .subparallelis per longitudinem dispositis ; ocellis, punctis uigris Hubcentralibus, iu signitis. CHARACTERS. Yellow, vrith a white belly ; body marked with open black circk-Hke Jiffurej, each containing one or more nearly central black dots ; these blark, ch'cle-likt markings disposed in nearly longitudinal parallel lines. SYNONYMES. Fklis Onca. Linn. Syst. Natur. vol. xii. p. 61 ; Gmel. vol. i. p. 77, pi. 4 (4 ed.). " " Schreber, Saugth. p. 388, pi. 6. " " Erxleben Syst. p. 513, pi. {). •' Zimm. Geogr. Gesch. ii. pp. 162, 268. " " Cuv. Ann. du Mus. xiv. p. 144. 4 T. lb. " Kegne Animale, vol. i. p. 260. OssementoFossilw, vol iv p 4n " " F. Cuv. Diet. Sci. Nat., vol. viii. p. 223. " Desm. in iNf. iv. Diet., vol. vi. p. 97, pi. 4. " " Mammal., pp. 219, 338. " Desmoulins, Diet. Class 3d, p. 498. " Temm. Monog., p. 136. Panthera. Sehreber, t, 99. Cauda Elonqata. Brown's Jamaiea. TiGEis Reoia. Briss. Regne Aniroale, p. £69, fi^- 7, VOL. III.— 1 u <( u u u f 2 JAGUAR. TLATLAriuni OcELOTL. TiORis Mexicana. Hernandez, Mex., p. 498, fig. a Jaouara. Marcgr. Brazil, p. 235, fig. c. Jaguar. Buff. Niit. Hist., torn. ix. p. 201. Yaoouarkte. D'Azara, vol. i. p. 114. Bkazilian Panther. Pennant's Synopsis, pp. 127, 176. " Tiger. Pennant's Quadrupeds, ji. 286. Onza Pintado. Lmikinis, in Bresil, Cuinang Macmiis. Felis Jaguar. Hamilton Smith. (Griffith's An. Kingdom, vol. v. " OsCA. Harlan, Fauna, p. 95. p. 164. DESCRIPTION. The Jaguar compares with the Afiiatic tiger in .size and in sh&pe; its legs, however, are shorter than those of the royal tiger, although its body is perhaps as heavy. Head, large ; jaws, capable of great expansion ; incisors, largo, and slightly curved inwards ; ears, rather small, rf^unded, clothed with I'.hort hairs on the inside. Body, rather inclining to be stout, and shorter and less elegant than the cougar : at the shoulders the Jaguar is not much more raised from the earth, but it stands higher from the ground near tlio rump. Feet, clothed with hair covering the retractile nails ; the pads of the feet, naked ; a few hairs between the toes ; tail, long, and generally half elevated when walking ; whiskers, few, strong, and bristly. Hair of two kinds ; the longest (which is only from four to live eighths of an Inch in length) is the coarser ; the shortest is a softer and finer fur, and is not very thickly distributed. COLOUR. Where the black markings do not prevail, the hairs are light greyish- brown at the roots and on the surface rich straw-yellow, deepest near the shoulders and back and paler on the sides and legs ; nose to near the eye nearly a uniform lightish-brown ; forehead spotted with black in some- what curved lines, the spots becoming larger towards the back of the head ; Avhiskers black at the roots, then white for two thirds of their length to the points ; lips and chin, white ; a black line on the sides of the mouth ; around the eve. whitish-yellow ; iris, light-yellow ; a black stripe between the ears on the back jiart of the head. There is no white patch behind the ear, as in the cougar and the wild c: !„ All the black spots on the body are composed of hairs which are black from their roots ; outer edge of the ear, black for half an inch in width ; rm JAGUAR. 3 a row of black spots running along the back to and beyond the root of the tail for about a foot along its upper surface ; the sides of the body are marked with black rings of irregular and somewhat oval shapes, with yellow-brown centres having dots of pure black in them. These black rings are. on the edge of the back somewhat diamond shaped, with frcm one to three little black spots inside. Many of these circles or squares are wot perfect : some are formed by several dots r d curved black patches which turn inwards. On the shoulders and the outer surfaces of the .(>gs, these rings or squares are succeeded by black spots or patches ■ .soning in size as" they approach the claws. The hair on the under surface is dull-white from the roots, with large patches of black ; belly, inner sides o^ legs, a . throat, white, blotched or spotted with black. These patches are irregular in size, being from one eighth of an inch to two inches in extent. Tail, general colour spotted black on a yellow ground, like the outsides of iho legs. A living Jaguar from Mexico which we examined in its cage at Charleston, became very beautiful after shedding its hair in spring": the general colour of its body was bright-yellow, and the rings and spots were brilliant black. There was another living specimen in the same collection, from Brazil which resembled the one from Mexico in its general markings, but was lai-ger, more clumsy; and had shorter and thicker le-s. There were, how- ever, no characters by which the species could be separaiod. DIMENSIONS. From point of nose to root of ta Length of tail, - Height of ear, - Shoulder to end of claw, - Length of largest claw. Around the wrist, " chest, " head, Breadth between the eyes, - 1, Feet. lucheia. 4 1 2 ICO 2i 2 2 74 8 1 91 3 HABITd. ilike beautiful and ferocious, the Jaguar is of all American animals unquestionably the most to be dreaded, on account of its combined ■* 4 JAGUAR. strengtli, activity, ami couragp, wliioh not only give it a vast physical power over other wild creatures, but euable it frequently to destroy man. Compared with this formidable beast, the cougar need hardly be dreaded more than the wild cat ; and the grizzly bear, although often quite as ready to attack man, is inferior in swiftness and stealthy cunning. To the so much feared tiger of the l<]ast he is equal in fierceness ; and it is owing, perhaps, to his being nocturnal in his habits to a great extent, that he seldom issues from the deep swamps or the almost impenetrable thickets or jungles of thorny shrubs, vines, and tangled vegetation which compose the chaparals of Texas and Mexico, or the dense and untracked forests of Central and Southern America, ro attack man. From his haunts in such nearlv unap- proachable localities, the Jaguar roams forth towards the close of tiie day, and during the hours of darkness seizes on 'his prey. During the whole night he is abroad, but is most frccpiently met with in moonlight and fine nights, disliking dark and rainy weather, although at the promptings of hunger he will draw near the camp of the traveller, or seek the almost wild horses or cattle of tlte ranchero even during daylight, with the coolest audacity. The Jaguar has the cunning to resort to salt-licks, or the watering- places of the mustangs and other wild animah, where, concealing himself behind a bush, or mounting on to a low or sloping tree, he lies in wait until a favorable opportunity presents itself for springing on his prey. Like the cougar and the wild cat, he seeks for the peccary, the skunk, opossum, and the smaller rodentia ; but is fond of attacking the larger quadrupeds, giving the preference to mustangs or horses, mules, "or cattle. The colts and calves especially aflbrd him an easy prey, and form a most important item in the grand result of his predatory expeditions. Like the lion and tiger, he accomplishes by stealth or stratagem what could not be efl-ected by his swiftnes* of foot, and does not, like the untiring wolf, i)nrsue his prey with indomitable perseverance at top speed for hours together, although he will sneak after a man or any other prey Tor half a day at a time, or hang on the skirts of a party for a considerable period, watching for an opportunity of springing upon some person or animal in the train. Col. Hays and several other officers of the Rangers, at the time J. W. Audubon was at Sau Antonio de Bexar, in l«4r., informed him that the Jaguar was most frequently found about the watering-places of the mus- tangs, or wild horses, and deer. It has been seen to spring upon the former, and from time to time kills one ; but it is much more in the habit of attacking colts about six months old, which it masters with JAGUAR. St physical sstroy man. be dreaded te as ready he so much g, perhaps, dom isf)iie3 jungles of ! chaparals entral and larly unap- af tlie day, tlie whole it and fine iptings of the almost with the watering- ig himself 3s in wait his prey, he skunk, the larger mules, or prey, and liredatory gem what , like the top speed ither prey isiderable person or me J. W. that the the mus- upon the •e in the ters with great ease. Col. Hays had killed four Jaguars during his stay in Texas These animals are known in that country by the Americans as the " Leopard,'' and by the Mexicans as the " Mexican tiger." When lying in wait at or neai- the watering-places of deer nr horses, this savage beast exhibits great patience and perseverance, remaining for hours crouched down, with head depressed, and still as death. But when some luckless animal approaches, its eyes seem to dilate, its hajr bristles up, its tail gently waved back wards and forwards, and all its powerful limbs appear to quiver with excitement. The unsuspecting creature draws near the dangerous spot ; suddenly, with a tremendous leap, the Jaguar pounces on him, and with the fury of an incarnate fiend fastens upon his neck with his terrible teeth, whilst his formidable claws are struck deep into his back and flanks. The Door victim writhes and plunges with fright and pain, and makes violent efforts to shake off the foe, but in a few moments is unable longer to struggle, and yields with a last despairing cry to his fate. The Jaguar begins to devour him while yet alive, and growls and roars over his prey until his hunger is appeased. When he has finished his meal, he sometimes covers the remains of the carcass with sticks, grass, weeds, or earth, if not disturbed, so as to conceal it from other predacious animals and vul- tures, until he is ready for another banqnet. The Jaguar often lies down to guard his prey, after devouring as much as he can. On one occasion a small party of Rangers came across one wiiile feeding upon a mustang. The animal was surrounded by eight or ten hungry wolves, which dared not interfere or approach too near " the presence." The Rangers gave chase to the Jaguar, on which the wolves set up a howl or cry like a pack of hounds, and joined in the hunt, which ended before they had gone many yards, the Jaguar being shot down as he ran, upon whicli the wolves went back to the carcass of the horse and finished him. The Jaguar has been known to follow a man for a long time. Colonel Hays, whilst alone on a scouting expedition, was followed by one of these animals for a considerable distance. The colonel, who was aware that his footsteps were scented by the animal, having observed him on liis trail a little in his rear, had proceeded a good way, and thought that the Jaguar had left, when, having entered a thicker part of the wood, he heard a stick crack, and being in an Indian country, "whirled round," expecting to face a Wakoe ; but instead of a red-skin' he saw the Jaguar, about haif-crouchod. looking " right in his eye," and gently waving his^ail.' The colonel, although he wished not to discharge his gun, being in the neighborhood of Indians who might hear the report, now thou^^ht it high time to shoot, so he fired, and killed him in his tracks. "The skin," n? he informed us, " was so beautiful, it was a pleasure to look at it." t 6 JAGUAR. Ihese skins are vory higl.ly prized by the Mexicans, and also bv tVe Rangers; they are used for holster coverings and as saddle cloths' and form a superb addition to the caparison of a Lautiful horse the most important animal to the occupants of the prairies of Texas, and upon which they always show to the best advantage. _ In a conversation with General Mor.sTOX at Washington citv he •nforn^ed us that he had found the Jaguar east of the San Jacinto Wver and abundantly on the head waters of some of the eastern tributaries of tiie Kio Grande, the Guadaloupe, ne on the •vered, but i, noiseless ced for its Aintrican fV'ernerian tated that wlien it ie JA(;UAK. . dared to close combat, when it is not alarmed by the great number of its assailants. The writer quotes an instance in which one of these animals had seized a horse belonging to a farm in the province of Cumana, and dragged it to a considerable distance. " The groans of the dying horse," says Humboldt, "awoke the slaves of the farm, who went out armed with lances and cutlasses. The animal continued on its prey, awaited their approach with firmness, and fell only after a long and obstinate resist- ance." In the same article, the writer states that the Jaguar leaps into the water to attack the Indians in their canoes on the Oronoko. This animal called the Yagouaret^ in Paraguay if we are not mistaken, the foregoing article goes on to say, is described by gentlemen who have hunted it in that country, as a very courageous and powerful animal, of great activity, and highly dangerous when at bay. He also says : " Both this species and the puma are rendered more formidable by the facility with which they can ascend trees. " A very beautiful Jaguar from Paraguay was some time ago carried alive to Liverpool. When the animal arrived, it was in full health, and though not fully grown was of a very formidable size and strength. The captain who brought it could venture to play with it, as it lay on one of the boats on deck, to which it was chained ; Imt it had been familiarized to him from the time it was the size of a small dog." In Griffith's Cuvier, vol. ii. p. 457, it is stated in a quotation from D'Azara, that the Jaguar is reported to " stand in the water out of the stream, and drop its saliva, which, floating on the surface, draws the fish after it within reach, when it seizes them with the paw, and throws them ashore for food." At the same page, it is said, " The Jaguar is hunted with a number of dogs, which, although they have no chance of destroying it themselves, drive the animal into a tree, provided it can find one a little inclining, or else into some hole. Ii. the first case the hunters kill it with fire-arms or lances ; and in the .^scond, some of the natives are occasionally found hardy enough to approach it with the left arm covered with a sheep- skin, and to spear it with the other— a temerity which is frequently followed with fatal consequences to the hunter." The Jaguars we examined in a menagerie at Charleston had periodical fits of bad temper : one of them severely bit his keeper, and was ready to give battle either to the Asiatic tiger or the lion, which were kept in 8e]jarate cages. Wc add some extracts, with which we hope our readers will be interested : " In the province of Tucuman, the common mode of killing the Jaguar is (X) trace him to his lair by the wool left on the bushes, if he has c'arried * 8 JAGUAR. off a sheep, or by means of a dog trained for the purpo!aratively disarmed, and by thrusting a forked stick over the back of his head, v/as pinned to the ground, then seized and thrust into a bag, the mouth of which being ti(!d up, he wcs I.ARr.K-TAlLED .' KUNK. n 1 white ami on tlie fore- \ff the sidos liliU'k patcli of an oval towards tlio ack. 1 niarkin?", )n tlic back, he shoulder le young of 4 1 (i '2i 9 Hi skunk were i one of the range ; this 3se animals irj^cs which and cause dirt at this and teased detestable hrusting a found, then up, he wcs < 'ronsidered safely eaptiirod, and was slung to one of the jmck saddles cf the Hafrpitrf-mides. The fetor of this young skunk was not so horrid as that of tho common species {.Mcp/iitis r/iiii(rn). On arriving at the camping ground for the night, the party found that their prisoner had escaped by gnawing a liolc in tlie bag, being unobserved by any one. This species is described as very common in some parts of Texas, and its superb tail is now and then used liy the country folks by way of plume or feather in their hats. .1. W. AunuHON, in his Journal, remarks : "We were much amused at the disposition manifested by some of the privates In the corps of Rangers, to put on extra linery when opportunity oflered. At one time a jjarty returned from a chase after Indians wiiom they liad over- taken and routed. Several of tiieni liaja olivaeformis) ripens, they eat those nuts, as well as acorns. This is strange, considering their carnivorous formation. They burrow in winter, and live in hollows and under roots. They produce five or six voung at a birth. We are indebted to Col. Geo, A. McCall, U.S.A., for the following interesting account of an adventure with one of these Skunks, which, besides being written in an entertaining and lively manner, sets forth in a strong light the dread the very idea of being defiled by these offensive brutes causes in evu-y one who has ever been in those parts of the country ' 'y inhabit : — ' In New Mexico, in September last, returning from Los Vegas to Santa A!d, I halted for tne night at Cottonwood creek. Here, I pitched my tent on tlie edge of a beautiful grove of the trees {Populus angulatus) whicli give name to the st'-aam. "Wishing to rei,.v -ny destination at an early hour on the morrow, I directed the men to i.e up before day, in order that they might feed t! ir 1- 14 LAIIGE-TAII.KD SKUNK. horses, pet their bronkfant, ami be ready to tako tU- road as H)on as it was fairly r a rcCroHhiri).' ^leop, I awoke about an hour before day, and the faiiiiiiiir sound of my horne inuncliiutr his eorii by tiie side of my tout, where he was usually picketed, info/ Micd nie that my men were already astir. At tliis hour, the moon, almost at the full, waH low in the west, and flunjr its nidiow li-rht adown the mountain p.ru'o, in rays that wore nearly hori/Mital. And therefore, nv)t lindinjr it necessary to strike a liirht, I was on the point of risinjr, when 1 heard, as I thoujrlit, my servant openinp: the n.ess-bnsket, which stood near the foot of my bed. I spoke to li - ! • l)ut receivin ther to 5?ay that the animal, having been neither alarmea nor provoked m any way, did not on this occasion emit the slij,^htest odour; nor was any trace loft in my tent or mess-basket, to remind me afterwards of the early morning visitor at my camp on Cotton- wood creek."— Philadelphia, June 24th, 1851. We have heard of bome cases in which this Skunk, having penetrated into the tents of both officers and men, on our southwestern frontier, has been less skilfully managed, and the conseijuences were so bad as to compel the abandonment of even the tents, although soused into creeks and scrubbed with hopes of destroying the '• hogo." •I GEOGRArillCAI. DrSTUlBUTION. This species exists on the western ranges of the mountains in Mexico. The specimen described by Liciitexstein was obtained by Mr. Deppe in the mountains to the northwest of the city of Mexico. The animal was seen by Col. G. A. McC.vr.L in New Mexico, between Los Vegas and ^antu Pe. The specimen figured by Joh.v W. Audi iion was obtained near San Antonio, and he describes it as common in the western parts of Texas. It is not found in Louisiana, nor near the sea-shore in Texas. It will, we think, be found to inhabit some portions of California, although we cannot state this with certainty. liENEllAL UEMAUKS. There are several species of this genus, which are found to vary so much in the distribution of their colours that many mere varieties were described as new species, without any other characters tluiii those presented by the number of stripes on the back, or the predominance either of black or white spots on the difl'erent portions of the body. Buffox described five species. Baron Cuvieij, in his " Osseniens Fossiles," took much pains in endeavoring to clear up the difliculties on the subject of these animals • yet, owing to his not possessing specimens, and his too great dependence on colour, he multiplied the number of some species which are now found to be mere varieties, and omitted others which are unquestionably true spco.ios. touched it in as the reason a; been neither sion emit the less-basket. to lip on Cotton- ng penetrated 1 frontier, has J as to compel 0 creeks and ^ 4 m ns in Mexico. i Mr. Deppe in ^^ e animal AvaH iras and Santa M ned near San ■ of Texas. It B . It will, we fl igh we cannot 9 vary so much ere des^cribed rented by thw of black or lo^cribed five iiuch pains in lese animals • ,t depeudenco re now found tionably true t ««.^«». ^1 ^i ^ ^ ^. E/ ^1 \. •Nil ^ 1 v.- ■ ' ^ * 17 ARCTOMYS PRUINOSUS.— Pennant. Hoary Marmot. — The Whistler. PLATE CIIL— Malkb. A. vellere cano longo, denso, maxime in thorace humorisque, in partibus posterioribus fulvo-flavescente, cauda comosa fusco nigriscente. CHARACTERS. Fur^ Umg, dense, and hoary, particularly on the chest and shoulders ; hinder parts dull yellowish-brovm ; tail bushy, blackish-brown. STNON rMES. HoARif Marmot. Pennant, Hist. Quadr., vol. ii. p. 130. ■' " " Arctic Zool., vol. i. p. 112. Ground-Hog. Mackenzie's Voyage, p. 615. Whistler. Harmon's Journal, p. 427. Arctomys(?) Pruinosus. Rich, Zool. Jour., No. 12, p. 618. Mar. 1828, " " Rich, Fauna Boreali Americana, p. 150. Qui8Quis-Qui-Po. Cree Indians. Deh-ie. Cheppewyans. SouPFLKUR, or Mountain-Badoer. Fur-Traders. Arctomys Pruinosa. Harlan, Fauna, p. 169. " Calligata. Eschscholtz, Zoologischer Atlas, Berlin, 1829, pi. 6, part 2, p. 1. DESCRIPTION. In form, this animal (which we examined whilst it was elive at the Zoological Gardens in London) bears a considerable resemblance to the European Marmot {Jlrctomys Marmota). It also resembles the Maryland Marmot {A. Monax). Being, at the time we saw it, excessively fat, the body, when it lay down, spread out or flattened like that of the badger ; it was so covered with dense and very long hair that it was difficult to recognize the true outline ; it subsequently shed its hair, and our figure was taken in its new and shorter pelage. The animal is rather longer than the Maryland Marmot ; head, of moderate size ; eyes, rather small but conspicuous ; ears, oval and covered with hair on both surfaces ; feet short, robust, and clothed with hair ; nails strong, slightly arched, free • VOL. in.— 8 ' ' ■^ 18 HOARY MARMOT. tail, short, and thickly clothed M-ith long and coarse hair to the extremity The pelap;e is a soft and dense fur beneath, covered with longer and more rigid haira. COLOUR. Fur on the back, dark at base, the outer portion M-hito, with black points more or less extended ; on the rump it is dull-])rowii at the roots, with black and yellow towards the extremities. The general appearance of the animal, owing to the admixture of these dark-brown and white hairs, of which the white predominate, is hoary-brown. Upper Surface of nose, ears, back part of the head, feet, and nails, black ; a black band runs backwards from behind the ears for about an inch and a half, and then descends nearly vertically on the neck, where it vanishes ; sides of muzzle, and behind the nostrils above, as well as chin, pure white ; iheeks, grizzled with rust-colour and black ; moustaches, nearly all black, a few, light-brown. There are a few white hairs on the middle toes of the fore-feet ; tail black, varied with rusty-brown, and a few whitish hairs with black points ; whole under parts pale rust colour, with a slight mixture of black on the belly ; extremities of tiv ars slightly tipped with white ; upper incisors, yellow ; lower, nearly whii DIMENSIONS. Length from point of nose to root of tail, " of tail (vertebras), " " including hair, Point of nose to end of head, Ear, Palm and nail, Nail, Tarsus, Nail on hind foot, Foot. 1 Inrhei, 7 Lines. 5 6 7 9 3 4 5i 2 9 9 3 8 8 HABITS. This Marmot was described by Pennant, from a skin preserved in the Leverian Museum, which was for many years the only specimen in any known collection. It appears to have afterwards become a question whether there was such an animal, or whether it might not prove to be the HOARY MARMOT. 19 Maryland Marmot, tl.e original specimen, above mentioned, having been ost. Harlan says of it, " This specimen was supposed to have come from the northern parts of x\orth America." Godmax does not mention it Dr. RicHARDsox quotes Pennant's description, and states that he did not himself obtam a specimen ; but "if correct" in considering it as the same as the AVhistlcr of IIaumon, "we may soon hope to know more of it for the traders who annually cross the Rocky Mountains from Hudson's Bay to the Columbia and New Caledonia are well acquainted with it." Ho also mentions that one, (Harmon's Whistler, we presume) which was pro- cured for hun by a gentleman, was so much injured that he did not think it fat to be sent." The Doctor tLen gives the following account of it. and appears to have been quite correct in supposing it 'identical with the animal referred to by Harmon: "The Whistler inhabits the Rocky Moun- ains from latitude 45^ to 62°, and probably farther both ways : it is not found m the lower parts of the country. It burrows in sandy soil generally on the sides of grassy hills, and may be frequently seen cutting.' hay m the autumn, but whether for the purpose of laying it up for food, or merely for hnmg its burrows, I did not learn. While a party of them are thus occupied, they have a sentinel on the lookout upon an eminence, who gives the alarm on the approach of an enemy, by a shrill whistle, which may be heard at a great distance. The signal of alarm is repeated from one to another as far as their habitations extend. According to Mr IUrmon, they feed on roots and herbs, produce two young at a time, and sit upon their hind-feet when they give their young suck. They do' not come abroad in the winter." " The Indians take the Whistler in traps set at the mouths of their holes consider their flesh as delicious food, and, by sewing a number of their Pkius together, make good blankets." Our drawing of this Marmot was made from the specimen now in the museum of the Zoological Society of London, which is, we believe, the only one, even at this day, to be found in Europe, with the exception of a hunter s skin" (,. e., one without skull, teeth, or legs), whicli was pre- sented to the British Museum by Dr. Rrc„ARBsoN,;nd was rti.Ily the one he refers to in the extract we have given above from the Fauna Boreali Americana. The specimen in the Zoological Museum is well preserved, the animal, which was alive when presented to the Society by B. King Esq., having died in the Menagerie (Zoological Gardens) in Regent s Park. ' The living animal, when we observed it, seemed to be dull and sleepv felling' '''' '^''''"^ '''^'' ^'''' ""^ ''''^'' °" ''^'''^' '^ '''^^ ''^^^ It 20 HOARY MARMOT. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. The first specimen of this species was brought to England from Ha Json's Bay. The specimen we have figured was obtained ta Captain B>ck'8 expedition. It inhabits the Bocky Mountains from 45° to 62", and will probably be found both to the north and south of these latitudes. GENERAL REMARKS. It is somewhat remarkable that an animal so large as the Hoary Marmot — so widely diffused throughout the fur countries, where it is seen by traders and hunters — should be so little known to naturalists. When the living animal was brought to the Zoological Gardens it excited much interest, as the existence of the species had for many years been doubted. We spent an hour at the Museum of the Zoological Society in London with Dr. Richardson and Mr. Waterhouse, examining the specimen to which EscHSCHOLZ had given the name of A. Calligata ; and wo ananimously came to the conclusion that it was the A. Pruinosus. »1 SCIURUS COLLIiEI.— Rich. Coi lie's Squirrel PLATE CIV.— Maleb. S. Supra e fresco-nigro flavoque varius subtus ex flavescente albidus; magnitudine S. migratorii. CHARACTERS. Size of Sciurus Migratorius ; upper parts mottled brovmish Hack and yellow ; under surface cream white. 8YN0NYMES. SoiTOUB CoLLiiEi. Richardson, Append, to Beechey's Voyage. " " Bachman, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1838 (Monog. of Gonus Sciurus). DESCRIPTION. In size and form this species bears some resemblance to the migratory gray Squirrel of the middle or northern States ; the tail, however, in the only specimen which exists in any collection, appears much smaller and less distichous, and the animal, when other specimens are examined, may prove to be intermediate in size between the Carolina gray Squirrel and S. Migratorius. The fur is rather coarse, and the tail appears to be somewhat cylindrical ; ears, of moderate size, ovate, clothed with short hairs on both surfaces, but not tufted. •I COLOUR. Above, grizzled with black and dull-yellow ; sides of the muzzle, under parts of the body, and inner sides of limbs, dull-white ; tail, moderate, the hairs grayish-white, three times annulated with black. Hairs of the body, both above and beneath, grey at the roots, those on the back having 'engthened black tips broadly annulated with dull-yellow. The hairs of the head resemble those of the back, except on the front, where they are annulated with dull-white ; top of the muzzle, brown ; cheeks, greyish • ^ 93 COLLIE'S SQUIRREL insides of cars, yellowish, indistinctly freckled with brown ; outsidea grizzled with black and yellow on the forepart, i)Ut posteriorly covered with long whitiah hairs ; hairs on the feet, black at the roots, white at the tips, the feet and legs being dirty cream-colour, pencilled with dusky ; whiskers, long as the head, composed of bristly black hairs. The above description was taken by us from the specimen in the Zoological Society's Museum, London ; the skin was not in very good condition, and a portion of the tail was wanting. DIMENSIONS. Inohii. Linai. Length from nose to root of tail, • . - 10 9 " of tail to end of hair, • . 9 6 Height of ear posteriorly, - 6 Tarsus (including nail)» - • 2 6 Nose to ear, . . . . . • ■ 2 0 HABITS. Our figures of this Squirrel were made from the specimen presented to the Zoological Society of London by Captain Bekchey ; the original from which the species was described and named by our friend Dr. Richardson. All the information we hav. a to the habits of this animal is contained in the above-mentioned append'x (p. 8) : " Mr. Collie observed this Squirrel, in considerable numbers, sporting on trees at San Bias in California (?), Avhore its vernacular name signifies ' Little Fox-Squirrel.' It feeds on fruits of various kinds. Although unwilling to incur the risk of adding to the number of synonymes with which the history of this large genus is already overburdened, I do not feel justified in referring it to any of the species admitted into recent systematic works ; and I have therefore described it as new, naming it in compliment to the able and indefatigable naturalist who procured the specimen." GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. This species was given by Richardson, as appears by the above quota- tion, as existing at San Bias, California ; this place, however, if we have not mistaken the locality, is in the district of Xaliseo in Mexico, and within the tropics ; it is doubtful, therefore, whether the species will be found to inhabit any portion of California. J. W. Audubon did not observe it in his travels through Upper California. COLLIE'S HQUIRREL. OKNEBAL REMARKS. 23 This species is very nearly allied to Sciurus Jiureogaster of F. Cuvier and It IS yet possible that it may prove a variety of that very variable species, in whu-h the under parts of the body are sometimes white, instead of the usual dee;, red colour. A specimeu of .. Jlureofraster in the Museum at Paris has the under pai-ts of the body w.it ., wi, n small ^ ^ohes of red. and with a few scattered red hairs here and 'h . .aingled vi ^ the white ones. m\ Tj *M PSEUDOSTOMA D O U G L ASIL— Rich. COLHMBIA POUCHKD-R PLATE CV.— Malbs. p. Supra fusca, latcribus subrufiH, ventre pedibusquc palliilioribus, cauda corporis dimidio longiore. CHARACTERS. Above, dusky hroum ; reddish an the sides ; paler beneath and on the feet ; tail exceeding half the length of the body. 8YN0NYME. Gkomits Douolash. Richardson, Columbia Sand-Rat, Fauna Boreali Americana, p. JOO, pi. 18 B. DESCRIPTrON. Head, large and depressed ; cars, short, ovate, extending beyond the fur ; nose, blunt ; nostrils, small and round, seiiarated by a line in the septum ; they have a small naked margin. Mouth, of moderate size ; lips, and space between the nose and upper incisors, covered with short hair , incisors strong, and slightly recurved ; upper ones with a distinct furrow on the anterior surface, near their inner edge ; cheek pouches, large opening externally (like those of all the other species belonging to this genus), and lined on the inside with very sh rt hairs. The pouches extend from beneath the lower jaw along the neck to near the shoulders ; whiskers, ^hort ; body cylindrical, resembling that of the mole, and covered with short, dense, velvety fur ; the tail, which is round ajid tapering, although at first sig>'t appearing naked, is covered with hair throughout its whole length, but most densely near the root ; legs short, and moderately robust ; fore-toes short, the three middle ones united at their base by a skin, the outer one smaller and farther back ; thumb, very small and armed with a claw ; claws, sharp-pointed, compressed, and slightly curved ; palms naked, and on the posterior part filled by a large, rounded callosity. The palms in this species are much smaller than in P. Bursariiui ; the hind-feet are rather more slender than i'lKlr I Ol.n.MinA hUICIIKD-RXT 25 the foro-foot, an.l thoir clawH arc docido.lly .,„allor ; .olcs of hiiul-foet ontirelv naked, and without any conspicuouH tuS.ercles ; heel, naked and narrow : feet, and to08, thickly clothed with hair extending to the nails. COLOUR. Innsors, dull oranpo ; whiskern, nearly all white; upper surface of body, top of the head, an.l alon;r the nidcH .,f the po„nhc,, dasl:y-hrown Mden, re.ldi,sh-l.rown ; odge.s of ,,ouehes, dark-brown ; under .surface of' body, feet, and tail, pale buff; nails, yellowiah-white. DIMENSIONS. Lcngtii of head and bodv, • head, - - ^ . tail (vertebra;), - From point of nose to eye, auditory opLUiing, Between the eyen. ■ - . . From wrist joint to end of mid ■ claw, liirtifh i.iii> - ti C ■ 1 10 ■ 2 10 11 • 1 8 7 1 HABITS, This species of Sand-Uat wa? first obtained by Mr. David Douglas noar (he mouth of the Columbia river, sincr^ which, specimen.^ have been sent to England by various collectors. According to Mr. Douglas the ammal. " wlien in the act of emptying, its pouches, sits on its hams like a Marmot or Squirrel, and squeezes its sacs against the breast with the chin and fore-paws." "These little Sand-Rats are numerous in the neighbourhood of Fort Van- couver, where they inhabit the declivities of low hills, and burrow in the sandy soil. They feed on acorns, nuts {Corylus rostrata), and grasses and commit great havoc in the potato-fields adjoining to the fort, not only by eatang the potatoes on the spot, but by carrying off large quantities of them in their poaches."— Fauna Boredi Americana, p. 201. geographical distribution. This species inhabit, the valleys to the west of the Rocky Mountaius. and seems to have been most frequently observed in about the latitude of i 36 COLUMBIA POUCHED- RAT as California to the south, and the Russian Possessions in the opposite direction. We have seen some mutilated specimens, which appeared to be of this species, obtained by a party in the western portion of New Mexico, but so dilapidated were they, that it was impossible to decide positively as to their identity, and they may have been skjns of another species, called by Dr. Richardsox Geomys Uiribrinus, which he was informed came from the southwestern part of Louisiana. GENERAL REMARKS. VI if Mr. Douglas informed Dr. Richardson " that the outside of the pouches was cold to the touch, even when the animal was alive, and that on the inside they were lined with small, orbicular, indurated glands, more numerous near the opening into the moutli. When full, the pouches had an oblong form, and when empty they were corrugated or retracted to one third of their length." We presume this information is correct, although the mistake made by supposing the " inverted" pouches of some species of Pseudostoma, to be m their natural position (see the genus diplostoma of Raffinesque, adopted by Richardson), leads us to look with caulion on any accounts of the pouches of our Sand-Rats from this source. a? CERVUS RICHARDSONII._AuD. Axn Bach. Columbian Black-tailed Dker. PLATE C VI.— Males. ^ C. Supra subrufu.s, infra albus, auriculis mediocribus, angustioribus quan, in C. macrot.do, corpore minore ngulis angustioribus et acutioribus quam in uto, macula albida in natibus nulla, cornibus teretibus bis bifurcatis CHARACTERS. £«r,v, moderate, narrmver than in C. Macrbtis ; size, kss than C. Macrotis • hoofs, narrower and sharper; no light patch on the huttochs ; colour, reddish, broum above, white beneath; horns, cylindrical, tvnce bifurcated. SYNoNYMES. Okrvus Macuotis. Rich (non Say) Black-tailed Deer, Fauna Boreali Americana, p 254, pi. 20. ^ ^ California Deeii, of gold diggers. 8 3 n A HITS. This beautiful Deer is found variously dispersed over the weetoni portions of the North American continent, wlioi'o it was first noticed by Lewis and Clakk, near the mouth of the Columbia River ; but not until the discovery of the golden treasu-es of California di