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1 2 3

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2

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4

5

6

J'

r-..l

1/

SYNOPSIS

OF

THL LICHENES

J'

i^"^ms^'^m^^.

^^ %A/L K/M^<^c(rtcn^

y3ellei)-t^i

^/i?ar*/<7

HOyAL DOTANICAL SOCIETV OP KATISBON.

CAMBRIDGE :
GEORGE NICHOLS,

UDOKSELLER TO THB UNIVERSITY.

1848.

r^.

OF NEA

FBLLI

^ Ct

»/

A

SYNOPSIS

OF

THE LICHENES

^OF NEW ENGLAND, THE OTHER NORTHERN STATES,

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

BY EDWARD TUCKERMAN, A.M.

FELLOW OP THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OP ARTS AND SCIENCES; CORRESPONDINO

MEMBER OP THE BOTANICAL SOCIETY OP EDINBURGH, AND OP THE

ROYAL BOTANICAL SOCIETY OP RATISBON.

CAMBRIDGE :
GEORGE NICHOLS,

aOOKSELLER TO THE UNIVERSITY.

1848.

.#

I

I

4

CAMBRIDGE;

M E T C A L r AND COMPANY,

PIIINTERS TO TUB UMVBRSIly.

The

'relations
itory, rec

upstates, ai
j)orhaps,
ohscfvati
work is
to the h
iny obje(

; the nece

''[ search.
Europcea

■ and gene
only occi
the Lichi
almost th
The exc
I which the
f neglected

- ' The lat
J cipally tli08(

if

PREFACE.

The study of any group of plants, with a view to the true
■elations of the species brought together in it, and their real his-
Itory, requires the investigation of a great number of individual
|states, and this often through a series of years. And there is,
Ipcrhaps, no family of plants in which extensive and continuous
iobservation is more important than in the Lichenes. The present
fwork is prepared, therefore, only as an Index and Introduction
to the history of the plants described in it ; and it has been
my object rather to state results of foreign study, than to offer
the necessarily imperfect conclusions of my own limited re-
search. Use has constantly been made of the Lichenograplda
Europcsa Reformata of Fries, whose characters of the sections
land genera I have, for the most part, adopted entire, or with
only occasional amplification ; and the profound descriptions of
the Lichenographia, as here applied to our species, constitute
almost the whole descriptive value of the present enumeration.
The exceptions to this will, I hope, meet with the indulgence
which the extreme difficulty of any inquiries in a field as much
f neglected as this has been, among us, seems to demand.*

" The later works of Fries Imve also been consulted, and, beside these, prin-
cipally those of Turner & Uorrer, Eschweiler, and Scha;rer, and, for American

54837

IV

PREFACE.

The geographical limits of the work include the countrio-
generally north of 40^ N. lat. ; but only occasional reference h,-
been made to those regions of Arctic America which do noi
belong to the British possessions, and I have had, also, les^
regard to the extreme southern boundary, which is everywhere
characterized by the appearance of southern species. The great-
er, or more northern, portion of this district is naturally distinct
and similar throughout, and its Lichenose veg'^tation seems, in-
deed, almost represented by that of New England alone. It i.
probable, however, that a large proportion of the species in-
habiting any part of the district, if we except its southwestem
extremity, are described here.

For the particular citations of New York Lichens, my princi-
pal authorities have been the Catalogue of the Plants of Mw York
of Dr. Torrey, 1819, and the Synoptical View of the Lichens oj
Mw York by Mr. Halsey, 1824. For citations of species from
Pennsylvania, &c., besides Dillenius (as revised in Fries's fndex
Dillenianus) I have been almost wholly indebted to the Cataloga.
of the Plants of Morth America of Muhlenberg, 1818, and his
specimens now existing in that part of the herbarium of Acharius
which is at Upsal, as well as in the herbaria of Willdenow and
Floerke at Berlin. For the Canadian and Newfoundland Lichens.
I have availed myself of those described in the Flora of Ml-
chaux, as compared with the specimens in his herbarium at Paris,
the species enumerated by Mr. De la Pylaie in his Voyage a Vlh

species chiefly, the Synopsis and the Lichenographia of Acharius. The termi-
nology is wholly that of Fries, and its peculiarity will be found mostly to consist
in a strict etymological use of the whole force of the terms he employs. These
terms are, then, possibly, the best expressions of the knowledge they contain, and,
in this view, as well worth studying as any other part of systematic science, tk
design of wliich is to teach, not current names for its objects, but their history

I

de Tfrrt

Mr. Des

at Berlin

Baron D

heibariun

Biinierous

collection

of Parry,

JEnumerat

ardson, ai

The late

entire set

Coast of

The gei

fcis family

try ; hut t

have enun

tfie end.

The pr(
general acl
consideratii
cannot cor
great kindr
liam Borre
much respi
liberal assis
not have be
8t whose ii

' 'vMRIUliriE

PREFACE.

e the countrie-
al reference ljii>
I which do noi
had, also, les<
I is everywhere
3S. The great-
laturally distinct
tion seems, in-
d alone. It ii
the species in-
;s southwesteni

3ns, my princi-
ts ofJYew York

the Lichens oj
if species frorn
1 Fries 's Index
I the Catalogiu

1818, and his
m of Acharius
^Villdenow and
Jland Lichens.
Flora of IMi-
irium at Paris,
Voyage a VIk

ius. The terir.i-
mostly to consist
employs. These
hey contain, and,
latic science, the
JUt their history

de Terre-Muve, and the specimens of those collected by him,
Wr. Despreaux, and others, preserved in the Uoyal Herbarium
at Fierlin, in that of Professor Kunth, and in those of the late
Baion Delesseit and of Dr. Montagne, at Paris. To the vast
herbarium of Sir W. J. Hooker I am indebted, not only for
aumerous Lichens of Canada and Newfoundland, but for a large
collection of the arctic si)ecies obtained in the different voyages
of Parry, Franklin, and others ; and to these, and his various
Enumerations, together with those of Mr. Brown, Sir John Ricn-
•rdson, and Dr. Greville, I owe most of the arctic citations.
The late venerable Mr. Menzies also favoured me with a nearly
entire set of the Lichens collected by him on the Northwest
Coast of America.

The genera separated from Lichenes by Fries, and referred to
Us family BtjssacecB, have not yet been fully studied in this coun-
try ; but these plants are so closely related to Lichenes, that I
have enumerated our ascertained species, as an appendix, at
the end.

The present occasion does not permit me to offer more than
general acknowledgments to the eminent botanists whose kind
consideration has encouraged the progress of this work. But J
cannot conclude it without expressing my indebtedness to the
great kindness and liberality of Sir W. .T. Hooker, and of Wil-
liam Borrer, Esq., the learned lichenographer of Britain; to my
much respected friend. Dr. Klctzsch of Berlin, without whose
liberal assistance in the study of the Floerkean herbarium it could
not l.ave been u..dertaken ; and to my esteemed friend Dr. Gray,
at wliose instance It has been prepared.

''^MRiMimR, IM Frhrunry, 1R|R.

' h

Perennie
ure, wii.oli
[sparidia)
Tliallus
the coriicai
thallus ( the
cernible aft
side of folia
matrix, in
horizontal 1
circumferer
degenerate
pressed {sm
filamentous
Cladonia ai
the primary
kird of secc
Lichenes ai
ly green) c
surface as i
gate either
expansions,
uals of the
I globose or i
I otb-^r elongu
the thalamih

LICHENES.

Perennial, aerial Algnc-, vegetating only under the influence of loist-
ure, wi...h IS imbibed by the whole surface, propagated by spores
(sporidia), and also by the cells (gonidia) of the green layer

Thallus (universal receptacle, Ach.) composed of three layers, viz. •
ihe corUcal, the medullary, and yho gonimous ; evolved from a hypo-
thallus (the elementary state in which the layers are confused, and dis-
cern.ble afterwards as cylindrical cells, and also as fibres on the under
side of fohaceous Lichenes, and forming the base, closely adnate to the
matrix, in crustaceous ones), typically horizontal or vertical. The
horizontal thallus is either crustaceous (often somewhat lobed at th.
circumference or squamulose), ov foliaceous (becoming sometimes in
degenerate states crustaceous). The vertical thallus is either com-
pressed [subfoliaceous), or terete {fruticuhse) ; of both of which the
Udamentous thallus and the pendulous thallus are degenerations In
Cladonia and Stereocaulon a vertical ihaWus {podeiium) arises from
the primary horizontal thallus, and is itself often besprinkled with a
kird of secondary horizontal thallus in the form of leaf-like scales —
Lichenes are reproduced in two ways; 1. by gonidia, the (normal-
ly green) cells of the green (gonimous) layer, which appear on the
surface as irregularly shaped powdery masses {soredia), and propa-
gate either on the original thallus, forming foliaceous or squamulose
expansions, or external to the original thallus, forming new Individ-
uals of the parent thallus ; and 2. by sporidia, consisting of sub-
globose or elliptical cells, which are ehher naked or contained in
oth.r elongated more or less vertical cells {asci), and immersPd in
the thalamhm (or fructification proper), and propagate new Individ-

u

4 MCIIENKS OF HIE NOUTHEKN SXATKS

uuls of the species. The thalarniuin is either rounded, gelatinous-

waxy, and the asci converging {nudeiform) ; or flattened at length into

a rigi.l, persistent, or afterwards collapsing lamina {suhdisciform) :

or originally disciform (open); and is itself contained in i receptacle

(exciple), either of the same color with and like the thalkis {thalline

exciple), or of flitlbrent color and nature {proper cvciple). The whole

fructification constitutes the apalhccium, which is typically round, though

also occurring normally ohiong and linear (Jirellaform), and is either

excavated with a contracted margin {urceolale) ; or slightly concave

with an elevated margin {saUeUiform) ; or very concave-scutelliform

(ci/n/hijorm) ; or very concave-scutelliform and pervious {infundibuU.

form, a term applied also to the pervious cup-bearing podetia of Cla-

donia^) ; or goblet-shaped and stipitate (cralcriform) ; or dilated, flat,

and without prominent margin (pchaform, of which the reniform is

a variation) ; or cor ex with repressed margin (cephaJoid) ; or be-

tween scutelliform and pelta-form {disciform) • or between scutelli-

form and cephaloid {fuherculate). When the thalline exciple is pro-

longed below into a footstalk, it is said to be pedicellate; a proper

exciple in like manner prolonged is said to be stipitate. When the

proper exciple is originally and typically closed, the apothecium re-

ceives the name o? peritherium. In the Angiocarpi several thalamia

are sometimes contained in the sa.r.e exciple {composite apothecia) ;

and in the Gymnocarpi, in like manner, several disks «re sometimes

confluent {symphycarpeous apothecia). The colors of the thullus in

Lichenes arc disposed by Fries in four scries : - 1. from pale green

becoming ^ZflMcows ,. 2. from yellowish green becoming ochroleucous ;

;{. from dark green becoming fuscous or olivaceous ; 4. from pale

yellow.green becoming lemon-colored. Each series has its peculiar

variations. The glaucous runs into pale green, cerulescent, and

white ; the fuscous into dark green, olivaceous, cinereous, grayish-

fuscous, and dark chestnut ; the ochroleucous into yellowish green

and albescent ; the lemon-oolored into pale yellow, orange-red^ and

vermilion-red.

. A[)otheci
becoming s
normally p
llapsed.

, Tribe I.
cave
som(

Subtribe
pend

1. USNEA.
ii. EVERNI

cotton)
y. Ram.ili

the sarr
4. Cetrar;

Subtribe 2

at lei

hypo

i3. Nepiiro:

fi. Peltige

the eloii

7. SoLORIN

|fi. Sticta.
, ored spc
,'9. Paumeli

phellte I
10. Tiit;r,oTP

rior exci
1. (Jyalect

margin 1

Tribe II.
disk c

f'rs, at

"■'%

cs

ided, gelatinous-
led at length into
{suhdisciform) ;

in I receptacle
tlmllus {t/udUne
'e). Tiie whole
iy round, though
i), and is eitiier
slightly concave
ave-scutelliform
us [infundibuli.
podetia of Cla-

or dilated, flat,
the reniform is
'laloid) ; or be-
Jtween scutelli-

exciple is pro-
Uale; a proper
'.te. When the
apothecium re-
3veral thalamia
nle apothecia) ;

ore sometimes
' the thai I us in
'om pale green

ocliroleucous ;

4. from pale
ns its peculiar
rulescent, and
eous, grayish-
:dlo\vish green
angc-rcd, and

AND blUTISH AMl.RICA.

Synopsis of the Genkka.
Div. I. GYMiNOCARPI, Schrader, Fries.

. A[.otiiecia open, disciferous. Thalamium originally disciform, or
becoming so, contained in a thalline e.xciple or a proper exciple ; disk
normally persistent, ascigerous ; sometimes originally pulveran'euus-
#)llapsed.

i Tribe I. I'ARMELIACE^, Fr. -Apothecia rounded, f,-om con-

cave becoming explanate, scutelliform, rarely peltate. Disk

somewhat waxy, persistent, contained in a thalline exciple.

Subtribe 1. USNEE.E, Eschw. - Disk open. Thallus subvertical, or

pendulous-sarmentose, centripetal, without apparent hypothallus.

f. UsNEA. Apothecia peltate ; thallus with a solid medullary layer.

2. EvERNiA. Apothecia scutelliform ; thallus fistulous, or with a

,^ cottony medullary layer.

|J. Ramalina. Apothecia orbiculate-subpeltate ; disk pale, of nearly

; the same color with the thallus.

4. Cetraria. Apothecia scutellate-peltate, oblique.
Subtribe 2. PARMEUEiE, Eschw. -Disk at first closed, becoming

at length discoid-open. Thallus horizontal, centrifugal, with a
hypothallus.

5. Nephroma. Apothecia reniform, adnate to the lobes beneath.
a Peltigera. Apothecia pelta^form, adnate to the upper side of

the elongated lobes.
j7. SoLORiNA. Apothecia adnate to the disk of iho thallus.
Ifi. Sticta. Apothecia scutelliform ; thallus with cynhelhe, or disco!-

ored spots, on the under side.

9. Paumelia. Apothecia scutelliform ; thallus without veins or cy-
phellic beneath.

JO. TiiELOTREMA. Apothecia urceolato-scutellifbrm, a discrete intc
I nor exciple veiling a rigescent disk.

^11. GvALECTA. Apothecia urceolate, an elevated and discrete colored
margin bordering a nigrescent disk.

,; Tribe IT. LECIDEACE.E, Fr. Apothecia rounded, a persistent
■i <lisk contanird in an open proper exciple, which it finally cov-

''rs, and becon.es con> jx, cephaloid, and immarginate.

6

LICHENES OF THE NOUTIIERN STATES

ly. Sterkocaulon. Apothecia cephaloid ; podctia mostly solid.

13. Cladonia. Apothecia inflated ; podelia fistulous.

14. B.EOMVCES, Apothecia capitate, globose, immarginate, vclate.

15. BiATORA. Apothecia disciform, solid, with a waxy (originall

paler) exciple.

16. Lecidea. Apothecia disciform, solid, with a carbonaceous, blac,

proper exciple.

Tribe III. GRAPHIDACE^, Fr. — Apothecia of various form
an altered thalline carbonaceous proper exciple, or an orifrinall'.
proper exciple margining a gyrose and proliferous-papillate, c
canaliculate disk.

17. Umbilicaria. Apothecia orbiculate or lirelteform ; thallus folia'

ceous.

18. Opegrapha. Apothecia lirelteforrn ; thallus crustaceous.

19. Lecanactis. Apothecia irregular, at first open, with a pruinost

thalline veil.

Tribe IV. CALICIACEvE, Fr. — Apotliccia orbiculate or globost
always open, margined by a proper exciple, the disk collapsl
iiig into naked sporidia ; or immarginate, and the sporidia caJ
pituliform-compact.

20. Trachylia. Apothecia sessile, innate; disk ascigerous.

21. Calicium. Apothecia crateriform, marginate.

22. CoNiocYiJE. Apothecia stipitate, immarginate.

Div. II. ANGIOCARPI, Schrader, Fries.

Apothecia closed, nucleiferous, pertuse and with an ostiole, or irref
ularly dehiscent ; the nucleus included, subglobose, ascigerous.

Tribe I. SPELIOROPIIORACE J?., Fr. — Apothecia formed of tl«

intumescent apices of the thallus, closed, at length irregularh
laccrate-dehiscent. Nucleus subglobose. Thallus vertical, fn:
ticulose.
28. Sph.kropuoron. Apothecia terminal, spherical; nucleus black

Tribe II. ENDOCARPACEvE, Fr. —Apothecia immersed in tl.
thallus, globose, the thalline exciple attenuated into a neck, an;
terminated by a discrete heterogeneous papilliEform ostiole
Nucleus deliquescent. Thallus horizontal, foliaceous or cms
taceous.

24. Endocai

25. Sagedia.
9d. Pkrtusai

papillate

Tribe III.
closed
ostiole
liques(
'. Conotre
I. Verruca:
tuse ostic

Tribe IV.
naceoi
Nuclei

. Pyrenoti
cent nucl

Div.

Apothecia r

lamcntous m(

IJs cartilagine(

tless filamen
lat separate
i A genus ur
10 or other (
|cs extends t
|num. 1845, v
fiate and atte
elevated, ol
fas discovered
;tected elsevv

^

:s

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

lostly solid.

'mate, vclate.
vaxy (originall.

)onaceous, blaci

f various fom

or an original!;

ous-papillate, c

•n ; thallus folia.

aceous.

with a pruinose

jiate or globoiM^
lie disk collaps
he sporidia ca^

erous.

94. Endocarpon. Apothecia pale, included in the foHaceous thallus,
3&. Sagedia. Apothecia blackish, immersed in the crustaceous thallus.
96- Pkrtusaria. Apothecia verruca;form, with one or more blackish,

; papillate ostiolcs.

I Tribe III. VERRUCARIACE^, Fr. — Apothecia rounded, a
closed proper exciple (perithecium) becoming perfuse with an
ostiole, or at length open. Nucleus gelatinous, subhyaline, de-
liquescent. Thallus crustaceous.
W. CoNOTREMA. Pcrithecia at length open ; nucleus subdisciform.
|B. Verrucaria. Perithecia closed, with a papilla;form or simply per-
i tuse ostiole.

,; Tribe IV. LIMBORIACEyE, Fr. — Apothecia rounded, the carbo-
naceous proper exciple closed, at length variously dehiscent.
. Nucleus subceraceous, rigescent. Thallus crustaceous.

90. Pyrenothea. Perithecia at length perfuse, protruding the fatis-
cent nucleus.

Div. I. GYMNOCARPI, Schrad., Fr.
Tribe I. PARMELIACE^, Fr.

ries.

jstiole, or irreg^
igerous.

I formed of tiit
igth irregular!;
I us vertical, fri:

nucleus blacl;

iimerscd in fli
nto a neck, nii
lit' form ostid
iceous or cms

I. USNEA, Dill., Hoffm.

Apothecia rounded, peltate, subterminal ; disk open, placed upon the
flamcntous medullary stratum, the margin mostly radiate-ciliate. Tlial-
los cartilagineous, at first erect, sufTruticulose, becoming with age more
Of less filamentous or pendulous, the crustaceous cortical stratum some-
what separate from the medullary.
A genus universally dillused ; and the first species occurring, in
ic or other of its forms, in every quarter of the globe. This spe-
|cs extends throughout the United States. U. homalen, Tuckerm.
liiuin. 1815, with a softish, much compressed, ancipital, rugulose, fas-
[late and attenuate-branched thallus, and plane apothecia, with scarce-
'cvatcd, obtuse margins, Ramalina humalea, Ach. Lich. p. 598,
[as discovered on the coast of California by Menzies ! but has not been
'tected elsewhere.

8

LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

-^ 1. U. barlmta, Fr. Thallus terete, irregularly branched, at lengi«and flexile
annulato-cracked, glaucous ; apothecia almost immarginate, radiateHfibres hori:

-f- disk pale. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 18. — nftorida, Fr. ; very much branchedMan elevatec
somewhat scabrous ; apoth. large. U. Jlorida,Ach. — /?. strigosa, Ach.B^. 8, / 1.
rather small, very thickly fibril lose-strigose. Ach. Syn. p. 305.— y. n^ Nova Sc
higinea, Michx. ; lax, scabrous, more or less rusty-red. U. Jlorida,var

rf- ruhiginea, Michx. Fl. 2, /;. \VS2. — 8. Iiirta, Fr. ; very much branched
dwarfish, the fibriliae somewhat elongated, oftener verrucose-pulveru i

specimen i
chodea, Ac

5. U. spi
branches oc
ate, black, a

Melville ]
have receiv(

V lent. U. hirta, Hofm. — f. pUcata, Fr. ; pendulous, elongated, subdi.^
chotomous, entcngled, lax, smoothish, pale. U. plicata, Ach. — J. dA

■f sypoga, Fr. ; pendulous, elongated, branches somewhat simple, latera^
fibres spreading. U. harbata, Hoffm. Lichen harhatus, L.

Very common ; «, /9, e, and ^ mostly on trees, the last two less fre.
quently fi.>rtile ; 8 on rails, sterile ; New England. New York, Tor-
rey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. Northward to Arctic America, Richardsoil
(Franklin's Narrative, App.).

-h 2. U. longissima, Ach. Th. pendulous, filamentous, terete-com.
pressed, somewhat rugulose, smoothish, nearly simple, pale glaucous,
with approximate, horizontal, at length tortuous fibres. Ach. Syn v.

:jo7.

Firs and other trees on the sides, and in swamps at the base, of the
high mountains of New England, and northward, occurring 5 feet lone, the South of

iniricata, Fr,
losa, Fr., wil
V , with a r
he first and

Infertile, as is also the case with the European Lichen on which the
species was founded. It seems, like the last species, to be very widely
difi'used ; and I have, or have seen, specimens probably belonging to it,
iVom Europe, Asia, Africa, and New Holland. A single Cape of GoodL - --.^ v..,..
Hope specimen, m my possession, is fertile, and has quite concave, ra-i (Borrer) ; th
diate apothecia, with somewhat elevated, obtuse margins. The earliest: he second in
specimen that I have seen is an infertile one in the Berlin hcrbarium.j md South An
collected in Cappadocia by Tourncfort. Jhese species

Apothecia

jthe cottony

retish-fruticu

pendulous), •

;ony medulle

The third

I'aricata, Ach
loftish, lacunc
iection that is

3, U. angulata, Ach. Th, pendulous, flexuous, angular, nearly sim
pie, pale cinerasccnt ; angles acute, scabrous ; fibres horizontal, approxJ
imate, simple, short, terete-attenuate. Ach. Syn. p. 807. Hatsey, Sij'
nnpl. View, in Ann. N. Y. Lye, 1, p. 21.

Trees, Pennsylvania, 3Lihl. ! Ach. New York, Torrcy. Massachiiv
setts, occurring 4 feet long, Hrihry. Spruce .wamps, Chclmsfordi 1. E. furcel

divided, sub
)rostrate), very delicatej"^' o*" s''ghtly

§ I. Corn
\t pendulous f

3S

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

9

iched at lengi«and flexile, filiform, smooth, somewhat branched, whitish-paliescetit •

ro.„a e rad.ateBfibres horizontal, scattered, rather secund, flexuous apoth. srn^ "^^^^

n.uch bra,.hed|an elevated, thin, entire margin. Ach. Syn. p. 307 iL, ^li^A

. strigosa, kc\\./mt. S, f. I. ^^^^'<, -n-ui. mein.,

^305.-,. .„ I Nova Scotm, i.f.„.^e,, fide Ach. Canada, ^ri. il^cW/ The

^:^7 ZWrrV: ''^^^•^'°-'^-' -hichnoerke supposed might beUt^
much branched Ichodea, Ach., is referred by him to U. plicata.

5. U. sphacelata, R. Br. Th. erectish, fruticulose, the principal
branches ocroleucous, black-vittate, smooth, the ultimate ones attenu-
ate black, alsorednferous. R. Br. Suppl. to Pan^s Voy. p. 307

Melvdle Is and, R. Br. I have not seen American specimens, but I
have received fine ones from Dr. Vahl, collected by him in Spitzbergen

rrucosc-pulveru
ilongated, subdi.
[, Ach. — ^. da.
it simple, latera;^
,L.

St two less fre
^ew York, Tor
ica, Richardson

11. EVERNIA, Ach., Fr.

us, terete-com
, pale glaucous,
1. Ach. Syn. ji.

;ho base, of the ■

Apo eca roun ed,scu,ellif„rm,„,„rginal; disk ope„, placed up„„
the eo„o„y medullary layer, eelored. Thallus originally eree. T
re.,*frut,cul„,e or compressed-foliaceous (abnormally fllamemo; or
pe adulous „„|„„ uniform, and either fistulous, or filled with ,l,e cot
tony medullary layer.

• . r H ftl. Js' ;f 'tT''" "' *'" ^'"" ^^'>'^^'^) '^ ^-^^^^ -presented in
rmg 5 feet long,^ the South of Europe by three species not as yet known with us — P

n on which the: rntruata, Fr with a much-branched, linear, glaucous thallus; E. 1
be very w,dely|o.a, F., wuh a villous, multifid, glaucous thallus; and E. Lical
belong,ngto,|r,w.th a much branched, linear, bright yellow thallus ; of wh^
eCapeofGooof^ firs and last species attain to the southern coast of England
ue concave rafBorrer) ; the first two are found in the Canary Islands (Montagne
s ^-earhe.!^ second m Peru (Acharius) ; and the last in the West Indies (Ich )'
:hn herbar.u.,|nd South America (Eschweiler). It is possible that one or more of
fhese species may occur in the Southern States. In the North, E di-
^anca^a Ach., nearest to E. prunastri, with a more or less filamentou
of sh, lacunose thallus, is the only European Lichen of the pr "„;
(ection that is wanting with us. l^rt-hent

^.tndlTf::::;^^''^' ''■ '-'-'-- ^-^-^ ■•-- ^--tous

^ chv.ded, suberect, entangled branches, from hoary becomin. cinere-
very dolicatoi"^' or sl'ghtly greenish, with furcate fuscous apices, Dill. Muse. t. 85,

ar, nearly sim
zontal, appro.vj
f. Halsey, Sif

'^y. Massachii'

I

10

LICHENES or THE NORTHERN STATES

jUu

f. 14, was constituted on a Lichen which Fries referred to this figure. Meuca Ach.

and description of Dillenius, whose own specimens were sent him from
Pennsylvania, by J. Bartram. I have not seen Fries's description, bui
he says incidentally (Lichenogr. p. 478) that his specimens are (like
those of Dillenius) infertile, and that the genus of the Lichen is there-
fore doubtful.

ious, much
iuf the sam(
i Mountain
*I\Iountains,
^(Parry's Fii
yii the mour
arth, alpiri(
oil on our nr

2. E. juhata, Fr. Thallus terete, smooth, much branched, black-
fuscous (or palish), apices simple ; apothecia innate-sessile, entire, of
the same color with the thallus. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 20. — a. hicolor.
Fr. ; th. erectish, fruticulose, branches divergent, apices cinereous
fuscescent. Cornicularia bicolor, Ach. — ,(5. chalyieiformis, Ach. :
th. subfilamentous, decumbent, somewhat rigid, divergent (often white'
sorediiferous), apices oftener palish. Alectoria jubafa, var. chalyk
Ach. Cornicularia fihrillosa, Halsey, Lich. N. Y. I. c. non Ach. %Herh. Hook
— y. impJexa, Fr. ; th. filamentous, pendulous, very much branched, I White Moun
entangled, softish, apices of the same color. Lichen jubatus, L. —
d. setacea, Ach. ; th. filamentous, rather slender, very long, pendulous
somewhat simple, frequently sorediiferous. Alect. jubata, var. setacea
Ach. Setaria trichodes, Michx. Alect. trichodes, Pylaie Voy. p. 17. ^ ^ " "-^

Very common : a, trees on high mountains, fertile ; and on the a 6. E. ram
ground in alpine districts, infertile ; White Mountains. Arctic America, ajressed, scai
R. Br. (Ross's Voy.). — /?, old rails, stones, and trees, sterile ; com- Ifuscous-olivai
mon in New England. Arctic America, JR. Br. (Scoresby's Arc. Re- pose, obtusish

5. E. vut

ressed-lacu
Lichenogr. ^
Trunks ai

egenerate {
placed with

p. 424.
Arctic Am

gions). Rich. — y, trees in mountainous and subalpine districts, infer-
tile ; New England and westward. Arctic America, Rich. — 8, deac

wood, Canada, Michaux ! Newfoundland and northward, Herb, Hook.'. ] Ireporiformis

Michaux's Lichen is extremely delicate, but apparently not distinct. '■ )ranching, at

3. E. divergens., Fr. Th. somewhat angular, dark-chestnut, white- ; 7. E. arcti

dotted ; branches elongated, flexuous ; apices attenuated, forked, of the i simple, or wit

lessert. Bear Lake, Rich., Hook. ! (Parry's Sec. Voy.).

4. E. ochroleuca, Fr. Th. teretish, smoothish, ochroleucous (ani.

lalish), axils compressed-sublacunose, irregularly branched, apices a

. . . ? losa P Fi (

/},/»» tonuate, subfibrillose ; apoth. innate-sessile, at length repand, disk livid ' " ' ^" "''• V.

fuscous. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 22. — «. rigida, Fr. ; th. suberect, frt '
ticulose, rigid, ochroleucous, apices reflexed, blackish. Cornic. ochn

ulph'jreous
renulate thai

same color ; apoth. innate-sessile, crenulate, disk of the same color
Fr. Lichenogr. p. 21. Cornicularia, Ach.

On the earth, alpine and arctic regions. Newfoundland, Herb. -Cf ]§?. 762 & Icoi

Bear Lake,
follow Fries

enus. Hooli

lave net seen

§111. Phy
fielled.

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

11

d to this figure,

liichen is there-
ranched, black-
jssile, entire, of
). — a. hicolor,
ices cinereous-
Iformis, Ach.
nt (often wliite-
X, var. chahjh..
I. c. nan Ach.
luch branched,

puca, Ach.—(i. sarmentosa. Ft. ; th. filamentous, sarmentose-pendu-
3 sent him from k^^^^ n^u^h branched, softish, ochroleucous or pale, apices elongated
description, but .|,f the same color. Alectoria sarmentosa, Ach. '

imens are (like | Mountainous, alpine, and arctic regions. — a, on the earth; White
[JVIountains, infertile. Arctic America, Rich. (Herb. Hook. !), i?. Br.
"Parry's First Voy.), fertile. —^, on the trunks and branches' of trees
n the mountains of New England, and northward, fertile ; and on the
lartli, alpine and arctic, sterile. « does not seem to be well represcnt-
d on our mountains. The arctic specimens are very fine.

5. E. vulpina, Ach. Th. much branched, rigid, angular, com-
iressed-lacuno.'^e, greenish-yellow ; apoth. sessile, disk fuscous. Fr.
Licheiwgr. p. 23.

I Trunks and rails, N. W. America, Menzies ! and Rocky Mountains,
iMerb. Hook. ! fertile. A kvf specimens in my possession, from the
IWhite Mountains, and elsewhere, may belong to this ; but most of the

jubatus L - |degenerate plants commonly referred to it here are, perhaps, as safely

ong, pendulous, |pi^ced with E. prunastri.

!a, var. setacea. |

ie Voy. p. 17. | §^'^- -Dufoure a, Fr. Fruticulose, inflated, apothecia terminal.

e ; and on tlie f 6. E. ramulosa, Hook, (sub Dufburea). Th. c^espitose, terete-com-

\rctic America, iprcssed, scarcely lacunose, fuscous-glaucescent, much branched and

3, sterile; com. tfusoous-olivaceous above, branches subdichotomous, tuberculate-ramu-

3sby's Arc. Et iose, obtusish. Dufourea ramulosa, Hook. App. to Parry's Sec. Voy.

districts, infer p. 424.

lich. - 8, dcac , Arctic America, Hook. Considered by Hooker nearest to E. ma-
l,i:?er&.IZoo^.;|ireporifbrmis,from which he remarks that it differs in color, in its
■ not distinct, branching, and in being fistulous.

:hestnut, white- 1 7. E. arctica, Rich, (sub Dufourea). Th. somewhat ca3spitose, sub-
I, forked, of the|imp!e,or with a few short branches above, subulate-ventricose, smooth
he same color^ sulphureous becoming brownish; apoth. chestnut, with an obscure!
; ;renulate thalline margin. Dufourea arctica, Rich, in Frankl. Narr.
and. Herb. jDf gj. 762 & Icon, t. 31.

Bear Lake, and elsewhere in Arctic America, Rich. (herb. Hook. !).

•)

ihed, apices at?

land, disk livid

. suberect, frt'

Cornic. oclin]

roleucous (anii ^"°^ Fries in considering the Dufoureas a section of the present

enus. Hooker (App. to Parry's Sec. Voy. I. c.) refers Dufourea no-
^sa,R.Br. (Ross's Voyage), to a variety of the present species. I
lave net seen the description of Brown.

§ HI. P hy s ci a, Fr. Foliaceous-compressed, the under side chau-

lelled.

12

LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

8. E. prunastri, Ach. Th. subfoliaccous, ochroleucous (and palles-
cent), lacinise linear-at'enuate, rugose-lacunosc ; on the under side
somewhat chanre'.'.cu and white ; apoth. subpedicellate, cyathiform,
rufous. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 25.

Trees and shrubs, nnore rarely on stones and rails. Arctic Amer-
ica, Rich. Canada, fertile, Herb. Hook. ! More common with us in
degenerate states. New England. New York, Torr. Pennsylvania,
Muhl.

1.163? M(

)Aish, plan
Ipolhecia. -
ist, and dif
|s yet any I

(ol lection of
10 Rev. Mr
|lcd R. phyi
.ialities this

9. E. furfuracea, Mann. Th. subfoliaceous, glaucous (oftener ci-
nereous-furfuraceous), lacinia? linear, dichotomous ; channelled ano^ 1. R. call
becoming black on the under side ; apoth. pedicellate, disk rufescent. Ascent, laci
Fr. Lichenogr. p. 26. Borrera, Ach. — /?. Cladonia, Tuckerm. ; suf-Bins, disk pi
fruticulose, naked, lacinia; patent, much branched, and often somewhai EciniiE long(

thyrsoid-entangled.

raxinea, Ac

Trunks, common and fertile ; more rarely on stones, &c. ; New ompressed.

England. New York, Halsey. — (i, firs and other trees, on the moun-
tains of Northern New England, fertile.

/. canalicx
hannelled ;

R. fasti
ttenuatc, sul

III. RAMALINA, Ach.

Apothecia rounded, scutelliform, thick, pedicellate-subpeltate, scat- 1 mcea, Ach
tered upon both sides of the thallus, disk open, placed upon the (green) « Very comr
gonimous stratum. Thallus originally erect, ramose-laciniate, similar
throughout, and of the same color.

Two species occurring in the North of Europe are as yet who!
]y wanting with us : — iJ. polHnaria, Ach., witn a softish, flaccid,
corrugated thallus besprinkled with white powdery spots ; and jR
scopuloru7n, Ach., with a thick, rigid, polished, often terete thallus, at
taining to a very large size. At the extreme South, we may possibly:
have some We^t Indian species, or others peculiar to this continent.
The late Mr. Menzies kindly presented me with two, collected by him
on the coast of the Mexican State of California, which may be noticed
briefly in this place. It is probable the first, at least, has been already
described, but I have not been able to find any account of it. JR. reli-
formis, Mcnz. herb. ; subcartilagineous, much elongated, the irregular ■
flexuous branches dilated above and regularly reticulate-perforate;
apoth. lateral. Monterey ! — P.. Menziesii, Tuckerm. ; submembrana. Apnthecia s
ceous, thin, deeply lacunose or plane, canaliculate, smooth ; apoth. »^''"*- Tliali
lateral, sessile, with a thin, elevated margin. R. scopxdorum ! Men:. l"ootIiish on tt
herb. R. scopulorum, var. tenuissima, Hook. ^ Am. in Bcechey's VofP^^ somewhat

mountain f
jorthward, oi
vhl

2. R. poly)
tudinally co
IS and the S(

levated marg
ria, Ach. ; !i

nd pulverulei
Rocks and

ion. NewYo

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

13

;ous (and palles-
the under side
ite, cyathiform,

Arctic Amer-

mon with us in

Pennsylvania,

)us (oftener ci-
channelled and,
disk rufescenti
Fuckerm. ; suf-
often somewhat

es, &c. ; New
3, on the moun-

lubpeltate, seal-
pon the (green)
Lciniate, similar

3 as yet whol
softish, flaccid,
spots ; and R
rete thallus, at
e may possibly
this continent.
)llected by him
"nay be noticed
is been already
of it. JR. reli-
J, the irregular
ilate-perforate;
submembrana'
mooth ; apoth.
'orvm I Mem.
Bcechey's Voti.

I. 163 ? Monterey ! Appears to me to differ from R. scopulorum in its
aftish, plane, often deeply lacunose, and thin thallus, as well as in the

Ipolhecia. — RoccELLA, a genus nearly allied to the present and the

fest, and diffused throughout the warmer regions of the globe, has not
Is yet any North American representative. I saw, however, in a small
Collection of "Alga; from Carolina, Bermudas, and the Caribbees by

be Rev. Mr. Clerk," in the British Museum, a Roccella, which resem-
lied R. phycopsis, Ach. ; but it is uncertain at which of the above lo-
'ilities this Lichen was obtained.

1. R. calicaris, Fr. Thallus ramose-foliaceous, cartilagineous. ri-
lescent, lacunose, glaucous ; apothecia pedicellate, with elevated mar-
tins, disk plane, palish. Fr. Lichenogr.^p. 30. — «. fraxinea, Fr •
bciniiE longer and broader, the fertile ones plane; apoth. lateral, jr'
raxinea, Ach.-(i. fasligiala, Fr. ; lacinife shorter, fasligiate, sub-'
iompressed, lacunose; apoth. somewhat terminal. R. fastigiala, Ach.
I-;'. canaUculat.a,Fr. ; lacinia? sublinear, narrow-attenuate, fertile' ones
Ihannelled ; apoth. affixed to the reflexed apices. Lichen calicaris
I. R. fasligiata, ^., Ach.-S. farinacea, Schrer. ; lacini^ linear'
Ittenuatc, sublacunose (sorediiferous), rigid; apoth. scattered. R. far-
nacea, Ach.

Very common : «, /?, and y, on trees, rails, &c. ; the last especially

mountam forests ; S, abundant in the New England mountains, and

lorthward, on trees and rocks. New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania,

2. R. polymorpha, Ach. Th. ca^spitose, cartilagineous-rigid, lon-
Ktudinally costate-rugose, glaucous (and pallescent), often sorediifer-
ius and the soredia capituliform ; apoth. subterminal, pedicellate, with
levated margins, disk concave, pale. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 32.-/5. tine,
ma, Ach. ; lacinia) sublinear, diffuse, linear-lacunose, lacerate-incised
id pulverulent at the apices. Ach. Lichenogr. p. 601.

Rocks and stones, fertile ; New England, and westward, very com-
ion. New York, Halsey. Pennsylvania, Muhl Arctic America, Rich.

IV. CETRARIA, Ach., Fr.

Apothecia scutellate-peltate, affixed obliquely to the apices of the
"lallus. Thallus cartilagineous-membranaceous, originally ascendant •
^oothish on the under side ; lobes either somewhat terete, or foliaceous
id somewhat concave above.

14

LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

-f-

(d'i

fiHi.O.

All the European species, and indeed all that belong to the genus
(as revised by Fries) in the last general work of Acharius (Synopsis!,
occur with us, with several others. It is difTicuIt to define strictly the
limits between the foliaceous opecies of Cetraria and some Parmeliif
of the subsection Imbricaria ; and in his Flora Scanica, Fries has sug.
gested the possibility of extending Cetraria to include most or all of the
Imbricaria;. But the genus, as limited in the Lichenographia Euro
pa;a, seems a natural one, and well distinguished from Parmelia.

§1. Cartilagine<2,Fr. Thallus cartilagineous, suberect.

1. C. t7'ist.is, Ft. Thallus fruticulose, horny-cartilagineous, rigid j
solid, distichally dichotomous, pitch-black, branches fastigiate, terete
apothecia terminal, plano-convex, disk fuscous-black. Fr. Licheiiogr
p. 34. Cornicularia, Ach.

Alpine and arctic rocks. Arctic America, RicJi.

2. C. odontdla, Ach. Th. fruticulose, rigid, solid, subcom pressed
palmate-ramose, dark-brownish-chestnut, branches plane, dentate (no;
ciliate-spinulose) ; apoth. terminal, plane, disk fuscous. Fr. Licha
ogr. p. 35.

Stones and moist rocks in alpine districts. Newfoundland, Despream
in herb. Deles3. ! Bory in herb. Kunth ! fertile. Northward to Arctic
America, Herb. Hook. ! Melville Island, R. Br. (Parry's First Voy.)

3. C. aculeala, Fr. Th. fruticulose, rigid, subfistulous, lacunosc'
compressed, very much and irregularly branched, dark-brownish-chesi \

nut, branches divaricate, black-spinulose ; apoth. terminal, peltate, den \ ^ the under

>,

ticulate, disk of the same color. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 35. Cornicularu
Ach.

On the earth in alpine and subalpine districts. White Mountains, j
fertile. Northward to Arctic America, R. Br., Hook. !

^r. Lichent

k'aved. Fr

tonnivent n

On the ei

Sons northv

Regenerate i

airoughout ]

^ 6. C. cuct

jfoiis, sangui

potli. adnat

'/'. Lichenc.

On the e;

rtile. Noi

7. C. nivt
(icerate-lacir
late-patulou
red. Fr. 1

On the ea
^rtile. Nort

§11. Men
lie sterile fro

8. C. glau
nuate-lobed,

4. C. Richardsonii, Hook. Th. subfoliaceous, canaliculate, divar:
cate-bipinnatifid, naked or sparingly black-denticulate, dark-chestnut
apoth. marginal, subpedicellate, margin granulate or irregular, disil
yellowish-brown. Hook, in Frankl. Narr. p. 761, & Icon, t. 31.

Barren grounds north of Great Slave LakCj Rich. (herb. Hook.! ij
herb. Grev. !). Prostrate.

ichenogr. p.

coming wh

sterilis, Fj

scous-black.
Trunks of

e\v England

9. C. sepinc

;iniate, from

:inia2 plane (

fort ; apoth. i

—fchenogr. p.
5. C. Islandica, Ach. Th. subfoliaceous, sublinear, canal ieula'e = ,„

■ Irees and i
ciliate-spinulose, olivaceous-chestnut ; apoth. obliquely scutellate, at •, .

nate to the upper side of the lobes, very entire, disk dark-chestnui • ,

s

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

15

fig to the genus
iHus (Synopsis),
efine strictly the
some Parmeliff
I, Fries has sug.
(lost or all of the
lographia Euro
Parmelia.

!, suberect.

agineous, rigid

istigiate, terete j

Fr. Lichenogr

subcom pressed
ne, dentate (no;
as. Fr. Lichen'

land, Despreau:
;h\vard to Arcti:
ry's First Voy.

jIous, lacunose
■brownish-ches,
lal, peltate, den
'. Cornicularu

^^hite Mountains,

iliculate, divar:
, dark-chestnu!
irregular, disl
;oN, /. 31.
herb. Hook. ! i

ir, canal iculat;
f scutellate, ai
i dark-chestnui

>. Lichenogr. p. 36. -.-9. pUtyna, Fr. ; lacinia^ broader, flattish,
■avcd. Fr. I c. — y. crispa, Ach. ; lacinioc narrow, crisped, with
onnivent margins. Fr. I. c.
On the earth in alpine and subalpine districts, and at lower eleva-
ions northward, abundant and fertile; ^ not found elsewhere. Also
egenerate and sterile on hill-sides, and in sandy fields near the coast
^roughout New England. New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl

6. C. cucuUata, Ach. Th. subfoliaceous, sinuate-laciniate, ochroleu-
ioiis, sangumeous-fuscous at the base, margins connivent and waved •
|poth. adnate to the under side of the lobes, disk pale-flesh-colored.'
V'. Lichencgr. p. 37,

On the earth in alpine and subalpine districts. White Mountains,
rtile. Northward to Arctic America, Rich.

7. C. nivalis, Ach. Th. foliaceous, erectish, lacunose-reticulate,
icerate-lacmiate, ochroleucous. yellowish at the base ; lacini^e canalic-
late-patulous, crisped; apoth. marginal, crenulate, yellowish-flesh-col-
■ed. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 3S.

On the earth in alpine and subalpine districts. White Mountains,
rule. Northward to Arctic America, R. Br. (Scoresby).

^11 Membranace <2, Fr. Thallus coriaceous-membranaceous,
e sterile fronds subdepressed.

I 8. C. glauca, Ach. Th. membranaceous, foliaceous, expanded
-^nuatc-lobed, ascendant, glaucous (and cinerascent) ; becoming black

a the under side ; apoth. terminal, peltate, dark-reddish-chestnut Fr

ichenogr. p. 38. - «. fertilis, Fr. ; lacini^ elongated, channelled!

'coming whitish on both sides, or spotted with white. Fr. I. c. —
steriUs, Fr. ; lacinice shorter, wider, subdepressed, the under side

|scous-black. Fr. I. c.

Trunks of trees, stones, &c., in mountain forests, and elsewhere •
ew England. Northward to Newfoundland, Pylaie.

9. C. sepincola, Ach. Th. membranaceous, foliaceous, ascendant
cmiate,from green becoming olivaceous-fuscescent ; paler beneath •
3inia3 plane (the margins sometimes crisped, pulverulent), fortile ones'
ort ; apoth. adnate to the upper side of the lobes, dark-fuscous Fr
'chenogr. p. 39.

Trees and dead wood. Branches of dwarf firs, with C. pinastri

hite Mountains, fjrtlle. Arctic America, Rich. Hudson's Bay'

erb. Banks ! Northwest Coast, Meiizies ! '

16

I-ICIIENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

SI.

~h

10. C. riliaris, Ach. Th. subcoriaccous, folioceous, reticulate-lac
unose, greenish glaucous becoming fuscescent ; whitish-fuscescent be-
neath ; laciniaj ascendant, crisped, ciliate or black-denticulate ; apoth
elevated, blackish-fuscous, with a crenato margin. Ach. Sijn. p. 227.

Trunks of trees, and old rails, common and fertile ; ascending tc
subalpinc districts, where it is often very small, and resembles the last;
New England. New York, Halsey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. !

11. C. laciinosa, Ach. Th. cartilagireous-coriaceous, foliaceous,
round-lobed, rugose-reticulate-cellulose, glaucescent; whitish on the ufr
der side, or spotted with white ; lacinite ascending, the margins crenatej
crisped, black-denticulate ; apoth. large, elevated, dark-reddish, entin
Ach. Melh. 295, t. 5, /. 3, Syn. p. 227. Lichen cavernosus, Men:
fierh. — {}. Allaritica, Tuckerm. ; cartilagineous-membranaceous, lacu
nose-reticulate ; apoth. at length perforate. C. lacunosa, Hals. Lick
N. y., /. c. & Auct. Amer. C. Tuckermanii, Oakes in Sill. Jour.

Trunks of trees, and old rails. — «, Northwest coast, Menzies!-

/9, Lake Superior to New England, fertile. New York, Halsey. ?em

sylvania, Muhl. The plant of Menzies differs from ours considerably,

but more specimens of the Oregon Lichen are required, to settle the

distinctness of the two. H, _, ^

late. Fr. L

12. C. placorodia, Tuckerm. Th. subcartilagineous, foliaceous, o:;- Tilesii, Ach.
narrow, at first smooth and discrete, at length convex, concrete, anci
plicate lobes, finally besprinkled with black grains or wholly isidiophs
orous, pale livid-glaucous; on the underside fuscescent, rugose, smooi
sparingly fibrillose ; lacinire crisped, crenate; apoth, marginal, peltaie

14. C. (

[pressed, lii
[under side
jelevated, bl
larginal, e
E. in B
Trees an

15. C. vi
obed, lacui
ide ; marg
n inflexed,
. 16.

Cedars, M

ext ; and th

ing but a sta

16. C. jm

lant, sublaci
ubreticulate
iculate ; apo

lecoming pa

On trees,

edars and o

II ! and sot

f Europe, fr
uropean fori

pirn

on the ascending lobules, from pale fuscous becoming dark chestnu: : lur (i can be
with an inflexed crenate margin, at length explanate. Parmelia plr-
corodia, Ach. ! Syn. p. 196.

Trunks (normal), Chelmsford, Russell! and common on rails, wheH rpe
(like C. ciliaris, C. lacunosa, and others) it assumes a Parmei.u' %
aspect. From Parmelia it appears to me distinct, in its marr:iu ■' ' X.. ' j
liquely affixed apothecia, and its smooth, reticulate-rugose under-sideW . '.
Acharius was acquainted only with the rail-Lichen. M . ,. /^

13. C. aurescens, Tuckerm. Th. subcoriaceous, foliaceous, planeB/upenna, /?.
sinuate-lobed, yellowish-green; beneath whitish with pale fuscescerB Subalpine s
fibres ; margins; of ihe lobes elevated, crisped, black-denticulate ; apollB-amps, infer
large, elevated, cIk .tnut, with a thin crenulate margin. WUch.

Trunks and branches of Conifera;, New Hampshire. And old rai!
Massachusetts.

AND BRITISH AMEKICA.

17

i, reticulate-lac.
l)-fiiscescent be.
iticulate ; apotl
h. Syn. p. 227.
! ; ascending tc
embles the last

ous, foliaceous,
hitish on the un.
nargins crenate,
>reddish, entire]
vernosus, Men:
ranaceous, lacu
osa, Hals. Lid
i Sill. Jour.
ist, Menzies ! -
Halsey. Pcnn
irs considerablv
red, to settle th?

IS, foliaceous, o:
X, concrete, anc|
wholly isidioph-:
, rugose, smoot
narginal, peltaic
g dark chestnu:
Parmelia ph\

m on rails, wiier
I Parnnehu
its marr;!! •'
gose under-sidel

)liaceous, plane

pale fuscescetl

nticulate ; apoiH

. And old rai!i

U. C.Oakes^ana, Tuc).erm. Th. subcoriaceous. foliaceous, de.
pressed, mear-lacmiate, from green becoming yellow ; fu«cous on the
under side wuh scattered coarse fuscous fibres; iacini^B plane, with
^levated black-c.hate (or more commonly pulverulent) margins; apoth
knargmal, elevated, rufous-fuscous, somewhat entire. Tuckerm. Lick.
p. L. m Bosl. Jour. Nat. Hist. 1841, p. 445.

Trees and rocks in mountain forests. New England ; fertile.

15. C. viridis, Schwein. Th. membranaceous, foliaceous, round-

lobed, lacunose-reticulate, glaucous-green ; pale yellow on the under

Me ; margms wav.d, black-denticulate ; apoth. chestnut-brown, with

^n inflexed, lobate-dentate margin. Schwein. in Hals. Lich.N. Y. I. c.

Cedars Massachusetts. New York, HaZ..^,. Certainly very near the
.ext ; and the Massachusetts Lichen here referred to it is perhaps noth-
|ngbutastateof C.juniperina,^. ^

)16. C Jrmiperina, Ach. Th. membranaceous, foliaceous, ascen-
ant, subacunose lacerate-laciniate, bright yellow; on th-^ under side
ubretic Jate, of the same color; lacini^ concave, crisped, black-den-
culate; apoth adnate to the lobes in front, disk fuscous, margin cren-
^ae.Fr. Lrchenogr. p. 40. C. juniperina, Ach. Syn. p. 226, & C.
hlesn, Ach. Syn. p. 228.-^. Hrescens, Tuckerm. ; glaucous-green
Jecoming pale yellowish, pale beneath.

On trees, and on the earth, Arctic America, Rich., Hook. '-8
le ars and other trees, and rails, on the coast of Massachusetts, Ru^
¥l!aad southward to New York, Torrey, and Pennsylvania, Muhl
pur,? can be compared only with the low-country Lichen of the North
11 i^urope, irom which it appears to differ as described. The alpine
European forms, and our own arctic ones, recede variously from this
►'pe.

; 7 C. pina^tri, Sommerf. Th. membranaceous, foliaceous, de-
_sed,ro.nd.lobed, greenish-yellow; lacinia. plane, not denticulate
H cnsped and powdery margins in the sterile plant) ; ' apoth. mar-
nal, d,sk yellowish-brown, margin obtuse.' Fr. Lichenogr. p. 40 C
Piipenna, ^. pmastri, Ach. Tuckerm. Lich. N. E I c
Subalpine shrubs and rocks ; also trees in mountain woods and
-mps, mfertde ; New England. Northward to Arctic America,

18

LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

f

I Trees ai
l(N. aspera
fof N^. resu

Apothoci

V. NEPHROMA, Ach.

Apothecia rcniform, piano, not velate, adnate to the under side of
the thallus, with m elevated thalline margin. Thallus membrana.
ceoLis, softish, somewhat villous on the under side.

Nephroma is constituted a section of Peltigera in the Lichenogra-
phia of Fries, but in his Flora Scanica, 1835, and his Summa Fl. Scand, |elon"-ated
1845, these genera are recognized as distinct ; as they are also by Mori' Iniarrfin of t
tagne. Fee (Crypt. Exot. Suppl. p. 8) remarks that they differ also |the under si
in their theca).

1. N. arcticum, Fr. Thallus coriaceous-membranaceous, smoot
ochroleucous ; on the under side subvillous, becoming black ; fertile
lobules somewhat elongated, (;rectish ; apothecia dark orange-red,
Peltigera aixtica, Fr. Lichenogr. p. 42. N. polaris, Ach. Tuckerm.
Lick. N. E. I. c. :i

Rocks among mosses, and on dwarf firs, in alpine and subalpim 1
districts. White Mountains, fertile. Abundant in Newfoundland, aiT'
forming patches of two or three feet in extent, Pylaie ! in horb
Kunth. Northward to Greenland, Brasen (Fl. Dan.),, and elsewhcr?
in Arctic America, Rich.

1. P. mat

ous-cineras
entum be(

ounded, mi
Mountain(

f trees, anc

2. N. resupinatmn, Ach. Th. cartilagineous-membranaceous, smooil,
from glaucous becoming fusccscent ; pale and downy on the under sidi
which is sparingly besprinkled with whitish soredia ; apoth. rufous-fib
cous. Ach. Si/7i. p. 241.

Trunks, often of mountain ash, in mountain forests, luxuriant an
fertile ; New F>ngland. New York, Jfahey. Arctic America, Rid
Darker on rocks, where it is frequently quite small.

3. N. ;;ariZc, Ach. Th. membranaceous, suborbiculate, softisl:
livid-fuscous ; on the under side naked, rugulose, dark ; (the laciiiis
often sorediiferous, and pulverulent at the margins), fertile lobulej
short; apoth. dark-fuscous. Ach. Si/n. p. 242.

Rocks. White Mountains, not uncommon. And on the coast, Jlfr|
Oakes. Fertile.

. P. ajihi
|\ai1s, brighl
nd fibrilloGe
somewhat
Rocks ami
est,s ; New E
i.tid to New

, •>• P. cani
[iibtomentose
id<; whitish j
)undcd, at 1(
On the eai
few York, 7
nescke.

4. P. riifesi
is-virescent
ider side, a
rrow, with i
long,rovoIu1

-i-

4. N. Helvelicutn, Ach. Th. cartilagineous-membranaceous, some
what rigid, glaucous-fnsccscent ; on the under side tomcntose, becomiBiM/r/,', J\r }? i
black; margins of the lobes and of the apothecia fimbriatc-tootliecM On the ear
fertde lobules somewhat elongated; apoth. blackish. Ach. Sijti. />. ^^'-Wiallus smalU

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

19

I under side of
lus membrana.

he Lichenogra'
mma Fl. Scand,
ire also by Moii'
they differ also

aceous, smoot
I black ; fertile
irk orange-red,
Ach. Tuckerm.

3 and subalpim
kvfoundland, anc'
ylaie ! in herb
, and elsewhcn

I Trees and rocks, fertile, New England. A small rock-fbrm occurs
I^N^spera, Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. 1. c), analogous to a similar one
|ol N. resupmatum.
I

\ VI. PELTIGERA, Hoffhi.

^ Apothocia orbiculate, pelt^fbrm, plane, adnate to the upper side of
felongated lobes of the thallus, or more rarely marginal ; with a thin
irnargm of the thallus. Thallus coriac^ous-membranaceous, venose on
he under side.

1. P. malacea, Ach. Thallus spongy, soft, smooth, round-Iobed. fus-
ous-cnerascent, clothed on the under side with a dense blackish to-
lentum becoming white towards the margins ; apothecia ascendant,
ounded, margm crenulate. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 44.

Mountainous districts; on the earth and on shrub firs near the limit
.f trees, and on rocks at lower elevations. White Mountains.

2 I apmosa, Hoffm. Th. coriaceous, smooth, besprinkled with
'arts bright green (and glaucescent) ; reticulated with blackish veins
nd fibri Ice on the under side ; apoth. large, ascendant, round, with

^ somewhat lacerate margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 44.

I Rocks among mosses, and on the earth. Common in mountain for

:r::r: tirN'^^'t r-^-'^'^-- pennsyK.ania,zrt:i

H: ^^ k " Newfbundland, PyMe; and Arctic America, RicH.. R. Br.
H '^- P- canina, Hoffm. Th. membranaceous, flaccid, scrobiculate,
|-ul>tomenlose, fuscous-green (and cinerascent, and hoary) ; the under
f wimish and r.ticulated with pale fuscous veins; apoth. ascendant,
funded, at length semi-revoiute, vertical. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 45.
On the t>arih, rocks, and mossy trunks, common in New England
;w lork, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl Northward to Greenland
lescke. ' '

s, luxuriant n
America, J^

Diculate, softi
rk ; (the lacinii
I, fertile lobule

n the coast, Jl/r

anaceous, sorael
:!ntose, becominj
mbriatc-toothec^

i. 1 . rvfescens, Hoffm. Th. coriaceous, soft, subtomentose, cinere-

.s-virescent (and cinereous, and rufescent) ; fuscous-fibrillose on the

p.ler side, and reticulated with black-fuscous veins ; lobes rather

^rrow, with elevated and crisped margins ; apoth. at length vertical,

>Iong revolute. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 4G. PeUidea spuria, Ach. Tuckerm.

On the earth, rocks, and trunks among mosses; New England.

4

4c/. %«. ^ iJl.f Lallus smaller and thicker than in the last.

20

LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

■i

X 5. P. pohjdactyla, HofTm. Th. papyraceous, very smooth, shining,
plumbeous-virescent (and gray), on the under side almost naked, re-
ticulated with spongy fuscous veins; (fertile lobules often very numer-
ous;) upoth. ascending, finally revolute. Fr. Licheiiogr. p. 46. — ,i
scuf.afa, Fr. ; margins often crisped (or powdery) ; apoth. at first trans-
versely oblong, at length erect and revolute. Fr. I. c. Peltidea scutata,
Ach.

Rocks and trunks among mosses, abundant in mountain forests;
New England. New York, Halseij. Pennsylvania, Muhl. The va-
riety /5 mdy be taken for the next species, which has a difTcrent thallus,
P. reticulata. Hook. ms. (herb. Borr. !), from the Northwest Coast, is'
near this, but apparently a distinct species, I have not seen the de-
scription.

6. P. horizontalis, HofTm. Th. coriaceous, lacunulose, smooth, fus-
cous-virescent ; the under side reticulated with black veins ; apoth,
transversely oblong, plane, horizontal. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 47.

Rocks and trth*ts, among mosses, less common than the last ; New
England. New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. Margins of the
thallus sometimes crisped,and the under side scarcely venose (var. lo-
phyra, Ach.).

7. P. venosa, HofTm. Th. coriaceous (small), fan-shaped, simple,
green (and cinereous) ; white on the under side, and variegated witt
fuscous-black, divaricately branched veins; apoth. adnate to the thal-
lus, round, horizontal. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 48.

On the earth, in woods. Pennsylvania, Muhl. New York, Torrey'
Northwest Coast, Menzies !

VII. SOLORINA, Ach.

Apothecla suborbiculatc, depressed, adnate to the disk of the thallus
covered originally with a thin membrane, which forms at length ai
evanescent margin, ' subgelatinous within.' Thallus coriaceous-mem^
branaceous, foliaceous, venose or lanuginous beneath.

Eschweiler(Syst. p.21,&Lich. Brasil.in Mart. Fl. Bras. 1833, p. 60]
considers this genus very distinct from Pcltigera;in the peculiar evolii]
tion of its apothecia. The apothecia of some species of Peltigera anl
indeed vnl.ite, and this is the case '.vith nearly nil, according to FHp?!
but these groups differ also in their thecoG, as shown by Eschweiler anj
by Fee, and in a somewhat diflbrent habit. Monlagnc (Bot. ZeitunjJ

I P- 476),
pooker (Lie
Henus by the

f 1. S. croc
Ibmingcinnt
fbscure, brai
pite, dark-cl
I On the e£
j|ake. Rich.

2. S. sacci
bcomins gre
|)oth. applan

8. Peltige

Rocks (lim
fylaie. Noi
(enz. herb. !

lieve it is t

Apothecia s
[mewhat obli
eiform ; becc

from a ce:

the under s
es {cyphella

DtS.

I A mostly tn
In species, sc
Irts of the Ui

[1. S. aurata

the under si
jsprinkled wit
|:inia3 roundec
jlverulent ; ' i
|.xcd.' Delis.
jAniong moss
plile.) Ohi^
lit^.

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

21

mooth, shining, |, p. 476), Flotow (Ibid. p. 613), Fe^ (Crypt. Exot 1 c ) and J D

lost naked, re- ^ooker (Lich. Antarct. in Hook. Jour. Bot.) have enlarged 'the preseni

.n very numer- fenus by the addition of some interesting tropical and other species.

gr. p. 46. -A I J s, ^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^j^^,,^^ ^^.^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ -

Jmrng c,nnamon.colored ; on the under side safTron-colored, with rather
|scure, branched, anastomosing veins ; apothecia applanate, immar^i-
*te dark-ches nut. Ach, Syn. p. 8. Peltigera, Fr. Lickenogr. p. Is
I On the earth, Arctic America. Greenland, i?.7/. North of Point

b. at first trans
'ellidea scutata,

untain forests;

^f • ^['''' lake, i2.c/r(Herb7Hookr!i^
lincrent thaUus, "- '

hwest Coast, is^

)t seen the de-l

>e, smooth, fus^
L veins ; apoth,
p. 47.

1 the last; New
Margins of the
/enose (var. lO'

2. S. saccata, Ach. Th. membranaceous, subimbricate, from green
.ommg greemsh-cmerascent ; on the under side whitish and fibriLe ;
loth. applanate, finally saccate-depressed, blackish-fuscous. Ach. sj
b. Pelttgera, Fr. Lickenogr. p. 49 ^ '

Rc^ks (limestone), New York, B. D. Greene, Es,. Newfoundland,
,la.e. Northward ,0 Bear Lake, ffirJ. Hook, Solorina orbiculala
nz. herb, ! from the Pacific coast, appeared .0 me a distioc, b„
ilieve It IS an undescribed species.

ite to the thai
York, Torrey

VIII. STICTA, Ach.

u ^ • , 1 ^P"^''*'*^'^ scutelliform, adnate to the margin or disk of ib. ti, n
shaped, simple, Jmowhit nKlin„« *u ■ n , ^ °* ^"® thallus,

Wf^cwnat Oblique, the marcm free bpnnntJi ni^r ^ n . , .

variegated will ieiform • becomino- nf l 1 ! ""^ ^''^ ^'°'^^' "»'

Z ' ^''"7"^; . '^"Sth elevated and cxplanate. Thallus expand-

from a centre, fo haceous. coriaceous-eartilagineous, lobate, villous

c" t^f ' " ^^'"' "" ^'' ^'^^ ^"^^"' rcgular'urceollte cav!
■^Jcypkell.), or where these are wanting soredia, or discolored

A mostly tro.ical genus, with many West Indian and South Ameri-

Ican spec.es, some of which are represented in the extreme sourhern
(rts of the United States. souinern

the;,rde ?d , -b-riaceous, reddish-brick-colored ;

the under ,„de lanug.nous, reddish-yellow al the circ.rafc-once and
h™™i™ an 'T ""'■ ° "'"''" ""'"'"'"• =™''"^' "^ ' «>l-

EXJii;; '..If; -r? ';7", ™,;i°"=": ""'■ --■ (Sonthem States ! and Texas -
= (Bot, Zeit.«I"' ^^ °"'°' ^'"^ ^""""•■'° Licben probably occu,. within our

I

22

LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

-h

M-

m

2. S. crocata^ Ach, Th. submembranaceous, scrobiculate, greenisli.
glaucous-fuscescent ; on the under side lanuginous, livev-colored a:
the circumference, with minute, pale-lemon-colored cyphellsc ; lacinia
sliort, rounded, crenulau, with yellowish-pulverulent margins; ' apolh
scattered, fuscous-black.' Delis. Slid. p. 56.

Rocks among mosses. New England, infertile ; less common in tlie
Northern mountains. S. Feci, Delis. I. c. p. 44, from North America
is perhaps a Southern species.

3. S. sylcatica, Ach. Th, coriaceous-membranaceous, laciniate-lobed
lacunulose, greenish-fuscous ; tomentose, and subfuscous-cinerascei:'
beneath, with urceolate, whitish cyphellae ; lobes somewhat truncate,
rounded, crenulate ; ' apoth. marginal, peltate, rufous-fuscous.' Fr
Lichenogr. p. 51.

Rocks, among mosses. Pennsylvania, Muhl., New York, Halsey. ?
fuUginosa, Ach., differs principally in its round-lobed, rugose frondi
frequently isidioid-efllorescent, and its (normal) sessile, orbiculate apo
thecia. The described apothecia of S. sylvatica depend upon the figure;
of Dillenius, Wulfen, &c. The species is now unknown in a fertile slate

4. S. quercizans, Ach. Th. cartilagineous, laciniate, plane, pale-ii
fous-fuscous ; somewhat tomentose, and subfuscous-nigrescent bencaili
with urceolaie (membranaceous), whitish cyphellne ; lobes subimbricate
oblong, rounded, crenulate ; ' apoth. scattered, disk somewhat concavo
plane, with a thin entire margin.' Delis. Slid. p. 84. Lobaria, Mich

Pennsylvania, Herb. Montague ! Mossy rocks, New York, Russell
The specimens from Mr. Russell seem to me to differ from S. sylvatic;*!
in the characters indicated by Delise, and to agree with his S. qiiorc:
zans, as they also do with my brief notes on the specimen (from Ca:
olina) in herb. Michaux. S. Bcaiwoisii, Delis. I. c. p. 83, constitute.
on a North American Lichen, seems hardly distinct from the present,

5. S. scrobiculata, Ach. Th. coriaceous, suborbiculate, lax, sere
biculate, leaden-gray (and glaucescent) ; lanuginous on the under side!
with naked, white spots; lacinia3 rounded, somewhat entire (commo"!
sorediiferous) ; ' apoth. scattered, from rufous becoming fuscous.' Ft
Lichenogr. p. 53.

Trunks, and rocks among mosses, New England ; infertile. Nort'r
ward to Newfoundland, Fylaie. S. limbata, Ach., a species rcsembliii
this, but with urceolate, true cyphella), very possibly occurs with us.^

6. S. anthraspis, Ach. Th. cartilagineous-membrana(^us, lac.

I

iaose-retici
foinewhat
^bes some
Imd exclud

On the
fork, Hals

7. S. pu
lark green
'hite spots
ipoth. subii
Hus, L.

Trunks ii
tcrile form
)elise as fi
Jkountains, i
'few York,

8. S. glor,
(icular, app

lous on tl
re often wa:
irk-reddish-

129. Tuc

Trunks of

(uhl. in her

reen glome:

[oung plants

9. S. herb(
\uTely green
le membran
jiunded at th(

/n-p.341.

Trunks and
f.y. Arctic 1

Apothecia si
|e tliallus, wi

iculate, greenisli.

livev-colored a:

/phellEC ; lacinic

nargins ; ' apolh

5 common in tlie
North America

!, laciniate-lobed
icous-cinerasfei:'
levvhat truncate,
as-fuscous.' Fr

fork, Halseij. ?
1, rugose frondi
I, orbiculate apo

upon the figure;

in a fertile slate

3, plane, pale-ii
rescent bencaili
)es subimbricate
fiewhat concavfr
Lobaria, Mich
' York, Russell
from S. sylvatic;
ith his S. querc:
imen (from Ca:
. 83, constitute
)m the present,

ulate, lax, sere
1 the under side^
ntire (commo;;!
ng fuscous.' Fi

nfertile. Nort'r
scies rcsemblii
ccurs with us.

ranaA)us, lac.

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

23

I

ose-ret.culate, broadly round-lobed, cinereous-virescent ; rugulose and
lo.newhat v.lio.s beneath, with small, white, sorediiform cyph la^ •
lobes sonowlmt crenate ; apoth. scattered, disk at length convex, black'
|nd excluding the entire thalline margin. Ac/i. Syn. p. 233

On the earth, among mosses; Northwest Coast, Menzies ' New
|ork, Halsey. The upper surface resembling that of S. pulmonaria.
7. S. pulmonaria, Ach. Th. coriaceous, lax, lacunose-reticulate,
lark green (and olivaceous) ; tomentose on the under side, with naked
.Ime spots; lacinia) elongated, discrete, sinuate-lobed, retuse-truncate ;'
Ipoth submargmal, rufous. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 53. Lichen pulmona.
mius, L. '

I Trunks in mountain forests, fertile. Also on rocks, where various
,#erue forms are found. Among these is S. linita, Ach., quoted by
|ehse as from the United States, which has occurred at the White
Jtfountams, w,th all the features of the Swiss Lichen. New England
^esvYoA, Torrey. Pennsylvania, ilf«AZ. Newfoundland, p/aie.
■ 8 S. ghmeruUfera, Delis. Th. coriaceous-cartilagineous, thick, or-
cular, appressed smooth, from pale green becoming glaucescent ;
illous on the under srde, with scattered, excavated cyphella3 (which
re often wantmg) ; lacini. elongated, sinuate-lobed ; apoth. scattered,
nr -redd-sh-chestnut, with a rugose, persistent margin. Delis. Stic.
U9. Tuckerm. Further Emm. I. c. Parmelia, Ach.
Trunks of trees, and rocks, fertile ; New England. Pennsylvania
nhl „, herb. Willd. ! Northward to Newfoundland, Pylail t2
|een glomerules of the European Lichen always wanting in ours,
■oung plants of this species may be taken for the next.

9. S. herhacca, Ach. Th. membranaceous, appressed, smooth, ob-
purely green (and glaucescent) ; on the under side paler, lanu.inous
.0 membranaceous, hoary cyphell. rare ; lacini. sinuate-r:pand'

yn.p. d4L Parmelia, Ach. Syn. p. 198

Trunks and rocks. Pennsylvania, Muhl. New York, Torrey, HaU
•y- Arctic America, Rich. ^

IX. PARMETJA, Ach., Fr.

|o timllus, with an equal thalline margin. Disk at first connivent-

24

LICHENF.S OP THE NORTHERN STATES

closed, somewhat waxy. Tballus expanded horizontally from a centre,'
two-sided, of various form, upon a hypothallus. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 56.

Synopsis of the Sections.

Sect. I. The fibrillose hypothallus adnate to the foliaceous thallu;
which is discrete from the matrix.

Subsect. I. Imbricaria, Fr. — Apothecia elevated, subpedicellate
regular.; disk very thin, naked, plac&d upon the gonimous layer
Thallus imbricate-foliaceous ; often black-dotted from abortio:
of the apothecia. — Sp, 1 - 24.
Subsect. II. Physcia, Fr — Apothecia at first closed, at length dc.
hiscent. Disk thickish, waxy, placed upon the medullary layer
Thallus normally foliaceous ; ascendant or stellate ; fibrillosf
on the under side.
* Thallus normally ascendant, or loosely decumbent ; apoth. some

wh,at obliquely marginate. — Sp. 25.
** Thallus normally stellate-appressed ; apoth. plane. — Sp. 26-
33.

Sect. II. Thallus subfoliaceous, at length compacted into a conglon;
erate, subgranulose crust ; arising from a fibrillose (rarely o:
solete) hypothallus, which is adnate' to the matrix.

Subsect. III. Pyxine, Tuckerm. — Apothecia erumpent, at fir
closed, palish ; becoming patelliEform, and, with the altcii
thalline margin, black ; finally cephaloid, excluding the ma:
gin. Thallus subfoliaceous, imb^icate-laciniate, at length cr
taceous-concrete at the centre, on a black, fibrillose hypotl
lus. — Sp. 34.

Subsect. IV. Amphiloma, Fr. — Apothecia erumpent, somewhat c
onate with an accessory thalline margin. Disk waxy, thickis;
naked. Thallus foliaceous, somewhat monophyllous, roundei ■
at length crustaceous-compact at the centre, placed on a spongy
pannose hypothallus. — Sp. 35-38.

Subsect. V. Psoroma, Fr. — Apothecia for the most part two-forme:;
adnate or immersed ; arising in the one case from the thallui^
with a crenate-thalline margin ; and in the other from the h|
pothallus, with an entire proper margin, Disk waxy. Thai!
of discrete, foliaceous squamules, arising from a common h)|
pothallus ; often at the centre, or wholly, concrete in a subgra[|
ulose crust. — Sp. 39 - 41 .

Sect. 11

sqi
tri;

Subsect,
ed,
(Tl

Subsect.
ceo
(vis
caes

Sect. IV,
the

Subsect. '

sess

somi

adna

caisii

Subsect. ]

imm(

berai

ginat

with

i^KCT. I. 1

1- P. crini

Jus-fuscesce

^idioid granu

ider side, an

hat asccndai

Marginal, sub|

|n,at length (

Trunks, &(

'vania. Mull

bside the isid

(he latter is p

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

25

y from a centre,
ichenogr. p. 56.

)liaceous thallus

subpedicellate,

gonimous layer

;d from abortio:

d, at length de^
medullary layer
ellate ; fibrillose

mt ; apoth. some

lane. — Sp. 26-

into a conglon;
Hose (rarely oi
•ix.

ampent, at fir;
rvith the allele
luding the ma;
, at length ere
irillose hypotk/;

t, somewhat co;
; waxy, thickist
lyllous, roumk
;ed on a spoiii;;

part two- forme:!
rom the thalli'
er from the I
waxy. Th^!
a common 1
jte in a subgra:

Sect. III. Thallus crustaceous, lobed at the circumference, or wholly
squam, ose-effigurate. Hypothallus smooth, adnate to the ma-
trix, often confused with the thallus.

Subsect. VI Placodiitm, Fr. _ Apothecia plano-scutelliform, elevat-
ed d.sk w.thout proper margin, naked. Thallus as above
(ihalline margm often colored like the disk.) - -So 42-47

Subsect. VII. Psora, Fr. _ Apothecia innate, at first somewhat u'r-
ceolate, afterwards scutelliform. Disk with a proper margin
(visible at least in the younger apothecia), normally at first
cajsious-pruinose. Thallus as above. — Sp. 48 - 50.

Sect IV Thallus crustaceous, uniform. Circumference similar, or

the hypothallus sometimes fibrillose-radiant.
Subsect. yriI.PAXELi.ARiA, Fr. _ Apothecia regular, scutelliform,
sessile the thalline margin persistent. Lamina of the disk
somewhat plane, without proper margin. Thallus crustaceous,
adnate to an mdeterminate, mostly black hypothallus. Disk not
ca?sious-pruinose. — Sp. 51-66.
Subsect. IX. Urceolaria, Fr. - Apothecia innate in the crust, or
immersed m protuberant warts. Lamina urceolate, or protu-
berant, verruciform, blackish, normally ca^sious-pruinose, mar-
gmate 1 ha lus crustaceous ; the whitish hypothaHus confused
with the thallus, or often fibrillose and radiant. -Sp. 67-70.

j Sect. I. The fibrillose hypothallus adnate to the foliaceous thallus.
Subsect. I. Imbricaria, Fr.
Series 1. Gl auc es cent es , Fr.
1. P. crinila Ach. Thallus submembranaceous, subo^bicular, glau-
3us.fuscescent (the whole thallus, as well as the apothec., beset with
^H.o,d granules and br.nchlets) ; black and somewhat smooth on the
puler s,dc,and here and there black-fibrillose ; lobes plane, with some-
at ascendant, erose-crenate, ciliate margins ; apothecia (imperforate)
rg,nal,subped,cellate,cyathiform, with a thin, inflexed,crenulate mar-
';, t length exp anate, large. Ach. ! Syn. p. 190. P. perforata, (i. Fr.

l^^ f-A^r '^P'"' '" ^' '"'''^'^'^"^ ^^ other differences
M the .s.d.o.d efflorescence to distinguish this from P. perforata
ftie latter is perfectly normal with us.

4

26

Lie BENE S OF THE NORTHERN STATES

I I

I I

T

••j:

2. P. perforata, Ach. Th. membranaceous, smooth, greenish-glau.
cescent ; on the under side black, with dark fibres ; lobes rounded, as-
cendant, subcrenate, ciliate ; apoth. large, rufous, elevated, infundibu*
liform ; disk perforate, at length explanate, margin very entire. Fr..
Lichenogr. p. 58.

Trees, particularly on the coast, luxuriant and fertile. Also onl
stones, &c., in sterile states. Pennsylvania and Virginia (from Bartraraj
and Mitchell), Dill., the original stations of the Lichen. New Engl
land. New York, Ibrre?/. Northwest Coast, JIfenzies (Herb. Smith!)

3. P. perlata, Ach, Th. submembranaceous, suborbicular, greenj
ish-glaucous ; on the under side blackish-fuscous, scarcely fibrillosej
lobes rounded, plane, not ciliate; apoth. elevated, dark red, cyathi!
form, at length explanate, margin thin, entire. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 59,j
— /5. olivetorum, Ach. ; margins of the lobes elevated, crisped, whitel
pulverulent. Ach. Syn. p. 198.

Trunks and rocks in mountainous districts, fertile ; and com.mon alsi
in sterile forms ; New England. New York, HaUey.

4. P. scortea, Ach. Th. subcoriaceous, orbicular, smooth, glaucousj
white ; on the under side black, hispid-fibrillose ; lobes longish, sm
ate-crenate, incised ; apotti. rufous- fuscous, margin somewhat entir
Ach. Syn. p. 197.

Stones and trunks, fertile ; New England. New York, HalseA
Pennsylvania, Muhl. Less common than the next, with which Friej
unites it,

5. P. tiliacea, Ach. Th. membranaceous, orbicular, smootbislj
glaucous-cinerascent ; on the under side blackish-fuscous, with blad
fibres ; lobes sinuate-laciniate, the external ones rounded, crenatej
apoth. subfuscous, margin very entire. Ach. Syn. p. 199.

Trunks, fertile, very common; New England. New York, HaM
Pennsylvania, Muhl. Nova Scotia, Menziea !

6. P. Borreri, Turn. Th. cartilagineous-membranaceous, orbicl
lar, smoothish, glaucous-cinerascent (with round, marginate sorediai
on the under side fuscescent, fuscous-fibrillose ; lacinise rounded at t
apices, naked ; apoth. chestnut, margin inflexed, entire. Fr. Licha
ogr. p. CO. — (5. rudecfa, Tuckerm. ; soredia immarginate ; the wli(J
thallus beset with isidioid granules and branchlets. P. rudecta, Ack
Syn. p. 197.

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

27

nd common ali

.clMl

hlva„,a «,/,/ The a™n,orphou, development called by Sommerfel,
lecdea Parmclmrum, and referred by Acharius ,o Endocarpon, „ccu«
^ot unfrequently in this species, as well as in the next.

7. P. ,a.atili,, Ach Th. subcartilagineous, rsticulate-lacunose,
|1 .cous.c,„erasce„t; black and fibrillose beneath; lacinit,. sinuate-
>ed, plane subretuse; opoth. dark-chestnut, margin at length ore-
late. F. Lukenojr. p. 61. _ „ ; ,„,;„;, ■ , ,^^ »

over. Ack.Uche.ogr. p. m. - (>. ros.fir^U, Ach. ; th. orbiLula
*es w,der besprinkled commonly „lth elongated, margina.e soredia •
both, stealer, ess explanate. Ack. I. c. f. 471.-,. olfUloic, Fr •
b. n,oo,h,sh, sh,„,„g, dark purplish-fuscous, lacini. subfruncate. F
.tchmogr. p. 62. Panndia ompMcdes, Ack. Sfn. p 203
Eocks and stones and, somewhat less commonly, on tre^s and rails,
rl 1 ; New England. New York, Torre,. Pennsylvania, Muh
orthward to Arctic America, Rick.-,. Arctic America.
8. P. alcuriles Ach. Th. membranaceous, orbicular, contiguous
Je, w,,h fuscous fibres ; lobes discrete at the circumference, plane

M"cr;.t: """ '"'■'--' "-- " '-^'^ — '-

Dead wood, and firs, in mountainous districts, fertile; and on rocks,

{ V ,,"="'" '■'''"' '^ "'^^ ^O""""" <"> rails, ic, on the coast
e.v England New York, Hakcj. Fries refers to this species le
i ohesm, MM. Catal., and Ach. Syn. p. 213.

9. P. l..igatn Ach. Th. membranaceous, suborbicular, smooth

.^r, plane, cut, d.var.cale (often sorediiferous) ; apoth. chestnut
irgin very entire. Ack. Sjn. p. 213. ' '="<'^'"">. •

Trunks (very common on beech in mountainous districts), fertile.

It! I'T', ^"^^ ^''- '"""'""•^'^■^'^oos, suborbicular, smooth
descent; black, and fibrillose on the under side; laciniL line r
er at the crcumference, sinuate-pinnatifid, the sin:,es wide, 1-'
. a_po,h.^som„wha. plane, fuscous, margin thin, very enti,.,'TI

fl-™nks t nd rocks. Nova Scotia, Ack. Fries and Meyer refer this
J .he last to a single species, but Borrcr regards them dLnc.

28

LICHENE3 or THE NORTHERN STATES

3*4

11. p. terehrata, Mart. Th. somewhat inflated, suborbicular, green-
ish-glaucescent; plicate-nigose and black on the underside; lacinia
radiant, approximate, plane-appressed, sublinear (often sored iiferous),
with small, regular, rounded perforations ; apoth. scattered, plane, red,

-/^ margin very entire. Mart. Fl. Crypt. Erlang. P. diatrypa^ Ach. Syn.

p. 219. Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. I c.

Trunks in mountain forests, frequent, and rocks, fertile ; New Eng-
land

12. ?. physodes, Ach. Th, somewhat inflated, suborbicular, glau-l
cous-white ; black-fuscous and naked on the under side ; lacinia; loose-j
ly imbricate, linear, sinuate-multifid, somewhat convex ; apoth. elevated,^
reddish-fuscous, with an infiexed, entire margin, at length explanate.
Ach. Syn. p. 218. — /5. erderomorpha, Tuckerm. ; lacinifi. effuse, lax,
somewhat elongated, ventricose-inflated ; apoth. subpedicellate, ventri.
cose-cyathiform, at length explanate, very entire. P. enteromorpha.
Ach. ! Syn. p. 219. P. platycarpa, Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. I. c.

Trunks, dead wood, and rocks, fertile ; New England. New York
Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl North to Arctic America, Rich. ■
firs and other trees in high mountain forests. Northwest Coast, Mein
zies ! Douglas in herb. Hook. ! Mountains of New England, fertile^
and evidently passing into a.

13. P. colpodes, Ach. Th. somewhat inflated, suborbicular, greenl
ish-glaucescent ; black and spongy on the under side ; lacinite some|
what plane, at the circumference ramose-multifid, with irregularly denj

^ tate margins ; apoth. elevated, chestnut, margin infiexed, entire. Swari^
Lich. Amer. p. 4, & t. 3. Ach. ! Syn. p. 219.

Trunks. Near Boston, Swartz (the original station of the Lichen)!
Throughout New England, common and fertile. New York, Hakjf
Pennsylvania, Muhl.

Series 2. Oliv aceo -fu sctB, Fr.

14. P. olivacea, Ach. Th. membranaceous, orbicular, smooth,
wulose (elevated-punctate, or granulate-farinose), olivaceous-fuscousj

^ paler and subfibrillose on the under side ; lobes radiant, appressej
plane, rounded, crenate ; apoth. dark-olive, with an infiexed, at leng
crenate margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 66.

Trees in mountainous districts, fertile ; also degenerant on dead wo
and stones; New England. New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, JlfuAlj
Northward to Arctic America, Rich.

$ at the ap:
/5. lanala.
nigrescen
fp. 231. .
Alpine
Mountuins
ica, R. 1
America,

17. P.,

(or granu
and sparii
entire at i
gose-crem
Trunks
York, Tor
North to I

18. P.
ished (oft(
black-fibril
the circun
Fr. Lichej
ear, pinnat

Rocks i
apothecia ;
North to I\

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

29

)rbicu1ar, green-
er side ; laciniae
1 sorediiferous), -|
3red, plane, red, |
rypa.^ Ach. Sy%

tile ; New Eng-

borbicular, glau-^
3 ; lacinia; loose-
apoth. elevated, 'k
3ngth explanate.
jinift efTuse, lax,
dicellate, ventri>
'. enteromorpha. ^^
J. E. I c.
nd. New Yorli
irica, Rich. — jjJ
vest Coast, Mn-
England, fertile.l.

orbicular, green-

; laciniae some,

1 irregularly deDl

i, entire. Swarli

I of the LichenI
w York, Hahm

liar, smooth, rii
vaceous-fuscousi
diant, appressel
iflexed, at leng

int on dead wo
sylvania, MuMl

15. P. Fahhinensis, Ach. Th. siibcartilagineous, smoothish, from
dark-olive becoming blackish ; on the under side paler, subfibrillose ;
laciniiL' digitate-multifid, somewhat plane, subcanaliculate ; apoth. dark-
fuscous, crenulate. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 66. — /?. sciastra, Fr. ; smaller,
orbicular ; apoth. subentire. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 67. Parmelia, Ach.

Alpine and subalpine rocks, and occurring also at lower elevations
|in mountainous districts. White Mountains ; Chin of Mansfield, and
[other of the Green Mountains ; fertile. Northward to Newfoundland,
Pijlaie, and Arctic America, Rich. — /5, Greenland, Dill.

16. P. stijgia, Ach. Th, subcartilagineous, shining, from oliva-
' ceous-fuscous becoming black ; very black on the under side and ob-

soletely fibrillose ; laciniae palmate-multifid, sublinear, convex, recurved

at the apices ; apoth. fuscous-black, crenate. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 67.

/?. lanata, Mey. ; lacinice setaceous, filiform, t..-i3, intricate, fuscous-
nigrescent; apoth. subgranulate-marginate, Mey. Entioick. der Flecht.
\p. 231, Fr. I. c. p. 68. Cornicularia lanata, Ach. Stjn. p. 302.

Alpine and subalpine rocks. White Mountains and the higher Green
Mountains. Northward to Newfoundland, Pylaie, and Arctic Amer-
ica, R. Br. — ^, White Mountains, infertile. Northward to Arctic
America, Hook. Melville Island, R. Br.

I Series 3. O chroleuccs, Fr.

17. P. caperafa, Ach. Th. submembranaceous, orbicular, rugose
(or granulose.pulverulent), ochroleucous ; on the under side blackish
and sparingly fibrillose ; lobes sinuate-laciniate, rounded, somewhat
entire at the apices ; apoth, fuscous-red, margin tumid-incurved, ru-
gose-crenate. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 69.

Trunks and stones, not commonly fertile ; New England. New
York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. Westward to Illinois, Russell !
North to Arctic America, Rich.

18. P. conspersa, Ach. Th. submembranaceous, smoothish, poI-
ished (oftener black-punctate), greenish-straw-colored ; fuscous and
black-fibrillose beneath; laciniae variously flexuous, somewhat plane at
the circumference, sinuate; apoth. dark-chestnut, margin subentire.
Fr. Lichenogr. p. 69. — /?. sfenophylla, Ach. ; laciniae elongated, lin-
ear, pinnatifid, imbricate-complicate. Ach. Syn. p. 209.

Rocks and stones, commonly remarkable for its very numerous
apothecia ; New England, New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, 3Iuhl.
North to Arctic America, Rich. Degenerate on rails, &c.

30

LICHENrS OF THE NORTHERN STATES

t

19. P. incurva, Fr. Th. cartilagineous-membranaceous, stellate-inj.
bricate,globuliferous,greenish-straw.coIored (and ochroleucous) ; black 1
and fibrillose on the under side ; lacinioe very narrow, muhifid, suble- 1
rete, recurved at the apices ; apoth. rufous-fuscous, subentire. Fr. i
Lichenogr. p. 70. P. recurva, Ach.

Rocks in mountainous districts (subalpine, and descending). White
Mountains ; fertile.

-y. 20. P. ambigua, Ach. Th. membranaceous, orbicular, stellate-im-
bricate, farinose-sorediiferous, greenish-straw-colored (and ochroleu-
cous) ; black and fibrillose on the under side ; lacinia) plane, linear,
appressed, muhifid ; apoth. adnate, rufous-fuscous, very entire. Fr.
Lichenogr. p. 71.

Trunks and dead wood in mountainous districts, fertile ; and on
rocks, infertile ; White Mountains. Northward to Arctic America,
Rich.

21. P. centrifuga, Ach. Th, submembranaceous, suborbicular,
greonish-straw-colored (and ochroleucous) ; white and fibrillose on the
under side (the crust-like centre often falling away, and leavintr a con-
centrically disposed circumference) ; laciniae linear, concrete, convex,
rugose ; apoth. rufous-fuscous, margin subentire. Fr. ! Lichenogr. p. 71.

Rocks (subalpine and descending) in mountainous districts, fertile ;
New England. New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. North-
ward to Newfoundland, Herb. Banks! Pylaie. An ochroleucous,
black-punctate, not concentrically disposed state is P. Halseyana,
Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. 1. c. It occurs in the Notch of the White
Mountains.

Series 4. Citrince, Fr.
-f 22. P. parietina, Fr. Th. foliaceous or squamulose, imbricate, mem-
branaceous, sublobate, yellow ; paler and obsoletely fibrillose on the un-
der side ; apothecia with elevated margins, very entire. Fr. Licheno'^r. p.
72. — M. (foUacea), Fr. ; th. foliaceous, from greenish becoming bright
yellow; lobes explanate, appressed. P. parietina, Ach. — ^. aureola,
Fr. ; th. foliaceous, somewhat zoned and subcentrifugal, dark-golden-
yellow ; lobes concrete, plicate-ramose. P. aureola, Ach. —y. rutilans,
Fr. ; th. foliaceous-subcrustaceous, imbricate-complicate, irregularly la-
ciniate. P. rutilans, Ach. — S. laciniosa, Duf. ; th. naVed, lacerate-dis-
V- sected, squamulose ; laciniiE ascending, naked. — «. polycarpa, Fr. ;
th. smaller, conglomerate ; the lobes complicated, and covered with the

%

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

31

JUS, stellate-im-
eucous) ; black
muhifid, subte-
subentire. Fr.

iding). White

ar, stellate-im-
(and ochroleu-
2 plane, linear,
ry entire. Fr,

jrtile ; and on
•ctic America,

suborbicular,
brillose on the
leaving a con-
icrete, convex,
chenogr. p. 71.
stricts, fertile ;
\Iuhl. Norlh-
ochroleucous,
?*. Halseyana,
of the White

bricate, mem-
ose on the un-
Lichenogr. p,
coming bright

— /?. aureola,
, dark-goiden-

— y. rutilanSy
irregularly la-
, lacerate-dis-
^ycarpa, Fr. ;
ered with the

jvpry numerous apothccia. Lecanora caudelaris, /?. Ach. — J, lohulata,

Fr. ; th. obli'crated, or consisting only of very short, scattered, ap-

[pressed lobules, with small apothecia. — ij. substellata, Ach.; th. folia-

jceous, sMbstellate, lacerate-laciniate, lacininc expanded, pulverulent.

]{>. coucolor, Fr. ; th. pulverulent, squamulose, lacerate-laciniate, scales
crowded, ascendant. Lecan. cavhJaris, «. Arh. — i. cilrijiclla, Fr. ;
the whole thalius dissolved into a yellowish-green dust.

Very common : «, on trunks, rocks, &c. ; /?, on rocks and stones
[(especially maritime), exposed to the sun; y and <J, on trunks, exposed
j to the sun ; i and ^, on the smaller branches and twigs of trees ; jj and
L&, on smooth bark, the last also common on dead wood ; /, on bark and
dead wood in moist places ; New England. New York {y and v?), Hal-
seij. Pennsylvania (^), Muld. Ohio («), Mr. Lea ! Illinois («), Rus-
jse//.' Northward to Nova Scotia (^), Menzies ! Newfoundland («),
iPylaie, and Arctic America (s and &), Rich, f I have adopted
Fries's view of the European species nearly entire. He remarks that
he has distinguished and enumerated these forms, not so much on ac-
count of their importance as distinct states, as to furnish an example,
that can almost everywhere be authenticated, of the extremely Protean
character of the thalius of Lichens.

23. P. diversicolor, Ach. Th. suborbicular, yellowish-orange-red
(becoming whitish with age), of rather narrow, somewhat lacerate-ra-
mose, rugose, at length concrete lacinioc ; white-cinerascent, with fibres
of the same color beneath ; apoth numerous, concave, blackish-san-
guineous, margin thick, at length white. Ach. Sijn. p. 210.

Arctic America, and southward, Ach.

24. P. chrysophthalma, Ach. Th. subfoliaceous, cartilagineous-
membranaceous, lacerate-ramose, from dark reddish-yellow becoming
whitibh ; on the under side whitish, and fibrillose at the margins ; la-
cmia; depressed-subascendant, plano-convex, pinnatifid ; apoth. dark-
orange, fibrillose-ciliate or naked. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 75. Borrera,
Ach. — (i. exilis, Fr. ; lacinioe very narrow; margins of the apothecia
naked. Fr. I. c. Borrera, Ach.

Trunks and branches of trees near the coast, and luxuriant in places
exposed to the sea-spray ; New England. New York, Torrey (at New-
hurgh, Russell !). Pennsylvania, ilfji./jZ. Illinois, /?M55e?/ .'

^

32

i-i« iiKNi'.s or Tim nortiikhn statks

-h

t

. If,

Hlll)H('C,t. II. I'llVSCIA, I'V.

'4' 'jr». v. rilidris, Adi. 'riiallns (•iirtiliif,niic(.iis, Cnim i^'rcfii becoming
f^laiK'diis ; Inciiiiii' liiiriu-, rmjinsr!, siilmscondaiil, clmiiiKillcd luuioulIi.L
cilialc Willi siin|»li' (il.ics ; a|)oili(.,i,i sulMcrmitial, podiccllafo, mari,'inl

civci, at h)w^\U h ratc-tlciiiai(!, rimhrialc, or (.l)lilcnilc<l in foliaccuiis

braiiclu's; disk |)laii<>, black, •^Ml)|iriiiiHisc. J'r. LirliriKn^r. p.ll. Hi,,-- d
rem, Arh.~(i. i:itl(trl(,j,li,/l/,i,'Vurkrviiu; umn; d.dicato ; tlio lac.iiiiii |
very 'vliilo and powdory iK'iicall) ; inar^'iiis of tlio .ipotlit-cia at Ictif^lli
ohlili-iatcd in loliafcoiis c.xiinnHiuiis ; disk vvliilcpniinosc. P. ^a.'arlo-
V- p/ii.'l/d, W'illd. Iirrh. ! — y. (in^iishi/n, Tnckcrni. ; lacinia; cxtrcnu'h
narrow, ttf nearly llit; saino color htMicatli, KiibtCMX-to at tlic apices -
liorrtra aiii^iisldln, Itori/ ms.

TrcM's, Now Kii^land (,•/), raw. iv. • York, Torreij. PennsY!v!i.|
Ilia (;?), ]\fiili/. ! and sonlluvard, wl '•••c fl - ;onimon. North to Arctic I
America, «/,//. — ;', Ninvlonndlai i. , in liorh. iJurol. ! Rocky I
Moinilains, llrrh. Honk. ! \\ Irucomrla, A<-h., n species near this, bull
with narrow, ascendant lac.inia-, and tomentosc inargin-'l ni)res, occurs!
in the Carolinas, vl//,/,,r, / i,i„| (.'alilbrnia, jlAvc/r.s'/ and \\ ('rinacea\
l''r., wilb laccrale-K'winiale, dllliise lobes, whicii ar(! ciliate, and beset
ab()V(> wilb v(-ry Ion;.' wbiiisli Tibres, in (California, Mctnirn !

ii(». P. iltliiiisd, Vr. 'I'll, carlilajiincoiis, snbstidlalc, iial (I, <r!aucoiis-
fnscesccnt (and fiiscons) ; wiiilish v.i\ iho nnder side with black fibres;
lacinia' narrow, linear, somewhat convex, digitatti-mnltirid, often semi-
terete, very d«Misely crowded l()i,relh(>r and imbricated ; apoth. subses-
sile, margin at length crenate, and leafy, disk plane, becoming dark-
fnscoiis. /•/•. .V//.S7. Orh. X'ci;. fide ipsiiis. P. Niw<c uiiigluc, Tnckem.
in lilt, oliiii. /'. aquila, Muhl. Catnl

Hocks and trees, Now Mngland. Ohio, Mr. Lea ! Near to V. aciui-
' - 1 have not seen l-'ries's description.

M7. 1'. piilrrnilrntd, l-'r. 'i'h. carlilagineons, substellafo, pruinosc-
cmiMeoiis; blacken the nnder side and liispid-tomentose ; laciniic lin-
ear, mnllilid, approximate; apolh. sessile, margin tumid, entire, or
stinamulose-folii.se, disk plane, black-fiiscous. snbprninose. Fr. Licit-
viioir,: I'. 7S). P. piilrrnilrntd, rrmistd, <S- inusrii^nui, Ach. — jS. hu-
('ol('ii>trs\ Tnckerm. ; the whole thallus white-farinose-pruinose, lobos
raitiant, margins interrnptedly inlhvxed and pulverulent ; apoih. sub-
sessile, disk tlepressed, whitc-pniiiiose, margin subduplicate, the ex-

ternal border folios," or ent

ire. Lichen Icucolciplcs, Mulih in hcrh.

%■

ANI» nillTrSM AMKKICA.

'A?,

IWill'l.f l\ rniiisfa, lla/s. Sf AucL Amer. l\ pnh^crulcnla, Muhl.

\Turkrnn. Lirh. .V. /■;. /. c.

Trunks, nxiks, aiicl upon mosses; Hear Lake and clscvvliorc in
[Arctic AiiKjricn, Rich. (Ilerl). Ifook. !). — ^, trunks and rocks; Now
|Eiii,'liin(i to rt'iiiisylvania ! oflun i-sidioid-eillorescont.

2W. \\ hijpoJrucn, Miihl. Tli. cartilagineous, snbstcllafo, glabrous,
[naked, glaucous-vircscenf, (and white) ; very white on tiie under side,
fwidi s.-altered Mack flhrns ; lacinia> suhhnear, ai)[)roximate, imhricufrs

nmllifid, |)lano-convox, margins naked; upoth. elevated, disk at length
jhlaek, naked, with an inflexeil, cremilate or foliose margin. Miili/.

Calf,/, p. J 05, c|f. Enlnn Man. Bol. p. 5 Hi. Tndcrrm. FurUier Ennm.
j/. c. r. spcciosa, ,?, /iijpokuca, Ac/i. ! Sj/n. p.'ZU.

'J'runks, (irtile. remisylvania, Muhl. ! and northward to New En^r.

land.

ii9. v. sprciosd, Ach. Tli. cartilagineous-memhranaccous, suhstel-
llate, glabrous, greenish-glaucous (and white) ; very white beneath, with
numerous pale fibres; lacinia) linear, somewhat concavo-plane, imbri-
|c!!ie, incised-ramose, crenate, eiliate-fd)rillose, margins often ascend-
ant, greeu-i)ulverulent ; ' apoth. subsessile, margin incurved, crenate,
I disk rufous-fuscous, nearly naked.' Fr. Lichcnogr. p. NO.

Trunks and mossy roc'-r, in woods, infertile; New England. Fenn-
I .sylvania, Mii/il.

;W. P. roiigrurn.s, Ach. Th. coriaccous-mendjranaccous, whitish-
jpallescent; on the under side cinercous-fuscescent, wiih fibres of the
[same color; laciniie la.xly-imbricatc, flexuous, mullifid, recurved at the
I margins, convex, becoming more plane in the circumference, crenate ;

apolh, elevated, concave, livid-fusccscent, subpruinose, with a tliin, in-
I flexed, at length rtexuous margin. Ach. Lichcnogr. p. '191. Swariz

Lii-li. Aiiirr. p. 5 iS,- /. 4. Ach. Si/n. p. 207.
Trunks, New England ; Swariz, I. e. 1 have a Lichen from the

While ^fountains resembling this, e.xcept that the under side as well as

the lihres are black.

;U. I', sicl/nrh, Wallr. Th. subcartilagineous, naked, not pruinose,
glmicesc(«nt ; whitish on the -nder side, with dark fibres ; lacinia> sub-
Ii!i«")r, multifid; apolh. sessile, disk fuscous-black, subi)ruinosc, margin
somewhat tumid, subentire. Fr. Lichemgr. p. 82. - «. {slcnari-expan-
■V'O, 1m'. ; th. siellate-expan.le.1, fibres shorter. Fr. 1. c P. siclhrh, nipo-

-^

f

34

LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

-/* Ua, S,' anthelina,Arh.—i3. hispida, Ft. ; lacinite ascendant, hispid on 1
the margins, or tubulose-inflated. Fr. /. c. Borrera tenella, Ach. —y.\
{tribracia), Fr. ; laciniae ascendant, squamulose, sparingly librillose,
pulverulent at the apices. Fr. I. c. Lccanora Irihracia, Ach. part.

Trunks, dead wood, and rocks, very common; New England. New|
York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. Illinois, Russell! Northward]
to Arctic America, Rich.

32. P. C(psia, Ach. Th. subcrustaceous-membranaceous, substellate,'
gray (and cinerascent), besprinkled with gray soredia ; pale on the un-
der side; lacinifc linear, somewhat convex, subpinnatifid, ciliatc-iibril-i
lose; apoth. sessile, margin thin, somewhat inflexcd, entire, disk at)
length naked, black. Fr. Lichenogr.p. S3. — «. (.stellata), Fr. ; lacinia?i
stellate-expanded, fibres shorter, soredia regular; P. ccBsia, Ach.; andj
the lacinifc sometimes very narrow. Fr. I. c. P. duhia, FJ. — .6. {squa-
mulosa), Fr. ; lacinire squamulose, short, obsoletely librillose. Fr. I. c.
Lecanora tribracia, Ach. part.

Rocks, stones, and dead wood, fertile; New England. New York,,
Halsey. Pe< '• ylvania, Muhl.

33. P. obscura, Fr. Th. submcmbranaceous, orbicular, not prui-
nose, greenish, becoming livid-fuscous when dry; black and fibrillosei

S, on the under side ; lacinioe sublinear, somewhat plane, incised-multifid

. — ■" (often sorediiferous, or the margins pulverulent) ; apoth. sessile, very

entire, disk naked from the first, black-fuscous. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 84.

P. cychselis, Ach. — (i. ulolhrix, Fr. ; lacinia) linear, subciliate, apoth,

librillose below. Fr. I. c. P. uJothrix, Ach.

Trunks, dead wood, &c., and passing into several degenerate states;
New England. New York (« and /?), Halsey. Pennsylvania (/5), Muhl
Ohio (/5), Mr. Lea ! Northward to Arctic America («), Rich. — A very
distinct species detected recently by Mr. Oakcs (P. Tuckermani, Oakes
ms.) may be referred to here. Resembling generally small greenish]
forms of P. parietina, this differs in the foliose-lobate margins of the
apothecia, which are also fibrillose beneath, as in P. obscura, p. It is
common on trunks about Boston {Oakcs, Tuckermaii), and I have!
found it on rocks at the White Mountains. It was sent from Ohio byl
the late T. G. Lea, Esq. (Herb. Russell !), and I have North Carolina!
specimens from Mr. Curtis. (What is ?. fibrosa, Fr., referred to Iii'
• cidentally, Lich. pp. 75, 97 .')

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

35

ndant, hispid oni
lella, Ach. — y.§
•ingly librillose,
I, Ach. part.
England. New
U ! Northward |

lous, substellate,
pale on the un-
fid, ciliatc-Hbril-j
entire, disk at|
a), Fr. ; lacinieei
csjfl, Ach. ; and |
FJ. — ,'?. {squa-
•iUose. Fr. I. c.

d. New York,

;ular, not prui-
k and fibrillosej
incised-multifid
ih. sessile, very
chenogr. p. 84.
ubciliate, apoth.j

generate states ;|
'ania {^),Muhl:\
Rich. — Avery
kernnani, Oakes
small greenish
margins of the
iscura, /5. It is
'), and I have!
t from Ohio by
North Carolina I
referred to iii'

ISect. II. The subfoliaceous at length subgranulose thallus arising

from a fibrillose hypothallus, which is adnate to the matrix.

Subsect. III. Pyxine, Tuckerm.

31. P. sorediata, Tuckerm. Thallus subcrustaceous-foliaceous, la-
Iciniate-multifid, from green becoming glaucescent, and cinerascent;
Iblack on the under side, and thickly clothed with greenish-nigrescent
ifibres; iacinias sublinear, canaliculate, incised, obtuse, irregularly im-
jbricate, and concrete at the centre (often sorediiferous) ; apothecia at
jfirst pale, and concave, becoming black, convex, and finally prolifcr-
lous-papillate and irregular. Lecidea, Ach. Syn. p. 54. Tuckerm. Fur-
hhcr ErMtn. I. c. Lichen alomatus, Willd. herb. ! Pyxine, Fr. cit.
lEschw.

Trunks, common (abundantly fertile in mountain forests), and also
[on rocks.; New England. Pennsylvania, Mw/iZ. .' Rocky Mountains,
Ulerb. Hook.! (Southward to Texas,!) I have not seen the descrip-
Ition of Fries, and am uncertain wnether his Pyxine is founded on our
iNorthern Lichen (which is probably what Acharius described), or on
Ithe West Indian and South American Lecidea sorediata of Eschweiler.
jThe latter seems distinct, and has been separated as Circinaria Berte-
riana by Fee (Crypt. Exot. p. 128). Our Lichen appears to me a
Imodification of Parmelia, near to Amphiloma, Fr. The apothecia
[have some of the features of those of Umbilicaria, and illustrate
Fries's observation, that this genus is related to Parmelia.

Subsect. IV. Amphiloma, Fr.

35. P. ruhiginom, Ach. Thallus membranaceous, suborbicular, not
Ipruinose, livid-glaucous, laciniate-multifid at the circumference; hy-

pothallus indeterminate, tomentose, bluish-black ; apothecia reddish-

jbrown, with an incurved, crenate margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 88. 5.

cono/j/e«, Fr. ; the centre of the thallus passing into a bluish, pulvera-
ceous-granulose crust; ' apothecia symphycarpeous, immersed, convex,
[grnnulose-marginate.' Fr. I. c. P. conopJea, Ach.

Rocks and trunks. /3 has occurred at the White Mountains ; and I
[have a from the South.

36. P. Russdlii, Tuckerm. Th. orbicular, coriaceous-membrana-
jceous, minutely farinose-granulose, submononhyllous, irregularly radi-

tint, pule-fuscescont-lead-colored ; laciniai somewhat ascendant ; hypoth.
indeterminate, of very short white fibres becoming lead-colored at the *
margins; apoth. (central, very numerous) reddish-chestnut and nigres-

i-

i^ t

-h

36

LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STAT X

cent, with a thick, inflexed, at length rugose, 'thaliine margin. Tuckerm.
Enum. Lich. N. Amer. p. 50.

Trunks and dead wood ; Hingham, Mr. Russell. Ipswich, Mr.
Oakes.

37. P. Cronia, Tuckerm. Th. orbicular, membranaceous, smooth,
radiant, submonophyllous, dark-bluish becoming pale-lead-colored ; la-
cinise plane, with elevated, darker margins (beset with elevated, often
blackish points, and isidioid branchlets) ; hypoth. determinate, dark I
casrulescent.

Rocks among mosses, common on the coast of Massachusetts, and
resembling a CoUema; infertile. It is very distinct from P. plumbea.

38. P. lanuginosa, Ach. Th. membranaceous, -vhite, pruinose ; in
the circumference lobed and crenate ; hypoth. tomentose, bluish-black;
apoth. riifous-fuscous, with a pulverulent thaliine margin. Fr. Lichen-
ogr. p. 88. — /?. (granulosa), Fr. ; thallus, at the centre, or mostly, gran-
ulose-pulvcrulent. Fr. I. c. — * {leproso-hyssina) ; the whole thallus
dissolved into a leprous-byssinc mass. Fr. I, c. Lepraria, Ach.

Rocks in the mountainous districts and on the coast of New Eng-
land ; rarely fertile.

Subsect. V. PsoROBiA, Fr.

39. P. microphylla, Stenh. Scales of the thallus cartilagincous, im-
bricato, crenate, livid-cinereous, compacted at length into a cinereous
crust ; hypothallus becoming black ; apothecia superficial, disk fuscous-
black, finally convex, and excluding the thaliine margin. Fr. Lichen-
ogr. p. 90. Lccidea, Ach.

Rocks in woods, fertile ; New England.

40. P. triptophyUa, Fr. Scales of the thallus membranaceous, livid-
fuscescent, at first stellate-expanded, and lacerate-dissected, at length!
granulose-coralline; hypoth. bluish-black; apoth. somewhat immersed,
disk rather plane, rufous-fuscous, margin erect, persistent. Fr. Li-
chenogr. p. 91. — «. coronata, Fr. ; apoth. produced from the thallus,!
with a thaliine margin, and either simple or symphycarpeous. Fr. I. c.
Lecanora hrunnea, Ach. part. — /?. Schraderi, Schrer. ; apoth. pro-
duced from the hypothallus, plane, destitute of a thaliine margin. Fr.
I. r. = y. coraUinoides, Fr. ; erust blackish from the predominant hy-
pothallus, squamules wholly coralline. Fr. I. c.

Rocks in woods ; New England. New York, Halsetj. Pennsylva-
nia, Dill, Northward to Arctic America, Rich.

46. P

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

37

rgin. Tuckerm,
Ipswich, Mr.

ceous, smooth,
id-colored ; la- I
elevated, often §
erminatc, dark

sachusetts, and
m P, plumbea.

!, pruinose ; in
J, bluish-black;
1. Fr. Lichen-
ir mostly, gran-
whole thallug
'ia, Ach.
I of New Eng.

ilagincous, im-
to a cinereous
1, disk fuscous-
I. Fr. Lichen-

inaceous, livid-
cted, at length I
'hat immersed,
tent. Fr. Li-\
)m the thallus, i
)eous. Fr. I c,
. ; apoth. pro-
e margin. Fr.
cdominant by-

^ Pcnnsylva-

41. P. Hypnorum, Fr. Scales of the thallus minute, imbricate, gran-
iulatc-crcnulate, somewhat yellowish-fuscescent ; pale on the underside*
■ apoth. sessile, dilaied, disk membranaceous, fulvous-fuscescent, with
I an e'cvated, granulose, thalline margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 9S. Icon
Laur. in Sturm's FL t. 18.

On the earth, growing over mosses a., J twigs, in alpine districts.
White Mountains, frequent upon Salix Uva-Ursi, on Mount Pleasant
l&c, fertile. Northward to Arctic America, Rich.

Si;ci. III. Thallus crustaceous, lobate at the circumference, or wholly
squamulose and efFigurate.

Subsect. VI. Placodium, Fr.

42. P. straminea, Wah!. Thallus crustaceous, plicate-radiose, straw-
I colored; lacinius convex, teretish, contiguous; apothccia plane, red-
dish-fuscous, with a tumid thalline margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 109.

Rocks. Greenland, Fries. And elsewhere in Arctic America,
Rich.

43. P. saxicola, Ach. Th. cartilagineous, appressed, areolate-squam-
; ulose, pale-greenish ; the circumference of somewiiat plane, radiose-
I lobate, concrete lacinias ; apoth. appressed, disk yellowish-fulvous, mar-
I gin thin, at length crcnate. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 110. Lecanora galacli-
I wa, Ach.

Rocks and stones, fertile ; New England. New York, Halsey.

44. P. chnjsokuca, Ach. Th. cartilagineous, subfoliaceous, crenate-
loiKite, grecnish-straw-colored ; fuscescent on the under side ; apoth. ap-
pressed, disk golden-fulvous, and dark orange-red, with a thin, flexuous,

I evanescent margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 113. Lecanora ruhina, Ach.
Squamaria, Hojfm. Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. I. c.
Rocks, New England. Northward to Arctic America, Rich. (Herb

Hook.!).

45. P. oreina, Ach. Th. crustaceous-adnate, areolate-verrucoso,
pale-greenish-straw-colored ; at the circumference radiose-lobale, plane,
incised, black-marginate ; apoth. depressed, disk somewhat tumid, black,
margin obtuse, very entire. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 1 13. P. slraminea, var.
Ach. Met/. Tuckerm. Furihcr Enum. I. c.

Rocks, throughout New England ; fertile.

46. P. cicgans, Ach. Th. stcllate-radiose, appressed, dark orange-

38

LICIIENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

! IN

red, nuked on hulli sides ; luciniic somewhat fliscrete, linear, convex,
contiguous, Hexuous ; apoth. of tlic same color, very entire. Fr. Li-
chcnogr. j). 114.

liocks and stones near tlie sea, fertile ; New England. Northward
to Newfoundland, Vylav',, Point Lake, &c., iiicA., and Melville Island
R. Br.

47. 1'. inurorum, y\ch. Th. crustaceous, adnate, contiguous, in the
circiunfcrence radiosc-plicate, pale yellow ; whil" 'Mulerneath ; apoth.
sessile, disk naked, dark yellow, with a thin, cnt;; •, ; mewhal llexuous i
margin. Fr. Lichcmigr. p. 115. — (5. miniala, Fr. ; .n. verrucose, less
and more narrowly radiosc, naked, vermilion-colored. Fr. I. c. Leva-
noru, y\ch.

Rocks and stones near the sea, New England, fertile. — /?, Penn-
sylvania, Miihl. Arctic America, Rick.

Suhsect VII. I'soRA, Fr.

■IH. P. viol !//>(l ilia, Wahl. Thallus crustaceous, arcolate-verrucosc,
radiate-plicate, dark-fuscous; white heneath ; laciniu; of the circumfer-
ence linear; apothecia innate, disk urccolate, hlackish-fuscous, margi-
nate, with a tumid thallinc margin. Fr. Lic/ienogr. p. 126.

Rocks. Greenland, Fries.

•^ 41). P. cenuna, Sommerf. Th. areolate-squamaceous ; the scales
crustaceous, subpeltale, repand or lobed,from greenish becoming livid-
chestnut; on the under side white; apoth. at first immersed, margi-
nate, at length protuberant, disk rufous-fuscous. Fr. Lichenogr. p. V21
— /5. squamulosa, Fr. ; th. chestnut-tawny; apoth. naked, thallinc mar-
gin thin or wanting. Fr. /. c.

Rocks. \Vhiic Mountains. Northward to Arctic America, Rich.

50. P. chri/somcJirna, Ach. (sub Lecanora). Th. crustaceous, are-
olale, yellow ; areola; (kit, submembranaccous, somewhat lobate, here
and thoro discrete ; apoth. appressed, disk |)lanc, sanguineous-black,
thalline margin elevated, subrugose, at length llexuous. Ack. Si/n. p.
IIH.

North America (Pennsylvania.?), Miihl, Ach.

SiiCT. IV. Thallus crustaceous, uniform.
Suhsect. VIII. Pati:i,laria, Fr.
T^ 51. r.pallcscens,Vr. Crust sublartareous, rugose-granulate, glances-

Icfnt ; by
linoKc, wi
tjjcccmon
lln. Fr. ; c
lat length
\chen Far
Trunki
[near the
iPennsylv

.W. P.
cescent ;

M ish-flcsh-(

f length gn
,| Rocks
'J alpine (lis
i Grcv. (PI

I

A ulate-pulv
f cave, red

' i;m. Im

Trunks
, Muhl.

51. P.

papillose,
fuscous, V
thallus. j
bocoming
Lich. Bri
Trunks
Arctic Ar

55. P.

bpcominji

adnate, di:
margin cc
bcJIa)!—
always m

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

39

, linear, convex, i
entire. Fr. Li- 1

1(1. Nortliward
Melville Island, j

iliguous, in the I
irnealli ; apoth,
lewlial fle.xuous
verrucose, less
Fr. I. c. Leca-

ile. — ft, I'enn-

)lute-verriicose,
the circuinfer"
iiscous, tnargi-
26.

us ; the scales
jecoming livid-
nersed, margi-
henogr. p. 127.
I, thalline mar-

icrica, Rich.

islaceous, are-

at lobate, here

;uiiieous-black,

Ach. Si/n. p.

Mi

ulate, glaiices-

Icrnt; hypothallus pale; apothecia tumid, disk plane, pale, innate-pru-
liiiuse, with an erect, entire, persistent margin. Fr. Lichenngr. v. 1,'}2.

XLccanora PareIJa, ^. Ach. Lichen paUesrens, L. Spec. PL (i. Pare?.-

tla. Fr. ; cnist amylaceous-tartareous, plicatc-verrucose, milk- while, disk
lat length chinky or verrucose. IV. L c. Lecanora Parella, Ach. Li-
\chen Parellus, Ij. Mant.

Trunks, rails, stones, &c., ascending to alpine districts. — /?, rocks
Inear the sea and large lakes. New England. New Yn-k, Torrey.
PeniLsylvania, Muhl Northward to Arctic America, Rich.

52. P. tarlarea,Kc\\. Cr. tartareous, granulate-conglomerate, glau-
[ccsccnt; hypoth. pale ; apoth. adnate, disk plane, rugujose, pale-yellow-
I ish-dcsh-colored, with an inflexed, entire margin. Fr. Lichenngr. p. 133.

■/?. frigida, Ach. ; hypothallus confused with the thallus; crust at
I length granulate, whitish ; apoth. smaller, reddish-flesh-colored. Fr. I c.
Hocks ; ,? incrusting twigs, mosses, lichens, &c., and ascending to
I alpine districts ; New England. New York, Ilalsey. Arctic America
Grcv. (ri. \V. Greenl.). '

53. P. rubra, Ach. Cr. subcartilagineous, smoothish, at length gran-
lulate-pulvorulcnt, glaucescent; hypoth. pale; apoth. adnate, disk con-
I cave, red, with a tumid, inflexed, crenulate margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p.

l!M. Lecanora, Ach.

Trunks in mountainous districts; New England. Pennsylvania
Muhl. '

51. P. oculala, Fr. Cr. cartilagineou.s-tartareous, rugose, uneven,

papillose, glaucescent; hypoth. pale; apoth. sessile, concave, disk sub-'

I fuscous, with an elevated, very entire margin, which is whit-^r than the

\ thallus. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 135. —^; thallus isidioid, branched ; apoth.

becoming black. Fr. I. c. Isidium oculafum, Ach. Turn. &■ Borr

Lich.Brit.p. 103.

Trunks in mountainous districts .• White Mountains. Northward to
Arctic America, Rich., Hook.

55. P. suhfusca, Fr. Cr. cartilagincous, at first contiguous, smooth,
becoming chinky and granulate, glaucescent; hypoth. macular; apoth.'
adnate, disk plano-convex, subfuscous, whitish within, with an erect
margin colored like the lliuUus. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 136 (excl. P. al-
bclla). — u. discolor, Fr. ; cr. as above ; apoth. regular, disk thickish,
always naked (red, rufous, fuscous, or black), margin entire, or at

7^

-/

w

40

LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

'!tf

i

length rugose. Fr. I c. Lecanora subfusca, ^ L. epihryon, Acli.~
ft. di3ians, Fr. ; cr. thin ; apoth. orbiculate, margin elevated, crenuhuc,
disk thin, pale, at first pruinose, finally naked. Fr. I. c. Lecanora
distans, Ach.

Trunks, dead wood, rocks, and stones. — /?, trunks. New England.
New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl Northward to Arctic Amer- ^
ica, Rich. "

56. P. alhella, Ach. Cr. cartilagineous, thin, milk-white; apoth. or.!
biculate, tumid, pale-flesh-colored, whitish-pruinose, margin very en-
tire, subevanescent. Ach. Syn. p. 168. Fr. Summ. Fl. Scand. P.
subfusca, y. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 139. — /?. angulosa, Fr. ; apoth. aggre-
gated, angulose-irregular, disk livid-fuscous, glaucous-pruinose, with a
flexuous, subpersistent margin. Fr. Summ. Fl Scand. P. subfusca, S.
Fr. Lichenogr. p. 139. P. angulosa, Ach.

Trunks ; New England. New York (« and ft), Halsey.

57. P. ccBsio-rubeUa, Ach. Cr. thin, softish, white ; apoth. scat-
tered (rather large), disk plane, becoming at length somewhat tumid,
pale-reddish and fuscescent, at first ctesious-pruinose, equalling the tu-
mid very entire margin. Ach. Syn. p. 267.

Trunks ; New England. New York, Halsey. Pennsylvania, Muhl

58. P. atra, Ach. Cr. cartilagineous, at length granulose-verrucose,
glaucescent ; hypoth. black ; apoth. sessile, disk at length somewhat tu-
mid, polished, very black, within black, with an elevated, persistent,
subentire margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 141.

Rocks and stones ; New England. New York, Halsey. Pennsylva-
nia, ilfw/iZ. Arctic America, Rich.

59. P. cinerea, Fr. Cr. subtartareous, areolate-rimose, glaucous-ci-
nereous ; hypoth. black ; apoth. innate, disk naked, nigrescent, palej
within, with a black, obtuse, subelevated thalline margin. Fr. Lichen-
ogr. p. 142. Urceolaria, Ach.

Rocks and stones, very common, and passing into many varieties.
An ochraceous state (Urceolaria Acharii, Ach.) occurs not uncom-
monly about mountain str^^ms. New England. New York, Halscn.
Arctic America, Rich.

60. P. India, Fr. Cr. v;ariilugineous, rimose-areolate, subsquamulose, i
dark-olive; hypoth. black; disk naked, polished, fuscous-blacK/witli'
an entire, persistent thalline margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 147.

iiocks i
[land. A
Imaccous,
la staiC, a
lauthors ;
lEndocarp
■land, and
Ipine and s

61. P.

I green bee
[fiiscous-ni
ichenogr. ]
Icous-ciner
4 and di.sap]
I Trunks
^ scy. Pen

I 62. P. I
1 hypoth. wl
4 convex, da
^ Lichenogr
►:J Alpine
Pylaie, an

i-^ 63. P. V
[green, bee
Isile, disk f
I erect, entii
lliform, plai
Iverulent th;
[disk of the

gin, from f
[Fr. ; apoth

becoming 1
[areolate an
[what flexuc
Dead wo
(Pennsylvan

Endand.

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

41

Ibnjon, Ach. —
ated, crenuhile,
/. c. Lccanora

New England.
to Arctic Amer-

liito; apoth. or-
argin very en-
Fl. Scand, P\\
; apoth. aggre-
ruinose, with a I
P. subfusca, S.

sey.

; apoth. scat-
)mevvhat tumid,]
lualling the tu-

sylvania, MmM

lose-verrucose,j
\\ somewhat tu-
ted, persistent,

y. Pennsylva-

le, glaucous-ci-
igrescent, pale|
. Fr. Lichen-

nany varieties,
's not uncoin-
York, Ha/scy.

ubsquamulose, j
us-blacK/with]
147.

liocks and stones (granite), asce iding to alpine districts ; New Eng-
llund. Arctic America, Rich. Areolne sometimes dispersed and squa-
Imaccoiis, with subimmcrsed, punctiform (imperfect) apothecia. Such
la state, according to Fries, is the Endocarpon smaragdulum of some
lauthors ; and a similar one, tinged dark red by the oxide of iron, the
JEndocarpon Sinopicum, VVahl. The former is common in New Eng-
jland, and occurs in New York, Hulsey. The latter is frequent on al-
Ipine and subalpine rocks on our higher mountains.

61. P. sophodes, Ach. Cr. tartareous, verrucose-granulate, from
jgreen becoming fuscescent ; hypoth. black ; disk opake, unpolished,
Ifuscous-nigrescent, thalline margin thick, at length rugulose. Fr. Li-
\chenogr. p. 149. Lecanora, Ach. — ft. exigua, Fr. ; small ; crust fus-
Icous-cinerascent ; hypoth. obsolete ; margins of the apothecia whitish,
jand disappearing. Fr. I. . Lecanora, Ach.

Trunks and dead wood ; New England. New York (,/ and ft), Hal-
^sey. Pennsylvania («), Muhl Arctic America (ft), Rich.

62. P. ventosa, Ach. Cr. tartareous, rimose-areolate, pale-yellow ;
Jhypoth. white ; apoth. appressed, at length irregular, disk somewhat

convex, dark-brownish-red, with a thin, pale, very entire margin. Fr.
^Lichenogr. p. 153. Lecanora, Ach.

Alpine and subalpine rocks; White Mountains. Newfounuiand,
jP^^Zaie, and northward to Arctic America, Rich.

63. P. varia, Fr. Cr. cartilagineous, areolate-verrucose, yellowish-
Igreen, becoming ochroleucous ; hypoth. smooth, macular; apoth. ses-
Isile, disk polished, yellowish-flesh-colored, or discolored, with a thin,

erect, entire margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 156. — «. Fr. ; apoth. scutel-

jliform, plano-concave, with a persistent, sometimes crenulate, or pul-
verulent thalline margin. Fr. ! I. c. P. varia, Ach. —ft. symmict.a, Fr. ;
disk of the apothecia somewhat excluding the paler, very entire mar-

jgin, from pale-yellowish becoming fuscous. Fr. ! I. c. — y. sepincoh,
Fr. ; apoth. somewhat immersed, convex, immarginate, from fulvous
becoming black. Fr. I c. Lecidea, Ach. — 5. polytropa, Fr. ; crust
areolate and granulate; margins of the apothecia pale, entire, some-

[wliat flexuous. Fr. 1. c. Lecidea, Ach.

Dead wood, stones, and trunks; New England. New York, Halsey.

I Pennsylvania, Muhl.— ft, granite rocks in mountainous districts ; New

[England. Arctic America, Rich.

6

42

LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

64. P. vitellina, Ach. Cr. tartareous, granulose-coacervate, dark-
reddish-yellow; hypoth. macular, while; apoth. sessile, disk yellow |
becoming fuscous, margin simple, thin, erect, entire, at length of thej
same color. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 162. Lecanora, Ach.

Dead wood and rocks ; New England. Pennsylvania, Muhl.

65. P. fiilva, Schwein. (sub Lecanora). Cr. cartilagineous, chinky
and granulate-verrucose, sulphureous or pallescent, upon a blackish
hypothallus; apoth. sessile, disk reddish-orange, immarginate, with a I
thick, inflected, at length Hexuous margin. Lecanora fuloa, Schwein.]
in Hah. Lich. N. Y. I c. p. 13. Tuckerm. Lich. JV. E. I c.

Trunks ; New England. New York, Halse^j.

66. P. cerina, Ach. Cr. at first contiguous, at length granulate, ci-j
nereous, upon a bluish-black hypothallus ; apoth. sessile, disk immar-
ginate, somewhat wax-colored, with a thin, equal, opake, entire thai-
line margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 160. Lecanora, Ach.

Trunks, rocks, and stones ; New England. Pennsylvania, Muhl.

Subsect IX. Urceolaeia, Fr.

67. P. glaucoma, Ach., Fr. Crust tartareous, contiguous, rimose-
areolate, glaucous-white; hypothallus white; apothecia innate, disk^
pale-flesh-coloied, pruinose, at length convex, and becoming blackish,
with a very entire, evanescent thalline margin. Fr. Summ. Fl. Scand. I
P. sordida, Fr. Lichenogr. p. 178. Lecanora glaucoma, Ach.

Rocks (especially granite). New York, Halsey. Arctic America,
Rich.

68. P. verrucosa, Ach., Fr. Cr. cartilagineous, verrucose, naked,
gklucous-white ; hypoth. white ; disk immersed in the verrucas, con-
cave, blackish, subpruinose, the proper margin connate with the convex
thalline margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 186. Icon, Laur. in Sturm's Fl I
^.21. — a. Urceolaria, Fr. ; normal. Urceolaria verrucosa, Ach.-[,
/3. Pertusaria, Fr. ; verruca) closed, disk prominent like a black osti-|
ole. Porina glomerata, Ach.

Incrusting dead mosses and sticks, in alpine districts ; White Moun-
tains.

69. P. calcarea, Ach., Fr. Cr. subcartilagincous, areolate-verru-
cose, glauccscent (often mealy and white) ; disk immersed in the are-
olae, from concave becoming piano, blackish, ca^sious-pruinose, with ai

thin, at le
[what pror
[ Jji'ieolarit
Limesto
I New York

70. P. i

Icous-cinen
jsious-blacl
I is at first i
1 190. Urc
[smaller, d
[margin sul
Rocks, s
-/? incrus

Apothec
I a discrete,

ing a rigesi

T. Irpad
Lichenogr.

Trunks,
(Herb. Hoc

with the El
ler).

Apotheci

I cent, the el

the disk. I

iniT at lens

ceous, some

G. cupulc
! border orbi
Lichenogr.
Rocks (c!
New York,

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

43

icervate, dark-

3, disk yellow

length of the

a, Muhl.

;ineous, chinky
)on a blackish
rginate, with a
^uli'a, Schwein.
I. /. c.

I granulate, ci-
e, disk immar-
CO, entire thai-

'ania, 3Iuhl.

Tuous, rimose-
a innate, disk
ning blackish,
im. Fl. Scand.
1, Ach.
rctic Ameri .a,

•ucose, naked,
verruca;, con-
ith the convex
n Sturni's Fi.
icosa, Ach. —
a. black osti-

White Moun-

ircolate-verru-
ed in the are'
ainose, with a

V thin, at length discrete, entire proper margin ; thalline margin some-
what prominent, subentire, or rugose-crcnate. Fr. Lidienogr. p. 187.
i'rceolaria, Ach.

Limestone, and from this passing to other rocks : New Enf^land.
New York, HuJsey.

70. P. scruposa, Sommerf. Cr. tartareous, rugose-granulate, glau-

'I cous-cinerascent ; hypoth. white; apoth. immersed, disk urceolate, cje-

|sioiis-black, with a connivent, cinerous-blackish proper margin, which

I is at first covered by the crenate thalline margin. Fr. Lichenoo-r. p.

lUO. Urceolaria, Ach. — ^. bryophila, Ach. ; cr. rugose ; apoth.

I smaller, disk emergent, urceolate, with a contracted mouth, thalline

margin subevanescent. Fr. I. c. Gyalecta, Ach.

Rocks, stones, doad wood, trunks, and on the earth ; New England.

-t3 incrusting mosses; Pennsylvania, Muhl Arctic America, Rich.

X. THELOTREMA, Ach.

Apothecia subconical-truncate, at length open, urceolate-scutelliform ;
a discrete, lax, membranaceous, 'acerale-dehiscent, interior exciple veil-
ing a rigescent disk. Thallus crustaceous.

I T. Irpadintm, Ach. Disk blackish, at first caesious-pruinose. Fr.

' Lichenogr. p. 428. Schcer. ! Spicil p. 67.

Trunks, somewhat rare ; New England. Arctic America, Rich.
(Herb. Hook. !). Our Lichen, as well as that of Arctic America, agrees
uith the European ; and the species is found also in Brazil (Eschwei-
In-).

XI. GYALECTA, Ach., Fr.

Apothecia orbiculate, urceolate, at first closed, then variously dehis-
'cnt, the elevated, discrete, colored border of the exciple surrounding
ilic disk. Disk at first included, like a nucleus, and gelatinous, becom-
ing at length open, cxplanate, indurated. Thallus horizcatal, crusta-
i-TOus, somewhat tartareous.

G. cupularis, Schccr. Apothecia radiate-dehiscent, urceolate-open ;
^ border orbicular, elevated, tumid, pale, disk pale-flesh-colored. Fr.
mm Lichenogr. p. 195.

Rocks (especially limestone and sandstone, Fr.) and on the earth.
New York, Halsey. Pennsylvania, Muhl.

44

LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

Tribe II. LECIDEACEiE, Fr.

XII. STERKOCAULON, Ach.

i\ polhecia placed upon a thalline stratum, which forms a more or
less evident, evanescent (spurious) thalline .nargin, becoming plane,
with an obscure proper marjrin, and at length cephaloid and immargi.
nate, solid. Thallus vertical, caulescent, mostly solid (podetia), sup-
porting a horizontal, squamulose-granulose thallus, and arising some-
times from a horizontal, adnate, granulose thallus.

The apothecia arc often quite those of Parmelia, but they also occur
subimmarginate from the first, or with only an obscure f roper margin,
as observed by Scha;rer and Eschweiler,and the genus seems properly
nearest to Biatora, and related through this to Lecidea. In this view,
Cladonia must be taken for the highest type of Lecidcaceaj ; and the
fistulous podetium, analogous certainly (Fr. Lich. p. 14) to the tubulose
thallus of some Cetraria,', and in Cladonia turgida, if I am not mistaken,
evidently formed by constriction of the ascending foliaceous thallus of
that species, must be considered as indicating a higher rank than the
solid podetium ; this last being rather a branched stipe, as is suggested
by a comparisor of Stereocaulon FibuL vith Biatora Byssoides. And,
adopting a somewhat wider sense for Eschweiler's remark, that Clado-
nia unites in itself the horizontal and the vertical thallus, we might, in
the point of view that we have chosen, see reason to agree with hiiTi
that this genus is even the highest development of Lichcnose vegeta
tion ; or to venture, at least, the suggestion, that no genus, which does
not include the horizontal type, should seem to be the most perfect tyji-
ical representative of Lichenes. Fries, from whose profound conclu-
sions we are far from prepared to depart, attributes indeed to Usnea
(1. c. pp. 9, 17, 198) the highest rank, and, where he considers the I
genera as falling into parallel series, he, in this view, assigns the posi-
tion to Usnea, Stereocaulon, and Sphajrophoron. But if there is evi-
dently a distinction between the highest typical development and the
highest acliiuUij attainable development, and tl.e former represent the
most perfect condition of the plant, or genus, ^„/ se, as a distinct real
or assumed existence in nature, — as the latter is representative of ex-
treme tendencies of the vegetation in question to ascend to a higher |
than its typical structure,— Usnea, &c., may be taken as representing

Ihe exirem
'jus cxpres
liuii. — S.
ibrillose f
imerica, i
jiiiy the sc

Sect. I.

1. S. to?

he brancJK

lomcntum ;

riiylloid-gr
leiiifth "lob

On the
iains, and
tJIooL !

2. S, C01
j)ranched, <

|tligitate-div(
yiiicreous-c
fiiiially glob
I Stones, ii

--• 3. S. poi

pjirossed, vei

^thickly tog(

^granulose,

ated, plane

aschaliSf I

Stones, ai

White I\Ioui

the coast ; 1

was former

and the folh

Tnrreii. Pc

foundland, j

sckr ; and }

AND BRITItJH AMERICA.

45

r.

rms a more or '
jcom'mg plane,
d and immargi<
{podetia), sup-
arising some-

tbey also occur
f roper margin,
seems properly
In this view,
acefE ; and the
to the tubulose
1 not mistaken,
eons thallus of

rank than the
is is suggested
ssoides. And,
rk, that Clado-
!, we might, in
gree with hiim
honose vegeta
IS, which does
)st perfect tyji-
)found conclu-
ieed to Usnea i

considers the
ligns the posi-
f there is evi-
iment and the

represent the
a distinct real ^
Mitative of ex-
d to a higher
s representing

Ihr exlreme development of Lichenes, and Cladonia, or some other ge-
jus expressing the horizontal type, as representing their typical perfec-

lion. — S. ramuIosu7n, Ach., a mostly tropical species, with densely
ibrillose podetia, and terminal, subglobose apothecia, inhabits iMorth
Lmerica, according to Acharius and Muhlenberg ; but it is probable,
Duly the southern part.

3eut. I. Podetia solid, filamentous within ; apothecia normally fus-
cous.

• Souamules foliaceous, or fibrillose.

1. S. lomentosum, Fr, Podetia lax, terete, very much branched and

he brandies somewhat recurved, clothed with a dense, whitish, spongy

komcntum ; squamulcs somewhat rounded, incised-crenate (becoming

lylloid-granulose), cinereous-ctesious ; apothecia minute, lateral, at

Ictigtli globose. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 201.

On the earth and stones in the lower regions of the White Moun-
ains, and ascending; fertile. Northward to Arctic America, Herb.
\llook. !

2. S, coralHnum, Fr. Podetia lax, a little compressed, very much

branched, glabrous (many conjoined at the base into a dense, at first

|tligitatc-divergent sod) ; squamules fibrillose, somewhat digitate-ramose,

x'iiicreous-ca;sious ; apoth. scattered or conglomerate (rather large),

|iliially globose. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 201. S. dactyJophyllum, Floerk. !

I Stones, in the lower regions of the White Mountains ; fiirt.'e.

- ;]. S. paschale, Laur. Podetia lax, rather slender, somewhat com-
|l)rcssed, very much branched, subglabrous (many commonly crowded
ithickly together, but not cajspitose-conjoined) ; squamules phyllo'd-
lanulose, crenate, conglomerate, glaucous ; apoth. eubterminal, di-

pated, plane. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 202. S. paschale, Ach. part. Lichen

paschalis, L. Jide Fr.

Stones, and on the earth in large patches, in the lower regions of the
jWlute I\Iountains ; and ascending to alpine districts. Common also on
jthe coast; but the genus is peculiarly montane. The present species
hvas formerly considered as including most of those here described,
land the following stations are therefore so far uncertain. New York,
Ynrrey. VenmyUnrnp. , Mxihl Noniiward to Canada, iiricAaHx; New-
Ifoundland, Pt//^ie ; the Saskatchawan, &c., Rich.; Greenland, Gie-
\sekp. ; and Meh lie Island, R. Br.

46

LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

4. S. condensafum, Laur. Podetia erect, terete, scarcely branched,
clothed with a thai, white-incarnate tomentum ; squamules roundish,
teretish, or confluent, glaucous ; apot'i. terminal, dilated, plane, subpel-
tate. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 203. S. Meissnerianum, Floerk. !

Stones and rocks, in the lower regions of the White Mountains;
somewhat rarely fertile. Occurring also in the deliquescent, degener-
ate state called uy Acharius S, Coreolus (Meth. t. 7, p. 1). The hori-
zontal thallus at the base is persistent, and often conspicuous.

** Squamules verrucrcform, rounded, or angulate.

y_> 5. S. denudatum, Floerk. Podetia erectish, terete, somewhat spar-
ingly branched above, below denudate, glabrous ; granules roundish,
thick, cinerascent, at length almost plane, crenate-lobate ; apoth. later-
al, minute, somewhat plane. Floerk. ! D. Lick. p. 13. Fr. Lichenogr.
p. 204, S. glauccsccns, Tuclcervi. Lirh. N. E. I. c.

Rocks ; from (ireenland. Dill., to New England, where it is common ,
in mountainous, and ascends to subalpine districts. Southward to Penn- j
sylvania. Dill.

6. S. nanum, Ach. Podetia erect, slender, fastigiate-ramose, below |
denudate, above very finely pulverulent; granules verrucfcfbrm, mi-
nute, greenisli-pallesccnt, Hoccose ; apoth. small, lateral, convex. Fr.! '
Lichenogr. p. 205.

Fissures of rocks, and on stones, in the lower regions of the White |
Mountains ; fertile.

Sect. 11. PiLOMioRON, Tuckerm. Podetia cartilagineous-subfilamon-
lous, or araneous-fistulous within ; apothecia subimmarginate, black.

7. S. Fibula, Tuckerm. Crust persistent, appressed, subsquama-
ceous-granulate, bright green ; podetia (solid), erect, terete, simple,
somewhat corticate with the green squamaceous granules, at length j
subdenudate, glabrous ; apoth. (lateral, minute, somewhat plane, sub-
immarginate, and) terminal, mostly solitary, at first depressed-globose,
immarginate,at length rather infiatcd, dark-grecnish-nigrescent becom- 1
ing black.

Moist rocks along streams in mountain forests; White Mountains.
Rugose, nigrescent cephalodia (certainly abortive apothecia) occur i
commonly in iiu; erust, resembling similar ones in S. condensatum,
Barren podetia terminated often with powdery green pulvinules, as in]
S, Ccrcolus, Ach. Apothecia solid, as in the next, the disk place(' 'pon

\

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

47

s of the White

a paler stratum. S. Cereolus, as described by Borrcr, and figured in
E. Bot. Suppl. t. 26()7, is certainly very near the present section, and
agrees in many respects with the species under notice. The apparent
(lill'erence of structure in the apothecia of this and of the next spe-
icies from Cladonia, Stereocaulon, and Biatora is one so anomalous,
that I prefer to leave thfm in this place, to which, indeed, their whole
habit would seem to refer tJiem.

S. S. aciculare, Tuckern. Crust persistent, of eiTuse, roundish,
Iwhitish granules; podetia erect, terete, smooth, elongated (fistulous and

araneous within), divided at length irregularly into erect, subfastigiate,

at length denudate branches; granules verruculose, pale-cinereous;

apoth. at first subconical-globose, immarginate, often conglomerate,

I from dark-greenish-nigrescent becoming black. Bccomyces, Meth. L 8,

j/. 4, dein Ccnomyce, Ach. Cladonia, Auct. Stereocaulon, Mild, Enum.

Lich. N. Amer. p. 52.

On the earth ; Northwest Coast, Menzies ! Douglns, in herb. Hook. !
I Rocky Mountains, Herh. Hook. ! — New York, Halseij. Pennsylvania,
I Muhl. Certainly a congener of tlie last. Fries remarks incidentally
I (Lichenogr. p. 242), that the apothecia are almost those of Biatora.
\ Rugose cephalodia, like those of the last, occur also in the crust of this
I species, and at the bases of the podetia. Sommerfelt (Suppl. Fl. Lapp.

p. 120) remarks that these cephalodia occur also in S. paschule, S. eo-

rullinum, and S. denudatum.

lite Mountains.

XIII. CLADONIA, Hoflhi.

Apothecia orbiculate, submarginate ; becoming at length inflated,
I cephaloid, and immarginate ; empty. Disk open, at length protuberant
and reflexed, concealing the proper excipie. Horizontal ihallus squa-
niulosfc-foliaceous or crustaceous, from which arises a vertical, caules-
cent, oartilagineous, fistulous thallus {podetia).

I Scries I. Glaucescentes, Fr. Podetia greenish-glaucous.

Apothecia rufous.

1. C. aldcornis, Fr. Thallus cncspitosc, subfoliaceous. of palmate-

Inciniate, crcnate, glaucous lobules ; podetia elongated-turbinato, some-

I what verruculose, glabrous, of the some color ; scyphi regular, conca-

vo-plane,crenulate ; apothecia rufous. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 213. C. Cor-

nucopioB, Hoffm. Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. I. c.

48

LICHENES OF THK NOHTHEHN STATES

i

Sterile, sandy earth ; pine woods. Nortli America, Flocrke ! ComJ
mon in New England, and fertile. Pennsylvania, Muhl. Arctic!
America, Hook. Lobes black-fibriliosc at the margins, beneath, in tliel
European Lichen, but nalied in ' warm, dry places,' according tcl
Fioerke, and in sterile soils, according to Fries. I have never foutij
fibrillose specimens of our plant.

2. C. tur^ida, WoiXm. Th. foliaceous, erectish, laciniatc, glaucous,)
branching into fruticulose, ramose, glabrous podetia, of the same colorJ
the scyphiferous ones turgid, obconico-cylindrical ; spurious scyphi imi
marginate, dentate-radiate; apoth. carneo-rufescent. Fr. Lichenogr\
p. 214. Floerk. ! Clad. J), lib. Cenomijce parecha, Ack.

Sterile, moist earth, in mountainous districts, fertile ; New EngUindj
Pennsylvania, Muhl. Arctic America, Rich.

3. C. PapWaria, Iloffm. Th. crustaceous, papillose-granulate, perJ
sistcnt ; podetia ventricose-cylindrical, gil)bous, glabrous, simple
much branched, glaucous ; the branches fastigiate, undivided at thel
apices, obtuse ; apoth. at length convex, rufous. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 245,f
Flocrk. ! Clad. p. 5. Icon, Laur. in Sturm's Fl t. 22. Pi/cnothelia
Hook. Br. Fl. Tuckcrm. Lich. N. E. I. c.

Sterile earth in alpine and subalpine districts. White Mountains; fcrj
tile. The abnormal slate with very short, vesicular podetia, tipped!
with rufous-fuscous, abortive apothecia, is most common.

Series 2. Fu s c c s c en t c s, Fr. Podetia greenish-fuscous (andl
cinerascent). Apothecia fuscous.

* Scijphifera:, Fr. Podetia passing into a terminal scyphus, closcdj

with a diaphragm.

4. C. caispilicin, Flocrk. Thallus ca'spitose, of pale-grccn, lacinialel
scjuamules ; podetia very short, glabrous, dilated above (and wantinj;):
apoth. fuscous. Floerk. ! Clad. p. 8. Ccnonujce, Arh. Syn. p. 247.

Trunks of trees and rocks, fertile ; Now England. Now York, ]lai-\
SCI/. (Cf. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 218.)

5. C. pijxidata, Fr. Th. squamulosc ; podetia cartilagineous-coili,
cate, at length verrucose, or furfuraceous, green-cinerascent ; tlicI
scyphiferous ones turbinate ; sryplii cyathiform, dilated ; afjoth. fus-j
cous. Fr. Lichenogr. /?. 216. Ccnomycc, Ach. ! Syn. p. 252. — ,5. iV
cillum, Ach. ; th. of largo, thickened lobules; podetin dilated seiisiblvl

I p ward frc
\ch. Liclu
On the
lestward.
SaskatchaA
in-
land ; perl
jichen (E
.ich. N. E
atli simila

6. C.gr
cate, polisl
\)gr. p. 21 J
Bcyphi dila'

c. C. v,
Luct. ; th. (
lules ; pot
•;'. hyhn
scyphi dila
1(5. ehngata
Idiminishcd.
\Cladonia^ .
\Lichen., L.
jsubulate, si
\luJiformis.i
Iraceous, ei
xsuhuliformi
On the e
[tains ; — y
[dcgoneratio
\scy. Penn:
[Greenland,

7. C. de^

[corticate, ir
jccous),mot

" Apcithe
Rncrrllic nliq
lean sjH'cinic

:s

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

49

Flocrke ! Com.i
Mukl. Arctic]
1, bcnealh, in tliel
s,' according tcl
lave never founci

iniatc, giaucoiif;.|
the same color:
rious scyplii im.j
Fr. Lichenngr.]
ch.
, New Engl audi

■granulate, perJ
•ous, simple orl
ndivided at tlief
ohcnogr. p. 245,
!. Pt]cnoLhclia\

Mountains ; fer-
podetia, tippedj

h-fuscous (amij

icyplms, closed I

green, laciniatf|
(and wantiiij;):
Vy/?.. ;;. 247.
iew York, llal\

agmeons-corti'

lerascent ; tlicj

d ; ajjutli. fus-j
or.k) o 11,,

lilated scMsiblvl

kpward from a thick base, verrucose with subsquamaceous granules.

ich. Lichenogr. p. 535.
On the earth, &c., very common and variable ; New England, and

vestvvard. New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. North to the

feaskatchawan, &c., Rich.; Greenland, Gieseke ; and Melville Island,
Br. — /5, in moist crevices of rocks in the mountains of New Eng-
land ; perhaps the handsomest state of the species. A frequent rail-

Jchen (Boeomyces scolecinus, Ach., Pycnothelia scol., Tuckerm.

.ich. N. E.) is a degeneration. Infertile states are easily confounded
kvitli similar states of several other species.

6. C. gracilis, Fr. Th. squamulose ; podetia cartilagineous-corti-
bate, polished ; scyphi somewhat plane ; apoth. fuscescent. Fr. Lichen-
jj^r. p. 218. — a. V er licillata, Fr. ; podetia shorter, all scyphiferous ;
^cyphi dilated, plane, proliferous for the most part from the centre. Fr.
' c. C. verticillafa, Hoffm. Floerk. ! Clad. p. 26. — (i. cervicornis,
Luct. ; th. of conspicuous, elongated, erectish, naked, dark-green squa-
nules; podetia as in the next, of which this is the macrophylline state.
■y. hyhrida, Fr. ; podetia longer and larger, mostly scyphiferous;

Bcyphi dilated, and commonly proliferous from the margin. Fr. I. c.

p. elnngata, Fr. ; podetia elongated, mostly subulate or furcate ; scyphi
jdiminishcd, somewhat concave. Fr. ! I c. Cenomyce gracilis, Ach.
Wladonia, Hoffm. Floerk. ! Clad. p. 30. Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. I. c.
jLiche7i, L.—* vermicularis, Auct. ; podetia papyraceous, prostrate,
jsubulate, subsimple, imperforate, white. C. vermicular is, DC. C. su-
huliformis, Hoffm. Tuckerm. I. c. —** taurica, Auct. ; podetia papy-
Iraceous, erectish, ventricose, ramose, white. C. iaurica, Hoffm. C.
Y^^hdiformis, ft. taurica, Tuckenyi. I. c.

On the earth, most perfect, and in all the varieties, on high moun-
itains; — ;/ being an alpine state, but descending ; and * and ** alpine
Idcgenerations.f Now England and westward. New York («), Hal-
Wy. Pennsylvania, Muhl. North to Point Lake, &c., Rich.; and
{Greenland, Gieseke.

7. C. degenerans, Floerk. Th. squamulose ; podetia cartilagineous-
I corticate, irregularly proliferous-ramose (glabrous or granulate-furfura-
I ccous), more or less squamulose-e.xasperate, grecn-pallescent, becoming

" Apothecia Jateralia, sparea, ntra, ihallo innata, eoque subniarginala, n|iolIi.
I Rncrrlltc aliquo rnocio accedentin," were observed by Brown in some Arctic Amer-
ican specimens of (R. Br. in Parry's First Voy. App. p. 307).

00

LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

U

blackish and white-spotted at the base ; scyphi irregular, cristate-lacer-
ate ; apoth. fuscous. Floerk. ! Clad. p. 41. Fr. ! Lichenogr. p. 221.
Cenomyce gonorega, Ach. - /?; scyphi digitately divided into fastigiate|
branches, and becoming carious with age. Fr. I. c. Cenomyce carlo-
sa, Ach.

On the earth ; comnnon in New England. New York, Halsey.
Pennsylvania, Muhl. (Southward to Virginia, Dill.)

8. C.funbriata, Fr. Th. squamulose ; podetia cylindrical, the whole I
membranaceous epidermis deliquescing into a fine, glaucous-candicanlj
dust ; scyphi cupulocform with an erect margin ; apoth. fuscous. Fr.
Lichenogr. p. 222. Lichen Jimbriatus, i. — « ; podetia short, all
scyphiferous; scyphi somewhat dentate ; apoth. simple. Fr. I. c. D}ll
Muse. t. 14, /. 8. Lichen jimbriatus, «, L. — ^. tubcsformis, Fr. ; poj
detia elongated, mostly scyphiferous ; scyphi somewhat entire ; apoth,
symphycarpeous. Fr. I c. Lichen Jimbriatus, (i, L. — ;.. radiata, Fr. ;
podetia elongated, subulate, or the scyphi proliferous-subulate, oroblit-
erated and radiate-fimbriate. Fr. I. c. Lichen fmibriatus, y, L.

On the earth, common in mountainous districts, and fertile; Newl
England. New York, Halsey. Pennsylvania, Muhl Northward to|
Arctic America, Rich.

9. C. cornuia, Fr. Th. squamulose ; podetia cylindrical, somewhat |
ventricose, the epidermis cartilagineous and persistent below, membra-
naccous and becoming powdery-deliquescent above ; scyphi narrowed,
rather plane, with an incurved, somewhat entire margin; apoth. fus-l
ecus. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 225. Lichen cornufiis, L.

Trunks among mosses, dead wood, &c., in the mountains of New|
England ; fertile.

10. C. decorlicata, Floerk. Th. squamulose ; podetia slender, cy-
lindrical, the submembranaceous epidermis separating into furfuraceous |
scales, pulverulent ; scyphi narrowed or obsolete ; apoth. fuscous.
Floerk. ! Clad. p. 10. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 226. — ^?. symphycarpea, Fr. ; j
podetia somewhat simple ; apoth. symphycarpeous. Fr. I. c. — y. {ra-
mosa), Fr. ; podetia branched, subulate, sterile. Fr. I. c.

On the earth, in mountainous districts. White Mountains ; fertile.
Distinguishable from similar decorticate, symphycarpeous states of C
pyxidatn by its pulverulence.

** Pcrvia;, Fr. Podetia not passing into closed scyphi, but the axils

and apic
slender, i

11. C. c

Ichotomous-l
jcous-pruino!
lincurved me
\Liche?iogr. i
35. Floerk.
Igid ; axils a
|fruticulose ;
On the ei
linfertile.

12. C.pm
Jte and grar

Iwith scales a
led branches :
\Spicil. ji. 37
7. C. squ
Decaying
[Pennsylvania

13. C. squ

[what pulveri
land exaspera
lapolh. cymos
podetia ventr
\Cenomyce spc
jw«/fl, Fr. ; pc
I late. Fr.! I.
On the eai
|in mountainoi

14. C.furc

Idclia dichotoi
jish-fuscous ; j
pale becominj
i — u. erispatc
y c. p. 148. ,
I'lilatcd and fis

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

51

, cristate-lacer-
lenogr. p. 221.
i into fastigiatel
enomyce carlo-

York, Halsey.l

•ical, the whole
cous-candicant!
. fuscous. Fr.i
etia short, all
Fr. I. c. D}ll\
rmis, Fr. ; po-
entire ; apoth.|
. radiaia, Fr, ;
ulate, or oblit-
'.s, y, L.
fertile ; New!
Northward to

m], somewhat
low, memLM'a-|
phi narrowed,
1 ; apoth. fiis-

itains of New

slender, cy-
) furfuraceous I
oth. fuscous,
ycarpea, Fr. ; |
■ c. — y. (rfl-

tains ; fertile. I
states of C

but the axils

and apices dilated-infundibuliform, or simply perforate in the more
slender, mu?h-branched forms.

11. C.cenotea, Schrer. Th. squamulose, dissected; podctia di-
jchotomous-brachiate, membranaceous-corticate, at length finely glau-
Icous-pruinose; axils and fertile apices dilated, infundibuliform, with
Inicurved margins ; ' apolh. sessile, from pale becoming fuscous.' Fr ' ,A
Wchemgr. (sub C, brachiata), p. 228. C. cenoiea, Schcer. Spicil. p
p. Floerk. ! Clad. p. 135. Bceomyces dein Cenomyce, Ach. — « ; tur-
Igid ; axils and apices as above. Fr. I. c. _ ^. furcellata, Fr. ; slender,
Ifruticiilose ; branches subulate, axils perforate. Fr. I. c.

Oo the earth, in mountainous districts. White Mountains ; as yet
■infertile.

12. C. parasitica, Scha3r. Th. squamulo.se, narrowly erose-lacini-
.teand granulate-pulverulent; podetia delicate, at length besprinkled

Kvth scales and granules, divided above into short, somewhat incrassat-
|ed branches ; apoth. minute (often symphycarpeous), fuscous. Scha:r. !
Spicil. p. 37. Lichen parasiticus, Hoffm. C. delicata, Floerk. ! Clad.
- 7. C. squamosa, var. delicata, Fr. ! Lichenogr. p. 231.

Decaying logs, common in mountainous districts ; New England. '
Pennsylvania, Muhl. (Cf. Fries, I. c.) *

13. C. squarnosa, HofTm. Th. squamulose, dissected, often some-
what pulverulent; podetia branched, lacunose, at length decorticate,
and exasperate with squamaceous granules ; axils pervious, denticulate;
apoth. cymose, fuscous. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 231. _ «. veutricosa, Fr. ;
jpodetia ventricose ; axils and apices dilated-infundibuliform. Fr. ! I. c. ^

Cenomyce sparassa, Ach. Cladonia, Floerk. ! Clad. p. 129. — /?. atten-
|w«/a, Fr. ; podetia more slender, attenuate, axils pervious, apices subu-
'late. Fr.'l. c.

On the earth, decaying logs, and stones, most perfect and frequent
in mountainous districts ; New Enj^land.

14. C.f areata, Floerk. Th. squamulose, somewhat dissected; po-
detia dichotomous-fruticulose, cartilagineous-corticate, polished, green-
jish-fuscous ; axils and fertile apices pervious ; apoth. pedicellate, from
pale becoming fuscous. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 229. Floerk. Clad. p. 141.
— «. crispaia, Fi. ; turgid ; axils and apices infundibuliform. Floerk. !
p. c. p. 148. Fr. ! I. c. — ^. cristata, Fr. ; somewhat turgid ; obliquely
•iilatcd and fiinbriatc-cristatc at the axils ; the apices cristate-ramulosc.

62

LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

Fr. I. c. Bill. Muse. p. 544, & Icon, t. 82, /, 1. — y. racemosa,
Floerk. ; podetia elongated, turgescent, ramose, and, as well as the ax-
ils, gaping ; branches recurved or erect, fertile ones explanate. Floerk. ! I
I. c. p. 152. Fr. ! I. c. — 5. suhulata, Floerk. ; podetia elongated, morel
slender, with subpertuse axils ; apices of the fertile ones cloven ; branch-
es erectish, or also recurved, or divergent. Floerk.! I. c. p. 143. Fr.\
I. c. — s. pungens, Ach. ; small, ctespitose, very much and intricately]
branched, fragile, pallescent or whitish-cinereous, Fr. I. c. C. pungens,
Floerk. I. c. p. 156. C. rangiformis, Hojfin.

On the earth, common ; most perfect in mountainous regions; Newl
England to Ohio. New York, Halsey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. — ,?,[
Pennsylvania, Dill. — t. Greenland, Floerke.

15. C. rangiferina, Hoffm. Th. crustaceous, evanescent ; podetia
fruticulose, trichotomously and very much branched, somewhat tomen-l
tose, cincrascent ; axils subperforate ; sterile apices nodding, fertilel
ones erect, cymose ; apoth. fuscous. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 243. Floerk.l\
Clad. p. IGO. — (5. sylvalica, Floerk.; slender, smoother, pale-straw-
colored. Floerk. Clad. p. 1G7. Fr. I. c. — ;'. alpestris, Floerk. ; soft- 1
ish, the branches and branchlets very densely thyrsoid-entangled.
Floerk. Clad. p. 165. Fr. I. c.

On the earth, common everywhere, and fertile ; New England,!
New York (or, /?, and y), Halsey. Pennsylvania, Dill. Northward toj
Canada, Michaux ; Greenland, Gieseke; and elsewhere in Arctic Amer-|
ica, Rich., R. Br.

Series 3. OchroleuccE, Fr.
fuscous-cerulescent at the base,
colored, lutescent within.

Podetia ochroleucous ; at lengthl
Apothecia somewhat livid-flesh-

16. C. carncola, Fr. Th. squamulose ; podetia membranaceous-
corticate, at length finely pulverulent, ochroleucous, becoming fuscous-
cerulescent ijt the base, the scyphiferous ones turbinate ; apoth. pale-
flesh-colored fuscescent. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 233 — « ; podetia turbi-l
nate, all scyphiferous, simple or proliferous. Fr. I. c. — /?; podetia!
elon^ited-turbinate, with radiate, subulate prolifications. Fr. I. c. —I
y. cyanipes, Fr. ; podetia very long, cylindrical, simple, or the scypliij
obliterated and passing into somewhat divaricate, sterilescent branches,]
Fr. I. c. Icon, Laur. in St.urm''s Fl. t, 13.

On the earth ; Arctic America. Greenland, Fries.

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

53

17. C. DespreauxH, Bory ms. Th. evanescent ; podetla elongated,
slender, cartilagineous-corticate, the epidermis separating below into
jbluisli-white squamules, and becoming above finely granulate (not pul-
Iverulcnt), pale sulphureous, becoming bluish-fuscescent at the base ;
Iscyphi narrow, proliferous-radiate, or passing into and obliterated in
jsterilescent branchlets ; apoth, minute, pale-flesh-colored fuscescent.
I Cenomyce DespreauxH, Bory, fide schedul. in herb. Berol.

On the earth in alpine districts. VVhi ountains. Newfoundland,
I Bory !

IS. C. amaurocraa, Floerk. Th. crustaceous, evanescent ; pode-
Itia elongated, slender, polished, somewhat curved-decumbent, pale-
j straw-colored ; apices fuscous-black, those of the sterile podetia subu-
late, variously branched, of the scyphiferous ones irregularly prolifer-
ous-branched ; scyphi narrow, oblique, margin dentate-radiate ; apoth.
pale-flesh-colored fuscescent. Floerk.! Clad. p. 119, Cenomyce oxy-
I ceras, Ach. Syn.

On the ear.h in alpine districts. White Mountains, very luxuriant
I and fertile. Greenland, Floerke, and elsewhere in Arctic America,
Rich.

19. C. Botrytis, HofFm. Th. squamulose ; podetia cylindrical, car-
tilagineous-corticate, verruculose, ochroleucous ; somewhat divided into
subfastigiate branches; apoth. pale-flesh-colored and pallescent. Fr.
Lichenogr. p. 234.

On the earth, and decaying logs. New York, Hahey.

20. C. imcialis, Fr. Th. crustaceous, evanescent ; podetia fruticu-
lose, dichotomous, smooth, greenish-straw-colored; axils subperforate ;
sterile apices erect, blackish, fertile ones digitate-radiate ; apoth. at first
pale-flesh-colored, fuscescent. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 244. Ach. Syn. p.
276. C. stellata, Scha;r. ! Spicil. 1, p. 42 {excl d). Floerk. ! Clad.

IP- 171. — a. humilior ; shorter, more slender, and smooth, somewhat
attenuate, the axils often imperforate. Fr. I. c. Cenomyce uncialis,
Ach. Lichenogr. Lichen tincialis, AucL — /?. adnnca, Ach.; taller,
somewhat turgid, incrassated above ; branches short, stellate-pa»ent, the
fertile ones cymose ; axils gaping. Ach. I. c. j9. 277. Fr. I c. («.)
C. hiunriaJis, Hnfm, C. adxmca, Ach. Lichenogr.-- y. turgcsccns,
Scha;r. ; softish, turgid-incrassated, the branches subtruncate, fasligi-
ate. Scha:r. Spicil. I, p. 808. Fr. I. c.
On the earth : a, sands, and sterile pine woods (fertile .') ; — fl, in

-^

54

LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

>

similar places, fertile; and abundant also in mountainous districts;^
/, alpine and sulmlpine regions ,; New England. New York, HalseA
Pennsylvania (« and ^?), Muhl. Canada (/?), Michaux.

21. C.Boryi, Tuckerm. Th. (crustaceous) evanescent; podetia|
turgid, fruliculose, dichotomous, fastigiale-ramose, rugulose becomin
reticulate-perforate, pale sulphureous and glaucescent ; axils scypliil
form, entire, at length cribrose-perforate ; sterile apices scyphiform,
cristate-dentate, entire becoming cribrose, with fuscous tips ; ferlilel
ones somewhat cymose-radiate ; apoth. flesh-colored, at length dark-
fuscous. C uncialis, var. reticulata, Russell, in Essex Jour. Nat. Hist\
Tuckerm. Eumn. Lick. N. Amer. p. 53, excl syn. — /?. lacunosa ; po.
detia incrassated, obtusish, lacunose-subperforate, glaucous ; axils and
apices scarcely scyphiform, sparingly subdentate. Cenomyce lacunosal
Bory, fide sched. in herb. Berol.

On the earth, near the sea, fertile ; Hingham, Duxbury, Mr. RusselVA
and elsewhere on the coast of Massachusetts, Dr. Porter! Mr. Oakes'A
— /?, alpine and montane districts, infertile ; White Mountains. MoJ
nadnoc, Russell! Newfoundland, Bory! I have endeavoured to point
out the features that seem to distinguish this remarkable Lichen from I
C. uncialis, but it is possible that the conclusion of its original indica-
tor may be correct. The podetia become very turgid, and at lengih|
often explanate, measuring in one of my specimens eight lines in 'di-
ameter at the base, and five where the branches begin. The New-
foundland specimen, and our alpine ones, belong to an apparently!
sterile, subalpine state of the Lichen.

Series 4. Coccifercc, Fr. Podetia greenish, becoming fulves-

cent at the base. Apothecia scarlet.

* Podetia cartilagineous-corticate, never finely pulverulent.

22. C. cornucopioides, Fr. Th. squamulose ; podetia cartilagineous- 1
corticate, from glabrous becoming verrucose or granulate-subpulveru-
lent, yellowish, at length cinereous-green ; the scyphiferous ones elon-
gated-turbinate, attenuate below ; scyphi cyathiform, dilated ; apoth.
scarlet. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 236. Licheti cornucopioides, L. Fl. Suec,
Cenomyce cocci/era, Ach. Cladonia, Hoffm. Floerk. ! Clad. p. 89.
Lichen cocciferus, L. part. Icon, Laur. in Sturm's Fl. it. 23, 24, ^5.

On the earth. Very frequent in mountainous districts, but often in-
fertile ; New England. New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl.
North to the Saskatchawan, &c.. Rick., and Greenland, Gieseke.

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

55

ous districts; —
V York, //a/seji,

:scent ; podetia]
jjose becoming

; axils scyphi-
:es scyphiform,
JS tips ; fertile!
It lengtii dark-
'our. Nat. Hist]

lacunosa ; po-
:ous ; axils and
inyce lacunosaX

r.Mr.RusseJVA
'! Mr. Oakes\
juntains. Mo-
k'oured to point j
e Lichen from
•riginal indica-|
, and at lengih
lit lines in di-
1. The New
an apparently!

;oming fulves-

verulent.

lartilagineous-
te-subpulveru-
3US ones elon-
ilated ; apoth.
, L. Fl. Suec.
' Clad. p. 89.
it. 23, 24, ^5,
I but often in-
Ivania, MuM.
Gieseke.

23. C. beUidiJlora, Schaer. Th. of minute, dissected squamules; po-
Betia cartilagineous-corticate, elongated, ventricose-cylindrical, glabrous,
becoming at length densely clothed with dissected squamules, yellowish.
It length cinereous-green ; scyphi extremely narrow; apoth. (often
fconglomerate, or symphycarpeous), scarlet. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 237.
bchcer. ! Spicil. p. 21. Floerk. ! Clad. p. 95.

On the earth, in alpine districts; White Mountains. Greenland,
^loerke.

24. C. Hookeri, Tuckerm. Th. of rather thick, large, ascendant
|quamnles; podetia cartilagineous-corticate, elongated, cylindrical, "la-
Vous, becoming at length squamulose, sulphur-yellow ; scyphi cupultc-
form ; apoth. scarlet.

On the earth ; Newfoundland, Herb. Hook. ! This beautiful species
tesembles C. deformis in some respects, but belongs to the present sub-
division, and seems very distinct from every other scarlet-fruited Cla-
donia with which I am acquainted. I venture to inscribe it to the illus-
|rious botanist who first proposed a complete survey of the cryptogamy
^)f British America, and who has done more than any other to illus-
Irate it.

25. C. Floerkiana, "">. Th. squamulose; poaetia cartilagineons-
borticate, cylindrical, slender, glabrous, becoming at length g.Inulate-
f^errucose or squamose-decorticate, greenish and pallescent, nigrescent
at the base ; scyphi passing into somewhat digitate, fastigiate branch-
es ; apoth. scarlet. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 238. F/oerk. Clad. p. 99. Li-
then digitatus, E. Dot. t. 2439. Icones, Dill. Muse. t. 15, /. 19, c.
liuur. in Sturm's Fl. t. 14, d.

On the earth, decaying logs, dead wood, and rocks, common and fer-
lile; New England,

** Epidermis of the podetia membranaceous, dissolving into a fine

dust.

26. C. macilenta, IIofTm. Th. squamulose; podetia cylindrical,

ender, membranaceous-corticate above, becoming hoary-pulverulent ;

icyphi narrow, tubicform with an erect margin, or obsolete ; apoth.

f^cnrlot. Fr. Lichpnogr. p. 241. = «. Jllifhrmis, Fr. ; podetia very slen^
ler; scyphus narrow, entire, or obliterated by a symphycarpeous apo-
hecium. Fr.H.c. C filiformis, Sch^r. ! Spicil. p. 19. Tuckerm.
'Jch. JV, E. I. c. Cenomyce hacillaris, Ach. C. poly dactyla, Floerk. !

86

LICHENES OF THE NOllTHERN STATES

Clad. p. 108. — (J. clavafa, Fr. ; podetia ventricoso, subulate nt thtj
apices or branched, siibsterile. Fr. 1. c.

On the earth, decaying logs, dead wood, and rocks ; common iJ
mountainous districts, and fertile ; New Knjrland. Pennsylvania, Mu/if
Ochrocarpous states of this species, in wliich the bright scarlet of tlif
apothecia is changed to a pale yellow, occur in our mountains, but lt'«
frequently than similar forms of C. Floerkiana.

27. C. digitain, Iloffm. Th. squamulose ; podetia cylindrical, bo
coming ochroleucous-pulverulent above; scyphi narrowed, with an ir,
curved, entire margin, becoming at length ampliate, and ihe margi[
somewhat proliferons-palmate ; apoth. scarlet. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 240
Scha-r. ! Spicil. p. 22. Floerk. ! CInd. p. 102. Lichen digitatus, I
Icon, Laiir. in Sturm''s Fl. t. ir>, IG. — «. platyphyUina ; lobules o:
the thallus dilated, somewhat entire ; scyphi mostly entire. Fr. I. c.~
(i. micropliyUina; scpiamules of the tliallus rather small ; scyphi moslh
palmate-ramose. Fr. I. c.

Decaying trunks, and moist earth among mosses, in mountainous dk
tricts, fertile ; New England.

28. C. defortnis, HofTm. Th. squamulose ; podetia elongated, cv
lindrical or ventricose, becoming sulphureous-pulverulent above ; scyph
somewhat narrow, becoming at length cuputeform and dilated, wit:
an erect, crenate-dentate margin ; apoth. scarlet. Fr. Lichenogr. j
239. Schccr. ! Spicil. p. 23. C. cretmlata, Floerk. ! Clad. p. 105.

On the earth, common upon mountains, a conspicuous Lichen, fpr
tile ; New England. Northward to Arctic America, Rick. Greer.
land, Floerke.

29. C. sulphiiritin, Michx. (sub Scyphoph.). Podetia simple, at firs;
very simply and slightly scyphiform, thick, submembranaceous, a;
length subclavate-elongatcd, smooth, the apices finally irregularly suL
divided, and rimose-perforate, hoary-sulphureous ; fertile scyphi small:
apoth. confluent, black-fuscous. Scyphophorus sulphuri7ius, Michx. E
2, p. 328. Ccnomyce, Ach. Lichenogr. p. 557. Ach. Syn. p. 265. j

On the earth, Canada, Michaux ! Fries. This is the " Lichen coc|
ciferus ; mnior,Dill. t. 14, f. 6, M," of Michaux's herbarium, the spco
mens appearing to me, at the time I examined them, to resemble soire
states of C. deformis. Fries observes incidentally (Lichenogr. p. 23^
upon Canada specimens (' specimina authentica Canadensia') of i\I
chaux's Lichen, that the podetia do not become squamulose, that it lia.^

ifimdihuliA
[lis; thus di
I. It is pr
if Herb. W
Ic lungs to ^
liul the |)odi
lie C. suiph

lie species
Dceivcd his

Apothecia
and aranc
nistaccous,
3rtical strat
The struct
hy Dr. Kii

H. roscus,
lotliccia sul

Sterile cla;
he sterile sui

'I/. 1

ennsj

Apothecia
to a propel
jbimmarginf
)ncealiiig tin
lal-black. '
nstaceous, c
a stipitate i
riginally bla(

Sect. L

I 1. B. decip
>to, angulale.

AND nRITISU AMRniCA.

57

subulate at tht

ts ; common in
isylvania, Mukf
It scarlet of tht
luntains, but Itss

cylindrical, be
ved, with an ir,
and ihe mar"i:

c ■

•henogr. p. 2 10
n digitalus, I
ina ; lobules o;
:ire. Fr. I. c. ~
1 ; scyphi mosll;

dounlainous di;

elongated, cy
It above ; scypi,
id dilated, wit:
'. Lichenogr. j
'ad. p. 105.
>us Lichen, frr

Rich. Greci.

a simple, at firs;
ibranaceous, a:
irregularly sul
e scyphi small:
hms, Michx. ¥
Si/71. p. 265.
i " Lichen coc
rium, the spcc'
resemble son;;
henogr. p. 23*
densia') of }\
lose, that it h:;

ifimdibuliform and not true scyphi, and much of the habit of C. unci-

|lis ; Ihiis distinj,'uishing it from C. beliidifiora, to which Tloerke referred

it is probable that the " H.x-omyces tubulosus, Richard. Canada,"

If Herb. Willd. ! which also appeared to me to resemble C. deformis,

jclongs to Michau.\\s species, and in this case the ihallus is squamulose,

Jjid the podetia are finely pulverulent above. It appears ceitain that

^le C. sulphurina of Fries is not the C. Ilookeri of this Enumeration.

lie species is also common in North Carolina, according to Fries, who

.Jt'coivcd his specimens from Schweinitz.

XIV. B^EOMVCKS, Fr.

Apothecia from the first globose, immarginafe, ve!ate,at length emp-
and arancous within, the base closely surrounding a stipe. Thallus

rustaccous, imiform, protruding fertile stipes, which are destitute of a

)rtical stratum.

The structure of Ba-omyces rosons has been illustrated very minute-
by Dr. Kuttlingcr (Allg. Bot. Zeit. IS15, pp. 577- 5S4, & t. vi.).

B. roscus, Pers. Crust verrucose, glaucous ; stipes short, cylindrical ;
)tliccia subglobose, fiesh-colored. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 246.'
Sterile clay-soils, and sands ; New England ; and abundant also on
|ie sterile surfaces of slides in the White Mountains. New York, Tor-
fjl. Pennsylvania, Muhl.

j XV. BIATORA, Fr.

I Apothecia margined at first by a waxy thalline exciple converted
a proper c.vciplc, becoming at length hemispherical or globose,
bimmarginate, solid, and cephaloid. Disk at length dilated, turgid,
::ealiiig the paler margin, placed upon a stratum oftener paler, never
-black. Thallus horizontal, arising from a hypothallus, somewhat
taceous, cfiiguratc, or uniform. Podetia wanting, but the apotlie-
^a stipitate in a few species. The margin of the apothecia never
tti finally black. Fr.

4

* Sect. L Thallus squamose, or 'obed at the circumference.
f * Apothecia sessile.

I 1. B. decipieus, Fr. Scales of the thallus discrete, somewhat pel-
ft<, angulale, dark-flesh-colorod ; beneath and at the circumference

8

riist

58

LICHENES OF THE NOHTHERN STATES

white ; apothecia marginal, adnate, somewhat immarginate, blackish,
white within. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 252. Lecidea, Ach. Sijn. p. 52.

On the earth, especially in alpine districts. Arctic America, Rich.
Pennsylvania, Muld.

2. B. ghbifera, Fr. Th. squamose, imbricate, greenish-chestnut,
somewhat shining ; scales reniform, rugose, lobate ; apolh. elevated,
globose, somewhat immarginate, from rufous becoming black, whitisl
within. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 255. Lecidea, Ach. Syn. p. 51. Icox.
Laiir. in Sliirnis Fl. t. 26.

Clefts and depressions of rocks. North America, Ach. Pennsylva
nia, MiihL New York, Halsey.

3. B. rufo-nigra, Tuckerm. Th. rquamose, imbricate, from pale rii.
fous becoming blackish ; scales irregularly suborbiculate, ascending
crenate-lobate ; apoth. adnate, plane, obtusely margined, atrorufous, a'
length convex, black. Placodium sp. nov. Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. I. (
1838.

Rocks ; near Boston. Scales of the thallus small, obscure to th;

naked eye.

4. B. airo-rufa, Fr. Th. crustaceous, smoothish, adnate, at first coc
tiffuous, becoming at length areolate, cinereous-fuscescenf, black be
neath ; at the circumference foliaceous-lobate ; apoth. ap])lanate-adna;i
rufous-fuscous, whitish within. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 255. Lecidea, Ad
Lichenogr. p. 200.

On the earth in alpine districts. White Mountains.

** Apothecia stipitate, margin at length revolute.

5. B. placophylla, Fr. Th. subcrustaceous, orbicular, corrugate;
glaucous-virescent, at the circumference foliaceous, lobes rounded, an
crenate ; white beneaih ; apoth. stipitate, pileiform, rufous-fuscoiii
stipes thick, compres'^ed, longitudinally rugulose. Fr. Lichenogr.}
257. Bceomyces, Ach. Meth. p. 323, Sf Icon, L 7, /. 4. Lich, Vni:

p. 574.

On sandy, sterile earth ; slides, and banks of streams, in the Whi

Mountains.

6. B. Byssoides, Fr. Th. crustaceous, effuse, granulose, grccni?:
glaucous, squamulose at the circumference ; hypoth. fibrillose, whitf
apoth. substipitate, pileiform, from flesh-colored becoming fuscoui

stipes rather
granules of )
ckevogr. p.
Wahl B.B
muceous, crc
^. riipestris,
apoth. smalle
or. rugose, ci
/. c. BiEom.
1 Common i
f slides, banks
land. — (?, ro
sey. — /, dec
almost sessi!(
! at the White
aciculare ilk
atorai. The
distinguishing
to Ba'omyc^s
cr in Allg. B

7. B. icma
[cous; liypotl

Iciipular, with
:|ciV/c'«, Ach.
Decaying
alpine distric
\Muhl. Arct
[111 ours, as in

8. B. vern
■from a meml
ibose, clustere

^nalis., Borr.
Trunks in
-PNew York, 1

19. B. pinei
apoth. (minu

i

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

59

late, blackish,]
in. p. 52.
merica, Rich.M

jnish-chestnuli

lolh. elevated,!

black, whitishf

p. 51, Icon,;

h. Pennsylva-|

, from pale rul
ite, ascending.i
, atrorufous, a;
ich. N. E. I. (4
*
obscure to tjiei

xte, at first con'i

cnt ; black be|

ij)Ianate-aclnate.^

Lcciden, Am

ilute.

lar, corrugateil
es rounded, aiK|
rufous-fuscousi
\ Lichenngr.
4. Lich. l/nitl

IS, in the Whia

lulose, grccnis3
fibrillose, wliite|
oming fuscousi

[stipes ratlier short, somewhat compressed, corticate with the ascending
jgraniiles of the crust or naked, often subdivided at 'he apex. Fr. Li-
\che7i()gr. p. 257. BcEomyces rvpestris, Ach. Lich. p. 573. B. rufus^
I Wahl. B. Byssoides, Sclupr. — u. Fr. ; granules of the crust subsqua-
(maccous, crenulate (and deliquescent), greenish-glaucous. Fr. 1. c. —
||5. rupestris, Fr. ; cr. thin, smoothish, subcontiguous (or powdery) ;
lapotli. smaller. Fr. I. c. Baom. rupestris, Pers. — y. ligtiatilis, Fr. ;
Icr. rugose, cinereous-glaucoscent; apoth. subsessile, fuscous-black. Fr.
\h c. BcEom. Ugnorum, Pers.

Common in mountainous districts : a, sterile sandy and clayey soils ;

glides, banks of streams, and road-sides, in the mountains of New Eng-

|land. — ,?, rocks in mountain forests, New England. New York, Hal-

sey. — '/, decaying wood, in similar siluationo with the last, apothecia

ilmost sessile. The three varieties occur often in close neighbourhood

It the White Mountains. This species, Stereocaulon Fibula, and S.

laciculare illustrate the connection of Stereocaulon with the sessile Bi-

latora!. The difference of structure, indicated by Fries as generically

jdistinguishing Baiomyces roseus from this and the last species, referred

Ito Bffoniyc ^s by Acharius, has been further illustrated by Dr, KQttling-

2r in Allg. Bot. Zeit. iS45, 1. c.

Sect. II. Thallus effuse, uniform.

7. B. icmadophila, Fr. Crust tartareous, granulate, greenish-glau-
cous; liypothallus white; apothecia (la.rge) softish, incarnate, exciple

[cupular, with a thin, evanescent margin. Fr. Liclienogr. p. 258. Le-
\cidea, Ach. Baomyces, DC.

Decaying wood in mountain forests, and on the earth ; asccn(i. • j to
ilpine districts ; New England. New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania,
iMuM. Arctic America, Rich. Apothecia sometimes a little stipitate
|in ours, as in the European Lichen.

8. B. vernalis, Fr. Cr. of minute, glaucescent granules, arising
Ifrom a membranaceous, whitish hypolhallus ; apoth. at length subglo-

30se, clustered, flesh-colored, and fulvous-ferrugineous. Lecidea ver-
mlis, Borr. in Hook. Br. PL 2, p. 183. L. luteola, Ach.

Trunks in mountain forests, growing over mosses ; New England.
[New York, Halsey. x\rctic America, Rich.

9. B. pineti, Fr. Cr. very thin, granulose, greenish-glaucescent ;
ipoth. (minute) sessile, whitish ; disk becoming at length yellowish-

60

LICHKNKS OF THE NOUTHERN STATES

ing Lccidc
|u|)Otliecia of

I 15. B. dec
us, arcolate

flcsli-colorcd, finally falling out and the apothecia urceolatc. Lecidea,
Ach. Syn. p. 42. JIoo/c. Br. Ft. I. c. Bialora, Fr. Summ. Fl. Scani
Scales of fir-bark, and on the earth. Pennsylvania, Muhl.

10. B. sanguineo-atra, Fr, Cr. thin, membranaceous, effuse, whit.
ish-cincrous, becoming graniilose ; apoth. sanguineous, with an obscure fflesli-colored
paler tnargin, at length black. Fr. Sanwi. Fl. Scand. B. vernalk inarsin ; finf
/? sanguinco-aira, Fr. Lichcnogr. p. iiGIJ.

Trunks and rocks, growing over mosses, in mountainous districts;
New Enjfland.

11. U. cartieohi, Fv. Cr. confusfjd with the hypothallus, cartilagin.
eous-membranaceous, glaueescent, at length granulate-pulverulent;
apoth. sessile, concave, naked, from reddish-tlesh-colored beccmiii"
fuscous, e.xciple cupular, with an elevated, at length evanescent, paler
margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 2(J4. Lecidca, Ach.

Trunks ; New England. New York, Halseij. Apothecia somewliai
larger in my specimens than in the European Lichen.

12. B. spadicen, Ach. (sub Lecid.). Cr. cartilagineous-membruna.
ceous, granulate, glaueescent ; apoth. thick, margin very finely rugu-
lose, at length somewhat convex and excluding the margin, light-chest,
nut becoming blackish, within of the same color. Lccidea spadicea,
Ach. Sj/n. p. :54.

Trunks; Pennsylvania, ilf«/i/., v4c/t. Southward. Fries considers
this scarcely distinct from the last. (Lichcnogr. p. 264.)

13. B. chinaharina, Sommerf. Cr. confused with the liypothallu!;,
cartilagineous, uneven, glaucous becoming whitish ; apoth. apprcssoii,
cinnabar-red, naked, becoming at leng'h convex, and immarginate, Fr.
Lichcnogr. p. 2Gfi. Lecidea, Soniinrrf. Vet. Ac. IJandl. 1823 (c Fr.].

Trunks. Greenland, Fries. Lecidca coccinea, Schweiii. in Hak
Lich. N. Y. I c. 1824, which carmot, by the description, be distil
guishcd from this, occurs in New York, Halsei/, and appears to cxtomi
to N. Carolina ! {Mr. Curtis).

14. B. chlorantha, Tuckcrm. Cr. of discrete, subsquamaceoi'.s-vor
rucose granules, bright grr-en, and white within (or deliquescent soreili.
iferous) ; apoth. somewhat elevated, becoming plane, and at loiij:!!;
convex, w ith a thick, flexuous, paler margin ; within white ; disk iri

gresccnt.

Bark of Pinus Strobus, and otlu'r trees; New England. Jicbcin

•V. Liche7iog
idea decoloi
On the Ci
'jU^'land. I*

IG.

B. anc

length grant
;loboso,som(
k-ery thin, ev

:l/\ch. Syn. p.
Trunks, dc
^omon omer

17. B. mix

■iigose-verruc
li.sk at first [
lui'gid, fuscoL
•licnogr. p. 2'

*i Trunks, an

IS. B. pori

It length rug<

In ; apoth. elc

Dvanesccnt sp

lu'uinosc, witl

|ng tlic margi

Trunks, in

^'ear to B. m

intora that I

:ii|)y the sami

fvViiii age the

ici[)li' luiving s
i

I 1!). B. ochr

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

CI

ilatc. Lee idea.
mm. }''l. Scani
Wuhl.

IS, efTiise, vvliit-

vitli an obscure

B. vernalk

inous districts;

llus, cartiiagiii.
lo-pulverulent;
jr'jd bcccniinj
anescent, paler

ling Lccidea enterolouca, but witli a different crust, and, 1 think, the
potlieciu of the present genus.

15. B. decolorans, Fr. Cr. tartarcous, confused wit!i the hypothal-

iiis, areolate-granuiose, glaucescent ; apoth. appressed, naked, from

jlesli-colored becoming fuscous and black, with a thin, elevated, paler

bargin ; finally convex and irregular, and the margin disappearing.

• I'r. Lichcnogr. p. 266. Lccidea., dein Lccanora granulosa, Ac/i. Le-

■ifvlva decolorar.s. Floerk. Acli. Syn.

^ On the cartv., ^,ij decaying wood, in mountainous regions; New
|i:iigland. Northward to Arctic America, Rich.

':^ 10. H. anomala, Fr. Cr. confused with the white hypothallus, at
|ungtli granulose, white-cincrascent ; apoth. becoming liemisphericai-
jgloboso, somewhat hyaline-livid, at length fuscescent and black, margin
Very thin, evanescent. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 269. Lecanora commulata,
ecia somewlia; ^Ich. Si/n. p. 149.

f Trunks, dead wood, &c. New York, HaJsey. An obscure species,
^omon omen. Fr.

)us-membrana'
y finely rugu-
;in, light-chest.
idea spadicea.

'Vies considers

e hypothallus
3th. apprcssoil,
narginate, Fr
1S23 {eFr.
wein. in Hah.
ion, be distiii.
ears to e.xteml

. 17. B. mixta, Fr. Cr. cartilagincous, confused with the hypothallus,
|ugose-verrucose, milky-glaucescent ; apoth. adnate, exciple annular,
xiisk at fu-st plane, pruinose, flesh-colored or livid, becoming at length
|urgid, fuscous, and black, and excluding the obtuse margin. Fr.! Li-
(lirnogr. p. 268. Lecidea anonala, Ack. part. Tuckerm. Lich. N E
I r.

'I'i'unks, and dead wood. New England.

Ill lei

IS. B. porphyritis, Tuckerm. Cr. subcartilagineous, smooth, chinky,

;nglh rugose, glaucescent (and greenish-sorediiferous) ; white with-

I": apoth. elevated on a white thalline stratum which constitutes an

cv.incscent spurious margin, or sessile ; disk at first somewhat plane,

pruinose, with a thick, elevated margin, at length convex, and exclud-

^iig the margin, fuscous-nigrescent.

Trunks, in the mountains of I\rassachusetts and New Hampshire.
fear to B. mixta, but us that is one of the smallest, this is tlie largest
Jiatora that I am acquainted with. Several apothccia sometimes "oc
Hipy the same thalline stratum, as in B. ochrophira and B. aurantiaca.
Willi uge the apothccia become lle.xuous, and very large, a single ex-
iiple having sometimes a diameter of two lines.

aii.I. JloseiiiJ It). B. ochropJura, Tuckerm. Cr. subcartilagineous, thickish, gran-

amaceoi'.s-vcr'
lesccnt sorcili'
and at lt'iiij;tli
hite ; disk iii'

62

LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

ulate-verrucose and somewhat plicate, glaucescent ; hypoth. pale:
apoth. elevated-subpedicellate on a thalline stratum, which constitute;
a thick, subcrenulate, at length evanescent spurious margin ; dist
plane, delicately pruinate, at Icng'.h convex, and excluding hr, thic
elevated, proper margin, from pale flesh-colored becoming blackish.
fuscous.

Trunks in the mountainous districts of Northern New Englanc
common. Apothecia at first closed, and either sessile (when sotii:
states resemble Parmelia carneo-Iutea, Turn.) or elevated on a proij
berant thalline stratum, at length lacerate-dchiscent and becoming plane
with a thick, crenulate thalline -margin, which disappears, leaving th;
marginate disk. It has often all the aspect of a Parmelia, not a litt!(
resembling P. rubra. Is the structure of the apothecia in the last-men
tioned sptcies, and in P. carneo-lutea, wholly diverse from the structur*
above described of the present .*

20. B. russula, Tuckerm. Cr. subcartilagineous. 'imose-areolate.
and granulate, glaucescent (often greenish-sorediiferous) ; apoth. ele^
vated on a thalline stratum which constitutes a thick, mostly entire spu
rious margin, becoming convex, and excluding the obscure proper ma;
gin, fuscous-reddish. Lecidea, Ach. Syn. p. 10. Lecanora, Fee, Cryjil
Exot. p. 116.

Trunks of cedars on the coast of New England. Pennsylvania
Muhl. Extending to the tropics.

21. B. rivulosa, Fr. Cr. tartarcous, mouse-colored and paler, cov
ering a fuscous-black hypothallus, which often decussates the crust
apoth. produced from the crust, from pale-fuscous becoming blackisk
whitish within, with a thin margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 271. Lecida
Ach. Lecanora faharia, Ach.

Rocks, espf cially in mountainous districts; New England. Penn
sylvania, Muia. Northward to Arctic America, Rich.

22. B. exigua, Chaub. Cr. of minute, confluent granules, smootli
cartilagineous, cinereous-greenish ; decussated by lines of the blao
hypothallus; apoth. submarginate, from pale-yellowish becoming t'li;
cous. Fr. Lichenogr, p. 278. Lecidea varians, Ach. Syn. p. !i?
Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. I. c. L. versicolor, Schwein. in Hals. Lich. A
Y. I. c. ?

Smooth bark ; New England. New York, Hahey f Pennsylvania
MuhL

23. B.qui

chroleucoui

jiigtli imma

Trunks ;

24. B. hi

uescent an

ale yellow,

'jccidea, Ac

Stones an

25. B. au:

klate, lutesc

rated on a t

Ipurious ma

largin. Pa

look. Br. 1

Trunks, d

Pennsylvani

26. B./«,
iomewhat g
(owish, at lei

look, in Ri

Upon moj

jitate of B. fe

z, of Ach. S

Apothecia
jxciple, bec(
5unctiform-i
:arbonaceou
somewhat c
the fin
)red. Fr.

SECT. I. T

I. L. ram

llcnmh white

:s

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

63

1 hypoth, pale:
ivhich constitute;
s margin ; dist
eluding itn thic 1
;oming blackisk. |

New Englanc
lie (when som;
ited on a prot;
becoming plane
lars, leaving th;
nelia, not a littt
in the last-men
om the strucluK

■imose-areolate.
us) ; apoth. ele^
lostly entire spu^
ure proper ma;
iora, Fee, Cryf

Pennsylvania

and paler, cov' |
sates the crust
oming blackisL 1
,271. Lecida

Ingland. Penn^

anules, smoolli
58 of the blacif
1 becoming fus"
c/t. Syn. p. 3f
Hals. Lich. i^

Pennsylvania

23. B. quernea, Fr. Cr. deliquescent, granulose-farinose, fuscescent-
:liroleucous ; hypoth. black; apoth. immersed, convex, brown, at
jiigtli immarginate. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 279. Lecidea, Ach.

Trunks ; New England.

24. B. lucida, Fr. Cr. granulate, greenish-yellow, at length deli-
luescent and ochroleucous ; hypoth, white ; apoth. (minute), convex,
>ale yellow, often excluding the paler margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 279.
iCcidea, Ach.

Stones and decaying wood. Arctic America, Rich.

25. B. aurantiaca, Fr. Cr. cartilagineous, uneven, somewhat gran-
ilate, lutescent ; innate in a black hypolhallus ; apoth. somewhat de-
rated on a tlialline stratum which constitutes a crenulate, evanescent,
purious margin, disk dark-orange (and fuscescent), with a thin proper

largin. Parmelia, Fr.f Lichenogr. p. 165. Lecidea, Ach. Borr.in

look. Br. Fl. 2, p. 186. Lecanora salicina, Ach.

Trunks, dead wood, and rocks ; New England. New York, Halsey.
*ennsylvania, Muhl. Arctic America, Rich.

26. B.fusco-lulea, Hook, (sub Lecid.). Cr. thin, effuse, smooth,
bmewhat granulose, whitish ; apoth. somewhat elevated, plane, yel-
jowish, at length rufous-fuscous, pruinose, with a thin margin. Lecidea,

look, in Rich. I. c. Lichen fusco-luteus, Dicks. E. Bat. t. 1007.

Upon mosses ; Arctic America, Rich. Fries suspects this to be a
^tate of B. ferruginea. It does not seem to be the Lecidea fusco-lutca,
X, of Ach. Syn.

XVI. LECIDEA, Ach., Fr.

Apotliecia margined at first by a very black, carbonaceous, proper
bxciple, becoming scutelliform or hemispherical, solid. Disk at first
puncliform-impressed, always open, oftener horny, and placed upon i
parbonaceous stratum. Thallus horizontal, arising from a hypothallus,
^omewhat crustaceous, effigurate, or uniform. Apothecia very black
the first, the margin never, and the disk rarely, otherwise coK
Dred. Fr.

Sect. I. Thallus effigurate at the circumference, or wholly rugose-
plicate.

I. L. Candida, Ach. Crust rugose-plicate, candicant, becoming at
^ength white-farinose, lobed at the circumference ; hypothallus black ;

64

LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

apotliccia appressed, obtusely marginate, glaucous-pruinose, white with-
in. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 285.

On the earth upon mosses ; Arctic America, Rich.

2. h. vesicuJaris, Ach. Cr. bullate-plicate, somewhat caulescent,
from greenish becoming glaucous, radiculose at the base ; apoth. free,
peltate, obtusely marginate, at first pruinose, finally convex, naked ;
white within. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 286.

On the earth in alpine districts; Arctic America, Rich.

3. L. Wahlenbergii, Ach, Cr. suborbicular, gyrose-plicatc, round.
lobed at the circumference, from green becoming bright-yellow; hy-
poth. black ; ' apoth. arising between the areola), obsoletely marginate,
naked, black within.' Fr. ! Lichenogr. p. 291. Icon, Laur. in Sturni's
Fl. t. 28.

Moist sides and crevices of rocks in alpine districts. On the Greai
Haystack, New Flampshire, infertile. Arctic America, Rich.

4. h. Jlavo-virescens, Fr. Cr. determinate, areolate-appressed, pli-
cate, lobulate at the circumference, from greenish becoming yellow ;
apoth. adnate, with a thin margin, becoming at length convex, and ex-
cluding the margin, black within. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 291. L. scabrosa,
Ach. Melh.

On the earth in mountainous districts, often in company with Biatora
Byssoides ; White Mountains. According to Borrer (in Hook. Br. Fl,
2, p. 178), L. citrinella, Ach., is the true Lichen flavo-virescens of
Dickson, and the present species should bear the name given it by
Acharius. Compare Fries, 1. c.

Sect. II. Thallus efiusc, uniform.

Subsect. I. AeeolatjE, Fr. Crust innate, originally arcolato or be-
coming so. Hypothallus black.

* S axic ol CE.

5. L. idho-cctrtilesceiis, Fr. Cr. at first contiguous, from bluish be-
coming whitish ; apoth. produced from the crust, margin u^ the annu-
lar cxciplo thin, disk waxy, black, cerulescent-pruinose, white within.
Fr. Lichenogr. p. 295. L. pndnosa, Ach. Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. I. c
— .3. immersa, Fr. ; cr. very thin, whitish, disappearing ; apoth. small,
oftener immersed in the rock. Fr. I. c. L. immersa, Ach.

Rocks and stones, especially granite and mica-slate ; New England.

7. L. varie
bomcwhat fim
liiced from tl
)ruinose, blac
jilated, with £

in. Fr. Lie
Maritime g

8. L. lapic.
iious bccomin

cortical layer,
iith an even,
larjTJn disapj:
3. 30G.

Rocks and
sew York, E

9- L. niro-i
Jiscrcte, verri
iuced from th
from the nak

.'ilO.

Hocks and
riie crust var

10. L. pan

kario<^alcd wii
liullus ; cxcip

';u)c, very b
(14, — /J. oh

^nous, fuscc
P'urlarm. Lie

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

66

se, white with-

it caulescent,
; apotli. free,
nvex, naked;

•licate, round- J
it-yellow; hy-
ily marginate,
ur. in Slurmh

On the Great
Rick.

ppressed, pli-
ning yellow;]!
nvex, and ex-
it. scabrosaM

1

/ with Biatora f
Hook. Br. Fl.i
)-virescens of^
3 given it by-

colato or bc-

im bluish be-|
of the annu-
white within.

h. N. E. I c.
apoth. small.

'h.

few England.

ew York, Halsey. Pennsylvania, Muhl — ^, limestone ; New York,
^orrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl.

6. L. contigua, Fr. Cr. at first contiguous, glaucous-white ; apoth.
roducod from the crust ; disk thick, horny, very black, at first glaucous-
ruinose, with a thick, discrete, plano-cupular, obtusely marginate, car-
lonaceous exciple. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 298.

Rocks and stones (granite), and often tinged ochraceous by the oxide
f iron, in the mountains of New England.

7. L. variegata, Fr. Cr. at length areolate, glaucescent ; the black,
lomewhat fimbriate hypothallus here and there prominent; apoth. pro-
"need from the crust, depressed, at first and often persistently glaucous-

ruinose, black within ; disk from urceolate becoming expianatc, and
ilated, with a persistent, at first thin, coarctate, at length obtusish mar-

n. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 303.

Maritime granite rocks ; Arctic America, Fries.

8. L. Japicida, Ach. Cr. at length areolate-verrucose, from glau-
lous becoming cinereous-white ; apoth. superficial, produced from the
:ortical layer, sessile, not pruinose, horny and cinerascent-black within,

ith an even, naked disk, and a thin, at length fiexuous margin (or, the
argin disappearing, finally confiuent and irregular). Fr. Lichenogr.
aOG.

Rocks and stones (granite), in mountainous districts ; New England.
Sew York, Haheij. Pennsylvania, Muhl. Arctic America, Rich.

9. L. otro-alha, Ach. Cr. somewhat areolate (the areola) commonly

iscrete, verruciform), opake, fuscous, and grayish-white ; apoth. pro-

luced from the hypothallus, (small,) the obtuse margin scarcely discrete

Vom the naked, at length somewhat umbonate disk. Fr. Lichenogr.

. .'ilO.

Rocks and stones (granite) ; New England. New York, Halsey.
le crust variable, and often nearly obsolete.

10. L. panceola, Ach., Fr. Areola; of the crust verrucose, gray,
anotratcd \» ith rufcscent tubercles ; apoth. produced from the hypo-
liiillus; exciple cupular, with a persistent, obtuse margin ; disk always

Hie, very black, cassious-pruinose, white within. Fr. Lichenogr. p.
S. ohscurnfn, Fr, ; areola? thinner, upplanatc, somuwhut con-
Jiguous, fuscescent. Fr. I. c. L. obscurata, Schar. ! Spicil. p. lyO.
iTurlarm. Lich. N. E. I. c.

0 c>

]\i.

66

LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

Rocks and stones in mountainous districts ; White Mountains.

11. L.fusco-atra, Fr. Areoloe of the crust cartilagineous, applana;(
olivaceous-fuscescent and fuscous, angulate, smooth and somewhat po!
ished (or becoming dull and pallescent) ; apoth. produced from tk;
hypothallus, appressed ; disk plane, at first cinereous-pruinose, at leng';:
naked, with a thin, somewhat acute, at length fle.xuous margin ; but tb
margin disappearing with age, and the apothecia often finally heape:
and conglomerate. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 316. L.fimosa, Ach. L. ath..
carpa, Ach.

Rocks and stones in mountainous districts. New Entrland. Ne,
York, Halsey. Arctic America, Rich.

12. L. conjluens, Scha^r. Cr. rimose-areolate, opake, cinerascen:
smoke-colored ; apoth. produced from the crust, appressed, somewk
contiguous (often confluent) ; margin not elevated, obtusish ; disk a!
ways naked, very black, within cinerascent. Schccr.f Spicil p. 141 "
Fr. Lichenogr. p. 318.

Rocks and stones in mountainous and alpine districts ; New Ert
land. New York, Hahey. Arctic America, Rich., Hook.

13. L. Morio, Schacr. Areolfc of the crust verrucose, shining, of;
yellowish-coppcr-color, radiant at the circumference ; apoth. produce;
from the thick, determinate, black hypothallus, minute, depressec
plane, becoming gyrose-plicate with age ; margin thin ; disk alwav^
naked, black within. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 319. Schcer. Spicil p. 133.-
/?. coracina, Schicr. ; crust (from the predominance of the hypotha:
lus) cinerascent-black. Schcer. ! I. c. Fr. I. c.

Rocks in alpine and subalpine districts ; White Mountains.

14. L. g;ographica, Schajr. Cr. of somewhat confluent, bright-ye:
low areolie ; apoth. produced from the hypothallus, blackish witliiu
margin of the cupular e.xciple thin ; disk naked. Fr. Lichenogr. p. S%
Scha:r..' Spicil p. 124. — «. atro-virens, Schwr.; areola? verruca^foriii
scattered in the hypothallus; apoth. immi.xed. Fr. I c. Schcer. I c-
(3. contigm, Schajr. ; areolrc applanate, confluent in a somewhat conligi;
ous,chinky crust ; apoth. immersed. Fr. I c. Schcer. I c. — y. alpicoh
Schopr. ; arcoliB applanate, coalescent and large, somewhat ruo'ose, i:!tc:
ruptedly covering the hypothallus; apoth. innate. Fr. I c. Schtcr.l.c

Rucks and stones (granite and mica-slate), in alpine and subalpiiit
districts, and at lower elevations, in the mountains of New Englanc
Newfoundland, Pylaie. Northward to Arctic America, Rich.

15. L. pre

aeprous, oblit

nth an obtu

)ruinose, wh

\a, DC. Fl

Trunks an

16. L. pai

ftt length vei
lus ; apoth. s
horny, naked

). Lich. n. i
Trunks, at

Jahcy. Pel
mon and wid
Rvitliout any c
Hook. Br. Fi

17. L. enti
quoscing anc
apoth. adnate
kva.xy (often 1
3;}1.— /5. o/i
and rugose, r

Trunks; P

Subsect. II.

18. L. san
glaucescent ;
V(;\ ; cxciple
rhcnogr. p. J

Trunks, d(
districts ; Nc

19. L. albi
[often somewl

Jinnatc-protub
;oal-black wi

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

67

fountains.

eous, applanatf,'^
i somewhat pc
duced from ib
uinose, at leng',:
margin ; but tL-
1 finally heape.
Ach. L. athn-

** Cortical

(B.

England.

Nev

15. L. premnea, Ach. Cr. glaucescent, softish, deliquescing and
jeprous, obliterating the hypothallus ; apoth. elevated ; exciple cupular,

nth an obtuse margin; disk horny, very opake, and ohsoletely black-
)ruinose, white within. Fr. ! Lickenogr. p. 329. Patellaria leucopla'
\a, DC. Fl. Fr. 2, p. 347 (e Fr.).
Trunks and rails ; New England. New York, Hdlsey.

16. L. parasema, Fr. Cr. somewhat leprous, glaucescent, becoming
t length verrucose-areolule, somewliat limited by the black hypothal-
us ; apoth. sessile, opake ; e.xciple cupular, with a thin margin ; disk
orny, naked, very black. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 330. L. punch 'a,Floerk.f

. Lich. n. 81. Schar. ! Heh. n. 197-199.

Trunks, and degencrant on dead wood ; New England. Now York,
'alsey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. Arctic America, R''ch. A most com-
on and widely diffused species, but all black apotliccia with a thin or

ivithout any crust are not to be referred to it. Fr. Comparr Borr. in

look. Br. Fl. 2, p. 176.

17. L. enleroleuca, Fr. Cr. at first contiguous, glaucescent, deli-
36, shining, of; j ^uoscing and leprous, somewhat limited by the black hypothallus ;
jpoth. product: " ipoth. adnate ; exciple annular, with a thin margin; di^ ,. somewhat
ute, depressec na.xy (often hyaline or cerulescent), whitish within. Fr. ! Lichenogr. p.
i; disk alwa\' J 331. — ^. oUvacea,Fr.; cr. yellowish-virescent ; apoth. often irregular

and rugose, ajrugineous-black. Fr. I. c. L. el(Bochroma, Ach. Sijn.
Trunks; New England. New York, i/aZse^/. Pennsylvania, 7Um/jZ.

ce, cmerascen:

ssed, somewk

tusish ; disk a

Spicil. p. 141

:ts ; New Eiij

picil. p. 133.-
f the hypotha

1 tarns.

lent, bright-ye

lackish within

chenogr. p. ',i%

e verrucfcfora

Schctr. I. c-

lewhat conligi:

• — ;'. aJpicok

It rugose, inter

c. Schcer. I, i

and stibalpinf

Nfiv Englanc

, Rich.

ubsect. II. GiiANULosiE, Fr. Crust at length becoming somewhat
granulose. Hypothallus white.

18. L. sangidnaria, Ach. Granules confluent in a tartareous crust,
glaucescent ; hypoth. while ; apoth. superficial, naked, at length con-
vex ; exciple annular; disk placed upon a blood-red stratum. Fr. Li-
chenogr. p. 335.

Trunks, decaying wood, and stones, in mountainous and subalpine
districts ; New England. New York, Halsey.

19. L. albo-atra, Schcer. Cr. areolate-verrucose, glaucous-white,
'often somewhat tartareous and mealy; hypoth. white; apoth. (small)
innate-protuberant, at first coronate with the crust, ciesious-pruinosc,

oal-black within, with a thin, evanescent margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p.

-i-

68

LICHENES OF THK NOKTHERN STATES

336. Schccr. Spicil p. 140; Borr. in Hook. Br. Fl. 2, p. 180. L
corticola, Ach. Si/n.

Trunks on the coast of New England. New York, Ha/sc?/. Pcnn-I
sylvania, Muld.

20. L. dolosa, Wahl. Cr. somewhat verrucose, greenish-glaucous,
oftener leprous and white; apoth. (minute) depressed; exciple cupulnr,
with a very thin margin ; disk very black, nearly naked, often punc'
tate-scabrous, cinereous-blackish within. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 337. I
pinicola, Sommerf. Siippl. Fl. Lapp. p. 153. L. pinicola, Borr. k^
Hook. Br. Fl. 2, p. 176 ? Tuckcrm. Lich. N. E. I. c.

Scaly bark of old pines ; New England.

21. L. melanchdtna, Tuckerm. Cr. cartilagineous, areolate-verrU'
cose, becoming somewhat lobulate, glaucous-white, confused with tlie
hypolhallus; apoth. appressed, somewhat plane, disk equalling the very
thin margin, at length convex, scarcely excluding the margin, very
black, polished, and shining.

Trunks ; and very common on rails on the coast of Massachusetts
(Ipswich, Mr. Oakes, Lynn, Hingham, &c.), and occurring on dead
wood at the White Mountains. Disk sometimes a little pallescent, bu;
the margin always very black.

22. L. sabulelormn, Fr. Cr. cartilagineous, at first contiguous, be^
coming rimose-areolate, granulate and somewhat lobulate, cinerascent
or fuscous, confused with the hypothallus ; apoth. produced from the
crust, horny ; exciple annular, with an evanescent margin ; disk naked,
often fuscescent. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 339. Lichen s. Lecidea muscoruni
And. quorund.

On the earth, decaying wood and mosses, stones, and trees, asceni
ing to alpine districts ; New England. New York, Torrey. Pennsyl-
vania, Muhl. Arctic America, Rich,

23. L. arc^icfl, Sommerf. Granules of the crust cartilagineous, ai
first discrete, papillsjeform, persistent, fuscescent-cinereous ; apoth. ini-
mixed, somewhat immarginate, cnsious-pruinose, horny and cinerascent
within. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 342 Soinmcrf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. p. 156.

Upon mosses in alpine districts ; White Mountains.

24. L. miUiaria, Fr. Cxranulrs of the crust at first discrete, fuscous,
and cinereous-white, often deliquescent and leprous : apoth. produced
among the granules, globose, somewhat immarginate, naked ; e.xciple

:u|(ular; disl

Achenngr. p

aria, Fr. ! 1

1^ Borr. in 1

Uti old rail

Apothecia
ed into a carl
t'arious form.
cute, with an
^iaccous, som^
This most
iveii it in tl
jf Fries's sui
Ithat I have be
lud make it i:

^0 me as ana

considered to

[inations to Pa

re|)resentative

itiaceous) type

^niake to the c

|Scct. I. Pati

I 1. IJ. mami

ismootn, irregi

|cciit ; on the

lapothecia ele\

[becoming at 1

/a, Ach.

Rocks. Pe

I distinct from 1

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

69

2, p. 180. L

falsey. Pcnn- '

nish-glaucous,
cciple ciipular,;
d, often punc'j
r. p. 337. i,
:ola, Borr. m

ireolate-verru-fi

'used with tlieJ

ailing thevery€

margin, very;

Massachusetts!
•ring on deadH
pallesccnt, but|

Dntiguous, be-J
e, cinerascent;
iced from the
I ; disk naked,
lea muscoruin,i^

trees, ascend- :|
ey. Pcnnsyl

tilagineous, at
IS ; apoth. ini-
id cinerasceiit
ipp. p. 156.

jrete, fuscous,
oth. produced
ikcd ; exciple

cupular; disk at length rugulose and tuberculate, blackish within. Fr.
'jichenngr. p. 342. — «. Icrreslris^ Fr. — /5. saxatilis, Fr. — y. ligni-
aria, Fr. ! Lichen dubius, E. Bot. I. 2347 (e Fr.). L. duhia. Turn.

Borr. in Hook. Br. Ft. 2, ;;. 176. Tuckerm. Lick. N. E. I. c.

On old rails (/), common ; New England,

Tribe III. GRAPHIDACEiE, Fr.

XVII. UMBILICARIA, HofTm.

Apothecia superficial ; an originally closed thalline exciplo convert-
ed into a carbonaceous proper exciple, becoming more or less open, of
various form. Disk horny, ascigorous, at length chinky, or gyrose-pli-
cate, with an incurved margin. Thallus horizontal, cartilagineous, fo-
liaceous, somewhat monophyllous, affixed by a central point.

This most natural genus can, perhaps, still be retained in the place
Tiveii it in the Lichenographia Eiiropcea, though I have, in pursuance
jf Fries's suggestion (1. c. p. 347), confirmed by all the observations
khat I have been able to make, preferred to alter the generic character,
md make it indicate more fully the relations of the group. It appears
io me as analogous to Biatora as to Sticta ; and as the former genus is
considered to indicate a Lecideaceous type, irrespective of its approxi-
hnations to Parmelia, so Umbilicaria may perhaps be taken as typically
representative of a peculiar (perhaps properly lirellajform, or Graphi-
daceous) type, irrespective of the approach which some of the species
imake to the characters of Parmeliaceo3.

ISect. I. Patellat^. Apothecia orbiculate-patellajform ; disk at length
chinky, plicate, or proliferous-papillate.

1. IJ. mamviulatay Ach. (sub Gyroph.). Thallus membranaceous,

fsmooth, irregularly round-lobed and somewhat crenate, fuscous-nigres-

|cent ; on the under side very black, papillose-granulate, and fibrillose ;

iapothecia elevated, orbiculate; margin rather thick; disk plane, chinky,

jbecoming at length convex, and proliferous-papillate. Gyrophora mam-

■fiulata, Ach. Syn. p. (57. G. mamillata, MiihL Calal. p. 105.

Rocks. Pennsylvania, Muhl. (North Carolina, Mr. Curtis !) Very
Klisiinct from the next.

70

LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

2. U. PentisyJi'anica, IloHm. Th. coriaceous-mcmbranaccous, pap.
ulose, dark-fuscous ; on the under side papillose-granulate and nij^rcs
cent ; apoth. elevated, orbiculate ; margin rather thin ; disk plane, bu:
becoming at length convex, dnnky, ar.i plicate. Ilqfn. PI. Licli.l].
p. 5, 4- /. 09, /. 1,2. Led 'tea, Ach. Mcth. p. 86. Gyrophora, Ad
Lichcnogr. p. 227. Ach. Sij7i. p. 67. Hook, in Rich. App. Frankl
Nnrr. p. 759. U. puslulata, Michx. ! Fl. 2, p. 322, non Hoffm.

Rocks. Mountains of Pennsylvania, Muhl. New York, Haht)j.
New England, common, and fertile. Canada, Micham !

•^ 3. U. pusluluia, HofTm. Th. coriaceous, papulose, cincrascont; or,
the under side smooth, and reticulate-lacunose ; apoth. appresscd, op
biculate-patell.Tform, somewhat simple ; margin obtuse. Fr. Lichetingr.
p. 351. Hook.! Br. Fl. 2, p. 219. Gyrophora, Ach.— p. papuhm.
Tuckerm. ; apoth. at length subpcdicellate, irregularly proliferous-pap.
illate, excluding the margin. Gyrophora pajmlosa, Ach. Lich. Ciih
pr2'26. Ach. Syn. p. 67. U. Iccvis, Pers. {ex Ach.). Gyroph. hilk
ta, WUld. herb. !

Rocks. «, New York, Halsey.—p, Nova Scotia, ' used for dycin;
reds and browns'; Gov. Wentworth, 1795, Herl. Smith! New-
foundland, Bory in herb. Kunth ! New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania,
Muhl. ! New England, common and fertile, and ascending to alpine
districts, where it is often smaller, thicker, and glaucous-pruinosc. i
does not seem to afford any constant characters to distinguish it from
the European Lichen but tlic luxuriant development of the apothccia,
In the var. papillata, Ilampo ! a Cape of Good Hope Lichen, the apo-
thecia are papillate, and perhaps also by a proliferous growth of the
patelheform apothecium ; but this variety, though in other respects re^
scmbling ours, is distinct from it. The small, fruticulose tufts almo<:
characterizing this species in Europe, which I have also observed ir,
the Swedish U. vellea, are generally wanting in the American plain,
which is almost always normal and fertile.

4. U. anthracina (Schcer.), Fr. Th. coriaceous, not papulose, black:
on the under side smooth and black-pruinose ; apoth. elevated, orbicu-
late-patelloDform, simple ; margin tumid, disk somewhat plane and even,
Fr. Summ. Fl. Scand. U.atro-pruinosa, Schcer. in Ser. Mus. {cit.Fr.).
Fr. Lichenogr. p. 351. Lecidea, Sch(sr. ! Spicil 1, p. 104. /,?>.';;:
aiilhracitms, Wiilf. — « ; th. smooth and even above. Schcer. I. c. Fr.
I. c. — /?. lesscllala, Schser. ; th. above finely rimose-areolate or puiic-

t;itc-verrucos(
-. reliculula,
I.e.

Rocks in i
— y, Bear Li
Hec. and Thi:

'}. U. poJyj
corrugated, fi
'apoth. sessiU
vo.\, and con
Hook.! Br.
j}. deusta, Fr.
and paler on
Giirophora, 1

Rucks on
tains, infertile
\lhrh. Banks

G. U. proh(

I rugose, olivac

apoth, somew

[convex, very

:irgin. Fr.

[2, ;>. 219.—

; gose ; obsolet

I /. c. p. 758, <

rugose ; glabi

Alpine and

I Hold in the G

I lUch.

I

I 7. U. cylin

I smoothish, liv

.| mose, black fi

alcucous; apot

I length hemisj

I Gyrophora ci

I Tl prohoscide

j Alpine roc

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

n

anaccous, pap.
Ue and nigrcs.
lisk plane, bwl
1. PL Lick. 3j
rophora, Acid

App. Frankl:

Hoffm.
^ork, Haheu

ncrasccnt ;
appressed, or
^r. Lichenngr.
- /?. papiihm.
roliferous-pap.
'i. Lich. Ciik.
jijroph, htilla-

ed for dyciii;
tilh ! New-
Pennsylvania,
ling to alpiiif
i-pruinosc. i
guish it from
tlic apothccia.
;hen, the apo-
growth of the
r respects re-
3 tufts almo?;
o observed ir,
tierican plain

pulose, black:
vated, orbicu'
ane and even.
^.iis. {cit.Fr.].
104, TAclm
hear. I. c. Fr.
ilate or puiic-

itatc-verrucosc, rugose at the central point. Schcer. I c. Fr. 7. c.

\y. reliculula, Scha;r. ; th. reticulate-rugose above. Schar. I. c. Fr.
\l.c.

Rocks in alpine district:^. «, Newfoundland, Bory in herb. Willd. !

\—y, Bear Lake, and el ewhere in Arctic America, Hook.! (Parry's

Sec. and Third Voy.).

5. U. pohjphjlla, IIofTin. Th. coriaceous-cartilagineous, smooth,
corrugated, fuscous-black ; on the under side very black and glabrous ;
apoth. sessile, at first patellajform, marginatc, becoming at length con-
vex, and concentrically plicate.' Fr. Lichenogr. p. 352. Gyrophora,
Hook.! Br. Fl. 2, p. 217. Licheii, L. Gyropliora glabra, Ac/i. —
jS. deusta, Fr.; th. thinner, furfuraceous-flocculoso ; somewhat lacunose
and paler on the under side. Fr. L c. Umhilicaria deusla, Hoffm.
Gyropliora, Acli. Lichen., L.

Rucks on mountains; «, alpine; — (i, dcsceniiing. White Moun-
tains, infertile. Northward to Newfoundland, Pylaie, and Greenland,
Ikrh. Banks !

G. U. proboscidca, DC, Stenh. Th. submembranaceous, reticulate-
rugose, olivaceous-fuligineous ; on the under side pale and fibrillose ;
apoth. somewhat elevated, orbiculate-patellffiform, becoming at length
convex, very gyrose, or proliferous-papillate, somewhat excluding the
margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 354. Gyrophora, Ach. Hook. ! Br. FL
2, />. 219. — /5. iornata, Ach.; th. indurated, complicated, plicate-ru-
gose ; obsoletely fibrillose beneath. Ach. Syn. p. 65. Hook, in Rich.
I c. p. 758, & Icon, t. 30, /. 4. — ;'. arctica, Ach. ; th. incrassated,
rugose ; glabrous beneath. Ach. I. c. Fr. L c.

Alpine and subalplne rocks. White Mountains ; and Chin of Mans-
field in the Green Mountains, fertile. Northward to Arctic America,
Rich.

7. U. cylindrica, Ach. (sub Gyroph.). Th. subcoriaceous, rigid,
smoothish, livid, cinereous-pruinose, ciliated with elongated, rigid, ra-
mose, black fibres (or naked) ; on the underside somewhat pale-ochro-
leucouR ; apoth. pedicellate, orbiculate-patellscform, plane, becoming at
I length hemispherical, gyrose-plicate, scarcely excluding the margin.
1 Gyrophora cylindrica, Ach. Hook.! Br. FL 2, p. 218. Lichen° L.
» U. proboscidca, /5, Fr. Lichenogr. p. 356.

Alpine rocks. A single specimen from Bear Lake, Herb. Hook. !

72

MCIIENES OF THE NORTHERN ' fATES

is perhaps referable to this species, which has escaped notice, but prob-
ably occurs within our limits.

N. U. hirsula, Ach. (sub Gyroph.). Th. coriaceous, softish, pulverJ
ulent, cinerascent and white ; on the under side from pale-fuscous beJ
coming blackish, very hirsute with large, softish, at first pale, brancheJ
fibres (at length subfibrillose-scabrous and black) ; apoth. marginal, api
pressed, becoming patelljTiform, and at length convex, and subglobose,
gyrose-plicate, with a thin margin. Gyrophora hirsufa, Ach, ! Syn. f\
(51). U. vellea, y. Ursula, Fr. Lichcnogr. p. 358. — j3. depressa ; th. a:
length rigid ; apolh. somewhat impressed, plane, with a thick margin,
U. vellea, (3. depressa, Fr. I. c. V. depressa, ^. spadochroa, Schar.'i
Tuekerm. Lick. N. E. I c. {suh Gyroph. spadochroa).

liocks. Common in mountaincns, and ascending to alpine districls]
New England, fertile. Northward to Arctic America, R. Br. Thel
New England Lichen does not appear to diller from those of Sweden
and Switzerland, unless, perhaps, in attaining to a larger size, and,]
the foreign ones, is near the U. vellea of Sweden, which differs in itsl
tumid-marginate, pajjillate apothccia. Of the last species 1 have noil
seen American specimens, unless, with Schrerer, and in occordance|
also with the earlier view of Fries, we consider the ■ i-sent species
a variety of it.

9. U. Dillcnii, Tuekerm. Th. coriaceous, rather rigid, smooth, from
glaucous-fuscescent becoming dark-fuscous ; on the under sicie black,
and closely hirsute with short, black, crowded fibres (or lacerate, and
papillose-scabrous) ; apoth. convex, at first orbiculate and concentri-l
cally plicate, becoming at length lirellate, with a thin (canaliculate)
margin. Lichenoides coriaccum Jalissimo folio, c^c, Dill. Muse. p\
545, ^- t. 82, /. 5. U. vellea, Michx. ! Fl. 2, p. 323, ^ And. Amer.

Rocks. Paiqualian Mountain, New Jersey, /. Bartram (Dill.),!
Canada, Michaux ! Nowfoimdlam], Herb. 3Ionlagne ! Pennsylvania!!
Muhl. New York, Torrey. Very common in New England, and fer.|
tile. The apothccia are often abortive (very small, and forming some-
times a continuous black crust) ; but in a single specimen from the!
AVhite Mountains they are perfect, and agree with the minute descrip-l
tion in Micliaux, whose Lichen was certainly the same with that of
Dillenius. The species is widely ditRised in North America, and pre-'
serves its peculiar features from Newfoundland to the Allcghanies
Pennsylvania ; contrasting in this respect with the more limited a

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

73

lorthern U, hirsuta. It was considered certainly distinct, in 1841, by
|loiitagne. Linnteus cites the figure of Dillenius under his Lichen vel-

[US, and his description includes also U. hirsuta, the difFer.uct .- n the
Ipotliecia being disregarded ; but the specimen that T r.^v, in t! e Lin-
Lan herbarium wa? the L. vellea of Sweden, which • hiwr, collected
|bLiiKlantly in that country, and which seems to me v ., (1,8' ct from

he present.

lect. II. LiRELLAT.E. Apothecia somewhat lirellseforju, becoming at
length angulate-patellate, or finally crowded together in a hemispher-
ical, subimmarginate, lireilate tubercle.

10. U. hyperborea, HofTm. Th. coriaceous-membranaceous, papu-

Dsc-rugose, dark-olivaceous-fuscous, and blackish ; on the under side

kcunose, smooth, and fuscous-nigrescent ; apoth. appressed, originally

Dinewhat lirellceform, at length angular, substellate-multiform, plicate

jnd papillate, with an apparent margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 353. Gy-

\ophora, Ach. Floerk. ! Berl. Mag. cit. Fr.

Alpine and subalpine rocks (and perhaps a flocculose state, /?. deus-

I, Enum. Lich. N. Amcr., descending), White Mountains ; Chin of

lliuisfield and other of the Green Mountains, fertile. Arctic America,

ikh. Rocky Mountains, Herb. Hook. ! In separating this section of

he genus from the other, I have endeavoured to indicate the features

If difference that seem, at the first view, to distinguish the lireilate

jom tiic patellate apothecia ; but I am uncertain how flir the proposed

jliaracters are constant. The ternary division, in>;idema!ly proposed

jy Fries (Lichenogr. p. 349), suggested the present ; but my present

jquaintance with the species has not enabled me to adopt the former

fitire.

11. U. erosa, Hoffin. Th. cartilagineous, rigid, cribrose-reticulate,
length rugulose, dark-fuscous-nigresccnt ; on the under side papil-

pe-granulate, subfibrillose-lacerat° in somewhat anastomosing ridges,

lark-fuscous and cinerascent ; apoth. originally somewhat lirellfeform,
length patellate, becoming - nvex and gyrose-plicate, and finally

pbstollate-multiform,and immarginate. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 354. Schar. !

\incil. p. 93.

Alpine rockb. White Mountains, fertile. Newfoundland, Pylaie.
Northward to Arctic America, JR. Br., Hook. Northwest Coast, Men-
m !

10

74

LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

12. U. Mulilenlergii, Acli. (sub Gyroph.). Th. coriaceous-cartik
gineous, somcwliat lacunose-reticulafc, olivaceous-fuscous ; on the iifr|
der side papillose-granulate, lacerate in anastomosing ridges, fuscoui.
JL. cincrascent ; apotli. somewhai sunk, originally lirellaiform, at leiig!;|

composite, stellate-multiform, crowded finally into a convex, immars;.
nate tubercle. Gyrophora, Acli. Lichenogr. p. 227. Syn. p. G7. Hool
in Rich. L c. p. 7r)8. — /5. alpina, Tuckerm. ; smaller, thickened, ant]
complicated. Lick. N. E. I. c.

Tlocks. Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Muhl ! New York, Hah^
New England, common and luxuriant on the coast. Northward tj
Newfoundland, 7?or^ in herb. Kunth ! and Arctic America, J?ic/i.-|
/J, alpine rocks, White Mountains. Tiie descriptions by Sprengel (Svs:
IV. pp. 2G2, 2G3) of this species and of U. Pennsylvanica seem l:j
liave been transposed.

^ 13. U. angiilata, Tuckerm. Th. coriajeous-cartiligiiieous, veri
rigid, smooth, and somewhat polished, becoming dark-fuscous and nJ
grescent ; on the under side very black, papillose-granula.te, laceraJ
at the centre, with paler fibres ; apolh. somcvhat impressed, originalljl
sublirellffiform, becoming angulatc-patcllate, lirellatc, and at lengiJ
convex, with an obtuse margin.

Rocks. (California, Alenzies .') Northwest Coast, Herb. Hook.i
Perhaps nearest to U. Dillenii, the apothecia at length '-esembling tliosj
of that species.

i!

XVIII. 01»KGUAPHA, Humboldt.

Apothecia somewhat lirella;form, elongated, margined by a freel
carbonaceous, proper exciple. Disk canaliculate, at first closed b|
the inficxcd-connivcnt margin, becoming oj)en, indurated, and liormj
Thallus crustaceous.

The Gruphidetc proper, excluding Ur.bilicaria, constitute a peculiai
snblribe, which attains to its full development only in the tropics ; passiiij
there into several genera not foimd elsewhere. Eschweiler (Systemij
& Lich. Brasil. in Mart. Fl. Bras.), Chevallier (llistoire des GrupliJ
dees), and Fee (Essai sur les Cryptoganies des tcorc^es Exotiques Oil
ficinales) have illustrated these genera, which are probably representel
in ohr Soulhern States, where also several remarkable species of
present genus, inhabiting the South of Europe and extending north as faj
as the warmer parts of England (Borrer), may be expected to occufl

AND BRITISH AMERICA

75

Herb. Hook.]

Sect. I. Apothecia superficial, destitute of a tlialline margin.

1. 0. varia, Pcrs., Fr. Crust pomewiiat leprous, indeterminate

rarely innate in the matrix) ; apothecia superficial, tumid ; margins of

jhe entire exciple at length distant, becoming thin, or disappearing;

|isk somewhat plane, at first subpruinose, blackish within, "r. Lichen-

\gr. p. 364. O. cymUformis, Schccr. ! Spicil. 1, p. 50. — «. jmlicnris,

Fr.; apoth. rather elliptical ; disk a little concave, margin inflcxed. Fr.

c. 0. vuh-ella, Ach. — ^. notlia, Fr. ; apoth. rounded ; disk turgos-

Jcnt, and often obliterating the margin. Fr. /. c. Opegrapha, Ach.

jraphis curvula, Ehrh. Tuckcrm. Lick N. E. I. c. — y. signata, Fr. ;

Jpoth. elongated ; disk broad, plane, margin evanescent. Fr. ! I. c.

egrapha, Ach. Lichen hebraicus, Hofm. O. cij?nbiformis, var. he-

Iraica, Schm: ! Spicil. p. 330, part. ~8. diaphora, Fr. ; apoth. eion-

bted, botii ways rather attenuated ; margin somewhat persistent. Fr.

c. Opegrapha, Ach.

Thick bark of oaks and other trees, and degenerant on dead bark
Ind wood, and stones ; I England. New York (« and /5j, Hatseij.
Pennsylvania (a and /3), Muhl.

2, 0. atra, Pers., Duf. Cr. innate in the matrix ; apoth. emern-ent-
liiporficial, slender, shining, acute ; margin of the somewhat entire ex-
Jiple thin ; disk linear, canaliculate, naked, horny within. Fr. Lichen-
tgr. p. 366. — «. slcnocarpa, Fr. ; apoih. very long, scmicylindrical, ^
|e.\nous; discrete, or reticulate-anastomosing, or macuteform and ir-

cgular, Fr. I. c. Schcer. ! Spicil. p. 48. O. stenocarpa, denigrata,

uigala, ^ epipasfa, «, .4rA. — ,?. ahbrcviola, Fi., apoth. abbreviated,
jregular, often radiateiy disposed. Fr. I. c. 0. depressa, ^' 0. epi-
\asta,y,d,Ach. — y. macularis, Fr. ; apoth. dilated into somewhat
adiate, immarginate macula;, and confluent. Fr. ! 1. c. Arlhonia as-
^oidea, S,- A. Swartziana, Ach. — S. sidcreUa, Fr. ; cr. fuscescent ;
both, acute, opakc, somewhat innate and here and there erumpent.
f'-. /. '■. Opegrapha, Ach. 0. rufescens, a. rubella, Schorr. ! Spicil.
|.50(cFr.).

Smooth bark of trees ; New England. New York (« and y), Halsey.
bctic America (O. epipasta, (i), Rich.

3. 0. herpelica, Ach., Fr. Cr. innate in the matrix, at length erum-
lent, and vcrruculosc ; apoth. emergent, elliptical or obtusely lanceo-
|1P, opake (somewhat ocellatc or marginate by the white thalline ver-
!; margins of the entire exciple thin; disk canaliculate, naked,

76

LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

■h

I

horny within, becoming tunnid, and covering the margin. Fr. ! Licki\
ogr. p. 368.

Bark of oaks, and other trees, New England.

4. O.ahnormis, Ach. Cr. thin, softish, white; apoth. immerseJ
very slender, short or very long, flexuous, confluent, rugose-crispecl
opake, black ; disk and margin somewhat confluent and indistinct. Ack\
Si/7i. p. 74.

Hard bark of trees ; Pennsylvania, Muh!., Ach. A mostly tropicsj
species growing on Cascarilla, and other bark.

Sect. II. CxRAi'His. Apolhecia crumpent, coronate for the most pari

with a thalline marcin.

5. 0. scripta, Ach., Scha^r. Cr. innate in the matrix, becoming sj
length exposed, uneven, and pulverulent; apoth. immersed, erumpenJ
with a raised accessory thalline margin ; the proper margin tenuescenJ
.smooth; the disk linear, at first cicsious-pruinose. Fr. Lichenogr.}.
370. SchcBr. ! Spicil. p. 46. — «. limilala, Sch^r. ; apoth. emergenl
scattered irregularly, various. Fr. I. c. Schccr. I.e. — [3. recta, Sc\m.\
apoth. immersed, straight, parallel, disk somewhat dilated. Fr. I. (I
Sc/uer. I. c. 0. recta, Iliuiih. O. Cerasi Sf- betuligna, Ach. — ;-.
pentina, Scha^r. ; apoth. immersed, flexuous, very long, the thallinJ
margin tumid, evanescent. Fr. I. c. Scha;r. I. c. O. serpentina, Aci

Bark of trees ; New England. New York («, ^, and y), Hcdscil
Pennsylvania (« and fi), Muhl.

6. O. pohjmorpha. Cr. somewhat pulverulent, whilish-cincrascerl
or very white ; apoth. somewhat rounded or oblong, irregular, witlwl
ai)parent proper margin, from plane becoming tumid and elevateil
])unctate, angulose, rcpand, or somewhat stellate-ramulose, cirsiouJ
pruinose, with a more or Il-ss conspicuous thalline mni-g:.:. Arthom
pohjmorpha, Ach. Sijn. p. 7. Fee Cnjpt. Exot. p. 53. Eschw. Lv\
Bras. I. c. p. 111. O. Cascarilhe, Flocrlc! hcrh. {fde ips.).

North America (Pennsylvania }), Muhl. A common Lichen of Casj
carilla bark, which Eschweiler (1. c.) has illustrated at length. Tli
arrangement of IMuhlenberg's catalogue leaves it probable that he coo]
sidered it to occur within our limits.

7. O.inusta, Ach. (sub Graph.). Cr. membranaceous, somcwl
rugulose, pale-virescent, decussated by black lines ; apoth. minute, imj
mersed, rathci short, straight, simple or somewhat slellate-ramosG, oil

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

n

oth. immerseiiJ

^ise, plano-concave, naked ; the proper margin very thin, entire, con-
crete, with a thicker, elevated, thalline margin. Grapliis inusia, Ach.
KiiH. p. 85.

Burk of Prinos verticillata, Canada, Knhii. (Ach.). In this varia-
ble genus, long ob.jrvation is essential to any correct settlement of the
Ipecics. The present appears to he wholly unknown here.

XIX. LECANACTIS, Eschw.

Apolhccia immersed, rounded-irregular and lirelhuform, always open,

he cupular, carbonaceous, proper e.\ciple connate with the ttiallus,

jvliich constitutes sometimes an accessory margin. Disk horny, some-

I'hat plane, never connivent, veiled at first by the pruinose thallus, and

fcordered by the erect margin of the exciple. Thallus crustaceous.

L. impolita, Fr. Cr. tar'^reous, contiguous, chinky, glaucescent ;
Ipoih. immersed, dilated, macuteform, obscurely fuscous, glaucous-
truinose. Fr. Siimm. Fl. Scand. ArtJw7iia, Borr. in E. Bot. Suppl.

2CM. rarinelia, Fr. Lichenogr. p. 183. Lichen, Ehrli. Arlhonia
truinnsa, Aclu,

Trunks. Pennsylvania, Muhl.

Tribe IV. CALICIACE.^, Fr.

XX. TRACHYLIA, Fr.

Apotliccia sessile, discrete from the thallus, orbiculate. Disk some-
\ hat compact, ascigerous, margined by the innate, carbonaceous, pr. per

l.xcipje. or the exciple obsolete. Asci oblong. Thal'is crustaceous.
This genus, for which I am not able to furnish a complete character,
'listinguished from the other genera of the trii't.' by the sporidia being

lonlaiiied in and. Several of the species have Jso a peculiar habit,

^iiite dilFerent from that of the true Calicia.

1. T ligil/aris, Fr. Crust areolal'>vn -Mcose, b'ight greenish-ycl-
ow; apothecia innate ; the disk origin;'';} i.aked, black, equalling the
jumid margin. Calicium, Turn. ^ Borr. Lick. J^rit. p 132. Fr. Li-
Yciingr. p. 400. TrachyUa, Fr. Sumn. Fl Scand.

Old rails and pales, and also on »runks. New England. New
p oi'k, Hahey. Arctic America, Uich,

78

LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

2. T. sligonella, Fr. Parasitical ; exciple cupular, innate, black;
the disk plane, black-pulverulent, equalling the thin, erect, black marj
gin. Caliciiim, Ach. Sijn. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 401. Trachylia, Fr\
Siimm. Fl. Scand.

(Crust of Pertusaria pertusa, var. coccodes ; Fr.) Pennsylvania,!
Muhl New York, Torrey.

XXI. CxVLICIUM, Pers., Fr.

Apothecia crateriform ; a carbonaceous proper exciple margining
compact or powdery disk, composed of coacervate, naked sporidiaJ
Thallus crustaceous.

Eschweiier''s (Lich. Bras. 1. c. p. 61) reference of the Calicia tcl
Fungi seems, so far as I can venture an opinion on his observations,
hardly satisfactory. The crustaceous thallus, though often, from vaJ
rious causes, deficient, exists normally in every species, except thej
parasitical and doubtful C. turbinatum ; and the structure of the excij
pie connects the genus, together with the related Trachylia and ConiJ
ocybe, closely with Lecideacea3, quasi, to use Fries's expression, Le-\
cidinarum degeneralio pracipitata.

Sect. I. Apothecia stipitate.

* Glauccscentia, Fr. Exciple more or less whitish-cinerc'l

ous-pruinose.

1. — . viridc, Pers. Crust granulose, yellowish-green ; stipes some']
wb i* elongated, black ; apothecia turbinate-lentiform, whitish-cinereousl
ber:eath ; the disk plane. Fr. Lichenogr. p. ISSG.

Decavino; wood in mountain forests ; New Endand.

2. C. Icnticulare, Ach. Cr. somewhat tartareous, rugose-granulale.l
grayish-white ; stipes straight, thick, rigid, black ; apolh. IcntiloniiJ
whitish-cinereous beneath ; the disk plano-convex. Fr. Lichenogr.
386. C. clavcUuin, Turn. 4* Borr. Lirh Bril. p. 13S. C. claviculart\
Ach. part Icon, E. Bot. t. 1465.

Decaying wood, common in mountain forests ; New England. Ncw[
York (C. claviculare), Haiseif. Arctic America (C. clavic), Rich.

3. C. cvrluin, Turn. & Borr. Cr. filmy, vhitish ; stipes short, thiclil
firm, very black; apoth. turbinate-cylindrical, with a coarctate, whitibiil
margin ; the disk becoming at length protrudcd-promincnt. Turn.

)^-'.u.

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

79

/hitish-cinere'

ii"Ian(]. lS.cn

IBorr. Lich. Brit. p. US. Fr. ! Lichenogr. p. 387. Icon, E. Bot. t.

12503.

Decaying wood in the New Hampshire mountains. The protruded
J'-disk ofleM as long as the capitulum itself, and in the latter case giving
jthe pilidium a miniature resemblance to a painter's brush." Lich. Brit.

4. C. suhtile, Pers., Fr. Cr. filmy, leprous, white-glaucescent ; stipes
liform, flaccid, black ; apoth. lentiform-globose, naked, black ; the mar-
Tin at length reflected. Fr. ! Lichenogr. p. 388. C. dehile, Turn. Sj-
lorr. Lich. Brit. p. 151. Icon, E. Bot. t. 2462.

Decaying wood. Dead trees from which the bark has fallen in
Inountain forests ; New England. Arctic America, Rich. Apolhecia
at first white-pruinose. Fr.

5. C. trichiale, Ach. Cr. of pale, squamulose, crenate granules ;
btipes commonly slender, elongated ; apoth. turbinate, and, at length,
from the swelling of the yellowish-brown disk, subglobose, white-cine-
reous beneath. Fr. ! Lichenogr. p. 389. Scl> ' Spicil. p. 5.

Rough bark of trees, as of hemlock ; an' *;■ .ying wood ; New
jiigland.

** Fas c es c entia, Fr. Apothecia more or less ferrugineous.

(). C. phaomelanum, Tuckerm. Cr. of scattered, dissected squa-
niiles, green (and fuscescent) ; apoth. subsessile, ferrugineous-fuscous,
b length black ; the powdery, black disk at length surpassing the tu-
(iiid, smooth margin.

Fir-bark in the New Hampshire mountains, common. T should most

kidily compare this with Trachylia tympanella, Fr., from which it

Mhrs In its slightly stipitate apothecia, &c. It is very unlike any Eu-

j-opean Calicium that 1 am acquainted with, but I think must be refera-

ilc to the genus.

7. C. hyperelhm, Wahl. Cr. somewhat tartareous, granulose, green-
Ish-yellow ; stipes elongated, thick, firm, dull brownish-black ; apoth.
lentiform, ferrugineous beneath ; disk browrish-black. Fr. ! Lichen-
Vgr, p. 389. Turn, c^ Borr. Lich. Brit. y/. Mi). Icon, E. Bot. t.

Decaying wood in the mountains of New England.

B. C. Iracheiinvv}, Ach. Cr. filmy, somewhat smooth, grayish ;
Itipes elongated, slender, firm, ferrugineous-fuscous, becomins at

80

LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

length black; apoth. turbinate-Ientiform, rufous-ferrugineous beneath,
at length, together with the disk, blackish. Fr. ! Lichenogr. p. J390. C.|
sphccrocepliulu7n, Turn. 4* Borr. Lick. Brit. p. 153.

Decaying wood, and on trunks ; New England. New York, Halsq]
The stipes sometimes branched in this, as in C. subtile, and .her spe-
cies.

9. C. melanoj>hcEum, Ach., Fr. Cr. granulate-conglomerate, milkJ
white ; stipes rather short, black ; apoth. turbinate-globose, black ami
shining beneath, as is also the inflexed margin; disk pulverulent, fer-
rugineous-brown and nigrescent. Fr. ! Lichenogr. p. Sdl. Sommem
Lapp. p. 179.

Decaying wood in the New Hampshire mountains. The crust deJ
ficient in my specimens, but the apolhecia appear to me like those oil
the Swedish Lichen. Sommerfcit remarks that he has gathered it bul
rarely, and is uncertain whether it is any thing else than a variety ofj
the last, to which Fries also originally referred it.

10. C. hninneolum, Fr. Cr. very thin, smooth, whitish ; stipes elonJ
gated, very slender, often branched, black; apoth. (small) turbinateJ
globose, dark-yellov "sh-ferrugineous ; the disk of the same color, oblitj
crating the margin of the exciple. Fr. ! Lichenogr. p. 393. C. jjaci-
eliniun, Scluer. ! Spicil. p. 4.

Decaying wood in the mountainous districts of New England.

*** Flnv o-v i r e s c en t i a , Fr. Apothecia yellowish-pruinosel

11. C. chrysocephalum (Turn.), Ach. Cr. granulate-conglomeraiel
bright greenish-yellow ; stipes slender, often elongated, black, with oftenl
a greenish tinge ; apoth. turbinate-Ientiform, yellow-pruinose ; the diskl
light-brown. Turn. ^- Borr. Lick Brit. p. 143. E. Bot. t. 2301. Fi\
Lichenogr. p. 393.

Rough bark of hemlock and other trees, and on decaying wood;]
New England.

13-. C. phcpocephahi7n, Turn. & Borr. Cr. of discrete, crowded, al
length squamulose and crenate, fuscescent granules ; stipes slenderl
blackish-fuscous ; apoth. turbinate-Ientiform, greonish-yellow-pruinosel
disk dark-fuscous. Tu7'n. 4* Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 145. Fr. Lichcn\
ogr. p. 394. — jl ; cr. less perfect. Fr. ! I. c. C. roscidum, /?. Schctr.
Tuckerm. Enum. Lich. N. Amer. p. 55. Icon, E. Bot. t. 1540.

Decaying wood (/3), Arctic America, Rich. (Herb. Hook. !).

boming at lenm

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

81

Sect. II. Apothecia sessile ; without crust; parasitical.

13. C. turhinatum, Pars. Parasitical ; exciple from globose becom-
iinri turbinate, sessile, free, shining-black, the disk impressed, with a
Ithickish, inflexed margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 402. C. sessile, DC.
mni. ^ Borr. Lick. Brit. p. 128. Icon, E. Bot. t. 2520.

On the crust, and in the verruca of Pertusaria pertusa, Ach. New
[England. New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl.

XXII. CONIOCYBE, Fr.

Apothecia stipitate, spherical, suberose, without margin, bursting at
Itlie apex and becc ning at length entirely pulverulent, and concealing
|lhe proper exciple. Thallus crustaceous.

C. nigricans, Fr. Crust very thin, leprous, white ; stipes naked,
Jl'roin whitish becoming black ; apothecia globose, naked, black. Fr.
^khenogr. p. 384.

Kough bark of hemlock and rock-maple ; New England. It is with
hesitation that I refer our plant to the European species, though it ap-
pears to agree with a specimen from Flotow. The genus is at once
dislinguishable from the other genera of the tribe, and several other
Epecies, as C. furfuracea, with yellow-pulverulent apothecia, and C.
lallida, with pale, wliite-pruinose apothecia, not improbably occur
hvith us.

t.2'Ml. Fr..

Div. II. A N G I O C A R P I , Schrad., Fr.

Tribe I. SPHiEROPHORACEiE, Fr.

XXIII. SPH^ROPHORON, Pers.

Apothecia terminal, spherical, the thalline exciple at first closed, be-
brning at length lacerate-dehiscent. Nucleus globose, within cottony-
fcartilagineous, without powdery with naked, black sporidia. Thallus
|ertical, fruticulose, crustaceous-cartilagineous without, solid within.

1. S. compressum, Ach. Thallus fruticulose, whitish, irregularly
|)ranclied, compressed, fibrillose-ramulose ; apothecia globose-depressed,
11

82

LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

at length disciform, with a reflexed margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 4fll|
Turn. ^ Borr. Lick. Brit. p. 1 15. Icon, E. But. t. 1 11.

Rocks and on llie carlii in alpine districts. Canada, fertile, //ert|
Hook. ! Arctic America ! Rich.

2. S. ghhiferum (L.), DC. Th. fruticulosc, somewhat terete, wij
erectish, fibrillosc-ramulose branchet:, chestnut ; apoth. globose, wiJ
an inflexed margin. DC. Fl. Fr. Lichen glohiferus, L. S. Coralkii
des, Pcrs. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 405. Turn. Sf Borr. Lick. Brit. p. 11|
{excl. j3). Icon, E. Bot. t. 115,

On the eartli in alpine and subalpine districts ; and descendinip
northward. While Mountains, fertile. Eastport, Maine, J^usse//:
Newfoundland, Pylaie. Arctic America, Hook. !

3. S. fragile, Pers. Th. densely caspitose, fruticulose, dichotol
mously branched, somewhat cinereous; branches terete, fastigiate, ml
ked ; apoth. turbinate-globose, with an inflexed margin. Fr. Lichenom
p. 405. Schcrr. ! Spicil. p. 7. Icon, E. Bot. t. 2474.

Alpine rocks. White Mountains, fertile. Northward to Arclitfc
America, Hook. Rarely somewhat compressed.

Tribe II. ENDOCARPACEyE, Er.

XXIV.

ENDOCARPON, Hedw.

t

I

Apothecia included in the thallus, globose ; a membranaceous, tliiJ
pale thalline exciple inclosing a gelatinous, colored, deliquescent nil]
cleus ; ostiolcs somewhat prominent. Thallus horizontal, cartilagiiiej
ous-foliaceous, subpeltate.

1. Yj. miniatuin., i\.c\\. Thallus cartilagincous-coriaceous, rigid, pale]
ycUowish-fulvescent, becoming cinerascont and glaucous-pruinose ; oJ
the under side naked, at length somewhat rugose, fulvescent, at lengil
black ; ostiolcs somewhat prominent, fuscous-nigrescent. Fr. Liclia-
ogr. p. 408. — /5. compJicalum, Scha^r. ; ca;spitose-polyphyllous ; lobe:|
ascendant, imbricate and complicate, cinereous ; on the under :
dark-fuscous. Schccr. ! Spicil. p. 59. Fr. J. c.

Rocks. New York, Httlsey. Pennsylvania, Mu/il. Arctic AmeriJ
ca. Rich. — (S, near water, New England. New York, //a/se^. FriesI

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

83

art! to Arclit

BS well as Sprengel, refers E. glaucum, Ach. (North America, Ach.),
jto tiie variety « of the present species. I have not found this variety,
but the next species is near to it.

2. E. 31uhlenhergii, Ach. Th. cartilagincous-coriaceous, thick,
iTrom greenish-glaucous becoming fuscescent, very finely rugose and
^omcwliat chinky ; on the under side fuscous-black ; ostioles convex.

Ich. Sijn. p. 101.

Rocks, North America, Ach. West Point, New York, Russell !
\C{. Ach. Syn. pp. 101, 103.)

3. E. jluvialile, DC. Th. cartilagincous-mcmbranaceous, flaccid,
jobed, green, becoming fuscescent when dry ; lobes rounded, somewhat
liiriculatc-lobulate, on the under side naked, reticidate-rugulosc, pale-
■iiscoiis, becoming black ; ostioles somewhat prominent, black. Fr. !
^jickenogr. p. 409. E. 7niniat.um, y. aquaticum, Schccr. ! Spicih p. 60.

Weheri, Ach. — (i. fuloo-fusciwi, Tuckerm. ; th. thick, snbcoria-

ceous, submonophyllous, with auriculate-lobulate, somewhat inflexed

nargins, fuscous-fulvescent ; on the under side reticulnte-rugose, dark-

Ivous-fuscous becoming black ; ostioles scarcely prominent, dark-rcd-

|[lish nigrescent.

Rocks (granite), suffused with water; New England. New York,
'HaJseij. Newfoundland, Pylaie. — ,?, alpine. Lrdce of the Clouds,
White Mountains, at an elevation of five thousand feet. Fries rc-
(larks, in comparing the present species with E. miniatum, «, that
monophyllous specimens of the former are always minute ; but in /?
Ihese occur nearly as large as average specimens of the latter. The
K'cry brief indication given by Persoon (Act. Wetterav.) of his E.
Lmcricanum answers to our variety.

4. E. pus ilium, Hedw. Th. cartilagineous, squamulose-foliaccous,
Bmooth, brownish-olivaceous, pale on the under side, arising from a

ilack, fibrillose hypothallus ; ostioles black, somewhat prominent, per-
liise. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 411. E. Hcdn'igii, Ach., ^ E. lachneum Sf
f(]unmulosum, Ach. (c Fr.).

On the earth, and rocks, especially of the more recent formations.
Pennsylvania, Muhl. New York, Halsey. Apparently wanting in the
granite region of New England.

T). E. livlevircns, Turn. Th. thin, membranaceous, irregularly orbic-
Nar, somewhat concave, round-lobed, grass-green, margins very entire,

84

LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

inflexed, the under side white at the edges. E. viride, Ach. Ffrn/ca.|
ria IcBtevirens, Borr. in E. Bol. Suppl. t. 2658.

On the earth in alpine districts. White Mountains. Arctic Ameril
ca, Rich. The apothecia are unknown, and the plant is a very doubtl
ful member of the present genus. Fries regards it a metamorpliosisl
of the squamules of Cladonia.

XXV. SAGEDIA, Ach., Fr.

Apothecia included in the thallus, globose ; nucleus gelatinous, dJ
liquescent, and, as well as the membranaceous, thin exciple, becomirJ
at length blackish ; ostiolcs discrete, attenuated into a thin neck, ani
dilated at the apices, pertuse. Thallus horizontal, subcrustaceous.

S. cinerea, Fr. Crust cinereous, at length pruinose, somewhat folii
aceous at the circumference ; on the under side spongy, black ; ostil
oles superficial, spheroidal. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 413. Endocarpon, Pm|
E. tephroides, « ^ ^5, Ach. Syn.

(On the earth. Fr.) New York (rocks), flaZspy. We have perhap"!
a Sagedia, on rocks, in New England.

XXVI. PERTUSARIA, DC.

Apothecia vcrrucajform, formed from the thallus, including (1— (
naked, waxy-gelatinous, colored nuclei. Thallus crustaceous, ofte[|
passing into soredia and isidia.

1. P. pertusa, Ach. (sub Porina). Crust cartilagineous, glaiicous]
white; apothecia depressed-hemispherical, irregular; ostioles depressedl
discrete, the perfect ones black-papillate. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 420. PA
'j- rina pertusa, Ach. Lichen pertusus, L. Perlusaria communis, DC]

— * sorediifera; crust sterile, sorcdiiferous. Fr. I. c. Variolaria
Ach. — ** coccodes ; crust isidioid, papillose-ramulose. Fr. I. c. Isi\
dium coccodes, Ach. — (j. areolala, Fr. ; crust thicker, rimose-arcolatel
verrucose, often sterile and sorediiferous. Fr. I. c. Variolaria Fk\
toioiana, Floerk. ! — /. leucostoma, Fr. ; apothecia with white ostiokJ
the black papillre deficient. Fr. I. c. Porina leucosloma, Ach.-\
«^ 8. leiopJaca, Fr. ; crust very smooth ; apothecia imperrect, cliinky-de]
hiscent. Fr. I. c. Porina leioplaca, Ach.

Trunks and dead wood ; — ,9, stones ; New England. New Yorl|
('If, y, and 8), Hahey. Pennsylvania (« and 8), Muhl.

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

So

2. P. faginea. Cr. tartarcous-carlilagincous, cinercous-wliite, the
[ircumfcrcnce zonatc, often thin, polished, and somewhat bluish ; apoth.
hemispherical, bursting into mealy sorcdia. Lichen fagincus, L. ^

lucl. (e Ft'.). Variolaria muliijmncta. Turn, in Linn. Trans. 9, ;;.
\'Vi,t. 10,/. 1. V. faginea, Floerk. ! P. snrediata, Fr. — /3. orhi-
liiJala; apoth. lax, explanate; the nuclei expanded into a submeiubra-
Jaceous, denudate, flesh-colored disk, which at length falls out, leaving

he sorediiform verrucEe. P. commiini.'s, (i. sorediaia, c. orhicvlata, Fr.

'Jchcnogr. p. 422. Variolaria faginea, communis, &• roraUina, Auct.

Trunks, dead wood, rocks, ant', stones; New England and westward,
^"ew York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. Arctic America, Rich.
The Variolaria.' have been illustrated most largely by Turner and Bor-
er, in the Lichenographia Britannica, and by the first-mentioned au-
hor in the Linngean Transactions. That they are sore'Miferous states
Y various crustaceous Lichens has been shown at c at length by
Meyer, Wallroth, and Fries, and this view is confirmed ity the observa-
tons of Eschweiler and of Schfcrer. To the present species, and the
ftst, most of our common Variolarioe are to be referred.

^. ?. papillafa, Ach. (sub Porina). Cr. smooth, chinky, whitish ;
lipotli. convex, hemispherical ; ostiole solitary, elevated, papillocform,
nth a rufescent pore. Ach. Si/7i. p. 111.

Trunks. New England. Pennsylvania, Muhl.

4. P. glolularis, Ach. (sub Porina). Cr. of very numerous, subglo-
|)osc, and ramulose, glaucescent granules; apoth. (infr'quent) globose,
^mooth, with a solitary, impressed, punctiform, black ostiole. Ach.
^yn. p. 1 12.

Upon mosses, Pennsylvania, Muhl., Ach.

5. P. hymenia. Cr. cartilagineous, pale-sulphureous or grayish, bor-
dered by a black line ; apoth. hemispherical-depressed, with a solitary,
Repressed ostiole, or more often dehiscent, marginate, and somewhat
fecutelliform, the discoid centre black-dotted. Turn. 4* Borr. Lich. Brit.
p. 185, suh Thelofr. Lichen hymenius, Ach. Prodr. 'P. Wulfenii, DC.
?r. Lichenogr. p. 424. Porina fallax, Ach. Syn.

Trunks. New England. Nov,- York, Hahey. Pennsylvania, Muhl.

I. New Yor'i

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86

LICIIENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

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Tribe III. VERRUCARIACE.^, Fr.

XXVIT. CONOTllfcMA, Tuckerm.

Perithecia mostly solitary, homy, black, at first pertuse, becomitil
at length open, with a coarctate, inflcxed margin, including a depresseffl
nucleus, which is elevated at the centre inio a somewhat marginatsl
disk. Thalius crustaceous.

C. tirceolatum, Tuckerm. Crust thin, smooth, rugose-rimose, glasJ
cous-white, bordered by a black line ; perithecia scattered, at first cov
ercd by the crust, finally superficial, conoidal, white-pruinose. Lec(V/>J
urceolafa, Ach. Lichenogr. p. 671. Ach. Syn. p. 27. Pyrenula en\\
roleuca, Spreng. in Hals. Lich. N. Y. I. c. Thelotrcma enleroleum
Schwein. in Hals. I. c. Verrucaria enteral euca., Spreng. Syst. 4, p. 24m
Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. I. c. Icon, Hals. I. c. t. 1, /. 1.

Trunks. North America, Swartz. (ex Ach.). Pennsylvania, MuM\
in herb. Willd. ! New York, Halsey. New England, very cnmmonj
Probably the Lecanora urceolata of Muhl. Catal., but the above-citeJ
specimen in the herbarium of VVilldenow is without name. The Li]
chen appears to me an aberrant form of the present tribe. Thelotre]
ma ? atratum. Fee Crypt. Exot. t. 1!), f. 4, seems to be distinguishel
from Thelotrcma prcc'sely as the present genus (passing over the olliel
essential differences) is, by its black proper e.xciple, but the structimj
of the nucleus in the former plant removes it from ours.

XXVIII. VERRUCARIA, Pers.

Perithecia hemispherical-globose, solitary, horny, black, closed will
a simple or paiilhcform ostiolc ; becoming somftimes at length siibscul
telliforni, or rarely inclosed in a thallinc verruca. Nucleus gelatinoiisj
hyaline, deliquescent. Thalius crustaceous.

* Saxicolce. Crust somewhat tartareous.

1. Y. rupes Iris, Schra(\. Crust tartareous-compact, contiguous, wliii
ish ; perithecia (small) entire, globose, somewhat sunk, umbonate wil
the naked ostiole, at length collapsing and scutelliform ; nucleus liyal
line. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 480. Hook. Br. FL2,p. 152. V. Schrad(ri\
Ach. Icon, JB. Bof. /. 1711,/. 2.

Hocks and stones (limestone). Pennsylvania, Muhl.

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

87

y over the olhel

it the structiirj

2. V. elmchroa, Tuckerm. Cr. applanate, rimose-areolate, oliva-
tcoLis ; perith. with a wide base, globose, emerging and conical at the
bpex, becoming at length depreased and umbilicate.

Rocks (limestone), Ohio, Mr. Lea ! Apparently related to V. eljci-
na.Borr. (E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2623, f. 2), and V. olivacea, Fr. (Lichen-
Ur. p. 43S), but very diflerent from V. olivacea, Pers. (Borr. 1. c. t.
p9G, f. 1), which is a bark-Lichen.

3. V. vigrescens, Pers. Cr. somewhat gelatinous-tartareous, chinky,
ruscous-nigrescent, within white; perith. entire, globose, covered by the
trust and verrucose-prominent, subpapiilate ; nucleus whitish. Fr. Li-
^kenogr. p. 438.

Rocks and stones (limestone). New England. New York, Halsey.

4. V. umhrina, Wahl. Cr. verrucose-granulate, or smoothish, from
tuscescent at length dark-brown ; perith. entire, globose, somewhat
prominent above the crust, papillate. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 441.

Rocks and stones (granite), near water ; New England. We have
|oubtless other saxicoline species, but they occur often in imperfect
Itates, and ara easily overlooked. I have an alpine Verrucaria, with
large perithecia. from the White Mountains, but the crust is deficient.

** Cor ticolcB. Crust innate in the matrix, often deficient.

5. V. nitida, Schrad. Cr. innate in the matrix, smooth, greenish,
ilivaceous, or fuscous ; perith. entire, covered, becoming at length

lomewhat prominent, persistent, ostioles subpapiilate ; nucleus fluxile.
Ir. Lichenogr. p. 443. Borr. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2607, /. 1.

Trunks ; the hue varying with the different epidermis of the matrix ;
^'e\v England. Pennsylvania, Mulil. V. composita, Schwein. in Hals.
uk\\. N. Y. 1. c. p. 9, has apothecia clustered, forming dark spots, but

have not been able to find in my specimens, which agree apparently
vith the description, any constant characters to separate it from the
present.

6. V. alha, Schrad. Cr. innate in the matrix, becoming at length
Jenudate, white ; perith. subglobose, entire, denudate, persistent, im-
nersed at the base, ostiole papillate, or pertuse. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 444.

•/?; cartilagineous, smoothish; perith. smaller. Fr. I. c. V. glabra-

|fl, Ach.

Trunks. New England. Perithecia prominent.

7. V. gemmata, Ach, Cr. innate in the matrix, effuse, smoothish,

■f-

88

LICHENES OP THE NORTHERN STATES.

white-hoary ; perith. hemispherical, dimidiate (not immersed at \]t
base), persistent ; nucleus whitish. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 444.
Trunks. New England. New York, Halsey.

8. V. epidermidis, Fr. Cr. innate in the matrix or obsolete ; peritJ
dimidiate, the base patent, innate-superficial, at length collapsing, arJ
together with the nucleus, applanate-depressed. Fr. Lichenogr. p. id
— « ; perith. larger, orbiculate. Fr. I. c. V. analepta, Ach. — § ;
rith. larger, elliptical. Fr. I. c. V. Cerasi c^ epidermidis, Ach.-
Y\ perith. small, punctiform (with the habit of the next species). h\
I. c. V. stigmateila, Ach. part.

Trunks, mostly on smooth bark ; New England, and westwan
New York (« and /5), Halsey. Arctic America, Rich.

9. V. punctifor/nis, Pers. Cr. innate in the matrix or obsolete ; pJ
rith. innate-superficial, semiglobose, subdimidiate, the base infle.xedl
nucleus globose. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 447. F. stigmateila, Ach. pari.

Trunks on smooth bark ; New England. New York, Torrey. PemI
sylvania, MuHl. Arctic America, Rich.

10. V. j9wZZa, Ach. Cr. smoothish, blackish-fuscous ; perith. minulej
hemispherical, glabrous, subpapillate, blacK within. Ach. Syn. p. 8S, j

Bark of Dirca palustris, Ach., who compares it with V. carpineJ
which is referred to the last species by Fries.

Tribe IV. LIMBORIACE^, Fr.

XXIX. PYRENOTHEA, Fr.

Perithecia round, carbonaceous, closed, pertuse at length with a siml
pie ostiole, and protruding the somewhat gelatinous, bursting nucleusi
finally dehiscent, explanate, and empty. (A disciferous state occurs!
a single species.) Thallus crustaceous.

P. leucocephala, Fr. Crust smooth, glaucescent ; perithecia subglo
bose, naked, black, coronate with the white, persistent, globuliforni nuj
cleus. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 450. — (3. Lecidina, Fr. ; crust somewli
leprous ; disk dilated-scutelliform, rigescent, covered for the most paij
with a dense pale-yellowish-cinereous bloom. Fr. I. c. Lccidca ahu\
Una, Ach.

Trunks (/5), Arctic America, Rich.

COLLEMACEiE.

and weslwan

Filamentous, or foliaceous gelatinous-conglutinate plants without dis-
crete layers. Sporidia included in asci, and immersed in a thalamium,
ivhich is contained either in a thalline exciple or a proper exciple.

Several genera are included here formerly referred to Lichenes, but
eparated by Fries, and with other genera constituted a distinct family,
ntermediate between Lichenes and aquatic Algte. Collema and Lep-
Dgium may be said to have the thallus of Phycece with the apothecia
^ Lichenes, and Ephebe is considered by Fries nearly related to the
pyssi .

Synopsis.

Tribe I. COLLEMEiE, Fr. — Thallus gelatinous-conglutinate,

caulescent or foliaceous.
. Collema. Apothecia scuteiliform, with a thalline exciple.
, Leptogium. Apothecia scutelliform, with a proper exciple.

Tribe II. EPHEBIDEiE. — Thallus filamentous, not gelatinous.
. Ephebk. Apothecia scutelliform, with a thalline exciple.

3 State occurs i

Tribe I. COLLEME^, Fr.

I. COLLEMA, Hoffm.

Apothecia at first subglobose, becoming at length discoid-open and
htclliform, with a thalline exciple. Thallus corneous-gclatinous,
bmewhat pulpy, of a moniliform-filamentous texture, variously lobcd.

* Thallus imbricate-plicate, becoming thick and turgid when wet.

1. C. pidposum, Ach. Thallus thick, suborbicular, very compact,

Jackish-green, of numerous, somewhat imbricate, plicate, rather entire

rcpand-crenate, erectish lobes, those of the circumference larger,

bmewhat appressed ; apothecia somewhat crowded, slightly concave,

pous, with an elevated, irregular margin. Ach. Syn. p. 311. Schcer '

12

^

90

COLLEMACE.B OF THE NORTHERN STATES

' f

f '

V ■«

vania ? Muhl.

Spicil. 2, p. 538 {suh Pannelia). C. crislaium, Borr. in Hook. J5r. fiPscattered, sesi
2, p. 208. Icon, Wulf. in Jacq. Coil 3, p. 133, t. 12, /. 1.

Upon rocks, among mosses. Pennsylvania, Muhl. I have not ol).
served this species in the granite region of New England.

2. C. pUcatile, Ach. Th. thick, orbicular, black-green ; lobes ru'
gose-plicate, ascending, laciniate ; apoth. concave, of nearly the sarci
color with the thallus, .vith a thick, elevated margin. Ach. Syn. p. 3U
Hook. Br. Fl. 2, p. 209. Schcer. Spicil 2, p. 543 {sub Parmdia]\
Exs. Schleich. ! Lich. Hchu

Rocks (limestone, Scha3r.), New York, Russell ! I have scan onlv;
small fragment, but it appears to belong to this rather thrn to the pr
ceding species.

3. C. tenax, Ach. Th. rather thick, suborbicular, glaucous-green,
of somewhat plane, rounded, cut, or crenate lobes; apoth. scattered, s:
first urceolate, becoming rather elevated, concava, rufescent, with
somewhat entire margin. Ach. Syn. p. 314. — /?. pallescens, Ach
th. yellow-virescent, pale beneath, the lobes irregular, densely comp!:
cated, irregularly crenate, ascending ; apoth. submarginal. Ach. I. c.

Rocks among mosses, Pennsylvania, Muhl ! New York, Spren^
The cited specimens belong probably to the variety /? of Acharius, b.
were not considered to differ from « by Floerke.

4. C. fasciculare, Ach. Th. suborbicular, imbricate-plicate, olivei
green, the lobes dilated upward, waved, those of the circumferenc;
rounded, cut-crenate ; apoth. marginal, at length elevated-subpedice
late, fasciculate, the disk somewhat convex, rufous. Ach. Syn. p. 31*
Fr.! Lich. Suec. 50. Icon, E. Bot. t. 1162.

Trunks and rocks. New England. Pennsylvania, Muhl

5. C. pusUdatum, Ach. Th. substellate, lacerate-laciniate, the Isj
cinitc expanded, plane, irregularly crenate, besprinkled above with palf
pustules which pass at length into apothecia ; disk punctiform, blacl
Ach. Syn. p. 351. Pannelia leucoderma, Willd. herb, 7

Upon mosses. North America, ^c/t.,who says it is a minute specie
very distinct from the last. Pennsylvania (P. leucoderma, WilldK H. Ctuncef,
Muhl ! i'lgose, blackisl;

6. C. granulatum, Hook. Th. foliaceous, membranaceous, comB^Si deeply cut
gated, granulated on both sides, imbricate-complicate, blackish-olive«P ' scattered
the lobes somewhat rounded, waved and crisped, rather entire ; apotkp "^ '* ^^- P- ^'*

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

91

jscattered, sessile, blackish-fuscous, margin entire. Hook. Br. FJ. p. 2,
an. Lichen gramilatus, Huds. {e Hook.). Collcma furvum, Ach.
(Exs. Schcsr. ! Lick. Heh. 413, 414. Icon, E. Bot. t. 1757.

Stones and trunks. New England. New York, Hahey. Pennsyl-
vania } Muhl.

P* Thallus thin, foliaceous, gelatinous-membranaccous, lobcd princi-
pally at the circumference.

7. C. melcEnum, Ach. Th. foliaceous, somewhat stellate, blackish-
green, the lobes elongated, radiant, multifid, with elevated, waved and
crisped, crenate margins ; apoth. submarginal, somewhat plane, at length
riifcscent, with a subgrauulate margin. Ach. ! Syn. p. 315. — 8. jaco-
hi folium, Ach. ; lacinia) narrow, strict, lacerate-pinnatifid ; apoth. mar-
ginal, with an entire margin. Ach. I. c. Exs. Schccr. ! Lich. Helv. 422.

Rocks among mosses and trunks. New England.

8. C. palmatum, Ach. Th. ca;spitose-pulvinate, brownish-green, of
|rowded, erectish, palmate-divided, somewhat linear and terete laciniro ;

poth. rufoiis-fuscous. Ach. Syn. p. 319.
On the earth, and trunks. Pennsylvania, Ahihl.

9. C. nigrescens, Ach. Th. somewhat monophyllous, membrana-
jieous, expanded, round-lobed, rugose-plicate, olivacoous-nigrescent ;
lostate-lacunose beneath ; apoth. (minute) central, crowded, at length'
fconvex, rufous-fuscous, with a very entire margin. Ach. Syn. p. 321.
^ook. Br. Fl. 2, p. 211. Exs. Schccr. ! Lich. Helv. 410.

Rocks and trunks. New England. New York, Halsey. Pennsyl-
hnif, Muhl.

C.Jlaccidim, Ach. Th. foliaceous, membranaceous, smooth,
laccid, blackish-green ; lobes somewhat ascending, rounded, rather en-
^ undulate-plicate ; apoth. scattered (small), somewhat plane, rufous.
ch. Syn. p. 322. Hook. Br. Fl. 2, p. 211. Exs. Schctr. ! Lich. Heh
12.

Rocks and trunks. New England.

11. C. tuncBforme, Ach. Th. foliaceous, membranaceous, somewhat
"igose, blackish-green, besprinkled with fuliginous powder; lobes ob-
ong, deeply cut, sinuate-laciniato, obtuse, flexuous, crisped, subcrcnatc ;
ipoth. scattered, somewhat plane, fuscous, with a very entire margin'
yi. Syn. p. 322.

■♦.

I

92

COLLEMACEiE OF THE NORTHERN STATES

I <

K.

-f

.«*^

•^

Rocks (especially limestone, Ach.). Pennsylvania, Muhl. in herkl
Willd. ! The specimen appeared to me to agree with an original onef
from Acharius. Schacrer refers the species to C. flaccidum. It i]|
said to occur in Massachusetts.

^2. C. pulchellum, Ach. Th. membranaceous, orbicular, plane,!
somewhat laciniate, round-lobed at the circumference, plicate-papulosel
and dark-g;cen above, beneath paler and deeply lacunose ; apolkf
crowded, elevated, the disk urceolate, pale, the margin thin, coarctateJ
very entire, at length somewhat rugulose. Ach. Syn. p. 321.

Trunks and rocks, New England. Pennsylvania, Muhl. ! OhioJ
7)/jf. Lea !

13. C. saturninnm, Ach. Th. rosulate, blackish-green, glaucouii
and subtomentose beneath, the lobes broad, oblong, rounded, waveAl
very entire ; apoth. scattered, somewhat plane, rufous, with a thin, en]
tire margin. Ach. Syn. p. S20. Hook. Br. Fl. 2, p. 211. Exs. Schar."^
Helv. 423.

Trunks and stones. Kew England. Arctic America, ilic/t. Ihavjl
omitted several species of this genus, which require more observation

II. LEPTOGIUM, f r.

ApotVecia rounded, becoming discoid-open and scutelliform, seme
what pedicellate, with a proper exciple. Thallus gelatinous-membra'
naceous, subdiaphanous, texture cellulose.

1. L. Tremelloides, Ft. Thallus foliaceous, membranaceous, ven
thin and somewhat diaphanous, smooth on both sides, or powdery abovtj
lead-colored ; lobes oblong, rounded, very entire ; apothecia scattere;
elevated, plane, rufous-fuscous, with a paler margin. Fr. Fl. Scan.m
293. Collema, Ach. Hook. Br. Fl 2, p. 213.

Rocks and trunks, New England. New York, Torrey. Pennsylvil
nia, Muhl.

2. L. lacemm^ Fr. Th. foliaceous, membranaceous, very thin ani
somewha* diaphanous, glaucous-fuscescent, the lobes small, subimbrj
cate, lacerate-laciniate, denticulate-ciliate ; apoth. (small) scattered
subsessile, somewhat concave, rufous, with a paler margin. Fr. ! .
Scan. p. 293. CoUema, Ach. Hook. Br. Fl. 2, p. 213.

On the earth, and rocks, among mosses. New England. Ne^
York, Halspy. Pennsylvania, Muhl.

A:;d BRITISH AMERICA.

93

Muhl. in herb,

an original one

accidum. It ,.

rbicular, plare.S
plicate-papulost
cunose ; apotl'

thin, coarctatf
5. 321.

Muhl ! Ohio,

3. L. Burgessii, Fr. Th. membranaceous, subimbricate, glaucous-

jfuscescent, somewhat spongy and downy beneath, the iobes rounded,

sinuate-laciniate, crisped and minutely lacerate-dentate at the margins ;

apoth. depressed ; disii somewhat concave, fuscous, with an elevated,

pacerate-dentate or foliose margin. CoUema, Ach. Syn. p. 320. Hook. !

\Br. Fl. 2, p. 211. Icon, E. Bot. t. 300.

Trunks. Mountains of New England.

Tribe II. EPHEBIDE.E.

;reen, glaucoc:
•ounded, wavec
with a thin, et
. Exs. Sch(zr.

i, Rich. I hav;
ore observatioB

itelliform, seme
itinous-membra'i

iranaceous, ven
powdery above:
thecia scattered:
Fr. Fl. Scan.}:

ey. Pennsylvs^

III. EPHEBE, Fr.

Apothecia formed from the thallus, from concave becoming plane,
land at length convex, black, the margin evanescent. Thallus filamen'
[tous, not gelatinous.

E.puhescens, Fr. Thallus decumbent, softish, terete, black, the

Ibranches entangled, capillaceous ; apothecia of the same color.' Fr.

p. Scan. p. 294. Cornicularia, Ach. — 8. fbriUosa, Ach.; thallus

obscurely fuscous, smoothish, very delicate, branched, somewhat hir-

bte with numerous, flexuous, branched, subclavate fibres. Cornicula-

^ria puhescens, var. fibrillosa, Ach. Syn. p. 302.

Rocks and stones; — «, in alpine districts. Greenland, Dill White
iMoimtains. — /?, North America, Ach.

!, very thin acf
small, subimki
mall) scattereii|
irgin. Fr. ! .
3.
England. Ne^