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A(
CONT
I
PRI
ONTARIO
AGRICULTURAL COMMISSION.
APF'ENDIOES C TO 8
INCLUSIVE,
CONTAININO EVIDEKOK TAKEN B. THE COM„,s«OKEBS, SPECrxL
REPORTS, ETC.,
m
VOLS. III., IV. AND V.
VOL. V.
■M
k '>
(APPKNDIOKS K TO 8.) \V-. "iO^'/'
PRINTED BY 0. 3I,ACKKTT Ro"bi°4oN, 5 JORDAN STREET
1881.
^*
"*>*
ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL. COMMISSION.
APPENDIX K.
E"V"IX>E3SrOE
BKLATma TO
HORSE BREEDING.
<^d
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RYSDYK'S HAMBLETl):S
YSDYK'S HAMBLEl\)>;iAN.
Drydk Dymon TuoB.
P.
Tc roadste: of breec animals actbrist:
thorouff couplim with a \ like a qi cross-brf of eggs ( the conti and life, charactei produce if the bn
If tr
an inforic [Dr.
C:«TARIO AGRICULTURAL COMMISSION.
APPENDIX K.
RELATING TO
HOP.SE BREEDING,
BVMOND, F. MAtcoLM, T. Ballan™ MP rf^'^'^-J- X- ^'«^«' ^^^-P- A. H,
Tuos. Stock, A. Wilson, and J P McMiLL. .. '""' ^- ^hitelaw, E. JJvbnk,
DR. McMONAGLE'S EVIDENCR
ro^^^t:rf:nculZ7i'^L^^^^^ has been parMclarly paid to
of breeding generally! as I ha^e heard a ^^od tJi ""^ '•* ^ ^'^. r"^' °" <^h« ^^^'Je^* a^^. ..ilar .^^e. and c Wetei^S:!^ «K= ^S^^ t ^^^^
THE THEORY OF BREEiDINQ.
coupling otdiff, rent breeds. AN embfvMTre ,n'J In Z"^' °™ P"''''"*' » I"" wilL a germ cell. The Menis .ml it, .™„T 1"~"«<' '•J' "■« c«"tact of a sperm cell
like a Quantity of eggrSg'a",;';" n^TntEnt.^Xe^Vr "'"• '',','* "" cross-bred animal are examined under tho n.tV 1 .u -V, " ^^^ 8«^^™ cells of a
of eggs of different sizes, po"selsh^:%t li ^TndTuS '.%'''"'' *^u '^ "^ ""-^- the contact of these cerm cells with fll '^ . outline distinct from each other. It is
and life. If a thoro^r anTn a, cte'rctZf ''^."^'^ f"'' ^''"^"'^''^ -^4^- character, the germ cells and the In prm 111 ''.^"f ^'^ ^'^^ another of its own type or produce nothing but what L s inVaf Xe ano^ 1? "" "®"''^ ^'' '^'^ "^''^^•' -"^ -i" >f ^he breeds ar^e crossed, they Slrp^odtVsriSll:^:'""^^ to th.e production. But
EFFECT OF CROSSING WITH A PURE-I3R2D MALE.
s . t
i; I
HORSE BREEDING
Bpermatazoa (for they possess vitality, activity, independence in motion, and an appear- ance analagous to tadpoles) to select among the eggs those with which they have most affinity, and in that way there will be produced a type almost entirely similar in form and outline to the thoroughbred. I think Mr. Clay has sliown to the Commisaiou that he could not get as certain a type of breed in the second or third as in the first cross. That result agrees with the principles of breeding. In the breeding of horaes I have just ried these principles out, and got what I expected.
car-
HOW TO UTILIZE NATIVE HORSES.
I presume the object of the Commission is, more to inquire how best to utilize the type of horses we have in Ontario at the present day — how to cross them with particular lireeda in order to develope a now type, which will supply the demand of the farmer, the market, and the merchant — which will, in fact, be a good general purpose horse.
THE CLYDESDALES — NATIVES.
With regard to draught horses, I have someacquaintance with the Clydegdales. They are produced in the eastern section of the Province, to the second or third remove ; the original having come from Mr. Clark's stud in Ottawa. I am well acquainted with the native horses of the eastern section of the Province. They mostly came from the produce of imported running stallion?, crossed and re-crossed to the second and third remove, and they are a most useless, weedy class of horses — simply a disgrace to the community in which they circulate. They are used extensively for agricultural purposes. The Ameri- cans frequently come over to buy the best.
THE ROYAL GEORGES.
The class of horses in Ontario particularly, that have a type of ^neir own, that are firm in their characteristics, that are undying in their habits, a?ul that have always held their ancestral herei'ity in spite of all opposition, are the Royal Ceorges. They originated in the Tippoos, coujing through Black Warrior, and contain within tliemselves characteris- tics that cannot be destroyed. They have size, form, velocity, longevity, and a type that leads to permanency in the family, a type that makes good carriage horses, and has of late produced some valuable trotters that trot close to twenty— campaigners, and winners. I have thougho it possible that they could be the basis of a class of hors( s strictly Canadian, which, coupled with appropriately selected thoroughbreds, would produce the es.seiitial de- sideratum of the present day — the Park or Coach horse. The Canadian Royal Georges stand well on their limb.-, they are large, muscular, have good, sound constitutions, and doubtless originally, in ancestral distance, had a pacing root.
2:21 1.
VARIOUS BREEDS.
I see your compilation of queries embraces Canadians (Pacers), Pilots, Columbuses, Copporbottonis, Hiatogas, Tippoos, Warriors. To toll how tiiey originated and came to the eastern section of the country would be to relate the history of the Narragansett pacers.
THE NARRAQANSETT PACERS.
There was a family of hor.ses on the Atlantic cdust in the United States — in Vir- ginia and Rhode Island — long before the thoroughbred began to be appreciatc'd in Eng- land— horses that were fast at the pacing or racking gait, and that wore also useful for domestic purposes. They were known as the Narragansett pacers. According to Wallace (an autlioi'ity on such matters) Polydore Virgil, an Italian ecclesiastic, wrote a histoiy of the British Isli's in Latin, which was published about 1509, and among other things, in
[i?r. AlcJfonaffle.]
HORSE BREEDING.
id an appear- !y have most ir in form and bsiou that he cross. Tliat lave just ear-
to utilize the ith particular le farmer, the Lorse.
leedales. They i remove ; the ited with the )m the produce 1 remove, and community in The Amcri-
3wn, that are ! always held 'hey originatod ^es characteris- nd a type that and has of late d winners. I ctly Canadian, le essential de- Royal Georges ititutions, and
i, Columbuses,
. and came to
Narragansett
tatos — ill Vir- ciatc'd in Eng- also useful for ling to Wallace te a history of ther tilings, in
uescribing the horses of that date, mentions " a <rroo+ , , -^===-
but amble and pace," and he draws^he distinctiofb.. ^'"^ ""^ ^^^'' ^^''^^^ ^o "«* trot, takable precision in sentences written STOrera- T' Pff^^ ^"^ trotters with unmi»: in 1625 indirectly verifies the historical conc^usLiW i^ ' """*'"' ^^""^^ ^^'<^^^, at that date. After quoting many auThor^Ue. Mr w .P""' "^^'^ numerous in England that pacing horses were numerous^at tLsf Sv p;^ '^'r^'/;, " Itis fully establiBhed horses did not begin to impress .tself u^Tthe naffve En.^?! "1 '1^,'°^. "^ *^« '^"^^ ance of the Narragansett in this county there^an„vT^^ '*°? *'" *^*'''" *''« Wear- continued to abound at the period of tlfe' settlement of IT' !" '^^ f.O'^clusion that pj^rs gansett pacers were imported from En^anfbHhe colonel"' r'"'- ^" '^^^^^^ ^arra- plied from the locality in which they were most nn^' *^"'" "^"^ °^™« ^^'^S ap- luxury of wheels and the improved a/ricXraTtl^T.'r '^L^^^'"'''''- ^'^^ the been driven to the border-to the niore nrimTilT . *?^ "^"^^^^^ states they have demand-until to-day their hoZ iTolZZ^ IZt :")'"' ^^^'^™ ^'' ^^ °°"«tant nances . Maine and sweeps through clX^'i:^:i^:i^^tZ^-
aiGH RATE OF SPEED.
The Narragansett pacers had a line of heredifv +T,nf and a certainty of type L long ago as 1690 Ther hl^ ^^V^^."^. certainty of speed shows that they were in-bred.^nd tS^t 2; J^ZdTZU^ '"T^c V^ ^'^°^« I«'«"d tl.e mile. It is known from the Rev James M.Sn '''^^2^^^^ «f less than 2:30 to
published in Dublin in 1753, that thiy were nS^^^ "Amenca Dissected,"
as long ago as 1730. ^ ^""^ introduced mto all parts of English Americ^a
THE CANADIAN PACERS.
1065^:;:re5t:''Slnttit^^^^^^^^ ^-France to Quebec in
were taken to Kentucky and proved to be nrod noPrT^f *'''^''? ^''^^^ *''« ^"«t«. ^WcJi there. From the same stock we have the Smbl ''?','^ *'^' ^''' ^'•^"'"g Worses
where they produced trotters, of which e^^^^^^^^^^^ '"^f l' ^^'•"°"*'
Sheridan, the most potent sire of the familv f'onnlwf; 2:19|-a daughter of Phil Kentucky, I think in 1810 H;« Ki/.T •^' ^^PPf bottom was taken from Canada to 2:21|. TheHiatogL\'e, ngtotL^r^^^^^^^ "^ ^'^ ^--« "RTahnd"
ton of 2:23. It is'said the'^rippoos 3 War ts aSr^^^^^^^ ^\''^ ^ -P^-nt;.
there is not a certainty they do so. ^^a'^riors also embody tho pacing element, but
THE TIPPOOS AND ROYAL QEORaES.
origi J't:d'S w' £dl''7?rin;:'F;"'7';'. ^-P^^^-^^y - Canadian stock. They 1816 or 1818. ^^o^in:i\t^^^^^^^ Napa "'S
the proiluce of a mare that was broucht to (Wlo if -i r , Tippoo." He was
a preacher, Mr. Howard. She wasin foal whf' m' '^^^'1'°"^ **"« United States by
Howard, and she produced this Zk CO tSoTprin'^oM^^ T^"^' "'TJ'^'^ '^' never known, though it has been claimed wSiout nrLf fl !" ., ''? ^'\^ °^ ^^PP^** ^«« United States. ^-laimecj, without proof, that he also belonged to the
warrior's DESCENT, were black, and tam her we have rb™. hi™ wSri, '''°"''''' *»,TiPP00 f«o.ily [Br. MoMonagle,]
6
HORSE BREEDING.
ROYAL GEORGE AND HIS DESCENDANTS.
From the reins of Warrior we have Royal George, and from the loins of Royal •George we have the best breed of horses that over lived in Canada. He produced Ladv Byron 2:28, Lady Hamilton, 2:30, Tartar, 2:28^, and Toronto Chief, 2:24.V (saddle); also Royal Revenge, and oth.;rs tliat have prod iced trotters going as low as 2:20i, and sellin'r m the market at as high as $10,000. His family also include Caledonia Chief 2'29' '^ Byron 2:25^: Fred Hooper, 2:23 ; J. Ellis, 2:29 ; Lucy, 2:20^ ; Belle of Toronto, 2:30 \ Nell, 2:27 : John S. Clark, 2:30 ; Mike Jefferson, 2:29^ ■ Fanny Jefferson, 2:28A ; Thomas Jefferson, 2:23 ; Commodore Nut, 2:29 ; Ben Flagler, 2:2(5^ ; Geo. F. Smith, 2:28 : and many others not included in the 2:30 lists. The greatly dreaded old-time trotter Tacouy with a mile record of 2:26, and a two-mile one of 5:02— the winner of more than twenLv hotly contested events— the conqueror of Flora Temple in two set races, was Canadian l)ied, by Sportsman, a son of old Tippoo. Anotiier son of Tippoo. the Sager horse, oot tlic fast mare Crazy Jane, 2:27; another, a grandson of old Tippoo, got J. H. Burke
:J:27-^
ROADSTER HORSES.
The roadster horses catalogued among your que-stions are the Hamhletonians, Norman Canadians, Mambrinos, Grey Eagles, Andrew Jacksons, Morgans, and St. Lawrences. Among all these the strongest in inheritance are, emphatically, the Hamhletonians. I don't know of many in Canada, although there are some.
HAMBLETONIANS— MESSENGER.
The Hamhletonians are directly descended from the English thoroughbreds. The progenitor of the Hambletonian stock was Messenger. He was imported to Piiiladelphia in 1788. From his loins we have Mambrino, who produced a stock of roadsters almost invaluable in the United States , from Mambrino we have Abdallah, the sire of Hamble- tonian, the " Hero of Chester," who has given us some of the most valuable, fastest and most raliable trotters in the world Hambletonian was in-bred, his dam being direct from Mes- songer— in-bred with the exception of one cross with Imported Bellfoundin^, who was himself imported from England , which emphatically makes Hambletonian an English-bred horse
HISTORY OP ENGLISH THOROUGHBREDS.
Thehistory of Eng]i.sh thoroughbreds might well be touched upon here. England paid but little attention to the pedigrees or breed of horses until probably 180 years a-'o. Tiie introduction of three horses into England— the Byerly Turk, the Darley, and Godol- phm Arabian -which were crossed and recrossed on about twenty native mares, produced the grand thoroughbred, the pride of the British. The contests oi this production in run- ning races eliminatea the weakest and resulted in the .survival of the stronoost.
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I
THE RACING CALENDAR AND ITS SUCCESSORS.
The record of their performances for a aeries of years grew into a book called the Ra- cing Calendar, the publication of wJiich commenced in 1751, and has been kept up ever since In 1783 Mr. Wm. Pick commenced "Tiie Sportsman's and Breeder's Vade Mecnm" —"a careful collection of all the pedigrees it was then possible to obtain," as he gen- erally expressed it In 1803 he enlarged and republi-shed it under the title of " The Turf Register, and Sportsman's and Breeder's Stud Book." The first volume of tlmt work came down to and included 1765. He afterwards published tlie second volume, but died before the third volume was issued, and it was not published till 1822 by a Mr. Jolmson. The iir.^t edition of Kr. Pick's Turf RegisLei- of l7oG is tiie earliest published record of pedi
[Dr. JfcMonagle.]
ii i
ins of Royal •oduced Laily 'saddle) ; also ^, and selling Jhief, 2:29^ ; oronto, 2:30 ; 28J ; Thomas I, 2:28 j and otter Tacouy, than twenty 'as Canadian T horse, r. H. Burke
got
ans, Norman , Lawrences, ians. I don't
ibreds. The Pliiladelphia sters almost I of Hamble- test and most ct from Mes- ) was himself li-bred horse
e. England 0 years ago. , and G-odol- ?s, produced 3iion in ruu- b.
lied the Ra- ept up ever "^ade Mecum" " as he gen- " The Turf t work came t died befoi-e inson. Tlie ord of peili-
THOMAS JEFFERSON, A " ROY.
JEFFERSON, A "ROYAL GEORGE" HORSE. Record, 2.513.
I
HORSE BREEDINQ.
j,'rees that we have any knowledge of In ISD*^ Al- \v„„*i t. i
the first volume of the' English Stud Book which LrhT.^^^-'"^"!'^'^ '^"'^ ^'""''^''^'^
family ever since, and is now embracedl^xthi^^ren volumes ""'""''^ " '^^ '^^^^^^'"'^J^
THE ENGLISH STUD BOOK,
ror accurcy and completeness the English Stud Book is t},o «,^c,* i i,
Jation extant. The first volume is the basis on Sh fn? f , '* remarkable compi-
to the present time I believe the on y adc i ion to the En"S T7 p"'iT' ^'i"" ' '^^
horse. The commingling of this blood at thartimp tZ , " *"'^ ^°°'' ^'^'^ ^^^^ one
lish thoroughbred. *"°^' ^'''^ '^'"'S purposes, produced the Eng-
MESSENOER'S ANCESTRY— MAMBRINO.
Prom the Darley Arabian we had Flvin" Childprti • frnir, ri„-i.i t>i Sa,„pson, who produced En^nneor ; and from Em ineeV E.Mi^h M '\ ''' ' u '""' ^^'''^ M..songer. who' came to America in 1788 LdbCm; S ?pt^^^^^^ able horses on earth, the Hambletonians. Some ei^^hteen or tw^tv -^ i^ ^ tained 2:20. or better, to the mile at the trotting po^t The MaTXLli'^'f ^'' ** class, only diHerently removed from Messenger. Mambiinos are of the same
THE ANDREW JACKSONS-GREY EAGLES-MORGANS-ST. LAWRENCES.
The Andrew Jacksons, of York State arc n( TTv^r^^u • i neut in Northern New York andEtein Can'da S A Pf''^"?/^^ ^»*' ^nd are promi- Youno Bashaw are not thesame stocr'i^^.eO; ^EaJ sat^^^^^^^^^^^ r''' ^"™^' ^'''^
less originated from the pacing element'Lt'^rebt" 'S^rSetd^^'rh'^^t ''"k'" breeders m eastern Ontario, from 1845 to 1856 bnf ih^ZL- ■ "^«"<^stoem by
A RACE OF PONIES.
Th )re is a family of ponies called the Chincotea-^ue nonies T^aiV «.• • • t. the present knowledge of man. There are twn i«l„n i. ■ .u »x, ^ ^'"""^ " beyond Maryland and Virginia, the ir;ger tin/callercht.ntr ^t lant.c, off the coasts of The ponies were found upon these islands wl on ,?;°'°*«^S"« ^"^ the other Assoteague. has It that the first of the' JLt'it f^orthe sU^^^^ ^^-''^--
two hundred years, running at large winter and summer T^r '''' *^''^ '"°''" *^*^
fc^;!?!^.p^-^ -^^^-.^o . to.di^;:4sSr :^
open heels. In 1670 the Tsra;.r;;s T^t proved Jfcls ' 1 "'" '^f ^^""'' ^^*^^ James II. to one person, and eventually suScd At ^r/.f ?''f f t"^ ^T^'"^ ^^ acres, and others have large holdings. irisTsltLattrbesif ?"'?''''' \'^'^' ^^^ about twenty-six houses on the islam! Tl,i ! ".'^egan to be settled, and now there are States. They are larger tlan the shoH^r P^^^^^^''^ ^^e essential pony of the United forlightdrau'ghTur^^SL^'^r^^^^^^^^^^
are doc e. They never kick T hnv*. tnV.^., fi % ^ ^^ *°^° ^^y ^ '^"o^^- liiey
How„d P,,e, S.Tal?*; l^:^Z"n tlf^^^SJin ^p'^, t.-?"' "T^ i.igiass obtained a span of them years a<vo and look fL^!, fpTn' ^?'='- , ■"^■«Pl»e'i
llfr. McJlonagle.]
A. Do none
HORSE BIIEEDINQ.
■( 1
EAMnLETONIANS AND THOROUGHBREDS, knowledge XhlirVonl^r^^^^^^ ' ^" ^^'''^^P^ P''^'^'-'^ - ^^^-^ ^--ur, fron> a
RYSDYK
Rvsdwf J^ww/?' who introduced the pure Hambletonian horse into Canada-hi« IrmiL ru^f I understand he paid $10,000, for breeding; purposes alone. I bred
^re ti aJd'Ltrwtt tty'r u °"^ ^^^''°° ^ ^^^^*^' '' ^^'^^-^^ '"^-«' -^'
AMERICAN DEMAND FOR PARK HORSES.
TTnifS'^«tr*"*'"'i?^'"*'"*u'' ^°'' drivers-park horses-which are not numerous in the United States, nor known there as a family, but sometimes obtainable in Canada On. of the la.-gest buyers for the New York market is H, N. Hawkins of DeUa N Y and hi! great desire ,8 to get a stylish coach horse standing 15 hands or h^-h.r ' ''
WHAT THE COACH OR PARK HORSE SHOULD BE.
n.ir..t!"u^°T M°u "^ ^^?,* P** ^"*^ °^ ^'°°^' *"<J b« ^I'le to trot a mile in 3i or 4 Znis. i^shirJi '.* '*^''^ bay standing 16 hands or over, and weighingl200 pounds. He should stand erect on his four legs, hold his head and tail high and be perfect ui symmetry and form He must be large and broad in his hind quarters He slXll bo
C^ltTn 'rattf^^'r' r' t^^^^V-'^ ^^^ '^^^""^^ ^^ of ish, l^und i: W no liable to spavin straight in limb, and standing .squarely on his feet. Horses poorly bred
generally wear the outside '>f the shoe first. Unless a horse stands square on h^ four fee
and wears his shoes evenly, he cannot maintain strength and durability. '
CLEVELAND BAYS.
There was once a park horse family in England, called the Cleveland Bays. There is ,omeone in Illmois who pretends that he has been to England, and bougKhere a da s .f horses that he calls the Cleveland Bays. But my conviction is that they ailextinct They were in England as long ago as 1818 or 1820.^ But, with the introducLn of nii t ways, stage coaches were superseded, and the Cleveland Bays werebred with thoroughbreds
du^^n Canada r? ""t ')'' ""X' '^'^"i'^" °"' ^" *'^^^ "^y- ^' ^-'^ be easy to 'pro- duce in Canada a fo.mily of coach or park horses, but it is not easy to produce park ho, r^s on the basis we have in Canada at the present day. / f '-t parK n ..es,
THE CLYDES AS WORKERS. The Clydes are born to drudgery and work, and are only fitted for that. Their vitd temperament is not the right material to commingle kindl/with the tl.omi.1,3 sto of the country and we cannot produce from them an element suitable for a park honse When you breed two antagonistic, but strongly composite elements together, Lh as the fann'r;%) 'Vm'^ '^ Clydesdak^ the characteri.stics being so entirely distinct you Jiave a,
5onrk> Irfbn 'n ^P' n"^""'"^ """.'? P'-^^^^'y n,ore%esemble (he thoroughbred. I don t know what the .second cross would produce-probably a pony or a Guliatl^,
[l)r. McAIonuffle.]
ir favour, from u it to breed them in that type. 1 e I did not think 0 Canada, except ne into breeding 2 — but that ted them.
my
ito Canada — his 3 alone. I bred in buyers, who
nmcrous in the mada. One of N.Y., and his
mile in 3 J or 4
iveighing 1,200 , and be peifect He shouliJ be id in bone, not es poorly bred 1 his four feet,
ays. There is there a class y aie extinct, uction of rail- thoroughbreds easy to repro- e park hun.os,
. Thpir vital Liglibred stock a park hor.se. V, such as the t, you have a •oughbred. I jath.
HORSE BREEDING.
HOW TO BREED THE PARK OR COACH HORSE.
charactor, impresses on his Proi'env wliat n . r!n ' T ?"» '^ '**''""S ^" ^^^ typ« and fully impress ins owa characteSJcs upon tL'^nW h's a„eostors. Ho would not
Ir. this country we ha^e a great n/a, y Erou' b e h .. ^^^ ''", ^^'^'"'^ ^"'^ '^''^' ^am. move from the thoroughbred runners a id the wav f -r 'T''^ "''«" *« *''« t««th .e- the type we ha.e got most akin to tl ;.a it uToe is"t h "r' ''m '" '" ""''« ^^«°» -^^h bred from the thoroughbred. To utilize th. nat J« !/n I "^^^letonian, which has been With either Royal G.:'urges or Hamb 1„ ins bell?w ^' ^''"''''' ^" «^°"''^ ""''^^ tJ>«'» a.eetin, iu their generation, and 1 folJZt .ritTolToV"'" "" ^'^^ ''''' "*'"« '^^^
THE FASTEST COLT IN CANADA.
Rysdyir'Tro-^ttrcomlSiori^ol,^^^^^^ -^ ^^^ ^- aen.d by
in Canada. He is now ToTyT.rs old a "d i ol', ' ^fl'lt "^ ^^ *° '^^ ^'^^ ^^^'^^^ eoU bred on the philosophy of bree Im^i f ,' 'r*''* ^'^^^'' ^^'^"^ 2:30 easily. I have
iustincts. thesame U^^!:^'^^^^^^^^^''''''' !!'' ^^""' *'^P^'' *'--- I could not but produce what I wanted from ISL hi^t confess." ' S"^^"'^"-^- ^ ""'^k
INCONGRUOUS ELEMENTS AND FAILURE.
star V"-i«rot,T?4t„?;rKVi^^^ >- "^* a H.„„„,„„,„^ ^^^^^
Tiie elements did not agi^e. ^ ^ ilambletonian, and the result waa a failure.
A SUCCESS.
%4w:f;otXrxs i^gooiryp^aii ::XfV'7Tf-'^ --' ^-- ^- ^7
and bred her to Rysdyk. The Jroduc^ef^. Baxter^" L. .1 ""'''\ f '^'^'^^^S^hved mJe Hambletonian stock and tliat class of d.m ^? ^ u """T" ^ ''^''« ""ticed that the a^ajonty of which have been park horses. ^ "" ^°'''" ^^ ^"'^ ^^^ ^^^^^ l^iyl^. the
HOW TO PRODUCE A FAST AND STYLISH HORSE.
have'ofTe'tl^ruflK^^^^ tSTrel ^rott'^ '^ "f '^^^ ''^ '^^^ ^^^^^ *^ey
good horse for the genoral purnosea nf T^i f trotting males, and they will produce a
asacoach horse wfenever^th^wLt^l';a^wH'^^^^
^50 or eCO, whereas buye^ Z^^SS^S-l:^^';;^- ^ng^^^^
BRITISH BUYERS.
StateI^"'t.^"- -tt *tT; tr^tiSsTn'^^^r.^^^*^^"'^ - ^- *^^ ^"^*ed want only the produce of the ClvdeschL Lo 1 ^'"''"^^^ '^'"'^ "^ altogether. They pnces for the h'orses that suft S Tl e7 .va;^ Horses-and they will gi-, satisfactor^ but I could not understand that th^y v^erftl^e n.w " ^f}'^Xr agricultu J purposes, "ares. I have not heard Sngirsfbryers enfa ul b' '^ *'f ^bdesdales on the native purposes. « ""^^*^s demand horses for street car or omnibus
[Or. McMonngle.]
10
HORSE BREEDING.
A GOOD GENERAL PUBPOSE HORSE.
his family to oow,^ or to cicL In Serm^wrl ''' -^-S""! ^'^''^^ ''^'^ *« t^^e profitable, you J.ave to find ouc what kind of 1,11^?'; '^T\ ^'"'''^ °" "'« farm is that is only fit to breed to a jackass he will \Tl i^^r l' ^'?i ", ^' ^'^' ^ ^^^^^ well. But there are many mares iA CanTda thL\Z ^ "'^ '',' ' P^'^'^'P^ ^^ll P^-^tty egg cells, and if you got a s.iallion of the same tvne tnS ^ f^'^i^Shhred affinity in their get a horse of a good\vpe. For instant, Tjofuse a Sllf °°' °J *''^^' ^^^ ^-^1' Rysdyi. lu.s spern, c.Ils would have affiniy for nothing b^it the h"'^" ^^'^ T '"''""g ^« of the temales. and you wou:.:' produce nothing but the park Ws^"'"""^^^'^'^ ^'"^ '^^"^
DANGERS TO BE AVOIDED.
bein/E;";,^1S^X"f ^ tn^;::tr -^^^^ r * ^r * ^-- -^- ^^ -
rearirig or caporino j h^ve see" vJTy T \"'^° ^^^'^ '^^^'^ "^^ ^ '^orse that is
what might L calkul a goo7 ^, , ^ You can '^1"'' ^''''' '^T"^ ^^ ^^'« ca..».essness of Pins, jackspavius, a.id cocked\nklog on a well hLZ '^"7'^' en'a'-ge™ent8. thorough- ant.cipat.on.., and when she puts a weakh If mS. ^I^*" '°'^ ' -"^'"''^ ^« *''»« '« ^^^ she dictates a corresponding .Le andTexture of bol «'? ^^e posterior propelling powers our most valuaMe road.sters become in iurtd in .1 . T""^ *° '*" "'«' ^^^'T nrnny of word about shoeing horsea. ^ '"^ *^® ^"'"^ ^^"^f^ ' ^"^^ t^^t reminds me of a
HOW TO SHOE A HORSE.
having already cut thin the toe° aU it oL A 7'* ""P'^'^f P™^'^^'^ uncut at all; heel and in levelling the centre the bed ul I ' ^' *'"?"'' *^^'^*' " '^"^ P^^-^ away the quick." Reverse all this o stom Don4 .^'^r' T *^^" f^*^ '^ ""P'"«^« "P^" the levelling at the expense of cuttings at the hfel and^l^L^""' ^°. '^^ '''« P^"'^^ ^"^ inteiided bed for the shoe. Fit your shoe relrdtl if^l '^'''^- "»' ^'°"° '^" '"'« «^ ^^e shoe, and drive your naiLs. DoS ra rthe^ en!m 1 fr .t °^ '''« *°« ^^^'^ ^^^
under the twisted ofj uail point 'o rr ake „n 7 .°5 ^^^ ^^''^ ' '^°°*^- ^""'^ g'-°ove Turn down your clinches aSd i mhed "hem as H.tt '"^ *° 'I'^T? '^« "''"'^'^^^ nail. enamel of the hoof, and only sinnlv ras^ Sf ff ^ *'?'' ^' 'i'^''^^^ *« P^^^^^^^^ i° the don't rasp the enamel at all ^S " 5v ras7the IJ '•""S^^^^^ "^ '^'^ ^'in^hes. I repeat, toe edge of the shoe. Let the ad v fcat7 of r^^n-""^'^'". '° ^' *° '"'^^^ '' ^"«'> ^^^h the the enamel of their own fin^^nails as often „« f "° ?^^.^. Proportionate see-sawii.g to they'll « know ho --^ it is tlfomse ves '' ^1\ f !f * ^° *^" '^^''^'^'^ ^'""^^ «*"'' '» ^ y^^r modify the ooncu,. .ion inherent „''' lo-"!' i,^^ ^'"f "''*"''''« '="«'"°" ^^^Pte^ to to yield laterally when uLr ncxSn^^r^^^^^^ Y'a'' '^'"^'^'^ ''^*^' '« sufticienti/pared proper attention to shocS S a Ifv^^ ^ '' Y "P,°" *^" "'^«*'° «"«'^i«ny f™g- A the fore feet in a two nch-dep of c ite^.' w .'" ""^' u"^' °^ '^ ^'"^"^ ''"'^ ''«"''« l''^"!' of roadsters su«.g from la.:?" lit 1 SSl^^L^ f^^ c^^^^t^ES '' '^
USE OF INFERIOR STALLIONS.
appea^^ifC fo ffeZ with''aJmo7 '""?n" " "^''^ P^^'' "-^^'ve cla«. The farmers ten dollars. GoLtl y 'tirctapri orsYis tf 'b" 1° '".'"• ''' *''^ 8^°°"^ ^'^ '"«"- ^^^ less of pedigree or hisSry. ^ *''^ ^"''^ "^ *'^^"" estimation, entirely regard-
[Z?A McMonagie.]
HORSE BREEDING.
an animal for
or the fashion- k of the farm, !i team to take on the farm is he has a mare ips sell pretty linity in their hese, you will e so strong as led germ cells
se when he is horse that is ar°iessness of Its, thorough- is true to her ailing powers 'ery many of inds me of a
' the foot at uncut at all ; ire away the ,'08 upon the > parirg and 3 line of the toe over the ^on't groove inched nail, ssible in the . I repeat, sh with the !e-sawing to id in a year adapted to ently pared
iiy fiog. A
ur's bath of iger of our iola.
"he farmers I insure for ely regard-
THE AMERICAN HERD BOOK
vvi, ^"a^'"' ^P*°"— The American Herd Book is held inVe£i^.o ..^ y^ When Allen alone was at the head of the AmerLn V ?^^?fe^ui*^'^"'^^'''>'^ breeders hnd little confidence in it, and a chatTbecan^. .'I^^^^^S^^^ *1'^*^ was then appointed and continues to exist, Tnd llSZh A^^^T^'^ "^ ^'^"^"rs complete control over everything in the book imj ! f u ^" '^ *''^ authority, it has aIti,ough they have little in him-ai^n A tt'htfu trite ' T'^''''' ^" ""'^ ^^^^'l' nme years ago our esteemed friend, Lewi^F Allen .fT^^i '"xt"''"' '''>'' ^-"T^venty- the first volume of the American'shoT in leTd Bookt^^^ York, brought o^t
hira until now it numbers more than a dozpn lo7„ f ' 1"^ ^^^ ^'-"^ continued by sure Mr. Allen has carried fo w^ d l^^'^eL :';l"t^'^ ^^"''"^'^ ^" '''''' ^^^^^ ^ -- conscientious man. It has been under lis o Jn n^r^n 7^ ? V^ ^'''^ ^"^' ^ «t"^t'y has received has been such only as T's co esPondefr«T iT '°^' ^^^ '^"•^ ^^'^^^^'^^^^ ho this work has been attacked, from manv nn£^ri^. ^I"^^"^ '"™- ^" *''« ^^^t few years with great injustice. The feeiinTenTend.Jed bTSierecHr'' '^"'''"^^^' ^"'^ «f^-^""- organization of a National Assot^tfon of Slmrthor f ?'"' ^^' ^* ^^«* ^^^"1*^ ^ i" the control of what shall be admitted to the Her^ BcJ.k Id' wf 'f ,"^,°[^*''■ *° '""'''^'^ ««^- point there is very great diversitv of nZul^I i ^^'""^ ^'*''^' he rejected, At this
the work, as an authority! rass.'^f^ J ir.t'"J,lT''''t"" ''^^ ^^^-'^^ter and influence o Association had been organized twenty years artltrr^'T ^°" '^ *^'^^ National fluence and authority about it that wn,d M °i [ ■ ^"""^^ '"'''« heen a weight of in- More than that, it w'ould hate afed t^^co'n^InS* ff '^^^""'^ f^^ ^^'"^ "nhnp^L d breeding public by inconsiderate aiul ilMiiL™" JfriteTel." "'" ""''''''' "^'^ '''^
THE ENGLISH SHORTHORN HERD BOOK.
been^::^r'S!^^:m5n^!;::;I^:f ^^^ -any years, and there have
ortnnately it has been under%he s^'v Lio^a^d clttoT f "'un ^"/ T'"^ '''^•i-*' ^-' the mtelhgeuce and high stan.ling of the committee u! -^ ^.f.^ «f Appeals." and conclusions the weight and authorify of law TdTwouU b. T^"" u''' ^'^^iherations and realm who would dispute the wisdom and justice If tW,^®'"'* *° ?"^ '' "'^» i« the conhdence in the Canadian Herd Book, beca^ irislltdefprpTr cont'S"^ '^'^ ^^
WALLACE'S TROTTING REGISTER.
^r1^^^:^^:^:tt^^^ ^f ^ states. When Wallace
dissatisfaction with it, as many argued wanf of fJin '^ "' •'" f '''^^'^'- ^^^^ there was
ins,s ed that pedigrees of their sto Zukl bl lU" T ''"«'" "'^'-'i^l-.-l, and other should have them inserted. The Nat onal R. ! I' f a"* .^' '^""' *" hy them, and they result from this system. JleyZtl^^^^^^^^^ -- the evil that was ^
imder the direction of a board of censoir LT . . .*'lf ''°^"'"''^"'- ^^ then came out before, and the result is that evei^Vod^Ec'lSS^^^^^ ''''''^' ^^ ''- ^Valiace'L*
A BOARD OP CENSORS REQUIRED IN CANADA-CERTIFICATES. . Our Canadian Herd-Book requires then n h^a^ i t g>.ster in Canada, and no means to^ re '' ^ a'horJe andl^'^i'T' -V'''' '« "° ^'^^^ ^-^ as there ought to be. Mr. Wiser send, ome oh. T • •^,"^^'"^1"''' ""'^ ^'•"•" ^^"-^^her,
^l^Z^^'^'^r'"^ *''^"' ^ --■'••«-*«• -'vi- th^ h.t?.;?«'"vf,?""-^''''^ for stud pur!
su..,ng j,^, '-this mare was served hy tliis stallion "7t'«ni i {5^''^'^'''''''' sLuliion, and
Signs this certificate, and leaves it with the ow ler of the l'""''.?"? f ^^''- '^'''« ^''^^^
[Dr. McMonayk.-\ ' '^'''^ ^'"'"^ *^^« '""-«« had serve.l.
12
HORSE BREEDING.
The result is that the stallions with these certificates have more than they can do. because people have faith in the correctness of the certificates. oecause
A REGISTER OV BLOOD STOCK.
.In .„?"* °' *'"'" rff^'';^ ^^'".- ^^'''' ^^' ^^«'^«'l ^ *^'^o'T, which I think is a good one I do not approve ot the licensing system, as it would 'be pretty expensive I Tree with
Mr. Wiser that It would probably be better if this Comfuission cLl^get an i"ct 'I eS through the Legislature to provide for the registration of all the blood stock in Can da in some bureau or with some ofHcial, that registration should be under the contrd of 1 bo' d of cHisors, and that no one .should be allowed to travel a stallion for pay unless he had Tithe ll:l T""'"'''''' Tl- registration fee might be nominal, sa^ Lo doTlart -a n
f the board of censors gra.lually eliminated everything that was not thoroughbred and If ahorse that was not registered could not collect any^thing for his servicesf you won d gradua ly oome to the exclusive use of thoroughbred stock. ^That would bea s/stem that would he easily on the community, and about which theie ^ould be no comS It might be the means of centering the knowledge of all the tlioroughbred stock of the Pro. vince-buls boars, rams, and horses-in one place, in Toronto The board of censors vtl f '""^Tu^'^^'f *t« government, appointed from the best breeders i^ the Pro- vince I would have them appomted by the Government but appointed for their superior mtelhgence and breeding ability. I think the Government is clpable of making a selec- tion of that kind without imcurring the imputation of poUtical motives.
WANT OP CONFIDENCE IN THE CANADIAN HERD BOOK.
but /wnfw ,f yf*"*''^--[ h*^« "o reason to doubt the accuracy of the Canadian Herd Book, but I know that people have not confidence in it. I think so well of Canadian registra tion that I would not register my horses in the American Registry, but must soon ^ofne- cess. y do so unless we have one in Canada. There is no reason why the Canadian Herd Book should no be made an authoritative record under the control of the gentlemen who at pre al it inffntr ^^^ ^tock Record" has been giving breeders'" hail Columbia"for
su f I . T I!'''^^ eonfidence in four crosses in horses producing a good re-
Lw;« M 1 1 """^ confidence in any herd book that is not controlled by an impartially selected boani of censors. The gentlemen at present controlling the book are just the £wrr" r^°''''"'°!!!*r°^'*°^°'^'''^ ^°^ the purpose, associated with mei of a ! tZrtfJ ir^ '"^ '?' ^'.'"^^"S P''^^^^'"- The whole to be a "board of censors" for
ouiublc ul ''"' " "" °^'' '^' ^'^''^- '^^''^ °"S*^* ^ ^' high-toned, hon-
AQE FOR BREEDING FROM MAREP —TREATMENT OF COLTS.
vear.'^^nn?L^«\r''''? * "^"f i'^I^^'J^d to be a breeder should be put to the horse is four Erbe fpd w m^",".)'' V, ^ '"'i '''°" '^ ^" ^"-'^"^^ ^* fi" '"^^t'^^- The first winter it teke not toflT u '^^y/"'^ °^ts t can eat, and kept perfectly warm. It is a mis- Old cut btf^f ? P '!1 ^ f '^^l' ^V« nitrogenous food, and gives them plenty of flesh. Old cut hay IS not so good as hay that is cut while it is green and new. Corn and soft
them en^h.^i "'"'l " "^"?^' "''.''"* "'^'"'y «« S'^'^'l ^^' nourishing them, and giving te one kind 1? T' V'^^ ^'i? ?*f\ ^"^ ^^^^ ^"' S^'"' thirty per cent, more on BDoonfnl^^ . "*" .? °^ r'';, 1'"'^''^^^ ^"°" ^ ''^'^ ^ ^^""^^ give them about a tea-
water a b!r f '^i''' V ^\"^' ^'^f^' ^'^'' '"'^^'^- There is no greater mistake than to he lat. b. r ''"'^'i^'^^ftf . he eats his feed. His stomach is small, and any feed that he eat.s before you give him Ins drink will be washed through undigested. The proper way is
^olnLT^r -m"' '' ^'^T ^u°" ^''^ '"™ '"'^«™"- Colts'do a great deal betterwith S^H vl f 1? f 1 !■ ""S'-ound ; the agitation of the mouth produces a certain amount of
saliva that aids digestion. I have ahvays kept my colts tied in thdr boxes. [Dr. McMonayle.']
Iti
y can do, because
is a good one. I fd. I agree with ;et an Act passed ock in Canada iu jntrol of a board f unless he had a two dollars ; and loroughbred; and vices, you would be a system that .0 complaint. It stock of the Pro- board of censors 3ders in the Pro- for their superior making a selec-
HORSE BREEDING.
" SEItVICES" IN ONE SEASON.
NO CONTAGIOUS DISEA SES-KINGBONE.
bmce the epizootic in 1 S~o i i u. i
HAMBLETONIANS FREE FROM DEFECTS.
lian Herd Book, iiadian registra- aust soon of ne- ulian Herd Book men who at pre-
Columbia " for ucing a good re T an impartially )k are just the ith men of ac-
of censors" for ich the Govern- ligh-toned, lion-
le horse is four 1 first winter it n. It is a mis- plenty of flesh. Corn and soft em, and giving
cent, more on ;m about a tea- aistake than to
any feed that e proper way is leal better with lain amount of t.
"iS'tis-^rsTS ---^K:^c ^s^sSSS
WORKING BREEDING MARES.
j^j ^OLSTEIN CATTLE.
ns the Polled Anc.»s or the S n[ °^ ^'^''' *°'' °^''king purposes °",^^'"'" ^^'I^nd, where and as milk producers 3^''"^' *''«™«, are invariably jet bkTwiff ^ ^? "'^'•^3' =« l^rge quantity and'qulu ty W h^?:? ^ ^° W'""- ^^ '^^^^^^^^ «P«*''
«'>«ply mixing watel. with t Thr '' ^'^ ^"^"^ «iops to makTtr Z ' ^ ;h m the form'of globules and tW. '''T*f P^-'t'onof the mm K, "'!'—'''' ^' ^
•■s iarge, and make good oxen. PJ'EURO-PNEUMONIA.
]4
HORSE BREEDING.
El I
11 ill
mto the American continent. I know that pleu.o-pneu.nonia prevails in Holland, where
bJti;riHr"'r /• ''^ 'fu ',"'"; v''-^ ^r '""■■'^ ^'^^^'^ '^^ ^' ^^'^^^'^ '^^^^^ other cattle; but the cattle districts of Holland being low, marshy and miasiuatic, ,1 should infer tliey
would be more subject to lung diseases there than elsewhere. I don't tl,ink the disease is caused by mbreeding. I don't imagine that if we imported healthy irolsteiu cattle, we should be liable to pleuro-pneumonia any more than we are at present. That disease has never yet been traced to its origin.
REGLSTRATION OF CLYDESD.\LE3
fnt.?rf *^h ^"'P°^^'''"''^ *^^ registration, so a:, to distinguish one stock from the other, and to keep each stock pure and free from the other, and to keep each stock pure and free from contaminatTon, it was thought that the Clydesdales might deteriorate, owing to the want of proper protection by class.facation, and no less a man than the Earl of Dunmorehas of late years originated a society in Scotland for the protection of the Clydesdales. Three years a-o the Earl of Dunmore was elected president ; 97 noblemen and gentlemen joined as life Gov- ernors payiii^^ ten guineas each ; 57 life members paid tive guineas each ; and there were 44 annual members-altogether 198 members, producing an income for the Society of £\ 112 Ind th« vll^ ^^n ' ^''* """"^r''- ^""1^ "'^Sister of stallions only, had 1,400 ent'ries,
ber a tn^ Th^VTT generously paid the expenses of its printing, and gave each mem: ber a copy. Ihe seWnd volume appeared only a few months ago, and the same attention to detail which characterized the first volume has .een maintained throughout This vol- ume contains a record of the colour, the dates of foaling, and all the marks.
OTHER REGISTRATION SOCIETIES.
The establishment of this society was followed by the formation of the Sufr.,!k Horse bociety, for registration purposes, the Hereford Herd Book Society, the Welsh Cattle So- ciety and the Galloway Cattle Society, which, T think, has recently issued a herd book of Its own; and there has just been started a Shire horse society, for the protection of the original old cart horse of England. Mr. G. M. Sexton, m an address at the hor.se show at Downham Market lu the County of Norfolk a few weeks ago stated that there had just been started a stud-book for trotting horses. The second volume of the Ohio Shorthorn Record is just issued by its editor, L D Hagerty. It contains nearly all the herds of bhoi thorns in the State, together with the constitution and by-laws of the Association, its board ot censors, and rules regulating public Shorthorn sales, and for weighing cattle at public exhibitions. Of the 2,200 pedigrees within its covers, 1,300 are inserted as refer- ence sires, embracing nearly all the imported animals.
ENCOURAGEMENT TO STOCK IMPROVEMENT IN TENNESSEE.
Kin /^"'^.^'f ^ ^'^.'^^s ^"'^t rank in assisting the poor man in his endeavours towards pure blooded stock-raising, lo encourage the raising of sheep in that State the last Legislature
execution? ThT^ '^''^ '"'' ^ """^ ^^'^ '^^^^' "^'">P*^ ^''''^ ^^^^^ attachment or
SHEEP FARMING IN TENNE.SSEE.
I,n.i '^' ?■ ^'^l^'^'"®^' Commissioner of Agriculture, argues quite earnestly in favour of sheep husbandry in Tennessee. Ho has prepared a volume on the subject which is tilled with valuable mformation. He emphasizes the fact that in the fertile valleys of East Tennes- see big crops can be protluced to feed enormous flocks summered on tlie slopes of the sur-
^rH,?f^""f^T'•p'^^^*''''l^^^y'"'^''^'^'^"'"'=*^^'^ all the native grasses, spreads over the tops of the Cumberland mountains and extends from Kentucky diagonally to Georgia and Alabama. In addition to this there are the foot hills, the great rim of Mid- die lennessee and the plateau of West Tennessee. If the.<,e vast areas of rich pasture wer« [Dr. McMonagle.]
1 Holland, where liaii other cattle ; should infer they :uk the disease is )lsteiu cattle, we That disease has
in the other, and re and free from ig to the want of imore has of late Three years ago sined as life gov- nd there were 44 ociety of .£1,112 id 1,400 entries, I gave each mem- 3 same attention hout This vol- ka.
le Suffnlk Horse Velsh Cattle So-
a herd book of rotection of the the horse show it there had just Ohio Shorthorn ill the herds of
Association, its ighing cattle at nserted as refer-
rs towards pure
last Legislature
attachment or
favour of sheep h is tilled with if East Tennes- opes of the sur- jrasses, spreads J diagonally to sat rim of Mid- ch pasture wcf*
(
M
i.iu:t
HORSE BREEDING.'
15
stocked with sheoD the wealth of t' <!fnfp wnnlrl u^ ;^ i i 1.1 •
dopes are best adapted to sheep hLbaXbeclsctrJ^^^^^^^^^ increased The mountain animals will not thrive on low wet landr The chwinf S ' "".f *' wool -bearing
cold ; therefore Mr. Killeb -ew does not 1^^ ZT ^^ °l ^^'"''^''^^ \^ ^^'^^^^^ ^00 hot nor too the fanners to turn thi^^Ueltrtrsh e^ht^^^^^ ""Zt"' "T" it"' ^^ "^^^^ his subject, consequently he states his cSerilJ aS ole^x'^^^^ ''
wavering minds and have a good influence I onlv ZnHnn ti. ^7^."^°^^ ^ '* convince sionin order to stimulate them to use tE effLte o3! e^^^^ *.° the Commis-
tion and protection for Canadian stock establishing a system of registra-
TilK PKKCHEIION HORSK.
With regard to Perclierons, Mr. Harris, of Moorpstnwn isr t xi. ^
mport one into America-Dilige'nce, purchased nTomSy ifrnQ^V. ^""V^. two mares at the same time, and after several vf.r^ nf\l?r , ^^ imported
weeded out. Now there are luany Percherons in Wes! r , P. *jo"da they have been In themselves they may be a useful horse but thlv'!^^^ T^^: ^"'"'"'' "'"'^ 0^"«-
was discovered by the explorers." ^^'^ ^^'^ ^^*^ '^^^'''"^ green fodder,
THE HOLSTEINS AS BEEF CATTLE.
thesLf rnf:SrpJlL'i^:;:.\'^rt^ -t comparable with
cows for milking purposes. In u°ro;3inbn Sobrbly the PoTl^ri ^"''''^'' '' ""^ "'''^'• all others for mflk and beef combiLdT^lp^niV f"^ ^''S''' ''''*' superior to
other blood than the Sliorlor do no^Lan to st'Tarth et^l?-^"'""'/^'^''^ ^^^ good for beef, for they are Thev makrw„? ^ T ^ Holstem cattle are not
they are not nearly sJla rge as hi SSa u^ imi ^"^uT''/f ^^'^' ^■•^"«- ^^' were a dairyman I would^reed for abundance of milTnd T ''^i'' ' ^'"'^'''- ^^ ^ efforts upon that object, though in doi^. so I shoSd evn^i ^f^- '''''''^I'^'^^^ ^'^ ^7 qualities of the animal. ^ ' ""P^*"*^ '° deteriorate from the beef
THE MISCROSCOPE.
and have thought that I got what contained Sie germ Slls and Sn°d r V'°""' "'" "^""''i could see the cells, which were ma.niified from 300 t^ ^nn . t '^'^ "'^scroscope I
they were all alike'-all of the same type, form and vitdit TL ^", *^\ *^°-"g''l>red a cross, and I could distinguish the thorouSed cells from ihl n J "%*^ '*'"" ^^^^^ imparted from the foetus to the mare is ye^r-reat and wTJ^^^ ^^' impression
a poor article, it will require three or four purrfmClltil! I °''°' ^^^npregnated by original standard. The impression is mZFZiT^^I ^ ^""^ ^'''' ^'''''^ *» the
the Clyde!lalfirn;7 am^^ *7 ST^^^^f ^^'« ^^e would be'lmprlS' with
breed. " ' * ^ '' ^'^''^ -fto-r^vards be dillioult successfully to tuf-n to another
[Dr. McMonatih.]
IC
HORSE BREEDINQ.
A SCALE OF POINTS IN A HOUSE— THE PARK HOUSE.
It must be notorious to the Coniinissior .at very fn..quently tho four or five eentlo- moritl^f T *PP°^"^*'^„f« J";'g« 'f «^'« <^t fair, do not always decido correctly as to tho
in7i f P^"5^'".^"'=f • ^ -'"^"«''t ^« "^y^-^If. tl'-n.fore. that if a scale of points%ould be
F^hS^I r-"'"fr'"^.''''''''r "^ ^'''''' '' ^""'^ ^« " «»°'^ ^'''»g f°^ everybod/. In the Now t gland fairs they have latdy got a set of rules, and out of them has been evolved what
LT ;i SlZ ;_ " ''"'^ " "'"'^''"^ '° 'P^''-' *" °^y ^'^^•^""^^ ^"^^««' *^« P^'-k horse.
SCALE OF POINTS FOR JUDGING HORSES. APPLIED TO THE PARK HORSE.
1. Size, 16 hands being the standard , _ g
2. Proportions, general symmetry and perfection of form .*.'.'.' lo
3. Elegance and loftiness of style and carriage , [ jq
4. Colour dark, free from bad markings on the face or feet -,
0. Head clean, broad, expressive, and not too large .... I)
6. Eye and ear bright, cheerful, and expressive of docility r,
7. Neck, length, shape, and quality, with character of siiouiiiors n
o. isack and loins
9. Hip and whirlbone, and setting on of tail r!
10. Quality of limbs and feet .'.'..'.. in
11. Action lotty, free and bold, knee well bent &t speed ! " " .;
12. Speed equal to a mile in o. 30 to road waggon r.
13. Docility and kindness of temper '^. . ...'.'. r
U. Pedigree, showing an inheritance of the quality' desired, ' and tlie con- sequent ability to transmit it I -
100
_ Tliat makes up the 100 points. I would like an exhibitoi' when he comes into th.> nng, to authenticate the pedigree of his horse, and the nearer- a horse came to t is numb the «nrer he would be to perfection. My ideas are t):at if an anin>al is bred to a pa" nf tt'' n^. ''l ^Pf ^"'' ^ P'^'-^^<="l-^r Purpose for a series of generations, the characteris^t^c= of this particular type are imparted to it, and then it becomes hard to eradica H em An Ayrshire is bred for milk, and a Shorthorn for beef. They are both <rood in quamt and gram ; but to bring together two such differently positive forces like Uiese to bn ed ^
AFFINITY- IN SUCCESSFUL BREEDINO.
To Mr Ballantff:ie.-To produce the highest type of any class of animal whether
horses, cattle, sheep or swine, in my estimation they would each have to be bred o
heir own characteristics, types, and proclivities. It is possible to improve quickly on
Tr edi'lnThetme f "/?"''' *%""P™^^ ^" ^""^' ' ^^ ^-ining' and ZSZZ breeding in the same far-iily for generations, in crosses you might produce new tvnes and
characteristics. I would expect to originate almost any animal I wanted if I lived lo vliaTi ; b ine? ' T*"'S U ""T' .*7 t*""" olasses'together, I wouid h.ave to exa, ^ S woSd ol Tn :.l f P7^^'^y }7^^ f^*- «?•« «>: six or seven or eight times to see what 1 would g<.t. Ill the fourth or fifth generation 1 might get a nonnareil-somethincr thnt was nev.r got before. If I bred a pure Berkshire boar lith a Jslrkshire smv i Vo . know w.at I would get ; but if I h. .1 anin.ds with three or four out cros.sestoiih'r I [Dr. Mc.Uoiuu/le.] ■■. ^
i*iU • (I
• or five gentlc- ectly as to the ording to their joints could be . In the N(!w 1 evolved what ,he park horse.
: HORSE.
8
10
10
f)
5
f>
5
()
f)
10
()
5
ion-
la
100
omes into the to thisnumljoi- red to a par- characteristics ■adicate thcni. od in quality e^e to breod a , and bred it
mal, whothfT 'o be bred to '6 quickly on d continuous 3W types and I lived lo'itr ve toexaminf ;o see what I mething that sow, I v'ould Bs togoijier I.
li
iiL__.
HORSE BREEDING.
17
would not know what I would cr,^^ r j i- •. '
with Shorthorn cows. I would breod in .^''^ ^°'^'^ ^" "" "^'^ ^ breed Ayrshire hnll
-">t«. I w„„,d sooner ^S'i::^::£'::^,^^y^i^ -^ loo.in,'^;:^:::,^;:!:::
1,. ,„. *r r """"•''^ "reea a nat ve to an Avrcihir.. fK„ \ '""«■'"- lor tiie highest
'".cause the characteristics of the two Ctt. ^^"^^'""^^ '^'^n an Ayrshin; to a Shorthorn .oubtful what we would get. We know ttt T "''^'^'^^7 marked that it would b^
we can get a good steer ;Ld that is Xtfck?^^^^ ^"^ the native Ic^
tlm ,f ^ou breed our own native horses tL? *''' Hambletonian stock ,n hor e^ w.th a Ha.ubletonian, we would ^^^tl l!^: ^ZJ^:^:^^^^-^ in th^e^
IMPROVED CLEVELAND BAYS. Whf>ii sneakin" of HlAvnl...,,] r» t
Cleveland Bays, we were confident they would I'-^f J '"" '°'"^ knowledge of thl Lnglaii.l and thorouphlv invf'vifirrnfo I *i ^"'^^t ^^^ requirements W.v ""^Z"®
a„<l. France w, alio cUSd' S t"C T" T ''» -i'""™" !<« * I sTo? a„'d
IS true, ajKl by the same reasoning 01 vde an rl K-.. extinct. In a certa n sense fbi'a
the same they were one hundred yeafsar A, • '^T, "l*'^^ ^^"^'' «^. ^'^t is to say nt •s rong, coarse horse, weighing ove^Teof poutdsf' J'"^ "^'"^ '^' ^^^^'^^-^^ Bay S^ "a stages over ong routes WiTv, +i, ^'°"" pounds, and used to haul the r^nr. ) "^ ,.
H^diter vehicles: re^Wng'n^l^Ltr^^ '' ''''"^ .*^«^^ °^d st^g^ vere'di pS^^ C evelaud Bay iuas^eeninS^b J' rd^c";";!?*^^' '"""»" *''" P^^' ^% T a tt^ blood of the race horse, and in others bvln^l t '' '" '^""^ '^ases by a .afusM-on Jf Ji
sp-king of the improved ilv nd^ ^ '"«< Now"'"^ "'*^^^"-^--^^
iri;£lTho"''^??-T^"-"" I^-fessTLowlTs'lii^rtb" ^"^"^^ ^^-^^ ^- mo- tile biood of horses of higher breedin- with thn.r^f I. ^^^ Progressive mixture of
the variety of coach hors^e usually termed the CW., ^V^^""^,-^ O" race, that has produced
WEIGHT-CARRYING HUNTERa
and Po:yrr:„?cr;iiT'ri^r?'^ *"■"• -^ - «-*nd „»..
•' GeneriBenefi?'L?^any' i^^^^'s^^^^^^^^ se^vices dl,with^anyoft.hir dSndaitr *^' '^°"^ "^'^ owned there and dot'g n.su]fs ?' ''"'^ " Cleveland Bavs - hate ^o -ioni- 1 •
r'-sults; but gaiuine Cleveland Bays have to mv pt-f- f" ^'^i orted and failed of good [Dr. McMo.aj!e.] ^ ""^ ''"^"'" knowledge leen importedlxS
2
18
HORSE BREEDING.
been eminently successful in producing just the ' raodol horses," '• bny, 10 hands wcigJung 1,200 pounds, with plenty of bone, Hymmetrical all over, 'action high and '"■PPy. yet he IB at home on the reaper or ♦hreshing machine.
I i I
THE HORSB THAT SUITS THE FARMER.
Commenting on Mr. Brown's remarks, the great American horsoologist, mider date of JfW'J'^iy: 1B80 says : " We will not undertake to pasa upon the question of the purity 01 the blood of Mr. Brown's Cleveland Bays, but, considering the qualities and cambili- ties of th^ horse for the farmer, Mr. Brown is right. Having Hved twentv-five years on tfae prairit>s. and all that time actively engaged in agricultural affairs, we have a right to know what kind of a horse best suits the average farmer. Ho is a bi^' bay horse, sixteen hands iigh, weighing 1,200 pounds, with plenty of bone, symmotrical all over, elegant and stylish, and with a natural trotting gait equal to a mile in three and a half or four min- utcs. Novr ol all the varieties of horses that have been imported into thiL country, fust ana last, what is still called the Cleveland Bay comes the nearest filling this h'.scrip- tion. He has the size, the colour, the >>one, and the f.'eneial form of the ideal farmer's Horse, with some reasonable indications of action. In other words he approaches so nearly to the qualifications of the '• park horse " that a single step further might enable us to reach that most desirable of all the horse tribe. He is somewhat over size, and he lacks trotting action while much of our general stock are under size and have abundance ot trotting action. In these particulars he is most happily suited to our general stock- and we are left only to look after elegance and style
POWER OF TRANSMISSION.
On tlie all important consideration of his power to tra-smifc his own characteristics, we are not prepared to offer any opinion. Very much depends upon his hnes of inheri- tance, and much also depends upon the power of the individual animal. Of the latter element we can arrive at no certain knowledge until we examii-e his progeny. From a very general knowledge of the way breeding has been carried ou m Yorkshire we are dis- posed to think that the element of size has been propagated with far more uniformity than in this country, and this being the case we may expect horses from that distri.'t to transmit tliat element with more uniformity than American horses of the same general qualincatious.
The great point is, the quality op the individual horse.
FRENCH HORSES.
qL""™^"""^ ^^^"^ ^^°^^'^ ^^ ^^^® ^^^'^ °*^'^^^ ^^^^ Cleveland Bay. weighing from 1 200 to 1,850 pounds, with the great French Mastodon weighing a ton; any reasonable man can see just what to do. If he wants to breed an animal for heavv draft and mthmg else let hini go to the Frenchman, but if he wants to breed a horse to meet the general wants of the tanner let him go to the Cleveland. If he has the right tvpe of mare he may be ab e to reach the ideal horse the very first cross. There is a fixedness of tvpe in substantially all Irench-bred horses that specially fits them for lives of drud^erv suited to their weight ; but this very fixedness is one of the most serious objections to the whole race, if we want to breed elegance and style as well as size for the farm and park. If we start with tlio Percheron as a basis, and seek to breed elegance and style connected with size, it will require several generations before we reach the present status of .he Cleveland Bay. We have unbounded faith in the value of the French horses for
o^nnA'"^^'^ ^?" ^ "^^^ *''^y ^^'^ ^'"^'^•^' '^"^ ^''*^^" y»" ^'^"^ about ahorse that weighs 1,800 or Z.UUO pounds being suited to the employments of the average farmer it is worse than nonsense.
rZ)r. McMonaijle.]
m m4l.
bny, 10 hands, action high and
)gi8t, under date ion of tlio purity lea and capabili- ity-five years on 5 have a right to ly horse, sixteen ill over, elegant lalfor four min- •iL country, first ig this lescrip- le idea' farmer's approachea so ler might enable per size, and he have abundance : general stock-,
characteristics, lines of inlieri- Of the latter geny. From a hire we are dis- lore uiiiformity ;hat distri''*; to e same general
ing from 1,200 easonable man t and nothing set tlie general pe of mare ho jdness of type i of drudgery, fl objections to ' the farm and mcc and style
i)resent status uch horses for it weighs 1,800
is worse than
HORSE BREEDING.
INVESTIGATION DESIRABLE
ton.ans and Koyal Georges would be ^Z^Z^ ^^S^^ti^^^ ^i^l^ ^^
BREEDING WITH A DISTINCT PURPOSE.
If there is any one admonition more pertinent tn r j- , and winch needs to be repeated over and o^ Zin ^. ^"rl""" ^"'"^^^ ^^an another are a go->d many who breed intell>>flnfi^ u I ? '",' '' ^^ ^° ^f^ed for a purr)08e tS «ults will be. Some people a e greatlv carrit 7^" ^'^'\?'' '""^^^ ide/o Xfc the re when m reality it may be a delusion %n If '^ ^^^^ ^'*^ "'« na™e of throuVlbrpd'
wiiat will be the character of the offqnr.-n^ m ""ff amty there is m approximifin^ lent and unnatural crosses. The sSSf aL'oT T'S^^ ^"^ ^'^'^^^^^''^t natureTy vio? the heading of atavism. Ano^stoT inc °Ln ™' '"^"'"°« '« generally rank d ^ X found with the type of its immedrte paint ^S ^T"^'"'!''^ ratio. 4e p '^J
the ammal's ancestry, and it possibly^^^ /eprese^ t^^^^^^^ cbaracterisf li?
ne In order to arrest this tendency, select Z?AKi '^'"°'" ''''''''^''' ^^r down the by close breeding. It is said the stream cannot ris« K T ''^"''^"trated their blood tion to that 18 found in the culHvo«;«^ „ i^7 " • ^® higher than its source On« ^^1 With regard to the tr"e rai:t"intHt"l*rr"L"' r'"'^'^ *° ^ One author says that every animal WhtSo H?« "l/ ^'^^ ^'^''^'"'^ "f opin on |. s what 1. possesses, it l/as no more and no W. tt ^^^i'^ '"Merits in its natural sS If the inheritance is strong and rich in he lZ^^^ -^^ ** '^'"^^"^ ^^""^ 'ts paren s
bred he is bound to meet those requirernents^S '"'^''''V^'^*^ f-r which the foal is which the contrast is not so broad nor th^ tn,f■^. ? \'f ^^""'^ conditions, however in
n^H for speed is, that habits of speed l^ well a^lFofr ^^'; ^^^ "^^'^^ ^ <Iraw on breed^ created and established at either or any Jai hv t ^ ' ""^ ^''•"" ^^ g^^^ral, may be come mstinctive in the descendants. ^ ^ ' ^^ *™^"'"^ ^"'^ "««> ^nd'' these haS be!
ANCESTRAL INFLUENCES, bocety of Scotland, anj the9 rZTllVXL ?'''^''^y^'^'»>Shhm\ AiticStm^:
theory of generation leads me lobeZTttalthL',''' "^'^ ">■ Pl"l"sopby m the duoe any such result. °™ """ *""" '^^ bo no external iiiflucice to p"^
COST or BA,3,™ A OOOD HOESE AND A POOn ONK poorlTrer,;i!£^,fn\StX'£^7nTll' "f^ » - "-e -^ •
i S »t ttSe' i'«,r:f<ss tSn4 ""' r 'f "» -- ofti j^si
20
HORSE BREEDING.
niu to t,l
il $lil
10 a;
il yoiii- for the iioxt two years. Tlmt lualtcs a total of $183 to bring tlio colt
lOVC,
;<! of tlii('(! yoars, and ho which I r(IVm;d to by Rysdyk dam by Royal Geoi
with
■ge, I
l)n)i)er liaiidUiiy, is worth $10,000 for biuied jnu'iKweH alone. One year I raised five, and two of thorn woro sent to Kontuckv to be bred to Btrathmore. I havo never parted with any of those colts ont of the family. I havo refused very high money .-irthem. 1 advocate the Royal (Jeorge blood. Well bred llambletonian stock could U'. H()Id 1 addy for from $8,000 to $S.0()0. There is no reason why horses of this quality .^liould not bo hugely multiplied. Tho beauty of thoso horses is t'hat tlioy stand 16 and I have u colt only four years old, fromRysdyk, that stands lG-2.
10.3 hands high
rUOFIT ON llAISING GOOD HOUSKS.
J'o Mr. llijriu'.—U tlio ordinary fanner would breod farm horses of the very higliest typo, ho would breed to tho Ilambletoninn, and get a park horse ; and if he bred such u horse as Ibis he could get from $.'!00 to $500 for it. It is a largo horse; it is fine toinperod---(i(iciie— never hurts anybody ; and if our farmers could raise such horses and M'U them for tliat money, it would be a tremendous imiu-ovemeut. The Ilambletouian family out ol 20 i>orformers trottmg in 2:18, or better, is credited with ouehalf, and out of a total of 54 pcrfoi-mors with records of 2:20 or better, have 18, one-third of tho whole number ; they have the best record of 2:12^, with 1053 heats, and 181 ))erformers Lav- ing records of 2:30, or better ; and, tested by that record, stand first in all tho classes in 2:30 or better. Their progenitor, " Rysdyk's Hamblctonian," himself produced tho in- comparable number of 82 within tho 2:80 standard— having 43 sous sires of 2:80 trotters; 17 grandsons sires of 2:30 trotters; and 4 great-grandsons sires of 2:30 trotters, a ]u-e])otency guaranteeing breeders that his male descendants can impart with uniformity to their produce tho best characteristics of their family and transmit those characteristics for successive generations, and. while remaining true to their original type, thoy not only effect an improvement in others, but an improvement in themselves.
THE SHORTHOUN OF CHEATION.
Along with the native typo they will produce something dissimilar and superior from auytlung any other sire could produce. Tho Ilambletoniau is the Bhorthoru of creation,
HISTOKV OF MESSENGER.
To Mi:^ /)//»(o»f?— Messenger was imported into this country in 1788, and he first arrived ut riiiludclpliia. lie served for twenty years, during seventeen of which tho exact places where he stood, and at what prices, are known to posterity, as well as what mares he served during the last few years of his life. Wallaco reprints a stud poster of March 1st, 1802, signed by Isaiah Burr and Benjamin R. Cooper, in which the second paragraph of the announcement reads as follows :-~" Messenger proved himself a noted siro and foal getter when he stood in rennsylvania. New Jersey, Long Island, and Goshen. Ilia stock, some of whieh is selling from $500 to $2,000 each, are equal, or perhaps superior, to anv other horse in the States." r r r . ,?
L.yTIMATE OF IIIS VALUE.
Mr. Van Raiist, his owner, put it on record forty-five years ago that for a number of years, perhaps eight or ten, he leased his services for an annual rental, free of all expenses to him, of $1,000 per annur . If wo bear in mind that this was three-quarters of a cen- tury ago, that he was located each season in some section of the country that was essen- tially agricultural, and tliat the average farmer could not then conunand ono dollar as easily as he can ten now, we can begin to realize something of tho niagnitu(h« of a net annual rental of $1,000 for the services of a stallion in that day.
\^Dr. McMonagk.]
'< to bring the colt yy Koyiil George, I lioiio. Olie year I athinore. I havo 1 very high mouoy onian stock co\;ld rsea of this quality hoy staiid 16 and stands lG-2.
f the very highest d if he bred such
hor«e ; it is fine i6 Kuch liorses and lie Tlamblelouian
one half, and out third of the whole I jierforruers hav-
all the classes iu f produced the iu- )us Hires of 2:80 ns eires of 2:80 i can impart with lid transmit those heir original type, I themselves.
lilar and superior ,he Shorthorn of
788, and he first f which the exact as what mares he ter of March 1st, )nd paragraph of ted sire and foal )slien. Ilia stock, superior, to any
t for a number of ee of all expenses [uarters of a cen- y that was cssen- nd Olio dollar as i;;iiitu(l(' of a net
llUJiSK BliKEDlNO.
21
nrs I'nKpoTKNcv,
what ha.l been o,mf«rr.H uLn Inms, I ,;;'-*'^"" '."^^.o,, t« ooav„y to poHt..if,y .ot on I v typo of l,orH,.,s uhnoMt .r.ti, vly I IV V "" ^'V''':.'''"'"^' ^Wact. ,Wsti,^ If,, ,ri. at'^ ^
•'oclicHl " all tl.n hlood of all . ■ I "wa m • 1 ^"'"-y"^' ^"« "" excoption. lie om
a..d he convoyed M.at p,„„,ia; J.ai.t « 1 ftm |^"';^ "^ "^'''''''"'"K -''«" on tho ru„, Imn, and alU.oujjl, doriv.,d f.oi,. a vlri, I .f ^' ^"««""K'"« ^oro uij lari/o Htvlish
'"" 'i'^ '-'.mlstors. ""^'' ^^•"•" ""^ '-lehratcd for sp/^od parLularly^
TlIK WKS-SKNaKU STOCK. In HIkkIo Island, in Now Ymt „, i • ^^ "own as tho M..,so,.,o. .took, and 7i:"'l::;,,'';ir«tSt^"^ ^T "^ "^ "^"'''^ «^ »>-«oh '■"ns. Son.oworo taken to luu^lZvZ^Z^T ?\l"' ''^«' «'"^ ^-"^^^ in all d ej
J-n..- St. Lav/ivnco, across from Morris! urr U i '"T>' /«'''•« '>» thn |;a„k.s of the <';-'! 'I'P1.'">. l.nt that has not boonrovyto mt ' f-T"^ *'"^^ ^^S^""'" MoHHenJr pro other suns whi.h wont in di(r^^^.n^ dreTtlont a"^ «at,8faction Messcngor had vory ..any ■".part an influonco that produced „trZ 2 ( "'^'"'^\^' ^^'y went they all nJuTti - Mosson^or's second doLndal wts^^baUv'-p"'''''' t"*^.^"" '"'''^' ^'°'-««« 'J' « 'atnt >t a M,.ss,.n...,.'« ^,,and8on and a AfTienS^H l^r 'I'T" '^'''^' J*"- ^^ ^'^^ domonB.at^'d t a case of I )utc}unan by tho above sVr.o^t^Lft^lfVf^r''' ^'"^ '««other. L i n f L trotters winch would go three n.iles 1^7 32^^ a^t^L nl't';^ *''^**"«*^''' ^''"^ ^-''^ P- ■" e •iJyai when on «eptoniber 2 1 at 1879 h^ f P^°''"""'^°' "landing uneoualle.l for Jn'c by Volunteer by llvHdvk'« Hn. Ki 1 ' .*"« fe"""** '"^'e, Huntress, in-bred i ? stands unequalled ye\ ^ ^^'^ ' Han.bletonmn. reduced tho three mii'e flat ^ 7'-'l5Mch
ABDALLAH~RYSJ)YK'S HAMJILKTONUN.
Maine, from wluch are derived \ho Ha.nbleto^ians! extending from Michigan Z
DKSCKN. OK BOYAL GEOBQE ON THE DAM SIDE.
t:ZX'TV'' ''''' "'-"«" aS'uro^ytrS^^ P-nmnen'tiy if^uTe^
,7r '''7 *« ^^•;- Barnes, the then owner oilihulxv' ^''^'*'"^ ^""'PP'^J ^^ J'fo- She
of London, and became the dam of iClOeorge "'""' "'^° ^'^«^ ^^•^"*>' ^-l'« -^outh
DESCRIPTION OF ROYAL aEORQK
i Portil!;:!";^;,:!:;;',::^: - -'"'-t b.own h>r^e. fuHy sixteen band, bi^h -rd -v H
i -a legs and ^^et wiU^ut'f^t rb^"^ ;^;;r^i;^^-"^:jo.n^ tll^'ai^tX
' f /'n .V..Vo„ay e.] " ^^"^''^ ^ -°''«« ^"^ tl'r«e or four yeaS
22
HORSE BRKEDINO.
oM yU: nMni,..s8oI(l imii to Ja.nos Forshoo, hoiica tlio " Forsl.oo horse." During Uiisponod lu> WHS looked upon nn a lar^o, Htronj?, Ii.iri.lsomo huHinosa horse, and a romarkal.ly liiie tmv.. l.-r. bnfc uol.ody <lvmuxM t.Ii.it aiiyfhin- fast would over .spriiig from him, or that !.<• would louMd aCamul.au family. Mr. Muti^or bought him from Mr. Korshoo and boI.I him to Mr. l)ouKh.-rty, of St. l^athariiuvs, for ijiJOO. It wa.s Mr. Dougherty that gave him th.. na.uoot K..yaUJoorge In lHr,8, W. M. Ashford, of Lesv.ston, N.Y., bought hiu. a.Kl kept him here and at RulFalo two or tlireo yoai.s. I think ho wa.s again ropunJmsed by Mr. Dougherty, and died at St. Catharines in 1861. Then, i.s no tradition of his over being m a race ))ut once, and that at llamiltmi on tho ico in 1.S.TJ, in a cont.^st for a very oonside .ible wager with the famous "State of Maine." Koyal Cieorgo won easily, and was not e-vtonded beyond a 2:50 clip. ^ e> J>
IB
MAMItlUNO CHIKK.
, . ^y' ""■ J^''i'"'"-'no .stock, only ono solitary Jions.. went to Kentucky, 'hat was Mam- bnno ( Inef by Mambnno Paymaster by Mambrino by Mes.senger. Mambrino (!luef was the great bonanza to th.! trotting bree.U'rs of Kentucky, and his ihuigliters to this day are sold at Hbu ous price.s JIo sire.I many performers, but tlio fasi.-st trotter h<. pro.iu.'e.l was Lady 1 home. 2:18J, I niKh'r.st.vnd there is .s.mu. Mambrino .stock in Weslrrt. On a. 10 but I h.ve never seen them. The good .vsuits of old pacer Pilot, that was tak.m to Kentucky trom ( anada and crossed with tlu! Mambrinos, have been best (umveyed thromdi their pn.duce. Mambri.u, Pilot,, tho aire of HaunLs, (2: 1 8.|). .An unusually premising fast trotting tour year old stallu.n of this stock is owned by S. I. Boyd, of I'rescott, the Onlv one ot that line.-ige I know of in Kasl,..rn Ontario. Hy tho mandate of his owner ho is i.solatcd trom stud service, but if allowed such jirivilegea ho would certainly lie a great boon to Ontario horse brce.lers. Wo can trace Messenger Ftock aa far as (California and Oregon A! the horses that sprung from the .Vlambrim slock came from Me.s.senger. In the Ham b.etoniaii we have the coucenuvitiou of Messenger united with tho English Norfolk trotter Imported J>elltounder. '
HAMlU.ia'ONFAN IN-BRED FUOM MESSENGER.
Hambletonian is descended from Messenger both through his mother and liis father He overshadow.Hl everything lie touched, and niad(j it purely Messenger. IIo was tlie only one hors,- that was originated in that way. I think him tho greatest sire that ever stood t.n- service. He is the great progenitor of the llambletonian family-the groat tainily, and in the use of tho word great I moan not merely great in number, but gre^t in tlie power to meet and ovorcomo all varieties and combinations of blr nl, in.loed to make trotters without the assistance of any known blood whatever. In tho .aimcity to master wliatever IS iliscordMnt and antagonistic, the family lias shown itself eminently powerful An examination ot the tables of 2:;50 hor.ses, with their sires, prepared and published by U aliace y.arly in his monthly, (a preparation peculiar to this author), is the summing up ot all argument as to the merits of this family, and tho conclusion they reach, as a mmuou- stration ot the truth of the laws of heredity, is beyond tlie power of the human mind to controvert. he only horse that can be bred iu the way Mr. Wiser's liorse was bred, is .Ivysdyk lumsolf. '
LEXINGTON — THE MOTHER OF RYSDYK.
Lexington 1ms produced more winners at tho running gait iu this country than any otlior stalhon. Lexington's daughter. Lady Duke, from tho result of a congress with
M-n Vm 'l V?'l"''*°"""\' P':«^l^''^^l ^i--- ^\'i«^-'-"« %«^lyk. Aristides Welch, of Chestnut 1 U , 1 luladelphia, IS probably the most astute breeder of blooded horse stock in the United Mates, except Alexander of Kentucky. He goes into the examination of pedigrees sys- tematica iy and philosophically, and ho will breed from nothing but what is pure and has a perceptible line of inheritance. He raised Lady Duke, who was by L(-xiuL;ton. and her pcdigrco shows that she aiiuo direcily through Medoo, by AmcncauEdipse, who was out \Dr. McMomujle.]
I My,
Diirinj,' Uii'h poriod I roiiiarkahly (iru^ n him, or that Ik^ hIioo and hoIiI liim that ^avo liiiii th(t Ixiuylit him ami ill r(ii)iir<:haH('(l hy (litioii of hia oviir jontt'st for a very )U easily, ami was
, 'hat was Maiii- iihrino (Ihicf was I'H to this (liiy are ttor he produced
in WcsLcrii Oii- hat waR taken to ionvcycd thi'oiii,»li ly jiroiiiisinj,' fast, rescott, tli(^ only nor iio is isohitcd
a gr(!at hoon to •Ilia and Orcfjfon. In the Ham
Norfolk trotter.
and his father, r. IIo was tlio it siro that over nily — the groat ler, but groat in iiidoed to make, )acity to master ontly fioworfiil. id pulilishod hy ho summing up ch, as a tleiiiou- luman mind to •se was hred, is
intry than any . congress with :li, of Chestnut k in the United ' pedigrees sys- is pure and has ut(ton, and her e, who was out
i
I "-a
? I
I
[2?r.
m «
HORSE BREEDINO
• 23
of Miller's Damsel, by Messenger AT- txt- i u . ' ""
porate Messenger blo^d withXVhbJbtoVrd Wh^ '''' ^ ''■ ^« ^'^'^ '-- toman, which was in-bred Messenger, (and when jlv,-u '°^""^*''^*« ^t^itt Hamble- would produce a model horse to brfed'C H^ proXced %sd,t "'^ "" "'"^' ^^
RYSDYK— HIS EXTRAORDINARY POWERai
immense. He has buttocks on him like a sLTv. i, n^® ^^"*^*^ '"^Sio^s that is simply type To a learned man, and a man who studrtt ' .•^'^{^ P^^'^""^^^ *^- ^^Z wonder. He breeds truthfuUv to his nnll? , ^^ .the philosophy of breeding he is a on the dam's .ide. ^ *° ^'' '''''''''^^ inheritance independeut of wh^t he mite
THE PACING ELEMENT.
^on^^ZatL^^^^^^ were taken from thi.
reserving mention of that branch for another n?' ^^^^ n^^ ^"'^"^'i t^^^ St. Lawrences m detaU to make myself f ull/ul7rstood on ^ °''^^ ^"°" '"^ ^«^°'« ^ ^P^^k of them
THE PACING PROBLEM.
trottigTo^s^^h^^^^^^^^^^ a most valuable class of fast
breeders of the United States ; that ^.et in b reeSTad b" "^"^^^'^ ^^^"« *« *^' ^ors- «ix generations, and had resulted in the pUuction of ^ been continued for four, five and liorses, whose accumulated records of performances wh«" '^ ^^' ^"'^ *'°"^'^'° ^'^^f of superiority that one is hardly willfng IrbeSe tt «'-^ ''"P^*'? ^^« «° conclusive family producing a class of roadsters andVentSanl ir'^^^^^^^^ ^' °^^ senses-a nnmeasurably beyond the expectations ofThfrsrsLtrbrreder"' ' ^^^^^ -^-
GOLDSMITH'S MAID A HAMBLETONUN.
phenomenon of the trotting world. Goldsmith^ Mafd iS ^^'^^^g^^, typified in thegreat b le tonian, from a congress with his own aunt a^aut^^^^^^^^ Tu °^ ^^'^y^'^ Ham-
bletonian; the queen of the turf, a campplner and t^nL. ^i'*^"?^ the sire of Ham- stances, and surroundings, with a record of 1u to w^^^-f^'^^^ *" conditions, circum- aa animal so tenacious of 'vitality that she wa better «ff'*' T^^^^ heats bebw 2 30 ;
uSi J fP/f «^d.t'^- beUef-that this Mesrenger- Ji^ hISV^^ "*/"^^^« ^^^^s o utilized by the union of pure-blooded sires with tL *Jf,.-'^*'^bletonian element properly bred running descent, and especially wUh hat tll'^^ ^IT'^^ °^ '"'^^d thorou^K Boyal Georges, would produce'the JeJ^LZt:':7lieXX piklte.'""'' ''^
THE CANADIAN PACERa ahm,n.lo fK„:~:: 1 ':T'-™ .^^^■^■^'Sth 01 the pacer in Can.Ho ,•/ :r.C- 7"^'" '"^>."a^'e
,. — , — "^^»' 'T anttce aayj over-estimated the nnmmcal strei,- abounds there in considerable force. '° [Z>r. McMonagle.]
■
24
HORSE BREKDING.
TRADITION OF THEIU ORIGIN.
Some very intollis^ent correspondonb a £ow yoara ago, gave as a tradition that had been preserved in his family, to tho ellect tliat before the Revolution, and perhaps after it, there was an active trade between Caiuida and Rhode Island, and in the trade the Canadians carried back large numbers of th(! Narrag.iiisett pacers, in exchange for their commodities, and this trade was kept up for years." "Tlio Narragansett was very fast and very famous at tho beginning of the eighteenth century, and during the early part of this century was spread through all the English colonies." " They could pace a mile in a little more than two minutes, and a good deal le.s8 than three." " Theirs is an inheri- tance that has come down from a greater antiquity than that of the running horse, and has not perished." Another logical writer says :— " Tho pacers seem to have come from highly bred families (by high, the writer evidently means continuity of instinct for genera- tions of previous ancestral inheritance) in almost every instance, and from such parent stock have inherited a brain and nerve organism which commands a physical or muscular conformation, adapted to, and capable of executing in a hi^h degree, the dictates of the will that directs it. The same formula of expression will apply to the fast trotter, and t/ius goes to prove the identity of each in all that relates to physiological or psychological conformation."
PACING AND TROTTINO MOVEMENTS INTEllCHANGEABLE.
«* The trotting motion maj be called the diagonal, the pacing the lateral movement, and these two movements are interchangeable. In scores of instances the fast pacer Lis been changed into the fast trotter. The converted pacer develops into tho trotter with little education ; the will and consciousness of the horse are already educated, and all that remains to be done, is to give him the same readiness and confidence in tho diagonal motion that he had in the lateral motion." The fast pacing sire transmits his quality of speea just as certainly as any other quality ; like begets like, " speed begets speed." The law is, therefore, that speed is a quality inherited by the progeny of the fast pacing horse, and whether that progeny pace or trot, speed is their common inheritance.
OLD pilot's performances.
In reference to Canadian pacers the facts are, old Pilot left Canada in a peddling cart and was afterwards developed at both gaits, and showed a purchaser 2:26 with IG^ lbs. on his back. He founded a family, and out of the high-bred mare, Nancy Pope, pro- duced Pilot Junior, with his seven representatives in the 2:30 list, his grandson. Tattler, producing two stallions, Indianapolis and Voltaire, each with 2:21 to his credit.
MAUD S., "PILOT," AND HAMBLETONIAN BLOOD.
Maud S , the sensational trotter of this season, a mare that in her four year old form cost America's railway king, W. H. Vanderbilt, $21,000 ; a mare that trotted a t.hiid heat at Chicago, her second race, in 2:13^, and tho next week an exhibition trial of a half mile in l:01i— an achievement simply marvellous— belongs to this family, her dam Miss Russell, being by Pilot Junior. It is worthy of remark that h^r sire, Harold, is an in-bred Hambletoniau; his dam, Enchantress, and his sire, Rysdyk's Hambletonian, being both by Abdallah.
BONESETTER— COPPERBOTTOM, AND OTHERS.
Bonesetter, 2:19, belongs to the same family. Ags IS taken from Canada as early as 1810 or 1812, and '
Again, the . ' was the ^. c
^1 Copperbottom was taken irom uanaua as cany ua iuav ui l^,.^, cvi*.. ...... >,..^„..,. norse or his type
^ji^u.j^ 4-Q ^jjg yyp,„^j^pa re<rinn to improve the saddle gait. Mr. Wallace says : — He leit a mce of very valuable descendants, going all gaits." Then again, a Canadian, Corbean,
[Dr. McMoiuigle.l
ion that had lerliaps after le trad(i the ixchange for ett was very he early part I pace a mile is an inheri- ig horse, and e come from jt for genera- i such parent I or muscular states of the J trotter, and puychological
1,1 movement, ast pacer hiis trotter with , and all that the diagonal his quality of speed." The pacing horse,
in a peddling 2:26 with IG5 icy Pope, pro- dson. Tattler, 3dit.
year old form rotted a thiid trial of a half her dam Miss I, is an in-brcd being both by
Copperbottom 'se of his type ?s :— " He left dian, Corbean,
M
I' I
nirfd
tliirt.,
llJN Ml)
jpiirili (luccd with '
I f
a »
w w
d
ti5
T
fli'ii III
< 'oluill
(liui>, li
(Phil S
loiiiicct,
uturo ]
Jock hor Jior.se til sired N"( (la;n Iicii iiil('iisi(i< liiillnck pin liipj) 'riliiston, Jiiiii to h looked V( in a raco
(All. of Joo Wx bolow 2::5 in Ciuiadn must Iiavc
Nortl Rroct, firm placed pro full tail, sc "■lion at sp cious of Ii daughter b ard, 2:31^, ^"^orth Aiat
{Dr. i
IIOHSJ:: UUEEDING.
"1
a
EC
THE COMfMnUSEa
■ w..n.b„., . .taii,„„ will, .i. p„;(„,,„„„ ill ura/^o t;;t;;ri :;Zf '"'" "' ^"""^
PHIL SrfKIUDAN,
2:20^, with thrw) pcrformt-rH in tlio '■■{() IiVf • \n • • ■ ^,^
•liu... Ills .Ian. Bla.k Kly, hr..! at InslHilkV),. 1. ""'"f' ^ ^ '"^ naturalized Cana-
ut... ,.a. a p....pt.^, L..eia. .s .^i:;!!:, s^t::t^s tj^ ^^^l:)^"^ -
THE HULLOCK HOKSE AND HIS PIloaENY.
lock ^;;t:;T':[;::;:;s ::f 't,riJr::!r t;;^ Hv"'"^-^ ^'-^ ^"^^ ^-^d^. - the bui.
horso that was take,, f.-o,., La ruiri, ^ 10..;.'^"?"!.''^'^ ""'•'•" '^'^'"^ ^I""t--I. «
<IaM. I.-in^^ l,y |Iar.xs' Ian l.l,.to 1?V iul '' ''''""° f "^''" "'tensi/i,..,! th,.o„;,^h ). s ■•"t.-nsi(i,..l in tho pacing 0 ■ o nt iV i 1 1 ^.7 '"^'^ ^"'^ T^ '"•'"'•^'^ ^'f > ^'"l ^^"''ly
pinl.ippo.I,a,.dnrHtshow..,Itrofcti r\,i "^^^^^^^ «tood sixtoon hands hi^h,
Tilliston, who ,.i.k..d his tail. J o "h(, II ht f . T ^ A f ^'•; ^ipp, who sold him to Mr hi.„ to Andrew JJalton, who trot ed n aces R ^"'' ^ f"^' ^'" '" ^""^ «°'d
ookcd very nu.ch like bid Moscow IIo ecu d tTot n ""? ^''f "'' ^'- "j'acintho, and in a race hy I). M. Jonkius in 2:36. °" '"'' ''°'^ *'' *^'^"<^>^' "^"J >^a« driven
JOE BHOWN.
b«io>v2,;»„„d „r„„,j„t2,,5j'X™"di !hl!r;'r'' f "'""'"• "■■* f""'? !■«»
Ill Uiiiaila i„ connoclion with %,Jyk Stock F,.™ i "" «>"'»"i™ ntud .ervics
iiiu.. .1.™ a„ ...nediate disceniaV/e'l^n t^Xt^S S^tSt^'J^^iS^:;"-^
NORTH AMERICAN.
-et'^S^^^S^ri^^;^;;:::^,^^ ^Phigh. .hortbaclc, standing
placed proportionately apo^^ with „Sn..t,V 1 n"' ^,^7^"'^"""^ ^™^«' ^'^'^ ^^en at easf full tail, square buttocks^.nml,sdy t i^ed ^it^^^^^^ ^'''!f'°"' '°''"''' *"^'^' ^«"8
'v-l.on at speed, a trotter that did hi^ S to waL^^n atT r"?'p'''?'; T""^'-''"^ '''''^^i Clous of his gait as to suffer extromVflnllw'^^n ^"'f"*^ ^^'"'^ ^" 2:?8, and .o tena- daughter bred by Sam Kdy wrseK K°"! "'l'^'''''^ ^"^'"8 ^^' ^'''- ^^y York, a ard, 2..3U. at fi4 years oH^Xln'tfrn!:! S^^^/.^ ^ VTo^T. r'"^^'^ ^"^^- ^orthAmeroan, produced Khode Island 2 9^11^1;^: ' -.-,-^- "'hiteli'*n, a son of
[Dr. McMona,le.] ' ^''^^'^^^^^ ^°-=-«« -^h Belle Brandon by Rys-
26
HORSE BREEDING.
clyk's irambletoiiian, produced Gov. Spraguo, 2:20| at five years old, the centennial sensa- tional trotter. A daugliter of Sebastopol, son of N^-tli American, produced Maggie Briggs, 2:27 at five years old. America, by Whitehall, generated Nellie Holcomb, 2:28. Old Lady Rice, by Whitehall, begat Scott's Thomas, 2:21, and Scott's Chief, 2:23. Fanny Jackson, out of Betty Condon uniformly threw trotters to Daniel Lambert, of which the fastest is Aristos, 2:27|. Ivanhoo alias Yankee, that won the twenty mile race a^'ainst Empire State at Worcester, Mass., was by North American. It is through Lady" Wal- teriuire, a trotting daughter of North American, that this Canadian Bullock family has achieved such prominence and importance.
ORTGtX OF CnKSTNUT HILL.
Before giving his whole attention to the breeding of the fastest American running winners of the day, that perceptive, keen-minded, astute breeder, stock naturalist, pliy- siologist and psychologist once above referred to as the breeder of Rysdyk, Aristidos Welch, bred one other trotting stallion by Rysdyk's Hambletonian, selecting as dam for his purpose this Lady Waltorraire, and embodying in their union the two potent elements of trotting opoed— the Messenger and the pacing element to the exclusion of the thorough- bred runner — creating a colt that had a natural pacing speed of better than 2:30 to the halter, a representative sire, the matchless Strathmore ; the sire of Wiser's Chestnut Hill, 2:22, (sold), Stein way two year old, 2:3U, and three year old, 2:25J, a horse that sold last fall for $13,000, and is doing stud service in California at $300 each for the season ; tlie sire also of Santa Glaus with the best five year old record 2:18, also standing for stud service in the State with a large patronage at §500 each for his season's service.
CANADIAN PACING STOCK.
I have thus gone into the subject of the pacing problem at the risk of being irksome, to show to this Commission, that Canada had in abundance, a horse element of centuries of inheritance—probably the only certain element for producing trotters of early maturity at a iiigh rate of speed— an inheritance picked up by our cousin-germans, and utilized in a marked remunerative degree peculiarly, utilized to such prominen.-e in the Bullock family, that $2-t,999 would not buy Strathmore— an element that if properly husbanded, coupled and crossed by Canadian breeders, cannot help but be immensely productive in prohts to the horse-breeding interest of Ontario. Reversing the picture, leads to the inquiry : what have Canadians done iieretofore, in cultivating this element? and its con- sideration brings me to the St. Lawrences.
ST. LAWHEXCE.
The origin of this branch of pacing-trotting proclivity was bred near Montreal, taken to New York State in 1848 by W. Prendergrast and sold to Josepli Hall, of Rochester, in 1853, was sold to Mr. January and taken to St. Louis, and there stood for $200 the season, re-sold for $3,500 and taken back to New York State; in 1857 was taken to Mich- igan and died at Kalamazoo in 1858. St. Lawrence was one of the earliest and most prominent of the Canadian breed brought over, .says Wallace, winning very many hotly contested races, and trottii'g well down in thc! thirties. It cannot be said he founded a family, but he is certainly very nearly entitled to that distinction. He was a trotter himself and left trotters behind him.
liair
HIS DESCENDANTS.
A noted instance of his ability to transmit his inheritanee, was through his son, Kinkead's St. Lawrence, whoso daughter Fanny, from the n^sult of a congress with Pilot) jr., produced that famous brood mare at Vroodburn [•Vrm, Waterwitdi, the dam of Mam- briiio Gift, 2:20, anr'. Scotland, 2:22i ; the doubh^ pacing and CuJiadi.ui element froju old
[Dr. McMonayle.']
...... P„j.;
ping in 1 [Dr
HORSE BREEDING.
centennial sonsa- i Maggie Briggs, imb, 2:28. Old f, 2:23. Fanny !rt, of which the aile race against lugh Lady Wal- Uock family has
27
Pilot triply intensified onVinafinfr Hio f,v«»v i ., — '
bred ru.^.er, imported Bo£ Jr^ind on thTn '•' ^T^^'^^ ^"^"^"^« ^^ ^^e thorough- other son, the Washburn horse, oS untHdS^- 'p"?S'''^"*^"S the latter. An- power of transmitting this inheritance his po.envLLv's';;^',?"?."^' ""''' P^^^^^ h^ rence Alaul and Lady Jane doing actual campa.vY'turf .^ , '^^' ^^''"•^ ^'"' ^t. Law- Im- les, the atter .vanning the |reat five Z!7ce ItuZL"" Tr ^"^" '^^^^ "^ ^^e 1^*6, and St. Lawrence Maid trotting her miSonte in 2:^6 ' '''"' ^""^'*' ^
MOOSE.
nerican running naturalist, phy- ('■sdyk, Aristidos )ting as dam for potent elements of the thorough- bhan 2:30 to tlie 3 Chestnut liil], : horse that sold for the season ; tanding for stud arvice.
i being irksome, ent of centuries t early maturity ns, and utilized in the Bullock erly husbanded, y jiroductive in re, leads to the .t? and its con-
Montreal, taken 1, of Rochester, 3d for $200 the I taken to Mich- rliest and most ery many hotly d ho founded a 3 was a trot tor
irougli Lis son, ;res3 with Pilot, 10 dam of Wam- iement from old
'" """ - «cor(, or :i:L^ui, the fastest ever secured h7„ o ' r . , P''^"^"* has ob- only equalled by the Royal Geor-^e mare Tnrv ? .7 ^,^^f''ian-bred horse, and now . IS season. Moose is owned by lioWt yJ^^" ^' ^^ ^^^^^ "^'°Y ^"T^^"^ ^^'^^^ ^^tafned at present of Snnth's Falls. The mother of Moose w^.T^ '''\^"' ^^^ ^^ ^^'- ^^^^^'^rr, formerly owned by John Morrissey, was uidJorT .•'''' ^'"""^^'''^ from New York mare, and was reputed to be able to show tr „ I S \ Purposes, said to be a Trustee by the Fall River route by boa from 7,^ ? '^^''^ '"^^ »°«^ ^« 2:34. On her wav treatment to Mr. McGarr/brotler TbhctrnV^^^^^^^ '^ the hip and sSnt fo^
proved to be permanently injured and wnfSrf-ti^ T^f;"'''"^^ °^ ^^^^ York city. She canal to Oswego, thence to Cckv^e T hf.t H ° ^^'^ .^^'^''''' ^^o sent her by years ago I went purposely .to see the old ma and tLrolV^''^^/^'^''/^ ^ ^''^*- «-- Mctrarr. She, the mother of Moose "-ooi Pi!' ^ , obtamed her history from Mi-
0 Wiser's Orient 2:24, were a run^t^t irext^l'J-^''/^ T' ""'' '^''^' ^^" ^-^ colour, docked tai , make ud ■innpom,,/ f duplicate of each other as to ^.Vp
^Kl I felt satisfied'they all Thr^w^rn;:!"!^^^^^^^^^ -'-'-"^3^ --? a^c ,'
^arragansett tribe. "^""^ descendants of the long despised, plebeian
CLIPPINQ HORSES.
vogue at that time, and even now f^vtr^blf coticwTK'' ''^^^^"-^ ^'"''^ «« "•"^'^^ i^ ha.ne of having denuded my own horseTin 1 Sto ^ -7 .^ '?"• ^ ''^^ *" ^ ««nse of ha^r. "nature's wise and kind nro^isio,'' and n wi 'f^ ^^' ■'•? ^'^P''^^'' ^ ''»''«« of h^s and eager air," is inhuman, barbarous ami posit^elvn'' ^"P''«%''r to '< Canada's keen never to recuperate from its uncivilized l?!!-^ injurious. I have known roadsters the coat to the climate and season 'liieTiL^fer!' T'-^ /^^-ts. Nature a di; IS changed that of the mane and tail Ily eniiTnfn. tt' T "^ *''' ^"^y °*' the hofse thicker, and not so glossy as the sprin7;,owth °4 **'" ''^ "">»'•«" ^"•''^l being coarser, over the whole of the skin, and reqS".. a verv ' n^^', '"*?f '"^ '' '' P'''^''''' elctending the health of the animal is generally al"cted a ^fh''''^'''' expenditure of vita! povve " <^ng. The energy, and neWous vL^ flXte^^^^^^^^^
frame 18, to a great degree determined to "^2^ t •Vv"PP"'*= *'^« ^^I'ole of the equal to much hard work, presniro. ll.Hl «'^'n tji„ ^^j^^^j becomes languid, and un-
pressed beyond its strength' brcoSerllS^ili:"'' *'" ''''' "'^^^^"'^^ exertion, t'l if
CLIPPma HORSES IN SPRTNQ USEFUL,
••;•" ''^"g^geu m ciippm.r then. He olnimo,! o-"' "i " ', . '""^ f''^*- "i the sprinff and lie I [nr. WcMonasl..] • »«noncul effect. Acting on Ms ajvi„ I have
28
HORSE BREEDING.
pmtised it since, clipping my stud in this latitude about the middle of March, and am fully convinced of its helpful influence to the horse for the next three months.
SISTER TO MOOSE.
But as to Moose, no stock influence can be expected from his loins as he is gelded, but there are however two other channels with almost a similiar inheritance that should be made profitable. From Moose's full sister. " Sister to Moose," owned by D. S. Booth and stabled at the barn of W. H. Comstock, Esq.. IMayor of Brockville, great expectations should be realized. These gentlemen are wealtliy— a surplus in abundance— and their minds meet in unison in the appreciation of a good horse. Why not utilize for poster! cy this potent trotting characteristic? What an element to breed to Rysdyk or Volunteer or Strathmore ! What a boon a sire of such a lineage would be to horse breeders of cen- tral Ontario ! One cow accidentally obtained by the percepiive Colling was the basis of the Duchess variety of Shori horns that has electrified the breeding world for more than eighty years. Why not a family of Booth St. Lawrences] The other channel is yet another combination from a Canadian basis. Was its acquisition accidental, or providential?
THE ST. LAWRENCE BREED TO BE ENCOURAGED.
St. Lawrence wean to Rochester and hhere produced Ottawa, a trotter, whose daughter Ijonny Kate, a trotter, out of ft congress with Field's Royal George, produced Geo. Elf- ner, a sire that by a peculiar train of circumstances was taken to Smith's Falls and be- came the sire of ''.he mother of Moose's last v^'oduce, owned by Wood & Loucks, now a four-year old stallion that irom his lineage should not be overlooked by the breeders of that section. He cannob help but be an impressive sire. A daughter of Geo. Effner trom a CO Digress v/ith Bysdyk produced Royal Rysdyk, osvnod by Sanmel Hollingsworth of Prescott, now two years old, standing lo 2, high, typi.;ai in his breeding and representa- tive in his lineage. " I should expect him to be a siie >t the Park Horse. As an element of speed at the trotting gait the St. Lawrences AhoaW be cultivated and encouraged,^ and the Ontario producer that breeds them to a purpose for speed, cannot help but be finan- cially remunerated.
UTILIZING THE THOROUGHBRED STOCK.
At this juncture I crave the especial attention of the Commission. Almost all, i£ not all, I have said previously on the subject of breeding is recognized and received by all attentive thinkers on that subject, but I now approach a point at which I might say there is a divergence, two sets of philosophers or theorists, two opinions as to the neces- sity or nou-necesity of a close purely running bred cross to improve the stamina and siieed of the trotters. When I said, " I was not favourably impressed with the thorough- bred ruQning horse, because I did not think it could be adapted to the wants of the American people, or made useful to Canada except in a psychical sense as a cross with the pacing element for the production of speed at the trotting gait," I did not wish to be understood as denying the benefits that might, would and could accrue from the use of the English thoroughbred runner, as a sire coupled with his own inheritance. I meant the cultivation of that class of stock was not profitable for the Canadian farmer (consider- ing the market of demand) but only useful, if useful at all, in a psychical sense as a cross in bringing to the fore the latent Canadian pacing inheritanoe, I address myself to this subject, because its proper understanding and piactical utilization is of paramount im- portance in perfecting the pacing element so as to meet the demand of the present American market, as well as our own Canadian, and ere long probably the English mar- ket The Hambletonian, the Royal George, and the Clear Grit sires can successfully utilize this element and fill the bill, but as Canada has few of this stock and has a supply of the pure thoroughbred English running sires, can the latter bo coupled with the pacing element so as to produce '"ood roadsters, fair sized carriage horses and casually fast turf performing trotters?
[Dr. McMonagle.y
I
h, and am
W
jelded, but should be Sooth and pectations -and their ' poster! cy Volunteer jrs of cen- asis of the lan eighty- it another atiall
B daughter 1 Geo. Etf- Is and be- ;ks, now a jreeders of Iffner troni gsworth of [■epresenta- m element raged, and it be £nan-
nost all, if eceived by might say the neces- ^amina and 3 thorough- mta of the cross witU wish to be the use o£ I meant f (consider- B as a cross ■self to this imount im- ;he present iglish mar- mccessfuUy as a supply the pacing llv fast turf
i
m
I'lf
horsp: breeding.
PHYSICAL AND MENTAL CUAHACTKUISTICS OF THE HOHSE
Ho ,„ay or he may not have al"a ^ .".e 11* i"'f "" "' " '"^" '"'^ ''''"''' ^ '"■•^'-•'" - wind. wins. The horse has three .1 "h .eU.od ot^T " '"'"''^' ;"^*"'-"' "^'"^ '^ ^'^ ^hat slowest; the trotorpacc, which is tlu- i t en 1 a t „ JlT'T''"''; '^'' "^"^' ''^'''^ >« the the same ; and the gallop, whid. is the f^t .. o a1' i IT^,'^' considored practically
three g.fjs are natural and co.n.noa o dl horses w tin' r" ?^ ""^^-'-"t. Tliese w.ld on the plains and pampas of the wilderness 'lii. '", '\'^''" "^ <lon,estieity or nu.scular attachments, and^,he various Z^^^ -^^^ its vitalized
monious whole, are adapts at the trot ImTJluT ^"'^ ^""'"^ ^^^ '"'^'^« »P ^ har- Bp-d. This forn.ation 1 dc.non.inut la h^Jrafi "i'i. ^'?7'"'^ '^^ ^ '^'^'^-'^ oi '-•ve or mental composition, which I namrthe psychiclh "^"^'''^'^'^^'''^tion to his brain,
THE noUHE, FIIOM INCEPTION TO MATUJilTY.
For a complete and dear understandinc. of this auhippf r . • ,
impose upon the heretofore kind induh^ence of th s cT <'^^^}^'^^no.d to partially
of the creation of a horse from its incc^ orto^ n^Zn;;'''"' ,"'r '''''"' "^ «^^-P-«
l.ryon.c life, expulsion, nutrition, assnuilltion ■ m divS " ^^Z mdud.ng conception, em-
cunstruct on. I have said, that nature i h u- p "viJ^^rfo 'thf "" '^ '^"•'^"' ""'' P«-V^''ical
seems to liave followed a general law which uvolvTstL use fr'''""'!"''t" ''^ ''"' *^P">''««
from the organs of the fen.ale, ui ovum or el is nmd t 1 , ^^ "'*/ "^ '""-^'''' ^''^ ^'at
occurs only at periods of heat,' passes oT.t The or^Ans of tT," 7' '""/ '"'^^"'•«^'' ^^^id,
contains (m a h.althy and perfLt animal) a sperm^cd sir If P"'"^""" " ""'"^ "''«»»
'Ih- ovum IS mature, its contact with even tre smai^ '?•"', '^' ^''^Pf"-'""'^'- When
!.r.!!r!^- .1. "V^''^'-- -1J"'I. - some claliesoa,^! "'"!'!!'..?"'■'""'« ^''l. -»-
^..ancy. I mighl have acW^d, o^d:ZZZ^Jr'''''lt'' ^^""""'^ ^''^ -"- ■ggs are detached in masses and a litter sZ^^^^^ '^'' P'p ^'^ ^og, the ova
:'l)ondent concentmn T„„.,;.... ..... . ^ P'ouucccJ. Iwins and trin ets Im.vp nn,.i, ....
independent conception. Leavin<' out" of snedrrnr''- 1 ^'T' "'""' ^'''P"''*'^ ^ave each an to fix the dmracter of the off^prh^ftr^-Z^lZ? ^'T' ^'jyP"^^^"J or the power na ion, imaffination, accident, kv.^ / a.T, fl n t ll'^ ^'^ f'^'' ^^^revious irnpr.,- o soiljood and climate, I piss on t^ ^nhr^^Zc if^ ^"f^ " ^' considered, the effeffc structure and growth of donfesticated L "^^7* f C^" "'' ^f ^-"^ ^"^^^"^^ °" «>e IS pertuiont in this testimony. He says :— Professor Louis Agassiz, what
PROFESSOR AGASSIZ ON EMBRYONIC LIFE
<'<tily condition of the ger n in oifr n o ^-l .nil ^ om- pod<et.s, but if wo would study the insuperable difficulty, that we m [st 1 1 I la"t nnnl" ' "' T' f '^"'^'^ "'^^' ^^is almost to curry on our reselrdies. We can ote"l " k'^''/'^ order to have specimens ennugii of' ni.lu-yology in its present condi on oX /no f^^^ -,-PPlyi.»g the scienle
'J -natt ,..• of importance, not only to the fa m ."s^ but T^ '''^'- '^^'"'^ ^"^^ ^'^"="™«
•h'.nanded on the farm must firs^t be worke out and insr'; ! ' """" ^^''"^ "•^■o™atin„ organized in which this work can be .Ion, iC is le n f ."' '"?'* •^'^ ^°'""''"' ^"^ -M only be uiet by gradual and slow degrees You t'n .1 H •' '""' '' '"'' "^"^^ ^^'^'^-^ ti..i(,.u. .f you consider what is at stake amUhe advnnf '.'"Portance of this inves-
y... could bring up heifers or bulls, fo in'tl ^at Zr'Sur" T'""'''^ "l*;'^' ^^'"^•^■' ^^ farnnngtothe kind of soil you have aboiTvou T w N ^ ^^'''" '°"'^ '^'''^P^ J'o^r would not only make a material dillerenci toC but wo" 1 ^''^""T '^""'' ^^''t-^es and •iitions of stock raisin" Tt is th .. i ^ ' ^"^ would entirdr re-mndd the eon.
3U
HORSE BREEDING.
1'^
II
ducts of our breeding may be brought about, are not at hand. On a former occasion I have already stated before this board that all animals, even the highest— mankind not excepted— are reproduced through eggs, and that those eggs have the same structure throughout the animal kingdom." The learned lectuier then enters lucidly into the subject of eggs hen's eggs, snapping turtle's eggs, strings of eggs laid by toads in pools of water, fish's egg's etc etc., and says : "It is a marvellous proce.s.s, that of the inner life of the yolk, leading to a result so extraordinary as the formation of a new living being. It is easy to watch the growth of an egg and to bring this process in its successive phases before the eye You need only place your egg in a breeding-machine, marking the hour at which you put in each egg. You may then know exactly how uld the germ is, how long the transformations have been going on, and, as the chronology of this growth is well asjcertained, being familiar to embryologists, you can take out of your machine an egg at any stage and examine its con- dition, knowing beforehand, from the record made of all these facts, in what period of development you will find the germ."
NECESSITY FOR THE STUDY OF EMBRYOLOGY.
" Here is something wonderful ! Not only the simplicity of the process by which these clutnges are brought about, attract.s our notice, but still more marvellous is th(i fact th.it all this goes on from within. There is a principle acting by the aid of the substance which holds it, never deviating from its course, ^nd alwHys leading to reproduction of a being like the parent. How that influence from the parent is transmitted, there and then, liow and what the nature of that transmission or that impres.sion is, stampinf', as It were, the new beii.g so indelibly with the character of its parents, sometime* with Sieir idio-syncrasies. with those family features, in .^hort, or those features of breed, etc., belong ing to the individual— these are matters about which we know nothing whatever These are the questions we must now studv, by attempting more refined investigations than those which we have been able tn carry on to this day We must try to seize the moment when these peculiarities are imparted to the new being, in order to know how to influence reproduction at that time; for unless it be done then, it can never be done. It is by a knowledge of what takes place there and then, under those circumstances alone, that we can hope to have any influence up.jii the reproduction of our domesticated animals.
I think I have shown you plainly enough that our farmers must study embryology ; at least, those of them who mean to influence and inipiove ti • raising of stock, and Im- part their knowledge to their fellow workens Ot course it is not expected that every farmer should be able to analyze the products of the farm chemically, buc let there be in the agricultural college one who can do it well. It is not expected that every farmer should learn the use of the microscope, and to make physiological experiments ' but let there be in the lantl, in some institution at least, one m,an who knows how these things should be done, and who is placed in a position to do them. This is not the case now. When we have that man, we shall be prepared to talk of improvements in stock-breeding not before." °
MUSCUL\R CONFORMATION.
Expulsion, parturition, needs no description, Taking the digestive process in its highest degree of complexity in the mammalia, we find there is provision, first for the pre- hension of food ; secondly, for its mechanical division and comminution, mastication, and for its admixture w^ith a peculiar fluid, insalivation ; thirdly, for the conveyance of the food into that portion of the alimentary canal in which its principal chemical changes are to take place, deglutition; fourthly for the solution and reduction of the food prepara- tory to its being brought into a condition favourable to absorption, chymijication ; fifthly, for the separation of a material which shall contain in a condensed form the chief nutri- tive principles of the food and which is easily absorbed into the blood, chylijication. The assimih\tion of this lacteal-like production by the various th ues of the body as it is con- veyed to them through the arteries and veins constitutes growth ; thus we produce a mature horse. I shall not consider the bony, cartilagenous, muscular, physical conformation but ! proceed to the vsyc.hir.dl,
{Dr. McMonagle.']
HORSE BREEDING.
THE PSYCHICAL CONFORMATION.
Tn the vertebrate or backbone an,' t
power of scii.sation and ",,„'" ^°"y"Pon the integrity and ar-fivJf,?^*:^ ' • ^^erciso of iii the nervou.r ysten, *''!^ P^^^^"- «f '"otion, and loth tlesTlroZrr^' '^'""^^ ^°"'' ^^e isychical Pheno^na take Ice'i 'r '",'■""' "^'"^^ ^"atter th o5 ? L'T '"^ '^ ^'-'•^'^'« "matter are united t4eU 'r^n a 'rn . i'^' '"■ ''''' ^«™«' ^^d wSese tu rf^"'^ 'V''"^^»
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
The nervous system then in tbo
pliii^isa
'- l.e nerve, the .ueutal force, u. oontiudUinJ^^' ^'^^ ,,«"«" ,- ^^e p^ychic^i;';,;: [/''■. J/ciVona^le.] ° ''^''' pfysical or mu,scular power.
32
HORSE BREEDING.
I, !
EFFECTS OF COUPLING THE THOROUGHBUED WITH THE PACING ELEMENT.
the tLorouuhbred runner two or three or more removes back. That they oftin P™™ ■■;
^- ^t c,;Sett;pica7 ' I rifer to anttgonistic elements, types, and characteristics. t":;i£e EnXh thorolE contraBted with the pacer.-the terrier as contrast^
tothe l^ngiisntnoiou uui T}„ii„„tvne I have said "never attempt to contradict
:lt:XvS:Srd^nni „,^Ur^ilr^ril\x^^^^^^^^ cro.se. fail to ,,roLe satisfacU^y ?etTs,| 'the more violent the »ro» the, .n-^"--'-^, Soc'e Z ^ZZi:^^ reo« o »me*" n? n1 fXmeTo^ses, tnltins from the coopUngof the thorough- S ™ner, with the pacing element. Perhaps the excepLons strengthen the rale.
THE DIFFERENCES PSViCHICAl. SOT PHYSICAL. H.Uts of action may be created and established by training and use, and these habits becom^;X i|t m */^2t^^^^^^^^^^ 1^1 hrod as a runner that in his colthood, when danger approaches he instinctively
^fth^latLl n ovlent" pl; hically thisL their mental .Jleans of generating locomot.on
SS^'-ifir.^:^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
than three minutes.
COMMINGLING OF THE PACING AND RUNNING ELEMENTS-
-RESULTS
TJ ^Whei^einlroken fo la^Ines^ he showed a disposition to pace, and afterward, ^ ?*■ Jltthat cr'Lit in 2-24. The owner of his dam, Truckee John, says Col Lewis ^rr4rt'na4tlpa;e thathegot^^^^^
Commmlore, a =«■>»' Bos'on. ™ ,°J„'„ Z''Zi dam wasin .nbrcdWenger. Koscoo 'p;otcIr"C.:'mVnd;mpScna'pW^ sired Clear Grit, about 2:35, who in turn
sired Amber, 2:25|. ^ „, r.»n nniTs
THE CLEAR GRITS.
X, ., ,^f „ to "»-^ ^h.t the above are all the thoroughbred running horses that ever sired trotting ;:tes in Uiis" bVoad America. 1 do not recall to miud uow an instance .ha. .he
[Dr. McMonagle.]
T.
having inheri- crosa of rove in- f wliich I a sire, eristics, ontrast- ntradict sfactory iinating )tice tlie lorough- le.
36 liabits ileal not speed at B become s been so Inctively is mental wishes to 1 there is less than antiquity ) minutes m danger )Comotion ist rate of ile in less
Rifleman, lol. Lewis, iftcirwarda Dol. Lewis not a con- ed Bonnie shown pos- iice. The dUe, 2:21. iawk, pro- ;r. Roscoo 10 in turn
it ever sired ICC that the
m
HOUSE BREEDING.
S8
I
f:
a
H
O
w
H
O
H M
M
C
H
I— I
O
pro. uco of tho un.on of these two oxtromo olnmont« .vnr convoyed or transmittod any in- hontanco worthy of record, except this new fu.nil v-lhi.s Canadian fanulv—the Cl.uH ' r ts (Hign.hcant) : and so tar as records go to show, the preponderance of evidence as to A nl er's speed rests with the dam, wh.ch was by lloyal Itevenge, a sire that has stereotyped L fan.dy escutcheon w.thin the 2:30 list. I am under "ol.h-iation to Mr. (Jeo. Tumlm a <h.ah.r m horses of 5G George St., Toronto, for tho infonnati^n that tho daui of Clear Sit was douldo ga.ted ambled, racked, pace.l and trotte.l. Ho had examined her and at one tn„e went to purchase the old mare, when ho b..ame acquainted witrWhablC7 action
or Johnson, not far fronj
and tho same gentleman
of the inheritance trans-
habits of action-of the dam'of lus^staliion: " ^'" ^""*"" '" ^''" ^•^^^^^^Ptioa of the
CLEAIl GIUT A PACCU.
Tlmt Clear Grit hinuielf peced is a matter of notoriety, as he frequently exercised in
ha ga,t on the Brantford track when owned by Mr. Mitch'ell, and h?d to be we S on Ins fore feet o square away Ins ga,t to a trot. The groom of St. Patrick is mrinfm-nant as to the mode of we.ghtn.g both Clear Grit and his%on St. Patrick. I am^ndebted ?o
ho v,.,.v u!,,e special turf correspondent o' the Toronto " Daily Globe" in The issues of July U and ].Har.t past for an extended history of the Clear Grit family It is useleL
tin inl:;';° r ^ dcmes -every Canad.an rejoices-that this son of Lapi.ist conveys S stil In-es) to h.s progeny a valuable inheritance of speed that can be utilized in tifo pr^ due >on of roads ers. genMemer.s drivers and turf performers. Wlien we find two tra^nt «t blood combined .n a troUing horse, in ^bout equal proportions, we must consLer th se two strains singly, and determine what each has done of itself in producing trotters If each strain has in its own strength and without the assistance of tho o'tler produced
o er-s, we are then at the end of the investigation, and conclude that botl we e^ posit ve d T; f ;i P'-«^>"=t.on of that trotter. But if we find that one of the strains never pro duced a tro ter except in combination with the other, then we may iu.stly conclude thrt .train is only a negative element and may as well be displaced for soVething else
THE SEQUENCE OF THE FACTS.
iv^ 7'''" r^F^"^ *° ^? * '"""'' ^"""^ '*f« ^"'« »" determining any question of this clas. Did Lapul.st ever produce anotlier horse that trotted fast 1 Aftircarefudv stud vin! nil' the racing exper ences of over a century, I am compelled to acclpt 1 ' S,;\"^^^^^ a horse cannot transmit a faculty he does not himself possess. ^ I haJe Iea7ned to ouit
r'the Vcts^ris bad't- 'tr fr' .^^"^^f /■-t.s.and'if the theories do not grow Tu of ti e facts It 18 bad tor the theories. Like begets like psychically as well as r,hv meal ly. This axiom is th. life^anci soul of alf pedigrees^ and if ^t we^e noT tri^^
Z;^;?;:;'''^ mstance ..„uld be merely the r^suit^f chance. TheTw of mherfi
X^^ ^^- p;: -ti^^^^^^ i^z:r..c^%:^,:i
mmmmmms •
down from a greater^'ntiquity tha' t riinn . forse ami Tt 1"^^, ''' 1 "' '="'" tamed to the contrary, bu\ tLt Mr. Tl.nn,,.Z'sS^2^:i::^l^^f^^'::: :
rS I'ist r;o" '^' k''""^" *'*'^'--'"«^1 '•«'• Narragansett inheritance to h^ son S. • (> t LaHist aro«.sing her previous ancestral iuhoritauce, and seeunng a fixity and Zli:^
[Br. McMonayle.] 3
34
HORSE BREEDING.
HEAVY WEIGHTED SHOES.
f
Tho Globe correspondent referred to says :-'' In ^^"^"j';;;;;',;'^^ Woodbine Park, and fi.e.yLoU\nonoi Clear Orit, trot cdmn^^^^^^ ,,,,, tcm-
in 1877 shows a trial over C oveland rack in 2^--. U 1 ^^^^^^^ion .n .egard
in 1877 shows a trial over Cleveland track m |.--. " ;, i ^ ^ion in legard
porar ly, and has not since dist ngmshe.l h'^J^f "^^ers-on of their^gait, is to discard tho I wei,iht.ng pacers i-tentio.m ly tor spo^^^ of packed sheet lead on
too preva'-Hit aso •><= twenty-four ounce shee^wiu ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^.^^^^^.^ ^ ^U
rd tho
, lead on
,„„ p,-e™.mt «.« .■ tw»ty-t„ar ""^^'l^^' ™ ^'or'ter^nce too weight, having all
thmous application of the heavy weight theory).
ST PATRICK.
St. Patrick was gifted wiU. a fast fUgl^ ;;^;^^^S'C.5.t:S ^ ™^ when at Buffalo, ina tield of eleven ^^arters m the th^^^^^^^ once before referred to,
second in 2:25.V and 2:27^ 1 "'fl^^jf ^^^^I^ ^Xmber, another son of Clear Grit, has a St. Lawrence Maid, by the Washburn horse Amoer, j^j George lineage, being
record of 2:25 J, and is a reliable peformer. His '^'^'^ w'ls j
b7 Royal Revenge, a sire with three performers in the 2.oO list
THE CLEAR GRITS AS TROTTERS.
very able resume thus : —
.So much for tho Clear Grits in Brantfonl aiul ^^1^^^^^:^^^ over Western Ontario in great ---^'°r^',-; '; i,7;^t;ol anZ^Wbits i splendid gait in Hauiilton pacer, Dan. shows a strong "f '^/'^^'"^/J^lj^t^^o nearly the same way of going. H,at wav of '-oin<'. All the descendants ot blear uut "-^ J^ ^ . , ^ travel wide
^^ 1 t?o exce;ti'on of a few pacers .hey are -"'i; ^f ^^L'^u'o^^^^^^^^ are blood-like behuul hko Amber. They are all ^-'S; J^/'J^^'' £, ,' ^^tl turf have proved themselves and stylish in appearance, all that have lone any ^m o ^^^^^ ^^,^ .^^^ j^^^
stayers of the staunchest type and lu short -1 P a^^^^^^^ ^^^.^ correspondent affirms is i-equired to cross with the 'h^Bcendants of Old .Nk s^^^i ci ^^.^^^ progeny being
whereof he knows, and he spoaks Posit- e y as o some ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ j^^^^
pae.rs. There can be no truth m the law ot heieaity not a pacing inheritance.
" HITS IN BREEDING.
. 1- -I • +!,» tovm "hit" in common parlance among
That association of ideas ^^^-^V^^f ^ rthink refcrei'ice should be made to it. A
breeders, occur to me ^^ this moment and I thnU^ re ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ .^ ^^ ^^^^,^^ ^,
'• hit" in brooding is understood to bo an m..i.mco mystery about it, ^..i I understand it.
SIX AXIOMS— RECAPITUr-ATION.
.Valshin nisepi^ome of the 1- ^^^^tlST^l^^ 'Sl^^^te:" W^t^S ^ n^nl^atcd his conclusions in sixteen axioms, tl e ist six o. J^^ ^^^^ as a correct knowledge I have explained them before, ai.la mayhem i...F^^^^ ^^^^^^. ,, the
of the v.ry first beginnings of the t.v.ts ot o' n
[Dr. McMonayle.^
■fe 4
HORSE BREEDING.
35
!t. Tatriclf, a le Park, autl w roil J tcm- on in legard o discard tho sheet lead on it, having all ;. Give him be rewarded 3 by tlio con-
ly the record j 10 was a good re referred to, tir Grit, has a lineage, being
; of Clear Grit 1, and closes a
are scattered oniising. Tho lendid gait in 3 way of going. Ld travel wide
are blood-like ved themselves are just what londent affirms progeny being Dlear Grit had
»arlance amoTiff lade to it. A 3 no marvel or
mammalia, pro-
In substance
irrect knowledge
essentia' to tiie
-l,c f.„al„-„hich remain, TterUe wUw"? *' " °°""" '" °°"'"'=' "'"' "'« »«- » "
ni.'ti'i'iEe'-.rd^s 11;: z::.i"S;: :k ""■• " ^f ".«"■«». ^'y-s in <iin-ore„t
.t„„„i„„u,„, a,u,iti„„ of°.i;t^;:";roir„fYhrz«°""'''''°'''°" °" """'""^ '"•
, -arn,..! t„ the ovum • anJth, .™™ ''y/'i''^' quality .t .« bci:,,vKl IJ.at tlie ,emen
t.ietask: or, in ovipar us animaJM t H IT, 7.™^ "^ ^^« "o'^it'i- take upon themselves obtained The ovur s^arS dow hv fl''"^ '?'" ^^^^ ""'• '''*'^''"'^' *'""^1 '•' ^^ ^^^ fixmithoovary tothVuterus -mdZV^^f^^ contractile power of the fallopian tube* semen. ^ ' ^'^""' '^ ^""^^ "°<^ ^'^'l^ire automatic particles like the
o^u>:i:^:^i^^:cisr:i^^ with the
cti// of tl.H Intf,..- TTr.0 fi tnc «;;«;/« ee« of tho former is absorbed into the oerm
atl«.-l„ ,1 itself to the ,vall, of the X„," fem ^w hll? i, 'V"'"' ""'i' "° '°''"J"' '«» me„t l,y the i„te,ve„tion of the xS« attem .-,. ataorb, ita nourish-
theaS:mi'r„:v?;;?St^:j?;:r^^^^
in the ovary, like a tooth in iH t'olliVI« n„,i * • *'""Pv an orgiujxed Ijudy. growing
s.raota'e.''"*' '"" °''«'°""-' '" *" ■>""- »^ "" ■""■»■"» - P«'t oi twf naturai
fanoit' is'^CtTf bertTbliXu "'"' ''"""f"' "' " «"'*'" "S"' ">"" "'» 8«»-'- of .extal U,":rj;r''°'" °' '»"'" '" "" *" '"""''''■ "?«■■ "»'' '"-*"«» ">^.ren<lently
m:i:,.ipr:yL'.l'ra?t?tu'Lr;:;i:sir„''= '° -"''-' '■■ "- '""-
l«n"n, J ,"'°1™<l'"P'"lf.»=«»':<l'n8ly, an,l in tho ],„n,an species, the eontaet of tho •ioi..»ke,u,s,.|teoriecll, understood at this point 1 wish to illustmle the anatomy
36
HORSE BREEDING.
of the parts by comparing the female organs to a fort, surrounded on all sides, so as to he iuipregiiable or entcrable only tlirough one sninll opening, gateway, or passage, and den.sely filled inside with eggs or ovp,. On the outside of this fort or parade ground or vaijina you will in iniagin..tion place a numerous company of spermatozoa." The immediate function of the spermatozoa is to wiggle or press" themselves throu"h the small opening, gateway, or os lUeri, to meet the ova within the fort or fa ndis iiteri° The succes.sfu! self-propulsion of one spermatozoon up to and through the cervix or gatow.nv, and its permeating contact with an ovum produces fecundation, and a new beiii'^ results. ^
The impressive, generative or sperm power of a sire is made no of a variety of numerous individual separations, or parts or si)ern!ules, each having an independ.Mit mission of its own. aiideacii possessing u renewal power delegatctl to it from its anc(>st(ns, conveyed U> and impressed upon it by a line of hcr'^ility of untold precc.-dnig genera'ioiis ■ a mission of its own, that conhnes it to a truthful reproduction of its ancestry in transmit- ting the ^ instincts, the liabitp, the customs, tlie psychical and plivsicni propeitii's, propcnsiHes, constituents and abihties, not o*' a combined effort of its ancestry, but each isolated spermule, representing and reproducing the sympathies ])roclivities and idiosyncracies of 'ts individual ancestor for countless preceding /^(eiHiratioiis. The same formula of expression applied to the female germ cell, or ovum, (.r egg. is indicative of the mission and potency of the dam m her allotted department in propagating the si)eeie.s.
In the genu cell air' sperm cell, I have explained to your (.-'omiiiission, nature's means to an end, "but there is % prin^'iple acting by the aid of the sul)stance which holds it, .ind an influe ^ce froin the parentage is transuiiited, then and Miere, but how and what the nature of tlu t tiansmis-sioi, or impression is, stiinipiiig is it were the new being so indelibly with the character of its .ancestry, sometimes with their idiosyncracies, '"vith their faiiuiy feature., in short, or those features, etc , belonging to the individual— these are matters about which we know nothing whatever "
By rejection, elimination, and seliition, it is within the power :f mon to purify and bring to a given degree of oneness, and similarity, the germ cell and the sperm cell of the animal economy. By elimination for many previous generations, the thoroughbred runner has been brought to his present high form and oneness of power .n his sperm proclivi- ties, until it is a matter of certainty that -os contact with the germ cell of equal like potency, purified in the dam in as many previous generations, will result in the reproduc- tion of a progeny with habits, customs and instinccs, so exact as to be computed with accuracy as to its psychical (pronounced sigh-kick-el, dwelling on the sigh) or physical power.
PREFERENTIAL AFFINITY.
You will be fully prepared now to un ""erstand my definition of the ter When the progeny of a given ancestry, say a son and daughter of Messenger, a atcd into two branches, diverging from each other for five or six, or even ten n-eneration s and the sperm cells and the germ cells of the two radiating lines after this sqjaration for a series of years, ara brought in contact by coi. ion— although in the numerous company of the germ and sperm cells there may be only a few that have retained and preser\e(l a direct lineage from tiio tirst given ancestry- their kindred cellg have a preferential affinity or desire for each other, and unite, to the exclusion of all lUier cens,"gcncMitiug in piis- tine force a reproduction of the first given anc stry, producing in action or power, a result not observable in the five or six intermediate generations, and only taken notice of l>ecause of its superiority to its immediate ancestors, an instance of success, a " hit." It is neither marvellous, mysterious nor miraculous, but simply philosophical and physiolo'^ioal.
My attention, in the first part of this delivery, was in a great measure applied to the origination of the Park Horse, endeavouring to show how he could be best produced by the utilization of the elements contained in l.'anada, aiming to inliltrale lluough the whole discourse the principles of breeding, and explaining logically upon what physiological basis the.se principles rested. In the consideration of these primordial tenet.s, I was necessarily drawn into the poking clement, in the explanation of which the psychical in contradi^
[Di'. MciUoHut/le.]
m"hit." arc separ-
8th.
5tii
7t]
FINAL ADVICE.
8th
f-Dn McMonaple,]
Thin „uv.>e, thick tail' hr!.^!?'.'^,!!''''', "?'' ^l^'^-^^i «tron».
: hide.
Thin nuv.;: t ick nIT' hr™'?," I"'''^' "'"' l^-*-^^ In shapo. i;,c"?,„,'e'''J;r;'''' I'^'fek tender
S8
HORSE BREEDING,
In coinnionting on tho production of the fast turf trotting performer, Fliave frequently quoted, witliout credit, from a now thinker on tho subject; "My Fathf-r's Son," o niedita' tor wlu) sluints himself clear from the old graded track of preconceived ideas, and boldly nsserts tiie subjoined axiom : — " Early matured trotting habits, and trotting action, at a high rat(! of speed, alono, Iiavo their origin and propagation in the pacing element, of which the most potent is that which uniforndy and continuously coalesces with tho thor- oughbred runner, best (probalily only can be. — McM.) exemplified as shown by Messenger and ills descendants, utilizing for successive) generations with increasing speed-ratio this •onvertilile element, <imal(jamathu) by coition the physical instincts of the new union with M_o speed power of their own progenitors, resulting in a combined transformation of a lateral to a diagonal motion, tho progeny of wliich tlirough the retention of tlie fittest will create a iww ffcniin, from whoso inbred produce tho near future may confidontly anticipate tho new-born, early-maturing, swift-footed thoroughbred trotter."
SUGGKSTION FOR AN ONTAIIIO STOCK REGISTER.
It will bo readily observed by this Counnission, that, to impart confidence in tho mat- ter of blooded stock of any kind a system of registration must bo presented founded on a basis of authority and knowleilge. As J have in this testimony frequently referred to various systems of registration promulgated by as many vario,' of interests, and as Ontario has liitherto never enjoyed any mode of distinct record of all classes of blooded animals, i would request a further privilege to summarize my views in reference to its interests for tho protection, distinction, and recognition of its distinguished stock. For a .series of years 1 ha VI! enjoyed fretjuent conversations withon(3of the most perceptive stock breedtu's in my sei;tion, intuitive in the at)ili(y to comprehend all that tends to mako up a rcpres(Mitati\(' animal, a gentleman who for forty years has made tho subject a les.-ion of private study, and evolved from his knowledge of purchase and improvement, at a yearly handling of not less than a thousand beeves for the English market — a financial success, — a gentleman as projirie- tor of the llysdyk Stock Farm, emphatically tho trotting horse lireeder of the Dominion; E re- fer to one of your Commissioners, J. P. Wiser, M.P. ; I say I have been edified in <liscus- sions witli that gentlemen on breeding and registration ; our minds harmonize cu the subject, and I believe our views are in unison o:i tho following .summary : —
ENL\RaB THE CANADIAN HERD ROOK.
Recognizing fully the freedom of tho citizen, "'tis liberty alono that gives to life its lustre and pcfume," I say breed as you choose. If you desire to breed impurely to mon- grels and to grades, "go in;' but 1 wish to instruct you how to leave a better legacy to as- uority. I would utilize the present Canadian Herd Book, and call for an addition to it (j II sires at present in use in the Dominion, horses, cattU?, sheep a. id swine, stallions, hui s, rams and boars, to be registered at an expense of not more than four dollars for each regis- tration, viz.. two dollars for I'cgistration, and two dcllars for an otHcial recognition l)y a return certificate to the owner of tho stock. I would denominate that a basis for com- mencement. Tho CoHiityy Gfintleinnii of a late date says: "Wtf havi; received Volume Fourth (Parti — Bulls) of the Canadian Short- Horn Herd Jiook, edited by the Secretary of tho Agricultural and Arrs Association of (»ufarlo. It is a volume of r)00 pages, con- taining 2,0r)() pedigrees, which is somewhat more tiiai: its inuncdiate predecessors, and car- ries the total number up to 0,5.') 9. It contains no preface or introductory remarks of any kind, but wo suppose the second pai^t of tho volume, devoted to cows, will soon bo issued sep,arate!y — being the first time it has been found desirable to divide the work in tins way. The execution of the book is in all respects creditable, mechanically, and wo do not doubt tho editorial labour devoted to its contents has been carefully performed."
A BOARD OF CENSORS.
Out of that basis eventually I would originate an Ontario Stock Register, Vol I.— [Dr. McAlonayle.]
s, con-
HORSE BREEDING
Tliat I would have absolutely under the rnnf.«i 't Z =^==--^-^-^--.=-:^
appointed by the authority of tholan.l • °^ i?«n«emen called a board of r^n,„.
Board fromk same aulLTt^." '"^' '^^-^'^^ '' ^« «"«J ^y power Uole^atedt Se rj
DIVISION OF THE KEOISTER.
standard nothing should be a.hn.ff^^ \ I ^PP^"*"^ or non-standard. Undor f,.. ill
STANDARD AND NON-STANDARD.
i^n the appendix under the lir.n,J «c and zneritoriou^ animals ^^^^^Z^^'^'^'^^^^ "-"-nds of well-bred depart„.ent would be intonoe.I for all such^I woul^ ""^ technically standard, Tndth's to this department, unless they are well Velatr^nlr"^
AFFIDAVITS NOT RELIALLE.
^ees^^^rlr t^XXtSr a!^^-;:^- - f davits aecompanyin. pedi. when. . fact. ,t m«^ be a t,s.uo ^f error. ' ^^SZ^^^^^^^-^ ^''^'^' ^'
KNCOURAOEMENT TO TnOROUaHBRED BREEDERS.
f^^'S^lZ^^SZV:^^ s^-.for the produce o.
from taxation, levy, or attacl.m.mt, ^U^ZvoA ^r.Tff ''']'' ^ bv exompIi,r.
ass.res in their immediate section at a C^.J /'^^^ ^""^"^'•-'•^' ^1°'"^' «eS
breeder; and notonly exempt them hus.s.'u^^^^^ the benefit of tho^Cml
but enact that assessors should deduct tlecSvn^K S' P°"" ^^^ *° "^^n thrf bn^d taxable property to their owner in the cl^t' nil ^^ ^^^ ^"'^"-d «f t^e.sors, f rom 1 o and still further to ednoate the mas s ir d .H Y^'^'^'^'^y ^^ ^tud o,- breeding service agricultural societies .r..eivingproXL^„;f;"^^^ '' «'"^"1'I be emfcS hat
p. R. McMONAGLEL
[Dr. McMonagk.]
m
UOllSE BREEDINQ.
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Mil. G. C. TUMLIN'B EVIDENCE. G. C. TuMLiN was called and examined. To the Chairman.— I am an extensive dealer iu horses, and have been in the trade
ior sixteen years.
AMERICAN MARKET FOR DRAUOHX HORSKS.
My business is to bny drauj^lit and general purpose horses — mostly the former. For the chiris of horses in wliich I deal the American market Btauds higher tlian The American draujjlit hm-Res grow too rapidly on the prairies, and, feeding too soft ; while our Canadian horses grow more slowly, and are better
others.
on corn, are
footed and Letter limbed.
CLYDESDALES— THE NORMAN HORSE.
The Clyde is the best horse to cross upon the mares of this country. There is a horse wliich, I think, would cross well with our mares, and that is the Norman horse. Our Cl.vdosdiile breed are getting too iow-headod— they are brccdng back, We had a class of Netlierbys, and Comets, and Wallaces, but they are running out, owing to tlie Americans having bought them up. Our Clydos liave bone enough to cross with the NoiiUiiDS. I have never sent any ! orses to the English market, thougti many which I buy go to Peniisvlviuii.i and Now York, and ultimately find their wsy to England. I am informed that our draught horses here are not large enough for the EngUsb market.
AGE AND DESTINATION OV HORSES.
I am now buying horses of tliree, four, and five years old. They are sent to aiffeieiit counties of Ponusvlvania among the farmers, each farmer taking so many to feed at so much a day. They feed thnm thirty or forty days and then they go to Now York. I don't know any reason why wo should not keep the profit of feeding thorn among our own faimers.'but what I have stated is tlio practice. These horses are fo-- farm and truck use. The farmers of Pennsylvania will feed them forty days at thirty <'.entH a day, besides keeping everything on the farm. Including the duty, commission, and other expenses, H costs about i|10 a head to ta!:o the horses to Pennsvlvtmia. I pay for these horses from $150 to $225, tlie average would be about $175. ' Tlipse horses must be sold in New York for about $250 or $300, by the Penn- .syhania feeders. They feed Hiem much heavier there tlian wo do here— they will feed them up from 1,350 to" 1,500 ibs.
POINTS OF A HORSE— PRICES FOR GOOD HORSES.
The first requisite about these horres is that they should have good feet and legs , they should have a cloai- heud, a bright intelligent eye, a good thick heart, deep chest, broad back, broad b'^t^eeu the front legs, and a good pair of buttocks. We are pretty well run out of well-bred horses at the present time. A first class two-year-old would be worth about $250 at the present time. I deliver them on board the cars for tljo Indiana Breeding Asaociutiou for that figure ; breeding mares for $300, and young stallions for $100. These are mostly Clydesdales, and we could trace the crossinga back. These fillies were good stock— they ran into the Wallaces, the Nonpareils, the Netlierbys, etc. They had to be registered when they went to the United States. We Lad another class of horses but there was no profit in them for us, because the Americans haa so many thomselvea. Dr. Moi\Ionasle ia a yood authority on the
[Mr. Tumlin.]
i^APrL].;.(lREY CART MARE.
^<;-;jA.m'
i1
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w: il
«EL(}IAN DJJAUGUT HOUSE.
i I
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HORSE BREEDING.
41
road or tliorouglibred class of liorses. For well-bred Clydes t] is no difficulty in getting $260 or $800, and the demand is good. I dou't thiuk u demnnd for them m the United States will wear out in tea years. This country is better adHoted than the United States for raising that kind of horses. The hordes of Indiana, Ohio, aud Illinois are apt to be affected in their eyes by being fed too much on corn. J31iud horses «re very rare in Canada, unless such us have become blind by accident.
INFEBIOR STALLIO.NS— THE GENUINE PARK HOr.SE.
The class of stallions which are being used are not so well bred as those of a few years ago. The farmers are importing interior stallions. There has been a tendency toward deterioration, and that is a dmiger to be guarded against. The breeds I men- tioned—the Wallaces, etc.— are capable of breeding right back, and I always try to get crosses from tliem The United States have more road horses and speed horses than they know what to do Avith. If we could get the genuine park horse it would pay us well for export. When I get hold of a horse of that kind I find he will bring as much iu New York as London or Liverpool— good up-standing horses, 13 to IGJ hands high, with good action, with a speed of eight to ten miles an hour, which may be increased to twelve miles an hour if necessary. When I said that the United States market for speed or trotting horses was glutted, I did not mean these at all. Horses of the chiss I speak of would bring $150 to $200, aud if bred in the way I have mentioned would be as l)rofituble as the Clydesdales.
AGE OF BREEDING MARES— GENTLE rVORK WHILE WITH FOAL.
A mare intended for breeding should be put to the horse for the first time when from four to six years of age. II they were large ones I would commence to breed them at four years old. If the mare can be kept from working while she is witli foal so much the better, but it will not hurt her to work moderately— such as plough- ing or light teaming. Anything that will encom-age the full play of the muscles just before foahng is better than idleness. In my experience as a breeder I have found that mares which are completely idle raise about one colt in three, whereas those which work a little hardly miss one. I think there is just about -s little danger in having a horse brought forth in the open air as anywhere else.
NUMBER OF " SERVICES"— DISEASES OF HORSES— DRAUGHTY STABLE3.
It depends a good deal on the constitution and temperament of a stallion whether he fihouM be restricted to h 'lorlaiu number of mares— they vary »n this respect very much. There are not many uorse diseases prevalent in this country, f xcept colds aud distempers. Stable and farm arrangements are not, as a rale, good for horses amenta Jho farmers of the country, especially in regard to ventilation. Generally they put a window right over the horse's head, and when he comes in warm they open L, aud the horse is pretty sure to be sick. They should always be kept out of the dranglit. Somo of the most objectionable blemishes to horses are soft and hard spavins and°" roarin'^." The latter is brought on by colds and influenza, aud sometimes horses breed back to°it You can generally tell whether a horse is suffering from it by giving him a run of 200 yards ; if you run him a longer distance you will not notice it. There are some breeds of which three or four horses out ol every five will suffer from it. There were two breeds which were especially liable to it, but we are neai-ly rid of them now.
IMPORTED CLYDES— COLOUR— FEEDING.
A good many Clydes are being imported, some of them very good. We do not object to white on the hind legs, but we do not like it on the fore feet. Nearly all our largo buyers iu the United States are Jews, and they dou't like a horse wi»h white for©
[^//•. TumHn.'\
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42
HORSE BREEDING.
MB
1*1' I )
feet, or short ribs. If the farmers here were to fit up their horses on their own farms instead of our having to send them to tho United Htates farmers for that purpose, w& could afiford to pay them what we now pay to the Americans; we could perhaps pay $20 or $25 more. These men who feed them up on tho othe" Me feed them pretty much on soft feed and corn, oats, bran, etc. They have no peas or barley. The bran is more used as a laxative than anything else. Oats are about the best food for them. The gain in grinding tiie oats is that the horses are able to feed faster. The horses are kept indoors all the time, except when they go out for exercise. Sometimes the horses are worked all the time they are there. There is one man who has over 500 horses feeding for these New York men. These horses are used for truck work of various kinds. The lager beer business gives a great demand for our horses, owing to its having grown to such dimensions. The proprietors of the breweries will have only the very1)est horses and harness, and the horses are nearly all Ganadian. I would prefer seeing the feeding done by our Canadian farmers than by others.
KUMBERS SHIPPED — SOURCES OP SUPPLY.
Since the Isfc of January I have shipped between 400 and 500 horses. We get the best horses from Markham, ocarboro', Whitby, Pickering, Gwillimbury, Gore of Toronto, and all tlirough that part of the country. We can sell as many as we can collect. The prospects of Canadia.i farmers with regard to horses are good. The supply is falling off; but if farmers would only raise the right kind we can get good prices.
ADVICE TO FARMERS.
I would advisa farmers to keep their good young mares for breeding purposes. Except the small cost of keeping them on the farm, the price they reahze is all profit to tho farmer. The cost of service by imported Clydes runs from $10 to $14. Too many farmers are tempted to use inferior horses on account of the lower price of service. I believe in keeping on breeding from thoroughbreds all the time, i hke a broad flat- boned horse without much hair. When I find a horse with a spavin of any kind, I will not buy him at any price. I don't believe m breeding from m&jres that have such blemishes.
CANADIAN HORSES PREFERRED.
The Americans tried to do the breeding themselves, they brought those soft animals from the prairies, but they could not get along at all, they found they had to go back to the C-i-adian horses. The feet of the latter are better, — they are strong-boned, and they do their work better ; besides, a great many of the western horses die the first year they are brought to the east, they do not become acclimatized as easily as ours. I am a native of the United States. It might be a good thing to have horse fairs started in different places.
GEO. 0. TUJILIN.
MR. J. P. WISER, M.P.'- EYIDEJ^Oa
Mr. Malcolm, Chairman.
J. P. Wiser, Esq., M.P., of Prescott, was called and examined. DEMAND FOR DRAUGHT HORSES.
To the Chairman.— 1 have bred a good many horses. As to the merits of the difTer- ent breeds the Clydesdales are a heavy class of horses, and more suitable for drau 'lib purposes. For roadsters an entirely different stock is required. We cannot raise enou"l>
[Mr. fTtw.J
I
Ite?'-*.:
A^K^yr^f jV>. >«' ;(rf '. - ' , ,
7| ^^^^7.t^'
.■".»! t/\^-l'l// .
CHESTNUT HILL. Recc
JS-«*w^«»
lESTNUT HILL. Record 2:22.
ifc:;
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K
HORSE BREEDING.
general run of our horest^Vr^tdlZelT^: "\ '^'' i^'"^"''^'^" ""^«'- ^^^ »»>« clasa of horses that would no^t be suSp fnr .K I "fu"*' ^"^ ^* ^^^'^ f™°» «« ^^e draught horses would sell weUin Fn.S k / ^^ ^"«'''^ '"'''•'^«* ^^^ «" 0"r best United States. " '"^ England, but not at much higher prices than in the
FOR DRAUOirr HORSES A BETTER DE5IAND IN THE STATES.
count^T/m^f r;et':t^ytf abtr 'T ^"^^* -« -^ --. -^^ -or. The the right .ind of -dster3'r:ouTd^:itll^eno^^^^^^^^^^ " '''^ --*• ^^ - ^
MARKET FOR ROADSTERS — PRICES.
Mont^iltVhrraK %hS; alrsSZe^*- p'^T'^^"^ -" a large nn.bcr in they cannot get better. Some oT these horLar ^""'^"'T ^re using them because ton and th. Eastern States, and the^ sa^to beX u?w *^t '*"^* ^"^^"^^^^ ^* ^o^" for this kmd of stock are small, from Tss o $90 hZ 'f ^°l '^»! P^^'f °««- ^he prices get a great deal more money for tb^m A if o.ul ■ n^ ^"-^ ^'""'' ^0"^« ^« could
USE OF PURE BRED CLYDESDALES.
pose. Of this stock I would strongly adv'fe^he ultJ""^ 'l^f^ '°, '^'"^ ^'' *^^t P"'-- A second cross makes a eood a!nfr;i ''^e use of imported or thorough bred sires
native mares, then I woulf breed to?hefrT'' ^"'''- ^ ""^"^" ^''' ^'^'^ *« our Za pose horse which would not be so much of^ ^'°^ "^^l^' ^""^ '^°"^^ ^'^P^'^* ^ general pur we. bred dams I would at': KdTng in tVa^r; *'' '"* ''^^- ^^«^ ^ ^^^ -r^
HOW TO GET FASTER HORSES.
plan of^reSr^itoulTb^^^^^^^^^ ^'' ^^""^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ -ork, there should be a better andcapable of |roduc7ng ts 1 ke IfTouZfd""' *^otting family strong in pr:p:teney hands high, good for the road, and hea^ enoul^rP''^^-^"" ^'"^ g^* ^ ^orse 15^ or 16 "ot speaking, of course, of heavy work ' ° "^ agricultural work. ^ I am
THE REAL " GENERAL PURPOSE ' HORSE.
be abLToron t ^^Z^S^^:^^ .^P^J-f 7 and such worl. as that, and would If the roads were good. They would not ont 1 P? ^^ "^''^ ^""^'^^^'^ °^il«« an hour command a ready market at good nriie. Tf n' ^'''°? '"^''^ '^"^ '^^^7 would always
boroughbreds with the Clydef as the Svde sTno f "°* t ^''' ^"^'^ ^ P^^^PO^e to crosa "lies an hour is about as fast as you shmW. % • nT^, ^r road purposes About six bastily to church, or to the mill, oiCtown vou'i'.J? ^^y'^'f'^^' ' ^^^ if you want to go at least ten or twelve miles an hour FoT s'u^h VZ''' t* ^"^^^^^^^at would be able to go th some well-bred troUing sire, takinXchnativP, ^ ''°"''' breed our native mar^s bv usn,g their progeny a. dam. fur fu ure bree^" ""' '"" ^^t and improve on them
[Jlr. Wiser.
TW
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HORSE BREEDING.
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EFFECTS OF VIOLENT CROSSES.
tt:::'::°-'>^^r.i^^X-X'^i^^''i^^^^' "' «" goodroad*«, agricultural, Jrom them we may not always „ev- and general purpose horses.
UNLIMITED DEMAND IN THE STATES.
^ ,. a..man -We ^e ^ ^^L^^JS^ ^Jh^- ^ ^ J Ixorses, I mean in the TJmted ^ ^tes. Jhe great tr ^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^ jy ^^e
a,au.K. Uo^. ^^^^^^^^^ ^_^^^^ _^ ,^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ „„,„.
theuloof good slalliona o« the <•'»»«"' "'rgiMonagle's evidence in that respect I
desire t»b5ecl. I »o"lf~' ■7'°r;:,^;„f h„rserwhieh we could seU i„^
my ag-e^f'^W^f/^i'jrBritJnaf'r Heavy draught horses would sell m Eug-
States would not sell m Oreat «"■» y ,
land, and drivin" horses about lb nanus ni„
DEMAND FOE STVLISH HIGH STEPPERS.
.„st,,sh, high.steppingho.es ,hedej^^^^^^^ Selt and best horse,, but " t^'^^^f „t'^.'S ,le2 in England at the present t^me
is la unlimited demand for both kinds.
PRICES REALIZED FOR COMMON GRADE HORSES.
Our common grade horses if taken to fjl-j.^XJUk l^C^haT J 1 (^^^^^^^ ^nrk I notice in the Montreal Herald of last weeK or ^^^^ following
Told for the gioL figure of $10,032. or an average of $^6.48 apie^^^ .^ .^^
207 horses sold for $20,000 or '^"^^J'^.S^.^^/J.r The horses to whicl I re er were all L the demand f -om the other side ^l^^^'ll^'^^^^, ^^e prices we can realize but I hmk 8old to the United States market » are a^^ V ^^^^^^ ^j^^ breeding oHiorse*
?f is a pity we cannot raise a better class of ^°^^^^'- \ ^^ ^^ some portions of Canada, tr beKrohtable in the way t^ hav^^^^^^^^^^^ ^,.^^ ,,a i„ ,ome other
though the raising of hotb«» iS DLoumi.io m i- portions of Canada. [Mr. Wiser.]
nOKSE BREEDING.
dale mare sters than are liable I breeding ricultural,
ise o! such ;c get good IS only the
I thorough -
II of them, has been to
lie, and if a I pure raare rith a grade
recommend )f stock you ; respect. T 1 the United
sell in Eng-
le use a very as will buy a only takd the ones. Ad to present time high. There
vays and such lat 116 horses ireek following •oving in price refer were all ze, but I think eding of horses ions of Canada, 1 in some other
PKICES FOR WELL BRED YOUNG STALLIONS.
acerfain^l™
number of young stallions which have been soM [7f ^ioV^'^'' ''"'^ ^ ^''^w of quite a hea^ horaes, and I think they are beinrraTsld L T ^^-^^ '" ^^^^ *Pi«««- ^'hle^o small horses which are being /enerallv nrll^ '^ ., *, P*^'"^ Tt>roM. Eut the rrices for vejy well. Farmers in gex^faS?^^^^^ --try I do no? tE?pav
body keeps an account of what they really do cost. *^'^ ^"^ "^'^ ^°'^ ^^^h .d ncj-
COMPARATIVE COST OF RAISING COLTS .^D STEERS
it wf 'TT *'^. ?^ ^''' I «^-^d put the Si S°f ^^i o^ -ay. I should ^ It was calved untU ic was sold in the fall risiW fhr^° ^ ?]''^'''*''y ^^^^r ^o™ the ^--me «ale p„ce of hi. at that age at $40, W^g a\° Ip^^^^^^^^^ ^^houldput th:
COST OF A
GOOD COLT AT THREE YEARS.
f.™i: t:?i Xt rs *ra tr m'^s'" ^'r?' "«- '- *.* whio^ „„,.
I* .0... pasture wcdd be ,7.50, a/a Ss'btSf^, ot;1^IVo:^ar,J';!s^ """ ^» OBANCES OP FANCT PKICES-QRADE STEERS. That colt should sell for Si 00 "<-i -Retimes you will ^trikeLe ^ ^^^r^^^^ ^^ ^S^cfi^^^ll^S
to tak':''-^; fetlenXtXl^^tdtt h'^'^-'^ ^ ^''^' ^^-* *^o steer I .oaj busxn^ss^between thirty and forty f eC' ''' "^'"'^ '^ ^*^ ^^'^^ ^^e. I have bo.^ iT^S?
ro ]iu wivy ^ T"^ ^°"y years.
-/o Mr. Whttelaw In sDeakin<r ^t +t
nate for foedimr him .ro,-f t '"i.,?^ *'.'« «teer
RISK OF RAISING A COLT AND STEER. ^o the Chair mail. — The rislr «f ^« • • , .
iif
HORSE BREEDING.
li ^1 '
INFERIOR 3TALT-IOX3.
ere ver/ordinar/ They - n-^^y^^^^^^^^^^^^ aJong his neighbo-B J^^
a pretty good colt, raises it for a f alUon a ^^^^^ ^^^ exceptions hut this i»
usual price charged for service is $2 to $-.50 P^^ ^ ^^^^^ ^o a horse which they can get I^K^eSt^^^^^^^^^^^ '^^' - the reason that. e are p.pa-
gat£g such a race of horses as we are.
PLENTY OF GOOD STALLIONS-LOW CHARGES.
This state of things does not arise ^^^^^^J^^^t
stallionrorthe road at ^^^ ^l-^-il^Tho^i '^^ ^^^^° Tstarted
duoe our farmers to raise 5 t.etter cia«« « ^ ^^^^, ,ud so until this year I started lioDS >TOuld realize me $25 or %m tor servi^*' , ., farmers wanted the benefit of it they out w th the idea that I had good ^^^J^/jf J\"^ i Verat $10, and that is the one that I .Tould come to me. I ^^l:^ Jli'^^t^l Jpeakin ' i am happy :o say that the Sl:rar:l£g rSdSr-e interest in the raising of good stoC.
WM. B. SMITH.
r„rt'° He U al»o o. *e W-A^ «--* htdfS ?»d is a .rigl,t chestnut colour.
THE HAMBLETONIAN.
There is another class of sires, ^^^:^ ^^:::!^t:^^ ably better average results but the cost ot Bt^id service ,^^ Hambletonians^ I am a
oensive, say from $30 to $50 a mare by tf;„ff ^°A' „itatively on this subject. A cross of Cder of^hat class of stock -^ can ^peak^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ,,,,,red, stylish, hjgh-
that stock with our average native ^f ^^;,^J°^^'^^P,,,d8 the highest price m the_ market Btcpping, fashionable, handsome horse, th"^* °°™^^";^ ^ t^e use of Hambletonian su-es H?eater result in a breeding sense ^^Jtl^at toudbe Adapted or stud service so as to £ the production of a class of horse ^^l^s that wou a p ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^
Insure 'a certainty of ^-^^^'^^V^jr^^^^^'i^^^^^^^ -^ "^'T' '"" ""'' '
SdS'on tlTe ^o^w^rnr^Sarr-elve or^fourte.. ^.le. an hour.
UTILITY AND f^PEED COMBINED.
1 1 „i . trfit in this way of breeding a hori^e
My experience has been that we «W' «; ' ^' ^£ ^,^ .^me Messenger olemenl,
standing 15| to 16 hands high, and ^ }''^^:' ;^^^J °' a great thing to be desired in
Pouk be easily matched for teams and for sule T' P^^e^ JJ^, ,,^,t ^re well formed and
hi laL oVsLek is thatth.^ arc -^^^I^^^^^^T^.^e this stock is the fact
stron" in all their points. A great incentive to bic ^ ^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ amo,.^
t^-e inawlnle. atrott^g^f^r^a^^ ,, ,, or twelv.
the crosses I am nv-^ np---..!-, -J-L.a.,
or even twenty thousand dollar"
[Mr. Wiser.]
t of t-wenty nks he has- mrfl. The hut this is icj' can get are propa-
ne put good rying to in- ! sarao stal- I started b of it they 3 one that I ;ay that the
sorted mare, i'ith a record n the side of kind of trot- agricultural ^et the Park Itnut colour.
ilar and prob- nuch more ex- ians. I am a, ;. A cross of stylish, high- ,n the market. )letonian sires ervice so as to ^et at once the ,rm work, and
reeding a hone ienger element, ;o bo desired in veil formed and itock is the fact 36, even amoiv.' ten, or twelve',
I t
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1 |
1 ' |
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/ill
HORSE BEEEDING.
THE MESSENGER ELEMENT.
Of this stock Goldsmith's Maid, record 2:14 brought
Dexter, record 2:17^, brought. ' °''* 820,000
Jay Gould, record 2:20|, brought 33,000
Judge Fullerton, record 2:18, br't 30,000
George Wilkes, record 2:22, br't 15,000
Gazelle, record 2:21, br't. . 16,000
E^salind, record 2:2 If, br't....' 10,000
Chas. Blackman, 4 months old, br't 20,000
Prospero, record 2:20, br't. ... 5,000
Dame Trot, record 2:22, br't 25,000
Joe Elliott, no record, br't 10,000
Bruno, record 2:291 br't. ....'.".'.' 10,000
Startle, no record, br't [[ 15,000
Robert Bonner, no record, br't 25,000
Dauntless, no record, br't. . . 16,000
Happy Medium, no record, br't 10,000
Socrates, no record, br't. 24,000
Edward Everett, no record, br't 21,000
Wallkill Chief, no record, br't 20,000
Maud S., record, 2:llf, br't 10,000
Stemway, 2 yr. old, record 2:31i,'and 3 yr." old record Q-^^l ^^ ''l'--- P'°^^ Dick Swjveller, record 2:18, br'^t *' '^^*- • • • 13,000
Trinkett, 4 yr. old, record 2:19? br't 16,000
- .,^ ' 11,000
I paid $10,000 for Rysdyk with no record Tb„<.. , ,
brought such large prices. ll is the t^otLrs of this LmilvlTt ^ 'v'"^ 1 *^^ '"^"J' ''^^' the American turf. As a family they have thJ ZZ ^ ■ ^"^^^ ^'^"^ performers on performers and the greatest numEf heats w^thinT^'.r'^ '^! ^'•'^'''' "-"^^'^^- '-> National Association of Trotting Horse BreedeTs ^^ '^'''"^'''^ ^^^P'^^'^ by the
HOW TO DISCOURAGE MONGREL STALLIONS.
^oJi ^I SSLSS;^ S?3n:^ ^StT ^^'^ - °^ *^ese mongrel in favour of charging a license for registering horses T know" V'""'^^' ^^'^ ^ ^°"W be meet with a great deal of opposition.* I do not know fd 7' ^'775' *^^*^ ^« ^ould the poorer class of the corainuni^v to m.L ^now that it would be entirely fair to think we would have to alloTal'tL ^tlllions t'o be'itiT , ", "^ ^^^'* ^ «*"d book I they should be, to begin with Say that h^sl oVl Z 1 J^'"'' '^T' '^''''''^ ^hat m each case to pay for the expenses of conductr/tL L f I ^" ^ *^'" Government m favour of iuiving u board of censors Zlomt^^frt.r^^^^^'''''' ^^*"^ *^^t I ^ould be grees, and thereafter only allowZ thos./i K f P'^'^'''^ «^ investigatin<. pedi
worthy of registration I would the bv som^ '""'"'''^ '"^ ^^' ^^ud book which were men to keep such horses as would be or L orreSr'atio'";* "t^ '"^ inducement to f cm taxation and also a certain amount of^roneftvfJor.^ r'^'^f '^^'"P^ '^'^ «t°°k '-ak I would apply the same rule for thoro^ughCd buTs or ^ams" ''°^ '^ ^"^^^ ^'^^■
EXEMPTIONS IN TENNESSEE.
In the State of Tennep.see they so further anr? «„f i
rom execution but I do not think we ar prepared toJlV'^'Tu ^''°™ ^^^^"^'^ but
though personally I might agree to such an ^JZZlt^\': t.^' 'I' P'-^^^nt moment,
•-/ =..cmpt ou «Ueep of certain improved breeds "from taLnr'"'" f'''' °^ '^^ U»i«°
[Mr. Wiser.] ""^ taxation and execution for the
47
HORSE BREEDING.
p„^„,e „e i„d.„i„s «. in.t™,„e.o„ j^o the -tL-tt^lllTSlwuM ^ offer for the purpose of raising the graae oi our u great benetit.
PUBLIC OPINION NOT YET BIPE.
I think the country is prepared to ^^o^t^.o^yZ^lir YS^^ ^^^^'^ not altogether so far as chargmg a Vense fee for^^^^^^^ .^ ^^^^^ ^^
fee pers°onally, bat not on general P^-^^'P'^/v ^^^ner of every stallion pay a fee of at accepted yet I would be m ^^^^^^^l^^l^Zl'^^tvod^^^ ^"^^ ^°'
desirable result.
AGE FOR BREEDING MARES.
A, a gene™, thing I think it wouW be he^» " -- "^^rwe treJatS^^ p„ea .houhl be liept from the horse nntil she "^» f°" ^^ "hers A good <leal >«oulJ Je-
r/orhoJttiTh^isrteryrir^^^^^^^
any other age.
EFFECT OF THE FIRST CONCEPTION.
Q. Would it injure a mare that you intei^d ^^^^^^^^^^^S^^^ C^, first to a Clydesdale] ^ Yes; mos dec^^^^^^^^^^^^^ S a c ain kind of horses. And and they derive a certam type f.^m the ^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^ ,,,,a .x-
this I think would affect at least ^S^lXeeZvT^no: it to be a fact. For instance I plain this on scientific principles f °"g^ j^' ^'^^^^^^ to my Hambletonian horse, the
would not take one of my mares ^^f ,\7. ^^^ and put h^r to a Clydes-
Royal George or any oJ^^J ho-.se. or^^^^^^^ "irth fatfe/riould nof expect a very good
^L"7::^i?s«9^
possible. MANAGEMENT OF MARES AND COLTS.
I think the milk of a mare when she is h.ated is inj^^^ think a mare should be sweated when she - -^'l^^Sjf ^^f ,, ^',,^5 up to the tim. of it should not be enough to heat *\«^'"^-. . f £,,tnrwork without injury. The col ; foaling, lay up a week and ^j-f^^^^t earlier iLm^^^^^ -t give milk enough t. should be weaned at five souths od ^^ earlier i ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^
keen it well. In weaning I think the best coursi, is ^^o ^^"^ jj ^ ,,.,^>^t to rai.se
Sopen stalls putting three or t'o-^^f ^^^e^iu appropna^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^
them w'ell. you should give thorn V^^^^^f^^^^^^ ^^2?;,! ^f corn put in their food is a day, ground oats occasionallv . as iney y^.y "I'^i
^"""^ COMMON MISTAKES AS TO TREATMENT OF COLTS.
There is no greater mistake that our f-m.rs have fallen ii^^^^^^^^^^^^ raisin, colts. T^y takethem from the n-et-n thorn into^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^^,^ the Btmw stack, giving them a iitdc n^y perhaps, .a!.o..i.i^, ..
[Mr. Wiser.]
HORSE BREEDING.
4&
«^e gh 500 pounds, whereat i" you raL'h[^T t ' "' '' ^"""^ '""'^ "^^ oneyearoW at' high and weigh about 900 pounds It La "! ^'T', ^*^ ^'' ^'" ^^ ^-^ o^ 15 hands
ITl *° ^ r'^l'- ^' '^ ^^'T seldom that a coltC T^'f '^ i *" '"PP^«^ ^'^'^^ «-*« are en but they relish a change of food lZ,l}l- ^ f, """^ °^ °^*« ''^ *heir natural state not think n,uch of th^em. Some givlcdttan H tT°*^ occasionally, though fdo they have plenty of oats. ^ ^°^^^ ^'^°' ^"* ^ do not think it islnuch tood if
FEEDING THE FIRST WINTER.
=at tJe^LltwTr'at leasffou^r quarts T1 ^^^-^S^'O"* the first winter. Tlioy should at night. When they get a litde older thevS' ^ t^' *^° ^"^'''^ ^^ ^^^ laornin. and twa •should have all the hay they can eat but^hev"; ^^^n'^ '?"P^^ '^^ ^""t^ -^ "oon T hly never get good horses by breeding colt^i the n??? T \''"^ "? '" «*^"«- You will into the barn-yard or sheds in th^e coirwiSer 11^.^'°""^^ ^"''"'"g t^e"^ ou
first winter at all. Thev need nil Ih weather. I wou d not tie Zn colts fhl
them The longer you cISp a Lt SmT4l'f^ T.^f' ^"^ '' ^« unliSral fot' of all. If horses were always kept in ^om; boxes"^Tr *^' 'jf "'"' *'"' '* ^^'""^ be best easily, and roll over when they wished but of n? ^^.f .^°"ld rest better move around them such boxes. ^ '"''"''' ^""^ °^ course it is not always practicable to give
ENTIRE HORSES TO BE RESTRICTED.
Entire horses should be restnVfn^ +„ l ■
to put a high bred horse to mo" tC 5? orTo L" ^^^^Z '^ ''''''■ ^ -0"'d not want
It I'l. '''Vr\ "' »"^^-» them too many'w'ould S 2^'^' '^"''^"^ ""'s'^* --e Per' foal, and it would also be injurious to the horsr Old tJ Ir!"''""""' ^°"ld not get in one year, and I never heard but that th7nnUr ^ambletonian covered 205 mare*
nmny. Next year he did not stand for anf^ did not get e'
hack all right^ I think after that that hTs'ier"^ VI?: rat T^T^'^ ^"J"'-^^ but can J
THOROUGHBREDS AND RECOGNIZED FAMILIES.
Stud^;l; b--Sn1rX^^r;:?L-^^^ find r ,^ ,,^
race ot horses sprang the Hunters. ThrthorChbrer ^*^o^""^'^'I'>"•ed., Out ot^his ning prrposes. Our trotting stock whileTZ^ ■ ^''e principally intended for run- ported Messenger-has been^redokTSLtckaV.T"'*^ ^'•°"' •"■ th<"-ougLbred!-Tm- d.an Pacers Pilots, Columbuses, CopperbottoL ir f ' here-Royal Georges. Cant recognized families in themselve , biK , strfcTlv tJoVn Tk I'^'^T ^''^ Warriors-aU tion to generation, and produced a disti t tvnp If ) ^^ I"'^- ^^^^^^^ from genera- as distinct as the Clydes^dales. only the" ate^t ^^^0^^^.'^^^"^^^^^ ^''''^^
REGISTRATION OF STALLIONS. To Mr. McMillan. — I don't tli.-nt u ■ .
price of service. The Iicensinrsystem\ ItTrXr."' -'^^"^^"^ "''"'^ --ease the but I think a system of registration, such a that n ^^'^ *" '"'"" P*^*« "^ ^^e country breeds from the country. I break d my eo,t at 1^1^"^' ^T"^''^"" eHniinate poor' 1 1.7 can do a good deal of work. The heavy dmulf IT^A ^"^ ^' '^'^^ ^^^rs old their living at about the same ago. ^ °^'* *"*^ ^^^ thoroughbred crosses earn
GENERAL PURPOSE HOUSES—COLTS.
m\
bO
HORSE BREEDING.
II-
right kind of male, it does not matter whether the mare has a pedigree o^ ^o*"; J;^^/o" bred the right kind of horse to our 16 hands mares, and kept on till about the second or third treueration you would get the English coach or park horse we want. I think colta lull be m^of d'oors during the day. I don't think they should be tied even at night, nor until they begin to work them ; they want to be halter broke, but not tied.
PEDIGREES — A BOARD OF CENSORS.
To Mr Evrm.—ThG duty of a board of censors would b.< to pass upon the pedigrees of all horse;, to decide whether they were correct or worthy of a place in *!>« stud book In the United States the book corresponding to the one I propose is called the Irottmg E^Ser it is not, strictly speaking, a stud book, which is only for thoroughbreds ; but fhfhorses egister'ed in it\re conSdered to be of good lineage, and of g-J trotting family because any horse that is passed by the board of censors and allowed to be entered in that book is re<^arded as having a good pedigree. Ther. may be mistakes but they are oLtSfieJ The book I propose would stan^ the same relation to horses as tlie Herd Book does to cattle.
THE BREEDING ASSOCIATION.
I am a member of the Breeders' Association of the United States. Each jear we ivxve races for which horses bred by the members of this association or horses bred from f^o staSs of the association, are eligible. In the annual trials of ^P-^, the -t fee ranches from $250 down to $50, and any horse whose owners are d. reus to compete
or h se sikS may be entered. These trials produce a riyalry among , -, ^r-^'l-J -„^ by means of them we find which are our best horses, and those most capable f enduimg^ \Ctake these horses and breed from them, and the result is that -;. -^^^'^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ fhP verv best stock of the time. There are also stallion races and colt races held by tins Issoci^ion ThTs iociation is more particularly for trotting horses, but from our tro - SXrsesoriginatethevery class of horses we want-road and farm horses that can
rSel twelyeliils an hourL the road as easily as our common horses now traye Isjx and can do our farm work as well, and out of which we could hope to breed eventually park and coach horses, and casually a fast and very valuable trotter.
ANNUAfc EXHIBITIONS OF TROTTING HORSES.
To Mr Drvden.-! beUeve it would be for the benefit of this country to have an i^nnnal exhibition of this kind. It would stimulate breeders and farmers to bring out Zvery^St horses to compete in these trials of speed. It would be undoubtedly one of the best things that could happen to benefit the horse breeders of this country.
THE STUD BOOK.
To Mr Dwnond.-The stud book I propose I should not regard so much a register of thS^ughbfed horses as one of horses of a recognized character. The association to wlS reir adS Canadians and Canadian horses, and it would, of course be cheaper rortnadfan\rtders to join that association and give ^^ ^ ^ont-ental^^^^^^^^^^ Amprican character, than to have a separate organization of their own. ihere is no aouot tlTt the knoSge that our horses were registered in a book recognized on the other side onhriLrruld induce a more active demand and better price for our horses among Unted Stares buyers. For the right kind of horses for export to the English market I think we could obtain $250 or $300.
A CANADIAN REGISTER NEEDED. To Mr. Gibson.— I want a trotting register of our own in Canada, but I would found [Mr. Wiser.]
If you econd or ink colta at night,
pedigrees ud book. Trotting reds ; but [ trotting )e entered t they are B8 as the
year we bred from entrance 0 compete jders, and enduring, ling from ild by this our trot- that can ;ravel six, Bventually
) have an bring out edly one of
a re^ster )ciation to be cheaper sr than an is no doubt 3 other side 'ses among . market I
rould found
HORSE BREEDING.
...... ^^ 6Z
for trotting hor,™, and anfthoTfo/tToJha','' ""Zt t'TTT '"' °'>-''»«°' ™«
^ U.e A„ea»n Trotting Hegi^terf^-^n^-^J^tr^rrM L^Srilli-tS
The SnoRTHORN Model.
demarss^f p^^i^^^^^^^ ::z'^:t:s:^ ^^ -T' '- -'- *^ ™- ^^^
Shorthorn. There is no other class worth talkfnr«T^ f IT^^^ *° ^^' thoroughbred
the Poled Angus and the Durham to com»trfor fl.L ff ^^^'■'"'' '" P"''^ ^^'^een no doubt the Poll.'d An^us is mnoh rlli, ^ t^ , *^® difference m weight. There is the Shorthorn Durham fs the tWnf '"''^ '" ^"S'^"'^ ' but for the demLd generluy!
DKcxxK OK XHK U.XTKo St.xks .xn R,s. OP .HK Br.xrsH D.U..
^^^ti^s^^j^^ In Bo^Yhf:^ 'r/' ^ r ^^^^^"^ ^ -^ 10
;H cents a pound now, while fo? the Enau2 LIJT ^''* "'^"^^ ^''^ ^^o^t^^ only 5 or :ve weight for them here, and sh p th^m' at a profit ' "h^:"r'" ^'^ ' ^^'^^^ ^ P°--<^' this year. Suppose we had to ship these cattle tofL TT^> .t'^P''" ^'" '""^'''S money duty on them, and then sell thorn twf of r ?*^® ^'"'^^'^^^ates, and pay 20 per cent left. But when the Amertan'rrl'e TaHed To Enir'' T 7°"^' "'^' ^^^ -> ^''^-^ advantage of the cattle growers and farmSf cLa£ °'^'^'' '"'^^'"^ ^"' ^'^ ^''« great
TuE Polled Axgus Worthy of Experiment.
becau" \rerXrbtg If tttt^^^^^^ S^f *^? ^^^I^^.^-^- - an experiment, animal of this class weighs Iboutl 200 nounr^T,! *^'' ^."'"^^"^^ ^ good shipping good cuts and roasts could be go ^om tC B utToT ""'11'^ "'^d con^pact, so that verf mode of shipping, as it costs as much to sTin fn « T *^V"^' *^'"^ ^'^ '''' ««««* ^n the 1.800 pounds, consequently you .^:^^;^:iT:^:S^^^^^:^^
Too Many Poor Cattle.
Atlantic to pay. I afireewith Mr. Gitaoion Ita 7ntl ""' """"' *«
Prizes at ' ows.
lroreLtDrn::i7Llt^aliK;^^^^^^^^^ '- *» en-rage.en. o,
wliat class of cattle is the best for meat and nJlk nnli 7 T^\ ^^ "^ ^^^^^^ *« consider ilnglish market, and for these purp^^ thet LX^riit't^^ n "*. "'" ''^' ^^^* ^^ *^- waste of time to pay attention to anything else. ^ '' ^" ■^^°'- ^ ^^^^^ it is a
DuRHAMs Good IVFilkers.
cows^/r'L^' otruir clrro^.^^^^^^^^^^ good milkers. IJust keep a few
them for twenty years to good tl^o^olth^la Zwl^^^^^^^ ^ ^.-^ bred
[Mr. Wiser.] obtained cows giving me
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23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. )4580
(716) 872-4S03
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52
HORSE BREEDING,
from forty to sixty-five pounds of milk a day That, I think, iaas much as has been got from Ayrshires or any other cows. I tliink a thoroughbred Durham bull crossed on our native cows will produce very good milkers, and by continuing to bribed in that way, you will soon eliminate the common gra(i<^s, and arrive at nothing but first-class stock. I would not pretend to go and select a b dl that would produce good milkers, but I think, with a little attention, the best nnlking type could pretty soon be discovered.
Farm Management.
As I have a farm and endeavour to keep it in a high state of cultivation, it might be considered oroper that I should give this CotTnnis.=;ion my mode of working a farm. In one particular 1 shall be pleased to do this and it cannot help but be useful to show how an excessive amount of manure leads to tlie most abundant crops.
The Rysdyk Stock Farm.
T have a distillery and fatten annually over a thousand beeves, and have an excess o? manure to spread on tlie land yearly. In the spring of 1868 I bought the first concession of the farm that I have since turned into a breeding establishment for the produce of Ham- bletorJan horses, the Rysdvk Stosk .Faim It is situated on the River St. Lawrence, about 110 rods, or a third of a mile, from the town of Prescott, and about directly opposite the city of Ogdensburg, in the State of New York. It contains nearly 600 acres^ and in front is crossed by the main i-oad running fi'om P.re3Cott to Brockville. On the eastern side is a nine mile road.
Barts and Stabling.
On it I have two horse oaras ; oua is a new brick Ijuildlng, and the other is built of atone. The brick barn faces the River St. Lawrence. The oliject in view in having it face in this way was to have benefit from the sun in winter, and to break oft' the winds from the north. It is 100 x 4-1 feet. There is a wing at either end running southward, each of which is 50 x 16, and the two wings enclose a court facing ttie sun which aftbrds warmth for the young stock. About one-third of this space is covered with a continuous shed. Each of these L's or winga is divided into four separate box stalls, with doors facing court- wards, and with windows to the west and east. The main body of the building is divided into stalls, and contains an office, harness room, six box stalls, and .sixteen open stalls. The six of the^box stalls are .1 x 10, the open stalls are seven ff>et wide. The drive way through the bavu h eighteen feet wide. There is an elevator running up through the centre oi the building, 'j he hay is kept up stairs in the loft This barn is made of brick manufactured on the farm oi Mr. 1^. Wavd, Th3 barn Avas erected at an expense of about $6,000.
PiCKKTr ov Gooo "SVateb Indispensable.
I am very particular that stock should have plenty of water, and, to have it handy, iad a well dug fifty Jeet deep in the court or southern side, and auotiier one at the west end of the main building. The latter Avell is 100 feet deep, and both are sunk through the solid rouiC. The cost of boring in my section is about $1.50 a foot.
Care of Stallions.
I demand extra caution in caring for the stallions on the farm, and especially so when teasing mares. In furtherance of this object I have had at each barn an appropriate oestrum made. The mare is enclosed in a small oestrum stall, and separated from the horse by a height of three feet and a half of movable planking, arranged so that it can be adjusted and removed at pleasure, and just sullioiently high to prevent the mare from kicking the stallion. This insures perfect safety to the male stock in ascertaining the -i-ares oeatrual heat.
[ifr, Wwr.]
HORSE BREEDING.
Tkmperatube of the Brick Barw. There Is no fire kept in this barn exppnf- in th^ -.«; i.
.evertholoss, with the thern^ometer at th r'y Lrees t?;™ Ht occasionally ;
.cnown to be a particle of ice on any water stS^nf ," . /^\ ' .*''*"'^ ^"'^ "•^^^'" ^^en chills. I think stock in this countryfand In this chI/; * ,' ^u".' 'f ^^'' '' "^^^^ «^«» the water won't chill, in other wordj that stock shoulrf^'n-^^" ^'P* "^ '^^^'^ ^here should have ourselves. I think one half the -nt-n ^^^ ->"'* ^' '"'^'^^ ^^''"^th as we this building than double the quantity iuld"^™^^ ''''^ ^\^'«"- <=ondition in
wh.sthng through. I think curryinc^ grTomin J!n5 S« r '^'' °' "^^^'^ *^" ^^^^s were oats a day. Although this is a ifekCn if is stral. i'"''j T !*1"^' *° ^°"^ ^^^^t^ of lumber^ There is a 'vacuum left betweeHh liSn! aSth^ti'jl T^' "^*^ ''^'''^'^ half. In my experience a buildin<r built ir^il;! ° ^'}'^}}^ »"ck of about an inch and a fro.st, and most comfortable. The els j^ t one thin. '^ V^' ^'^^ ^"^^uctive of cold and ceedingly hot day in summer, it is The coolest ° °^ * ''""" ^""^-^" ^'^ «^-
A Stone Barn.
main^Jild'ng I'SxTo wir^r^roS"" ^^^"^^ '°™^'-^^ ^^-^ ^^ » -od-shed The twenty inches thick, andVe str:pE ran^lUd SV^^rif TI'^ f ^ ''^- ^^^^ -^« -« vacuum of an inch and a half. Sis Sjere are et^^ U "r '^''^' ^'*'^ * '''^^^^^
a coal fire in this barn in the winter, but notwTthstf^^^^^^ f>. ' "'"''''^''-^ *" ^««P
not so uniformly warm and comfortlblf is the b^ck btf ^^^^^^^ ^ * ^^^ ^'^' ^" ^*' ^^ ^« in It. This I attribute to the fact that stoL is a conduot.r Jm k ^'J^ .^^«^f-«S: apparatus and especially so where there is a vacuurb^LVertttrll^k a^^d tL^^^^^^^^^ ''"''^''^^'
Interior Fittings.
all the box stalls are so adjusted on moveable tmcks tC^ttv .'.I n l'"'^ ^^^« ^"^'^ *« so a« to occupy as little space as possible. There is a larl . ^ hackwanls and forwards and ventilation, the space being grid-ironed S TronbTs.^'" '^*°' ^" '^' "^''^ ^'' ^^^i^'
The Box Stalls.
f^^^'^or^^^::^^^^^^^^ to have the edges of the upright
his hip bones and injure himself and tha It bfo * ^'IT^ ^'^^ "°^ ^« ^'^ble to stWke the top with his head if he niaKl^V jerk bar^^"''^' ^'^^'^ '' ^''''^' ^'^ striking
No RAcrs.
«tockTs an '^rl::tZrol':j^^^^^^^ \- ahayloft down. The
as possible. My method of feeding gra n has alwav?brrn ''"\ ^'P' ^':°'" *^^"^ ^« ™"'>I» one corner of the stall, adjusted about tbr^fflf- -T °''^ ""^ "'' ^''O" l^«x placed in made with such an ed.; on'theTnslSras wi prferra hor''%'"" ''''■ ^''''- t£> box t scattering them over the floor. With such iW Tonoil ^'"''•"/f '^""S out his oats and possible to throw oats out of the box in elthi "''"'"' ""'"^'^ ^^^''' ^^ ^ "tterly im-
Protection Against Mares Kicking.
usinglreon^^i^yLEitVl^^^ 7 ^'-.-*'' the intention oi
[Mr. Wuer.] ° ""^^ ^^'^'^"^'^ ^'^^ couples, and for that
54
HORSE BREEDING.
purpose I adjust a leather arrangement similar to a collar around the neck of the mare, and run two straps between her fore legs, buckling one to either hind p.nkle, and while this simple arrangement does not injure the mare in the slightest regard, it perfectly secures har from kicking, so that it ia not possible for her to injure the stallion.
Breeding Arrangements.
In connection with this barn I have the cestrum on the outside. I find that I have to be particular in order to make it certain that mares get in t'oal, to watch them closely from the seventh to the ninth day after foaling, and unless they are served with the horse at least two or three times between the seventh and ninth day after foaling, I find that it is not certain that they v. ill get in foal again. As a rule mar^ t suckling colts through the summer are not so liable to get in foal as wh --n tliey .xre not givinfr milk, and unless properly watched and attended to between the seventh and ninth day after foaling are liable to become barren. Mares under my care are tried regularly every week. I recommend that in serving a mare by a stallion these requisites should be observed to ensure celerity and cleanliness. When it is found that the mare is in her oestrual heat, plait the hairs of her tail firmly and compactly so as to occupy as little loose space as possible. At once after coition have the groom, who should have a bucket of tepid water and sponge in readiness, wash the male organs thoroughly and efliciently, and dry them well with appro- priate toweling.
On the north-eastern end of the stone bam is a covered enclosure 18x20, arranged to have plenty of air and free ventilation, which serves as a place to turn any of the stallions out in stormy weather to get exercise. Opening from this shed is a large door, three feet from the ground, directly connected with the onstrum before spoken of. This insures per- fect safety for the stallion, and tua mare cannot be injured even if she is not in heat
Exercise for Youko Colts.
My custom is to give young colts exercise when they are not in training, and for this purpose I have a number of paddocks made, inclosed with board fences 5| feet high, con- nected continuously with each other and the main drive ways, with gates. My custom has been in the fore part of the day when the sun is not excessively hot in the summer to turn my two and three year olds out there for exercise. In the heat of the day I put them up, and in the evening turn them out again, and when the nights are not severe I
leave them out all night.
Pasturb in Suhhbb.
There is a portion of the time during the summer that I do not feed the animals not in training any grain. While the grass is good and succulent I don't approve of feedinjf them oats. There is a good well contiguous to the stone bam which affords abundance of water. I refer to this again to be expressive in my determination to have abundance of fresh wholesome water for my stock,
Blaoksmithing on the Farh.
I find it a great source of profit to me where I have so many horses on my farm, and BO many work horses to attend to, to do my own shooing. I have a blacksmith shop on the farm and do all my own shoeing. If a shoe falls off it can be readily replaced at a very little expense, and for this purpose T have my own private blacksmith who works in the shop at necessary times, and at other times looks after my colts and broodmares.
Beneficial Effects of Manure.
To show to what an extent an excessive amount of manure will benefit land I have four small fields adjoining my paddocks that in the aggregate foot up twenty-eight acres [Mr. Wiser.]
once
Six Toss or H*v to a» Acre.
iiad the ground accurately measured by a suTveyor "' "'""^^ "^^^^^
iMPOKiANCE OF SUADE TreES.
tr^V™''"'^ '"^ «^'- ^^'^ of t, Li'W i™^,:^P--"- «-t they do' n^I-alwayt
goW to t^v^r'"''"* ^^P'^^^^"'^^ ^^'^ tJ- Jake tir/^ *" *C^ ^^"^'^^ ^^««*"-t fn
feoing to try them another sprint as T nm lo.)T i v ^ ^^^'"^^ chestnut £;row T nm
P^eected u„«, ,he t..e is of. cSS.'^lt tJ 'v*™ tl""" ■""■"»■' "^ P^eHy
A BiaCK-YAUD.
. cov^y t™tr'i:™L::f:.K'^^ .^.ocK-..^,,., .,„ „,hi„ o„eh„„d.ed ,e.t of ,J ?.,!..r"' ."«'"° ""■ninK H.ron..|, ,l„, f„ '"Ir'"; I-™ren»e nrer,
below that is a very da ' '" * ^''r'^' ^ "^'^^ ^•"'- '"^uufacturinUed brick T '' r^T
5^ y ..s practically inexhaustible. 1 ,71 /.; a ""'' *," '^ '^"^'^'^^ion that the „«
ill
J//-. II
<AV7
•J
56
HORSE BREEDING.
!•■:
A JJaiCK Machine.
*' I use a macliine manufactured by Joseph Close, of Woodstock, Ont., whioli is capable of turning out twelve thousand bricks n day of ten hours. The day is lirst put into the machine, and the horse do&s the pressing and hauling the moulds out, and then the bricks are piled into tlie hecks for the purpose of drying, and left there for about ten days, and from the heck they are hauled into the kiln. They are generally burned four days and five nights. I use wood of all kinds for fuel. The capacity of the yard is sufficiently large to make a million of bricks a year. I generally run from about seven to eight hundred thousand bricks a year. The quality of clay is tirst class and cannot be surpassed any- where. The clay requires to be drawn out in winter and frozen. This is done so as to pulverize it." Baeides being a brick maker Mr. Ward is a master builder and has been since 1850, and says, " brick made thi.s way has lasting qualities and is equal to any brick that has ever been manufactured. There is just one process in making brick, the only difference being mos*ly in the machinery used. There is no difference in manufac- turing except in the pressing. If the unburnt bricks get web they are spoiled and fit for
nothing."
The Brick-yaud.
Mr. Ward does not approve of a brick-yard being altogether covered. He is of the opinion that the sun must necessarily shine upon the brick in the process of drying ; and tiie proper way to make brick is to give them all the wind and sun you can, simply cover- ing the heck with enough boards to protect the brick from the rain. He never saw but one brick-yard that was completely covered up and that was a failure.
Cost of Buicks.
He says, " I cannot supply red bricks here at less than $5 per thousand. The white bricks which are manufactured under the pressing process, have been sold readily at $14 per thousand, but a good white brick can be manufactured and sold for $8 per
fliousand."
Advice as to Brick Buildinos.
A word in regard to how brick should be used in building. He says: — "T-akea three-storv building, the wall in the first story should be 16 inches, the second story should be"made 14 inches, and the top story 9 inches thick." Thinking the Commission would be pleased with something relating to clays, and soil for brick making, I purposely sent for Mr.*\Vard to explain as abovo and liad a stenographer take down his ideas, even the expressions used by Mr. Ward.
Crops op Oats.
The only gi-ain I had this last year was a forty-acre field. I had this field manured three years ago, and thus enriched tiiat'season's crop of grass, but I only cut 2^ tons to the a^re off it. which was so light that 1 broke it up and successively raised twr crops of oats on the same ground. This field the first year yielded 2,244 bushels of oats cif the green sward. Last fall it was ploughed over three times, cultivated, dragged, and plcaglied a^in. This spring I had it ploughed, rultivated and dragged again, and sowed witii oats, and seeded down" I had a yield this year of 74^ bushels to the acre, and a little over four tons of sti-aw to the acre, arrived at, not by approximation, but by actual measurement and weighing. This forty acre field is a light, sandy loam, faces the north, and has a slight declivity f«r drainage towards the gien aud rivulet that diagonally cross the front con- oeBsion.
Operation op Manure.
I have reflected in this manner as to this field : the distillery manure, although spread excessively thick on it, was fresh and act well rotted and fermented, which 1 think
Wiser,]
s'Ui
is capable it into the the bricks t iemlays, four days uflicieiitly it hundred issed any- 3 done 80 ;r and has ual to any brick, the manufac- md fit for
e is of the ^'ing ; and iply cover- jr saw but
md. The readily at )r $8 per
-"Take a :ond story ommission purposely deas, oven
ured three to the acre of oats on con sward. Iiin. This and seeded mr tons of iment and IS a slight front con-
5, although ich 1 think
HOESE BREEDING.
07
Abramoement op the Fields— Fences.
My farm, which contains about 600 acrec, r„„„ v„ i
concessK)n. two miles and a half The firtt .n^J • ^^^^^arly to the end of the second
of ptddocks and board fenced The n«^? concession ts divided in the centre by a systern
eet We from the rear toX glen so as o Si? VT'^^i ^'^ '^' ^''' side^w^th a t"
hem to the pasture. In conntti^^wTth these Ld?\'* ?^r"''^ ^-^ ^^*«^' a^d return
for the trial of mares, with the ^mTcarefuaSn^'/ ^'l' ''"^^^^^ oestrum made
described I am very particular aCt mTfen es r^ S'™ ^""r "^ ^ ^^^' ^^^re
to prevent any possibility of the stock eStin^out Ir J.J ^^'^.- "^^^^ °^ ^^^^^^nt height
are 5i, and Ae rail fences 6 fe.t ^ ^Thelorm ra^f'" ^'""^^ ^ ^^« ^'^'^ ^'^^^
caps. The caps on which the rider rests are sT a^r'f'i r '! ^'^ "^^^^ °^ °^^^ ^^'h iron
strikes from separating. "^ ^° arranged as to pi^vent the perpendicular
Stone Fences— GATEa
-noetsLt^^^^^^^^^ '^liiaz%:::fe l7::::tii'^ °^ *^^ ^^^^-- °^ ^^« -«
•set m the ground, and the stone is buil up To the oost tT ^TT. ^''''' '^^'^ ^^« ?««*« bottom, and tapering gradually to three feet wide Ht^ *° i* V^"-^ ^"«* ^°^°«« ^^ the I nail on the upright posts ^aiow boLs anla fnn ^^^' ^"'^ ^'^'^ *h« «t«»es upward other stone fence is 2 J iZ^Tite^t^^AT^Z^^^^^^ The
<^n re posts, boards, and likewise Sapped on to^^ at the bottom and 3 at the top, with P^^t^^^tsofmyfarmlamopposertotheoWfLin "^^ into the different com-
use ordinaiy gates, attached to posts fiSy^^uS^^^^^^ b*^«- I invariably
locks, staples and haspa ^ '°'° *^° ground and fastened with pad-
Saltino Stock— Water Supply.
ti™ J ^t^ rvur;!! SaVe" iiSt::;? s ? r r^^^v^^^.^ ^--^^^*« -^ at an
a week that a sufficient supply of saltTi.nf ^ ul *?"^^' '''"'^ * '"^'^ *« see to it once stream running diagonall/a^cJoss the farm ^*S uti, >Tv.^^"- '^^''' ^' ^ never-failing «uall ravine, which makes a pond thatTalwavs wS r' '^f '' ^ '^""^ ^^^^^^ a^^'o^s a eet deep, in which the stock ^n go and s^nd andl/nl f"^'\ T' ^"*«''' ^'^ ^' ««-«" s fifteen or twenty rods lon<. and aboTi^ Sv f . • J "^'r^,'"'^ """^ themselves. The pond n^.Mt to run outafid over ufe T^t fisf II it u^s t d o^^t" ^^'^^^^^^'^ ^^ ^^
Division of Stock.
rr^^^'^^'^i^^^X;:^:!^^ fieldsaccordingtothelr .
or two-year olds, one for fillies, and one f o 'mare hrT' °"' ^°'" *^« g^^^'^S^' «"« ' 1 iiere is one field alongside the nine-Se road XVt ^1 ''""^.'^ ™^ ^*^"^°"^ *« b« bred, running water, it not being pracSl^o make ^t« T ^ZF^'^'''^'' ^^hi^b is deficient in that held I have a weU 26 feet deen wWW -u^^ ^''°'^ *^*' ^^^'^ 'o the rivulet. In IJ regularly pumped into large troShI J h3a^ '' ^^'''- ^ ^ate
it. Sometimes this is used in the spr n<. of the vo.7f " f '".*' P'^' ^^ ^^'^^^ ^^^'^ ^ g«t *« necsary p.K.oc, and safety o^tr^tiial ItlXtet: ^^^^^^ '^' ' ^^^« *^- *-
.umw
58
HORSE BREEDING.
Impkovement of Land.
When I purchased this farm it was 30 impoverishea that it did not produce anythini^ in comparison to its present yield. By the manure which has been put on tlio farm the '26 acres previously spoken of, would produce more than the original farm which was 333 acres, but has since been added to, until I have what is now enclosed.
!«!
Blue Grass.
I have a glen lot, as we call it, that has run into blue grass, that is just about asgootJ a field of blue grass as is to be found anywhere. It will compare favourably with the bku; grass of Bourbon County, Kentucky. Within the last year I have been twice to Kentucky and looked over the blue grass there, and I am satisfied that my fields can produce as good blue grass an they can there. I would say that, aa a general thing, our land here is too dry for blue grass. A dry season has a tendency to kill it out. My experience is that where there is an excessive amount of manure used, the drought does not have the same effect. I get good grass off this farm in dry seasons, when farms that are poorly manured yielil poor crops. I never fail now in obtaining good crops.
Burning the Stumps — Weeds.
There is one thing that farmers very much overdo, and that is setting fire to stumps in pasture fields. I would never burn stumps off my farm, but let them rot in the pastures, as the debris enriches the earth. In the meadows they have to be taken out of course. You ask if I am troubled with weeds on my farm, and if so, can I eradicate them, and how 1 When I purchased the farm it had been neglected very much in that particular. I commenced a thorough work of elimination, and when the Canada thistle and white daisy, or bull's eye, made their appearance I had men detailed on purpose to dig them up by the roots and carry them off and destroy them. This proved a work of great labour at first,, but yearly it became less and less, and I have but few now, comparatively none at all. When a few do appear I follow the same plan. I can s&y I have by this means got them eradicated. I can make no headway against the mustard nuisance. The buttercup or mustard has beaten my avery effort.
Can we Compete in Cattle and Horse Raising
Q. Have you come to any conclusion as to whether cattle and horses can be raised and produced cheaper and better in our climate and on our grasses, in comparison with that of a more southern soil and climate, or the contrary ] A. I have given that subject a great deal of attention and thought. When I first began to buy cattle for feeding for beef purposes, I bought in Illinois, Indiana and Ohio, and drove them by easy stages all the way north to the St. Lawrence, I then bought good steers, well developed and thrifty, but they did not take on fat and grow from being stall fed as well as our class of stock. T bought them very cheap compared to what I pay now, but that was many years ago and times have changed greatly since. The markets now are very different. Theu I had the advantage of the United States markets, and there was no British market available to us. I buy now altogether in Ontario.
Quality v. Cheapness.
Upon the whole T think the Western States can raise a three-year-old steer, seemingly fat and fair, cheaper then we can. I think if our farmers would confine their cows to Durham sires they could produce a thirty months' old steer that I would sooner have, and pay much more for, for my purpose, to fued, than those of the same age from the western ranches. They certainly can be raised much cheaper in Texes, Arkansas aud Colorado
[Mr. Wiser.]
HORSE BREEDING.
59
them so cheaply. However, I knot the Ann.! ' ^f^'' 'l"^''^^ ^'"<-' ^^'^nuot raise
market from the wostorn prairies erano, tt '^" >^ clown beef in the British
our beef will always be b'itter hav fh firS^ H S'Zk't""' 'iT °' r^"^^-"' ^^^^
e nisi „aii in maiket, and demand higher tigarea
Freights to Euiiope.
r^^^^t::^:Z:^ZS!:^ « - ^ad more steamship
large protit for breeder, feeder and Trader tIhu T^ ^'^^^to^k, tl ere would be i stoek mostly raised in Canada at present I J tklfT consideration the size of beef ive stock by the ton instead of byTe ''id i wo„ 11 ''^-^"J^^^P <^'>"'Pames would carry Ifirger quantity of beef than we now do Tf '7"''' P^^'l^ge us in exporting a much would enable our farmers to se alalh r 7afjt ^f" "'^^^ '°^^ P^^^^^^' "utt have to spare, even if they sold atLs prtes F .Sl) .'1 ''"^' ^^'^ "^"''^ ^^ ^^'^t they I'e none the less profitable to steam Knes ami llf IT '°."^^ ^« «° ^^^J^^t^d as to ociually as fat but . lighter class of be^v^nf^^^S; tirs^^ ^^^^^^^ P-i-
Advantage for Pkqducixo Horses.
roadster. After weaning, the first winter nf \L V . ° ""^^"^^ ^^'^^ educate a good feoc and care in contact^;ith ^th^^ future lst^^^ him all the time for^lSs
docihty and taraeness The next s x month^nf ^^'^ surroundings tend to his
and pasture, with a temperate atmosph™4^a^^^^^^ ^'T^^™ ^^^ ^^^ best grazing
dnnk Alternating with his freedom in summer tt\?. ^ f ^'t^^' unstenched water fo? ter, the first three years of his life if „n ? u ]^ ,*'°"*^^* with his keeper in win- and free from vice. Our tilr Lll^^lf^tl^nTfcetar > '? do-^e.^raTtatJ:. to harness and labour, and give him hi, fir«f ] and ice make it a pleasure to break him himself. My life-long expeSnce Is ten thTr "''^ ^""^ ^'''^' ^^^'^^^^ *^d exertfon t^ custom in Ontario. m°ake more dodle less SSois h!%"'''r'^ T^ ^^°"S^* "P '^^ i« ou? -uore valuable animals than those rear'ed in aTutLL^Hmatr'"' ""^ ^"'''^^^^^^' ^'^'^
J. P. WISER.
Sittings to take oral evidence h^Irl of t i t , i^ GxBscx (Chairman), ^y.Zl'u:li:L'l:'H:'^^^^^^^^ ''''' Present-Messrs.
MAJOR JOHN PETERS' EVIDE.^CE. Majok Jonx Pkteus, of London, was called and examined.
CARIUAGK OR I3L00D HORSES-PRESEXT JDEMiXD
or good roadsters, weighing 1,000 or tsOOpoalr^i ^^'^de is mostly
colours. They must have good action and style Zt Ju^."""^ ^'''''^' ^^« <^he choice , -uld get a good Irish hunter, over -teen t^r^^ii^^^dTll'ir StLIt"'^'^^'- ' '
THE IRISH HUNTER. It is a horse •weighinjr from 1 lOf) fr> i onr> . , ,„ cross the thoroughbred wfth we I-b ed En-^fish fT ' ^" "'' *''« ^'''«''- hunter, I would sixteen hands high. ^"»'''^' '"^"''*Se mares. The horse should stand
[Major Peters.]
60
HORSE BREEDING.
CARniAQE OR FARM UORflE.
If a good carriage stallion is brod to a Clyde maro, rt produces tho stylo of horso- which wo get here, and comes up to wliat wo want. Such a horse might be called oitlwr a carriage or a farm horse. As to the best pure bred horse to cross with a common mare, for general purposes, I don't know that you would want a pure breed, but a good well bred carriage stallion, or instead of that you might get a blood horse Tho stallion should bo carefully selected according to tho qualities of tho mare. 1 would advise large thorough- bred horses for crossing tho mares wu Iwtve here.
GOVERNMENT INSPECTORS OF STALLIONS — LICENSE TAX.
I don't believe in using mon,<Trels, and I think the Govemmont should appoint some one in each county to look over the stallions that are travelling, and every man who travels a stallion should bo taxed §50 1 think that would remedy the evil. Many un- sound mongrels are led around tho country, and the farmers, many of whom don't know much about breeds, are led into patronizing them on account of thoir cheapnesa.
PROFIT IN HORSE BUERDIKa.
I don't find the raising of colts to be very profitable, as th^y are a bad kind of stock to bo over-stocked with. As to the difTercnce in tho cost of raising a colt and a steer re- spectively up to three years old, it would cost more for the colt, as a steer will eat what a colt will not, but I could not give you the figures accurately.
COST OF FEEDING COLTS — VALUE AT THREE YEARS.
I don't think you could keep a colt over winter for less than $15 to $20, if it were properly fed. Many half starve their colts, under the impression that young animals can live on any thing, and the result is that they never attain their growth. A throe-year old colt, if anyway well formed, or worth looking at at all, should soil for $80 or $100, while the steer would be worth from $40 to $50 At those rates I think it would be more pro- fitable to raise the colt. There is. greater risk in raising horses than cattle.
HORSES OF THE DISTRICT — AGE FOR BREEDINO.
Our horses here are pretty well div'-lcd between Clydcs and carriage horses, in fact you caunot tell tho breed of many of them ; tlioy are just working horses. T would not think of breeding from a mare until she was over three years old, and even that is rather young. While a mare is breeding, or the colt suckling, I think it does her good tc do light teaming, and work of that kind, but after they are so far advanced in foal, they should not work at alL
WEANING AND FEEDING COLTa
We generally take away our colts at six or seven months, and in the winter wo feed them on grain, gi\'ing them a few carrots. At first we let them stay with the mare, as they are likely to learn to eat, while their mothers are eating. But whenever it lj<\gins to eat oats, we take the mare away. I believe in letting colts run iu a loose box, and at no time should they be closed in.
NUMRER OF SERVICESi
I think stallions should be restricted to a certain number of mares. A vigorous horse T would not allow to have more than eighty. But it would depend on whether it was a. sure getter of stock. One that was .sure might take moi'o than eighty.
[Major Peters.'j
J
|
T i |
Jci: Till-; SADDu: and htntixcj-fikld.
HOaSE BREfiEiNa
01
onossraa with TuonoranBnEDs.
EEMAND FOB SADDLE HOKSES.
«?n "hu ^°"'^* ^« i" ^^^«"'- ot having an S o^f Pn 1 • °? ^'' *^" ^'^^'^ ^'^d getting 150, aud that would keep most of then"off7hf road ^^'^•"°^^'^* ""i'^«i"g '^ Hcon^e fee of
THE LICENSE PROPOSITION
r;LSt,;er ir/^^^^^ It's IS' ~^^^^^ it
i'OREIGN DEMAND FOR HORS':':. ^'^Pf^LIZllZ:^^^^^^^ «na the Unieed State, ..a
CARRIAGE HORSES AND ROADSTERS SPEED TO BE GOT ONLY PBOM THOROTTOHBnErs ■
HAMBLETONIANS— HUNTERS.
A SERVICEABLE HORSE. ii%or /'e<e,-,.j ''''' ^'S'l, to cross on the common Canadian
62
HORSE BREEDING.
I ',
i.
S^^'ort win** ^^'^^'^ produce a seryiceable horse, both for speed and strength, and would
GOOD PRICES.
_ I have sold some very valuable horses, bred from thororughbred horses on good car- nage mares. I had a mare got from a cross on the Royal George. I put her, to a thor- oughb'-ed, and I sold the colt for $300. The highest price I ever got for a span of car- nage uorses was $550. Young stock of that class would not sell at all; they must be kept to a cerKMn age. If a person was breeding a certain class of horsea and got up his name for them, it would pay him well to have an annual sale.
STOCK OF HORSES DEGENERATING.
I think our farm horses have been degenerating the last two or three years, for the reason that good stock has been going out. People from other countries have been coming m and buynig our best horses. The sires at present are not to good as those we had ei«^ht or ten years ago. *>
FRESH BLOOD WANTED.
People seem to be importing inferior animals. I have not imported any stalliona lately. I strongly advise the importation of fresh blood from the old county. The blood stallions w§ have had lately are not heavy enough.
, «« J'' '^^ 6Vtair»i«n.— I don't think there will be any difficulty in getting horses weiehin<T 1,200 pounds. = => so
A WANT IN THE STATES.
To Mr. Dyrmnd. -There is a demand both in Canada and the United States for liirht handsome nding horses. They sell for $150 to $1G0, or if extra good, $200. The price of the horse depends a good deal on the fancy of the buyer, but I have given the averaee of the market. °
To Mr. Dyrmnd.— We have no good breed of ponies in this country, and I dor't think any attention has been paid to developing such an animal. There is not much de- mand for them, and I don't think it would pay to breed many of them. Twenty years ago we used to have some very nice ponies of our own, but there was no market for them. I could not suggest any means of getting a good breed of ponies, unless by breed- ing a }^rench stallion with the small Indian ponies. I don't think the crossing of th^se smai pomes upon small trotting horses would produee a good breed.
JOHN PETERS.
[Major Peters was also examined respecting cattle raising and feeding. His evidence on those subjects will be found elsewhere.]
Sitting to take oral evidence, h^ld at Walkerville, County of Essex, July 26th, 1880 Prese/it— Messrs. Francis Malcolm (Chairman), and A. H. Dymond.
MR. HIRAM WALKER'S EVIDENCE.
Mr. Walker having given his evidence respecting cattle feeding and shippinff in answer to Mr. Dymond said : —
We (firm of H. Walker &, Sons) have bred horses of various kinds, particularly roadsters and general purpose horses.
[Mr, Walker.]
HORSE BREEDING.
4
THE ROYAL GEORaE.
to raS roSrs^'°''' ^ " ^°°' '^"^ *° ^"^^^ - ^ — «- -"e well selected, in order
THE SUFFOLK PUNCH,
havel^tSr^Sfd^anS''^^'"^^' *'^ '"^^^'^ punch on a common mare. We
^1
IMPORTATION OF PERCHERONS.
mares^'wetl^ontfa^U:^
vv« gave on tins side ^d.OOO for tae stallion and |1,000 apiece for the mares.
ROMULUS. Romulus was foaled April 23rd, 1873 He wnt 0nf h^ +!,» /t? i,x n
HIS PRIZES. ..r,^ ,-?fv7°" *^® ^'*'* P"^f ^'i^ S°^<* '"^'^^1 a* *^« Universal Exposition of Paris in 187R
PERCHERON MARES AND COLTS.
Oozeua ro.pao«vol,. J„„„ L/d, hut ilL^Zl Zi Slo^!™ "a^bo'jnh^'oSr '
DISTINGUISHING POINTS IN THE PERCHERON.
waJrtlnMtXv^^ ^-- q«-J^ action, is a fast
The nmjority are gre7but £' the ot I bo^Uf f good tempered, and has great endurance, some bays. ^ ^' ^"""^ht from, there were several black horses and
GENERAL PURPOSE HORSES— FEEDING QUALITIES.
the same condition. "orses eat to keep them m
POSSIBLE IMPROVEMENT OP CLYDES.
peroh.„„ „o.e weighing MOO i:^^^^^^^'^^;!^':!:;^"^' ^
liil
Qi
HOESE BREEDING.
GOOD CARRIAQB HORSES.
A properly selected, large, well developed, light, common mare, ccoased by a Percheron horse, should give a good carriage horse I think the Percheron colts will be equal to any imported horses. We hare n large number of mares in foul by Rouiulus.
INDIAN CORN GROWING.
We grow a large quantity of Indian corn. When we take the fodder into account, th® crop 13 profitable, Essex and Kent cannot be beat for corn. We use the corn for dis- tillery purposes. We have got 60 to 70 bushels of shelled corn per acre.
HIRAM WALKER.
ik
iir _^^i**i"g *o take oral evidence, held at Sea£orth,'August 12th« 1880. Pme«<— Messrs. McMillan (Chairman) and Dymom). o "♦ ^^la.
MR. GEORGE A. HOUGHTON'S EVIDENCE. Geo. a. Houghton, of Se&forth was called and eiammed.
To Mr. Dymorui.—! am a large dealer in horses ; about 200 horses a year have passea tnrou;i;li my hands during the last twenty yearg.
MARKET FOR HORSES,
I generally buy aa a commission agent ; my market has generally been in Bbston I have also bought for the New York and PennsylTania markets ; I buy all classes of horses- -both heavy draught horses and light general purpose horses ; the former are re- quired chiefly m the city, and the ktter for the farm, for light waggons, and for street cara
SOURCES OP SUPPLY— ] KMAND.
I buy from the farmers for about twenty-five miles around Seafor*h. The demand for horses is increwfing, but there have been bo many taken from this neighbourhood that the supply is getting short.
PREFERENCE FOR CANADIAN HORSES — PRICES.
Canadian horses are preferred in New York and Boston to,hor«es from the Western States, and command from $25 to $60 a head mqre. For ordinary horses I have been paying from $90 to $100, and for good Clyde horses from $125 to $200. I consider Clyde horses more profitable for farmers to raise than any others, as they are ablfe to work when they are two years or two years and a half old. The reason Canadian horses are preferred to Western American hoi-ses is that they are not fed up s« high and will wear better. Western horses are fattened on corn like so many pigg, and it injures them. Canadian horses will thrive, w^ile Western horses go backwards.
USE OF GOOD STALLIONS.
In all cases I think farmers should use thoroughbred stallions, and as good mares aa they can get. In this district there are none but the best class of stallions used, aa the farmers are learning that it pays th^m best.
[Mr. Houghton.]
HORSE BREEDING.
EXPORTING YOUNG HORSES BAD ECONOMY.
the^T^aXit SLZ wo 7.y%tV:rL'''' ^* '^^r ^- - ^-- ^^ get sylvania to be fed for a year or two bv%),f "^ ^ i ^"^ •*'P"'^ ^"^^^^ »re sent to PeSn- jondition they are sent rthT.lTLt'^ I thiS t ZidTav f "5 ''^^ '^''^ «°* -^'^ °-^ horses here and take good care of them \nTl^ul^ ^^^ °"'' ^a™ers to feed up their the Dutc-hmen. I thSxk the nuLSi o'f hL. *^«°\ direct to the markot rather than to creasing ^^ ''^°»^' °^ ^o^^^ raised in this part of the country is in
IMPORTED CLYDES. THE PERCHERONS.
Oljde. „., little l.gh'S, i, the t,on"Lt::itZ^Z^T " "'"^ ' °"^'' '"'"' '= "»
HORSES FOR GREAT BRITAIN.
the ^z^. ?ta^:L^'xt'°;^^ r^/'citoot °'^r'i« '- -«-
market, and I was trying to get good r^adstPr\«^^ ^?^ ^°"®'' ^®'' *^« ^^^ country year or two, but ther^ wis a f^^S thTdfmLd i\a^^^^^ "*^ "^^ g^^'^ ^"^ ^
the horses required for the old coLtrv I coMnfi'n.v«i f ? T f"^ '""^ *^« ^"^^^io^ of p.rt of the oountiy. ai^ tha heavier *e W^s^^r ^g^^'th^^^^^^^^^^^^^ '^^ ^ - this
LARGE SHIPMENTS— INCREASED DEMAND.
Febl^y'Sst'^'SeT^^ W Seaforth since
t^k there will be a demand for all tl^el^^drci^l trst^r^LL^^ '
GEORGE A. HOUGHTON.
^. I'.'i^sS.^.tXrl'nra^^^^^^^ «th, 1880. P..e«.-Messra.
MR. T. C. PATTESON'S EVIDENCE. Mr. Thos. C. Patteson was called, and gave evidence as follows :- EARLY EXPERIENCE— LIFE I/)NG STUDY.
Engipd,t;f?hrl7LXft^^^^^^ neighbourhoods iu
breeding, and have visited nearly ev^Tv brSLeltH^h"?' ^^'^-'^'^^^S, and horse- ance there. I have made a life-long s7udy o? t£ ho^J ^-^^^'Course of import-
HORSE BIEEDING-SHIPMBNTS TO EUROPE. 6
II
71
06
HORSE BREEDING.
if ',,1 I?
rii
ynarshave had a farm of over 500 acres, on which I have bred, experimentally every kuKl of horses, except trotters. I have sent to Scotland and E^Ja half a Sn oo7 .si^junents of horses selected in this country by myself, each time tr| nrtrmeet the wanS of buyers there as I heard them expressed on previous visits. I anf cfnverlnt with the character of the horses raised in Ontario, and the supply to be found here hav^rtrav elled the country from Belleville to Stratford, in search of animals fit for exporl^
COMPARATIVE VALUE OF DIFFERENT BREEDS. Mr. Wiaer.— What are the comparative merits and value of the difiTerent breeds of
TOO PROMISCUOUS USB OF CLYDES.
A..y^^' f'^'^f"-— I.s"PPoseI may answer that question conversationally, instead of dealing categorically with each head. I think the tendency of horse-breeders in Canada at the present ime is to use Clyde, or heavy draught stallions too proSuously that IS not only with big heavy mares, but upon small light mares as well. °'"''°"°''''y' *^^*
THE CLYDES AS DRAUGHT HORSES.
nnr.^!o^^K ^"T n'" ^f^'^^^^^l^S^'^ t^^t we have, is unquestionably the Clyde, as nearly pure as can be got. By draught horses I understand you to mean such as arJ suitable for
maSe^'""' '"'" ""^ ^'''''^'''' ""^-"""^ ^"^ '"''^y^' °' ^^ed for taSg about
THE AGRICULTURAL HORSE.
The animal for agricultural purposes should not be so heavy as the Clydesdale and the^fore should not be of that breed. If he is by a Clydesdale^out of a small S ^^e
horTe sVould t bTe'dTn t?at P^^S^^y-^ - - i"-haped mongrel. CoTsequenSj n^ oZTJ Au i *^^\^*y- He should, in my opinion, be two-thirds light ordinary
Cleveland bay or thoroughbred blood, and one-third heavy. You never see moie thaJ two horses ploughing in Canada, or teaming. We use lighter horses a id ll^hlr irnnt ments than ia the Old Country. Farmers want horses ablf to worTLd tVlfavel aS
THE ROADSTER CLASS.
As to roadsters, the American trotting stock, and some Canadian families which have been preserved, will produce all that is wanted, and we have that now in the Hambleton lan, Royal Georges and Tippoos. This class can safely be left to its own merits and ^ assisted progress, particularly as the habits of the people tend very mudi to7ts ^fZ tion. Every man who has a little spare money likes to have a fast r^oadster, and I can le^ a great tendency to improvement in this class of horses, and some in riding horses as sucir more attention being paic' to them by "Young Canada" than formerly. '"^ ''*'''^' *' '"""»
THE HORSE FOR ENGLAND A CHANCE HORSE.
The horse for export to England is at present produced entirely by accident bein^ ^ralt'^r J ^"'Y^^f^'^^'f^- He is of a different mould altogether LrfSrso gen^
Sn "^and out'of vth tV" ''" r™*''^ ' ''' ^'''' '^''' '^^^^^^ ^^^ich I have sent to Eng- land, and out of wnich I have made most money— getting guineas where I oai.l .lolhrH
have been horses upon which the farmer or b^eedlr set%Lparath-ely Htt^^ val^^^^^^^^^
which they regarded as being worth much less than some straight-shouldered croibred
[Mr. Fatteaon.] '
ince.
HORSE BREEDING.
07
"£.:^?* ='*"»• " • ••■«"/. -d, and o.te„";;;~3nirr^irriroTr
A RIDE-AND-DIIIVIS HORSE.
been gSt^^J'alCotrbShor^^^^^^^^^ ^'tf T' '' f*™-»' t-ms, and have
partlyof coach blood ° An En Sh dLw wm ^ '"'""^'"''^ mare, partly of trotting and horse, with the qualities of a goofhuntor aboutT ^'" T'' '"""^^ ^'' «" " "de-and drive" of just such a class. * ^^'^ ^''°"' ^^"^' *'^d many of our farmers' horses are
POINTS OF THE HORSE WANTED.
Vo^^fs':ltl^otl^^^^^^ '^. He should weigh about 1.100
small grth about six feet, the UdLcyt giSleW toT ""^^"- J 5-3 being classed as be short in the back, with very oblique shonS!!)^, '^^P'^ ™ther than width : should planted well under him; oi s. loTcoZr^^^Z' o^^^^^^ ''' *^"' ^''^'^ ^^8^
«ix years old, and of course sound, and free f^oi^^^^^^^^ ^^f^ing^ ; not more thai
would be worth 120 or 130 guineas and 7«;?,S t v^"*'^ *" ^''^^^^ up to 14 stone «130 Of course there arenot m^nrhorsTslf tW^.^'7^ ^[^^'^"'^ ^'^^ '^^ $^20 o^ ^tandard I have indicated, and such L^^'S.T,^:^^^^^^^^^^^^^ -- ^P *« ^^^
WHERE TO FIND SUCH HORSES.
tricts^'^^f^e S:;:;Jven7e:l:' a^^^LtS 7t '°"^' ^"'^ ^^ -*« *^- ^is- substance, with good bone, flat legf anTtwo good endsTl r^'^'^ u 1!^°" °^ ^^^^ ^^^« ^"^ there some horses of the class I have desSed C I !5 u*"" '^'^'" '""'^ ''"^ ^^^ characteristics in the progeny would come ffom the,! J i •i^^.V'^^'*' *°<* thoroughbred English coach-horse, andhalf^oadster with no acta ' ^^t *^' "^^'^ ^^'''^^' ^^7 ^^^i horse or the Clyde, would give addSonll weight .^^ '"''^ ^^''°'^' '""'^ "^ *^^* of the cart are plentiful throughout the countrj! ^«'Sbt-carrying power, and mares of this kind
PREPOTENCY OF THE STALLION.
tr.n s'^KTrsTir^Ti^tLi'i: *;i;rn:r^ '- -r-" «* a„d .p. ^
an excellent nicer. High Driceahf™ ^f^ I* '^ """^ "V^^^^^t that he should have been turned out utterly valuefess in the stud ''" ''''^ ^"'"^ ''' S''^' ^ace-horses. who ha":
A SUGGESTION TO AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES.
inc,trftoTdrtoX^^^^^^^^
improving the breed of horses in Canadr " f ev wouW Hf •^'■"'^ ''^^^^^< ^^^ -^^-^^ '' for wards elevating the standard of our £;«« JudZ.H fr^ ^ """f* ^"^^^^^^ ^^ep to- fast horse in favour of one of better bS with no° record ^^^^'^^^^^^^S ^ notoriiusly
THE HORSE USED MUST BE PURE BRED.
nuittfrTLtThTbV": %':S.t:^^%':;f T^'' ^ °^ ''' ^-^ ^'^-'"^^ly pure, no thoroughbred ;,«. -o^w"^ A^o' re^rof noV^aln^'^^ ^P^''^" '^ "^^ ^"
mere matter of chance what he produces A he ^^Zt r,' ^'''^"'^ P^'^P^*'^' I* ^^ * cold strain as the warm one. Ilis bad blood is in fn^r ' S'? to "throw back" to the l)ase blood than to rectify it. ' '" ^'^'*' n^ore likely to " nick" with the mare's
[Mr. VaUeson.\
I
■di
68
HORSE BREEDING.
i' : I
I
THE CLEVELAND BAYS.
To Mr. Dymo7id.— There are not many Cleveland Bay stallions in the country. A. few— perhaps not pure-bred— were exhibited both at Hamilton and Toronto at the late fairs. Those at the Toronto exhibition were shown by a farmer named, I think Somer- ville. There are no native pure-bred Cleveland Bays; in fact, I am not aware that there are any pure-bred mares of this class in the country at all Mr. Abbott, of Montreal, im- ported two pure-bred mares, but I know of no others.
IMPORTATION OF CLEVELAND BAYS DESIRABLE.
I should welcome the importation of Cleveland bay mares for the improvement of our carriage stock, but the most we can hope for is the stallion. The Cleveland stallion comes from the district in England indicated by his name, and a good prize-taking speci- men can be got there for $1,000.
THE LONDON CARRIAGE HORSE.
Bred to large bay mares, 16 J hands high— the more nearly resembling himself the better — he would produce liondou carriage horses tor certain.
PRIZES FOR f!ARRU«E STALLIONS.
In my opinion it cannot be too strongly impressed upon judges at exhibitions that the prizes in the carriage stallion class should, when ponsible, go to pure-bred imported Clevelands. At the Toronto Exhibition — 1 do not know who the judges were— the first prize for carriage stallions went to a very fine chestnut horse wiir was preferred by th& judges to the Cleveland Bays exhibited. He was, no doubt, a good horse, but he had no distinctive breeding ; he was of Royal George descent, valuable for general purposes, and would get roadster and trotting horses, perhaps, but he was not of the right colour to ijet horses for the English market. A pair of horses such as he would get could not be sold for much more than half the price that a pair sired by a good English coach horse would bring.
POINTS REQUIRED IN ENGLAND.
To sell in England, a horse must have a good forehand, and a good butt-end, and with the characteristics I have already sketched, mere speed is not much value in a dealer's eyes. If he has a stern on him such as the Royal Georges usually carry, I should say tliat he will, in that respect, quite come up to the mark.
CROSSING ROYAL GEORGES ON HAMBLETONIANS.
To Mr. Wiser.— By breeding a Royal G«orge mare to a Hambletonian sire you shorten the legs, you thicken both erds, and altogether you produce about the best type of road horse which can be raised in this or any other country.
DIFFICULTIES TO BU; ALLOWED FOR.
It must be borne in mind, however, when speaking of scientific breeding, that we have to deal with a scattered farming community, the members of which cannot be ex- pected to act on any settled principle, or in concert with one another. There are no large breeding establishments in the country conducted on the joint-stock plan, where experi- ments can be carried into execution, and where difierent principles can be tested. Each man consults his own wiiim, or more likely, his own pocket or convenience. Rather than
[Mr. Patt^eon.}
^- y^
;( '
and
I
i
HORSE BREEDING.
j.uni!taToTThefirst°Ztn\tr ^'^her fee. he will ,.ot unnaturally
blarney, u« no doubt the trouS and Sk LtndL. "^'^ ^'' ',° ^°^"« ^' ^"^"""^ -«" ^^^ from home are not mconsiderable a"endant upon sending a mare some distance
Joint-Stock Breeding Estai.lishments.
couJd improve ^rloktitSt iLu^'Z tS ' '*''' °' ^'^IT "^^^^^^ *^« ^^^mcr breeding ja,,^ in, say four or five dXL^f '''^T .''^"^'' ^^ ^ establish largo
conducte.1 as joint-stock concerns, Pos' iSfaSjhv't^ r '^' •=°""*'7- '^^^«« «°"'^l ^«
, possi Diy assisted by the Government or Electoral Society.
PitOQREss IN House-Breeding in France.
'rji^^^^^^^^^ while%:rvl"f "^^ ^" England, their breeds
tan bo found anywhere. The chanr?n Z.l\ i\' ^® ^^"^« '" ^•"'^"ce are as good as
The Proposal to License Stallions
efore allowing h,n» to travel, would he advisS hi ^*° ^' ,"P *° ^ ^'^^^^^^ ^t'-^ndard
" *'^ ^^"^*^^ ^'^*-^«' -d only Partilllyrttrntre^^^^^^^^^^ '^ °^--^ ^^^^
Mongrel Travelling Stallions.
mon/rtJtSntt^^^^^^ be placed upon the travelling of
wilh^thatT' """'f '" *h«^Coved^tbLltTf ihf ""-'"^^but I am af^raid wiunna that their i)9ijjbours w}ir> K,.«£i J""oment ot the owners of marfo 'ri,«
"aturalJy follow their ex^mpl 'Vam afSrt'lf ^ "^^'""» --« -«":; and wS ".eans of bettering our present system. ' '''^" ^^^^ '"^ ''^y "?<>" t^s ^ the o^y
A Steady Improvement Going Ov
GovEE»„ENT TO Ekoooraob, LociL EwoBm [J/r. i'.MteM,,] '"' ^ """"™" ""■'"""nd them: -"""-'" »'""'■ ^-O"™-
70
HORSE BREEDING.
'#
Phizes TunowN Away.
The Agricultural and Arts Association have not Lecn very f .rtunate in their oiJorts, and, in fact, I regard the prizes tluit \u\vo been offered and given in the thorough) )rpti claas as so many hundred dollars thrown away every year. I think, however, tkat in our local Agricultural Societies we have at hand the machinery required to meet tlw ncws-si- ties of the case, and I do not know, if we were to take advantage of it, that we sl-ould not secure the end better than in any other way If each society— say of our electoral divisions— were to buy and place at the service of fanners three good stallions of the Clydesdale, coach, and thoroughbred classes, and only approved mares were allowed their services, the aummum bonum would be arrived at at onco, and the waste of money now given as prizes by the Provincial Society might be stopped. This waste is in th€ classes for mares, colts and fillies. The stallion prize might be increased. J. have myself taken prizes witli very inferior young animals.
No Increase in Tuououghbred Mares.
I should like it to be known that there are no more thoroughbred mares in this coun- try now than there were twenty odd years ago. I suppose I have imported more thoroughbred mares than any other man now in this country, and I havo found it neces- sary to sell nearly every one outside of it to the United States. I have even sent two bred here to Scotland. The reason for this is, that there is little encouragement to breed such horses here. Few men of leisure ride, and the thoroughbred is not meant for harnes-s.
No Encouragem-'nt to Breeding Thoroughbreds.
Breeding thoroughbreds can only be made to pay by competition for prizes on the turf, and the turf has become so demoralized in Canada, that unless the old adage holds stood when things are at the worst they mend," it may as well be abolished as pool-sell- ing has been. There is no market for thoroughbreds in Canada,
No Race Horses op First-class Record in Canada.
We have never produced a race-horse in Canada, that has been at all first-class. One mare, indeed we have in Toronto at present-Lady D'Arcy— who has taken second-class honours on the American turf, but there are no others worth mentioning. I f.m speakinsr of race-horses, not trotters. f b
The Pool Bill — Its Effects.
It is my opinion that without horse-racing, we shall never improve the breed of horses m Canada, and since the passing of the present Pool Bill the pursuits of the turf have come almost to a stand-still. Without wagei ing you cannot get together a crowd of people to see a race, without gate money from th.> crowd you cannot pay the stakes, and without the stakes -'•o;- -"1 :.ot get the brtedinf;. '
Its Suspension Urged.
The full operation of the pool law has not yet been felt, 'tid I would very stronMv recommend that it be suspended for two years, associations beii given to understand that they were on trial, and must keep down abuses, or suffer well-merited extinction.
ft
Racing in New York State.
It is only a few years ago that racing in the State of New York was as demoralized [Mr. Patteson.]
HORSE BREEDING.
Xict^^Sre^Xta'Z • ISS^J^I^ ^'^ -"l'^ ^«-* -d C^ood^vood iu the or jockey, be implicated. The present sSS ITXt^""^ "^ '™."''' ^^'''^'' ^^^^^' * ainer assocmtions, and the collusion of other^ tL ^ ^^'"^ '" ^"« *° *'»« timi.lity of some «port.n,g matters, and respectable pZ^^eLowev'Tn? f''' °^ ^''^^' ^'^ ''' '^^ ^e^^Z I .speak as a breeder and «ports,,,an enti'relv bZ t °* "P""*' '*'•« "^''^'d to touch pitch }t as my convictioa that we sha hav3 nS'ri? ^^ ^ """ "" 8^'"^'«'- '»y««lf. and /dve 'ong as the present pool law rcmainsYu LrSJ ""P'^^^'"'^"* '^ our breed of horsesf sa
Exportation of Owes Cutleo.
theh^:X^C^^ need only to point to
EnLT' fV"' ^^"^ ''«••«' -'^d finairsX7, X%,00"' *^« «*^^-day. His owner England and sold to the French Government W ^ ' """^ ''*' ^''« *^en taken to
record and consequently possessed no value in t^^ evTs'of'"''"'?''}.' ''°"^' ^"' ^^J "o discontinued breeding thoroughbreds ; there h no maS f ^fu ^^^ ^^'^- ^ ^^^^ ^y^^^i ^hole thoroughbred cl.ss exhibited at Torol;::; K' tall': bagafelb. ""^' '"^ *^^
Sales of Thorouguuueds-Low Figures.
a grand total of $600, and the others oSthe JmlT . I ^""^ ^ ^^'''^ ^ better horse for
exhibit of thoroughbreds there was 1 hote^^XbX^'h "^ ^
the price of the big white steer. ' ^^"^^ '^^" * race-horse, which had cost
The Stud Horses Wanted.
the c"^^^^^^^^^^^^ in^prove our hor.es, con.dering
them IS to import them. In general the imnnrLi- f »f ^"""tly, the only way to get their corni.. here as race-hors^s, ai d ZyZTZTulJ)"'' ff'"''' has^bee/due'to racing days are over. Vespuciis, WavCrTmeTJ^- r^^""^ Purposes, after their Jack the Barber, Tom Kinib«ll, Cadmu^ Black Jack v"l^ K^""' ?^^*«'^' Si'' Tatton, Harper Durell, and Mohawk, are instences of tW I^^'^^''^.' ^.^^ ^^^^^bald, Viley Tester, Ruric, Tubman, Oysterman, KenS, Skn T^ ' nu^ Helmbold, Judge Curtis Pnnneton, may be cited aJcases o sTrerimpoHed sS'fo.^h''"^^'^^''^^^*' ^^^•^"-. --^ IS no object to be gained by bringing race h^orses here ^Jl'l^'"^- ^° ^"'^S ^' t^ere source ot supply in the highest breeding depTSent be SiedSp ""'''' "'''' '""^ '^'^^
Trotters— Good Roadsters.
arc obta,,,eJ, a„d at l„a,t, occasionaUy.atrtter if b^Ll"?! ''''';?"=''''• S°<"' ""*««" H-ure. I a,p.eh»„a ..at for th. p^,, Ctho^Sbrld^'iC, .1° 'reT"^'
Rysdyk^-The Messexoer Strain.
bred. That is to say, his sire, the horse we Lr«' , u°^^® '""" ''''"'>«* a thorou^h-
as the most in-brod iforse in the wtrirtr:;, 'Tu .""1'.'^' ^^^f'^"'^ Hambletoni^n.
^na Che oiood ot that race cannot be crossed "out likTXlT'f T '^"^''""' ^"^ Messenger,
[Mr. Patteson.] '''^* °* * ^'""''^ ^'^'^^S to difl.erent
1
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HORSE BREEDING.
lines some of whom are thoroughbred, and some not ; in fact, you cannot wash out the in aelible Messenger strain.
Royal Georges or Hambletonians.
I should say that out of this stock you oould get hunters for the English marks equal to English-bred hunters, consequently I would encourage in every possible way the breeding of trotting horses, from either the Royal George or Hambletonian families.
The Royal Geokgb and Clear Grit Families.
In speaking of thoroughbred stallions in Canada, I would wish to point out that the Royal George stallions, and Clear Grit and his sons, of whom I have seen much mention madcdurmg the course of the Commission's enquiries, must, in my opinion, be allowed to trace a great deal of their excellence to the thoroughbred blood in their veins.
Their Descevt.
The Clear Grit family traces to Lapidist and the Royal George horse, Erin Chief— to the imported thoroughbred horse Charon ; while both the Clear Grit and Erin Chief famdies are descendants af an imported horse, called Blacklock, a thoroughbred brought into this neighbour' .ood, and originally known as Fidget. °
Both Trotting Families.
Botli these families are pre-eminently trotting families, and when you take into ac- count the thoroughbred blood in the veins of Rysdyk, you may assume that there is no trotting blood of any value in this country, that is not so mixed with that of the thorough- bred, as to bear out what I say, viz., that thoroughbred blood is essential to its excellence. Consequently we ought, even for trotting purposes, to encourage tha importation of thor- oughbred stallions. All the great American trotting families, the Stars, (Dexter), the Clays, (Patchen), Hambletonians, (Goldsmith Maid), boast of thoroughbred blood • while Lady Palmer, and others, Avere clean thoroughbreds themselves. '
Horses that will not pay to Export.
It would not pay purposely to breed street-car or omnibus horses for the Eno-lish market. The pnce of an omnibus horse delivered in Liverpool, London or Maiich(^ter ranges from £33 10s., to £35, and at those prices no sei-sible man would go into the breeding of them here. These horses are in fact the failures, wliere it was intended to
get something better,
MoDB OP Conducting the Export Trade.
There are two ways of conducting the export trade between this country and Eng- land. One is to take the horses over t ;3re youi'self and sell them, and the otlier is to in- vite the English cavalry buyers, wholesale dealers, and job masters, over here and sell them the animals on the spot. The latter is by all odds the best. '
Horse Fairs at Proper Places.
But proper preparations ought to be made for the visits of the English buyers. Men like Mr. Withers and INlr. Ilethorington—both large job-masters in England—have come out here, and they could not in the time at tlieir dispo.sal, pick up horses enough to repay them for coming. I would suggest that fairs— not auction .salfts— be held— say about tlie beginning of July—at central points, such as Belleville, Whitby, Toronto, Hamilton St Catharines, London, Woodstoek, and Brantford,to which farmers could bring their horses and at which American and English buyers, Canadian dealers and others, could rely upon
[Mr. Fatteson.]
HORSE BREEDING.
73
Want of Good Farmeks' Horses gency a supply of horses could be obtained I' n if °7'^"""S ^^^^h^'"' in case of emex
beaded brutes, with long weak leS and L.l^ 7^'" ^'"'^^^ invariably vS-ar fiddlf ct e^'^jS""' '"''t'^^'^^^^^^^^^^ slab-sid'edand'i; Si
Houses fob Abtilmby PmposBs.
-liAXSZtheyToTw?^^^^^ to b„yho„e, hero for
IndS' "^.""'"y tail'. »oli.I oaousJ tocZr a manl^'^'n* '^ ™'''»> »-<' '6 ''™1 and ™tb acta and breeding e.ougl to eraS Si^o &L? S X"-™ W™.
Cavalry Horses.
ca«,^'S.trs'arL'ittr:Vatx^*rd°".'^ '«■"-• ^^^ o=>y «»
require to be aboa*; U inches less in l'J!f f ^ IZ bundred pounds in all. He wonld are the commonest i^ina S ho ^s tbSon'Mh 7'*^ rather more blood in 1 im S e ever, that a contract could be fiUed with fhe^ *^' ''''''''^' ^"^ ^ ^^^^e no doubt, S
Dejiand in the States.
one |i t^rtbttt e'Sif^^^ 1 -- Worses in the American market
mal than the horse bred in the sLi >Jorse is a far more serviceable and lastS^ ani
greatlyprovocativeof foot fever and nflnr"^.-*" *^' \^^^'' ^^^"g ^'^^ on Indian^ir' hay, which are much better Sod '"^^^^^t^o^-while the former is fed on oats anl
Preference in England. Horses to be Well Kept.
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HORSE BREEDING.
Early Mismanagement Never Eectified.
The Canadian farmer is too often a poor man, and foolishly starves his colt the iitst year, when all the damage is done, the result being that he "never attains the growth and development he would have done had he been well fed. You can feed a horse very economically his second and third winters, but it is absolutely fatal to his development tu etint his food the first winter after he leaves his mother.
Horse Raising on Farms not Generally Profitable.
I think horse raising except for farm purposes is not generally profitable. I hold that by the time a horse is five years old, before wiiiah time you cannot, as a rule, sell him, he has cost as much as can be got for him. About 5 per cent, of the horses now raised and sold, a little more than pay for their breeding, of the remaiuder 25 per cent, may just cover outlay, and 70 fail to do bo.
Cost of Raisixq Horses.
It depends very much upon the class of horse what it costs to bring him to maturity. There are some breeds capable of earning their keep at two years old, especially well-bred Clydes. The breeding of a farm horse docs not therefore cost so much as that of a carriage horse. By the time a hunter or carriage horse has reached maturity ha will have C05J. his breeder as much as he will get for him, and consequently he will have to look to {he animal's manure and the incidental services he may have got out of him for his profit. It would not pay the exporter to give more than $150 or $175 for the ani- mal, and it will have cost his breeder every cent of it to raise, break and bring him to market. An animal in this country at five years old is uo more matured and seasoned than an EngUsh four-year old Keep and climate account for that.
To Mr. Wiser. — It would pay the farmer to treat bis colts better ; there would then be less risk and loss than there is.
What are the Inducements to Breed Horses,
Jfr. Dijmo7id. — What inducement is there to breed horses, if there is no money in the business ?
Mr. Fattcsj^n. — There is no money made in raising horses, except in the case of a '• chance " horse. You can buy cheaper and more satisfactorily than you can breed, but people will breed because to do so is the natural tendency of every man who owns a favomite mare. It is the agriculturalist's one piece of self-indulgence. You can only account for it in that way. Sanguine men have the material wherc-ith to breed, and consequently are tempted to do so ; always hoping that a chip off the old block may be as good as the mother. I would not say that it is impossible for a farmer to make horse- breeding profitable, because I think that if he took more pams in breeding au'^ -earing the animal he would get a higher price for it, but as it is generally conducted tnrough- out the country, breeding certainly does not pay.
at
Comparative Cost of a Colt and Steer at Three Years.
Mr. Wiser. — What is the difference between the cost of raising a colt or steer, throe years of age ?
Mr. Fatteson. — I breed a great many steers, and have sent many to England. I Know pretty well what it costs to raise thorn, and I can say that to raise a colt until hd is three years old, costs, in round numbers, almost twice as much as it does to bring a steer to the same age. The fee for a blood horse's service is $20, as against Si or $1.50 for a Durham bull. The colt's keep for the first year will cost as much again as that of
[iWr. Fatteaon.]
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HORSE BREEDING.
===— — ^— — _ '^
the steer, as he requires to be fed more eTn-.noJxrn • -, -==^-==^
BO on every year ; better sta...^ Cto be 'ovS'" '^1 ^ P"*^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^ i*- and mg and more care generaUy Moreover JJ P^l^i'^^' a"'! he has to havo better grLom- for a steer-they nip closer LdlTaustm^^^^^^ ^"' ^m *""°^ ^ ''^' ^' double th^t
est or the most expensive system is adopS pro?l1 oV ^" "'f,"?' ""^'^^'^ *^^« <^^^^V a colt at three years will have cost his S^^^t IT^ i'^t^Kt^e^af'
A Racer's Picture Gallfrt.
complete series of the kind m existence t7; i I ?* ^V'' ^° Relieved to be the most --Eclipse, and all the mos faSous race bor.of '^^ ''T^^ .^^ *^^ ^^^^ Arab progenSors a so, pictures of Highflyer and Mamh L (s^ oriS^^ et onr,o, he remarked, of all trotters and gaVopers ^^'''""Sov), the two being the fona
Cost of Breaking a Colt.
ownefto'l^^SnsTofTt'St^^^^^^^ would have nut the
oui-red m the case of the steer. Aud I woSd remark Th f°?. "° ^^.l"'^*!'^'^* would be ia. .vith our horses is their defective breaking << iZd^''.t *^' "^'^ ^^^^ ^^''^^ ^^ l^o^e One cause of the bad breaking is tlie Sral hn h nf i ,^''^* pQtleness are required, ness, wb.ch too often results I his hafSg'only tj sfd^t^fri^^^ ^ '^^^'^ ^^^■
Risk in Raising Horses and Cattle.
infectious diseases, and to scarcely anything in thow„t''''f? *" ^°'"^ ^^^ ailments and quite one out of every three horsL yl may b^eed vfl I h! '^'^''^''''^ hlemhhes, while desirable about liim, either in the^shape^of r^er in 'J^'^V^^'^ '^^ something un- shape and make or wind. ^ ^ hereditary blemish or a radical faSlt in
Stallions now in Use. ^J^J^r-'^^ "'-- »' .taiUo,. a. .ei„g „3.d, to „to „„,„be., and .0
Gknkral PrmposE Horses.
u ed for those purposes. Thoy are utter vLablon f'' ^"f ^^^'^ be castrated and They are the most numerous sires because th.T^n *\*'^"r'*. *^''^'' «^^" S^od looks, and farmers have used them under the iferZo?" ^'"^ '"^ '^''' ^''Sott numbers produced m their progeny, but this is of ZV.. ^' \?^ Purpose qualities would be re
perfectly well known. There are too fe(vC^,Kird S^^ Bl^J^r '''''
Age for Breeding Mares.
put fo the
ho«f • "''"'-^' •"»' »«« «l.»"ia a ,„aro i„te„<l„dfor a brooder bo put ,„ tb,
j^/r. Patteson Bf^foro "lio ln= i i •
i.ave become so set as to make it incoSeul't w'T"' f ^'^'"'i ""^' '"^^"'"'^ ^er parts
[J/r. Patteson.] '' ''"' ^' P'"'^'^"'^''^ ^ ^^^^- No mare should
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HORSE BREEDING.
m^
not^tt to hnv?. h f \' '" *^''', F'"-'' i"^' ^"^ P'-"^""^ * °°lt ^t fo^r. If a mare be hptfvVi! 'i^^f ,^«;«r« «^« ^« f old as to be useless for anything else (a very geuerai heresy) her lirst foal is generally produced with great difficultyfis often SS and small and IS usually a more or less poor specimen, besides being liable to 1^^^ at birth
No Difficulty with Young Mares.
I do not find any difficulty witli young mares, because their parts are exnansive and accommodate the passage of the foal v.ith much grater ease. If TsmaU mare be pu^ to a
reason:'extct1rTmV^ '''* *'' ''^^'A' *^^ '''' '^ ^^^^^ ^^an the marTs Lon 'my td fm? wif^ r ^ ^^- ^'^V '''^' ^''^ '^^^ generative organs being made only to pass a
Sr h A 1 ^ proportioned to her own size, considerable trouble often accompanes birth. A mare should always be left to foal unassisted-only helped in case of necSy
Working Mares in Foau
Mr. Wiser.-Shonld a mare work when in colt or when sucklingt Mr. Pa«eson.— Agricultural mares may be allowed to work up to within a month of foahng, care being taken, of course, that they do not over-exert themseTves TWs does not apply to horoughbreds or fast roadsters, which I should turn out after th^^^^^^^
Treatment of CoLTa.
^-T°ir° ^3= i"^^^^^
Mj. JKisen— At what age should a colt be weaned '< ^
Mr. f attest— At about the age of five months.
Feeding Colts. ifn Wiser.~Rov7 should a colt be fed the first winter 7
S clLtt.S"r *:k^r' '"" ''°" ™"°'' "'■•' "> "» «'"=" "■ -operate Va„«tii
Tying Young Horses. Mr. Wiser.-^honU young horses be tied or run loose!
soon^r^fri^l^; -brkljt *«,-- ^-- ^^^--tely. The
keep hiii always in the hal^ an ^,t;1itt^'; t:^ !;, ^%P-P--. ^^^ I would not box occasionally, at other times allow hfm to rua ill it. ''" ^'"^ "' * ^''''
[Mr. Fatteson.]
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HORSE BREEDING.
Number op « Services " in a Year. ^Mr S'/Ir^^'rlt'?*^"" ''T?'' ^" '•estricted to a certain number of nmres? able to procreate can gfTas good cX S LTvlf cotldTn th^elr^^f ^"^'
dented career at the stud, and the rolts he got iust up To ?he tin,P o^ f 1 ^K^"" ""P^'''""
Edsall s Hambletonian (Alexander's Abdallah) when two years old and was nearlv t>.,-Sl is that of Diomed, the winner of the first SvCnl^f f mother case in point
simply giving you the result of my experience and observation. ' ^
Diseases Among Horses.
what^fr; t^yT"^''"''^ '^^''^''' P'"'"^'"* "'°^°"S h°^-^^« i^ y«^' di«-"«t; and if so, Mr. Pa«t,'6'o?j.— None ; except what all horse flesh is heir to.
Desirable Importations.
il/r. i)yn!07?r/.-What breeds of horses not now here do you think could be benpfi cially imported into Canada for the improvement of our present stock ?
The Suffolk Punch.
Mr. Patteaon—l think the chestnut Suffolk stallion would immensely improve our general purpose and agricultural stock, and possibly even our dray and heavy^ 2muglit
Merits of the Suffolk.
flnf Ji^/u* f n1? ^^^t «*f"'0» a^-^ very inferior to those of the Suffolk : bein-r either Hat, or shelly, brittle, and snlit, wbfirnn.H thosp of tho anffnll- or- «. . i /i f
farcd's'fhflt '\a in en,', fi. • \^ \ -.- '•"^-^' /•• "^^nn ,.u!lolk are ad sound as a thorouL'h- brcd s that ,s to say, their textm-e is very Arm. close, elastic, and not liable to break. [Mr. Pattesofi.]
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HOUSE BREEDING.
Again a Suffolk has scarcely any more hair on his logs than a Clevoland Bay, nntl his weight is almost equal to that of the CJlyde. There are Suffolk stallions quite as heavy as ordinary Clydes, but the general weight is less.
SUFFOLKS FOR CROSSING PURPOSES.
I say that it would be wise not only to encourage the Suffolks as a breed, but for crossing purposes I value them much beyond the Clydes, for the reason that the latter crossed with a common mare gets a mongrel, because the cross is too sudden and violent, and the con- trast too strong. On the other hand the Suffolk does not present so severe a contrast to the ordinary mare as the Clyde, being naturally a much lighter timbered horse, of greater endurance, smoother shape, and without the cleft rump of the Clyde, and a cross w'.th him would produce an animal good for agricultural, dray, or omnibus purposes, or in fact anythin" short of a hunter.
Carriage Horses from Suffolk Mares.
I have seen many carriage horses bred by mating thoroughbred sires and Suffolk mares, and would not be surprised if that were the origin of the Cleveland Bay. A Suffolk horse of the proper kind is a chestnut resembling the Clyde in substance and con- tour, but has not the quantity of hair on the legs that the latter ha.s, and which often serves to hide many imperfections and diseases. I should say the bone of the Suffolk is as big as that of the Clyde, but he is much like what a Clyde crossed twice with a Cleve- land Bay would become. When I was last in England I saw great numbers of Suffolks in the county of that name, and in part of Norfolk. I liold not only that they are better horses for crossing purposes than the Clydes, but also that few fair specimens of *.he class have ever been imported into Ontario.
Price of a Suffolk Stallion.
A young Suffolk stallion can be bought in England for about 100 guineas, much the same price as would be paid for a Cleveland Bay. IVIr. Simon Beattie has imported some Suffolks, and thinks highly of them ; but the most of his have been sold out of the Pro- vince. Mr. Beattie, with a pair of Suffolk mares, once took the Provincial prize over all comers in the class for heavy teams.
Mr. Di/mond. — Are the Suffolks more active than the Clydes 1
Mr. PattCMji. — The Clyde horse is a most active horse. He has really pony ac- tion, and though the biggest, is one of the smartest horses on his legs in the world. I do not refer to one of those great lumbering, overgro^vn brutes we sometimes see, but to a horse such as that which took first prize at a Provincial show lately — he had pony ac- tion. But the Clyde is not more active than the Suffolk.
The Percheron Horse.
Mr. Dymond. — Have you paid any attention to the French horse — the Percheron ?
Mr. Fatteson.—! have seen many horses of that class in France, but do not know anything about them in the same way as I do of the Suffolks. I saw a two-year old at the show here this year, but he was easily beaten. I do not know who owned him. Mr, Watt exhibited a good one last year. The great fault of the Percheron is that he is in- clined to be light in the middle, but his legs and feet are superior, perhaps, to those o'" either the Clyde or tho Suffolk. Ho is a hardy, active horse, very sound and clean leg ged, but too often coarse in the head and sloping in the rump.
The Park Horse.
Mr. JTiser.— Why vrould aot that horse, crossed with the right kind of marc, pro- duce the " park" horse ?
[ifr. FaUeson.'\
HORSE BREEDING.
7U
in England tho. .< cab " horse, "^u caTa'^^ZT''hZ '^'^ T'^'^'Fi ^l-t was caXd 1.300 pounds, lifts his legs and keens bnfl? J.; ^ } ?^- ^ ''''^ ^^^-se weighs about ;n my eyo at the present moment ^vLf by V■wo^^^^TV'?''^^^ ^«"- I l^ave one the very beau ideal of the horse yo^ rentionid lit \ ^^^^^I^^^Per. named Farrell, <]xag anytnng behind him that any horse would ^^ -^^^^^ ^ ^^ *"*^°°' '^'^^ «^"
eight or nine mUes an hour. He happens To be ahtfS v*;'-^'"^' ^^ ^° «* th« rate of of good CO our, but that kind of horse can alwava b« „ if • ^"^'^^^i^dle piece and not known as "chmbers." °'^'' ^^^^y^ ^^ sold ^ England, where they are
Want of a Canadian Stud Book. systi^o^^egSa^Tj, i:1^T:t:T^t^^TT'^^^i ^' ^ «*"^ ^-k. or
cover all theee, and the patrons ofTleZlrbree'd? i'T/""f T"^*^ befufficLnt t^' the basis of a new volume for each partSL elaBs Tw T '^"n^^ T^' '^'^' division that kind IS called for very strondv Tf ii ! / , ^ ^^^""^ ^ Canadian stud-book of about horses that existed tUrorihirt years Z^^ J^ *.'' ^«°^^'-'° anj?hing
were here less than twenty years Zn Z7Jf ^°\ ^""^"^ '" ^^^ case of horses who mimber that very little caUedefiS^^^^^^^^ ^' ^-ted are Tf w n
Canada to be able to refer to such a book! ^^ ^^ ^valuable to breeders ia
Need fob a Board of Cknsobs.
Bogus Pedigrees.
is ~\"ei^d^4%n":.^^^^^^^^^^ - t^e increase, though the fraud
the subject. Still it is a source of danLr^^'"''^ * ™*^ ^^^o l^^o^s anythir "f without meaning to tell falseh" ods wilf LSimesl-ir"''^ ^T^'"'^^' -"^'breeirs the pedigree of their horses, and the ^^S^rZ'^^^'lS:!^' ^*^*^"^"*^ ^ *-
T. C. PATTESON.
DR. ANDREW SMITH'S EVIDENCE. Andrew Smith, V.S., was called and exan.ined.
■r^\4^^^^^^^^^ ' ''i\^ ciiplouia from the Edin-
have had experience in the diseases o ho sef ii fiSf °'. ^f ^^rinary Surgeons. I Canada, during which time I have paid atte So t^the ' f'" ^"" /""=*^^" y'^'' '" auu throushout the greater part of this Province. ' ^" *"'"'' °^ ^^'^'''^ ^ '^^^'onto
DISEASES OF HORSES-DIGESTIVE ORGANS.
<^^^^Sfn'lZ'Z;::^':ZX^^^'!^;,^^% ->'^et to diseases of the digestive [Dr. Smith.] ' '' °*''- -^ ^0 "ot think our horses are
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HORSE BREEDING.
quite so liable to disease as those of either Scotland or England, which perhaps, may b^ accounted for by the dryness of the climate.
LUNG DISEASE — EPIZOOTIC NOT FATAL.
Severe weather in winter has a tondeiicy to produce lung disease. I have never known any fatal epizootic during my experience in this country. The epizootic or catarrlml fever, which attc.oked our horsep eight years ago was not a fatal disease if ordinary care were paid to the affected animals, though it incapacitated thera lor the time. It miijht bo called influenza or catarrhal fever, though I tliinli the latter the preferable name. It was, in my opinion, a specific disease, due to some particular cause. Tlio horses in BoBton and New York are suffering from a form of catarrhal fever now, in a mild form, and not many animals are affected. As far as health is concerned, I think Canada is a good i)l;ico for breeding and raising horses,
HEALTHINESS OP CATTLE — NO EPinEMICS.
To Mr. Dymond. — Cattle are also very healthy. We have never had an epidemic among cattle at all, so far as my experience goes. The principal complaints alFectiiig cattle are diseases ofr the digestive organs, and in some districts a form of anthrox, due to certain local causes.
!■
SHEEP VERY HEALTHY — CONFINEMENT IN WINTER.
Sheep also are very healthy, though in some parts they occasionally suffer from over- confinement in the winter, and a too generous diet. I tliink sheep are better if kept in buildings during tlie winter if not too close. I do not think the basements of large barns form good shelter for sheep, Avhere they cannot get fresh air. Sheep are better with an open yard to run into. Of course it is necessary to see that they are not allowed to get wet.
farmers' TREATMENT OF HORSES AND CATTLE.
I am acquainted generally with the farmers throughout the Province. I think their treatment of horses and cattle, is, as a general thing, pretty good. Horses suffer to a certain extent from mismanagement in the way of feeding, but on the whole, they are kept toler- ably welL ^
IMPROVEMENTS OP LATE YEARS.
There has been a great improvement within the last nineteen years in the treatment of horses ; in certain disti'icts they are better kept. I have not noticed that the horses of farmers in this section are allowed to run down during any portion of the year. lIor.sos, if not kept in sufficiently warm buildings throughout the winter, require more feed than they otherwise would.
SCARCITY OF GOOD HORSES — DEMAND.
There has been such a demand of late years, that good horses are scarce in this district.
TUBERCULOSIS IN THOROUGHBRED CATTLE.
Thoroughbred cattle are subject to complaints from which other cattle are compara- tively free ; I think, in particular, they are more liable to tuberculosis. This disease which ultimately proves fatal, is not allied to any form of pleuro-pneuw^nia. The latter is a disease which attacks the pleura and lungs, while tuhf.rculosis involves many other organs besides the lungs, including the digestive organs. It appears also in the form of tubercular deposits, and is, to a great extent, due to hereditary influence.
\Dr. Smith]
may b^
t
HORSE BREEDING
TUBERCULOSIS XOT CONTAGIOUS.
*^^ vetorumry surgeons in the United sitei ''^ ""» Point ditforg
PROFKSSOR LAW'S OPINION.
J
PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN.
among thorouchS'S '^ « ^'^'^^^-^ whid, I h^i-
taken to breed onl v Lm ' l^ T*"*'^' ^"1 'continue to SDrea/'-l^''^' "" ^Preading of breeding a„i3 u2v T"'' *'"^' """^ ^^^^^^y free frCJ r'' ^''^ ^'''■' '^''' ^f fe nimals it nmy to a great extent be avoided. ^ * '''*'"«*"J selection
^o ./. ,r,W -7' '''''''' ^^"'^^'"^^^^ ^ATAL-SVM.TOMS.
are a general falling off " "n' c^nlSiL^'"" ^''^f ^ generally proves fatal Th. ' a- • disease of the lun.^'. i? , " ?^'^''\t'«". and, if the disease affects nWn • n* '"dicationg an;h.a, aad gradual' wastt.'rS ^'^.l^!!!*!- ?^ ?^«, bowerotTor&..! !.. W^^
SH---^^;^^^^^^^^^^^
NOT EASILY DETECTED IN EARLY STAGES.
EFFECT ON THE MEAT
6 J uiseased, the meat would MAY BE ARRESTED. To Air. Wiser If the I" i
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HORSE BKEEDINQ.
SI.Mll.AU TO C'dNSlMrTlON.
To Mr. ir»Vr.— Tt is a sort of consumption, and boars tho snmo n lation to an animal that consumption does to a r <an. [t also atlcctH tl.o digestivo organs, without tho lunKH. to Home extent. o > & >
INl'LAMMATKIX (IF THE LUNOS.
Some animals taken fron, here, and sai.l to bo snin-ring from plmro pneumonia, wore in fact entirely free tiom it, their disease being simply sporadic inflammation of tho lungs, and not contagious at all. Prof. WilliMms, of Edinburgh, perhaps tho first surgeon of the day, examined tho cattle sent over in the Ontario, and pronounced that not ono of them was sullering from pleuro-pnenmimia.
NO CONTAGIOUS DISKASKS A>rONO TlIK CATTLK IN CANADA.
The cattle of this country are entirely f:-.>e from any contagious diseases whatever A number of aiumals, of coiirs.', die every year, but this is gei-erally duo to some local causes.
GLANDKltS IN HOUSES.
I omitted to state that liorses are subject to a contagious disea.se culled gl.anders whicli sometimes prevails m certain districts to a considerable extent. We have a law intended to prevent the spreading of glandiTs, but it has never been enforce,: as it should be.
VKTKUINAUY INSI'EOTOKS.
To Mr. Dj/nio)i'L—Tho Ontario (,-overnment have appointed inspectors in various parts ot tlie Irovmce, for the purpose oi looking after contagious diseases and rep "ting the outbreak of any such. These inspectors are all veterinary surgeons, and they report to mo, I b,>ing chief of the stalV, and immediately on the appearance of any such disease, measures can be applied, with a view to its stoppage. In the majority of cases, glanders can be traced to contagion from liorses already in the country. I do not think that a glandered ' )rse has ever been imported into Ontario.
ALWAYS riUOVATLIXG SOMEWHERE.
_ The disease is always prevailing somewhere, and liable to be disseminated ; it never quite dies out. It is possible that it may be spontaneously generated. It is a well marked example of a contagious disease, admitting of spontaneous generation. Recently ho\\'^ver, one or two veterinary surgeons in England— Mr. Fleming in particular— have inclined to the belief that it is never spontaneously generated, but that it is always duo to contagion in one form or another.
PROBABLE CAUSES OF GLANDERS.
^Z ^^^ n^iser— I think it is possible it may bo originated by ill ventilation and want of sufficient nourishment. A striking proof that it may be due, in the first place to bad ventilation, was given during the Crimean War. It broke out among a lot of horses on board one of the transport ships. It was said that these horses were all perfectly sound when put on board, nevertheless, owing to bad ventilation, the disease broke out in a very severe form. During the American War an immense number of horses sulFered from glanders, although in that case it is quite possible the disease spread by contagion.
SYMPTOMS OF THE DISEASE.
To Mr. Dumond.— The disease shows itself in a catarrhal form. It attacks the [Dr. Smith.]
83
whole syHtom, but ovincps ifsnlf ,.••„. ' -- ^=;^
''"''« virus is in a lixed form T ""«"' ^'^'"'"ato fatally wSn'/vT . ^"■'' ^"*™'
ALWAYS ULTlAfATI-JLY FATAL.
COND.,,»,o Hoasii SOLD Br flS oWNKtt.
^isSlsllssISs^
MORE 8TUINGENT MEASURES NEEDED.
CEREURO SPINAL MENINGITIS EFFECTS OP BAD WATER.
■" stock that drink- V ,m^ Ar '''^'^>""go of a stable collects in 1 ^J^"^""^'^^ and animal
^^001" ^ND MOirm DISEASE.
measures wero t.,L-«n ^i ^""^'^S'uus disease I have ever knnw^ published at the
soon died or'-"™' '"" '"'-" »"■--, kept^rare CSS T„'f,K ^^P'
""' "^^^^ ^^^ ^'ORTH OF ENGLAND HORSE ofEir/a'^L';:?'^^^^ horses fo. dr-.^ht /
inr S.,i.^ '^ '-''■ -'- - ^'^ ^^y^^ ^ never S^e^ P!^ aj^l^^t
84
III
HORSE BREEDING.
fZZTI'" ^"P'^^*:"^,"* °f l^o'-ses. ' My reason for preferring the Cly.le and North of eraSd fo, hifo 'fl '* T.'^ mature early, and the farmer can consequent! v be soon re nun ^rtl'r^'dra^^^^^^^^^^^ "" '^ ^''''^' ^^^^ *- years old? and "connnand a high
AGRICULTURAL HORSES — THE SUFFOLK.
„K1» fn"' ^-"°"!;"'''^' purposes I ^voald prefer a cross of various kinds ; the Suffolk i. valu- able to cross with a view of getting an animal of this kind. As T understand an a Jicul tural horse, he IS one rather less in weight thit .ho, Clyde, useful for Z hin. W •
ho'ur, Z'et'ssary:"""'" ' '"' '°''' "^' ^' ^""^= '' ' '^'^ ^''^' ^^ livedo; Sm"iir:i.
ROADSTERS — NOT MUCH LMPROVEIIENT.
A roadster, on the other hand, would have to go much faster than that. So far as my observation goes, I think our roadsters are pre?tv good. I cannot say that I hav^ not,ce.l any marked improvement on this class during my residenceTcanad x T tZ seen a great improvement in Clyde and agricultural horses ^''^^
any ^ve^TeJ^eT-tV.if T' f/^k/^tu^'tS^^'^S an improved class of roadsters to any gieat extent , in fact I do not think the horses we have now possess the aualitv thp
pr™ .t r^rJrt afTtl'^'f ''"^ ^'%''^''L ^"^^^h, howevrand see'm'To £ m' Ta^Vi^wn good form. " *'' *™'' """»"' ^ ^^""^'^ '^^^ *° breeding from animals that
LAPIDLST — CLEAR GRIT,
nf ,r?n^ *ho»-o^g[i1^>ed horse at all events, has left his mark in this country in the way of trotting animals, viz., Lapuhst. Clear Grit, by Lapidist. is also considered a vc?^
good trotting sire.
TROTTERS AND SADDLE HORSES.
rf a.t .?!%l, '^°''^? ^^ ^ profitable one to breed, would be a trotting horse
of good BK^e, fit tor carriage and general driving, who, if he did not turn out atrottei It all events command a good price in the market It would also pay to breed
^v oul(
weight-carrying saddle horses from heavy thoroughbreds.
IMPROVEMENT IN Si.DDLE HORSES— HUNTERS.
There has been a great improvement during the last nineteen vears in thp ««fl,ll» horses of Ontario There are a number of good saddle hor.se,s n JoJonto. which for t e most part, have been got by thoroughbred horses out of big, common^IISe mare Ihese may be caHed hunters and for this class there is a fair market in amlda a^d a n excellent one m England. A good horse of this kind can be sold for S^OO bn^ ?f LT " mX »\" '; ^^''^f'^^'^. -t bring so mu.h. Farmers ^ a geLfaf Siinf do o make hunters, but when in their prime there is no difficulty in obtainin" fern V 00 to >,2oO apiece for good heavy weight-carrying horses of this kind. I would advSe far mers to breed from heavy horses if they wish to make money.
FARMERS AS HORSE BREEDERS.
Wh .1 '''""''* T^' ^o^vevev, advise farmers to go into horse breeding as a special business
Ttj, 'lu^i'^t ^ '' "' *^° r"" ^'^"'^ ^^ "''i'''''''' it i« a" veryVll to^se 1 tS but I do not think it would pay to breed horses altogether. '
LARGE THOROUGHBREDS AS BREEDERS. I think that none but big thoroughbred horses ought to be used to breed from and
[n
r. Smith.]
HORSE BREEDING.
the bigger the better A K' i, ~
mares would get a horse that^ouTcry'Teff"' f"T l""' *? '""^ '' °- — «- market in Canada and the Stafpc fn,. iv. "^ ^^V" *"« Enghsh market. There is a f«,-r upon their ability-thermusf ^^^^^^^^ P"ce depends a go^ddS
process which requires time. ^'^'' '"^ "''^^^ *° ^ring a good figure, and this is a
INFERIOR STALLIONS— BAD EFFECTS.
effectud ^SethTo^^^^^^^^^^ use of nferior stallions. The only
country and castrate every stallio th„f J "^ f *° ^PP"^''* "" ™a« *« go through the -atter. at all events, is not'antil^'^ne t S i?,*^"""''^"' '^^ *° *^^ ^tandaTd^'Tt
CAUSE OP THE NUISANCE.
'^^^^^^.^^^^^^^^ thoroughbred ho.e in many cases no
and he is not very particular as to what ki„d nf V n ''/°^'' """^^ ^o'' ^^ *« have a foal services are cheap. ^''^ ^'"'^ °^ ^ stallion he makes use of, provided his
PRIZES BY GOVERNMENT.
<^^ :^ ^S,S;t5i;:t?:.i: -^^;:f f ^ «P- ^ ^^e Government in a pecihed standard before they were dee nedworS^^^^ ^'^^ ^"""^'^ *« be up to
heavy draught, trotting, and thoroughbred ^ "^^^ P''''^ ' *^« ^«^««« *« be, say,
PRIZES AT FAIRS.
BKEEDING luCEHS NOT PBOPITABLE. ™.r. tl t" rolrpo^ESt^Zi-S Jh?""'' "/"■ '"' I ™" •^™» o- far.
*"' '^ '■' '^'> """ ""■ =-^ ™'irr;t;i^2r;„r;„r£"st' ""°' -'*" -^
IfKAVY' HORSES FOR THE STATES-
-SADDLE AND CARRIAGE HORSES FOR ENGLAND.
tHoncy tn nu., carriage or saddl.f hnr .' ' IJu he -n , '^''" \ "f ^''^''''^ ^''^''^ ''« >""«fc compared with that done with the Unilod Stitos "' '''"' ^'^S''^'^^ ^« "«' '« be
THE UNITED STAT|.;s OUR REST MARKET.
thanltS^d'lt:;:: Z;S;?tE 'r 'r ^^'^^^-^^'^ ^^- ^-^^^ *« England more unless we devote our ;tteut;o%:'be, :)"':?::'' T"''"' ^f *'"■""" ^^ '"^^ ^^i"" «"«• OK eclair a cla.s.H ot animals suitable for the lin.-lish
HOW TO MKET THE BRITISH DEMAND.
8G
them.
as
200
IfORSE HREIiDING. i^ll ^"'^.^^T^"^. *'!" '^''■'>'' I «P^'>'^' "f l'>-in« from 100 to 150
guineas in England, hut tlior
i?inrt „ I • 1 • /. °. >""■<.; iiii^ mil, many or tuem t
^l?i\'"? P"°° ^'' ^. •'"'••^'^ °f *'"^ kind in Rn.lan,]. In fTct
, , - - - and as liidt
aiv not many of them sent out. I do nut think
myself sent over some horse
land after keeping him for a little while. II,
one ittJe
that
we paid ,£;50 for, wo sold for 12
when Mr. Beatty and
turni'd out to be
'0 guineas in Soot- a very good jumper.
AGE FOR BREEDTNO.
l.or,o who',, »iK or ,ov'o„, or cis .H^a,-, ^Id I? f- i ' f T' " T";" T" i' '"" '" 'l'°
ma» are £„,., developed i„ evjr, ^.^ U^^J^^^t'nk'elJ't^tl:^;'^^'.' ''" ^^
NO DANGER IN DELAY FOR SEVEN OR EIGHT YEARS.
r„,posos«slo„gas they w„„ld breed, but to got fine ho,»ri\Zl, h™! ,''"="; '"« were ,„ the.r ,„o,t vfeoro^. condition, vi., (r„,^ to„r oXl-lVand'LitnLdlr "
WEANING AND FEEDrNG COLTS.
a,, would be flv'li " i'e oir "1^ i" 1^1 ? f ^"-^^ ""r^^ ^ ^'-"^^ -^ - Proper •u'vor recover, from the efieet J^:tS'::j^:l!:t^i::^;^: ^SeX^^ ^" ^^'^ ''
NUJIBER OF "SERVICES."
an,l thirty covorin^s t hor, : V, '^I^ V"m';"'"''''^^ '■'"'' *^^"^*^ «»' «>'« ''^>^Jred
tl.iulc puttin. a iX to too anf n .nl r'\ ? ' ''''™ ^"-^^n'' '"^'"'^^ *'^^" -^ ^^'^^0. I l.nrsos were put to a gVoat ^ry ^maTos V. ^n M ^ TT''^' ^ '""'^ '^""^^'^ '■'''' ^^^^e nuiny of thim were wo kly "ve " wl ^^t^ ' they got quite a nun.ber of foals,
l-ing to a certain extent ove do^ V ho e t T.T''" ^7*^' '"'"^''1!^ *"''<''" '^'^ ''''' got a much larger percenta-^o of Ll. lu.T.t) ^ u ■ *" "'•''"'^''y '^"'nber of mares will
freely i„ ooverint^ the e It on t 7n T'"" ^ '" ^"^^ *° ^"° '"•■^">' " ">'l"lg''^l too
■ «rin„ the dlca on the norso is to make him impotent, and occasionalb
case
ally to
^£d iS;:;;: wh^ll: u;:f^J:''""'''^.;'"'^"^r;^ -' ''"'^^ ^-^^ — ^' - - «-
nuately became quite wel a ' ' a ml '' '*^"'" ,""''^'''r*,° '^°^'^'' '^ ""^'■«' ^''^ ^^J>« "Iti- whercfparalysislf tin 'J" S ho fe nuT"^I ""^\ ^ ''."^'^ '^'"""' "«^">' "'«*-»-«■ not like to iive a Po iti^^ o pi ion o / H^ L '^^^^^^ *'f ^•"'"'^' ''"'^'^ "«^^'^^««- ^ ^^o»W
cover six mares, srCZzT Sted ] v 1 " T 1? ''^"'^''' ^supposing a horse should
0.1 til., fifth oee^siin as on Vi L -"^ i" '''*° *''", ""T ^"°"''' ^'^ '^« ^''^^'' ''^ P''"'!""'
he Jtl\Z':::u:^^''' '^"^^ -"^ ''•^••^^ *« --"• •»-•« tl-n two mares a day, but the.
If I had a good horse I would limit him
Mr. &nith.—l think it is a good practice, to a certain number of mures.
A FULLY M.\TURED HORSE MOST SERVICEARLE
HORSE BREEDING.
years old may bo pnfc to mares without ininrv v "=^=--==-==--r-=^-r^ ,
A STUD BOOK WANTED.
HOARD OF CKNSOHS
ANDREW SMITH.
Mr. W. H. Williams called and examined.
MR. W. H. WILLIAMS' EVIDENCE.
Thr Rysdyk HonsE-BnEEDiNG Farm.
The Clay and Hambletonian Cross haro always bcld, „„<l i ti,i„i the e",,,"c !„",":' ^^'^S"'. 'o go further b,'k-b„t I
" QtlTTERS."
api)ear to be "quitters."
Rysdyk's Origin.
01 br>ngzug the Clay cross im)min^ntIy-fonv;;r M^ Sri *^' ^'""^ '^™"y- I"«*^-^ i'^ifr. Williams.] ' ^'- ^^"^^ ^'""^ goi^e to the very hv.t
•S8
HORSE BRKEDINU.
Illi
blood we havo -that of tlio thoroiif^'hbnul— and liia liorso, Uysdyk, tlio stud-king tbero, in tlio sou of a tbor.m^'li-bnid dau^'llt,or of tho tj;roat Lixiugtou, and in that way I regard tho introduction of tho Aiuin-ican trottin;,' strains as important and useful.
Mk. ,John Wuitk's Uaoino Stud.
To Mr. Di/ni(»uL — Afr. -John Whito, of Milton, is brooding a largo number of thor- oughbreds, and (loapiteall that 1 havo hoard to the contrary, I cannot help thinking that ho is doing a good work. Ho broods thoroughbred raeo-horsos. Mr. Whito has several lino thoroughbi-od brood mares, wliicli he is brooding to race horses of exceptionally good ancestry, and tlie result is the production of some exoollont colts and fillies, lie put two colts and one lilly of iiis own breeding on tho turf this year, and two out of tho throe proved winners, while the third, though she did not win a race, ran second for tho <iuoen's Plato in tho host field of horses that ever started for it. I think tliat the fact that i\fr. White has won no less than sovon Queen's Plates ought to go far towards estab. lishing his reputation as a. breeder of race horses.
Mb. Jon!f FouuKs.
John Forbes, of Woodstock, keeps two or three mares for brooding thoroughbreds and trotters. Mr. Forbes won tlio Quoon's I'hite this year with a lilly from one of his own brood mares.
Cou PfcxKKs — A. MrAiixnuR — BniKiKss & Boylk.
Col. Poters is more or leas breeding thoroughbreds, and Alex. McArthur has one of the best, if not tho best thoroughbred stallion in Canada, and an exccsUent thoroughbred brood mare. Purgoss Bros. & Boyle, of Woodstock, have, I thmk, throe thoroughbred brood mares and a first-class thoroughbred stallion, besides keeping quite a stock of thor- oughbred horses.
8hkuikp Poavall's Houhks.
Sheriff Powall, of Ottawa, is breeding a few thoroughbreds and half-breds, and he Las Sf>me very good stock ; there are, besides, these three or four thoroughbred stallions about Ottawa.
Mu. C.vrroll's Houses.
Mr. Carroll, of St. Catharines, has also shown considerable spirit in bringing in a number o!' first-rate horses of the Mambrino Patohen strain.
Mr. Allen and Dn, Nash, of Pioton.
Mr. John AIUmi, of Picton, has invested a good deal of money in importing good trotting stock, aud Dr. Nash, the Mayor of Pioton, has a oouploof good colts from Chest- nut HilL
]\[r. Vance's Clydesdales.
. Thos. Vance, of East Zorra, had a very good display of Clydesdales at tho Provin- cial Exhibition. Ho showed an agricultural three-year-old stallion with four Clydesdale crosses in him, a Clydesdale mare, and some half-dozon more, principally all iiuro" Clydes- dales of his own breeding and importation. They wore not all thoroughbred Clydes- dales ; this stallion, for instance, would not be ranked as a thoroughbred Clydesdale. There are not a great number of thoroughbred horses for service in all parts of the Province.
[Mr. Williams.]
HORSE BREEDING.
80
BEnoiN JJJIOS. AT COKN
WALL,
nor,i„trol ar Z yW "„" ^ril 'T "". '^ '"'^^'^-^ eHtahli.hment, excopt that whi. I very o,«y thing to picin'pgood h S^r Tn f;"? ^'^"'""■^- ^^^^ ^ i-,4 ? "odcU^^^^ I^aglo or Sheridan would^Ls ^^^J^ wr 0/^! jS^j-;- ^'^ ^oduce o/d^;
IIoRsns IN TfTK Eastkrn Sbotion.
cue of 11,8 more i.romiiiout atraiii,. ^ "l" """=■ »" ""> <*«y Eagle is .till perhaps
GUKY
'iAOLE.
Ccau ™ LXON.-SX. Lawrbnoks-Blaok Hawks
^.nc:^tut :Sei/^SKa^£ the country a ^. Ccour de Lions
til. n^^h ccnung through a French m^iuT rZl °'' ^T''"^ ^'"^""^ *» » Morgan orir^hi '^>ul «omo of th.un havo hoen vZIZmo^^^^^^^^^^
Mil.
Olakk's Clydesdales.
with Lu-ge marcs for tJio productior, o f ^ !? • , "" T^^'^ valuable lioreo for crossing horses suitable for dv^i.g hcoSZ^'orZ^ '' ' '' ''"^^^ "'^"'^^e horses. 0?
Views as tc Bkkedino TKOTTaaa.
-^^^^^^X:.7.:^Z^^ perhaps not quite in accord
can brood phononau.Hy f,,.t trottors v th anv 1 "f '""■ ^ ''« "«t believe any man
l.as good trotting action, and , lit of iLo r ''' ""^ f"''*^^"^^' ^'"^ «>^t a ho se that .ot a good trotter as a ho^e that ESo^n SSl^pLa'.'"''"^' '^ ^"^"^ ^^ ^^^^^ *°
Pri.Nom^.LLv Fast TaoTTEKe Accide.vtai,.
the pioSiTo? Cdr';.:;^,: ^*!;drr' ^^^ ^T'^ ^« --^-^^i, .hiienook uoon -It of thorough prepotency and'^od'l;::d;^t;'i;;: p^t s^sLrr " -^^- -
Speed rv a Scke .not a 'skve qua n-ox.'
I consider that speed in -i sfi-p i« „ f H.ro may include all the qualiU.. whLhlo to";!;;! ""'' T^ "'^* ^^o prepotency of tU. .peed icself. o*^ ^'-u.ic «pced. Out will not always" 'eve on
[Mr. iniltams.] ^
!l()
lOlJSK l!MKKi)|N(3.
Ooon IkOAPSTnits Nkkmkd. ln...t,Mn,.tiM,u (,. l.nMHl troU.r.s, l.owovor, v:,lu,ihlo romlMtoi-H, ami n HaR. of 1,,,™-
other qu«I.t...« bosidoH npood alono .oul.l ho impn-sH.-.l up,,,, .,„r ianJrl '^
VoLUNTKKtt— St. Jfi.lKN.
ot,m-8<I,., l,,u.> on,,., l.low (wo„ty. I havo ...v.,- .ecn S.,. .)„lio„, l.ut „<.a y^U? .0 oolts t,-o,n \ oI„,„.v,- 1 hay. s.v„. l.av,- <.itI,or luum t.-ottorn or nothini, I als , k ,ow a
. . to a l,a.l .,..l,v,.iual luvauso „> ,.on,OH of a goo.i fa.nily, hut I thi,.k p.uplo a,' . t o U
!Xk:'i;;;,*i;.^r, t::;;:n;;;;.^;;;!r ^"^"""" ^"""«" ^" «'^^ ^ ^'- '-^^"••«. ^'^'
Clydksdalb Bkkkdehs in the Wknt.
Tl,.«i-o a,-o s,i„.,- rxtoi.sivo bi-(>odors of Olydi'sdalos in tho WosttM-ii na,-t of (V.,, . 1 o.lu>,.,l,a,.tl.os.. 1 I,av.,.a,n.>,l; n.o.-o, in tV< M.a.. I wish there woro 7 1, t , ^ v persons own an individual sl.nlion, or 0,10 or two hoi-.so.s. ^ ^
\Vi.:i,i,s niu)Tiii;ns' Erin Ciriui'.
Wolls Tl,-o.s., of Ainwa, novor havo loss than two Clydesdale fitallions • thov also havo sou.o two or (h.vo t,.ot(„,g «taliion«-o,us a notably good one, Erin Chief lo.n ?d
w.sh that tho.-ou,hb,..Hl stallions wo.v nun-e ploi.tiful t^ll,, tJ.ey are bu 1 am son7 o siiy our tar„.ei-s do not value those wo have. j , -Jui, a am sony to
Want op Intklligknce Among FAitMERa.
If farinors would take an intelligent view of the ease, and breed only to good l,or«,-s
donot h.nk there would be a sullieient nun.bor of the latter to pert^.,.n the se,^;;;
.l>at would be refimred ot then, ; but, as it is, i think wo havo more good hor J til , we
havo employment for. ^ "oi.ms man we
The Licr.xsixG of Stallionh Ukukd.
From conversation with horsemen all over tho oount,-y, 1 am strongly of tho oninion
hat he hoens.ng of .stalhons would receive the support of every i..telligont f n.I
breod.v,; n. the 1 rov.nee. 1 would allow no stallion to sta.,,1 for, or serve ma,-es u its lo
had a hcense. This plan is ea.-ried out in the States of iVunsylvania a..d Sntucky .t^
in tho latter they charge a p.-ettv heavy license fee. ivcniucKy, .u.<l
Mr. Ih^nond.-Tho ditliclty 1 see, would be to prevent owne.-s of inferior l.o.sos
r^o^'i ow ^nimiVT' ^'^''"' *r;' *^ '"'"■ ""^^•^ ^^'"^ ^•"^^'^ ^^ -« them l r
ing so. iiov, could this 111' pi-o\(>nti'(U
A VkTIMUNAKV fssPKCT
roN.
Mr. Williavh^. — The idea
Misi,!
made
,rov .f i;.n f n "■;• •■ '''' *'^''^ '" a'l'iition to obtaining a good round sum in (ho
^ra> of hcense fee. the 1. censing system would ensure the en,ployment of a better clan o horses winch would be made to p.ss a veterinary inspection' A great many of te t!\desdales I see at our tairs, I wwul.i be very sorry to bived to i ' ' '
.]/;•. H'i/liams.]
ry sorry to bi'eed to a healthy mare.
HOIISK I'.HKKDINU.
01
Fihst-Pkizi.; to a .Sou 10 I
jKiHIED ('l.YliK.
^XC:;^:: l::;;!™";;;;:'^:^ "«l::;;:ii'"7'T ■'"»"«" -■ "- '"«»; - ^-, .
CM.;vf.;i„\M, |j,vv,H _()„,,,,
;<'Tr<).\H.
''••™™-- ™^
A Vl,TK|..|NAKV AirrilOUITV.
<:l.'.l a.mnuls, M.. v.ry ..pposito of what w„ wa i ' 1 °^'7«'^<"J, U.inly „a,H-
">"-"""■--, tl.o writer cit„H tho (Jl.voht.ul C' > v • """'''" " ''""" "'^''''y '•'^^-
'••'.u«ht .M,t to this country that wa.s good or a, vthin ^ ti ""u T ^^'"^''■'^'' ''""'^' '""•«•'
'l'>z«'n Hudi. ■« "" '"'^ aaytlmig— though thjro may have I,,;,.,, a
TlIK HiJKFOLK IfoilHE.
on. in u;,,"?,:™: !!ru,",r °'r,.Tf° ri '""•",!" ':"'-■» ^ ^ «- ™«„i,„.,.,„
•>'<M^.l in iMij.roving our stock.
ImI'HOVJOMENT OS TIIK (Jl.YDE.
suh. of tho C.-lydo, and i.s without L,^4d"';7L^;^^ '""*''' "^ *'"■
ati. W..I1 „h,s,;1,h1, th., quart(ir.s are well round? .ff? *'''^'^"«''« '"P"- Th. loin is broad
fartluu- from tho rof.f of the tail tn f»,„ i .. ' ^ "'' ''"*'"'^« ^v*'^' iot down ftnrJ if "P too „n,.h hohina ovortn^^io^^ rdZ^ uJ 'iijli"^'^- . T'^^/^'y'-iS :jf ^^I ? dencoofv..rynHK.h hotter brooding all ov^r be 2 i" A ^^^^^ *^'« '"^""'''ks ffive evi P;u;ativoly.s,nooth and free from fhoso ^^'Ltr fsstrand '' '°'*' "'' "'^'^ '^^« -'- ( Iwlos-lalos The legs of this horse that MrCochrane T "TT"'''' "° ^^'"'»0'' "» the a good roadster, while they had all the w ei d.f nf "'Parted were as clean as those .f
eoul.l boast. I would very stroi.g ly recr. £ nd tL?" ""'' ''"'^ '^ "'"'^'J' '*"/ G^yS^ ■X iuean« of improving our horses." ^ ''''*"""'''^'l ^^^ importation of the Sufibik Punch a.
The PERcriRucv Horse.
I am a good deal at a loss to know what a Pn- i, Pcrcherons that I could not seo wer^any ilrov.tenr''' f ^"I ''-^ «een so-called Porcherons brought out here wei-diir- oVo ' ■ " °" *''^ ^'-y^'^^- You will .;.^,]
I,oUO or 1,400. '-'""'^ -'^^^ F"""'^^ ^'^J you wUl tind them down' "to
[Mr. William a.]
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HORSE BREEDING.
Mauhiiam, iVrA(;,MAi!ON.
CaVAI.UV AM) AUTII,1,EUY H0UHE8
artill^rv'lfl *''" T"",'"^ "* *!'" f^r'"""' *••'"" *•'' l"-''I»"-"<' t<» t">-" out a vory fair cla.s of
we i,„v„ Ae matori,.! f, ■ ,„« , ,i„, ,Li:; ;l'i;';;'i;;;,,p',,:,';.''ii:'""™'-' """
How TOl^lKT A fJoOD OaHHIA(IK IIoHHK.
I., onlor to prodwoo hors.s of tl.is ki,..!, I xvoul.l tako hmv largo .v..ll-for.n...l nm.v ".1 lav.. h.T to u largo ...avv lh...-oughl.,v.l, s.-vorai goo.l .spocinuM^s of whi.-h da .I m.. ,n ho ..ountry. I l.avo now i„ ,„y ..und throe thorou^hLrcl .stailio n n , la an, \n^ ..uough, wh.M. .-ross,..! with largo .naros. to produco (i„o stylinh ca ria^. - or
ho,...s would rathor 1... th.. i.n-it ;:;n.Los tS!;: o/ ti!;! r^r^^.^-'im^w ir^f
t.>ntioii .Miough to th.' inipor(ation of largo marcs. ^ ^ P -^ "*"
Si.;t,R(TioN OK Makes.
„..-f. ^ T""'f' l;o^vevor, br.<o.l from our .,wn maroa, and I would ovon uho a goo.I man^ w.th a lug dash of h..avy Cly..os.lalo blood in lu-r for produ.nng g.-lding.s and ma^s but 1 would rigorously .-xdudo any malo progony of hers from tho stud. ^ '
Natukal Advant.voes for Hoksk-Bkeedincj.
How TO Found a VALttAnr,ij Buekd.
We have boen marvoHously successful in producing good horses of tho roadster ( vpo from p.M-haps rathor soa.ity n.aterial, and I think tho man who w.,,,Kl have pluck onouh tobnngovera few «utiolk I'und. n.aros, and brood th.>m to woll-bml trot ng i " hue styhsh tlu.roughbred horses would, whether or not ho made any n.oney .mt of t . transaction, have the satisfaction of founding a bred that wouhl ultimat.^^v be of verv great value to the country. There are persons in this .-ountry wiling to pay a high price or a goo.l horse, but the homo market for high-pricocl animals is very limited, though a man .-an always get a good ligure for a matched pair nf stvlish hors.vs l^^^-^^^^f>OOoi\oredior a matched pair, the cjuals of which I would think mysc f i pretty hard luck if I could not breed almost every time in the way 1 have described
DEMAND FOR SUCH HORSES IN THE STATUS. Such horses are in good demand in the States ; in fact, I have invariably found that
fn tile t;/'' •■ 7^"? r'"'^'' ''°T K''^''''^' '' ''^'"^^'^ '"-"^l^- I- f-'^t the demand n he Mates IS of such dimensions, that if every horse in Canada were turne.l out in tlie ^^aJ I describe, I have no doubt an abundant market could be found for them there, with- oul uiie iiUMiig to cross the Atlantic.
[Mr. Williams.]
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HORSK BREEDING
COST OF nAIS.NG SUCH HOR.S^:s.
The cost to a farmnr oP .^,- • .
. Aii« animal that is classed n.t r.,.,. #„•
THE THUG GENKRAL PUBPOSE HOKSE.
..MniOVEHEN-T ,N THE m.EED OP HORSES miPPEAUAKCE or CA.VAD,A. EAH.ErEB Of „„,.,,.,
ill
()•*
IIOJISK IJREKDINO.
lorn] HtramM. I'or .■x.unplis Uh. (Jroy Knglos nro iapi>llv iliHappoarinx, \mng J.r.'d out and iiux.'.l with iiif..ri..r hrordy, hucIi an ('ly(l.'s<lal.-s ; the Royal ({rorKcs aiv ^'oin^^ in tli." saiiH« way ; a Tippoois raroly s.mmi mow. ('I'ippoo was the Hiro of Warrior, aiul Warrior of Koyal (i.'orKo, so that th.« twofainilioa aro akiu, UioukIi tlio Tippooar.^ tlio older) ; and tlio Kiiii-
l«alls. aiiolh.'r valuahlo strain, nro ruimiiiK out Now, if l.r Icrs in y.-ars past had taken
thi- pains to import ^ood horses, and now and then got u good out-cross for these families, the reMults would luive been niueli more favourable.
CI.KAlt (iUlT.
Thin horse, Clear (Irit, is a wond.>rfi' foalgotter himself, and T think Iiis progeny crossed with the Messeiigers would produco a horao aa near perfootion iu the way of u roadster :i.s it would bo possible to ol)tain.
A KAUbT IN THE MKSSKNOKltS.
Th(> M.'sseng.M.s, though a very p.'rfeil, race of troneir,, are, vory many ot thcni in- olined to tmvel a littleolose b.«hiiid, while thetUear (irits and th.>getof Laj.idist g.-iu^rally, travel rather too wide behind, so that I believe a eross between the two would produce a liors.> whose hiii.i f(«et in speeding would Just clear his fnmt oiu-a on tlio outsi.le, and would do away with the necessity for «liin boots, too weights and all that sort of thing.
UKOISTUATION WANTKI).
To .Vr. U'j'wcr. — In my opinion W(> want a thorough system of rei^istrat ion— wo want our breeding systematized if i)ossibl(>. As everybody knows, the fast trotter is an .'xangi.r- ale(i type of tli.< tirst-class roadster, and in order to m untain his excelh-nce, some iiu-ans must be alloiiled by which men can test tln> speed of their horses. I do not wish to Iw under-stood as advocating rowdyism, or importing into our fairs anv of tli.< objectionalde features of the turf, but 1 think that speeding trials at our exhibitions, properly conducted, and m the hands of good men, would be of immense value in horNe-l)rcedin!,'. " Jf a system' of registration were introduced, and we «liould find a cla.ssof horses tiiat wero really "good. v,'e would havi' a history of that class, and would be more likely to l)reed from it." ""it i.s a self-evident fact that we must keep some sort of a ri-cord, that wo must have a stock re<ris. tor, if we wish to preserve the bn>eds of our liorses. "
BOGUS PEDKJItKKS.
As it IS now, then> is misrcprosentation of all sorts; men tix up bogus piHlisjrees ot their horses, and people arc ileccivcd into brt<eding. perhaps from a lialf-brcd Clydesdale, nnd.'r the i.lea that he is a w,>ll-bred horso, and the only way to moot the difficulty is to
have a rt»gister
OFFICIAL CKUTIFICATES OF PKOIGREE.
To Mr. /).y»i(>/f(/.— Witliout speaking of a license, a certiticato or r(>gistcr that liad something like an otHcial endorsatiou on it, would give contidcnc(> to tJio farmer, that where he pays his two dollars instead of one, ho is getting the services of a well-bred ani- mal. The success that has attended the system of registration in the brcedin;,' of short- horn cattle is sutHcient to put it beyond .lucstion, that" it is the best and surest "inothod to obt*vin careful breeding. if there were a system of registration it would put the means within tlie r.-ach of farmers at once of telling whether the stallions that sought their pat-*
ronage were thoroughbred or not
W. H. WILLIAMS.
\Mr. Williams.']
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IlOnsE BREEDINO.
MR. aEOUOE COUKBUllN'S EVIDENCE.
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Av.^;:!r($],s:,r,' ::fc '»■;',:' °' '•■'""'^- »*''«' ■»'-, .sso.
Prea,.nt — Moasrp.
THE CLYDESDALES.
MAllKET FOR DIIAUUIIT UOUSES.
PhiU:': ^Ir:;;:;.^^^.:;^^-!':!,^-^^^ are .ne to no. York and
season, of th« year, and if the horsos are t^bo h..I H ^"' ""'"" '"'"""•^ ^^' t'"^'" at all ">ors to bring into co„dition-t at ^lK)ne^ i '^^^^^^
AmoncvuiH purchaso. I would a.lviso the far ,or L this''' 7 '°"'''"''"' ^'""^'^ *he Uydo«dale n.aros to breed from, u„ hoavy horH.rwII I hf T"!'*''^ *? P-*""''"''" **»" ''""t f. ''Tr?'""'* "P ^'^ *'"•«« y^-*--; would cv,.s ab,fut i 100 . ' *'7/u '^^ '"^ ^^"^ '^^'''-^''J- from $150 upwards. When I spoak of C vd.M T *^^^\^"'' "'""•^ bo worth at than aije from a common mare. ^ ^'^'*''' ^ '^«'*'^ ^""-^^^ g»t by a pure Clyde Wse
GENEUAL PURPOSE HORSES.
~?:S;!j:;'r:iJr:L^J2j-:^^ inhor.ora ^adster
J-avy. 8ueh horses as that cross woulcl ptduce .tn ^"?- ^""-'^ '^'^'' '^"^'"-1. not very a.| hour. Th.,>y are only suitable for slow^work aL a-" 1.""^ "' '^' ''''' "^ ^^^^ -""«^ horse than a general j^rpose one. ' ^ *'" P"'''»'^P« "^"'•e of a farm-labour
CLYDES NOT DETERIORATING.
E0AD8TERS AND CARRIAGE H0R:5ES.
^"le^i^r ^if Xirt^^,:^ "i^ 'z:^^ ^- *^ v^^ ^--^ht hor.,
tour or hve years old, are worth |I50 toV 75 -f f. ''''''^^ "^^ *'"^ ^"^^ I refer to, at
bones. Such horses will earn tl eir ivk. on th. "^ ^? f"'^ ''^'"''' ^^''''' ^^'^ ^^ 'ge goou condition, will sell well at four Thes" 1 orsi ''' ^'°. ^''"'^^^ °^'^' ^^"d, if kept in "iaros, by a pure Clyde horse. We have not brS "'^ "''' 1^ P"*^' I'^^'S'^. ^^ell selected some which we call roadsters. "^ ^'^''^ ^"^^ ^^^^^ ^o«es, but we have bred
HOW TO PRODUCE THE ROADSTER.
one JZlS^-eSmitk^r' ''''''' '""^^^ ^^ -^--^. -th so.e blood in him. and iMr. Cockbum.]
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HORSE BREEDING.
CLEVELAND BAYS— PRICE OF CARRIAGE HORSLS.
„«n^?^'"'^*^\?^r, **•« g-'icoacli horses, and, if crossed on our farm mares, will produce gO(^ horses of that kind. There is a good demand for such horses in the United States A Urst-class team of carriage horses would be worth from $500 to $1,500.
ENGLISH HUNTERS.
To get the hunter (for which there is a demand in England) we would require a mare three^iuarter bred, strong, and large, and a thoroughbred horse. I think that the Cana- dian mares would produce very good hunters.
THOROUGHBREDS— HAMBLETONIANS — ^ROYAL GEORGES.
bred?i%!LT"S''w' ^'?,*!»^.*^o^^*'T are generally wanting in bone; they have been bred too Close. The Hambletonians, crossed on our mares, make splendid roadstera The Koyal Georges are pretty mucL the same as the Hambletonians.
VALUE OF GOOD HUNTERS.
wouWrlg«05taE„l£d. '"" ^'^''^ »1»».-^ » ™7 a™.-!' developed one
THE PERCH2R0NS.
Ur.J^%t '""'' f^' Percherons, and think they would do well to improve our common breed Thoir colour is a little against them, but it would not hurt them in the AmerTca market Ihey are not quite so good as the Clydesdales, as they are a little deficTen ]n bone, when crossed on common mares. The Percheron mares, crossed with Clydesdale horses, would produce better stock. v^/iyaesaaie
THE SUFFOLK PUNCH.
T^. '^i^ S-^ffolk Punch is a useful farm horse, but does not come up to the mark in bone They have been tried here for breeding purposes, but do not amount to much.
FARMERS SLOW TO MOVE— NUMBER AND COST OF SERVICES.
Farmers generally in this district do not do much to encourage the importation of \ ?^?f IS thoroughbreds-for breeding purposes, owing to the expense We charge about $15 for the services of one of our Clyde stallions, and°take about 125 mares in be season, xf the horse is mature aud well developed. If a horse is put to too many mares in the season, he is not likely to be so good the next year, and it also affects his offspring.
LICENSING STALLIONS,
mighJ nolle irat'fim. ' '"' ''"'' '' ''""^^ " ""'"^ '"^ ^^^"^'^^ ^^^^^S^ some farmers
WANT OF HEAVY HORSES.
The supply of heavy horses is not equal to the demand at the present time in this locahty, as fanners have hardly had time to breed them since the demand for them arose.
GEO. COCKBUKI^
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HORSE BREEDING.
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MR. ROBERT BEITH'S EVIDENCE. ROBKK. BKI.H. Of the Township of Darlington, v as called and examined. ' A HORSE RAISING FARM— CI .DESDALES.
^ore^itL^i^^z:!:^':^'^:, r^iJsfi:.:'^^^^^'- ^^-afa^^ofieo
raising of Clydesdale horses. ^ ^ ^^""^ '^^''°^^^ ^P^^'^l attention to the
ROTATION OF CROPS.
FALL WHEAT CULTIVATION.
this ye^r:t^'l^:i^J^^^^^^^ I We sown the Amautka wheat
wheat, and has proved satisfactory Mv exnelnt ''^''^^* ^^ I* resembles the Fife as to the failure'^^f the wheat cro^' My^veCe ^KT^f ?? '^ P'"^^^"'^^ ^<^'^««'^«« not been more than fifteen bushels to the aire °7i^b nlf f ^' ^'* ^^^^ °'' ^^« ^^^^-^ ^^^^ ning out. '^ ^^^ ^^^'^^ I *^Qk Its failure is due to the seed run-
SALT— LAND PLASTER.
ROOT CROPS.
tho 2rl P""lP*^ ^°°* ^''•OP^ are mangolds and carrots, the acre, and they are worth about five cents per bushel.
IMPORTATION OF CLYDE HORSES.
I10.1S, and lugh bred ,„„,.es, and at on Ain e we h,;*..?., J!l ^S? "''"S P™ ^"^ ^<^>- Lately I l.avo imported tl,; Oly.l,, S, "ml S, S ? f" """r" '"'° *» =<"■"'■■?. ' datoriorata w/lf they are kipt pr.°'i'a*:,:;?^:-4 ts^^^ ".a %de,dalj.
BREEDING FROM CANADIAN MARES.
^-'00. Those are heavy hoivses we ^h a ' Soot 1 ^,Oo" ^" "f'^ '"'f^ "* f™'" ^^^'t* ^o them very useful on the fa m. al d wi ^n 1 1 i; i ^";""'' ^ /•^^---outs. I fi.d •easily. ' **"" ^^'^'^ ^ ^^"'^i to di.spose if them I can do bo
{Afr. lieilh.]
The latter yield 700 buahels to
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HORSE BRr^DING.
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DRAUGHT HORSKS— THE AMERICAN MARKET.
AmeLTmarklr Vs^r.f "'^^^^ ^""'^T ^'''''r. ^^'^ ^'^ ^^*^^^ draught horses for the CcTZrlh aboutl'l Onn i ^yf^'''^ '^?^^'''- ^°«^ ^^y^^ '^^^^ons at three years old are worth about |1,000, bred from Canadian mares with four crosses in them.
GENERAL PURPOSE HORSES.
„n^ 0^°'' ^^""^""n P"7'°'^ *'°''"'^ °^ ^ '•S^*®'" ^'"d I would use a pure bred Clyde stalKon and a common Canadian mare, rather small. I have used the English dmyhoi^e but did not hnd It so satisfactory as the Clyde. The general purpose hofses of which T have spoken may be driven at about six miles an hour
THE SUFFOLK PUNCH.
I know very little of the Suffolk Punch, but though they have been imported bv some of the neighbours they do not seem to be favourit^'es, as they do not inXs their qualities on the common stock as the Clydas do. There is a demand in ?he uS StaS»
A COACH HORSE— CLEVELAND BAYS and Cw!?«^n?f ^'"'P'" '™'^\*? •P™.''"'^ "°^'^ ^"'"'"'^ ^« *° "'■o^^ a thoroughbred stallion
zi'izf::LX^:, Z':::^:^:^-^^ *^^ ^-^-^^^^^ -^ '^-e is produced, and i
THE HAMBLETONIANS— THE MORGANS— GOOD ROADSTERS.
factoJv^aJVrP^ Hambletonians and the Morgans. I find the Hambletonians quite satis- lactory us sires to produce good roadsters. ^
INFERIOR CLYDES— CHARGE FOR SERVICE.
A great many so-called Clyde horses have been imported which are not pure enou-,. to be registered in the Clyde stud-book. I charge $20 for services, and in ^consequeifce vies ' ^""^ """"' ^"™'''' ""'' ""-"^""^ *^ ^''^^ themselves of their ^i'
PROFIT OF RAISING HEAVY HORSES— LARGE DEMAND.
There is no reason why it would not be profitable to raise the heavy horses I havo mentioned. For the eighteen months ending last March $45,000 wortJ of t r cLs of not'upii;! " "^^ '"' '* *'" ^"'"*^^' ^"' ""' ^''''^' *'-^« ^« - demanS which t can
COST OF RAISING HEAVY HORSES.
yo^r,\kr\fi^t!r^t ^r'V!7^^°^ ^ ^^? ^P^'^^^^g ^^^^^ P^y ^^^ ^^s raising at three years old. It is better to break them in gently at that age. Horses which sell at three years 0 age for about 8150 to .f200 would cost about $100 to raise I have gone into protty close calculations on that point. I take into account the cost of the ItaiK ser'
vices.
EGBERT BEITH.
[Mr. lieith.]
HORSE BREEDING.
Memorandum op Interview with Lieut Pot p*o^„ i?
KEo. Chasseurs o'AKRi,uE.rNor;f:H^^^^^^^^^ ^r""' ^-
Dragoons. ""^ ^^ Cheres, 13th French
nnJa'LS^tTudtt^^^^^^^^ French Government to visit the
what supply of horsesf suitable fS^cralrv aL artilW 7 ''''^' ^'^^^^^"^^^y. *<> ascertain be available in the United StatesT Canal TtZ^^ '"f^* ^" «^«« °f ^eed
considerable probability exists of the stock of avails hl?^P"^-^'r *^"^" statements that for even the ordinary demand, although tLrernitnW^^^^ ? France being insufficient at present. Within the last year, however the Fr^nSp °^ ""^^^^^ ^"'''S'' purchases both in Hungary and La Plata, bit tTe results dfnn?«?°'^'?T'* ^^^ ^""g^^* Worses In France the home supply is usualiriSnif t ^^'^. *"* ^*^® ^^^^ satisfactory. The horses required di^r 'very Sei ty^^^^^^ the agricultural districts
duce Z:t::fZoTt:t!l:t:'7:'^- "^ ^^^^T^- ^"* -* - --^ as to pro- carnage, will weigh 2 500 lbs. ^o^netimes attached to a gun, which with Te
ably 'S;;rredtrtrc:XXt^^^^^^^^
cars they noticed many horsesYa fafr stfmp afd sn f?.^ ^'" T- "^ ^"^^^ ^^ '^' '''^'^ blood, however, they considered to be totprSomJarnt Th:^^^^ ^^^^^^^0
action and speed as well as strength. The Perreion t'f,. -^^ "* ^"^ *^''" °^"^* ^'^^« or artillery purposes in France, bdng too heavv S ^ ^r'^'"^' ^.'^^ "^^.^^ "«<^d for cavalry tlie French Government is about $200. ^' ""* P""® P*^^ ^°^ a horse by
A.H.D.
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ONTARIO AGMCULTUEAL COMMISSION.
APPENDIX L.
E "V- I ID E InT O
E
RELATING TO
BREEDS OF POULTRY, AND EGG PRODUCTION.
tmm
WHITE COCHINS.
ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COMMISSION.
APPENDIX L.
^"V-IIDEII^OE]
RELATING TO
BREEDS OF POULTRY, AND EGG PRODUCTION.
?i>
MR. W. H. DOEL'S EVIDENCE. William H. Dokl. of Doncaster, near Toronto, was called and examined
aboufren'';ea^f Thftfbr-;;' d7Z:? ZT' "^^'r V""' ^^^^^^^ "^ P-^^^J ^or of the different breeds If poultry. ^' ''^°'"'' ^°'^'°^' Hamburgs. Games, and most
The Beekd for General Pcrposes.
Itiskrge'Tht'tVhrDt"^^^^ P";r^^ is the coloured Dorking.
Dorking'also com fto p rfectln lr the'^^^^^^^^^^ ^'' '^^ T'^''' '^^^ ««l«"rTd
is more money in it in that way '°°°'' *^^ °^°«* ^^^^^'^ ^''^^da, and there
Other Breeds Discussed.
fectioI\f t^^Tablf th?n t: bVS: '^S; 'd ?^ ™"^\^°"S^^ *« ^^ *° P- flesh. The Game is quite equal to tlP^Dnr J • °'^"r^ '' P^""P "^"^ ^^ ^^^ellent but the trouble with the GameTs that you canno? ? '^"'^'*^' °'' ^""^"P^ "^-^''^ '^'^^'^'^ > you can Dorkinas. The Brahma TLl T H-^P '° '"^'^^ ^^™^ ^o^^^s together as
to the Dorking." The flesh of the CochilTf o!; '^""^'^^'^ ""^^ "^^'"^^ ^^ "«* ^^^^ equa the table. If^ were go ng nto the keen n. of T'l '"'' '*T^ *" '""^^ ^* suitable for a cross of tie Er^^L'tJ^ttrrf.^^^^^ .should take the
— -' - "o.c gumg into me Keeping of
forking or a crosa of the Brahma and the Dorkin
i-'orkiiig.
but I prefer the
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[Mr. Doel.]
BREEDS OF POULTRY AND EGG PRODUCTION.
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The Brahma as a Stock Bird fob Table.
*nii The Brahma among fowls is in fact what the Durham is among cattle. You should fall back on the Brahma as a stock fowl, taking the male bird from that breed as the foundation of a good stock. I leave the Cochin out because it is not a good table fowl. S^rtTnf „^ ^ l?'^^'"* Ti *^' ^°'^^"S ^^" g^^« "« » '^'•g^'- f'-a°»ed fowl than the markS °'°''^ "^°'' ' ^"""^ "^''^^ * ^"P"''"' ^'''^^ ^ ^^^''^ ^^^ ^""^ *he
Thk Houdans Crossed for Laying— The Black Spanish.
For laying purposes, I would perhaps cross the Brahma on the Houdan. The Black fCff.^ "" 7Tk^°?,1 cross with the Brahma for laying. I have not heard anything
about the cross of the Black Spanish and the Houdan, but I should suppose it would make a very good fowl, because the Houdan, it is supposed, came originally from the Dorking and the Poland. It is said to be a leading French fowl, and in fact the only French fowl that we have found to be hardy enough for this country.
The Plymouth Rock.
The Plymouth Eock promises to be a very good fowl, but it will not suit the farmer for a number of years yet as it can hardly be called a fixed breed yet. The farmer looks to have both a good fowl and a good looking fowl. The Plymouth Rock has been a cross until late years, and it has not been bred sufficiently long or with sufficient care to make it yet an established breed, so that it may be depended upon. It will do verv well to use for crossing purposes, like any other common fowl, because when fowls are once crossed, they are nothing but common fowls, although some of them make better layers than many tull-bred fowlg. i»joiB
The Houdans— Polands— Black Spanish.
The Houdans, the Polands, and the Blaci- Spanish fowls are not adapted for general use, bemuse they are non-sitters and are not. g.od table fowls. For general use, we must have a fowl that will sit as well as lay. The Houdan and other non-sitters, we find lay a larger number of eggs than the fowls that sit, for one reason, that their time is not taken up with sitting. Of sitting fowls, I suppose the Brahmas are the best layers we have. The Braiima, crossed upon the Black Spanish or the Poland, makes a very good fowl, preferable to a cross on the Hamburg, which I consider too small a fowl for general purposes. The flesh of non-sitting birds lacks the substance and flavour that we find in the flesh of sitting birds The crosses of sitting birds with non-sitters are more inveterate sitters than even the full-bred sitting birds-a cross, for instance, of one of these Asiatics with the Black Spanish.
A Brahma and Spanish Cross.
I have (>xperimented in crossing the diSerent breeds, and have found that the best cross of a non-sitting bird and a sitting bird was the cross of the Brahma and the Spanish, but I prefer the Brahma and the Dorking. ^
A Brahma and Dorking Cross.
Some time ago I gave some eggs from the cross of a Brahma cock and a Dorking hen. to a friend of mine, and i|^e obtained from them a cockerel which was killed in the fall and before it was picked it weighed nearly fourteen pounds. That is a bird that was worth something for the table, although it was an exception. A fair average of the weight of such a cross would be nine or ten pounds for the cocks, and six or seven pounds for the pullets, live weight, or about eight pounds for the cocks, and five pounds for pullets dead
[Mr. Doel]
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WHITE LEGHORNS
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LIGHT B15AH.MAS.
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DAliK BEAHMAS.
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BREEDS OF POULTRY AND EGG PRODUCTION.
weight. And then they como in earlier for the table than the full-bred Asiatic. They uro improved in size, while the quality of the l>orking is not deteriorutod in the cross!
System op Brekdino.
To Mr Dymond.-ln breeding fowls 1 find that the cross generally receives its tvne from the male. If I were breeding, and crossing t}ie Brahma and U.a ffiiig o e veSJ I shou d commence by crossing a Brahma cock and a Dorking hen ; then n two vearT I should cross a Dorking cock and the Dorking-Brahma hen; and every two veaTf would cross m some full-bred cock, like the Ho'=udan. I should rule o't the Cochin entirely, on account of the inferior quality of its flesh. Under all circumstances I woud always use a pure male bird, and never take a cross except one which has bJen bred for a number of years, and had become a very good type.
The Dakk Bpahmas Pkekehred— The Game Fowl.
The Brahma I have been -eferring to is the dark Brahma. I have kcnt the l.Vhf Brahma, but I prefer the darL I don't think there is much difference betZntSj^i^^^ breeds, except in the col )ur. The objection to crossing the Game is, that it makes the fow s so pugnacious that you cannot keep many of them together: that is the onlv o}! jection I have to the Game The Gamers a hardy fowl, bft I d^nTtl^ nkit imL^^ hardiness to the birds, or helps them to resist the climate. imparts
Hardy Fowls.
nn^p'^^'T'' \ ^^^A- <'"?, ^^f "J^"'^ *« ^^^ I>orking, but I think it cau oc easily over- come. In breeding the Dorking, I have sometimes let them run withci cakin- Inv particular care of them, and let the hen and chickens find a place o shei- erfor "tliem^ se ves, in all sorts of weather, and I find that in that way they become as ! ardv ,.. «nl other owls. The Houdan, I believe, is har^dier than the Dorkhig The BrXma is n^t decidedly a hardier fowl ; and, for a fowl that will do well in winter or sumnSr and Tn all sorts of weather, if you do not car 3 for getting a fowl fit for the table eaT^ou can- not have a be ter bird than the Brahma. The Brahma is a good layer, a/d ^f taken Ehe winter! °'""'' ^'"^"' '"''''^'^ "''^ ^''^'' protection-will lay^ry weU daring
Cake Needed in Winter. But an objection to t'le Brahma, and to Asiatics in general is, that in winter t m
veJv fa't T^T f- T^"^ "^ ^'''^''h '' '^''^ ^^" '^^^ ^^> '^^ ^". because th^y^c^et r ^/ rru . ? T^''"- ^'''^^ '^ S''"'*^^ disposition to lay on internal fat than othex breeds That is no owing to any delicacy in their constitution, although Sey a?e more subject to some kinds of diseases than other fovis, particularly t;> a kind^f consumption!
Liability to Consumption,
ti., fhlf ^y^'^^ and American writers make the same remark with reference to the Asia- tics that they are subject to this particular disease which they call consumption The fowls dwind e away in flesh until they die apparently from exhaustion. The cross of the Brahma and Dorking is more hardy, and does not show such a disposition to lay on ii- ernal fat in the winter. I find no difficulty in keeping Spanish fowls hi winter if I have a warm enough place for them ; otherwise, their combs are liable to get frozen
To Mr Brown.-The Dorkings, I should say, would be the safest fowls in the hands of ordinary farmers all the year round. ^
^..J°A— :^i'»^^'^''--I don't. think by crossing the Dorkings with the Brahmas you would diminish the hardiness in the cross; I think, rather, that the cross would be hardier. I have not found the Brahma to be a delicato fowl at all. I have found that [Mr, Doel.'\
6
BREEDS 3F POULTRY AND EGG PRODUCTION.
Ill %
itei
the cross of the Brahma with any of these fowls is quite as hardv as the Brahma itself and perhaps more so, because I have not known the cross to be subject to thnonrmptive disease I have mentioned. What I know regarding the nature o this disease iw fa I have read m English works on tl.e subject, and from personal cxperiencr In En^knd there are persons connected with The Livestock Journal vrho examfne any birds affecS and report the result of their observations through The Journal. I have tried to 'ct
Need for Investigation.
..^ It^ould be a great benefit to the country if we could get the members of the different Poultry Associations to combine for the purpose of doing something with
b/oover'nS itThTr^P^^*^^^^^ The Ontario Poultry Association is a'ssiS by Government If the Board of the Association would consent to pay a person +o examine diseased birds, it would be an excellent thing for the country, because the e are many birds which die annually and nobody knows lliat is the matter .ith them%nd there are very few people who could learn by opening and exami ling a bird themselves The difficulty is that we cannot induce any of the A^ssociations to gS to the expense of having birds examined scientifically. ° eipense oi
Poultry Raising in Ontario—Artificial Incubators.
Au^Z\^^I:.riVl :^'''^('--V'o";t t^»^k poultry-raising is conducted as a separate in- du.stry toanyextentin Ontario; I only know of one person who said he was going to m.ke It a special business-that is a gentleman living near me. I have not had any ex-
at thoToTHnl^T T'f .'T"^f r;- A' * "^'^^^^^ ^* *'•« committee on the " Glass her " at the Toronto Industrial Ex^ubition last year, I watched it very closely. I approve of
lavVrrl'? rb?'^ rf"- ^^ T''^ "^ '*' ^^""^ «^ *^^ ^''^ «^"i"g f°-i« ^^i«'^ -e good St. H. M % t "" ''"'''"' *^' f °"^t^y *^ery ^ell. But the trouble with che incuba- tors IS this that unless a person makes an almost separate industry of poultry-raisiu-r he wxl not take the trouble to learn the working o^ the incubator ; otherwise /thlk they could be made to pay very well. There are artificial mothers iA connection with the iif- W W^ f\ ""^^^^'^ considerable success, .hough the weak point in the incubator
t i r^l.Tv. °^ a sufficiently beneficent mother. Up to the present time it can hardly cessful incubators have be:.i a success; but I think eventually they will be sue-
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Constant Attention Required.
An incubator could be watched and attended to very well by women and girls; If a farmers wite gave as much attention to the incubator as she now does to the dairy she woula reap more advantage. The incubator requires constant attention, and very few persons unless they make it a special business, wiL give it proper attention. It is after the chickens are hatched that they require tho most attention, because they have not their natural mother to attend to them, and to assist them in searching for their food and to. give them sufficient warmth when very young. I do not thin:-, as yet, however, it would be advisable for the farmers of the country gene, ally to use the incubator. It mi-^lit be used with advantage if one were established in a centre, in the charge of a person who made a special business of hatching for the surrounding farmers They are usin- it in ntvoY/n . "^^' ^P. in France. The people bring their eg.vs to the incubators, and in two or three days, after they are hatched, they come and take away their chickens and the eggs that do not hatch. I have read of a person named Brown undertaking to ilo the same thing in New Jersey, but I have no personal knowledge of the matter. I have -a-eat doubts that such IS the case, although I have no doubt if a person made a business of it he could supply a very large city with half-grown chickens for the table, and make it pay very well. *^ ■'
{Mr. Do'^l.']
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BLACK SPANISH.
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Method of Feeding.
raised fowls for market -^ I have simply kept them as a fancier and
I have not ^ ^ ^ _ _
for (he tal)le. I have not tri.. '. caponizing. Poultry will not do Avell if they are fed on the same kind of food all the time. They must have green food, both in winter and in summer. A good plan is to have cabbages hung up where they can pick them all the time; mangold wurtzcls are also good for them. I cut the mangold lengthwise, and throw it down to them, so that they can have access to it all the time.
The Langshan — A New Breed.
Thei-e is a breed of poultry said to bo entirely distinct from any breed we have, and they are beginning to be bred very largely in England. I was going to breed them this year, and imported a trio for the purpose; but I am sorry to say that the two hens were stolen from me ; I have retained the cock. It is a new Asiatic breed cslled the Langshan, said to have been brought originally from China by Major Croad of England. Those who have bred them say that they are equal to the Brahma or the forking. They are said to be nearly as early as the Dorking, and are much better layers than either the Brahma or the Dorking. They are nob quite so large as the generality of the Asiatics, but I think they will attain to a larger size then the Dorking. As the " Glass hen," referred to above, will be on exhi- bition at the coming Toronto Industrial Exliibition, I would respectfully invite your Commission to examine the working of it, as I think it would please you veiy much.
Poultry Shows.
The various poultry exhibitions should be largely patronized by the public, as they are doing a great deal for the country. I would also strongly recommend that prizes be of- fered at the various leading exhibitions for " Dead poultry," prepared ready for market, thereby encouraging farmers and others to preparts their poultry in some proper manner, to give them a nice appearance ; for were they got up with some appearance and taste, much better prices would be obtained, and the public would willingly pay better peices ; OS it is, not one fowl in ten looks hardly tit for the table when ofiered for sale prepared C?) for market.
WM. H. DOEL.
Sitting to take oral evidence, held at Guelph, July 13, 1880. WuiTELAW (Chairman), Bkown and Dymond.
Present — Messrs.
MR J AS. ANDERSON'S EVIDENCE.
To Mr. Whitelaw. — I have done a good deal of poultry raising. At present I have only four breeds of poultry — wliite and dark Brahmas, white Leghorns, and Black Spanish ; I have also got some Bantams, but they are not of much account. I lind poultry raising for breeding purposes to be very profitable.
Poultry Raising Pkofitable.
I have Toulouse geese and Aylesbury ducks, and I find them more profitable even than poultry. I follow poultry raising as.' an industry separate by itself. I did not go into it until four years ago, and I think it is proii table even to raise poultry for the table. 1 sell some eggs. Last year 1 think 1 sold over $100 worth of poultry for breeding pur- poses, besides having j)U'nty for our own use.
\yir. Andi'.rson. \
mr.-
duck egg,, etc, wS 'C ?S' 5 ';, P'^'-r "»'« 'I- belt Ifc* ^"f""; "«
Specclation IX Geese. ^0 Mr, Difmond T 1
F.*e/o'r.:£: ££ Erf r '"»=' --'tc-tj^ --?
mocles of incubattn T *ii^";^ ^'^ ^^^^ York. I have haTJ ' '''' ^ ^''°'^ '"'^"^ toput under lil he„ T.i'm '"",''• '" "''I »»,hor « i.teen el J ""'" ".r'"- ""■'»>
JAMES ANDERSON.
MR. JOHN PLUMMER'S EVIDENCE. '^^''•"^^"""^^^-^ called arul examined.
POLANDS, DOUKINGS, GaME FoWLS.
^0 J/r. Duniond — T I i
•rns are the >ck are tlie atch all my ^lis country. fro;!en very t to get the ■^tl a white '■ world. I B(l that (ire i to weigh '""'ty, and the table, keep thi'm
f keeping is year I they laid them till them for pounds a ; I don't xl many firtilicial they are er three
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9
Light Brahma Selected.
After that I tried 28 varictios of fowls and ducks together, and out of the different raneties of fowls 1 selected the Light Brahn.a.s. Living in the ci'ty, a u" havL sn,a 3
tinemeixt and not trouble my neighbours, and those qualities I found in the light Brahnias.
Tub Game a Hardiek Fowl.
If I were in the country, or had a farm, I would cross them with the Games which would make a hardier tWI and one that would forage more for itself, while aT the same time It would be as good a layer and better for the table, though not qiite so largo
The Dorkings— Eggs— Meat.
I have never found the Dorkings superior to other fowls for table purposes Thov ton^easzly but they do not grow larga Their eggs have a Hue flavour' anTtheir m^at
Tub Black Spanish.
Silver Spangled Hamburqs.
• u!"^ ^aT ^Pf^S'fd Hamburgs are the best layers. In some places eggs are sold bv weight, and there the Leghorns or Spanish would be good. ^^ ^
Winter Laying.
co„itST*Lt.::£ Ap'S""- ^'' """^ ''°"' *' °'°''"' " °"»^^ -^
Whitb Brahmas Good Setters and Layers.
The White Brahmas are good setters as weU as layers, and for those who wisli i^ raise poultry extensively they are good fowls. j », -"u lor tnose who wish to
Good Crosses.
a^ble bu^i..^ The „o. of the Lighe B^hl^^ O^l^uSlrot'SS
Artificial Incubation.
I have tried hatching by the use of incubators. I hatched the chickens but the arti- ficial mother was always the trouble. I did not go into it extensively.
Good Feeding.
In feedinff for tlip t-i^Ie «»• mnrl^of T a;,] ,,„* „-, :_ j» - ■• t , ,
I fed them well. ' "~ ' ° '"'' "^' P^^^cular treatment, only
[Mr. Flumvier.]
I
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=f!!^_^ POULTRY AND EGG PRODUCTION.
Fancy Piwces.
Oai'onizinu.
i»i ,!i,nl,f™:';i'.iir ffi'';»:^t:'r;,,:";' /rr ™"" """'■"« ™r«.." -rg„i„«
INOUKASED DkMA.VD_AmK.UOAK MaBKKT.
I think fchoro is anincroaso(I(iuaiiti(-v nf r^n,,!*.. i • • .
«rn bought horo for tho An.orioau ma ko7 Van ^ ^""l^ '"''''^^ '^"'^ * g'-*"^^' ""^"7 cggs »t >uore than thoy used to. ^""""''' '" ^'^'''"^'yl'l'ourhoocl are going into
JOHN PLUMMER.
Sittinpa to take
MR. DAVID D. WILSON'S EVIDENCE. David D. Wilson, cf Seaforth, was called and examiued.
EOO COLLKOXION.
teen ^'arf ' ^^rLVol t^V'Tte^'r ^o T. IT ^^T T"'^^'^*' '' Seaforth. for thir- keepern The bu/k of them a e br S h o mv Jbln i '"""^ "'^' ^l'"" """"'"-^ "'ore- Bhipped immediately, j^rincipally to New Yu?k^ ^ '"'' ''^''°''*''^ '" '^'^""^l^. ^ud
Buying and Shipping Seasons,
untiHhrS^^L'rnforJ;'^^^^^^^^^^^ t'""^ "^ -gbt month, from March
in lime. After I cIobo my shTpmeuts about' th« ht "^^ '";» would say. pickle my egg tively empty storehouses untiUhe next year ^ ""'"^' '^ November, I have co Jpart- '
Eggs by the Million^
throuUm^S^l^'ifoU^^^^^^^^^^ of o,,a will have pas.M
000 dozen, or 7,600,000 eggs The colT^^^^^^^^^^^^ , vT'/" TI^^'-'J'^ "*''^"' '^l'""* «« 'o."- aud north-east, and about^^O mUes south of sJS. "' '" '^'^'^ "°^^^^' "^^^i^-wast,
Prices Paid foh Ecgs. 14 ceals lu buj-tag egs°s I l™,,! over « o » ,7.t tS ,v It'llf '"" ^'"'' T,'"' ' "'""•
PLY MOUTH HOCKS.
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BREEDS OF POULTRY AND EGG PRODUCTION.
11
The Egg Kino of Canada— Other Large Shippers.
I am the largest shipper of eggs in Canada ; I have been called the Egg King of Can-
!!l\fw T u°?- ^^?':' i' ? ^^\^^ '^'PP''^ ^* S*- Mary's-J. D. Moore-who ships probably half the quantity I do ; there are D. K. McKnaughton & Co., at Chatham: there is another at Strathroy, another at Wingham, another at Walkerton, another at Fergus, another at tlie town of Waterloo, and a number of smaU shippers around Gait. There is no duty on eggs imported into the United States.
The Demand for Eggs in New York.
The demand for eggs in the New York market is practically milimited. There is nZt^!,t ""^ ^*'''^* °'^**'? auantity, but if your supply exceeds that quantity, of
course the price goes down, and as the price drops the consumption increases. Diiing £!;!;f rJf" ffP?^' largely on Canada for its apply of eggs, while in January aad
S„?ff' M ^t^'"'H^'''*V*y'"*^' ^°^*^' '^' ^"PPly co^es from the south, and as the weather becomes hot, the supply from the south breaks off altogether.
Southern Competition.
Ufi. Sln^tr''*^- *^®^^^"« ,T P^'^H^" "^^^^ °"^« *^^ ^oi°g °otJii°g. ^hile ours are pro- hfic when those m the sou h are doing nothing, and one reason ^hy I clear out mv stock in November 18 tha if I kept it I would have to face the southern compettir which begins about the middle of December. The supplies from the south are vTry Ige!
L ^ f ^^'°T^ 1 ^°*°^''' ''''!' '^"^^ ^^'^' ^"* ^^ *^'«»gl^ ^^^ United States, the E tS *°^^«^^^t'^'id consequently there is little or no egg production about December. T think hens, under the same circumstances, moult at pretty much the same period of the
Large Eggs Preferred. The larger the egg, the better the price we get. There has not been any regular sLlrones '^'""^ "^^" ^^^ ^ ^"'"^ "^' ^""^ ^''^' ^SSs command a better ^icTS
Shipments to England.
In shipping eggs to England, classification would be necessary ; you would have to separate the snail ones from the large ones, and the latter would commaTdoubirtl e price of the former The eggs of Hamburgs would not command in London or Liver-
HvmZth £L wi^ \f ^tT '^1 ■ ^''i^'' ^^"^^^«' ^^^^^^g«' Black Spanish, o the KJ« T,?nfifnll ;i ^ ^^' ''"PP'^ '"""^ "-' *^ ^^S^^^^' In some season^ it can be made profitable and only m some season 4bat is, at some periods of the year as during Octooer and November. I think I tried four seasons of shipping to England and in two of these seasons I got a little better price in England than in New York, ami n two a httle better in New York than in England ; the difference in the prTce. as weU is m the cost of shipping, was very trifling. ^
Freight Charges and Arrangements.
The last I shipped were carried from here to London for less than a penny a dozen It costs about a cent a dozen to carry them from here by rail to Kew Yo?k The frS^ht
foShink f ::,! n *'' ''^ °' 'r • '^'''''^ ''''' '^^ - morTperishable^riSe^l don t thmk It would be possible to send eggs to England in midsummer. I do not sav that It cannot be done, but thov would have to hn sonf in r^fn^.wors o- m -H rL,^ bers. which would add matcnally to the expenseof shipment: " Taever sh^^ed anyt [Mr. WiUon.] ^
12
BREEDS OF POULTRY AND EGG PRODUCTION.
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refrigerators. It takes throe or four days to have them conveyed from here to New York. They are shipped in ventilated cars, and are carried safely in that way.
Packinq Eqqs.
I pack them in flour barrels, and the packing material I have always used, when I could get it, has been oat shells from the oatmeal mills.
Plymouth Rooks as Eqg Producers.
As egg producers, I believe the Plymouth Rocks are as good a species of fowl as we have got. The Black Spanish is a good egg producer, but its eggs have one defect, that of having a thin shell, which necessitates extra care in packing. The origin of the Plymouth Rook breeds has caused very much bitter discussion, but in the estimation of breeders of the present day, the most rehable opinion appears to be, that it was the cross of a single-combed Dominique cock with Black Java hens. The Plymouth Rock is a good layer ; it lays a large egg, with a strong, durable shell. It is a very good table fowl when it is no longer useful as a layer, and, when well cared for, comes very early (o ma- turity.
Bhahha and Gahx Cross.
The Brahma and Game make a good cross. The Game puts life into the BraL aa. The Brahma is a dull fowl; it lays large eggs, but not many of them.
Increase in Poultey Keeping.
since
The farmers in this neighbourhood have gone into poultry raising much more largely 1 1 settled at Seaforth. I can get eight times the quantity of eggs now that I could then in the same territory. During this year and last, the eggs have been of a better quality during t) hot weather than I have known them to be before, as the nights have been cool, ai '.ore have been no long terms of hot weather.
Moke Cake Taken — Effects of Hot Wbatheb,
I attribute th^ improvement also to a little more care on the part of the farmers. Whuu I first came here I got a great many eggs that were spoiled by having been kept too long. During the hot weather all the eggs we buy are examined individually, but in the spring of the year they do not require to be examined, as they are all fresh. I do not find any large proportion of them bad. In the summer of 1878, which was excea- eively hot, a considerable quantity of the eggs I bought were spoiled.
FEEDiha Sand and Limb.
In order to produce anfegg with a strong, thick shell, it is necessary to feed a sub- stance that will supply both lime and flint, and that can be obtained by feeding sand and lime.
Poultry Keeping Profitable.
My opinion is that there is nothing that pays an ordinary farmer better than to keep, incidentally, a limited number of fowls. I do not think it would pay any man to keep a very large quantity of fowls for the production of eggs to be sold at 10 cents a dozen ; but when a man has a farm of 100 acres, and keeps 50 or 60 fowls, to consume a great deal of stuff about the farm, that would othenvise go to waste, he can obtain a large quantity of eggs at a very slight cost Under such cu-cnmstauces, I think there is
[Mr. Wilson.]
BREEDS OF POULTRY AND EGG PRODUCTION.
13
no class of animals that pays better than a limited number of fowls, I think it is well, if possible, to combine both egg and meat producing qualities in a fowl.
TJsK OP Salt on Land.
To Mr. McMillan. — I followed farming some time ago. I am not domg so now. I used salt considerably— to the extent of about 500 pounds to the acre— on both spring and fall wheat. For two years I malted a portion, and left a portion unsalted. In both seasons the spring wheat that was unsalted was more shrivelled and shrunk than what was salted, and was a little later in ripening. I was satisfied after very httle experience that salt was beneficial as a fertilizer. 1 thought, so far as I could judge from appear- ances, that there was about double the quantity of wheat on the land which was salted than there was on the land which was not salted.
D. D. WILSON.
Ill
GAME BANTAMS.
[Mr. Wilson.]
IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3)
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APPENDIX M.
E!"VI3D:HI3Sro:BJ
BELATINQ TO
SALT IN CONNECTION WITH AGRICULTURE
AND COGNATE INDUSTEIES.
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ONTAEIO AGRICULTUEAL COMMISSION.
APPENDIX M.
E'VIDElsTOEI
HELATING TO
SALT IN CONNECTION WITH AGRICULTURE
AND COGNATE INDUSTRIES.
Sittingsto take oral evidence, held at Seaforth, August 11th and 12th, 1880. bIZT^^I' M.'?^ ^^^^'""^^ (Chairman), Mr. Dymond, and (on the 12th) Mr.
MR. RIGHTMYER'S EVIDENCBL Lb:vi Rightmyer, was called and examined.
^0 Mr Dymond— 1 am at present a salt manufacturer at Kincardine. I erected my works there in 1871, and they have been for eight years in successful operation. My salt. 18 manufactured from brine, by evaporation. I make one grade of common fine salt. and ihanufacture almost exclusively for the American market.
DEMAND BY AMERICAN PORK PACKERS.
T?nel^fVnI^f*'P°'^P*°^f™°^^ii'"^Soand Milwaukee are my chief customers, both
St 1 *^^T "T P,f ^''\ ^^'' P"'"'^ P^^^^^^*^ '^^^ *h*^ English market are substituting my salt for Liverpool salt, one house taking this season 3,000 tons for that purpose, and after trying it, call for more. The Canadian markets are chiefly occupied by English
FISCAL IMPOSTS.
nnr fSfn^T.'?'"" .^^f ^^T^^en* Under the new police, of protection, have laid a tax upon
Z^n?!V^r P f-' ^^■^^''^'^«' r » ^^- *'^"' ^'^''-^y increasing the cost of produc- Uon, and at the same time allow English salt-which is brought over as a ballast-to be
vl7V^"V"" T'^lu ^''\'^. '^"^y- ^° '^^' ^''''^'^^ i'* "slaughter market" for Engh h surplus salt, as their salt is sold cheape. here than at home; besides there is a piejudice among Canadians against ours and in favour of foreign salt. Owing to these woT I^.J^'.^^'^P^^^d *o seek a foreign market for my productions or%lose my works. The American demand at present is sufficient for all that I can supply thou«h the price of Michigan salt can be, and has been sometimes, reduced so low aT^to prevelt the influx of Qanadian salt. "" «. w jjievwui
[Mr. Rightmyer.]
SALT IN CONNECTION WITH AGRICULTUKE
EXTENT OF MANUFACTURE.
I mako annually about 10,000 tons, about 8,000 of which I sell in the United States against a duty of $13,800, that is |l.GO por ton; thu balance I sell incideutally in Canada. The pork packers use my salt for pickle and dry salting.
FOUMEll onjKCTIONS REMOVED.
Wlicn our works first started, aud before a reservoir was formed in the salt beda affording means for settling the brine, there was found the prt'senco of gypsum in the salt, though not to any consiilenibie amount ; since then wo have had no complaints against our salt ; on the contrary the reports of the pork packers, and those who have used it and dealt in it have boon of the most favourable character, and uo complaiuta have been made as to its giving a slimy appearance to bacon.
DRYING PU0CKS8.
Tlie only procons of drying that my salt undergoes is to lie a suitable time in the bins for drainage, when we barrel it or ship it away, in bulk, in vessels.
KINCARDINE SALT " TUE PUREST KNOWN."
I have never had an analysis made of my salt, but the brines of Kincardine were at first analyzed together wit < the other brines of Ontario for the Government by competent chemists and proaouuced the purest known.
AMERICAN TESTIMONY.
I have letters from H. H. Ilayden, of Chicago, who is one of the principal dealers in both foreign and Canadian salt, and, writing under date of June 6, 1878, he says : " Canada salt sells readily. Your salt, as usual, is very choice and gives extra satisfaction. One of my customers hos had it analyzed and with gratifying results." He writes again, February 17, 1879: " Your salt stands very high and will no doubt bring outside prices." Plankington & Armour, pork packoi-s in Milwaukee, to whom I have shipped regularly for years, write : " Your salt is eminently satisfactory."
E ILISH AND AMERICAN COMPETITIOIT.
The English salt formerly came into competition with Syracuse and Saginaw salt in my district. The American salt was then' very inferior ; since then, under the supervision of State inspectors, aided by competent chemists, they have learned to remove mcny of the obnoxious earthy chlorides from their brines, and now make salt that pork packers use largely in their business. There is very little gypsum in my salt. I do not consider it the most prejudicial ingredient to be found in salt. I have no trouble with calcium or magnesium chloride. My salt has been used in my neighbourhood by fanners, for salting butter, and found to be excellent for that purpose. I think that neither English nor American salt is now used in my district.
AN ACTIVE DEMAND.
During the recent trade depression all the salt manufacturers in Kincardine except myself closed their works. I have hardly been able to supply all the wants of my cus- tomers this year, but prices are still low.
[Mr. Eightmyer,]
AND COGNATE INDUSTRIBS.
INSPECTION OP SALT. There is no inspection of Canarlian hdU a • standard which would bn dosiralTo bSJ I have Wn"Z"'"T /"'^^^ P^°^'"^« * "-^^^ ."spoctor.asitconldnotinanywaVimprovT^Lv^^^^^^^ S *^? ^ointmont of an
POIIMER COMPLAINTS.
to b„"rcwTo^™ p':s; 2!°'"" '" "■' ^' "' «"»» c™o»„ «>,t »«* ,„ ..a
«EFUSE SALT.
son.e^:t"liuTed,^fd wbS*7o^ f '':; ^'f^-^ «»r pans, which is
V, experience to be very beneficiaras LtreSens^^^^^^^ ^'^' "P"'^ g'"-" - ^-^d
the quahty and increases the quantity of grafn ' P''^^^"*« ^"s^. and improves
SALT AS A FERTILIZER, now n,e mine exol„»u„ly, and'^tl 1"^™ a^conm a,S J "^ °'"""''^ """' "="6''"'' »"''
- L. HIGHTMyER.
DR. COLEMAN'S EVIDENCE.
. ,™.,.Sf ^- °°^^"^''' »' "■« «™ ■>' C*™- * Oo„i„,„e,, of Seaforth, was CUU and
VARIETIES OF SALT.
tios-^f:c2:rS-L^-^-^;rjr^^^ '^- I-^e three va^e.
usua y put up in barrels. The common coarse Is usSfn'^",. The common fine is salt and the .lairy for table and dairy purposes This vpI T^ P''"'.'« '^'^^ ^"^''"g hW««. -H.u a coarser variety for use in the shToment n cJT . • "*^ '"*' ^'^^" ^^'^'^ manufac Our total production is 70,000 to 75,oSo barrds a Tear"!^"* " refrigerators to England.
MARKETS FOR SALT.
-st^^d^'S^^rSu;,;' l!:^ "^^l ^-^^^^ «^-- «-e 1S74 the l"'.^os until this year ; this year we have^old „ , !f ^fV^l ^ Canada for dairy pur- -M iu bulk for tlu, ilnite/ Sta^s a, d 'in bniJl f^l °^ 'l^''^ «'^'* "» < ''^"^'''^ f ^t is
-.■u-se .alt to the Unito.l States o^ cu nl n it L'ht '^' /''. ^"'"''^ ' ^^« ^^^ --^ 1>. Waters & Co., and Klink all of Hnf 'F. ?^ l-^^ '"'"'^ '*^ *» AH.ergor & Co H t^rer. ""'^' *" "^ 1^"«^1« i »t goes direct into the hands of the sla^^Si
[/>n ColeiiMH.]
so (
;
i I
6
SALT IN CONNECTION WITE AGRICULTURE
COMPLAINTS — THE CAUSE EXPLAINED.
I t
Complaints have been made in Canada of a kind of briny scum which our curing salt is said to produce on tlie moat, but I do not think it injures it; I think I can account for tliis. The meat men in Canada do not deal fairly with us. Salt is made summer and winter • summer-made salt loses its moisture, while winter-made salt retains much of it, and as these iiion order most during the winter, we ere abliged to give tliem winter-made salt, whicli is genarally frozen, and wliich, when it comes into contact with tiie meat, affects it in the way stated. If we went to the expense of drying the salt in stoves, as tliey do in England, tliis difficulty could be remedied ; but if the packers would give us their orders in good time we could supply them with summer salt, so that the difficulty would not occur. My theory is that the slime is caused by the salt curdling the albuminous portion of the serum in the meat. Frozen salt dissolves rapidly on meat. The exterior portion is cured rapidly, and the inner portion is left uncured, which does not hap;>en with dry salt, for tlio reason that the serum flows slowly from the meat ; but with wet salt flows rapidly from the surface, hardening it and preventing the flow from the inner portion. I supply salt to Davies. of Toronto, but he gave it up on account of the sliminess. The evil comes from the meat, not from the salt ; there is a good deal, however, in prejudice. It is our busi- ness, as dealers and producers, to endeavour to meet the market ; we have good results with our salt here -t home, and we should have the same in other parts of the Dominion. We send very little coarse salt in winter to Buffalo ; it all goes by rail j we take special care that it is dry. Cowan, of Toronto, has not dealt with us, but R. Thompson has.
BUYING THE SALT.
I have not adopted any special means for drying the salt beyond keeping a couple of carloads ready for shipment on an elevated floor, where it is dryer than it would be on ground. My method of manufacturing is the same as Mr. Rightmyer's — what is called the English system.
INSPECTORSHIP OF SALT.
The reason the salt men did not want the Government to have an inspection of the salt was, that the market was very lew at the time, and we did not want a tax. I do not think there is any want of uniformity in Canadian salt itself, but there is a want of a uni- form standard of manufactured salt, and for this reason I think an inspector mi^ht be an ad\"antage. *
m^\
^ ANALYSIS OF SALT.
An analysis has shown that, of pure salt there is 98-73 per cent in Canadian salt, 97-82 per cent in Higgins' English salt, and 97-41 in Onondaga salt. The following shows an analysis of various kinds of salts— Canadian, English, aiid American.
Siidic Chloride, or Common Salt.
Water
Calcic Sulphate
Calcic Chloride
Sodic Sulphate [
Magnesia Sulphate
Magnesia Chloride
Insoluble Matter
\Dr. Coleman.]
* « £ t- § H^ » 'i e^
98739
-328
1'156
00 H
M pa § <" 5 I.*
98'120
-.500
1-300
tn < o
S S (4
97-820
•480
1-'182
-016 -017
Trace.
Trace.
•080
100-256
100-000
O H H g iJ O
CO
97-562
-927
1-315
-142 -097 •l-<!2 , -112 i)25 -042
97 '462
•49(i
1'703
•112
-""tew
Sr, » » S < si
97*059
•969
1-649
-150
100 026
•066
-114
•059 I
100-000 , 99 '936
97 '415
1-009
1-300
•102
-081 -063
100-000 99'970
AND COGNATE INDUSTRIES.
of salt fort cent loss than others are sSntrforTw S«. ?»V«.they can get a barrel the diflerence in quality, so tha thereT« n^l ' ^ "^'^ ^''^^ '^ ^^^^out considerinjr
salt. The Bnml peop^^ ge the Tit mo^t " 137"' '" fT'"'^ " ^'"^^ ^^^^^^ «' winter-made salt. Last winter we sennXsv^Tii n"* ^ summer and winter-made salt We W no .S ' ^^* ?°^^^^^ of
mandis constant. Our storarre is now i nnn i ? ^tT ,°^ '*°''^g«' ^^^^a^se the de- sorbs moisture from thettmSpl ere Tnv ire San ' M'""' ,*^'"^ ^^"^^^^" ««'* ^^- contact with dampness and if aUrwy f ''"^ '^'^*''" '^'* ' ^^ «l»o"W be kept f rom
PRICES OF SALT.
English KiiitirreVrsMoVrr!;' «i-"'; ?"""''. °f ^'op™-*;
to «1 J6 per ba„el, of 22r™und E„ii "^^^^
RAILWAY RATES UNFATR
that t^e'clSXr wntg lt;£,T»:;rf7""»f n°°r '? "* ^"8»* -' '».
DEMAND IN MARITIME PROVINCES.
<d.i.72ir:rctto„*°.S;Tut^i™^^^^^^^^^^
.» well liked there, and we /e. a, good-pS'&S w.iotl'wer"''' """ ' ™' "'*
INCREASED DEMAND FOR DAIRY SALT.
LondoiXHe^rtS^^^^^^^^ the Dairymen's Association at
- iu the factirieJ and among flrmers^cTnlS^^^^^^^ "^ ?' ^t^ '^^' ^ ^^^^^^a factory; the Brucelield chees^e factory • by Mai oL iVlnnrt"''!^* ?u' ^^^""'^ «^^^«« alien; by Marshall of Stratford bv Litbnf<i I -^^'^
Fowler of Dunham ; W. "R Cranston oiwZlL A ^"^""S^^^l^ > ^y Good & Clement ; by others ; in the coun y of wSoo bv S. /t^V^'? ''^*'' ^reemery; and numerous Orey; at Paisley, an^ in LoTd^ ' '^Ztl^L Irs^ '^^^Z. '' ''' ^^'^^^^ ^'
TEST OF SALT FOR CHEESE MAKING.
and in the trial Canadian saltrme oS ahl 1 nfl !. I '?'t"''' '''*^"'^* our knowledge, the demand for it for dai^ purposes llxn^^^^^^^^ f'^\'"^- ""^ ^""''''^^'^ ' '^^^'^ t'-n
»omove the prejudice whicVexSted agaLsHt ' " ^'''''°'' '^ *^^ J"^S^« *^^ded to
SALT AS A FF?.TILIZER.
p-tol\:u^ritt:'t:L'?Jtt.d:atTh'r fc-M'-g p"Tose,,at mo .o«3
SALT IN CONNECTION WITH AGRICULTURE
ton, while the coarse Enghsh salt costs $6.75 in Toronto. Thore is nothing to prevent us from supplying the whole of Ontario as far east as Brock ville with salt for fertilizing pur KT;« fW S'"™r'* """^ ^"' *he difference in the freight on English and on Canadian salts 18 that the railway companies have very little freight westward, but plenty eastward. In the spring it is difficult to obtain cars enough to ship all the salt that is .lemanded for
St ^a"X^; Z """'" ^'"""^ " '"^'/ ^'^*° f'^"^'^ ' *^« ^^^"'•''•^ P'-^^^r the clean coarse ^ t, as t^can besown more easilv and evenly than the refuse or fina There is very little
salt sold for fertilizing purposes along the lakeboard in Canada ; it is mostly used inland
Sometimes three or four farniers take a car-load among them. The quantity of salt sohl i*
Lmef?orn"?!r''''T f w'n-'''! ^'^'1*^°^ ^^' ^^"'^^ ^^^ P""^>H demand this year nZ/JT ^^V^"" y °f Wellington ; Oxford probably came next ; the neighbourhood of Newcastle next; and the neighbourhood of Barrie fourth. I do not think salt has any effect primarily upon the grain, as an ingredient, but it aots as a chemical solvent of the soil, and in that way becomes a fertilizer ; it is well known that salt makes the straw stronger and clearer, and prevents rust I have seen a field of fall wheat, part of which was salted and part not, and the unsalted part bent over, while the salted part stood up straight.
CANADIAN SALT PREFERRED.
m O'^Mtu^'Tl^^ f}^ '! sold in Buffalo at 95 cents a barrel, and Canadian salt at W; havn tf V i^ fo^'' *^' ^'''^^'' P^"^"^' °"^ «^1*' ^«°'^"«« «f its greater puritv. DotroS Att ^/"^r "^ ^''i' ™^^t curers, Indianopolis, Standish & Hammond of
Cash^f'st wTv, ""K^^''^^'' P.f/ ^J^'- °f Hensall, and John White of Mitchell. S. Cash of beaforth has been using it for five years ; H. Robb of Seaforth, has used it for several years; Mr. Beattie of Seaforth, has used it for meat curing ; Scott Robertson when at Seaforth, used it All these firms have been in the habit of usir. Canadkn salt constantly for years John S. Porter of Seaforth, has used it on hides, and no otW for several years; also Laduc Bros, of Detroit, for the same purpose and mv 50^Pnt7«' f-nn more for it than for United States salt. Our firm has als^reSd I'L'llowin'S^^^
Messrs.{CoLEMAN &, Gouinlock, Seaforth.
Columbus, Ohio, Sept. 2, 18S0.
Gentlemen,— I have just been awarded the first premium on your dairv and firsf on
(Signed)
John Felton, Buffalo, N.Y,
T. T. COLExMAN,
The witness has, since the close of the sittings of the Commission at Seaforth received the following letters which he requests may be added to his evidence :—
Bluevale Cheese Factory, Sejit. 2J,th, ISSO. Messrs. Coleman & Gouinlock, Merchants, etc., Seaforth
I remain, gentlemen, yours truly,
{Dr. Coleman.]
John Townson,
Cheese Maker.
AND COGNATE INDUSTRIES.
9
Messrs. Co.kmax d. Gou.nlock, Seaforth. '^''''''' ""'"' ^'^''''^ '"'' ''*^-
years?;;rtTfXt'i^:?ntTni^^^^^^^ ^ith cS'Xr " *^t ^o-tW the last twenty-one account. Tlie first twelve yeTs I waXro i tS T^^^^^^ ""^P",' °* *^^ *^™« °" ""y own Canadian salt was so mu.h cleaner than the L^vernonlT"^ sa^t; then I thought Is the satisfactory, and for the last eight years I hav« , L?n a-^"''^'^ ^'^ '*• ^^^ ^"^'^1 ^as your books will show that rnoJot'^l' ^:ZZa SZ^Z^^^^^^^ -d^^^-''
andalso its .keeping quJities, can;Tbe'exc£.''Se:::^^^^^^^^ ^^ Tf *-'
brighter appearance, and the flavour is all that can bo desired! ^Janadian salt have a
Yours truly,
Geo. MATTHEwa
Messrs. Coleman & Gouinlook, Seaforth. Buffalo, September S4th, 1880.
being';S:rfo";7ai:;td's*n'^^^^^^^^
State Fairs. I think it will count next year ^^'"' ^'''^'''' <^^^' ^'^'^ ^^''^an
Youra,
John Felton.
i
¥
1%
>-3 i
■his neighbourhood, and jeen in the salt business
MR. PLATT'S EVIDV^for Samuel Platt, of Goderich, was called anr
FIRST DISCOVERY +l,„/''.?*^°'"'"''f°"''**— I^^sthe first to disc ever sice? ""' "''' ^' "^'"^ "^^ ^ l^^^' -« -
Dairy salt a specialty.
years?grrta"e8ifcro!S\^^^^^^^^^^ '-* *-7-- Three or four
cause of this decrease has beenUmt in sLlf L \ ^ ^"^ '"^''"^g ^b°"* ^'000. The in small bags, and sending it to Ch cSo SZk. 5 ^'/'.?''" ?""^"^ "? "^^«"«'- «alt prices so much that I could not compete a^^Wn' ^"t ''^^'■' -P^^'"'' ^"^ ^^^ucing the and what I put up in small b° ^s wastr fS ' r ^^ P"''??"^ '^^''k^* ^^'^^ Chicago,
for dairy purposed ° ^'''^ ^" ""'^ "'«' ^ ^^^^ ™^e a good deal in barrels.
PURITY OF HURON SALT.
Sy^use, 0„on,la«., Saginaw ^^OUosaU a„f I Z^f' ^""^ ■'™«°''ly»J along with pnze at Chicago, at Ne>v YoA, in pSnoe a Jfiftf " ""!' P™"' ' "'•" «»' tl", first othe.. show. he. again. E^,i, aSX' »!«-" IhJ'SraE'LJt'oCtritr
[Mr. Platt.\
ly
10
SALT IN CONNECTION WITH AGRICULTURE
about 1 J per cent, of foreign mattfr, while the English contained 2 per cent., vrl the- American (Syracuse) 4 per cent. This analysia was mailo about four years ago.
ROCK SALT OPKRATIONS.
I am familiar with tlio operations that were going on at Goclerich to obtain rock salt. Mr. Attril sunk a shaft, but the operations are now at a standstill, and aro not likely to be .e&umod. The rock salt obtained was very pure, especially at a depth of 1,065 feet. They obtained there almost completely pure chloride of sodium. I think it is the same bed tha*^ extends all over the county of Huron.
UOW TO GET RID OF IMPURITIES.
I think the salt in the Huron district is all alike, though there is considerable differ- ence in the manufacture from the same class of brine. When I was at Syracuse I learned from Professor Englehart and Professor Smith that by bringing the salt water to satu- ration and allowing it to .jool, you will give time for the gypsum to deposit before you dry it off. I have been trying that, and I liave found the salt to be much dryer and better. The UBiial plan is, just to run the brine from the bed into the pan, but by this plan you do not get rid of the gypsum. The chlorid-^ of calcium is A'hat caus'JS the salt to be damp and makes cheese and butter bitter, ^iie difference between my system and that of others is in my method of evaj oration in the first place, and in the careful removal of the mother water from the pans in the next place. The removal of the mother water has the effect of removing the chloride of calcium or gypsum. In that way I start anew each week. It la only about a year and a helf since I have adopted that plan.
MARKET IN CANADA.
I sell about 5,000 barrels of dairy salt a-year in Canada. About one-half of that is vivd by farmers, and the other half is put in small bags for household use. I dont think there is anything but Huron salt now used in Goderich. One storekeeper got a few bags of English salt last year, but I think he has them still on hand. I aell £ good deal of salt to the farmers for butter-making at one-half cent a pound. The butter made from this salt is usually pure and good. There have only been one or two cheese factories in our neighbourhood — one at Benmiller and one at Tiverton. The gentleman who carried them on was Alex. McBain. He always used my salt, and he said it was equal to the English salt, and much cheaper.
SALES TO AMERICANS.
I sell largely to the American pork packers for curing purposes, considerable dairy salt for dry salting in the summer season.
SALT FOR THE LAND.
They used to buy
The last year has been the only one in which there has been any particular demand for land salt from us. I saw two or three parties who used it the year before, and they told me that it increased the yield of wheat, stiffened the straw, and ripened the grain and- made it of better quality.
METHOD OF MANUFACTURE.
I used to manufacture by the steam process. I do not now. I have invented a system of manufacturing salt which I think is superior to any othei', only it is expensive ; that is, by steam evaporation. The advantage is that the heat is equal all through the brine, and the salt comes out all alike. In the common mode of making salt in pans, the
[Mr. Flatt.]
AND COGNATE INDUSTRIES.
li
bags
Ai'ti Aj on my
the
pans get corroded, and tho heat passes up th(, smoke stack, but if the salr 1: principle, the he^t nannot escape in that way.
SOLAR SALT.
, ^^!"^V" '^« o*'^®'* «'^° I spent about two months to see what I could do with solar salt. At Syracuse there aro 1,000 acros covered with it. I think that would be the proper way to make salt here. It does away with the necessity of fuel, though the cost of covers is considerable ; but these cove.-s last iifty or sixty year;^. I think it could bo prDhtably adopted here, because our brhie is so strong that there is not the need of so much evaporation as there. We could take off three crops a year, while they aro able to take ott only two crop.s. The Syracuse salt makers have several millions of dollars invested in that system. I thmk solar salt is pur .r than any other ; it is worth |2 or $3 a ton more It IS a large salt ana just the salt that is required for packing and for fish.
SUNDAY SALT.
The salt used for packing fish is the coarsest kind that can be got. It is collect Sunday salt, owing to its having been dried on Sunday when the works are closed and when it has the advantage of a slow fire. It would cost a good deal more money to make all the salt 111 the sanie way. Larger jans would be required, and it would not be necessary to rake tnein so often — perhaps twice a day.
ALL THK WORKS IN OPERATION.
All the works in my neighbourhood are now in operation; during the depression nine or ten works were closed, but a better demand has lately ueen springing up, chiefly in consequence of the demand for land salt. f 6 b ft ^y >^
PRICEr OF SALT.
Common salt is worth about $3 a ton, f.o.b., or $5.50 at Chicago. It is all the same kind of salt, but here It is used for land, and there for packing. The Chicago packing house of Armour & Co. buy from us. I have had no complaints from them ; on the con^ trary, they say -t is just as good for them as the English salt.
SALT MUST BE WELL DRIED,
I think the sliminess on pork is easily to be accounted for. Salt in the green state lias a ceHain amount of water in it, and is therefore not useful for pork packing. Salt needs age A certam amount of dampness can be removed by evaporation, but there is also a certain amount which can only be removed by time. After the free liquid is d-'s- p< sed ot, a sort of latent dampness remains, which can only be got rid of by time The l!.nglish salt requires some time to come across the Atlantic, so that it becomes pretty dry before it gets here. We keep our salt in bins. It only requires about three weeks or a month to get dry There is a great deal more moisture in winter salt than in summer salt. It th« salt is kept long enough and until it gets perfectly dry before it is used, there will be no trouble m packing pork with it. , o
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS.
One or two farmers in our neighbourhood have been making a test of salt. One .ian named Jenkins, in the township of Colborne, in a field of seven or eight acres sowed one- half with salt and eft the other half without any. He had a good crop of spring wheat jv^ ere ae put the sal , and hardly any where he did no. put it. All the farmers whom I have seen say that the salt effects a great improvement. At Goderich we have been getting
[Mr. rialt.} * -
III
'■'4
12
SALT IN CONNECTION WITH AGRICULTURE
il;
65 cents a barrel while at Seaforth the makers have only been getting 55 c-^mZ fl vt ference being owing to our special convenience for sbinnin.. wf .&f ' f '^'^■
Windsor and the Georgian Bav T fbint wo V» ''"JPP}"?- ^e sliip some by water to present price of f uel ° ^' """ '^" ""'^*^ '^ P'^^ *« '^^^ ^^ ^^ a ton, with the
SAMUEL PLATT.
li'i
ll
MR. SPROAT'S EVIDENCE. Geo. Sproat, of Tuckersmith, was called and examined.
EXPERIMENTS WITH SALT,
To Mr. McMillan. — I farm 400 ao-f.« ni lor,ri r i fertilizer on my land. I did not see imS. If fw f f '''^ ''^P°''""ented with salt as a
generally used it on turn^ land'L tiryLt teVlTZ 1 °" ''^^'"' application, but I turnips, I sowed barley I adocted alf. n r ! , a magnilicent ellect. After the where i had not, a d t^re was finaH-en rffi. *° 1"" J^""'^ ^ ^^^^ ««^^^ ^he .salt, and the unsalted, on the Wley crop v il twn f ' ^' adv-antage of the salted land over -heat. I tried it on spS whekt tl is v^Ir b ,t ° l'" W ^-^""^ "f"^^ *"^^ "'^^^ °" ^^1' so .lestroyed the experiment. I h!ve been usit sdt f^r'ten" ^^ "^''IT^ '^' '''^' ^"" lighter and clearer in the straw it seemV/n T.l^ -f */" /ears. It makes the wheat,
the grain, and it niakes the I'aw hW TJl ^t'-f'" " "" "^''''^ ^^^^^^ "^
have not tried it on hay or fruit tree. r I. ^ 7 .• *^"?^ '* "icrea.es the yield. I on the same lield. ^ '" "^ ^^"^^ "'* continued to use salt more than once
QUANTITY USED PER ACRE— EFFECT ON CROPS.
think^t has thfXir;/ SmlVoStur"\ '^ ll ''^ ^^""^'^ «^ ^^^ *« ^^- --- I patch beside the tuniips bri ^S ""t o afytlt oit ^t, f '"^T/ ' ^^^^ ^ P°*^*« showing where the salt was sown Zd wTeit ft was 1. T y^^^*^"' ^T ^ ^Z'*'"^*^ ^"^'^ bringing the turnips ahead ranidlv n,Tfi '^f,."^^'- The salt had also the effect of
couW „ft say .^fr'l^tot'SiZt ^S^p "if. '^, tf'Sc' ° if" 1\''; ' mo« ...,„„ue. T„e rfect „„ the Wrioy ,va. to .^rl^LT^ Ira-KUoZfottoya
^ INCREASED YIELD OF BARt.EY.
.ifty po„,A to .he hushJl^'Tbuy'Thf St'ISL"],:"'"''' ' '"""' "'"' ' ""'S"'" "'"
USE OF SALT UNIVERSAL.
from the salt on the weeds I do nnf flWr^ ti i ^ ,' ^'^^^ "°* noticed any etlbct too much salt. I buJTt by th Val flotd tt'^P So ^'"l '"^ t^"'^"'" '''•^"^ ^'^ -" ^^ 400 pounds to the aci^; tha't would^Tcltfoflrfif^S^To^tents PJor ^^^^ ''^'^
CATTLE RAISING. far„,.?t/titS;»^'i'':™ S'et Td,, ' ""''''Tt'? Y'f 'T"" '"^ *' Canadian
<h.
AND COGNATE INDUSTRIES.
13
SALT FOR CATTLE.
CANADIAN SALT IN THE DAIRY.
ro J/a McMilJnn.—l have made both butter and cheese I uspri Pr1«mor,'= i
salt and our buttc-r has always connimnded the lushest price Murh nf i I ! V'^''^ ou the market is due to the fact that the womm have not' faS 1 ^-^"^ *'''"""
butter. You should not bla„.e the women ™h;s^l'mrth^ '" '^^'^^^^ ^^^'^
neve/Li^-fit:i;f^j;::::;lZn::;:l^^^^^ f -^ -^ i j^-
the wells without dryin/it. The farm' r^aronn.l wl *^ ^'l"'*^ f '*^ ""'"^^ ^'•«'"
oven for fertilizing. ^Tb^y cannt tXif o"tefr%^trrerrenre ^Tl "'r" ^'^\*' for cunng purposes I have killed and cured sheep in the lotto^ « ^Janadian salt
vaut any better salt for that purpose than wttlege^arJund he." '"' "^^ ' """^
HORSE BREEDING. I raise horses. The cross from the Clyde I find to be fl.o T.ncf i .,
GEO. SPEOAT, J.P.
MR. M. P. HAYES' EVIDENCE. Martix p. Hayes, of Seaforth, was called and examined.
interS ^^t/S^W ^Tf'^SlSf ofSSLtt "^'r^^^"^^ o^-l, Ihavean discovered in the County SfHuronlre I viitec^^^^^^ % '^^■"°*^ fT ^'^^^ '""^^ ^'^^
pretty general use. important improvements which are now in
THE SALT YIELDING AREA. I am acquainted with the salt yielding area of the Province Tbp «nU • . •
.»oc. upon «, Wt „o,.h of tha. H„c all t„„ ».t is "oflr^e 'itdTa "o'; "&'
PROCESSES OF TREATMENT. The processes of ihiaLment are not the same in -ill cases TIio..„ ic „ v w • .
I
w
14
SALT IN CONNECTION WITH AGRICULTURE
¥
I
It on tho ovapomtinEj pans ; it 1ms been found by experience that jjypsiun leaves tl-;> solu- tion at tl.at lieat; all tlie brines luu-o, as siiown by an analysis by Dr. Uocs.snian, are very niueh purer than any others ; h.> showinl that the (luantity of Kyi'suni in our salt was very small; and atter that the manufacturers discarded kettles, which they had previously usecl. and adopted pans. ■/ i j t
llEMOVINQ Tiri', aVPSIUM — TFIK rilLOniOKS.
I invented a method of depriving the brine of gypsum by passing it through pipes before It went nitotJ.e pans, which is now in use at Kightmyer's, the international; an.l at the Merchants Works at Scaforth. The boiling point of saturattid brine is 225^ and that is the ponit at which boiled salt is made. 8ome makers get rid of gypsum by hcatin-' it in two pans, so that the gypsum is left in the back pan. 'L'he (piantity of the chlorides of cal- cium and magnesium in our brines is very much less than in any of the Kn-dish brines and the Oswego brines, so that if it were all loft in, there would bo nothing aijpreciable in quantity. , o xt.
THE rUKEST SALT IN THE WORLD.
Sterry Hunt's analysis gives in Can.adian salt 97-730 of chloride of sodi-nn 'OnO of chloride of magn(>sium, traces of chloride of calcium, •9:52 and 1-020 of sulphate of lime, and 1 •r)00 and 1-200 of moisture ; the chlorides leave the brine altogether when it is heated to 140 or 150 (leg.; so tliat so far as chemical processes arc concerned Canadian salt is the purest salt in the world. I am now referring to fine dairy salt, the common salt is made at so high a temperature and drawn so quickly from the pans that it is v(>ry apt to cakes and stick together when put into barrels or boxes, and that would be an objection to it for do luestic purposes.
LUMP SALT,
We tried the manufacture of lump salt here in 1873, but we could not got the work men to pay it the same minute attention as is done in England, where it'undergoes a variety of processes. There is no advantage in lump salt as regards purity or strengtli over any other kind, but being in hard square lumps of about 28 lbs. each, it is easily handled and shipped without packages of any kind.
DR. STERRY HUNTS ANALYSIS. I hand in Dr. Sterry Hunt's Analysis in his own handwriting for puTiticafton :
jMontr«:al, Jan. '23, 1872. M. P. Haybs, Esq., Seaforth, Out.
Dear Sir, — I have analyzed the samples of coarse and fine salts which you sent me Jan. 8th, as having been made at the JLorchauts' Salt Works in Seaforth, with Hayes' Patent Brine Heater and Evaporator. They gave the following results :
FixK Salt. Coahse Salt.
Chloride of Sodium (pure Salt) 1)7-515 97-7;iO
Chloride of Magnesium -053 -050
Chloride of Calcium Traces Traces
Sulphate of Lime -932 \ 020
Moisture ! 1-500 1-200
100-000 100-000
SYRACUSE SALT— ENGLISH SALT. The Onondaga or Syracuse " factory tilled" salt is purified from chloride of magnesium (the most objectionable impm-ity iu salt for dairy purposes) by a special chemical process. [Jfr. Uayes.^
.'OS tl'? solu- lau, an; very alt was very /iously used,
iroiigh pipes lational, and ^5", and that hcatiu",' it ill 3ride.s of eal- li brines and prociablo iu
hm, ^0r^0 of ite of lime, 1 it is lioated n salt is the ^alt is made ; to oakci and to it foi do
;t the work
indergoos a or streiigtli it is easily
ifton :-
S72.
'ou sent me •itli Hayes'
IE Salt. •7;io
■050 .ces OJO l!00
000
magnesmm
Ottl process.
AND COGNATE INDUSTRIES. 15
The Lest Ashton (English) dairy salt contains, according to the analysis of Prof. Geor<.e H ^etfiO n7^r„rmon °^'""t of magnesiun., and three samples of Godcrich salt jS^ldei mo 060 075 and 090 per cent, while a fourth gave to Dr. Goessman -031 per cant The boaforth salt, as shown above, gives decimal -050 and -053 per cent.
PROPORTION OF GYPSUM IN SALTS.
«.«n ri^H'^^rn""-''^ ""^P^"*" °^ '^™^ ^" *^« ^"^^«'-th salt is unusually small, as will be seen from the following comparison : ' ^
Seaforth, Merchant's Salt Works .q-io 1 .Aon
Goderich, Stundly Works (Coarse) 932 — 1 020 per cent.
Goderieh, Tticuni.soh Works (Fine) J.r^O
God(!rich, Victoria Works (Medium) i.'.j.yi
Goderich, (Gocssnian's analysis) 1 .40 A
Syracuse, Solar Salt 1 .307
Syracuse, Factory-filled (Trade Mark)'.'.".". .noi \ Wi
Ashton, Dairy Salt. . ^ 1.00 " .J^J
Cheshire, Rock Salt } JJn
I'CoO
« ,'^^°.J'"«*^*'»''^Vl'*'''"""'"'*'""' °* «>^P""™ ^" Goderich salt arc by myself, and corros pond to the three determinations of chloride of magnesium given above for the same sat
I remain, my dear sir,
Very truly yours,
T. Stekry Hunt. CANADIAN CURING SALT.
The salt produced in Canada for curing purposes is perfectly pure, and better than Fnrr hsh salt, but the sal in England is made in deeper pans and allowed^ longe tTme t^ crvf talhze. In England they only draw the pans two or three times a week if fl! ^ course were followed here our salt would L just as good, but a pr so\u fe eV stlt ofTr salt, though as large, are not so hard and solid as those ^f En-liSi sal S i^ fs 1 1^0^ not so well adapted for packing pork, strictly speaking, as Engl Lh salt bu it t b 0 S for curing. English pana are 70 feet long, 22 feet wide and 18 inri e^ rWn ! /V are 24 feet wide, 130 feet long, and from y to 12 incLesdeen Tl ff ^' .^'"'^o"'•« nocessaryby the nature of our fuel. thV hL^fll' wo'o7bein A^^o^ f ^^^^^^^^^
J^Lr™w"H • ^^'a f '.f •' ''^"' '"' ^"«'""^> *h^y e'^* ^ «^lt witli a harder airmoeo^ a c.yataL With regard to the question o." curing, Plankington & Armour of MilwaXe C i
vSL r"" M^'TV?" '""'^T' P""^ ^'''^'''' ^" '^' -orld.^old me in 1 876 and "7^ when I Ms.ted them that they preferred Canadian salt to any skit they had evoi used for the s,?m nuT curmg of meat, owing to its purity and tlu^ rapidity with which i^.cted on thin.? a consequence of this they had made a contract with the 1 ernat oilr take all the salt they produced in 1878, and they did so but they hrvrLefus^n"CL?
AMERICAN PACKERS AND CANVDIAN SALT— SLIMINESS— ITS CAUSE.
^ Returns show that out of 1,300,000 hogs slaughtered in Chicago this year Plankington & Armour slaughtered 700,000 ; one would'suppose therefore that they fad th^ best nosShU oppor unities of ju Iging of the valueof our sal for curing purposes The slirnvrnnPT'^^^
ttrbetrr" ";;• ' '^ T"^- '^ ^r ° ^^^^^^^^ '^^ *^« cellar,'nL rt^e s^t T^o'isT^^^^^^^^^^^^ Z tT:Z'^^TAtr'^ for curing in summer our salt is superior.but for pa^kin^a Pherie condiEs and ^i fi' rcquire.l, one that yields very slowly to the surrounding atmost pnerie conditions, and for that reason Liverpool salt, which is made at a low temperature in- [Mr. Uayea.}
m 1
1(>
SAi;r TN CONNECTION WITH AGRICULTURE
»•'" t H- I.n>|.,.uu( ,ou of onv salt, .s ui our own hau-ls. By u .slowor u.o.lo of evauom Ln w!' cm, ,nak,. our salt as .Iry and Hrm as tho EmkHhI. .salt, wl.ilo it would lavraTacttX • n l..M„,^ suponor m quality. Ti.o sa.uo .liirun.lty as to tl,„ want of clr^^uss ^ft ^f, M,,laM,l u. M.,. sail, sold Mu-ro for hon,. uso. Th. iu.puriti.-s iu tho Jt are s tr In. Z <;'-.uH0U...,nothmK; ovorytluuK drponds upon tho formation of tho sar for Sirv <loM.,.slu- pur,.os.s 'auadmnsa t is as «oo.l as any ; for curing, purposes it is -ntiro ly s S^
'7"''^; /'.; /;r1^ "'" V"'"'?'^'' ''^ ':.^'^'" bost-ilaoklrs in tho Unitolfstl . /.. .1/ . .I/,' lA, /a, .— If „ur sjilt was drawn oil" tlu- pans only twioo a week as is Uonoi, England ,t would ,0 just as good as tho English salt for packing purposes ' '
fn,.>, '■ '''f ","•'/'"' -f^'i^' reason that our salt is not made slowly is that our manufac-
tmv s use won.i whu-h n,akes a quick fire ; sunu, of our salt which is n.ade onTlu " ow I'-nghsh process has a hanl crystal an.l turns out very well. The large anun t?i salt uZ
I-. n. p,iul to the hedor drying of ,t ; the man u fact uri-rs hen- fin.l that th.-v want the salt <puekly. and con.sequently they make it .p,ickly ; as regards purity and oLan ess of an poaranco our salt is far ahcid of Liwrpool salt. uoann^ss ot ap-
1'1S( Al, AUUANOIOMKNTS— UArLWAY RATK3.
Tho chief reason why our salt is n.^t more specially a.lapted to packing purposes is to be found .n the l.scal r.;o.dat.ons of our country, which an, dircUly hostile to U i 1 alh of ,a^ ye uu ustry. Enghsl, salt .s not only a.huitted free of .h.ty, but it is often sold in ou knm po,tsatlesst,.,.,<hecos ofnmnufactun.. It is also tran..ported by the railways from oas west at, very low troghts, own.g to the large number of return' fn.ight ca.^ .'o .. wos the radways carry salt at low rates. it is bnn.ght out as ballast by Qu^b o"ti .be;
n ' m. ..u^e f"' ^TT "^ 'T '" rr '""•'^"^ ^'^ ^^'^''^^ "'^'^ and tllereforo wi^ ..t .oduce ,t Bu ,f we had a small duly on Knglish .salt, "sulllcie.it to pn-ve.vt its in-
i^i^cn'I. 1 ; ri"""''^ ""V^'- '-1">™^ '>f the trade with\u. artid^^ ,;i v.- n -^ -''''''"'^^^^^ 1""''^>' ^^''>"''l '"• «"P'>>-ior to English
salt for all pack.ng and cur.ng purposes. Such a .salt as 1 am describing could be s,
uX\h:i;;;i:;;:::i;iir"^ ^-'^ -«^^''- Liverpool, ..ut it cannot bo prod.;:;::!
M. p. HAYES.
-J't
was
MR. GRAY'S EVIDENCE.
rniZKS AT KXIIIBITIONS.
To Vr. Vi/numl. -I hmo boon engaged in tho manufacturo of salt for ton years A\omal<e mostly hno and coarse salt, and our n.arkot is principally in Ontario ud tho
of l_ inaduiu sa IS tin t wliorevor it has gone it has always taken tho load. Wo havo exhibited It lu P uladclplua, Sydney, and Paris, and at each of these placi whoro the awards were made after analysis tlu, Canadian salt roceiyed tho highosV aid a- ai us?
COMrARATIVE ANALYSIS OF URTNKS.
I havo ft comparative analysis of tho brines of this continent ^h<oh -lio-v- f)-a* tLo amount of pure salt iu tho Oauadiau brine is 25 per oeut., in Syvacuse'lG, iu West
Moss
AND COGNATE JNJ)USTR1ES.
17
ickingpurpoHoa, evapomtiou wt
0 an advantage ).sa ia found in re HO trilling ns t ; for ordiniiry
(•ntir(>ly snpcr-
1 Unit(!(l Sta<^\s. L>k, us in done in
it our manufac- ilo on t\\o hIow uuL of Halt WHcd ciont attention r want tlie salt oannefis of ap-
ur|)ose8 is to be s l)raucli of na >Id ill our luwci ys from oast to •H ,i,'oiM,i;' west, Juobeo timber loroforo we do prevent its iu-
an article of or to Kiiglish r could be sold
bo produced
HAYES.
th aud Blyth,
for ton years, tarib aud the to tlie quality d. Wo have es, whore the ward against arded at each
e 16, iu West
Virginia 7, and in Saginaw 15. I havo a1«o an RnalvHiH of tlm «„o„tu„ ^* u • • ,
to make a bushel of Halt in each ca«e. It shol thJi rcn r^^^^^^^^^^ ''V^
•M.^ of SyracuHc. 80 of Saginaw, and G7 of Weet Virginia. ^ ^ ^°' "^ Canadian,
CANADIAN VERSUS AMKUICAN SAf/l'.
Wo havo evidence of the result of testing Canadian salt alongside of Endish salt nt tho instance of a gentleman who was endeavouring to introduce Oanadian salt ^ American market in 1870. I refer to Mr. Felton, of the firm of Fe?ton ?R«nn;! Vn « Hero is a letter of Mr. Folton's of the IHth of March iSfiwrinLf.Tr' ^"^ nocti.>n with the agitation aboutCanadiantl Engh;! 'ami Im fcan Zt^'lT^Z' "1 will aiiHwor your questions as fully and as brielly as I can. YoTask what is mI' comparative demand for Canadian as against Onondaga salt. At the same p^ce I sLSd ..y 1 would be greater ni a little while. The duties mid freights add so mSch to its cos .a Onondaga is sold from 10 to 15 cents lower, and so for all generalp^^poses keen
;"t;?f" ,T* 'f *^' T'^'f "^""'^'•'y «°- Wo would compete sucS?uTly TZ could got frtught rates as low for salt as they charge for grain." "^^^^^s'^^y " we
TKSTIMONrAL FUOM IJUTTEll MAKEUS AND POllK PAOKRRS. I have letters from some of tlin first buttor-makers in Western Canada who nso ( !;umd.an salt, and they aro uniformly favourable to it. Along with o her manufacturers wc supply a number of pork carers in Chicago as woll as in CaLda,an^^weTavf Jeered no comp amts. Ono curer in London. Ont., who formerly used Engl Lrsalt nowTes nothing but Canadian salt, and has never complained. ^"{,"bu sail, now uses
TIIK v)lJ)Kll AND ItltlOHTKU THE JIETTER.
I think the older and brighter the salt is the bettor it is for curing purposes. Water
it."," "iTa lon?H,nn • ^''f"^ '' 'l^''""''* , ""f''""' ''"''''' '^^^ '' ^"^^ SisTctorily than Jaoping It a long time in store. Liverpool salt is stove dried ; that is a fin o salt for table
and dairy purposes, and is not used for curing. Our production and sale from Seaforth
aud Blyth works this year for all purposes wiU not he less than 100,000 barrl
FAUAliOUS USING SAI.T LARGELY,
ions l^f'So'lZiM^fi';^ ^";^ f'^:'^ this year wo have supplied 2,402
(lis 01 salt to about 1,500 difTorent fanners for ferti z tig purposes that is an avorac^fi of
! tons to each farmer. I estimate roughly that the .Uifloni of al fU land purp^os s
om all Canadian works this year will be about 10,000 tons. Within the past two vcars
.0 demand has taken a firmer hold on the farnie;s of this and a 1 n^co nt/T
iLZu f ^r^""^ u"'^^. ^.^"^'^'''^ '^ ^'•'' ^''''' "««'^ f"r «eveml''years^ Tie farmers
f nd L^'ln "f °^'"" '''^' '^ K'"^'^ ^'''' '^^ *'-^-^« r'-'^ *«"• The cost of cariS^^^^^
Sic ucre7 consumption, ho farmer ought to use less than 300 pounds ?o
EFFECTS OF SALT AS A FERTILIZER. The following letters, which I havo recently received, speak of the eiTect of salt on telZ: "''"^'"' "' ' *^' "^''' '' °"^^ P*^^"*^' ^^""^"^^ '^' ^^-^P^ liave not yet been
Messrs. Gu.v, Youno & SPAu.ma, Seaforth : ^""""' ^''"'''' ^'''' '''^'
m tluuiris^lt'n^^y.T' n ^''*' ^"'^ ^lf • *' ^T'}- ^^'"' «M^"rienco with salt of all kinds vol il r, «/ ^^ lucreasos the yield, hastens maturity, assists greatly in pre-
:rsj;p wt^a::;s;sr ^r p^^nr t^ tr -''- '' '''-- '- ''-'^ '^^ ^^^«
Yours respectfully,
rT,r ^ -, ^' ^' Miller.
[Mr. Gray.]
i
18
«ALT IN CONNECTION WITH AORICUI/roUH
MosHVH. (liiAv. YimNd \- Hi'Aui.iNii :
St. IImuon'h, a Ill/list ith, I SSI).
HirH. -n. .vply t.. yo„r inquiry of tho 2n.l iuHt. 1 will Htaio tl.o roHuItH, aH far m
Sow.Hl fu»m jM to !t()i» ,,(„u,.1h to (,l,o aon- ou spriiiK wluwit ; vaii,.t,v. Wl i(,., Ili.HHia i • MO... day oa.n lios,, |, : nUuU.l o..(,I,„.k on M.o 'MM, of July, a hoavv cm-o,,. a , 'm r -' rtl.Iy woll (ill.-a liomi. oloau Mtraw unallooU-a by rust, will avora^o a(, loast, -jr, 1m.hI..>Ih ,.or amy^^ a Hiuall i.orl.oM not Halto.l ... oornor of lioM I.a.lly r..Hto.l. a..,l ton <iayH lator in
SowiHl a small oo.-nor of (loM of Silvor (l.alV fall wl.oat with Halt. lioHult • straw l..-.gl,tor a...l I., iv.or. I.oa.l bottor lilbn). an.l ,.Main briKJitor ll.an wi.oro ....H.ilt.-.l
bowojl ...no a.TOH of ArnoM's Victor at Hamo rato por ao.-o. Koil. nu.ol. of it black nn.ck. w.tl. obiy suI.ho.I. I{;.snlt: a very hoavy oro,.. ti.o„Hh ba.l to tako ulV; ,li.l not 1.0 down too soo.i, oo.iBo.j.iontly tlio l.omlH aro woll lilUnl, which I attributo to tl.o nalt
HH)M0.
Sowc.1 a ....all picoo of oats with salt. Result : roa.ly for tho reaper at loant one week earlier Mia.i whe.'e u.isowi. with salt.
N.u.o of these o.-..ps a.e yet throshe.l. therefore 1 can only apoaU m far aa my oh- Hor •"<">.. w.ll allow, la,,, fn!!y sat.sf.ed that salt sown o., fall wheat at tho riltoof .00 poumls per „c.-e. bes,aes p.-oauc.nK a I'otter sa.uplo of Krain, will .uc-oaso tl.o yiel.l a east five bushels per acre on any var.ety of soil ; and what I nay regardiuK the ..so of
ge„'.iftll ' ' ''^ ^''■"'^'' "' *" ^''" '■'"''''' "^ ^*" """ ^" «1'"»K "^-"l'"
Yours roapectt'i.lly,
I'iOwiN (Jaunt.
1
W.ioxKTi;.., Ai(;it(i)t kh, 1880.
^ aentlen,e.,,--Youra of tho Sud i.ist. is to hand. In reply. I have to my that tl.o crop of sprn.g whea f:row..,,,' whore I .owed tho salt appears to bo a very Lo.l c-
I do not know any other reason for its bein^ so good a crop as it is. It has boon h - gostedto.uothatthe salt m,vy act .vs a stimulant and urKO tho soil to give forLrs strength too rap,dly, and thus ultimately exhaust tho soil. 1 do not givo tl is as our opimou, but ouly us 1 have hoard it. ^
* Yours truly,
Uohkiit Otiisov.
xr,.o.., i\ v <L o Hampton, Jm7(m< ^</i, iSi'{;.
Messrs. UuAY. \ouNo it Siwut.iNo: i .' .
Dear 8irs.~Tt affords mo ploasuro to answer your letter of tho 2nd inst ask
of tho two o«r loads I in.rchasod from you this spring ou their crops. Although ih.s soasoi) has not been so favourable as previous seasons for sowing, the results have been good A very dry season gives the best result. Our laud is liglVt dry. ai sa ly ad tl>o >;'» t;l>ow. ho very best results ou it. Two years ago I sowed sa t on ba S and needed it. and the barley went forty bushels to tho acre. Although tho field had been seeded for eight or ten successive years without salt the seeds would dry out and Ik" This occurred for years, and I could not get a siugle crop of grass. Biit the year l
;; Hi';:l W'", ^'f '•'' "^f ^^^^T'^^ '"'• • '^ ^'^^ ^urprlsiug to see the crop of oiover I had after cuthng the barlov. The c over came out in head, and, if allowed to grow, would avo Wn fat to cut for seed ; but I pastured it that fall, avd the next summe; I c, t ab nit
!,T,V^:v.^ :." ';.i"^4r?s/' "^VT 'i ''n Y''^ ''' ''''■ ' ''"* oiover "oV 30:]
-la. ...,., a^d u «vat a atUu over three bushois to tho acre. It was the salt that nro- [Mr. GVrty.] ^
lit ioilHt OUO
AND CoaNATF. INJKJSTlUEy.
19
KAItl.Y OIIDMIIH DKSIIIAIILB.
J. H. lUULOU.
WILLIAM M. GltAir.
I i(
Mil. MlJKltAY'S KVIDKNCR. JoaiN Li. Mvmxv, of KiMl.urn (Co.iHtanco r.O.), wan callod a,.d oxmnii.oa
A TIOST IN CHKKHK MAKING. To the Chahnum.-^ I'Hvn .„.iMufa,-l,uroa cho.w, at Kialn.n. for tl.o last r.id.t vears
.T.., 1.,, Mai.l.to,, I'uU.Mt Ha.wuliau Salt, Ool.Mnau .t, (Jouinluck'H DuJry Salt (ir, „ml ■omn .K.k .s Common Salt a.ul th„ lli.,.i„s l.^.^liHl. ICur.ka Salt. VW^ m.Xs : "l a
Kiiyl.sh salt was not ho ^oo,!, i.nt nt.arly as koo.I, an.l lVofrss,>r Ani,,l( Is.i . il! ■na. ^ with (V.l..man A (^.uinlo.k's sult^.ft t Htt.o t.-in^ ;nr .:!i; 'b^^ ^ r.^l^ mZ lake . away. 1 tl.n. toi.l th..n th.> In-ands, an.l I aftcrwar.I.s ;>ran. o.l the c I'^a ov r npun by chan^.n^r (,,„ l„tt.rH on then .so that no one would know th.u aftor3« I also chan^od then, al.out in tho raokH, l.ocauso 1 thought Prof..s,"A o dl^ 7]^^ '^^^^^ lautyne might cu. e hack again and know tlio order i.? which they had loft them.
A SKCONI) TKST.
They told mo to save the cheeses until the Dairymen's Convention in February I Id so, and they were .subnntted to tiie convention. Cioleman k Uouinlock'a da!rv salt hen can.e out ahead ; the Stupleton salt oan.e nun.ber two, (Jole.nau .t GouhUocKc™ alt, number hree, and the English salt last. I was present when botinudgmcM. s were hr d.;r^ %^'^''^^ '- -- '>"t mysdf knew [he kind of salt used' h7ead pa'tYo-
and h , h liM rr' \T^ '"^' "°' f J."^'^'" ""' ^''^ '^"uvention, altliough ho was there,
ami u both dillenid from the decision of the judw's.-it T-ondm. ,,n.i f > hi- o !-i r
atKinburn. At luuburu he put the Staplotou «alt IrsV whUe" at Lon^u i^ p'^ {Mi: Munay.]
20
SALT IN CONNECTION WITH AGRICULTURE
I
Hocond. r think lie put Colon.a.i .fe (Jouinlock's coarso salt first at Tnnrln.. , if. u i l.iul put It fuuitJi ,it tin, factory. Hi, was not moJiZ IVl 7 'f "^°"' "'t'l^URh hi> a Ju.ig«. but wa« MHUoly ^^.pvLu.Ui:^;!:^':^;;;^' '^""''" ""'^"- -«P--l>i"ty as
LIAHIMTY TO CIIANdKS IN CHKKSK. a.ul I tin. k tlu- .,n.ip..s ..anw, to tho aauu, conclusion, }„.cau.o it took tluMu a Irm- Hml 7^
luuulrer tor me to got it at Scaforth than tiio Stapicton salt at iSunu
JOHN R. MURRAY.
MR. HALLANTYNE'S EVIDENCE. Thomas Ballantyne, U.V.l\, was called aud examined.
EXl'KIUMKNTS WITH CANADIAN SALT.
To Mr D!,moml.— In 1870 and 1877 I made a great many oxporimonts wifch^jio Soaforth sa it and ho Englisli factory-tilled salt. I may say it was Ill-ins' t an used I ...ado tho tests at dirtoront tunes and u.,der equal conditions in uverrrespec and tho result was decidedly in favour of the English salt. ^ respoci, ana tho
THE KINUUUN FACTOUY TEST.
Last year, 1870, while Professor Arnold was here, employed hy the Western Ontario Uairymens Association ho made several tests or experiments at tho Kinburn factory and on tho 2(]th ot October Professor Arnold and myself examined a numbio pec^' mons of cheese which wore shown to us as having been salted with the dillorout kinds of
^!;lnV„T 1'° -T "H"^' T'"'*' '"^^ '''''' '''''^ "^ '^"•^ particular cheese ; and after a careful oxaijnnation of the cheese, wo came to the conclusion that the cheese which we wore informed was salted with the Staplcton (Canadian) salt was the best cheese, though tho diflerouce m the various specimens was very trilling.
CANADIAN SALT THE FINEST.
u J ^^T .V° lif itf tion in saying that there was a fineness nnd a solubility in the choose salted with tho S aploton salt which was not in any of tho others, and I llave no doubt that we have in tins country as good salt as can be got from England or anywhere elso-
EAULIER EXPEIHENCE.
I have made as many as twenty different experiments of Canadian aud English salt in my own factory. The Canadian salt I used in tho exporimonts first mentioned was ail irorn the same manufactory The Oanachan salted cheese was harder and dryer than that salted with the English salt.
To the (//'«''•""'"•— I did not have any analysis made of tho salt. It was a mere practical tost of the effects salt would have on tho product after the cheese was ripened aud kept for a considerable time. I kept all those samples of cheese till tho following mouth of ^fay. T think the result of the experiments I made in that year was to prevent
[Mr. Ballantyne.]
AND COGNATE INDUSTRIES.
21
although he auHibility as
■ are made in / near alike, mn; time to Jitioii of tho v'isro buying ir salt now u that it ia
RAY.
) with uie at 1 used. ), aud tho
rn Ontario n factory, ■ of speci- ^) kinds of id aftor a which we 16, though
he choose no doubt liere elso-
gliah salt Dued was ryer than
) a mere s ripened following ) prevent
AT THE CONVENTION OF 1877.
i«jurJ^!''caVadl*tirJ^^^ bur^S*" ^l,"^ ^'"7'^«»- I^*« ""-iHi'- to
Canadian cheeso wsb very 1^;^ improve the product^ of
were Hubjected from tho other side. Th?re ?« « £n '^'^\.^}'^ competition to which we gm«' salt used in the dairies of Now York and inS^S^'T^'K':^^''^^. ^«^'°°'« «°d Hig" a moHt exclusively. The chees. maLrs CLonte^^^^^^^^ States these brands are used at stake not to use just what is the best *"' *''*^ ^^^ ^*^e *oo J^ucb
CONFIDENCE IN CANADIAN SALT NEEDED
MOUE CAIIE IN MANUFACTUKK NECESSARY.
ho English salt very mucll and somet^ s clafmSX'wb ''T''^'^^' ^^'' P»«^^^ Ihe cheeso which took the sweepstakernri/oTpTt '^^''V^^y.*''^^ cheese was claimed by Tlnirbor to Ce beenT"id« Jf^ American and all other
It was Stubbs' salt that was used? ""'"' ^'^gms' salt, while it was not.
MODE OP EXPEUIMENTINQ.
samo'^JuTntiiro^SuIrT SZTll'ss'SltZ' ^'f. ^^'"f ^"*"*'*-^ «^ -" -^ ^^^ cheeso lost its flavour, though it retahiedtLS ^^^^^'^ more English, but the In the Kinburn exporimont thf oltct 1^^^^^^^^^^^ to Canadian-salted cheese,
sor Arnold took full notes of that oxL^flnf T i^iV"''^/,'^^ ^^"'^'^'an salt. Profes- copy of his. experiment. I did not take any notes, but I have a
COARSE SALT REQUIRED FOR CHEESE.
the chSfgeT cS iU^Ltnr^jta Zf^r TT *° ^^^^^ ^^**- -"^ ^^ as Merry and Mr. McAdam, prefL Ashton^ Ih^ "'I*^ f^'T '^^^''''' «"«h as ilr. Higgius'. ' P'"''' ^'^*°"« «alt on account of its being coarser than
VERY LITTLE DIFFERENCE.
lowosfofTi; SCs's^bSdruTS ii^nLS;r " ^^r'^"*^ ^' *^° ^^gh-* and tiiat a udge of cheese could see and whtb ff^« ^ast year. There was just a difference and not in the case of the other. ' ""'^^^ ^''^'^""'^ ^^ ^^'^ ^aso of tho one
THOS. BALLANTYNE.
[Mr. Ballantyne.]
t.
22
SALT IN CDNNKOTION WITH AUklOUI/rUliK
Mlt CUKSSWKLL'S HVIDKNCE.
1''iiwiN OuKSHWKi.t,, lato Ilfovti of Tiu'kcrHinith, and foriuorly Warden of tho County of Ilmon, wiiHCttllt'tliiml oxaiuinod.
SAI/r AS A KKIiriLIZKR.
7'() ^fl•. McMiUan. — I havo been usiiij,' Halt as a f(»rtilizor on liarloy, 1>ut moro par- iii'iilarlv oii tMniijis luid inanjjolda. 1 u.sotl from ;K)0 to 400 pounds to the aoro ovcry f.)ur or livo years. 1 sowed it on l>ailt'y with ratlicr marked lieiielit. Tlie straw Wi>.8 Htronger and ofa'nion> j;olden colour, and tlie f^rain was 1 rij^hter and i)luiiiper. There was not nnu-h increase in t lie yield. 1 think tho principal eU'ect is in the stilleiiing of tho ntraw, and tiio Wilt renders tho jjlant more proof against uisuct ravag(>H and against rust. In this uoigh- hourhood the farmers have hcen greatly annoyed by an insect resembling a llax mstul, which attacks tho stem of l)arlt>y and spring wiieat, particularly the latter, just iibovo tho joint, and causes tho stem to turn yellow and become w<>ak, .so that it falls down ; tho Halt, liowever, strtMigthons the straw, so tluvt it ciin bear up against this peat.
To .!/)•. lhimo)nl.—'V\w elVect of salt on turnips is that itineroases tho rapidity of tho growth, and iniparts to tho tops a moro healthy and vigorous appearance. Whoro tho salt was sown and whoro it was not could bo distinguislie<l by the appearanco of tho crop.
HSK OK SALT VOW CATTLK — ITOnS.
I hove about tliirty head of cattli'. I uso salt freely as a feed for them as well !is for butter. ^Vilat 1 think is the cause of tho biul reputation of Canadian salt is that many packers allow their hogs to become frozen stilV, aud as they do not allow tho meat to bo- come thoroughly thawed out, they salt it whih^ there is a piece of frozen meat in tho centre of a ham, wliich does not receive the lienelit of tho salt. Anoth(>r cause is that some men iirst give thoir moat a light .salting, wliich does not reach tho insidt^ of tho meat, but simply tans the outside. Two i>r three weeks after, when they como to .salt the meat thoroughly, (here is a still external coat on the meat, which iirovents the salt from permeating it, so that in many cases the salt is blamed, when it is tho curcr liimself who is at fault. 1 iuivo salted liamsfor many years with Huron s;at oxclusively, and have never had a bad piece
of moat.
a. EDWiN CilEaSWELL.
MR ^lOBERTSON'S EVIDENCE.
W. Scott Kobkktson, of Seafortb, was called aud examined.
CANADIAN SALT IN rOUK PACKINQ.
To Mr. Dymond.—Dwv'mg 1S7C aud 1877, I was engaged in the pork packing busi- ness, at Seaforth ; I am not now. I turned out COO or 700 hogs each .season. I used Canadian salt exclusively — that mauufactured at Seaforth. It gave us perfect satisfaction. I had no reason to doubt its purity, or its suivability to my business. We did not nob experience any dampness or slimiucss ou tho meat, moro than is usual in the summer sea- son, when it is kept in damp cellars, and if it is not handled and brushed ; cured meat should be kept in a cool aud airy cellar all tho time. The Canadian salt gave us perfect saisfactiou iu every case. We packed iu the winter — in December, January and Feb- ruary— and the meat was kept by us untilJuly and August before it was all sold out ; the salt we used came direct out of the bins ; it might havo been made for one or two months ; we never used any but Canadian salt for curing meat.
[J/'r. Cresswell, — Mr. Robertsoiu]
AND COGNATE INDUSTRIES.
23
CANADIAN HALT IN IJUTTEH AND CIIKKHR.
factup ..t .Imm-ho om a large, Hcalo u. th., fact,.rioH at Hcaforth and Kinburn. Wo mhcI 1.0th Oanadm,. ami II,«Kn.H' KlkIIhI. dairy Halt in tlu, manufacture of chc-HO. luZr .•..uld Hoo any .I,ll..n.nc., I«.(,w„.,n tl.., Knylisl. and tho Cana.lian Halt. I novor had any faiU ".•o m o..nHo,,u.n.:„ o uH.ng tho Canadian Halt; Hon.o HuppoHod that tho EnuHsh Kalt «avo
vi^li o if f ^*'*^""^'.'"<'<'^'"^"1"''' H'lltwaH injnrod by tho aHHortion that thoro
ITt i ?« V 1 <"'■'' "''l""-'<"'y<' ''"v.^r bore, out that theory. 1 had no intor.Ht ii. any Ml t n. luHtry at tho tm.o ; „,y „nly ,.l,j„et waH to u.ako tho vory best choose. My chooHo Konorally oommandod tho higlKJwt prico. ^ t-'HCHo
WAF/rHlt HC'OTT KOBKUTSON.
iVlr. Ilobortson waH thon oxaruiiiod raHpocting tho bufor trade, his evidence on which subject will bo found oIho where.
MR. KANSFOIID'S EVIDENCE. cxamfnTr"'' ^^^'''^""'^' °^ '''° ^^'^V^^^on Salt Works, near Clinton, was called and
STAl'LKTON SALT— ANALYSIS.
To Mr.Dyrnond~l have l„,on onKaged in the manufacture of salt since tho first •lovolopnumt of tho salt industry here ; 1 am an analytical oh<,.mist by professioi " « Zn m purity and in quality I th nk all tho salt-beds of tliis .listrict are about tl 'Ln o I v nado a salt to mutate English factory-filled salt, used for dairy purposes ; it was analyze by I>rof.-ssc. Croft on (ho 21st of Juno, 1879, and his analysis wasis fo lowl'lc dor do of sodium, 98 12; sulphate of hmo, I -.'JO ; magnosia.t races ; water, O-.'iO ; loss, 0-08 He found no soluble matter and no chlorides in the salt submitted to him ; i't wa a factory. I. led salt, specially manufactured. Professor Croft state.Uhat this salt "m^y compare favour- ul.ly wi h the best brands and -aay be considered as nearly pure as salt is usually obtained be ng a most identica with the Ashton salt." J.higli.sh salt had tho preference in this col 1 "^:^rl£:^l^:^^ ''-'-^^'' give dairymen noUuse to use EngHsh
VARIETIES OF SALT. CA^J !°^"";^.«*"';« 41 kinds of salt, but my ordinary salts are not so pure as my factory-
a omierarure of' K.O } "' ' ^'"'^^ '^ .^y.^'^^''-'^' '^ ---»ts in heating the w7o itStho ^,n.. 50 degrees, and, keeping it at that heat for some time before putting It into the pans ; this tends to eliminate the sulphate of lime, besides economy in heat.
MARKET FOR SALT.
NowYoi^Ce''^-' ^ —\'" "'^1 '/" ^r'"^"' ^ ^^'"^ Bell some in Chicago and in Wow Yoik State ; t is principally used for domestic purposes by farmers. The factorv- hlled IS u.sua ly sold 111 barrels; it is used in dairying,^ and I have never had aify r::S\wth°oi^l :'r'T''"*^, for that business. It'wa'^' used without nfyknowTidgeS last fllT and M. uTT ^""^ 7"^^ ]^'SS^^^'' Eureka salt at the Kinburn cheese factory be the b^ Tf ^'^"^^y^^^' Professor Arnold pronounced the cheese made with it to be tlie best. If properly handled, Canadian salt ought always to be better than En<rlish
am ' n„ r'' °^ *''' ^'"'^r''' P""'^, °\ ""'• ^"'^^'^- ^ ^^^^ incidentallv make salt for curhi. rrinrthe3"r'''-^ ^ fT l-^*".v complaints of it; I hav. sold large quantities ciuring the past tew years to farmers for fertilizing purposes. [Mr Haiis/ord.]
' ».
tf
«4 SALT IN CONNECTION WITH AGRICULTUHK
PRIOKS FOU FACTOUY-KII.fJCn SALT.
To ,lAr. n„lhint;nir. The faotory filled salt T wll ,it $1 aliarrol of 280 pouihls. Wliat I wanttMl t-odo was to «<«(, await with an cvniKradcaii.l weijjlit, so that whoii a man l)oui/ht A barrel of that salu ho know what ho was gisttiiig.
UKMOVINd THK (Ul'SrM — (IFFKKSK — FUKIOIlfS — IMirCKS.
To Mr. Difmond—Wmy Halt isordiiiary nalt kilned and ground. Th.i reason T profer faotory-filled Halt for dairy purposes is that it hei-omes freed from Kypsimi, which is left in tlie panH in the form of soiI.m, while frrounti milt haw the xypsuni all j^roiind up with it, so that it eannot l.e s.'en. 1 think a Halt with a f,'rain to it is tlio l.(>Ht for chceHO-a Halt which IH soluble, but Hlowly ..oluble. \ barrel of my factory-tilled salt, or 280 pounds, can be laid down m Toronto for ifL.'K), while a bajr of ordinury Knf,'lish salt weis,diiii;,' 221 pounds, oostH $1.50 in Toronto; but {\w fashicmabl,. iuands ov Kn^lish H.ilt, Huch as l!i;,'i,'in.s' Kureka. and Ashton's, cost more than double the pric, of niine, and I know my .saPt is chemically purer than those, and I venturo to Hay in wpially W(>1I made. I am selling Halt f(u- fertilizing' purposes to farmerH for !i?2.r)0 per ton ; tho demand this year ia double wliat It was two years ago.
UNFATU COMl'AIUSONS.
My i<h>a of the principal reason why Cana.lian saM, lias had a ])ad reputation in Canada is that our dairymen and -.vholesale buyers will pay a hi','h price for Enj,'lish-ina(b- Kiilt, while they will only buy tho common Canadian salt, and compare that" with tho hi.uh priced Kn.!j;lish salt ; the dairymen vo tho best Ashton salt, for which they pay 62.r)0 a sack, and coinjiare that with our conniKm tint>, which oidy cost r).^ cents a barrel ; th(>y pay little or noattcuition to tho brand of salt in Canada, but tiiey pay evorv attention' to tho brand of English salt.
THK STAPLKTON UIIAND.
To Mr. Balhintym. — T liavo oidy been manufacturing,' factory-filled aalt'sinco last year ; Canadian buy(n-s have not hitherto discriminated suHiciently as to the ditFerent kinds of Canadian .salt ; 1 brand it with tho name " Wtapleton ; " my brand is registereil, and it is as distinct a braiul as Asliton's ; uo other Canadian nianufacturor that I know of pursues a similar course.
iNSl'KCTlOX— SALT AS A FKUTILT^^RR— PHTZK KSSAY— QUAXTITIKS.
To Mr. Dymond.~1\w ditliculty about making a lugh-class .salt in Canada is that people will not pay^nore for it than for the common articl(>. I do not think it would bo beneticial to Canadian salt to havo it inspected and brandeil by an inspector. I liavo used salt as a fcrtiliz.M- on my farm for the lust ten years. About the year 18(18 the Royal Agricultural Society of England otlcred a prize of i' 100 for the best essay on tho use of salt as a fertilizer, and the essay which took the prize recommended the following quantities :
P'-ands of salt per acre.
Light Heavy Heavy
Description of cm- soil. soil. loam.
'^VJit'at DOO 450 400
l^y^^ 550 500 400
I^arley COO 550 450
^^ats (JDO 600 500
P'^As GOO 550 400
I-"P« 600 500 400
Potatoes 600 400 350
Turnips or beets fUK) 400 300
Clover and grasses 700 . 600 450
Hay, 20 pounds per ton
Fruit trees, four pounds, in trenches on each side of tree. [Mr. Eansford.]
AND COGNATE INDUSTRIES.
25
riUf'TICAL KXI'KltrKNCK.
tl.at it wuH hcn.^fidal an a f.- ti i r Mni • "o "luch, I alwayn took it forcrantod
- u solvent, <liHHoi:^i„;M^ l' .-J , .-.^tn' th "«' VT' "'^""' •*'"' ''^'"'^ >' ^ctn^largo y
lotting it ovaporato ; >uul it Z^^ZZ^-^Z^^'^:-'^'' T-"^ the plant, inBtead of tain amount of Halt ..ntcrs into the Prnodt^or^T 11 ?'V'"^ T^" '* '"^ *''« ««''• ^ cor- l-alth that tlK.y hI.ouI.I have it [ th k t . ' '^ V^f "^^ TV*' '' ''"''^''^'y ^^^ th^ir
whoro HO nmch Halino matter con.e" to t Ta.w Ifm? Tl. " "''' *'"'" " '''''^ »" *^"g'and, <7«T,aH tho Hole n.anure; l.a"™! , /u;^^
there can he any practicalchnl t f 1 3^^ l" ""u "'*',"« ^'*'' '' ' ^ ^^^'^ '1""^
1.0th the fall and sprin.^ .^T or- f r 1 ' fri nT- "r"''' ""' "" ''V^ ' ^ ^"^^0 Hown salt in to the acre two yeirs h sLeHnLn wh \ ^ f""' lur y-five bushels of fall wheat
wheat have yiei 23^ J:^tHZ::^\L;:::;lX' '"^ '"'' '^''^ ^' ''P""«
RICHARD RANSFORD.
MR. GOVENLOCK'S EVIDENCE. Tnos. GOVKN.OCK, of the Merchantn' Salt Workn, Seaforth. was called and exan.ined.
havoS;;f'i;i^S::fi;:!,!r:v;^:^j;:^f^^^^
Coleman's evidence. ""^ *'^''^'^'' ^^''''•«- ^ »«'•"' substantially with Dr.
LAUGK SALES IN THE STATES.
I njight just add that T have sold a good deal of silt tn ih. ^ .,. .
an.l they have been so well satisfied wTth t tl.af 1 f fi ''^?'''"'" °" ^^^ °*'^<^'- «id«.
give ir. 01 20 cents n.ore a ba d fo i t) 'n f ! A •" "'"' *" T *'"^* ^o would we have sold, i„ Hi, Halo alone 'UK t V ^^'^''J'''' American salt. Since April, 1879 <•tlH.^and.^^^.L>tons toam^ri^^^^^ 1 15 tons to another, 38 tL'to an-'
to th,. packers in about eZl ..uantils tW ^ '' i ^^ ^'' '"'^' *^"" ^"^^ •^«^''«« «'^'t :'-•>' salting. We have al o shZ '1 ^ut^C J toirf '^'"' '"i" ^'"^^•"" "''^ '^' "^''^ ^^^ mg has been mentioned to n.e ^alL Uu a lel? I ''"^''^ ^" .'^ Noth-
ac-iuainted with the incident u-n oned n M.^T ^'^»!P"^f ^^ «!""« on the meat. I am .1an>pness M-as occasional 1 y e fact that fho .T Y'"'' ^^"*^'' ^^^ ^"'^^^ ''''^- The MU^'utly not in a nroperly ,Irie condft b? T tl I TK^' ^f "^^^^^ "'^'^^ '^"'^ ^«n«*^- judiced We do-no/ n-.a'iiuflctu -e t J s.lt The ^ d l' i^f '''"• '','^r " '^ ^'"^« P^^" >>ary salt is that it is drieil and -round In'/fl • ^^ '''"*' "'"'^^ ''^'t^^^^n it and ordi-
it is applied to cheese and buttcT i^ melK . ^'""k *^!« 'l"ality is any ),etter, but wiiuu
T^utter. ""'-'^' '* "'^'*'" '*""'■'■'' 'ind is incorporated into the cheese and
USE OF SALT BY FAUMEllS.
'lay, toH ^ne ttt "^'ii:^ ^IZ'^Z^? f^^ V^'^'^ r'"' ^ ^-"'-- ^^'^ ^ther ™uld get more money for Imtter cut^d w /it r "r ''"' T^ ^"•'''''^'' «^'*' '^'"^ ^luit ho f.'rtilizing purposes at f,o,n «o ',0 7 ' ^1 ! ^"'t^''^" '^^'*- ^^'"^ ^^^^'^ «°1'' ^"^It for
yivea oi. this subject. Thirv'ear we h.fvi" iTJ" • f"""^ T'*'' *''^ evidence previously [Jfr. ^o.e.^U] ''' ^^°"' ''"■''^ '"°»^''^ ^3.000 tons for
\
:hf
"^1
26
SALT IN CONNECTION WITH AGRICULTURE
fertilizins purposes. Our works have been stopped for a month, in consequence of an ac cident to the well ; the tubing burst and the rock caved in. The profit on salt sold by the wac-on or carload for $2.50 per ton is too little, though if fuel continues at its preseut low price, we might continue to sell at that rate. We do not yet use coal here, we use wood exclusively. We pay from $1.25 to $2.50 a cord for wood.
PERSONAL EXPERIENCE.
I have myself, had experience of the beneficial effects of salt on land. This year I have 200 acres of grain. I use from 400 to 500 lbs. of salt to the acre every year. If I put in a crop of turnips this year I apply it to the turnips, and if I sow wheat and barley on the same land in the spring following, I apply it again. I have fields that I have cropped successfully for five or six years. I have also used salt a little on grass crops, and I think it had a good effect. It helped both to hasten on the crop, and to increase the yield. It makes the turnips more vigorous ; I think its chief result is in the strength and vigour it gives to the stalk of grain.
EFFECT ON SPRING WHEAT.
To Mr McMillan— 1 have raised spring wheat five years ; in that five years I had a crop of turnips in succession on a field where I sowed salt. I have never used any other fertilizer with such beneficial effects. Mr. Spvoat said he would noc use refuse salt, it is just as good as any salt for fertilizing purposes, only it is more difficult to sow.
THOS. GOVENLOCK.
Mr. Govenlock was further examined as to his experience in cattle-feeding and ship- ping. His evidence on those subjects will be found elsewhere.
ME. EOBB'S EVIDENCE. Hugh Eobb, of Seafortb, was called and examined.
CANADIAN SALT IN POMK PACKING.
To Mr. McMillan.— 1 have been in the pork packing business for four years ; this vear I packed four or five hundred bogs. I have been using Seaforth salt siiice I com- menced. I have never had any complaints of the meat cured with it. We have some- times had meat that did not cure very well, but this was more the fault of the meat than the salt and it happens with aU packers. We consider the Berkshire hogs the best for packing as they are smaller boned and bette fattened than other breeds. I have some- times used newly made salt, which is somewhat damp. When packed moat is kept in a cellar this time of the year it is likely to get a little slimy, so that it has to be turned and new salt put on it every two or three weeks. The dryer and harder the salt is the better it will keep the meat, and I have tried to get the manufacturers to dry the salt more than
^^ ^To Mr Vyrdond —We have time and again to turn the bacon -which is packed in snuare piles, in order to get the slime off it. We begin to pack on the 1st of October, and continue till the month of March, and we just use the salt as ^ can get it from the factory, but the older the salt is the better, because it is dryer. Wo can do the best curing in the cold weather. The slime on the meat does not affect it permanently, but unless it is rubbed off and the meat salted anew the meat will be spoiled altogether. T have not tried any but Canadian salt; I have no doubt that all that is required is » Blower process to make the salt dryer. niTfiH ROBB
[Mr. Robb.\
36 of an ac- sold by the its present ere, we use
AND COGNATE INDUSTRIES.
27
MR. THOMAS E. HAYS' EVIDENCE.
Thomas E. Hays, of Seaforth, Reeve of McKillop, and ex-Warden of the County or Huron, was called and examined. '
Chis year I ear. If I and barley hat I have 3 crops, and acrease the rength and
^ears I had : used any refuse salt, ; to sow.
iOCK.
g and ship-
years ; this ince I corn- have some- ) meat than the best for have some- is kept in a turned and >8 the better t more than
packed in of October, it from the Lo the best nently, but agother. T quired is »
lOBB.
SALT AS A FERTILIZER.
To Mr McMillan.— I farm about 200 acres of land. I have used salt as a fertili- zer, and 1 have found very marked differences in the places where it was sown and where It was not. It made the straw stiffer, and the wheat was better filled. I have used it on barley, sprmg wheat, fall wheat, and roots. I used some on oats, but did not mark any diiierence. I have been troubled scarcely any with rust in the fall wheat where I sowed the salt. I have used from 400 to 500 pounds of salt to the acre. I think the most beneht is obtained by sowing it on fall wheat in the spring.
To Mr. Ballantyne.—My soil is principally a rather light clay loam. I think the kmd of soil makes a difference in the value of salt as a fertilizer. I do not think so much benefat is derived from it in a light gravelly soil as in good, strong loamy land, and generally, where the land is mucky, it makes a better and stronger straw.
QUANTITY USED PER ACRE.
To Mr. Di/mond.— When I began using salt, I sowed about 300 pounds to the acre, but I now use about 400 pounds. I follow something like a rotation ; I scarcely ever sow wheat after wheat, and I allow certain years to elapse without using salt. I have not used it on hay lar-1. I have tried it on mangolds and turnips. I noticed the effect of salt on turnips firbt in a neighbour's field, where it was sown very heavily, and he had a stronger crop of roots where he sowed the salt. I think the reason was that the land was moistened by it. Since I have sowed salt on turnips, I have been able to get them tluuned a week earlier than I did before ; and the same may be said with re<'ard to the wheat. Wheat will ripen a week earlier when -salt is sowed. I have been°usinf salt iil)Out ten years. In the first year, I think, I sowed only about a ton ; this year Thave sown seven tons ; my whole farm has been pretty well salted. I have tried a smaller quantity of salt on the land, but 1 have found that where I put on about 400 pounds, it had the best result. I tested it for killing weeds and thistles, but it did not seem to do anytliing in that way.
THE THISTLE CROP.
I think the thistles are not nearly so plentiful in this neighbourhood as they were three or ,four years ago ; I don't think the law for their destruction is parti- cularly efficacious. Sometimes if you compel a man to destroy his thistles, he will have to destroy his whole crop. There are two ways of getting rid of them— either never to let them blossom, or to let them come to the blossom, and then cut them down and plough under. I prefer ploughing them in the fall, and dragging them. I use plenty of salt for my cattle. I sell all my milk to the cheese factory.
CHEESE FACTORY SALT.
They use Canadian salt in the cheese factory, although they formerly used English salt. The directors of the company told the cheese-maker one time to try both and to see if there was any difference. He was not able to see any difl nee j and Mr. Ballantyne and our salesman examined the cheese, and they could not si any difference. Mr. Bal- lantyne said that if there was any difference, it was in favour of this one, that was the cheese made with the Seaforth salt. That was what our maker reported to us.
[Mr. Hays.]
THOS. E. HAYS.
28
SALT IN CONNECTION WITH AGRICULTURE
w
Tho following lottor was laid before the ComiuiHBioii by Mr. Dyuiond, and was received AS ovidonco : —
CANADIAN SALT IN CHEESE AND UUTTER.
Offick of a. G. McDouoall k Co., Seaforth, Augiist 10th, ISb'O. A. H. Dymond, Esq.,
Dear Sir, — I am sorry I have not the eliauoe of Ijoing before you and your col- leagues to-morrow, as I have to go to ship at (;ueli)h, but at any otlitir time will be glail to answ(>r any questions to llie best of my humble al)ilily.
In referenoi^ to the butttu- and cheese business, I iiavci been buying lioth on my own aoeount, ami for others, l.-irgeiy, for the past ten years, and for tin; past three years have also be(>n selling personally in Liverpool and tilasgow, as also in smaller towns in both iMigland and Scotland, and I hav(> ntiver yet luid asUt-d me by any butter or cheese buyer there when olFering my stutl' for sale, the question, "What kitld of salt is this butter or this cheeso salted with /"
Two y»>ar3 ago we pack(>d our own butter, one-half with English salt and the other with Canadian. It was sold to one of the largest firms in Ijivtrpool ; they could not tell that which was packed with tli(> Knglish from that packeil with <'anadian salt. It is tho opinion of many that t he conij>laiuts against our Canadian salt not being so good for butter and cheese as the English salt have been made originally by a few inten^sted individuals who were engaged in the double capacity of buyers of cheese, and also agents of Englisii manufacturers* of .salt. Our buttt>r, however nnich better than it formerly was, is still far from being an easy selling article in the Hritish markets, and will always be so until we get into tho cn>amery busim-ss and do .away with dairy butter. So many difVerent qualities of dairy butter in one lot depreciates tlie sah^ of tlu^ entire lot, no matter if there are choice an\ong them. Anoth(>r cause of our medium butter being ditheult at ordinary times to sell at a paying pi'ici> is the immcMise quantifies of oleomargarine coming constantly into the home markets from the continent, from whence it is ordered as wanted, and they do not manufacture there quicker than theoi'ders come in, consequently it is always .swecit, and takes th(> market in pref(>rence to everything except our creamery or home-made dairy butter. 1 visited some of the manufactories of that oleomargarino on tho continent last sunnner in order to get all the information I could respecting it, and am happy to .say not without some success, for I learned, which I had bften tried before in Liverpool and else- where to know, the ditVereuce of that article from real butter.
Yours rcspecfully,
A. G. IMcDOUGALL.
The following is the letter from Messrs. William Davies & Co., referred to by Mr. Govenlock, and others, in the course of their evidence. Mr. Davies was subscipu-ntly examined at Toronto, in relation to the pork packing industry. His evidonco ou that head, and as to the use of bait iu his business, will be found elsewliere : —
Toronto, 0th August, ISSO.
A. H. Dymond, Esq.,
Dear Sir, — Referring to your inquiry, re Canadian salt, we would say that some years ago we used nothing e'se in our curing, and during the winter we had not any com- plaints of the bacou so cured, but the following summer we found tho bacon came out of the
[Mr. McDougall — Messrs. Davifs (£■ Co.]
as received
AND COGNATE INDUSTRIES.
29
collar v..ryHt,-ong,an.l our a-,nits m Kugla.wl n.port.,.! Umt ifcarriv..! in v„ry ba<l con.lition. J li..y not knowing thorauH.", instruoto.l us .,. u.so ,„on, salt, l.ut tl.o n.oro w« us.hI tlu, moro troul.l., wo had A frion.l u. Oiuoago to wi.on. wo toM our troul.lo, sai.l it was fron. usiiu' ( -ana. han salt an.l that sinniar r.-sults ha.l o.currod thoro. Wo at onoo disoardod it and used Livcriiooj, and havo had no troul.l.! sinco.
Last wintor wo uso.l two or throo cars from Hoaforth, but wo could not g.it it dry, ho gavo 't "i; •Hgam. Wh.,n ( anad.an salt is usod. wo iin.l that thoro is a 8o<Iin.ont (irrl^ in yoionr) loft on the bacon, whioh sr.on bocon.os slinio, and this, if loft long onouLd,, oats into tho n.oat and bo,.on.os vory olionsivo. 1 no.ul not say wo should 1m, vory ploas.>d to use rana.lian salt ox..lus,v,.iy ,t ,t sorvod our purposo, as it oan bo had in bulk tlius HaviuK tho tionl.U^ of oinptymg bags, and tho prico is much lowor.
Wo givo you .luotations at foot. A groat <l.!si(h.ratum in salt for .Hiring is that it should bo f,r,:/,rt/!/ ./>■>,, til.' aim is to g<,t tho wat.a- out of tho moat; of courso^if wo put w.-t salt on It wo ar.yi.lding wator, and wo havo not yot found any salt-maker hero who would lot MS havo It ,/n,. Whon (Janadian sait-boilors are propan.l to furnish us with an urtu-lo that serves our purpose, m; ...i, j.ivpar.Ml to use it (sxclusivoly, and, if it coHtsmora to make it, we are prepared to pay more for it.
Yours very truly,
WILLIAM DAVIES &, CO.
Liverpool fine salt, stoved, 42 cents per 100 pounds, delivered.
" coarae U(i " •» «> <«
Canadian
2.J
Sittings to tako oral evidence, lu-hl at Gait, August 18, 1880. Presarrf— Messrs. liKowN ((. hairman) and Dymond.
MR. MOOllE'S EVIDENCE. John D. Moore, North Dumfnes, was called and examined.
«nn ^ '^"'^^ ^''^^^ farming about ten years. I own the farm that I reside on. There is 800 acres of it. I principally raise grain. I raised a considerable amount of stock at one time, but I am not domg much at that of late. My soil is a clay loam with gravoUv
GYl'SlJM A J)ECU)KD MKNEFFT.
Gypsum has been used on it over since I can remember, and wherever it has been used I am satisfied it has been a bcuofit. I havo not used it for two or three years. Whon I did so 1 put on a hundred pounds an acre on clover, about eighty pounds cmi peas, and about fifty pounds on wheat that was seeded to grass. When I used it on i)ea.s 1 cannot say that I found that it made any difi'er*ince in the sample ; but it made a marked improvement in the crop. It was a marked benefit all through to any crop that It was used on, even when it was sown year after year on the same field. It seemed to have lost its effect for several years latterly, and that is one reason why I gave it up. I always sowed it on the same crops, princi|)ally on clover and peas. I would put it on my first year's and also on the second year's grass. We did uot often have grass more than three yeiirs,
[Mr. Moore.]
■w
80
SALT IN CONNECTION WITH AGRICULTURE
TIIK KFFKOTS DIMINISHED BY TIME.
For a muuber of years if the gypsum was badly sowu wo could toll it very easily ; but for a few years of late it did not soeii) to have quite the same effect, and for two or throe years since that in wliich I sowed it I cannot say that I saw that it made any dilTcrouoo. I believed that having sown it for a number of years it liad accumulated in the soil to such an extent that the land did not require it so much as it formerly had done. I did not notice that, with the same amount of gypsum, there was any difference between the crops raised on tho two kinds of soil that I montionod as being in the farm. I am satisfied that gypsum is a benefit.
SALT SUBSTITUTED.
Since I gave it up I have been trying salt, mainly to boo whether the one is as good as tho other. I tried salt a few years uu turnips, and I found it a benefit. I also found it a benefit to barley.
EFFECTS ON lUULEY.
I have usually sowed barley the year after growing turnips, and I have generally found the salt more beneficial to tho barley t.lian to tho turnipu, though it was boutiicial to the tiurnips also. Wht ii it was sown on barley tho crop was better in cvt'ry way ; it ripened sooner, tlio sample was brighter, the straw stood up better, and as far as my experience wont, I think I had double tiie yield. Tho quantity that I put on per acre was about a hundred pounds. Tho one sowing of salt was beneficial to both tho roots and tho barley. My crop of barley after the salting was about thirty bushels to tho acre. I had never been very suceessfnl with that grain previously. I think the salt- ing increased the yield about ton bushels an acre. Where I mado a test I am sure the yield was double.
A COMPAIUSON — PRICE OP SALT.
I left a strip across a field on soil equal to, if not better than, that on which I put the salt, and tho effect of the salt on the turnips was that they were bettor all through tho season. I got land salt laid down here for about $4 a ton. I get it from 8eaforth principally. I purchase pure salt. I bought the refuse for a number of years, but of late I get tho purest. I gave almost as much for the refuse as for tho purest.
SALT ON FALL WHEAT SOIL.
I tried salt on fall wheat and it was earlier and better than that on which there was no salt ; there was a marked diftereuoe in the fall, and all through the next season ; tho straw was better and brighter, and it headed out sooner. Tho difference was so great between what was salted and strips that I left unsalted in tho different fields that parties working in them asked tho reason of the difference. I use salt altogetlur on wheat now. I have given up sowing barley. My land is a clay loam — some of it pretty stiff' clay. I have not tried a larger amount per acre. I sow my salt broadcast on the wheat before tho last cultivatmg. I just pbugh once about cine inches deep and cultivate it. I work the salt into tho soil. I have no difficulty in distributing such a small quantity over an acre.
MORE GENERAL USE OF SALT.
I think a good many of my neighbours use about 200 pounds. Tho use of salt is becoming very general in our locality, and I find that the results are usually about the same. Some find but very little difference in the crop when the land has bcien sown before, and they then salt less for some time. Some have quit sowing on fields that have
[Mr. Moore,]
AND COGNATE INDUSTRIES.
31
been sown two or three times. I use salt for my cattle. I have found of lata that thoy oonBumo a largo quautity if they get what they wish. I do not know that my farm is richer than my neighbours'. There are all kinds of soil within a few miles of it. I do not use any other special fertihzor; I have tried ashos a few times, but it is very difficult to got them. I have not gone into draining at all; my land is too dry. In a great many cases I have ploughed down a very heavy crop of hay, and I have found that after that the wheat promisos to be a very heavy crop ; but when harvest has come it has not been so large as I expected ; in foot, it has very often been a poorer sample.
JOHN D. MOORE.
NOTB.— Much valuablo information relating to the use of Salt for Manurial, Dairy- ing, Curing and Feeding purposes will bo found in the evidence under other heads.
G
ONTAIUO AGKICULTURAL COMMISSION.
APPENDIX N.
E^^I3DE3SrOE
RELATINO TO TIIK UBK OF
GYPSUM. PHOSPHATES, BONE DUST,
AND OTHER FERTILIZERS.
|
^ |
^V |
II'
Pi
ONTARIO A(;iM('ni/(difAI. COMMISSFOX.
^I'l'MNDIX M.
iri- t '4
:ElVl3Dja]]SrOEI
iiici,AriN(j To TiiK linn o»
<JVrsl)||f, rilOSIMIATKS. I!0NM J)U8T,
AND OTIIKIl l''l';UTILIX|.;i!,S.
ii; i ]
RiMlng to (akn omi oviih.ii
..»o;:r.:'>"n:'r:^;i 'I'', ■;:"■,••,;:':::,''■ '■''''■ ^■■«""' ""'■• '»«». 'w-
M
oHarB.
.1 A M lOH ( !( ) W A N 'H K T 1 1 ) i: Nf ( ! R. .TAM.H (WAV. ..rM,n TownHhip .,r Wa(,orI.,., ^va« .allo.i an.I oxa.nin,,.].
usKoir (jvi-HUM roll koktv-kivk vkaiis.
N.H.lia,raIo,lonia.a,Hl u-iV- oat „am i "'''.••'.'•""";""' -'<■»' I'l-Ht.r from Nova
'--'i*. ^'">Hovn^,w, -f^l^J'"" r;; '/T" 7'" f'^l' Y'-^'. ' BOW plan,,,, to <J>o Btraw una in.lu.-o ru.sL in fall w hit. ^"''"'' ^"'^ " """'''"«J' '" "''=r^''^»«
EXPKIUMKNT ON CLOVKU AND FAT.L WHKAT.
.i"...rr;:f'i;ir;'::r:'i,:,i'?^ ;;:i'rt,!:.':rv;:r';;;U'T7 'f :'■«"• ■ --> «
GYPSUM. PHOSPHATES. BONE DUST,
prowing at tho foot of it, while on tlio othor part of the field no clover was to be Been. The wheat, though later, was not perceptibly injured by tho rust, the reason, T think, being that that was not a year in which wheat was inclined to rust. I have made no ex- periment which would lead me to conclude that the use of gypsum had been the means of preventing rust. The use of it increases tho quantity of straw, and causes the wheat to be a little later in ripening. I have not found that it makes tho head any larger. Clover is the principal crop to whitfh I have applied gypsum.
COMPAKISON OF RESULTS,
I remember a field that was soedtid down with what we call tho big kind of clover ; and where I put plaster the clover was so heavy that wo could scarcely cut it, while on e. small piece which I left unplastered for an experiment, there was hardly anything to cut. My ordinary course is, to cut one year and pasture another ; but I do not remember what I afterwards did with that field. When I came to the Township of Waterloo, it was said among my neighbours, "Cowan may be a rich man, but he will have poor children," In other words, that I would kill ujy farm by using plaster.
DURABLE EFFECTS.
I don't think the beneficial effect of plaster is exhausted in one season. Plastering potatoes, one year, we were stopped by a thunder storm, and the work was not re»i...,bd. Next year the field was seeded down with barley, and plastered. The year following, meadow, and also plastered. And that fall the rows where plaster had been applied to the potatoes, could be distinctly traced tc tlie very spot where the work was stopped by the storm, Tho good effects of the plaster were quite visible the third year after being applied.
PLASTER ON PEAS,
At first I plastered peas every year, and could always see tho effects of it. And still if a crop of peas looks dwarfish, I invariably plaster it. I have plastered peas at all stages of their growth, and I have not seen that it makes much difference when it is put on.
THE SEASON FOR APPLYING PLASTER.
I have plastered on the snow, (lenerally I try to put the plaster on before the land is fit for ploughing in the spring ; but I do it then more for convenience than because I think ther^ is any special benefit in doing it at that time. I put it on from very early in the spring until the crops are too far advanced to be benefited by it My land is generally a heavy "clay loam. The subsoil is gravel when you go de(>p enough, but very few trees that fall turn up gravel. Where the land is wi^t I use no plaster. I do not think that, as a rule, wo have put any on where there are under-draius; tho land is still damp enouch, and produces plenty of straw and hay without it. I have never heard it com- plained that the application of plaster makes clay land stifier and harder to work ; but my land has now got to be a good deal stiffer and harder to work than it. was,
EFFECTS OF DRY SEASONS.
To Mr. Brovm. — I have never seen gypsum fail as a fertilizer, except three or four years ago, that we had a succession of very dry seasons here, and I put it on several years without any apparent result, and quit using it to any extent ; but we have now begun to use it again more largely,
WHEN AND WHY TO USE PLASTER,
I would use it without farm-yard manure on a farm that is rather poor or run down; I would use gypsum for the purpose of growing clover or raising peas; I should be sure to
[Mr, CowanJ]
AND OTHER FERTILIZERS.
would doteriorar.; the s Jo7tt nor le^^^^^^^^^ ^^^u"'" ^'- ^'°"' '''^'' "'^""'«''
up poor land. I havo n r ascerte.'nTn H 174 T ''°"'^..^^" '"®"''"* '"'^""'•« *" bring is applicl in moist or in dry weX^bl f« «ff . -.r^' ^''^''■'"^° ''^''^^'' *''« P'-^^ter peas ook Hicklv and vo ow^n ZlrT^^, / , f*' "^''1°''*^ ""^P'"' ^'^ '^^t'''- ™n- When
Huy positivoly/but my impressio^n^s that ^n . '' '^'':,* ''^ ^° '^"^ '^'^^- ^ «°"1^1 ««t
root; of the plant. ™P'^*^««'°'^ >«' *hat gypsum does good even if it does not reach the
BEST TO PLASTER LIGHTLY.
nover ma,lo a practice of mixing gyp,„m wth bam yard mauuL '^''- ' ''™
LIBEUAL USE OF MANUUES BENEFICIAL.
n.an.^: 8T;c^rrori;^ea"?o;rrt7 ' iTuSa t ''.T""^ ^^'^ "^ ^^-- ^^^^ ^^ I acre. I use it in a well ro tod state h«nl ffFf • J ^^ ^^^"^ ^^ *° ^0 loads of it to the My farm was in a much less fJr le coS "iln T ' T^^ rotted without being tunned, cliange I atti-ibute lai-goly o he te of g^^^^^^ I Ck Sf /* f^'V' '' J"'^^-^- '^^^*
would not have been in envthinp liLf^PP "i^" -J • • ^^ ^ ^'^^ ^'^^ "sed it my farm have made one-half tlTe moncy^lhout J.. "" "' '" '^ '^"^- ^ '^^ "^' *^^"^ ^^^^^^
COST OF PLASTER.
Gypsum generally costs about $4.50 per ton in PnrU T /i« „.a *v,- w,. . ^ , , ma gypsum is any dilTerent price mPaiisfxom tie PaS gypsum. '^ *^^' ^"^'^^'^-
MODE OF SOWING IT.
of soS,T */tSTbltti oL"'! -Lr SS?^^ '- '"^.^-'f--
have ccoeded that amount ; J'>^-^mk2^tZ£im%^S''lutM7f ' .""^
I SOW a little gyT)sum on that T l,.ivn r,.^f „„„j -^ pounub. it a held lacks straw
they were lookSg a Httle s^-klv tZ ^lrT^f '"' F'"' ""^ ^^^"^ y'^''' ^^^^^P* ^l^en now, a fact which I aSuto^S^^hc^aYtf Xcl^h'^^^^^^ '" f T '^'^^^ enough without it have used from five to ten ton^ o^^^V^ ,or ^^^^^^^^^ °" ^^^ ^'^"'^-^^- '
it an J^ooJ. ^"""~' ^"^'' "°* P"* P^"^^*^^ °" ^-U ^i^eat with the expectation of doing
rust, perhaps a Uttle moTe of itto t£ act'* Tf I S cTov'or t£tf "' ^"^^•' '' '' ^^^^1^-^ down, I would bo sure to sow plaster on it for tbp nnvnn f \ ^ ^"^f ^"^'^^ ^" P^^ugh Bible before I ploughed it down T wm,y w ^^<^V^rpose of makmg it as heavy as pos-
I never sowed plastTin t^ie&lL "^ ""'' '* °" ^"'^ ^ '"'^"'^^'^ *" Bummer-fallow.
JAMES COWAN.
[3fr Cowan.]
1^1
"T" ^-^^^aiaaafa^auijtBBiiM
6
GYPSUM, PHOSPHATES, BONE DUST,
EVIDL.NX'E OF ^IR. TELFER
Andrew TeI/PER, South Dumfries, County of Brant, was oalled aud exaininod.
To Mr. Dymond. — I farm 150 acrea It is uiixfttl farming tiiat I carry on. The crops that I mostly grow are wlieat, barloy and oats. I grow by rotation. I have not used fertilizers largely. I have used salt and plaster. I have not used any phosphates. I have used barnyard manure.
Use op Gypsum and Salt.
I have principally used gypsum. On turnips I have used gypsum and salt together. I mix them and sow them broadcast. I drill up my ground before sowing them on the roots. I u.se gypsum alone, principally for clover. I do not put gypsum and salt on turnips aftiT the crop has grown ; I put them on the land before drilling. I have never used salt by itself.
Effect of Gvpsuu on Hay.
Tlie farm wliich I occupy and that of my brother were formerly one farm. It was divided some years ago. My brother used no gypsum, but I did, and this year I had a larger hay crop than he. I got nearly two tons per aci'e off my land, while my brobhei did not get one. 1 had not applied any manure but gypsum to that. My brother had not applied any at all, either farm manure or anything else. The position of tlie tielda in the two cases was the same; they were both on high land ; I could not see that, in that respect, one had any advantage over the other. They were about equally exposed. We have used plaster ever since we came to this country, which was over thirty years ago. We are about three miles from the plaster beds. Plaster has been obtainable from thcin during all tliat time. I am getting it now in a much finer state than it was in formerly. I think that being finer it will do more good ; it will be absorbed the more readily..
Plaster on Fall Whkat.
I applied a little of it tl is year to my fall whf'at, leaving a part of the field without any on it, and now you could almost mow the part, of the field on which I put it — the clover is getting out in head, while on the other part you can see the stubble quite plainly across th« field. I do not know of any effect that it produced on the wheat itself thia year The wheat was all cut at the same time.
Plaster on Corn.
I have used gypsum on corn, and find that it produced a great effect on it ; it makes it stronger, and causes a heavier crop, I think. I have not used it separately on root crops. The reason that I combined gypsum and salt was that a neighbour told me he had tried them together with good results. The use of them on turnips has been to give me heavier crops. I cannot say that the use of salt and gypsum together has caused the crops to grow faster.
Proportion of Plaster to Salt.
To Mr. Broion. — I put about 100 pounds of plaster to 200 of salt per acre. I mix them together before drilling. I am not aware of the previous management of the fields to whicli I refer when I speak of my having obtained a hundred per eent. more hay off tay field than my brother did off his.
Necessary to Apply it Early. .
I believe if you are late in sowing gypsum on wheat it will cause it to rust ; it will make the plant grow stronger and ranker, and render them more apt to rust. I sow it
[Mr. Tel/er.]
AND OTHER FERTILIZERS.
vei7 early on my grain. If I could got clover to plough in, I think gypsum done would keep up „,y lan.l for a series of years. I have noticed'that in a dry fLln gyZm £ not take so much effect as in a damper one. "caouu gypsum aoes
Quantity When Used Alonb.
acre %^L nS'.rlr^^^l'l V'' P^*"" "^^^^.^ ' "^" '^^°^'^ * '"""^r^' P"""d« to the acre, -it the plaster is sowed late in the season it induces rust- • T ,„on„ „i ti i I
has got pretty well advanced-cither wheat, bariey or a'ytMng elsf One yl
t on wheat late in the month of May, and we were fully l week later in cutUng This th^n
in cutting wheat on which it was not put ; it came up vcrv rank an.l ^o? r„«fv T *
tir rusTw"''" *'"' "^^^ '' "^^ ^°"' y^'^' ^"- ' -noTty" ar f was aT- tlut lust was very prevalent or not. I sow the plaster by hand. I would verv much
dtrifrtiZcLsir^^' '''' '' '''''^^'''' ''■ '''-' ''' '-' ^oL:^y^:zztr
To Mr Brown.— My land is not under-drained. It does not renuire it • ,> Tina ,.
peratS f' if T r '7i T*"^^^ ''''■ ' ''''' ^^«- aboutTfteentrtrnt;-Vv 'bushels per acre of fall wheat. I had at one time the management of Mr Ohri^f ,V,'« flr^ ^ i
considerable plaster there with effects similar to whatThave stated Tn.pH !f T.' • ,f the n7 f"- Y'"'''' «°* "^ P^^^*^^ ^-- «- one place It is a , ray p^ TeXS
ANDREW TELFER.
MR. PERLEY'S EVIDENCE. Daniel Pjjrley, of Paris, was caUed and examined.
fathe^wfjarm^dToor^ '" "'" '''""^" ^"^^ ^'' ^°^^^' ^^* ^^- I -- -th my
FREE USE OF PLASTER.
We have always used plaster since I was ten years old. I saw a irreat do.l of plaster sown on our place in the township of Ancaster Th^ n«nr.l! fif i
to say it would spoil the 'ground ; but I was o'nly ^^m I was trntears cJd "id
nt'TlastiriTl' *''"'."?'* I '^'^^^ ^^"^ '' ^^'^^^ ^-^ y-- since, Ldit?sf"iryttt"r Z on 1^ , ''" "- u " P *° ^"y S"*""^"^ I ^^^« ^^-e" seen it ^own on. Th J land I
am on is a clay loam with limestone bottom. I follow mixed farming V l^ol i
U-nora ly »w „,y turn ps and then sow the plaster over the ridges f sow it brotScast'
sowed „Ty tittr I doLf tSnk tl"^ °- ""'■ ' "" ''°' '•'■"■'' ^''"^' ^^^-^^ must be sowed eariv T?vl S"' """'' "j'r' '» ^ "» '° P«"ing plaster on the pl.n1 ; it
PLASTER AND ASHES. I have used it a ffood deal on corn. For that mirnnqo T ir^V v vi, t, • ^i
I 3/r. Perley.] '
fi'i
8
GYPSUM, PHOSPHATES, BONE DUST,
ip I
m i
II !
im
too The result of applying it to corn is that you get as large a quantity of stalks tho first year as you would of hay ; and then I think it is a help the next year for the barley My rotation of cropping is wheat, barley, then seeded down, then hay, then hay or barley. I always have barley after wheat. I might not sow gypsum on the wheat : but that would be the only year I would miss t ,wing it. I generally plough up sod and put m oats, and tho next year put roots in on the clover sod with barn-yard manure.
QUANTITY OP SALT AND PLASTER SOWED.
n • i"*" tT i '-^ °'' ^r^^ *°"^ °^ gypsum every year, and about the same of salt. J tJinik 1 hnd It an advantage to use it every season ; I get as good crops as anybody. I use all the farm-yard manure I have. I do not keep very many cows. I have about eighty or nmety sheep. I have never had a failure in the use of gypsum. We generally commence to cut our clover about the 20th of June. The best result I ever had from the use of plaster was when I sowed it both in the fall and in the sprin-r on the same grass ; that was the best crop of hay I ever had. I considered that by sowin- the plaster twice I gained a ton at least to the acre. This was on land that was in good, fair
PaTlv I'Vr' ^'^^^'''""Ir'*'^ ^''^'V^^'r T' "" ^*- ^ P''^^^'- "si"S planter in the spring as eaily as I can get it on the ground. I always use salt separately. I sow it on the turnip ground, and then I sow the plaster when the tops have got up-I fancy that keeps the bugs back a day or two. Then if there comes a little bit of a shower the plants rapidly become more vigorous. I think I obtain better turnips from using the salt as well as the plaster. I think they have a better growth by using the plaster.
SALT ON BARLEY.
_ I have used salt on my barley. I almost fancy that if I rode around outside of my own neighbourhood I could tell the people that use salt and those that do not by the look of their oarley. 1 have found through our neigbourhood that the barley of those ^v^^o do not sow salt looks gree", w1 , ile ours is bright and clear. A neighbour of mine who sowed salt on his got It in sooner than barley on which he had not sown salt. I do not use salt on spring wheat. 1 sow it on fall wheat; and the straw stands a little higher and is harder. I think salt keeps the wheat cleaner. My farm is not underdrained. I lived in Burford before I lived here. 1 have seen plaster used for fifty years. The sheep I keep are Southdowns. I have kept them about twenty years. I prefer them because they are easy to fat, and are hardier and more prolific than the larger breeds. The only objection to them is the small amouAfc of wool I keep a pure breed. I have sold them "in different places. I sold some m Ottawa last fall, and some in London. I am not breeding them iustfor butchers, but for breeding purposes. For mutton I would cross Leicester ewes with bouthdown bucks.
A PLASTER SOWING MACHINE.
To Mr. Broion.— For, I think, twelve years I have worked on my roller a machine for sowing gypsum. I sow about six or seven tons a year with it. It is attached to tho rol er behind. It only cost me $15. The boys object to sowing plaster by hand : it gets in their eyes My machine works with a slide ; and it is turned by a little pinion on the end of the roller. I can sow Nvith it from 50 pounds to the acre to 500. My father used Caledonia gypsum for four or five years, and wo never found any difference between it and the other. It is a whiter plaster than ours ; but a good many think it is whitened bv hme be.;.g used in it A good many also say that the Paris p'r ;ter is gray with slate ; if It IS, it IS not so good. There is a gray plaster independently of that which has slate in it. 1 liavo never seen any diffeience between gray and white plaster in the results of using them. If there is any difference it is in favour of the gray plaster. Using salt on corn turns It yellow. 1 do not keep accurate accounts of the results of my experiments, thou<di some years I have counted on my carrot and turnip fields. I find keeping a counts is toff much bother for me; most of the farmers do.
TTtr D 7 1 DANIEL PERLEY.
[Mr. Perley.\
AND OTHER FERTILIZERS.
MR. MERRITT'S EVIDENCE. W. Hamilton Merritt was called and examined.
GYPSUM BEDS AT CAYUGA.
pretty extensive. We grind the IZZattheZZhlf.r'"'^^' ^""t ^^^^ '^'^ *« be different method of grinding ours froTthat of ntf S' •'"'""• ^^« ^"^^^ ^ kittle
.tones, but we use a disintelratbg method fn wLlth? . ' •' "/"'"^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ '-"" pieces, and then it is knocked by attrition to „n- ? ?? '' ^''^ "'""'^^^'i "^^^ «'»«]] large pieces should pass over tLtwouU render it ro3W' Powder; and in case any sift it all in a screen, so that it is very fine W.iT^ 7 ''" '""^^'"i ^^ *^^° ^^"J' ^« Our gypsum is white. It is puJe Zl.^' If %l ^^'"^'J' Prefer it in that way.
Grand llivor Gypsum Co., Sir WHliam wkn F r\ ^^'P^!™, "^ ^^^ beds worked by the «tates regarding their quality thr' S'S^ ft'^'"''^ ^'^''' ^^' 1866,
in England, France and the Unitod States and npl^ ^ ^ ^T ^'''^'^ SYP^'^'^ beds
obtained. Land plaster is supposed to be ^vLZlT ^ '"'^'i 7^''' P"^^'' 1"^^^*^ ^^^ a white substance composed oFTrV^ree Srts o/ ime o'^^-^^*' "^'^.^^^^ P»^«' " twenty-one of water of crystallization TbSevVLnv' f ''"^ ?^ flphuric acid, and gypsum beds are found is along the Grand Eiver Th.V^'" "^^.^ P^^* "^ <^'^t^"o in which in Nova Scotia and up in the Saskatheln dS^^^^^ - Canada,
below Cayuga, above Cayuga, and in the neighboirhood of S tZ '"'' ''^'•V'^"*^^ these beds is not altogether the same in appearance ^^P'""' ^''"^'1 ^
VARIETIES OF GYPSUM.
which^^es't: Fatut^:\%!;r Stats^ Z§7^'''^''- --*^^"^^ ^^^e that conies largely into Canada from Oswe'o 1 'oof s un T/' ^T^' J^"« ^^"^'^ in barges, and is ground in mill, «+ n j i • P ^'^^ ^^'^^^ ^'"^'^ Fayette ville
freight' Fayettevi^loli^Tose i%':ra^r'%'';J,:t^^^^^^ over la barrels a's return gypsum that is used in Ontario is^Ts^'alom. ii e ll?. *^' ^""T"' '^"'""^^* °« Oswego. _ Gypsum is ground at Port Hope rL the o\ "' "",^ '*.n^'"'"«« ^™°» gypsum is sold, as a rule, in barrels b.TTw! ! n . • P'^^'^^'' '''"'^- The Oswego They allow twelVe tons for ^caiS' A W^ ^" ^^^^-by the car-load,
pounds, T think. As our works have otiv b^nn Vf f ? T^° ^^P'"'" ^^^S^s about 300 yet, except to a small extent ^ '*^'''^ ^^°^' * ^^^^^ ^« do not barrel
PRICES OF GYPSUM
85 PPMfa aii.„ ^^ ^ v^swego piaster cost
;ll?'^il/ !LP\^ ^^^^"11 i" Oswego, I believe,
and then the frciirht is very
small, being return freight. We could lnv''nn..."7"''"' ""m '"''" ^"° trciglit is very a barrel without the barrels. The fann^I seem to^Thini;' ^^'rir' ^'. ^^^^"^ ^« ^^^s gypsum in barrels than in what is in bX wS • '''^^ ,*^^'^ *^°^« »« "^^^e virtue in bulk as cheap as, or cheaper than thOswe:.ot barrel "C o' ^' "'^ '•'^•^^'- «"- ^« description, and the colour is due to slale and sand t1 • 'f ^^P'""^ ^« «^ "^ ^""^V gypsum in it than there is in the white. ^'''' '' ''^'"* ^^ P^^' «^"t. less
OSWEGO GYPSUM^COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS. Tliere was a piece of the Oswego gypsum £?ivpn tn mo of +i. ■ , ,
^mm
10
. I
GYPSUM, PHOSPHATES, BONE DUST,
from the surroundinp: rocks that it was one of the best ; and that contained 55-67 per cent, of pure gypsum as against 7907 contained in the white Grond River gypsum, according to the Report of Mr. Hcys, by whom it Mas analyzed. In the Oswego gypsum there was, of insoluble matter, wmch would lie chiefly sand, 4-8, while in ours there was no in- soluble matter. Of iron and alumina there was one 1 '4 per cent, in the Oswego, and in the Grand River there was just a trace ; of carbonate of lime, which is chalk or limestone, there was 13-31 in the Oswego, and a trace in the Grand River. Of carbonate of magnesia there was 5-7 per cent, in the Oswego; that, th(>y claim, has of itself a fertilizin-' property ; I do not think it has. There is none in ours. If carbonate of lime would not be a fertdizer I should not think it probable carbonate of magnesia would be Of water and loss th(!re was 18-1:2 per cent in theirs, and 20-93 in ours. We claim that ours IS about no per cent, purer than the Oswego. That remark applies to all the Cayuga and Caledonm beds of white plaster. "
A DAMP SEASON PREFERABLE.
To Mr. Brotvn.--As far as I have heard, from dealers and farmers, there seems to be more gypsum used in a dry season than in a wet one. Gentlemen liere have said that it wants moisture ; but this last season has been moist, and dealers have complained that- because of this moisture there has been less used in certain districts— a great deal less It was a new fact for me to learn from these gentlemen that it needed moisture. I have studied chemistry.
HOW IT OPERATES.
The plant itself takes up a small proportion of g^.vsum; but I do not think that is the main fertilizing property; I think it has an' indirect benefit in retain- ing the ammonia which comes from the decomposing vegetation in the earth. When it is used with manure especially, by means of which the greatest eflects are pro- duced, it seizes on the ammonia, which would otherwise escape in the air, and I tliink the ammonia decomposes the calcium sulphate, or gypsum, forming ammonium sulphate, which IS one of the greatest fertilizing agents there is, but which, on account of its expensiveness, cannot be used to a great extent alone. The most profitable way to use gypsum would be in conjunction with ordinary manure. When used on clover' or leguminous crops, the ammonia generated by decomposition of some of the -egctation in the ground is retained by the land plaster, hence even without manure the benefit derived from its use is very great. A layer oi land plaster should always lie kept on the top of manure-heaps. \Vhere this is/lone reguhrly I believe as much as 20 per cent, of the fertilizing property ot the manure is retainea, which otherwi.se escapes into the air. Gypsum is ciiiefly an indirect fertilizing agent. It .seems to attract moistui-e, and greatly benefits plants by that, I do not think any of the ingredients in the Oswego plaster, which are foreign to ours, are fertilizers, except perhaps the carbonate of magnesia. I have not tried, or caused to be tried, any particular experiments for the purpose of testing the value of gj-l).sum. Up to the present 1 have taken for granted the practical experience of farmers and those who have used gypsum,
CROPS REQUIRING OYrSUM,
The class of crops for which we chielly li.ive a demand for gypsum arc; clover and leguminous plants, turnips and that sort of thing; it is much used on corn and potatoes, and some have used it on both spring and winter wheat, oats, barley, and rye, besides fruit trees and gai-.l.^n plants, with good effect. We have a grVat deal of diflieulty in mtroducing our gypsum cast of Toronto in consequence of the compxtition from U.swego.
HE.WV FREIGHT RATES.
The area o? our market is at prop.or.f profrty niu-h limited to the western part of Canada, Nova Seotia does not interfere with our trado that I am aware of. I [^f)-. ^fernt(.]
AND OTHER FERTILIZERS.
11
strongly in favour of railroad, car^vin^w ' . f "°°- °°°''^' ^"'*"- "" '"•>""'' lmrr,.ls' As o rule l^ZVsZtt Zl 1 T °' M"" '' ^'"' SyP™n> »"re put up in
THE GYPSUM DEPOSITS— TREATMENT,
of li,„„to„o or .nyt,,U;° c,» S;r tV' It Ey" ,1X^0^0 '"S T™.' alone can toll to what extent gray land n'astor ia arlnltm.Ved '"P^f."""' /ko chemist substance entails a certain aLunt S exin e ^^^^^^^ the foreign
m our neighbourhood at three dollars a ton. *"" ^^'^ ^'"'""'^''^
W. H. MERRITT LETTER FROM THE LATE HON. GEORGE BROWN. The following letter from the late Hon Geor<rp Tirnwn w.fo^.^^ +„ t xi,
iXrs^^:^ "'"""""'■""' '° '° -■" i-^tvil;:™'t£f:s^„s 'h?i,tpr„s
[copy.]
Toronto, ISth March, 1880.
con,, an.l indeed on all legum nin crop, ^nfac?^^^^ ?C"'-*"'^% ■"« ''ff"^ ' " '^^"vor, peas, Imiiau
wiU make all the .lifferen'ce between pToVta^d'lostoath'^cip^ "' ''^ ^"" '" ^°° ^"""''^ t^'^'' ^'^^«'
12
Ifjff
GYPSUM, PHOSPHATES, BONE DUST,
honsion-oay. from much expeS, I Lv " vy thaf F 1,0^^1^^^ ^'^'- rJv,*'''"'' *''" '« "* ""«'^I>I"-e- '• .clover sickness" may l.o f oSnd, I am cZLknt in tl,« ^^Tf ^ ** !• '"■ . ^^'^ ,":"« explanation of the taken fro,., it, tl'rough the Bti-mLtin^erct of the ™^m^ and by the largo crops
Pf'int ffruwtkt/ntt have been erhaMtedbvtCs,tm^Znr...^^^l\^^ (''«./'',»'»'^« <" reatm-e the ollur dements of «ol..Iy for a coutinira.ico,tu.nau may brdisTSted t.Tlo^! an.l by preat crops, and trust to gypsuni manure and you will not con>plLn oHour cro^.^'^ol yoSrlSd as 'sick'" * "'""^ '''"'^""^ "^ •'"^'"y"''^ eyes.^:;:;rs:7oS^f ■"i*o%&1rtiL* ':Sraft^^^^ the Angers, fiyin, in the
.veight to the acre^'^ittlTerTte of twenty acr^s pi S^^ '""^ '''*^ P^"^^^^*^ regularity, and with any desired
are tmfcn 3 S I il^dTof our faZt ttt evlnThol'Th''^*" '« derived from the use of ,yp«um themselves so little of them^and that 8om"coml^^^ ^""^ *='"'^"'? ^'^'"^^ benefits, avail
panies has not long ago been made to L ZLh gyj um STat r^^^^^^^^ >"'' gypsum coni-
access to all farmers over the land at reasonable cosTN^,fh!n^n^^ 7^ 1'":^°?'' ^°t''** '* ^""i'' bo of easy of crops in Canada than such a 2veme ft effic ently c^rrSou^^^ It IXl^nil"^ "'° ■? **' **? '''^'^ '"'"•«'''"'
«t*!;.e i:;Thl';r'^^ -'"^ °^ ^-'«'^'' '- ^'- -^ thelS:^dtL,a^orpSuK5i/;;::S S^ifwS
greeu verdure. ^ *"'^'^' *'"'* *^ ''^^ *° painfully numerous over our country, rich with
Wai. Hamilton Mbrbiit, Esa
Believe me, faithfully youra, (Signed)
GEO. BEOWN.
EVIDENCE OF MR BARRIE.
Alexander Barrie, of Gait, was called and examined.
To Mr Dyviond.-l live in the Township of North Dunifries. I am famine about 300 acres of n>y own, and about 90 acres that I have leased. I do mixed farmin" I raise wheat barley, oats and peas, and am pretty largely engaged in rai.ng r™t 'c^ops and cattle and sheep. I have tos< d the effects of fertilizing agents to some Extent. I have W 'f^^^i":ft' ^''' l«\<^l^ecl and nnleached, salt and gypsum, as well as superp ^ pliates to a Irfinted extent. I keep a considerable quantity of stock in the winter and fatten them tor the market. I have about 20 or 25 head on my farm usualir Crin. he wxnt.r I fatten between 15 and 20 head of cattle, and from 150 to 200 sheep. I ^ke a cons dcrable quantity of manure besides what I buy. I have bought of late years fi-om 100 to .,0 loads in the town. I give tlie farm all the food that I can got for it! I have been carrying on business about seventeen years on my own account. I have been accustcMue
um"TL':iu? t ■ 'Y''"°*""Vf'^^'^^^^^ -*'^*ho exctptfon of ";^!
Bum. 1 have used it smce I commenced farming on my own account.
THIRTY years' EXPERIENCE.
This fai-in has been under the inHuence of gypsum for thirty or forty years. T have Z« ^^ -.J,^-*"-;-^hsalt for root crops ; but I have used it prineipalfy'Tor dover and peas. With them I have used it by itself, f f J' i viuvi,i anu
LITTLE BENEFIT IN DRY SKASONS.
In dry seasons I have never noticed any perceptible good resulting from the use of it It requires a large amount of moisture to dio.olve it so as%o brmg it Tnto a ooiulition in \^fr. Barrie.']
AND OTHER FERTILIZERS.
13
liebig's theory, the best time to sow it.
plaster on barley.
_ This season by way of experiment I used it on barley, I cot a ferfiliVin,, r1..;ii „ ;u
tJ.0 Lrk V o, f lovpr T) ^^ '^'^ ^ T"^ "" perceptible effect whatever, either on
tiiL ).u icy 01 clover. lias season was very favourable to making thp fp«f tL
SALT AND QYPSUM COMLINED.
SALT AND GYPSUM ON TURNIPS I had used salt and plaster previously on turnips. Those T Rnwn/1 r.,i ^ (\ .\a e i.- i.
plant was somewliat more y^ovZ^' ''^^ ^^'^' ''''''' ^ '"''^'^ "^^ '''^^ ^^^ Pl^^'^^'. tiie [iVn JJarrie.]
14
CYPSUM, PHOSPHATES, BONE DUST.
m
i^^if f
USE OF UNLEACUED ASHES.
I foniul that whoro I applied the unloaohed ashos iu largo quantities— about four loads to tlio aoro, Bproiid on early in the season and harrowed in some time before drill- ing—my crop of turnips was about as good as in any other part of the field, as good even as where I manured with barn-yard manure. I value unleached ashes as one of our best fertilizers, especially for root crop. I sow gypsum broadcast by hand. I have used h maclnne, but it was not very satisfactory. I used it for sowing salt, and the salt rusted it so that it got out of order. I have no permanent pastures. I have tried plas- ter on timothy, and it has had no visible eflfoot so far as increasing the yield of hay. I have not generally kept the clover fields over three years under grass. I have applied the plaster every year on clover. I never think now of applying it on timothy.
CHARACTER OF THE LAND. To air. Brown.— T]\Q general character of my land is clay and gravelly loam, from one to live feet deep, resting upon an open porous subsoil of sand and gravel. I just put on gypsum as I thmk the fields require it. I think u is one of those artificial man- ures which, when ground fine, soon dissolve, and that every rotation of crops the land requires a now dose of it. I think it is better to apply it frequently in small quantities than to put it on m heavy doses. Wherever I have applied gypsum to clover or peas, the season being favourable, I have obtained beneficial results. In the case in which I mixed the salt and the gypjum, the ml might have taken the place of the weather to some extent. I do not think it took the place of moisture, because it was a moist sea- son. I would never think for a moment of using gypsum ».lone as a substitute for a manure. In renovating exhausted soils when spreading barn-yard manure fresh from the stables or yards, I sow gypsum over it. That, I think, prevents the escape of the ammonia. ■^
MODE OF APPLYING MANURE.
. ^^\^ !^' *^**' natural tendency of all manures to leach into the subsoil, I think it is highly desirable on soils havmg an open porous subsoil to keep the manure as near the surface as possible. I apply much of my manure during the winter season by spreading it upon the surface of the snow. If the ground is level, the melting of the winter's snow and spring rams leaches the soluble portions of the manure into the soil, and it is held in readiness to bo utilized by the growing plant in the spring. "When this is not convenient, I haul the rough green manure from the barn-yard into the field I wish to manure, and plough it in shallow as early as the season will permit. At this season of the year the manure decomposes rapidly, and the gases generated, instead of escaping into the atmosphere, are absorbed in the soil and utilized as plant food. I have not mixed gypsum with barn-yard manure in the fall in any case.
SUPERPHOSHATE.
I have used bone superphosphate tliis year, nuule in Toronto. It is just i^roen bonea dissolved m sulphuric acid with a small auiount of animal matter in it. My experience ot tliat 13 limited to this year alone. I sowed it on my barley crop with the fertilizing drill which I spoke of ; but the drill did not work very sati.sfactorily, ami I only .-ot a small portion of it sown. Whore I did sow it, it had a very decided etleet, in causing the barley to ripen at least four or live days earlier, and in giving a very bright appearance to the straw ; but I hav had no opportunity of deciding whether it increased the yield or not. I sowed some of it on the turnips this year, and so far it looks as if it liad a bonollcial ettect on them. The turnips on which it has boon sown have taken a consitlcrable lead of those which are without it. It caused a very rapid, growth of the turnips early in the season, and that protects the plants from the tlv to a great extent. I find that gypsum does the same thing, but not to the same extent as the superphosphates. I base not tried salt alone for tliat.
[J/r. Borne.'\
AND OTHER FERTILIZERa
15
GVPSUM ON CLOVER. Ian. ha.1 pr««ou»ly boen heavily ,„a„„r„,l it J„Id p„baUy not brnL,«w to . ' '1'°
fall wheat early in the «prin.r would causo i .Tsf n , ?1 T '"^'^I'^'l that gypsum Howed on
A. BARRIE.
MR. ELLIOTT'S E7IDENCR Andrew Elliott, of tho Township of North Dumfries, was called and examined.
MKTIIOD OF FAUMINO.
a subsoil of clay and limestone The cr<uTtZ\ y ^ !''"^ 'f,°»°«% sandy loam with wheat. The balance 1 raisi " -i cipally for ^^ & hey arrneaf ^, 'f ^'r ""''"'^ ""'^ nnny turnips and a good deal of cfover. I pTotdi 2out 9?0 ' -. ' T "^ ' ^ Tl ' ^V"^ to fourteen acres of roots yearly. I keen suSSt oaX to n If ^ ''^°"*^ ^^'^^^^
I raise on the place, possibly frL. ,oX^^ c^^ o.^a iT^ lotl^^^^ sheep. For root crops I generally plo.gh the field in the fall, ay Zieat stul)l le J e Id
and work tlKMand as thoroughly a^^Vcan^^H-S^^^^ ^" ^'^ «P-^'
PLASTER AND SALT— PROPORTIONS
l2»"S a. vogo«i„. green, and keeping it growing rapidirfrorL' tgt!i„g";f l/^
COMPARISON OP SALT AND PLASTER.
I have sometimes put in a .strip of rnoN with salt nlnno n,. ? n, -n
.ione „„d ».eti„..e a-ltHp withoi't either,-ana n^v! ft;;rtL\r;i,tr ItlS [J/r. Elliott.^
1u
OYPSUM, IMIOSIMIATKS, HONE DUST
Is- 1"
nf,
UNO
ally liiir
tllK
I «.' iiior of |> tlu>
us- ..I salt. ,m.l ,,l„st,.r „„x.m1. Tl.,.n< in no ,l.,ul,t n -r-Hlor Imm.^IH, is cain.-,! fn.!,, tlm ..t ,.Iust,>r M mo tlwvn n.,,. tin, nso of nail, al.,„... H.|,, hm.1 ,,la, ,.,- . ix' av '1 ,. '•;";;";''^ •"'- "<;< -"ly -;.. .l.n tur,u,MMopc.n wind, thoy arc UH.. i, b„t cm Zee,, ,
l-l.l >.'uU.,| .stM.Ku.Hl, astnp to wh...!, M.ny l.a.l not, 1 , applio.l. if .Ui.^UI mows J tv
-my,. urn tunups. a,ul I oouHi.lor that turnips tako p'.it.y w.ll tlu, plat oTf , '.
i I w to n.o. 1 u.vor had a HoaKun whon I havo not conHidonuJ that tl o application
las.or wan worth .loubh. .ts oost to any crop I bow.uI it on, an.l on olovor it will doZ
TLASTKll ON Al,l, CUOI'S.
I HOW it on all (Tops, and Ronorally with pood msult. Wo aro novor trouhlr-d with n H an Honjo pa,-t..;.s a.y ; hut I havo f..nnd that plastonng fall whoatin tho ful I C awav w.th th dan^.T ol rnst. and nwitornilly allorla tho orop. I do not apply i.hiHtor in ll m Hpno, .t .t ..s appliod in tho fall. | invariably apply It to l.a.lov wh.!!.! "r " ,:;, 1 not. llns yoar had a hold of twolvo an-os of hari.^y on whoat Mul.l.lo. Thoro m- two orops o hay on tho hold, and inunodiatoly on t.kin, tho last orop of hay oil" d n J"
w h t lo ...rap.n.^^s o t ho yard, and tho l.aianoo Nvaa not n.annro.l. I how..] plastor an.l alt ,n ho san.o t.old. both .oparatoly, and I loft a strip without oithor salt or plas.or 1
«u th.-t thoro w,vsmuoh d.lloronoo botwoon tho ^rain on tho tw.., but noith.-r of gXr. '■'^" was as ^ood as tho grain ou which salt and plastor ;oro appli'd to
VSV. ON Till.; SAMK LAND Koll l.'Il.T\' YKAItS.
-^ ^' ''^'••, '^'■'^7' ~^]yP«;>"» •'••i« l"''-'> visod on tho land sinoo it was cloarod, lifty yoara «,?o. 1 wouldnot^boatrau to uso Kypsiun oontinually. Taking thorn all thro.y, wo
o. ;/,• H ir ''} '* ''"^' ^ ^''," ^""" '^" ""^ "^^^' ^'f '^'•Vpsuni w.as projudioial. ' The
I Mn.i,' plastor on tho tall whoat in tho tall soonis to havo a good otloot in brinUg the idants torward rapidly .u tho tall, and it givos tho orops a good stiu-t iu tho apWng.
THE TllISTLK CHOP.
.r., '^'"^*^''' '^':'';';^nung in on my farm rapidly. Thoro is a dooidod incrooss in tho thistlo crop m this noighbourhood.
ANDREW EJ.LIOTT.
MR, GIBSON'S EVIDENCE. D.wm GuisoN, North Dumfries, was called and oxamiiied. COMPAUISON BETWEEN PLASTEUS.
I farm 100 acres. I do uot uso fertilizers much, except plaster, I havo been using It about twenty-hvo years, but not steadily every year. I have used about a hundred pounds to the aero ou grass kiul, and about fifty ou now seeding ; that is, ou spring gram iiud so on. I do not uso it on poas. I uso it ou clover. For a uumber of years 1 purchased my pkster in Paris. After that I thought it was not quite so pure ; and I bought the white Calcdonui plaster one year. When I got it homo I thought it >vas very light, and I said to one of my uoig^.bours, Mr. Koevors, " that plaster seems very light:
[Mr. dibson.]
ri^
AND OTHER FERTILIZEES.
IT
IIRSULT OF EXPfiUIMKNT.
Zr. Ti^ °i 1 ""■»«sn,it any iliffuroiico bolwoon tho oonJiUonB of the two
;;i™^''" w£^ti^>r ?■-' ™' ™!".'™% -="- :.;:i^".";: ^f 71
I)i,ui.iy W(, di.i not n, tico Uumo two Hpols in after years. I should think it would ho ZZt:::i^fT ^TV' <in..nyearH a«o thai tluH oxporin.ent was LZ 'n^, mnu wo.-ht of plaster to the acre wan howi, by l)oth. Wo weiL'hed it with a anile ]5„lli
i itinZ: :r •::;' ^r t'' tf ' r' ^"-^ ^•"■" «'^^" - '..-ly :::'p^sni'on u.'
. an Tsl .r n i V ' t""''T'""^ ^^ "''f'^""« ''• ^'"•' "'""" y'^'^'-^ I Jiave tried salt, plas-
• M. *".'""^ '''"'"" ^'V" "'■^''^'''" "''^'■'' together to ho a great benefit to the turnips • nnk turnips oonie up better. Then, after we thin then., we sow the n.ixturc Lain n,l m.lc .t keeps the w.,rn,s olF. In the first instance we have the groH a7 rea y for
DAVID CJIBSON.
MI{, DANLKL LAMB'S KVIDENOE.
amin^r'"' ^'""' '^ "'" '"■'" "^ ^'''*^"'' *^- ^^••""'' '^ ^'«-' ^^ 'l'"''""*". ^b called and ex.
ANIMAL SUIM'.IIPIIOSPIIATB.
ir. 1 ^'' ^^('■' ^.'/'""f f^— T am a uianufactur.^ of f.^rtilizers. Our firm was the first to in. loZSf Z^o y 'f- '" '"•^"'"''^' — " co" flnooursel :« ?;
METUOD OF MANUFACTUUE. [J/r. Lamb.]
I
18
GYPSUM. PHOSPHATES, BONE DUST,
I:
phato, an.l tlio more sulphuric aci,l put into it tho I.,.tt.>r is tl.o nmnuro prn.luc.ul. W« are tho only rnanufacturms ot sup.Mplu.Hpiiat.s fm.u bono in Cauadu at tho pmsent tiiuo. Sovoral Imvo started, but thoy havo not succeudud.
EXroUTATIOX Of THE RAW MATKUIAL.
Of all thonmtorial wn handln that can bo turned into sup(>rphosphatoH, wo export 95 per cejit., and only inanufactu.o (ivo per ocut. for use in Canada. That l)r. por cent wo ^xport in tho Hliapo of bon... W,. oxp<n-t over '2,000 tons of bono annually fnnn Canada \\o do not export super,.hosphat..s, but n.amifaet.uv Just sufll.i.-nt to meet the .leiuand J would not pay to maMuta.h.re f.,r .>xport, as the sulphu.ie aeid in dearer here than iu tuo U nited btatea. Wo nianutauture about 100 tons of superphosphates annually.
LIMITIOl) IISK OF SUPKltl'llOSPHATES.
Tho uso of suporphospliatcs is very liniitod at the present time. Canada is the only agricultural country in the worl.l that exports bon.>s. These bones are sent to tho United States and .nanutactured into fertilizers there-where there are many works that maim- facturo 30,000 toils a y.,ar. l^io amount of superphosphates imported into this country IS very inn ed. Ihere is no duty on it ; all fertilizing materials are free. But wo supply practically tho whole demand, with the exception of mineral phosphates.
API'LICATION TO CROPS.
Superphosphate is suitable for all kinds of crops, but I sliould consider it osneciallv )enehcial to wheat an.l other grain crops. It can bo applied with advantage to either light or lieavy soil. °
WHERE IT SHOULD NOT BE USED— BONE DUST.
But it should not be applied where there is a limestone formation, because the lime absorbs the sulphuric acid contained in the soluble phosphates, and causes it to revu-t back into insoluble phosphates, and depn'ciates it one-half its value. On such land I would always recommend the use of bone dust.
PRICES — COMPARATIVE VALUE.
o. , ^^/■**1a'' *'f , f^'-»'ers, at 830 a ton, tho same phosphates as are sold in the United fetates tor §40. I have an analysis showing that ours at $30 is equal to the American at $iU.
QUANTITY TO BE USED PER ACRE.
A farmer should use not less on the average than 500 pounds to tlie acre. Tliat in- volves an expense of $7.50 per acre, and that quantity of phosphates would be considered oqual to 30 or 10 loads of barnyard manure. The benefit resulting would last for two years, and you would get as much benefit in the second year as in the first.
USE OF BONE DUST. Of bone dust I would use from 500 to 800 pounds to the acre. It costs $30 a ton.
TESTIMONIALS FROM AGRICULTURISTS.
I cannot give from personal observation .'le results of the use of superphosphates on land, but I have some letters on the subject— from E. G. Muntz, of Alport, E. Spen- cer, and R. Rivers, of Walkerton. I have also some old letters, among theia one from the late Honourable George Brown, as follows ;—
[Mr, Lainb.]
AND OTHER FERTILIZERS.
tons '^^x:^^:^:^^^ -^tCf^rT "• ^ r ^ ^ ««•' «^ t--. ton
young grans has al«o been much boiLffl by T" ^^ ^"' '"'" ''"'^ "'^^ '^'*°P' '^"'^ '»»«
The following is a letter from Mr. Whitelaw. of CurphL """"" '"""" P. R. Lamb & Co, Toronto. Guelpd, September 7th, 1800.
to sta\Vt;mri":;jL"ritr2S?n''° "' "^? ^'•^^"^7^ ^^^^^^ y«» ^^^-^ min,,iha.e
tircly satisfactory^ 'iValamfeanZ I «!:;., iT^ "'' 7'"'* "'' ^'^ *^° ^'''^'^^ time is en state more fullyLreaLr as^U "a t'ual ^s at^Vb^^^^ '"*•' ^'" bo o„,,i,,«^„
same field u.so.l barn-yard manure and bonn S .1' J Z^ f experiment, I have in the the BupernlioHpliates I nnV.li?.,! *f , ', '^''' ^^^^'^ '^* *^e same cost per acre as
any k"Kl\ut\f f Luld jSt tm pSfaZ^*" ''''V'' ^"'^ without'lnanure of ^yhcn superphosphate has been apiS ^W>earance8, the crop will be decidedly best
Yours truly,
W. Whitklaw. of thf^SirSodX^L'^r'''' ^''""" "^ '""--B .tataent of the „.„!.. To THE Editor of Tue Canada Farmer.
discusSuifrtgfiS:^. t,^^^^^^^^^^^ l^inds, being freauently
experiment made by me last season on a firlVnf f ^ / ^'I'''^ ^"''^ *^® ^"^^u't ^^ an qualities of different manm-es a part of the llS IT^"' ^"^ *^' ^^''P''^^ °^*^««°g ^^^ the manures were put in the dHll nml /.In, 1 i ^1"'°° T '"^""^^ "^ '^^y ^^i^^d- All about the same time anS recoivp^^^ fW P^'^"?^^'! ^"der and the various lots were sown
up a quarter of ^ITe of eacj lo^wTsTt ^ff T' ' V'"^'^. <^^« '^'^'^''' ^^^^en takin
Mowing results. If aS n by weight the vieldi.r*^ f ''^""^ °^.^f "^^'^' ^'^^^"8 ^^^ greater :— -^^ ^"^^^ *^® y^^^'^ "^ each case would have been much
Lot without^ manure of any kind produced at the
Lot with 850 lbs superphosphate of lime per acrV,
.cost, mcludmg freight, $7.50 no<^ «<
Lot wi h 220 lbs. superpliosphate of iimc,' i:,;;,n "
louds of manure per acre ^35 „ „
lo draw their own oonoluBio™ "'' ' "'""' '""""''''■ ^ ''"l ''""° J""' "»<Ie«
GUELPH. W. WhITELAW.
- -Z'w S^lloo •- " "°°' "■•• °°""«» Wo-^'ff- "' *» «o»-ty of Huron, dated x-isTEP R. Lamb & Co.
Phate^rp;,?nS:;rlorS^^ ^^^-^^^^^^ *^ the excellence or the snn«rnhn=-
"I 'I
ii I)
20
GYPSUM. PHOSPHATES, BOJJE DUST,
the entire field, and I am snre I am quite safe in saying that the hay crop was trebled where it was top-dressed with your mauuro. The rest ol the field carried but a poor etop. In short, the thing paid. *^
lam,
Yours very truly,
Geo. Woodriff. COMPLAINTS OF UNSATrSFACTORY BESULTS.
We have also received letters stating that the .perphosphate bone dust has not given yakisfaction. For instance, one farmer complained of some bone d-iat he bought from us ; but we f; nd (hat ho had bought three-quarter inch bones because they wo -o cheaper, and it vcuid take years to decompose this size. Superphosphates will not ^ivei Batisfaction where there is a limestone formation, or it may not give satisfacMon because the land is deficient m some other ingredient, such as potash, nitrate soda, salts, etc., for you only get good results where other things are equal, or where the superphosphate 13 used Buppiementary to other ingredients which are necessary to vegetable growth.
PUBLIC ANALYSTS— FERTILIZERS IN THE STATES.
It has often occurred to my mind that it would be a great advantage if the Govern- mont would appoint public analysts over the country, who would analyse the soU of far- mers for a small fee. The farmers of the United States are more alive to the advantages of special fertihzars than the farmers in Canada. Thera are very large manufactories of fertihzers in Boston and Portland, Newark and Wilmington.
ANALYSIS BY PROFESSOR HEYS.
The following is an analysis by Professor Heys, of the Ontario School of Cliemistry and Pharmacy, ol the superphosphates manufactured by us : —
Moisture 9.(54 per cent.
Insoluble phosphates 31-24 "
Soluble phosphates 7.92 <«
Ammonia 2'i2 "
Sod^ salts 4.Q2 <«
Orgauic matter 25'80 "
Sulphate of lime, etc 18-4G •'
VALUE OP SEVERAL INGREDIENTS.
The analysis shows 9-64 per cent, of moisture, which of coarse is valueless, 25-80 per cent, of organic matter, which is of nominal value, and 18-46 per cent, of sulphate of hme, which is aloo of nominal value. That leaves 14-86 per cent, of soluble phosphates, ammonia and other salts, all of which may be regarded as immediately valuable and direct m their operation, and 31-24 per cent, of insoluble phosphates, a portion of which, such as the bone, might be immediately absorbed, but the larger portion of which would require a further process of decomposition, and therefore might be regarded as only valuable in the second or third year.
COLLECTION OF BONES.
We collect bones throughout the country un(^ r a regular system. Wo have close on one nunared men collecting bones throughout utario, and shippin'^ them to U9. We make no difference m the value of bones. All bones are of equal value.
[Mr, Lamb.]
AND OTIIEU FERTILIZERS. iNDisposrnoxV op faumeus.
ami tho preaa „r Canada i, c S„„X "r iS,"''''*!"' °" •''''™''? "' »W» <" 80 '" a y ar Ihofarmo,, do not aocm to tako u"p. "'° ""'' °"»''"S "'■«*» <«■ ttoeuLjootf but
WANT OF APPItECIATION.
called .. JohKstonV. Locl.res on A.rictU Sal clemSrl.'" a V ?/' f'l T^ f"" "^ ^ ^« ^ in the country ahould X^Z \ Mr goo whn^ f ^r-^^V^^J'''^ ^ Canada, eraj.loycd a lecturer wliolochi;^^!]! ^^''st uitroduccd
-a .0 lo3t ..0.000 ,n atte.^1;^ tSd^S;£rS!SJS
consider every fai superphosphatoi the use of fertili;^^, into Canada.
TUE MINEP.AL PIIOSPHATEa.
are i^^^:'nS:'^t^Sj:tTr'l • ^^° ---' ^^P-'ts of Canada
Phatoistho largo amount of IH 'co'l£\^f t^o
requu-ed to make it soluble, which raalLi?ivn«n' ^m '° ^''go amount of 8ulplnu-ic anil
price at which wo can sell breT.hosn& VT* ^. n^^^^
g.ven u. ^e precise results of a"n o^^ wit^'sV^^^^^^^^^^ °"^^ °^^ ^^^ ^-
EXPERIMENTS AT GUELPH. PROrOKIION OF PHOSPHATE TO liAH^-VAUD MANURE
EFFECTS MOEE LASTING, the eff'cfof '!Si~ranur?"' SuSSf ^^^^ % ^^'^ '^"«t ^"1 last longer than
i^s^^ — -e toii^rss^Sesrg.- ^s s£t:
DANIEL LAMB.
£-.l/)'. ZcT/ift,]
22
GYPSUM, PHOSPHATES, BONE DUST,
ir
* ME NEIL J. CAMPBELL'S EVIDENCE.
Neil J. Campbell, of the Township of Nelson, County of Halton, was called ani examined.
EXPERIMENTS WITH SUPERPHOSPHATE.
To Mr. Dymond. — I have heen engaged in mixed farming in the County of Halton for many years. My brother and myself farm 800 acres. We have tried experiments ■with superphosphates, and we ui5o all the barn- yard manure we can get, Li 1877 we tried an experiment with mineral phosphate upon twenty acres.
SUPERPHOSPHATE ON EXHAUSTED LAND.
We fallowed two fields, and ploughed and cultivated them in the same way ; the soil of the two fields was similar and the cropping upon them had been the same. They had been, as we thought, pretty well exhausted. We had sown one field two years in succes- eion, and had got no crop of any importance from it.
COMPARISON WITH BARN-YARD MANURE.
Two acres of that field we covered with barn-yard manure to the extent of about twenty loads to the acre, and upon the balance of the field we put 250 pounds of mineral superphosphate to the acre.
THE RESULTS APPARENT.
From the time the blade appeared, any person could see the very place whore the two manures were separated. The blade fi-om the barn-yard manure came up quicker ; the other came up very strong and looking hke barley, and it maintained that position during the whole < ts course, standing erect and very strong. When the crop was har- vested, the results te just about equal ; we had thii'ty-iive bushels to the acre from each.
COMPARATIVE COST OF THE TWO FERTILIZERS.
The superphosphates cost $40 a ton ; the 250 pounds would therefore be $5. Barn- yard mannrc, before it is put on the land, is generally sold at about 50 cents a load, so that what we used would be worth about f 10 in the heap. The cost of drawing it and putting it ovf the land is very nearly equal to the cost of the superphosphate altogether, and it is therefore iiuch more expensive. At that rate the barn-yard manm-e put on the land was worth $15, and the superphosphate was worth $5 ; and in the first year the results were the same.
EFFECT ON TIMOTHY.
In the following year w^ seeded it down with timothy, and the growth of the tim- othy was very rank — we never had anything Hke it. The laud is still in grass this year, which is the thkd year of the experiment, and I still sae no difference.
SUPERPROSPHATE ON WHEAT.
The other field was sown at the same time. We did not ajiply barn-yard manm-e to that field, but sowed a portion of it with superphosphate and kft a portion without any manure. We put on 375 pounds to the acre, and we had forty-five bushels of wheat to the acre at harvest time, an advance of ten bushels to the aoru from adding one-half more of phosphate. In its general ingredients it was the same soil in botli fields, the same seed and the same mode of soAVTJg, though there was a little difference in the culci- , vation. I think that wati a fair exp-'^ment. The wheat I have been been speaking of is full wheat.
[Mr. CmDphell.^
AND OTHER FERTILIZERS.
I
AVERAGE YIELD OF FALL WHEAT.
^^^"'^p^^fi'^nZ^'lV:^^^^^^^ '-»>.* to the aore,.o„
aud BOine less. Our averaRe. I don'f fj,in]. ^1 i^ F ^^^^- ^^^^ years we get mora that the result of the use o^uptphosp^LTas^J^tTJln^r ^T^'^^^ ^-^^^so more than our average, which we could account fo/S T ^n *'^'°*-^ ^"«^^^« *« «»e acre land after the crop in a condition of Creased fertility? ^^'' """y- '''''^'' ^^™^g t^^^
BONE SUPERPHOSPHATE FROM BUFFALO. In the following year we could not get the Bronkvill-. ' i. ,
some bone superphosphates from Bufl^o; or rathe? w^^^^^^^ and we got
superphosphate, but we concluded that a larJe Bor in^Tf -f ^^* ^^^ ^^^« ^^"^^^8 ^one the results of that year definitely. becauL the lS,f * ''''' ^"'''- ^ ^^^^^ not give We had good results from the use^^f tS suptrphosnlStJfrV' r"1'?^1^ winter-lulled! as from the use of those from BrockviUe We hav« f! m^ from Buffalo, but not so good It again. '''^"'^' ^^ « ^^^^ ^ith in the latter, and we are trying
PRICE OP MINERAL SUPERPHOSPHATES
linger %Sc^:a^ t;tnSi?stiLis* iir ''' 'f^--^ ^* ^-
Bively on his root crop, and he has gahied 8ne-thfrd w^i'.r! ^i ^ superphosphate exten- These farms are not mider-drained. I^have not kduW in t ^^« ^o^n.
extent. The land was prettv hard rlnv o^^ i. \"'^^^Sed m under-drammg to anv ereat lands I thmk the cflfoct'of sVe^hosp^hate wo^^^ f f^^f ^^f ^^ ^'^''- OnluS manure, although there is no do4t that bai™^ ,^ ' ^''''?- ^' *^' ^^^^^^ "^ barn-yard we have combiuod the barn-yS maSe STh« """''/""'f ' '^'^^^''^- This laU will be able to state theresultTthrexSeut.""' '^^'n^^^'^hate, and next year ^,e
LAND PLASTER— GOOD RESULTS
year wivn there was a great deal of ™raia Ltai°'ta , '° "f '^^b;-*™!. In lliaf
^ -NEIL J. CAMPBELL.
MR. E. B. SHUTTLEWOETH'S EVIDENCE. E B^Sh.tt.kwo.xh, of Toronto, was called and examined.
lin. and..in^8l?::bti;L^ frt^K^^^^ foHooI of Science. Dub.
that subject. Since that time I havrbeen cSlL "'i" certificate of proficiency in r ? tr^i'y' ^"d was for about sLteenyearSa^^^^^^^^^^^ ^n e'"^'^''^"^^'^*^ ««^"^ct d - under^the Messrs. Lyman. I am now e^^^^aT^mTo^?:^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
MINERAL PHOSPHATES. Visited the pI".Sr.S ^^m"'"" ^as directed to the mineral pho«pin.e- ^-d I
tL
24
GYPSUM, PHOSPHATES, BONE DUST,
h'l >
SOJRCE OF SUPPLY — PURITY OF DEPOSITS.
I found that in tho townships of Buckingham and Tcmpletou mining was energeti- cally carried on, and some very profitable mines had l)cen established. The deposits, like many others in Canada, do not form continuous veins, but occur as pockets. Some of these are very rich, and the mineral obtained is exceedingly pure, containing as much iis ninety- one per cent, of phosphate of lime. There are, however, several other minerals, notably pyroxene, which occur with tho phosphates, and which are often mistaken for it. Even experts sometimes find it diflicult to pronounce on a specimen without having recourse to analysis.
THE BUCKINGHAM WORKINGS.
Some of the workings in Buckingliam have been carried to a considerable depth, and it ]"is, at least, been demonstrated tliat the deposits are not superficial. Although tho district of country referred to abounds in apatite, I do not think it probable that the output will ever be very large, as no very great quantity is to bo obtained in any one place. The facilities for transport furnished by the Eiv'cr dii Lievre, and the close prox- imity of the Occidental Railway, will greatly assist the development of the mineral wealth of this region.
THE BRITISH MARKET.
After leaving the mines I went to England, and found that tho demand for apatite was at that time very limited.
PREJUDICE, AND THE CAUSES ASSIGNED.
Considerable quantities of Canadian rock had been sent there, but there existed a prejudice against it, as it is not only exceedingly hard and difficult to powder, but con- tains a proportion o^ fluoride of calcium, which during the manufacture of superphos- phates, gives rise to a very disagreeable gas, destructive alike to the health of the work- men and to the apparatus. I also heard it asserted that superphosphate made from Cana- dian rock was liable to revert to the original insoluble condition. There had also been considerable disagreement in regard to the analyses sent by the shippers.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS IN ENGLAND.
Chcmi^s in England take their test samples from a large number of specimens, representing the cargo very fairly, and often amounting to many hundreds of pounds. These samples arc mixed and ground, and from this the test is taken. Canadian analysts have not been so thorough, and there has often been diflercnces of as much as seven per cent, between the analysis made in the two countries. It is possible that the chemists' remuneration has something to do with this want of proper sampling. Tho fee for analysis in England is five guineas ; in Canada, five dollars. Tho causes to which I have referred, coupled with the very depressed state of trade in England, had the effect of rendering the trade in apatite very dull, so much so, that I abandoned tho idea of entering into the business.
SOURCES OF SUPPLY IN ENGLAND.
The main supply of material for the manufacture of superphosphate in England is furnished by coprolites, tho fossilized bones and exuvias of extinct animals. These copro- litcs are not nearly so rich as apatite, but are easily worked, and yield a very satiafactory product.
THE BROCKVILLh WORKS — BURGESS MINES.
Since my return from England I have visited the Brockvillo Chemical Works, an establisliraent where thoro exists every facility for tho manufacture of suporphosphato.
[Mr. Shvttlewo rth. ]
AND OTHER FERTILIZERS.
25
The sulphuric acid used in the process iq 7nn,l» n», m • ~
..mod ..„„ .,« „.„,„ ., ^„^ J, wir; ™tu° iatbrd";x^„ SLr"' '» '"^
APATHY OF FARMERS.
mo ^^lr'^lZ^:^XsSf^ 7"^f.«^ ?- ^'---1 worts, informed
phate, and had spent many tlCnaso rnl'^' ^f"*"*^'^
ittio result. Theie are, however some fLlr'/'A *^'' ^"°'"P^' ^"*' «« ^r, Svorv earned the advantage to hrZleTtomZlfeo^^^^^ class' who K
principally supphed from the BrockvilleTorks "" '^^''"'''' ^'^'^ ^^^'^^ "^^^
PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE. soIoJ/:;tf ^*tjJrte^ be at an general
without a very appreciable effect ii the same dSoltr '^'' Commissi U not be
METHOD OF MANUFACTURING SUPERPHOSPHATE
^oraSh;;;:^^^;?^^^^^ on hy the Wor. but the
an a most insuperable difficulty. iZtmlr^.fnJ'- f'^' '^ ^^'"^ ^'^^^^^^' would bo powdered rock to be purchased the s^vln7lZuL- ^'"",^^^^ '' «"«"y. ^ud were the demonstrated that the efficiency of he sinS Inf mconsiderable. It has recentirbeeu
f sS^^^J:t:-^ted^S^^ 1?S teSil-£i;£
tlus matter, not only to el.ct a savh;;?:^^^^ S'SSr^^L^ S^S'S^
now A FARMER MAY MAKE SUPERPHOSPHATE.
ho mSrSi? H iX^u^X^S^lrf ' «^^"f '- - ^-P^^Pal'Jo powder sulphuric acid diluted with about^e ght tLe^ tf wSb/''f ^ ^'^ *^^''^ ^"^^^^ ^^ -'^^^^^Y Tie operation mi-ht be performed in a Htrm,„ ' T ". ""^ ^''*^'^^' stirring thorou£?hIv half inch pine, with water^igS joints Fofcon^H,'" ^.'^ "^*''^""^• "^^dfof one an^ with sheet load with "burned'' seims but f^r ^ ''''\ "'' ^^' *™".^^h should bo Ihied necessary. After the acid is tl.oCgidy mtV an'rtt r^^'^"^^^^^^ would no "be
OBJECTIONS TO PRIVATE MANUFACTURE bott^Hlinj^^^SJS^nU t,.i,.. tl.p ,,,,, fbrtiii^er would be
'oavy as on the suporpbosphat J- the b^a ,1 h 7 ' T ^"'"""^^ ^-"^'k would bo almost il purchased from reliable parties. P'O^^'i^y bo mlcnor to that which might be
COMPONENT PARTS OF THE MINERAL APATITE
Of phospS7\;:iS^ •;? ^.:a:f:(^^^ r- r-^^ *° -^^^^^-five part,
0 ,>^lio.sphoi.c acid. In this form^ it is lost ^ ^bl ' hfA't';''^ l' "^V^-'-"- ^s'
...n [ in order to render the phosphoric acid snlnW ^ Ii 5' ''"'^ ^^ '^^ ^"tle valio to
I'lan ts It has to be changed iJits ibemLr con t'^^'^f ^^'^ , f, "^^ be assimilated by
lUr. Shuitleworlh.] "auwtiou. so that the nroportiou of lime
26
GYPSUM, PHOSPHATES, BONE DUST,
to phosporic acid shall ouly bo ono-third that of tho native phosphate ; that is, twenty- eight parts •£ lime to soventy-one of phosplim-io acid.
SUPERl'IIOSrHATE.
In this form it is known as suporpliosphatc, a salt which is soluble, and of tho greatest value in ngriculturc. This chanyo ia effected by treating tho native phc ')hate •with sulphuric acid which combines with two-thirds of the lime, forming sulphate of iime, of whicli gypsum is composed. Commercial superphosphate is therefore composed of pure enperphosphate mixed with sulphate of lime, with or without tho addition of som© absorbent material, as ashes, animal refuse, or tho like.
m
rnospiioRic acid in soils and plants.
Phosphoric acid, or its salts, is a constituent of all fertile soils. In such, the qnantifcy prerout varies from one-tenth of one to one percent. It is the characteristic constituent of the seeds of plants. Johnson, whose work on agricultural chemistry 1 cannot too strongly recommend to the farming community, says, that one acre of wheat, say twenty-five bushels, contains twenty pounds of phosphoric acid ; an acre of barley, twenty-live pounds ; hay, fifteen pounds ; and turnips, fifty-four pounds.
EELATIONS TO ANIMAL LIFE.
It is a constant constituent of the bones of animals, composing a great part of their weight. It is also largely contained in milk. It is estimated that forty gallons of milk contain one pound of phosphate of lime , and the product of one cow will equal thirty pounds of phosphate per annum. This, with the quantity required to form bone, will amount to fifty-six pounds, which one cow will take from the products of the soil during a year.
DRAIN IN THE SOIL.
The great drain on phosphatic constituents must bo made up by artificial suppli es These maybe derived from, (1) guano, which contains, say seven per cent of solublo phosphates and twenty-two per cent, earthy phosphates; (2) bone dust, which ia at least half phosphate ; (8) coprolites, or fossil bones, containing not more than forty per cent.; or (4) apatite, or native phosphate of lime.
4
SOURCE OF RECUPERATION.
Guano is seldom imported into this country, and phosphatic manures from copro- lites still more rarely. Bone dust is not much used, but it is a very valuable manure, even when unprepared by acid. Tlie effect of one dressiiiif of bones has been observed for eixty years, but the effect of finely ground bones is immodiaiely realized. This arises from the animal matter which they contain, which is almost at once assimilated by plants ; after this the decompositioa of the bune proceeds slowly. Bones are very porous, and allow of the permeature of gasses and water, by which they are ultimately dissolved. Superphosphate made from bones is a very superior manure ; better, perhaps, than that made from apatite.
SirpiERPHOSPHATE ON LAND.
Wlien supcrposphate from apiitito is put upon land tho soluble matter is almost iramodiiitely precipitated or deposited where it comes in contact with Iho soil, but this precipitated phosphate is in an exceedingly fine state of division — perhaps not in particles larger than tho 20,000th part of an inch. lu this condition it may bo dissolved by water, especially when crusiied by the carbonic acid oi the air. It has been found that 6uck> precinitated pliosjihiitd i$ soluble in water to the extent of thirty grains in an imperi.al gallon.
[iVr. Shuttleworth,
AND OTHER FERTILIZERS.
27
WiI.N rnosPHATIC MANUUKS ARE OB AICE NOT VAUTABLK.
when tl.o soil i„ cloficicut m pCnlmS 1.^? / ''"'^ l>y bonoiicial results. It is oX
that though all the normal co3 f^ , ^?V lijf ^V;- ^^- A«nin, Liebig has sh<Z
1> by plants except there be a supply oi nLoZ TlJ] jZ'fT ^^'^ ^'" ""* ^° ^'^^en
bo absent vegetation will not thrive. "*''''»^" '^" ^^''''. i^id if one constituent of a soU
ANALYSIS— EXPERIMENTS.
but ^t:K:^;:^:iit:,ts;!!:s ^^^Opt'-^' ^^ -^^^^^ ^° deficient.
oxpenment with rliiTer<..t mannreH, .SX oLervin. H.n oT'f' *''° ?'^*^ ^''^ "^"'^^ i« *« which may bo utih^sed tJio next season. °'''*''^'"S the cfTcct. experience may by gained
PEATY SOILS. PERSONAL EXPrRIENCE.
I ^^^^^lJ;^i:^:z^ 3 srr '^°^-^*^^ ''^ «-« —
no doubt that evidenoo from those S ha?eox'T)erien/;5 ^^^-P^^^ '''''^^'' ^'^^ ^^ve crops will be laid before tho Commiraion an/?^M ""f *°'! "" "" extensive scale on field those who art better informed ' ^ ^ '^'''^°'' ^^^^« *^"« P"* o^ the subject to
E. B. SHUTTLE WOETa
MR JOHN ALLAN'S EVIDENCR l-AKIS AND CAYUOA GYPSUM BEDS.
DEPTH OP THE MINEa
l;dieve that g.psum has been' tak^rou';/ hot itTZ T ti^"'' '"^ '''' "^^^^^ ^ I do not think it would pay to mine it there lltV^ A Brantford, but not of late years.
UiernorlhtliodeeiLZgypsm.; -r '^'P'""' ^"^ '^^^'^ «t,tained, showing that tYe far"
K- ■;
[J/r. .^//«rt.
'mmir'&sfj^{g^^sii^^miS^EmS^SS^~^M
28
GYPSUM, PHOSPHATES, HONE DUST.
In I*}
OYI'SITH rN MANmM T,TN,
_ r uM.l.'vslMn,! (l.iv) it is fonn.l in Al.i.ufotiliii iHlaiul. I>ut \ ,ini i.ol, po.silivo al.oui. (Iml. If IS not iniM,.,! aMy^vlu>n^ i.i Oi.laiio .-xo.-pt, iu tl... .sit nations I Iiav.Mn.Milion.-d, in tin, c.nintKvsot JJmnt, .lud Haldiniaiul, and on tho banks of tho (.Jnmd Kivor.
OYl'SUM 1\ NKW llllUNSWK'K, NOVA SCOTIA AND THE NOUTII-WKST.
It is !ils<: found in Now Hninswirk and Nova S<«olia, an.I I havoHcon sprfinicna from tiK' I'anks ot tl\o great. Haskatolunvau in (,Iio Nort.h-W.-Ht tnrri lories.
TlllOKNMlSS OK TIIK IRAKIS HMDS -COLOUU.
^ At Paris the j;yiisuni uiul(>rlio.s lin\(>stono, ai\d tliere are rcmmmI soams .-.■ivh fn.in two to tiv(> and a half foot in thieknosH wliioh aro now Iieinir worked, n.'low tlie river level there ii: a h.nl of white i^rypsnui .ahout four feet, in thiekne.ss. '{'he Tjiris -yp.suin is irouor- uily called " gray, luit the colour is not so marked as in the C)NW(>go artiele.
TIM'; nK1>S Al' CAVrOA.
M Oayns?! tlie hods average .-ihout four an<l a Iialf feet, nnd if eare he taken in nelee- tni- the gyp.sum vanes little at any point on the riv.-r from Oaledonia, to Cayuga. This is tho district from which is ol.taijied what ia generally known as " ( "aledonia Kand Plaster " It isestnnated thatover .six miles of tunnels hav(. In en run n(>ar Paris sinre tho laud plaster began to be worked.
MKTHOI) OK MININO.
_ tJypsum is taken out by drifts, .•uid all the tunnels hav(> to bo prolect.-.l by pronnin.^ with tanmack posts. Wo do not «ink any shafts, but enter the mines from the bed of tho river. I ho dnfts are from six to eight feet in width, and the present one runs for nearlv halt a nule. Th,. number of persons .'ug.agvd in the mines varies according to tiie <iuanlity to bo takou out. Seven men i-an mine .about on(> Iiuiulr(>d tons per week.
TUB MIXKS INKXIIAUSTIDLK,
'i'h.' mines at Paris and Cayuga are practically inexhaustible. There are beds of gypsum which' cannot Iv worked on account of tin. expensi>, because then> is no rock abovt^ them. S»- -mens of red gypsum are very r.are in our .section, and what is obt.ained of it IS only kc f. as a curiosity. 'rh.> Paris be.Is h.ave been worked tor over half a century liolore there were any means of grinding it the farmers used to break it up with hammers to prepare it for the land.
TH1-; AMEttlCAX aVPSUM.
The compefiior of (~"anadian gypsum is the American gvp.sum wliich comes from Osweojo. ^ew \ork. and (Jrand Uajuds. Michigan. Analv.ses "tco to .show that tlu^ white gypsumispuivr than the gnv : but such analyses as wo havo are open to considorabh uoubt, because the specimens analy;^od liavc been selected.
TRK COLOURING MATERIAL.
We have not had an analysis made of our plaster. Tho dark material, I believe, is earthy matter, and I assume it to be an impurity. At Paris, whore tho covering is clay, the plaster that lies underneath is white. Where tho covering isrt)ck it is uray, and wliere there are rifts in the rock and the water gets dowu.it assumcsthe form of iibro'usj gviis.uu or as it is commonly called, " honey-ooiub."
[ifr. Allan. j
^NJ) OTIIKH VmnLlZEliS.
OKAY VIAHTKH Moilli VAUJAUW:.
-VM nwun.n,.., un,. | ,i,„,,,, J„ '. f J , ij;" ; ,- '"" -"' Kn.,y |,u..l plant.,,- .,f ou,' «l-wo.l ...,lu, per coat, .uoro o'f h iub lit 1 Z' v '.S^.- T/ r.' ^T'''^"- Auotho toat
-....t per coat, .u.ro of ^i^ ^^1:;^^ ^Z:tl^
SALES OF PLASTIOIl.
i;^^'"t^.:ir,K,r;:,:t: l7;;zyt:i;T'',! ^ '-■ »'■- "-' ■- <•„.
',■;""""■ „ 1 1 '"lily u»o,l iu Tjana air, r' „,;'"'''''•''•''" ""''' ''>■ " "'""'"' ""^
iti"K I'LAbTEit mnma and i!xp(,jtra.
n..i^.w,;;';:;:;^!;::^;r:I:t,r;^:^:„;:i iirc^; *>- '- n«i c. ^ r.*
'■"* l'l.»l<T .m U,„ H„„|J, „i,|„ „t /.^i i, ' r. " '■'. "" '''"-■*■ "" ''■ *'■ ""I
' ' ""■"""■- ■i'"" '-«!.' up„,;"i';"i»';; ',:;;';t:3' ;:';!; ::i' "•»»-• "• .-n. ti..
KISK AND FAt,L of UFMAND
1-vo aLso lu.d tho ollbct of docxS.g ^ ilo! ^'"""""^ '"" *" ^^^"" ^-™' '^''- '-^i time;
OOST OF GYl'SUM— FlUOiariTS. I „ '^''".'^^^■''t "f gypsum at tho miiios i^ 'Pil'-.n i>., *i • ,
bu k as it has 1....H found too 00 jy fco ,ut it inl t" ""'8^^^r• ^'^ '« '"^^t^'y "^Id iu m-al. o ,s .sold iu (hat way. TJ.oprio^ s of ,■ ' ^''f"^'^'^''^ >'''r,h, although coaaid- «msl.Uon aro purchased. Tho i d mt, ; f f T ^ '"K"" ^'^'•«"'' 4'^'^»titi,; than a planter have an in.portant .Wl ! t r in Un /tl o *' f.^r^i/^^^^^^ transportation of Ian J -Inch arc oon.sidor^l.ly highor than a o p£d o?^! ^ ^T? •'^- ^7"!"" '"^'^^^ -''^ ^^'-^^^ 1'Ia.st.M- at points niu.-h faHhi-r ,]i.(.,Mf i ^''^ °"'V- ■'■'"3 prochuhss tho .sale of land
lau.l ,.la.st,.r. The mst porear. of Li n In Z' f ^^""'^.^'^'•«"ly i"creaso tho salo of oarconta ns 12 tons. Lnn dZ^Z^iZndZ^ Z ^Vf ^'^ '^''"'""*''' ^''^ '^f^- ^'^'l tbo from Paris to London $1.20 • fmn Paris /of I T'l ''^ *> "'''"-^"^^ ''^ ■^'•40 per ton: about $(i.OO. Tlio piasl,,.,. frmn U ru ?^ to Godor.ch about |2.00. It costs in Toronto come3 in rock, and Is ^.^und'n thi's" id<^"^' °'""' '''' "' ^'^^^^'"^ ^"''^^ ^-n. oZ^
KFFECTS AS A FERTILIZER. From %vlnf T jinTr-i i j « i
Mr. Allan.] ^ "^''^ ^''''^^ ^'•'^'" '^> >'^ it is more largely
¥
30
GYPSUM, PHOSPHATES, BONE DUST,
ooniposodof 8iil|)h.itoof limo than anyother crop grown by Iho farmers. Tt lias also boeii Jbiiml of groat benefit to turnipw, peas, and other leguniinous plants. Us oHoctB on the tnriiipis toassiat its early grow)h,and it is sometimes used in conjunction with salt, witlj diverse resultH. On 1 lie same land both gy])Hum and salt have shown bettor results when used singly (ban when tho two arc combined.
M
Iff!
■I
'. n
Lianr sandy soil — quantity to be used.
I hcliove the universal testimony of farmers is that tho gypsum has a better eflFect on liglit sandy soil than on any other. Tho quantity to bo used depends upon the crop. Our advice is, never to use less than 100 lbs. to the acre, aud most crops and soil require from 150 to 200 lbs.
HOW IT IS APPLIED.
It is generally used on corn by putting a spoonful in tho hill along with tho corn seed. The general opinion is that it should be sown for clover, as soon as the farmers can go on the land in tho spring. It is sown broadcast.
EARLY SOWING DESIRABLE.
By sewing land plaster as early as possible it moots the spring rains and heavy de'w, imparting strength to the plants, thereby protecting the roots from the heat of tho sun, and keeping the soil cool aud moist. The clover thus treated must give a better yield than if left to combat the dry weather without assistance.
SIR H. DAVf'S AND LIEBIO'S OPINIONS.
Sir Humphrey Davy says, " Gypsum furnishes direct nutriment to thr rops." Lie- big says, " It tixes tho ammonia from the atmosphere." In Germany and England it ia generally dusted over the young plants ; in America it ii 'requently sown with the seed, aud in the case of potatoes put into the drill. The advisaoility of adopting any of these methods will depend upon the nature of the soil.
CAUSE OF ITS VALUE AS A MANURE.
The value of gypsum as a manure is because of its solubility. It dissolves in water to the extenf'of one part in four hundred and sixty one. Cue imperial gallon of water will dissolve one ounce of gypsum. If the land be deficient in lime, the gypsum will act because of the lime which it contains, as well as the sulphuric acid. Sulphate of lime is more likely to benefit red clover and sulphate of potash the white. The kind of manure used, and the quantity also, ought to be determined by the nature of the soil and the crop to be raised.
MUST BE USED INTELLIGENTLY.
Gypsum has its special place in agriculture, and farmers who expect it to benefit all crops directly will be disappointed where it has not been used intelligently.
GYPSUM ON CLOVER.
For clover it should bo sown early, say about the first week in April, never less than >00 lbs. to the acre on light soil. Then after tho plant is well started, say about the first ■•r second week in May, a second top-dressing of 50 lbs. to the acre. The trouble and Jight additional expense will be well rspaid. Fifty cents' worth of land plaster applied n this way will produce an average gain of over |3.00 per acre, over a crop uot treated with gypsum.
[Mr. Allan.]
AND OTHER FERTILIZERS.
PARSIMONIOUS TREATMENT.
land pkster or salt until it is under-drained such crops as contain sulphate of limo in their c well by attracting ammonia from the atmosphere
Tip "' """ «o(iuire either
WHEN TO BE USED WITH COW MANURE.
with!rrnt'rath:rll™;r^^^^ «^ouId be „,.d alon,
on clay soil in conjunction with land Zstor Tl ' Tin. "■ T-"""? '^°"''> ^o used
is much more heating, and on that accent does iofc'rws^^^^^^ ^* '^T", ™"^"^«
soil as cow manure. ^""" S^ou effects on light sandy
USE OP PLASTER ON THE MANURE HEAP
land plaster is to throw it on the manure heao Land nW ' .• ^^^ ]""' "^""y *" "«« pherio causes when thrown on the land but ft can neveft ?' T"l'^!^'' ^*"^ ^'""^ ^*'""«- heap. It keeps the ammonia in the manure Ld leaves i^ n"".^'" ''''T'' '^^ *^^ ^^"""-^ throwing upon the land. manure, and leaves it m the very beat condition for
HOW TO MIX IT.
One gentleman said he believed it trebled the vn.l»n ^t \. properly used, and his method of using it was tht whin h! f ^""S^-^^'^ .'"^nuro when
spread plaster on the manure heap three tirs, a int'rvl of a^lv'^^'T "^T'"^ ^« and by that time the ammonia was fixed and \hl ^""^^r^fi's ot a day or a day and a half»
carted^it into the field a'^irtfrom^rewa^^^^^^^ "^^ ''^'^^ P-f-^^' -^ he
USE OF PLASTER IN THE STABLE*
absorbent takes up the ammonia, whUe limo would set it free. ^* ^^*'*'' ^' ^
WASTE OF BARN-YARD MANURE.
cow,L^ta;Vh:!prof"m^'^^^^^^^^^ a horse ana
of ammonia from il It is sometimeBtrdly wo i^Z^^^^^^^ ^37^,^' ?^^^«^P« sequence of the loss of aU the valuable prop^es it lonS. ' "^°" *^' ^*^'^' "^ °°°-
AGENCIES FOR SALE OF PLASTER.
part of Outario, „\le» in' M„*„,<„. in1caL"en^ughtoX ip^'Lent*""""''^ " '"^
EFFECT ON THE STRAW AND WHEAT CROPS. .n goRi6 of the northern countios of Ontario, the crnna nf ™i,^„* i j j. -i , .
32
OYPSUM, rilOSriIATKS, 1U)NE DUST,
cmiio fhirt ovil. I liavo lioivrJ farmorH atiito that land plaHtor hm very much Btroiigth- MU'il tlu) stiilK-H of wlioat. Of oourHO that would bo tlio roBult, of tlio ahHorptioii of aiimioiuii and tlio attraction of nioistiiro. It has boon objoctod tluit in a httlo time tlio 4,'lloct of tlio (Jyiibuui pasHoa uway, or tlio laud bocomou plaator-sick, im it iu ciUled.
EFFECT OF DUY SKAHONS.
I tliinlc ono explanation of that dilVicnlty Ih, that, during the pant fow yoarH, owing to the drynods of tlio Hoasons, tlio laud pluHtor haa not sUowu tho results which it would have bhowu iu uoaaous of uioro moialuro.
f^>.
III
d laud
NOT THK ONLY UKliUIllKMENT.
But thoro is anothor roaHon which is farther roachinir, and that is, in using lau plaster, farmers havo lost sif^'ht of tliu faottliat sulphate of liuio was not all that tho lan^ ro(|uirod - that othor iiigrodioiils had boon oxtractod from tho soil, and that tho luud had bcoomo inipovorisliod iu othor qualities than gypsum.
PLOUUIIINU-IN OLOVKll.
In this country, whoro it is moro ditlunilt to obtain barn-yard manure than in couu- triOH whoro thoro aro lar^'or contros of population, tho fariuors'iiavo to adopt othor moaua of fertilizing their lands, and wo claim that clovor should bo ploughed in every throe or four years at tho least, and tiiat in this way tho uso of laud plaster will iucroaao the fltrougth of tho roots and stalks of all kinds of grain,
LAND I'LASTKU NOT INJU11I0U3.
I don't think tho assertion is well founded that tlio land plaster deprives tho laud of any of its nigrodieuts and thus iuipovorishos it. In thot^o plants which d) not contain any groat quantity of sulphate of lini.', tho sulphate of ammonia which so greatly bene- fits thom IS not drawn from the soil by land piaster, and tho moisture that is attracted does not como from tho soil. Thoro may bo an oliminatiug process going on couourrontly, which would go on in any case, wiiothor land])lastor was used or uot, but I do not think laud plaster has anything to do with imp.n'orisliing the soil. Wo find that land plaster produces bettor results when used on land which is dolioient in lime. Whoro tho land is calcareouj it is uot so much required.
COST AT GRAVENllUllST. Laud plaster is rotailod at Gravenhurst at $2 per barrel of 230 pounds.
SANDUSKY PLASTEIt.
Tho whiteness of land plaster is not always an evidence of its strength. Tho San- dnsky laud plaster from the western jiart of Oliio, which is very white, is practically use- less, because there is no sulphuric acid in it. It is only lime.
LAND PLASTER IN TUE GARDEN.
With regard to the use of laud plaster in tho garden, a gentleman who had made a test of it, stated that soveu years ago, when he commenced to try it iu his garden, he was sceptical of it. Ho tried it on zinnias, balsams, marigolds, asters, verbenas, and other Howers m the moruiug when the dow was heavy. Tho plants on whicli he had used it were in flower three weeks before the others to which it had uot been applied, aud continued to flower tln'oughout the reason.
[Mr. Allari.]
iND OTUER FEKTILIZEliS.
33
EFFECT ON OIlAl'K VINK8.
Ho aJHO uHo,l it on grapo vincm, commouriiig about, tlin ini.Mlo of Ivlav or Hie flrnf nf Juno, an. H,,rn.Kl,„« ,fc on tho vinoH and not. on tho ^.ro,n..l. Tir o t wa I. ho loavoH and hloHHoniH cairio out vorv miicli morn r.n.i.llv ,..,1 ,/"".™"""' w'ih Unit tho better uLlo to with«taiul tho ravag^on onl.H.lclH. ^ ^' ""'^ "'" '"'" ^"" "^'^""«'^'^ ''"^
A FAILUUE AVEIITMD.
f.nm^" !"f '""'^''"" ^^- °'*""*,'^ «''''I'" '"•'*'"'° ^'''« V"'"- li'V'l ftlmoHt boon a faihiro hnf from oi-ht vnioH m his Kar.lcui, tin. ol,l„,st boinf vo voarH nlanto.l T.hI tl,„ [' •
woro pruned as uaual in tho full. ^ " Btrong, and
GYPSUM ON CUItUANTS AND VE(JrOTAHLE3.
IIo alHO URGd it on curranta, and on vogotablos of all kindB, with good ofT.ct Tn tho goosoborry patcJics on whicli ho uncd it ho had no mildow or i cctl o toBtod tho
piaster very tlioroughly by Bowing it in alternate rowa all through his garden
ANNUAL SALKS.
onnn'^n"''^ "^^ about 5,000 tons of gray plaHtor, and B.OOO tons of white planter sold annually ,n the cojmtry, a considerable part <,f winch in in.portcd. Tim farWra In d" f oreut Hoctiona of he country vary in their prefc.roncea for the gray or the w 2 but tho preponderance ib m favour of the gray. Both are sold at tho sLo^^rice at the rnines!
NOUTIIERN OYPHUM UEDS.
foV.J?/^*' most northorn bod of plaster montionod in tho geology of Canada, the nlastcr takes tho pocuhar form of six-Hided crystalH, as woU as other forms whLirit dcfcs nol aHsumo m the southern beds. There is a fibrous gypsum found am<>ng 1h g ay whicS when ground up, looks like common salt, and is not considerod good gypsum
EXPERIMENTS AT THE MODEL FARM.
wno +t\*^'° ^^*'?''^ ^'""^ '"'"" «^PO"monts were tried with L.nd plaster, and the result was that a preference was given for the gray, because it was Lore solS amlthat accords with tho experience of others. There is very little differenco in the cos of pro- ducing tho two, and they are sold at tho same price: ^
A PLASTEU SOWING MACHINE.
the wlnf 'Tt ^^; -^i^^" Watson of Ayr, has now a plaster sower which is going to moot tho want. It 13 to be attached to a hay rake, and has a box somcthin- the sluine oftlm one on the seed drill, and it will sow from 100 to 500 pounds, as may bo esS I wul BOW about 20 acres a day, and its cost will not be more than $5 or $1 Thi machine if a success, wiU be a very useful contrivance. maclime, il
JOHN ALLAN.
[Mr. Allan.]
Il,'
F
ONTAIUO AGlilCULTURAL COMMISSION
APPENDIX O.
llELATING TO
SPECIAL CROPS, FLAX. TOBACCO AND BEANS.
;(
^^w^
|
=.- |
|
|
^a |
bi |
ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COMMISSION.
APPENDIX 0.
RELATING TO
SPECIAL CROPS, FLAX, TOBACCO AND BEANS.
MR. McKINLAY-S EVIDENCE. TOBACCO AND BEAN CULTURE. J. P. McKixLAY, Of tho Township of Howard, was called and examined.
TOBACCO CULTIVATION. To the Chairman.- I forniorlv pnUK-nfnri + i ±
do HO now. During the A u S f war wh n tntr'° *° '"'"' f 1^'^*' *^«"gl> ^ ^o not ;-i,ht,it was a very prolitabl ^0^^ prJ^c^L^ v^7 a hundred-
Government has placed such restnVf JnL , ,! ^ v ? f , ■ ^^^""^ ^^^^^^ so low, and the ohtadc in ou,. „Ln«e to'tlir^wS td^TltrgJUr' '"■°"''""°- ^'^''^ ' -»
COARSE VARIE'-^ES CULTIVABLE. AVEUAGE CRO]'— QUALITY.
SPECIAL CROPS— FLAX, TOBACCO AND BEANS.
times artificial heat to cure. We generally succeeded in curing it in sheds and houses built for that purpose under cover. If it were not for the troublesome restrictions im- posed by the Government, I think tobacco could be grown here with profit, and we could grow a good article,
THE BUSINESS NEARLY EXTINCT.
To Mr. Dymond. — The cultivation of tobacco is almost extinct in this district at the present time. It would be an exhausting crop to the land if it were long continued, but when a man has a farm of 100 or 200 acres, he could grow owo or three acres of tobacco a year, without serious injury to the soil, if he applied plenty of manure.
A GOOD PREPARATORY CROP.
It is an excellent crop to prepare land for wheat, as the soil lias to be so well culti- vated. Even during the American war, no one went exclusively into tobacco growing, so that the crop did no*^i work any mischief to the district.
THE TOBACCO WORM.
To the Chairman. — The tobacco worm was troublesome to the leaves sometimes ; and, if it was left alone, would devour a considerable portion of the crop, but it was an easy matter to overcome it by hand-picking.
A REGULAR CROP.
To Mr. Dymond. — Tobacco is quite a regular crop, and is not on the whole more- risky than other crops. Knowing the prices which it would bring now if it were cultivated, I don't think farmers are losing much by growing other crops in its place.
AMERICAN TOBACCO GROWING.
The Americans are growing it move cheaply than they used to, and they can grow a better article than we can. Our market, il" -vo were growing it, would be the Canadian market ; part of it used to be manufactured inc^ cigars here, and par* of it aent to Toronto and Montreal.
LOW PRICES ONLY OBTAINABLE.
We could not produce an article in Canada that would command anything' like the prices which are obtained for the finer varieties. In fact we only grow a second or third- class article.
NOT MUCH TO GRIEVE FOR.
I don't know that we had very much to grieve over when we ceased growing it ; but it was a crop which suited farmers who had a family of boys, who could be employed in cultivating and taking care of the crop.
At 4 p.m. the Commission adjourned until Friday morning,
J. P. McKiNLAY was recalled and examined.
CULTIVATION OF BEANS.
To Mr. Dymond. — I have grown beans to a certain extent, about as much as the averf '.;e farmer in my section of the country. This is peculiarly the bean-growing . 'otion of Canada. There is only a small area of country suitable for growing beans, but I could not say what is the reason why our district is adapted to their growth. Tiiey will grow successfully in the western and south-western portions of the township of Orford, but they ^re a failure in the south-eastern part of the township.
'•!'•
[Mr. McKinlay.']
so well culti-
imich as the
but I coulil
SPECIAL CROPS-FLAX. TOBACCO AND BEANS.
p.
A PURELY LOCAL CROP.
the t^2Ml\n!i:l:^^^^^^^^^ in the Wrponiouof
•soil. The land is also more Le^vi y Sbered Ta ' ^ *'"^'r>^ ^^^^''^^ ^ stronger clay 1— do Tinf. ,r..^,. "J" iimoered. i am now reternng to the regiou wher.
beans do not grow.
SOIL— DRAINAGE— PREPARATION FOR CROPS.
They succeed best on a sandy loam, with a clav <!Mb «nU ^, porous gravel sub-soil, and tliey must hkvo 1^1 Zinf '^n ? "" »'^^^^ ^°^°» ^^^^ a land for beans is to plough in the Jail barrow in iCT^"- ^^'f ^'f "^"^^ «*" Preparing cultivate it with the gang plou'h 'xt of ener i^ f T^' ^"^P^'-'^^'^P^ ^'o" ^^ down and trouble there AviU be with weeds. harrowed and cultivated the less
A MELLOW SEED BED NEEDED.
*l.e ,v«d3. s^ru.... the. km the,.,ao.,,af fc.„m S^ViTroS wSlVhS^^afi'
VARIETIES OF BEANS.
the ^ ::.Sr:^^t.?^S^:^ whSfi^^^^^r^^*' -^-^ - ^ ^^^^e bean , Medium mostly. Medium, which is between the two. We cultivo^o the
TREATMENT OF THE LAND.
put iii'ts stz jhri:^L t^= sr: '- r ^^^^^*' ^^^^ " ^^^ ^-- -
grow beans on the same land for sclera .,,1/' 8°°^ crop may be expected. We It is wiser to grow in rotation with otS cro;! ^'"'' ^"' '' '' "°* " ^ood practice.
YIELD PER ACRE— PRICES.
. 1 bins at .^1.25 tLZ So attstniri .'^ ' good average. I have oftener that, for the last ten years, the a^era^e would ^ I should think
acre at the yield I mentioned. * •^^' '^^''''' ''"°^^d be $3.50 per
INCREASED CULTIVATION-FINE FALL NK'.:DED.
'^^^^'i^Z!'f^Z'TS.:T^fS^ cultivation this year especially,
.land ready i„ the spring,' they 'ene^Z plxn^ a In 1 P^""^"^'i"?' '" ^'if ^here is plenty of the last few years lias iJ^d .Z^^^l^ ^^S. SulX ^ .i^,,::;- Jtfi^ ^^"
PLOUGHING SOD FOR HVAt^^,.
COST OF GROWING BEANS— MARKETS. I would suppose that tJiA nngtof '^nlh'vi (■;>,.- ! ^^, i i i
hi, l-t
6
■imeraBgiwifi-fWffifflai
SPECIAL CROPS— :FLAX, TOBACCO AND BEANS.
bermen use some of them, but a large proportion of them go to Detroit. Beans are grown in Michigan, and they were introduced into this country, by Americans from the State of New York. I don't know of any part of the country, north of the Kiver Thames, where beans succeed well.
THE MARROWFAT BEAN.
To Hon. Mr. Wood. — The Marrowfat bean is one that commands the highest price,, particularly in the eastern markets, such as Boston and New York. We prefer cultivat- ing the Medium bean because it is more profitable. The cultivation of the bean has the effect of cleaning the land to some extent.
Wr-
MANURES — SALT — PLASTER,
To t?te Chairman. — "We do not use artificial manures in our part of the country at all—just common barn-yard manure. We use salt and plaster occasionally, but to a very limited extent. The plaster is sown upon clover, to get the clover to grow well, and pro- duce a good crop of seed. The bean crop is not considered more exhaustive than barley or wheat, and I don't think it is so exhaustive as oats. I grow about half as much beans as I do wheat.
HARVESTING — WET SEASONS.
To Hon. Mr. Wood. — Beans are a very delicate crop to harvest in a wet season.
To the Chairman. — The old-fashioned mode of harvestii,:' beans was to go along the rows and pull them, but we have machines that cut two rows at a time, and a man follows with r *ork, and they are left in small bunches of about a fork full. The threshing is often done with a flail, and a man can thresh twenty or thirty bushels a day. '!"' cave of the common threshing machines can be adjusted, so as to thresh them.
(5
le con-
BEAN STRAW AS FEED.
The straw o? the bean makes excellent food for sheep. I have not given my sheep- any hay in winter lor years ; they prefer bean straw to pea straw, I think.
INSECTS — BLIGHT — WET HARVESTS.
Beans do not suffer at all from insects or diseases, except, that in very hot weather, if the blossomii are out, they are apt to blight. I have seen the frost take them in the fall, before they were ripe, but we are in the habit of planting them much earlier than we used to. Those that were planted later produced heavier crops, but there is far more risk in harvesting them. When they get damaged by the weather, we have to hand-pick them, and that is a very tedious job.
J. P. McKINLAY.
Sitting to take oral evidence held at Seaforth, August 12th, 1880. McMillan (Chairman), and Mr. Dymond.
Present — Mr,
MR. JOHN BEATTIE'S EVIDENCK
CULTIVATION OF FLAX.
To Mr. Dymond. — I have been cultivating flax for a number of years. In 1877-8 flax that usually sells at 12 J cents a pound did not bring more than about 7^ ccxits a pound. On the wh; le, I think flax raising is profitable.
[Mr, McKinlay — Mr, Beattie."]
SPECIAL CEOPS-FLAX. TOBACCO AND BEANS,
MARKET FOR THE FIBRE.
pla.e?^W:t;^ -i^r^-t ttlle'SJ^^lr^ V?^"' ^- ^-^. -^ other It does not pay to hold it over till thrwarm weather ' '"^ "'^'"' ^""^ '^''''^'
PRICES— YIELD PER ACRE, Last season Ave eot from 1 9 +r> T> i „„ j. well A fair yield o^f flS would be 2I0 or 25^0^ /'!^ ^*' ^' "^^''^ P"^^ ^' P^^^ ^^ry on the fibre would be something like^ao,, acre ' f^'l' *" *?' '^^^^^ ^^« -*-- hnseed to the acre to be a fair yield If Z.T ^ T^^"" ^^o'^t 15 ^'ushels of at present, cc.naanding 61.15. Th'attould^e^bou?^^^^^^^^^^^^ fid. ^^^^^ ^* -»
CULTIVATION OF FLAX EXPENSIVE.
Ca,cSn;ilttt1ft.;^ ffSTd dr^lit^^ ^r^^^ ^'*°«-*^- -q-ed- product of one acre to the mill"^ Wherl/rSd le Iheff '''*.'^°"* ?\' *° ^''^^ ^^e with the seed, and pay him $12 a ton for h IXv w n '''' '•' *° ^"^^^'^ *b« ^^""er
tons to the acre, undressed. ^*''- ^^^ ''"^'^"^^ ««ti"iate on a crop of two
COST PER ACRE.
The undressed flax costs me about §19 an acre Tbp flo^ v, • would pay A-ery well, providedyou could U ^^ !7 X. ^^'^ business, at these prices,
you have to handle a bad crop ^ ^°°'^ '™P' ''"* ^^^ ''^""ot gain anything if
LARGE GROWTH OF FLAX— SOIL.
Flax'do^::4^Ton';ou|frd,Xh^^^ '^^ T ^--^" '^ ^'-
or It is a claj soil. A ligltt soil dUs no do j^d/t^^^ , ^^^ '¥^1^^ «oil I prefer because I have had good crops after it T HW.tu • ^'''^. ^'"'^ '^ ^^^'^ on the soil,
old land. But 1 think a man, m order to mX ll '" ^fo^ thing to seed down with on must go into a German «ettlem^t; where th;wmg?o^^^^^^ "' ''" ' ^^^"^ '"^'"°««'
EFFECTS ON GRASS.
that I spread flax on the land. ' ^°" *^ ^"O"^ ^'^y "^^^son for it except
CLEAN LAND ESSENTIAL.
crop. ViT; f^!:s:::^^^:^:r;s: r ??, r- *^- -^ o*^-
wheat at all. Good strong land is notE elsential f^r fl? "" ^f ^ ^^^''7 ^^^ ^^"'^o* S'-o^ crop of flax that I had was grown on an oM Siu wl"' ''?'' ^'^''^- ^^^^ ^est paying some thistles. A farmer, to Sflax ^ro^n. nifiTf/^'V^^.^.*^""^^'^ ^ ^^^ was ^itf to fifteen acres on a hundred acle farm The fllJ^ ^''- '^"'J^'^ "°<^ ^'^^^ "^o^e than ten have seen just as good fall wheat\tr flax^as^'rav: e^e^seei 'gtf. *' "' *^^^ "'^' ^"^^
JOHN BEATTIE.
[Mr. Beattis.]
K fl
8
SPECIAL CROPS— FLAX. TOBACCO AND BEANS.
■ 'I
laj
1^
Sittings to take oral evidence, held at Toronto, October 27th, 1880. Present— Messrs. Dryden, M.P.P. (Chairman), Brown, Dymond, Byhne, Malcolm, Wilson, Whitelaw, and Thomas Stock.
MR DONALDSON'S EVIDENCE.
John A. Donaldson, Toronto, was called and examined.
■ To the Chairman. — I have been an agriculturist in my time, and have given atten- tion to the culture of flax. I took some interest in collecting information about it, when I was home in 1861 and 1862.
VISIT TO IRELAND— ENCOURAGEMENT BY QOVEUNMENT.
This was in Ireland, whore I saw a great deal of it during those two years. I didn't go there for that purpose, but being in Ireland on behalf of the Government for immigra- tion purposes, I thought it would benefit our farmers to know sometliing about the ciiiti- vation of llax in this country. I brought the matter before the Government, and they gave encouragement to the growth of it, through the Board of Agriculture, and the whole matter was brouglit before the public, througli the press.
PAMPHLET ON FLAX CULTURE — Mi'ETINGS.
I am the author of a pamphlet on the cultivation of flax, which was written about that time, and which was largely circulated. The question was taken up by the farmers of Perth, Waterloo, Oxford, and York. Messrs. Gooderham and Worts did a great deal in the business, at Streetsville. There are some 40 mills in the Province. The means I employed, for getting the matter before the people, were tlie distribution of the pamphlet, and holding meetings in different parts of the country, at which meetings I placed infor- mation before the people, and showed them samples I had brought with me of flax grown in all parts of the world. The results of my labours have been satisfactory.
RECENT DEMAND — MARKETS — NEW FIRM.
For the last four or five years, there has not been so much doing. The United States is our market for fibre, and recently, prices have fallen there, but it has been reviving again, and the trade here is likely to revive. A new firm has been estal)lislied in the State of Ne\* York, and one of the members has said that they would be able to consume all tlie fibre we could raise in Canada.
BEST LAND FOR FLAX.
The best land for flax is a rich friable clay loam, and a good subsoil
CANADA A FLAX COUNTRY — FLAX AS A CROP.
If you find land of this description, you can grow flax in any part of Canada. It has been discussed, whether flax is an exhaustive crop, and there are about as many of tlie opinion that it is, as there are of the contrary opinion.
HOW FLAX IS GROWN— SEED.
Farmers frequently sow liax after wheat, when the land is rich and in good tilth. It is cultivated broadcast. It requires to be well cultivated before the seed is sown ; then harrow with a fine harr -w, and roll. Farmers know quite well enough how to grow flax. A bushel and a half is Ihe proper amount to sow per acre. If the plants are few per acre, you have a rougher fibre, and if you want a fine fibre, you have to seed thick, about two bushels per acre.
[J/r. Donaldson.]
a-ECULOROPS-FLAX TOBACCO AND BEANS.
FLAX CULTURE IN IRELAND.
-'i^^^^^^'n:^:^1^^-:i^^ ^^^^^ alWod tCpenouth. quality. '^"« ^e" in the fibre, which is consequently of a better
TAKING OFF THE SEED
<«>m the abro. Tl,c arerage product per Shi I °" "'" "'"'t take, away the natare We have had a, n>„ch aa tfre^ ton,: bKeVatrt raTeU;" '°°'' "'"■ '"^ ««» °»-
NO DANOEns TO CtlLTIVATION-nEMUNERATIOK. heat XprcotS 1° ttel-'K™ l"d\X?t'"^ """f'^ "' "'• ^' ""» ">»
f;r.t,s,:!.s*rd?ssS"^^^^
tlio mill. At that price, they would rea^lt ^' ""^ *''" T'^' ^^^^^ *he stuff "comes to n^S t to the mill being 'inclKrinjrtfilTe ^\T"^^'' ^^4 por acre, the price of carry ot clear scutched fibre per acre, acco!;?- .g^the quSyTl'flaT ''' ^" ''' P^'^'^'^
THE TOW-OIL CAKE-LINSEED OIL.
surpluste«rif uL!f for* mkTna'oilTkl «n^ .'r^P^^f « of «cutcliing or thereabouts. The is very good. ^'''^ °'^ '^^^ ^^^ ^^"'^e^d oil. The market for these articles
DEMAND FOR OIL AND OIL CAKE.
get a^ffidentsu^X^o? sTed 'Lt"if tS' f^' 'ftr ?^ ''^'' ^^^ *'^-* ^^ey could not deal of the oil cakl L make is exported W.\^ '^7 ^^"^-^^ '^''^ ^'^"^'^ A grea one at Baden owned by Messrs S ^ton & Co ^d t'^.l^ k Z'^'^-'^^'''' ^^ ^ntkrio, loronto. "lo'^ton di uo., and another by Messrs. Elliott & Co. of
TIME FOR SOWING-HARVESTING-DRYING.
gcnerliiy West'erryTamr TWet Cn^ ^V"" i^^ ^^"'^ ^" ^^^^ ^P^ing. Flax is dry it It is bound /p in «mall trdles stookTand", )fr^' ''f *° '''^ ^^' --P^*' the mill and either housed or stacked oS At tlie mi 1 H '^7 ^ ^"''^"^^^' ^h^^^^kento off the seed, which they can do very raoidlv T hnl i^' l-^ ^V ^ '^^"'""'^ ^"^ taking land fit for the cultivation of flax. ^' *^**' '" ^" P*^« °^ <^'anada, we havt
FLAX MANUFACTURES. The only goods manufactured from flnv in p„«„j x •
There IS a manufactory at Doon for HW^ - ^''"^^L ^^e twmes, ropes, and cordage.
actured it largely intj seamless bags and Ses\t ^^7' ^r^^^'^^"^ ^ "^'^^ ™-« ^urned. "''S^ ^nd twines, at StreetsviUe, until their works were
FLAX COUNTIES-RENT.il OP LAND-EXPENSES
You can^ettii^T^^^^^^^^ Oxford they grow the most flax,
and It would require one and a half busheTto f hn ^ """ Tfi • f^T^ '' "^^'^^^ ^^ « l^"«hel, ;;xpeiises of an acre, including seed Of cturt voa ;?;., I '^'l?^ ^^ "'^"'^ °°^«^ -" *he t depends on the nature of the land mdoZl thiU \l'^ " ff"'' '™°""*' ^'^"^"^^ manuring and everything. ^"^^'S^'- §iu would cover all expenses,
[Mr. Donaldson.]
10
SPECIAL CROPS— FLAX TOBACCO AND BEANS.
Hi:
m
LINEN MANUFACTURE.
Linen is made from the fibre of flax. The flax that wo export is used in th- linen manufactory. We have no linen manufactory in Canada now.
MAllKET FOR FLAX SEED— FLAX GROWING IN MANITOBA.
There is a market for any quantity of flax seed we can grow. I am aware the crop has been tried in Manitolja, and I understand it has succeeded very well there. The Men- onites have tried it, and it has proved a great success with them. I don't suppose any soil is better adapted for it tlian that of Manitoba, and I have no doubt it wdl be one of the staple crops of that country, in a short time. I don't consider it to be very exhaustive of the soil. From all the information I could gather, I found that the evidence that it was exhaustive was about as strong as that it was not.
NOT LIABLE TO FROST.
Flax is not subject to frost. We have never known it afibcted by frost hero. If there is a very heavy crop in a wet season, it is apt to lie down and to sufl'er loss m that
way.
DEW-ROTTING THE FLAX.
The process of preparing it, after it leaves the mill, may be of some importance. It is taken out of the mill to the grass and dew-rotted. At home, they put it in pits to rot. Here it is brou'dit out to the tield and allowed to remain there ten or twelve days, accord- ing to the weather, then it is taken up and brought back to the mill and scutched. They are growing very little flax in Muskoka.
GROWTH OF HEMP. Hemp is not grown in Ontario at all, that I know of.
I have no positive information on that subject, but I think it could be grown as profitably as flax.
YIELD OF FLAX SEED. The number of bushels of seed per acre to bo got from flax is about ten.
FLAX PULLING MACHINES. It is best to pull the flax by hand, but pulling machines, capable of pulling four acres per day have been invented, and used to a considerable extent, by Mr. Brown, ot Wooastock,^aud others. It seemed to me to do very good work, but of course it dont pull up the smaller straws. It takes four or five good hands to pr.U an acre ma day. 1 has e no doubt, if it were carefully cut, as much could be got, as by pulling by hand.
JOHN A. DONALDSON.
Th. 'following letter has been received by Mr. Donaldson since giving his evidence :—
LETTER FROM MESSRS. J. & J. LIVINGSTON.
Baden, October SOth, 18S0. J. A. Donaldson, Esq., Toronto.
Dear Sir —We have your favour of the 2Sth, and note contents. In reply would say • we think there was about 10,000 acres sown in flax this season. The competition for seed was quite keen this year, and all of it easily disposed of, and three times the quantity had it been here. The market for fibre is fair, although none of the present crop is in shape to sell at present. We think there will be no difliculty in sellmg although prices, at present, are low, owing to foreign flax being sold cheap.
Yours truly,
m.,
J & J. Livingston.
[J/r. Donaldsin.^
in th" linen
tre the crop The Men-
mpposo any 1 bo one of ' exhaiistivo nee that it
st hero. If loss in that
n'tance. It I pits to rot. ays, accord- lied. They
information
pulling four '. Brown, of irse it don't n a day, I f hand.
LDSON. evidence : —
ONTARIO AGIIICULTUIIAL COMMISSION.
APPENDIX P.
EVIDEKCE
EELATING TG
AGRICULTUIUL EDUCATION.
3</t, 18S0.
reply would competition !e times the Dresent crop ig although
fGSTON.
I
■&-aAUiai«aH
™
II
lii
OOTAEIO AGRICULTURAL COMMISSION.
APPENDIX P.
^ "V" I ID :e]
:n- c E
RELATINO TO
AGPJCULTUIUL EDUCATION.
PEESIDENT MILLS' BTIDENCE Objects of the Oohegb.
mi , ,
»Hs .vo. ..„ z^r °' ""^— '» t-o '^^-^i:,^oZtZ7:rz';iiTz':
What is Being Done.
I. In the College.
'»"«i?nf:f^!!2:Z°""«— Proviae. wUfc .0..., „,3U„, an. ,„,.„.,,„ ,„ „,
1 - -ment is titcusive and practical " * ieeturcs m tliis very
[i'resident Mills.]
|J : ;i»
\k
fi
,.|8,
?:
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
Veterinary Science — discussing at length the anatomy, physiology and pathology of Lorsca, cattle, sheep, and pigs ; also veterinary materia, medica.
Jlotany — structural, physiological and economic.
Zuohij!/ — an outline of the suhject.
In Geology and Physical (Jeoyraphy, especially as regards the formation and peculiari- ties of soils, a full course of lectures is given.
Political Economy, which is treated as one of the most impor^;ant subjects. Discup- pions are had on such questions as production, land, labour, capital, division of labour, free trade and protection, distribution of wealth, wages, money, credit, credit cyclea functions of Government, etc.
English Lectures, exercises in composition, and the reading of standard authors, tlie aim being in a short time to do as much as possible tov* ards astiisting young men to speai ond write correctly in their own tongue.
Arithmetic, with special reference to the requirements of farmers in every -day life.
Me)isu.ratio7i, mechanics, levelling and surveying — a short course of lectures, with practical exercises in each. Students are taught as much book-keeping as is required in keeping farm accounts.
There is a short course of lectures on meteorology and a more extensive one on ento- mology, treaticg especially of such insects as are injurious to vegetation.
2. Os THB Farm.
Secondly, as to what is done on the fa,rm — students are put through a course of ap- prenticeship in the following departments : —
(1) Tlie Farm Department, which embraces all the operations of general farming.
(2) Tlie Live Stock Department, \nc\\Xi\.\ng the feeding, cleaning, handling, judging, and general management of cattle, sheep, horses and pigs.
(3) Th-' //or<tc?.t/<atraZ2>e/>aW??i'!ni— digging, planting, weeding, and all the operations of ordinary gardening ; also fruit culture, pruning, grafting, budding, layering, etc., and floriculture somewhat fully.
(4) The Mechanical Department, in which students are taught the use of tools, and afterwards shown how to make gates, fences, whiffln-trees, waggon tongues, etc., and are required to do all the general repairs needed about the College and farm buildings.
(5) Thf Experimental Department, where the students assist the foreman in such work as testing various kinds of seeds, and the effects of different manures on soil and crops — especially artilicial manures, such as salt, lime, plaster, bone dust, superphosphates, etc. ; observing the results of differeii' Ixodes of manuring, sowing, cultivation, etc. ; com- paring tiie several breeds of cattle, thoroughbred and grades, breed with breed, as to hardi- ness, beeting qualities, time of riaturing, quantity and quality of milk, etc. ; also com- paring the different breeds of sheep — pure blood and crosses, as to hardiness, wool, mut- ton, etc.
The Regular Course op Study.
The regular course of study in the College commences on the 1st of October, and is one of two years. Lectures continue through three terms, from the 1st of October till thr 30th of June. The fall term is from the 1st of October to Christmas ; winter term from Christmas to the 31st of March; spring term from the 16th of April to the 30th of June.
Daily Work op Students.
During these three terms, thediil/ work of each student is as follows : —
One hour military drill under a competent drill sergeant, th'^ object being to set
the students up and give them a little butter carriage than some of thorn have when they
come to us ;
I'hree hours' lectures in the College.
{President Mills.]
I
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
one on ciito-
ing, etc., ail J
in tJ^::^:£::;:;f "^'^"^' '^^--^ - '^^ '-». -th U. Hv^ stock, i„ .ho garJc„ and
1.0 1st of October till the 30th of Juno eLht " J"":!^^ "" -"-it.ueously from St of July to the SIst of Aurr„.st there ,\ ,„ rl 7 ,^ *^° «"mnier tern., fi-n,n tl.o
.1.7. scp,.„„„ u a vaca..„'toAn":i;, ^"s^.^n.^!:^;::"''' '^" ''»"" '
Special Couuse.
deal ot extra work, but is a conve-nience to filers' s^^^^^^ A ^'"'"^ *'". ^''"^---^ "^ great accommodxfon. They do no manual labour Td t)Tr. 5 '' "" ^^""''^^ "°"''«« ^or their give them the lectures of the summer session Tn ad^Hti^ rT' ^ ''^•"- '^'^^^' ^«>-k. course so that in one session of two terrusJist O^.n? ./° l^ ^"'^^"'•^« "^ *»'« regular
year, lecturo, and return home to ^:Sl^S.^::::^^^:X^\^:S ''' ''' ^'^'^
Terms op Adjiissiok. The terms of admission are easv Hi« «toT,^„ 1 1 • .
H'ance to the hioh schools. The 7r'tifi^ate of 1 "^ P''''^''^ *^«^^^« "« ^^^ the en- accepted as equivalent to passing our maTr^uktionT'"'' 'V ^"°'^ '^^''""' "' Ontal?,' ms yet come for raising L standard I you raLd'ltZT' ^ '^?'^'' *'""^' *^»« t™'
StSrt;r^ti^--t^^
non. I behove . is lighter Uian in any Sar t^^^lS^T ^SstS^^ ^ ^^
Tub Expenses.
r^^^^'T^T;:;^^^zt:^^:^^ir^ -^^ ^ ,^ ..dents of
charged at cost-about $2.25 a%veek. EZryZ^Zu^.^^ ■ ^"'^"' ^"^ -^^^ing
trom hve to ton cents an hour, and the amount tAn ^ > •^°' ^'\' ''""'^ ^' *''« ''"te of count, so that the ontireoutlay for tnit on board ami w ?!"^ •' 7''^''''^ '^^ '"« ^^O'^rd ao- an Oataric. farmers' son who understa idsor ?f ' T ^''*!"" '" ^^°"' ^^'^ *» $50 a year to Ontario boy who has not been trai td t worH ZV"""^ ' '"T ^'' '' ^'"^ ^^^ " a," o^^esof this Province; froiu$G5 to $8?a ytrTo I'LtSnf '°^'^ ^^ ^■'^»^'^''°- ^^^
Written Declaration.
are a few instances in which ex-studenN nl.? T ^^^^^^^^^^ has been kq.t, but there
City Students.
=^ preferable to city Hfe. Som!7ty Wsl^S^^^^
course, but o. . arc not. Those we haveliad t. '"•'"''^'^ ^^^^"^^ ^''^"'^^'v boy., of
n^resident Mill..] "^ *'"' ^''''' ""'' "°<^ ^^ all troublesome. ^ We
■■^r^-psm
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
have somo excellent young men from tbe city, and young men who really intend to be far- mers. Many of them desire to become stock farmers in preference to anything else.
Disposition to Become Fakme?.s.
I can hardly say what is the cause that is now leading those young n,eu to +he stu.h and practice of farming. One of the reasons why young men from Eng'.aiid Lvjand and bcotland are sent here to study farming appears to be, the depression th«re, aiul theooiise- quent desire to get acquainted with our system of farming, and to settle here I think the institution of the College has increased the desire for farming anion- • citizens Many a young man is quite willing to go to a college to l(,arn farming, when 'he would not ap- prentice iiimselt to a farmer. We have had several instances of this kind.
Letters from Farmers— Greater Interest in Farmino.
I have had letters from farmers whose sons have been at the College, wantin" to send their other sons to it also. 1 have had three such letters within two months, in wliich the wruers said they would liks to send others of their family to the College, as those who had been sent to the College had. after leaving it. taken much greater interest in farmin- Ihe political econom:. ^^ "se is that of Profe;.sor Jevons. Wo use also Eo'-crs' ■ and lee" tures a.-e delivered on the subject. '
A Museum Much Needed.
A museum at the College is much needed. We have quite a collection of insects en- tomological iuid geological specimens, but no place to keep them. I am safe in savincr we have .$,)00 or $G00 worth of specimens going to waste for want of a museum The teachmg of these branches must be imperfect, so long as we .are without such a museum The students are encouraged to make collections of specimens, and they have done a "ood deal at It this year. I Avould not say that entomclogv could not be taught elliei.^ntlv witiiout having a museum of the kind I speak of, but I think it could be taught much better if we liad one to put the specimens iiu
Number op Students— Tue Special Couusb.
We intend to accommodate 135 students this sessiox.. The most -/e e\er tried to accommoaatt> before was 92. There is no practical objection to the spec.al course <riven to farmers sons except the extra labour it impos(-s on th(. staff. The prn,)ortion of those who takj this special conrse is generally not more than a fifth of the whoiu number of students, about 10 out of 80. It costs them mon^ for the time they are at the College as they do no work. This year I suppose we shall have 15 students out of the IMi com'iii" from outside of the Province.
Mode of Admitting Students,
The way these students are admitted is as follows :— I file all the applications as tliev come in, and wait till the 8th or 9th of September icfore giving a decided answer to non- residents. _ If, at that time, (lie applications from Ontario are not suthcient to liU the vacan- cies, I notify in their order such as have applied from Britain or the Lower Provinces. The
applications are considered on the 8th or 9th of Sci)tember, so that the Coll Avhen opened on the 1st of October.
Ontario Boys the First Chance.
e^o may be full
_ Ontario boys, of course, get the first chance if Ihoy apply within a eertaiu reasonallo time before the oi^emug of the College. If they send in tb'^ir application after the let of [President Mtlls.'^
•AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
!\er tried to
We have always
October and are refused admittance they caunot reasonably complain, given something of a preference to a farmer's sou over anj oae else.
Ages of Students.
othei direction. We have students from 15 to 30, but most of them are from 15 to di^S at 'fo'etlieJ^Tr '''?""' "^^^''"" objectionable in having stu,lonrof the e ftmolitSiooS ' '^^•'' ^^^'^^"•'^tion is the same for alf students, ^vhether
The CoiLEQE and the Wants of the Farming Community.
As regards the extent to ^vhich the College is meeting the wants of the famins commumty, I would say that it is me. ting them only to a limited extent ThS Lp nf so largely an rgricultural country, the n.unber of yLng men engaged n a. culS pursuits, and intending to engage in such, is ver^ la^ge, compared wit^i ?he eSre popu.ation, while the accommodation in the College is limi ed. One hundred and tv
,T.l oVf' "^TT-'"" ^^?>""^°^1"^« "'^^l- our present arrangemen I iJldy S number of.appl icants is considerably larger than we can admit even with a fee We
fS^edi'so. '''"" "-posed that the at^e.dance might be reduced, but it it^s 2
Young Men from I^ngland.
f>.J Tlrf^T' ^'■''",' I^F ^^P.'^^'f"*^^ t'»« yc'^'-. and from statements made by Mr Jyke, of Liverpool, who ately viB.ted us, that I have no doubt I could fil, the College
lee ot trom flOO to $oOO a year. These would mostly be such as intended to remain in t us country^ What; young men from.England wantin this country is so^ne pll'e wL^
they settle down. -.Some of he very best boys we have, the best workers, an</the most ^ tell^ent, have come from the old country. Tlie young men from Engh nd are g ner X!S.S;3t £i^r' wealth,,^ut.with coii3ide4le mean, capable of ^1^;;
The Most Successful.
extent but 5 rl T ^\ T'^/"'" ^^' '''''''^' «* ' ^^^ country only to a hnited
^S; '"' '"■'"«"''■■«'>:*■><' i-'ellteeut.eff,; . to .Beet the «^ts of ,rS,i,*
AonicuLTua^u College Necessart. . Aithoiifeh it would not be wise to increase the number of colleges it is time ih^t
&,\ri:r."rt„tTtt;,,r "IT '"r '" rf » »"«' & ''1?-^ ,t:'
( .., uim my j(.,ui3 tor uio xUture. A more glance at other countries will slinw ,■« tlmf iheir experience ha, taugh. them that agricultural schools uud coLges Jo uecZi;:
Agricultuiial Education in Great Britain.
Tllfe pfebple of Great Britain think that their country is very noorlv ni .vidprl fnr in
«_«ricultuial po.tion of the population can be instructed in the principlgs of their voca- ljPreside7it Milh.]
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
I
If til
hon. Tliosofiro tho Royal ARr<cnlh,ml Collogo, Clrencostor ; tho Chair of Affricnltn o
L WnH.'v!^^r 1 * H'^"tBARr,cnIhnal Collogo at Downton, near SalisbiTry ; and the LuHinto.y of Agncultural Chenustry in London. Tliey are not nndcr the control of
Collo 'r ^ ^"""^ """^' "''^'^' ^'^'^'^'''"S i« so practical as that in our Ontario
AoRicuLTunAL Education in Tkeland
ilIufitrato''tf;rn;i?7.'7 °7"^''', [' ^r'*^'''^ ^^"' agricnUnral schools ana small farms to illuB lato the principles taught. Tliero are 210 such schools in Ireland Thov are div.. od n>to nrst-cla.s .chools, middlo-class, lower class and garden schools. T 7y Zl r fonr T rf.^nf?'1,"" Connuis.ione.rs of Education, and partly under loJ'Zr ag( mont. J lie funds for thc.r suj.port consist of the raonoy obtained from tho produce
n 0 r ^T' '' ''"';'• ^''r'} ^V^ ^^"l'"^^' *^° Government grant, and a local^a ss-
E ';:; warSy 'l^aSt- ''° ''''''''^''' ^^^"* '-' "'^ ^-i'P"'^ «^ "-« -'-^«
Ai>:uicuLTuiUL Education in Geusiant.
. . ]^. prmnny there are 1,805 schools for teaching ngriculturo. Thfiy are divided m 0 h.gl.or schools, middle schools and lower schools. In addition (o these there are
r 'v'l?v' hn ^rV''"'r ''^:r\' ^'\ "r ^r« P"^''«^°- ^l^cse schools are maintained nitl.v by tlio State and partly by the locality in which they are situated. Last year the CTOvornmeut grant to the agriciUtural schools was over $103,000. ^
AusTiio-lIuNGARY— Italy.
Tn Ati8fto.Trn:::fary a similar system of agricultural schools has been cstaWished
an.l last y.^ar the Govornmcnt contributed over $70,000 towards thoir support. Italy
also has recently been estabhslnng agricultural institutions. The Guvenmient grant
ast yenr for the support -f such institutions was nearly $90,000. Tho oxrorienco of
those old countries has convinced them that it is necessary to establish and sunnort
r ™lf ' r^ ' *''•" V'" ''''' f r ^''"°" *^ ""^ Proving, Vhfohd'peiuis m re on Its agricultural resources than any of tho countiies mentioned.
Thk GuBLPii Coi'.KGii: Commended.
I thinl? the method of education adopted in tho College at Guelpli is one of tho host. Ihe to8tnuony of several gentlemen from the United States' Colleges, and a Lw from Great Bntam who have visited us during the year for the purpose of exaannin<r our system is that our course of study and method of instruction are better adapted to accomplish the object m view than those of most agriciUtural institutions on tl is con- tiueut and m Uritam. *
Goon PnACTicAr, FAFMEns.
Wo have had quite a number of such visitors t!iie summer, and their or'nion is that our i>.sM,ut:ou i. particularly suited to making good practical farmery and .* .civ raisers and that wc succeed better than almost any other in combining tho pix.tin i vid tiie - rctieal. 1. the old country the theoretical is done successfully, but the pr.u*,,- i pnrt jo not accomplished so well. The same remark applies equally to th^ Uu t^d btateV, *ind is acluiowledged by the gentlemen who came from there to visit ua.
The Collkge Strictly AciRicuLTURAL.
Tl.o ^troiig point in f.vn,,r of fh« Onfario AgficuUural College is Mmf It Is 8*.:ctlv an agricultural and not a general college, a farmer's college, if you will. Tlio associa- IJ'yesident Mills.]
f Agricnltiufi Lgricnlture at ury ; aud the le control of our Ontario
nal? farms to I. Tlioy are s. Tlioy aro 3r local man- tliG producG local assosa- ;he8G schools
aro (lividod ise tliero are
maintained last year the
cstnWi'sliecI, port. Italy taent grant cporicnco of md support ids mere on
of tlio host, a low from (uining onr adapted to m this cou-
ni'on is that ick raisers, . and the ;- ;i("ai pprt is States, iind
t is a* -icfly ho asHucia-
AURICULTUIUL EDUCATION.
z t.i^i;:ir '- "^ ^- ^^ ^^ -^^ ag;;;r • '^L;r ';;5u; sr -^
Boom ron ExTKNsrov-A LAnouATonv Nkkokd
at„s M.at ,n,>„ey can secure, wherS m ^85^ t^S^^^^^^ ^^'^'' ""> '-''t a p^ar-'
tlio same tmu, under our chemiHt I car ,S. ''"''' '"' l'""^ ^'' practical work at roqu.ro a place where the s(.ndc!^rs can Cn L ™^'!'"'" ,^'"^ ^''"'^ *^<'« ntrou.^ We ashes of plantH. etc.. and thus scrfor t ZLTS'': ^'^T^'' -'''^"^' «"*'«- 'nanurJs produce cortam crops. li'omselves what soils must conf,ii,i in order to
A LABonATORT Wanti^d fou tuk Countt-v.
timer. „ ,,!„,, „,,„„ „„^„ 8.,«U-wo,k „ril" lo l! f'"'','?'""' '"' "'» "■f""««io i o?
PnACTicAi. CoKMisTaY iM tub; States. behuSthralSia'mlTre^ P''^'"'"°"^« '^ ^-- '« practical chemistry. Wo are
A Good Libuart Nkedkd.
i. V,rc:;l:;:z tTL;;i';';ftLr,'ii r\r\' r "-- »■"■-' '«.-.'.'
;»""">;■■■ "<'^™<«ry f..r ll,„ ,„„„4 of So" If "a 1 '° "''"'""''■ «"'^l' " I'l-mry I
-. .nj ... by fr.„„.. „f u. u.«.„.r:e:l;^^o'ro;;K.^:fu:::^-;;■:{
Hot Houses— PaopAiurrvr TTnr,u„r, n
J-HOFESSOB OP IIORTIOULTUIIE,
on bol«„,, L„rU»U„o, root o«lt;S',i"r..,*,r„'\°;;i'j;;°^^^^^^^^^ "^l'» — '• »..J ./oture
TliA.'IMStU I.V UOIITICULTIIIK
The practical work in horticulfcurr. i. veil don., „ i . x,
|t.uea,snotwh.,titshouidbe. The e m » n ''t i ^^ ' *'""'''"^ '" ^'"^^
ud tha times. "" ^'I'"Pmeut la not suliicieut— it is altogether
J«pai- „ ,.,„
behind tha times
e(ji
liliACKSMITIUVO,
{President J ilia. \
10
Ar.RTCTTLTTTRAL EDUCATION.
FST.AUGnTKHlNG.
Wo havn 1,'ivtMi IK) insiructiou in tiliiugliteriiig. eomo iuijioitiiuco to farmers.
admit, that the auhjeot is one of
Two Ykahs' (\)iT|{si.; too Siiciit.
1 ihiiij; thill a two years' course is too sliort a one. The ch'wf clifliciilty I soo in the \\ay ui" a three years' eourso is tlio additions tliat would recjuiro to he iiindt^ to tho stall' of teai hers. We mi.!,'lit he ahhi to give the h'etures and inslnietiou necessary for three eh^s.-.^^ of stii(h)iits nistead of two with tlio .same professors, if wo uhoUshod tho Bpeciai com-tje. 1 iiuvc felt that tho time ut proscut is too sliort.
SuUVKVrNU ANO Mkasukinu.
>i
_ \Vlieu I Hi>()ke of surveying and levelHag I referred to land measuring, laying out drains, I'te. We s-eek iu every departmeut to toach that Mhich most directly meet's tho wauta of farmers.
USK OF THIC LaUOIIATOUY.
I don't think it is necessary that a farmer should bo ablo to analvzo his own Roil, but if students do a little of that kind of work they become moro thoughtful and iutelli' gout workers afterwards.
I.NSl'FFICIENeV OF THE PllESKNT LaUOUATOUY AM) TjUiUMtY.
^^ liat we liavo in tlio shape of a laboratory ut jiresont is scare. 'ly worthy of tho name. We can acconinuulate only two or threo students at a time. The apartment is about eight feet by twelve. It was never intended for a laboratory. Tlu) estinuited cost for a new and suitable laboratory n-onld be |! 12,000 at least. The one at Lansing, Michigan, without the apparatus, cost * 0,000. Tho library, at tho i)resont tim(\ eontiiins u num- ber of reports of the Koy;r 'iltural Society, t'he Herd Books, a few ref. niico books iu the differenl depariment ; mo general reading matter. The selection is a good one so far as it goes, hut it is y too limited. We are adding scarcely anything to it.
^ COHUESPONDKNCE WITH FoREIGN ASSOCIATIONS.
I correspond with State Boards of Agriculture, and other institutions in Britain and the Uuiied States, to obtain their publications. 1 send a copy of our own report to every such iustitutuei. and reipiest theirs iu exchange. 1 geuerally receive thum, but Lave uot beeu buccitsful iu some mstauces.
CUEMISTUY ON THE 1' ^KM.
It would be quite an advantage to students to be abloto toll tho dilToront ingredients, and the (luantily of each ingredient, in soils and manures, but, as a iiile, students could not fuvnish thenis dves with tho neeivssary apparatus. Iu many instances they v-'ght be able to tell the ditferent ingredients and something of the proportions. There is auVit'ort now made at the College to teach students to analyze soil, hut it is under very ;'-,ing circumstances. Wo have a man who is able and' v/illing to do tlie work, but Le'^has neither the apparaMis nor the room. The theoretical knowledge for atialvzing is taught our students, but the practical application of this knowledge only to a 'iiuited extent. "^ If we had a suitable laboratory, the students could very readily be t uight to make a quali- tative analysis of any given soil or manure, and to determine approximately the quantities of the ditferent substances. With the otlier work whicli the studenis liavo to do. it would require more than two years to fit tiicm for making thorouglily reliable uualyses. We
[President Mills.]
lit Ib Olio of
ty I soo in undo to tho 'ccsHary for )olislioil tho
, laying out y mout.s tho
Ih own Roil, aud iutuUi-
f tho namo. lit is about 1 1 cotft for a , Michigan, ills H num- co hooka iu a good one iug to it.
13ritaiu and )rt to ovcry It Lave not
igrodionts, lents could y n-ight be is un ciforfc 'ory ;'-^.ing l)ut ho has r; is taught :;xtent. If ko a qiiali- quantitios :), it would yses. Wo
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
_ 11
«oilH .tall satish.cto^S^ bt^T ^.^ ^Jt^al '"^ -^^'^r' ^^^^^^^^^^ .su.taMe apf.aratuH. I tliink tho intention of V' '''""'^' ^^'•' '^ ^'^^oratory wi «.ich a laboratory before Jong. '"*«"t'»" oi tho Government is to furnibh us with
Vetekinary Stuwks.
AoniouLTum ,» Pnu« Scoots.
An Agricultukal Vumm. '
High Schoo. Lipk AnvBusE to Aobioux.xurk.
The subject conld not be sucsiiHsfulIv taiwrhf ,•„„)•! , ,
,h «clu.ol life au.i work i.s to wean vo.tnlJ^'li '.\^^''"',' «°^°«1- Jhe whole tendency
liie ainhitiou of the
Coi'XTY AaiucvLTtnuL Schools.
laboratory, where young men could bo tsn^f »"J.*^r a c-ompetcut rnaHter. with a ia ir cultuml c^cMstry:; bottny indtuit cu? 'tt^rr''''"' "Kriculture ani'^n d- pllysK^nl .oography, reading in a.u-icMltil,;nl« ■'''^' '"''""'''• '^ '^'t'« f^'^olo.^y ami
co,npo«,tioM, and aritluuetia I vl^ ntun to s ^ /'. T'T' '''''''''"' «l"-'ll"^^'. J^"^" ish ties would he one of the most popu' r sc m^^^^^^ '^ ^ '^'^ '^'"^^ '" "-''y "^ "ur co n
Jurmg the winter noason. I ha X nut t' m ""! "^ '^'^" ^^'^' '^''^'^''^'^^'l. oleh X bocauso attonipting too much S S . , ^ £S '" a'^^'^'^:; ^^™^ ^" --'' '^'^-'l^ u.uuc^,on m^a .ounty agricultural schoo ho Sid f'i'^' ''^'■^'''^' ^^^^ rec.iyed -^u.ana .f 1. de.red to be ..tructed ^^ti^^l^t^^Z ^Zti::^^^:^ [Prcaiiient MiUs.]
M !t|
H
12
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
European Agricultural Scuools.
In Ireland, Germnrty, Austria, and Italy, tho agricultural Rchoola are not self-support- ing. Tiiey are Hupported parfiy by Uovernment, partly by fees, aud partly by local assess- ment. To establish and support such a school in each county would cost considerable, but the agricultural interests of this country are so important that there would be no great risk in makinj the necessary outlay. I don't know that it would be wise to push the matter just yet, but the time will com*^ when there should bo one such school in each county. The experience of older countries than ours has convinced them that separate agricultural schools in different parts of the country are necessary. I am strongly ol opinion that tho subject would not be successfully taught in our high schools.
AGRICULTURAL EdUCATIOX IM CONSECriON WITH COLLEGES A FAILURE.
It is a fact generally admitted in the United States and in Scotland, where they have had experience, t)iat a department of agriculture in connection with an Arts college is a failure, aud I am thoroughly satisfied that a department of agriculture in our high schools would be a still greater failure. It would bo a dead letter, aud thus bring dis- credit on the whole question of agricultural education.
How TO Make Farming Attractive.
Several things might be done to make systematic aud scientific farming more attrac- tive to larmers and farmers' sons. That object would be accompHshed by making farm- ing more remunerative and more respectable, by educating our young men to tho belief that farming is an honourable occupation, as honourable as any professiun, by infuHing into them the idea which prevails in the old country, where men are anxious to fnrm, even at a loss in money, for the sake of the social status which it gives tiiom — the idea which Rome entertained in her best days, when Virgil aud Horace prided themselves on being farmers, aud loved to talk of their farms and their Hocks.
The Agricultural Societies to do more.
I think onr township and county agricultural societies might do soraefhingnnre than they have done. In Holland these societies not only hold shows aud give prizes as ours do, but pay twiehers in elementary and other schools, and provide lectures (Ui agricultural subjects, delivered during the winter months to the farming community, and do so with the best results.
Studies in Farming and ferooK Raising.
A great deal has been said of late about the Agricultural and Arts Association, and the funds it disposes of. If tlu t Association would devote a portion of its funds to the same object as the Arts and Science Departm.eut of England does under the Government, that is, if it would prescribe a course of study in agriculture and stock raising, hold local examinations in convenient centres, and give prizes and certificates on tlie results of those examinations, it would do a good work for this country. Thereby the study of agriculture would be encouraged, an interest in the subject would be created, aud teachers for agricultural schools would be provided.
The Royal Agrioui.turvl Sociicty op England.
The Royal Agricultural Society of England Iiolds examinations anil rrivos prizes, but the Art and Science Department has done a good deal more in tlutt dirx'tion. At the first examiuati(Ui conducted liv that department ouly 150 candidatCB presented tliemsolves.
[President Mills.]
AGIIICULTUIUL EDUCATION.
13
Farmkbs' Institutks.
attend mMtinB," tl.'on, 1 „„ the sSl» .1^1 1^ '■>°' "'" ^S"''Mm^t College i. to «6ric,.ll«™ ai,(U ock.,u,r, Tho^tl ,""",'''" °" ""''J'"" «'"meotol with
A Solid Objection.
thai ivo have no vacaUoi. '?"•'•"'""'" """ Agycultutal Oollcse, lor tlio »i«)j,le reason
The MicniQAN Collkge.
Ahrangements for Lectures.
loft "if:atr^s;£'::;;"itr:!;^:,:i:^ *^« r^^" '-na.itwouia be
should not be too foiCl If afe t.ue ilve v folnlT 'V?^*^ '^^^''r"; '^'^'^ l^^^^res (kzed by it, aiKl do not ento. i .M 11 r ^ • 'J '^"'^ '""'"^'^ *^'« '^^'•'"erB are only treated b^.o. Id bo pratal common Zs,'^^^^^^^^ "^ "? '"^j?^' ^ ^'''"'^ "'« «"»'J«cts of U.^.. for tLe la J oTpJ^Si^.^rn: tootftU: Ir ^^' ^'""^^'^^'' ^^ ^^^'^""S
Farm. Home Surroundings.
Young Women at Agricultural Colleges.
We have no ftccoramodation for ladiofi Tfwo i.ori th* i 11
to addcooldng and otber brancLfs Siy adaT, ej \ , "wa^tV^ To T, ZT?"'
..*... ..,,™vu..;iSiav;iisr;/a:2S;."'*'
TuuLic Oi'iNiON— SuPERvisiox ov Stitdents.
Public opfnlon exacts a great deal of us as regards the eurervisjon of stud.uoa^ U nsiUent Mxlls.] . -s -
iltv?
14
m ll
AGRIGULTUKAL EDUCATION.
no hesitate to adm.t both sexes^into any inSSon un l' '° '"°? ''''^''"' ^"^'^ ^ '^'"ufd a httlo less exacting and unreasonable ''''"'"^'°" ""'^^^ ^y charge, ii the public were
CouNTv SciiooLs_A Plan not Difkicult.
-~^ ci^!;.!^^^^ a Plan ^r the establish-
the Governmeut and by a county tax. ^ *'** ^^^^ «^«"ld be supported by
JAMES MILLS.
MR. WILLLIM JOHNSTON'S EVIDENCE. invited to makeTstatem^nrsaidf'^'"* °^*^' °''**"° Agricultural College, having been
"ntil I have finished what I have to Vupon'L t^'' ^'"^ questioning
the notes which lie beforo me. Thev are Sfi« tl T J / agricultural education, from
uectedw,thtbeA,i.cuIturalCo]k4e:apor^^^^^^^^ ^^^ "^^/^ before whilst con
?";^'V;"!-'«f through theldndne^sof t eHon John?.Jn n'° '^^'''''''^ ^^""^ ^^'^^^r for the United States, and still another poAion' from t^,' ^'I'^T'^oner oi EdncatU eges of U,e same country, which I was enabS to obt.W^ 1 ''^"' r '^ '^' agricultural col- College Report in exchange for each of ttse ymi s^e K^r'" ^"^/"' ^ our Report have been supplied thmiur), Tl i ■ I • '"" ^I'ound me. The conies of
evidence might be as oxait l^lLSran^l^ ^n'^f r^'as^'L'^^^ i''^' ^ood.Zt my
In taking up the suhioff nf o,,,.; u ^^J" '^^ " ^'^s possible to be.
mission, imdcr tU folS^ng heaXga :^" ''"""''" ' "'"^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^ with your per-
I.— Agricultural Education.
' 'S:;^;J: t^Ltr^^^'- ^^ ^^^^^^ -"ege. and what appliances ' ^^i^:^'^SS:l^'r^^ - the rise,
Canadian Agricultu'ral ColS LavingreS to '"•' '"^ ^^ '"^^ P'^" °^' «< economic condition of agricultu;e m Se coSt^ ^"""""^ ''^'''''^'^"' '^"'^ "^^^ Sketc, the history of the Ontario Agricultural Coll'^- " " - present basis and condition. ^"'^uial College, giving its progress and
7. Sketch an outline of wh-it >jl.r.T,n i,„ v
i: oil? :;r,i:.ris ;it:d°:!4.isLi' '^"'' °^^""" »'-■ -»-' -»«».
[J/r. Johufiton.]
6
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
r.- AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 1. W.. Ao.c....n.. E.CC..O. ,, ... how . xs '.o .. I„..„,,,
the second riaco, the giving „ S tje^ The fo^rr..'^'"T "^' ^'^^^'^ «^ intoUcc a.d in workmen, the latter of givin- them Von!) V i^'' ^", *^^ I'''"'=^«« «f taking skiJJeS .uo8t primary public schools/an'dtleLn^n' r^'\ The process n.ay be neou^ in onJ given the ch.ia are. an acaudnJancrwUh ^^ 1?^' "./^^"'^- ^''^ the fadlit": Himple business, and a kuowlc(I<'G of i^TL ''^^" '^"g"age, the means whereby it onn^!! by learning the three n%,rlS.:L^^l^^^^ lacihties there is alwiiv^ ,,^; . » •->''"ft'^'ip"3'. andinstorv. AtuI in /.la, • ■ ""'"t;'^
..r tte/rs 'tt ZiZ'pls :?rri';'? '° '''^ 'o '-^ » >«'«« --port J
sball be wl,at ,. call..,] a ,,„,c.,'ic„| J,, nd ^ Smrtr.i 7I""\ '" »'«°"«l«'y »t4c "
tion. Hence arises thfi nn...jH-^„ <• ^ i- •^. ^"'"' 'he doube obitct of hII *,.,,« ] '
population graduate at the public school Tfc s rauosHn""V^ ''\''' ^^^ven-tenths of o^ any Inglior education is to be obtained it shm 1,1 nf "" -^'"^^ importance whether if
point to which 1 am tendin.r n ;„ fi, j „ . :, ^^ *"'"•* as it may, you wiU spa f^^
. ^-"«''ltra-aleducationi;,abrrn o^tX^ question with whi;,;! st tr^ed
twn has a two-fold aspect. It is in t/i L«f '^','^"''''°''' ''^"^ ^'^^^ ^'^ techniculcduca
^e xn which I havi defined he Vo| ec ul^Sto'tT"" f ' ^'^'^'^^ ^^-atlon ( f the
iddmg on to the elementary branches tau"hMn?i \T "^^'"''^ ^° ^^"««»ie ^'^'merg bv
2'^ to agriculture, and teaching them' and th« ''^T'^ ''"''^''^"^^ clirecti; per^
youuy men ior that particular business o^ occui atlon. ^^"''' ^' ^^ '^' '''''^^S of
2. What is the Relation op the State theh.to?
and &^r ■ r wX^Sl^/t ^JSt *^^^ 'f'^'^ ^' "^^ ^^'^^0 to primary
uisimdu-stca. The State does no oduJat ' *,^^ P^^^^ion taken by our laws is XI
'ocules what shall be called ^ eltatttp.? '' '""''•' ^^'' ^""•'^"ts to do 'o I^
'•liil'hvn. and encourages it by 1 be i '^ ^'^ inspection that it is obtained by all
-yor higher educaU,.,. .t on^ en^ollras^^tS'i:!^'!;^?";, -'^""^^^'^ «-^'^- wuu ,i munificent hand. •^t'Sjists . but it does tliat m our I'rovince
[Mr. Johnston.]
I-
Hi
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
the sfrSlfXL^ithohtSnT^^
very least, all possible asd.tafee ami 1 o^^^^^^ .^''"^ '^' ^'^''' ^' ^^e
on other grounds than that of its hein^ a spSof l.ii . iT *""'?' ''^^"'^^ "^^ «" moro.anaonTvhatuaditionalgroundsl' WeTin^^^^ education. It does receive
higher general education, as gfven t our Provinco Ulf ^f'''^"^ '', ""'^"^ '^'^^ ''^^ a part of the educationa tminingXommerdaranr, r^^ ^^' ^^?^'' ^^'""^
almost exclusively; that lew if anv tX^«K. f l^.^'^'^'^"'^! ^^^' and of them ranksoftherroducnrcWs if L^^^^^ "* '^ ^' >* ^^i«<s. i-^turn to the
and that as sLteeme/have o'do vUh thhl aTtht'"" ^'|^rt"'•''^ly ^^^^^^S to them ; balancing amount of assistLre to thollE ^xist, they must give a counter-
for the proJucin- claLc Jlut ,, i^,lf ^ V'A'^ f 'P'"'^' "" °^' t^'^li^icai schools
especially manuructrd\nd a-Sc^U isl^tt' b«^^ T'T '' V'^^^^^^ons, henefit, and upon this broad nat^c> a 1l rTund if ,"« n ?f T" 'exchanged, a national maintain, as well as assist teclii,! Ll .^f n ' "^'^* ^""^ ^'''^''' *" .«tabli.h and I do not "think that Th «/uf i' ^ 1^^^^^^ '^^ community.
classesshouldthemselvesLid mantain nnl 1 ?"'• ^ *^^"^ ^^'^^ ^^^ producing higher, and receive a proVorSn^Slvllr; FI^ ^°''"" '^""^ ^'^^^'^"J«' ^^^ver or
they hive been acted onrmZ^LS:^^^^^^ °^ '^'^'^I'^'i'l^ ^^'^'^ ^^^ S^^te. But PiDvince, where sevenTntS of\h«^!fln conclusive, and il in any, surely in our own the State to establish and mahitain a w7'" T' l^'T''^ *'?"^^ ^''« ^^^'ht and duty of the class of agricult^ralTodS be mnil ''i school, schools, college or colleges, for
3. \ynAT SHOULD be taught I\ Sl-rn 1 «3nTIr.<^r n -,-,
SILT '^"'"-"-- ^-'- -^"- 'rir.-r Lrj-;;^
are usually shar d bTwirS famHv Ir Tv ! 1 ?^' ^^ ""'^ ^^^^ ^^''^"^^ "^ ^'^^°"^ given to his labourers-Sore common Iv 1 ,? ' '"''l"^ ^*^ ''^'' ^ P°'*'''" °^ "^« ''^"^^ i^ traJe-and must be more^nd moie mad« « T'"' ^"^ "'^ T^'' ^'*'"""'"" ^« ^ 6<«mm-a ccBsful farmer, an «S I"lS The v' m /' ?7 '"*'^' ^^. '^:'"^'^' ^"^'-'^ig'^"* and suc- and U-aiiung directod^rtlu tSeefS^aC t l^t^^^'f. '" '' "^''''' ^'"'^ ^''' '^^^'''' he must have the elementally k^uSiso/l'liL"^; ^^ '' ""necessary to say that basis. To perform the ^""L. of flrmW^^e o^^^^^^^^ ^''f -^I'S' ^« -
farm aritlimetic, farm book-keenmff b3« f..^^ r addition a knowledge of
apprenticeshV mSlTom d to a CO ; iTf'r^^ ^^ ^ -■>^'^- - — o*'
have sa.d, an apphed science Do not bf nl n ?^' f'"''"'"-/^- "^ should be, I
There are two mLuLsirbe at"uihed to fh/«Tf' ^'"^"^f "' ^^ ""^^ word, science, that the most importaS one is a colloctit of t. . ""'"S ^ '?°r'' '" ^"'^ ^^"«^' ^"^^ from the facts of observadon Ld those^n-hl f ^'""?'l '' ^"^^ ''^T' ^''^'' '''^^ '^^'^"'^'^^^
iJl): JvkiuiLunA '■
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
staudB upou Utate, at the it must do 80 does receive •ged tLat the State, forms aid of them 2turn to the ug to them ; 3 a couuter- uical schools productions, I, a uatioual stabUsh aud community, e producing Is, lower or State. But J ia our own and duty of colleges, for founder aud
ED FOR Tin; NliKDIiD IN
it and used as we say pend in the the people, the case of e may have 38 of labour the latter is business — a nt aud suc- his studies to say that Quing, as a lowledge of tid measur- 3 real and '/« of farm- au ouly be m attached a course of iould be, I 1, science, sense, and re deduced bo rules of it farmers, 36 called a 'lea oi the
„^^^_^^ 17
.science of a.s^ricuUure is wiiat we mean by ^^■]vxt i. onll 1 "T'T ''^'^""^=== omy, or. as we would say, the tli..,rv of V. t'l'l ""^ " l' ^T^''^'^^^'^^^^^ «^ron- v,ith a,'nculfuro are maiiv of what .uv „„; m "" '' I'l'^'T- Jiat c bs.^ly connocfprl
.nam tlun,s .loalt w,th by "tl^ f Ir^ / " : 'IV^ f recognized as sciences. ^ TbHh oe
couno,t,.d with tbesecoad,bofany andchomistV; J 1 ^^-^^'iVhy, and cberaistry
vcterumry anatomy, pbysiology, „nd i ati.ool 'wAVT'^f '''^^' ^'"' ♦•''"''l'- zoolo/y' agricuUn^ul college who were unallettae a°£ll .!, ' ^'"''^\T' *" ^^^' Htu<lonts of an science of a-^rieuhure in tlie science of prlvn^'i' '^ '"""''^ ^' «"'«"ie"t to ^ive the tuuo necessary to have a thorough k m X" o "ttunf'-'V^-;'^^^ "^ '^-'^'l ^A'^ e teach such sniuects as geolo-v an(i nbvs ef\... , 'J '■'*■'' ^^'°"''l be iieceasarv to organic, agricultural, pnicti^al and nn„h ; ^f"!'''^''^' '"''^ meteorology; inor .mie system aic, and ocouo.L Lol^nV; lb";'" Sl^l^ri"''^' l^"?'^*"^^'- I^y^o;^^, ;'I"gy, and pat',01 >gy. ..e the held of LncXre iTi'u""" ^ ^"'^^«W. pbvsi
covered. And for the regular course n 1 , ' , ■ '"^'^''''"^ '^'^'s^ce, was thor< u- ilv thou.-h all the student., as°I tve Ireach^S I,"" ■,'^'"'\^r'"^ «^1'"^'^ ^o llSded many, the time necessary for the ^caSn^eT 'o^t l-^o \' !'''''^ '' ''''' them fu to ^>^>>rss „„d carry on (he tnule of far ninrisln that tw'^^' "''1^"^'*^ *« P^^'^-^e «»« ;. 0 e bogunnng the work of life forthemle ly ' If s f 3^^'""', -^^ '''' ""''^ ''"'•"^'T tinglt in an agricultural collncvo, .yhnt nro the «,.] ^''^ 'l^'^J'^*^^^ ^^at should be
Speaking m a general way, which s all «W J' ^Iiances requisite to teach tiiem 9 u farm with all the nec^e'ssaiy k^'L ' n' VJT'' '^^ *'->' ^^y ^^ said to be! i.nplemcnts, with special stocks implement "S ^« '"''"' "npr«vements, stock, and tones hbraries, museums, boaAli^hrs: nd t Se n''""^ ' ''''''''' ^''°^^' '^^ .on S'ES tS n^i/1— J^^^^^^ P7 Hcultura, education, the rela- a.'rcultur.l college, with the apphance renS IVf'Tl 'T^'^'y *« ^e t;ught in in urn our attention in order to Sulerrnd tJ iftlinrna u^^^ '"^"'""^ *^^°^'"^' ^'^ ^^7 to what hai beou done aud is b.in-' done t hrwo; 1 n T,'''"''^ '"^ '""^'^ thoronn-hl/
oducation. And it will be sufficient if we colder ' "" *^'' ^^"^' "^ agricuUurai
4. The History and Prksent CovniTrnv «^ a
same year Prince Schwartzenber^ establish^ 1 n ' "f ^^^^tzerlaud; though in the
|-ros at Krumau in BohemLr In 803 a ^\''^^"^°?^ "^^""^ ^'^^^t'^'^^^" 3^0,0^
hshed at Prague, teaching such subjty as k^ricu^^^^^^^^^ of Agriculture was es'tab-
book.keepmg, hydrauhcs and drawinr. In iHOfion I r '^''^^^.^^i^y. mathematics, farm ;o agricu tuial school of Moglin in Prussia £ 1800 f^ f°* /''' '^ '■''''' ^'^^ f^^^^^^l^d 1 ovmceot SLyr,a;inl818. that of nXenheC i,fw n.^ i"^^ '"^^ ^ ^^'^ Austrian franco ; and in 1822, that of Schleissheimni Tif . V "^'^^1^ -g : m 1821, RouyiUe in acres fullowed. In 1827, were SS 7S of Grit' '" •^''^^"'•'^' ^" ^ ^''^''^ ^^ 7 0^5 ■lear Londonderry in thenorthof Ireland In 18°-) tTI^.''- ^T''' ^""^ Templemoyle a Prussia; and in 1833. the Agricultuni Colle-tof S TiVf ^'T^^ "^ ^«^"' ^Uena HI Brittany, and Lichtenhof in Bavari-i werl f n,. i ? I ^^t^-rsburg, that of Grand Jouan of Nassau ; in 1838, Glasneyin iiear'S ^^L /"h^^J • ^n «L'' ^'''^'"^ ^" '^^^ ^^^^7 (lie farm schools of France ; and in 1849 the ll^ ' a' ^ ^?^^' P''''^'^^^^ i" ^"land, and "> I^nghtnd. In a single decade there'a ter t i 1 t""""^^^^ <^^oIIego of Cirencester colleges-in Britain 07, in France 75, in Pi^ia*^^^^^ of agricultural schools aud
mark 4, m Belgium 9, in Germany 121 and n«li P ^'^'^"^7, m Italy 2, in Den- "ore bring us up to the present ta. and we mav no?^^' '^°"* ^^^- '^^'« ^^-<^^i^^ <-»Iturai schools anri ponAos of Fnv. . a ^,^.^"'7 now pass on to enusfdpr fhn n-^W
.-.ther land in each of Uslhree diviSs/'"' " ''' ^"^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^-^^ take our S [J/y. Juhnston.l 2
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Photographic
Sciences Corporation
23 WE. r MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4S03
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18
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
A.— EUEOPE.
BEITAIN.
In E>n,Javd as we Iiave already sai.l, tlie Royal A^ricnlhiral Colle^re was osf-Llislio at Cu-ence.ter m the County of Gloucester in 1840. Although the naml would mSv Bupervusion If not assistance by the State, it should bo stated at tho outse thTS neither England nor Scotland does the State take anything to do with a-ric Itural education. _ t is efo to private enterprise and tho snpervisioS in the one ca f t^^^^^^ Royal Agricultural Society, and in the other of tho Highland and -V-neultur M^, ioft The Royal Agricultm-al College is situated on one of Lord Rk. 1 ^M s ,m^^ alZ '
at^TloV^f t'""t"" 'T °^C^--fr Tbo College buil.ling; wh5r[;i f^^ age of 190 feet, contains class rooms, library, museum, laboratories, lacMire th -atro chapel, diniag hall, dormitories, and apartments for resident professoi^. The fai-m of 6M acres IS of variable quahty. and IS rented to a tenant ^^ith the condition that the students shall see all operations. This fact will prepare you for the announcement of Its objects which are first to train young men for land ag.mts or ste.var Is. an I l^co d"v to make armers. Stiulents are admitted at the age of rightoen on passing uiex- m a- tion on the ordinary English subjects. The regular course is one of fo^ir yc un w th two sessions m each y.ar. the spring session extendmg from the 10th of Feb'rua y to the middle of June j the autumn session from the 10th of August to the middirof December The curriculum mcludes chemistry-inorganic, or-'nuic invictica am cultura and analytical; botany-structural, ph^siologrcal, Jystemaiio and c momTc : natural philosophy, mensuration, meclianics. surveying and b^ok-k -epinrr, ^oolo-v and physical geography, veterinary surgery and practice. Some of the stTi knits i^tFo m prac ical work under the farmer, but the majority onlv look on. Tno fees or t. Hon and board are £125 sterling per annum; for tuition alone to the out student a^^^^^^^^^^^^^
cul u.e, a I n.fessor of Chemistry, a Professor of Natural History, a Professor of JLithe malicsaud Surveying, a Professor of Veterinary Surgery, an AssisUv, Chemist 1ml one or iw., masters and tutors. The Patron is the Prhice of Wales a ithe iiTs i utTnn js conti-ollod by a Board of Management, twelve in number, of whicii th D k o ia 1 boroug 1 at present is President The number of resident students is about seventy- five The revenues ol the College are obtained from the fees, subscriptions and the interest of nri' vate endowments. It is unnecessary to add in conclusion, that its .bjecf s. as its res il s a -e not wiia would be wanted in a Canadian Agricultural College, tliou.-h its course of stndv and appliances would be of certain value as precedents. In the snrin" of i™ v H?/.. ^ established the Wilts and Hants Agricultul-al College, with XliJ^-oSo'r She Z^^ present on a visit to this country, is connected. It is almost a transcript of Cirencest<^-
or collT^s'ni'EigZd"' • "^"^'^ *'"' *"' """ ''' "^ '''''''' -sicultural Sds In Srothnul, agricultural education bag been taken charge of by the Highland and Agricul urn Society, which by a supplementary charter, granted in 1850, was "em no were to grant diplomas. The subjects o examination are, the science and prac -ce of aS culturo, botany, chemistry natural history, veterinary science, field engineering and book-reeping. There are three examinations, known as the Second Class Cei^ffica Examination, the First Class Certificate Examination and the Diploma Exam nation The Roard of Examiners is composed of ten members, and the whole iZber of diplomas granted from 1850 to 1878 was tliirtv-four. In 1870 there was ( stnS. Jfl?f North of Scotluid School of Chemistry and Agriculfure, at Iberrn 't ho e "^^^ IS much tie same as the standard laid down by the Highland and Agricultural S^Sel whose d.id.ma the stud^nits are trained to take, as well as th. ,.3rti(icato of th. Science and Art Department lu-nsington. The students, nuraberin, last sessioi labou 120 board in A. .rd.en and attend the.o classes, f .r which they piv a tuition ieo of £1 per session, licshles thi; . there are no agricultural scliools or colleges in Scotland. [J/r. Johnston.^
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
19
selected as echoole, rvbich have rio onlv aTfrJ,/ i !^ are
attached, and form' national aJrlcultlSim^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Yn theZ-T^r*^ \r''' '^^'"^ national model agricultu.'al schools with model famgHttaclod itlt^l^r T '? last place, there is the Albert InRtitnfA of r^.. ■ '*''"!^^"f"-. And in the fourth and
Agricultural College of I^S^^tl^^lJ^^'S^rZa^^^^^S'l^^ ""^''T^' receiv6 assistance from the State. The Albert Tn.tif , ff L ^{"^^''^^^ } have spoken
ated at Glasnevin, about three mHes f L D ibiin ofa farm o?^So1f<^/ ^' '' ^ri*'^" buildmgs comprise the usual class-rooms lil rirv UhJ^ '*''*".*.^ *'='"'''- ^he
dormitories (for seventy-fivrstu^Sts) rhich ISlin f ?P' m.^''"^.' '^^'^'"" ^^^" *«<i institution li three-foid4o train SeS land ^^ ''^i' . ^*1.' ^'^^''^^'^ "l^Joct of the
.ohools. Tae matriculant musTbes^Srn,^^^^^^^^^ agricultural
li's, bistory. geography and grammarpTsses'^irEucMS'lS /" ^^^^^^lon to the three students of the Dublm^Norrfal Schoo'Ke t£ pr?^^ e4 of a tteS^ „ J^ "^'^-^^'^f ! a year's residence for a diploma. For all othersEXo yeS cour^^^^ T^^^^^^^^ ^""^ comprises agriculture, horticulture botmv vPcr«f„M„ Ji • f "0"/'=^. That course animal anatomy, phy iology and natholo^v 3 Sf" ^^^''^^1^^' .chemistry, geology,
levelhng, drawing' inghsfgra^frinfcompSn' ^Se rr°' ^'"' ""T^^^^ superintendent, a farmer, a gardener one St^o Zv'n J ^ '" composed of a visiting professors, whom froS its SeZxTm t? M ^^ . T ™f ' ""' ^"'^ "" ""^^^^^ o! The fax™, which is ver^^^?U c^Sed^ Vvidfdtto '^ ^s very easy to procure, and a large farm of 130 acres under hrpr^i-ff.ro?fi- ? ^ """^^^ ^''''"^ ^^ ^^ acres students assist in the work of the fam thonih o?l °^' '! '"*''^'""- ^^^ ^^^i<ie"t attend lectures. SuchlstL svstem of ^^ tS^^^^ ^!. """^ imperative on all who
us now pass to the countries i "Sx^eultural education pursued i^ Ireland. Let
NORAVAY AND SWEDEN.
A.riJiltuSt;d?^?S^^K"Sls^'°"f ^'"""^'-^ -^- the Royal institution, but rather^ Go? nto^i'tbmetu having' ^ ^'"'^l'^ ?"P«*' ^ "^^'^'^^^
Agricultural Scliools, the two Agricu tu rirCoUres ^.1?"^^ S T^'^"^ *^^ twenty-seven the Model and Experimental cfiries ^d the .S^^u luraf 'S.^'^'^ir^^*?^ ^^''^^ three steps in the system. In the twenty seven A Sui^^^^^^^^ ^ *^^'* ^■^'"' ^'^
practically as well as theoretically each one W nc, 1 f . *. . . ^^^'n^'^g is taught tm-al Colleges are situated, the oS at Ultana reKnlT ?n h'^''^' .?^^' '^'^ ^g^'""^' at Altnoxp, near Lund, in the Province of ScLe i^ ^f^'o 1 C > ' ff'^ • '^' ''"^^ on a farm of COO acres, and is divided into a Wl i of i i , J"^^^""-' ^^ situated
Bchool are the sons of tlie aristocSic and weaKr class inZ ^t^S, '" *'^ H^'^"' peasants, who do the work of the farm whilst the othtcflni? frT'^ *^^ ^°''^ ^^ ^^e
the higher school is one of two years ardsnofsoi/f! °- P'^ course of study in
uotsoteclmicaUorasthepSmLTsVoolsvselS^ *^T- °^ ^^'^^'^'"^ «^°'i
greater attention should be paid to the o -d ^ ™ '--^1- is imperative that
practice of a.gricult,ire, horticulture! cLmishTb^otaTniS ''^- ' ^^' ^^^^^^ «^^ business branches, form the curriculum Meffl?/,, '""'y^S, with the common
owej. divisions, there is a farrlry sclll ^t^l^ SooT "in'ls^f t/'^ '!f ^^ ^^'^ at Altnarp Agricultural Collece was 127 fio in m!1 Y ^'^"''°^; "l" 1«76 the attendance the school of farriery, or veSnaTy collet a« 1 w W "'^'''}' ^^ '"^ *^^ ^«^^"-' ^^ ^^ Li that same vear tfc GovernS 4S a 1 Z ^^^ '^ T^' fi?,^ ^° ^^^ '^'-^"T school, cultural Colleges was $17^ L^N™ ^^^^
south of Christiana, but it s very much 3.,, In H. f '^" ,^S"cultural Institute at Aas, tl.at model, we need not wasS tim ^ith t " But i mod J!''? ', "m'^ ^'"^^ ^"""''^'^ ^^''' country to which we now turn, namely, ^"^^ ''"''' ^'^^"^^ ^" ^he
[Mr. Johiistanl
\W
20
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
I
i
ir.
hi
DENMABK.
and tba institution there taken as a model was the Royal Af^ricnltural and Veter- inary College at Copenhagen. This was established as a High School of Agriculture in 1856, and has been in flourishing order ever since. I will not trouble you with the cur- ricdnm, < 'uch is almost the same as tliat of Glasnevm, with a department of forestry added and ihe department of veterinary science much more wiuoly cxtoudod. Indeed the veterinary f^chool is one of the most famous in Europe. Besides it there were in 1877 about 100 agricultural scliools, called High Schools of Agriculture, through the country, all in a flourishing condition. At each of these there is taught, as well a^s agri- culture, botany, chemistry, zoology, natural philosophy, arithmetic, book-keeping, gram- mar, geography, general and Danish liicrature and history, drawing and siuveying. They are very popular, for the course, which is one of six months, is frequently taken over twice and even three times by the students, who return each winter for the purpose. There is also a peculiar but good plan worthy of notice taken by the Royal Danish Agricultural Society, to whose fostering care tne State commits the matter of agricul- tural education. Farms willing to take etude its are inspected, those thought worthy selected, and students sent to them, who und;rgo yearly oxarainations on theory and praclice,^aud are drafted as soon as ready into t le Copenhagen Agricultural Cullege. In the year mentioned there were 77 such farms caosen, and on them 178 students ui'ider the charge of the Society. Nowhere in Europe is this form of technical education we are considering more thorouf;hiy carried out thau in the little kingdom of Denmark.
BUSSU.
Strange as it may seem, Russia was one of the first councriea in Europe to follow the lead of pioneers in agricultural education. She has a number of agnoultural primary sihools, but 1 am sorry to say I can give no description of their working. In 1853 was founded the Royal Agricultural Coile>,'e of St. Petersburg, on a farm of°330 acres, witli an endowment of $525,000, and in 1877 it v.as flourishing with an attendance of nearly 300 students. The College of Agriculture and Forestry, near Moscow, was founded in 1865. Its course of study, whicu is one of two years, embraces agriculture, agricultural technology, botany, chemistry, mechanics, horticulture, and forestry. And" the third and latest established, that of Novo Alexandiina, in the north, was in 1877 very prosper- ous, with an attendance of 127 students. And in speaking of Russia there must never be forgotten that province which, etim^Iogically, philologically, and politically, is so utterly distinct from the Sclavonic portion of the empu-e— the freest part of the absolute monarchy of Russia,— the Province of Pmlaud. Here there are two agricultural high schools, wliich, in 1878, had about 200 studeats, whilst that of agriculture is one of the leading departments in her University of Helsingfors.
AUSTRIA,
Leaving the sick man and the countries he keeps in a ferment around the JEgean, let us turu our attention to that most conglomerate of the nations of Europe— Austria, I will give the agricultural schools and colleges of the German Provinces of Austria along with tliose of Germany, to which liiey more naturally belong, and examine those of Austro-Uiuigary, but the following statistics from the Report of the Imperial Minister of Agriculiure, for 1875-G, may not be uuinterestiug. The head centre of tne agricul- tural schools and colleges of the empire is the Royal Agricultural Callege of Vienna, which had, in the year mentioned, 107 students' There were G'J schools of agri- culture, with 2,035 students ; 17-1 evenhig schools of agriculture, with 5,537 students; whilst agiicultuie was taught in 2,128 of the public schools, arboriculture in 4,034, bee culture in 1,486, and silk culture m 862. In connection with these there wore 3,215 orchards and 4,032 gardens, wliilst farms l.ielonged to each of the sixty-nine higli schools of agricuhui-o inuutioued, and in them were given the previous year diplomas to G23 students.
\_Mr. Johiidion.J
ill
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
21
il and Veter- .gricidture in with the cur- it of forestry [oil. Indeed, liere were in through the well as agri- ieping, gram- id surveying, uoutly taken • the purpose, loyal Danish r of agvicul- )uglit worthy 1 theory and 'llcge. In the its ujider the p.tiou we are aark.
ope to follow tural primary In 1853 was 0 acres, with nee of nearly IS founded in , agricultural lud the third very prosper- e must never itically, is so ■ tho absolute Bullural high is one of the
! the jEgean, )pe — Austria, 38 of Austria xamine those irial Minister ■ the agricul- ;e of Vienna, lools of agri- 37 students; II 4,034, bee ) were 8,215 igh schools of G23 students.
liie cmirso of study in the Royal Agricultural Colloge is as follows : theory of a-^riculturo agricultura literature and technology, agriculturaf machines and impkients nSl cou structums botany, zoology, chemistry in all its ])ranches and applications to a A"c ture natural philosophy, astronomy, meteorology, French, German, English, Italmn book' keeping, political economy, mathematics and applications, ag -icultum statSs and nuances, practical work m the fields and laboratories. Some of the professor 1 ave 1 world-wido reputation, as Prof. Exuer, for technology Trof Neumann f.r, J fr ^ economy; Prof. Zoller, for chemistry; and Prof. Hecklf for practic^Ti ag "^^^^ mg he German provinces md turning to Austro-Kungary, we find 1^^"" charge of
1. Ungarisch-Altenburg, with eighteen professors and 148 students.
2. Kos2tlie]y, with nine professors and 72 students.
3. Ddbrcczin, with eight professors and 57 students.
4. Kolosmonostor, with twelve professors and 74 students.
-A-s all have a uniform Rvstem, we may select the sGcond Tf i"a nr.n ^^ +i n ... Europe, -^.'-H-W by Onunt Fes4,ic, oJonJ S^^SS^,, LZ1°'„ ' L"'^?!'" &eo, on a firm of 300 acres, and is furnished wiUi comi)lete Luiltliii,,, lnl.„.; >'""'"; gartci... Evcrvlhing is a model of its kin.i. Em-nSd i. . W » d ?^^^^^^^^'^^^ and ,11 ,1,0 ,,.i„e,i,ar varieties of .tod. are reprosotted" For tiri^'sntjy !",'blfo" ,S' 11,0 year that I have reported, there were 1,831 "raduatcs -nd .i,,v k\^! . '
following „g,ie„llin-al pursaits. In that ve,u the S ta e S i™ iin n™' m,™'' """ of study, whieh, a3 I £a,e said, is tho sai,e in .u'rf„'i,t.r^SfasV„n„w,r"''
pVsS:S,'i^rary"^;rno^rh4tS^^^^^^^^^
.«ric!s.^rehiS:n:trs:od.^S:^^^^^
ITALY.
TJicro are three principal institutions that have been estabUqTio/l in Tfni , •
crnment grant last year was ahout '«0,000. In it there'l'^tht prSoIpll'X'sef r"
1. A regular course for regular students of agriculture.
2. A Normal School course for the education of teachers of agriculture
[Mr. Johnston.]
1 » 1
'I =1
k. t
l-is
22
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.
In Srain there Las recently beencstah1i«liorl ,,^ ,.nji of Agr culture un,l Forestry nei Srk w Ix ^ rr^^ reorganized, a Royal College have already gueu. and whicli is'tT^nc^^^^^^^ '' '^"'^^y -1^^^<^ to those 4
taught in each of the ten nationa Unveil Ls vi. IV .T'T l^ r^'^'^'^'<^ i« also Oviedo, Barcelona, Seville, Granada, V "l rdolH H J hV^^ / -' ^'^^'^"^'i"<^a, Valencia,
In Fortw/al there has been n TTi.ri, q 7 .'^'^""ago and Earagoza.
bon since 1852. In IScTittrre S a'^e^^^^ within fourteen miles of Lis-
ernment. and the name changed to thf " SnS iLhh ^ Tt' "^^^^'^''g'^ «f tl^e Gov- of study embraces the subjects connnonlv fou d^^^^^^^ ^^s course
repeated, except that the divisLToTsubicctrl. f. ^ curriculum, and need not be hero departments beiu-, ^"""^^ '"*° departments is rather peculiar, the
I: teSe" '^' "^'"^"^ ^^^ ^'^^^^- '' ^Sriculture. 8. Rural Engineering.
4. Forest Engineering.
5. Veterinary Surgery,
SWITZERLAND, BELGIUM AND HOLLAND.
In i>V/'/no« there was in the winter of 187r. 77 n <?fof« q i i ,. t. Ghent w:th 35 pupils, a Practical School nfTT.-u^ ^°^°°^ of Horticulture at taught agriculture' on the Bel™ cal as Wl • LI,? '^^^V fi ^endbriigge. which at Vilvorde with 23 pupils farthe Stale Aii.n?fin'1?^^"'^ ^'^''"^ "^ Uordculture attendance that sessioi in thTreg L cc^^ist^o m ^ '^ Clembloux, with an
on a farm of 100 acres near Gembbx ii TsS iJl eSof ei W f ^'^"^ ^™^ ^^t'^^ished costs the State annually about $17,000 or mlil'enance T >!. ''^^^■''ll^'^i^^'^ors, and agncu tm-eand agricultural technology, hort W ure bo^'^v i^fn "f'° ""^ '^^'^^ "^^^"^'^^
i. T^limcal broD«l,e»-agricniture inmo-y sad Zct" e chaniC d,aw4, Jtural pVlX ^d govZLntZSef "^"^''^' ''''""^' »«"
FRANCE.
namely ?" '"' ^'"^ ^^^^^ ^" *^^ ^°"-'*--^ ^^^ucation afforded by the Republic of France,
I' J?® E*™ Schools (Fermea Ecoles).
i' rr. J'"<^^'i""al Agricultural Colleges.
3. The National Agricultural College (Institut National Agrononiique).
.ide4^y::Tsrs;:rri?irn^^^^^
[Mr. Johnston.] ^ ^ °'^^ V^rlm^n be even
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
23
Eoyal Collego (1 to those we ilture is also ca, Valericia,
miles of Lis-
e of the Gov-
Its course
i not be hero
peculiar, the
riculture in
md Basle, a ! theory and erue, Baslu
ticulture at gge, which lorticulture X, with an estiibhshed essors, and iy includes :y, zoology, and rural
College t
Iture. story, me-
oi France,
<lesirable, seeing that your tune is limitod and the ground yot to be coverod not inconsid- erable, lliese scliools, though some were in existence before, were taken under govorn- uieaital patronage in 1848, and most of them were founded thereafter. The aim was to establish one m each of the oiglity-.six departments of P>ance, as near the centre as possible Ihey are said to have been founded on the recommendation of the fomous philosopher' M. CouHin, who became Minister of Public Instruction ia 1810. Their object as laid' down in the Act founding them ia twofold :
1. To furnish good e^jamples of tillage to the farmers of the district • and
2. To form agriculturists capable of intelligent cultivation either upon their own
property or that of others, as farmers, tenants, or managers.
The farms vary in size from 200 to 2.000 acres, and all liave gardens, nurseries and orchards attached. I lie buildings are constructed in a plain and substantial maimer as n.,.aryapproachmg the better class of farm buildings i,i the particular department as po.ssible. Ihe director is choseu from the best farmers in the department, and besides him there are, composmg the staff, a farmer, an overseer of accounts as he is called iri Europe, a nursery gardener a veterinary surgeon, and according to the district, the direc- tor ot some specialty, as a shepherd, a vineyard manager, a silk grower etc
The pupils are young men from tlu! country families, and number from 2,5 to 40 in each school. As tlujy work the farm and as the farm houses are only of a medium si/e of course no more could be admittted. For entrance, tliese i)upils have to be sixteen veara of age and pass an examination on the subjects taught in the primary schools After entrance they all work on the farm. The hours devoted to instruction are three daily on a yearly average— more ui winter and less in summer. The first hour is • -^ent in .studying a manual of practical agriculture or listening to lectures on that subject from the far.ner or director ; the second to lessons, given by the overseer of accounts, on arith- metic, book-keeping or land measuring; and the third to the arrangement of notes taken during the practical instruction from the various managers on the fields, in the stables and in the sheep-folds. A tew of the pupils are attached to the gardens or'nnrseries so as to become gardeners, and they undergo the same routine. '
The Govermnent pays tlie board of each pupil and allows him 70 francs per annum for clothing. Ihe duvctor is obliged so to conduct the farm as to afford the best means of mstnietion to the pupils ; to submit his books and accounts at any time to the examin- atioi ot tlui Government Inspector of those schools; to send annually to the Alinister of Pubhc Instruction a full account of state of the school j and to publish a full account each year of the farm's operations, successes or failures. Tlie aggregate produce of the farm must be equal to that of the other farms of the department ; if not in two vears con secutively the Government patronage is withdrawn, and the Board, which is composed of pracDical farmers, immediately finds another director. Owing to the low state of orim ary education in France, and the practical difficulties of handling the farm schools —as there is always in directing umskilled h.oour,-the majority of them were for many ^ear. fadures, but learning from the few th-^t became successful, and primary instruction pro grossing apace, the great bulk of them lu.ve.for a few years before and since the Franco-Prus aian war become decided successes. In the following table I have given the names of the barm bchools supported by the Government in 1872, the vear I have got hold of It i« a bad year, for the Republic was scarcely fairly at work, and everything was upside dowr in trance. Many of the old ones since opened had been closed, but the list wAl sulBco tr give an uiea of the system, and it is tke only one I have :
'Ml
ofore con- is be even
[3/r= Joknaton.]
w- ■
* .' i
1
N
H '1
24
1
2 3 4 6 0 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS ]« 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2.-) 2(1 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 .34 3.-) 30 37 38 39 40 41 42
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATIOX.
No.
Name of the Farm School.
Riffolaotl
] it's IStiis-Cniix ......
I/a Mautaurone . Saint .Midii.l, .
Suiiit-Uiliias-DeH-Ixiis I lain .......
Cliauvaii,'nac
Kerwiiolc-Trevarez '.'.'.
I Lvvallailo
I ClianihaiKlin '.".. .',
j La (.'liaiiviiiii'rc
l/Oi-nio-iiii-l'nit. ....'. I lU'i'tliaml
r>i'i|)ta.4 '.'.'.'.'.
Heyritv * ' '
(iennaiiivill,' .' ,\
Lahayevaiix
Laimiiiy ' "
La Villoiipuve
Lo -Montat.
I/i's I'laiiios
Moiitceau
.Mo!ito
Nolliao ........
I'liilli'i'ols
IN mt-l)i"-Vey 111... '.".',';
I'liilhoreau.! .... JJayah
Toulon ;.■;;;;.;
Kocoulettps .' .' . . .
Saut^Gantier . , ... '...',
Saint UtMuy \[\
Los Hnliandie; es .','...'.
La Satit> " "
Saint- iJoust-La-ruoute .
La Malgrangv
Macharro [
Saint Eivi
La Chassaquo
La IJocIie ' '
Merlieiix [[
Etoyes
Le Cirand Hosts
Year
of
Founilation.
1830
i«;i2 l.siio lH4;i 1840 1N47 1847 1817 W17
181,S
18(8
1848
184!)
Is4!)
184!)
I84!t
184!»
1840
1«(!)
1819
1849
1849
1849
1849
1849
18)9
1849
1849
18-19
l8:a
18:.l
isr.i
18.-2 18r,7 l8(;i
18li8 18(18 1808 18(19 181)9 18H9 1870 1870
Number
of Pupils in
1872.
Total
Niiinlior of
tiiadiiates
sinoo tho
cotiinionco-
niotit iif tliB
School.
35 32 37 37 24 30 33 34 33
•.<o
24 33 24
30 27 33 32 41 3(> 34 33 24 24
;n
40 29 33 34 24 21 33
v,r>
33
38
;!(; 2r.
24 33 24 ."() .34 30 28
410 3I(> 35!) 297 282 224 2!)9 248 318 212 Not t,'iven. 192 149 211 282 244 250 222 Not given.
179
179
200
328
329
214
307
2,iO
201
191
(i82
KiO
195
KiS 10 Not given.
11 Not Riven.
10 Not sriven. Not 1,'iven. Not i;iven.
II. Such are the farm schools of Franro inrl w,:> ,v, the Provincial Agricultural Colle.r,s Tiu oe of ZlZ ^ "''''' ^""'^ °" *'' *''^ ^'^'^o"'! «tep- .uccessf ul being that of Grignou f h s wa TsHl S?.';''', "' f"'^*^"'^^^"^ ^P^^^^^""' *''« '"ost Society, to which Charles X. cede lloO Ic t oftlTo nn T 'f' ^^-^' ^^ ''^" ^^-i^'^ltural From that until 1848, it received assistance o the eSonoJ^toTor' '"" *'"' P"''P°^«- the Government, and in tho latter vear it wo« I,,^! I ?■ ^'*^°^ ^'"'^"'''^ annually from
...Ifural education alreadv reJe ml to ThTst. ff i;^"'^*''' '"1 ^'f ««'""'^' «^''«">« 'f agri- though there are other tekchers. These are ^°'"Po«ed of six principal professor...
I. Profes.sor of Agriculture.
Profe.ssor of Zootechny (Economy of Animals). Professor of Sylviculture anil Botanv. Professor of Chemistry, Geology and Physics. Professor of Rural Engineering, Sfechanics and Surveyin<r
Lte'rSure.^a*''''^ ^"""°'"^' ^"'^' ^'°"°"'^' ^"^^1 ^^4i«l*tion. Book-keeping, [Mr. Johnston.]
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
25
^ Total r Niinilicr of Oiadiiates in since tlio coiiiinenct!- ! nit'iit iif tliB School.
410
35!) 207 28-.i 224 2!t!» 248
ai8
212 Not f,'iven. 1!)2 14'J 211 282 214 250 222 Not given.
S-.7 17!) 179 200
;!28
;)2!)
214 :i07 2,iO 201 l!tl ti82
Km iin
108 10
Not given. 11
Not given.
10 Not j,'iven.
Not '-riven. Xut yivcn.
oiul step — n,tlie most gricultural It purpose, ually from lie of agri- professors,
£-keeping,
four good depart"ncnts. Agricultural Colleges, are divided into the following
1. Mathematical Sciences.
2. Physical and Natural Poieneos.
3. Technological Sciences.
4. Agricultural Sciences.
in 1876, re-organizod as the Institut Natfonn T„:. ^ ' "**'5r'' ^^ *^'^ ^^'•. ^^^ College, as we would say Td Sab i.he.r n P 4s^«7™a"«, or National Agricultural professors and 9G studeLli^^^^^^^^^^^ J"*'? '''^'^^ '' lf7,'it had 17
following subjects :_General and Sell AlinH a ° ^;'''''' ""'^ compri.ses the
parative° Agriculture, Ruml EconLf ziotfhnl r' ^°"*^»'t»'-^I Technology, Com- e'ylviculturo:iIortictlture,ArlorSu;o Vi^^^^ ^nT""-"^ ° *''" ^'^"™ Animals),
applications to Agricultur^riil ' Solj ul^^^^ Chemistry m all its branches, and Rural Constructions, A.lministrit o T aw ±1 T ¥V ^'/°'.' ^i«t«o™l"Sy, Merhanics, stem of Agricultural educaSif il ri^a^n^ ^ u^iiTw tSif Jo^tho W 7^ t' ''"' ''^■ pose, the most important country in Europe, namely : ' ' "^ °"'" P""'
Gehmany.
The Agricultural Colleges.
The Agricultural Departments of the Universitiea.
have^L'tteS: ^;:'::z^:^: '^^iT^^f^'' rv'-'- «-^'-*- --^
th rd. Those two, the academies and tTo eoUeTe differ morTlT'^''''- *°i^' ^'^^""•' ^'^^ extent of teaching than in anythincr else ° ho i^frt;:.,?! TJ. ?°'^*''''P'' '"^ ^'^^ "^^^^od and those we have aln-ady menSe o'r Wo ^77 ?• °^ *\'^ ^°' '"'' ^«^"S '"o^e akin to This will be nioro cleirTys Rafter I W^^^^^^^^ '' *^"^^ °^ tl^° ^o^l^'ges.
fore, that I propose to gi;e ? wufleave o^.Mhn f ^^ ' * i^"''- ^" '^' '^^"'^^^«- second and third. BeforeVvir/ tXw me fn r^^ ^'"''i'^ ^'^^ ^^^>"^1« «"ly the
alone, duringthisyear(188o1 So WbeeiT^^ /'T ''''^ '^ P"'^"*^"' *^"* '" ^''"^^i*
9 agi-icultuml coliges and tademieT aTI '''•'"^f ^^^^ "^ operation under State patronage,
schools, 3 schools fo'r the teachbror^e^loTS uT; Av' •''' l' '' .T*^?^*"^'^ ---? horticulture and arboriculture and ^3 otCLrJ. u (^^'^^nbauschulen , 10 scliools of poses. From the R,.port of the Rov"^! pl ?f/° «?^ "''^^ '^'^T^^ ^°'^ ^^"«"« general pur- learn that in that yea^ he ha 6 a^I^u^^^^^^^^^^^ ^7'^'' ^''^ ^^e yolr 1876^we and 320 students, 4G a^-icu uraf scho ^ Ir „ f ' ?^ ^°^.'\en"es, with U professors students, 29 schoo s of aSSre iTl vinlfl? ""'-fuT?^ ^"^ ^'^'^''' ^^'^ 1-409 and 6 schools of forestry, S an aSultumT^ T'*^ l^ ^'"'l'"'' ""^ ^13 stnd'ents and 237 students. And this s PrusKonr A i """ *"-'''' ""'^^ ^^ ^'^'^''^ Colleges and academics of Gemanrind tEo r ^^l^wing is a list of the Agricultural they are not all Agricultural CoSs but it is dTS.^-'°"^"°'' ^^ ^"«^"^- ^^ ^«»r««» to separate between the acadeniiTs" and thf Slfef, /.^ "" T ^^*™^t^°'^. ^s I have .aid Bystem, for they count only aborO coLlcs) Id b^^^^^^^ "°' '^'"^'"'^ °" *^« ^^ermau name of Agricultural Academies • '''^^'S''''' ^'^ *^«*^ ""^ g'^en together under the one
1 2.
3. 4.
[1/r. iToAns^on.]
tG
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
■r .
"i '
|r 2 I
I. AanicuLTuuAL Academies op Germany, and the German P
1. 2.
3." 4. 6.
0.
Alts tad t.
Aniiiibcrg,
Aroiidsee.
Aunrbach.
Biiderslehen.
Barzdorf (Austria),
Bauliof.
Bautzon.
Ba^Touth.
Beberbeck.
Berlin.
Bitbiirg.
Braiidis.
Brunswick.
15. Burgstadt.
16. Briinn (Austria). Briog. Cainistadt. Cappcln. Carlshof. Chrudun. Clove.
23. Cloppenburg.
24. Dahine. Deuklingen. Doboln. Ebstorf. Daubrawitz (Austria).
29. EdeJhof (Austria).
30. Edthop (Austria).
31. Eibenschutz (Austria).
32. Elhvangpu.
33. Erfurt.
34. Feldsburg (Austria).
35. Fleusburg,
36. Forbach.
37. Frankonfelde.
38. Franstadt,
39. Freiberg.
40. Frail ung (Austria).
41. Fiitchen. Geisenheim. Giessen. Gliechow. Gorz.
Giittingen. Gray (Austria).
48. Grossan (Austria).
49. Gross (Austria).
50. Gottenbof (Austria). 61. Hagenan (Alsace, 1871).
52. Halle. '
53. Hegue.
54. HeiligenheiL [Mr. Johnston.]
iiovxNCEs OF Austria.
8.
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.
25. 26. 27. 28.
42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47.
55. 50. 57. 58. 59. CO. 61. 02. 03. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 09. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108.
Hcrford
Hildeslioim.
Ilohonhi'ini.
Hohf;niv('Mt(;dt,
llracholuak,
Jena.
Kaadon (.Vustiia.)
Carlsruiie (ILuIi'm.)
Carlsruhe (Prussia.)
Kiel.
Kerchbcrg. ,
Klagenfurt.
Kotiiobentz.
Landsberg.
Lehrhof.
Leipzig.
Lichtenhof.
Lubwerda (x\.ustrla.)
Leignitz.
Mei.ssen.
Licdingliausen.
Malirisch.
Marburg (.Vustria.)
Marienburg.
Marioiiburg (Prus.sia.)
Meppen.
Merseburg.
Metz (Lorraine, 1871.)
Michelstadt.
M(idliiig.
Miinich.
Nenenburg.
Neumiiftster.
Neutitscheiin.
Nieder-Bricssnitz.
Nieuburg.
Oberlieruisdorf.
Ochseuhausen.
Pfreutscli.
Pirna.
Poppelaub.
Poppelsdorf.
Prague.
Preron (Austria.)
Proskau.
Quedlinljurg.
Rcit'eustein.
Rieseurodt.
Rochliti
Sourburg.
Sauiier.
Schelliug,
Scheuerfeld.
ScLivelhein.
of 15 cours alreac
n\
AGRICULTURAL EDUCA-'ION.
27
109. Schkonditz.
110. Hclilcttstadt (Alsace. 1872 \
111. Chnnmitz. '
112. Sfliiiubrum, ll;{. Sdiollaitz. 114. Spilzin;;.s. lir>. St. Jlichflo.
J 16. Htrashurg (Alsace, 1872.) 117. Tabor. ^
1 18. 'J'(;scben.
119. Tbalbeim
120. Thun-on.
121. Triout (Austria.) •
123. Troja.
124. Varel
i:
Wcihunstephan. Wcilburg, Woisskirclien (Austria)
12;
128. Wentsie.
129. Wittenberg.
130. Wollherskruff.
131. Wrietzen.
132. Wurzburg.
133. Wurzoii. 184. Quaira. 135, Zwatzen.
122. Triesdorf.
n Academies op Houticultuue, A«boricultuue axd Vin,cultub>.
1. Alltrof. Q TT 1 .
2. Bru.nath (Alsace.) jn ?"a^'"'"- 8. Briinn (Austria.)^ ^^' ^°^'^""- 4. Eldcrii. 6. Geisoiihoim.
6. Hohonheiin.
7. Carlsruhe (Baden)
8. Klosteruenburg,
III
1. Constanz.
2. Czersk (Austria.)
3. Glinvitz.
4. Oiroiibiii-r.
11. Kremo.
12. Modling (Austria.)
13. Proskau.
14. Riitha.
15. Saussouci,
16. Wcinsberg. Schools for the TKvc.uNa of Meadow Culture.
5. Siegen. C. Suderburg. 7. Wiesbaden,
depa,-t„„ut» in the m , ^i ieT f£ aS "chools .„d the ajricltu™!
acdcnic, for ,p„oia. agr.^dSJtS™ t' E^'^ Tl^m^^Y^^Jf =?-»"'
^^.r, ™.a a,,io„,„„, conges, and a^ o«'r.:':m:Ltf ^uttrsz^rt!^
J'/ifi Agrimltitral College of Hohenheim.
agricultural ^vinter schools, (for far ner ) an7 851 alr!^ agricultural academics, 5 (Fortbildungsschulcn) with 17 844 n,fX '^'hoI „nt • ^S" cultural unprovement schools .said, in 1818, with so.ne 8 s idents^ f the oMlstle'' Vf' 'P''"^' '^ ^"? "'''^^^'^ ^^^^ more like a good sized village at present than ffke .nvfh f ''''''' ''"f • *'^'" ^"^' ^""^^^ heen heeded^ and the buildLcl h^lln „ ? '^ything else, as architecture has not
1. Higher School of Agriculture.
2. Lower School of Agriculture.
3. School of Horticulture.
..ready b»„ .^en. in tte ll^^e'lirV/e'u'SiS; l"LtZr:-°''"- '"° -"■'
rj/)-. Johnston.!^
!f»
■If^
2s
I t
t u
til
9S
1 '
AGRTCTJLTrjRAI. EDUCATIOX.
1. GcncrnI apriciiltiirG. 8. Special plant culture. 5. Grapo, hop and tobacco culture. I . Kitclion vogctublo culture. •J. Sheep brcfclijig. 11. Silk worm and bee culture.
I. Ai/riciiltiiri'.
2. Goiioral plant culture. ^. ^leadow culture. 6. Fruit culture. ^. ilorso bro(Hlinf». 10. Breeding of small animals and poultry.
II.
1. Bookkeeping.
8. Political and rnral economy,
Agnmlturnl Business (Prqfvssional\
2. Taxation and rural ia\7. 4. Literature.
1.
a.
5. 7.
Forest botany. Growing woodlanda. Fore' t taxation. Encyclopajdia of forestry.
ni.
5. 7.
1. 3. 5.
Forestry,
2 Forestry proper,
4. Technology of forestry.
C. Forest laws.
(0..i„a„iiytho,-;S;.i;t .U..m a^est'^'o'/XSto,. o, 120 acre,,,
1 A -M .. ^^' ■*^''"*«'"«"^'« (Connected with Agriculture.
1. Arithn^etic. o .i i
3. Plancometry. T ^^fS^bra.
•" Trigonometry. ^- ^tcreomotry.
Mechanics and physics a i^'*';^<^'' Geometry.
^ ^ • «• M'lications of all these to agricultarn
m mensuration and principles of machmee, laad measuring, etc. V. Scie}icta Connected xciih Afiricullure.
General cliemistry. « a „,.,„. t* i i
Practical cliemist/y. f Jg'f »!*"[«] chemistry.
Special botany. ^ ^- ^"^^^^^^^^^ , . ''
7. General zoology and entomolor^v fi If ? , '^^^^'"'^'^Sy.
9. Veterinary practice. '°'°^""'"y- 8' Animal anatomy, physiology and path- ^ ology (veterinary).
VI. Farw Buildings.
1. Architecture Cfarm). o tm i, • ■, ■,
. , ., , ^ 2- J>iechanical drawin".
And it must be remembered that this \<t 1->i-f fi,„ „ • u. , , division (though the lower teaches the elmenta of ^ts^aZ 't^'t °^ *^° '"Sber
a regular curriculum for the horticultural and snP.Ll .1 ? "°°',^; ^''^''^ '^ "resides lectures such as I show you now in h ^circuit oKri^ t ''\ ""f " ^^^« *^"es of the fill a large octavo volume. FoT instance in Jh^fi?^ agncul ural college, in Ilohenheim, are of helidings alone 22 pa^es. SeL this re^^^ ''"*''". "°^ Agriculture., there of special courses of so man/ weeks each as for 1^ °°""'' ?'^'T "? ^ ^'^^' "'^^"^ber growei-s. course a vine grof s' ctrtAele'^^S^r^ — • - ^-it
tbrou^gh r;iXt£i%S a^br^ r"^ -?• -^ ^- passed town.^^The number in the highe^tSinn^^l ^as^^^TTe^ ^^^^n^mK tS^
anl^iVri^^" tl.fa?nr.7^^^^^^^ - -^ - - experimental farm,
ent kinds of cattle, 6 of sheep 4 of horSs 5 r.ft ?n^^® '*°°^' ^^^^''^ ^^'s 4 differ- ments in Germany and JSrb'est art S 'mannref of'te'wn,?^'^'''"- ?" ''^^^ ^P^^ farm are also a great number of Industri^ Bho™ These arT^ ^' '''''^' ^"'^ °" *^^« \Mr. Johnston.]
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
SD
I. Applied Chomistrij Branch 1. A Bn?ar beet factory. o a i '
5. A vinegar factory. « f" ^^''\':\ '"^^^o'-y.
7. BVuii dr,i«g a.i canning establishment "^'^^ ^°"'*'*
II. Mechanical BiancJi.
M nSr^*".?^ raMm nnd implement factory. ^. BJack«nnth and wagonmakers' shops. ». A dram tile mamifactory.
1. Flax imln^tiy bnilding.. "^' ^*^^*"""' ^''''^'''''
2. 8ilk worm iudiistry buildin'^s
8. Buildin-8 of the department for distribution of seeda 4. Buddmgs of the departmont for distnbution of bS
nurs^;^iSrE:Sc?u:?c!;:;;^:j'::Lof^^"^,^^^^^^^ -^^ *^- «-^e-.
houses, gardens, plots and fields, iiS and on w!'S' f'^'^' g'*=«»l^«»«e«. Iiot: quarter of a century some of the most eSir.--^^^^^^^^^ ^'^" conducted for a
been known Andwhen to allurk adtdTLSTf^So 'ir'^'T ""* ^^^« «^^^ plantation of 20 acres, it will be no exaggera i, n to sa^ d.'f ^'^ ""^ oxperimeotal
B.-THE U.\ITED STATES OF AMERICA
colCo? £ S^Id SesTat Senlh:?^^^^^^^^^^ /^^ *^^ T^*"",*^ °^ ^''« ^^'"-^^-l Act," passed by Congress in 1862 entitled ^ ZfJ^V^^'' '''^^'^ '"^^^ ^and Serin States and Territories which ^a^ ^^Sco^I " s o^^V'lf? ''^"' '' '^^ '^''^^^ mechanic arts." By this Ace some 9,60a000 acres of Fid' „f, */^ agriculture and the basis of 30,000 acres to each Senate; sent by any S of thrr?' "''! '?i '^o'' "'^ '^' form an endowment fund for such a colle-e within ?h^l! " " *" *''« Senate, to
to be sold under the direction of theXte sr«e, Ih *' ff ^ptmg it. This land ;as
The object aimed at is set forth irth^LrthS"^' ^f^^^he proceeds safely invested, money so obtained, "shall be invllb^^:;; ' rSrbv ea.h ^.^^^ which says that this claim the benefit of this Act to the endo^nt Zn-^ ^ ' ' "'"^ ^^^ ^"^
college, where the leading object sLlI beTithout^Pr.1 H "JfJ^^^^"*"*^-. of at h-ast one studies, to teach such branches of eLin/as are rekti"/ ^^^er scientific and classical arts, in such a manner as the Le<^islaturo ?f th^ ll ° agriculture and the mechanic
to promote the liberal and practfcS eduoatbn of th^^^ '^ '"^'^
suits and professions in life " '''•"'^a^ion of the industrial classes in the several pur-
^^^'^^$'^'^S!tZ:!^tl^r:S:S^V:t bounding amechamcal and agricul- colleges to obtain the endovment, on condition onhl"^%f- "^^^ ^^'^'^ ^"'^" ^^ ^-^i^^ing ' other departments an agricultural Crtment'" In abTufhalfX S^T' '"' '^'''"- *° *^^^' colleges succeet ed ; in the other l.alf fl,« cV / ^^ about half the States, some on.- of these
es^bHshedasoparkteagrictt:ra^^^^^^^^^
g"iu Vve7bSl=^^^^^^^^
synopsis of those cnl!eg..2^the7wer^ in IS"? T T"^ '' '^'^^ ^''""^ ^^n., I hand you s ernment for the year 1878 ^ ' ^' ""^'^"^ appeared in my report to the Gov
[i/n Joh7islo7i.]
I
•
30
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
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AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
.31
5. 6.
7. 8.
^ As already stated. I have obtained the reports of the most of thef?e colle^ea for 1879-80, and, if yuu will Lear with me, I will condense the more valuable facts relaUng to each as we go on, merely mentioning those that are agricultural departments of other "col- leges or universities. And in taking up the several States, I generally take those down the Atlantic coast, around the Gulf, and then inland, following the course, I daresay, in which I learned tliuin when a school-boy. Allow me, therefore, to proceed in that way, and take as (ir^t in order :
(1) Maine,
and before saying anything about this one in particular, allow me to say that I will take up the points regarding any college in the following order :
1. Establishment, location, and buildings.
2. The stair.
3. Course of study and departments.
4. Terms of admi.ssion. Terms and sessions. Boarding establishment. Library, laboratory, and museum. The farm ami general character of the farming.
9. The fai-m buildings.
10. The stock and implements.
11. The departments of the farm.
12. The labour system. 1.'). Rules and regulations. 14. Revenue and expenditure. 1 •">. Salaries and fees.
16. General management.
17. Results.
Of course I will not treat on more than one oi two of these points perliaps in each, but when I do so they will follow in the order indicated. To return then to Maine.
The State Agrictdtural College is situated between the villages of Orono and Upper Stillwater, a mile from each, and nine miles from Bangor. The buildings are in three parts— two form dormitories and class-rooms, the third forms the library, laboratories, and museum. Besides tlie.se there are residences for the professors. Of the latter there are eight, namely, a professor of English literature and moral science, who is President ; a professor of mathematics and physics ; a professor of chemistry ; a professor of civil and mothanical engineering; a professor of natural history ; a professor of modern languages and military instructor ; a professor of drawing and field engineering ; and a farm superin- fi'udent and professor of agriculture. Besides, there are also a steward, a secretary, and a librarian.
There are five full courses :
1. A course in agriculture.
2. A course in civil engineering. A course in mecliaiiical engineering. A course in clieuiistry. A course in science and literature.
o. 4.
The cour.se in agriculture is one of four years, and is as follows:
FIUST YEAR.
Fir.t Term. I'liysical geography. .Meteorology. Algebra, lilu'toric. I'.AI. Labour on f:irin.
\Mt. Joli.nsin
Second Term. French.
Algebra and geometry. Farm drainage and botftny, P.M. Book-keeping and labour.
IfFi
S2
h*
'I!
AGIUCULTUKAL EDUCATION.
First Term. Frencli ami farm iinplomenta. General L'iieuiistry. Tris,'iioinetry. P.M. Free hand drawing and cLemistry.
SECOND YKAU.
First Ter.n. Physics.
Physiology and anatomy. Geriiuin.
Agric u ! t u ral chemistry. P.-M. Chemistry. Analysis of English authors.
Second Term.
Mechanical cultivation of the soil
English literature and physics.
Analytical geometry and qualitative cheniii- try.
P.M. Mechanical drawing and field work.
THIRD YEAU.
I Second Term.
Zoology and entomoloffv. Tornian.
Astronomy and mechanics. P.M Chemistry and experimental farming Analysis of American authors.
First Term.
Comparative anatomy.
History of civilization.
l)airy farming and stock breeding.
Historical readings and analysis.
P.M Expc-rimental farming and agricultural botany.
VEAU.
Second Term. U.S. Constitution and political economy. Jlineralogy and geology. Cultivation of cereals. Landscape gardening llural architecture. Sheep husbandry. Mental and moral science.
called ISZ: Ti:^"r^Sn^^"rt/"^ TT""'^ *« ^^-^ ^ --Uy from the 7th August to the 23rd Nremtr c!n ,-T7 *.' ^\ "''^'^ "^""^ ' *''« ^^^^^^ years of age, and pass an e^aSiSn on fh. r^''' 4"' admission must be fifteen
quadratics, and the?a^st five boS ofTucS ^^^^^^^^^ t'''"^| ''•'^"^^^««' ^'g^^ra to boarding house. The librarv h-.^ o r.in , "^''^ ^'^'^^^e furnishes everything for tho
tory is a^good one atl iiT'^uteL Is raliiirfilir ''■ ^^^ ^^borl
trins 370 acres. The farmin' is not n?^o ^ f "^ 7'*^' specimens. The farm con-
«iven at about 85,000. 'ire\re slithorH "'^''\ r'^''' ^'^'"^ «^ *^'« ^^^^^ is
Southdown sheep; and Yorli'e anrwSetSr'nr^'^ '^Tf^ "^*"^ jniplements i.i good style and quantity. T le re eintT 'T^-^ "f"' ^^™
bav^-is put down as §3,257.76, whiU threxpenS ure s V4 04 r QO ^%^~'^' V^^^ I various kinds are carried on The <,f„rIan7o ^ • , «'+.046.90. Experiments of
The cost of board is $2.60 per week fuet^nd T r^^'^fn *" ''^^^''"^' '^'"'^ ''^^'^ ^ ^^y. free, but bedding and furnT^uro a/afj 1 1 1""^' ^°.^°"*" ^^"^'^^^ Rooms are
Tuition is free tolll riding in tl Stat tfoutsi ?' *^, ^^^^'-^ed by the students, usual library and other societies Tl,n , '1 . "''^^''^''''^ it is i^l 2 a term. There are the tioned one compelling ll stulnts I attTd S "" ''"'*• Z""""^* ^'""^ "^^^^ ^^ ^^-- bath in some oL of the churSn^;;* ne^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ P"'"^- --^"F «" the Sab-
Endci^^men:!;;::;; i^}^i^:fit:^^i:^^!;;f!^^^^,^p^ ^9,393.10 from «.
$3,000. The expenditure was the sime fZ nf ^r^^-^']'}^''' I"'«'-'^'^^« «f » loan of !57,954..52 for expenses. None of thertteTZ f "'? 7 l^l^-^OO for salaries and
-..s $2,000 per Lnum ; that ^f Ui': wf, , :^^^^^^^^^ So S' sfst*'^ P"^^^^^'^* Ihe College was under a bmrrl <^f »„•„„ ^■ ~^ ""e^" ^'^•^'" Sfil.oUU to !!?1,800 per annum.
lature. f cannot s^tkL to'^ie re^X brkn^^tJ^^^^ '« ^''" «^^*« ^^»-"-
no^v than in 1876 You will pSo whf .nn^ h f , *" V""'-^^
regarding this institutional ifevwdl do as a s7«1 ^^f ^'.^ ^'^'^^--^tion of the facts opinions regarding any of thenf^ '^^''"^'^"^ *"" •'"'^S« °t»'^"'-« ^7- I pass no
[lUr. Johnston.]
L I— iiiMaiiMi^^ffl
<im
w^im
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
S3
soil.
litative chenils-
[ field work.
sntal farming
> economy.
it are usually 5 ; the second ast be fifteen s, algebra to bhing for tho
The labora- he farm con- tlie stock is ^otswold and i usual farm —the year I periments of hours a day.
Rooms are he students, here are the nay be men- on the Sab-
0 from the of a loan of salaries and le president ler annum. jtate Legis- ir condition f the facts I pass no
(2) Ifew Hampshire.
^i^^L':Z:r::l,^^^^^^ by Dartmouth College, situated
IS, that out of 439 students attendinVin 1879 trnTvr'*^' f ^'^°°- ^^« '''^^'' agricultural course. The sum of M 800 ?, t.!v f^^^^'^y-^,","^ only were taking the $200 an agricultural pupil. The total numirffff ''"""^^ ^^ *^« endowment, or tliousands graduatingf is^twentl.ix of Xr„V 1 ""^^ graduated in agriculture out of bo not enou'-gh to sho^ the utti folly of an"^^^^^^^^^ f ™-g- " t^ese figures
lege, It may be mentioned further tharC veTr th« 1 tP""'*"""^ *° *^ ordinary col- eight cows, fifteen heifers, two h^rsef one Cw 1.1 '^^^'''"^ ""^ '^^' i'<^rm\as needless. I will trouble y^u very iS wfth .t^ft ' T^ *°"' P^^^" Comment is
in the colleges that have LnaStr^etTll n^ regardmg agricultural departmenta
the point o1 view of trura-^Hcultar^f . Congressional grant, for they have been from Hampshire is one of the Ls^of tW "'''' ""'' ^'^'^'^^^^ ^^'^''^' *^« ^ New
Vermont.
anagHrulFu;lr5e|rtli;""S^^^ a'Sotf of 'th '''^^^"^^^r^ ^^"^ ^--* -^ formed Out of 303 students attendin/lTnrlll!.^!i''^T„lA^^ 1875-76 was $8,130.
were
Out of 303 studTn'tra^^^i^l^ing tLTnTe sttrir^ '' '^"^ ''''■'' ^^ ^ taking an agricultural course. "diversity during the session mentioned, four
(3) Massachusetts.
hJ^\':%!si Stat, TdiHs :« VcLsf it^ r^^^^^^"^ ^•^"-^*-^ -i-
else The mechanical part isTaken bv the M / .?'^t'' ^^"^"Iture and nothing Boston. The college is^situaLd near the T^f'^'l"' ^^'*^*"*^ °^ Technology at tuo large dormitory^uildr^ capablf of Lorn ? .^"'^ u '*• ^'"^ ^"^^^i^^g^ ^o^^^t of i"g houses for the profossoS, trcoFle- e burdZ"^''"'^ ^^°".V^? «*»dents, eight dwell- l.boi-atories, green L hothouses and^feLtillSS^^^ari i^^oT/oS T'' ^"^
2: Z^::^^,^- ^' ^^^-y -^ HorticnUure. ^ ' "
3. Professor of Mathematics.
4. Professor of Chemistry.
5. Professor of Modern Languages.
G. Professor of Natural History and Military Science 7. Two or three other teachers i-a-ry iacience.
The course of study, which is one of four
years, is as follows :
FIRST YEAR.
Alse^?Hll"JS;r°a':7ESS'Sp'J°Za^"°'°"^'"^^'''"°^^^^^
SECOND YEAR. TUIRD YEAR.
F,,,:,'^f '°"'^"''^' ^re^-ticulture. Agricultural Chemistry Rv^t^mrih'- R . ^r- -
f-'uit, l^orcst, and Vine cultivation, Physics Astronmnv v f , °*''"-^'' ^^I"i«ralogy, Composition, and Drawing. -^^ysics, Astronomy, Lntomology, Rhetoric, English
[Mr. Joh7iston.] 3
1
il
W'
34
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
POURTTI YEAR.
ature. ^ fe"^P"y. ii-ngmee- ing, Political Lconoiiiy, and English Liter-
m comrnon. Tlio farm is good, stock an^Z^^^^'^^^^'^'-^^r' ' ^'"/'^ every othor day is (ho niinimuni amount of labmn- Tl,? '^.''^^f^^- 'l^vo ''ours a day tuition fee is $12 por t..„. ; roorm^'fe'^^^r ton^ J^^
50 cents per dozen ; incidentiils (chemicals etM«(r„V ""'^•^^'' •^•^•'>0 a week ; washing, society offers a burskry of 150 pe • i um ^^n " th^ .>.t t'r -'^''"°'' '^''^ agricultural erally by the State, but by private endmvme is *'':'"'*'*" ^'"'i '' supported, not only lib- now $360,067, but the intJ^rest is drvidenetwecn the ?nn""' "^* 'f •'"^"^"'^^'^^ ^"nd is nology. It i3 u^der a Board of ManaJ^lIeirXlf^^itS ^ i:.!^^:^J^^-
(4) ^/iorfe /s/rt»rf,
pursuing agricultural studies. There is no farm. lb/ 9-80, only 8 were
(5) Connecticut.
ing to with
t!':.,* ;.;,ss i„'„°Mv, *ti,";Lp™L't «"r"°^^^ 'i?",", ^'■"'*- "-»•*
its 1,200 atuCentB ieanung variirLS.oJ.i'l'"'"™' "'"'''"''' ««'""''''« ««'"«".
(6) iV^eio }'o;-/fc
ment.
The endowment lias gone in this Stnfr. +« +i.„ ±. •
;, or oa thoy call it? a cSirof „".•„, 1,."'° , 'ff.!:?,.,?,' ?° »S"™I'«'?1 depart.
^s""^,°f^™-"- i.;/w;^.^^>^r™7;
yearly revenue of about $36,000. Durin-^.he sessimrof T>^7Q'^,r''7''T/;. " -^"''''^ '* tending Cornell, 35 were pursuiuLr th,? nn.;u i ^^^' °"* °^ *^^ students ut-
ates. / have g4duated L ^Ss S aSS '^T^,''"' "V^^ ''*^ S-"-'- valued at 822,000. Experiments are carried Thmi^hke all'" '"'''"1"' ^''^^ ^^'•''«' departments, this is a failure, it is owin-^ to the ^vsten? n, , ! ! """versity agricultural of teaching, as the following curriculum wi show Tb " . "le teaching or .systc.m week during which lectures ^re recehe • '^^ ^^'' """^'^^^ ''^^' *« ^^^ tours per
FK -r OR PRESIIMAX YEAR.
^^^(:'^aCo;^^!Z^ f-'-nd (3) ; German (5) ,
the term. ^ ^ ' ^"''^^ °'' Hygiene, beginning on the lir.st Tuesday in
&co>ir/rm?t.— Algebra (5): Drawincr free-hniul /1\ . r<«,. /r\ -r., position (2). ^ ^ ' ™win^, rret Jiaiid (J) ; German (5) ; Rhetoric and Com-
SECOND OR SOPHOMORE YEAR
ric
S1.S
[Jfr. Johristim.']
SKS
:. {'2),
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION,
83
Moral Philoso- J English Liter-
iboratory exist. >m and a study o hours a (iay 0 a year. The Tck ; washing, ry agricultural d, not only lib- iwraent fund is itituto of Tech- I'gislature.
about 16, GOO , only 8 were
I'mt, amount- ontific ISchool,
Itural depart- It yiolds a 3 students ut- e 600 gradu- is 150 acres, f agricultural ing or system the hours per
German (5) , St Tuesday in
ric and Com-
5) ; Rhetoric
ive Analysis
ve Analysis gnetism (2),
tice (:
r/anZ 7'«.„,,_Botany, lectures (3) ; Field Work (2) ; Entomology, lectures (2), prao- -) iv ; ^fnnan (3) ; Land Surveying (4). \ /> f '^
THIHD OH JUNIOU YEAU.
/^ir«< 7'em.-Botany, compositte and field work or practical horticulture (2) : Ento- n.ology (3) ; Agricultural Chemistry, Quantif alive Analysis (3); Heat (3): Veterinary anatomy and Physiology (5). ^ ■" LL.ia.ij
n^. vZlnTr-'T'\'°"'*''', t":^ Optics (3); Botany (vegetable physiology), lectures 3) ; Vegetable Histology and Laboratory ^V.,rk or Practical Horticulture (2^) • Che-nical Practice, Quantitative Analysis (1) ; Veterinary Medicine and Surgery (5).
.. o^'u! ^''T"'^,?".'?'' '"''1 ?.P*'"" (^) ' ^^^*''">'' "P'-'^'^l ^''''-^J "'■ laboratory work or pmcticalfloricuitu.c (3); Chemical Practice, Quantitative Analysis (5) : Veterinary Medi- cnie and hurgery (;j). - \ / j j ^a^
yOURTII OH SENIOR YEAH.
.n J\''t f''"'*;7^S";="'t"!:P..lf'efc"'-es(5); practice (3) (Tuesday and Thursday aftei noons) ; Botany (fungi) (3) ; Principles of Horticulture (2) • Geology (3).
.V««>«,/ 7'.,v«.-Agriculture, lectures (5) ; practice (2) (Tuesday and Thursday after- noons , Botany (systematic and applied, lectures) (3) ; Laboratory Work on Gramine* special groups (2) ; Horticulture (2). v^iumuiew
n ^„^^"r^f,^':'""^--^}S"7'tur.> .lectures (3); practice (3) (Tuesday and Thursday after- noons) ; building Materials and Construction (2) ; Constitutional Law (5).
. f" ^°"":!'' '^'\''^\ .^^^ ^'^™*'' agriculture is simply a university department, and herefore a failure. Nothing more need be said ; nor need the curriculum if the Agricul- tural course of any otlier college or university be given.
(8) New Jersey. Rutger's Scientific Scho. 1, situated near New iJrunswick, with a staff of 11 pro-
iTq^Sr n^^,"^\' ■"I'P''''l"''^!^"« the Congressional land grant (which is giving now ^0,900 annually) by buying an adjoining farm of 100 acres for §45,000.
(9) Delaware,
Delaware College, with 5 professors, 3 assistants, and 43 student.' obtains the
'fmZl ^ ' '''""'"^ '^ '""'""" "" «"'-'"lt"r^l <=«u^-« and buying a fam .
(10) Pennsylvania,
In 1863 this State accepted the offer of Congress of the year before, and applied 1 to the endowment of its State Agricultural College which had been fouidedinS Ihis msitution ,s situated m the Village of State College, Centre County The mam building, built like our own, of magnesian limestone, is 2^10 feet long, 80 feet of an a^..^age breadth, a.u five stories high, exclusive of attic and l,asement. It contahis the usual public rooms, library, laboratorh's, museum and dormitories. Improvements made in 18.8 render ev<.rything very complete. The water used in the bu Tin' "pumped from an artesian .ell ,uul is inexhaustible in supply. The sewage system \ compete am every i-oom, hall and passage-way is supplied by one or more upri Jit steam radiators
XL: "hi ; , • ' TTT-^ oiolov^n professors, four assistants, and four other
0 hce.s. xhe curriculum is divided into fou.- courses of study-an agricultural course a
lassical course, and a scientific course. These courses run into each other a i tie as for
kte?' 'S.rfon '"• '""'" l^^'^r- '^" ^f "-^^--1 -- -itl' the elements of tLrpur Miences The following are the subjects of the agricultural course, the numbers reoro- «onting the hours per week devoted to the particular subject: "umoezs repro-
[J/r. Johnston.]
Ill
i.
dn
AtHiknn.Ttn^Ai. mdikiation.
Ai;i-ii'nl(\in> 5
< <''llHi«l( i\
lliiflii'r AIjji'Im'.* :\
Historv
Mor(ioiil(u»H> 4
(Jonoml CluMwistrv 4
(?i>onii'()y ,' 5
<»onnAu 2
Auiiici i.rniAi, ciUMtHK.
I'lil.SllMAN.
^Vtuffi' X'.isio))..
((iMinini ;{
Ilij^lliM' Al!j;i>lin« rt
Pli\ Mil (Ins; \ (
i I l''.liMin'ti(.ir\ Hoi.iiiv .... ;?
I W'iii/ir Si'.9si,i».
VhwU Cnldin- n
««t'ii('i!il ( 'li<Mnis(r\ (
Iriiiouciun'dy j
<><>nn(ui »
Vnvm M.'i.limiMv ;]
v«<nn,niu,a; ' .......*. l\
Zoology .)
l"»on>inn o
l?Iio((irio .... '\
rinsiios :>
.M'NIOIl,
U'tiiti'r SiDxiott,
'•'oirilizcra ,
IMiv.sii'H
♦ loncral ('(Htincd-v Zo,
( IfTiiimi ;■,
l'll\ Mjolouv '•
• f"*t *'
MlcmiMihu'v llolaiiv r»
^ InonK'l I'v ")
S/H'iiii/ .SVmi'OJ.
Moils 4
AsriiMillnnil « 'lictnintiv
'Hul l«>i'liin<H '. 4
'Jt'nnnn <j
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l^I
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("onn.ni y
NiXitMial IvMiioniv 'J
SINIOlt.
II";!;^'C X',s',«;'<>)>i.
Ixiirivl Aivhidn-lurc 2
Hunvl K,'oiiom\ ]
(Joolouv ,j
riiysios ;!
1 .osfio ;(
Kntomoloi^v 2
l>oin<'H<ii' Animal.) 4
l'li\ sii'.') _.j
<"oiisli(\i(i,iM ot' I 'nil,., I
SlaltNiiiul {'(Mill .\ IvMiiia, '.I
Zooliv^vy •)
< Jc'fman •>
Uniiil liiuv •>
r/!Ui(I,m'a|i(> (.'arilcniiit,'- .... ;{
ANd'onomv ;,,
l''nijIiHli l,il('ra(iin< o
Mcnl.il l'liilos<)|iliy . . . . , . 5
ravun\,to sonvt trom the .iitVoiv " ... '
. . 1 , • "l'"''< ■'H'lioii of (Ik>
nt yoars ot tlio al.ov,. .Mur.so any s(mli,.M (Miit;I,(, (Iw-
y aro t'ontxl pn'p; p(.)|. Ims (lone uitt >j;iv('ii to
snn^^ sosMon an.i not oontH.tin^ in timo of nvi(a(io„. for win h ,i '
^a.hof tlu^las,,.vo^"; .:;!?,;; 'X^;^^^^^^^ '1 TT^ lMi..,.a.o,.y i.. wl,iol,fo,.
Vr.t ,...
Tho farm i.s ono of -JfO ,,. ,vs. hosi.i.^s (ho.so •ill oOO " ■
^oir. */0/i>i.i{O)i,]
ACIHIOIfl/niiiAL KDUOATION.
U7
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'i pn'p; i-imI. iit» Kiv(<ii t,)
otiM ill (>acli wliioli, for
(I (() H|)011(| IK.'lkilljr ill
Is in iiiipl,.. t all l.'ilioiir
0 f<ttlil(-llts
i'roo.
>i'tg!igo for
iinniuillv.
. Of lf6
ily I'J ttro
l;nnwil fo l'(Mi( iifPHonl / IHHOI I'l.ll,.,.,;. • i. .
• '« "^ •'• ..r '^>rj:i':^^^ '•''." m„Ma, n. ,« „. ,,,,
••••••"♦.ninK if. „,i-„ H.vl.Hl nniiMMJiy ii, rnUI io . 1 1, Z' ,'if ''''' '"•""'"•••"■ < '"" M.inl of M.o
pa... fro... tl.nooni..,va«rinult,ni ...so,-^ J'' ': "'^ "« '' '-"'^'-'y U.n .|oln-
U-"n .■>,....•!•,, .„i,,i| f„rnm. '" '^""'"!'J'''"'i will. (,),„ ii.Htitutitrj are
(II) Mny,il,i,„l.
.M.uHii p.,o,. Kr.,!.. How,.., iui.i i.M,.i',o ,, ■ ,M ,.n ;.; ','"'' ;;;""""'• "••••' """'- "^ »'..•„.
"'""'""'':'"•"• '" <'l"'<- .y-'f U... M.a... gran.. «■,. * no. . ""■" ^■'•'" ^' "'''"'""'«
'■^^ n.iow.n.MK, wan |(!.!..).). Tl... i,,.,lil, i. ■? " ! , ^'"'"nuM..,, n,,.,| f,h„ j,,,,,,.
.v^noiiMil.!., to tin. MU(,o U.^^nWlZ, "'"'"-'"■'■'" '« "•"'"' ""^ <na„aK.„M..m, of 1 1 tn,s(,on«,
Mn,..i.M, fo wl..,H., Hw,.., „,,rai,.H a..,l pluluoo , : ;:\'^^^ ;^
-..1.1 iH H,.,,„a...l at MorganM.,.,w.. 'an.l i. n,oH.,|y J , ^ i ?, ' "'"'''""« ^"'T''^- ''"'"^
.vsi,l,.,...oH. Tl,. oourso ,.f Htu.ly I., ,, i,,,. ' ';'''; '^'•"' !\'«"- ••'"' "«"al prof„H„or;'
"""-<i'"m>R. K. in morn (....•l.niral n. ,, L i ^'"*^7"'•' ''"'"'"'• i^ w.,r.». wl.i!,,
uiid huH g.jo.l Htock and iii.pl,,uo„(,H. »-'.<^"y. Jlio tann la oao of 25.J uvnsB,
(!.'{) iVor/A Carolina.
Tr.'rn
(H) (you^A CnruHnn.
" ■ - 1 - - ^ ■ - ' «< I I I I ■ I f V I
<'vui u farm, nhv i.tirokisud on
OHiO Ot
(IG) (jiiumjid. [.Vr. Johnaloii..]
88
Aniircur/nriuL Enu(^\TioN.
|
t' ft-i |
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I
J
CoiTiisK POK Dkoiikk op lU{!iiKM)!i OP Aouicui/ruiiK.
-1. KiiK'li.sh; 2. Algobm ; 3. Ooomotry ; 4, Liuoivr Drawing; 5,
FiiEsiistAw Class. Ifislorv ; (i. MotAiiy.
SoPMOMuuK (-,.Ass._l. K„Kli,<,h: 2. AM.m mul Cioouwiry .•o.nnl.-to.l ; :». IliHtorv with I'moticul l-,x.'n-i8(!.s ; 7. Uotnuy au.I Zooloj^y ; 8. AKriculturo. *^
JuNioii C.vs!.. -1. (^ho.nistry : 2. AKri,-uU,ural (lIuMnistry, with nix hours per w.-ok
Aoous,pl.,h...u.l lloa.,: .j. Natural History ; T.. Surveying and l)radinIc;T aS tun ^,ts ,,rnu-,pl,.s Us nu>t ho. s. .ts pro.lu.-ts, n.otho.ls of ,.ro,,u,ir,vtin« plants, g ,n,.ral nursery n,an..,gon.,Mit,,praot.oal illustration on Kxporin.ontal l-'arn. ; 7. Fn-noh or Uornmn i^. i'<ngiisli liiti'ratui'f. *
Skniou (U.ass-1 Industrial Chomistry; 2. AgnVuitnral rh.Mnistry, inclu.lin.- tho rhenuoa oouMmsUum of the plant, the laws re.,M,latin.^ its growth, the physi T a.ui Hiennoai properties of the soil, the eo.nposition and ,nanu?HetMre of |.\;tili/..V-\s Lahor a ory praot.ee u, Agrieultural .\nalysis. of s.x hours per week ; 4. Natural Mdl sop y- Al>.gnet,sn,. l.leetne.ty. Meteorology ; .^. Astronomy ;' (i. ..\grieultur,>--in.ple,n,'ntn^^^^^ tarn, n.anngeu.ent. stoek hree.ling, eeonony of Jahour : "preparation of n , r.sTl composes, taught praet.eally on the Kxperin.eutal Kann ; 7. (ieology and Miuoralogy S Kural bngnieenng and lU.ilding Construction ; 9. Knglish Literature. """^'"«y ' «•
in \^7^ ^i'heU:7r' AgneultumU'olle,e issitnatedal Dahlonoga an.l was established J ,- , *"" '" '""''" "»' " " Pn.tessors and one t.'aeh.-r. Last year tliero wore
.^J st,u.n,ts „. at,e,uhuu.e, hu, 278 of these were in the preparatory elai Phe bniWh" IS 1 X ^, tt. and three storu-s m height. Kanning poor. Th.^ S.,uth (Jeoriria A-rieul t.,r.al ( ollege opened u. September. 187'.). is situate,! at Thoniasville, Tho nas oCu ty B 1 d.ngs aro three ,n nmnber all well e.p.ipped. In Septend.or, 1880, there we, ofo ^tudents ,n atten.):uu-e, ,8 in the eollege course ami l.VJ in the ^n-ep-^ntory class The Sou Invest (.eorgia .Vgricultural (<olle,v w.as opened at the .sa, no inie as^I e Tast al ( u thbert Kandolph County. Huildings. when completed, will accommodat.. 3.^,0 student' llus session there are h8 stu.lents. of which 21 are i„ the College and l.'>7 in ho preparatory class. The :y|iddle Ceorgia Agricultural College opened T,i J ua v of this y^r. ,s smiated at Mille.l.eville. Haldwin County. There a^o 3^1 stmli;, . S- ^^
110 to 5-1.. or month. All are under the authority of the University o (.Jeor-na wS nceiyes for them from the endowment fund about ^I 7,000 annually. ('' Jiunn^is han , '
(U)) Flwida.
.f i i!iln ''^''"■''^'' ^^"^'^ Agricultural (\,lloge, situated at Eau Galiio, upon n farm of 4.000 acres, was only begun xn 1877. Tho buildings are not over, noi fairfy !;:;!
(17) A/aliavia.
_ The State Agricultural and Mechanical College is situated at Auburn Lee Conntv sixty nules from Montgomery, on a farm of 100 acres. In 1877 'rhad a sta S SIX professors and two assistants, and an attendance of 98 pupils. The currtuuu IS divuKHi mto four courses, and a student can graduate in any one of the four Tv
(18) .\fississippi.
In tJns s.tat.-^ the Congressional Laud Grant amounting annually to $11 357 50 [Mr. Johiisto)!.] ' ' "■
!««•■
aQRICULTUIIAL KDIICATION.
8»
•III- Diuwing ; 5.
tod ; ;{. HiHtory ; II uiul Hurvcyiiig,
liouPH |ipr W('(>k nids and (Jiihcn ; iriiif ; (i. A/^ricul- ; plivnts, j{<Mi(>ml 'iieh or CJoniuvii ;
y, iiiclndiiii,' fho li(» pliyHical and i/.fiH ; 3. Liihor- al I'liiloHopliy — plt'incnt.H, oropR, f immuroa ami MiuoraJogy ; y.
was established /far thoro wore <. Tlio building >nori,'ia A,u;ri(!ul- 'liDiiuis County. tluTo wore 170 ory class. Tlio as tho last, at to anO hi udonta. iiid 157 in tho lanuary of this s in attonilanoo ouHos run from (.Joorfj;ia, which niniy ia liani,'in' n academie." —
upon a farm low fairly coni-
a, Lee County, liad a statr of 'he curriculum 10 four. Thi^y ^articular to be
;o §11,357.50.
I:
\h dlvidod Itotwoon two univcrsiHcH, the Univorsity of MiHsiMHifipi, and Alcorn Univorsity, iicithor of which report auy HtudoutH attcndiug locturoH in tho agricultural dcpartniout.
(!!•) L(inini(tiia.
SitiiMtod oil a farm of fiO(» acres near N^ow Orleans, the Louisiana Rtato A),'ri<!ultiiral and Mechanical (7olle;;e lias only j^ot l.iirly to work. It has becui dealt very lilx^ially with by tho State, and tho aiiiount of income from the liand S(!rip (Irant is about I i;t,.'")00 annually. There is no new t'eaturo wr)rth noticiiif^ except that very succfissful evening locturoa for niochanics aro carried on in connection with the inechani(!al branch of the institution.
(•JO) Ti^xas.
Tho annual catalogue for this year, whi(^h is tho fourth that has boon isRuod, gives tho number of students as I 11, and of professors as 10. The President roports a scliemo for complete reorganization, and the yoiieg and onc-rgtitic pmCesHor of practical agriculture, who lias just (entered on hisduti(!s, proniisoa to mako hia Imuich what it ought to bo on a. farm of 1! I IG acres.
(21) Kanxaa.
This State, though one of tho youngest, is known to bo one of the most energetic of tho Uniie(| Slut.es, and has an inlcre.st to us b(!cau,se that so many Canadians are to be found settled within its i)or(lers. Its \isual energy has lieen disfilayod in tho niattor of agricuilUual education. Tho Ht.ato Agricultural (Jollego, situated at Manhattan, is emphatically ihn coUmfe of Kansas. Tho IJuildiiigs aro— tho (Jollege, of which tho norlli wing, 52x1 OH, only is completed ; the (Jhemical Laljoratory, in form of a cro.ss, .'J6x D'.t and 1(1x75, of oud storey; tho Mec-hanic's I fall, of two stories, .'JDxlO.'J ; Horticul- tural llall, ;52-;SO, of one ston^ ; Societies' Hall, 40x!H;. of two storif-s ; an<l tho old iUui'iiiont (Jollege, with additions used as tint IJoanting Hous(!. This stall' is composed of six prot'es.4ors, two nci.slcr.s and four superintendents, and tho curricmlum is a very com- po.site and meant to be a very pra(rtical on<i. For besides tho (h^partnuHit of Practical Agriculture then! are departiiKuits of prawing. Printing, T(!l((graj)liy, as well as Siiwing and liou.sehold Econotny, and out of 270 students attending in tho session of 1879-80, no le.ss tlian 73 wore ladies. Ko that whatever experienc(! we may gain from this Listi- tutiim in too matt,<u- under crinsidciatioM, no doubt valuable information not found in any report of course, could be obtained on tho (piestion of tho co-oducation of the sexes. Tho year, which commences on tlui Hth of September, and «!nds on tho 8th of June, is divider! into the Fall, Winter, and Spring terms. Tho following, then, is tho regular courae of studios laid down last full for this session : — ■
Studies for 1880-81.
• y PAI.L TKILM.
First Year. — Ai'ithnifitic. English Structure. Gleometrical Drawing. Sficond Year. — Algcsbra completed. Eleraentaiy Chemistry. Horticulture. Third, Year. — Geometry. Elementary Chemistry. Botany. Fourth Year. — Agriculture or Hygiene. Meteorology. Psychology,
WINTER TERM.
First Year. — Book-keeping. English Analysis. XT. S. History.
Second Year. — Geometry, with Drawing. Practical Agriculture, or Housenold Econ- omy. Organic Chemistry and Mineralogy.
Third Year. — Trigonometry and Surveying, or Household Economy. Orsjanic Chemistry and Mineralogy. Horticulture.
Fourth Year. — Logic. U. S. Constitution. Zoology.
[ Mr. Johnston.^
40
A(miOlII/nrUAL KDITCATION.
.It
».:«».
lUNO TKIIM.
Aimlvticiil
ahc„,,.,ry „r U„„,,.|„,l,| ,.,„: ,,,,;„„.| '1;..,„„|;;,';""'"I'W -1 An,>,„„„.
^tudiMits ftiv aIIo\v.>(H() 0Ml<>riit It ,». ,>. • «r,i.m,uu-, (i,.o,u,,v,.l,v ,,,,.1 History Tho I i u-Z'*^. "" .'"'""'"■•"i* '"'»'' <»' (ho M,n,o U\
aiul apparatus for .10 s„ „,s at .si„.;i,,.;,:! ,; ;. .^ "''"' """ ""^ '•"- 'i*'-! wiM. ,.I.1,.J
"""'"'""'two fani.Hof IfiD ,uul 100 „„. ,• , horn «„.J M-s.y o,U,|,. of ^..-.s 1 ^ ! 'I ■ ""'^J'^^'^'^'- , ''''-- "'< '.Im of Sl.ort-
n-ilo fro,„ AlauLaUnn .l.'> ^uliiSis llr^l^Il'l^'J.li: i!:/^"'; .'T-'; -'<> - it is only one i« about jL'O.r.OO. a„.l that vvi.I. l h-s a, rsi 1 ' T"!"''' '''1''''"' "^' ^''^' '""l-v.nrnt of Kogont^ winch u,H.r,« tru>„uiallv to tl.: Statu ^^^ilE;;:''''"' *'" '"^
(132) Ar/i;v,s,i9.
out of '270 studonts. oul v 1 nvo.u v li vo '.^ i / ' "V" ' '"^" H,,M-in,ll „nil. I , | .S77
. i uy tull^, ami this « on tho mimo pla„, 1 will pa«3 on. (-3) 'I'oDtessee.
rui.^i^i^^J^:;;^ £rtar' t!r.^^^ ^'y«- I^-t '......e
«.osumofahoutS..;?.700anuualIv. ^i.n^ tu " tlwlf '"'~^^^^ '^' '^'""""^•^ *^' Tom,ossoo University. Tho us„al',,.s,.l s t . ^^ f^^^' on,, «f tho dopartn.onts of
hvst session, thirty-seven Mere tak n« ie U,ri n , ! 7" 1, ^^"' f V^ '''^'^'''''^ '^^^''''^'i-'g with other courses. ^ '^"''' ^" agriculture, ami then only in connection
(-1) Kcntuchi.
vi.| ^y:t.^^t^.:'^s:r^ ^f^-'y, which ha. pr.
and Moc^hanicU Collojjoof Kon.u -kv. I ^;^ it , to aM ' ■""'/ '""■■'""." •'"' ^V^'ncult.'ral aci-es. It* name is. however 1 .un afrai, ' .'"'■''*^' '*^ Lexington, ,n the city {.ark ,.f ijfty gother too pretentious for th^t o ' an a" cu Itu al' :.ZT7^, ^, '''V -••••■■-^"■" '« aHo^^ in.ict,cal agricultui-e are wanting. Ti^n ^1 owetr t^ *'^'""''*'*'^ ^''' t'-'^<'J""g
students. ^ ^""^ llo^M^eI, will tell. In lS7i)-80 there were 136
(25) Ohio. [J^r. Joh,i,(on.] ^ * ^"' '^'■"' '^ ^^^'<^" t'«"»dod in 1870,
-,1, il».
AauKMji/ruFiAn epucation.
' -n
41
l'';:/:'n?,r!"? '''"'■''''''^'^•;""'"""- ^'•'^"'<'i"''"""f.V'vn.lC..ln».lM.HCity«avoal,onnHof MJS.OOU (- I..IV.. 11. |,.c,it,,.,| |,l„.n., an.l Mm SImIm Um giv.^.i in UumMv,' «n.,nl,H ,m rfu.ital m..M,u..t, H.m-o 1H7() ovrr *:;()().()(ia. Tl.n nun.lM.r ..f Ht„.|..M(H \m» «ni(l.i.tlly i..r,Ta«...l 1;,0 IIS ll.l, ...4, am .Jul) iii.ikinKl.|,„Hl,..|mf..rw.inl u.ilil. um u Sl.ii.n l/i.iv.Tmty, itooh.inan.lH ivHtillKrcattTiminlM-r. ni.t,riHmHiKri.M.!i,uml (•..II..k.', il. liuHHriiliHl iU futr. fji IK7'J it, wan Imnl work to K'Uh.-r t.(.K<,ll,..r tl,n n„|uiHit.. Iliirty Hlinl-nlH (,..al,l,oi.L' a oourm, ..f Irctun-H on ,i«n.'Ml(Mn.. ItM limn ..f 3liO ultch Ih rath.,.- w..ll f.inn.Ml - u Kom.3thin« not alwayn the nine 111 thoHO iimlitutionB. ■'
(2G) /inli(tna.
Tim .'ndownioiit, now amounting io al.ont !?.TJO,OnO, was ot.tainnd l.y Pi nluo I'MIVM-Hity, Mituatr.l at La Kaycttc. On., Mtinlnit out of 150, um.nlin-/ to tho Uttml nwountH, nianiftwtdd a loaning to agricultural HulijoctH.
(1!7) lUimis.
rorliapH ono of tlio finoHt in.luHtrial (iniv..rKitioH to bo fonn.l anywl.oro m "Tlio lihn.nH miiiMtna! Un,v..rHi.y;; situat..,! at U.l.ana. "hainj.ai.^n Coimty, lllinoiH, nixty iiMloHHoiitl, ot (!|M,.ago liut It, -an H.-am.|y Ih, .all...| an agrirultiiml ,oll..g„, ..x.'r.pt as <l,o lattor torniM part of an ui.luHtrial univnrHity. Tlin huil.lings an, (ift,..,. in nun.l,..r Wo liavo no ti.iK, to o'i,,.r on a (l...srription of tli-m. Tli-y form <,no of tlw, (in,,Ht not of coiiogo l.iiil.lingH on tlio coiiMn-nt. Tim d..-ini.'al hiiiMing, .•onlainJM;,' (ivo lahoratorirH all <-oi..pl.>t.;!y ..,pnpp,..|, isHupposcd to l,n on.- ..f tlio UrA in tho world. Tliuour.j four colloii-s divided into t,\vfivo kcIiooIh 'I'Iicho aro u.s foiiowH: '
J. Col.I,KCil{ OK AGIlICUI/nillK. II. COLMXiK OF JCnuINKKKINO.
1. School of Mcchanicai l'ingiii".'ring.
2. School of (7ivil lOn^^incciiMi,'.
I{. School of Mining Kngiiiocriiig. 4. School of Architcctur.'.
IJI. Cou.KaK OP Natuuai- yciENCE.
1. School of Chonii.stry. - '
'2. School of Natural History, .'i. School of UouicHtic Science.
IV. CoLLEaK OP LiTKRATUKK, SoiKNCR AND AuT.
1. School of English and Modern Languages.
2. School of Ancient Languages.
3. School of Art and D.-sign.
4. School of Military Science.
Tho following la tho curriculum for the " College of Agriculture."
AdIllCULTUIlAL CoUUSE lieqairedfor tho Dc'jrea of li. S. in Colleye of Ayricidlure.
FIRST YEAR.
Sl.npVmSo.yLtar''''"''"' "'"""'"'"'' ■'■'■'8— "y. Algobra and Adv. Goo,„otry.
[Mr. Johaaton.]
iii-stry,
ij 1^1 .
ir-i
42
AOIllCirLTURA L KDUCATION.
SECOND VICAIl.
iiiiN
Uf
'A
I. ARricuUnml rhomfstry (Soils an,| l'la„t,s), Rotany Ciovumn
Tin HI) vi;.\u.
f. -:iC'S:i;!:^:;t:=^s^^ HIS-
Foi;nrn vi;.vit.
«poHl;;;.,t;"„r,!, iJriio'r;::, 1;;;?,;',,i'''i:,:.,f:';;r,',;r,','. "^i"'' '"'"i ••' ""."r™ "■"' -
report ii,«y bo of iiitorrat ._ rttulutwu, II,., f„ll„„i,ij; ,iu„tolion fiu,„ tl,„ lost
' STt'DENra' OOVEKNMENT.
dent, Vico.P,vsid.nt, i-';^, ; ^ " ,h ^"'^ ^''" oloctiou of "a Presi-
laws aro ..naH^l 1-^1 ^S. 1x1. 1 ^^''^^'^'i^ " •^"'l^'^'^- l^'"!-" tl.is coMstitutioa
d.^,-... n,.n,„.r =.'i..> „ ..ZP , *^"'. ^'^.^t^iitfUfod to suoh pcimltios as tho Faculty may
luanliiioss and self-control "
.■o„ r»C%t.^SXn™;;nnS™io'"''Tr'' l"V" "° ",""',"" '" '"' " "■» '-'"»■ Trustee Ami laMlv t ho ro™ „ th, J ", " °"'\'' "'" """'»l "f " "..au. of
«n»ti»f.ct„t,v. D,„.i, tho r!:„'°f ',8 9"S,"™t: iTI'l'l" s t'Ttt °", " "'=^1^ 14 were pursuing an a-ricultural course. ^^ *<* stuatnts m attendance only
('28) Jfissouri,
Connected wit^ the Univeriitv Professioixal Schools. One of the i«ir ,, ., ^.^r.cuiiu that out of nearly 600 students in attenuance%8 ware in this school
[Mr. Jo/uiston.]
pi Missouri are 10 Aoado.nie Schools and 8 IS Agriculture. By the report or 1879-80 I find
'. ....-'..(".GS
AdlllCULTUllAL EDUCATION,
43
S
n.
i Physiology,
>ry. >vy.
vilizatioii. atory Work,
, lahomtorios
iicres and an itii till! latest lit from !$ll>;j rom the last
niont of tho ^ir.bly of tho 1 of a Prcsi- iiiciiihcrH, a coiistitutioii ' the Hcgeiit before) tiie '. Studonta i-rod to tho ^^iculty limy ;aining good venting tho tiiority, and id a spirit of
tho Tnstita- : a Boat u oi. ii is highly dance only
'ols and S J-80 I find
(29) Michltjnn.
THIh was thn flrnt ntato in tho Union to eHtaMiHfi an Agrirnltural CoIInjjo, and the onr MO estiiMished, aH it v/aw the first ho it haii continuwl to lie uhout the liesL, of all tho agricultural college.s of thn United HtateH. It wan ofxirio*! in May, 1H57, took advaritago (if the Morrill Act, under it becanin ondowt d, and gradually piogrcHHed until it has reiielied itH jyreMcnt poMition. It in situated al> »ut thnnj niiles (sast from LaiiHing on tho liankrt of the Red Cedar Itiver, on a farm of (>7() aeicH, which whenWought was almost all woods. The huililings, whirh are mostly (^i brick stand in tho midst of grounds that have been laid out by a |irofessional lands( ape gardener, whoso plan is lieing gradually unfoldful, and the process of development is the easier that the groves and jiart of th(! original forest are left untouchfitl. Then! is in the lirst placo " College JIall," 100x50, throe stories and basoment ; in the Hecon<l, " iJoarding Ifall," 1 10x1 10, three storicB exclusive of basenuint and mansard ; in tho third place, " iJormitory," .00x84 of throe Htories ; in the fourth place, tin; " Laboratory," 51x100 of one story and basoment ; in tho fifth place a row of six dwellings for the pnisident anrl prof(!SKo'.s ; in the sixth place, the farm house and labourers' collages ; in the seventh place, the green houses and shops ; and in the last i)lac(', tho farm buildings, including amongst other things, four burna. The htafl' ia ia toilowB : —
1. President and Profc^ssor of l\Tontal philosophy,
2. Professor of < 'hemistry and <!urator of tho J^iboratory,
3. Professor of Zoology and Entomology, and (curator of tho Qeneral Museum,
4. Professor of Botany and Horticulture, and Curator of the Botanical Museum,
5. Professor of English Literature! and Librarian.
6. Professor of Practical Agriculture.
7. Instructor in Mathematics and Civil Engin(!ering.
8. A8.sistant in Chemistry,
9. Secretary.
10. Foreman of the f^anhinfl and Assistant Foreman. IL Foreman of the Farm and Assistant Foreman. 12. Steward,
Tho academic year is divided into three terms whirh are rather singularly arranged. The first term begins on about tho 23rd February and ends about tlie 23rd May ; the second about the 29th May and ends ibout the 22ud August ; and the third begins about 30tli August and ends about the 22nd November. The following arrangement of lectures for 1877 gives the full curriculum as well as a complete idea of the order of teaching. The course, it will be seen, is one of four years : —
FinsT Term, 13 Wkbks.
|
Years. |
8 A.M. 9 A.M. 1 |
10 A.M. |
11 A.M. |
|
|
Rani or |
Agriculture. iPhysiology. |
Mental PhilosoDhv. |
||
|
Junior |
Mechanics 7 ks. jAgiicultural Chemistry 1 |
French. |
Drawing 6 weekH. |
|
|
French. |
(Jeomctry, |
Elementary Chemistry. |
||
|
Freshman . . |
Algcbro A. |
Algebra B, |
Composition A, History B. |
History A. Composition B. |
\jilr. Johnston.]
u
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
Second Term, 12 Week
KS.
10 A.M.
PolWcal Econo„,y, c '
U. S. Constitution. r"""^ I'Wiosophy. ZooL
11 A.M.
ogy and Geology.
Soii'ion:
lore. French.
Freshman . ^"tnny A. ■"lAlifebiaB.
Entomology. jF^^^^j^
Organic Chemistry and Blow
iPhysJos.
Algebra A. |15otany B.
P'Pe Analysis. j'^^'f^'onoroeti-y and Purveying.
Third Term, ]2 Weeks. Years. q , I , sa
I C* A.M. g
Senior .Astronomy « weeks ) I ^ ' 1
jJ^aiulacapeGardenin^ n ■•■ 'r .
1 °M jL'Ogic.
I " - . „ I | — ■"•uug-ine
-J-;-— , Astronomy, 6 weeks. English Literature IZTT ,
1^"^'°^^ "^ -^«ks. Meteorology.
Sophomore. Analytical Chemistry Analvf , nu I ^
. ^""' <^^emistry. AnalvhVnir.., •
^ I "^"^^y'^^^l Chemistry. Mechanics.
(Agriculture.
11 A.M.
'Civil Engineering.
Botany A. 6 weeks. Geometry B.
French A.
»cal inventions," are good hut tl "'^ ""'^ "^^^^n^e'sZiCthT^, examination on the «torj, .vhich includes a ni'nll 1 ! '"^'^ complete thin<. ubon? f ^ /.'^^"^^um of niechan- ^voricing students, rool'' foti '?"^'^''°°'« ^«'- §0 " u^t" s nn'n"'?*."*^? ^^ *^« ^^bo?- vate laboratory and stL^ i^^^'' ^^^eniical analysis an?!' fn^^ytical room for 48 apparatus. ' ''''^ ^*"^^' ^^^^ store rooms for a s^S 3^07''^'^ *'^^ Professor's pS „ Of the 676 acres about 300 U u "^«truments and chemfcal
rSs?o?s;;tro:d^r ^^^^ ^" -^^^^---^ order. The
four rooms, a flc^wer ie,''"^f ^'^ '^^ «''^^P and four of 1"'''"*^°" ^'' ^o^^^-er good and an experimenta pEuatio'n 'Vl\'' ^^^^len sZon SilT'^r'' ' S'-^-^houfe o? ^iO"rs daily, and are paid for k" A" '^^ «*»dents are reoZ^ / 'J'l ^^''■^'^" herbarium per hour. Tuition is fr/' If "?'""* '' ^^^^^h anythi, Tt h.^ ' ^^-^^"^ ^* ^^ast thr^e Room rent is $1.25 per te;™ ^^il^tsf" ^"1 ^--'"atitfee r 1^^ ^^^^^ tencenS
~3arepret^3t.r^-SS£:rL;SS"^^
*o fl, \ . maintenance, of order in tJ,n -n • ^ """^ '"^^ ^^^ of value •--
L-/r. J.A;^.,e>n.J ^°^^- a. .lection for the choice, by Zuot,
f
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 45
of the three officers, on the second Saturday of each term TJ,o o^. *• xc ~~
T . . REVENUE.
Interest
Current and Special Appropri'ationV '. ^^- 'S^ °^
Casual Ro/enuo from Farm, Garden, &c.'' L'2-l Ij
Receipts from Students y,o / 0 08
12,021 11
'■^°*^^ $45,080~95
Salaries expekditure.
Boarding Hall !'.' ' !." .*.'.■.■.■" '. $17,114 35
Special Appropriations. . . 13,402 82
Expenses. ... 4-242 10
10,490 45
^'^^'^^ $45,249~72
paid out »13 402.82, leaving . b„;urto«Or„g HaW^^^^
])aiu are the lowest of any college wo havf. monfi^L 1 ^ *4,&U0. The sulariea
dent receives $3,000 per iLrumf^hlnext h^S
each. Tb.e Secretary has $1,250 and the Forpmon «flnn ^ '1 ' "'^ *'?'' ''''* *^'° ^^'^^OO receives $743 per annum, A spedal feature kT^n.fVrl'' """''"^^ *^" Gardener, who of institutes delivered and held rSpeSv d^ .'"•'' '" ^'°'''''' ^'^^ ^ «^"««
who are enabled to do so by the sSaSo freak of/ •'" T*?' °'°'''^' ^^ *'^^ professors of the year. The geneial mana'emeft If tL • .r'!? *^'' ^°"^ ^^'^*^°" '^* t^^* «^ason Board JfAgrioultuico^or of eTh men Ws"S " ''' .\T'1^^ *^« ^tate
colleges n, ^°a.infe?aVrot ::n^t?JlK^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^-^-al
(30) Iowa.
of S5?:crS::as'o;tedffl8t"^T£"bTM "'^ ^^ '''T''"^ '' ^^^ ^'^ - ^-m ve,yextensx've. TLstafflwe con isS'lNT 7'^ '"%"°^ '^' *"« '"^'^ °"«« The course is wide in its ran,o^^fndTs divided into """"""' ^ "'''*"''' '^"^ ' '^^^^^°-
1. School of Agriculture.
2. School of Horticulture.
3. School of Veterinary Science.
4. School of Domestic Economy.
5. School of Military Science.
6. School of Literature and Language.
7. School of Mathematics and Physics.
8. School of Chemistry.
9. School of Biology. 10. School of Philosophy.
n. Bdjool of Mechanical Engineering and Architecture. tJ. bchool of Civil Engineering.
[Mr. JohnBton.]
!l|ij '
i :
SStWH
4G
A( ailCULTURAL LDUCATION.
mn.v • i^' '''°''^? ^^l *TT™ " Agricultural College " applied to this institution as to so many similar ones in the United States, is simply! misuse of the English lanc^ua^ The endowment nets annually about $40,000, and the State has erected all the buildings.
(31) Wisco7isin.
an,..7''^^'^'/'^'■''^^„°* Wisconsin, situated at Madison, has bought a farm of 196 ^kot?h?f f1? ?'T-^ . ' endowment, yielding about $13,500 anualfy. In an historical sketch of the Institution, published in 187G, professing amongst other thin<.s to "ive the occupations of its 474 graduates, I do not see the word^'farmer" after any of tlieml
(32) Minnesota.
wnrt^JlfS"'"'"'''^^ °*. ^""ff^^t^-, ^^^"^t^^'^l ^^ Minneapolis, on a farm of 120 acres, worth $100 an acre, has obtained the proceeds of the Congressional Laud Grant amounting anniually to about $14,000. During the sessi- >n of 1879-80, out of 308 students cult r^ "'^"°*'' '''*'''*' ** "^ lectures in what the Calendar calls "The College of Agri-
(33) Nebraska.
The University of Nebraska, situated at Lincoln, has obtained the Land Serin but as yet none has been sold. Out of about 300 students in attendance, a baker's dozen are returned as "agricultural." ' "'^'^'-^^
(34) Orcyon.
Coryallis College as the State Agricultural College is called, being situated at Corvalhs, is gradually getting under way, but possesses no new feature, whilst its estab- lishment in this new State has been so recent as to render it of little value for our purpose llie most ot the lands forming the endowment are still unsold. *
(35) California.
The University of California, situated at Berkeley, has obtained the pro- ceeds ot the Land Scrip grant, amounting to the munificent sum of about $45 000 annually has a valuable farm of 200 acres, farms it well, has an oxcelleni professor of a-ricultur? pays him handsomely, imports famous agricultural lecturers from the east to dve courses of lectures every year, which are well attended and much appreciated, and cloes in fine ■everything that a university could do to make its college of asrriculture, with its exce'lent curriculum, both attractive and successful ; and the result is, that, in the session of 1876-77 which is the one the report of which I have before »e, out of 305 students in attendance' not a solitary name is enrolled in that "college." '
I have rriven you, gentlemen, a brief sketch of all the agricultural colleges of the L mted States, and in now leaving them you will allow me to point out five conclusions which doubtless you have already drawn, and these are : that whilst there are many details about each and all of these institutions which arc very valuable as precedents, yet :--
1 Had it not been for the Land Scrip Act of 1862, the most of them would never have been in existence.
2. The Agricultural Departments of the universities have been total failures.
3. Where the Act, in its entirety, has been carried out, and a " lilicral and practical education of the mdustrial classes in the several pursuits and professions of life " 'wveu bv the establishment of "Industrial Universities" or " Agricultural and iMechanical" col- leges, the union has been found to be simply an adliesion not an aniaigamation and am cultural education has been very partially if at all successfully imparted. ' °
i< A ^- ^h""^ those institutions alone have been successful which have been purely Agricultural Colleges, and they can be counted on the fingers, and, [.1//'. Johnstnn.1
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
47
tion as to so
TOuIcl never
5. That the moat successful of all, for instance, those of Michigan and Massachus- setts have been so, in so far as they not only adhered closely to agricultural subjects and the sciences relating to agriculture, but also in so far us they excluded the merely literary from the purely technical studies, and in so far as they exacted a fair share of daily labour, and thus made the theoretical and practical go hand in hand.
As I have already said, with a few solitary exceptions, neither Asia, Africa Aus- tralia, or South America affords us any precedents, and I need trouble you with no more dry summaries and statistics, but pass on to consider now "a posteriori"
What should be the System of Agricultural Education Pursued ; what should BE THE Subjects Taught ; and what Appliances are needed to teach them in A Canadian Agricultural College.
But upon the very threshold of the subject, ere we can make any application of the precedents which we have for some hours been '•or sidering, there are two questions to be solved. Our subject, " Agricultural Education," is a two-fold one, having on the one liand an intimate relation to education, and upon the other just as intimate°a relation to a<?riculture. And in order that an exact application of any of these precedents may be made, it would be necessary that the system of primary education and the economic con- dition of Agriculture should be, at least, somowhat similar to our own. Is this the case in any of the countries mentioned, except in the United States ? Most undoubtedly it is not. In England, no general system of primary education was begun until 1868 In Scotland, though in 1870 an extended system of primary education was introduced yet her parish school system educated almost every unit of the population, whilst in Ireland a public school system has long been established. But in all three countries the economic condition of agriculture is much different from our own. In the two former the profits are divided between the landlord, the tenant farmer, and the labourer, whilst iu the portion of the latter in which this statement does not hold true— and it is about three-fiftiis of the whole— the sharers are the landlords, and the tenants who are identi- cal with the labourers. And the tenant farmers are in all three capitalists as well as the land- lords. In our Province, on the contrary, the profits are in the vast majority of cases shared only by one class, and that class includes in itself landlord, tenant farmer, and labourer Hence the professed object of the Royal Agricultural College at Cirencester is to train" not so much farmers as we understand that term, but stewards, factors and managers of farms. In Ireland again this is one of the professed objects of the Institution at Glas- novin, whilst the training at the model agricultural schools is to suit the peasantry of Ireland whose holdings average, perhap.s, one tenth the size of ours. In no similar Insti- tution within the compass of the United Kingdom could we find a model for ourselves if it were for nothing but the fact that the economic condition of agriculture in the two countries is almost wholly dissiuiilar Whilst not a system of peasant proprietorship in the technical sense of that term, ours is as far removed from the landed proprietorship of Great Britain on the otiier. Tlie dissimilarity which is true of the mother country in this respect, though in different ways, is true of aV 'he countries of Europe. In Norway and Sweden, the .system of primary education cannot be compared with our own, whilst the economic condition of agriculture is very much different. In 1872 out of 2.^)2,776 owners no less than 226,022 were proprietors of less than 50 acres ; and out of 295,983 given as tenants 185,693 were simi)ly agricultural labourers with small cottier tenancies. When ill the Swedish and Danish agricultural colleges we saw that the sons of the peasants did tlie manual labour and the pupils of tlie higher school looked on, it was enough to show us that we were studying a system that furnished no precedent to us as a system at any rate. It is unnecessary to dwell on Russia wiiere the serfs were emancipated only within the last two decades, and wliich is to-day the chosen home of absolute government, except to say tiiat iicr agricultural primary schools are amongst tlie most practical in existence and admirahlv suited to the agricultural condition of the country, though not to ours. In A.ustro-Mungary again the peas'iuts became free allodial owners onlv in 1848 : and nnt of J,4SG,358 owners of laud in 1.S7.), uo less than 2,34S,110 farmed less than thirty acres, fil/r. Johnston.]
a? I
11
►^iPT'
48
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
1
crl^ThfallSW^^Xra:^^^ P-Pt^o-hip is rapidly be-
^vell known that the peasant proprietors 'fF™^^^^ ^"T '" '^'" ascendant, and it is class in causing tlie rapid recovei-v of tho If / T t'^ """'''' ^'^ ''"^ *^^" ^"y other law of descent'the tenci cy 'rtTst 11 sn.al r^^^^^^^^ ' r^''"' '"^ "'^^ '^^^ ^^^^'^^ primary education so far aLnSd a nTrs L^° tl'' -^^ "°"' °^ *^>°'^« '=°»"*"es i. so it is on a more primitive seal? sZn 2l pl '"T^ ^« ^^ '««^^ ^ much smaller througJialUier States presents almost a Pnmnl!f ^f*"fl ^^« nowhere, and Germany and technical education is Prhaps the best^n t f T *°, \'- ^^'^ ^^^^^'^ ^^ P^^^ry is well worthy of our consiKfon and ^l ^nJ T ?' '^'''V^^ ''^'^*^°'^ between the twj prevalent, an^ the social coSit n k he'p tS v lt% ' H *^' '?'.^^ '^^''^ ^^^"^ parts of the community, is almost totaVdiS S to tt^^^^^^ ""^""'T *° ^^^ ^^^er three-fourths of Europe we mav ronfirl« Ji, ., , *^ °^ °"^ °'^n farmers. Over
cultural condition of Ski's ovJraStti.Sn'"^' '^f ''''"^" ''''''''" ^^P'^^^ *»»« agricul- In Europe, agricultural schooirwiUtainpea^^^^^^^^ "'l"? "?^"^^" ^^ ^y'^bolical of ours, and managers%f farms ; few i any 10^^ to^tur^ 1 'f'^^'' 'T ^'^^ '''"^^'-^^ prietor holding his own plough and the manager i/T T ^* °"'^ *^^« peasant pro- is what we must do, and hence if for nT^^^^^^ ^"^i^^««- Yet that tural education could oe as a whole copLrbfur' "^iT' "° ^T^'^'' ^^^*^™ "^ ^g"cul- of each should be most admirabt pl^Vwr^oIr' tlh^^^^ °' *'^ '^^*"^^^ ^"^ ^^*-^«
State' tdntsss;:rtit!'^ i^sZr^'^'T r ''' '''^'' - ^^« ^-^«d
economic condition of aJriculture'LtlS;*;^^^^^^^^^ ^^"-*-°' -^ the
the rfal'Sot "o%*otid1r\rr:! 7,tT ^^'' ^^^ ^^^- ^"*^^ "P°" *^« ^^-^ oi tkeeeonolic conation oj a,ZuS:'i:'o rZ!i,r::^^
primary educat on is I need not evnlnln +^ „ "'^Y ''^ '^^^"2/ *«• What our system of Let us rather consider ite results £e have'fof 'T?^ ^°" ^"°" '' '' ^^^^^ ^^ ^ ^o. in my humble judgment, satisfac orv It I « v. ^"°'^ ^''"^ ^'^'' ^^°^'' "°* ^^^° ^t ^U* fosteringwhatiseuphoniourcaS"ni;L.«1 "^'^ S^^^\q"e3tion whether we are not tary. Whilst the umost "x^t^ont oftlfe moi lf,"fM °'? "* !^' ^^P^"^^ ^^ the more elemen- reach of the poorest in the knd-L t Tou ^n , k"'^ '^ 'r"^'' ^' ^^^''^ within the
must never be^orgotten that rvt/la4ropoS^^^^^ *^ ^^^M" ^-^^--yet it
their circumstances, take advanta"^e of it C . the producing classes cannot, from
the public school, if such be the ease 1 1 ^^r.T f'^T'-''^ "^ '^''''' "^"«* g^^^'^'^te at for those pupils should not only diflS in decree Kf. ^"^P^'^^^i^^ ^^at the curriculum of the public school course, where anvdffelSpli ' comparatively higher stages
as well I hold strongly that r<Sed sv.Zf ^^"''^ ''^'^. "^. it ^l^ould differ in khid children of every .lass KLens^at the alnS^"' f' ^^.''^^f ^« ^^l^^ours, begin, for the any such graded .system, ho Si beautifuUo t;,?"^ '"'^ V^' University decree. And brain-training factory excitin ?to flfo ^l.; °''^^ "PO"; able to be handled like a vast various depa^tment^'^musf;^ bt a, rSS^ f * " ^^l™' ^^l ^^^ ^o-men of thl are already beginning to discern in o^r mi Swlnf? ''f/^'^ ^' thoughtful men uality represse^d andl^riginality sl4? he mt^ ^ d of ! U ^",' ^ot trained, individ-
gotten in making the aim of a pupiV schoX fe rl L '°" '"^ "^'^ "" "°* ^°'-
tions, a false life°id..al inculcated not^S^^Vbut LlirectTv%"1 ""^"'-''T °^ ^^^"^^"^- of youths, whose natural place is the vhuIhtLulTI^' l'^ "■ ""^^^^^'aneous medley forked into professions already fill to overflowinc^ fl .'^ '' ^°'«'' "' *^° "^"^^' Pit^h- by this process of " unnaturalLlo tion 'Uhei^i' S^. ' to engage in a struggle in which from being assured of the " survTvll of theTttest " """'' ''"'^'^'^ satisfaction arising
educ^^ ^toSgc^.rj;^t d^s :r s ^ T"'^7^ '-'' -y^''- ^' p^^-^
education of the agricultural class of the co ™i^v In , ? "^ T "' J? ^*' '''''^'' '^^ *he of a system of agrfcultural education. For ucZ^^^'l^^^f^^^^^^^ ^'^ ^'^'f ion thereto
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
40
how I think it might be improvpd huf- in +1,^ x- ~
condition of agriculture in our Provinci '°^'''°*»"°« V^»^ on to consider the scono7nic
agHcltirSntro/* Smayrrr/ttS^ ^'^^ ^* *^^ ^^«to^ of
there is the preliminary period from the lAll f'' * four periods. In the first place,
during which period agricultury;ro.res3 was ^^^^^^ ft ^T^"^^ ""<^" ^^out 1826
ings In the second pface, there Si ner^d of ^^ n"*u'^ ^^ '^^^^ ^^«"«er forest clear! which period, roads, railways can^scE^ establishment from 1826 to 1854, durin.^ the inauguration of mumSJkrS^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ ^'^TT'' ^^"^''^ -'^ sTaTe!
tlie cleanng of the forest and the makhrour product, l?" «fpol't^cal progress ; whilst were he steps of our agricultural one/ \tL7£plac^T"^ °^' ""t^^ "^" ^^^-^^ period of rapid growth at the expense of villi 7 ^ .' ^I^'^'"^ "^^^ ^^^* ^ might call a The growth was rapid because ofX delndcaSrd\T^^^^^ ^°' ^'y- l^^^
American wars, and the facilities of exXnae w th An? P'"'^"^*' ^^ ^'^^ ^"^^^'^'^ ^"^ Treaty; and it was at the expense o vital ?orce becanir'^ °""'- *° *^^ Reciprocity make us take tlie products off the land whhout maS * ? ^^''^^^^^t'^'^ces conspired to The fourth period, from 1866 to the VMti^^^f u """"fT *° ^"^P "P ^^^ fertility, characterized by the growth of nativ^manufae"o^^^^^^^^ t'hi ', '"'■"' 1^°""^ "^"^^°«^. productions on the world's market more tuulthT ' ■ P'^""» ^f our agricultural
And this fourth period is also Sd f^tl ^1^.7''^'^^.'*^^*^°^ '""'^^ all the world ince has for the last decade been taken up. We are "d^^^ ^^^^ in tlie Prov-
worlds markets with all the rest of tlie^worW In fW^ '^^ °o^P««tors on the he productions of the vast prairies of thlw^t and nor ^T'f '°'', T ^^^« *« ^^'^ through rates on that market at almost as little poI?/**' ^^^'"^ ^^ advantageous vast capital of England, using the ryot llbo,.^^^^ our own ; we compete with the
operated by large capital undei- specSl feuda? „d f'^' ^""^ ^^^ '^'^i '^^o^^ of Europe disadvantages of a decreasing fertflty^S^^^^^^^^^^ T^ "« ^« ^" *his under Z
rally, for the worse)~in a word, we compete! r^^^ °^ "^"»''^*<^ (agricultu-
of diminishing retin, which is -tlLtTn oX teXTn a '?^' fu" operation k'the law ^e and ^ greater proportionate amount of additircan^r "'^fu"""^ ^'^^^^^^^ Within a quarter of a centuiy the problem LscomT/ i P^""^ ""i"'* ^^ '^PP^'^d thereto, labour and the wages of labour ; now tE is adde^^^S '^^""^i- ^^^^^ i* ^as one of of capital. And if the competition spS oAs to beT °^' ? ^^^^'^^ "^^*^^ P^^^^^ ture in every civilized country showc ff«f ?f , I successful, the history of aaricul-
thc land immediately a ?ar- amoTnt nf T,°"^^.^' ^"^"^ ^° *hree ways-apprylnrto agriculture, whether Vose';ratTne;:a.:^Kfeir ^^P--^ P 'oS^:S o?
expense of obtaining it ; and lastly, bTdiffusinSrn'rT!'^ °^ P'"''"^" °^ ^^^^^ease the producers the utmost possible aoricnlfnrci i. ^ , , °^°''* *^® S'''^^*^ mass of agricultural ofgeneralandtechnicaredSioT Thrfirst^;^^^^^^^^^^^ and skill, and the greatest amoun act that the farmers have the next gLerS on to Te ^1"^ '' ^'^^'"^* *°^PP'^ ^^"^ ^^- their lands for improvements already made but r.nri?' -"^ T"^ many have mortgaged 0 cattle instead of corn, taking adva^al'of Jj n ''^"'''^^^*' '^°"'"^ ^^ tl^o growing of crops. But lying through and under ft al ^ see^T'^f ^''' ""'^ ^ ^^^^^^^'^ ^otatiof grapple with the problem successfX of diff ■ \^^ ^'''°^"*^ necessity, if we would nowledge, skill an'd educatirthroug^^^^^^^^ ^™--,* '^ -gnculturll
Jiaiule capital one must needs be a man of bn!i . ,^ agricultural producers. To
and be acquainted with all adincements of a^r?' J. ° ^T '^' '''^'^''' "^ th« -orlj fncwledge and intellectual trainer To comS«' f^^orld over, requires both holdings possessing small capitair^gains? 0^0^.?^''^^^ "', proprietors of small requiring and will henceforward rSuire all Tb, "'f \ ^^''S' ^^P^'al, is now
agricultural producers. The times are chanSi. and '^' .^^^^'^'^^ ^""^ ^^ill of our -he watchword of agricultural progress in ^S^^^^^ T T"\^'7. P^'^" ^^*^ *be change, experiment! experiment' And both „r! 1 ^ ^^^''^^^ '^^^^"^'^ ^e educate ! educate
e«u be named. \y our agricultural societrs'aT? °". 'kv"P""^u '' '^ ^^ counttrtlat ^vlien rightly conducted, by ov,.^S-altum? f ^^'"bitions. by our grange .ocioties «^'wspapers,and by this'C^imii it r the'w^^^^^^^^^ ^^\''^^^-^tnrardep^rtu.enLo{ [Mr. Johnston.] ' °^ ''^"'^'*^'°" ^« ^oing on. But besides
■i
50
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
m
#s
M
these general means it is well to have a more special one that will train a succeeding generation of farmers as well educated for their business as any other class of the com- munity is for its occupation. Many of this generation are so, but not a suiHciently largo proportion, and the better educated professionally, the more is the farmer anxious that his sons who are to follow his occupation should be so as well. Bearing in mind then our primary system of education, the economic condition of agriculture in Ontario, the necessities of the future and our means of meeting them, let us apply the precedents we have cited
AND CONSIDER A SCHEME OP AGRlOULTUBAIi EDUCATION FOR OUR PROVINCB.
I would suggest the following :
1. The teaching of an agricultural text-book in all the public schoolA, especially in those of the rural districts. In the latter as well, there might be tauglit a farm arithmetic specially prepared, the elements of faun book-keeping, of farm mensuration and land measuring. Those would begin in their proper place in the next to the highest division in the school, and be continued through the highest. They would not exclude other subjects, though nine-tenths of the three thousand rural school teachers of the Province and every School Inspector will bear me out when I say, that a rural public school Avhich teaches thoroughly reading, writing, spelling, arithmetic, grammar, geography, and the elements of history to the majority of its pupils has fullillcd its vocation without being troubled with " other subjects " except tlu^y bo in the practical line I have indicated. This agricultural text-book would be elementary in its character but would discuss — soils ; the preparation of the land for crops ; the succession of crops ; the cultivation of crops j the improvement of soils and lands ; the different breeds of farm animals ; the breeding, rearing and fooiUng them; the implements of the farm; the general economy of the farm ; the general business of the farm ; and the relation of tlie various sciences to agriculture generally. In order that teachers should be able to teach the subject the third class ones would have those subjects placed on the course for their examination ; the second class be taught them in the Normal Schools; and the first class allowed to spend three months of their last session free of expense at the Provincial Agricultural College. The same privilege might be accorded to those of the second who wished to do so as well. To have educated farmers is a material benefit to the State ; what shall be tauglit in the public schools in order to render the latter eligible for State aitl is a proper subject of direction by the State ; and I submit that whilst a liberal education to all classes of the community is the proper object of the schools, yet the training of the future producers to be the better producers is not an unwise subsidiary object worthy of consideration by the State.
2. Agricultural Middle Schools. — I have already said that secondary education, in my humble judgment, whilst liberally assisted by the State should not be established by it. Those middle or high schools, if you would like so to call them, would be somewhat of a cross between the agricultural academies of Germany and the farm schools of France. There might be as many as could be established in the Province, but half-a dozen would te sufficient for a commencement. That would give one to each of about eight counties. For arrangement I would suggest that each school be on a farm of 100, 150, or 200 acres — one of 150 would be best — and have about 40 resident pupils, working half and studying half-time, thus giving 20 steady workers all the time. Let the course of study be one of one, two or three years as the pupils needed it, and the subjects aiTanged on the method of the Provincial Agricultural College but extended on the practical side and curtailed to the elements and the business on the theorectical side. On each such middle agricultural school there would require to be a farm-bouse about three or four times the ordinary size. For establishment, it would cost in land, stock, implements and buildings at the outside about $25,000. T would have subscribed in those eight counties, with all the cities, towns or villages in them, 500 shares of $50 each and allow every share to be paid for in tuition, that is to say, each shareholder to have the right of having, say, one or two sons educated free at the school for a full course. And the shares would be
\_Mr. Johnston.^
liii a succeeding ass of the com- suiRciently large er anxious that n mind then our in Ontario, the ) precedents we
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
61
lOVINCB.
oIa, especially in farm arithmetic -ation and land highest division t exclude other )f the Province die school which geography, and 'ocation without [ have indicated.
I discuss — soils ; .ration of crops ; i ; the breeding, economy of the ious sciences to the subject the sir examination ; illowed to spend cultural College, to do so as well. le taught in the )roper subject of
II classes of the lire producers to lonsideration by
,ry education, in e established by ild be somewhat ;hools of France. If-a dozen would b eight counties. 50, or 200 acres rking half and course of study icts aiTanged on ■actical side and sach such middle r four times the bs and buildings )unties, with all ery share to be of having, say, shares would be
^^flit22n/f:;^t:r^^^^^ -d °^hers desirous of having
a farmer and two traineriZtanL ot of *^'"^«i^"^«- ^'^^ «taff would consist of agricultural teacher, who woT be dlTeotor nT "" ^°"'^' understand gardening-an farm, that is the gr^ss profits aLr the Sj.' f *" assistant. The net profits of the subtr'acted, and 4e a.noun receTveS from Z '""T^ ° ^^? ^^"" '"'^^^^^ * ^^^ are the outsid; tuition fees mee the mall mtolln ^"^ '^°"'^ ^^'^ *^^ boarding-house, stair would alone have to Te me by thStrZs^r^n^^^^^ '^' expen.ses'of the the Government gave only a proportion of the ««nfT n '!* ^°* ^^ '"^''^ ^^""'^ '^2,500. If County Council for that m^aSS as thev now a,V?> S'"",Y- ^^^l^ural Society, or each might increase the usefulS and eS^^^T^ ^^^^ by grants,
.nanagement might be placed un.fer trustees an---"-^^^^ ''^°° ' ^ " ^'^'''' ^^«
Societies or County CoLcds and pa ly bw^ra ho'^^^^^^^^^^ by he County Agricultural under Government inspection. It' the stui.t receiv. 1 ■ "^^ "'^ '"^''"'^^ ^^"Id be
a minimum of nothing per hour accordin o sl-l o * .'"^,^"«««^;^te of ten cents and could bo done, and board and wLE not" onJ ^PP'^^'^tfn and knowledge, all this And the far, should be o,!e of t^" rL fa '^^^ .^'l? ^'^"^.^^^ *« $50 per annum,
pointy Such .a brief outline of'^ ^^^1^^^;^^:!^^ '''' "^ *° ^^^
should work like fhei? Tn Ins but D^^r?. ,7' ''''' ""'"'"^ *° '''''^^ P^P^l^ ^ho subjects conducted by th^ teacS tnd examS of TCfT- Ta ^P^'^^^ practical where the examinations should be heldTem .annually iT t h ! ^^''T'''^ ^'«"«g« expenses would be one of private arrancrpnipnrlnr 7u ^^^ '"^''^' *^® matter of
the farms, who would be reaped to SZL'? '^' ^^T'' '^"^ '^' proprietors of them the practical ^ubject^l^lt^^ tfp^ rchTaSti^nf ^°""«" '"^^ ^ '^^''^^
i.—The Provincial AgricnUicral College.
.ho.a^;».^e,e.a.. ...., .,./? sL^! "i:"^izirj.%i'":.r. it'
be a farm as well as a collec^e i«x^wveiy aemana it. To do this there must
ril. The students must labour through all the course
sen,™, f^ S:;traudSS, J: ttotel; A" tjr i;'? ''■' «"""« " ^ "s"-
plaoe, to train farmers. Simlr to Iw rl h.™* J '"/"""»«• »"■> » «'» second included i„ allteelraical eduction '''""'^ '"=°°' "" '^^ ''™ "bj"'"
fcJd diTriS''oTlfSL~a?/rn1'°l°d° r"'',"'^*^ '° >» "'"»« '" ' -»■ Jitoent varieties of eoir S buSdin™ wouM hf 7', 7";^ l' P"'"'*' '"» "• ""ree
^4
|
:»' |
|
1 |
(f
Sah™.,
52
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
library, reading rooms and parlours, museum, laboratory, professors' studies, and dormi- tories, and because it is a boarding college, in a separate building if possible, the dining "ooms, lavatories, laundries, storerooms, matrons' and servants' apartments. The farm buildings would include barns, stables, shop-pens, piggeries, and poultry -houses ; and the peculiar buildings would comprise greenhouses, propagating houses, garden shops, carpenter and blacksmith shops.
3. The A^laff: Departments and Course of Study. — The two things cannot be considered separately, and the latter may be considered in the first place. What then shall be the subjects taught % As a business, farming, as we have already seen, requires a knowledge of farm arithmetic, farm mensuration, land measuring: and levelling, practical mechanics, farm bookkeeping, a knowledge of business forms, the relation of agriculture to the other industries and businesses of the country, the elements of the law of real and personal property, and an ability to write well and understand the English language. As a trads farming requiries a definite course of apprenticeship during which the pupils may acquire the knowledge and skill requisite in the performance of the various farm operations. As an applied science, it is necessary that the pupil should be taught the rule;} of practice of the most improved system of farming as practised by the most intelligent farmers, and the laws a.'-- derived from those rules of practice considered as the principles of the science, and these fall naturally into
(1) The principles relating to the treatment of the soil, its amelioration and recuper- ation by the use of manures ; the varieties of farm crops, their succession, and the cidtivation of the soil for them.
(2) The different varieties of tlie farm animals, the principles or rules of practice of the most improved systems of breeding, rearing and feeding them.
(3) As closely connected with the last, the stru-iture and physiology of those same farm animals, and the commoner diseases to which they are subject, with the commoner remedies for those diseases.
(4) What may be called the principles relating to the mechanics of the farm,, including the laying of it out^ fencing, the principles of construction of the buildings, the architecture of each and all the farm buildings, and the varieties and principles of construction of the various farm implements and machines.
And now, lastly, as an applied science in the second and common acceptation of that term, we find that various well-known sciences touch agriculture at every point and a knowledge of them will throw light upon many points relating to the best and most approved methods of farming ; and along the line of a more perfect acquaintance with their various applications to agriculture may we expect the line of progress of agricultural knowledge to move in the future. Thus, standing in close relation both to the soil and to the plant, is Chemistry. And in all its parts of inorganic, organic, agricultural, and analytic, it is usually counted an important study in such institutions. Again, Geology and Physical Geography as showing how the soil is formed and explaining its dilFerent varie- ties are of value. Closely connected with the plant is, of course, the study of Structural and Physiological Botany ; whilst the various kinds of grasses, cereals and roots, their growth and diseases, can be studied under that partial form of Systematic Botany which is often called Economic Botany. In order to understand ihe structure and place of the farn\ animals, an outline of Zoology is requisite, as it also is in the study of the kinds, structure and habits of the insects beneficial and injurious to agriculture, which can be studied under the head of Entomology. Closely connected with agricultui'e is the climat", studied under the head of Meteorology ; and lastly, a more extended knowledge of the s; ructure, physi- ology and diseases of the farm animals is given under the head of Veterinary Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology. All that I have mentioned are, in my humble judgment, indispensable in the curriculum of an Agricultural College for Ontario. Thereon a few points have to be considered, such as :
(a) Should " mechanical studies" he encouraged ?
The experience of the United States is sufficient to show, even if common sense did \_Mr, Johnston."]
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
58
not, that the ^o things cannot be taught together. Either one or the otlier must suffer and wliiLst teaching the mechanical so far as it relates to farming, an Agricultural College should " stick to Its text " and teach only what relates to agriculture. ^
(b) Should this institution teach Horticulture or not f
Now this question is an important one, but I am inclined to answer it in the negative. Insofar as Horticulture can go hand-in-liand with farming, it ought to be teught; but not so far as to profess tc turn out gardeners as well as farmers In the farst place, the country is not so thoroughly populated, our towns and cities are not so large, nor the proportion between the urban and rural population sufficiently high as to create an urgent demand for market gardeners ; whilst in the second place, it would be attempting too much in the way of technical instruction in one and the same institution A knowledge of the varieties of the standard vegetables and flowers, the best methods of cultivating, propagating and preserving them, would be of advantage to every farmer, and such a knowledge should be given. It would assist in cultivating a taste for the beautiful as well as the useful which would be of advantage in many a rural home, keep many a country youth within the parental halls, and foster a love for country pursuits, where bleak walls, unadorned surroundings, and gardens full only of weeds, if existing at aU. drive many to find in towns and cities what they lack at hon^e.
(c) Again, should there he given a literary education at all, and if so, how far should it go?
This will depend upon the standard of admission. Suppose we make that our standard for entrance into the high school. Then any student graduating at the Agicul- tural College should be able to pass at any rate the English course at the high .school inter- mediate examination, as we call it. For he must be able to think, speak, and write on any of the agricultural topics of tlie day. And a few should be able to be agricultural teachers as well. But as we can always count on many well-educated young men even graduates in arts of r^^gular colleges being within the halls of such a technical institution •we may leave them out of account. There mu5 ' be in the curriculum then, English gram- mar, English composition, English literature, aiid I should add, political economy the elements of the law of real aud personal property, and of municipal law. But classics modern languages, moral and mental philo.sophy, and such studies should, I think be left out And the experience of the colleges we have considered bears out my contention In this connection I would also say that whilst a preparatory class to such an institution! with such an admirable public scliool system as ours, would be a palpable absurdity, yet what mjiy be called a review class under one of the masters would be needed, ae so many of our young farmers of eighteen or twenty would come to such a college very "rusty" on all public school studies, and would need to take a thorough and speedy review of them ere beginning other book work. ° r j oux cio
(d) Shall it teach Specialties or noi!?— Now, 1 would advocate having all those specialities on the experiment-farm connected with the college, but not taught therein There are, for instance, bee-keeping, the flax industry, beet root sugar manufacturing" sorghum manufactory, cheese and butter factory system, and many such sijecialities o^n whien a course of lectures by some expert might be invitea and given, in addition to the subjects of tlie regular course ; but I do not think it would be wise to put them there If the pnnciples of mixed farming a . taught, an outline of specialties is all that can fairly be asked. The tendency is always to overload a curriculum, and certainly the one indi- cated IS already full enough. Such is a proposed course of study, and let us now see into wnat departments and sub-departments it naturally falls :
I. Agriculture.
1. Field Department.
2. Live Stock Department.
3. Horticultural Department
4. Mechanicai Department. [Mr. Johr<^tort.]
ll
54
AQhlCULTURAL EDUCATION.
Ill
II. OCIENCE.
1. Natural History.
2. Chemistry and Allied Sciences
3. App,icti„„..„Agrio„U„^„„te .l.«nan,e„(Scie„MoAgrio„,.„re.
III. Vktebinary Science.
1. Veterinary Anatomy. Physiology and Pathology ^. Vetermary Surgery and Practice. ^
IV. English.
3. Political Economy.
4, E,c,„c.„t. of Law of Real .nj Personal Pr.perty.„d of M„nio,-pa, La,.
V. Mathematics.
1. Farm Arithmetic.
2. Farm Mensuration.
3. Land Measuring and Love'lin.T
4. Mechanics as applied to Machhiea. 0. ±arm Book-keeping.
6. Business of Farming, ai.d Business Forms generally
IwouldtlTi^poL^^tL'^SrinjIk^^^^^^ now for a full staff.
-g.snnderaregularly.ell-drawnrSh:^:-^^^^
' "^w o;s:ScSr:tS;:r^^r^^' ff^^^^i ^--y> ^i-nts
2. /^.-eW i).>.-/o., as 1st Professor of'Si^'uU^"""^'' ^"' ^'^^''^^ ^i*-^*-«. etc
3. Livestock Director, as 2nd Professor of Agriculture
4. ;^^- --{^"-^ ./>«-ec7or, as Professor of HoS Iture-
5. 3fechanical Director, as Professor of Mechanics.
'• '^d^:-' '^'^"^'^•''•^' ^^^-^^" ^^--*^7 and allied Sciences, and acting as Chief
'• X^^^:^i:L!^i^7^:^ '-'-^y' -"homology, and Meteor-
8. English Master.
9. Mathematical Master
^orJ^^t^Z£::::^'&1:i^ the .ork for there must not be
are expected to be turned out peSed Ke oTr^r^^^^^^^^^ P"Pi'«
driving, sowing, drilling, mowinJ reapin„ etc "^^1^2 "f .°* ^ ^f'"' '""'^ ^' ploughing,
11. Horticultural Foreman.
12. Live Stock Foreman.
13. Mechanical Foremen (two in number) Besides there would be needed
15. An Assistant Chemist.
16.^ Bursar or Financial Affent. ■
[Mr. Johnston.]
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
julture.
al Law.
' full staff. 1 all those thoroughly
, Elements rature, etc.
g as Chief d Meteor-
ist not be ;he pupils loughing, !s at least t such an ; the best J requiie
staff ^ra^rp^tp^LL^T^^^^^^^ ^^^-*--*- of instruction, and the
least thref^ye^lr^o ::^pS:TTn "e^Jh VTc rj^\r '' ir ^°"^^ -'^"^ ^*
one beginning in October and endinV^March the ofh.! r'-""'^'''' >' .'^^ r«ion«. the at end of August. These times would snUn; P • ^'Smnin,.. m April and ending aims of the institution. '* "'^ ^''^'''"'■" '^««*' '^'i^ accord best with thf
be requisite, contain ng every known am-ip.ilfnm \L i ? l , '"°" volumes would general and technical^sfugoL riadrind ca'^ iTf ^' ?"' ^^ reference on all the enable a large number of stu.lents to binti: ^^«, ^'^^"'''^to'-y «hould be such as to Chemistry. And it nLulf be a physblolirS' ^^f^^° *^>« ^.'-mists and Professor of Mus..m ^vould be iiUed -thVei^'ro^l^^le"^^^^^^^^ The
staff on the pnnciple of the most approved English schLs' '^" '^^""'^"* '^"'^ ^'^^
size ci tl!^:ot^ '^t^IhSltt^r:^;;^?^' T ^'/i^^ ^^T ^^^^^^^ ^^P-^ on the it under prop.r° •^er^.^endence If f bf '?1 ^ , '/^^"'^ *^^ '*"'''''^*« *° ^o the work of the farm'wo'uld have toTe^g^er tl an ^hS^^^ 1^0, then
broken up into two or three fafm' tSe accoun a, d Z I ^T'T' ^"^ ^^^^^^^ ^e
be kept .separate, and each shouW be ofTts kind a Irr iT'"'''' n°^ '""'^ ^^ ^'"^'' '^^^^^ be an experimental farm. The chamc'er shon ]' L ^ T' ^^"'"'^t^^ ^it^ it should
The profitable and suitable varieties of ealLtST °^,^^^V,'^'^V."'?' 't'"^^^ ^' '"^ '^^'^^S^d. ness of stock breeding kept distinct from thS n fn? ' ^^""^^ ^° ^''"^ ' ^"^^ *J'« blisi- side, would bo carried on, ^^^th tl ose i^^^H^^^^ ^^ '''^"'•.««' - the experiment
fattening, etc. vaueties, many experiments as to crossing,
9. Implements and the Mechanical Department ~ AW +!,« i„+„.. • nnplements and machines could not bo kont nTtWn 1, , , ^',* in^provements in bo on hand. But models, showing those imm oven ent' .^"^^'' *''' ^''* °^ '^^^^^ «^°"ld museum ; and I have no' doubt tha^^ a iT^e^n L^M ^^^^^ '°T °^*' ^^^^^^ ^.e in the Government to that efloct. The architectural n^n! .?k , v "^f^ '^'*^ *^« Dominion nent improvements sliould all be studied as weH ^'^^'"°'' ^'^'^"S' "^'^ ^" P^^"^*-
supplying the college boarXSmut • ff ,L ^^ ^'"'^ of vegetable would be given in
■siul^ in decorating th? t^JsTml e r^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^--s and
iind greenhouses, propagiiting houses and LvLr^^ ^; ■ \ h ^'^"f'^^^Pe gardener;
A rhoriculture I ^Lld mther^e ncTin d £ L^^^^^^^^^ ^^°"i^l^ '^'^'^'l"^- ^s regards
it taught only on tlie experiment farm °''' °* *^' specialties and have
drawi^r^m an'^th:'p'S:S;^™L!d thlt? thaf ^ '^NTf ^"'^ ^"^ *^« -Pre- requisite for acquiring the tradl 2f Srlin^ ''''™^ '^^°"^' '""^^ ^« ^^ absolutely agricultural college seeks to imnarf H ^' I '^ "''<^<^«?ary part of such a training, as an performed by tKtudtts We n;ed nTsn T^'Tf ^'^ *"^ "" ^'"'^^ ^^™ ^^^ the^labour that sort, as we are deafng onTy w th nnncinC? the number of hours or anything of
to render it effec^,al, must\o a monet^^l^^^^^^^^^ Z '^T^'' -^'"'^ '^''^ "'^'^ ^^^^^ It should be divided into four kinds _ ^^^"^^^^'^^ f^'' ^^bour, if worth anything at all.
2: ^:^SS:^^^^S^^fi;o pay should be given.
be partly paid. ^- "^ "'""a "^'^ that he is acquiring which should
\Mr. Johnston.]
t
06
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
i- Sa S- ;: Kd'n* '•«;i""''"«.«'^''' f- which ho «houl,l l,„ fai,.,y pai.l
^ Again tht pupils 1^ . '[f 'a^lSTlvT'''' ^ ^^'"■?'' ''« «'-'"^' h;^..,r; .1.
when undergoing thoir appronticosl i;" \, ^^ teTl "1': '""""" .""^ >'"^'''^- ""*«'''«
the. ..lasH-rnon, ; an.l tho vkriuuH kin i. of virL ^^^ '■", ..rtuk.ng tl„. .studies in
aYcl^lH^cS:;:^ 'i^^:^;;.^;,-^^^ ^^'.i.. ...dina., .,oo,«
rulos an.I re,.,la(io„.s would r.quiro^tr .? s^-^Z A 1 r''*'*^"'^';* ''"' '-••^'■'•i"K-J.ouHe ".'.ral tone in ti-o pupils an.l i;ood exan In o H- » ^ t "/'""" "^ ''""""'' ^''"' '» --Wf'
branches S™;.!;;'!^"''^'"'-''-^"^-^ ^'- 1"- ii-t. there would be four n.aia 1. Tlip salaries of the Staff.
4. Uie i'.xperses of the Doarding-Houso.
b.pJ';:t::ft'p;oe;:x:;'i,^';;i^^ f-d. ti. second ..uid
ceeds should likew se meet the vfLTv ,."'"''"'« ••■'*t'^''li^h.n,.nt, and tho.se pro tional purposes, as -eiris ot ftwo ^rs'tl^e ^ S^'TT '^ '''"^'^ "^"^"^ ^^ -•"- board.ag-house cannot be fully met 1 v « l! *^* i;"'!'"'^^' '^'I'o expenses of the the i.rpctico of paying them for (h ^laZur e fffiwe"; 'n '" ^'""'>' ''^ *'"" ^^"•'-'t'^ i^' requisite, so that a bonus to the Lard ,?bo?iln ^''''^ ^'^
with the expenses or the college proZ won r! 'l ^' ^■"'"■'>' "•■"''"*'• ^^"<» *'»«,
ft-om the State. For a coliego^of TKiZ 1 T?n.'" ^'\T" ''^ '^'^ "^"'""^' '^'™"^ what that would be. placingl.n ^'^ ^:iJ:Z:: :^^,ZZ:^'''''''' '"'
UU ^Otf
Expenditure. 1. Salaries of Start"
4. Expenses of College proper.
$15,000 r),000
^^^ J-. wj^rTi
xpenses of Boarding House [[
4,000 4,000 5,000
1. Interest on Endowmei.t Fund
2. Proceeds of Farm
3. Proceeds of Board ....
4. Fees
5. Legislative Grant . .
Revenue.
*843,000
$15,000
5,000
15,000
4,000
4,000
.$4.-5,000 stand somewliat thus :
Or leaving out all cross entries, the account would
Expenditure.
1. Salaries of Staff
2. Expenses of College proper " ' " ' $15,000
3. Bonus to Boarding House (or "to" students' labouri " " •" •" • .' ." ." .' ." tfoo
[Mr. Johnxton.}
4,000 $23,000
AGRTCUr/riJRAL EDUCATION.
57
1. T-'tcrast on Endowment. . .
2. Fees
3. LogiHlative Grant.
Hrvenuk.
' • ■•••#•
$16,000 4,000 4,000
$2;{,ooo
residents of Outario, 8r,0 for . o n- nt and <^I0 ^ ""' "T''''^ '^' "^-^ * ^"^^ f^r total iH on th., l.,siH W m rcHid , a I'o "; ,1''.^.^^.? M "'tT"'""*, P"^''"^' •^="' ^''^ Uhks of !?2,n00 por annu.n for the Pr,.sidc n il ,0 f -.* ' i, ?" '''''^""'* '''^ "» ^^e MastorH, and $«iUO for tin, forenu,„ Ind tlmt ov/.; vH • i !'•"««■-"•», •* 1,000 for the ront. if tho housoH are there, b,; pa" ' t k^'oS"^?"^ "pl"''^''^' ^'^'^^P^ '--« Halary of two ofllcrs to the Experi.L-r.tal Statin "'" '''^''""^" '^°""''"« ^he
pra:=tico in K.,opo, when unde/ the^tS^^^r ^Hrtfi^'';; ''"'"' J" «-''^^-- '•'He the inst.tutionH are directlv under tho control of a M 1 ' / '"*''« ""^Jority of instances th" practice and have a Boa d o Trus"c' ^ l/avi-^/ onir.? '" ""*"'•'• ^ """'^ ''^'^^ oxecu ory in the hands of the Jli-.ister who s ou "in i^^l JTT ^"''''''' ^^^^^'^g ^^o Jus officers under him, an.l ool v rereive th hucLh ion« .f J t " l'""^"' ''"^ ''•'•''^">- ^ 'th «f the ohjeetions to t.is ...thod. in ham per in. the 1 rrnf t '" m"'''"'- ^ '^"' ^'^ll '^^v-are nmny reasoa.s, which ne.ul not be enu er,I "d ro, .; /.i'' ^'"'"^"'' "^ ''''ar^e, but for Pj-e.si,lent of the institution nhon d he ^^;o i^bb^^^ M ' ."":" "'^^'^""'^ P'^"- ''^J'^ the .nstitution. and the Minister i. res pons bV to f h T T '' ^^V'^''''^^ '''^P'^'' '"ont of «.ble to the people. On the A.lvis nT Cr of qv, t ^"^"'f.r' "^^''^ '« "^-'ain respon- acccording to a specified pian, from n^vTr!^^^^^^
, Considering the sul^oct in he li 'ht 5 aU . <?, ^ ^^'nculturists in the Province work to be done, the prinlary om atiorof /he P ovi S ^ a nd H^""'"' ^'" '"*"^^ '^^ ^^'^ agriculture therein, such would be in a nnn.nl ./, ' *""' ^'"' .'''"""""'ic condition of
We aro now ready to
STANDARD LAID DOWN. '^'^'^ MENTIONED Ori WITH THE
the fiisr;!l.^:;^t^::»^;S^:s'n:^^ «^ ^'^^ -^i-e, ^o, in
and successo.-- in the Presidency of the rn.st''tut.on Mr APM P^^' "^^ ^"^te^m^'d friend described the present basis and working of the CtUu^^^^^^^ ^^-^dy very clearly
oultufe"S? olt'ilSe^hr^^^^^^^^^^ Minister of Agri-
CoHego in Ontario. Mr. Clark^^ r^po^t fo m n^l'p^nlSt tt'of 1
of Agriculture for the year 1870. A farm at MiEn ^ °^ *^^ Commissioner
first purchased, but, on the advice of manvZnLf T' ^''^'' '?'^'' ^"°'" Toronto, was
of thfi f<nmr„iooion ' ^i! * _ ; ,, 01 many experts, whose reports form an nnr^o,,^j^*J.u-,
L.-sioner ot .-agriculture tor 1672, that farm wa^ ^n]ii onrl fu" ""^ <■« that
|f^ '
|
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«8
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
Guelph purchased in the faJ I of 187 'i A/tAH-- j. x,
at on . con.,„enced, and a Com^Lsion tsue^'to tveraf"""'^"""' ^'''^'^ ^"''^' --« eduction sts in order to have a schLe Matured it^cTr''*- ^^t"^*""«*« ^^d "Provincial Farm Commission " reported in Tn,!^! i«t. ^•^™'i"«sion. known as the appendix to that of the CWrnissSr for the Tn '^' ^^f' ^^^ their report forms an adopted ^as a basis, the institution "as founded "^It deTned ;h ^^■ *'"' /?°''*' P^^"^"^ gave to iL its technical name, described the bnilrUn 5^ °^-'^''*' «^ *'''^' institution,
inents into xvhich the institu ion iould be div ded fh "'V^ *" .^' ''''''''^' '^' depart! the stair(but not the course of stuS tave some r' ? ""^'r'^T^. standard for entrance, hat until the farm, college and bu 1 iin!J^r To r.l'^^-l''^^''^"^' recommended
ew years, no deiinite courseTst~ S -°»W take a
"the preparatory term" of the instit^uti^rexistenT I ' n i ^' 7""'^ °^ ^'^^^* ^^^^ «^"^'l Professor of Agriculture at Cornell Unrversity-Henrt^^^^^^^^^^ n °"'^ ^°^™<^"«^d. The Principal, and the institution opened in May ISrf L^ffilu^ ''!' ^''^■' ''^' ^PPoi^ted ansen, the Principal resigned, and I was sent un to ffv , f '"' *° '"^»^g«'»«it having zation, a curriculum ui study and a cTii of aLtS ,"' ^^^''- ^ ^^'^'^'"^ «^ ^'S^^^' orary Council, at that tim/au advisorTLdv cTnf IT 1^^"^'"'"*^^ *« tJ^" Hon- accepted with modifications, recomm^S to the rnv^^ with the institution, by them a few minor changes, it is tim same ^ that .vwl-T?''*' ^"^ ^^ ^* accepted. With lege at the present time In IS im GC S T^^'^'^ ^^ ?^ ^''^''^"^^^ «^ *J^« Col- was appointed Princiral, but ?n a monlh r^!" ^°^^^*«'.E«<1-. of Cirencester, England,
summer of 1875, Mr LmeslS,.^ J^ mTI" ^rTuTh W t '?^*'^- ^"™^ *^« Superintendent : and in Januarv 187fi fi^l ^'^•■t^-t' toi bouth Wellington, acted as Farm
Brown, was appointed" DTinJ^'tfe'fol o.^iWrr";"" h"' °' ?^* °"^^^' '^^'^ ^^^"-" the results are thus summarized in a leporri had +!.«? "^ T'^ ,'"'""* *1"^*'*'^ ""' ^"^ sioner of Agriculture at the close of last^ear ''°"' °^ ^^^^°« *° *^« Commis-
place was established-theptpaXystaJ^^^^ *^ Report on which the
that the objects were 'the Li unrof yoS men n h?tf '^'''^ '.' ""' '-^^''''^y ''^''^^ husbandry,' and ' conducting experiments teX„ to f T7 """I P"''"*^"^ °^ improved interest to the agriculturists of tKm n I ' T ^ f ^^*'°'' °^ questions of material Stone Farm was to be made suitable for tt J ' • "i ^'^'^^'^P^i^h these objects the stage, by the labour of the students who were^toC ^^^^l^'^^^" ^"""8 the preparatory school. Let us glance at what SStlS^ired In ordeX nSt t7" '? *'"* *™^'/^*'^ ' experimental farm, a large amount of wit unml KnfoT f , *^'' ^'"™ ^ '^"'^'^1 ^nd underbrush and lo<vs had to be broken n^, n 7 P^'*"''' ^'''"^' "°^'«''<^'i o^^n with
drained ere it could be woied ■ the nnrf V ^^^'Se portion of the farm required to be the whole of the fields needed Vot Te LtS "^^^'^ '^? *« be cleared of weeds placed under definite rotation , all the fam Sii r/hld l^b "'*° "^''' '^?^'' ^^^^ "" ones, consequent upon peculiar necess ties hZ Z^t ? ^^ improved, and many new
department,\vith orchards, lawns and S^^^ ''''^'^' ^^^^mpU, horticultural
College buildings were to ^lan andTe adS ^ o the 'l I'f ''^'T °' ^""^ °'^*' ^""^ P^^^* ^ ^^e '•nail the departments of instructi^ was to tr/b '"^^^^^ and the College itself,
work to be done in this preparatory tennDurin' ,• f^/" "^^^'^ °^'g^"^^'d. Such was thJ four acres of uncultivated pastur^kS have been^. 1 •'^' ^f''""^ one hundred and eighty- one hundred and sixty-two have been clared '''^T'^''' ^'""^bt under the plough ; been laid with twelve thousand one tdre r'ds of diSn^T„ nf "' ""'^ -^-^^y-tL, hive . of the farm has been drawn up, and the fields remn, 1^ l 5 ^^'^ ''''* 'P°*' ^^'^'^ > ^ P^^"
regular rectangular shape ; ei|hteen huncbed and f f ' ^^^"^ding to it, have assumed a have been bui.'t to accomplish the readtstmenf ^ ^ "°^" ^^ ^^"^"'^ ^"^^^ «^ ^^^^^g have been made on the out^buildings to suh them fL";r^ miprovements and alteration! improvements they have been maKorrcL Je^^/nTof^^ P'"'"'""'' P"''P°^^^' ^''^ ^^ *h°«« suitable for general use ; whilst of the b n nT °^'^'=''^««' economical for feeding, and
carpenter's sliop and experSnta bti^^^'gSnS'rZ"' '""''^ t'^' '^"^ ^^^'*^^ ^
houses a poultryhouse and pig-pen ; the lUr^t^'elM it^! iSZtTw', l^ '-^^:
[Mr. Johnston.] "-- oeen in.ri out, una put
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
69
.?,! Z Ya ' f ' gt'''^''\^",^ shrubberies , through them drives and walks have been cut graded and gravelled; shade and experimental forest trees have been planted, and the foundation of a complete horticultural department well and thoroughly laid • forty
^?rfnl "Jr.tf ^'''''^^u^'^r^' "^ ^^' experimental farm, and seventeen of them already used for that purpose besides ten cut up into some one hundred plots : the old farm- house has gradua ly assumed the outline of a college building, for on it has been placed a mansard roof, and to its north side have been added two wings, 53x12 and 50x40 respective- ly, and to the south side one wing 50x40; so that it only requires one additional wing to that side to make the whole a line range of college buildings, 240 feet in length and 42 feet in width, capable of accommodating within its walls one hundred and twenty resident pupils besides the necessary class-rooms, sitting-rooms, reading-rooms, library and museum On this farm, during the hve years, not only have the improvements sketched been accom- plished, but there have been grown the usual cereals, grasses and roots, and those so cul- tivated that the land has proved a profitable investment, and at the same time an invalu- able lesson for students In the yards, they have been gradually breeding from small beginnings into six breeds of cattle, five of sheep, three of pigs, and t,wo of poultry, until now theflocks are acknowledged to be amongst the best in the Province, and the herds are obtaining considerable proportions, and, in the opinions of the best judges, commend- able excellence. In the orchard and gardens, the lawn and shrubberies .here have bin planted, or annually sown or grown, ior the purposes of use, beauty or instruction, some seventy-six varieties of standard and forty-two of small fruits, sixty-four of shrubs, eighty of plants and flowers and twenty-four of vegetables, whilst at the same time the vaded methods ot cultivation have been acquired with constant practice by all the students. On the experimental fields and plots there have been carried on during the last three voars some four hundred and twenty distinct experiments with varieties of fall wheat and sprin-
jlZu nf^^^^u ^^Ti °^-^'^' rL'°'''' ""^ S'""'''' and clovers; of potatoes and cairots of mangolds and turnips ; of different modes of cultivation and difierent man- ures ; of various kinds of fodder, and different breeds of cattle, sheep and pigs. And in all those departments of work, the practical instruction of the pupils has been going on. And .nnl .Th ^^,*"':^"y t° <J« I'^^t remark, that in the College buildings mentione!l there has constantly, during the five years, been a full quota of student., and the course of study pursued by them has been completely drawn up, and the intellectual work founded thereoii thoroughly organized. Around the subject of agriculture have been grouped the various sciences which treat of the plant, the soil, and the animal ; all that explains thestruc ure and tne diseases of the latter ; and all the practical studies that will be required to be applied by the students in performing their own business, or sustaining their varied rela- tions as citizens in the general community. And in order to carry out that course of
nt h.r.l5 r]"r ?P%f '^.' *\\°':°"gJ»ly arranged, and the duti/s of each member of t le body clearly defined. The facilities at hand for successful teaching are not what they
nSnbnt f;. Tv ""T^"' '' ^T«^"t^>' "i«reasi.ig. Th. library and reading-room, the laboiatory and dissecting-room, the class-rooms and museum are being gradually filled with books and periodicals, furniture and appliances, implements and apparatus, grains and grasses, insects and plants, fossils and minerals; whilst the farm itself with fts six
Its ^arled departments, all furnish a series of appliances which, in the hands of able and conscientious masters, are capable of being used with effect in the intellectual develop ment of any number of students in the general and technical knowledge and skill requisite for success in their chosen profession. And the number of students is constantly iiicreas! mg. in our farst year it was thirty-one; this year it was one hundred and sixty-two During those five years, the names of three hundred and thirty students have been entered
Z^r A 1 I^T ^T ^'^\ 'l'\ ^^""^' ^^''' '•^^^^^""^g ^' '«J'-ter or longer t!me, two hundred and thirty-eight and o that number one hundred and seventy-two are kno;no be following agriculture, horticulture, or the veterinary profession, besides others of whom we have no trace, who may be doing so as well. On ihe mode! farm, nn th« e-no..-mn tal farm, in the horticultural, meclianical and live stock departments, on the^College build- ings, an I m the College itself, i)rogress, continued and marked progress, has been the rule [Mr. Johnston.]
i H
ii!;
(JO
AGRICULTURAL EDUCJATION.
a
Haino
with
,,n, . . •^, «vi.,;,H, way, To
"lli.'i- .iKn.uItural ooIIcko. .Iraeribod,
''ouy „/;<;:;;;,„, i^;"M!r:>,;^;';;?"i;,:j;;:i:;|,™,;' f™. -f <>» » ,. . ,„„„ .„,„,„ „,
""iry, rciidiiiirnwin. mnv,,,,., i .- ,, •' 'oiimuiis
The Ondirio tho Oitv lii
I'^l' <wn stnri,.Han,la"i.,,s^.m,'.n. n
'• v I ri'si(|(>ii(_ ^ "*■ •
•*• I i-otcsfcor of Scioiiiv
i. lV.,f.>«s.,rof y,.(,.,.i,m,y Science.
J_>. K'irm i'\)n«inMn.
^- nnrliouKunil Kuroinan.
'^' Mi'oliaiiii'jil Foiviiuiii.
McfUcd, P/n/s
An, tl,„s„ are „rr,.„s„d „,„|„r u,a deparlmcul. „f '■"'"""'•
1. AjrnCTlItuiV.
2. Seiciu'p.
+• Eiigli.sl, aiuUlath.-niatica.
the ™nu;t™ci'.!;£::;;z,;;f;:-''' - "- "-™m, ■,, „„«» »„ «„ c„,a, ,.„, .„
"tI" Fwrr "" ''-"'"'™-™". »"'«'• « divided into 2. The Live Stodc Dopartmont.
1 Tr*" '/"^•*^'^"'t'"-al Oopartmont. 4. 1 ho Modianical Department.
^!^^^^^ti:!^::iz^^;^:^x:^^^^ T <'^"*"*'""^^ «^'^"'^'^-' -^u-te for
mons the winter one beginning on th "s of Oc'] ^^^-^^'"""^.V^-' isdivide.l into two s " and the summer session comnu^cin,. about the IGth'of";^ "f"'^. '"^ *^« ^^'' «^ March ; TI fl • r^^'1 ^'^'''''y '' ««>' vor^ snul t an ahl H^' .''"'* closing on the 31st o JJio boardnig-house. when fully oomp!;ied aV wi M n " ^'^^'"•''^*«fy '^"'l «>« museun,. no pup,ls,and that number have a Ireadv I ,„, iJ f V" " "'""^''' ^>" accommodate tho charge of the President, assisted b^he MaH om r*''';\r'"'"''''^- ^* '' ^^^^^y ""der cu nvat.on, except four groves of woods whkh are n*" ^"'^"c ^^'^ ^'''^ >« ^^ ""^I'r 4s that which is generally known as mixed faming V"'t ''^* "P°'^ ''■ ^he farming actual farnung and stock breeding than talTS^,, Jr t^l^^^'- ^^^^^^ f *^
L-«'- */o,^?!«JO/i. ( ^-"^ *"*"> otaer agricultural
AORICULTURAL EDUCATION.
(il
d
ronl Down, and HoufchSow .m-l ,^ 1 .'. "^ i.o (JotHw,.ld, JJordnr LeicoHtor, Ox-
Suflnlk Lror^dH of pi. Z 1 at, i,„ I., " ' ' '"'l' ^''" '"'P''"^"'^ JJorksl.iro and Hmali
thn.Hl....- ,uul sU,an\ pulping a X^^^^'^^^o^^ '"" """'' ''"''"'"'« '^ "^'•'*'"
on a Hullidontly larK., hLi-s t h 1 t ■ m,, , 'a ,. . ' "i-rat,onH an, .uhsidiary. l,ut
lawn, and hItJ:!.!.,.?!.. oxt^nd! ^ ' £ ' Z v ll^;" Tl""' '""^ tl. (low,,., ^ardonn.
which iM aim, HuhHidiary, haH confined itm f hi h^ n f •"<;<:han.cal dopart.n.nt.
shapo of fencings chaining and in '| ?"">'!»'»'"•' improvo„H..tH, in rho
that ,H, thowholn ,iay during, tin- Hun.n.or morithH S 7 l.o Iv I '""''""■« '^ ''^y- autunm n.onthH. and a nhortor tin.o .luring tlTw h^ 1 V ?. """^' '^'" "^V"^ '""^ in^'H, half tho .lay, counting- M.o wholo vr-ar roum h fX .,' IT'"*^ ''"^' ^*'" *''^''"-
ti.-o.ship. and tho othor half .it} Z/ZZf 2uW '^' "1 '/'T '"""'"" .'J^ '^'''"•'•»- akilhHlhthouratamaxindun.ratoof lOrn "Ih^P^- ', , '" "" ^ '^'■" ,'^"«^'-''^ '"r not h.. ..mnn..rat<Ml. ^ ' '"""^- ^'"' ''"'"" ""^ n-ulations need
lowJ!;;;;!;:;!: '^S;:s:o";;;;,t:a;r ^ ^-P-vinoi-d Lo^inlaturo, there bein, no .a.
and other porn.anont in-^.r;;!'.! s ' v ;; a irPoo'(j;;o''"T^r "' '^ T"''.'f '^l''^^' an.l Htoclc have hitfi<,rto he; en snent in l.uildi m ,. L »-UU,(JUO. },e proceeds of the farm
a Hhort time, studentH iroXv^^Z^l^^^^^^ '"""' ^■''"'--^ ^-
from outBide the J'rovince $50 r,er annn.n 'in ^ f '^ *^'' I""" »>'""•". and
that tho Oi.tario Agricultural (Jolle- e exc k'in T ' ""^T^^"' "P""'^' *" '"^"'«^ »"* An.erica, and in an? part of Eu mr;:" ir^l^rn ^'!^"';V'^<^''"''- "" t^"^' <^*o'"HHmt of which w^ have see,^^ at t^l^!^ rT2;j:::'ZtZ:^:''' ^^^^ in exi«tence in teaching simply a^^ricultural educati!in. ^''"'''"^ ^^ ^^^
1. It does not attempt anythir.g but strictly agricultural education. f. It IS not u mechanical or general industrial college
3. It IS not in any sense a literary institution, with a leaning to agricultural subierf s of study'' ''"" " '""^' "''^"'•^"'^'^" "" '' — «^ apprenticeship Jlilli^:^^:,
perfo5ni'r:^iXtrm'r5^tr;L;'^*^''^ ^" ^^" ^^ ^ "^'"«' --'"« ^'« "^"'^-ts to
insti^j^i't^tv^iSc!:? ilf;;:!:^^^^^ ^'^r ^^f^^^ --y ^^ ^^^^ othe.
load to permanent success. But it is v far ro , ' f *:^P'^"'^"'"'^« «'i"^'« "« '^"an alone
VI. Tub Pathway o» Futubb P„oanE33 0ndk» its Pk»m»sks-t Oroaxizatio!,.
tory stago of itBextatenc i» .vVrTnTu'eTerS ' ''^1''^,"^^^^^^^ ■11,,, propara- Wh„t „„;y tavo l,oc„ ,„ffic„„,t for ;i,:l«taC°^ , "'.'^f'^, .'"»,'.«";» -««-'l "V"
[J/ J". ./c»/tvw<u>t.] ® •
€2
AGRICULTURAC EDUCATION.
^
1 i'
Pi(
here place on record my opinions res?ardin<r the dirfl tm« fKnf ^ take, even at the viskoi^yet^ryiJ^Z'Tt^^^^^^^^
the order already laiu down may be foUowec 3 !, T ''°*^' '' ^""'^ ''^ considering it, fore, first of all : ^ »oilo^ved, and under consideration there come, there-
south wing, an additional storey^o t^e centro atd a hre 'sJ^' f'^fr'^"" ^"^"^ *^^^"^d'"« completion of the first two will give a bn[rdir240 feet ^^ "'^^'"? '"^ '^'^ '''^'- ^he deep, and two storeys and a man.s!rd in St ^ L wmd 1 n"'^' ,*^«^^P"S ^rty-two feet storey been added to the hoi-^ht bui S the Ir Jh f ^°"^''* b'""'' ^"^^ '^"oth'^r ones at the four angles, the mai An 011^ may be 2T/ i '" """"'"^ *°^''''' ^"^' «'"'^"'''' floor there would hi, when everythu gfs^^ Sder tfe buiSeTS^''*'- ^" *^« ground parlour, two class rooms, and the apartments of the 1«,-S» . 'i^''^\^^^^P^^on room, there will be the private'rooms of four professors he UhfnlT ""T'' ^" '^' '^''' ^^^^ ^vith donnitories for thirty-six studentr oTtho S. Tor T 1^"T°",' ''"^ "^"^«'^"'' seventy-two pupils, and on the last floor of tLZJ-,^^y °" '' ^'° ^Jo™itorie3 for
tories for sixteen Students coVti ni ?, I tlnl . I'U'M'ng, as also the tower, dormi- changes that might be recommoml n f ), ' ! ''''*'' '^'^ ^^'^^'^^'^^ observato;y. The
all fan,ilies f-nfthe cXg t 5^ ^^^tli'n'rth'e 3^0?!^^^^^^ *°*^' exelLon 0
occupied in this way, the private SieTofloprce^^^^^^^^^ Tf '1"i"»"' °°^
wing, the private apartments of the resident mastornlT/u ^T'l^ ^°°'' °* *''« "o^th eighteen a.lditional students. Around he ehss room nfl? '''"'"' 'T ^^^itories for wing galleries might be run, whidi woul do,S tl? .'^ ff"'* ^°°" ^^^ *^« «o"th
and the present dining-room in tt Toi^i St « ^ i^ToSVe^fi^^^^ for a museum,
lour and sitting-room. By usin<r tho mn=o„J f ^ °"^'^ "P * students' par-
then be given f^ur Iect«r7ro n f To nial uthis m x , T '.7'" '''" ^°°"' ^'^^^^ -«"W could be extended to the eastward in an ellin iea c^^ . "° '"''^^^''^ '^'^ ^°^*^' ^i"g turned into a laboratory for the chem^riiis a s^ LI?''^' ^''^ "'^' ^^^'^^ ^''*' ^"^ *^"^ cally four stories in hei.^ht and wm Id it. of 1^ T*^ students. It would be practi- physiologieal laborator^V■'w^;el^ foi7r chen^Ls aJ^^l "^^^^^ '?f'^ ^'' '''^^ a chemical and taneously. The north win. shouiralToTe evtP I " ^ f"'' """^'^ ^' ^* ^°^^^ «i™"J- convocation hall, and a corridorwoul connect li^? " '"""""'' *" ^"^"^ ^ P^^hc
additions, leaving out the alterat^o s of ^b« n,l ^''''^"* °°«- ^^^^"^ *=««' ^f these
laboratory, I estCnate, woulfre^ch il^^oS' ^S^w atXLrl ''f/^^^f "'' ^^ *^« dunng-rooms, wash-rooms, bath-rooms scXrie. Inl i • ?^ '''°"'^ be the kitchens,
.lents, connected with the^resent 3d? ^1^"^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ and servants' apart!
the space between the main and rear buildinn^s miX K Pf ''*\S« ^'^y. and m a portion of the steam-heating apparatus ItTs diffio t f f .^ . P^""'"^ ^^^ b°^'^'' ^^^^ engines for it would be best to ?ear down a 1 thfb. ^bnll '"^'^""^.*u'",?^ ""^''^ ^' ^^'""il*. Jet rubble work, on an improveTphn with tb. W "?'' ^""^ ^uild anew in common stone plan that Mr. Tully, the Go? rl at arcL tect dZ^'r^r^*'- ^'^" "'" ««^ ^^ '^^^ practicallv into effect The diSce betwo^n nn. • ^Z^T'"" '""^^ ^" ^^ea carried patching, I estimate, counting fn he cost 0 the t w"Sf T ^n" '"^ *¥ P^^^^°* °"« ^^ the cost of $3,000 only. The cost of this back bn wT ^.^ n'"^ """"^ ^""^ P"<^ "P' <** 814,000, and that includes steam and gas tittlLs SoSn'' ' '" ^'"Pfovements, would be room fittings. As the old buildings Te frere itfs t'o ^ f ^TX^''^ ^''""''^•^ ^"•i ^^^^h- ei-nment may be to carry out sucra nla^/tW ir''?u'^*^°^^^^^^ same boilers that heat the bui d h^s cout be use^d ZJt'"^ "''^.'' '^^"^ ^"''''- The attached to them could, by means of umWo-rL f '"^'^•"g g^solme, and the engines the farm buildings. Water^nust be procu^d ele^'T ""^.f' Z''^ "^^ *^^ niachiner> in tional wells, and pumped /^elvSif' ," *'^^
river will need to be bSilt Placinrthp .!^^ f' T ^ \ '''^'' ^'"'" ^^^ ^^^Iding to the the buildings yet to be ertted She Conf v> Mr'"'* *™ "* ^'^'^^^' ^^e totaf cost of «ee, at $30,6oo'. This. 1'^, Sle'oS^vt '^^rhe^fi'l^^^ 'l'^''^''- ^^'^ ^^
1.
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
68
alteration about the outside and principal entrance of the main buildings to improve its appearance, wo would then be m possession of one of the most complete .-^ricultumf col
main^cla^l-es.'^^"'^'"^"'^'''"" "''''""' *^^ """'' ''"'^ ^"' admitted—Theae will be of four
1. Sons of farmers who desire to l)ocome farmers.
2. Sons of residents of villages, towns, or cities, who have the same desire.
3. Sons of residents of tlie .sJKter Provinces.
4. Sons of residents of Britain.
.V.11 ^^° ^Y-^t *^o clfsses must always find the doors open, though the second would do yell on entenng to have served one or t^^o seasons on the farms I have descTibed or in the middle Agricultural schools. It is unlikely that any other of the ProviiTces will Ld themse yes rich enough to establish such an institution, and it might be advanta-Teous « the insti ut.on be not too full, not only to admit all of this class who signiSthetf Sn tion of staying in Ontario, but also a certain specified number who were sure of settl nl Si their own Province. In that case, terms might be arranged whereby! on condTt on of ^ grant being voted by any Legislature of a sister Province, a certaiii number of s^u dents should be admitted. To all of the fourth class good high fees miXt be charged whilst hke the second named, its members would be all the better of takin^ the course on the farms, or at one of the middle agricultural schools. A practical qu^st on E will require immediate attention, is, whether for admission, a pledge of settlemerin OntTrio shall be exacted A large proportion of the graduates of the Agricultural Col We may find their way to our own North-west, where many are alroady^ettled. The termnf admission will require to remain as they are, but it might be well to have a junToTand senior examination, the latter coming up at least, to the sta^idard required for thM cfass certificates and passed by all entrants from the native population. EiaminatTons are now held, at entrance on the details of practical work for classification, and these examSatZI it would be well to have for entrance, and require all who could not pass thertS nto a farm preparatory year, taken either ut the institution or at the middle aSicuiW S tre'regutr:o3l' ''" '^ '°*' '^^ ^'"°^*^°^^^ '''' ' ^^^^^'^^^ ^*-^-^ £oATmi!rn
//,. <?f;/''Th''"'''' "-^ Study,, -Departments of Instruction, Course of Apprenticeship, and ^nrf 5;^\^ ! '' ''"'^ ^^l^^^^^'^'-'V^^'^^^o^ between these four subjects, that it willle more profitable to consider them . ,-ether. By a comparison of the present currkulum ^vlth the one given as a standard, it will be seen that there are a few new subjects of stud^ suggested, but not many. The principal changes would be three in number : ^
L Changing the course from one of two years to one of three
2. Dividing the subject of Agriculture into four divisions, and thereby renderiuc the teaching more practical and detailed on that most important subject "^"aeriag
in ^TT:!^^^^!^'''^'-^^ 'y ^^-^^^-^ the pupils into division.
My own opinion at the commencement, as embodied in my recommendations ^iven in the CommLssioner's Report of 1874, was, that the course should be one of three /ear^ but the change to two was made-and at the time, perhaps, widely made-by the HoS^ Council s recommendation. The precedents quoted, and all n, v experience, go to IZS the longer time under the permanent organization would be the better. It will be remem bered that m examining the definition of the term, -Applied Science," as g v"n to aS
t^wTl °"^ '''f „■" '^^^''' ^^"'^ '' ™^^^* ^ '^'''^'^'^ °f the rufes of pracE of the best and most intelligent farmers, used as forming the principles of a scieEcP S i was also pointed out tliat to many students nothing more could be given of the7cience"of [Mr, Johiston.]
f
1/ >
64
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
Now, in order to'the thoroug trehL of ^tub.'^fcT^^^ f ? ^^"""^^T ^'^ *^'« -'-culu^ of the subject of agrieultmv intHhe fr.„r n?.f I -^ 'T^'^ ''"^8«at the division gradually
standard laid cIovvn^uidtu/adv^abHtvoran^n^i^^^^ ^^"" '^''"'''^^y "'^"-^ "^ «^
In the „,eanti„.e he divisiouTwork between ^^' *'°""' ^''^'''''' '"^ '^'^^ division.
and
1.
The 1st Professor of Agriculture taking the Field and Live Stock Departments ; n.entf ': ''''^ '"' ''^^'"^^^ ""^ ^^»""-^*-- ^^^^-K *'- Horticultural and Mechanical Depart-
-"^ifB^?-^^^ impossible so far
Depart Jents.'^' '^^"'^^^'^^"^ ^^ ^«-"^^-« ^^^-S the Field and^^rt of the Mechanical Depart Jentf^' ''"'""'' °' ^»""^"^*"^« ^^^'^-S ' ' ^ ^ '"e Stock and part of the Mechanical ical DepTrltt''"''"" of Agriculture taking the horticultural and part of the Mechan-
you witLt^ettlr ' '^^^ '°"^' "^"^ *'^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^ '^-^ - -ached, which
ooJJd'the^t^^htTh?kpS^^^^^^^ '^« Field Department and experiments
^^^^^Zr:li^£^Z;:^J^J^ «-^ department .nd the expenmejs ^^:^i£t^^^J^^:-^^ ^^^— ^^^ ^^« experiment: ct^^^Ltrretitt^^^^^^^^^^^^ department and the
the ^:a7l:Z/^^ ^Zn^nee^J^T'-^ ^ ^^^^ of horticulture, or end in view could be made on hiraSzXen ' Noth-nr^'TT^"* ?^ ^'''''' '""''^ '^' other departments of instruction. The TdditionI t ^ Ttw '""''^ ^^°"* ^^^^ ^^ tt« standard fall naturally into thJir phLf and wntnd *^** T «"«g^«ted in the
course for farmers' sons during the whiter seSl To « TT ^gradually. The special riculum, and would require broadenh^ Tnrerr^ermln . ^^' '''^. ^•''^^"'•es of the cur- made for non-resident pupils. X '^uld boardTr? organization provision being It would be umzecessaryl;auseainlestudm"ts totaTrt? ""^1?^ ***^-d lectured armngement of subjects could be made whSv omct^^ °°?^^' ^^^^ an
divisions named, and all studies roktincrtn+rrK-^ practical Agriculture in the four tered in two winter sessio L l/^d tS coS^ses ofT.'^ ^'™"^' °°"^'^ ^^^ *^«™ be m^ Joining to agriculture, such as thllta^^^^r f^ :?e"a"rbX^^^^ flax industry, etc., might be invited from experts in ZLl,,i . factories, beekeeping, zation of the course of apprenticpshio on 'IhrKn " f n f"^-)^^*^- The thorough organi- when there are so many in^atJendan ?' Bu if i '1 1 n'^'f fVT"'' '' i^dfspenfable those in charge of that departmenr The member <5 .1 ?^'^°*^'!' ^"'^ "^"^^^ ^^ '^^t to themes already been ,.L in considetll^ ^^til e^:.:;::^ !f I^^^^
institution. Certiticates of attenZce mi4t be ' l'"f ^T'nll ^^^ *'»« ^^*"t« of the think It would be better were t le affilTafion with tl e fl ^^ ''^g*'/"thorities, but I suggested, carried out, and all diplonm and dig le "iv^"!?;? of Ontario, already granted however as certiticates of attendance to IlPI^t- ^ diplomas might be
[Mr. Johnston.] attendance, to all taking a special course, by the
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
65
authorities in cliarcre of f)m f'nli«„„ i ' -
«g tl^JalorLry C "^^S; ^'1:!:^^ ai;:; Tf ^^^"^--- ^''- -tte. of ^'^toaskth..p^^s<nltI,n,fe8«oro£clu.,ni4^Tf^^^^^^^^^ bife fitting it up it might he
JliuoKs Lulustrial Univcnsity, and o ,C w, o ' T^' ^^'''"S''^" ^«"^"^t»'-^l ^'olh"'o abomtories, and report. Thf sul i r.t i n "' ^''^'"''''^ '^"*^'^ ^^^ t]wir a-M-icultuml
laboratory will not only he or u t lult„^'7 'n ^°''\'^"' °"^' ^"^^ ^" *'»« '"or °so as S ■station or Ontario a,s syoU. 1 has alrea L 1 n ' "'' "'/"' ^'"'^ ^gncultural oxpoH n ' J ";;l-o,l for a nu,,se«n, and it carb:^'^^:^ \ : ' alSf ?, *^^f ^''l^ "PP-" ^^^^^^rZt .^und as .l..,scrilK.d, the accommodation ^t "'"" ^"^"^"^« ^'•^' ''""
hlled and without much exertion. Tiie library s". v V •^*''^' ?«^^"^'-'-. 't will readily be
something over ,00 volume.s. There should k' ^ ^^^^^^^^
formation of a goo.l library is the wol- f '"'", ^'^^^^ ^'^ ^0,000, (Jf eourse "h!
t-al and technical text bo^oks, ^7^001 s o'f 'ref '"' "" "'''"'^"'^ °^ ^^-V manraJriJul
guunngs of a general library have yet t^lnmt" " "°"'*^^ "^^^^"^'' "''^'^^ t^'e ^-
T;..LtrSfi:rSt':::n^^^ thi. . .. ab^Iute neee.it,
rly mnig, are the two main rea.sons. A ommi^on ^f";. ^^ ' n 1"^'^'"'^ neccssitatiifg
ous American in.stitutions .sketched, would S^ us \Z ' l""'^'"''''* '^''"P*^''- '» the var?
'■m a.s he one now in operation is^h.rts 1 is . r«""f "''°'' *^^* ^^'"^ «"'='> sys-
Hany other boarding schools or collXleeause f ^, '^^^^"^^ '^^"er, more so than^n "'loH and regulations re,,uiro to be few in number . f T""]' °* '""'''^ ^»^> «*»''>•• Tl e «ucJi a nature a.s to foster a iii-di sense S 1 ' "/ ^^rictiy adhered to. and to be f
shouldbe kept practically and i;LSi;lr;:f::i sdi-reliance in the'stud^i*^ U nistitution following the example of our , nl c ' H f '^''"°"' '^''''' "^ '^ ^^oarding
tlH cost of board and wa.shing, to be nairl fnl ,,, i ? ' '^'"-"'^ ^""^ 1^°^^ debited a-a nst lu iioarding House," and caut ■ all tluexnen I'? '''f'*^ -™"*^« " labour " or ''Cus ■student^.. The object to be aim^d I s to'maL thn' "r ""^^""'^ *« '^ '--^ '- "S mg I cannot speak with certainty J.ut 1 shou . '''"''^, ''■''^^'''•^''"^ont self-sustai^ vill pay m for balance of board bills^;v " .4 OoS Th T"'? '''f '^"^ ^'^^ ^^e students at cc«t, and they are credited with the vlke of tlul ?/ T^ ''""''"'- ^« ^''^^'S^d them
to returns. It miglit be well to begin by Lv ,.! " '^f^^f '"^ '^^'^^ -" hour, according of say anotiier .^1,000, and thus keen thp ,n '^ , ''"^ '^^"''' ""'"^ ^'«ting a lumn sum i am anticipating the question ofTx^enditure"^'"^''"'' '''^''"^^ ^^°™ *he 'college^P But
thege;u:!rpf;:iSL:i^rwn&^^ r'^atlhave already stated in
istitution were .Stone, Uibsoii, and Hamilton bn,.^ f ^yould be to the advantage of the the Province. That would require an exnend >' .°"f' ^'"' ^^' ^^^^^'^ "'o^'k osvned by -Id divideinto four Home .idel ^:j^:afS::i^Zl:^^^' ^^^- ^^ockl
3. Home Model Farm of !>ol::^^:^]^:\'''; '' ^/ '0, 11, and 12. 4 Home Model Farm of 200 acres Si l^ ' V ' """^ P''^*^ ^^ l^. ^^^'";'t«"; acres-itelds os. 1<J, 20, 21, ;Stone, Gibson, and
* «) J^-xperiment Farm Station-Fields Nos 1 7 „„ i i q
of 00, 100, and 150 acres respectively So mucVnf '1 '^''" !'' ^^''"' ^l«"^e Model Farms I Mr. Johnston.] ^ "'^ °^ '^^ ^^S^'^^^' ''^'^^ -« was just M-ould be
IL ....
I
ee
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
I I
apportioned to each of these farms, the barns— as gradually rebuilt— erected, not as one large barn, but as a separate barn for each of the favms ; each one would be under a differ- ent rotation ; the books of each kept separate, and placed in the library, for the inspection of all the students at the beginning of each week. Tiie division is quite practicable, and the following are a few of the reasons for the suggestion :
(a) It would be more in keeping with the farms afterwards handled by the students. As a model farm, the present one is largely uscle.ss, because its size precludes the possibility of handhng it— so long as it is worked as a whole— in u manner calculated to teach the students the business of farming as they will individually be obliged to undertake that busines.s.
_ (6) Such a division would enable a better systematized classification of the students in the course of apprenticeship to be accomplished.
(c) It would lead to a healthy rivalry amongst the divisions of the students working ♦acJi farm respectively.
(d) It would enable a more extended series of rotation of crops to be undertaken.
The farming, as stated, will have to be, as at present— mixed farming, with a lean- ing to stock. In order to complete the permanent improvement of the farm in fencing draining, &,c., something a.bout $12,000 will be needed. °
7. The Slock. — How far the business of stock breeding should be carried on in such an institution is one of the disputed questions in the solution of which the following con- siderations may be of value.
(1) The different breeds of cattle, sheep, and pigs must be kept (and of horses also ought to be kept) for simply educational purposes.
(2) Unless the expense of keeping them is charj,ed directly to education, it must be met by sellmg their produce, and that necessitates breeding, which indeed, is a part of the education.
(3) There must always be a few breeds which are unprofitable, and the expense of keeping these can be met from the profits of keeping, breeding, and selling the more protit- *ble ones.
_ (4) The results of crossing the various breeds will always be an important work of an agricultural experiment station, and this is that as well as an agricultural college.
(5) It would be unfair to charge any one of the Home Model Farms with the cost of breeding thoroughbred stock, as it is for purposes of education.
The conclusion reached is, I take it, simply this : that stock must be kept, and must he profitable, and hence a small stock-breeding establishment is a necessity. It has been a success in the past and promises to be a still greater one in the future, under good and skilful management. But it will be observed that the stock-breeding establishment and the farm are two different things, just as farming and breeding thoroughbred stock on anv ■•jxtensive scale are two different things, and the two should be kept as distinct as pos- sible, and above all should they be kept financially separate. This can be accomplished ; but the method of doing it, the quantity of stock, the number of each breed, and such things are matters of detail to be solved by those in charge. Here again an expenditure of another $11,000 is urgently needed We will pass on to
term liave
8. The Buildings on the Farm. — No new farm buildings?, in the proper sense of that
have been
been
abk
built since the Government took possession ; but many improvements made on the old ones. These were valued by the previous proprietor i !f 20,000, and, doubtless cost that, as they are all, except the barns proper, built of nia: uesian limestone. But they were the buildings not so much of a farmer as of a stock- breeder—Mr. Stone, the previous proprietor, keeping usually in them herds and il(3eks, worth from $40,000 to $(J0,000. Even for that purpose they are noNs^ far behind the age, being defficient in ventilation, light, convenience for feedin", and can in no sen.se [Mr. Johnston.''^
•a , I
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATIOxX.
not as one der a diffor-
B inspection ticalile, and
lie students. J possibility o teach the ertake that
he students
its working
firtaken. nth a lean- in fencing,
on in such lowing con- horses also
it must be part of the
expense of lore protit-
vork of ar.
the cost of
: and must t has been
good and nient and ock on uny ict as pos- uiplished ;
and such cpenditure
se of tliat rovements prietor at* ^t of niag- if a stoek- ud Hocks, ehind tlie L no sense
67
^achof the home «orf«^ /a,v" as te 1 as another' H''r'\P^'" "^ model "buildingrfo- plan, for the stock-breeding esUblirhment-catt^ slalT. V' '\*^'f '^''' ^PP^^^'^'' being of the best. For the latter, and three otl l s^t. n ' .,'''"',5 ^°'^'' "'''^ P*"'^''>-ie« I estimate the cost at $19,000 Th ^ in T, ^ n /.?^ *'''' "^'^ "^^'^'"^^ establishment. Eesi.les these whiclMna^rca Iff '";','?' ^"^ '^'' Btock-brooding
that term, there would be tL SS nf .i ^'"'" buildings, in tlie proper sense of the kor,cunur.l c/«,a..nt.: '^o w ^Si^ttt aXr^hree'^'^t'^' ''' r '«'->Tan1
-o^^n^r!^:;:;:^ -ember were the.« tHe U..
to bnng them to the standard, ha! eCen Sen ThaT°°T*"V"»'''^"^- '^'^ ««•«' ''^->
which are formed my opinion that horticulture sLnM \ ?'''"^ ^'"'" ^^'"^ ^'^'^«°"« °"
ment and not as the co'equaJ of a^Sw The "^ ^1 J'^^ght. simply as a depart-
department, however, would involve tire"Sion of ^.r^^ ' equipment of this as a
pagating house, a gardener's house and a 1 L f ^^^^"ho"^^. * vinery, another pro-
conunencement of a nursery, and a hoiticulturafo \ P^^!'"? °^ *^° °''<^''''^rds, the
the whole 40 acres, (the pii'ent 30 acres wtiS^r/Tu f^^T' ""? *^^^ P^^""^"^ ^^
tent landscape gardener. Without that nlln it f. i ^ . , l^^' ^^ ^ '^'^^^"^ ^^^ <=0'"Pe-
own figure of 813,000 will be found obf son ewh7T'' ^"^ '''''"'''' '^'^ '^''' but xny
chaiucal department would have u c erTts cWe wll'' close approximation. The me^
Older- '**» cliaige when everything was complete and in
1. The repairs on the college buildings.
. ' S: ;=::; tx^iii^SiT *'t °^ f *^^ '-- ^^^p-^-nt.
instance, fencing and draining "'"^ °^ throughout the whole farm such as, for
t Z :rSr ^i:^Zi:^ i-plements and machines, and shops. "'""^ appliances for laboratones. museum, gardens, stabbs
For its complete equipment would be reanirpH f ,.^ . ,
and wagon-maker's shop, with a full set of too s „n . TP'""*""' *"^ °"« blacksmith shop IS at present in operation. The cost of the Z '^PP'^'^"''-'"-?- The one carpenter's placed at ^3,500. We%ass now, to merely men tic i'' "' ''"'''''' ^"^ fittings.^may be
%i4i:^c^:t:i£;^tra sti^ ^sss lz:\i -'-''^^ ^"-- ^^
estal,lisl,rnont and development of the present Zt.Wn A ^l °^ '''^' '° ^^^^^^'^ '" t'^e
for e,™ e.«„, , ., . „L ,„ _ i.rvrre°i?;e;t.r j|.7L^'LT. JX™:
exemplification of the lectures can the^W,v?- ,^ it ^^'^^ '^°''^' '^^"^^ should be an cal and both Joined iu the teSuS f fn t i Ird ptce it"^"'^^ T''^'' ^' *'- P^^^^^^ learned Ixnng lost, or if not already acnu red ",v., ' f P^^'"''!'*' ^ fe^°°'' ^''^'^ '^^^ri fourth place, it stamps out any false nS, of ? oPP'^'-tumty for learning it; in the
pl.^-ce, it has formed one of he na'n reSons n. "'1'^"''^ "^ '•'^^°"'' ' ^^^ in the fifth successful agricultural sel.uols or c' ll'!: J'o^'i.r '•' .-f'"' ^"' *'^^ ^"^'^^^^^ ^^ ^"y tion of this question care will in thetuture requi'to ife tak^""' " "''"" '' '^' ''^^- [Mr. Joimston.'\
ll
hi P
m
68
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
(«.) Ill correct classification of „ll stu.lcnts daring tho course of npprentico.slnn i-.to divisions accordiii;^ to qualilicntioii. '
(b) 111 giviiitj n-sponsil)lo and sk-ill..a work to tho highi-r divisions, and th.> loss rcspon.sil.le and tho less skilled to the lower.
(c'' Classification of tlu^ work of all the doiiartiiionts of the farm
(d) Pay'»"»t according, to actual results, well Jiid-..,l aii.l accurately inspected at a
rate not higher tluui ten cents an hour for the very liest.
(e) No pavineiit for any work that is educational in its" nature.
(/) All classes of work carefully scheduled in value according to skill, responsibility etc., as well asclassilied, iin.l payment made according to seln-dule
(</) Strict record of all work of each and every student, and of all allowances to ea.I, and every one for any work, kept in the books of tho institution.
If tlH-se rules b(, strictly attended to the question will solve itself and its solution will do a great deal to ensure the pernianent success of the iiistitulion.
11. Oeneml Manacfrmfnt.— In Britain, these institutions are under the control of Boar, s, but then they are not supported by tho State. In Ireland, they are uiulor tho lioard ot Lducation, tor they are but u part of tho educational system and are support.^ by the btate. In Norway, Sw(>den, Puissia and Anstro-iluir-ary the Htute controls directly; in Denmark, the contr.illing ],o<ly is the Loyal Danish At;ricultura] Soci(^ty; tho majority of tho I^-ench Farm Schools have a local Board ; the practice varies in Oer- many, but in that home of autocracy the results are the same ; whilst Portugal itily and the Netherlands have iiistituti(,ns receiving advice from Boards, but under tlu' exe- cutive power of the State. All tho agricultural . ollegos of the United States, without exce])tion, i.ro under Boards of Trustees or llogvnts, and these are vested with executive as well as advisory powers. Such are the prece.h.'nts. In our own case tlu; State has direct executive and advisory control, the institution being diroctiv under the t'omm-s- .sioiier of Agriculture. Now our plan has the great advantage of "direct responsibilitv and has hitherto been .successful, largely owing to tho fact tliat Imth Ministers succe's- sively in charge, the IFon. .Air. :\IcKollar and the Hon. Ulr. Wood, as well as the J. renuer, have talcen pains and trouble with tho managomcnt of tho institution Vt the commencement there was an Advisory Board known as the Honorary Council uhi'^h did much good service m establishing and organizing. Its most active members were the Hon 1). Christie, ^Iv. James Young, now .AI.P.P for South Brant, IMr. Stephen White of Charing Cross, Mr. James Laillaw, now M.P.P. for South Wellington, and Professor buckland. A lioard of Trustees having a.lvisory powers only would, in such a purely technical instituti,m, seem to bo of groat value, especially if the members of the Board were partly educationists and partly practical farmers, elected, say in part by the County Agricultural Societies or other organized bodies of farmers, and appointed in i.art by the Admim-stration. It is impo.ssiblo for a Minister, who has lifty other thiu-s to superintend, to give to such a place the close personal attention that its importance doma"nds It IS at present under the Treasurer. That gentleman is not only Finance IMinister but IS supposed to be intimate with all the agri.'ultural societies and systems, tho .leaf' and dumb, blind and lunatic institutions and systems of management, plans of prison and reformatoiy work, and charities and charitable institutions every whore in the Province A more uiflefatigalile worker and one bettor up in the details of all his work, it would be dilhcult to iind, yet it is asking too much to demand that he shall also be ''aufait " in all the details of an Agricultural College. Tho only woiulor is that he is so much at home therein as ho is. Yet it would certainly seem that th.* advice of such a body as the one mentioned wouhl be of great value. But in our Province, at any rate, the practical working of such Bo.ards has been found to be very expensive, and they have "radually assumed an executive as well as an advisory voice, thus hampering instead of'assisting the action of the xMinister in charge. Looking at tho matter from all points, however, I think that such a Board, ap})ointed under certain conditions and restrictions havino- sim- ply an advisory voice, would bo of great service. °
Agahi, at present, the President has charge of the College proper ; and the Professor [Mr. Johnston.]
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
CD
l.atman l.y wj.at na.ne you like/ ArLtV T^ '''''''^''^^^ ^''" institutio "aU
-J»l«t occupyin,, a position if L iStituZ r'"^'''V""'^ *° «'^'-" tl.a? loss rospoctu,, plans and quoHtionrco 't .^^^ T' ^^^ ^^^'^in and a. in " f
organization and ostal.lishnint. ^la.L" ^ "f a^.-i u''"'"? "^,;'«"»-'tion with p.C'4t thing else, are not cn,.ated but niade " '^S^'^ultiuul colleges, like mauagirs of any-
ation'o'f ttr-lXl f? w:f^"''r ^"' ""^ ''^ *^^ '-^' P'^ee we ^on>o to the o • ,
College^ the ,natt::Z;L^'diseJ;:;ennd';;^ ^ "'''^'r ^- '^ C^^Iiau a!,SS means by which the nr,.x,.n/r' I ' " ** remains for us how b,.«^ y^ Vr,i 'cultural
The v.£„,,, ,:X:ruLt£4T»r:::?."j r".;;:';™*- -«" "-'SLt^"
tJiat IS the question of ' "Uoo'-^tea by the first item of the revenue and
ooii^ 1;;:^^:;^^ m^^rXul^^r^ --^ 'r-^ --^ «>« A^icml.!
requires to bo shown in t?.^ dire, ,''?''"', •''"'^^««« °f ^^'^ institution, her iteiSS «.m.lar institutions in the United S^S^^vlS:'""' ''''"'" ^''« ^'"''^ '^^^t^o^^ toundation of their success has br'n ;f t? ;^ ^ ^ '™' >'°" "^'^ ''avorcco-rni/ed tbot t
Siu'triirf '-T r"'» ^'- ''■" »" '^' : r K;,';j,;i't:"""»" ''''™"'^ '"i°« S
-Lo-iuLcicion jjijl, now bpforo +i,q q;^,. ^ "-"^ •- < (ler.u iio\('i'nnipnf .n>,i ,..i ^i
he support of all the Agricultural cffi^t •« t't TT '• ' ^''" "P°" *''^^ ^■""^l ^^'h ^e the balance going to the sunport of the Pu .Hp% t"°" "P *° ^^^^.'^'JO Per annum
buildings have frequently bc4 the ' '^ t ^^^uhar custom, and the hnd nnJ
;,; ^ '^"'*^'^^'^<5'^ta have always been the custom ""'^'-'^''-'^ m a few nands, [Mr. Johnston.] "'*''"'' ^"^ state endowments the
^
;o
cxrr
AOKlCUI/rmiAh EDUCATION.
|t(i..ii. Ill ft now .•oimliy liko our own, wonlth in mon« ovonly dintiiliiitod, nn.l
ii<'<'iiin|i|iHlii<il
whi-n anytliinu; of Mm kiml im dono (owiu-iIm ii HVHtnm of odiicHdnii, if, Ih IikhI.
l»y tlio Nttiti> whii'l ii'-MctH for (li(> piii'ii ill nil «<ii<
rl«|>roH.>M^H ( liK \vliii|t» i'oininnnity, Hot tin^ aridn u jiurl inn of i|io mil ioiinl
I'hi" Sliid'H liuvc ri>co^r|ii/,,.,| Hint, f/icl, mul acti'il
iii'i'oruin
Kl.V.
.1
owMi.Mil tor Uio support, ot iho Uuivc-rHity of Toronto, iin.l llppor (Wda Collr-co (ukI ill our I'oininoM H.liooi l,nn.lH,HO liavo wo," l«ut, uiilikn (lirm. our r.'.-om,i(,i„n
""■'* ' " ">'«"ily towMr.JH tho "liiu'li.'Mi" <<<ln(<Mlion ; Hliftll wo follow Uioin lui.i .mkIow Uio
Hootillod lo\vi>rl" 'riio.iv'li (ho Kc.lonil (lovoniinonl, in r oiih.-. Iiiih tioMiiii^ |<. ilo willi
ocliionlion, vol tlio Uiulo.l Stales «'ou<roHM. HiniMlm.., in hIuiomI, mi um.iIo^ouh poMJMoti, in
ttoliiii; III llio luiiiiiu-r .l.>Monl>.>.l ; mi, I it, woiil.i 1... u t;ni..ofui tiling, to miy tlio l.-aHl, f,,r
our r.mtrftl (lovoniinoiit, (o follow llioir rxmnplo. Wvtov,^ our rn.ilio Hail way, liow»'v. r
niul ollu-rpnl.Ii.- workH, men inon- in.lispmMtlilo. Iinv.- invn l.iiill, I iiin (il'mi.Vu,,. t,„Hi j!
i.ilily of lilM'raiiiy on III.' pmt, of tlio hHl.-ini OovtM-nuiont >viil Im' K"'I><miii.I piovin.ii iJ
lilMMiiiily ni;iy iis well, iit oiiiT-, .•iiny on wliiU. it Iiiim lirji;un. In n'portinK to (ho (lovorn
intMil. f.ir I III.-.. yriiiH. I Imvo hih;u<-hI.>.I IIio Hcllin;; nsido ol '.on,;, of ||i.< InwimhipH (ui tlw.
propos.-d roul." of tho ('muidii i'lioili.' h'.iilwiiy, llirouKli dntario. for llio l.,utiH of nn
(Midowinonl. And, ns lli.« l,Mki> Superior H.Mlion in now pivllvHuro lo Imi ImijII. Iiy tlio
IVili.' IJiiilwuy Syiidi.vil.-. lli<> NU;;;;.'Hlion niiiy l.o <'m-ri.'.rinlo oir.M'f. ||, Iihh" liocri
n|prosoiilod to tiu>, in nn.s^.r to tliis Nii,^;^M.slioii, that our wild ImidH now in Ontmio, mo
ot too uiuTrliiin a valuo lo l.i- of d.'tinilo n,'rvi»-v> in miy rndownn-nt hoIkuhoh, wiiilnt
I ho hiindins; over of Imuls for huoIi ii piirpo.so, if of viduo, in (ittoiKh-d with niaiiy prao-
noal dilti.Mi!ti.«s and dnn-.'is. The ox|u-ri.'noo in th.^ Unitod Stali-H nIiowh that I.Ih.ho
ti<ar,s iiro «;ronndl.'H.s. l.ul for tlio wiko of thos.» of our friondn who aro troiihiod with thom,
I would umk«< (ln> foilowin^' 8nf;u:i'Ht ion. Lot Iho lowiiNhipH im ntionod lio h-ft alono in tho
uiojuiliiuo, and usod iator on, if iK-oossary, for tho furlhor on.lowinont, an in tho noi.-li
iHuirinit Kopnl.ii.', of all "o.luoalion for Iho induHtrial oIiihsom," mid lot tho />mi';m,/rt
nr/>r)ifi,r,\i ho s.<t asid.' aa a fund for tho ondowniont of tho Agricultural (^.llo^o. 'li,,,
numoy already used in this way is nionoy ml aside f(U' ayrienlliiial iniprovoniont, and aa
Iho numieipaliliesNo l.eneliled gra.lunliy repay it, let it hI ill ho k.'pt for that purpoHo.
I only make the si^'j-estion. and .lo not enter into .lotails. Of oourHo, I do not iiioati
only the live per omit. Drainaije Del.ontnr.'.s, hut a Hullieiont amount of tho DraimiK"
Alumoipiil luMit Charges added thereto, as would make up an annual «ivon Hum. (),-
lourse.^ if the rioviuio eoiild s.-e its way ehvir to hand ..vt-r all the Hurplus Hpont in tho
way of nrainau.' for the purpose of .supporting' a .syNtem of aKrieiiltural odueatioii, k ,
muoh the l.(<tler, 1 would only rejoioo. l?ut if a p,.rti.m Hullie.iiMit to not ahout .fll.OOO
por annum wi>ro now set aside for lh<> ondowm.iit of tho Aj^'rieultiiral CoIIoko, it would he
.a handsomo act on tho part of the IVoviiu-ial Legi.shituro,' aud would givo an iuipotu* t*
tho institution, snoh aa little else ooidd do.
Rovprsing tho order of things, and tjiking thi, oxpondituro first, tho OHtiniat(Ml oxpon- litun> on niamtenamv account tor this yoar woa thus stated in tho ICstiiimtos of tlio rrovuice tor LSSO :
[Mr. John^slon.^
riliiitvd, nnd <*i'<)in|i|iHlii<il I lid tiiiliiiiwil nliiiKly, mill |i<>r Ciiiiiiila rcro^rniii,,,,
•Midiiw Uio (•• <l<> willi poHiUon, in
HI li'flHl., flip
V, liiiwovi r, I (Ik- |)(iKi:i-
I |il'nvill(li tl
I III) ( lovorii' lipM (III tlid
HIMJH dl' nil
II 11 1, hy ilin
I' llllH llltllll
)iiluri(i, nio llll'N, wlijlHt iiiiiny prao- dial. lliitHn willi Mhmii, iloiin ill llio Mm lU'i^rJi
li-KC. 'liiM
I'lll, tlllil HH
it piirpoHc. I not inonii ) l)minu)j;(^ Huin. Ot pciih in Mm liu'iilioii, h,j It |!lt.OO() it would be impotus to
vt(Ml oxpon- >toa of tim
Armi(JlJl/|MIKAF. KDIK-'ATfO-Sf.
71
N... .,f I "(IlimrK »nr| Kin|i|iiyAi,
Hai.aiiiin.
''"":l;l:r[<.!;:i:!:;r^[,;l::!"^"•■:" "•"^"••^- '^"«"-'— • M^^'-ati...
l;io(..HM„r of AH,|,.iilt,ui.. iiii.i Km, Ml H.,|m., i„i,.,„lmit
,""""""■"[•'' '"•■•■y ami l',,„|„alrlM'M,Ut
I iMf..»„,i- ,,r Vi.|,i.|liii,iv H.irm..
' V ni'ini. ..
AimlHlimt. Miillininutiiul ami KrMi.ln.l. M.'wtor
IliiiMiir 1111(1 Mtdink.K.iK.r
l'liynii'iiiM
'.M..|,„iii..f (••|rl(lur,.l l.lvnHt.M'U l»r.|,ai(.m«nt
'nr..iimiiMf IImiII, „lt.,,,,il I t..|,„r Irnnil .. '■'
iMirimuinf M,.cii,i,,i,.n, ii..,,mi„„,„t ;;;;
*iiili"!i iiiiil ll(iiiHii|j.in|ior
I'iiiKiiiror
ArhIhUimI, MiikIi,,.,., f..Vll liimiU'ili.'
.Illlllt,(ir Mild MoMHIIMlflT
'ri'miiiiiiiiy hhhIhIiviiub ''
|
'/f.fMMI (K) |
|
|
2,<MHI (l() |
|
|
l,<Hlll III) |
|
|
lilKl 110 |
|
|
MMI IM) |
|
|
ridl) (10 |
|
|
:ii)(» (H) |
|
|
fH.II (H) |
|
|
i;oii iH) |
|
|
tlllil DO |
|
|
' |
:i(io (K) |
|
'|(M| 00 |
|
|
I.M' 00 |
|
|
1 It 00 / III 00 |
I'lxriCNHKH oir Cur,
I, KOI.
U,W.i) 00
Mi'Rt, (l«h nriil fowl
llTi'iiil anil lilHiiiiit .'!!,'.',',' '.
( J iikioiIhh ami Imitcr .."'.' .' ,' _' \'\\ l.itiiiiiliy, Kipa|i anil <-liiaiiVii"(f .' ! ' 1 Mi'iliriiiiw ami iiii.,li,a| ri.iiifiiiU Wnini.ii mil vaiiU for linanliii)/ ||<
|| iii'l
IJ«lit, '■'■'■'.. '.".'.'.\'.'.'.'..\'.
[•'iiiiiil.iiro ami fiiiniMliiVirH! '.'.'"
I("|.aiin ami all.cral.ioim .'
Maiiil.ciiitiinn of I'liniiicalH, ..... AilviwIiMin^r. |„mtaKH iiml Htaiinn I iH'iiiiiiiiuai,.,!
iiiNC, 12 ,
dry.
KXI'KNHKH Olr KXI-KRIMUNTAI, VaUV.
Kxpmimentivl Dfimrtnimit
•<}.(«K) (H)
a.lKKI (K) I.IKIO (H» lilMI INI MiO 00 r.00 00 .11)0 00 til 10 (HI «(M( 00 lilHI 00 'IIHI 00 MM) 00 IV) 00
ir<o 00
100 00 10, WW (JO
|
2,H00 00 |
|
i,.ioo 00 |
|
i!,!»iKl (m |
|
'200 00 |
|
Ip.'KX) 00 |
|
\,m) 00 |
|
.MK) (K) |
|
MKl f)0 |
|
(ir,o 00 |
|
IIKI (10 |
|
(Kid IK) |
|
mt m |
2i),\m 00 2a,8r,o w
fwooo
2.!,7no 00
e^.^SlS ^;;;l=:^fe-^-:^; -. «.n;»v3
1. HiiIiirioHof tho HtufT. .
3. KxpoiiHOH of Mio Hoarding Mouse •f''^^'^
4. ExpoiiHos of tho Farm and Htock Brooding' EfltabliHhrnon;::;: .'; ^JfJ
1. LngiHlative Grant
2. Balancoof billKforboard and" washing aft;; 'c'rociiu'ng amountH" for ^^^'^^^
labour paid by tho students * unis lor
4.' l7m'^'. °' .*^*™ ^"'^ '^'"''^ ^'■"''^^8 Establishment, 'say, .' ." \ \ ^jZ
[Mr. Johmton.] """ '^'"^^
t;|
72
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
n I
l-i
There is a seeming discrepancy, but it will be found doubtless that the most of the proceeds of the farm will be used iu adding to capital account, as many of the herds and docks are as yet incomplete Now, taking those figures as a criterion, you will readily understand my suggestions. Stated briefly, they are : ^
fej T^.* i^ T^"""?' ""{^^^ st^ff should be paid by the proceeds of the endowment.
(b) ihat the boarding-house should be managed as a separate establishment, and should be made to pay its otvn way ; and that in lieu of making an appropriation towanls it, .ne should bo made towai-ds "allowances for labour," which is in reality what is now done
c) Thar, as soon as the capital expenditure of $10,000 towards live stock is made the stock breeding estabhslimont is complete; and when the $12,000 towards the ver- manent improvement of the farm is made the farm is complete : and then the proceeds of the larni and the stock-breeding establishment should not only pay all expenses but yield an annual revenue which should almos pay "allowances for "lal)onr."
{d) The proceeds of the Horticultural' Department should pay the expenses of that department when the proposed capital ypenditure has been made, but those of the Mechanical Department, which are not legitimate expenses ot the farm, will be either expenses ot the College proper or permanent improvement capital account, and should be so cnargect.
(e) That within eight years the fu'.l standard be reached, and thus gradually year by year th: estimate be changed, until in 1888 i stands as given iu the propos.'d plan of
JssT w3l '^^'"^ : ' ''^^T;J^^''''' *"' "''"'"'^•^' ^'^^ S^''^"^ ^'^"^ ^^^« Legislature for lo»l wjuld be ^on the basis of 1880): —
L Salaries of staff ._ ^jj -r,Q
2. " Bonus to boarding-house " in lieu of " allowances for labour "' .' ." .' ." o'oOO
3. Expenses of College and college building proper \\\\ 3*000
Total $17,750
(/) That a definite plan of ad the buildings, fields, gardens and grounds, as they are expected to be when completed, be drawn up , that a heme of permanent or-^aniza tion the course of study and apprenticeship, and the size the statr under it be matured- that an approximate estimate of the money requisite lu make su h plans a nalitv be prepared ; and then that the amount of capital thus proposed to be expended be divMed up into appropriations for each of the next eight years.
Thus I have striven to show how in ail the po'ints named at the commencement, the present Agncidtural College in Ontario is to be gradually worked up to the standard sketched out for the Canadian Agricultural College, that is in the matters of the college buildings, the course of study and apprenticeship, the departments of instruction and the statf, the terms, sessions, diplomas, degrees, and the standard of admission • the library, aboratory, museum, and boarding establishment ; the farm and character of farm- ing, the I'.ve stock and the department of the farm; and the questions of the labour system general n:anagement, revenue and expenditure. '
And now, in conclusion, gentlemen, the work I had sketched out for myself at the beginning in considering this cjuestion of Agricultural Education is done. We have d<.Hned Agricultural Lducation, seen how it was to be imparted, and examined the relation of the State thereto. \V e have con.sidered what subjects should be taught in an agricultural school or col ege from the nature of the en.l to be attained, and in order to be in a better positi..n to solve the question, have passed under review the various agricultural schools and collecres at present exisUng in the various countries of Europe and North America. W e have e.vamined in a general way the plans followed in these institutions, contrasted our own condition agri- culturally and educationally with those of the countries in which they exist, and from that as a basis have sketched a system of agricultural education for our own Trovince and drawn an ideal pla^i of a Canadian Agricultural College, and lastly, we have sketched briefly, the history, progress, and. present bas.s and condition of the Ontario Agricultural » [i/n Johnston^
most of the B herds and ivill readily
ndowmcnt. imeiit, and towards it, now done. 'k is made Is tlio W/'- irocceds of i but yield
ses of that
ose of the
be either
should be
11 ally year L'd plan of blature for
8,7r)0 G,000 3,000
rjDO
s, as they
organiza-
niatiired;
reality Ije
36 divided
■ment, the standard le college 'tion and sion ; the I' of farni- r system.
If at the e defined on of the ral school osition to olleges at examined tion agri- md from Province, sketched 'icultural
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
upt/rjdValTn petTsf/r^f ''" "^^^^ '' ^^^ «-- ^^ -uld be able to work
youa'lm7sfbe^3trd:S:^^riLlT^^^^ ?"^'i^^^ --* ^-e wearied
T ^trive to briefly add to ^^ ^S::t^^Z ^ 2^ ^^ -^^^^-
II. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
If it be true as we have before asserted tJ.nf A„ ■ u
joct matter must be the facts not o dy ofob L 'atitf but oJ"'' '' ^ ''''''''' ^'^^^ '^^ ^^J^"
mg into any elaborate argument it wfll be s^fficzerto av ^rf'"""'"*- ^^*^'°"* ^^^t^^'"
can be obtained only thro\di continued 7xr.*l'"' ^"^^^.^''''J' i^''°^'-^^« i" Agriculture
neighbours in his particular locality are gram and roots, and discover which is the
^xpenment Every farmer knows tha?]ie or hi, obhgedtotry as they say, different kind o
individual farmer is likewis;\;;r;f^rhewhrpZ- v'"' •'^"*^ '' ''"'' «f «^ery cultivation, species of rotation, 4r eties I arti« hi r"' ""t''"' "^ ''''^'' '"^^es of countries may be of no use with us at all 'r . ' ' • "2''^'\"ros that are of value in other
owners as well as bv the Stn to hu^V.',^"lV''" ^'7 'J"^*^ '** undertaken by the the community does not exii, and if theS 1 e anv v^,? "t f 't ^'^''''^'' '^'^' '^^^' ^f extensive, and expensive experiments ^aiSnliH" .° ^^ "^^'"""l ^^7 lo»g continued, action Every intelligent ffrn^er w 11 Z^^ZX '"" -f ^ ^" '""''^^'^ ^^ State scale that will be national in its effects nf.rn.' ''''P'*;^' requisite to do so on a
Andifwearetokeeppacewlolei^o^^^^ °"^« '^^ «on^™and.
we must experiment, and the more so aralTothe; 001*2'"^''''''^" °" '^'' ^^^'''^''^ •""'^'•k^^ts extensive scale, and that by means ot these statns "" '''°""""«" '" "^^ «° «" ^
History of Agricultural Experimevt Stations
tural Society, but the^tation ^vas assi^^^ aj onJe i,v „1 i i!^'"' 'V^''^ ^''^''' ^^'"^"1- uader the leadership of Councillor J e u n ' their ic'ltv? ^S^-'^tural Societies the charge of the State Dr. Emil Wolff now Dre,^. 7' . •'''"' '°°" ^''^'^<'" ""^er appointed Chemist, and Mr. Baehr he i"'a ^oi o f ' "'"^'°" '•^'^ Hohenheim was
tend all the practical details of experhnX^'i't, "''';■ "'^ '^^^'^'^^^^^-^ to superin- some improved stock at the inau^aim ion Two or Tl ^ ^^^^^house, some barn.s, and
laboratory, a small glass house wa built for volt ^ooms were fitted up as a chemical
first agricultural exoerin^entllL '„ 1°'. 5^*^^'^°" oxperunents, and iz, this way the
experiment station in Europe , „„,.^.cr, has boon a r?pid one since there were 19 ; in 18G7 there wcz-e ,30 ; in 1872 were in existence, distributed as follows :—
Great T.ritain . . o
Holland *.".'."."..".".■.■■'
Belgium " " '
France
1
2 o
was established. Their growth on' that
tiien. In 1857 there were 11 j jn 18G2
there were 02 ; and in 1877 over 80
Switzerland o
Italy JO
Au.stz'o-Hungary '. ' " -r
Russia o
Germany, as follows :—
Prussia og
■/iavarui • " "g
Saxony ' g
Wurtemhmj 2
Jiaden ' n
Hesp.!'. Dnrmstadt " * . * j
Brmismc': i
''ifeckhnhnrg-Schveirin.
Saxe- Weiinar
Saxe-Meinincjen
AnJuiIt
Oldenhura ,
\Mr, Jchnston.]
-^isa^^e-Lorrainc ' ' 2
Total in Germany 55
74
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
i'f#
^j
The two in Britain are the one of Messrs. Lawcs and Gilbert at Rothamstead, and the other of the Aberdeenshire Agricultural Association, near Aberdeen. The first of these is on the farm of Mr. Lawes, where extensive experiments at a cost of $15,000 per annum have been carried on since 1845 at his own cost. The laboratory and experi- mental grounds, with an endowment fund of £100,000, have been placed in trust by Mr. Lawes " to remain forever devoted to the investigation of agricultural science." The work is being carried on now mainly under the superintendence of Dr. J. H. Gilbert. The second has been four years in operation and is carried on by the Association named, under the superintendence of Thomas Jamieson, F.C.S., Chemist to the Association! Besides these there are four agricultural laboratories at work — the first at London under Dr. A. Voelcker, managed by the Royal Agricultural Society ; the second at the Univer- sity of Glasgow under Professor Anderson, controlled by the Highland and Agricultural Society ; the third at Rothamstead ; and the fourth at Cirencester. In 1868, France sent M. Goundeau to visit and report on the German stations, but the war breaking out soon after retarded operations, and so the French ones are too recent to merit notice. In 1870 the Italian Minister of Agriculture and Commerce sent Professor Alphonso Cassa to visit and report on the German stations, and the thirteen in Italy have been established since then. In addition to the two mentioned as existing in Russia, there are carried on agricultural laboratories at eight of her universities, and at her three Agricultural Colleges and at thirteen of the German universities are the same agricultural laboratories found. But the model for all the experiment stations on the Continent of Europe has been found in the German ones, and to those we may turn for the information we want.
A. — The German Agricultural Experiment Stations.
Germany is the home of these experiment stations ; it was there they originated, there they have been fostered, there they have received the most careful support, and there they have given the most successful results. The twenty-fifth year of the existence of the first station was celebrated at Mockern in September, 1877, and to the celebration came almost all the directors of the German agricultural experiment stations. To each 01 those guests was presented a book written by Professor Nobbe, of Tharand, which con- tains all the historical and statistical information necessary regarding these stations. From that work the following table has been compiled. Before giving it allow me to say that in Germany no agricultural seeds, no artificial manures, and no feeding stuffs can b& sold A^ithout the Government mark as to quality. That is given by these stations. In 1877 there were kept busy : —
L In analyzing artificial manures 33
2. In proving purity and genuineness of agricultural seeds . . 29
3. In testing quality of feeding stuffs 27
The table gives the name of the station and the State in which it is situated, the year of its establishment, the number of its directors and assistants, its income in merks, and the particular subjects of agricultural research to which its attention wa» directed ; —
{Mr. Johnston.]
by Mr.
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
75
6 7 8 9 10
11
12
la
AmJialt.
Cothen
Baden. Karlsruhe
Bavaria. Munich
Augsburg
Weihenstephau .
Triesdorf
Bayreuth .... . . .
Speier
Wurzburg
Bremen,
Bremen Leipzig.
Brauntchweig.
15 I Braunschweig
El^ass-Lothriiujcn.
16 i Rufivoh
j Eachen-Meningen.
17 Eisfeld
^ Heasen,
18 Darmstadt
MeckUnhurg.
19 20
21
22
Rostock . Raden . .
Oldeuuurg. Oldenburg
Weimar.
Jena
Zwatzen
Saxony. 24 I Debelar
1884
1859 1872
1867
18G6 1875 1865 1877 1974 1867
1877
1877
1874
o 'A
State
Yearly
Income.
(Merks.)
7700
Prinoipai, Subjects
OP
Agricui,tural Research.
1862
1874
1872
1871
1875
1871
1861
m. , I 1872
26 I Dra^den.
mI m^S""^---— ••• -I 1864 « ' Mockern ( 1352
[Mr. Johnston.]
•>AWi
12000] 21000
sr.oo
3500 4600 7500 i 1060
7700
2300
17400
Physiology of animals and plants.
Vine CTilture and wine. Control of seed market.
\ii ■'
Analysis of artificial manures and foods,
Breedin ^'^ " animals and plants.
Cropping.
Control of seeds and manures.
Uairymg.
General agriculture.
Manures, foods and seeds.
P?K "^ "^'"^ speciaUy, and vineyard. Manures and vineyard plants.
Reclamation of waste lands.
10000 Chemical technology.
6000
600
9800
16800
3800
2600 {
1962
6515
30UU
17770
14892
Physiology of plants and wine products.
Control of artificial manures.
Manures.
Physiology of plants and cropping,
The soil.
Agricultural chemistry, and physiology of plants and animals. "'
Soils.
Phy8ioiog> anj pathology of animals. Ueneral aifriculture. Feeding of cattle.
'I Ifl
76
IFi
11'?
11'
H H
11^
ACIRTCULTURAL EDUCATION.
No. i
NAME.
29
.11 «2 X\
;<r)
3(i
••17
;i8
311 40 41 42 43 44
45
4(1
47
48
49
(«)
M
52
53
54 i
5-, i
56 ,
Wuvtrmhiiri;. Hi.henlicini
Prussia.
PopploaiKirf
e2
or
1805
1808
lli'im
(JciHoi'iiliciiii. , AV'ii'sliMilon .. .
MailuiiK
Attoiiori'lion. .
MniiKUr
Kiel
llii'iiici'vonlo . HiMcslii'iin . . . Gi)ttini;i'ii . . . .
Kiol . Halle
BresliMi .
I'niskau,
Broslau ....
Zal>ilio\vi> . . lu'Ki'uwalilo .
Berlin
Daliiiie ,
PantziK
Kdiiijrsliorj;' . , Insterburg. . .
1855 1872 18(>8 1877 18.')7 lS7!t 1874 1870 18"0 ]8r.7 1870 1874 1802
1855
1875 1872 180!) 1877 1872 18(>3 1874 1850 1870 1875 1868
4
•;
Rtato
Yearly
Tiu'diiie.
(MorkH.)
TiiiNciPAr, MunjKOTH
OK AouICULTUIlAt, llKHKAIlOll.
12000
4200
Feeding' of eiittle, an. I aiiaiysi.s ,.f fooilinir
1 0000
rir.o
S2J() 13100
HtUtfH,
ChonitHtrv, ami physiology of plants.
• "Viiim'mI .'iL:ririiltiire. N'iiie eiiltiire.
<'lieiiiist,ry (if wine anil the vino. I (".mtrol (if ,s,.c(l..j. Soils, elinialc. pliysidldjfy of plants. NeeilK, niauuren, foddw. Seeds.
I I
1 '•:
li:
1 ;
12400 8310
3500 31000 1
1000
IfKH)
11400
2 1 1 1 2 1 1
2 2 2 3 2
0575
7000
l.MiOO
rjnoo
121100 0050 0000
Beet -root sn^'ar niannfaoturing, 1' ceding of aniiiiaLs.
Seeds. Seeds.
l':illiol(i),'y of plai\ta.
Cropping;; iiianure.s ; feodinj,' and feeding Ktiilfs. "
Seed.i.
]|alli(_il(iK'y of fniit trees. Feeding and pliysi(doKy of animalH.
Oenoral agricnltnro.
Soils, and pliysiology of plants.
Distillery,
Vliysiolo^y of plants ; seeds ; manure*.
Seeds.
'reclinology of plantfi.
Chemico-tuchuological subjects.
llio figures given as moonio do not inclmlo ovorytl.ing, for many of them receive grants from Mgrioultuml soc-ioties and all of them obtain a revenue hy diargim^ for ana Iv nng for ihzers. feeding .stuH«, etc. From the reports of a few before me for i 874, I Hnd that H.Uleshe.m go i ,.500 morks for analy/.ing, and '..00 from agricultural sodoties Munster .^.53 and l,8(i0 respectively from sa.ne sources; Inslerhurg 1,710 and ooO ' RegenwaWo 540 and 1,(120; Bonn 5,100 an.l ..,:550 ; and JIalle 18,000 frorlnalyses'
Dr. Nobbe, in the book mentioned, passes under review (he subjects pursued and solved or partly solved ,n the German agricultural experimental stations. Allow me to give you a bare enumeration of th...,, grouped together, ivmembering that the Doctor is not rtspons, ,le for the .arrangement, nor that of the precciing table. It will show us pretty clearly the multiplicity of agricultural subjects on which exp..rinients .ar.. to b,. m.ade and
l^i^ednient sL^^: *'"'" ""^^ ^'"^ °^ '^'' ^*^''^ '''^''' "^ '" '^"^ ^''^"'^^^''"^ agricultural
/. Sources of nourishm/int for tlis plant.
1. Atmosphere.
2. Water.
3. Rocks and influence of the atmosphere and water upon tliem. [Mr. Johtiatoiu]
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
77
//. Arahlu land.
1. Formation of soils.
2. Pl.ysioHl ami chcMical cliaractoriatics of Boila. o, AiiulyHiK of soiIh.
4, AirKilioratioii of yuila.
1
2 3 4, 5.
6.
7.
8.
9. 10. II. \% 13.
''hynoloffy of phiiita. NouriKliiiu'iil, of plants.
Miuoral .sul..tan,.,.sa.Ml (l,.i,. con.poun.ln found in plants. liootH m tluMi- action on tlio Hoil. (irowiujx pl.'iiits in Holiitinn.s. ()r«unM of plants al.ov<, .^y„uui\ in relation to tlio air
("(Tniination of plants (and (;oi:(,roi). J)<!V(.|(.pni(!nt of tli(! oi-iraiiH of planta. rrodiiclioi, „f vcLj;(.t;ilil() matter. Koproduction of plants.
('-tnT'V''''' '"••\'^':"""f ""« of plants, (j>nrosites,/unai,ir^ecU) Uiomical compo.sitiuii of agricultural plants *'««ccm;.
anls.
/r. Artificial manurea.
1. Htablo nianiuvs (solid a„d liquid), and composts.
^. JManurcs troni chwcLs and si'wcra.
3. (^uano and similar manurua.
4. Uil'al from tlio industries.
5. Pliospliatc'S.
6. Gypsum, ch.allc, marl, and .substances fironi ponds and rivers. /. Jtiajiurc! salts.
8. Other fertilizers in the market.
V, Field experiwents.
1. Cropping and dillercnt metliod.s of cultivation •r YrT.'"^f'' "'^' '^-™'^t"'-ai .sf-e.ls of all kind.s.
4. Uotations of croppin".
VI. Animal food and digestion.
1. CompoiKMit.s of the feeding .stutTs.
(a) (JereaLs, {!,) vegetablo.s, (c) hav, (d) gras.s (A fermenw.,! f i /a ;-ts and tubers, (,,) ollid frim tl,.: ink'strici :ai^ "'''^ ^"'^' ^^
^ Control of feeding stufl's. 3. Digestion anil digestibility of food.
r/7. P,Tj-/s and secretions of t}ie animal body.
1. Jilood, flesh, bones and fats.
2. Wools, horns, hair, akin.
3. Milk, saliva, excrementitioua matter. \^Mr. Johnston.]
#1
rj:
78
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
!:'r •
VII I. Animal production in relation to food and external circumstances.
' ''~on;;ati:n^^S""'^°"^"^"^"*«'-(^>- general, (2) of nitrogen,
2. Nounsliment and diet in relation to production of manures.
.5. Koanng and keeping of farm animals.
4. Feoding and fatteniny of thorn.
IX. Conception and breeding.
X r.c/mo/oy.v.-(l) iWstry (2) Vine culture, (3) Making of wine, (4) Beet root
l^-^l "".^TV ^"^ '^^'''''' ""'^ butter factories, (7) Brew^; (H) Distilling, (9) Bco-keepmg, etc., etc. ^ ' ^""'"■o.
JT/. Chemic(d Analysis.
B,— Agricultural Experiment Stations in the United States. (i) Experiments on the farms attached to the Agricultural CoUegea.
On the majority of the.se farms a greater or loss number of experiments are anmmlly conducted. 1 ho more prohhc of them in published results are Michigan (which stands first) and Pennsylvania which has three experimental farms in oonnectron with her A-ri- cultural College,. Except, however, in Michigan, no long and continued series of experi- ments have been carried on, and even those on one subject. In all these institutions the experiments have been desultory, and none of them aim at carrying out to anv idea th« mam end ot an agricultural experiment station. j ^'^^
(2) Connecticut Agricult^iral Experiment Station.
This was established by an Act of the State Legislature in March 1877 "for the purpose of promoting agriculture by scientific investigation and experiment." 'itsobiects as set torth in Its announcement are described as follows:-" The station is preoarod to analyze and test fertdizers, cattle food, seeds, soils, waters, milks, and other Lricultural materials and products ; to identify grasses, weeds, and useful or injurious insects • and to give intormation on the various subjects of agricultural science for the use and advantaire or the citizens of Connecticut. °
I)uringlS7i), there were made analyses of 117 samples of fertilizers, of 33 specimens of feeding stulls, of b samples ot s.-eds, and of 13 samplesof river and well waters! Durine that year its revenue was $5,000 from the State Treasury, and .1122 35 of receipts from the laboratory. It is simply an agricultural laboratory at Now Haven, on the .same plan as the one of the Royal and Agricultural So. " ^ at London under Dr Voelcker but on a much smaller scale. ' '
(S) North Carolina Agricultural Experivicnt Station. This was established in 1878, and on the same plan as the last
(4) Cornell University Experiment Station.
This was established in February, 1879, and is on a far wider and better plan than tlio Lonneeticut one. It has Um\ but two seasons in existence, and the first report published this year give.s the subjects of experiment which have been made; on the field in the stable anc. m the laboratory. It is uml.'r a Board of Control composed of the m'embers of the faculty of agneultiire in Coni.'ll (five in numlx'r), and a delegate each from the State Agricultural Society, State Grange, State Dairymen's Associations, Western N.nv York Farmers' Club, Central New York Farmers' Club, Elmira Farmers' Club American Institute Farmers' Club, a-.d W^ Ithaca Fanners' Clul>. This year the State granted to it
[Mr. Johnsfoi/,]
AQBICULTPRAL EDUCATION.
C.-Ao»,ao™aA. Ex,.,m,„g„ Station, ,» o»ta»,o. (0 ™. ^.;,^»..„., ..„„„ ».n,.« ™^.„ ,v.„i.^, ,,H»W,^ ^„,^^„
Asria,,„™r,S;;.|f''«"™»' S"ion be »p.„tc,l, tbooreeically .„d fi„.„„i.,„, ,„„ ,^,
to the ox|,„i,.,o„t «tati„„ to which lb, ™t'o"k w„ 1 1 I 1 "' t"- """■'"' '» «l'«'-«eable ■•xpemneut, with fcrfi,,,, »,,„„;,_ ,,t'. ""'"" '" ''"■""■"'I results of field experiments, .„d
=;:;;:i^e";,^;^;:h-:^^
.rofe.„„ofasric,,ltu,-e, the oh?mi,t aid two Sj.t „t^K°^ the ,totio„, the oth.r three besides, a couple ot foremen. MMstanta, the veterinary surgeon, and say
,».Vb;r;to[%:;'',l;;;;r™attt„rtb^l'f'' ™;'" '»"'»« »M00 per a„„„„ he laboratory, say, of 1|500. " "'" "^""^ "'• 'V' W.OOO, and reeeipts frZ'the
videniSiLri: ';:r,z,;''rL*: rbrs-^fisT*"? -™"<i««on be pi.
iff) TJiat arrangements be made for procurincr pvnr,, « experts or otherwise, all now varieties of cereals and ZJ/ ! "' ^ y^'^'"-''* ^^ ™^a"« of , (A And that a plan of the E.JviLZilJ *' ""^"^ '" *^« ^«^W-
.|-.^c»t estimated. L "P^-'^rZlirryerrC^iXlrLot^^^^^^
r».»:^;? the^C.''S'trr;ferr„ttSs"'aZ'do ^"fj!" »- ?? '""^ «'™- ^" '^e {«.) Other Experiment Stations in the Province
;crii^°"«s?i:f:af t „^ibS":'e'.r'zKr ?"'!°'° °f™'i»° - ^-
(2) The 6t. Lawrence "
(3) TJio Lake Ontario '<
(4) The Victoria
(5
(7)
(8)
[/J/n Johnston ]
The Niagara The Lake J'iz-ie Tlic Loudon The Owen Soiiiul
II
"A i
■•'4
R ♦?
80
AORTOTILTTTRAL EDUCATTON.
'!
J liPRO would inolnap fivirly all tho oliimitio variatioiiH in t,li« Provinoo, but fchoy could be multipiudasnoc-HHaiy. Tlioy would all bo in ccnnoction with tho luaiu etation at Unolpli. Not only tho mi.ldlo A-rioultural ScIiooIh, but tho farniH Holcctod as previ- ous y nuKN'ostod could bo mad.- OHM, HnuUlorHoaloHtill, Agricultural Kxporinu-nt Htati.uis • win 0 any intolligont f.inncr who oIioho to carry on oxporinicntu in a paitioular branch couhl bo aOihiitod witli tho oontral Htatiou. Wt»ro it not so into, and woro you not ho woanod. -onil.Miion, I might Hkotoh a plan of tho oquipmont, location, and oxpouHO of t loso diHtnct and minor allihatod oxporimont stati.mH, but Homo othor time must bo ohoson for that purjioHo,
Wo liavo now sUolohod tlio liiHiory of tho iiwM.ption and progross of Agricultural •.xp.'iimont Stations, looked ,•.,(, tlirir work in Uir land of lli,-ir hirlh, and llio JH-ginning of i.'ir tiniKsplantiiig to this woslorn oontiiunt; wo liavo h.mmi what aro tlirir ainiH and ol>|.vls, and Mio m.-.nnor in wliioli Ih.-y strivo to attain th(>in ; and wo havo pointod out in ..utinioin what way llios..ainis and ohjcctH can ho aoconipiiHlicd l,y the saino agonoioH m our own Provinoo, and how (Iioho iig..nci,.s aro to ho moui.lcd into .shapo to achiovo that .■uvoniplislunont. And wit), that, our work as laid .lown at tho coinuumcouiont is .on.-, tor wo lia».< a.l.lcl to a pivtly fall oonsi<Iorat,ion of tho Huhj.-ct of A,fnciUtiiml Mucatio,,, a hriot and hasty Hk.«t.'h .jf that of A.jncidtaml J'Jx/wrimn'it Stofions.
V
WM. JOIINSTDN.
PKOFKSSOR 15R0\VN'H EVIDKNCK.
Prof.^ssor Phown, a n..>nil..'r of th.' CommisHion, having ■..vn invited to givo evi- .lomv. sai.I : I am Profossor of Agrioulturo an.l Kami Siiporinton.h'iit at tho Ontario Agricultural (•oll,.g,., tUn-lph, and hav.> ch.argo of thi> outsid,- d.'partm.Mit.s, in.^luding tho tariu, tho stock, tho ganlon, and tho m.M-hani.-s' .shop. I akso l.'cturo on practical agricuHuro. *
ClIKMlCAl, AlMM.IANCKS.
I fo.-l tli<> want, in my .-xporinionts, of tho as'sistanoo of tho choniiHt. Wo havo a g.5o,l man. I>ut ho has not tho appliances for such w.)rk, I want to pr.-ss tho sug.'ostion that whoso..v,'r is profossor of agri.'ulturo shonl.l havo tin- assisfaiuv of tlir i'jicniist 1 nl,>ss sonu'tliing is ,lo,u>, th.> s..ri..s of ..spcrim.'nts may ho si-uilcd. Tlioro must ho a thorough analysis ot soils, manures, ami such like.
iNSTiac^TIOV Dki'autment.
Mr. Mills ask.il m(« to .explain with r.>gard to tho instruction d.'partmont. Whon a l.oy IS ivcciv.-d, ho is sent to mo t>. ascrlain what hr can .|o in ivgard to farm work, and we vlass ihom as wo tiiul th.Mr .•apahiliti.'s. Wo lind whether h.- can clean a Imrso or drive o,K. ov wh.-thor ho can do anything with him. I f ho can't clean a horso hoispass.al to tho nisfructi.m department, as wo think it sound tli.at if a man cannot propar.; his team for work h,' has no right to use it. I am unaMe to do justic to all tho studonts, by want of nine ami opportunities t.. repeat l.-ssons, and tli.'ivf.)iv havo no d.mht that th.To will have t. ■ bo some extensum of th.> instruction dopartmont, which is at present limited to two y(«ars Tn tho matter of ploughing alono, it roipiiros nioro time. The point is, that wo an- not complete m r.>gar.l to the instru.'tion d.-partm.-nt. W.> havo on.' team set asi.l.', and wo hnii it doing so well that ',v<> want auoth.-r Th.. mochanical doi)artmoiit is doing a groat deal ot pioil work, and show tho hoys how to handle tools and oxocuto repairs, and so I wouM hko to s.>o It recognized as an instruction department to a certain extent— just what the average farmer should know in handling tools. ^J am of opinion that thoVo should be a proft>ssor of horticulture and botany in tho place. W.^ have good teachers in botany, but wo wiuit one to go with tho boys into the iiold from tho class-room, and make them ae.iuainted witli grasses, plants of all kinds, and to bo able to identify thorn, and this could all bo done by one practical man. I agree with the pr.nious M'itness{Mr. Johnston)
Mr. Johiisto7i — Professor JJrown.j
A(nn<;(Ji;ri;iiAi. i^ducation
1 'Ml
PkACTIOAL iNHTIlKCriOV.
i.~-il!.'"i;:,.;",':r!::,'|;"j;.;;" ;," '"""■;'..' -y «•• ...«k. ii,,, ,,.,.,„„„ ,,„„.„,.., , „, ,
Want op 'I'k.vt [Jookh,
" 'l^.s.sn.tal.ln For tl.is Province. W. havo Jx L 1 ' T,""' ' '""•'""^ " '''"^ of t.oxt- in ih.. hand of tJio st,'.Kl,.nt, Mv ll 7' I /'' f''**^" '^ »i«u..l-bor,k on »h-.t «„ ;^
Aou.CULTURAr, TiOXT-noOKM KOK (•a.va,,.^
J— I ho (.ultivation of Root (,VopH ^'''^"*
4.— I ho (Jurdcn and its ( 'rop.s
T).— Tho (in. will- „f K,.„it.
«i.—Th.' Cultivation of 'IVoos.
7.— 'i'hc MoUiny of Uio Farm'
8.-Tho (,'h..|i,istry of (Ju, i-ann.
J.— Noils and (J(H)!o;,'v.
lO.-Th,. M,,,.l,ani,:,sof'tho Farm. il.— Koadand F.'nconiakin.r. 12. — Furni l)rainiii,'c. "
l;5.-Phy.siolo.vand Dis.asoH of Farm Animals
I/.— ».,il,tl.! and their Ma.iau..nicnt.
19.--ilorso.s and th.-ir ManaK.Mnonfc. -O.-Swino and thnr MaMaK.'.n,.nt. ;^1.- oultry and thr'ir Mana-c.n.oat. ^-.— I,....s ami th.'ir Mana-etmrnt.
timo or rathor thonhortness of the course and oU) °T"\' -f" '''P^'^'^ ''^'^'"* t''^ ^ant of nndmg :t to three years, but even th^ri th It ' h:t;'f^'''*>' "' *^" ^^overnment ex Kors ot agneulturo. of bot,.nv nf ,.,...-.•..' '^ ''''^^':' '"^^'' '"ore •
Of taking students to in.speoc stock [Professor Brown.] 6
!vny, of veterinary
or
.scnejiep i-hnii!(I k-.,
luvestigate any oth(;r subject
in their char"e
profes- oi'portunities
b2
AGHK'ni/rnHAL KDUCIATION.
MoilK 'I'lMK NKCK88AKV — HlUlOICHTIONH.
At pnwilt w(> h:iv(> not tiiiH< to do many thinRH we would lil-c Wi' Hlioiild lie Hold to tnkc NtudontH ont inoro, to im/>rf.ia tlio IcoUiith of tlin cIunn room. I tliink tlit- UovornniontNlKmld N<>t ilif-cxiunplc, an<l croct Ialioni"i«iH' cottM^i-H. TliiH would help to niako oui-H a niodi'l farm. At })r(^Hnnt wo liav<( no .sncli rottni;«s. 'I'lu-n- nIiouM 1m' hoiiio K)\stciu of olitainiiiK NoodH from all parts of tlio world. 1 tliink our ('(»llcg.. Hhonhl act mh an im- nii^'iation nitont to llio extent of oirerini; one liftliof itH mmw toHtudontM from I^iirop»>, at a fco of •^•2m) a yoar. TIiIh would atlr.ict a desiralti.! claHM, I cndoisi' what M r. .lolmKton says MH to tli.« division of tlio farm in the futiin- at least I tliink tliete should l.f. a p'li oral farm, an i-xperimental fiirm, and a model farm. On iho >,MMieral fiirm have erops of all kind,s. Thi- experimiM.lal farm would ho (IovoIimI to nxperimelllin^ on food for Htoek, etc., and (ho third would Im a model farm whero nverylhinjr .shouhl he model. 1 1 should* 1)0 very nuu-h under the inanas;emenl cf tliini year studrnts. I niii of opinion that farm inseould i)e made more proiluetive liy having (I) text-hooks applieahle to eaeh ilivimon eompiled ; (2), l.y iniMishin^' a lir.st-daH.s ajjricultural periodical ; (.'1), hy making the. readinjj; of agrieulti'- ' texl-hook-s a leasoii at tlie pul.lie .^idiools ; (I), hy the extension of lli(> prize farn ;vs , -, lutidy adopl(>d hy the A;;rienltural (lud Arts Association of Ontario. I think .Im i ..(c-keepino; of an avera!j;e f'lrnier could he done in one form. If you complicate tin ■ ,em you fail. !''rom my own experionco in Knj;land and Heotlaiid, and the mana!::emen.of a lar^'enumh(>rof farm.s, 1 would recommond ii Himjile journal with three days tc the page, and douhle money columns a.s a farm journal and led^'cr, in which the fanui'r could every ovenini,' not(> down for example where the nmn huH hi en pl(Hii;liini,' tor a certain crop, etc., and tliat all his notes should he made up once n month in spaees h'ft for tiiat purpose hetween each month, .so that at the end of the year lie wruild onlv have to sum up (he tw.>lv(< pat^o.'? an.l dassify. 1 have been able to keep such a booK w ith my own work. My plan svould be as follows : —
LkIKII.H lilUNCllKS.
I. — Househohl. II.- llors(< jjabour. III. — Manual labour paid for. IV.— Manual labour not paiil for.
v.— rermanont imj>rovemen(s (capiUil account). VI. — Hates and taxes. VII. — -I'rops laid down and harvested. VIM.— Sales. Inventory and valuation.
The cottages T spoke of should he built as models. The novernment .should build a residence for the Professor of Agriculture as a mod(J farmor's house. Wo give the l)oys some instruction on the analysis of .soils, but it is not enough. They g<>t as much [.tac- tical inatructio'i as (Iii> professor is able to give them without all tho necessary appliancivs. 1 am not prepared to say (hat students should bo abh^ to tell the component "parts of the soil. There is no particularly {>ractical value in a farmer being able to analyze his own soil. An average farmer would never be al)lo to analyze soils correctly. I'do not use any text-books, but 1 would if tlu>y were suitable. 1 would like ov(<rv st'u.lent to have a book to check his teacher, .and read Jihead of him. It enables a bov to takidiis notes more read.ly I believe the MSS. for these books could be got for $10,000. I thiidc the.samo books would do for the College and the public schools. It woulil pav a farnu>r better to get analysts of soils done tiu\u to do it him.self. But a farmer should be abl<> to test soils and .say whether there are certain regulating materials in them. I am in favour of arranging with ccitain farmers near the l\)ll(>go where lads who had never been on a farm, might spend some time befon; coming to us. I think it is of much more impor- tjvnce. a farmer should know a grass from a weed than that he should be able to analy.-e . ills. I do not kno v of any tirst-claa.s fanning periodical in this country.
WM. BUOWN.
iProJ,
essor hrow,), i
or th
l.-< llh foi
gai of
in (
(' fiboiilil lie I tliiiik Ui<- irlp l() initki'
flllK! KyHt.CIU
L't> iiH nil ini I'!iii()|u>, lit, r. JiiliiiHtiMi 1(1 \»' II ijrii ivc crops of il for Hlock^ 1 1 kIioiiIiI I liiat farm tell iliviHioh nuking ilic
(' ('XtcllKioil
sociiitiiiii (if ) form. If (1 >Sco(Jiiii(l, niniiil wilh !•, ill wliicii I pl(iu;;liin;; li in Hpiiccs would only iich a lioojv
M.J:'i'Li::i",,ii::!-:;;;M;;^_,n„,,„wu, oo.„^, ,«„, ,««„. ,_„
t-
MR. J.
W. JOirNHON-H EVWENUE.
.T"MK W. JoMMHoN was call.-cl ami oxaminod :-
wegivoapurolycornriiornfti
AoRwvtrvnAL Aooounts.
A SVHTKM ProPOSKD.
DAY BOOK.
lid build a (' tlic hoya uucli pnic- ijipliaiu'os. irts of rlio a own soil. Dt uso any is"(! a, liook lofcs inoro k Uicsanio r licttnr to l)I(' to test 1 favour of been on a nre impor- 1(1 able to 'T-
corn and potiitoog.
m
(K) (H) (X)
*I'J 00
JOURNAL.
ncl.JHXoH. l,n(12lJr....
'•'"'I'l .V'.. ,( 124 00
'' No. 4 .. V, 00
No. 6 •< 4 0)
fi 00
'^'''^'"«'' sirToo
KXPLANATION.
TiiK Dalancb Sheet.
r
ft '
r' i
H-i
AOUICULTUIiAL EDUCATION.
tlie I'lK'ct of itd o|iciiitioiiH oil fiitui-o ymr,s, I put in a set of accounts prepared on the plari above auygestc-d, (Sco aciouiit.s appcleiietl.)
Gekkkal Labour AcconNT.
To nu>et the dilHoiiIty of chiir;,'!!)!,' miscfllaneoua operations going on concurrently with .specitic orji'ations, an account, called " (Jeiu^al Labour Account," n.i-'ht bu opened chargeable to Loss and (Jain Account.
OriARcJKs FOR Pkrmanent Improvemknt.
I would charge iniprovenient.s, such as under-draining or stumping, to real estate ac- count, if the owner of tlie farm. A tenant farmcir would only undertake such inij)rove- nients as would be recouped to him during the term of his holding, by the eflects on the farm's pioductiveuess, and these must be chaiged to "General Labour Account."
. r, '
¥. i
Manure Account.
I have no manure account. I would credit the stock with manure, and whether pro- duced on the farm or purchased, charge it to the proper account according to the applica- tion made of it. In case of the treatment of land as, for instance, sunnner fallow or very hberal manuring, I would not charge it to the first subsecpient crop but to General Labour Account. That would add to the I'xpenses of the particular year in which the work was performed. 1 woulo ot charge a particular crop with such labour. F would only charge the crop with the labour directly incidental to that crop. If I applied a special manure or did aoything specially to benefit one crop I would charge it to that crop or current account. I have '.u) doubt the students who leave my College could keep these and even more complieated ai'i;ounts than those I have exhibited. I have not given any particular attention to agricultural education.
J. W. JOHNSON.
[Mr J. W. Johnson.
arod on the
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
jucurrontly bu ojiciioJ
DAY BOOK AND JOURNAL OF
FARM ACCOUNTS.
1 PHtato ao- •li iiiiprovc- [(Hts on the t."
hethcr pro- ;he applica- low or v(>ry iral Labour 3 work was )nly charge :ial manuro
or current e and even
particular
SON.
Pay Rook.
tliu h„Mne.s.s „f itu far,,, a,„| to jlotenume yearly hin k' i M» anVl
rNVENTOBY OF PHOPBRTr.
Field \(,. U ' ■
j''icM Xo. ,{ ;;
>'ii'l(l N'o. 4 I'lt'ld No. .'-. ' Field No. fi . ■ Pifld No, 7 Orchaid,LM,deIi and build
TOWNSHIP OF THURLOW. APRIL. 1880.
JOURNAU
S ttcre*. « •'
4 "
4 "
8 "
0 "
. •''0 rtcros vftluG^
inolnding building., at «75 00
per acre
Hou.s^iold fMHiituro.' ; ; . ;;.■ ^.^n m
riant, as under 2^2!!^
Ar *"=""« iioooo
I'lio reuper i(«i nn
One „,ow,.p... ::;•:••; ^"^o«
T.V'.pl,n,Khs,at 515... ,% 00
OnP harrow jg ^q
i wo ^(.t.^ harness, at
50 00
3750 00 n20 00 890 00
trees, at
»i'->
Tw. Mhiffle
p*-^" 500
^"«'"'Wy 100 00
One cultivator jq qq
One l,o,;se.rake ! 24 00
ftundi-y nnplenients ... « OO
Liv
;„ . , , «8<)0 00
ive stock, as under 2Ti on
,'p'^e?"'^'' ISOOO
l*";"''*^*!' 50 00
Cash
larm produce, being oats, hay flour Ac, on hand 320 20
iield No. «, for vivlue of timoihy and clover seed in ground , lo 00
Real estate
Furniture .
Plant ;.■;;
Live stock . .
c.ish ;;.
Farm produce '. ' Field No. 6... To Capital ',
Dr. (1) (1) (1) (I) (2) (2) (o) (1)
3750 00 520 00 890 (10 215 00 52.") 00 320 Oo 10 00
CP30 00
$6230 00
Carried forward.
90'2::o 00 jgl'.so oo
86
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION
TOWNSHIP Day Book.
Faid cash for seed as under ■.-— Fields. Nos. 1 and 2, 32 bushels
barley, at ZSc 24 00
Field No. 3, 10 bushels wheat.
at8100 16 00
Field No. 4, 8 bushels oats,
at .'JOc 4 00
Field No. 5, Indian corn aiid
potatoes 5 00
^ ^. 11th.
Credit John Thompson 9 00
;• Wm. Wilson q 1^0
For 9 days' labour each, on fields Nos. 1 aud 2
_ ^ 16th.
Credit John Thompson 4 so
"^ Win. Wilson 4 50
With 4^ days' labour each, on field No. 3 ■ '. .
r. ^. . , 19th.
Credit John Thompson 2 '>.5
" Wm. Wilson 2 25
For 2i days each on field No. 4
^ ,. 23rd.
Credit John Thompson 4 50
" Wm. Wilson 4 50
For 4i days' each on field No. 5
28th. I'aid cash for garden seed, Ohio
corn for green feed, vetches,
millet, etc.
P:iid cash for labour on orchard
and garden
30th. Paid John Thompson on aco't,. 10 00 " Wm. Wilson " 10 00
The milk from our 5 cows is ar. ranged to be taken by the "Allan Cheese Factory " at the rate of 8c. for a gallon of lOibs.
May,5tb. Keceived from "Alli:n Cheese Factory " for milk delivered in April, cash , .
21ith. Paid John Thompson, acc't. in full 10 23 " Wm. Wilson *' " 10 25
OF TIIURLOW, APRIL, 1880.
$ c.
49 00
18 00
9 00 4 60
9 00
600 9 00
20 00
JODBNAL.
Forward fi230 00
3rd. Fields Nos. 1 and 2 . . . . Dr Field No. 3 . . . '<
4 5
(3) (•■«) (■•1) (3)
ToCash (•>)
Fields Nos, 1 and 2 .... Dr. (3)
To John Tliompaon (4)
" Wm. Wilson (4)
FieldNo. 3 Dr (3)
To John Thompson (4)
" Wm. Wil-son (4)
1 leld No. 4 Dr. (3)
To John Thompson (4)
" Wm. Wilson (4)
T.. . , .. 23rd.
Field No. 5 Dr. (3)
To John Thompson (4)
" Wm. WilsoL (4)
Garden and orchard ToCash
Garden and orcliard TbCash
28th.
.. Dr. (4) ..... (2) ... Dr. (4) (2)
T , ™, 30th.
John Thompson Dr. (4)
Wm. Wilson "' (41
ToCash (2)
16 70
24 00 lii 00
4 00
5 00
Cash
To Cowa.
May rfth.
i>r. m
(5)
29th.
John Thompson Dr. (4^
Wm. Wilson " U)
To Cash (2)
IS 00
9 00
4 50
9 00
6 00 9 00
10 00 10 00
15 70
10 25 10 J5
« e.
023" 00
49 00
9 00 9 00
4 50 4 50
2 25 2 25
4 50 4 50
6 ') 9 00
20 00
16 70
20 50
20 25
Carried forward §0390 70 «G3!)0 70
lGriculi'ural education.
87
^1
|
0 00 |
9 e. 023" 00 |
|
4 00 ti 00 4 00 5 00 |
3 00
) 00
50
70
49 00
9 00 9 00
4 50 4 50
|
2 25 2 25 |
|
|
00 |
4 50 4 50 |
|
00 00 |
6 ' ) 9 00 |
|
00 00 |
20 00
15 70
L'O 50
0 i$Gb90 70
Paid Cash for Ri-ooeries dry goodB
TOWNSHIP OP THURLOW, JUNE. ISSO. Day Book. ,
$ c. S. c ij Journal.
June 1st.
7 50 17 00
finfi '^''''P*;^ •""' «"''! ^ur cash, eOlhs. woo', at ,SOc. .
bold for cash, 10 lambs, at'!«2',56
Have harvests from field No. 6 Jon«, liay assumed to be worth $10 00 per ton ......
Paid for harvesting hay
•Tave haryestod and tlnvshed f om <,eh . Nos. 1 and 2, OfiO basil barley (averajje 35 to acre), for which I have l,een "ffere.l .and luive accepted for Octoberdehvory,75c.peroush.
Ha., harvested, thi^Z^Jf^i .sold240hnsh. wheat for,. ash, from held No. 3, at S\ 20
held, 20 bush, wheat, at SI 20
''SSdT!!:'!:l^?y:;«^^«
'■^^lieH n"-- '^'"""I'«"n- •'^^ clays,
18 00
25 00
I aid for threshiuj,' barley, Hel
Nos l,..ul3.. 5i;0bush.it5c.
V 'fo}i?'^'r- "'''eat, Ke No. 3, 2t)0bush. atUc.
Ids Keici
Ha.e harvested and threshed from held IN o.l, 100 bush, n.^its assumed to l)e worth 50o. a biisli
2S8 00 24 00
4 00 3 00
3 50
J4 50
I 43 00 11
200 00 7 00
Cash . .. . To Sheep
(?)
SOtii.
. Dr. (2) (5)
43 00
I i Farm produce .... n.. ^o\ onn „„
ii To field No. 6 . .•. ■"'^- III 200 00
420 00
(3) Field No. 6 r>_ ,oi
To Cash... :....:: '.•.'.'.._§}
Farm produce "^"'^ S*>)
ToFieldsNos.land2. .;J3)
Cash '^"^'"15/^}'.,
Farm prodme . /V
ToFieidNo. si. ":; ■.::::;:; jli
700
420 00
24 50
43 00
200 00
7 00
420 00
288 00 24 00
312 00
7 00
Fields No. 1 and 2 Dr (3) 7 nn
To John Thorrnsor. Yll ^ °°
Wm. Wilson
nori'psor. .... m\
7 00
Field No. ;! ^
To John 'J'hompson ' V. . (4] Wm. Wilson ;;; (Vf
(4) . Dr. (3)
:!S 00
15 (iO 43 60
SO 00
Fields Nog. I ^„,j ._j 1' leld No. 3 ... To Cash ... '"
l«th. ... Dr. (3)
(3) (2)
Farm
ijrra produce j> f>\
Toli'ioldNo.4......'". ij{
7 00
28 00 15 60
80 00
312 00
-* 00
a 00
3 60 3 50
43 CO
80 00
'arried forward 87534
i
80 $75,34 iiQ
^ir
^\iy
jifi
8S
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
m
T0\\- Day Book.
,, ., ^ , .mil.
lai.l ciish for harvpstiiig ..ats,
r.vi<) oawh fortliresliiniroivt.s,'lieia iNo. 4
Keceived from "A Ian Chrpse I' iictory " casli in settlnnient to (late
„ , , . Sept. l.-itli.
Have harvcstpd from field No. 5 120 Inish. coin, assumed to be worth 70c'
150 biisli. potatoes assumed to be worth 40c
Paid John Tliomjison cash in full
of acc't
raid Win. Wilson ..'.'.'..'.'. '. ', '. [ ' .'
Paid for labour on field No. 5
Paid for dry gnoch, as per bill, of 1> oster and Keid
ilave liarvested from .'{ acre.s of orchard 4u8 bbls. apples which I have sold for cash to a Montreal buyer, at 91 25 ..,,
Paid for picking and barrelling the above apples
,-, . , *^^t- 2it.
l\ecened cash for barley, as per agreement recorded July 31at
r, . , , ^'"V- -'Oth.
Keccivpd from "Alliiu Clieese Tactory " cash in full for season
Paid "Alhan Cheese Factory" for butter anl cheese fot during the season fur liouse use
„ , , Dec. loth.
Sold 40 bush, oat.s for cash, at 48c.
IS81. - , , T.-vn. •.'(ith. Sold 20 bush, potatoc* for cash, at 50c
XSHTP OF THintLOW, .MrQirST. ]S,SO.
* c. «
5 00 4 80
9 80
JoLltNAr,.
Am'ts. forward... 75,(4 80 " 7534 sV
F- 1 1 XT . •iOtll.
leld No. 4 I),. /.M ,1 art
^"^'''^ (•-') 9 80.
1;
62 80
84 00 CO 00
7 50 6 50
144 00
14 00 19 00
47 50 !
686 00
60 00
420 00
47 10
P , Sept. 15th.
WmWl?"'"™ "'■ W 7.10
»»m. >>llsi)n.. Ml /• r-n
I'ocash.....:;; .; ''°"
(2)
™Ssh^::::::::::;:.^^';<i; ^^oo
House expenses Dr. (.-,) .r
•lo Cash .-A
00
Cash
liOtb.
To Garden and orchard
Dr. (2) 585 00 .... (-0
14 00'
19 00'
47 50
585 Ofi
Garden and orchard .... Dr. (4) .-50 00
Oct. 2!lth.
rr p ••••; Dr. (?) 420 00
To Farm produce (2) 4-20 00
Cash
Cash
To Cows
Nov. ;Wtii.
l>i-. (2) 47 10
(») 47 10'
16 20 19 '20
Hm>se e.xnenses Dr. (5) 15 20
I To Cash ,^,, J- 2,,
_, , Dec. 15th.
^•r',; •, D''. (2) 19 20
To Farm produce (•;) ],, op
!
1S8I. 1, n , J'"i- '-'0.
IW VV |l lo I'arm prcduot ( |)
(o)
Farm iircduot r n
Field No. o ,'.■ (;■)
Carried forward !?8!t78 JO $8!)78 4i,
K oa 2 00
^ AGPICULTURAL EDUCATION.
hi)
;l
it '•'1
S C. $ t.
4 80 7534 80-
9 80
2 80
( 00
iiO 50
00
00
9 80<
62 80
144 00
14 00'
19 00'
47 50
00
00
00
10
iO
585 Ofi
50 00*
420 00
47 10'
15 2(1
lit rn
8 oo
2 00
) $S!i:8 hi
TOWNSHIP OF THUHLOW, JANUARY, Bat Book.
S c i|
« c.
, 1881,
Journal.
I'aid Subscription one year
20th.
to I'ljiuch for
£0 00
PaidCopgerB.otherS:S;S SuWnptu.n to -Weekly
Am'ta. forward j.rj)-^
[^1
8 40 SSU7S 40 20 00
Globe ' iiipt voccite '
^"b»<lripti(>n to "'rarmer's Advocate" •^"™ers
I'aid Taxosfiir TSSO ....
clothes for Kolf and 2 for tlie hiiyH
14 90 2 00 2 00
27 00 53 00
HoiiRe expenses To Cash
March .nut
13r. (.5)
(2)
18 90
20 00 18 90
18 00
cerioHinf„iitodute. ... 4050 Jolui McKeown for !,„,;; ^" ^
eown for boots
and shoes
Credit Furn, Produce Acc't. with J'orse keep, „atH,h.y, etc.. ^ed
^lm8e^T..y;^^'""k„sedin
Charge Cows as under— i^or Pasture— Field No. 7
" Hay, stni-', , produce .
15 60
138 10 210 00
30 00
"" •• (-4
138 10
138 10
H,
orsekeep Ti.. /m
To Farm nrod,;;; ^'- g
^arm produce
", etc.— Farm
Charge Sheep as under— ""bMNo.
s'arui produce
i." * T, "f^ "" under— Dor Pasture-Field No. 7 ■Hay, etc.— Fi- — ■■■■
25 00
10 CO 60 00
6 00 10 00
Give Farm Produce Acc't credff for stuff used f 01 hou^e...
Write off from the v.-duc of plant 10 per cent, for weai and tear
95 00
15 00 66 00
8 00
(5)
Cows T,
To Field No. 7. ■.*.:'.■.■■ ' r
" Garden and orchard .".■■■ M
i arm produce .' 2)
210 00
30 00
95 00
Sheep. .
To Field No.' 7 ". "''• ff
Farm produce ..'..'.'.'.', (21
Dr. (5) 15 00
House expenses ... rir ir\
To Farm „,°,1,..V' * " * "'^- (^'
To Farm produce .*.
{>■)
65 00
89 00
210 00 30 00
25 00 10 00 60 00
5 00 10 00
65 00 89 00
«9fi59 40 $9659 40
I#
1)0
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
Bt
m
w
tf/S
For,
1,
L
1.
1.
1. o
2.
3.
3.
3. 4. 5. 5. 5. 6. 6. 6.
10,
TRIAL BALANCE.
lat April, 1881.
Db. Cr.
^^P'^i^l $6230 00
Real Estate $3750 OO
Furniture 520 00
Pla"t 801 00
Live Stock 215 00
<^'^s'> 1503 70
Farm Produce 395 go
^'«l<iNo. G 183 00
Fiel.'a Nos. 14 2 343 00
Fi<'MNo. 3 264 40
Field No. 4 61 70
Fi'^J^lNo. 5 113 00
Garden and Orchard 539 oO
<^'°^^'« 60 60
House Expenses 359 20
S'i««P 28 00
Horse Keep 2IO 00
Field No. 7 30 00
Lass and Gain 89 00
$7843 70 17843 70
I
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
0!
LOSS AND GAIN STATEMENT.
3. Fields Nofi. 1 & 2_ ^ouhk. Gains.
IG acres sown in harloy 3. Field No. 3~ |343 00
8 acres sown in wheat 3. Field No. 4— 264 40
4 acres sown in oats 3. Field No. 5— 6170
4 acres sown in corn and potatoes . . 8 Field No. «— £13 00
8 acres grass
6. Field No. 7— 183 00
6 acres pasture
4. Garden and Orchard— ^^ 0^
4 acres
5. Cows— 630 00
3
5. Sheep— 60 60
10
5. House expenses 28 00
5. Horsekeep ^^^ 20
1. Plant- 210 00
10 per cent, written off for wear and tear 89 00
^'^'S"'" ^.... 955 50
$1613 70 iieiFTO
|
w |
|
1' ' |
|
i'l'i |
lili
92
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
i/ i
ii
a:j
If
ASSET AND LTABILITi' STATEMENT.
Jat April, li'8L Folio.
1. Real Estate- '^'""'' T^'abiutim.
50 acres, including buildings $3750 00
1. Furniture —
Contained in house gog QO
1. Plant- As per list of a year ago, less 10 per cent,
written ofl" for wear and tear 801 00
1. Livestock —
As per list of a year ago 215 00
2. Cash—
In bank, $1490 ; in hand, $13.70 1503 70
2. Farm Produce —
Various crops, unsold and unused, now in
barn on- on
. 39u 80
1. John Robhn's capital one year ago. .$G230 00 Gain, as per Statement 95r, qq
1st April, 1881 7185 50
S7185 50 $7185 50
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
93
Pa.
1880. A.pril 1. To Balance.
LEDGER OF FARM ACCOUNTS.
CAPITAL.
^ t. (i 1880,
(G) 7.18.-. 50 I Ai-ril i. By .Snmb , " Loss a
fr.is.T :-o
ir'S
088 and g4in.
Oil.
(1) o,i'.'?o no
(6) m-) 50 $7,185 50
ISSO. Aiu-il 1, To Capital
REAL ESTATE.
D $3.7?-^ M [j Aprn\ EyB.^Iaaea
FURNITURE.
(6) J3,7.";n 00
1880. April I. To Capital
(1) ».520 00
1881. April 1. By Balance
(6) $r>-20 00
PLANT.
1880. April 1. To Capital ,
(1) |!890 00
<890 00
1881.
^'^'•^te^-:":::;;::::g SSS
$800 00
1880. April 1. To Capital
LIVE STOCK.
(1) «21o 00
1881. April 1. By Balance.
(6) J213 00
li^il.i
1*1 J '
94
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
r( !
Da.
1880. April 1. M.iv 5. June 30. Ac(j. 5.
CASH.
Cb.
Sept, (let. Nov. Dec.
1881. Jan. 2a
30.
30. 29. 30. 15.
To Capital (1)
" Cows (2)
" ShePD (3)
" FiVUf, No. 3 3
" Cov/s ... (4)
" Garden and Orchard... (4)
" Farm produce (4)
" Cows h\
" Farm produce (4)
" Sundries (i)
9 c.
525 00 15 70 43 00
288 00 62 80
585 00
4:iO 00 47 10 19 20
10 CO
$2,015 80
|
1880. |
|
|
April |
3. |
|
'2H. |
|
|
11 |
(( |
|
<< |
30. |
|
May |
29. |
|
1 Jmie |
1. |
|
14 |
30. |
|
Ausf. |
15. |
|
tt |
30. |
|
Sej,t. |
15. |
|
,i* |
11 |
|
(t |
30. |
|
Nov. |
.30. |
|
188 |
. |
|
Jan. |
20. |
|
Mar. |
1. |
April 1.
By Sundries (2)
" Garden and Orchard... (2) ... 2)
" Sundries (2)
(2)
' ' Hoii.se expenses (3)
" Field, No. I) (3)
" Simdrie.s (;rt
" Field, No. 4 (4)
" Sundrioa (4)
" Field, No. 5 (4)
" House expenses j4)
" fJarden and orchard.,,. (4) ' ' House expenses (4)
(5)
" " " 5
" " " 5
" Balance * '
|
» c. |
|
49 0» |
|
6 OO |
|
9 00 |
|
20 OO |
|
20 50 |
|
24 6,, |
|
7 00 |
|
43 ()0 |
|
9 80 |
|
14 00 |
|
19 00 |
|
47 50 |
|
50 00 |
|
16 20 |
|
20 00 |
|
18 90 |
|
1.38 10 |
|
1,503 70 |
$2,015 80
FAKM rRODLCE,
1880. April 1. June :50. Juiy 31. Au)!. 5.
" 15. Sept, 15.
To Capital
" Field, No. 6
land 2 3
*t tt A
4
^* • • > * .
1?.! S
{'•ii W
|
$320 00 |
|
200 00 |
|
420 00 |
|
24 00 |
|
80 00 |
|
144 00 |
|
$1,188 00 1 |
|
• 1 |
1880. Oct. 29. l>ec. 15.
1881, Jan. 20. Mar. 31,
April 1,
By Cash (4) $420 00
" " (4) 19 20
;; „" • (4) 8 00
Horstkeep (5) 210 00
;; Cows lo) 00 00
; ?heep {■>) 10 00
House expenses (5) 65 00
" Balance (0) .395 80
$1,188 00
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
I>B.
Cb.
|
1! |
S c. 49 09 |
|
6 OO |
|
|
9 00 |
|
|
20 OO |
|
|
i) |
20 50 |
|
'') |
24 f). |
|
SI |
7 OO |
|
4.S 60 |
|
|
i) |
9 80 |
|
i) |
14 00 |
|
1) |
19 00 |
|
) |
47 50 |
|
) |
60 00 |
|
) |
15 20 |
|
>) |
20 00 |
|
) |
18 90 |
|
) |
i;« 10 |
|
1,50:{ 70 |
8420 00 19 20
8 00
210 00
00 00
10 00
65 00
:\o-, 80
1880. April 1. June .'{0.
1881. April 1.
ToCapit.'il ... " <;a8li....
Loss and gain
FIELD, No. 6 Grass.
(1)
b)
(0)
9 c.
10 00 7 00
183 00
S200 00
1880. June 30. By Farm produce.
Ch.
(3) 200 (W
«-'00 00
1880.
April 3. ToOaqh ,„,
W- "''^^^ '■■■-■■
April 1. .. Loss and gain («;,
rrELDS, Nos. 1 AND 2. Barlev.
(■i)
$24 00
18 00
7 00
28 00
1880. July 31. By Farm produce.
(3) $420 00
$420 00
1880. April .S. To Cash ,„,
Aug. 'I; ::«-!■•-••..•::■:•:::: H
April 1. " Loss and gain (c)
FIELD. No. 8. Whkat.
$16 00
9 00
7 00
15 CO
204 40
$.il2 00
FIELD, No. 4.
Oath.
1880. Aug. 5.
By Sundries.
(3) $312 00
$.312 00
1880.
A|)ril 3. To Cash ,„,
'• W. •' Sundries %\
April L " Loss and gain (g)
$4 0((
4 r>()
9 80
61 70
?80 00
1880. Aug. 15. By r»nn Produce.
(3) $80 00
580 OO
1880.
April 3. To Cash ,,>
«\ 23. " Sundries .: :'
FIELD, No. 5. Corn a.vd I'oTATDga.
1881. ^"'^
April L " Loss and gain
$5 00
9 00
19 00
(■1)
(6) 113 00 $146 00
I 1880. Jan. 20. Cash
(4) S144 00 (4) 2 CO
$146 00
III
96
AGIJICULTURAL EDUCATION.
iM,i
ill
Or
. JOHN THOMPSON (Hired Man).
/'««0. S p. |! ISSO.
V"' im* T? ^?.*'» (-> l^'J"^ ^^P"l '!• I»V VieMs, Nos. 1 and 2.
.lay 29. " " (2) 10 25 ' - -
1880.
" 10. " Field, No. 3 " ]0. " " 4
" 'M. " " 5.'
S20 25
Sept. 15. ToCash (4) §7 50
$7 50
1880. AuL'. 5. By Fields, No». 1 and 2 . '^ " " Field, No. 3
|
« c. |
|
|
(*-') |
n 00 |
|
(-'i |
4 5(1 |
|
(2) |
2 25 |
|
C-i)- |
4 60 |
|
$20 25 |
|
|
(3) |
$1 00 |
|
(3) |
:i 50 |
17 .-0
Wm. WILSON (Hired Man).
1880. April 30. ToCash. May 2a. " " ,
1880. Sept. 15. To Cash.
1880. April 28. ToC.ish.
II (( II
Sept. 30.
1881. April 1.
Lo.ss and gain .
(2) S10 00 (2; 10 25
820 25
(4) $6 .50
1880.
A])rilll. By Fields, Nos. 1 and 2.
" 16. " Field, No. 3
" 19. " " 4
" 23. " " 6.; !..;;.
$6 50
1880. Aug. 5. By Fields, Nos. 1 and 2. " " " Field, No. 3
|
(2) (2) (2) |
m 00 4 50 2 25 4 50 |
|
$20 25 |
|
|
(3) |
$3 00 3 50 |
|
$6 50 |
GARDEN AND ORCHARD.
(2) (2) (4)
|
?G 00 9 00 50 00 530 00 |
|
$595 00 |
1880. Seiit. 30. March 3L
By Cash (4)
" Cowa (5)
«58ft 00 10 00
«595 00
|
(2) |
¥ c. !) 00 |
|
(-'i |
4 50 |
|
en |
2 'J5 |
|
(:-')■ |
4 50 |
|
$20 25 |
|
|
(3) |
$i 00 |
|
(3) |
:i 50 |
.?7 50
|
2) (2) (2) (2) |
$9 00 4 50 2 25 4 50 |
|
§20 25 |
|
|
(3) |
$3 00 a 50 |
|
$6 50 |
(4) «585 00 (5)
10 00
?595 00
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATIOIi.
97
Ob.
Mir. HI. April 1.
COWS.
To Sundries . . , Loss and gain
« c.
95 «0 00 CO
1155 60
1880. May 5. Aug. ,'JO. Nov. ;iO.
1881. Mar. 31.
Oji.
By Cash ....v.... io\ ?« f,;
" M '-) 15 70
<• <• (■<) 62 80
(4) 47 10
" Hoiue expense! (5) 30 OO
S155 60
HOUSE EXPENSES.
1880. June 1, Sept. 15. Nov. 30.
istn.
Jan. 20. Mar. 31.
Tr^"'' (3) »24 50
• • „ (-1) 47 50
Ul 15 20
.. '.', (5) 20 00
« « (•'') lit* 90
« ,.„„ ■ (•'■>) 138 10
i arm Produce (,-,) ^g q^
$350 20
18«1. April 1. By Low and gain
(6) «359 20
3.350 20
SHEEP.
Mar. 3h To Field, No. 7..
t -1 ',' !' ^'•"■1" produce, April 1. '. Los.s and gain .
85 00
10 00
28 00
§43 00
1880. June 30.
By Cash.
(3) «43 00
$4.i 00
HORSE KEE1>'.
188J.
Miu-. 31. To Farm produce (5) $210 00
1881. April 1. By Loss and gain.
(C) $210 00
08
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
m
FIELD, No. r.
Pastures,
Gb.
Il
1881. April L To Loss and gain ,
(6)
$ 0. 30 00
«30 00
1881. Mar. 31. By Cows . Sheep
(5) (5)
9 c.
2") 00
5 00
S30 00
LOSS AND GAIN.
n't
1S81.
Mar. ;U. To PLant (.5)
April 1. " Hoiae expenses (.5'
" " " Horse keep (5'
' Capital.... (1
880 00 3r)9 20 210 00 95.5 60
#1613 70
1881. April 1.
By Fields, Nog. land 2, " Field, No 3
" 4
" 5
" 6
" 7
" Garden and orchard.
" Cows
" Sheep
|
(3) |
$3-13 OC |
|
C!) |
2(i4 40 |
|
(■■'-) |
01 7C |
|
W |
113 00 |
|
(••<) |
183 00 |
|
(ti) |
;'0 00 |
|
(4) |
530 OC |
|
(5) |
60 60 |
|
(5) |
2-^ 00 |
S1013 70
BALANCE.
1881.
Al)ril 1.
To Renl estate.. .
' Furniture
' riant
' Live stock ...,
' Cs-U
' Farm produce
|
1 srno 00 |
|
520 00 |
|
801 00 |
|
215 00 |
|
1503 70 |
|
395 80 |
|
$7185 CO |
1881. April 1,
By Capital
S7185 50
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
90
Gb.
9 c,
2". 00
5 00
«30 00
|
; $3-13 oc |
|
) •2M 4(. |
|
) <)1 7C |
|
) 113 00 |
|
) 183 00 |
|
) ;'o 00 |
|
) 531) OC |
|
) (10 60 |
|
) 2-i 00 |
|
$1013 7C |
$7185 50
S7185 50
AM5 FARM BOOK-KEEPING.
AUKIOCLTURAL EducatioX.
Teachers' Certificates .S „<"''■''«<■?'■'(;■ Tl.ea, sl,ou|,| ,' "if."'','''' ,'? ''"' ■'lement, ef then., "PecWly £„tthe w'ta'r ' J;i°"'';''«'' '<■ »"'' "-e aft^w tl'''!''''''''^?''''-
Farh Book-keeping.
i
rccor( to
1. Any complicated svstpm r>f t„ •
used suchas-D'libit.-Sec^rSlirRf-'-^r'"^"' "^ 1^-k SepinflSri'^ ^'"^^'^ ''« Attempts made to keep set 'pf'''"^'"'^'^^^^^^ '^"""^''^
products of the farms will Sal^iead t^''°";''^. "^ *^'" ''^^^ ^"^^ >vLut realised .f .. •
«"PP0. of tl. ^amii;^^;;L:tlS'^i- <^ ^ ^rF^^^^^^e tTf^ 2. S.gle entry should by all means be adopter "'^'"^^"^^^^^^^
following the Se Sdi ted'bf "•''"^- J''^ '^^v-ntage'how ^i' J? ^T"'^ T ^^^ may be able to exnend mn.T ''^,&'^''"g tiai an idea of l.i™l f' ? '''^"''^'^ ^o™ co.npari.son of tre^iTl '" "''^''^ ™Provement.s, or curtoifb?. '"''''^' '''' '^^^ h« of «Uciontdate to «n.n 'V- *''""''"" ^'"""o^ «e^eral ^earsi^i '',!?"■'"'• ^^i^es by profitable to fotw!' '"^'^'^ ^'"^ ^'^ ^»<>- what hraSVhif Sn'^",.*^^ ^f ^^^^^ [i/n J/c/),:«,w.J = -^'- oe thu moat
kK'l I
1
100
ACxRICULTURAL E]:)UCATION.
i. Estimates as nearly as possib!?- to be made of the oasli value of all assets divided into real estate and personal property the latter subdivided into— •
fa) Contents of housu.
(b) Bills receivable and debts due him.
(cj Impli.'uionts, including carriages, ;tc.
(dj domestic animalu.
' e) Daily products.
(f) Far-Ti products.
(ff) Misctrllaneous.
The liabilities and expenditure could be embraced into two classes, viz.:
(n) Domestic.
I Animals ^b) Farm \ Seetl.
( Implements.
HUGH MoDIARMID.
LoDi, June 30tb, 1S80.
H
[Mr. McDiar7nid.]
te su of
SIMPLE POEMS FOE FAEM ACCOUOTa
MEMOEANDUM.
Phepahed, at the rkquest of thb C
OMMissioyERs. BT Mr. Ar.Bx.vNDE. Mactav
Mathematical Mactbu at thb Ontahio AoRicuLTURAr, G
ISH.
College, Guklph.*
INSTRUCTIONS.
wadIpt^t;:"„otV*J':*'^scL'"- "'*'"" '^''«"' """^
important objects on the farm, ^onectly sliow the location of buildings and other
which ■is'd^JSfJS^^Jt^'tiKJ'uId^ ZZr' *°^'r " ^"^''"^ P'- "P«n
T^X:l'!^rr^^^^ '"^^ -;s:;::3r uiJl-)::;;: • 'ela^«
is a map upon^vhicfaTs entierlhr?otat^;; T^^^^"? '"''P' '^^" ''^ ^°""^ «««f"l- This tha. aelds be subjected to a regular "^m of rotatfoT! "l" ''^^ '''^™^- ^^ ^'^ •'"?-*- glance under what crop any fidd «houldTe at anTtlme. ' '''"""" "'"P ^^^^^'^ '^^ <*
impi:^ etr^ £;^^:: ^^'fr::^:^!:!^!^'^-"'-^- °^ --^. ^-ms. far.
1. Real Estate Account.
2. Purchase Account.
3. Sales Account.
4. Labour Account.
5. NotoR Payable Account
6. No((,s Pioceivable Account.
7. Cash .A.ccount.
8. Individual Account.
9. Memorandum Account.
.™.,:,^r;Sr£t.is ;£eC^^:|^S5. »t':':£tr(,:sr's^ — ••■ "■
siibtnitte oJ bo
[i)/r, i/aftouta/i.]
i:i
im
m
How TO Keep Accounts.
Heal Estate Acco^mt.— On the first day of the agricultural year, enter on the Dr Ride of tins ivccount tho vahui of the esiato including cost of farm, buil.iin.'.s fencing' . r.uuagc, etc , and to this add such per.naneiit improvements as are made from time t^j tunc. At the close of the year, enter on tho Cr. side the .estimated value of
the estp.te, and the diffen.'nco siiows the iuureasu or decrease in the . state fur the year.
I'tirrhase Account.— Enter in this account all articles bouj -t, with the montli day of niontli, year, name of him from whom purchased, articles, and cost. '
When payn:ent is made, mark paid, and credit Cash Account with the amount.
Sales Account.—Bntar all articles sold in this account, with the month day of moiith, year, name of him to whom sold, articles sold, and cost. When payment is maue, marl- paid, and debit Cash Account with the amount.
Labour Accottnt.—Koep a .separate account with each labourer, enter his name the date upon which he commenced work, and the price per montli ai,n-t;ed upon in their respective columns; write the month that ht; is at work in the leonth column, then check eacli day he works, and enter tlic amount due in the money co'iimn. Wlien pavment is luaJe, uiark paid, and enter a statement of the fact on the Cr. side of Cash Account.
Notes.— EnU-T all notes received in the Notes Receivable Account, and all notes" ,-iveu in the Notes Payable Account, lii each case, enter also the fo]lowin<r par- ticulars. " *^
(a) When made, or when taken.
(l>) Ti v'hom given, or from whom received.
(c) Time to run.
{(I) Amount of Note.
(c) Rate of 'ntere.st.
^/■) Tot*' amount due.
(ff) When due.
Wi.f. payment is made of notes received, mark paid, and enter a statement of th:- fiicts on the \\ side of Cash Account. When payment is made of notes given out matk paid, and em'ic a stat(;ment ot the fact on the Cr. side of Cash Account. '
Cash ^tccounf.—Enior on the Cr. side of this account : 1st. The amount of c^.^h on liand at the commeneement of the agricultural year. 2nd. All monev reetaved, as it is recon»d during the year, stating the source from whence received, with'dato of receivin<'. Enter on the Cr. side of this account, all money paid out, stating also when and for wi. .t paid. The didbrence between the Dr. and Cr. sides should always show thJ amount of c- sh ^n hand.
Imliridanl Accnunf.—Wbm we have a running account with any individual, mer- chant, ulaeksmitii, grocer, tailor, shoemaker, etc., enter the name of tiie individual in one of the individual accounts, and ou the Dr. side of such account enter ail items "iven him with their values, and on the Cr. side of tlie account enter such items as are reeeiveil from him, with tlieir values. The dillerence between tho Dr. and Cr. side shows his or our indebtedness.
To Dkteumink the PuoFifs OF THE Yrmi.
Draw up inventories at the close of tho agricultural year similar to tho.se made ar the commeneement of the year, then
Ibt. Determin.> the amount by which any inventory is greater tiian what it was at tin tomniencenient of the year.
[Mr. Mactavish.]
on the Dr. !^s, foncing, )in tiiiio to ^d value of [^^^ year.
ntli, (lay of
lount.
th, clay of )ayui('nt ia
namo, the 1, in their then cheek laynieiit is :ount.
1 all notea
AGEICULTURAL EDUCATION.
103
>wniff
pur-
<K,mIte™ettTf'?hVy:ar"'' '^ "'"' "^^ '""^'^*°'->^ '« ^-« ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ -s at the the /ear! ''''''^^^^' '^^ ^-^onnt by which the value of the estate has increased during
tfh DoJrr-''" n ' '"°°"°* ^",'*"^ °^« °" P^r^'l^'^se Account. 5th. Detornime the amount Btill clue us on Sales Account.
6th. l)e ermine the amount we Btill owe on Labour Account.
8th T^^S™-"" S* *"°"''* °^ °" ^"^^ ""**^« ^i" outstanding. 8th. Determine the amount of other persons' notes still in ou? possession 9th Determine the amount of interest due us on money fent by uT 0th. Determine the amount due us on individual accoLts ^
togeti 'ist tX^h tS "ZTotLTi '''\r -,"!^'-^-^l ~ts. Then add
and -r r E^:^^- [— ,^— :^^^^^^^ .ea.
<S..^IZ^' """"'' "^ '''^ P^'" ^'"^^ described are submitted herewith.
A A. MACTAVISH.
ent of thp out, mark
)f CiLsli on sd, as it is reoeivinir. n, and for le amount
hial, nier- uiil ill one ■ms i/won a received vs his or
! made at it was at
[J/r. Mactmibh.
'-■^
101
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
\L«t there be 30 pages thus ruleJ.]
188 .
INVENTORY OF
* >i
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATIOxN.
I III
fcitj
^ m
i
lOti
AORIOUIVrURAL EDUCATK^N.
'^l.ff there Im ..>() paget niUd similar to thit.]
1S8 .
MoNVH.
Day.
PUKCIIASR AOOOUNT.
Or Whom Houoiit.
Ithmb.
Amount.
Paid,
Cto.
.V"'
tl
AUKlCULTI'KAr. KDIK 'ATION
Paid.
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I.S.M
HAMi:s ACCorNT
^'"^'■"- ^ "'*'■ ' To W„.,M H„u,.
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108
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
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AGPJCULTUPAL EDUCATION.
100
[Let there be 8 va,jea ruled similar to ihig.]
NOTES PAYABLE ACCOUNT.
if'iaii
When Mahe.
j To Whom
OlVEN.
Yii. i Mo.\. ' Dy,
I I
! I
I
TiMK TO |;i;n. ; Amount, i -^MOfNT
Yrs. Mos. j Dyh.
$ Cts,
t'ls. : IMon.Dy. 'yu.
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Paid.
I I
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no
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
'Ltt there he 8 pages ruled similcir to this.]
NOTES RECEIVABLE ACCOUNT,
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When T-.ken,
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Moa.
Dt8.
Facb.
CT8.
Total Am't Dub.
CT8.
Whin Dub.
MON.
Dt.
Paid.
Yb.
05
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AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
>ua.
Yr.
Paid.
IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3)
//
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Photographic
Sciences Corporation
rib
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23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, NY. MS80
(716) 872-4503
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112
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
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AGRrCULTURAL EDUCATION.
113
[Let *here be 20 pages ruled iimilar to this.]
a
^^^ • MEMORANDUM.
Month.
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ONTAllIO AGRICULTURAL COMxMISSIOK
APPENDIX Q.
EELATINQ TO
Ifijfwi'olflgi i« mmutian with g^miUtm,
WITH A MAP.
1
»'f i I
!
Ijl; (
|f
hi
f9H
^'■-fy
I
THt BURIWOUTH CO MOHTRtAL
I
^
! i
H
|
, j |
T far as |
|
nient, |
|
|
i |
moistu |
|
but in |
|
|
[i |
ONTARIO AGKICULTUI^AL COMMISH
ION.
ArrENDIX Q.
RELATINO TO
WITH A MAP.
"tju, aiiu A. ±1. DyMOND'.
^^^' '''■ "• ^^"^^^'^ EVIDENCE.
To l.^/X; J?r"' "" "".'' ^"' ^^^'"-'^^-
minion Governinpnr T f "' ^ ?'^'''^ "^ ^''^' '"ft^'oroloffical servicp in fl,o ,
that tin.eTravrnttecl\trhe d'; 1" ''"^' f°f '^^ ^^ '^ little"'," te^'ir J °' S^ ^°- ined retucMs n.ade by otC ''""«" "^'^ '^^^^ meteorological pLenoS^'and exaS
^ On*mE3 OP Cl,I»»TE AND CiUSES-I,.
Toroato. and H„,,„ iV,;,;:t™i '-^'i: 2,:-^^^
eas, the l.cat .„ »„„,„,„, a„j „„„ ;„ ^.„,^^ ^^_^ -Xlied^ JiciHlrf ""' "*
Tub Climate op the Ottawa E,Ff
■n. ^ . . „ . Variations in Rainkali,.
^r as !;:r SLl": ;^ySitt:;:7"r^ ^"' f ^^^^-^-^ ---^^-^ to the loeantv As n.ent we find that, at thoipbe^^^^ .Wn^irn^n^f^ '^ ^'^ I^onltt ct.™
moisture deposited in the shape of rain a % 'w"^^^^ "" ''' '"'^'^' ^^^^^ ^"^^^" ainount of tut in he northern part of tL ProvinV:"' li::::;^::!^ '"" '' ''''''' ^^'-^''^ ^^4
MF.Tl'OROLOdY TN CONNKCTTON WITH AdIlICULTUUK.
Tjjpuiknce of tub Fo«KST8.
Tliif. nmy ^p till** to tlio faffc that tho fon-sts oxoroi.sn an Mifluonco in Homo wnv. T liavo lien? ii miip liy im-iuiH of wliicli 1 hiivo trioil to explain tluH niiillcr, but tho . :. .t- vations aro taken at so few i)lace.s that tlio fi;,'ur(M oaniiot he <h'penilcJ upon as reprosent- ing tlio rainfall with strict aocuraey throughout tho whole district.
ruoroHTioN OP Snow to Rain.
AVe consiilnr ton inclsra of anow oqual to ono incli of rain. The marks on another map, which 1 protluco, «how where tho stationa are situatoJ at which obdorvations have been taken tor more than four years.
Divisions op the Province.
It is usual, in spi^aking of tlio rainfall and snowfall, to divide Ontario into four dis- tfict.s, the we.st and soutii-west, the west and north-wcst, the north-east and east, and the Central. There is a "real dillerenee b -tween the raiuf.ill of Toronto and tije district in which it is situated. I'Voui this wc si'O fhi> inlluenco of locality.
REConDS oP Obskuvations.
The records of meteorological oliaorvatious for Toronto oiteud over thirty -nine year.s, —of the rain ami anow fall ov^r tliirty-.si:{ years.
Taiile ^ Rainfall.
I will show you some tabl-^s of the variation in rainfall from y^ar to year, from which you will soo that it is uuoessary that observations bo taken for a number of years.
TABLE Showinq Aoobkoatk of Rain and Mrltbd Sn)W ijj Is-euRs von kaoh Movm and von this Vi:aii,
FIIOM 1.S4S TO 1871, INCUU.slVK. Tm months of iiicomitletf years are not indaded in the grwral ineatii.
|
Years. |
Jan. |
Feb. |
Mar. |
Apr. |
May. |
Juno. |
July. |
AuR. |
Sept. Get. |
Nov. |
Doc. |
War. |
|
184:'. |
5.71.") .1 01.") |
3. 19-. |
3.19") |
l..';70 |
4 .19,-, |
4.ti0-> |
4.850 |
9.7uO |
4.010 |
4.8(55 |
1.8.-.0 |
r.0.175 |
|
1844 |
5.4l>5 1.430i 3.870 |
l.:.!.") .'•..(•)70 |
3. .'>;!■. 2.81) |
|
||||||||
|
IsCi .. .. |
;<.4llt 2.. {0 1 |
3.;i.".! 2.19i |
1.72. |
0.245 |
1.700 |
i.".05 |
('.470 |
|||||
|
IMti ' |
2. it:!.") 4.tllO |
2,19.") |
1 4:W 4.37.")' 1. 92 J |
2..S',)."); 1.770 |
4.50". 4.1.89 |
5.845 |
1.815 |
38.. ",(15 |
||||
|
1S47 ■ |
2.8.S.") 3. 280 |
1.270 |
3.270 2,010 2,(>2r |
3.3"..-) 2.110 |
(1.005 4.;!90 |
3.15. |
1.8.,i5 |
;)0.!)|i) |
||||
|
IM IS . . , . ' |
2.'.t").'')| I.8.").") |
2 19.1 |
l.")0:) 2.")'0 1.8 HI |
1.890 0.8V) |
3 115, 1.5.".,l |
2.101 |
4. 1 M) |
2(1.805 |
||||
|
IS I'.i ...< |
2 0'.»,")i 2.it;o |
1.7.")) |
•2.>'2'> 2.'1.") 2.e2i) |
3.41.". 4.!t70 |
l.-l.Sil, 5.905 |
2.915 |
l.,sOi) |
30.515 |
||||
|
IS'.O .. .. |
1.77(1 ;)..'">4.") |
1 SO.") |
4.8.0 0.,54."i 3.34.".i .'>.270| 4.3).") |
1.7!5; 2.0.85 |
2.9). |
3.140 |
;!5.4J(i |
|||||
|
l,s.-.l |
2.0.V) 2.840 |
1,G,".0 |
2.41;") 3.0 M) 2.(i'.»M 3.(i.'.")| 1.300, 2.(Hw| 1 710 |
4.5.55 2.115 |
3). 715 |
|||||||
|
1 ^.•,•J 1 |
.'i.O'.iOi l.'.t'iO .').o;!0 |
2.9;M| 1.12.")' 3.11)0 4.<iL'.") 2.09") |
3.(i.!0 |
5.2.S0 |
1.1175 0,005 |
40.s<.)5 |
||||||
|
lS"i:> |
1.040 2.2:10 1.790 |
2.72") 4.4.'Oi l..").")0 0.91.") 2.i")7."> |
5.110 |
0.8 5 |
2.<!9V 2, 855 |
28., 8 70 |
||||||
|
l.s;-)! |
2.0-'0 ;i.2i)> 2.7.:."> |
2.".i.j") 4,o:io! 1.400 4.8.).")| 0,4")") |
5.37.) |
l.'.O". |
1.215 2.:il0 |
32.715 |
||||||
|
185:) |
2.8V) ;?.!t.")Ol 3.20.") |
2.1'.0 2.G").") |
4.e70 3.2I,")| 1.4.").") |
5.5,s. |
9.. 505' 4.8 1,1^ 4.795 41.5.-.(' |
|||||||
|
IS.Mi " |
i.:ii)0 o.o7o' 1.020 |
2.79,)l 4..")8» |
3.200 1 120 |
l.OS.) |
4.10., |
0.8S5 2..'>2')l 3.42.1' 28.055 |
||||||
|
ls."i7 |
2.1.S0 4.220 1.4i.") |
3 01.")| 4.14". |
A.Oll.) 3.47") |
5.205 |
2.040 |
1.(100 3. '.125 4 11)5 40.. 585 |
||||||
|
isri< |
l.").V_' 2.070 0.!t:i7 |
i.o."p2 t').;i))7 |
2.91 ll 3.072 |
3.8.10 0.7-! 1 |
1.797i 4.279, 2.1.971 32.591 |
|||||||
|
ls.v.t ! |
3.(l8'.r 1.28.-) 4.i:>4 |
2.017 3.410' 4.08"), 2 Oil |
3 99.) 3.525 |
0.910, 5.2.;! 4.7.5 ;•)!). 701 |
||||||||
|
ISi.O ' |
1 Olui 3.210 1.1J2 |
1.312 1.81.")' 2. lit! -i.-XW, |
3.4.). 1.9.59 1.0181 2 (.V.I 2(12 '^i .W I |
|||||||||
|
18(il ... 1 |
2.7t">i 3,7S"> 2.8 T) |
2.;;ii9 3. i:ii 2.:«i» 2.0;.") |
2.9M 3.r)l)7 1 993' 4 014 1.2101 34. 47-' |
|||||||||
|
181.2 |
2.8.V)i 2.400 4.410 |
2.2").") 1.4l7i 1.007 |
r).314i 3.481 2.3U |
2.73t 2.735 2.98.1 34.009 |
||||||||
|
18t).i |
;;.182| 3 O.'iO 1.827 |
2.;{70 3. ./3 1.002 |
3.40.S| 2.2..KS 1.2:V) |
2.522 3.0 i>) ;!.()70 ,32.773 |
||||||||
|
1,S.,.J |
3.7!t.-)| 1.347 1.900 |
3.983 4.070 0..".70 |
1.:J32! i").0(iO 2.508 |
3 321 4.215' 4.755 3.).9I(> |
||||||||
|
1.9:0! 2.490, 4. ".'40 |
4 1,'2 4.01.") 2.00.") |
2.470| 1.900 2. l.")0 |
.i.1.55 l.(K5 2.217 32.929 |
|||||||||
|
lj>0t) |
l..").")21 2..">J0 2.03") |
1.07") 2 .x2i» 2.7 '1 |
5.3901 4.457. o.O-V: 2.4701 3.18!! 4 ;;!0 39.419 |
|||||||||
|
ISlii" |
4.200 2.008! 3.9.r/ |
2.8';7| 3.2JI 0. . |
1.905 2,410 1.22.;' 1.9.(), 1 9.-5 |
2.7<).s |
:i().(i'.il |
|||||||
|
iMIhS |
i 1.400 3.320' 3.080 |
l.i.2il 7.1)70 2.21.7 |
0.510 l.,")il2i 4.239, 1..505! 5,..Sii |
, 1.5.5 |
31.278 |
|||||||
|
18t)'.) |
' 1 807 4.1.C) 2.48' |
3 01 ■. 2 .N(.") 4.373; 4.010' 4.273| 4.027i 1.19-', 3 .)00 |
:!.::0() |
30.042 |
||||||||
|
187() |
,') .".42 2 ri;W I"). 99" |
2 IM l.lVi: 8.(i9i 1.890; 3.422| 0.794; 2.09'. |
0.9JI |
1 4.020 |
4i).!8S |
|||||||
|
1S71 |
,"i.V2l 2.310 4.0,-1!- |
;>.418 2.:;.i2' 3.3t0 1.2."):) 2..SUI |
] 1.290 ■ 3.t>i3 1 |
' l.ls." |
3.105 |
j 2.3t;0 |
32.731 |
|||||
|
Means. .. |
2.724| 2.7S8 2.79." |
1 2.018; 3.2S1| 2.810 3.0^2 2.970 1 1 |
' 2. Ill |
3 3.8 1 |
3.109
|
3o.Ci;i |
\M,
IK.
10 wi'v. I
tho , ii. .'p- reprcseiit-
>ii anothor tions liuve
to four (lis- <t, ami tlic district in
mne years,
year, from r ot yoar.s.
run VnAii,
|
)ec. |
W-llT. |
|
.8.-.0 |
50.17.-) |
|
'.470 |
|
|
.SI.-) |
;w..-i(i.-) |
|
.8',i.". |
;>r>.!Mo |
|
. 1 K) |
2(1.81)-) |
|
.,nOi) |
3i).J)l.-. |
|
.HO |
;!5..ii(i |
|
. 1 1 ■. |
;5t.7i.-. |
|
.00-. |
•19. so,-) |
|
.8"i:. |
128.8,-0 |
|
.:;it) |
32.71.-) |
I. ;'.),-)
t.4-'.)' I U).-|
!.i.:»7i
. ( ■:> 712 .■J»l)i
.y8")i
.1170 .7^-1
.'.217
4 :;!(» .!.7<i8
1..-M,-)
;(.;;o(i 4.020
2.ot;o
3.10U
4l.ri.-4'
28.055 40.585 32.501
3ii.7t;i
27.0;il 34.47' 34.01.0 32.773 3.1.0 1() 32.020 30.410 30.001 31.278 30. (-.42 4I1.18S 32.731
OJ.Cltl
METEOROLOOf IN CONNECTION WITH A(;
'lUClJLTUUE
Showing Dkpth of Snow is Xno.iks iv "^he iHter S denotes that Siww
T A B L K
KAfll .Mo.M,, A.vn IN INCI.u'HIVE.
M. Out tlutt the amount wa, iM,,^.raabU.
Tiii; Vk.mi, K,tf,.M isc .'o 1871,
Jan. I Feb. Jfar. Apr. May.
ni.aMWT Axn Lowest Te.«peratuues.
•-'i'-r:a;]L'::.!:;,;^w:-j:v:^ - '« in ti. winter i^ the
';•'"'"■«!-. Ill (1... n-ion of ti.e Otfiwo ..>.;!»i *'""' '"■?'""'■ "P tho river than
-ul 97.0r at Pon,l.r..I.r I, Uui :: h In,i s .u Hr T f ■'''" ^^ ^^-''^^ HaSr
'^""^^""' '•\'''-^" ^ '-low zero, a.ul tho i.i.'i"4t 1 ' .-o ! T"\ ^^""P"'-'-^turo wa.s at
same a« at Otuwa. -"'"^ t.iai^oiaturo at ifauulton, being about the
Eppkct op Lahoe Bodiks of Wvter
^i.- i:; t;;;::::;:^ :l:r: s t;ti"-;::'t;'^ ": ^'' v^^-^^ -'' ^"^^ -- *>•«
hecoM.os hoatc..! up by the laud it is pa.sin' over °"'' '" '"'''-' '^''''''''''' i"l'^'ul it
Ill
METEOROLOGY IN CONNECTION WITH AGRICULTURE.
Temperatukb !n the Western States.
We have an example of this in the Western States, where we get temperatures of 107° and 108° i*^ the shade, in the summer.
Eainfall in July, Spring, and Fall.
Taking the Province as a whole a greater amount of rain falls in July than in any other month in the year ; but the wettest months in the year occur in the spring and fall when the showers are more frequent. The larger amount falling in July is probably due to thunder storms in which the rain falls heavily for a short time.
Rainfall in September and November in Toronto.
In Toronto the month in which the aggregate of rain and melted snow is greatest is September, in that month it amounts to as much as 3.72 inches. The month in which it is next highest here is November, when it amounts to 3.3, and the next highest month is May with 3.2 inches. There is a great variation here in the amount of rainfall. I believe that on one occasion in June is was over 8 inches, and on another occasion in the same month it only amounted to a little over half an inch.
Distribution op Rainpail.
With regard to tlie distribution of rain throughout the Province I may remark that there is apparently a district in the neighbcaiiiuod of the comparatively high table land on which Stratford, Granton, and Mount . Forest are situated, where the total deposit of rain and snow is somewhat greater than at neighbouring places.
Meteorological Report for 1878.
If we turn to the report of the Superinttmdentof the meteorological service for 1878, the last nublislied, we find that apart from the data respecting the rainfall for the various stations in the Province, there is given on page 208 a table from which we can obtain the average rain? ,11 for certain districts for eight or more years.
Average Fall op Rain and 3now.
I have added to ihis the data regarding the fall of snow, obtained from this as well as the earlier reports, and I find the average total fall of rain and snow to be as follows : —
In the west and south-west,and west and north-westdistricts 33-1 inches perannum.
In the central district 27-5 " "
In the north and north-east 29 •5 " "
And throughout the whole of Ontario 30-9 " "
KuMBEB OP Rainy Days.
From the same sources of information I find the average number o^' days on which rain fell to have been as follows : —
In the west and sonth-we.st 93
In the north and north-west 92
In the central 86
In the norih and noi ■ >i-east 91
And in the whole of Ontario 91
[Mr. M,»d:]
RU.
^[^OEOLOGY m CONNECTION WITH AGEIODLTUEE.
peratures of
than in any 'ing and fall irobably due
is greatest is I in which it fist month is 11. I believe in the same
remark that ;h table laud al deposit of
ice for 1878, • the various 11 obtain the
this as well ,a follows : —
(eranuiHii. «
ys on which
93
92 86
yi
91
Number of Snow Dat^ And the days on which snow fell to have been In the west and south-west
In the north and north-west .".".'.".**!* ^^
In the central _ _ 65
And in the north and north-east ^*^
While throughout the whole of Ontario tlie number was ! ! .' ! ." .' ." [ [[y ^
Sain and Snow Fall in Touonto.
From the published records of the Magnetic Observatorv T fln.7 +i not including snow, in Toronto for the past 39 vo^r« t. T \ \ -'" ^''^'''"^ '"^inM,
inches more than the average for tl^ Province for P,%.r' "' ~^'' '^^^^'^"> '"^"^S eight snow fall together amounted to 35^ incl e beJnl nea^l^,:' "?'7 ^''''''- ^^>^ '^^^ and whole Province. The average number of davsfnw?.;-] 'fn^" "^"''^ *^''"^" ^^^ ^he
the average for the Provincerand thZyfvat7nuZlrni\'^^^^ fell was 1 1 0, or 19 above or abova ' aveiage number of days on which snow fell was 63,
Comparison with England.
For ,ve tod that fa the >vo.t it i. ^cr/n^uiHll^Se/tLr fa'tta :a3\'''"''''^ " "»" '«"■ •
Rainfall in West England.
westSr^t i^(r^.:;;S in ^^^ri^Ti'^f '\r-^"^^ -^"^^" -the
Cumberland, it was 183.1 inches in 1861 and^t the Sfv'^oTii ^^T^ ^^ S.ath^vaite, in from the hills, however, still in the we^Ttls tm 30 Er45 inahe^f" ^" ''''■ ^^^
Eainfall in East England.
28 ^'C^:T;l:^\^Tr^^^^^^^^ cl..trHs it is from 20 to
while in Great Britain it is con^idcredT Wwy ^ain -7^'' V T' "^ "^>"'* *''-* not so here. ^ "^^^ ^^>» " ^ "ich falls iu one day, it is
More Frequent Rains in England. Rain falls more frequently in England than it does in this country. '
Heavy Rains in Canada. otho.. hcav, raia oau^i^ great ti'S tTlglSlfor/try!" """" '"'" '""" "■" -'
EpFEOTS of WeATHBO ok A0P.10DLTDBJI
.oa,,;'„i'trS;i!; *s[ i;rtut\ottr^:,!rz"r"''"" ^r^^^y ^y
the shape Of rain, smw, or <k»-, tho "direction aud'force of ... , "'?T' ^*1'"»'«'' ■"
I
8 METEOROLOGY IN CONNECTION WITH AGRICULTURE.
Temperature op Crops.
It is well kno\vn that, other things being equal, unless the temperature remains above a certain point for a certain period, crops will not come to perferuon. Both this point and the duration of tJie period vary with different crops.
Variation with Different Crops.
It is comparatively seldom that wheat will come to perfection in the district near Hudson's Bay above James' Bay, whereas oats seldon if ever fail. It is tlio same way on the west coast of Scotland. But the degree of perfection at which crops arrive is influ- enced very largely by the changes in the temperature during the whole period from the time of germination onwards.
Effects on Spring Wheat and Fall Wheat.
We have had illustrations of this during the present season the disastrous efforts on spring wheat being due almost entirely to the rapitl changes from warm to cold weather during the spring and summer, Again, the killing of the fall wheat at the com- mencement ot the spring was due to the same cause. If the wea!her had remained St. adily ccld or warm the effect would have been different. It should, however, bo noticed tliat ill many plaoes the fall wheat was not destroyed, which shows the necessity of obtaiu- iug information as to the influence of locality.
Temperature op the Soil.
It must not be forgotten that the soil plays an impoi-tant part here. We have had no observations taken in ( 'atario with reference to tliat matter ; but tlioy have boon taken elsewhere. In 1867 the Marquis of Tweeddale placed a sum of money at the dispo^^al of the Scottish INIeterological Society, of which he was presidmit, for the purpose of obser- vations which might tend to the elucidation of the temperature of the soil.
Observations.
The result of observations taken at various places wus as follows : — At a depth of three inches in drained soils the temperature exceeilcd that of the air, durin" the month or' July, to the extent of 24 degrees on the mean of four stations, whereas on under-drained or Oudhf-drained soils the temperature was less than that of the air by 07 of a (l(>gree. In heavy soils it was 2-1 degrees ; but when the soil was heavy and under-drained it was rj of a degree below. These results were obtained when the thermomoters were sunk uudei' the ground under a crop of old grass ; but in ground where nothing grew, which remained just as it had been dug, the temperature of the soil was still more in excess than that of the air. It is inferred from observations of „ne wind in connection with these obsi-rva tions of the soil, that the higher temperatures of the soil serve somewhat to counteract the chilling effect of the cold winds in lowering the temperature of the soil.
Temperature of Soil in Summer.
Observations taken in the month of January show that the rever-se conditions pre- vail tlien, so that it has been proved that in summer the soil is considerably warmer than the air resting on it, and in the winter cousider.ib'.y colder. Again, the amount of heat radiatt'd from dilfe/eut kinds of soil has its effect, for certain soils cool down much mure rapidly tiian others.
Glashier's Experiments.
Experiments by Mr. QIashier show that if the relative cooling power of long grasF [Mr. Monk.]
RE.
METEOIlOLOfJY IN CONNECTION WITH AGRICULTURE.
mains above . this poiut
listrict near anie way on •ive is influ- d from the
Tous effools irm to cold at the coni- d remained ', be noticed -y of obtaiii-
B have had been taken disposal of
36 of obser-
a deptli o^ !ie month or' der-drained (l(>gree. In h1 it was 'rj sunk under ■h remained !ian that of sc obHerv.'i I counteract
litions pre- armer than mt of lieat much more
long grasf
Data Required.
to kn^'-tsTin:el"Crtl'Snrof""^ °^f ^ *''^ foHowin, d«ta if .0 wish same time:- ^ ' **"™^°S' ^^ ^^^^^% that we have crop records at the
1. Highest temperature in each month
2. Lowest temperature in each month.
3. Monthly nui^e.
4. Greatest daily range.
5. Mean of all tlie liiglieat.
6. Mean of all the lowest.
7. Mean daily ratige.
8. Mean temperature.
More Numerous Observations Needed. Instruments Required.
is rati: *nL';7r'° 'r^a-rt ttt'rr'i f if""" r™""'" «- "-""pw
vations. The instruments which are sr, nerall™ l .? i . " ' ^ necessary obser-
are what are called the wet at.d dry b'u ^uSnon t s ^^ri^ 1 1 iT 7''" '"'' S"'^ P"'-f^°- m the ordinary conditien and that oF tI,«Tfi " , 1 ^"'^ °^ °"'' "^ l^l't'se is left
bulb by capilla'ry attrae;!;;" he'dim'e, e between th Te'T'"' 'P' r'"'' ''''''"' '^ ^'^« gwing the data for calculating what iXown llTlTe '^reTutS tpo^r!'" "''^"'"'"^'^^
Great Care Necessary-Results that may be Noted.
noting the presence or absenTof dron cW 1 ? f,'* /" '^'■'""•' ^'^>''^' «'-^^' '^^ ^j
The hygrometric observations are onlvtak'^f^t ifl "'■^'l''^'/'>' '•^.■-"■>'i".^' f«««. "'i-sts, etc has boen made of them so far. "^ ^^' ^""^^^''^ ''^'^^"«' ^"^ ^ery lutb use
Direction op the Wind.
tion 2rri:^,:;tS^:KS.^t:!'^ td^^J^^^^ -tent on the direc-
.outh-east are vapou.-beanng wim s t S "mp ble 17 h '^ ''''■ ^.'"'^ 'K"''''' '^"^ vegetation; but we know that if it is less 1^1 , nnn? H '"*^?' "dluenee of rain on
thrive; if more, it is liable to cause serious dlr.,^'"''" "'"'''' ^^^^'^^^^n does not sary to k.mw how the c o,^ ha^Zwrdur - S '° ""^ "TP'"'- f^ '«• ^''^''^f"'-- neces- been during the same period^ ° "" P'"°^'' ^'^^ ^"^-^^ ^^^ ^'^i^^all has
\Mr. MonJk.}
1'
10
METEOROLOGY IN CONNECTION WITH AGRICULTUEE.
n
->ji-
Details of Ob8khvations as to Raintau,.
'l'l":"':'''">-va(io„siv,,nimI with respect to rainfall firo tho ,l.<n(h of rn.-,. fl. *• c tlio Ipc-imim',' aiK cdi in.' of it n„,i +i,„ ri;„„ .. ; !. ', ^"'.•",P"i ot ram, the time of
«l.j.vt uf lakin, ohscrva io.^ o ;' o ,lilt ' of \ '";'""' .'''"'"« ''"^ '•'^'•'- '''l-
cu,„pani,..l.l.y rain, wl.il,. tho win,] may he l.lowin'' rm^ h w 1 '\'^ '"^ '' ''"
-nn.n-. .nn,.,lnn, in the loeaiity nni^ .livert it nJoT'.tl ^^^t wh ; S
l.e s,...n that t... .a. a gouoral thing it would bo of ,.oa. naporta::: t tile UrS
A\' i: A'l' 1 1 ic II I'noBAn I r, i r i kh.
If the stations at which ohs(-rvationa wore t'llcnn w....^ „„ . .
they shonM he, sve wouhl then he :M:T .^vlVtvy ^Zu 1 "'""7"^^ ^^ is de.simhle the proh,.,hiIili..s of tho wealher The .,h -ct of tL H ■ "''•' ^" ^''" ^'^'■""•'- "^
Ijno., as far., possihle, the pn.bahiHUe .c^lS. ZT .^Trr "/"r '" T"*^"*^
These pre.lietions are published at ten o'cloelnVh """ " -vt twenty four hours.
be seeil by the fanner L tin^i to be ^f a.iy use'lo hi:.'"''''''- '^"^ ^--^l--^^^ -'^ ""t
Effect of Dn:sTnucTioN of Fohrsts.
justancc. of d.nage h,^„, dune by the whoiesalJ desftu , f JZ^U^t i^^^'u'' been a <hspute a-; to this very question. It is maintained i hu h / ^ there has
not alll.f .d by the destruction of tho fore.,ts b "t T 1 re to "'' l'.'^ . '""'I'""'" distribution is ; and this is ono of the questions that w. s ,', l " ' ^^'^'^ "\te, ita
by means of th. observations proposed^ I St whrtev , ° '""'" ^"'"''"'y
torily situated for this purpose tl/a.i Ontaria ^"^ '"""^''^ '' '""''^ '^'^'^^'^
Important to AanicuLTirnisTa. It is the number of times when rain falls that appears to 1^ the point on which th«
qi;:?Si,^ trsi:; l£;:^rti^ 'r^^lir ris^' r- ^-v-^"'
time it has taken in falling at tho various depths ' ' " ""'^ *^' ''^"'■^""
Rainfall in Relation to Wooded and Unwooded Districts.
Ihis IS a ponit which, I believe, has never attracted a(t( It the most i.n].ortant of all, from an agricultural point of v htt e doubt that tlu. rain falls more heavily in open districts probable that tli,. duration of the fall i.s less than near wood., frequently in unwooded districts. Heavy show.-rs of rain less good than li-ht continued rains, for the former have not tlie grouml, and therefore drain away rapidly. The heivy r^ often give ri.se to .l.sastrous freshets. Then, is, therefore, a whioli shouki prove very productive of valuable results.
'ntion iiel'ore, and I consider lew ; for there appears to be liian near forest.s, and it is 1 (listriets, It fall.s also less of short duration do much sulllcicnt time to .soak into nils, besides damaging crop.s, held here for investigation,
Farmers' Bulletins*
I have shown that it is important that we should obtain a knowledge of tlie direc tionof tlu. wind during rainfall, and that it is also to be desxrod that the prevailing wini
IE.
^TEOROLOGY IN CONNECTION WITH AGRICULTURE.
11
ji t
f'lio time of ■aiii. Tlw. hy Iiavinjr 'y to li(> tic- ! section of ii it oouid farmers to
s (Jesiraltle fanner of let jieople Hir l.diirs. y amy not
tlio fall of fiware of tiiero IwiH I'iUiit'all ia >' rate, its dofiiiitejy ) satisfao-
phich the I, and tiio s pointed inple, ono B averauo
consid(>r iar.s to be and it is also less do much oak into ng crops, .ligation,
he direo- ig winds
state on th« far.ner.s' hulHi ^^uo^ ^u,-^ T\ ^'^ V" r^'"'^'' '^''^*''«' ^'"'"- ""-' l<'oke,l for in .lilAn-ont ioc'^S, th<^7„d is ^' ' '^-' "^ ^-^l- -'-'' -ay l.
I-I;,'. as this an,ounts to giving lofnneLJ :;," r"''''r fr''" «"^'»' <^ '<'--- probable weather for hin.self Jf, v vl he 1, ' ^••^^"'. which ho can aHcertain the
harvesting season, the farmer alonrcantll. " "^^— ^'O'' would prove during the
Daily Rkcord NKCssAuv-SoNsniNK as Affecting Crops.
durin^t^ dj^t :i^ta- :^H,i^L^:f°u:f ^rz^^f^'^^^ ^\rf'- ^'-^''-^
the;-:;:iX!;i::;;i;;-:; - -;;f f / rr '^^^^ '-- =-«
^^:rtir£tiS^^^
the crop, should bo obuunedK;':.;':;;.;;^;;:^':!;';-^^?;:' "^"^^ ^' '^" '=°'^'*^^"" °^
Records op Fabm Operations Ehquibed. <ii.i..,, at .t„lod imorv.1,, „„.l tl.„ nulla i,!.t?„''"Vf»;, :1,fu"T'''-' ""■ ""'- A MoDiiiLv Weatuei. and Chop Bbpom Wakiid.
Knowledgt^ as to Localities Useful. j...l«o of tl,o capal.il !,f Tr tain it ic' ' Til™ ',"f'' "°r''°".''' >",'" ' l'*''"" '"
Misconceptions to be Removed.
England. " ^^ ^ '" agncuUural diaLricta of
[Mr. Mo7ik.]
12
IP
METEOROLOGY IN CONNECTION WITH AQRICULTURE.
Periodical Condition op the Chops.
them in a Letter po^itfo. .„ kn'o^ rt";™ ep 'io\rt Z toujf ""* ' """' """ »'»»» Epfeots o, tbb Climat. oh Pukth Ah-D AmiiALB.
meat. IT tl,e» Mpenmer W .ucciT W,» hS"' "" 'Tl':' ^^ r'"'"'^'' "l"'* There are l,ree,l, of caltle, .l.eep etc wl° c'li t t^ C ^t ^''""«' ,""'■■«■' «»„. eouatry „,«,. A. a. .llu««.i„i'i m^b" ret'UliiJ-'.u^";: ''°""""' '" '""" ""
Saxony Sheep — Plants.
Ontario, because as far as I can learn af nr^Jl^.f T '"""''^ '''^ pn.firably kq.t in
any gnat difference betwen tfrcl S o K I'an^^^^^^ '' believe that, there is
There are many phmts, the svoiZotZhU^riT^?^ some parts of this Province, favourable, m.ghl prov; a vuTbetfit tl th '^ount;."'' '' '^'^"" ^^^* *^^ ^^'^^^ --
Blight — Rdst.
Apart from these considerations, there are manv RP;or.+;fl„ „„„ r , • ,
investigation, s.teh as the manner in 4hich the wSir X 5 1.1^1 "'.''^^^ '''J""'° soil of the localities in which these dinZJ^ 0^0!!% ^^'t^' ''"'^' ^'^'=- ^"^^ ^he
the growth and .pread o "SLltrwl SrL^J'^ai? f ro'," 'of'an Cf l^^-^'^^'r obtauung snch iulormation that we place ourselves iu a no itiL to «t fl '' °"^^ '^■^
if possible, tucir effects. ourscives lu a pobitiou to study and overcome,
Probable Causes op Kust.
As rnst Peems to occur on all kinds of soil manv adnnt th,. -^i^r^ +1 ^ -i -.• nation is to be ascribed to metearolo.ncal conT ions u.d S,f f • * !'.* '*' ,'-''''''°"-
andhot weather, or by great and sudden chant S 1^"°^'' ? ^'''^'"l'
well understood, now that it is dissemiiiat d T w 11 Tf ? '"'i""' *° be pretty
being in rather a weak state perha^sTravvV^i.r^ "'^1 '^^ 'f"'''"'' ''•^' ^^'^ ''^"'^^
after'ward causing the saillo' Hs' ^suddenT;fn th whcnt ^ThrS ^^V""''"' r^"l'"°" burst, and that leaves a kind of nidu. .or this fun 'us the rus^ ifih^T ''''^> '^'^y the necessity for drainage. J""o»s, tne rusu. if this be so, it shows
Township Eeports. [Mr. Monk] i' •
RE.
I prove an iiouth, and i thus place
e given to ifoniijitiou nalri which
>ut reason, stock tiie
Now, it
ly kt'i-t in
iti tlu-re id
Piovince.
lUiate was
Ii require , and tlie sively, as i only by vercome,
cissemi- by damp bo pretty le wheat coming ak, they it shows
:e wljat- o>3 you fry. in IS, there n every
^ METEOROLOGY IN CONNECTION WITH AGRICULTURE.
15
i
System in I^kmiakk- Simple Process.
observations would tiko very iilil. i,n ? if J^i*^'"" ^'"''y '-'" "^''''S, as the retiring at ni.ht. Then 7t "f; "^ ^hVSJc" e :h'^"\''" ^'" ''^ ^'""^^ "^^'^'^ same form wh.cli he used U tlieia rvil i ' nJiJ^M ^^'"-^^'"^t'^''^- ^^ould note on the ahould be able to learn a g.eat deal uStuid b^:? te^ Zt^i^i^^, tl^^ ^
Agricultural Mcteorology-Guelph College.
obs..,-vations are Ll, there w. t\a oi tor' andlh "'"T '" ^"^'P*^" ^t^present and two p.m. These are o7 verv HfH ^ and hermometer twice daily, at seven a.m
of the day. So fa'as a^^ awL t i.-e a'.-e't; ol "^ f" '"f f'' '^' ™"^» te.nperatu e tenipcaturo of tiio soil I thh k v , wTlf "'^'^'JJ'^'''''^''^^^^^ ^vith reference to t],e deut of agriculture should liave t^thorollTkn" I T '^T^' '' '''"''''''y ^'>^* ^ «^"- weather atiects the soil, oro,: :Ca^^^:^:Z^Si:' ''' ''^'^'' ^ ^^^^ ^^«
Instruction to be Given. In pursuance of this idea it will be seen tlml- f},o >=f,„i„ ^e v x , must necessarily be placed upon a bett?; folx^^' ^^ oLf T '^^^^^^ horoughly acquainted with thi method of takin^the ofunarv nh, '^'" ''l'^''"' ^'
through practice, the art of taking them co ritfv buJ he sZ,?? r"'*'?"'' ^"'^. '''^^""•^' quanit.xl with the temperature of ditferent soil, both I , > ^' T'^" P'-^^tically ac- he well, tberofore, that in addi ion toTavin. 'th^ ^ 1 ' a. I undrained. It would regularly, thermometers be oht^^ nod for Sn. tl^l '"'^ T'^''. «?^«rvations taken depths ,lown to three or six inch^ and that hi J temperature of the soil at various fully stubbed by the students. The W' dv of storms^'n ? °^ '^'''' thermometers be care- wliich they influence the -eneral weather oonr?,v' A," r^""'"' "^°-' '^"^* ^^'^ '""^y i" nent place^in the c.^.^o./Cortrc Lr"'!'",;: tli k if ^ "5?', ''°"lf 'T' ' P^^""" dents should gain a practical experience^; Jdt. tl e me LTo V-''^ *''"' '^'' ''"" knowledge of the defects which sin.etimes ofcur fe Jhem ?^,ev ^^TA'''''?'' T^'^ * in a better position to advance the science of ell nTolo^vLT *"*'' >' P^^'^^'^ observers when they leave the colle-e It wonlr] n. °^' ^ ,^^<^oming intelligent
takcm at the college should be su ht' are tZ . ° I ."'f ''"'^ ^^^* '^' Observatfons observatory; the observation wllrZuf bo tlkento^M "'"'T '^'f V" '^^'^''""^^ lowest temperature of the day, the depth ot^ the r! f 11 . T^' ''^' *''" ^"-'^"^^ ^'^^
the temperature of the soil, etc. ' '^ ''''°'''"'' °^ '^'^^'^ ^^ ^'^^f^H,
Apparatus Already on Hand.
tion that observations si ouM be ttken and that 'T^^^''"^' -l" '^'' ^r'''''''''' ^^ -"^i" dent to purchase the instrunirntrf 4^^^ P '"^''^^'"^^''^f' '« '\^^'^s the wish of the Presi- understand the instruments wergild to tl.olir ^'"^ "'^^ '"''' purchased. I
n.turns shouhl be forwarded to thhea^fot^eh:^^^^^^^ Vl ?1v''" ^"^''^^'°" ^^^^^
warded. I tlifnk, however that H . 7 . T''!'^'' ' ''"^^ ^^''^^^ "«^'^'' ^^«''e for-
Hours for taking Observations.
The observations are usuiillv fake" at -tTt-"r>n~ nf ^ • -i i i ,, .
>ge. at seven o'clock in the mornini ^^^ ^ ll::^:^'l^r^.'' '''' Agricultural
College, at seven o'clock in the mornin -, [i/r. Monk]
V
. - ■ v-.u.,,^ uv tilt) Agncuicurai
two m iJie atternoon, and nine at night. With
14 METEOROLOGY IN CONNECTION WITH AGRICULTURE.
regard to temperature, if you take an observation at seven o'clock, one at two, and one at nine o'clock, double the laat observation, add the whole tog.ithor, and then divide by four, you obtain the mean. You can obtain the mean from the self-registering thermo- meter. I think that an arithmetical mean, taken from the maximum and minimum ther- mometers at the Agricultural College, would be sulEcicntly accurate for agricultural purposes.
Plan op Dominion Government.
The plan adopted by the Dominion Government for obtaining observations includes the lending of instruments to those who will forward observations, and who are likely to do so permanently. The returns are made weekly and monthly. It would bo just as im- portant to teach the student of agriculture what relation the atmosphere bears to agriculture, as to teach him the inlluenco of dilTerent soils. Considering that the science of meteorology is made so prominent a study in England, on the Continent, and in the United States, 1 think it hvnt not received tl<e attention that it should have at the Agricultural College.
Observations at Lansing.
To the Chairman. — I believe that at Lansing, Blichigan, they pay special attention fco taking the observations of the weather, I am not certain whether they take observa- tions of the soil ; 1 think not. If the student of agriculture were taught meteorology, as ho might be, he would know more about the effect of different winds, and the weather that accompanied winds from different quarters,
I! LUI ;i^
K' iia
#.
Amount of Sunshine.
To Mr. Dymond.—li would be important to know tho amount of sunshine to which different fields were exposed. On the west const of Scotland wheat will not ripen, because the sky is nearly always obscured by clouds : but on the east side, where tho clouds dis- perse, it can be i-aised, although the temperature is lower perhaps on tho east side than on the west. Tho object of taking ob-servations is not that the man who takes them may keep the knowledge he thus gains to himself, and experiment with it for his osvn benefit alone, but that that knowledge may be disseminated amongst tho farming community.
A Seuies of Observations Necessary.
It would be of great service if, by taking observations, you could assist a man in coming to a conclusion as to what crops he could grow best in certain localities. In order to give him this knowledge, however, it would be necessary that observations should be taken for some time. If, then, it were found by a series of observations for a ct-i'fcain time, that it would be better to sow a certain crop earlier than it had previously been sown, that would be a very valuable piece of knowledge gained.
Grain Growing in Siberia.
Grain is grown in Siberia, which is one of tho coldest countries in tho world. The ground there is ordinarily frozen ; but it thaws out in the summer to a suflicient depth to allow the people to get in their crops, and these come to maturity before it becomes frozen again. It is not the temperature alone, therefore, on which the ripening of "rain depends. Wheat requires the most sunshine of any cereal ; I think barley next'^ and^oats the least of all for their development. The Dominion Government has so far paid no attention to agricultural meteorology. Tlie instruments necessary for taking the tempera- ture of the soil have been so greatly improved that I could not tell you the best at tho present day. There are no stations in Ontario where tho temperature of tho soil is taken — none in Canada that I am aware of. Tho temperature should be taken at depths of half an inch, an inch, etc. You wou.d require four or five thermometers for each place at which observations were taken, one for each kind of soil. I think good instrument.; cost about three or four dollars each.
{Mr. Monk]
METKOEOLOOy IN CONNECTION WITH AGRICULTURli,
15
Uniformity of Jnsthuments.
aro ccnpaml at Kew, an.l tlw nror Is of H ' f '" "''' '" ^''*' < ''^'""li'^n «<>rvi..e The instruinonts for tho <,l,.s ^a oTlf LiMir^TT'r' '^^'"'^'''^ ->"l'-al.l..
viit;^~>o ri'l.„ .1 , ... . "ini-nnilCllts ni.fl tlie KIUIK' nil. li,„ ,.♦• 1.- 1
diamotor or area. '""^'•umonts for taking tho nunfall .sh,.u!d all ho of d
PttESKNT MRTrroD OF Rroordino Observations.
'i<liiig oliser- lio sumo
■inches, hBur>pU.d. Tl,t . 1.^,1, „F .; 'asfLn. ^'•^■^."""^•y"'"-' '■,arfh, feu ..juare
.S..OW arc calculated to reprosfufc o ',> . h ,' TI l ri: " " 'f"'"" '''"" "'^''«« ^^
11.0 rain-gauge exactly M.o si/. ,„en,inn - t u t unlo«« . • l/"' ''^^'"- "'" "'""*'' «f would re-iuire to l.e /raduato<l dide'er Iv or eko «n 1 I", !' *'" ™'^"' ''"' -'''•'^« "^•■'i«»'-«« ing tho depth of rain rorresno i . ' M ' f ." "P'"^"^' t'^'''f« "".st he con.pile.l for giv- 'i-dar fonnof the gau7i?^^"o^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^''.^'^^^^ ^----l 1^7 tho'gaugo. 'K^
-• this shape is not iuliuen. , ^ L , tio u'S 2" ''"T'\'^. ''''''•' "'^'•-<^'' '» ""« " 'tain an approxin.ate i.Iea of t he all o rX W eLnT " °^ ""•, ^'"' ^•'^"' ''^ -^"-«. -I.'s and flat hotton,. and n.easuring the ^^iount of w u^'.^"^ "-''f ,"'^'' P^'-I'-dicula; i'T scientific purposes a rain gau-.f coL^uct 'd^ on T^^^^^^ ""'V"'' '>' '^ ^^'^t rule ; hut ■s.'rvice is tho best. The funnclshaped mouUi of the 1 ^ '"''"'''"^ ^'^ '''« ^'^"^^^i^" utiou. P"-" '"^""' «^ *ho gauge prevents any loss by ovapor-
Reasons for Advocating the Studv
all over the Province in the secth.n in ^1 'h Tw ^ *"r'' '"""''' ""^'^'' ^''^orvations
about 50 places at ^vhich observ^ZLo taken i^ oTt" ''"' i'"*' ^ *'""'^' ''"•'•^' ''"^ -- distance apart. ^rvauons aro taken in Ontario ; but some of these are a long
The Educational Department.
Kingston made"aTmng!^nents^w!tftTe FdueaHnnTn ^""T *'"'"'' P'"'"'' *° *^"^* Profe.ssor tario to have a number of observlt tlkratvtio^^^^^^^ ^'^«--« ^^ ^-
CniEP Stations.
tako,?^S^J £1 ^^'"id^^^'TSet'Jllur:;^ '^^''^^^^'^ ^* -'-'^ «^™^-- - are taken and telegraplu., fe )" ' ZZ^ Tr^ZT f' "'"'?"' ""' "''^^■'' «''«"rvations are, in the total nun.her of s(at on a ".ut 'o of 9 w! ''' ^"''^'V'' P'-'^l'^bilities. There should be at least one station i very 7^,1 n^h in ■ ff w "'' ,"i'"""^- ^ ^'''"'^' *''^'^^ much the better, because they would be a clu cS/nnn ' '"" ' ^"'' ^"'*^ '^*^ ^^^^ so
^ "uuiLi ue a ciieck upon one another.
Stations in England—Cost in Ontario
tions'Jt^ISS tETltwn!:' ^.f ^[^^'ShiiSr "^ ^.'"^ V'^f *'^^ -^"'« "^ ^'- "^-va- ho done in Guelph in the way ^T , tVua '"!hH . ''^ .^^^'/hem, including what might I ••ecommend, al a cost of ahLt $! 000 p^^l It ^oTif * ''" ---'P''-^''-i in the way At present the maxinuun and inini mum fh uZme e£ i T "'^t''" '"«■'"•'' wen- supplied. m„ik|,ragiJu1tura.purpo..,h.,,;™Sr:^:^
f
m
{I
!iH i
10 METKOKOlAKiV IN CONNECTION WITH ACniCni/i uuij.
P! lit
A Hcroon would ho rcquin-)! for tho tfiormonintora Imt T <lo mt tliink that. rtnyHiinR cIho woiiltl ln> hcivI.mI at I lie common sfatiouH, <lioii!,'li il wonlil lui iii'iM>.sM:iry to Inivo lui instnimniifc h'-ow- ini: tlic (linvtioii of tlic wind in cviM-y (ownsliip. Sn.-li instriinKMilH would cost nhont, ii ilnll.irfui'li. Iviili slut ion nii(Kht lie furnished with inslrumcntH at a rost, of -iliout, $■!() or fl'r». I think it iR nioNt dcsiraltlo that tho obscrvulionH .shoidd 1)(< volunliirv, hccaiiso it has Im'ou found tliat it is vorv mucli hotter unl. ss thi'y aro woll paid for. Siioh ohn(«rva- Lions would only ooiupy iiliout live minutes ii d;«y.
SlMll.ldTY OF Tin: WoilK TO KB DONIL
Tho ohsorvations are so simplo that ihey could almost ho taken hy a child. T do not mipposo that wo shouid l.o ahlo at onco to find persons willinsr (,() tako tliem in every townsliip ; hut I think tluit wo sin .dd j^'riniually ho ahlo to ohtain voMintary ol)servors iii every township. Ahout lialf tho ohservations at present taken ixni voluntarily nnnle. Some of the stations forward tho reports weekly, some monthly, and Homw forward them liy to!(\i{raph every day. Tho ohsorvations at tho stations that I proposo should hn for- wiirded at (he end of (<very month. Tho amount of rainfall, the (emporatnro, tho direc- tion of lhc> wind, and tho kind of weather arr all that I think shoidd l)o noted for -i^jri cultural pnrpos<>s, oxi-opt that at cortiiin stations where tliero weri! oapahle persons, I think tliat tho toni]ioratufO of tho soil at certain seasons shoidd ho roporlod. Tho lfri,0()0 a yenrwhicli 1 propo.se sliou Id ho voted would he for classifying the ohservations, makin;,' out a weather and crop report, and issuing that to farmers. The crop roport ucod not jeoossardy ho made by tho Banio person wlio takes tlio other obHorvalious.
TnuNDKU Stoums Notkd.
At tho Toronto Oh.sorvatory and all tho other ohHorviii<» stations, tliunder storms aro (•ocularly entered, hut they have not heon chissiliod as such yot. Whenover rain is accom- paniod hy a thunder storm there is a special mark to show it. Somctimua tho obsci vor.s note wliethor the storm has been a heavy one or not.
Hainfall on llicm Lands oh Tiow Lands.
On hi;:;li lands a gre.ater amount of rain noct>Hsarily falls than on low lands, Tho cftinfull in some jnirts of I'^m^land does not amount to more than iJO inches per annum, md that appears to he quite sutlicient to brinj,' the crops to perfection, distributed as llm rain- fall is in that country. In no place in Ontario have w(! as low a rainfall as thai. rii(> amount of rainfall is not so important as its distriliution and its reliuition for a snf- ticienl length of time in the soil. The soils from which it (evaporates most (juickly, such IS sandy soil, rcijuiro more frequent rains — not greater amounts — than loam or garden mould.
TlIR CkKEALS and TEMfKIlATURW
The jjrowth of such cereals as are produced in Ontario does not depend so much on Having the best mean temperature as on having the temperature remain above a C(!rlain point for a certain perioil, and tho shorter that period tho higlnu' the tempiu-ature would require to ho. It is found that if the tem()oraturo remains about G5° for a reasonable period wheat crops and tho like will ripen very well.
Tub Gulf Stuuam.
Tlie fact of the temporture being liiglnT in the western portion of Europe than it is in Ontario, in the same latitudes, is entirely owing to (ho inlluence of the gulf stream. When yon go eastward you lose the eliect of tiiat inlluence, and tin; climat(! bocomi-H more continental in its rigour, so that in Russia, in the same latitudes, you will lind about the same temperature prevailing as on this Continent.
Effect of Atmospiikiuo Electkicity.
The ofToct of a greater or less amount of Ltiuosphoric electricity upon a growing crop is a [J/r. Monk]
MCTKOnorOOY IN CONNKCTK.N WITH AOKICUWURE
17
nu.wtion which is IminarHtudind ill t.Vft,„.n • J.i.t r„.„ . » , .
<.l"'t, wnhav« Mot l„.on ril.!-- to i.av ,nn, .? . 7 ^ ,"""'»•« "'OHt important point
K-yat car.f„l„„HH. 'f thinic that « .roU ?rvatiu n i ! hru r;. !'"''" 'T '"'""'"' "'*'' H'l.niido uMainin.-ntH. 'HorvauunH miyht l.o l^^ft to gtintloin.in of great
A(lUI(Ji;i/riHlAr, (.'MMATOMMIY IN FllANOR.
Ht...ly tho infl„,.„,.n of .-... w. th ^ L ;^ric uaZ T^^^^ ''"'• f""I''" ^o
t-vanlH ol,tuini„g rnconls f.on. .aVh of t;!::' ^cio eomrune'i"^ """ "^''''"^ ^"''«^""«'"«
TmK SvSTBM m OkIIMANV and OtIIKK CoUNTniKfl.
Hlationn. Hwiu.rlanH has ,|nvot,.,| h r at enL. to ' w '""": ^ '" «'"'I''"""^"t of
•.•f.'.H Hf,at.,l, hasarain station t o„ fv ^I L n^ V'- '""'""^'•'<. "« ^ '".vo
l"Hs than 1,700. Hw.oHon an.J Norw v hlv Z, ♦ ' ""'' '" ''"«'"'"' •''"■^" «'-" "»
TUOMAS II. MOxNK.
REPORT TO TIIK (XJMMfH.SION, IJY Mil. T. H. MON
K.
ifo.v. S. 0. Wood, Chairman, etc.
TonoNTo, November Ul, IHSO.
1
KO
Tub Data Uskd.
^^^^^'Z^P.^:^ -p. 7- '^-ive. fn.„ th.
<n far as I a.n awaro, tho only pul-Hcat ioaa a nr 1 ^"'"'"'"" "^ ^'""^'l''^. >vhi.h un,
.l..r.:n.nt lo.al.tin.s. It should 1,., „„.„ Lud ,ha tT "m '" 7'"""" "'""""'■'^ ^•"- ^^" my tables aro «iv«n in thr-so n-norts 1„ 1 hav, ., I. . u ' '''''"7' ""^ "'""fon.d ia
^vhich havo iKH.n oontinuod for I p no of four "r^^ ""' ''" 'r"'*" "^ «''H'^rvations. ton of thnpiacH nanu.K- |i,,n-i •' V I .J |, n J rV . ".^i"' '^^ noticed, tha
tion of tho Dopartmont of Fdm-t ion to ^"'. ""*'', f "''"<^''. tlirou;,di tl,., co-opora! ohsorvations hivo hoeu Jn^l^lTZ hl^h^chS "''' '*" Meteorological SoA.co,
WrrAT TifK Table Shows.
Tho tahle shows llif) av(;ra''(: niontlilv antl iii.nn.,1 "< . i • ■ .
Bnow fall (ton inches of snow l^in- c , i L d .ol Pm-'' Potation," -rain and
annual nun>her of davs of rain and s ^ a 30* rl ""' !"•'' "^ rain), and the average
i'^ the Province, the highest and ow t:;u'uhor 'ire'h';: r''^^^'' "^ "' f''^^-
figures of a diflercut typo. ''^ ""''""" ■"■'"i' ^i-^tingui^hcd by
[.Ur. Monk.]
ii-^^^
^SWP^
i^
lb METEOROLOGY IN CONNECTION WITH AGllICULTURE,
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: 1-1 ffJ 1-1 Ci| i-c tH rH "N C) CI Cl ri rH CI i-liH CI i-< 1-1 CI '
a> 1- CO 'o t^ CI -i o t- '^ m n" o ■* 'i C5 C5 o r- 1- CI CO ^ ci o "^1 X m -r I- o CO m :o o J! n c: i- n c; -r -r c-.
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^TEOROLOGV IN CONNECTION WITH AGRICULTUKE.
19
Tub Map.
Inadequate Materials.
anyone, to point out the peculiar fcriurcsl^f nv il.f Tl' ^^J^ 'l*t\°'^tainabH to enable trate« very broadly the dltricts who o tL fal ^ofTa f .T'''^' • ^V"'" *''« "'^P i^'"«- avcrage for the whole Provinco tier n, L 1 i ' ^ '"f"^ '' ''^°^«'' o>- ^^^'^^y the
th. results would differ so „ uch cm So stw'i":: ZT ^^ '"''""'" ""'•'^'^^^ ^■'^•^- •i'striet. It is ain.ost iu.poa.iblo to construct a li .v n"" *''" *''"■*«« ^°' *'»« ^''ole Ontario with such .neagre' i.l mltir Clad Tflo'u i'o "^"^1' ^'^'^^'^--l -^pof taken, wo should find 300, or perhaps 3 000 .tlrpr fl ^ ,"* *^ "^ "'^ observations are have to draw too n.uch upJn inm' na^tlii and ou k, T/"^"^ T^""'-^- ^* P'''^^^'"^ we of the country to fill in the bSr knowhrlge of the topograi^hicaJ features
DiPFKRENCES IN Reports.
valucf^:n.^rSl^i*^fK*^vl;l::fS '■'"^'"^*'"" v.hichwould prove of well as at the high school, at GodeHcir I^ win b. t/'f^'^. .f'"" • "* ^'''^ 'i«''thouse, as 8 inches jht annmn. This resurvaries but littTefvoT.t ^^' "'""' '' '^ '^iffi*^'-^"^^ of oWr It would appear that about one hS o thi ll , " «^'°^; P^^"^^ f^"" ^'-^^'^ «tution.
more than 3 foot n.ore of snowflub in. r corded at t^H^bH'" '"l'*^' '''^T ^'''' '» «"«^' There :snot v., .uch di..rence in tU. nu^tl^ ^f ll^i'g ^H ^S^^^t^iS; ^J::;;
Days op Rain and Snow.
that at some ,,hc™ it s caM.,1 a nC Vv » ll T J","'"";'"'"-, "'« ""■^»" for thi, is, to 1.0 „casura'bl,, at „,l,er plac.i " „£ il taken nfS *"" f '° ""'°""' " '»«"«"«-'
".„»t..uctio.. to oLao..ve™,f issued i„' ^sTs :m"Xi.;:LThl;rf"„"'r' "'"• '■"'
Want op More Complete Information.
those who saw them. I had als , int, ue to bntl ' f ""^ '^°."^' probably mislead
in ten,p..ra(aro, or, rather, the teltrtmber of drf^"?'' maps showing the variations the n...n ten.peruture, was abo^o^bo^ w certa n ? 7 7 *^^' ^'^^'r'^ '^''^ ^^^'^^^t, and considerable labour it was found thit f Hi, ^ ' ''"7"= each month ; but after
of little value. ' ^ ' **"" ^'^'°"« S'^'^'^ ^'^'>^e, the results would be
Comparison op Mean Temperatures.
tut o. „..„«. ,,,a4 i„ tKt':Vi;,i4rL'rrr: oi ,',t' st,s= ^ife
wouict ^ivu u iiigaur mea» for the same period "' ' ^"^^^'^
20
lii
METEOROLOGY IN CONNECTION WITH AGRICULTURE.
A MoKK Thorough System Needed.
l,n..T^^'i!•'"^*'*^^''^^'J''^ ''^ ^^^ investigation shows unmistakably tliat if we wisl, tc
must b/dZt^^'"' ""="'?.'""["*'' '^'""'"'S^ '' *'- -^'^^te Jf ol o sonT in must_ be done to encourage the taking of observations of the weather throu-W .1
Tl^ouh h.rX. I 1 . countries under present circumstances. A strono- e Ib.f
should therefore be made to place us upon a better footing in this respect.
Yours respectfully,
THOMAS H. MONK.
Jonf Dh7dkv*'m P P 'S"'' ^f P* Toronto October 26, 1880. Present-Messr..
"JIOSES OATES'" EVIDENCE.
James Gordon Mowat was called and examined.
^0 i/r. %mo»f/ -I am a weather prophet, and, as such, am known I have given considerable attention to meteorology for about fourteen observer of the meteorological service at Gait. My attention has been the tempemture of various districts, variation of temperature, rainfall causes of these. There is no peculiarity in the Ontario climate, except the same d.tierence here between high and low lands with respect to IS m Europe, where high lands, as a rule, have a much greater rainfall
Fruit Growing Districts.
as "Mo.ies Gates." years, and am an chiefly directed to snowfall, and the that there is not rainfall that there than low lands.
In fruit growing countries sunshine and rainfall have a greater effect upon the quality of fruit than the mean temperature of the year The vuJ »nLZ ! i ^ 1 there is a great deal of sun^iiue, an!l whore the rau^M^s n^Tg^^ 'a ^S ^"2 s:^S vegetation. xAIoisture, combined with heat, is injurious tc the -rrane f n, ,1?? what is the diffei.nce with respect to other frlits between a^rSy anra nshhw district, although I have no doubt there is a difference The np^.-l, LTll ^""''^^"V cultivated largely in the Niagara District, on aceou.rf i^ s'i^j:'^.^^^^ ITco^ parative exemption fron low extremes. That district is generally f -om ti^ec to Sur degrees warmer than the north shore of Lake C ...tario in the neiglibourl.ood of Toronto and frequently in the middle of the day, is ten or fifteen degrees warmer. Tlis 13 ZtT; owing to the fac that there the south-west wind passes ov^r land, while the ^.uti^we ^
re"trLaL V 7l"*' m r\'^^.^^^^^^ «--t-oof Lake Ontario. Tl .■ 1 t.-v between Lake St Clair and Lake Erie is, in my opinion, superior in many iv.spects to he Niagara District for the production of wine, owing to its smaller rainfall an I'^^r ater heat, ,t warmer springs and longer season of vegetation. Many parts of the .shores of Lake Huron are also very suitaMe for fruit culture. The extremes of te.u p^at ^ a^ fevver there than 111 either the neiglibourhood of Windsor or in the Kiagail 1 on ,LuTa Ihere are instanoes found m the meteorological reports in which the th.unome er has descended to over ten degrees below zero in Hamilton, when in the Huron di tHct it wa not below zero. There is a diflV-rence of at least two de-rees in autun n n f.^von, f Godench over Toronto, although there is very little differ^lc'in he a ti d At Kin cardiac the mercury yery rarely falls below zero. [Jl/r. Mowat.]
■*;''5F.-
RE.
we wisli tc
, somethinn
JJ^llOUt tll«
io coinpar(j rong ollorf
ONK.
«— Messrs. L. Wilson,
ies Dates." nd am an lirected to 1, and the lere is not that there r lands.
upon the est where season of lot aware .sunshiny jrape are and coni- .' to four I'oronto, is partly >uth-west country spects to d greater nliores of itui'o are enin.sula. leter has ct it was avour of At Kill-
f^f^^^iOCTINCONNECTION WITH AGRICULTURE.
.|i
21
The Effect of Swampy Lands.
the i&|^t^^^« -SJ-^ve^^ , ,^^^^_^ ^^ ^^^^^
or which I have a eon.p.^rison, two l^re ^lo^e^ nl T'^"' >' ^=""1"° "^ *''« °"« y^-^ Harnilton. Stratford has als^ swamp? and itis si ' S v' n'" " ?° """""^ "^'^'^ °' would be m normal conditions. Newmarket h a,. °^ ""''■ "' temperature than it duces an abnormal deficiency in heat ?[ dl^^f ^'7°' "T""^ '"^ '^' ^^^'^^y which pro that of Bra.npton, and its h^t above the 1::hT ^''""'° ^^ "^°^*^ ^'^ '^^^ ^^ averages only a fraction of a^legt Tow r t LTtoo V°^^''^*''\^'^' ^^^'''« ^^e latter two or three degrees lower. Newmnrlc. tX. , '*°' ^^wmarket's temperature is
any other statio?. in Ontario, ^Zl^l!;^::]: ^:i::::^^^^^ *-"P-ture tLn almost Ihc following hg.are,3 for 1876 will illustrate t^X^:;^^:^^:^^^^
Mean Temperature 1876.
Toronto ; ggo ,,
Newmarket ' 35 g
Brampton ' 07 o
Lowest Temperatukes, 1876.
Toronto ^yo q
Newmarket I _i n
Brampton 12 0
evaporates Ve/y ra7idi;:rdnU: "^ZZ^'SS 'tZ' V''1' ^^^'^ ^^^^^ -d Whood of .ewmarket entirely t^T ^l^^^i^rcS^inrSj^^: t ^^
V^^S'Z^J^'^^t!:^^:^^^^^^- ^^«^-ce in the mean tern- above given Other places in thS nei^libomSood oJ.? °' ^.T'^^°^' *^'^" t^>*^ %^ures
and its veojitatfonrthe presllcf of'^eifsui^'ht'l^ns or ti?' """11 '^ ''^'''"'^«'°'- ^^ «»« soil, from forests or swamps, etc. A district border n^ on a /''v^'^r ''T'''"'' *° "'" ^^^tance often exempt from frosts to whicli interior disS" , ^'f ^""^^ °^ ^^'^t'^^' ^^ke a lake is two or three miles in length have net^y^o nu h effrc: "'m'er ' '."'' V""^ ^'^^^ ^-^-' [J/r. i/ozya«.] "^°*^ "' ameliorating the climate, owing
I il
•MliirEOROLOOY IN CONNKOTION WITH AGRICULTUUK.
to thoir shallowrioas. In North Gwillimbury, tVIucIi lies on Lako Simcor, iho minimmn tonipcmturo of some montljs of suinuior is generally vory Iiiyli -ofleu a,s liii^'h aa tt^) or GO. wlu'ii Windsor i.s only tr» or f.O do'r. V,.py „„„.l, depends on pmvly lo.'MToanH.'H, as tlie eliar.veLer of tlio noil, doprossious or ridges of land, nmttora which niiuuld bo Btudicd by agriculturists.
ElTROPEAN COMPAUISOKS.
The (-liniivti' of Ontario— the Routh-wcstern jiart -corresponds V(M-y closely, not with Norway. Swed.Mi, or Russia, as lias lieeu ropresonted, ))ut with Ilouniania. Uouniauia is movo its counterpart, both as rei,'ards summer and winter h(«at, than any other country in Europe. Tho ni(>an temperature tdong a lin(> drawn from (lie Danube tiirough UuchaVest to ^foscow corresponds V(<ry closely at all s(>Msons with tlui . iiniate of Ontario on a Jin(> drawn from Windsor to Pembroko on tho Ottnwa ; rembrok(>, liowovor, having a warmtu- sunnuer tlian Moscow. Hungary, again, has a climate correspon<ling in its mean tem- peratiiro to the Houtli-western i)art of Ontario, known as th(> l.ake hj'ie and Niagara nistrict. and j>rodiiC(>s some of tin- tinest wines in the world -wines that rival the very ln>st wines of France. 'I'hore are vtM-y few stations, out of 'JOO or mon^, the rei)ort,s of which 1 have lo.)kcd over, in trermany and Austria, which show a higher temjieniture in suimuer than some parts of the Provinc(> of Ontario. Many parts of Norllietii {(aly, at siuiilar elevations to Ontario statio'ns, show a temperature in midwinter only nix or seven degrees higher tlian So^itliern Ontario, ami a summer Icmiji'rature v(>ry iKMirly tho
same. 'Plie growth of th(^ vine is very successful in all tho countries J have nam'ed
Houmania, Hulgaria, Southern Russia, Hungary, and northern Italy, and so far as cliiii:iti<' conditions are concerned, then- is no n-ason why southern Ontario should not rival the best wiiie districts in the world, in many class<'s of wines. Wo have a longer duration of sununcr tempc^raturo tlian most parts of the Rhine. Windsor has had a temperaturo during the live years, 1874 to 1S7S, inclusive, of (i.'JJ deg. in September, and 7:\ dog. in July, tlie heat of which latter moniji at Windsor" is very little lower than i(,s t('iii- peraturc at Oran in .Vfrica, at iMars(ulies in the soutJi of Krance, and onlv u. few do- groos lower than at Jerusalem and several other places in Syria.
7't) Mr. Brown. -For at Uiast three decades after IS 1 1, th(> average .snowfall steadily
iucirased, and tho number of days on which snow f(>ll also greatly increased. Tho
average depth of snow on the grouml at on(i time has, f think, been diminished. Tho
rainfall in the .second or third (piarteisof thc^ year dei^reased till 1S71, but lately, [ tJiink,
the rainfall in this part of Ontario has been increasing in thoso quarters -thatis, during
tho last si.v or seven years. The causes of (his increase are probjibly not du(> to anything
})eculiar to tii(! Province, but have their origin outside of the earth. A peculiarityOf tho
Province in the distribution of its precipitation is that the district oast of Lako Huron
ami tu)rth of tho t^rand Trunk Railway s!iows a snowfali vi^ry much greater than tlu»
country lying south of the Grand Trunk. For instance, Windsor in 1S7!) shows „ sfiow-
fall in January of live and a half inches, Kincardine of forty and a half inches, iuid Owen
Sound of forty-tliree inches. The total snowfall at Windsor, in that year, was thirty two
inches, while at Kincardine it was l.'ii inches, and at Owen Sound 159 inclicK. What
falls as ram over South- Western Ontario often falls as snow over these lii'^h laiid.i. Pa.rry
Sound is not atlccted .so largely in the same way. The explanation of tb.' dilferenec! I
have mentioned is that the westei-ly winds passing ovor ]jake Huron take up a largo
amount of moisture, which, coming in contact with tluf colder land east of l,ake Jiuron,
is condensed into snow, and occasionally tli(> northwest winds in that .section of country
bring a fall of six or eight inches of snow, while .sou(;h, in tlw^ neighlioiu'hood of Oiilt .-inil
Prantford, no snow whatever falls. 1 think meteorology can bo luadi! useful to n^'ri. :l
tiiro by tho temporary ostablishnifrnt of a number of stations, (^specially nrai- swamps, ,in
high and low levels oloso to each other, and on difl'erent soils. Farmers could kenp
records themselves, and give the results of their observations on the etrc.'ts of difl'erent
soil and altitudes to the pul»lic With respect (o forecasting tho woatlier, l am of opinion
that before many years, tho Weather bureaux will be able to forecast t\\" leading foaturei-
[Mr. Mutvat.]
J UK.
10 inniiniiiin lij^li as fif) or .'il oaiiHCH, as i bu studied
'1y, not with toiiuiauiii i.s • oouutrv ill
Il UucllfUCNt
io on a line i!, a warnuu'
iiKS'iii (om- it I Ni!i;(jira il tlic very ' rcjiortH of pciiit-uro in liciii i(aly, only hIx or
nearly the 0 nainod —
as I'limatic t rival tliti (Inratioii of otiipcraturo ill 7.'1 (Ifv^. an its (,(Mii-
a fow do-
'all stfiadily iscd. 'I'ho sIkmI. 'i'ho ly, I Miiiik, t is, during i> anyrliirif» uily of tho ikc Huron ' than tiin
WH ,„ HtlOW-
!uid Owon (liirtv two cK. What id.'i. I'li.iry ilfin'ciHM' r up a largo ko Huron, of con ill ry f On it riiiil to n;xv\' :l- wanips, on ^ould ki'fp f difrcrcnt of opinion 1? foaturei'
MliTEOROLOGY IN CUNNIVTION Willi AUUlCUJ/niKK. 23
, , • >■■■ s"""> '-.MnwnrHOi l.ciiipccn
jiUltl^d. ''■'' '"'■■" '■"'"• "'" '"'''"■'^" '^ ""^''■" ''"' "^'^i" — HHfnlly
To ,!/,•. vlArAWm. Thn ,.l,,trinK -I' C-ivsts do.s not pn.vn.t fnml.H so mh..!. as I ho ^rainmKof Mw,nn,,s nnd loMrshy I.-hoIh. |.,,. ,„. in ,,1.!. n.,! s.nH .,f in o i .
^;':;;:;;y';;d;;:;r;dt ^ ""^-^^ ''- '--^ " "^ --'■■•• - "-' '"" :"^-«
J. U. MOW AT.
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ONTAEIO AGRICULTUEAL COxMMISSION.
APPENDIX R 1.
REPORT
OF MESSRS. WM. BROWN. EDWARD STOCK. AND A. H. DYMOND, ON THEIR VISIT-AS MEMBERS OF THE ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COMMISSION- TO THE ELECTORAL DISTRICT OP
MUSKOKA AND PARRY SOUND
AND ON THB
EVIDENCE TAKEN BY THEM AT VARIOUS PLACES WITHIN THE
DISTRICT.
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ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COMMISSION.
APPENDIX R 1.
K E f> O R T
OF MESSRS. WM. BROWN. EDWARD STOCK AKn a x,
MEMBERS OF THE ONTARIO AOR^cmZ.r ''''''°^''' "^^ ^'^^^^ ^^SIT-AS
DISTRICT OF MU8K0KA AND p!rrY SoZ ^"^^^^^^'^^ THE ELECTORAL -EM AT VARIOUS PLACEs'^irN^HE bC^^^^ "' '"^^"^^ '^'^^^ -"
^"0 <Ae Honourahle Samuel Casev WnnrJ ni -
Commission. ^ ^''^' ^'^«^-^«^ of the Ontario Agricultural
Sir:
quiries within the Electoral District of Mu 11 ! T^ °^ ""'"^'^^ ^"^ '"^Wng in- as follows :_ °' ^"^^^^^a and Parry Sound, beg leare to report
THE ROUTE FOLLOWED.
IrtG undersigned, accompanied bv Mr o.r. -n . mission, left Toronto, by Northern Z.,'! I' ^ ' ^^^^^^^^^ writer to the Com-
1880, and arrived, .L J^aven W, :; ^C a^^ ^t"! ^^ '"^^^^^' ^"^^^ ^'^^^ their sittings at Bracebridge at 4 p m ant eZ; . f ^<=^'"^Se at 3 p.n. They opened Six witnesses were exannned, reprrs:ntlV he fi . ' '^'^ '°" *'^ ^^'"^ ^^-S- Draper, Monck and Stephenson. ^ ^'^ ^""'^^^'P^ °^ ^^"«koka. Macauk;,
On Wednesday, the 25th, at 8 a m fT,« p. • . waggon, for BaysviUe. fifteen miles distant\nf ^'™'"^^^^°'^^''« ^^^^ted, by hired stago- the road, from four to five hours were occlnYed ^7/ '"^ ''' """"'^^^^ '' ^ Potion of ing some matte, of local interes^he "ssr *^''- ^' ^'''^'''^' ^^'^ ^P-*" ending at 10 p.m. Eight witnesse were elZ. "^ "^ -^^'^ ^"'^"°^' '""^ -'- McLean, Ridout and Brunei. ^^^"^^ned, representing the three Townships of
On tlie morning of Thursday, the "Rth th. n • • their stage-waggon and baggage orwa:db;ta?rT""" '''' ''^^^^"^^ ^^^^-^ «-* worked by Captain Huckins, of Toronto on Trld rT'''^ '' ^ ''''"^'^ ^-^ -^^ the portage, twenty miles distlnt, JZnZZtl :.' ^" "-^'^ ^^ ^'y^^' ^^^-^ -.n. Here the portage (three- ourth of a I L "'"^ '^^'^' '^'^"^^ *^« ^-e
-ow-boat W.S in waiting L con.ey th party th T"' "^ ''"""'^ ^^'^' "^^^^ K. x>7. Hill, at Hillside, on the opposite shore of t "r f "' '"' '^™ °' *^^ ^-' spection of Mr. Hill's farm and crops the n f . ^''" " "^''^ *^°-"gh in-
^...ula Lake with ^i^ ..,, "Z^ ^Lf^L i:::^.^ ^ " ^ r ^^ «^"^ tiiac place beuu< readied at 6 p.m. ^^aumy ,„ case them to Huntsville,
COMMISSIONERS' REPORT—
m^
■V'J.
The same evening a sitting was held, at which throe witnesses were exaniiu .d, repro- eenting the three Townships of Frank"n, Sinclair and Chadey.
On Friday, the 27th, Mr. Stock wis coinpcllod to leave for homft. The reninining CommisHiouers sat at 9 a.nj., to examine two more witnesses, the Townshii) of Perry being represented by one of thciu. At 10. .'30 a.m. the Oommis.sioncrs startt'd for Brace- bridge (twenty-six miles) to meet the steamer leaving Bracebridgo at 3 p.m. for Port Curling, where they arrived at 5.30 p.m.
On Saturday, the 28th, a sitting was held at Port Carling, seven witnesses being in attendance, representing the two Townships of Mcdora and Watt. On the evening of tlio 28th the party proceeded by steamer to Eossoau, whore tlicy remained over Sunday, the 2yth.
On Alonday, the 30th, a sitting was held at Eosscau at 9 a.m., six witnesses, repre- senting the two Townships of Humphrey and Cardwell, being examined. The same after- noon—the stage-waggon and team having meanwhile arrived by steamer— the party started for 3Iaganetawan, thirty-four miles north of Roaseau, on what is known as the Nipissing Road. The latter, from the point at which it leaves the Rosseau and Parry Sound Road at Ashdown, until the village of Spnnce is reached, was, at many places, in urgent need of repairs. It was, conse-^iuently, 11 p.m., before the party reached Maga- netawan.
At 8 a.m., on the morning of the 31st, a sitting was held at Maganetawan, at which •even persons gave evidence, representing the four Townships of Croft, Chapman, Sponce and Lount.
The road between Maganetawan and McKellar, the next appointed stopping place, being reported as very rou,t'-, and some interesting information being obtainable by taking another route, the waggon and baggage were sent off early, and the party, accompanied by Mr. Best, Crown Lan..3 Agent, and others, started, at 1 p.m., via the Maganetawan River and Lake Ah-mic, in two boats for the head of the lake, a distance of some twelve niiles. On the way the large and fertile clearing of Mr. Wm. Holditch was visited, and his thorouglibred cattle and sheep were inspected. The head of Lake Ah-mic was reached at 5 p.m., and a walk of three and a-half miles brought the p; rty to the Great Northern Road, running from Parry Sound to Commanda Creek. Proceeding on foot towards Parry Sound for another six or seven miles, they arrived at a point where their driver was in waiting to convey them for the rest of their journt^y to McKellar, which place was reached at 10 p.m.
At 9 a.m., on the 1st September, a sitting was held at McKellar, attended by five witnesses from the three Townships of Hagerman, McKellar and Ferguson.
After visiting some gardens owned by settlers, and noticing the very satisfactory condition of the produce of those lots, the party continued their journey to Parry Sound, sixteen miles, reaching that place at 6 p.m.
On the morning of the 2nd September, a sitting was held at Parry Sound, and six witnesses were examined from the four Townships of Foley, McDougall, Carling and Ferguson. This concluded the sittings in the Electoral District, and at 5 a.m. on the 3rd September, the party left Parry Sound by steamer, reaching Toronto, via Collingwood, the same ni'dit.
xainiu.d, rcpro-
=___^^KAANDPARRy SOUNX. BI«rK,CT
Tho reinnining nship of Perry .rted for Brace- i p.m. for Port
;no.s.scs boiiig in the evening of ] over Sunday,
itnessea, repre- rhe same after- ler — tlio party known as the !au and Parry lany places, in reached Maga-
iwan, at which ipman, Sponce
topping place, able by taking ■, accompanied Maganetawan f some twelve 13 visited, and ic was reached reat Northerii foot towards •e their driver ', which place
mded by five
i^ satisfactory Parry Sound,
ound, and six
Carling and
m. on the 3rd
lingwood, the
mj . ''"'= WOriK DONE.
"< -^ote more tinio tn (■!.„ . • ° ^ '^O'nmissionera foni +i i. .1 '^« srnn i,„ ,. ,..__. to tho inquiry, and visit „ I " '' ^''''' *''at they
could not devote ,. 7 '"'"'' ^^'*'"t, tl,e regret the Ton,, • ' ■ "^"'^ P^'^^onaily
'^« -n ^. ^:iz::z:' ''' '"^^^^^' -^ ^^«^* ^ '-^ arrr ?' "" ^^^^
«-ious to make evCXr?"'"' '"' '''' ^^^ ^^o^om plowed ,"'"; '^ ^^'" o'.joct in view when J ' ^ P'"°"^' observation and oZr ^ ^ '^^^' '^'^^''"S
(he i„d,V; ' ^''P ^^« '•''■'•ol"- *^cl upon T) , •'^^^"^'se, to accomplish the
when : 1 " ;7^^^7« -^-^-torily explaine -LeTrot'^^'^' "" ^""^^^'^^ '-Pt. Commissi 1 ! T':' '''''' ^^^^-"« --« 'ong distlnTes "''"" ^^'^^ ^ ^--
request r' ' "'^ '^^ ^"''^^'^ remarked iT' °" ''^°'-^'> '"^^'t tho
The : '"'"' '' '"P^"^^^ P-^--d. ' '''' " "° ^-»'« ^-tance was any
Jfle large number of toun«f.„,i, - ^
h-d an excellent effect on t he lo ,1 "" °' '"" '^'^^'^^ *« the District ,
of the..e remote placesrn;X;urifr^'^^"'^^'^
Jongor settled. ^ ^ '"^^"O'- to much that i.s at times mit with "'''"^
THE l\ITNESSEg of the examination. On the 1 T '' '" "^^"^''"^ ^' ^^^ts brought on ^ f''^'''^'
«in.u^ariy in accord. ^r.'iTrirr^^ '''''''' '''' ^^^^^^^^^^^ :^:: ^ r^'
cultural s.'>nse If ,•„ ' ^"^"'^ ^"^ disadvantac^es of fJ ^' ^''''* '"'^''^
'• ^* '^ '^^ * review of the testimony as a l^f • "'""*''^ ^" '^'^ ^S'i-
onj as a whole tius report is founded
4*' J
'I I
4
COMMISSIONERS* llEPORT—
K
i\
m
The personal history and condition of the witnesses were widely different— tlie sub- fitantial ]3ritish or Canadian farmer or yeoman, the Old Country mechanic or merchant, the farm labourer who liad hegun literally without a dollar, and the squatter of iiide- Kcribable antecedents, were all represented.
GEOGRAPIIICAI. FEATURES.
The limits of the Electoral District of Muskoka and Parry Sound accord with the terms of the Representation Act by which the District was originally defined. It is popu- larly known under the general name of the Free Grant District, and has, since 1868, when tlie first Free Grant Act was passed, been largely resorted to by settlers who have availed themselves of the privileges offered by that measure. Previous to 1868 there were a few squatters in the country, but, practically, settlement began in that year. The most southerly line, it will be observed, is along the base of the Townnhips of Morrison. Oakley, Draper and Ridout, while on the north the District extends to the waters of Lake Nipissing and the French River. Its eastern boundary line is the Bobcaygeon road, while along the whole of its western coast it is washed by the waters of the Georgian Bay. Its area is stated to be 5,-500 square miles, or 3,520,000 acres.
Ac the present time it is penetrated on the south by railway only to Gravenhurst, in the Township of Muskoka, at the foot of Muskoka Lake, but, by the construction of the projected Ontario and Pacific Junction line, via Bracebridge and Huntsville, to the south-east shore of Lake Nipissing, and the connection of that road with the Canada Pacific or Canada Central, not only will the eastern half of the District be intersected for its Avhole length from south to north, but an outlet will be had, either to the south by way of Toronto, or to the east by way of Ottawa, Montreal and (Quebec.
On the west the harbours of the Georgian Bay are points of access to the grand water navigation of the Upper Lakes, and, by that means, communicate with the whole western and southern coast line of Ontario, with the United States, and, via the Gulf of St. Lawrence, with the European markets. Parry Sound, with its fine harbour, is the seat of a large lumbering industry, and the resort of a considerable number of vessels in connection therewith.
The two important lakes, Muskoka and Rosseau, united by a lock at Port Carling, give for some fifty miles moans of access to the very heart of the District, while the Mus- koka River is also navigable to Bracebridge.
Main Colonization Roads extend from Bracebridge northward via Iluntsville to the Township of Strong ; from Rosseau, at the head of the lake of that name, to Com- manda Creek via Maganetawan ; from Rosseau to Parry Sound ; and from Parry Sound to Comnianda, where the Northern road joins the one from Rosseau. Besides these main lines, branch colonization roads have been constructed in all directions, and the numerous lakes and rivers, in many instances navigable in summer for fifteen to twenty-five miles at a stretch, afford favourable opportunities for local communication, which will bo gradu- ally developed as settlement proceeds.
It must not be supposed, however, that the colonization roads are in suih a state in all cases as to invite travel over them, or to conduce to the absolute comfort of the visi- tor to these regions. Some of the chief roads, and portions of others, are in excellent
ercnt — the sub- ic or merchant, uatter of iiide-
iccord with the 3d. It is popu- as, since 18G8, ttlers wlio have to 1868 there hat year. The 3s of Morrison, I the waters of he Bobcaygcon )f the Georgian
0 Gravenhurst, construction of itsville, to the th the Canada intersected for e south by way
i to the grand witli the whole via the Gulf of larbour, is the er of vessels in
; Port Carling, diile the Mus-
Iluntsville tc- name, to Com-
1 Parry Sound ties these main
the numerous 3nty-fivo miles will bo gradu-
luih a state in irt of the viai- e in excellent
condition, l,ut in many places theJ7r~^ ""^^Ss^^^^
-I tear, a., even a very U^S^l::^:': 'T 'f'' '' ^^"'^^"-^^ ^^ *^- -ar e.ual to the task of keeping them in o de t ' T"'' ^°^^™"^^"' '^' ^^'^ "»-
-ore regular sy.stem of oversight and elli TT '" *'' ^----ners that a ocally interested, would be botlbenefilrr^^^ minor repairs, by parties
ookod for in municipal incorporation 1 ea ly a^^^^^^^^^ "^ ''' ^^^ ^^^^ ^'to be
the dependence of the settlers for good road "^ol 1 '" '' '*^^""^' ^""»-» -th it parts of the Province. A class of peopleCm J \ '? "^""""' ^«'«^*«' ^ - older dole or picking from the public trea'Iy t L ^T ^"' ^^'° ^^^^^"^ ^'^ ----^ self-rehance and the efforts it inspires But h?r "' ""^"' '^"^«*« ^--^d from an early return from any exertions t'ey may 1 1 T '"'"" °' *^^^ "^^"^^ -" -ap great natural beauty, as accessible as poSe to w '"^ '"*'' *° ^^"^'^^ "^ -^'■^ "' -te new confers to their nndst. and o" ! ! ''""' ^'^^ ^^^^^^ ^-ker; to in- buyers to visit them as purchase.; of their pTod::;;. °^^^""^^*^^^ ^^ *^- -ol and cattle
TOPOGKAPIIICAL FEATURES.
'not, and ,„as,es of ll,e »„e rock tad tL.!, "''"""■""-■> ™*s cros, .i„ Di, "., on .ho „t„e,. hand, con.parat^e,; f itXr 7'"" ""°' "'° »"'■ ^^^ «-o »n.W.c tho soil in such a naannor aa to „„a ^^VV °™'' *"="• -' ''°o=' ".o rock ''oreafter. '"'P'"' '"^ taULty, of which moro ,viH U said
...00^ :r:i:::r r ::r ':^,:' r"r r™' - -'•'- ■— .■- »«
-o,.hobeavc.„,eado. i. a cons^i l:"' h L I^^" T,'' T"' """""''-' "» cleared, covered wiu, timber, moslfy the hi , ? "''"''^ '»'"' "■ «^«opt .hero presonta a„ aspect rnsgcd and broken butt e.r*' """''P™'' "i'-^- l>ine. It the idea of barrenness or sterility. ' "'° """'"' »' "» ^'o'' vegetation precludes
.eptifra,:::.:;::" ™^»''-. »- «»„ be had by ^eUsinkin, at a very .oderato
THE CLIMATE.
-a f^:::'^-^;::jz:^ - --a., of the ...,
those of the Maganetawan 1097-34 feet above he sea ''°" '''''' ''^'^^^ ' ^^^
Huron; while Lake Nipissing is given as 647 fe T T . ' " '''''' ^''' ^^^^ ^-^<> 100 feet above Lake Huron. The chmaTe .. "?'' "' ^^^^'' '^'1-' *« ^-- than
1 ^0. Heturns obtained by the Me eo Ig^ ^eT^^ ^^^^^^ *« vigorous animal show the average highest temperature to ^ f,o! o^" '''*""^ '" '''' ^^«^™*
uveragelowesttomperaturetobefromS to SOd t '' ''^^"^^^ «^ ^-*' -'- *^-
temperature being 42 degrees. ^'^^'''^ ^^^<^^ ^^^^^i the average mean
The summers are cooler than in fT.„
' than ,n the n,orc southerly part, of Ontario, and the air to
■in
G
COMMISSIONERS' REPORT—
'..iiM:l
tm- •
mi
winter is so dry and l)racing as to diminish greatly tlio .sonsation of cold. Tho effect of tho atinospliero ou vegotatiou will bo noticed further on.
THE SOIL.
Tho soil of Muskoka is, evon where free from rock, extremely variaWo, both in kind and quality. A clay, or clay loam, with a strong subsoil, is often abruptly intci-- ruptod by sandy loam or sand. A few extracts from tho evidence taken by tho Commis- sioners will, however, give the best and truest picture of its character.
Mr. E. G. MuNTZ (Township of Muskoka).— " My land is totally different from that in my immediate neiglibourhood, as mine is a light loam with a sandy subsoil lyin" at the mouth of the river."
A ponioj of this land is an alluvial deposit and very fertile. Of the district in which Mr. Muntz is settled, Mr. Murray in his report (page G7) says : " The river (here) passes through rich alluvial flats producing abundance of good-siz(!d elm, soft maple, ash and other trees, among which there is scattered a considerable (quantity of line white pine."
Mr. SpRiNa (Drapr^- fownship).— "Tho low land is a clay bottom and the high laud is a sandy loam. ♦ * * About lifty per cent, of the land in my section is fit for the plough."
Mr. H. Spencer (Jfonck ToionsMp)—" Of the 200 acres belonging to myself I could altogether bring 125 under the plough. * * * My land is principally clay, tho town- ship also is principally clay, but along the banks of the river it is sandy; tho rock generally runs in parallel ridges."
Mr. Wm. Paukeu (Stephenson Toimship). — "The land is generally light sandy loam. * * * The soil on the rocky land is deep and rich, only broken up here and there. The high land is covered with hardwood, and the rotting of the leaves enriches the soil,"
Mr. TooKEY (Macu 'day Toionship).—" Of the 200 acres there is about 70 per cent. of good land. Generally the .soil is a heavy sand loam not much inclined to clay."
Mr. Jos. GiLMOUR (Ridout Tovmship). — " My soil is a sandy loam with a subsoil of the same characte.-. * * * On one of my lots there is probably about one-half acre of rock. * * * I and my family have 700 acres in a block, and of this 500 acres will make good farming land, such as would be rated as second-class land in older parts of the country."
Mr. HiGGiNS (McLean Toionship).—" My soil is generally a sandy loam, getting heavier as the land recedes from the river."
Mr. Wattie (Brunei Township). — "My soil is a sandy loam, my farm being prin cipally flat, low land, though I have some rock. The average of good land on each 100 acres in my township would be about one-third, that is of the land that could be ploughed. The remainder could be utilized by seeding it down for permanent i)asture."
Mr. Cole (Ridout Township). — "Some of my soil is sandy loam with clay subsoil, some a clay loam and some clay to the bottom."
^ Mr. MoNAuuA^ (ChaJ'ey Township). — " Members of my family have altogether
Tho effect of
'inlilo, both in ibniptly intor- y the Commis-
ront from tliat ibsoil lying at
the district in
he river (hero)
soft maple, ash
of line white
the high land n is fit for the
myself I could 3lay, tho town- rock generally
y light sandy n up here and eaves enriches
it 70 per cent. 0 clay."
with a subsoil ibout one-half id of this 500 i land in older
loam, getting
m being prin
on each 100
d be ploughed.
i clay subsoil, ve altogether
MUSKOKA^ND PARRY SOUND DISTRICT Mr. Hill (Frmiklin Townshin\ « tu -w , '
cui«vl'i„"::rcii!;«\';"t™t:jt^;s? '^^ »< ^y ■«»o (400 .o^.,) ,-, - f^^^z St:£-- -. «, _ .„ ^,^ ^„„ ^^^^
Mr. William HoLDrrrn (r^^f m ,. . •
-y township is a clay loam' buK.TjX'Srr' '^'i' '""""^ ^^^^'^^^^ «^ ^^^^ -i' m Ihe soil „. Ooft and Chapman irilLr^;'" ¥'* ^^""^^^ ^«^™ on n^
by" k^'r"!' -^f Strong'for^U■;a^^ i'^"*^'. *'!- ^ ^^e to^vnships^o the north; V rock, though not so much as the Townships of Monlk; W^^^^ Sa^!^^^'^ '^-ken
After expressing an jpinion stron-vly in favonrnf ., , . farming, the witness said : °^ "' ""^ *^^' ^^"^ ^^ «»e Maganetawan for
^orel^t:L^:iJi:^^JlSooa tract of country, but .n the whole th- 1 . , . «->. and Machar, Ee -^fcrS^^^^^^ l^l^:
iciiming ana stock-raising purposes."
fl^
ifr'Si-
COMMISSIONERS' REPORT-
^r^^^^o^^^:^^^ ^-^ 'oo,c.l to so.e extent
wheat. Tln.ro is a lino soctioa of th" coan ' """ ''''fp^'^'^^l ^^^^ "'^"-^ crops excepting Armour not nmhh broken by rock. I Jni 0^) "or. ' ,^°^^f ^"P^ «f J^ly, Strong and plough w.th the exception of Lo acres Sn tl e th r o"o '"^' T I"'^ ^°"' "'' ^^'^"'^'^ ^ -" flat rock. I think that 70 per cent of he ?n 1 ^^"^ '^f '^s ^ ''^-^vo porhaj,,s 20 acres of
some exceUont land in the vicLity of Stony Lake I htv' 'Tr)'"' '' *'"'^^'^"- ^'^-^ '« seeing a stone." ^ "' '''""^ ^'^'^'^ -^ J^^vo ridden four miles there without
Thomas man splendid
some parts of it are sandy, bul where I amTt f.? l I-O""* 's similar to Chap- id, but we have a good deal of rock '' '^^^ ^°^"* °" *»?• I'he soil is
tr.ct^laSn;:iS^.^K%-„^-^ -e splendid
COO 'c;;^t:i[^.;!l^Z(^^ the soil ^of his 500 or
rocky but fully one-half of this would " bo suTt C. i^"" "'f' "^ '^'' ^'''''^ '« '"""gh and ploughed. * * * The rocks Ire oXXli^^^^^
to the edge of the rock. There is very Si. iKf ? ' n? ''"' ^"'"^ ^^'^P '^'"^ «ood right my farm i.s, in the Townships o MuZ a, dNicConk:- .f'""*^ *f *^"'''>' '"''^'^ ^^«^"^ -J-'« come mto the market for settlement tha is to t?'"^' f T 1' P^'"*>' "^ 8°°^^ ''-^"^l lately It and the Georgian Bay." ' '''* '' *° ^^"^ '''^^^ «f t^e Conunanda road, between
the town Jdp S'ortlL'f cWe^""'"^^--" ^'^ ^°" ^« ^ "^^^ 'o... > the land tliroughout
part^ti::^^:^^^^-^-^^;-^^ thenoJth^;;-s:iSn:^i{f^;,i^^^^
nient. * * Besianiiig at ParTs^ound fS- T ^ '^^^
fit for cultivation,''the soil bdn'^ liZlo-Z S s^.l '' T'""'^' '^ ^'' '''''■ "^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ t mt is, in the Township of M llou Si aurnat? H^^ r'"' 'f^^'' ^"^"'''^'^ *° ^^^ «^»dy. Kellar the soil is very varL parts of t^b '^^^j^^^^^^^hip of Ferguson. In Mc!
bottom, as can be found Ibout 60 tl-^n 5/' .^"" ^ '''•'^y ^°^™' ^^^i heavy clay
Hagerman and Croft are' about tie ame ' MiSs and Al'^f ' '"' '^-""-l*"-' P-pose.^ reported to be better than McKelar Win.To T , ^^^'p^^^^'^y' two new townships, are little of it has been localized oTsettliyet^ tL^ r'^'" ""^ ^f '''''' ^ood soil. Very from Parry Sound, and then a liSL to t^e nortwlragli^.""' '"^' " '"^ *'^^ "'^^*'^-^^^'
.nde?^l^St^ i?S^Si.Sr^'S;iJi/^S'nf '?! ^^^1 °^ '^^^' ^^ ^^'^^'^'^ '' ^ some which is lighter. * * * \ ..oo do^ J .i f ^/- '^^^^^
is rather rough and broken most of the ^nil b 1° ^''r '^, "' ^^''^ Township of Carling
acre of land here than five n W,- uT "' "''"'^''^i' ^'^ '*• ^ ^^^^l^' ^^t'ler have one land here is not so gr at The^;' 1 fc? f '""' "'n'^' 'f' *^" P^^P^^^"^ "^ 8^°^ ia Muskoka it is deep, the rock only cro;;;;!: ip in pits!""' ''' "'""^'^^ "'^' ^^'^^'^ ^°''
miles'tm'S^Sl''^?;:^t;;j;?^iT ^"^ ^'^ ^°^^"^'^°« ^^^^^ "^'-<^ ^- je.goodfarms.^H kinds of .•irbe^:;:r^^^
Mr. Radheu {MacDougatt Township).^" ^ome of
ly soil is a sandy loam, somo is
to some extent 3ro])s excepting ly, Strong and of wliicli I can a]xy 20 acres of il)le. There is 1 there without
lihir to Chap- ». The soil is
mo splendid
of his 500 or is rough and f it could he id good riglit s from where 1 land lately 3ad, between
throughout
: the greater
ownships to St for scttlo- f the land is 0 be sandy, n. In Mc-
heavy clay il purposes, nships, are loil. Very
north-oast
icli 40 are igh I have if Carling • have one JU of good ! have soil
niand ten are some the same
1, somo 13
urn foregoing statements— H.„ « 9«i'o ™<fciTnr"? "' """'-*«>7 manifest. 1 , ^5' ' "'".'' «■« ?""*-•= of
™°"- of «e :i: :"::;;; :*-"- ». ..-. B^r:^;; r;:»:-; t^-'. >^
«on of the i,„«l„„ , "" ""' "'rioualv intorf... .^. '""""■"«» Ho actual
«.« ro„g, :,r; "z'"" °' ~''- »-»"•. «« « p ™ * : r '■ °'; "■""''-■ *» -I'-a-
Cou,.fa« ; " ° -" "■' '-' -O" partfclri,. Jl * " ''.''™ """-on i„ our f„r. «.Hc„,.„ J',:„ ; °.J", ".e -a of oo^^, Z^^t l" *= ■»"■* »^ *»
many of th« ,« ''""'' '"^ ^-^'-^er quantit;.= / ? *"" P^Portion of
»«io.,.„t„„j„„,^,„;;;^,-'^>;»'of uu m,i.,u,,..,^:,^, Z:t7 ::t
IS far a» thpv „■„ .11 '"'* '"=«" "'e obiert of tl,„ f. ^ fa-vouraWc for
TI,^ ^''-'^II^STOXE DEPOSITS
The apparent absence Of Ii„H.f. .,
For either mechanical or mannr,-.l
r» il t-uii/oi iou4 (pairp 1 14\ „, , "'^''^ are referred <n VitT
On the western side of the n- . ^' ^''^^"^^ <J»ot«d. "'^ ^° ^^
The Co,um,ssi„„e„are fullyaware H, * ''" '"•" O'""* lake rort,
"- too.. ut„,,,, „,., i,„^„„i, »'.» u,e ,„a,., ..,,„„, „, ,..,„,,, _::"J;;^
10
COMMISSIONERS' REPORT-
smg on the north, the sites of fossiliferous ^im sZ b L T °" ''" ""^'^ ^"^ ^^^P^- observed, and a diligent search b, Mr. Murray Xjr^J^^^^^^^^^^^ ^"^ ^^^"^ ^^^'^ R;ver was also, he states, unsuccessful in this' spect Put fi '''° ^ '" *'" ''"^'°'" tnct, particularly along the line of the Ma^an wa„ la, " ""'"" P"' "' *^^^ ^^- •stone are found, obtruding themselves ast ^" ^"''^"*^'' °^ "'^-^^'^''''^^ ^""e-
on a new b...i.g. These „.en des ibed .TL. < ' "'"" '""" ^'^^"'^^ ^^^ -* -rlc twice as much sand as H^e fron/Jl ^'n J^J,:^^^^^^^^^^ " it would take up
the neighbourhood of Commanda Creek ^r F >' " '"^^^^ ""^^ °^*^^"'^'» ^^^
that he had burned a considerable quantity for ,' !'' ' "''"''' ^''°'" ^"""'' ™'^'^"«"^^' that it was to be found in the Wl " ptf w^^ ^.^f' . ^'^^*^--^*"- ^'^imed Commissioners near the head of Ah-mic Lake T\^ "f '"^''^ '''■'° ^'^" ^^ the
Northern road. Traces of kilns terplanK. T'V ''""^ *° ^"^^^'"-^^' ^^^ the at other points in that neigh bou^lZr' ""' " H-e-burning, were observed
Referring to the crystalHn.; limestones of H.n T in his report (.857), p. 48, says : " '^'"""*"" ''''''-'' ^ir Wm. Logan, in
"The crystalline limestones of +Ji« "^n x-
?os3" P"7""^ *^ ^^•'^^'^^' carbonate of li^™ Zl S'!' T '^"^'f '"^^ ^"°^' ^^^ -" the Jos.siliferous formations. It is from the latt'r l,nP 1' ^^''^ '^'"^^'J' liiaestoncs of the the material used throughout the countrv 1 Vi ''''''' ^^'""^ '^ obtained nine-tenths of
tenths of the works of oonstructLi l^t f'publ "a;:T'^ '°°'! '''''''' ''''' "-- tlSn n Le iferous rocks, and for such present worl 1 fh i ' ?"'''''*^''' ''^''^ '^''^^<^'-^ upon the fosSl
of supply. Thus the inhabitants are 111 T "°"^'l '1''''^''^' ^^^^'^ the neares sources linu^tones, and can easily recog^^^e them bntl"'"'^'^ ^i*'' *^^° ^^P^'^t of io'uSeroul of he h,ghly crystalline"^ calcareous S of tll'T '" '■ '^''"^ ""^^-^^tand the nSe settlers in the back townships, who have dw.H -^'^"'«"tian series. Hence it is thifc
erected and lime burnt in four of them. ' ^ ^''^ '^'' satisfaction of finding linie Sins
i;..hori.p^;'|^--S^^
beneath them, and tliis combined wit^a lei eral Iv 1 " T''^^'"-^ '''^'' ^""^^^^ from able for agricultural purposes. It is over^'thr^ 7 ^ .u' '°''' '^"^<^^« them more favor tanis Its course, afforiing'an unrivalled meat^f exit fo''\/'" ^T' «*• ^^^-ence Tah .' entrance for he materials that are to be received in ^t^ ''' P'r^^^'^" "^^ t^^ ^^"d, and of aetttr Tr'^*"'" u*^^* ^'^^ -- supp . rt"hrfo"SfSe ^* ^« ^j'^' a natural result
iderable quan- go, it may bo th and Nipis- my form was tlio Muskoka rt of the Dis- stalline Jime- : the Laureu-
imestone, on ^ere at work 5uld take up tained from ', mentioned less claimed ieen by the ircli, on tlie ■e observed
• Logan, in
for all the 'lies of tlie e-tenths of than nine-
the fossil- !st sources ssiliferous he nature it is that 'lave been 'uetiou of ometimes iwing out 're taken
; and in ime-kilns
pproach- ii.i? from favour- -e main- , and of il result bo iirst "■ miles, out five
•ecomcs ral ex-
arranged in parill<ui !.! ""^^^^ » gran te with it^J "'^^'^^^^^i^Q limestone Tim 7 possesses, gi^fng" ^fe?' r^^^""^»" "4 t^tu^fol ^"^'■^^l '^^'^^^^ -d'mlcT
been descr^bedTwhefhe^/n'eisV';^ '"^^ -ins^fte""- ^ llT''""'' '^'''^^^-^^^^^^ v^holly destitute of lime^ 5%^''^''°'^^' ^^^^^^ or porpfa *J" area such as they^,avi
more abundant source ' Different' T'"''l ^"^''^^-n^t. tfee fe"n ""'''' ^ive^^a soil tain from about five un f« f ? ^pecies of them from „ i • ' ^^^^spars would b^ o
r«S.o.s, in -nounC -at \Z ''^.'''Van, occur i' hS FtXT"' ,"^'"'- ^^ »towi.
create,! ,,''.*"" '■" ""■' ■'«li«W ho..ea.il„ .
„j j^ '^''"^'^ *0' reports as
cSr^'SH?-™-^^^^ St^r-^ - "^ = Piece . „„.,„,,
^^- ■^'^s fragment bears
hi
12
COMMISSIONERS' REPORT—
tmi'
a more or less weathered appearance, and seems to be part of a boulder and ^ot from rock in situ.
" The presence of this crystalline limestone imparts fertility to the soil, which results from the disintegration of the gneissoid rocks characteristic of the Laiirontian series, and becomes of economic value in soil which might otherwise be very deficient in lime. On subjecting it to intense heat the specimen gave a strong lime. The limo derived from this kind of limestone, I have no doubt, would be of great service for bui!ding purposes."
How far it may be easy or profitable to quarry the crystalline limestone in large quantities is a question worthy of more thorough investigation than the Commissioners could give to it. In view of the demand for lime for so many economical purposes they respectfully recommend that special attention should be given to these deposits in order that their actual practical value may be correctly ascertained.
Before quitting this branch of the subject it may not be improper to allude, in passing, to the question generally of importing other manurial agents in bulk. The evidence taken elsewhere favours the opinion that the use of salt and gypsum — popularly styled land- plaster— is likely to be greatly extended, particularly in relation to the very crops most commonly raised in Muskoka. Parry Sound is in constant communication with such western ports of Lake Huron as Kincardine and Goderich, seats of the salt industry, and salt could bo brought to Parry Sound in empty lumber craft at nominal rates, if only a little cooperation ar enterprise were to be called into play.
Mr. Strain, a merchant of Parry Sound and Reeve of Foley, in his evidence, says : "If farmers have to pay $1.25 for salt per barrel it is their own fault, as I am certain that arrangements can be made to bring it "i for 80 cents per barrel." A barrel weiglis 280 lbs. Salt in bulk can be bought at the works for $2.60 to $3 per ton, or equal to about 45 cents per 280 lbs. It is not at all improbable, therefore, that Mr. Strain was quite within the mark when he fixed 80 cents as the probable cost of a barrel of salt if proper eflforts to secure a large sale were made. By the car load (or 1 2 tons) it should be comparatively cheap at Bracebridge, if brought via the Grand Trunk, and Hamilton and North-Western Railways, the freight to Bracebridge being about $28.
Gypsum is found in Ontario solely at Paris or Cayuga, or is imported from the northern part of New York State to Port Hope or Toronto. Its cheapest route would probably be — for Parry Sound — via the Bufialo and Lake Huron to Goderich, and thence by water ; wliile tlie railway route from Caledonia via Hamilton and North-Western Railway to the eastern part of the District is direct, as well as that from Toronto or Port Hope via Midland or Northern, if the foreign article be preferred. The freight per car load would be the same as that for salt.
PROGRESS MADE, AND AIDS OR HINDRANCES THERETO.
Although a few squatters were to be found in Muskoka twenty years ago, it is only since 1868, when the first Free Grant Act was passed, that the District has been really opened for settlement. The Free Grant Act, as amended from time to time, may now be said to provide substantially as follows :
Every person, being the head of a family (i.e., a married man with not less than one child), is entitled to a free grant of 200 acres, or any unmarried male person, not less than eighteen years of age, to a free grant of 100 acres, of land Available for farming purposes, on condition :
>e fee. by 20 ■„ ai,„, ,„, .hauLet ;;;':: "iT^" *"'' " ""'"' "»' '^ '"-
2nd. That a looatee „„ 200 acr» Lav ' °° ' '°""'°" '"-'"""'"''y-
60 cent, per a«m °"'' P""'"*' "n adjitio,,,,] ,oo acre, [t
«.o c":t re:"/:;':::::;: "■' '-*• "- ■"'"-'^- - — d .,
1- .s.„cd t» the settler, the latter receive" os'^ '" °""'' "" ?»'»' ■acasure, or S3 per thou^nd cubic feet f" "'°"^"'' '«' board
■■-.. oXateir ^ "- "-'-^ '" ^'H or ae,d h, the ,ecatee. pe.di„, the
person, „ho were the least ,ite,, ^ g^UZ ,7 ' " '"' '""'°''' "" °"=" »'
who described his a.ea„s on enterLg a' ileeati ' T*""' °"° "^ «■= """osse,
PO^le and iloar, a wife and si. children^J ^ZZ.", ■""""'' '°''*°" P™""- » ""!»
« oonsulered that every foot „f ground haVhTb 1" "" '" ""' "^ ^^'k"-
even .„ „„re favoured regions the season, w , not a, .T' "'"■ ""' ««• -<> "■-'
wonder ., that so much has been accomplished '' '*"'"' ""^ "-'-'J-an, the
-n : r-Tor Lnir Terdt Zs^rr tr: • "■-'- *-<- - ^e
too n.any eases, no doubt-the bare settlelt A '""" '" '"^ ''«" 'o»'e<i. In
:tr'''°-"'-'- been contented toIptarradT T™' ""^ °"" «™P'-' ce t.,n acreage one, cleared, he has often found ." """'" *""*• A .
culfvafon and that of clearing press helvilv ."""^ ° °'"™'"'' "»' »« work of
been deferred or allowed to eel' ttg " TJT;"" ^^^ """ "^ "-^"enti; ;W.^wi.itsattendant,.ages,oraUofOor^^^^^^^^
- 7- "rtirr :::r2 ir n-r- - - -« — »;
tar fam,s at any temporary sacriiice or rblit'dT*"' ^'"'"^ """ -""""o-ly on "We -e„ey by ehances only secured by ne ,e" " ' htTr™""'> '^"« «- -^e a
The general effect of the Free Or,„T , °. """'S'-
l«' to people it to a great e.tent in th tw 2 ^7 ,"""'"" '"" '° P~P'» M„sk„ka„ eauscs of individual success or failure have h! I '" *""' '""' '-»'» '«""»■ Ho
n.an . an in the circu„s.a„ees. Perlt r, 'l ^ nT^'"' ""^ '"""-"^ '" '-o Proved n.„st successful. The whole thin: general^ ' "°'""''""' '»- '"1-%
>= Senually turns on the settler's adaptability to
COMMIfelSlOiNEKS' BEPOKT—
Ir^
tl.f lifn h(> has (•Imsrii. 'I'lic situivtion is iv iiDVci ouo to ovcryboily. 'I'lio inccliiinic or iiicrt'liiiiit may know little or nothinij even of tho rucliinnnts of agriculture, wliilt^ a very sharp o\t rtuiuin;,' of preconccivod habits uiul iilais await tho trainod a,i,'riculturiHt. The tingo of rouiaiico j;ivoii in iiuiiiy tlcscriptioii.s of tho Imsh-si'tllor'.s lifo is ilisjicllcd by tho first day's ohoppiiij:;. Why so many iiioii in Muskoka havo succcodod without CMj)ital or previcjus training, is, bccausi^ thoy havo been moii of tlu? right stamp — frugal, industrious, poraiatont and courageous. And it has been most gratifying to tho Commissioners to ob.scrvi' symptoms in every direction of steady prosperity. Tho best proof of a farmer's progress anil good Judgment is to be found, less in this condition of liia house tlian in tho state of his outbuildings. In these, new erections or enlargements were to bo seen almost everywhere.
It has, moreover, boon tlio good fortune of the District to receive accessions to its popuhuidu I'runi many persons of some means as well as experience, and tho good cfTecfc of their presence is everywhere observable. Such men as Mr. Muntz, of Alport, tho Rev. Mr. Hill, of Teninsula Lake, Mr. Sirette, of Kosseau, Mr. Ashdown, lleevo of I[uiuphrey, Mr. llolditch, of Maganelawan, I\lr. Ilarstone, of Ilfracombe, and Mr. Pollock, of Perry, represent tho class now referred to, Such persons, by their euterpriso and spirit, have Oi'en nothing less than public benefactors.
Tho lumbering operations in tho District have also been a most important factor in relation to its progress. Previous to 1871 they were limited to a few scattered points on tho Georgian Bay coast line, or to the extreme north-west (or French River) section. In 1871 the first extensive sale of limits took place, and nearly all tho townships in Muskoka proper were placed under license.
Tlio evidence shows that, except during the recent period of depression, a brisk demand has existed for hay and oats, just the products most easily raised during tho initial stages of a settler's struggles. Oats, which havo averaged 50 cents a bushel, and hay ranging from $8 per ton upwards — some $d to $10 being probably tho average price paid — and that too without the cost of hauling, have been handsomely remunerative. It is doubtful whether many of the present pi'osperous, but once almost penniless, settlers in Muskoka, could havo held out against the vicissitudes of their lot but for the demand thus created at their very doors.
On the other hand it must be admitted, that from a purely agricultural point o' view this trade has its very serious disadvantages. It has meant the clearance off the farm of everything most likely to maintain its productiveness ; of a gradual drain upon and reduction of the quality of the land, and a most wretchedly parsimonious and improvident method of keeping stock. Had all the oats and hay sold been fed to cattle and sheep, and tho latter sent to market, they would have largely enhanced the value of the farm and brought a good return in the shape of drovers' cheques besides.
Tho comment, however, of many a settler on this will be, that ho had no stock to feed nor the means to buy stock. The lumberers' purchases have been in fact a pioneer's resource, and, as a most fortunate aid to him, may still be so regarded. But the time has come in not a few places already, and will come ore long in many others, when the lum- berer and settler have parted, or will part, company,
Muskoka, although a pine country, is not so in the same sense as the Ottawa Valley
tnocliiinic or vliilt; a very uriHt. TIio •lltd l)y tho it, ciipital or industriouH, issioners to a farmer's than in tho suou almost
ssions to its good cflbct rt, tho Rev. iruniphroy, k, of Perry, spirit, havo
nt factor in !il points on lection. In in Muskoka
on, a brisk durin<T tho bushel, and ^erage price Brative. It i, settlers in ;he demand
sint o' view the farm of I upon and mprovident and sheep, of the farm
no stock to . a pioneer's he time has in the lum-
;awa Valley
a-'somoothorsectionHof Cana.iv Tn f ■ ""^ ^ -=:=.^.
• *-";! n> only a f..v of the settled portb. o u T "'' """' '" "'^ '''"^^""^ '^'^y -'i* "-ottior i, p....,,,,, ,,,,,,,^, Z^^ '^-tnet in payi,., ,.,.,,,,,,. .^^^^^
" -f -ti ve and hopeful one. It is the d t/^ u ' ''"''""' ''''' ^'"'^ ^^^ '« -th
'"•"'^'°"'- ^ "^ ''"" ""^'-^'Snod to assist him to .solve that
Aoiiioui/rrritAr. puonucrs. Tho recent show of l\riic^,i "l.ich t„„ ,„-,.,ot ,v,,, i„.,„'«': •;:'--■' ";■; ■'■'-nto I„.u,.,eHa, E,„i„aio„, ,„. S-tle...„„, Mo,,,r.,. M»,„. ,„,j IW °h „M :"'^ """ P-'li- «Pi"t«l ..O-orl, of . „„
■"'«n„„.„,u,,.. M„.*„,.„ ,,„.„;; .X';:;,;7 -;-'» *«.n-tho no.,, L,i J
".«y bo „b„.,.v.., that, >vhih, tho I.i».,.icf i ttlal ," .Tr' '" ''""''• *''""-° it ■ .nd ,o« favourahly ™i,od for „tho„, . fno r .1 ''°'"° """"' "' '"■"""''■
I'y wh«t ,n„y 1,0 ,t all 0,-ont, deaWted ,,1^, , '"""" ''*" "«"" °l"«"«.''l
«.ock «>„„,, health, a„d thrivf:. „d l? T"?* °' ™"''''"™' »"" "'"■ f»™ ^ 10.U that „„ch ,na,, u„dor a Wt t^ "tZl 't"',"'''"':'"*"""' " " ""' P-"'l« *ural country. '^'='=°'' '«' <'»■"> l" malo Muskoka a fair ajricul-
FK0ST3.
i",ui?;r:ii^'otroTstiT:'':i7 ?:''°™"^ *'-'«'■ - «■= '»™ »< *»
»"ran>or in the District as „„n „. in ! *"*" «'P«"«''«"1 in tho early
..-cd a serious drawback until a.,; a, !i:„aTf"'° ^"™"' "'" """ -™ drfsjoat injury and reduced „.a„y of thriTer" t 1 7 '"'°°' "■° """'"'= »' ^"S""
-■■of. This year again harn,, al Lu.h tfa Id " " "°'""°" ""' '""°'"'<'°'' P" "i« a' about the sa^e date. The effects o the U te 'w "°"?"""' """ '"" "'""' "^ " '-' 7 "•'"" f'-rt-ilSO to Baysville on MianTrrT"' ' '"" °''™'»i-i°»- on their "■'■■"■c, «hile, at „,a„y places, there were totZ °"''/°'""'»' "»' ■"" - »™rely else- ...a'ter freely with the witnesses, they a la"„d th tl T "'"""'""• »'™''-"S «■" "■»■. Soncral in their influences In he Ct e™ f '" """ ''"'"''"" '«»' -«- - •'"fclt.thesun.n.erfrostdoeslittelZef "» °""''''r"''"°'''°"°««"°f *. -'or the air seeded to be n.elWod bTth* L e ""T ""' ™'""^ "' '"""' '■"■"^^ lamlcs; l,„t in sheltered inland spotsoron 1 '^ , "l""' "■•"»""''" '"St. are nearly
»'::r::s=r;-i^^^^^^^^^^ -.^ontio„ed,isapart.is.-rd::;::e:r:*::;:-^^^^
16
COMMISSIONERS' REPORT-
f
the moro favoural.lo or more dangoroiis spots the crops best adaptod for thorn. The risk of such visitors did not seem to have a seriously discouraging efloct, at all .!s cuts on the minds of any of tho persons examined.
TUB onAssiiorPERS.
Durin,^' the eleven or twelve yr:irs tho District has hern sottlin.c,' up, om
dcstructivo visitation of grasshoppers, over a considerable area, has 1 n cxp.'rii-uced.
This was about the year 1873 when their ravages v'"'-o very serious, and, to *he poorer settlers who suffered from them, nearly ruinous, vvnile an opinion was expressed by some witnesses tha (hey had been of late increasing somewhat in numbers, and one per- son had sufFcred from them recently rather severely, no one admitted them to be an enemy to be cspeciJly dreaded. The vi.sitatinir of this pest has not been conCmed, we believe, to Muskoka. In Lanark, grasshoppers have more recently done great damago and are still watched with some anxiety. Their breeding grounds are chiefly in the dry ami sandy soil of uncultivated pasture lands, and tho more rapidly these are broken up the more remote is the danger of their attacks. A wet season and the assaults of a parasitical insect of a very deadly nature, am the best immediate protection apparently against their too overwhelming increase of numbers.
WHEAT GKOWING.
The question whether the District is or is not suited to the growth of wheat, would be of great importance of it were likely that, to any large extent, its populauon would be dependent on that cereal. But the undersigned may at once say, that ov<.n if it should prove that a considerable portion of the territory was adapted for wheat growing, they would advibe attention primarily being given to other branches of agricultural industry in preference to wheat culture. Still it is none the less interesting to ascertain whether sufficient wheat can be profitably grown for home consumption.
As a means of simplifying the inquiry we shall notice the evidence relating to wheat in sections, as each was represented at the various sittings in the District.
At Bracebridge the Townships of Muskoka, Draper, Macaulay, Monck, and Stephen- son, were respectively represented. The map shows them to be a group of townships occupying the heart of the southern portion of the District, or Muskoka proper.
Messrs. Muntz (Muskoka), and Spring (Draper), the two first witness.>s, are not growers of wheat, not because wheat cannot be grown, but because their farms are not in a state of cultivation at present to make it profitable or expedient to grow wheat. Mr. Spning, however, grew two good crops of fall wheat for two years in succession.
Mr. Spencer (Monck), has grown the Scotch and Redfern varieties of spring wheat for several years, crops varying according to quality of soil and method of cultivation from 27 to 10 bushels per acre. He " believes the failure of the crop to be due more to mismanagement than to the quality of the soil."
Mr. Parker (Stephenson), had got 20 bush' Is per acre of spring wheat from pasture land, but has tried wheat growing only on a aiu ill scale.
Mr. Tookey (^lacaulay), grows both fall and spring wheat, but prefers the latter, as the fall wheat is liable to bo <' heaved out " with frost. With the selection of tiic proper
). Tho risk viuts oii the
n.!,' up, OIK:
(■xi><'ri<'uct'(l. o +ho poor IT :'xprcsse(.l hy and one ppr- sni to be; an coiiI'ukmI, "vvo ;rctit fhiniago y in tlie dry •e broken up issaults of a a apparently
wheat, -would ion would be n if it should [rowing, they il industry in •tain whether
ting to wheat
and Stephen- of townships per.
"Hses, are not •uis uro not in ' wheat. Mr. 3ion.
spring wheat of cultivation e due more to
from pasture
s the latter, as 1 of the proper
_ MUSKOKA AND PARRY SOUND DISTRICT.
17
positive and negative sense, this view anp L tl ^ ar ^T 7 ''''"• "^'^ '" '
fall wheat may. as in other narts of Ontario sufrer T ' '' "^'"•^"•^- '''""'
and those may make it the more precarmu Hrop B wn T ""T'' '' ^"'" "^*"^"''
^U....atn.ybeopentoeonsideLon,n:;Z.>Il:^::^:^^^^^^
may bo grown in these five townships with fair success '^^''^ ''^'''
had vield(>d 1 5 t« , •. u t ""t-rcu rrom blight. Of fall varieties, the Deihl
J'leKiwt 15 to ... mshels per acre until last vear " Tf h«A k„ .i. .
TWi. P^i L " "i^i- ytdr. J^t had been rather Doorlvniif I'n "
B..a!;°t, 1 ;■" r" "* '""■ «p""««"<"aiiw,„a. „„ti, H„,r:t ; ;
.„. I" f ''°?°'' *''■■ '^'""° "" "'■""' '"" •""' 'P™S ''kcat at the rate of 15 bu,,l„.l» to tho f^ „ i xu X • , ""Periect. laking these facts into account it would be unfiir
last ";::: :c:;^irr""' """' "- -^ ^^^^- --^ -^ - - -^
adant!d/°7'r' °' •'''''''''' '" "''* *"^' "'•'^*' ^"^ ^^^ -* regard the country as adapted for wheat growing, but said his neighbours grew fine crops, and in one insf nee within his knowledge, a particularly good sample had been raised
m'' Tn*? 'r ^i"'''"' ''"'''' °' "^"'' "^ " "moderately successful crop." would c';if ^^•^"^^f ^7^' -y« =-" Neither spring nor fall wheat have been what we
voui 1 ea a success xn the front townships, though spring wheat is suliicientlv productive to pay. I have not given up growing fall wheat, though I am doubtful if it wo.dd turn out a paying crop The trouble with wheat is that the straw does not stand up well, but enunplos before it ripens. I believe the use of salt and lime would remedy the evil, though I have not i.-ied them. _ The average yield of spring wheat would be about ten bushelsto the acre, but I believe it would increase under thorough cultivation."
Mr. Hill, h.m Franklin, who has been already more than once alluded to, has a farm 2
Jjl
m
COMMISSIONERS' REPORT—
l>f 220 acres cleared, oil the shore of Peninsula Lake, fine rolling land, with a pret _,' strong rlay loam soil, and a stitF sub-soil of clay. He said : — " I have grown very tine crops of wheat, both fall and spring. Fall wheat suffered from winter-killing two years ; the result on one occasion being due, in my opinion, to too rapid growth in the fall, and in the other to there being so much snow that the crop was smothered. About 30 bushels per acre is the maximum yield of fall wheat, and 20 bushels the average. Spring wheat will average 20 bushels per acre when the land is perfectly prepared, though sometimes it is a failure. •■i: * * To-day I showed Professor Brown samples of wheat grown on my farm, and that gentleman stated he had examined 200 samples of wheat grown in Ontario, and had seen none so good as wheat grown on my farm." The witness correctly described the remark just quoted. The crop of spring (Rod Chaff) wheat was a magnificent one, the stalk long, firm and bright, and the ears well filled.
Messrs. Monaghan, Winter, and Pollock, have all previously farmed in the older sec- tions of the Province. Their opinions, no doubt, are largely founded on a comparison with earliej" experience of >vheat growing under more favourable conditions. These are entitled to great respect, so far as they may apply to the general policy of growing wheat on a large scale in the townships they represent, but it is clear that in this group also wheat has been and can be successfully cultivated.
The Townships of Watt and Medora were next visited. They lie, it will be observed, respectively to the east and west of Lake Rosseau.
Mr. Davidson, from Watt, had found fall wheat a failure from rust and winter-kill- ing. Spring wheat (Fyfe variety) did very well last year, but was a failure this year. He regards it anreliable, and puts the average at from 10 to 12 bushels per acre. Ho admitted, howu > or, that mismanagemout might have more to do with failure of crops than the soil.
Mr. Gi-egory, of Medora, gave very similar evidence.
Mr. Dovey, a very practical man, and formerly a gardener, said : — " I have sown Red Chaff wheat, and it did fairly well when it was cultivated. I have tried fall wheat but it was not a good crop, owing, I believe, to the fact that the land was not properly drained or cultivated ; the soil also recjuires the addition of lime to enable it to grow good crops of wheat."
Mr. Trouten, from Watt, while not regarding fall wheat growing very favourably, had never had a failure with his crop. He regarded spring wheat as more reliable.
Mr. Trouten, in his evidence, probably describes pretty accurately the real state of the case in Medora and Watt as to wheat growing. Wheat may bo grown, and, with proper drainage and cultivation, both fall and spring wheat might bo good crops. Success under present conditions is exceptional as tc fall wheat, but spring wheat may be grown with fair certainty of a moderate average.
The next townships, grouped, Humphrey and Cardwell, lie to the northward of Medora aiul Watt. In Humphrey, Mr. Beley had such poor success with one crop of spring wheat, ho had not tried another, nor had ho ^ried fall wheat at all.
Mr. Wilson, of Cardwell, has grown fall wheat very successfully ; one y,ar it yielded 30 bushels to the acre.
prof /stronc; tine crops of the result on the other to er acre is the 11 average 20 ; is a failure, on my farm, Ontario, and tly described cent one, the
bhe older sec- i comparison I. These are owing wheat is group also
be observed,
rl winter-kill- ire this year, er acre. Ho of crops than
' I have sown ed fall wheat not properly to grow good
y favourably, eliable.
i real state of ni, and, with )ps. Success lay be grown
northward of one crop of
,ar it yielded
^^^^OKA^DJARRY^OVm DISTRICT. 19
^"v • o iui, sou 01 .lis farm is a stron"
At A. „ex* place of ,„ J„„ r^'fr™ '? """P"-^ »»" Card.ell. of U.e BLstrict, ° ""'"' "' ""= ''"'■"'«™ (»' Parry Souud) p„rti„,;
r.:::~ ^;^- - --^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ - ... .„.
alWoJ that wheat can be grown proStabl/ ■"'°"°°' ''''=''<'■ " ■»"»' l"
wheat requires; the wheat comes up well but iust wh J-.*^""^ ^™' '" '^" element the
tofaiUnd in many of the ears the lote'l^^^^^^^^^^
scarcely any in tlio top at all. Crystallized Im '^'^ ' ^^""'P ^^"^^ ^^'^^'^ '^^^
although I have not tried it on th sd not /,' "T" '" *'^ neighbourhood, and, kiln were excellent. ' ^ "'*"'' *'"* ' ^^" ^^^-^s which grew near the
-^Xui^^:::;: mr ^ r - -- - -- -. -
over 20 bushels to the acre He : Is a r '^ "' '"P"*^" *^^^ ^'^^ *° '-- -ys :-"! am of opinion tha't th!so 1 r ^i^ mi: l'^^ T' T''' '''--' '^ '^ able for .heat cultivation. A great dea of !> , "''' '' P-manently suit-
^He g^ound, owing, I believe, to ^l;^:^ "^^^ °^ ^ ^'^^ — ^ Joint from
suificie: ^;::;t;'on;r"' "''' "" '''-' ^^^^^ ^ -^« -P- ^^ ^o the want of a
It is somewhat remarkablo thnt ,•„ ^ r ,. *po»i.., the an„,ed want of 1 „ 1 u,"' "' "'" ""'"'=' '<""" '» *» "J'-'ain.o.l Itae
«e sou ot siliea a,ul perhaps some other necessary ingreilients
W
|
f 11 i |
. |
|
1 |
|
|
L« |
|
|
!». ■ f |
ii |
20
COMMISSIONERS' REPORT-
iu the wheat plants, sc. nis to bo pretty clearly nuule out. In M'Kellar the evidence is uiure fuvourable.
Th3 last group to be considered in this connection, are Carling, Fol,>y, and McDousall, on the Georgian Bay coast line.
Mr. McFarland, of Carling, lias nearly given up growing fall wheat, owing to loss of crops by winterkilling, rust and mildew. Ho also complained of lack of lime in tho soil. Still he had got some good crops of wheat, getting l3() busliels to the aeuv. There is no ditliculty, however, it seems, felt by Mr. McFa-.-laud iu raising spring wheat, the maximum yield of which has been 23^ bushels to tho acre.
Mr. Willcox, of Foley, says :— " Crops of all kinds do well except wheat, and tho land is becoming better adapted for wheat all the time. ' Salt, however, had been used ■with very obvious advantage on his wheat crop.
Mr. Badger, of McDougall, says :— " Neither fall nor spring wheat can be grown with any satisfaction, although it may do so after we are able to cultivate the h-nd well."
This section seems to be less favourable than some others for' wheat growing, although tho evidence from the several townships dillers in its character considerably. Tlie just Inference probably would be that, while spring wheat may, in exct^ptional cases, do well at present, cultivation and treatment of tlie soil is needed to make the raising of either spring or fall wheat an actual success, and tliat, meantime, the latter is not a prolitablo crop.
It is not necessary to discuss this subject as one all'ecting the status of the District as a wheat growing competitor in the world's markets, with the older wheat growing counties of Ontario m- the Wcitern States. In that sense, for sufficiently obvious reasons, it never will be a wheat producing country.
But with abundance of cheap land the production of anything that will yiild an average crop can hardly fail to be advantageous. To import so prime a necM'ssary of life - as Hour is to tax by adding freight and commission to the original market value, the raw material of industry, without any compensating benelits, while, on tho other hand, the encouragement of local milling operations must bo beneficial. Hence tho conclusion is arrived at, that wheat growing to the extent of supplying the local demand in :\Inskoka should be encouraged, wherever it can be conducted with reasonable success.
That success can only be obtained (1) by the site for the growth of wheat being judi- ciously selecied, and (2) by reasonably skilful treatment and cultivation.
Nor will this new region, scarcely yet reclaimed from the original forest, sufT.r much in this respect by comparison with older ..ettled portions of the Province.
The nndersiguod have before them at this momout the returns of the average yield of wheat per acre from forty-six townships iu tho whoat-growiug counties of York, Snucoe, Ontario and Grey. The returns of course are limited to lands actually sown with fall and spring wheat. The average yield of tho former is 19 bushels, and of the latter 12 bushels, to the acre. From tho liability of fall wheat to casualties, and the very general failure of spring wheat of hvte years, the foregoing is, probably, rather a favourable exhibit than otherwise. It is ootainod, too, from counties whore agriculture is carried on upon methodical, if not always scioutihc, principles. The land Is cleared v.p, cropped vr-ith some regard to rotations, manured with more or less attention to the
10 evidence is
(.1 McDoup;all,
owing to loss f lime in the acrci. There g wlieat, the
leat, and the ul hemi used
~! grown with . well." ng, althougli y. Tlu; just wcH, do well ng of eitlier a ijrolital)lo
0 Dislriet as ing counties niHy it never
ill yield iiu ssary of life ue, the. raw r Jiaiid, the oiK'lusion is n Mnskoka
lieing judi-
aifTir much
orage yield s of York, ually sown and of the 8, and the y, rather a igriculture is cleared iiou to the
MUSKOKA AND PARRY k:,OUNT> DISTRICT.
21
c:.'ops to ho raised and the condition of tlie nni) n,wi ;. • .
<lraiued. In all cases the plough a" d h Z hi ; """' '"'r""^' ""' '''''' ^'^^'''^"^
In Mn.koka the stunL Tt Idot th T T """ '"' '"^" '""' '''''' "-^•
h practically u.dcnown and fron!n. fi ' "" ' ""'^"'^ '' '''''''''' "I'P"'^'^' drainage
ImLting of the .r'^nl^rth' " 7'"'"" "' '"'^''"^ "'" *'^« ««" *« *^- «-l
.ce of an this. n::;z: :" r n r :r ::rr r r"^: "^' r
undersigned, only proper mana-^ement of the landt ' °^'"""" °^ "^^
M*.. ,„,«.,„ . ,.„ ,, I, „ - ::;:r ;:::r z::;^^^^^^ »'
OAT.S, BAULKY, 1>EAS AND KYE.
Oa(s.
others e„,co cLiUM at tho Toronto aod Provinchl E,ll ° '°'""'' ""^
While the gmeral average vieW aa riven I,v./ '^•'''"'"''»"''. "U P™ve fl.i, fact.
proper e„„iva,i„„, ...,..',.„„,: lUt^t^d 't'*' "■^""™"°°' ""^'' """ l.u.hel» ,,„r aere. or eve. „„re, ha°d b en h ;" r ^t ," "™° '""""" •™ ■" "» visited was I„„,_i„ some as mn h as firLtt hotht a .dlT" "," ^1°' ""' ""'^ wherever i-Narained a ll„.,n„ .„ , ■ hcight-and the whole plant presented,
^.iinniea, a thuriy and vigorous apiicaranoo. " Alwavs a sn™ ,.,■„„.. , « «isw« evc.jwhero given to a a„cstion as to the growth of oals '' ™ "'°
JJarlcy,
The cultivation of barley has been hitherto on a rather limited scale In f.ef fl T , demand by t he Imnhpvmnn „., i i t i i . i^uiiieu bcaio. in tact the local
^>cro heing .n this as in le^r t: r.'!Z;;™ r"''""' "' "'° "'"""' ■""™="°' "^
Peas. The growth of peas was found to bo very general and fl,« ...„ -n ^ -, bucks, appeared to be a certain one From tho s Kf! . , ^' "''"' " ^''' '^'^'^"
tl.0 witnesses, the D.trict, with it -< sfZZ^lT7 r° "' ""' ''''' ""'^ '' the matter of no.. „ v 7 , ,^ ^'^"'^ ^^^^ '"'adequate cultivation, makes, in im mattu of peas, a very fair show beside older counties. The returns from York Simcoo, Ontario and Grey, already alluded to in connection with wh '
K si
III'!'
22
COMMISSIONERS' REPORT-
im
H
I HI ' I I
The quantity of ryo hitherto grown iu the District has been very small, but views. favourable to its largcJr cultivation were freoly expressed by several persons. As a fall crop It IS urged that it might with advantage ia many cases be substituted for wheat bemg more hardy and less likely to suffer from winter-killing than the wheat plant. It' will grow too on soil th it will hardly support other grain cropg. Rye bread is b.>,h a Wholesome and nourishing diet, and where a prejudice exists against using rye flour alone It can be mixed with a portion of wheat flour to suit fastidious appetites. The evidence of some of the most intelligent witnesses wUl be found to be very strong indeed in favour of flhe cultivation of rye.
The fact is thus established that the District is peculiarly well adapted for the culti- vation of the coarse grains, particularly those which will have to be depended upon in order to establish a profitable stock-raising, feeding and fattening industry. This will have to be borne clearly in mind when the Commissioners come to discuss that branch of their inquiry.
INDIAN CORN.
The accounts given of the cultivation of Indian corn were somewhat variable as from the nature of the crop might be expected. Where planted early and in a favourable situation it has frequently succeeded well. Mr. Muntz, whose farm is on the Muskoka River, "had raised corn to some extent, and succeeded in ripeuing it some years but in others he could not." He added, " Throughout the Muskoka District generally it ripens fairly well, and may be looked upon as a successful crop." Mr. Spring (Draper) on the other hand, was of opinion, "corn cannot be regarded as a certain crop." Mr Oilmour (Ridout) spoke of Indian corn "as usually a successful crop, but 'ast year ^'t was too early, and was cut off by a June frost." He thinks corn is a pretty safe crop The frosts were only local iu their effects. Two years ago he had averaged 70 to 80 bushels of corn in the ear to an acre (equal to 35 to 40 bushels shelled). Mr Colo who comes from the e^^treme eastern end of Trading Lake, also speaks of corn as a sure crop with lum, and a yield similar to that obtained by the previous witness. Mr. Dovoy (Medora), whose farm is situated in the neighbourhood of Lake Rosseau, says, " I have been growing corn successfully over since I came in, and have about five acres 'this year My crops have never been injured by the frost. The average yield of corn on my firm his been from 30 to 40 bushels per acre." Mr. Beley, whose farm is near the head of Lake RDsscau and on the lake shore, says, " I have grown very little Indian corn, as I do not consider it a sure crop." Mr. Wilson, of Cardwell, however, whose experience generally 13 much the same as Mr. Beley's, and whose laud is also close to the lake shore, says "I grow corn on my farm, and regard it as a sure crop." Mr. Fowko, of Lount, the most northerly township represented in the inquiry, speaking of the August frosts of 1870 and 1880, said, " Potatoes and corn suffer most; in fact, though corn sometimes does well, it cannot be considered a successful crop so long as these frosts prevail " Mr. WiUcox, of Foley, in the most westerly part of the Parry Sound District, says, "If corn is planted early it matures well and is generally a good crop ;" but Mr. Badger, or McDougall, the township immediately north of Foley, says, "I have grown corn! but could not recommend it as a safe crop."
MUSKOKA AND PAERY SOUND DISTRICT.
1, but views As a fall for wlioat, . plant. It . is b'>,h a flour alone, lie evidence f indeed in
r the culti-
)cl upon in
This will
aat branch
■ariablo, as favourable 3 Muskoka ars, but in ly it ripens draper) on op." Mr. 1st year it
safe crop. . 70 to 80 Cole, who
sure crop fr. Dovoy , " I have this year. ' farm has i of Liiko i I do not generally ore, says, iount, the t frosts of ometimes
prevail. ' says, "If . Badger, wa corn.
23
1st. That Indian corn must ho roryov/i^j District. •"' ''^""'^'^ ^' °"° °^ tl^e natural productions of the
2ud. That in certain situations or where no excp,.t;.nnii . as frost in August) occurs, it may be grown suLesrr "' " "'^''^ "^"* ^^"^^
8rd. That, having regard to the value of the cron Pifl^o. • or. if harvested, both as fodder for cattle and foo or ml^ Is Z 'T ,^'^'^ '" ''''''* as an agent in the clearing and cultivation of fll T.? 7 ^' '*' ^°°^^^'^^ ^^^^c^^ tl^e District may be property encoul^Ir^aC r^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ '- -n in
on any considerable scale, be selected with the vie^o l!^ ^ "' '^' cnltivation,
agamst the effects of such casualties as thosfaVove Jflrd lo"'' " '" " ^^'^^^'^'^^'^^
ROOT CROPS.
Tuniips, MangoUls, Carrots, etc. The general reputation of the Province of On^n ,.,-^
advanced to pe™it of Ihe Commissioner, »=ein™ Mlv !^ ? ™= ""' ™'^°'»">' «»d the same remaik applies lo the exhibits a7C f Tt'^'"^ ''"""■"™'' °'"^'». to. But from ...e co„aiti„„, not oul/o, 1 1 ll .! 1 f" °"""'°"'' ^'^"^ """='«^ rom an examinaliou of crops in the fil !, , ., ' '°'''"°"°'' ^^ ™'"''^'=e'. l»t
the testimony ,i,en in this ZJtl^::^ ^ ""-*«"» °' 'heir growth,
..e . ::::.^re,:hiZ:fo ^n:: 't^^r. '- "^ '° - '-- -
from a clean acre by proper c„ltivat,on ' Other w>' f "' """'' " '■"'" '°«M^ and -- - to Jbnsbeis isTo't :Z::!ZZ^' '^ --'^--
onnr!t:r::::zrr:rfoTL'r r •; --^ --—
vie» of the greater certainty, in somo re"pl f 7 "^f """ "" «"■ '="'«• I-
to its growth wonid probably be fid Sle ""' "°^' "™°"* "'™'™
Splendid crops of carrots bofh nf fi,« j i , places, and the evLnce wa"anv favon, ,7! T' ™™'^' "'" «» ■" »--"
The tnrnip in this DistrirZ . '''™""'''« '° 'I""' extensive cnllivation.
«.e plant to be!t Jc " " 1^^^^^^^^^^^ fV"™*" °' '"^ "^^ ""' '" "»"^ °'' Witness, speaking of a seven yeC e;,^ Je ^M ''■^T'T''' '"^"'■™- »- Srowmg turnips, though they have been Tald yThe flvT T ™'^ '--*'- splendid crops out of seven and tb. „ti T , ^ '™"' y"""' I liad tour complete failures." The ol Zwl ,re "I / "r"" """™"^ '"i™^- ™« -t Anything that will give vZr toT ZT 7 ' *"" ^""' '"'"*» " " "l"" Srowlh. to avert the injury fte i^Tfliets whe'i " ,„'"'" *«" °' "^ '^=''»'«-». ""' '«-i (land :„aster, l.asLn lot; otl' LfL'titX tl T c"^' " ''"'"^ several occasions as highly advantageous in this sense Commission on
2i
COMMISSIONER'S REPORT—
In roots as in coarse grains, the Commissioners have no diifioultv in pronouncing a very favourable opmion of the capabilities of the District. '
POTATOES.
„„™rj 'T V°'T" '■'• "™ '■""•■ "•" '"«'■ ""'' '^ generally good botl. as to <,>m„t,ty and ,„al, y. Leay,.g out of calculation any very cxkaordioary and exceptional .ustances, a c™, of potaloc, may bo put down as ..ngin, fron, 150 to 300 busuL po
Lo mo t popular To plant very early may put the potato plant, in peri ton> an oe eas,onal fro» m Jane, .f they are too far advanced lo recover from its effects. On t e other hand by culfvatmg those sorts which attain perfection most rapidly they may
GAHDEN PRODUCE.
AH the ordinary garden vegetables are cultivated successfully in the District, and where properly treated attain a very large size. Some cabbages, squashes, melon and matoes scon .n gardens visztcd by the Commissioners would have stood a fair chance 0 oarryxng off first prazes at a Troviucial Exhibition, and this not in one or two partxc- ulariy favoured locahties, but at points most widely distant and u.der very varyin.con- hUons Of al these necessaries of hfe the settler in the District can. with ordinary lliort, obiam a bountiful supply. "^
OTHER CROPS.
The hop grows freely, and may be worth attention as a possibly profitable crop. Tobacco IS also grown on a small scale and appears to do well. Beans are favourabfy reported of m many instances. Beets and the smaller roots naturally succeed where the larger root crops are so prolific.
FRUIT.
With the exception Of the grape the smaller fruits are indigenous to the District. A 1 the < bernes abound in the woods, and the wild plum is also very plentiful, beiu. cultivated by the settlers and yielding a large crop of fruit valuable for economical pur"
poses In. of the abundant natural supply, the cultivation of berries is small • but he strawberry where planted, yields a very good return. For hardy plan.s it cannot be doubted that the conditions are favourable.
The first apple grown at Port Carling had been divided between a party of visitors before the Commissioners arrived, but was reported to have been a most creditable speci- men. Apples grown at Port Sydney, some thirteen or fourteen miles north of Bracebridge have been seen at the recent exhibitions. They were the Duchess of Oldenburg varietv' and showed to advantage. Messrs. Langford and Kenny in their evidence both refer to efforts m this direction. Mr. Foreman, of Port Carling, has a hundred apple trees grown from the seed of an English variety, some of which are doing well. In many other places the settlers have planted apple trees with varying results, want of care to protect the trees from cattle having brought some experiments to an untimely conclusion, while a lack of skill and judgment m management clearly account-d for other failures.
Crab apples have been grown in a great number of instances vory success
>ronouncing a
)d both as to il cxccptioiial 3 bushels per •pears to be from an oc- cts. On tlie ly, they may frosts at the
istrict, and, melons and fair cliauce two par tic- aryiug cou- th ordinary
table crop, favourably where the
ic District, iful, bciug nical pur- mall; but it cannot
of visitors ible speci- icobridgo, g variety, h refer to ees grown !ior places t the trees lo a lack
success-
^«A^D_PARRV SOUN-D WSTRICT.
t"«y, the ykld this soa»o„ being ...ii^i^ I"T"°""'"===^=^-=-
oH-er varieties «re toaflod witia fi„o feir tZ 7°™''""'' M™'"" Beauty anj
c™..g ...10 boa™,. „,aya».o„„t to ^^l\Znt 2, ' " "" '"""^ '""'»->
"I'l. e „ro„cr; fe ii „„e ^ .ccollcctea" at tj ' '" parent advantage over tl.e
most promising specie, of anpio liavo L . ^ '^'""''''' "'°»"» °™'"i «»»« »f be
.ettle„e„., that ha™ oaiy had „'' i^t '^ :t'° " "'""^ "''--"^ i- -an. o the
l.o.ng, necessarily, postponed „„«, m„ he 1 1 ." °" *° *°° ^""-'"i' growing
™ner, do not, ho*ever, lay any ..real t,.., ,^™ "«omplisl,e.l. The Commis
Tley have been able to discover „„tl,i„„ tZZ' ', "''"""" ""^ ~,on.
-»«re ■„ .he soil ,nd elimato of the Dislrie. Tl! e """ " '"™"'»'"»' '» S'aP^
voiy eenJrmalory of this view. Alth„„l L 71^""'^ '"'" '" ''' '"'™ »'- bobeve that the wild grap, is „e.„ally fou^^ !„*'', :j*!'™' "= Commissioners Tbe Conam,ss.oners hope to flud some of the mZ'f " n """^ °' ^»'" *>''l'-»tas- - ».. opportunities from time to li,no iZ^l^T'f' "'"*'! »' «■<- -'«or, <-^ert„, the capacity of the district as a .4:t:Z-^^2::^' '"'' '-»
THE GHASSES.
i-he important help doriv^^ h-r +i. .-Wrman ba. been adl'tl;"", "'° v"' °' "" '''^ '° '^« mothy with the first grain erop grown upon ,1!',°?'°^""' ''°™ '» «'»'« or tbe new locatee a sonree of income as aboTl "d "S""""" '°1' "^ «' »-« ^-en the slumps on hi, new cleariajg, it has been tbl „ , ' ""^'"^ ""= S""'"al decay of -oil. Looking, however, to the fuire as'^aT ' r™""' ""^^ °' -'"^'i"! *e of any farm produce Ih.t can be profitably con „ led „! h '"""'• '""' ''"""'"^ "" »"!» tbe Commissioners see, in the rich growth ofT„ "' "'"""' '" """y "apocl,
«.e most direct and powerful ag n ^fo . LrT " ''" ''"'™ '"■'-»'»»kota
^vith
HSSS:!::^^:^^^^^^^^^^^^
SIX yojirs ago wliich 1 ]
a V
nero.
'ivo mowed four years, and
cry line tield of whitn ^i
ocky laud Which I seeded d,
this
year I rai..ed one and a half
own liive some meadow
tons of hay to t
10
26
COMMISSIONERS' REPORT-
V
Mr, GiLMOijR. — " I Lavo grown both timothy and clover, but prefer the latter. * * * I also grow Hungarian prass which I cut green and feed to my cows when the pasture [wild] begins to fail, 1 can get from two to three tons per aero of this fodder."
Mr. Wattie.— " I grow red and alsilce clover and keep it in the land for six snccessive years, principally, I believe, because the clover re-scoded itself. The roots died last winter, and now the young seeds are coming up and I expect as heavy a crop as before. It wai the red clover which went out last year. The alt^ike is doing well. The crop of bay is from one to cne and a half tons an acre. * * * i find that pasture does not burn up here in midsummer as it does in the older parts of the country."
Mr. Langford. — " I have been able to grow all the grasses well, in some cases tak- ing seven to eight crops off the land successively of timothy and clover. The clover is good yet. About one ton^^per acre is the average yield of hay."
Mr. IvENNEif. — " For seeding down I sow timothy and clover, but I prefer the latter as it survives longest."
Mr. Cole. — "I have about 50 acres in pastare; it has been seeded down ten or twelve yearc', and the clover is as good m ever."
Mr. MoNAOHAN. — " Some of my land has been continually cropped with clover and timothy for five years, and this year it was better than ever before. Clover, instead of running out in this country, keeps increasing year by year by re-seeling spontaneously ; and besides there is so much snow in winter that the frost does not enter the soil, and there is less danger of the clover being heaved out."
Mr. Hill. — " The grasses grow luxuriantly. I sowed the alsike clover with a slight tiixture of white clover and timothy. I seoJcd down land when I first settled (ten years ago). It has not run out yet, and, practically, it amouL . to a permanent pasture, for there is no sign of deterioration,"
Mr. Davidson. — " I had some clover and timothy seeded down seven years ago, and it was a good crop this year."
Mr. Gregory.^-" The oldest pasture I have is seven years old, and it is in better condition than it was four or five years ago."
Mr. Trouten. — " I have been very successful with grasses, and have no difficulty in seeding down ; last year the grass was injured a little by the grasshoppers. The oldest pasture I have is five or six years old. The sward is not quite so good now as at first and it is all timothy, the clover having been killed out last year."
Mr. Beley. — "I have put my land down in pasture as much as possible. I use rei clover, Dutch clover and alsike, also timothy, blue gr,is3 and oi-chard grass. The red does well for a year or two, but does not last so long as the alsike. I have cut as much as two tons of timothy per acre, but I think one ton is about the average yield." The witness further remarked that red clover appeared to weaken gradually and die out, but that the Dutch filover, although not so rapid in growth, was permanent.
Mr. Robertson. — " I have a, meadow eight years old, and this year I raised one and a half tons to the acre upon it. It is comprised of timothy and alsike clover. I have never had a failure of the grasses, though some years they were better than others. I never saw pastures in Halton County six or seven years old."
Mr. E. Sirett. — " I have a i)iece of timothy which has been cut regularly for eigh' years, and this year it yielded fully one and a half tons to the acre."
!lil
MUSKOKA AND PARRY SOUiND DISTRICT.
S7
The W;^^:^^:^^Z Z: lnSj.:S;yt i;;^ [^ ^n^^^^..r n.o yenra old. Bplendid s iccn ginziuK " Wilnp,:\,T„,.. . . timo liy aud Oil it up, «ml it mnlics
itout in i,lougied S: ^pressed au oi.m,on tliat clover would not be ^,uZ
.i,.en";i ^;;:i "s dS:e?£:d"ituT j°' '"" ""» '°''" '^° »"" ■' «
Mr. W„„ox.-.. Clover aud timothy last eight or teu years iu ha, aud pa.turo.- Mr. BAuasB.-" I have clover and timothy which have liept up for eight yoare."
Ample opportunity «. affordod the Commissiouers for personally otaervh>» Iho v. Juudauey of growth which characteri.o» the grass crops ot the Dil el ! ,d I «-.y theyare, practically, permanent are net f!r to seeL T^^^i^m^Z comparafve mildness of the summers ; (2) in the Uheral and early .uowM in «) ! tte abundance of moUlure iu the soU. It is net to be assun^edf howeve t'h t vin u this, one of the simplest departments of agriculture, no improvmen even uu™ H present highly satisfactory results, can be obtained. £"°'™»"». """^ "l>ou the
A judicious combination ot grass seeds, similar to that described by Mr Ubiu E.,,w lings m h,s recent evidence before the Commissioners at Toronto will n "bllv 1 ° f ,' 0 see™, not only a heavier growth, but also a better .war Id p s J ' f el
mothereith.8 faUed. Jhe evidence is more favourable to the alsike clover than to .1,1 red, and, m point of duration, to the Dutch or white clover than either .wlT- . wi^h timothy. The manipulation of the crop, too, mly 1 do" L; vTmltd"
and manures apphe with great benefit But very careful attention should be ^rd l I first pomt above referred to, Mr. Hill has mi.ed timothy, alsite and vWle c "!
nletr 't^ '°°' ?'"■■ "" "" '°" '" -perimenting i^' as wide a thi gl-e "e ~ The question .s . very interesting one and may well receive careful invest
It may be objected that, with the gradual destruction of the forests by clearing the p^manent pastures will also become as scarce as they are in th. older seei^ofo: tario. The disappearance of the forests may affect the snow and rainf.ll .„A , extent, the moisture of the -oil, although, i/a region merally M w t ,t prZ of dying up may be a slower on, than it would otherwise be. But tree dstm Z hould be immediately followed by tree re-planthig. With the injury don els vh u time, past by Ine total clearing of the land, without any provision L a l7and euW vated growth of timber, before their eyes, the settlers in this new regL "u be bW v
nZTt ;: • ' ': "°' '""■ " '""- ^^ "^^ «*«-- °f otir.! beg r !
iTzt th:?:: ,::?rd °' -"'^'^ ""r °"- '"' '-' " --' -->^- ~^
i...n.i.^, ana tiie icwaid, a lew years hence, will amply repav tha effort A f pre^nt what the whole country has to notice is, that, in its eapa'cit 7r 1 1 j^ udit 0* coarse grams, proMo root crops, and permanent paetures, ii an ever- preset eu^;
1,
i i
I
■dii
•ti
In
iwi
28
COA[MISSIONERS' REPORT—
of pure water, and a most healthy dimato, tho District appears to bo marked out as one well adapted to become tho home of a stock raisiug and stock feeding industry. It is with that fact mainly in view, tho Commissioners are e3i>ecially disposed to regard and to commend it.
COST OF CLEARING.
The cos*-, of clearing is variously stated by different witnesses, the differonco being caused by the demand for hvbour at particular periods or tho mnnner in which the work has been performed. In some instances as low as $13, in others as much as §20 per acre has boon paid, and one settler, somo years ago, paid $2:1 per aero. But at present tho number of persons willing to contract or hire out for such jobs, is sufficient to secure pretty low rates, and it is probable that from $15 to $10 would be the cost per aero of chopping and clearing tho land for tlie first crop and fencing it with material on tho spot. If a clean cedar rail snake fence wore used it might roach $18, but a simpler and rougher fence mado of logs and poles is usually tho iirst resource of tho settler. In this regard tho Commissioners cannot help expressing their regret at tho fearful wastefulness of tho present mode of clearing tho land, and tho destruction of so largo an amount of forest wealth. With tho present process, selection and ornamentation is almost impossible, and no local hardwood industries exist as in Kent, Essex and other counties, to remu- nerate iho settler for any special care in his operations. Either local manufactories or a railway to convoy tho moro useful and valuable timber to a market, are needed to coun- ieract the present state of things.
To tho settler such an outlet would bo an enormous benefit. One wood alone— tho alack birch-which is stated by Mr. Robert Hay, M.P., to bo the best substitute for Dlack walnut, the supply of which is rapidly diminishing on this continent, grows in Muskoka in quantities sufficient to yield an immense revenue, if only it could bo pre- served from premature destruction.
STOCK RAISING.
If, up to the present time stock raising in the District has not made all tho progress, that, with tho manifest advantages already detailed in its favour, might have been antici- pated, it is because (1) the market for beef and mutton has been limited; and becauoo (2) it was convenient, and in some cases a necessity, that the settler should realize promptly on his crops, by disposing of them to the lumbermen rather than look to moro remote, if more profitable returns. If, on the other hand, the number of cattle owned by many of the witnesses seems largo in proportion to the size of their clearings, the ex- planation is found in the presence of bush pastures, the beaver meadows, and also the high rocky lauds, where natural grasses furnish a supply of feed, especially for sheep, at certain seasons. Tho three last named sources are not, by any means, to be overlooked in considering tho position of the District as a stock raising one. Tliey hive, already, there can be uo doubt, exorcised a beneficial iufluenco in this respect.
By returns made to tho Legislature from official sources for 1878, it appear.s that in eleven incorporated township municipalities in Muskoka, there were, of cattle, 4,701 head; of sheup, 1,G19 bead ; of horses, 1,222 head; and of hogs, 758 head. Nor have efforts to improve stock of the District been by any moans wanting. The evidence taken will best speak fur itsflf in tLis respect.
29
At the ontsot of their fnauirv ihT^ ^^'^^'''^^^ "■"' =====
M.."«^, a ,n„„o™„, „,,,„„, Xo,, „!::'"':'"'""• "'' '-' f '-- of ™.U„„ ,rr on t.,0 ,r,„k„k„ Bi,„ „;„ Brae Z C'r'"!/r°"'''""'=''-"'""^.-i'> « .0 fine hcnl „f IIo„f„„3 i„ jj, „„ 0 «^««. ^cveptod a p.„„„„ ,„^„^J
Ho,-cr„„,» „,,!„,, p,„, .„,, ,„,„„ ; ^o; «k w The ,,„«c„,„ ,„„,,, ,.^ ,4
o c,„™.lon.„ ,),„ teed, .„a .l,oir inl J J „„ ta ' '' r°™' ™'' «'»' '" "^n^iaed
bred Co.,„oW ,„d Leicester ZaliT/Tf" ^™''>'*«P V u»i.g tteron.h «i..a re. b.edl„, e„e., by seWe™;:! 1 ^ t"^: «! '" '^ «'»' - -''o de^d Mr. Siuint. (Draper), wLo has ko,rt » „„ o" 'ncrea.mg ll,o,r flocks „f ,,,^
j>».i- b„u, and bred'entire;; :.;:::;:'' : T\:' °°'™""- ^-^-^ '-*• »
f"7-;;;j'';™ and lUs neighbours s™^^^^ ■™'''' '" ""> «™'^"-
Slephe-n^orLas Co;s!oMrLtrers°'al° ''""^'^^ "'""H l»t Mr. Parlcer of
Mr. Mona-han of ri,„ff i "''^^'"'-fii^d some fine sheep. •^^'
Sinclair, one -Criyprro *^' '"' " "'"°»»""^«'' ^-'^-^ull. and Mr. Winter „,
.i.o. s,,eep,i.pr t'rn?;^:: rr " ^"«' -^ » - "- - -.
Mr. Davidson said that m Wn++ xi although there is no. o „ ' o 1 nd I"° '"^ "'"•'"°» ""' ~ '".nerly kept •I-phroy, Mr. Sirce >.a, a'. ho TX^d d::,.:::;'':" f *°^' '" Mo-o™fb t Y «l>;bo desire .o improve .heir s,L alu s" ^ .e T n ' '™"* °" '"'^ '«™» able efforts by Mr. Eoberlson, of .he same townslS °"' "'•'""'"' '" "'» """-
Mr. Ashdow,,, also of Humphrov is aho„f „ ■ "'-op- ^ '■ '^°"' ^"""""S 'omo thoroughbred So„.l,l„wn
Mr Hollitch, o( Maganetawan (Crofn I
thoroughbre., Burhr.. heifers, and If;;! :e:,*°T''''?' "'"'^ """' '"'O pure Soulhdow,, ram. /oun, slock from them besides. He has also a
at " Joltetixix::— oXte d-rr'™- ---- -'
Mn Winco.. (P„,.y, ^,3 so,„c .hor„ughbX;::r °' "'-'^
li»i« IS no unsatisfactory exhibit tak-Pn nf * 7 ' ^
p^^ting th„ progress .del this neCr::;:::: rid'- ?:::r *!;^;:
II
pHBifl
SO
COMMISSIU.N EKS' HKPOKT—
halt . 7'"! "™ " "'° *"""" ""J"' "' "" """" "f-"'-"" ^ ""'I »l»o, tl,.t ,ai
h« Un „toll,go,.t perception of th„ fact that by .,„ „„ „f .,„ p„,.,,,„j „,„,„ ;,„„^. ^^, radical improvement be effected.
chscou a«u.g cTcumstances. There is a fair local demand for beef or mutton ; but without
low, and the butchers have made httlo or no distinction between a " scrub," or common and a well-graded animal. What is needed i., the production of cattle and sheep in such quantUios and o such good nm.ketable quality as will attract drovers from the outside o pay or the collection of the beasts at given points whence, via Parry Sound, Rosseau Oravenhurst or Eracebridge. they may, by water or rail. Und their way to the op n m rk't' And bring their true value. mii^ti;,
AVith abundant pasture obtainable everywhere, no one need make any serious diffi- culty of taking a drove of cattle thirty or forty miles, even if the much-desired railway communication docs not lessen the necessity for such journeys on foot.
SUJIMER PASTURE AND WINTER FEEDINO.
During the summer months bush and beaver meadow pasturage may always be secured
Lke ti :r^ ' r; ^ ''' ^^"t '-'' '''- ^-^'^^^ ^^^ *° -^^^ ^-^ -''^^ '^-^ «oids wm soon
^k the place of the former. The grass of the beaver meadows is invaluable to the poorer
^ttlers as liay. and xs .n that form a very good winter feed, but docs not appear to
>o a favourite with stock as pastunxge. Some difference of opinion existed among the
.fitnesses as to the advisability of relying on bush pasture. That the cattle do wellunon
It in the .summer months there can be no doubt. They resort to the bush with ...at
eagerness feeding on the young tree shoots and plants in preference to the beaver meadow
or even the clover field, and until well into July the woods yield them .n ample support!
Mr._ Sirett was good enough to have a lot of his fine steers driven in from the wood.
for the inspection of the Commissioners, and no pasture-fed beasts could have been in
Zn otT W H" f : '° ^""'" '' ^^^" ''''■'''' ^^"^« ^PP- *° ^- *^- repu- tation, on busn feed, for distancing the " scrub " on a common dietary
But while invaluable at the commencement of settlement and stock-raising enterprise he Commissioners do not regard the great advantages of bush feeding as more than' temporary. It is admitted that bush pasture falls off from the constant destruction it is thus subjec ed to. It will be wise, therefore, for the stock farmer to keep this in mind and annually to provide an additional area of cultivated pasture land. Meanwhile th: best course apj ears to be. to give the cattle the run of a pasture field to which they can have access fro. the bush. It is a protection against « short commons " if the latter falls off affords opportunity for giving them salt periodically, and supplies them with a
X?: r'r T. n ' '"' '"°"" "°" *''^^ "^"'^"^ *^-^^-«-^- 1^^- plan, as
witnessed by the Commissioners in one or two instances, appears to be a successful one.
That the treatment of the cattle in winter falls far short of what both economy and
their stock,
in flr-claring ilso, tiiut all le alone cati
3r somewhat but without "ruinously or common, leep in such tho outside, id, Rossoau, pen market,
crious diffi- red railway
i be secured Is will soon the poorer appear to among the ' well upon with great 3r meadow le support, tho woods ^e been in ;heir repu-
mterprise, nore than etion it is I in mind, while the they can itter falls I with a 3 plan, as isful one. omy and
humanity would dictate, ia in 8o„„ ~''"'''"''''^''===========^^
yard, with scarce a shed J\T "*"*" *°° P^^P^bly obvious ^i^- ~~~"
" what too many catl / "' " *"'**"^"* «« i^prTZt a! ^ '* '' '''' "*''<''^
-t-s upo, L::i^:z7::zjr '''- *^«^ -^^ C L"^^^^^ r *^^-
the animals only Jived t^ , ^* °^ '°"« Persons the Comn. «t*rye-the poor
-" intelligent ^.^^u ^ J!"™'' '"^ ='°* «° -^'kort fa el, 1™"°' '""'
I««i...fafa„o/faX.o ° "'° °""° ■»""»'■ '"« baZliU ."' ■"" "■°-
needed to m.J« * fi"!^ rl""" »°"""°' «« '«' "'. ^0,7° ^'' °"' " "'
Sheep will need leaa warmth th . , ^
(-*>> ^J^ the abundant aupnlv of hn^ * 3) ^-thed^andextle^rj^;:^^^^^^ and
1° only a few cases, however LT^. **°'°«P^«'-«- fun of the bush. Th. ' *^® witnesses apnrov« nt i, .
coincide wa. "w I **^""°^ «'°«^7 expressed ZT f""'^ ^^« *"°^ed the
CLABSKS OF 8HERP *»,,.
most remunerative wool T T ^ ^' ^""^ '° ^^^^p to raise th« fi . ^' °^''«*
-ith a pure-bred cTrt t*^ *'^ ''^""^ *J^« heat cowat^^ Tl ""**°" ''^^ *^« throw away Zt , ^ °' ^'''^°'^ hull. To uae oth^ *! ^'^ '^°'^^ ^« ''•'•os«ed
I'urpose of meat and milt a«j . .
™"*» *»ia especiaJly
sfll
lit
32
COMMISSIONERS* REPORT—
the former, in view of the risks of the latter failing, lone will equal the classes above mentioned. Then from its birth upwards the young animal must be judiciously treated. Stinginess will be a loss, not a gain. The first summer will of course be spent in the pasture field. In the following spring it wiU be able to do for itself ji the busL till the fall, and, in its third year may again enjoy the liberty and invigorating influences of bush life until late in the summer, when it should be pastured and partially meal fed for a month or two, to get it into condition for the fall market. If not allowed to go back during the two previous winters it should at two and a-half years be just the stamp of animal wanted by the stall feeder for shipment in the following spring.
These are the cattle, and such is the plan the Commissioners believe will at present best suit the character and resources of the District. It is true that by selling cattle ea.'ly the breeder loses a chance of making large profits, but then it must be recoil *cted that Uie animals have to be got to market, and must be in a tonditioji to travel on ti\eir own legs to their first destination. Settlers in the front townships of the District may, if their supply of feed be ample, and their housmgs warm enough, perhaps succeed in "finishing Bff " a few beasts, but that is not the case with the majority. For a time the simpler «nd shorter the method the bei.er.
For sheep the evidence seems to point most favourably to the infusion of South- iown blood. Perhaps the Sliropshires might be better in some respects, but they are icarce in Canada at present, while the Southdown is readily obtainable. •
^ A orost' of the Down on tiie common sheep, or the many partly thoroughbred Leicesters and Cotswolds, would produce a hardy, [active sheep, of fair size, with the wool (medium) most in demand and bringmg the best pric«, ana superior mutton adapted to the foreign markets.
On the wool question the Ooramissioners took some evidence from Mr. Bird, a woollen manufacturer of Bracebridge. Mr. Bird's eviaenco is worth the perusal of all bheep breeders in the District. That the production of wool is not inconsiderable m the Dis"- trict, even now, may be judged from the fact, that, already th^s season, Mr. Bird has pur- chased from the settlers 12,000 pounds weight If the suggestions they have thrown out be adopted, the Oommissionera beUevo that a good trade in cattle and sheep may probably be eatabUshed between the people of the District and the buyers and feeders of stock in the most southern portions of the Province.
DAIBYINO.
At present, whatever dairying exists in the District i- carried on upon the farm. Many of the settlers make a fair quality of butter, which meets a local demand. The ■maU number of mUoh cows kept, the roughness of the roads, and the sparse and Hoattered setilements, have combined to make any co-operative action difficult. It ap- pears, however, not impossible that a »neese factory may be estabUshed at some central point.
In this connection it may be worth while to oaU attention to the method, which, under the name of the Fairlamb system, has been largely adopted in the United States ^a an easy and economical mode of co-operative butter making.
Under this plan the .ream only is collected, the skimmed milk bemg left on tha farm. A great deal of heavy transportation is thus avoided.
i
classes above ously treated, spent in the busL till the ences of bush leal fed for a 3(1 to go back the stamp of
ill at present g cattle eaji'ly joll *cted that on li\eir own may, if their in "finishing 3 the simpler
ion of South- but they are
horoughbred ?ith the wool a adapted to
rd, a woollen of all bheep 9 in the Dis- 3ird has pur- have thrown 1 sheep may ad feeders of
on the farm, maud. The sparse and cult. It ap. lome central
ihod, which, nited States
Z left on tha
^f^^A^PABEV SOUND DISTEKT.
, The cost of buildings and r ^^777'"'""'''''''''''''"'"==^^
The ti' ^OB AMD POULTBT
»
No fear need be « f ^ • ''"'^^^•'"^ ^° *NiMAts. The bear is reported to b ''^'' *'• ''''''' ''^ ^'""^^^'
All n^ 1 • 1 .
''"°'*°''"™r»«Wy«bm,w,
ToKowo, 0»(<,J„ ^,^
WM. BROWN EDWARD STOCK.
i-WXlti/.
IS';
J!i
^.
tf.-i?
m
ONTABIO AGKICULTUKAL COMMISSION. APPENDIX E a
lAKBN IN THa aiECXOBAI.
OISTBIOI or
MPSKOKA AND PABfiy goum
BY COMMISSIONER'? wtvt ^ ^ -^^ -L^.
^blONERS WM. BROWN, ISDWABD STOCK * a x.
^^OCK, & A. H. DYMOND.
I
' 'Ifh^
IH
'i
*il
ONTABIO AGEICULTUBAL COMMISSION.
APPENDIX R 2
TAMN IN THH BMOTOBAI. DISIBIOI 0»
MUSKOKA AND PARRY SOUND
MR. E. G. MUNTZ'S EVIDENCE E. G. MuNTz was called and examined. J 0 (he Ghainnan I ha v.
grown are oate L ^ "'"'f """'"'ion is a iSlt W TT'.?"'' '^^ P"«»%
:^.Sp ~ -"^^ -r-- ---'^ -t"ir-::ni-i
able to S, itt w.n ' 'r „""""»'■« 'li'Posed oTihem tT ""Z"' ''"™" »<> "»"
'"Sir '°r:Lt'„z'""^™l«"^™siui^^^
to 1» of the SSs S/^f '*'' ™ «<" '■■°°' tto Bow Pafk herd "T°»"'''"-'"'> ""'»
of 100 acrp« n/ u- V ^^"' ^"^^ ^rom $8 to .«10 if Sa .• "^^^^""ig ewes, and they larger niruber Tli ■ .'"™ " ""''''r good cultivaH™ . "'J', "o night keep 200
jit foi^t;„, In' Brs™i„\= ,'td''V'^^'™^ '^^^^^^^^^^^
■'wo1^b1aTa^::it^r-'-«-'°^^^^^^^
I' is my intentim?^^^ P"^"™ " °"«<imm or Bhort t^?} .i "?." ■""'"'■ ' «■>!' nV. ft™ !?r Srr"»»velj. into .heepr„Z ■ ""'"' *" *» '°"S ^<^^
Principal objeet'forth.p;:^erSrreiL:rShe"lT*^^^ I took it, and r.,
[Mr. Munlz.] '""'"' "» P""' "Sder cultivation. With reg^rf
MUSKOKA AND PARRY SOUND DISTRICT.
m
tZXfZ ISedr^s'p^T^r a^d in ttf ™'';7. P^^^^*-' '^' ^^^^^ at expectations. My predilections in favr; of the H^trf'^ *^'^ ^^^ "°* ^^'"^ '^P *« my qualities. I believe the Devons would do equaUy^eU wi^S ^s on account of their feeding the country. The reason why I am in favou7of sto^rf ' ^'''^?"^' ^^ «»« part of gram growing I could only raise the coarseTIin and it Zi'l^ 'I' '^"^ '^ ^ '"^^-ge in and lose the manure. The soil of my farm^Sh',^^? 1 7- ?^P^^ """ *« ««" t^em of wheat unless with the addition of a^rSlfSi A '' ?f * ^^^^^"^ *° '^'' ^''^^J' estabhsh a cheese facto.j in the district but tfell?' ^. "" ?**""P' ^^ «"«« ^^de to the fanners to take theii milk to the centra deoo a7^\ T'l^ *° '^' unwillingness of ber of cows kept by any farmer in ?he district^ i H^ . ^'''^^' ^^ '^^ ^^^^^^^ num- manent pasture; owing to the soil Wint hL °u ^^'P '^ S""^^*^ amount of per-
gooddealofitu^andputonrdresiitSt^!^^^^^ ""'^ ^'^^"^'^'* ^ '^^^ *« break a are ever burnt up in tli part of he countr. aSd tio^"''' ^ '^" "°' *^""^ *^^^* Pastures year as they were farther iouth at the end 5 mIv V^'"'" f • ^T " ^' '^'' ''''''' ^^ ^^e into the woods, and I am of on-nion that In.l ^ / T "'"^ '" ^^vour of turning sheep be used extensively for sheep pas ureTK Tv,1 '" '^'""'"^ ^"^ P'-^P'^^'^d before it can
haps not the pure'^Southdc^l^tut ,uch a croTs asT O f "w' 7^' ^''' *^« ^^^*-P- r>own. ' "'''"^ a c'^oss as the Oxford Down or the Shropshire
bourfS^jfi/iJsr^iS;]; '^iSt^.s^Ti 'T? *^'^* ^^ -^ ^--^^^*« -i^^-
I tried orchard grass once but ,> H J !\ '^"^^ /^^soil lying at the mouth of the rivo, improvement in^iie'Eter^o \t s'ck^^Sr^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^« ^- ^-^ ^ «"%ht
first, that the people would not pay the nrit f^r^. K ^^'''! ^^^'''' ''"* *h« trouble is
besides when tLy^have a thorouSiScS tlev doVoTm' ' *^°?"ghbred bull, and It a good animal. ° ^'* ^^'"^ '^^ ^o*^ ^^^at it m such a way as to make
butir:tltte'rd^-,^ '^S^^^^^Z^S^r^rr' -rP--.-t some years, and may be considered a successful croD S ^'^"'* ^'^^'^^^^ ^* "P^"« fairly well
opinion that the class of stoS feedinrt^o vliZ,^ ^^Penence of this country, I am of two or three years old and thefsendlng ^^off to thT\'^ '^' \"^^"^ '^ '^''^^ "P ^ beheve that here we are too far from th! .If? * ^''°''*^ townships to fatten up I
cannot raise enough of it ?o carrion stocTS^^^^^^ 'V^^^''' ^'^^ ^^"^' ^^^ -«
mentioned. '^ "^^"^^ feeding otherwise than to the extent I have
E. G. MUNTZ.
MR. ALBERT SPRING'S EVIDENCE. AtBEHT Sphixo. Of the Township of Draper, was the next witness called.
I now^tp^lTa:^^^^^^^^^^^^ i^crrof^rh^rer ^^ T.T^ ^'^ '^^ ^^^^ tion. Of the 800 acres probably about one h«Tf ,-. m ^. ^""^ ^°° ^re under cultiva-
is a clay bottom, and the^highZd is a sandy 10!^^^ 1 °" ^^^^^i^'^- T^e low land ^vlth timothy and clover when it is cleared ^ ThZ" • ^ P'*" '! ^'^ ^^^^ *'^« ^^^^ down neighbourhood which cannot be wo ked welt wiS he'nln ^^^ ^f' °^ P^^« ^'^"d in my average about 35 bushels, and of hav TiXhJ ■ ^ u^^' P^ ^'^^^^ °^ ^^^^ would about one ton per acre, i havo one d^e of timo.lr''. ^^^^ ^° °^ ^^ '^^^^^ annually- years and there is clover there now ^ThTs year fc T ''^^^ ^ ^*^^ ''»* ^ «^ ^"
clover. I never put any manure upon it mTJJI """'^ ^'T^^^ ^"^^ ""* «» ™"eh frost. The object I keep i. view Lmy presenf sy tem of T ^''". ^^^"^'^ °"* ^^ *h« raising more than anything, else. I havJnot sown 1^^^ f tt™'"^ '' *° ^^''^ *^*° «t°«k no get the land in trim for it ; but tKrst L^ y" r« T *^'u' T^"' ^^°^"«« ^ «o»W
fall wheat. I had not sold much hay until tl IT ^' "l" .'^' ^'''•'" ^ ^^d some good
lut looked at me up to my their feeding I this part of
I engage in to sell them ) the growth nee made to ilJingness of largest num- ount of per-
to break a liat pastures eason of the riling sheep lefore it cm 3 best— per-
Shropshire
liate neigh- i the rivoi 3en a slight 5 trouble is i bull, and as to make
iome years, fairly well, r, I am of attlo up to ten up. I in, and we nt I have
NTZ.
^^^^t^J^^Vm DXSTKICT.
nd which r cultiva- low land nd down tid in my ts would nually — t for t«n so much it by the ito stock ! I could me good $10 per
X atewTow™%\ ^^^ * ^'"^ «*°^k'^niirir^^
J^^SoW The^ r'-^
xts % advice tre-^Etsr;^SK^
three yearTdd 1; feS^ *' '''' ^^^P*-'^"^ of Mu k^^^^ ''''^ ^°r ™End beet
auffioiently to enable us S S""'^"'''' ^^' ""'^ ScS?tv i *° '^'^"^^ '^''^' from tto or part of Canada in tirplXX^o^r^ "°*^ ^^ ^« ^^^"i mZIT'' '""''r'^ ^^^^ oi tivatY"*t"^ ^'000 bu?he p^^^^^^^^^^ carrots, and mangolS I h^^""' *° ""^ "^^er
^iwtXwTdrrfp^^^
o-^ , and to ke:p t?e fine tollold''^^ '^^ *° -H Sitdt^^^^^^^^^
:^ools but the quantity of coarL w T''^'' ^""'P^'^^- Ther J^s , ,f ''i^/'" ^^ «« °>"ch
ALBERT SPRING.
MR w. H. SPENCER'S EVIDENCE. "• ^- ^''=^«««. of the Township of Mon.t ^-/^«^A.W.__i,, , '"'''^"^^'--^"ed and examined.
p'^o^A'To^'l-t^ f^<^^^l^ tot ^°b ^^^^-'^ - nineteen
Of the 200 acres'be ongi^'r^ ^^^ ^0™ ^f 'tri "f ''°. --« «^ ^t
have been i?rowin„ o.5_ ^ *^ ^^^elf I oould alto<,«fi,pj. uJ , --'* " "^^^^r cultivafion
r^r cv . "* ''"'""*'' '''^^at for many vearc'nf 7^ i'"^ ^"'"^ ""^er the nlou^h t
iMr. Spr.^ ^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^^ ny years of the Scotch and Red Fern varletiesf
'#■
If
MUSKOKA AND PARRY SOUND DISTRICT.
and for the last three or four years th., yield has varied very much, according to the qual- ity of the soil and tho method of cultivation. One year I had twenty-seven hnahoh per acre, and other years tho yield has been as low as ten bushels per acre. My genci-al plan of farming is to raiso siock, and especially sheep, as the continuous growing of grain in- jured the land. Upon one part of my farm I raised eleven crops of grain in succession, and this year the crop of peas upon it looked splendid. Some summer fallowing has been done m my neighbourhood, but I have not done any. I think the land would be consider- ably the better of it. I have about twelve head of cattle, and about sixtv licad of sheep. The cattle are the usual mixed Canadian breed. I found that upon an investment of $80 m sheep an annual sura of $47 could be realized-$17 for wool, and fifteen lambs at $2 each— which I consider a very good rate of interest. In winter 1 feed the sheep principally on pea straw. ^ '^ ^ ^
To Mr. Dijmond.—l camn here directly from the old country, where T lived in a farming community, though 1 was not a practical farmer. I had a little capital when I ^e here which I invested in clearing, and I followed as well as I could the example of Canadians who were here. My reason for keeping so many sheep is that it pays well, and they keep the land in a good state of cultivation. ^ ^^^ tj^e wool market here better tlian m Toronto, considering the carriage and the risk of deductions. Tho rate liere is from 25 to 35 cents per pound. My land is principally clay, the township is also principally clay. but along the bank of the river it is sandy. The rock generally runs in parallel ridges I believe the failure of the wheat crop was more owing to mismanagement thon to the quality of the soil, the trouble being that the farmers kej.t on cropping without giving the land a rest. I notice of late that there has been more variety in the crops. The average yield of peas is about forty bushels to the acre. Sheep do remarkably well on the high land. I allow ray stock to have free access to the shade of the bush. The snow gets oflf the rocky soil early in the season so that the sheep could be turned out about the latter end of April In the ^v inter the sheep are kept where they have access to open sheds and are ted on pea and oat straw. Towards spring they get hay and other food. I find they do very well on that treatment. In previous years when they were fed on gmin and other Kch food the ewes became too fat and I had bad success with the lambs. I have used land plaster as a fertilizer by way of experiment, But found the carriage cost more than the price of the plaster in Toronto. The effect up-m the land was excellent. My cattle are the ordmary Canadian stock, and in my neighbourhood they are pretty much all of that character. There are no thoroughbred animals in the township that I am aware of though the farmers generally believe the introduction of thoroughbreds would be of great service to them. Suggestions have been made as to the propriety of the Council devoting a certain amount of the muuicipai innds to the purchase of thoroughbreds
To the Glmi^an.—\ find no damage to heavy land by pasturing siieep. I some- times found It difficult to get a proper catch of grass on the heavy land, especially if there had been too long a succession of the same crops. The cattle were raised for the Bracebridge market, and as we have no other market, there is not much inducement to iro into improved breeding The lambs are generally sold in the fall, when they are fat, and the ewes are kept over for brpcding purposes. The usual price of lambs in Bracebridge is $2. 50 I have bought ewes two or three years old for about $5 each. I consider that the wool and the manure pay for the raismg of the sheep, and the lambs represent the profit. I intend to cross the Leicester and the Cotswold, as I think it would be an improvement, especially as the con- 8iderat.ion in the local market is the amount of mutton rather than the quality ■ I con- Elder the land in the Township of Monck the best in the District of Muskoka,' and the people are thriving as well as those of any other township. The assessable property in the township in the year 1869 was valued at $22,715, now it is valued at $92,041. Hemlock which was formerly of little value, is now becoming valuable for its bark for tannin- pur- poses, and the timber when sawn into lumber makes good sheeting and flooring for "barns and outbuildmgs. a "
rp, ., ■ . .X. .. , WILLIAM H. SPENCER
Ihe Commission then adjourned until 7.15 p.m.
\Mr. Spencer.]
g to the qual- n bush*>'3 per
geiici-ai plan ? of grain in- in succession, rving has been d be consider- oad of sheep, itmont of $80
lambs at $2 Bp principally
I lived in a pital when I 5 example of lays well, and e better tlian re is from 25 icipally clay, lol ridgos. I thon to the nt giving the The average '. on the high mow gets off it the latter en sheds and I find they in and other I have used t more than My cattle much all of tn aware of, be of great cil devoting
p. I some- ally if there Bracebridge to improved ves are kept !iave bought the manure to cross the as the con- ty. • I con- ca, and the )erty in the Hemlock, inning pur- ; for barns
CER
ii^^A AND PARRY SOUND
lilSTRlCT.
MR. W. PARKER'S EVIDENCE.
''""« EVIDENCE.
ex.n,Sff -"-'»«• ^— P«..„, „, ,,. r.^ ^^
years. About 70 acres of /^^ ,*^'?"' ^^O acres, wliich r J
them being well bred T fit fu'' ^''i^esters, and now T r ' '°"'''*'"g o^ sW and farming. *After cleatnJut\'^''' f''P "^i^ing paysbctter.V""'" Southdowns, W then take two crops of ^J^- ^'T ''^ ^^^^ I gJneralJv n ! . ^^" any other branch of crop, and sometimTs wttf 1"' '''^'^^ ^«^« tiShy lS"a ^l^'^T ^"^^ turnips a„d whzte Cover makes a fine botm I\' ''''''' ^"-ee^d^fr ^Ullv t'?, ^''\ *^« ^^-^ down SIX years ago and now T ]' ^^^^ ^^'^"^ ten acres of rnt^ i"^^"' ^"'^ ^'^^g wit],
£"nT^aplVCgH%tt\&^^^^^^
;"nl pea straw untfl it I .1, ™ "«> i™ of tto pastorr i '■ "'' "'"y '•'"' to m th.
*> .« give the. :i;\:^i "s s "' r ^^^^ 4 S »' ""f "■™' ™ »'
in the spring, j nrnfan i„^ i. "^® ®wes lamb anr? T « , •^,«'^ain or roots or bran t
™-- of closing sheep ?„ n'^^ *'»? have ai*" toTn '"' '^''S'' ' ""-81.* Xw rf where there S S ^nd J- f S'„''»""?r'» '>">S^^^'^^Zn st'' """. ' ™ "« ^ '^
land IS covered with hardwonV ^ ""1^^ **^« ^and is broS T,n I ''^''"'' i^''^^^*' The soil *^?^ can grow coarse ^ainrS ^'■°'" ^^ing up beef Iff. /^^'"^ ^« nothing
6
MUSKOKA. AND PARRY SOUND DISTRICT.
every fall, and I am certain it would pay better to " finish " the cattle here than to send them away to the front at, say, two and a half years old. There are about 500 cows in the township, and I can see no reason why a cheese or butter factory should not do well
WILLIAM PARKER.
MR. J. TOOKEY'S EVIDENCE.
sh'!
_aiaM'
James Tookey, Reeve of Macaulay, was called and examined.
To the Chairvian. — I have been farming in the district twelve years, and have about 200 acres, of which 70 are under cultivation. Of the 200 acres there is about seventy per cent, of gool land ; generally the soil is a heavy sand loam, not much inclined to clay. I grow both spring and fall wheat, but the former is the safer crop, as the fall wheat is liable to be heaved out by the frost. I produce a surplus of oats, but with the excep- tion of one year, I consumed all the wheat which I raised, I dispose of some potatoes, but I use for feeding purposes the turnips, mangolds, etc., \'^hich I raise. The liigheat crop of spring wheat which I ever raised was about twenty -five bushels to the acre ; it was of the Red OhaflT variety, and was sown after fall wheat and peas. The land had been manured. Most of the farmers use all tlioir barn-yard manure. 20 to 30 bushels per acre is the average yield of peas, and 20 to 40 bushels of oats ; but this year I believe oats will yield from 50 to 60 bushels per acre. The average yield of turnips is from 300 to 400 bushels ; potatoes, 200 bushels. I prefer the Devon breed of cattle, as having the life and hardiness suitable to this part of the country. They are much superior to the Durhams. I have a thoroughbred Devon bull. For beef I would choose the Devons and Herefords in preference to the Durhams, as they make more meat off" the same feed, and are hardier and more easily kept. Durham grades, when used like common cattle, begin to go down, whereas Devon grades would keep up. I believe, however, that the Durhams have an advantage over others in maturing early, if they are kept pure, and attended to as they are in the other parts of Canada. Stock raising could be conducted by men of capital^ for the English market, with great success in Muskoka, as roots and coarse grains grow well, and the pasture cannot be excelled. The best grade of sheep is a cross between the Southdown and the Leicester, as they are a very large and fine sheep, with excellent wool. I got 35 cents per pound for wool of that cross, when I was getting only 28 cents for common wool. In the winter I feed my sheep on pea straw, with a few turnips once a day. I sell my wool in Bracebridge, as I can realize a better price than in Barrie or Lindsay.
To Mr. Dymond. — The cross I alluded to made excellent mutton, similar to the Cotswold or Leicester mutton. Farms sell in Muskoka at from $2 to $15 per acre, ac- cording to the improvements and the quality of the soil. A good many of the new settlers have their patents. Many of the farmers have been mechanics in their earlier days, and they do not appreciate the value of good stock, hence they do not encourage the introduction or service of thoroughbred bulls. The hogs are generally bred from a pure Berkshire sow or boar. I raise pure stock for breeding purposes. I generally sell them for $3 when they are a month old. Corn is raised pretty successfully in the township. I am firmly of the opinion that fair crops of wheat can be grown in Muskoka if the right kind of soil were selected and properly treated. I have proved this in my own experience. Wheat should not be sown upon light sandy soil where hemlock is found, but there is an abundance of land in the district where it could be grown if properly cultivated an*-! manured. The quality of wheat grown in this district is generally good. I have had i return of 42f pounds of flour from each bushel of spring wheat manufactured at the Bracebridge mills. I am perfectly satiofied that if proper care is taken wheat can be grown here in sufficient quantities to meet local consumption.
JAMES TOOKEY.
[Mr. Parker and Mr. Tookey. "]
^
i 1 J s I
F
a
ti a
C(
fc
MUSKOKA AN1» PARRY SOUND DISTRICT.
MR. H. J. BIRD'S EVIDENCE. HK.HV J. B... WooUen Manufacture. B^ebHdg, wa. .,Ied and examined. To the Chairman. — I have been in B«,„^k -j period the quantity of wool has 'hown a sTIdvl?' °'"' ''«^* y^'*"' '^"^ during that years. The quality is, also, ^on^.^^il—l ^n^V' "'^'if^ ^"''^S *he laft two are Canadian wool tweeds, yarn, and blaSs For tK ^^''''- ^^« ^oods I u,anufacture proportion of Southdown of ha f-bred Southdowf I ffuP^'P."'^^ ^ P'-'^^^'" ^ much larger dxstnct The class of wool general'; usS.??saTosson^^^^ "^'^^ to obtain iX
Cotswold I would give fully 5 ceJts per pound m^refoinn^'^'iu^ °^ *''^ ^^^^'^''ter r other kind, and for the cross about three cents T^L^f ^f ^ ^Southdown wool than any tion of the pure Southdown breed, fuse the pure slth^ '"^'^Tf '"'^ '^' general ado^ such as the better class of tweeds with double S f ^ ? ■ •'^'' '^'^''^ ^^^ particular purposed wool produced in this district, andX part of plri^^ol^r " ,• "^"^^^ '' 1^^ <>«-*. oTthe factory ; about 12,000 pounds this season thus far Id H. 'i^^^'^^^^^ *« i*- comes to my in. I have this year been paying fror25 to 30 eel taTh 1 ^7^*^^^ ^'^^^ y^' *° '^^^^ for Southdown. There is a large nun.ber of cotted flppn.? !^' ''"^ ''°°'' ^""^ ^5 cents very much of the wool is brought in Lbfd condition ^ / 1^"^ °^ *^« ''""^^'T, and many who are farming had not been brought ZTZ T"^' ^ '''^'^^^' *° ^^^ ^^^ that ^thout sufficient meana I believe the trSwe^.*iised bT^^^^^^^^ '^' ''"^*^'^ ^"^''^g good condition ,n the spring after being poorly wiXS ^ ?!».^^^P getting rapidly into -owing into the old. Theljotswolds fre most su^ectt. ^ ^"' ''''^'"^' *^« ^«^^°°1 The Commission then adjourned. HENRY J. BIRD.
and Stock,
MR. JOS. GILMOUR'S EVIDENCE.
Ihe Commission met at 3 nm. Pm.-.^* ht ^
Stock. P""^ ^'•«««*-Messrs. Beown (Chairman). Dvmoni>.
Wh a.„ocK. Of the Township of Ridou, was called and examine. Ho said -
which^:btt?8re:^;e1et:d 'Zl^^^^Zr ''^' '--' -^ ^- ^90 acres of raise are oats, spring wheat. faU wS gun^^f '"""^ "^^'•f. P^^^^^^ «''• The crops I
l^t"^^ ^i^-^^J^^^^^^^^^^J^^^^^^^ potatoes.
' acre.
not pr-eTalt;g;;k°;r^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^''^^"^^^^^Z^^ t
18 not more than ten bushels to the acri iL.J^^ ! • f ^'^ ^'"""^ ^^^ flight. The yield the latter yielding from fifteen to twenty bushels tr ^:^ "^^-f^'] "^^ ^'"^ ^^^ ^hfat. has been rather poorly put in AnH Too iT ? ^^'^^ ""*^ *he last year. Fall wh^nf jandy loam with aUiHf ZTle''Zi:Z^ta^^'' ^' ^^*« ^^'^ ^^ -^^^ a but last year it was too early, and wm cutoff k ^^^'^/""^ ^^ usually a successful crop pretty safe crop. The frosts tJ'wWch I refer w^re^oSv f ""f ^''f ■ ^' ^ ^^' ^°"^ ' a ago my com averaged seventy to eiehtv bn^rj ^ ^''"^^ "* ^^^^'^ ^^^cts. Two years timothy and cloverTbut prefeJ the Tatter I bl ^\ ^''' ^ '^'- ^ ^ave gro^Ch and have had good crops.^ I ako^rof S^on^i' '1 °^?-^r/ ^^^ '^' '""^^'^^ K cows when the paatui* begins to feii l^^^Y^'}" \^"* g^««" and feed to my fodder. Potatoes wcceed excellently with^e^tfc^nn?*'' *h/«« *«"« Per acre of this [Mr. Bird md Mr, Oilmour] ^ '""^ ^^""' ^"^^ ^"«hels to the
s
MUSKOKA AND PARRY SOUND DISTRICT.
acre. I have tried peas on a small scale and they have been very successful with th« exception of last year when they were attacked by the grasshopper^ rravTraird some lund Tk:""'' '. '^"''v 'ri' '''"' *•" ^^*^P aveJagin/eOO bushels to the acre in stumpy nZhU f ""^ ''"'°? ^r' ^f^^ *^^ "°^«- ^" «"« of "^y lot« there is probably aE
one-half acre of rock, and though there are some stones 1 believe the time wiU come w£ I can use the reaper aud mower freely.
^V^'"' ^V«i«»if-1 and my family have 700 acres in a block, and of this 500 acres
tie comtf I hS'b^ '"f' «-K^--"''l fee ^ated as second-class landTn older parts o the country. I had been farming in Burford, Brant county, for thirteen or fourteen virs
wStfr killilir'"/ P^'P"'"'- ^' ^"^ -^rowwheat I believ; when it fs cleared up r^nrl aII ^f * *'°"?°?' experience with regard to fall wheat in Muskoka. I uL
a good deal of manure, and iix Burford used land plaster, and saH has been applLd there by some of my neighbours as a fertilizer. I look upon sheep raSLTs an twe'ntvTo fi^lJ'"^^ °^ industry in Muskoka, among farmers whoTvecZair?! from tA^enty to fifty acres. I would not like to liave sheep running outside tJie cleared land^
Jlv^^nn n 1 """f ' t' ^^'^ '^""^^ ^ ^^ neighbourhood are rlther good gmdes but we ^JarW^fl ■' r^' ^"'™"^'- '^^' ^""^« ^^^ •'^o«"y crosses of common cattle with the Durhams and we have some very well bred bulls. We can not afford to get tKueh
cSTy me"; who £ r""*^*,? ^^r *? ^^^ "'^'^^ "^'^"^ «^ *'- P-^^^ seSers aJe st cteded by men who have more liberal ideas on the subject of farminff. and have been
Ss'ev"? trf'' in Th"- ' '" ""'' "".^' ""''''' '''^' '''' grasshoppWTtiilTrov a Hcnous evil here All the common grasses do very well, and I thinK slieep farming on a
iXr V"^'^ ^' P^^^i^^l^- .^^"^^""S the lani exclusive of fencing, cTstsarur$l? an acre In some parts of the district drainage would be of the utmost importance bv increasing the value of such land, as beaver meadows, etc importance, by
2othe Chairman.— q. Supposing a man of capital were going into the country with 1. U *;r ""-u, «h«ep farming, and that he should clear up%ay 200 or 300 a^res would It be possible for him to secure a good sward of grass Supposing he sowed timothy, would ther.. be a good growth of the natural grass ?^ A. Yes^I should say that vervwJll'anT/r " t"r"i^ be very successful. ^I notice that wltitedlr grow JS7.It, have also found traces of red grass, blue grass and spear grass. They
prevented ZM- ^^.f °PP^r« ^^^^^ ^one no harm this year, neither has fhe fall W prevented the ripening of the crops with me up to this date.
JOSEPH GILMOUR.
MR. WM. HIGGIL3- EVIDENCE. William Hiqgins. of the Township of McLein, was called and examined.
koka d^^^vfiTiln *,f .^'^g^g^'i ^ ft™i°« ^'^^ gardening, and have been in Mus- cleared on nfvTot anH TJ V^^^'^f^l locality about two years. I have fifteen acres rows at the IL of T 1 Tif'"" ^?? '^°PP'^ ^""^ '^"^ ''^'^'^^- My f^™ i« «« the nar- 3ev nntlfni \ T °^ ^^y'- ,^y, P/"''^P*^ •'^''P '^ ^^y- fe"* I "^Iso grow oats, turnips, barley, potatoes, etc. I seed my land down as I clear it, in order to keep it clean I raised last year 800 bushels of turnips on one and a half a'cres of stumpyZd My ulti S a^ncSr ^\^ SO into stock raising, as I believe my land is adapted to that bmnch ^^ith tumnr m/ 'i °''^ ^""^t quarter tons of timothy to the acre in land covered fromthr^hSr W.T^U ^T"f^7- ^ ^-"^^ylo^"' getting heavier as the land recedes trom the river. Vegetables of aU kinds succeed -..ell in my garden in the villac^e especi-
i«l' *he fields and woods much earlier than in other parts of the Province. At this
Se I tir '^T ." '^"^"!™ f ^''"^ ^ '^' -^'^ds for milch cows and young cattle. I approve of feeding cattl. ready for market rather than sending them away tS
[Mr. Gilmour and Mr. Higgins.]
I
^1
MUSKOKA AND PARRY SOUND DISTRICT. y
finish aa we can grow the coarse ffrains well Ti,„ i . , ~~ ^
root, .„a vogctabl,, m„«h b,tl,,r IlZ iL tZ w','^ ' j?.'""' """ ""I* 1 «« «tow ,U„S.'''^- ^'°"-' ""^ — "" ^»f w,u=h .eigheArSo to 250 po„,„,. to ^
WILLIAM HIGOINS.
MR. MATTHEW MATTHEWS' EVIDENCE MX.XH.W M..XHKW, of the Township of McLean, was called and examined
Engl^^^^^^^^ life ^^r a Ion, ti.e in WHtshire.
cul ivation ; my soil is sandy loam/with some ckv T 1^°"^ ^^ *° ^^ a^r^^s under
bar^oy beans, and turnips. ^T have mildTo buJ-l- ^ ^T ''^'**' ^°^'»' P^^^toes, oato land. It was of the Fyfe variety I have hn!^ f "" *^^ ^°'^ °^ «P""g ^^eat, <a aew
suiface and the crop is poor. I believe that but for H i ^^^ ^ram is left on the 50 bushels of wheat to the acre this year F«n wi . "i '"^*''' '*°™ ^ ^^^uld have had and yields 32 bushels to the acre,TarC60^aL 7^^^^^^^^ '^^«« ^'^'^ «»* of fot
to the acre the first year I was in the district tJ' ^^i ,^ '"'*'"'''' ^^ l>u«liols of oats
I am quite satisfied fvith the result of mrexperiencYirMu:^ V'' ^^^^"^ '^^^^--^ ^-i^' to get my land into permanent pasture and I am now h •"'''°''^- ^^ P'-esent object is cattle can be got ready for exportation on ^"s rtheTaretST rlf" '''"? ''''''■ ^ ^^'i^^' but they must not be allowed to go into the bush m!,/*^'' "'^' ^^"«°"Pa«t"«-; Canadian stock ; but I intend in time to ^et a thorou.hbirK n "^^,"°«% of the mixed ma em the neighbourhood that I know of Th^^ . ^.""- ^here is no pure-bred question until we have a railway. Gravenhu^ JsS ^""'^'T "^ ^*"^« ^« «"' oi tTe To 7 cf •''*"' '*""°' be driven tharfS ' ^^«t*^<^iB our nearest railway
wecannot'plouinad^aX-T^^^^^ PfT"^-* Pasture is, that
the bush at all, as that is a cheap and good for nothin. T *"°^ "^^ 'tattle to go "
pay better to rent pasture at $3.00 an Sre than turn IT.? of treating them. It 4u" people here .re thoroughly alive to tL value of Sthir '""'H^',^^'^- I do not think beef I prefer a Durham grade, and for dairv nnrnn= t '^?,^''^'"^^ ™a^« animals. For a Hereford cow. We ha've a union a^3uLTEy f^r Ma?" ^ ^^t"^ ^"" "P"^ hold a show every year. Last year we received ftfi7 rn / ^^^t^*"^ ^^d Ridout, and we been keeping some sheep this last summer and T ^ A^v ^'°'? ^^ Government. I haTe class th.t I have are pu?e Leicesterr^F ;e /ears ,1 ^„,? ^''^ -«• The
and this year they grew six bushels of fruit! S iTo^idtttetS cS. ''''' *'^
MATTHEW MATTHEWa
n
J; 11
111
MR. WM. KENNEY'S EVIDENCE. W..UH KH...V, of the Township of McLean, was called and examined
-Iti^^il^ lltr^-aLSerf :!i*i bTaffisO^ ^^^^f ^/ ^ «^-^ -d unde,
.« generally ber " -nd maple, with piles here and iliT'W'^^'-^^' ^''''^' ^he timSr
[Mr. m,,ins, Mr. Mattkervs Id 1^^ T ' ^^ "^^ '^* '^ '^' ^^^'^ '« broken
10
MITSKOKA AND PARRY SOUND DISTRICT.
!r!;|;,
I;
.» follows :-iir»t,»i;»at Ir turnips, tXwed by i,at^^„°t'r'r " P"""™"'. Ib thei. corn, and lastly oats, with y^hclxlZSiLTL r ' 'J™ P?''"". *™ PeM, clover : but I prefer the attei Zitsl^ZUZ ''l7 1°^V "" t™''?^ »"" but if we could apply salt and 'liMe at nioSte ratsTan, Satl J ZZ"' ',?'l"-
^?sr:oii"„r;:rtirt;''SxSiXii-~^^
it bas^ot-tffSt^e"",' SvfitTo'Ke-'^J^fiX" atSIj^rt "■•"
st|'ipe°T;:ep=nr;i:-^^^^^^^
profitable until about tho middle of July, when the food blln, t/ .^^ J ^"^V^^^'^'S i« plating the raising of stock I have madeVSsh Pastu^^^ /f ^'t''""
Turnips do well, and T raise about 680 busLls to fh: 1" ontw aU TpknSa St
S^rJerriLtf J "^^^^ -^'- ^^^^ -"pLS%;TlrrrnXt: Jo^/ic (7/mr7nan_Xhad been farming on rented land in Brant County but Hk^ many others I found that I was getting no richer, and I came to MiisSa because I believed that it would pay me better to farm on my own land /vpn ,1 1 ! ■
disadvantages than to spend my life in in:provbg Ta'nd ^r otSir^lf^^^^^^^^^^^ experience, and looking forward to the prospects of Muskoka, I certainly would not^lTsh to exchange my present for my old position. I would not take a modemtrremunerarn for my labour here and go back to the old state of things. I do not thiS thor^ a^e manv in the district who would be willing to sell out at a sacrifice. ^
To Mr. Stock. — The average price of a farm of 100 acrpq witl, th^ ;^, -
c"S7a„i rbrse*' ""'■ ""^^ '» '^- »»oo, j^r ir;j:vrr 'birsr:: .asf;^.^:^--^ fps^^^^^ bffitdlsra- 1
cattle. If I was going into sheep raising I would give the Merinos a trial. Cattle could be driven over the roads to the railway, whereas the transport of grain to the fron is a very heavy Item of expense My system wo«M ,e to go to the front townships, buy ca v^and feed them here untU they were two years old past, and then fatten them. '
WILTIAM KENNEY.
s.i
\^§
MR. JOHN WATTIE'S EVIDENCE. John Wattie, of the Township of Brunei, called and examined.
Totfie ClMirman.—l have been farming in Brunei for eight years. I have 484 aor^s of v.hinh over 54 are cleared. My soil is a sandy ioam, my farm being principally fl^' low land, though I have some rock. I have been growing timothy hay princSv but
acT bu"l';'"'1"' '"^^ "w^"^* ^'^ ^" average^ield^of about'^liftTen' b2? t fhe S 1 \^ f ■ "^'^^"^•'^gf^t^ ""'^tinue Its growth, owui,^ to the amount of hand labour involved m threshing it, and the quantity I raise is so small that the threshing-machines S"? a^'i;- • '^''' ? ^""^'"'^^^ ^'^^ f^rty to forty-iive bushels of oats per LTeo S e Black lartarian variety. Peas are not troubled with the bug or worm. I have ' ot seen better m Muskoka, and the crop is one which yields twenty-five to thirty bushels to the the Fniv T ^"''^«!f ^Z" r'f^'^'^' i^'-K^'- '^'•ops of them than in Muskoka. I grow
keep It 111 the land for six successive years, principally, I believe, because the clover re- [Mr. Kenney and Mr. Wattie.]
i^^fff^^PARRY SOUND DISTMCT,
seeded itsolf. The roots ,„,„,„
so that one mM T 1 " 1 /"'^''^ ^ ^'-'^'^ f'Ut.nod a vo-e nf , ^"^ '"""<-'•>• ''"^ ^^'''^
pounds, and st f ^i\!;r;;::^:Ti;f ""'^" ^-f- '-^^ -'t. l:::!t:j» --,- f-.
Jn tlie Nia-'ara District 1 ^ ^'^ve over seen, and I J,ad lonrn'v, ''' ''^^'"'' ^'-'^'^
werfi «.,.ll !?„,, „:T 'n'''^- ^ I'^^-e "e^ er fed tl.e«n ,.„,*,. ' ..1?'.'° ''•^P'-'"e'ice as a butcher
n„ , ""' '''-'"'■" lounisi), ac-ordiim
^"hJ I would i.nng the 'mioCinti i n "^"^ '"'^''^ "P«" ^^'^ co^ n,on tck nF .{'''^^'^'■'^•^ '^"'■ excellent quality/^.dinl ;,, m *^"'"''^°" -n clover, of ^vhich ve 't °^ '" '-"""^'y. l^eeping t) ,n, in wa.-n 11 '''" P'-^^''^^^ ^^inter on tin.othy clov, i" ^^""'"'^^'*--''' of
youn^^attietofoS';; :^1£4 ^^'Si?^/^'°- "^ ^-^-^i ;;:;;, ^::;r::'r
situated Ljou a,; cha...?^,^'°'''"'' "^ ''^'^^ ^^ ^^ sun.me (, um ?'* "P/^''^ ^^"^^
s:-SJ5--?i4rtaStS«^-^^^^^
ben>, ,h best fj;^:i,;j °T v3\:!:;' ^^-''-M^'au ,;;;:;^:, -^
,fo Mr. Di/mond. ~Tho ave n^-j if ^"^ "/V"'' P"''^" bred Leicester ewes M'ould be about one-third--tmti'°nf ^T '^'"^' °" ^'''^'' hundred acr's in . bt utdi.ed by se-din.r ^ low .',^ '''•'''^ ^''''^^ ^"^'l''- be .ilou.di d %? "'^' ^"^^^nship
did vovy well for nhit., '' '^'^''P^''^ ''" P-'-i.anent pa ture o" '•;■'"••"'"'"'• «'"ld
MR THOa LANOm,D,S EVIDENCE. »J\ion resuming Tii.ivr.c. t
12
MUSKUKA AND PARRY SOUND DISTRICT.
tliP oasn ill wliich I li.ivo followcil that rotation I would 1
lavo
had
or 30 liiishols of
wlioat to tlu^ aero, only Miat. it was lnokrn down l)y a tliiind(>r storm. I tlion cross plongli th« land and put in a crop of potatoes. I have been able to grow all the gras.-;oK woU— in soiiio casM taking seven or eight crops off the land successively of timothy and red elover. The clover is good yet. Aliout one ton per acre is the average yield of hav. I helieve that sheep fanning is the most jiroli table here, and I intend going into it. Peiis yield aiiont 30 bushels to the acre, oats about AO, potatoes 150 to 300. Tli(> grasshoppers hav(( eaten up all my turnips "or three or four years back, but this year I have put them in pretty eai'ly, and they arc doing well. Crab apples do well with me, and I have a young orchard of apple trees of dill'erent varieties, which give promise of good succef-s. I grew a few tobacco plants, and they were not injured by the frost. There is abimdMnic of living water in the district, and lu every respect I believe the country is well adapted to stoek raising on a large scale.
7') .\fr. Stock. — The grasshoppers liavo been a yearly plague for the last few years, but tins year they were not so bad.
I'o Ml- Dijmoml. — I fanned in the county of Perth before coming here, and am fa miliar wiih the Canadian system of farming. 1 would like to follow a • cation of crops, but I lie newness of the Ian. I ,ti d the season inierferod with systematic farmiii"'. Fi'ost does not iii|m'e my crops any 'noro than those who were close to the lake, perhaps because I eiilti\a(e my land well. I believe if we could use lime and s;ilt ui)on the land they Would niatcriuily improve the crops.
THOMAS LANaPOIlD.
MR. Z. COLE'S EA/IDENCE.
Z\ni.\[!iAii C01.E, of the Township of Padout, was called and I. xamined.
Ti> Mr. D II 1110)1:1. — My farm is situated at the head of Trading Lak(!. I am the oldesi. settler in the neighbourhood, having been liere for eiglitecn years. I have about TiOO acres, of which -00 arc cleared, uiid L'r> acres are free from stumps and stones. JSome of my soil is sandy loam with clay subsoil, some a clay loam, and some clay to the bottom. I have cropped it for eighteen years without manure, and my grain grows too stout yet. My crops are mostly hay, oats, barley and peas, and I have grown an excellent quality of both spring and fall wheat, but the last few years it has been a failure, and I have ceas(>d growing it to any e.vtent. Peas, bar!{>y, corn' potaioes and turnips are all sure crops with nie. The average yield of oats is 50 bushels to the acre; peas between 40 and fiO , barley, 40 to (iOj corn, about 3.5 ; tuniips, 600 to 1,000. I have about 100 acres of hay, mostly timothy. I use a good deal of hay and oats for feeding, aiul the surplus is bought by tin- lumbermen. Hay sells at 610 a ton in the stack, and oats at 50 cents per bushel. 1 gen- erally keep about 100 head of stock, and I make a good deal of butter, as I ha\elifteen or sixteen cows, most of v/hich are half l>urham and half Devon. I bought a thoroughlired Durham bull four or five years ago, and it has greatly improved the stock. I use this bu'l upon cows that have Devon blood in them. .1 made about twenty-five pounds of be'i r per day for live months ; which 1 .sold at Praeebridge at an average of I'O cents per poiin-i. My stoek is chielly raised with a view to dairying. I have formerly fanned in the township of Brighton, county of Northumberland.
To (he Chairman. — I put manure upon my lighter soils, but some do net n ;uire it. I have about fi^'^y acres in pasture ; it has been seeded down ten or twelve yearr, u!n! the clover is as good as ever. One reason why clover la.sts so long is, thnt when '-A ,- sow.' with timothy some of it becomes ripe, and seeds the ground before the timothy is icady. My laud is on the lake shore, and is nut subject to i\u' frosts in the fall, and'verv li**'' ill the s[)ring. .'An* grazing cattle during the summer I would charge 8- pei lu'ad per mouth. Cattle couhl go to grass far earlier in the spring in my district than in he front townships, as tiiey could live upcm it even when they had to paw oil' the snow to ge;,
[J//-. Lauyford and Mr, t'oi'c.]
bushels nf tlion cross tlic <^riis.-:('K motliv aii'l i^ld ot' liay. o it. Peas asshoppf'i's
) put tllC'lH
I liave a ~>d sucopf-s, aliuiidaiK !■ i\\ a(laj)tc(l
few years
and am i'a n of crops, ng. Frost ps lif'crmse laud ilicy
OllD.
13
I the oldest about nOO !>oiiio of bottom. I at yet. My ity of both lave ceased crops witlr ')U , barley, lay, mostly ^dit by the lel. 1 gen- ^e fifteen or ^rouylibi'ed io this bu'l s of bi'i' r
P'H' pOUM'i. ii'd U\ till-
re.'juire it. ,T, and the if ;- sow.i y is i-eady. 'very liM^ ! pei licad hail in lii> r.ow to g( :
i"'ia wIh, would eon ,. to M?, ' , ''^'' ''^"""•-""t poulUy for n ' l'""'^^'" ^"^^ J'or.so-rake. I
«l'n->l'l .s.,d it down .-UKl eWr on' r'^r'"' *''"'''■ *'"'" '■" I o«" 1 P-'^If Jy/«"'<I n,,.ke cat' - nu-sin.ra,s the conn y i,"" Ct'e'i / "f"" '^•'^■'•^« ^'^''"o^^to pV:i''^'';'' ^^'^'-^ ^^"7 Miarkf.t hero, as we could /!,L ! i ^^ ^'''' ''^- ^'j P'an would 1,.,^^^ ' "''' '^<'<'"tion to t^attle, inelndin,. calv.s ,,''''" ^"'"■^' "^"'•« ^''-M'ly tC l . •• '■'''''r'''^ *'"' ^-'-^"lefor to lu-ows,. on the vo ,;Vk" ''' ' "«^^^' do well in th , (n,sh 1 I ,","? ^'''^'" ^^ the front. <li'ilv with sh, , ^ 'I'r' '''"■'^'^^^'^'"'^^ and maples. A ..rea ' n, • '''"''' ^'''"^ «'over pasture
-•""-0... i; is aC o , :;;'rt' "^'""'^' th^u^i. s^ ,^ ^^:\:: - -'-«t $!. ^. st.
P'-- of $2 per n.ontl ' Vo ^at'c?;?'.!'''^''^- ^ -''' ^^' - h^,/^-- -« -ere pretty year. I (1,,^, ^ busl.ol= • / ^' *'''' ''a^ of I 000 „,.l i ""^ ^^'^•'■O" "i tlie
^'""' rails t^keu ou^tSA^"''r!;^''•""•°-^oCaiot^?''T^r^ -- tin. October. "'"- *^^^^^SOt tlxcir growth. There 5^. *'f''^'^^ ' < " three or
^auc^vas no frost till the 12M. of
, ZAOlfAP.IAH COLE.
^\- Tr. PnowN.of theVilla^oof «.,v«.n „, ^;'//.. r7/.«™..__T havetsl ,""^"''"'^-' — -d.
'lown.shq.oflJurfordJookin for. „'.'''''■'' '^'^""t ^'^^^ years T '^'■•■" aeeusfoMH.d to s^w mi i '",' ' "^'' ^^''J' a view to tl^fi , ''^"'^ '" f™" the
l'<'i-o there were only on n, f ' "'' ^ ^^^« "^t very san-,, ?' 11 '' '"-^ ^-^pt'ctations
alnn.t ei<d.teen n?i '{ Af. '"'l"''^' ^"^ there w^.-e o " . Y'l ^^■^"■•" ^ eame
«'m side, thouo-li it I,n« n ,"'.""• . l"<!"nt townslu,, i« not ■,.^fI ^ '•^^ -^'' J"-ovided
iHH-st irres,;:eve':.',^'^;'^»« '!'""« the s„„.,„:: "^ ;^;f' "' ''^^ ^tc.unhoat eon.nn:niea- tl'eforn. whiel. the\, ■ , ' I '\ '''f '■^'^■'''-"- ''"ft is ot u fi^V' ^ '■"'^*' to Sraven- l'" '''ix-'-MnrsIa, ;■; ' "':^' ='" "«try will tal< in t 'Wu T f , '""^''^^""- ^^ ' to •"'.^■an will, very small ^""'''" ^^'^^ ^'•^"' ' ""'i^ l^^'M ' , ^'■■''"" ''^ ^^■■" •'^l^vays
<1'^ >"ueh in th™f .'!'■'' •""" ^ d« '^ot ,i. ^. tl, r !-''^' "'^^">' «f "»»• settle s
^^'i II pay best " ,, .''".'f' "'o^ tluui enon-', for his 7, «. '"'^t kind, but when a liutn iin«
'■'■''I "i''V are n<,f i;.,) i / ^ ""^'' as t „.re is an ni,„., i . ''' ^'at wou d be a
ti"'l Hut it doos Is we if ■ !'^'';MTl-.s y^eld well, 1 -h '':''"' '; '^l''''"'^ -^'^ ''« sue! . '" ''^"' '^■^ ^» the front towiu^hips. ""'" ''"''''' '^^' ''ax, and I
''^'"' ''""•'"'«*i"" •■>U-u,rn..d at D.^o j,,, U. il. iJiu^W N.
14
MUSKOKA AMj i'. lilV SOUND DISTRICT.
MR. E. MONAGITAN'ti EVIDENCE.
HuxTSViL,.!';, Aiii/nsi 26.
Tlie ronmiission met at 7 p.m. Stock.
I'rfsent — IMcssrs. Bhowx (Cliairjiian), Dvmonu and
E. MoNAGiiAN, of the Township of Cliaffby, was called and examined.
To the Chairman. — I have been located here for only two years, though'I have paid annual visits to the district for the last ten years. I have 300 acres of land, of which 90 are cultivated. Memljcrs of my family have altog(;ther 410 acres, of wliioli .".00 are till- able. i\ly soil is a sandy loam, and my land quite elevated, tliough not liilly. It is V)ounded oa the north and west by the Lon^; Lake, as it is called, and I liave two islands on the lak;;. iMy timber is princi[)aUy hardwood. I have been successful in growirg oats, peas, barley, lye, potatoes, and all kinds of vegetables, but I have not tried wheat ; corn 1 only gruw for houcehold consunijjtion. I do not think that the country is adapted to tluj growtli of wheat, tiiough some of my neigiibours raise \ery line crops of i(, and a tenant of mine raised as good a sample of spring wlieat as I have ever seen in the front toNvn- sliips. I have farmed for a long time in Middlesex, near the * 'ity of London. Oats do svell, and I iuive raised from sixty to seventy bushels an aci'e, JJlack Tartarian and White New Zealand oats. Peas yield forty bush<'ls to the acre frecpiently ; no enemies io p(\as except oceasioiuil nuldew, caused, I believe, by the moisture of the aiinospliere, when thoy grow very rank, but oats rusted slightly this year. 'J'he district is well adaj)ted to the growth of barley, which yields oO bushels to thii acre, though the sample Js nol' always lir.it cla.ss. Potatoes yield ulmnclantly, and thou.i^h they are subject to tlu; beeti:>, its ravageri are easily contruUed ; tlie average production is about '2'tO bushels to the acre, i.hough I have raised much mure than that. The best w.riety is the Early Hose. I sowei' rye for the temporary purpose of seeding down in the fall, but it is a certain crop and yield < m ell. The demand for it is merely local, and it is sold at To cerits, for the i)urpose of mixing with wheat to make bread. Last year we had frost on the LHh of Aiigust, and this yotir we had it on the i-<iii ot August, and some on <' lit of the 2ot]i, but these are excepLion.alexP'ni 'uccs
in Muskolca. Some of my land ' i continuously cropped with clo-.er ae.d timjthy
for live years, and this year it v er tiian ever before. Clover instead of running
out in this country keeps increasi..., r by year by rc-seeding spontaneously, and bi;'si<les th(;re is so much snow in winter that the frost does not cnt(;r tii' soil, and there is less danger of the clover being heaved out of the soil. I keep four norses, cattle, and lings. .Some t)f my cattle are well-bred Shorthorns, crosses, and some 'Ominon. .1 ha\e a Dur- ham bull, which is said to be pure, though I have not tne pv.iigree. i\Iy object is to get improved stock, for I believe that unless the peojde of Muskoka do that, they might as well leave the country. The district is specially adapted to the raising of cattle and sluep; we could turn out good fat cattle for pasture about the end of October without other food. There is no dillieulty in growing the coarse grains, and c vttlo could be winter fed on ehopi)ed stuil", hay and roots. The average yield of hay x'ith me is 1 h tons an acre, though otiiers have grown more. 1 lia\'e no sheep, but I intend getting sonie, as there is min-e money in them than in cattle. I will gi't some good eonniion ewe.s, .'ind use a thoi'imglduvd ram, either t'otswold or Leicester. Cattle for fattening should bo good and slKudd be well housed and eared for in M'inter. y'o J/"/-. Di/inoiul. — The land in Midtllesex rt^tains its productivene,-s longer than the land here, but does not yield such large crops of the coarse grains and potatoes. I came to .Must-nka at first because 1 was suHering fi'om lung disease, and also for the purpose of getting land for my .sons, and sohl my farm in .Middlesex. Mylieallh has l'f>en re e.stab- li.-,hed since 1 came here, and I think tli.at under tli(> eircum.stanees m.y in\rstnient lias been a good one. Jt is far lii'ttei lainl in the older e .nniiey. t.)ur
grades
for ;t man to la!:e a free gi'ant in .Muskoka than to rent great want at pivsent is railway euumiunication, as th*"
[Mr Mu.o.jhau.]
,^,, MtJSKOKA^AND PACKV SOUND DISTRIOT. ,,
profluoe tli.ro for 50 cents per hnndiZ iM^'rl^''^ comnunucation, W... ,,u,not r'.aw cents p.r lu:s',o,. T1„h.,1. \ve luaVo l,^ ^nS if r? ^i 'f' '' ^'" '"'"^'-""-^ '^^t ^ ^'0 auunn.t t„ anything like a pla,^ue do not t n i ' n ""' ^''^'^^m-^^^ tl,ey do ov bush lan.I, though some poople keep tl o ' ou, ^ n 1 7"''' ^'"^ *" ^'^'^'' "^^'^^^ «" wild s|..n,nnr an.l th.y con.o ont in'protty^good eo.Xion Alf ^.°' ' r"''*'*^'^ ''^ ^''« -«°'»'^ ^^ tlie halnlKy of the cattle to stray the Inol^ ^P i ^ «^'.!^'-''""'« to the system are
< 'e wannth of the water, or upon tl,e ekvated n i I .? *^' '°^^* ^^'^^ '' "'«''i'i"'l W Pi'ere prevent frost Tl ,>re iill he no ^ < r I u.l where the movements of the nImoV 2J-H'lienUy in U,e way o^^^l! JS.^ ^:^^^Z:^-^-l^::^^^ cattle to the raif:;: . ^ ^ttlers a,e poor, and have small clearings soli ah': vf, ^ ??* '' *^''^* "^''^''^ «f f'e f'ey Iiad a railway men of earulal wo M n!> !,' ?^ '"' "*"' '^'^^'^ *» ^uy stock, but (f
mto stock raising-^ The farther bck.f '"^"^^"'^, ^"^ ««t t'lo present «■( tiers a d £o because thev hav^e a le ss ce ; ,t .p J!.f /'^^ ^'^''^f '' \ for the settlers to get^lon ^ -«t H,..n. n,ore. For .nsti^;:;,": 1 tw7^ ^^l ^ 7''^ "^'l ^ "'''^'-"-^ ^"^^ I^racel.rulg. it ,s .'5],2.5, ,at irnntsville V' 7? -,; V*: , %^:f !™^ '^t Uravenhurst. wh,!e afc ■slup o ( ;halley, farn.s of 200 acre .'i h' 25 o 30 n" V ''''.""'^ ^". '^"^ ^" *''« ■'owo. or i^ .00, or one half what they wou d 1 ave . .Ir ft?. '''"'"''• ^•''" ^'° ^°""''t for §501)
-ot having a raihvad, and w.fl nottV't money m lair'" ^'°" ''"^''^ '''^" ''--'-goO.
E. MONAGHAN,
Mn. JOim WINTER'S EVIDENCE. JOU.V WxxTKH, of the Township of Sinclair, was called and axamined. ^...r.....^, i , ,^^^ March smce I moved „.to the
^ -"Y "•"'"' '''i^'P- J^''« a'^'erai^o yield of oats is al
^eSi;;g:£.r-;\;l^^;;.^;^r::n;l;z„:t^ -■n,,^'--^ ^« uodi^cuity'^
clover , nixed ui,h four of tin^Uhvot™?^
frost; but . hnd in.proved -lur.n^th: t!".p "cd m : i^ '^;'::r" ^"! '•^';y'^'' '^"^ ''^ ^^e «pnngy. 1 have planted tliree bushels of F . 1 v V \ . • ' "''' ^"''"".V ^''7 and not
and the yield was^ix.v bus L Tiinn • vn ^ I .>) n l""","? one-cumrter of an acre, years they nre taken W (he lie^ T e ! L^s ,n "^ 500 bushels to the acre ; hut som^ J'ave n.: n, at all until last ymr! -'^«'^''-PP<' '« do not trouhle n.e much. 1 du\ not
on t..e' ;:bna:^t;;;,;r:t':;;::rr Xt,^ t ^ '''- ""^'•-—
eertaJn enon-h eror. te he tn-olit .1 h. , ..n ^ '"''"*" '"''^ '"''^'''y P"re. Corn is not a
forsevernlyearsn; nglaJl^^ltr^^:;:;;:^;;:^^ I also f.rnnll
togointoitttleandsheen'!:^^ ::::.: V'^ Iadv,s..se.tler3
-fattenn,catt,eIwo;ddfe'.UheJ:-.n.;:;S.-:;[,r;-Ss;^^^^^^
[.'//•. Jf(,,ia<f/i,iu uuil Ml
Winter. 'I
1.6
MUSKOKA ANJ; PARRY SOUND DISTRICT.
spi-nig, -when I would feed thorn up with a little <,'rain, and turn tiicni out on the grans, givnig them some chopped stutl" while oni^he pasture It will not. pay to .stnll feed catti" here; it will cost too mucii. Undor the treaLnieiit 1 have mentioned my cattle will be (it to sell in the fall A steer three years old in the spnng put out upmi'sueh grass as wc have would add to his flesi; without receiving any grain. Cowj are worth aliout !?30 a piece, and tliree-year old steers about the same. My sheep are about pure-1. red f.eiceriterf:, and have done very wi-ll. They produce on an average about nine pouiuls of washed wool! of good quality, at the age or si.v years. I think that about two-*hn'ds of tlie land in tli:; township is lit for cultivation. My land compares very favourably with that in Ea.st Ciwillimbury, where I farmed for se\en years, and King. IVIy exjierienee is that we can generally avoid serious consequences from the frost by sowing at the proper time. Oats generally bring 50 cents per bushel when sold to the lumbermen ; and hay $8 per ion.
To Mr. Dijmond. — I have not attempted apple growing; but small fruits do well, such as black currants and the American goo.sebe.iy. My plan of rem'wing laiid is seed- ing it down, sowing in buckwheat and ploug'iing it down. Oats are the most e.vliaustin'^ crop on the land; but we have frequently sown two crops in succession, the second bein<' as good as the first.
JOHN WINTER.
Tlie Oounnission then adjourned until Friday, at 8 a.m.
MR. S. POLLOClv'« EVIDENCE.
IIUNTSVIU.K, Avijiisl. ,>7th.
The Commission met at 8 o'clock a.m. Present — Me-;srs. BitowN (Chairnian), and
DVMO.M)
S. Pollock, of the Township of Perry, waa called and examined.
To '111 Cluiinnrva. — I have been in the district three years I do not reside on my
own land, but work 200 acres in company with a gentleman in Victoria County, ami of
tlie latter farm 85 acres have been cleared by my oartner since I came to reside on the
farm ; (he reniainuer was cleared before. 'I'he soil .s a sandy loam, with some clay on the
siiore of the lake. I have farmed for eighteen yars in the Township of Feiielon, North
Victoria, I have grown wheat, oats, barley, and peas. I do not consider that corn would
be a Kuoi-iHsful 3rop here. Neither sjirirLg nor fall wlieat have been what we woidd call
a success in the front townships, though spring wdieat was sufficiently pi-oductive to pay.
I have not given up growing fall wdieat, tliougji I am doubtful if it would turn out :v
paying erop. The trouble with wliuat is that the straw does not stand up w(dl, but
crumbles before it ripens. I believe the use of salt and lime would remedy the evil,
though I have not tried them. The average yield of spring wheat would be about 10
bushels to the acre, but I believe it would increase under thorough cultivation. We have
heavy crops of oats on both new and <dd la,nd , the average yield being 30 to 40 bushels an
acre, this year. Barley is a successful crop, though I have not grown it much. Peas would
yield 15 to 20 bushels an acre. I seeded down 50 acres this spring. My object being to
keep the land clean and to sell hay to the lumbermen, as this is more prolitable than
plougliing the land in its present condition I seeded down with timothy and not much
clover, as it is so difficult to mow among the stumps. Clever grows rank and strong, but
I prefiM- tlie timothy because it .sells for more and is more easily liarxcsteil in rough land.
Hay averages about $10 per ton at tlie barn, and the yield is about one ton per acre ; this
was from tiiuothy We have IC sheep at present, but intend to iicr'^ase the stock to 5C or
75, and also the cattle ; ti ve milch cows, and s-ivon or eight head of young cattle ; a yoke of
o.xen ; and a thiu-ougldired bull. Settlers were availing th-'nselves of the services of tho
thoronglibi'i'd bull to some e.'itent, but since the introduction of inferior and clieaper
animals his services are not so much in demand. The price charged fur service is $1
\.\!r. Wiiilor an<l Mr. l',.I!ork.]
MU8K0KA AND PARRY SOUND DISTRICT.
The bull is allowed to
17
■ditiou. In tl
run with the other cattl
Hi wiiitLT the cattle run about the str
e in the pasture, and he keeps in -(if),!
give them a little liay in the
■aw sta.;ks and tlie ffiicd
not
K-'re
tu 20
con-
th^. on straw and ^.^^'Ii^IS^^X^7:J'''''T^^^^^^
gave then, other food, suci. as tu.^i^s ' f.e nly eS ;" Id^war'^T' '"/'" '^'''^ ^ four yearn old in the fall, which had been run2.'ln the ,2 17 °' *^^"' •''"■'" '^'• pasture. 'I'hero were wintered as 1 have u^S i V , '^' *""' *'"'" *"""-'' ^''^ the
of beef. AVitli regard to «h p I use a nu e bre l"l''' ' '"^^ ^°"''' '"^'^*^ ^^^^ ^' ^^0 lbs. pasture in the su^nner, and iil ^^.^^ j J ^ , r;^;^:;;-'^-;! t^-l>-P -n on the
lambn^ t.ne,w]u.n they .u-e fed on oats L bral'a^^ri^t"^^
y^o.a::Jt£''^:::;-,^^^^,^^^^ --^^^ in the* rS; nei,M,our-
the good land goin.^ in patches "Th.^ s nf '''' ,' '"' '="'"* ^« '''^tl'^'^' ^'"-'^'b
intel^'fere with the o, .S of th f a n e so fiv " ^ " ''"i '""'"'''P' ^^"' ^^ '''-'^
are none in the towLslnp whcTho^e ;^ ^r c ext n" 7 l'"""' "r- our land. T
acres, others as high as 50 or 75 S e most of f f.r '"' ''■ "^r^ ^''''^ ^' '^ ''^
own consuu>ption° Oats and ot .er ^n' s .nw ' "'^ *'"-'i'-
principal pal-t of tl,e town ip a'b!en Hk^nl; tl ' 7^^^ everywhere. I think the
possession of. The p.oph, wlo^m t in Hd no ^ ' v^ '°™f ^"'' ''"^^ ""^^ ^"'"' ^''"^"^
land properly. I found far ino' F ' oin, ^ "'^•™''^ f o^^l^ '"^'ans to cultnut... tiieir
ing u , hL.e Ls to g^t ia : ri; so s 'l S ! d nf; T' "^ r"'^ /-^ucenKmt for com-
farn.ers wlio have s'ons to buy thL land here unl ^i /" a""" ^ ^^•'^"'•' "''^•^•^^
chase farn.s i^.- them in id frorl^ tvn' ;;."S:. b f .^^ I^J^' ""^^^' "^ V"^"
fencing with timber from the fallow Tf r i.i i ^"•'" ">•' ''O'^^s .'i?l j per acre, ir.e)ndin<T
that ..tte than inve.st iuLndi the front tow. , """"^' "°"'^^ '°''"^^' ''^"'' i'^'^'' l^-" -^ nuich to contend against T^'m it 1 heicTin t !e! T' "! "'T* ^ ^''^^ ""^ '--' '^« koka are local in their .-irects \V 1, t. 7 °,* ''■°'^' ' ^"* t'^e frosts iii AIus-
tl.an in l<^.K,hu.. u;^ ^.j^^^^f j^^, ^^^^^^^^^ f -I'eat I can raise better crops hore
Rouble. 1 would not^dilrp::;^' ^i^tJ:;ti^£, sr?'^ *'"; ^'-^^^ i^ ^-^- '^^"<^
do so myself if T had not so mii,;ii oUr. +,.1 V , , ^ ^ ^"^^"*'' ''•^"^- 1 ^^'^'"itl not
..usibleklling o/r in th?^^"^: ^ h^ ^ ^i; in S:;tni°' tJ'^ J« "-• , '".ere is a to sh..ep an<l cattle raising. I ^vould breed rnf 'a" 'i' ^^''™' '" ^'"'^ ""''""l'^''^
grains, hay, and roots. ancLsend tZ t t^e front "f? r'l' ^'"'," *^'^'" °" '•"■■'^^^
fer tliis system, and would drive them fn t) •, ' 'r'^''*""* '^ '■''^'^^'^>' ^ ^^'^"''l P^'C"
graded animals. It would be an eeo Zn 1 ^^^^^y- I would have thoroughlv iell
-oods, but sheep slioulTnot be al 3 to r n '" ,' ^"' '^1 '^'t ^"" *'^^ «^«^ >•'--•' the ,v;i.l 1...... ,..;,,.' , n,. '"'\''*^ ^l'°?^cd to run m the woods. If a man had 300 acres of
horned cattle
dis- far
Cravenhurst to connect with the Ca^XcXirf - V'^'""^ ^1'""^' ''' '^"''^ ^™" trictsthebestop,m,ngforinn.n%n-atio lauir . • . 'f ^^'Pissing I consider tho.se dis ^ahead of the x\orth-West '■""'='^*'°" ""^ capitalists in the Dominion. In mv opinion fai
SMITH POLLUL'Iv.
»ui. R N. HILL'S evidi:nce.
R. N. Hu.r., of the Township of Franklin, was called and examined.
Urr. ;V. r^^:;: t,;'; ""^'""^' -^^^ ^^^ -^ •^^•-^'- ^y personal-experienced
[.l/r. Pollock and Mr. IfUn 9 "J
18
MUSKOFvA AND PARllY SOUND DISTRICT.
IP..^
limit(!(l pretty mucli to the Ifiud on the shore of the lake, of wliiuh about 220 acres arc cleart;(l. All the land lias Uvcn takoi up under the Free ( !rant Acts. I lirotiifht in some capital with ine. I agree with Mr. I'ollock as to the average cost of clearing land. The soil is principally clay loam, and the sub-soil quite stiUT. There is no rock that is a serious impediment to cultivation, though I have about 30 acres of stony land. My land is better than the average in the county of Leeds, where I formerly resided. I disposed of 2(S0 aeres of good land in that county, and invested the entire proceeds where I now live. Oats av(!rage 40 bushels to the acre, and the grain is of very line cpiality. I have done nothing in the way of under-drainage, but I am sure that it would improve the soil verv nuuli, and I contemplate doing something in that way in the future. The "xasses o-roCv luxuritmtly. I sowed the A Isike clover with a slight mixture of white clover and timothy. I seeded down land when I iirst settled. It has not run out yet, and practically it amounts to a permanent pasture, for there is no sign of deterioration. I gave Professor Brown, of the Ontario Agricultural College, a piece of the; soil for analysis. I have <n'ov;n very line crops of wheat, botli fall and spring. Fall wheat sull'ered from winter killing t\\i> years, the result on one occasion being due, in my opinion, to too rapid growth in the fall. and in the other, perhaps, to there being so much snow that the crop -was smothered. About 30 bushels p(!r acre is tlio maximum yield of fall wlieat, and 20 bushels the avera^r. Spring wheat will average 20 bushels per acre when the land is properly prepared, thou'^di om- year it was a failure. iSIy crops have never suflered from the frost's, though those on th(^ lighter soils do sometimes. The district has only suU'ered severely from frosts two y(,>ais within my knowledge. Many of the settlers cleared off their land in the sprln". wlu'^li was a very objectionable system as the crops are iitiblo to be late and to be attacked by the frost. Corn is a good crop on new land well burned. My plan was to seed down with the first crop, so as to allow my clearing new land, and s.ave the trouble of plou.^hin" among the stumps. I am now about adoptinjr a I'otation of crops on the older laud. 1 will keep the new land in grass for seven or eight ye.irs, or longer if possible, and the f:a-ia('r should combine his early operations with the f(!eding of cattle. I have been suc- C'ssftil in cattle raising here : never lost sheep or cattle from disease of any kind ; but have noi given much attention to feeding except ordinary grazing, ^^'hen I began farmiii"- here I used to allow cattle to run in the woods during the summer. In th(> winter I simplv fed hay, straw, and roots when I had them, though I am not satisfied with my practice in that particular. I would like to cut more straw and give it to them with bran, chopped stuff, aiKl roots. I have not suflicient stabling to carry out my idea of feeding in this direction but I am prepared to make improvements. The grasshoppers have never troubled us seriously in this section. It is my intention to devote my attention chielly to stock raising. I think sheep wil' pay well, and as to cattle I do not know whether beef or dairying will pay the better, though I am convinced that both will do well. The question of having a creamery or cheese factory at Iluntsvillo has been agitated recently in the press and otherwise, and I think such a scheme is feasible, and if carried out would be a great advantage to the district. The milk can bo easily collected by boats runnin,"- on the lakes, and also by teams on the live colonization roads leading to the village. We disposi- largely of our produce to now settlers, many of whom are coming into the back country. These ])eo]ile bring in somi^ money, but not very much. They ai-e not able to pay readv mouey fur wliat they purchase. I and my sons have about 2."> head of cattle on tlie three farms, besides five teams. I have a thoroughbred Ayrshire bull. I think on account of our Ijeing a distance from the railway perhaps settlers would be discouraged in raising beef stock ; though I do not think there would be any difficulty in driving^ f hem to the rail- way. Perhaps, liowever, the attention of the farmers in the district sliould be turned to churving, especially as they are so well situated for that purpose. We keep also between SO and '.HI sheep. I had some well-selected ewes at first, and have been buying thoroughbred rams ever since, Leicester ,and (.'otswold. Sheep raising is a protihil)le branch of iiKJustry. I do not think our situation presents insupf rable diffimilties in reaching the market with oatth- and sli.'(-p, except very fat: ones. I am perfectly well satisfied with the e\|i('riinent of coming to >Iuskoka. One dilliiuilty is the scarcity of cash, which renders it uccess.'ir> to do a good deal of business by bartcu'.
I t
i I
■■- 'rw..]
MUSKOKA AND PARRY &-OUND DISTRICT. i^j
I l.ay st.U a strong, firm, clo.se botto.n of 1 "vhL. t^" ""i"/-" ^''''' '" ♦'"' """■'fy better than at present. To-dav I sheAved P?o£so • ' ''"l^"'' '" ^^'"^ "»^i ^^'^'^ never
farjn, and that gentlen.an stated tlmt ],e had exS,, r:;;^ T"?'''^'^ «^ wlu.t g.-own upon my n Oirtario and had seen none as -ood as -rown ^n ^ f diHoront samples of whoa -rowfi js the settling of capitalists among 1 and I an ^onvh''" . .?'" ''''''' ^^'^"^ '' ^'- '^^ md better investments for their mono^ IV ron o oal? ''^"* "°"^'^"'^ ''•""''' «"'^'' '"•» for tl,e cleanng, and if the land was then seeded to In T"" "P"" '''''' ^^'"^ ^^«»l'l P'^Y and meadow for stock. I am strongly of tl^ bel ef' 3 '"'' ^°"''' *' ^"^"^ '^^ P^^ture fanning is necessary before comiiu'lfere Manv 1,. i *" ''PP'-«"ti'''««''il' ^ Canadian moans iiave secured themselves con^u tall .^^""^y '"^'^ ^''^ve come here with little or o with $20,000 or $;U,,000 wou W do betSr her '"tT ^^ '''"' f ^"^'•^^ ^"'^ >-J^'«t^7 Men $2,aOU could do well. '^'''' ^""^ ^^'^'^ '^"7 «tl'er class, but those with even
R. N. HILL.
MR. WILLIAM CANxN'S EVIDENCE. WiLUAM Cakx. of Iluntsville. was called and examined.
t.n.i.S'ofl^;;™S"43nr^n X^^Srr:^ ^l^' ^^-'^^^^^'^ --^ -^^^ the in. llwV°T/"'^'' ""' "" ^^''^^•"^'--l that it s bes adaBteVlo f "'""'^:^'^'' ^"^'^ this section cially for the reason that the grasses c^o M-ell ^'"'^ *° '^'''^ ^^^ cattle raising, espe-
that breed does best l*,.re both for beS and ' 11 ''^''t^ T' ^'^^ '^""-^« ^ think
Sv°th '^'"." ^'"■^■P- ^ ''^'^^^ t^-' state of tl.'ntllTs Jf''"/"'"^^' ^'^-"'"-^ -'- justity the venture. ^nUoS m this section of country is such as to
The Commission then adjourned. WILLIAM CANI^.
MR. AVM. DAVIDSON'S EVIDENCE.
_ ^ . ^"^"^ carling, ^„5,^,< ssih, mo.
J-lie Commission met nfOum d
W«. D.v,„,„». „r ft, T„.-„,„ip of Watt, ™, o„,|o., ..„, e.„,„i„,,
Miow. Have grow,, a little Fvfe sprin- wl ^f fr i '"^'^'" ''''^'"g ^'om too much
-as a failure ; I do not think itCuM b^' Jlio I .' ''"'^ ""^" ^'^■''' ^^^^ ^"t tliis yZ'l produces more than 15 bushels to the acre tl e . v7°" ^«. a regular crop, and it' never 'nason by trade, and never tried farmin "b^fo T »'' ^''"» ^'^'''^P'^ ^^ or VI. Am I splendid crop, n twivhstandin. tJiat he?wl iT*?" "'*° '^'^ ^^•"°^'«- Potatoes are a
IS a clay, not very heavy, and w le l tTerr . ^""^'^'.^ 8°°^' '^eal by the bug. My soit
•0 bushels; peas were also a good oron a d ,". ; '^"t this year wo had between JO and
-angolds-also did well. HaveTou ^^A":L:tZZ7'''^''-r *"''"'P-^' -''-t^. and
[Mr mn, Mr. Cann and Mr. i^a.^V.^] ' "' '""'"" ^'^^P'
20
MUSKOKA AND PARRY SOUND DISTRICT.
Koop a i^ood (Ifftl of pasture— my farm bring pretty much all seei'ed clown. ]My usual plan is to put potatoes on now soil, llieii wh.-at or oats, with which I seed down with red and whit(! clover and tiinotliy luixod. 1 liad some clover and tiniotliy seeded seven yeys a"o and it was a f;ood crop this year. ° '
To .Ifr. Diinond. — I lived in Markham boforo I caino hero, but did nothiu" at farm- ing. 1 left Hiigland twcnty-tliree years .ago. If any of tny crops havo failed Tt is quito possible it w.is from mismanagement rather than from any fault of the soil. The "rass- hoppers troubled us some years, but not sufficiently to cause a failure of the crops, and w^e do not dread tliein very much. Last year and this year the ])eoplc suffered from frost about the middle of August which cut down their potatoes and injured other crops; but as a rule the frost does not do much dam.age, and is local rather than general ; tlie farmers wlioso land is close to the lakes do not sufFor so much as tho.se Avho live farther back. Stock does w(dl in tlie district. I pasture my cattle in tlio woods untd the crops are taken oil, turning them out gi^nerally about the latter part of April ; cows do well in iho bush until the latter part of July, when they are put upon the liay stubble; tht cattle are generally stabled about the middle of November, after which they are fed straw, ex- A'pt cows that are giving milk, and they are fed some hay ; in the fall we give our milch cows .some turnips, potatoes, pumpkins, etc.; occfisionally we give the other cattle a little hay towai-ds spring, but not often ; sometimes tlioy tVdl off in the winter, but if properly attended to they generally come out all right. At one time we had a thoroughbred Short- horn bull in the neighbourhood, but not at present. Sheep are kept in the pasture in tlie summer, and in the winter are fed principally upon pea straw, w itli a little hay once a day ; near lambing time the ewes are sometimes fed a little grain or roots ; my sheep are from a cross of aCttswold ram upon the common ewes. SJieep do exceedingly well in the di.-itriet and require very little attention.
To the CJiairmnn. — When I camo into the district I had exactly fourteen pence in cash, a small quantity of flour and pork, a wife and six children, and never received any assistance. Am well satisfied witli my experience of the country thus far. The price of hay is regulated a good deal by the lumber intere.",t, and I have sold it as high as $18 per ton, and as low as .$0 or $7 Oats generally sold at from -10 cents to f)Q cents per bushel. There is a large ta'^arack swamp one. half in Monck and one half in Watt, with the river running through --'^ the outlet some blasting is required to let the water out and drain the laud. I tliiiii. about $1,U0U would be required to do the blasting. The matter has been urged on the Township Council, and at one time I got up a petition with sixty signa- tures and sent it to the Commissioner of Public Works, and never got any reply. Nearly all the land covered by the swamp is taken up. It woul<l be the best land in the two townshiiis if tlie rock was blasted out, the river acting as the main drain, besides it is the cause of severe summer frosts in its vicinity, also being dangerous for miring cattle. I hope the Government will give some assistance in draining this swamp; it not being heavily timbered, and being good land, the settlers holding land in the swamp would at once clear it up.
WILLIAM DAVIDSON.
MR. WM. TPtOUTEN'S EVIDENCE.
William Trouten', of the Township of Watt, M-as called and examined.
To the Chairman. — I have been settled liere ten years, and came from Oarafraxa, near Fergus, wliere I had been farming. I have 200 acres of land, of which 40 or ^)0 acres are cleared. I cleared the principal part of it myself with the help of my family ; some of my land is pretty rough, but there is a good deal of good land ; there are only 70 or SO acres char of stone. The soil is genei-ally a pretty stiff white clay. When I clear up a piece of land I generally put in potatoes or turnips, and then wdieat, with which I seiMl down, though I sometimes put in a crop or oats. I have four or live acres
\_yfr. Davidson and Mr. I'roiUen.'\
MUSKOKA AND PARRY SOUND DISTRICT.
21
usual plan
th red and
yeya ago,
n^ at farm- it is quito The grass- ips, and \vf! frost ul)out ps ; l)ut as ;Iie fanners rtlior liaclc. Li crops aro well in tlie ; tilt cattle I straw, ex- 3 our milch ttle a little if properly bred Short- iture in the hay once a y sheep aro well in the
!n pence in pceived any L'he price of
as $18 per per bushel, th the river t and drain
matter lias sixty signa- y. Nearly
in the two :les it is the g cattle. I 3ing heavily fc once clear
)SON.
Garafraxa, 11 40 or r)0 my family ; ire are only . When I ivheat, with r iive acres
.hieh T have eroppc-d with grain crops ever since I .,.me into the country. I manured Til.! land. I hav.i grown full wheat and it did very well • it li'm n,.vnr l,r/n n f ^T'^""'^'^?
,' >' ^'-'l^- '---er, that fall wh..at would ov^^^lTt- \ ^ S ^in ns^Sr:
have sown the Houlis wheat and another kind the name of-^vh),,. [ do not low Z, ,ni.e,. r have not been much troubled with wint..r killing. My land is lotZTll T ^l.en. is a more ndiable crop than f.il wheat. I havetint;; ^^^^.^ ^f, Z:^ u„l nue no ^1' bn.lty ,n .......ding down. Last year the grass was injun.d a 11 e"." the
grasshoppers. The oldest pasture I have is five or six years old ; the sward o Li .^ so g.KMl now as at first, and it is all timothy, the clover havin^^ l-.H-n kille.l o .t la^f v n,^ 'I -nnps yi..ld about 500 bushels to the ao.;: I have sevente;:;i beacU^ V u , ^ 1 X ot tl .. ealv..s, and only e even .sheep, as I have been killing of!' some. The bulls Z neighbourhood are mostly grades, and I do not think we^vill do much in cattle rail: n,g until we get thoroughbred males. The raising of common cattle is unprot itabh' as w.. eannot get sale for them, but f we pr^^'-^o good grades I think they cou d be re di?y .^ol.l at h.eal fairs, or at BraeeLndge or (;!rav mhurst. it-auuy
To Mr. J)i/>non,/.~'nm-o .u'e so few good cattle it does not pay buyers to come after them. I ,Io not believe in bush feeding if th..y have an abundance of pastun-, for thou d^ voung beasts do pn-tty well in the bush, cows do not come out very tVit, Tln.re am! siderable butter mad,- m ih.. neighbourhood, and the surplus is sold at Port Carlin- where there is a very goo.l demand in the summer. =*
,nt i'^'" ';''^f''''»""--^^« «^o"'J not rent pasture to people in the south, as we have ..ot ufheu-nt to grow hay for ourselves. My sheep are doing well, and I b.dieve this country is well a.iapt.d to sheep and cattle raising, notwithstanding the rather Ion" ^^^uer^•. 1 n.iver >vas in any country where gra^s grow so well as it does here : it grossl ni gr<.at abundance even upon the r.-eky land. Hay can be grown more abundantly than in (jiaratiaxa, and the pasture is better during the summer,
WM. TliOUTi:N.
MR. WM. GREGORY'S EVIDENCE. 'iViLMAM Gregory, of the Township of .Medora, was called and examined.
To Mr Diimond.—l have been farming in Muskoka for ten years. I have 166 acn-s, ot which about 31 are cleared. I was not a farmer before coining to the country but iuul been engagiid m the commission business. My farm is on the River Jose,)h and some o my soil is light and some heavy, The land is not much broken by rock, thou-di It is rathe- rolling in its character. Oats are my mo.st successful crop, though I have grown all the principal cereals more or less. The average yield of oats is about 30 to 35 buslu'Is per acre, and they sell at from 30c. to 50c. per bushel Neither spring nor fall wlu'at have been successful with ine, and I do not think they could be depended upon as a regular crop ;tlie average vi..ld of spring wheat is, perhaps, ten or twelve bushe'^ per acre, and when the labour ot threshing it by liand is taken into account, it is cb- ... er to buy the tour. Peas have done very well with me, and I have also grown some very good corn. All kinds of garden vegetables grow abundantly. The summer frosts do not Vrove a .seri- ous draw back to me, and I do not think the settlers have sufiered severely from them more than two or three times. 1 have found that I can mature corn, tomatoes, cucum- bers, onions and almost all other kinds of vegetables. I liave grown 300 bushels of pota- toes to the acre, but that is an exceptional experience. The potato bug has been trouble- some ot late years, but it has not done much injury this year. Jkly plan is to plant some potatoes early, so that I can attend to them, and then plai'it some late ones, and 1 am thus pivtty sure of a crop. I do not believe in Paris green as it injures the tops of the plants, i k.-ep a small numl)er of cattle and sheep, and find that they succe.id well. I "..nerally seed down with the first crop. The oldest pasture I have is seven y..ars old, and it is in better co.idition than it was four or five years ago. I used to turn my cattle into the busli, 1-1//. 2'ruulun, and Mr. Gregory.^
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22
MUSKOKA AND PARRY SOUND DISTRICT.
but do not do so now as tlicro is too much time and trouble required in finding thoni ; 1 agree, however, with the last witness as to the value of bi'sli pasture, and tlie assistance it is to the settler. I have had quite a number of sheep die f/orn what appeared to be the rot, but believe it was caused by their lying in damp places near my barn. There are no thorough- bred auiiiials in my neighbourhood, but thiidc our township society might bo made tlic means of importing pure males for the improvem(;nt of stock. I am reaso:iab!y well satis- fied with my lot in Muskoka. I had a little means when I came into the country. I paid for clearing most of my farm at the rate of $18 to $20 for clearing and fencing with a rail fence.
To llii^. Chairman. — I am not yet able to maintain myself and my family by tlie pi*o- duce of my farm. There is a disposition among a good many of the settlers to stop clear- ing when they get enough to live upon, and make no further improvements. A consiiler- able number of tlie settlers have to work out a portion of the year, and I do not think they would be abj.^ to do much until tliey have cleared enough to keep them. 1 have never had a failure of the grasses, and tliis year the clover is turning out capitally. We can always rely upon a good sward of grass. A good deal of the country would be greatly
improved by drainage.
WM, GREGORY.
MR. ISAAC UOVEY'S EVIDENCE.
i. «•
Isaac Dovey, of the Township of Medora, was called and examined.
To the Chairman. — I have been in the township of ledora for four years, and came from Hampshire, England, where I was a market gardener. I have 2"24 acres, of whicli 43 are cleared, my land is a clay loam with clay subsoil, ond borders on the lake. It i.s timbered with beech, maple, basswood, a little oak and very little pine, and is sliglitly broken by rock. I usually plant corn or potatoes on new land, and then seed down with the next crop until the stumps can be taken out. I have been gowing corn successfully ever since I came in, and have about five acres this year; my crops have never been in- jured by the frost ; tlie average yield of corn on my farm is from thirty to forty bushels per acre. I have never planted a crop of any kind in Muskoka which has not done well if sown at the right time, and properly attended to. I have dug a fev/ open drains as the soil was wot below and required drainage. I have sown Red Chaff wheat, and it did fairly well when it was cultivated. I have tried fall wheat, but it wi's not a good crop owing, I believe, to the fact that the land was not properly drained and cultivated. The soil also requires the addition of lime to enable it to grow good crops of wheat. I have raised 30 bushels of oats to the acre on new and stumpy land, and 50 bushels per acre on land pretty well cleared of stumps — these oats were of the Black Tartarian variety. I seeded down to grass with the oats. The yield of hay is from one to two tons to the acre. I have thirteen head of horned stock, and feed all my corn to the calves. I keep a bull of my own, it is between a Shorthorn and a Devon. I came into the country with a little UK ans, but I could now more than live on the produce of my farm. Tlie aveiage yield of potatoes under good cultivation is about 200 bushels to the acre,
To Mr. Dtjmond. — I have grown some plums — mostly of the red variety — and have planted sonic grape vines, and they are looking well ; I think this soil and climate are adapted to the growth of grapes. I allow my young stock to run in tlie wootls, but keep my mil'li cows in the pasture. I have my bush fenced in so that the cattle do not stray, and they do well upon it, and come in in tie fall in good condition. Turnips grow well, but are liable to be cut off by the fly at any tine. In the winter I feed my young cuttle on straw and liay and a few turni[)s, if I have them, and my cow.« upon the best feed I liave. I h:ive no sheep, but she<"p thrive well liere ; a cross between the Leicesters and Southdowns would be the best for the country. I believe that in course of tinv~ large numbers of sheep and cattle will be .shipped from here to the old country.
ISAAC DOVEY.
Mr. f^reqorv and Mr. Dovey. 1
MUSKOKA AND PAliRY SOUND DISTRICT.
23
ing tlioni ; 1
sistiinco itip 3 be the rot, TO thorough- G made the y well satis- try. I paid ^with a rail
by the pi*o- 0 stop clear- A consider- t think tlioy
have never y. We can
be greatly
iORY.
s, and came !S, of wJiicli lake. It is is slightly I down with suceessfidly ver been in- jrty bushels. )t done well n drains as ;, and it did a good crop I'ated. The a,t. I have els per acre variety. I to the acre, keep a bull nlry with a Llie aveiage
— and have climate are Is, but keep 0 not stray> i grow well, oung cattle best feed I icesters and tim~ large
)VEY.
-A.R. ARCHIBALD McOALLUM'S EVIDENCE.
ARCinBA.B MOCAT..UM, of the Township of Medora, was called and examined.
To tlie Chairman. — I liave been in MiioL-r,l-.. +«« x
Scotland, and spent some nn.e nonti sin tl front" J^S^ '"'"^ Argyleshire,
farm does not touch the lake though it I M\ ;°'V '^ '^PS before coming liere. ]\lv
there is so much broken .and. I
was engaged in the grazing of sheep and cattle'in 'the
Itself. I have been uc st^d in 2 ul t-'° T '' ''"' '"""'''^ ^^ *''^* '* '■'-"-««*'^'1« but believe oats are ^le surest cron of "In'' , ^"^!' °'*^' '''^'^'' <^«'-"' '^"^"«' <^^'- ' peas, barley does well L it Ja Httfe ^1: ' f '/ ^'^^' ";'"" very successful with
fifteen cattle, including cale. i bou""n To . '";"*■ ^ ^'"' ^^"■^^"" "'^''^'^P ^'^ fourteen, after havin| killed six I kni '^ two ewes four years ago and I have now
weighed 124 pounds Iresserit "ad notliitbu^ "f ,"' '"° ^r"'^ "»"«' "^'^^'^
killed at the same time weired 1 GnournkW l^ ^'^? ' ''"^*''"' °"'' ^^'^''^'' ^
the pastures; I never allow sheep tJlj^ tile wood's "" ^"' '''"' """"^ ^^ ^''^ '''' °'^" do very well here.
I think the Leicester breed would
they -rive plenty of mUk thouXit ,-!! V V'T,'"''' ""^"'^ "°^^^ "^t« *'»« woods and if citUe and ship "az i\' w fe clde^^^ troublesome to find them. I believe that
resources of the Inu^^^Z ^'^'^W de ^lotr^liv nl" "'^^^^^/Y'v^''^ ^^""^^"^^"''^^ and then send it souii>. and in that vie^v rT.r ^ ". /'Y P'^" '"'""'^ ^'^ to raise stock
parttowardsthesoutherrpartUf tLp.Ll.l/rT.tVM^ P'*-^ ^''^ ^'^•"^
Britain. In the Hicdilaiuirof fe^o land t^^ n Tl *V-^'^'''""'^' °* ^^"^^'-^^^ ^'^ *« «°"th «a.ne distance, and if they were we" 1 t-S Tev dl! n oT ''T ''V"^t'' "'^'^ '^'^''''P *^- pretty fat, but they were "finished'' i . H,?t T t '"^^'''' "'"°'' ' *^^«« C'^ttle were
both spring and fafl whe'at but he lanV' ^T^i''^'- ^ ^^'« l^<'*-'n very successful with to whmt as a regular crop '' '■°^'" ''^'^* ^ '^'^ ^°<^ t'""^ ^^« '^^^uld look
lani.^tt:^e:;i^f^5 -4,,;5^^:-/-^~ I killed a
ARCHIBALD McCALLUM.
MR. P. H. O'BEIRNE'S EVIDENCE. P. H O'Beiune, of Port Carling, was called and examined
I
iil
24,
MUSKOKA AND PARRY SOUND DISTRICT.
such crops receive a great c>al of attention. I have also succeeded in raising grapes of the Clinton variety, and my strawberries are neknowledged, by tliose who cultivate that fruit outside, to be a successful crop, iioth in point of qualitv and flavour. I have one grape vine which was planted quite small, some years ago, and I got between 50 and 60 pounds of grapes off of it last year, and expect to get a larger quantity this year. I do not think there would be any difficulty in raising any quantity of strawberries. I have raised some apples of the Tetofsky variety ; the first, I believe, that have ever come to perfection in Port Carling, and I believe they could be cultivated profitably with attention. Crab apples are grown with great success. My varieties are the Siberian and the Mon- treal Eeauty. I lay my grape vines down -n the winter between pieces of scantling, with, boards over them, and they come out in the spring all right.
^. H. O'BEIRNE.
MR. WM. FOREMAN'S EVIDENCE.
William Foreman, near Port Carling, -was called and examined.
To .Ifr. I)i/mond.—l have one hundred apple trees grown from the seed, and some of them are doing well ; the seed was planted about eleven years ago ; some of the trees liave been grafted since they were planted out ; they are of the Colina variety— an Eng- lish apple, the seeds of which were brought out here and planted in the bush ; they have borne fruit two years and none have been winter-killed. My orchard has a westerly as- pect, and is not very well sheltered by the woods. It is close to the lake and the soil is a clay loam, unc.erdrair.ed, and is well cultivated and manured. I believe apple culture would be successful here.
WILLIAM FOREMAN. The Commission then adjourned.
If t
m:
.A
RossEAtT, August SO, 1880.
inc. ^. amission met at 9 o'clock a.m. Present— 'Messrs. Brown (Chairman), and Dymoxd.
MR. B. S. BELEY S EVIDENCE. B. S. Beley, of the Township of Humphrey, was called and examined.
To the Chairman. — I have been living here for over thirteen years. I, at present, pos^sess about 1,500 acres of land, the larger portion of which is let to tenants. About 1 i 5 acres are cleared, with about eight acres ready to log. I am farming about twenty acrea of clearing at present; but in previous years I farmed all the clearing I was then posse.ssed of. I farmed an estate of 500 acres for four years in Devonshire, England, before coming to Canada. Kay is my principal crop, besides oats, peas, turnips, and potatoes ; we grow wheat to a smaller extent, it is not so safe a crop as the others. I grew spring wheat one year, but had such poor success with it that I gave it up. I have never tric<l fall whea.t. I do not consider that the country is adapted to wheat culture until far mini,' is man.aged in a more scientilic manner than at present; and, besides, owing to tlic high price of oats and other coar.se crops tliey are more remunerative for the present, tlntiii;!!, perhaps, in the future, when oats and hay are cheaper, it will pay better to raise wheat. I believe that when our land is free from stumps, and drained where requisite, witii a thoroughly good system of husbandry, and lime ajjplied to the soil, wheat will prove just as good and as remuncrativ-e a crop us oats or barley. After clear- ing the land llu^ first crop is usually roots, followed by grain seeded down, or a grain crop
\Mr. 0' Heir lie, Mr. Foreman and Mr. JJehi/.]
MUSKOKA AND PARRY SOUND DISTRICT.
25
ig grapes of tivate tliai, I liave one 50 and 60 'ear. I do !S. I liave ^er como to 1 attention, cl the Mon- itling, with.
RNE.
, and some E the trees — an Eng- they have westerly as- he soil is a 3le culture
iAN.
1880. man), and
t present, 3. About ■enty acres was then England, mips, and )thorH. I I have lat culiuro I, besides, ve for the pay better lied where • the soil, t'ler olear- Ljraiu crop
irrst;;^:!^ rg.:e!ni z::-^:^ r ^°"7 -^-tation of .ops vet. we
Peas are also a good crop. Oats ^t ' s LS es trolS.led "vi h th ' '' 'rf'^' '''' '^"- Berious extent. Some years ago I grew from fiO t. 70 i 'V .'''-' ''"''*'' ^"'^ "^t to any p anted .; at present the avera|e is f om 25 to 3^ tZt^ "^\f ^'"'''''' ^•""^ ^ I ushels Tne Early liose is the varietj chiefly cultivated ere aT "''J "''^'"" 'l"^"*^^^ l''^»te^l- shore ; the low land as a rule bei'fea rand tLh'^ 1 r^ ^"^' ^'''''^''' °" *'"' ^^^o ably broken by rock. Tlie be, t^rop of tur L T^l '^'- ^^^ '^"'' '' '^^"^^^'^r-
b^^hels per acre. The variety was Inflow Abl J t tTeS'kl", 7'^f •''" ''' '^ ''' can be sown later, and keeps nearly as well as the swede and k f ' '"' 'T'^'y' ^« ^*^ and IS also easier for the cattle to eat-an imDortaTf tn' f , '",""'' quicker growth, cutters and otlier such machines. iL c"od f.nn. H ^ 7^''? *''"'''' ''''^ "° *"""?' pers , the flies being very bad some /ea s f be^ve ^ Si.onne^^^^^ ''^"^ ^^ '''''''''^^- venmg forests in order to get at the crons Jh.,Zy ^^^T ^^'^^ ^°"i« across inter- not consider it a sure crop. Ve are suS to ^-o fcuft '"" JH V"^? ^"^^^"'^ '=°''"' «« ^ ^o it than elsewhere; or l-ather the S^ta the la lo n^ we are freer from
destroyed^.^-, el;:;^l^r;,:!^|\- d^^
vegetables, etc. I have pJt my land c own in ni«f ^ Soptember-that is tender
clover, Dutch clover, and S.sike, L Jo tLoth; Wuf™ ZZl "' P^'",''^' ' "^« ^'^^^ for a year or two, but does not ast so lon^ a^s' the ah I ' TJ ^"T ' *''' '""'^ ^'^^"^ ^^'" of timothy per acre, but I think one ton fs about ?1 ""^-^'^^ "^ "'"'^^^ ^« ^'''^ to"^
original plant of red clover woul?rema n 4oTL f5ve . ■'^' ^'''''' -^ '^^ "'^^ ^^'i"'^' «>« re-seed itself, but after a time it gets sS?iat'dhinn^ ''"^ ^''^''f ' '^ ^PP^^'"'" *« ^^ ^o
I have noticed fields which wtu-e Zstiy T^yorZZ"
a n,^ . disappears ; this is not the case with tie Dureh cl^ er whiv) "*' "' '""^' *'^'^ ^^''^"^ tnou-a sometimes not so rapidly as is desirable TbnvL % ,^''°'^^ spontaneously, find that cattle make very good beet w len ?nkon f T "" ^^T '^^'^''P '^"^^ '^''^"'«. and I in the woods, coming hoL^ occas Luy "o g sal't"" t ""'.V *'T "f"^"^' ^^ ^-»- patches of grass, which the cattle are fond of thA also et Th" f'^'^'f' ^''^^e are sm.all growth ; even in the winter if we choose to cutVZ ?i ^^«,f''°°*« «f t'-^cs and undcr- will make a living, and improve in m Ik oV"he 110^ .'! f''Y°'^''^ ''''' ^''« ^^'-^ very small quantity of liay. Cattle and%?een «1 • . / ^ branches, with the help of a There are a great many bLer m adowst tL S^ T *' 77 ^''" '^'''''''' "^ ^^^'^oka. good. There is genendly plentH^ vrter^mon tJ^ f'.^.'?'^ "'' f T ^« S^"^'-^"^^ P''^'"y the meadows unless the^Ltlfe^1:ppensTb^vSy^"^^^^^^^^ woods produce very good milk and butter, I beSve fuL eotl r'^'f^' ^'T^' ^" ^''«
^att^ Sheep, also, running in t£ woods^SS J^^^ t. "^S^-S ^ ^l^i^J^^
ti;. ^%"s:^i:::^^l^t^^^^^ ^^^^ -lous dimcui.
where I coukl become a proprietor, and came to MusToS ItI T''"' "" «" *° '-^ P''^''^^ quantity of land, which I have now done as a sort nf fn,^-i ^ ^ '''"'' ^^ ^'^ ^ ^^'?^ not for the purposes of soeculation. I came here wi^h coSe^^n'^ ^^' "^ ^^'l''^''^"' -'^' up a free grant, I have gradually acquired the bind of thZ T ' ™''1"'- ^^^^''^ ^^'^"•g cases I have given very heavy prices sinnlv ZVuT , ? ''^ -^ '''"''^'' *° ^'^'J- ^'^ «"■"« of land; other parcels 3. boS vTy cE^^^^^^
no means, and others because^l^hey tYouSi^y coS do'b^ t ^'^7 ''f ''^'"^"■^^ ^'"-^^ '^-^ my neighbourhood are in a fairly prosnerouseoi^^^^^^ e «ewhere. The settlers in
th..y have sufl^ered a good deal f ^^11 « ons a ^1 S T? ' ''"""» ''''^ ^^'^ ^^'' y^'^>'« cause for the hard tfn.es in M Soka bevond hi '^'*^-^t"»<^«- I know of no .special
'if{
5JQ
MUSKOKA AND PARRY SOUND DISTRICT.
;Um
struction of the crops last year by frost and hail storms in the month of August was another cause. I think tliat as tlie country becomes cleared the liability to frost Avill be lessened. Although the grasshopper is the cause of considerable anx' jty to the settlers, I do not think they will prove a serious impediment to successful agi-iculture. I have only lost three or four crops of turnips by the flics, but I look upon them aa a casual crop, chiefly so on account of the rough, careless manner in which they are cultivated. I have no doubt but tliat with proper treiitment, and sowing in the proper season, turnips will be as sure here as they are anywhere in the world except Exmoor. This is a country in which any farmer may thrive by the growth of oats, roots, and grasses, and I may add barley, though I do not grow it myself Corn cannot be depended upon fov ripening in this particular district, and the same remark will apply pretty generally to the whole of Muskoka, always excepting favoured localities protectee! from early fall frosts by the lakes. The original timothy and clover die out considerably in from five to «ight years, and are replaced by the natural grasses. These natural grasses, which suc- ceed so well here, would, I believe, make better pasture for dairy purposes, and very likely a better quality of hay, though not so large a crop. They would not, however, compare favourably with what are termed permanent pastures in tlie old country, as there are only two or tliree varieties suitable for the purpose, instead of the fifteen or twenty choice varieties available in the old country. The beaver meadow grass should be cut pretty early, and for sheep I prefer it to timothy, though not to clover and timothy mixed ; it is also good for cattle, though not so good as first-class timothy well saved. I have not improved my stock to any great extent, though Mr. Sirett has bred bull, and people generally avail themselves of its services. Of course I larly used the best bull within my reach myself, but hitherto (for reasons which it is not requisite to explain here) it has suited my iiurpose better to buy, sell and kill according to circumstances than to become a persevering 'reeder of improved stock. That is why my stock do not as yet show any marked improvement. If Mr. Sirett should dispose of the animal we would be at the mercy of those who keep inferior animals. It is perfectly safe to depend upon the bush as a material element in fattening cattle, as such fodder will always be of importance in a country like this ; there would be no difiiculty in maintaining a large amount of permanent pasture. We could not have so large an agricultural popula- tion here as in the outside townships, owing to the broken nature of the country, but I would say that wc could have fifty or sixty per cent, of the number who would do as well as outside. I am sure that stock raising and dairying are the branches of industry that are most suitable to this country. Nothing has been done in the way of co-operative cheese factories or creameries yet, but I believe that they would be practicable and profit- able if managed by persons of skill and experience, and if 'chey were once started there would soon be cows enough. Nine-tenths of the English tenant farmers would be very much better off in Muskoka than where they are ; these men should come over and stay a while in. the country, to see hew t.' gs are managed before investing their money.
BENJAMIN S. BELEY.
very good thorough- have regu-
MR. JAMES WILSON'S EVIDENCE.
James Wilson, of the Township of Cardwell, was called and examined.
7\) Mr. Dijmand. — I am President of the Agriculttiral Society, and have farmed in the district for over ten years. I took up 1''7 acres \inder the Free GIrant Act, and have cleared about 20 acres. I was born in Scotland, but resided in Boston, Mass., before coming here. I left the Unit(;d States simply because I preferred living under the British Government. I was brought up on a farm in Argyleshire, but turned my attention to gardening. I came into Muskoka with some means at my disposal. Clearing land and fencing, at the time I came here, cost from '^iO to $21: an i^n-e, but it probably costs less now, owing to the reduced rate of wages. My experience as to crops is much the same aa
[Mr. Beley and Mi: WUson.\
8
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mJSKOKA AND PARRY SOUND DiSTiUCT.
thoroughbred Durhan. wouldt rod cLt i?* P'"'''^* '^"^' '^ ^'^ «^^««P- I tl? ^e tS
-yself as working oxen and ioft^^t^.^^^^^
bush pasture. "^ puiposes. I huA that cattle thrive well ou the
^^-^^^^Tiis^zr:::^:^ 7/ -on on ......
had a common steer of 400 pounds gain l^F Last veLTt'^?''' ^^^ ^OO. I have 648 pounds whose weight in spring was 420 pounds ^TLI ''? ^ F"'^'' ''^^* ^«'g''«d for tJie improvement of „,y stock. I think the nu,} J ""''"^ •" thoroughbred ar.knal
Devons as working oxen and for dairpurX^s ^waVnre^r^ ^°'^' '''°"«^' ^ ''''- ^''« the g-asshoppers when I came into this countrv first T ^ ^ '^"f"''^^' ''""^'l"' ^^ith raised one dollar's worth of grain crop owin^toH,. J ^' ^^''^ *^>''^'' years before I
potatoes were injured but n^ot destroyed f tlnk'trSf" '^' '^'' ^™y — • The effect both upon plants and animals. I beli^ e there?, '■°^..^'"^' ^^' * P>n)"<Hcal about ten miles from here, though nothin-^ has been dip " .? '" ' ^r"^^''P ^^ ^^'^^t, have grown fall wheat very successfullv T L! , '" '^^ '^'^ ^^ quarrying it. f
failure but for the reason^thn T; lal^J is pre^: Zl '"fl^I'' "°* ''^^^ '* -- a ver.ient or me to grow it. One /eaHt y elffib^u SoT'^f ^ ^"^"' ^"'^ '' '« '"'* <=""- produced 43 pounds of flour to the bushcj Oatfrln f "' f I' ?"" *'='-^' ^"^ ^^^^ ^^''^-at after the first or second crop, the Bhck Mahe oaf« I ^ T^t ^'''- ^ '"^^« f^""'' that farm and regard it as a sure crop IWtoes alwav! !,•! 'K^''!' ' g^-"^ «^°'" on i„y had no frosts to injure the tenderest leaf tHl Octol ^7^ ^'" • ^ "*^*^ "''""'^ ""«"«''• ^
suitable to .a'ylT;nt7oi:itVS;:rA^t\ ^T ^^^^^'^ --''' ^«
there being a great deal of the towiKship that I havo^. rather not answer this question,
he surface in some parts that it woulc^^io bo eatto teir>/ ^T'' '^"^ ™^^ '' «« "-'^r I have grown strawberries successfu ]y and ha rt.-i J ^^•*^»V''"'"°"«^ examination, f;;"! ed yet, thougl, a neighbour of rmne^had rutt 1 ^^^^''' !'"' *^' ''''' ^^^^'^ "«t
Valley before con.ing l.eie. I tliink the cost of K "'"? ^ '"'^^''^^d '» *!•« Genes^o
them back to the front would be o" eat aftornT'^'."^ '^"'" ^'^^^ *^"^'^°'^^ ^"^ taki.. pasturage, and, be.s.des, I do not knowtL^er beef'fro ""P^?? *f ^« *° «-'' ^heni here fo? be ht for exportation. The buttrmLrLr^ .^ ^[""^/^"le fattened in the bush would was much inferior to that pr d c^dlt Ze es'nSi"' *'-,'^-- P-^^-d in the woods -such as young basswood trees-if^t n" kiliTf /^ f the better class of bush food tural Society, but we have no been ab e f u ut''^^' J ^™ ^'r^^'^'' ^^ '^'' ^gricul- thorougl.bred stock. I am in favour of the SoHtl !;'''^ ^°' *''° introduction of people wish to have a show, and I am satisfied th^. ^'""i'?. '"™^ ''''^' ^^' '"««* -^ the of good. ' "'^ *"^ satisfied that our exhibitions are doing a great deal
sold wt-,owTslt7t7;er7o"T- "l^'^I^t aJ ''.M""'''' ^^ '"'^^«- ^""^ ^- not sell ,nine for less than 1.5 IZT ' In"" thTfnM ."",* *^' ^^"'''^8" P"'^''- ^"* ^ ^^'ould
mon I,'-, cents. The nrice wp T. * , *^^f^".SOod butter will bring 20 cents com-
oats for the last two o^t ;; 7el'l'rUn T '?T. ^' *^ ^''- ^'^ average pHceo! in oats pnaty cheap l,y way of Colli.twn I ?f t^ T"''" ^^^ lumbermen can brin^
have to look oLowaerc^for a Irkct ffr tT ' 1 .""'' ""^* *^« ^^^''^''^ ^'H eventuallf
maikct for their Lay and oats than to the lumbermen. ^
JAMES WILSON.
liJi
1 1
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I Mr. Wihon.{
MR. CIEARLES ROBERTSON'S EVIDENCE.
1^^
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§4
CnAHLRs Robertson, Reeve of Cardwell, was called and examined.
To the Chairman. — I have resided in the township of Cardwell for thirtoon years, hav- ine come here from the towhship of Miiskoka. Previously to that I lived in the county of llalton. There are about 200 acres of laud in my present farm, of wliieh about 70 acres, are cleared ; about 50 acres more of my farm are culti"&ble. I think that ab )ut lifty per cent, of the land in the township could be made available for farming purposes 1 am about throe quarters of a mile from the lake. Some of my land is broken by rock and Btone, and the Rosseau River runs through my farm ; tlie soil is a clay loam, though it is more sandy than the land described as a clay loam in the front tcwnsliips. I have grown fall and spring wheat, but since the time that th" grasshoppers were so troublesome 1 have not sown any wheat at all. I think the grasshoppers are gradually disuppcaiiiig, and thov were very bad during two .seasons only witb mo. I have grown wheat live years and have realized 25 bushels to the acre of fall wheat, and 20 to 2") bushels to the aero of spring wheat. Oats are always a sure crop, yielding from 3.') to 45 bushels per acre. I also grow barley very successfully, getting from 25 to 30 buslu^ls to the acre, the sample being bright and good. Peas are also a good crop, averag-
ing from
20 to 35 bushels to the acre, tiio varieties being the C olden Vine and
the niack Eyed Marrowfat; tlie Golden Vine is the safest anil nio.st productive. I have seen the pea weevil here, introduced, I believe, from bringing in seed from the out- side ; there were some this year on the Golden Vine pea, but they did not amount to much. The last few years I have almost given up sowing turnips owing to the preva- lence of the fly, and 1 find that an acre of oats is a safer and better crop than two ac -es of turnips. I have 12 head of cattle and 20 sheep , the cattle are tiie common catth* of the country. I kept a pure Durham bull two or three years, but found that it did not pay me to keep him, as he was a source of considerable expense, and tlu^re were not many cows in the neighbourhood at the time. I do not feed cattle for market except by pasturing them in the woods, .\bout 300 pounds represents the gain of a two-year old steer put into bush pasture in May and taken out in October.
To Mr Dijmond. — Buyers are not in the habit of coming around for the purpose of buying cattle. I was a farmer in Aberdeenshire, and upon coming out worked with a farmer in Canada before coming to Muskoka. If the land were cleared I do not think there is any greater difficulty in the way of farming here than in the front townships. Stock raising would be more profitable in Muskoka than wheat raising.
To the Chairman. — I have pastured my cows in tho pasture fields the last three or four years, and they produce better butter than when they were running in the woods
one reason being that they were kept quieter. I have not been troubled much with
frost, as I raise those crops which the frost does not affect. My land is back from the lake 'some distance, and is high and rolling. I have a meadow eight years old, and this year I raised one and a half tons to the acre upon it ; it is composed of timothy and alsiko clover. I have never had a failure of the grasses ; though some yejirs they were bettor than others. I never saw pastures in Halton county six or seven years old.
CHAS. ROBERTSON, Reeve of Cardwell.
MK. WM. F. SIRETT'S EVIDENCE.
Wm. F. Sirett, of the Township of Humphrey, was called and examined.
To Mr. Dymond.—l have been farming in the township of Humphrey from my early years. 1 accompanied by father to tiiis cwintry twenty-six years aiio when he came from Eii'dand. We had some experience in farming in the township of L.«uoiv-uke bof.irc
[Mr. Roberlaon and Mr. W. F. SreM.]
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fift
oat
^^SKOKAAND PARRY SOUND DISTRICT.
cannot, (va a rulo bo imt- ^cTi , °P "* ««nera y potatopn nr f., • ^'^'^'^"- I am
BOfHl ,Jown w th the ihTjllV ' "* -^ ^^'^ ''^"'' *« ^^t it is not a TJ^ ^""^^ ^''^"^^
-n™-^^5c =='^-^^ i£r%Fr^^^
hnt corn is Lrl^ '*™"S'''^ excepting one year- 1870 K^ f^ ^'^^^ "^^er sui-
P'orinj. for t mCr T ■ ^ ''^"" ^•"'" °^*"- ^''^ ^hdo of this .o, T"^ ''^'""^'^ ^vJuch the
one-thinl by a s(t,w?^ , ^^''^'' *"•■"'■'' ""* rather thin Jn fi ^«'" «"""' t>me to
pound drosir. o" narl"? T" *''' ^"•'*!'- ^^"^'^ «'■"« i" thet^, ?or '7^7"^ "^"''^ ^^^^
a ready ,n.w.ot i o rtl teSr'^^?''.!''''*'''/ ^"^ '-tol/and umWn 't,'^^"^« P«^ liavo roiai.,| „t,i,.|, f ,.„ "'""'n''' Jra»>liack at t h,. present tim. " ™™™- Tlie want of
letter payi„r«; eTthr„P ,°''''''°'''''''' » '»""'"■ with ™«" S?n" """'' »"' »«
common of it, but ratl.pr +o f ^ ^'j^owin- open the pasture fil . *''*' """n of
to average twcho b, ■«,].„ i fairie, four steers three venrs «i i ^i. P*" ''^'^ 'brother
were groatlv a In i , f" L r "'' ^^^J" ^'■"^''''- '^'^1 bush feed in "'*'^"''? '^''"'^^ '''-^7 -ighlfourhoo. , t undreds oT h" *^"'' "^^^ °"*' *'''" ^ the fi"s "r''' ''"'■^^ ^'^"^^ country. Steers an.l ^^ ""^ ^*™« <=''^«« '»'^i't be sbinn. . ^'"P'"^'* from this
clear of s/^.w by tl oo u ^ 7 ' "" *''' '""^ ^"^"^^ a^^L^n ol T" ^*^ "'« «»ow Spring wheat can e^nrofitnn^"'' ^^"•'' ^^» live in tlfe bu\h 17°?''' ^•"'^ "^"''•^I'y earlyrtw.ntvfu, l,Ts?o thei^ ^•°"';' ^"'' ''«'"- "«« if careful .u"' '"?" '"^'"^''^ a good crop. Vf,.I^i , V*a, off T^"* ^''-^ ^^^-rage/ EJ ^ '"^**''' «"'' «own nips are f^n.'.a K a ,t,vv'L^ "'''"'' '° *''« "-«• ^espec^^e 7 ""^ ^'"^ ^'^ ^""'^'-"j fifteen in this neid.bo rJood 1^ ?'^ "'"P' ^''•••''■''hoppt' s o„lv'in ' i'°'"*""'' '^"^' ^"^^ oats; the hop.n^r^^Z h' i*''"T ''^^ *^ «^''''^'- '''"^s injur^^^^^^ "' ""-^ v.nr in
,«;
• 1
If a stran^or were to come
«f nnr numorous l.ikcs toTTiatops can bo surcoaafuUy grown. " , , t j
rntoTho sottZuMt au.l turn. say. 200 h-a.l of cattlo into tl.e woo.Ib to foe.l, I do not knovv tl.at Ih. "ettlers would like it. although they regard the bu«h a» co.n.non property
among theuiauUos.
W. F. SIllETT.
II 3d
•I
MR. EBENEZEP SI RETT'S EVIDENCE.
■EBESEZica SlUETT, of tho ToYnBhip of Humphrey, was called and examined.
r. U.. D,nnond -I was engaged in farming in England from 1843 to 1858 and in lR50?.u..-.^ to Canada I TefVlingland l.ccau.so I was not allowed to exorcmo n.y 185'J I omiguui a lo viimu. V n took no a farm n tho Township of
pnUlica! lishl. a» -"'', °!,'yS I k York ',, 1861 1 °to..k up I.,.<1 in U..UMil.r.y ;
"'',"' ' TU,!\;n f." .'l°o'.,° * ■ Ly^m » '1. v"y liUlo »a,„l. I h.vo gro«n fall
feeding, ami do not think then, us any IP^f^^';^^^^ ^j' ^M eiLnnuMid thoBC stock so early as from Uve^w^^^^^^^^^^ A to ^-op a,.s.ng^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^.^ ^^^^.^ ^^^^ ^
who have sheep at the pi ebcnt tm o ro '"-e-u » ^^
thoroughly good clas.s of ewes, and ^In^y can th n if hoy s o oss^ ^ ^^^^^^ ^J^
breeds. The first improvement syo have 1 ad ''»t° />"''« j^'.\/'j^ ,,i„„;,^. -^h,, «teors been bv moans of a Sho. thorn pedigree bul introduced by *!'• J^J *' ^ '^ ^.^,,,, , ^ wh ch "I cKhiblted to the Commissioners to day are out of common Canad an J--« ^ y ^ bull which was a .second cross by a thoroughlned ShorUiorn -- common cw. Ih. cahe are fed new milk for about a month, ^^'^"^ '^^'''^i ^^'^^J^^ field _havi„.' tho choice after which they are allowed to run m the ''-(^-f, ^'^°^;;\Xn fn and fed^ on beaver of both- until the winter sets in. _ In ^ovenier they aio taken ma ^^^
hay, timothy alsike, and a few turnips and pota oes ' f .VJ,^ J^'^^f J^,;;;,,^,,, at nights, but and are allowed to run in the woods if they w isli f ^/^f f g/'^^^k" at a ti.ne ; they when the bush feed becomes more '^^'""^l'\'> .j'^yf^^J ^^^ the litter end of September, tnake fl-sh fast while in the woods, especially -'" J"Jy '^-^Z '^\,,n-.. they do not The steers referred to have no gram or t'>niM'H"e second winier ot y . ^^^
go out in the spring so poor as the majority of cattle do, wluoU are
''''\ Mr. Dy^n,.-liM is ^^.«i-f--lUhe English ma {Mr. W. F. Hirett and Mr. K ^i>pif]
B.
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MUSKUKA AND I'AHIIY SOUND DFSTRKT,
luid Imvin,^. .^:;,(),j() ^^ J.'J.ouO, could do well iuA In i " '^ '""" ''"'' ** '''"'"/
outbail.l,M,H. l.ut witl.out* houH... would : s "I i l^iio iT"' ''"p''"' "';'." ''"" '''"' urres. will, ;;0 a.n-s ol.-ar,.! and wHl fc, .^,7 n Vi ""^ "^ '' ^"""' ^'''"' "f -<»<>
ElJENi-^ZEll SHIE'IT.
MR. JAMES AS ir DOWN'S E^ JAM.n AariDowN, Roovo of Ilutnphroy, was callnd an
cuui.Si:;^-:Xd]rI£^iT:;!^::;;:>,;^:irni'^"'^ • ^^^---^-
ti-oul.l. in misin;. whoat upon old la J f f 1 J . Aly <'M'<'nonce ih tl.afc M.cn, is no 80 ,„any p.rs ns (i.ul tho rTav n o now «.! ^"T^^ ^""-vat^-d. Tl.o tn.ul.ln is that -ors; fh.'y will not .Iraw Z{ maLTnor 'woTk t.: 71 "'" '''7 """* •*'"•' "^ '-^' tl.o ail..«.d dilHcultioH in tl.o wav of wh af T t'"!"- ''""i proporly. I con«i.| t th/i» fact that thH lan.i in not "k fuiry cult v.Tt ? Z';-- '" '^^'"^"'^1 !« ''^''P-'y "-'".'< to th«
ingMffmw about 25 hMotZ^ttoZlT^^^^^^^^
eqMal to 30 l.uHl.ol, on old land fI Iwlafc 10.; ""' "'n'"''^ ''^•"'' ^'"■''' ^""''' ^'« «ow it I soed down and keop n mon 1 frfi vl or S'^ ""'" '"'. """^ ''^"•'' '^"'' ^^'"'» I Hay soils at an avom-o at «I0 norTon w i " ^"'"'" "^ ^'"** *'''' *•»•»« '"^v .l.oay.
down for pasture ; thi« pLtSrefLner^ h„ n^ ^""^, *'"''" °" ''"'•''y ''^"'' "««^>«^
am about to proouro no^e South.^ra^ I th'ink th':?'', ""\ "^T,'^'''' "'" ''^"'^ ''■ '
P0.0. of t^ r- '~:^^^^^^^
[Mr. L. Sirett and Mi: Ashlown.]
f .
r"^7!iw
111
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3f!
MUhKOKA AND PA".TIY SOUND DISTRICT.
bellH. as a protootion, o- herdod. I think tiie Hereford cattle wo- d succood we ! ner.. as thev "onid stand tlio climate bt-tter tlmn tlio Shorthorns, and are hitter a(hi(.ted for tlio use of the early setthMS. I would recommend the growing of more clover, it being superior to timothy for fattening cattle and sheep; ciui have two eropH m one season; /I !s not require as deep a soil ; does not impoverish the land as nuich as tnnothy ; and, nlou'hed under, is a good manure. I prefer the Norway oats as the most productive in this Fatitu.lo ; I imported them in 187 1. Two good farmers liave raised to n.y knowl.'dge ove" 1 000 bushels each for the past four years, and liave not any desire to alter the var- iety 'l liave been experimenting wiih several kinds of wheat (new varieties), and expect to be able to recommend and olFer seed, suitable to the climate, much superior to the varieti.'s now in use, wliieh for spring are Fyto and lied Chull'; for fall, tl.e beneca or Clawson bucc«eda admirably. Apples may succeed if sheltered from the north winds.
JAMES ASH DOWN.
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Maoanetawan, August Slat, 1860. Tlio Commission met at 9 a.m. Pmen«— Messrs. Brown (Chairman), and Dymond.
Mil. WM. HOLDITCH'S EVIDENCE. Wm. IIoLDiTCn, of the Township of Croft, was called and examined.
To the Chairman.— I have 400 acres of land in my possession lyin^r between Ah-mio Lake and the M^iganeta van Iliver, and 80 acres cleared. The .-eien... character of the soil in mv neighborhood is a clay loam, but there is also some light sandy loam on my firm and" a ri.lgo is inclined to be gravelly. The soil in Croft and Chapman is rather heavier than in the townships to the north-Lount, Ryerson, and btrong, for in- stance These latter townships are mostly in the water shed ot the Ah-mic Lake and the Ma"anetawan River. The country is considerably broken by rock, though not so much 80 4 the townships of Monk, Wood, and xMacaulay. I came into this part of the country three years a-o, after living in Br.cebridge for some nine years. There has been great pro- gress in this part of the district since I came in-the amount of clearing and the riumber of settlers having about doubled. I h^id very good fall wheat last year, the yield being about twenty bushels to the acre, and the sample good. We are lable to frost here to a certain extent, but not so much as those who live back from the lake. 1 or the last two vears we have had frost about the 15th of August, but we had no June frost to hui„ the wheat and there is generally sufficient snow to protect it during the winter. Ihere is not much danger of the frost doing harm if the crops are put in early, but waen people have to clear up their land in spring, they cannot always get in their crops early enough to escane the froat. I succeed very well in growing spring wheat : I had twenty bushels to thL acre last season, and this year I will have rather more. I formerly farmed in the townsliip of Markhara, and find that oats do better here than there. I grow a few peas and they turn out very well, and are not troubled by the insect. I make it a rule to seed down my new land with grain the first year I sow gram, as therel>y 1 keep the ground clean, and the grass holds good much longer. My average yield of hay is one ton oer acre on land with stumps. I have grown onU a small quantity of bai ley but it did well, the sample being plump and bright, and the head well filled I have 14 head of cattle, including some thoroughbieds. I have a pure Durham bull, with a pedigree, whi.h I brou-lffc in two years ago. The encourageiner' I received from my neighbours in the way of Improving their stock was not ^o much thb first year as I had expected, but on the whole I have done very well by the investment. I believe that stock raising will Day well in the district, and that if people would turn their attention more to stock they would be more successful. A great many people seen to think that thoroughb-ed cattle will not do as well as others, but I have had thoroughbred heifers wliich I turned into the [ilr. Ashdown und Mr. Holditch.]
nK«f
,s*- MUSKOKA A.\D PARPY ^(yjND DrSTIlICT. 33
, ab. wU^' ^ — - . =^
r if"/ "'/?®y *"'f^'"' '^"'^ *''"""'' ^ ""^ ^'•'** S'^^*' ^•'''"1 ext;.. food, i-, a short Urn- t , '^retor, .1 the l.us!; ,,n.Lu,o and did wdl upon it. I have twelve Wad of '"til mne Hhe..p. and I only k..-,; thrco acrcH of pa.sturo for tlH-m to wl d. k y have a^-. ss he flies trouble the eatt ... a ,ood deal, and it is well to have a nnnvU pastu e fi h to v ■ . h thoy may r.sort wlwu the (Ih-.s bother thorn. I am convinced that fhe Shor hon would
t:/l: b Tv? th'U. "'i' "'■ '"i " ^'-.-""''-^ ' fi'-' that Hhoop of the Ho^urbwu Jul 1 , '\Y', "" ■ ^ *•" ""^"^ tne unpn«,sion that Cotswold sheep are liable to c itoh CO (1 and take ujlla.mnal.on. I have a Mu.roM.d.bred Southdown ram four v ar a, J he wool trorn the Southdown bnngs five cent.s per pound more at Bra e[, d'eth^a the lon^' wool though the cl.p is rather lighter. I intend to cross ny Leice u'rs and CatswoUs VV.J. a pure Southdown, as I find in that way 1 can have mutton and wool both. Ihc Southdown 1 will keep pura for mah's. "'"I'l'Wi uuu wooi
«Tln P ^^^'- . AV'"";'./— I think for all the purposes of cultivation the land is as favour- able here as IP Markhnm, ^Ve are soiretimos sl^hdy troubled with rust on tl.e vvJt^ and but I belevei vvUl disappear when the land is cJruine.l properly, and the cl in r in. are arger so tnat ho air will have freer circulation. I do not"^ think we have any d advmw ^ge a« ag-iculturists hero t .t tliey do not have in Markham, excepting th^la d 1 efnl mo e broken and it is as easy to raise crops h.3re as tb.re. Upon the light soi In e red with hemlock we need not expect to grow v;heat with succJss, but wt have h re
upon winch wo can rai.se wh^at as well as in Markham; we ian grow as 'o3 0 >n° o- oats, p..as, and barley. This country is sup, nor to the front tolnsbips 'for pnZ: a^ and the yield of hay will compare favourably with that in the older .sLtlons ot .lan.a<Ia 1 do not consider Ce. .r hay of any in.portance in connect ^wh per. mamnt settlement, bu is. and also the bush, certainly an advantage while l^^ZTl be.ng cleared Even if a man had plenty of pastu.'e, it is an advantag, , '^ l' Rattle run ,n tae woods, as ,t makes them hardier. At present the most co. e.aent way of .eaehu.g n.ark.t is to dnvc the cattle to llosseau, and put them on the boat there. Up to the present .me. however the local consumption has bee.i suilicient. as the lumbering mte ests a .sorb a great d-al. Last year hay was cheap, but generallv speak.ng we goi about iblO per ton from the lumbermen. Oats average 50 cents a bushel at the Urn.
WM. IIOLDITOU.
MR. JOS. E. HUNTER'S EVIDENCE. Joseph E. llavTER, of the Township of Croft, was called and examined.
Tojfr. Dymnnrl-1 have been farming in the township for thr^e year^ and have about .50 acr' s cleared out of the 300 acres wlii .1, I hold. I grow successfully all the crops descnoe. by the last witness, except that I only grow peas in the gardc^n. ' I ra-n? about 2U0 bushels of potatoes to the acre. I think the onlv difficulty in tl.e wav of wheat growing IS the lack or proper cultivation. It is my intension to go into stock raisin^r_ principally Uorses-as I tancy them most and was engaged in raising them in Markham. Ihe hrst two years I was in the district I paid 8-'0 an acre for clearing and fenciiig land : but now I can get :t dmie for Sl.-j, because fluur and other provisions are cheaper, and labour more plentihil. The labour to which I refer is that of labourers livin" „ear me- men who come here without means and have to w)rk out. I think cattle raism- could be canned on here on a very large scale; but I do not regard the conntrv as speciallv marked out for wdieat growing. There is crystaiii^/.d limestone in the Township of Croft near inv farm. Lime is also found in Chapman and at the foot of Ah-niic Lake
To the Vhmnimn.—l came here first iiocause I was suffering from dvspeusia, of which 1 am now entirely free, and when I saw the country I thought I could do well Mv in- tention is to graze horses on the pasture. TT.-^-ses do not seem to care for the wild pastur age on the low iand; but they are fond of the biue joint grass.
JOSEPH E. HUNTER. I .Mr. IMditrh and Air. liuiUcr.l
Mh
84
MUSKOKA AND PARRY SOUND DISTRTOT.
M I
u«
MR. HUGH IRWIN'S EVIDENCE. ''' ,
ncoH tax. of the Township of Chapman, was called and examined
the C^unt of Krn;T5 aXaSttett^tr/^^^r ^ ^--' ^ -« h- fro. Betters here before myaeif. When t iTthelnTT ^here were only two or three anMly, „y brother and .T concluded to t^TheLuntrv I ff''" ^''^ '*' ""^' ^^^'"» "<> 115 acres are cleared. I bad only $250 when! cl^; J ^''^^•'/?r'-*'«of land, of which exclusively, clearing some of the land myself andTv-n^T' ^^"^ V'^"" '"'"'•^"^^^ ^^""^"g have 100 acres in the village of Ma^anetowan wS T' • ^ ',*^ "i'^""S of the rest. I the village, which is consid''erabIy broken Ih^^^ ? f '"''f' ^'^^.^^^ ^"^ «« «"<^ ^f
character of the country between 6^^]^^^? '°^^ '^ g"«^- ^ know the general land, but on the whole I think this nf^^S. f A ?°'','^"' P^""* °^ ^^^t country is good for farming. Generally s'eaWng th fand X tt M '"'' f"' ^.est portion of Jlusfoka have in the country, it is a bettfr soil and S I .^^*S^"°tawan River is the best we thing is true of some of the land near some of tirlv "°'tI" T'^ ^''^'''- ^he same arc raised on ploughed land which had Wncrooned^^^^^^ fi ^^" ^''' '"T ""^ ^^^^ ^ ^ave when the land is cultivated and properly 3 raSTitw' I ' ,?r J "" ^^*^««^d ^hat now does. The average yield of oLs at nreinM=> t^^^l^*'" ^^"^'" "'OP^ than it I believe that the qualitfty cou d be tLfeaseS 10 o'r H i' ) ? ^'^'t *" *^« ^^^^^^ ^^-^ grown peas and barley successfully, and thTy yieW well i doLf ^"'*'^^«--„ I have I have an idea that it will not succeed wJl »,«I .^ V t , "°* S^ow any fall wheat, think the country is not open enou'h forlt fLt'it ^^fl I ^''"' '"'" good sample.. I spring wheat for the last three years the r^,,^ K ■ u ^^ ""^^ '° '■"^*- ^ ^^^^ g^o^vn have ahvay. had good avera<?cC of notltop? I""^, S^u "? ^"^^^'« *« *he acre. I 22 head of horned%attle and IG siSep ^ Mv oIhI A° ~^^ ^""'^r' *° *^« ^°'-«- ^ have the last three years I have availed mv«plf J T *^^ ''°"'"'°'' ^'anadiau cattle, but for improving the^stock Iturrmy cSe Lto th^ TT' '^^^^'- "^^^^^^'« ^»' ' '^"d it is the pasture In the winter I f eTd them with hav -'?^^'-"' '"™'^™-'' '^ ' ' '"'"^ ''^^ ''"" ^^ ment. Some of my cattle are stabled ^ M fwl f 5 "T' ^''^ ^^'""^ ''^ ^«" «» this treat-
ocasionaliy they |et a littL tS t^ ward^ s^S but ft'"" ^'"'^ '^' '""^ °^ *^« «heds; timothy mixed with red and alsike clover fiveCf; o?d ^L'^T/'T"*'- ^ ''^^« «°»^« up naturally in the timothy and fill it up and ftZt^' i r^''\*^ '''"''^'' «^«'»» *" come think th:it clover wiu stand more than k;. ^ ^P^^"""^'^ «heep grazing. I do not
ence. The frost doi n^'t^ L Wo [h/s^T^ -^""^ ' ^^^^ »« -^ -p"»^-
as it does on the ploughed land MvIL.^ o ' ."" ^^"""""^ ^<^ °"to" new land as
thoroughbred ram^in the d strt, tho'ut Lrrarsll '".f ' ' ^ '■°' ^'^'"'^ *here is a w 11 be a great sheep-raising couktry afwe can co-^b^nl^r ^ ^'f ?'''«• ^ ^''^^^ 'his with those kinds which grow on the wild Lnd T^Z "'' °^ '^'' cultivated gras-scs the winter. I never sold beef outsiJe of the local n^lfT ^Tt '° '"^ "'"^h cows in per pound for it, dressed weight, if a man hS sTooo J^ n^'''^ />'^' ^' ^' ^"^ ' '^^'^ than to buy land in Huron County wherrhpwm. '''"'^ P'*"^ ''"" '''''"^^ *" '^«"'^ here
It,000. On the whole my exper ence iu Ma ,1 niV'^'^ ' "'"■'»''^^'' '"^ ^*™ for $;3,000or live comfortably. East ofthl^ the e is a ^ood t, .o^ f '"I "'1 «»'''««««ful, as J can now bot.veou here and Rosseau is p a^ca Uv wml f f '"'T.''"^' ^"' "" *''« ^^hole tl,o land m Armour St..ong, and MachaVth^rffsg^ofltf^^^^^ There is a lai,e tract of land in Alu^kokarnot yet XX'::^S'X^ f^^illli:::::
HUGH IRWIN.
fAfr. Irwin.']
MUSKOKA AND PARRY SOUND DISTRICT.
35
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MR. THOMAS G. PEARCE'S EVIDENCE.
Thomas Georgb Pearce, of the Township of Chapman, was called and examinnd.
To Mr. Dymond.—l have been farming here for four years, and have about 35 acres cleared out of a 200 acre grant. I grow crops pretty nearly identical witli those mentioned by Mr. Irwin. I grow wheat, and it succeeds well, whe : it is sown early enough to escape the frosts. I find that the tendency to frost diminishes as the clearing become larger. I have a large beaver meadow in the rear of my farm, and I think it ha«» a great deal to do with the effect of frost in the surrounding land. I would not feed beaver hay to horses, I would rather give them straw. 1 was at one time a dru-'ist in London, England, and when I was twenty-one years of ago, after readin"- a v\\n?\>ar of pamphlets about Canada, I resolved to come here I spent considerable time in working with farmers m Canada, and then took up my present farm. I have been in Carnda ten years, and from my observation, should consider this district adapted to breedi n, and grazing. As a chemist, I have looked to some extent into the quality of tlie soilliere and I consider it would raise all the usual crops excepting wheat ; wheat will not do with- out carbonate of lime, and the soil here has only a trace of lime. The chrystailized lime- stone found m this neigbourhood has, I think, a great deal of silica in it. It recmiros a greater quantity of stone to produce a given quantity of lime than ordinary limestone. It IS my intention to go into stock-raising. I brought a small amount of capital into the country— .f()00 or $700-and I have found the investment a good one. I can raise more than enough to support myself and family, if we had cash markets and received current prices for produce. There is a fine section of country in the Townships of Joly, Stron^' and Armour— not much broken by rock. I have 100 acres of lan<l, every foot of which I cau ploufrh, with the exception of two acres. On the other 100 acres I liave perlixps •"0 acres of (l.it rock. I think that 70 per cent, of the land in the townsliip is tillable.' There is a great deal of good land in the district ; more than is generally known an I the consequence is that new settlers are apt to stop short of the best land. There is'some ex- cellent land in the vicinity of Stony Lake. I have ridden four miles there without see- ing a stone, but the roadi were bad. If .f 1,000 were expended on fclie road between here and Stony Lake, it would heve a great effect in opening up a settlement there.
T. G. PEA.RCE.
MR. DAVID NELSON'S EVIDENCE.
David Nelson, of the Township of Spence, was called and examined.
Tothe Chairman. — I have been in this country twelve years ; I camo in poor, and was obliged to work out part of the time ; I and my son together have about 100 acres cleared ; 1 came here with thirty dollars and nine of a family ; I have done well and have been able to retire. 1 farmed in Owen Sound before coming here. I would not rely upon fall wheat as a regular crop until after we can cultivate the land properly. We have been troubled with the blight for some years, but if we were able to sow early and cultivate the land well, I believe it could be avoided. Had I continued farming I would have looked forward to stock-raising as my main industry. I have some meadow eight yeara old, and this year I took 1^ tons off one acre of it. There was no clover in it. J agree generally with the statements of previous witnesses. I consider that a man with limited means can do better in this country than renting farms in the old settloincnts, and also that persons with capital can invest it profitably in clearing and improving lands.
DAVID NELSON^ Sa.
A
IN
) .' gar. I iq
[Mr, Pearce and Mr. Nehon.]
I
36
MUSKOKA AND PAr.RY SOUND DISTRICT.
MR. TITOS. FOWKE'S EVIDENCE.
Tnos. FowKE, of the Township of Lount, was called and examined.
, • ^'^ '^r^'--D>jmoncl~l have been settled here four years, bavin" come from the Town sh.p of Darhn,.ton. County of Durham, where I have Wa.ed a Tittr iZw owIToO acres, of wluch al.out thirty are cleared. I have some sons, and they l.ave been I le to do their elearmg and other work themselves. I came in as a squatter bl mvrMt to
Tu.\7 ? f ; T ^o.w>|sh.p of Lount IS similar to Chapman ; so'ne parts of it are . uly • bu wlmre I a.n it ,s a cky loam on top ; the soil is splend d, but we live a Jod deal of rock ; I have tned both fall and spring wheat, and they did very we iTuAins are a goo. crop when they do not sutler from the tiy, and I do not know that tl e flv^«
z: ^^iheTon^h'^ri'^" ? ''";-''^"- ''!'^ ^^-^^ '^^ ^^^'^ destn;;;;ve"Lr'ritt'f;
year.s in the month of August; potatoes and corn sufFer most , in fact, though corn sone
T r:,?:Ts :i'ti::^'t^rf'rf ^ ^"""^'"' ^^^^^ ^'^ '^"« - thes^^froXprrva^t
ine eit.cts ot the fios. are localized, to a certain extent, and are less injurious on hi<rh than on low lands I hava tried lime-burning, but it has not b-en qute successful I have abundance of crystallized limestone on my farm, both white aad coloun;^^ I am a
aCr. r /■"'•;' Y-h^'"^ '' *° ''' '^'' ^"^* '••"^' ^'' t^"-"S I have ever ^ d, andTis al o hrst class for building purposes ; I sell tho lime at twenty-five cents a bushelat the kiln ; I cannot affoi-d to sell it for less unless in much larger quantitl" it is vey hard
thX';7 T "'7, •'":"•,'" ^"''"- ^ "^^ "°^ ^'""'^ ^ ^^°"^J l^'-^^« l-«n able to get a on' on
the tarm alone without the assistance I have got from the lime-kiln, as it fs I mke a
ery co-nfortable living, and have never been sorry for coming to the country' S 'ood
mMinnt T- ' ^'''"'^'^'''^> S^^'««. '-"••mans, etc. ; a good many of them have been medianicn be ore coming here ; they get along well, as they are able to work part of the tune at their tra.le. As soon as I found out the nature of the country I made un ml mind to go into stock raising as soon as possible. Cattle would do be ter heie"n tl^ woods than in the pastures in Durham county, ^
THOMAS f OWKE.
• ^ ^Ty^"" greatest complaints I hear is about the way the road anpronriations ia g.ven out to parties who expect to pocket the half of it, and live in trfJo.t when
p' " tHtT nai 1 j7\? '''V''' r'"" f *'^ "^^"^ •■'^ ^^^"' -"' ^- about Llf the price th.it IS paid. If the work was let in shorter sections it would help the settlers that
givrthem!" '" " '°""' *^"^'^'"^'^ '^^^ ''' *^^ encouragement th^ Governnlent can
T. F,
EEV. H. DIERMANN'S EVIDENCE. Rev. H. Diermann was called and examined.
«..H^1 }^''' ^f;"°"^— V.™ ^ missionary among the German and Swiss settlers, who are r,n e nf \r Towns ups of Chapman, Ryerson, Lount, and so on, up to Nipissing ;
IZZ^! r r 'f [''*'° r^ ^'^-''^V^^. but others do not do so well, especially the ine- tr 1 v'Jl . ? r' J^r^. h°- '0 clear land. There are some splendid tracts of land nor vanls to Lake Nipissmg and some very rough land. My idea is, that if a man has a 1 tie means, and has a mind to work, and extend his clearing, ho could make a good fa.m. People generally do not go at the work of clearing in °he right wav, and it is ^n^^S'^y^^aZ^' '''''''''' '"'''^'^ *°° late^in getting in their crops and [Mr. Fowke and Rev. H. Diermann.']
I
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L
MCrSKOKA AND PARRY 80UND DISTRICT.
37
m-
To the Chairman.— 1 am strongly convinced, too, that people should sow fall rye .„ stead of wheat, as it is a sure and productive crop, and breed made of rye and wheat <Iour is aeooptahle to most people ; rye can also be used with great advantage in feedin^^ stock ; I believe, however, that as soon as they got into cultivating the land properly) wheat and all other grains will do well ; the rough broken land in Muslcoka could be largely u ed as pasture ; I think the Nipissing district is as favourable for cultivation as those of JMuskoka and Parry Sound ; but the greit want of the country is roads, some of the people have no roads at all ; some of tlie Swiss and Germans, instead of pushing back to the good land— as they would if the roads were better— settle down on the first land thcjy come to, and usually it is about the worst they can get ; some of these people have to go to New York and Michigan to work m oi'der to get their seed grain, and I believe it would be wise to help along some of those wli6 are here rather tiran to spend -so much upon immigration agencies.
The Commission then adjourned.
n. DIEllMA^.^.
McKellar, September list, ISCO.
The Commission met at 9 a.m. Prese?i<— Messrs. Brown (Chairman), and Dvmond.
MR GEORGE KELCEY'S EVIDENCE.
Geouge Kelcev, of the Township of Ilagerman, was called and examined.
To Afr. Dymoncl. — I have been farming in Hagerman for ten years, and cair.e here
from Rugby, Warwickshire, England, where I followed the business of a plumber and
painter. I have betv/eer 500 and 600 acres of land, of which a little over 100 acres are
cleared. One third of the soil is lig!it and two-tiiirds clay ; about 25 per cent, of the
land is rough and rocky, but fully one-half of this would be suitable for pasture, and part of
it could be ploughed. The best crops I have grown have been upon the roughest land. I
sometimes manage to raise good crops of fall wheat on new land, but it does not pay* to
raise it on old land, as there seems to be something lacking in the soil. If this ingn,"dient
were supplied, and the land properly cullivated, I believe we could raise good crops of
wheat. I think lime is the element which the soil requires; the wheat comes up well,
but just when it is coming out in head it begins to fail, and in many of the ears a few of
the lower grains are large and plump, while there are scarcely any in the top at all.
Several good crops of wheat have been raised this year on old land, from 25 to 30 bushela
to the acre, and of good quality. Crystalliied lime is common in the neighbourhood,
and though I have not used it on the soil I noticed that a few heads which grew near the
kiln were excellent ; we would use the lime if we could get it burnt, but people do not
seem to understand the burning of it. Oats are always a good crop in our settlement ;
I had 60 bushels to the acre last year, on land where there were a good many stumps'
Barley is also a good crop, and I think rye would do well, though I have never sown any
of it ; good crof- ' of rye have been raised this year. Peas are grown successfully, though
of late there have been some signs of the bug. I always seed down my land with the
first crop, and plough it up after it has been in grass about five years. I have some land
•which was seeded nine years ago and the grass is good yet. My yield of hay averages
1^ tons to the acre. New land can be cleared and fenced with rails and logs for $13 an
acre. I have been very successful in growing turnips, though they have been attacked
by the fly several years. I had four splendid crops out of seven, and the other three,
though materially injur' 1, were not complete failures. I keep a number of slieep and
cattle, in<;luding a bull, which is about half bred ; it is the best bull we have, but [ would
like to have a thoroughbreA There has not been nuicb stnt^k miffing in my nei-hbour-
hood, and nobody has come in with a view of sending cattle to the outside, as the local
\Rev, U. Diertnann and Mr. Keh «y.]
38
MUSKOKA AND PATIRV POUND DISTRICT.
market is botter. The lumbermen take nearly evervthincr wp rn;<.« r u x,^ capitalinto the country with me, and Hnd thatymZfp^^s me n^ thout^fdidTot at farst. I th.nk stock raising should be carried on to a consSl e ex ent Is the bush pasture ,h a great advantage In the su.nme^ In the winter I Srmy st" .'k ucJn
iz:-^:::::^;^^:^^:^'^'' '^ -^ :niichcow,and they do weirirte
in iJl *t ^','';,"'««'^;-P'« '■?°ks are mostly in bluffs, the soil being good and deep n^ht to the e..lg3 of the rockj there ,s ve,-y little flat rock. Twenty to thfrty n.il^s from Jl^re my farm is, in the Townships of Mills and McUonkev, there is nlentv of "nn 1 ., l Tfi come into n.,a,.k..t for settlefent ; that is to the west^of thTcL^Sa^'Cn W ve': t and G.org,au Bay The whole ne ghhourhood round here is fit for settlement I'ot.oos do well wuh me ; wo years ago this fall I took 53 potatoes to Parry Sound wd i",. 63 poun.ls and they were picked off" one load, they were of the Early Rose vare L' Last year r p anted 21 bushels, from which I got 450 bushels. The people do not encour- age the .nt.ro.luct.on of thoroughbred bulls; they would sooner put their cows to some conuuon httle bul running the road than pay $1 for the services of a tl>orouH.bred There :vre no pure-b.ed male animals of any kind in the district except EerkZe lot " The reason we have no gone into stock raising is because there is a good demand for tt crops we r,u,se. The demand by the lumbermen has been increasing, a, i tie set' ler^ have never been able to supply the market, so that the lumbermen have to se 1 outsuK for some of the.r supphes. 1 have a half-bred Shorthorn cow which has been idn. n the bush s.nce the snow disappeared, and now she is the fattest animal in the nei-libou " hood ; she IS now good beef. She does better in the bush than any of the ciaimoa cows and 1 can winter her better than a common animal on the same food. ''''"""°" *^°^«^
[Witness add.s, before signing the transcript of his evidence, as follows :— ] M 'C\ ""^^f^^ reports of your meetings in the papers, which read as though we were in Muskoka. It mentioned Mr. John Armstrong, of Muskoka. which is not correct; should have been Parry Sound District. In not mentioning it as Parry Sound our district sustains a certain amount of injury ; everyone who reads the reports and thinks of mov- ing to the free grants, will go to Muskoka. Half of our farmers travelled over Muskoka first and would not settle in it, and are now successful farmers in Parry Sound."
GEORGE KEIGEY.
Jf i
MR. WM. IIURD'S EVIDENCE. Wh. lIuRD, of the Township of McKellar, was called and examined.
To theChairmnn.—L have been here ten year-s, and have been farming all the time, and never farm..-d before coming here from Meaford, where I was a storekeeper. I have lb;j aore«, of which 2o are under cultivation. My soil is a clay loam. The land through- out the townsiiip ,3 of that character. Oats yield me from 40 to 50 bushel., to the acre. I genera ly seed down with the first crop. Giving to the dilBculty of cultivating among the roots, i keep It in grass for live or six years. Spring wheat does very well with me, and there 18 a good deal grown throughout the township. I expect to have over twenty bushels to t he acre this year. I think, how-ver, that oats, barley, and other coarse grains pay better than spring wheat, as we have a better market for them. I am of th- opinion that the soil reju.res more lime than it has to make it permanently suitable for wheat cultivation. A great deal of the straw breaks off at the second joint from the ground, owing, 1 behove to the weakness of the stalk. I have twelve head of h<.rin.l cattle- scrub stock -and 1 let Uiein run in the woods in the summer, they come out in 'rood con- dition in the fall, and the cows give a large quaiiLiLyof good milk, which yields as good butter as we can get in the outside townships. I have had timothy growing for seven or \Mr. Kelcey and Ur. JIurd.]
MUSKOIvA AND PaRRY SOUND DISTRICT.
yt)
«iglit years. I never top diesH it or pasture it except for the aftor-;,'rass. Wlu-n I break up meadow I -eneraily put iu pea,s ami soiuetiines wiieat. Peas yield ten or twelve busl)Pi8 to one of .sowing.
To Mr.D;imond.-':o team gypsum from Parry Sound to McKellar would cost about twenty cents per hundredweiyl.t. 1 have not tried anyrhinj,' in the way of improved farnnng owing to the neces.sity of clearing the lan<l. We do not sufi'er much fron^ frost close to the water, but iu othcT situations we do to some extent; we have suflered coa sidera'oly the last two seasons from frost ; the crops chiefly airecte.i are i.ot.itoes corn buckwheat, etc. Tlie usual priee for oats in the fall is 3.T cents, but durin- the winter and .spring they jro up to 50 or »30 cents; hay averages from .$8 to .$10 ^i-.v ton. The rea- son I came U, .v.,,.skoka was beoause an indoor life did not agree with me, and I was de- sirous of getting s .me land. I consider that I have been pretty succe^isfnl. Land can be ^jluared for $16 an acre, which sometimes includes the fencing and sometimes does not
W. A. HUPvD.
MR. WM. SHAW'S EVIDENCE.
W1LLIA.H Shaw, of the Township of Ferguson, was called and examined.
To the Chairman.— I have been in Parry Sound district upwards of ten years and came from Owen Sound as a practical farmer. I farmed in Grey county for fourteen years My land is a heavy clay, though ti.e greater part of the township of Fer-uson is a light san.ly soil ; the timber being a mixture of pine, birch, hemlock, basswood/l.al.sam, etc. I have 19o acres of land, of which 70 are ch-ared. My system of fannin- is pretty inuch the same as that .lescriiied by the previous witne.ss, only that I be-an ..uuuner fal- lowing la.st year. I have one field which was seeded down nine years u-'o and it is splendid pasture yet-the clover lasted .even years. I grow all the cuaiser grains succe.sstully but I do not tlunk wheat is a safe crop here, owing to the want of a suffi- cient quantity of lime. My land is rather heavy for potatoes, though they do well in the township. I have not grown corn, but it docs well with my neighbours, who raise two or three acres every year I am close to a lake, and am not subject to frost, but the farmens fa. Jier back are, slightly. The first sheep I had were good Leice.ster gnldes but I have been trying to improve them with (Jotswolds. I have a rain which is n^piesented 1^0 be a pure Cotswold, but I do not think it is. I find that the cross impn.vea the quality and the quantity of wool, and makes a larger sheep. If I were in a position to do Z T r 1! .f f "V.'"P»-"^^'^ Ayrshire stock from outside to cro.ss on the common cattle, as I think the Ayrshires are hardier than the Durhams, and can stand the .severe winter-s better, beside, being good milk producing animals. My idea would be to combine beef making and dairying. I would keep the cattle in the woods until about this season of the year and then turn them upon the hay pasture. To keep up my grass 1 would use land plaster-I would hax^ use.l it already had I been abl ti procure^t-it is not kept at Parry hound. I would not get Ayrshire stock if I were misir.g beef to export to England In sheep raising I would stick to the Cotswolds and Leice.ters My wool is of an excellent quality ; I send it to Wyebridge to be manufactured ; it cells {here at 30 VT^Z^ T ^ 'T' f':r.?S'."S"'^^'^"-^^' •'^ P«^»- The soil of my present farm is a
Kl^ IT '^'"' ^' * w'°- ' ""^ Chinguacou..y, but the township of Ferguson is very much bo b n;v "'^^•"Sfg*'-^ ^^° it« agricultural capacities, I prefer the soil of ChinguaeLsy to
ZS n r . • ^^ ^" ^"■^- ^ *™ "^*^'^"'^*^ ^^'""^ *^'« better cultivation of the land
would make a grea improvement in the way of immunity from frost. My view in com-
tlliZZ^' .^' '^'^P't'^ ^°' ™y ^""''•>'' ^« I ^'^^ '^"t ^^1" to do it in Grey, and I t!^J:'T"'- T'^'^^ ^ ^ y^' ^^"''^ •^'^ ^"" *° f«"o^ ™y e^-^'^P'^. especially as it is Ian"! T'ti ''^'''''" ""T"^ " ,'°<^'^»*^" ''i^'^" ^h«n I came into the country: There are no land jobbers or speculators here to my knowledge, and there are no deserted locations in [Mr. Hurd and Mr. Shaw.]
"
III
11'
fj..
40
MUSKOKA AND PARRY SOUND DISTRICT.
my nnVhliouHiood. The opportuiiitirs for goinjr in and nnf wl,....„ t
tlu. s,;ttl..rs aro, on tho wl.olo a cont..nt,.d and ro," .rve dass o pconr 7 «"°^','^"d
WILLIAM SHAW.
MR. JOHN FISHER'S EVIDENCE.
John Fis.ieb, of the Township of MoKollar, was called and exan.ined.
To thn ahainwin.—l canio from Niagara district, where I was a boatmnn ,„^ t i been farm n- i<-ro ten or twelve vears 1 ?.n vo I Q-, ,J. -.i Qt- boatman, and I have
acre«IthM.kM80aretillahle ffoili ad^ ?^^'-195
is broken by rock, but 4 or f, acres are cu oti by^ h^East li^ef Mv n^r p' .'^ ''^"'^ are oats and peas. O.ts yield fron, 40 to tiO bu.^el per acre a^d t£ iid of H ' """P' is pretty nuK-h the same as '.nentioned by tho previous witness'; I came b^w^' ." f ''"P" and .lid all n.y clearing w.th n.y own hands^s my fan ly we're yo"r I am noTT' to support nvvself and my fannly by the produc/of m/fann,Sh I hav^ Zi U^ dmng so, l,av,ng to purchase in.plements, etc. I have no cause to reg ,t hav^L co.ne to Muskoka. .\ tMrm such as mine should be worth $2,000 including' the bnildb, f ^ haps I could not get that n.uch for it. I have se^en or^ihi^a^ r o ZonS^ do no. tlunk th,.re are any improved bulls in tho neighbourhood. Z ruSn is to devote mysel t, gram ra.smg, as I think my soil is adapted for that purpo e iHs not easy turmug beet into money here, as I am fifteen or sixteen miles from Parry Sound
JOHN FISHER.
MR. JOHN ARMSTRONG'S EVIDENCE.
John Armstrong, of the Township of McKellar, was called and exammed.
To the Chnirman.— It IB eleven years since I came to Muskoka and Parry Sound from Davenport, m the Township of York, where I followed farming from my youth wH I farst cau,e here I was engaged in building Government road!. lumbeXg muiin. anS store-keep.ng, but I have bee„ farming all along and have taken particuluriiUe e t'in "t I think the reason that the crops are not d,.ing so well here as they mi-dit is because the farmers are sowing only such crops as are best adapted for the lumberin.; bi^in'ss wh ch gives thein the.r best market for the present. MoU of those who settled rrwei'e poor and had to work out at lumbering, etc., but most of them have made tl eU wTy and a good many o t le.n are now worth frou. $1,000 to $2,000. All the grain grow Ser
Fan rl'e h.; ; ' ''^^«" V^r," ^" ?"^ "^'"""^'"P «^ ^"••'^' ^'^h *h« «^'«P<^'°n of wl at' Fall rye has ,(one remarkably well, and ought, in my opinion, to take the place of fal
ful mol's'^n' "-"v'"^ "? '"'r'''^ ""^""P'''- '^'"'•"•P^and carrots a,-e very sue iulblff ^^/"^^ ."j,^«'',^ whore they sunimer-fallow and sow plaster and use the dril,
bu Sv H ^ '"''S, ^^' ''*'" "^'" *''''"'^'^^' "^ ""''^ with frost the last two yeans, but chiefly in the newer settlements, where it is most likely to do injury. I think t.'.at
On'tato tl'::.n'\'^t/'"''' f--' district will yet prove t^o be one o'f L best part^ o Ontaiio though little or nothing has yet been done in that direction. 1 am sure that any kind of stock that does well in the front would thrive hero, as the pasture is excellent {Mr, Shaw, Mr. Fisher and Mr. Armstrou(/.]
\,i :|
^OKA AND^RH^SOrTND DISTRICT.
ani the water pure and ahimdimf T i i- . " =====^'^~-— --r^
To Mr. Dul'mJ T . .,. "" "^ *''" ^'M Lutomb apples
sanio. Mills an.l M, " i ^""^ ''«'^'^"J''"''hJ p-.n-poses. Jla-r.-rnL ' f V'"'"J. about GO to
^'"al to attend to, and tf er , f n„, !' " ,^'''''"''' ^ t'«'rouX<"d d . '? "'^""' """»" plaster couUl be u^ed 1 'n' f T'^"''"'^'" ^''°"'''« i" k''«'fmJsuc ,' ^' '"'^-^ a «reat morehantable cornZditv -^T "^^^^''^'^'^ «" tho «oil, ^i^n^X^r \T:r\ ^ ''""^ it could be uTZ2tl;'t"\l '""'y ^'^^"'^•/ f"'- ' nn«L f o ''" ' j^ ^'" "'■'^•^« ^ inexhaustible sup , ;« " l^^^ '^ ^'""^^ P- 100 po' 1'' Then'.'7 :'""""' '■'""'*'^ '
eacoura^oinent to m ., ^'"P^^'ta'i.z,,,! lane nob far from lien. Knf '« aeo.nparafcively
inenee to prr^n' ■for'I^p^^TdltJel' '^^^ ''' «----t^ ^'l ^ w:""^''*' ^'^"^
ttr t^^ssHf^-S r ^^
does not get the cam 1 1 . . . ^^. P°""*'« "^"d toJling Is « T "'."""''' quun'.ity
the immediate comCh,;, i ,°"''' '''™ ""■mmenj il,' rZ^ "'»»net „„w i„
of thor,u..|,lv 8,M nl ,? "', ° f'''™'' "irougl, tl.is ill.,,:, ""■■■"'""••"i t" encourage time. Thi.k"' si '!:.'■'?'■'''"« "■» ''l'»le W.,tr et 'a a ™; "" "'"';''' '" "'" "'<«»"'
li^'tant future is my firm belief. The Commission then adjourned. ^^^^ AllMSTKONG.
,!!!
Ill
[Mr. Anmtrong]
42
MUSKOKA AND PARRY SOUND DISTRICT.
Pakry Sound, September 12nd, Tho Commission met at 9 ft.m. A-essji^— Messrs. BnowN (Chiiirman), and Dtmond.
ME. DAVID AicFARLAND'S EVIDENCE. David McFaulanu, o£ tho Townsliip of Catling, was called and examined.
To the Chairman. — I liavo been in tlio district twelve years, having como from the County of Lanark, Ontario, wlitire I had boon farming for fourteen years. I camo h(!re as a .s(|Uiittcr long buforo tho township was surveyed. 1 hold 200 acreH of land, of wliich 40 iuo under cultivation, and 150 cultivable; the soil is niOMtly a heavy clay, though I have some which is lighter. I iiave grown almost all the crops to which I was accus- tomed oulsi(l(!, but tiiough [ still cultivate wheat, I have almost gone out of it. I have grown two pretty good jrops of fall wheat, but the last two years it has betMi so winter- killed that 1 have Ixicn obliged to plough it up ; it ia also liable to rust and mildew unless it is sown e.irly, and it sutlers from the lack of lime. It would be a great advanta"-o to us if we were able to obtiiin salt and lime at reasonable pric((S. My land is neur Lake Sims, anil J am liable to frost to soine extent, t'lough not seriously. I have about 20 bushels to the acre of fall wheat. My soi! is naturally pretty dry, and has no sponginess below wheii properly cultivatcil. We have no drains but those we style top drains, but if J. am able 1 will do some under-draining. I have tried salt on a small scale as an ex- periment, and can recommend it very highly , from two to live bushels of it to the aero will act as a preventive of rust, and it also strengthens the straw. I have raised some very good crops of spring wheat ; the large.st yield I liavo over obtained was 2.'}^ bushels to the acre ; its liability to rust is tho only diiliculty in the way of cultivating spring wheat. Practically there is no diiliculty in growing oats. Last year I had 75 bushels to the acre, and the average will be about 40. I do not rai.se much baney, but it docs well, yielding about 30 bu.-hels to the acre, and the sample being of good (piality. Peas do well on my clay soil, but my neighbours who have lighter soils do not succeed so well, as the vines are liable to mildew. I have been growing peas for the last eleven or twelve years from seed which has not been changed for twenty-six years, and they are fully better this year tli:in ever. The worm has been getting into the peas the last two or three years, but not to any serious extent ; the wheat weevil is decreasing. I have grown rye very successfully for the purpose of feeding to stock, I have not yet got into any rotation of crops. Upon new laud I sometimes put potatoes and turnips, sometimes OJits, and occa- sionally wlieat, but I do not approve of wheat. I seeded down the first grain crop with timothy, but I di<l not use any clover, 1 prefer timothy alone. Potatoes yield splendid crops, over 200 bushels an acre; turnips do well, except that they are occasionally troubled by the tly. I have got 800 bushels otF three-quarters of an aero of new land 1 have twelve head of horned cattle, of which five are milch cows ; six sheep, and two teams of horses. I allow my cat'le to run in the woods in summer, keeping a small piece of pas- ture, which ia accessible to the milch cows. A good deal of the land in the Township of Carling is rough an<l broken, most of the soil being rather light. The cattle are pretty thin in the spring, as we d) not feed grain except very occi;sionally. I am not paying particular attention to sheep raising, but I know they do well. I once brought into tho district what was called a thorouglibred Shorthorn bull, and kept him for three years until I got tired of him ; I have one at present which is three-quarters thoroughbred. I had plenty of encouragement to keep my thoroughbred bull, but little pay ; the stock I got was very much improved, and diil better in the woods than the common cattle.
To Mr. Djjmoml. — I would rather have one acre of land here than live in Lanark, only the proportion of good land is not so great. The soil in Lanark is very shallow, but wherever we have soil in Muskoka it is deep, blie rock only ci'oppmg up in places. I would not take less than $1,000 for my farm, it is worth that much to me ; probal)ly I could not get that rigure if I had to sell, as people prefer getting free grants to buying improved
[iV/r. McFurlaii''' ]
^KOKA AND PARRY SOUND DISTRICT.
43
small quantity of supplies for immediate use I ha"e L '! "" ^^'"^ ^ °*"« ^^ •'"^ » upon my farm. We soli most of our produco to thil "°''*«^«« O'' other incumbrances no cash in return, nothing but goods f?om the 8tor«« 7^1' f^r^hants, but we can g^ hmg to feed stock if we only Lid geJlyorstf ^^^^^^ '^ ^°"'d ^^ Profitab e
8 a great deal of stock for sale in the couX 1? n^ V ^J""^ '"'^ *'»« ''O""*^ ; there high-20 U, 25 cents-though it is .ometS fs FoTi " 1 a?"**'! «T''''"^ ^^'^^ P^'"; butter, as I n.ako it as good an article as possible aid do n^"'"^* ^'* *^^ ^^'^ "y have no outlet except by Parry Sound, and there is no rai?w„ ''" '* ** ^''^ «*«'*««• ^e shape of an extension of existbg linos: I would no? mfnH^-^^ '" contemplation in the I bought about $50 worth of young fruit tTees but f W^, """T^ "^^ ^"'« *^enty miles, api^es and plums. Salt costs us «1 25 aL uT^ards thL^r'' ^T * ^'^^^''^ «^4>t crab with Godencli by water. Collingwood Tthe Zet for oS ""'^^^ f^^^ communication convement for us to bring in small shinrnpnt. i ^ Produce, but it would not be
und takes ,0 got in the'sait ::^:m:^rTLz:t'v:^ of" '' "!. •"^^ ^-« -fa^
the principle of barter; there are only three stor^Tn P o''^ °^^ P''°<^"°" " sold on the Parry Sound Lumber C^pan^and the G^elnb T "■\^°"^^' *^°«« ^^ Mr. Beaty^ better market for stock than for produce thou.W '' Company. There is no
Roaseau and get the boats there. lEr;ecommenJ ^T'" 7' ''l^^ ^"^« ^*«Ie ^ and also those coming here to have c^ZIf u. country as being very healthv
year particularly i.4rants.wh^a7eror^^^^^ them fo? atYalfo/e
better for immigrants to got acquainted with theTork ^f hV ""«• °^^*''^- I* ^o"ld be n Canada before coming here But 11^X^03^17 1"°^" '''*''« ^l'^®'" settlements mterest would do better by selecting a gordfe^mi'Z c^^^^^^ eithen^ying rent or
DAVID MoFARLAND.
MR. THOS. PEAKE'S EVIDENCE.
abseJc^f h^fSr^' ^''''' ^°^"«^^P' -« -"«<^ ^nd examined, in the unavoidable
of whT"hf;;;2yTrfu;^^^^^^^^ le"'£;"f ^^rmer who has 160 acres of land,
more land cleared, but it is not cleaned u^ cultivator ""C'V^'T ^''''- «« ^^ to the acre this year. (Witness produced 8amn?e« nf ^ ?' • u ''.**' "^'^^ y'^^'^ ^0 bushels variety, the straw, which was fulV five fe?t^nif*t'"'^f ^' °^ *'^« ^lack Tartarian The oata were grown on a light, BaLVloam unon wf ?'a ^'"^ ^"«^*' «*'°»g ^^d clean.^ last year. We generally plit ^tato^e up^kX new knd IT»,''^ ^°^'^'' ^'^ ^'^^^ (The witness produced specimens of wheat on straw nf^u'l?'? """^ ^°^ with oats, and well grown, and the sample good buff h« !/ ' ^ '^^'*'^ '^« ^^^ ^ere fairly large the Commissioners some po^oertuVLps td [oltT ™*^«^ -^J^' He also ioZ Spring wheat does not succeed vU 3' as it L TabT'/" '^ *IT "°"«"^"y We.) were grown on a light loam, new land and the JStl^ "T ^t *"^^P« P^°duced 300 bushels of potatoes to the acre on clay soil K °f ""i"'*'^- ^« sometimes grow and come to perfection. In former vpnr/fri ^°™^toes always grow freely, yield well fruit ripened.' My fathertt Xe'^ircttf ^ ^^^^^^ 'T* °^ ^^ *^« f-?burthe been raised on a farm until he was nintee7vaiL S? ^^- ^^ ^*« '"^ the army, but had
penment he has made. ^ '^® ^^^^> *°d ^^ quite satisfied with the ex-
THOMAS PEAKE.
f=f
[Mr. McFarland cmd Mr. Peake. I
44
MUSKOKA AND PARRY SOUND DISTRICT.
MR. WILLIAM WILCOX'S EVIDENCE. William Wilooi. of the Township of Foley, was called and examined.
To the Caiman.— I have been here thirteen years, and have been farminc most o/ ,».» hfe. I was five ycui3 on a rented farm in Toronto Township, County oTpe^Tfn J *^ years in Osprey Grey County. I was a fam. labourer in the^Old Count^ I havj ^ acres of land, of which 60 or 70 are cleared. My farm is on the HoZ-»,«l t l • land ten miles from Parry Sound. The land in the Lwjrhip is token bu"thn^^ "* "" very good farms. All iinds of soil can be found onKme Tarm' and airostlnT eame held. Crops o all kinds do well except wheat, and the land Ts becomif 'beS^ adapted for wheat all the tim.. I have used^salt upoA the soil and find i^of ve^^f!! benofat. A person wn stand forty rods away and tell exactly wherrthe ^It h^^hT thrown; the grain comes a week earlier than the rest, and the r/stT.ver toucte ^t Salt IS so dear, however that we cannot afford to buy it in any great qSfty it would t a great auvantage .f some one in Parry Sound would get in a quantity of t FaTl wW does not succeed well, owing to its liability to rust, caused, I believe by the fotrf alll^ weather. I thiuk on the whole, that f can raise crop^ ^IIZX^^TtoSo Township, especially hay, roots, and oats. Clover and timothy last eight o? ten vZT^ hay or pasture, and I .hink that is because there is so little frost before So ZoTl^^ thoLir '''p .7 '''"'', r ''T '^^"^ on\iiv^t^6. land, as it is more apt to Sra'e out on 1™ ? • ,^«**'°«« y^«J^ goo'i C'-OP*. and though we are troubled by the beetles thev are getting less numerous every year. ^ oeenes, tbey
To Mr Dymond.~l have tried land plaster as a fertilizer, and wish I had ^rt if in larger quantities. It comes from Toronto, Ont.. but I could not say whether^ itS .Zf T.r ^"^"°^'^- I* '' f^y in ««lour and costs $2 per barrel. It las a sdeudM effect on the growing crops, and, if good plaster could be got at reasonable mtes if wou d Jm^^'AnrT ^^^*\^g« *« *h« ''°""*^y- There ought to be no difficul y^ 'Vt LXlt from Goderich at a cheap rate, as vessels go away from here with lumber for all narts of
au'of fbl^fh H"^°,-/ *",^°°-^ "^-^^ ^'npty. I have 18 head of cattirand Is sheep -all of them thoroughbred Leicesters. There is a thoroughbred Shorthorn bull in the township, o^ed by Mr. Haines, but it is not generally known that there i««S an animal Up to the present time there has been no Lprov^ment of the st^ck 5 the township. Cattle are pastured in the woods, th(> cows being kept in at niX but the bush pasture is beginning to fail. Rock^ land produces West bush las' ture I bought my Leicesters from Mr. Smith, of Acton, and from Mr Waldie 0?.; market for our surplus is Parry Sound, and' we generally sell to the ho?eli;epll
S bTif tW ll^T- "^'^r'^'^u^'' "'"^^y' « ^^™-« -' forced t?^ en early, but if they keep their produce to the proper season, they ^an get cash and
higher prices. I had some old hay this season which I sold to the lumberme^iust before the hay season, for $12 cash. If corn is planted early it matures well,Tn7i^' generally a good crop People who come directly to Muskoka from the Old Country Se^generaHv failures-they should get some experience in older parts of Canada. I had a fair sTock of implements when I came here, but no capital. My farm now affords me a go^d com fortable maintenance. I have a family of ten children. u us me a gooa com
r,«f I^i^ Chairman.-I have thoroughbred Leicester e^res, as well as rams, but I could not say very much as to how they are going to do.
W. WILCOX.
r.Vr. WiUoxJ.
MUSKOKA AND PARRY SOUND DISTRICT.
MR JAMES BADGER'S EVIDENCR Jambs Badger, of the Township of McDougall, was called and examined.
m the milk budness in London Endand I £ 1 ?T/ """ ^ «Pent four years Niagara District. My present Lm was nut in tLVT!^^^/'" ""! ^^^ ^'^' >» *»>« was passed, and I had to buv the rn,rfrn£. fK A ™*''^^' ^^^'"■'' *^« ^'^ G™-it Act for w'^bich I paid 70 cox te anVc e thL wa^in OctobT''"Tr.'-A '' "'''' ''^ °"« ^'««'^- by the liberality of the VroneJo:^:^Z7^nT^^l^7^^^^^^^^ M"«^'
to pay for my land, by being permitted to take ^oT ucrer of free iant^ f H^ ^"""^ means when I came into the country. I have now ahonfTn °^/'^°*',S^'^"J- I J>ad some land I have mentioned, my sons have taken unfr. J ^tT °'*'*'"^'*' ^^^'^^^ the
good land-200 acres of Jhi^h is rnewha? br^oke? fhUe 70 acrrof''' T'.f Tu"^ been floodod by the Parry Sound Lumber Company Some of mv sll"^ ^''* ^'^^ ^"^ some ,s rather light, and some is clay ; that is aS'the dZrti^ of Iiuf T^^I 'T' township. Neither fall nor sprint wheat oan h« ,«.«^ ?f ^ " • , ^^^ ^^"^ »" *be
.n«y do after we are able to 'oZJtel;taS"wrrt?enhr:lT'r' 'W-" meadow and pasture. I corroborate afinnmllv ^i,nf • ^ ™°^* °^ "7 ^^nd m
their crops. Vitness produced sptfZsof^ olte n^ItrlT '''*"''''' ^T •^**^^ *^°"* are of the Bla'ck Tartarian varietTrnTro than six feet S ^h^^. "P"'' ^'^ ^'^f'"- '^^''^ but bearing a full head of irrain not vllJ^^ w , ^i ' . ^^'"'^^ somewhat rusted, the straw being four ftf hf4 whh rstro- b-^ 'p° produced some millet not yet ripe cows in the winter, and in ffi f"fl if tt pa's turf fal^Tvl / ^°" "/"t^ '' ^''^ ^^ me, and it makes very good bread I have trown oorn W^? dc .a remarkably well with a safe crop. I have grtwn W kr«ri v „,? l^L3 . ' J"^ ^ "''''^'^ "°* recommend it as rod and afsike clover 'wrhm^^imoThv^^^ some SfesTdorf V' T '''A ^ ^^"^^^^ «°- it comes out strong afterwards I have clover anH y 1 ^o* seed well the first year, but years. I have abL eightel^e^d^^ltll^T on^t^^ £ twW "^ f? l'^^^ P^SS-r Jeirer""^""*^«*^«-^*^-^^*^« P-- U ^r t^r/nVth-ylene!:!!;
butso'^llSmefrsdiTo^h^rtSl'^^^^^^^^^^ ^-.^ Sound,
dressed meat. I have a buU which isTs nearrfSn ^^l ^T^ ^'"V^' ^"^^^^'^ ^^^ pedigree. I have improved mv own aad mtlLj?^"^.^''!'* T ^T?^'' ^"* '^ ^^^ «« me to keep the buU. ^ I intend to Jo ^n fZ^Jl^ ""f' '^'^^' ^^ ^ ^"^ *h^t i* Paja
:irteit.?r.-?i^iirf?^
JAMES BADGER
MR. MATTHEW HAILSTONE'S EVIDENCE. MAPrHEW Hailstone, of the Tovo^ship of Ferguson, was called and examined.
^-tl'^LfltlZt^lTlaZ,^^^^ lamamillerbytnule.
have taken up a free^S,? 200 acreg oZVT "" *^k' "^^ country as well as hem T I have cleared 25 acresT^nd my sons 17 M^^nf^^ 'T ^ ?°°' ^'^'^ *^" '^^^^^ ^00 «^<=re8. had no capital to start'^th ^I grow a^Ld 1?^^^^^^^^ I
wheat does not do weU but I WvT fo.v ^ « • ^""^ ^""^ ^^^^ ^' *° ^7 atock. FaU
paybest. Tu^t and --ira'^^^^^^^^^^
[Mr. Badger an, Mr. ffailston^ ' ' ' ' ^"'"'' "^"^' ^ '"^' ^^ ^^^^
46
MUSKOKA AND PARRY SOUND DISTRICT.
RM not Mtt«cked by tho tly. I keep a good deal of atook, aa it payH to mamiro th« laiitl. i am protty woll HatJHliod with my oxporionco in Pairy Sound, aiid I liiid if tho uettlnra do not gpt on wt>n it in gcnorally thoir own faultH. I havo Bovoiitoon hcud of hornod cattlo and Hovon Hhinp. 1 allow tho cattle to pasture in the wooda; nono oi tlittin tc improved. I havo had good rn)p8 nearly ovorv year, though ocoaaiinially the front dooa u little damage. We havo plonty of pork to kill this fall. Wo hare bought a span of horHi'H Binco you wore hero, and are going into (ho lumbering, as we generally do in tho winter. I havo seven in *ainily - five boyn and two girls- the youngest boy is liftoen. i consider this a very healthy place, as nono of us has ever been laid up with sickness since wo came to Canada. I came from Hwir.don, in the County of Wilts, England, iu 1873, with my second boy, and tho rest of the fan-.ily came out tho spring following. When we tirst cime here tho roads were in a very bad stjvte, but havo boon greatly improved. I think anyone can lo a great deal butter hero without capital than he oouki on the prairies (for there is always work to be got hero at fair wages), but of course would be better •with a little capital, as he could purchase an improved farn;. It appears the people from tho old countries do better hero than Canadians. Tho Parry Sound Agri- cultural Show on tho (»th of October was very fair ; some fin; samples of grain were shown, and vegetable's were very good, as also the root crops. I think a railroad is very necessary for the advancement of the country, as the circulation of money would then be greater, for tho truck system is too much in vogue here. J will give all the information in my po-.ver to imiuirera,
MATTHEW HAILSTONE.
\%9^
MR FBANCIS STRAIN'S TVIUENCE.
Francis Straik, of Parry Sound, and Reeve of the Township of Foley, was called and examined.
To Mr. Dymond.~-\t farmers have to pay $1.25 for salt per barrel, it is their own fault, as I am certain that arrangemonts can be made to bring it in for 80 cents per barrol.
F. STRAIN.
During the aittirtgs of tho Commissioners at Parry Sound, the following letter was pub in and admitted as evidence.
Ilfracombc, Muskoka.
Dear Sir, — I havo been reading the reports of Tenant Farmers' Delegates on the Dominion of Canada as a field for settlement, and notice that this district is entirely ignored. Now, I came out to Canada in the winter of 1875-6, and know Ontario pretty well, and have farmed in East York, but in tho winter of 1877-8 I -aoved in here, and have now nearly 75 acres cleared, anu 1 am bo satisfied that for stcc'i rai.sing this district is far ahead of any other part of thf; Do iMiio;, that, be idtd Mr. .'Emilius Baldwin, of Masquoteh, who came in with im , I 'mve iiduced - number of gentlemen with some capital to come from England and elsewhere to settle here, and they have all large clearings, notably H. H. Stotesbury, E. N. Stotesbury, W, A. Vernon-Garratt, R. H. TothUl, F. M. Da la Fosse, P. F. G. BeUe, A. J. O. Sweet, and F. G. Fauquier, w i there are others still coming. I have a thoroughbred Durham pedigree bull and about onty head of cattle and 20 head of sheep, and our greatest drawback is that the settlers in here are so poor that they cannot even aflford to pay for the services of a good bull. If all the settlers had some means, like my friends, the country would soon become a very important part of Ontario. We have built a church and parsonage and raised $050 per annum for our clergyman, and cleared him five acres of land. I have had my hoOBe ml
[Air. ciaibione, Mr. Strain and Mr. IlarslOiUi.]
MUSKOKA AND PAKRY SOUND DISTRICT.
47
«f Toronto vimtorH, etc., who are Mtoni.hed atZZT^i! ^ , ^
o,.untry wa« nnything like it until th«y came herr I, fV ""'' ''°"''' "«' ^''"^o tho nimi of HOD... ,„«au8 U, come and settle l.oirth«wT t xS''" 9«ver«mont would only induce by the .took th.t would be rai«od Surely t?,iriMT'"r '^""''^ ^ '"«'''7 CS!3 •ome push or exertion, if I alono have been th "mean, f," '^''"' *'^ ^^^ "ovornment by A« you may gu.M. from my being able to for , i "h? "T.^ '"''*' * "«ttlomont hem Kngland and my opinion is of some weigh so tt f S n "'' ' *" ^'"^"^ ''''" ^^^o^n^ to make a push for the right claHs of sotUoA, l.iw f? P?^'"-"n»'nfc^ilI ti^ke some steps Knored a. it i, {„ the report of tl.e de ogaZ I sS I ""'"^ '^' ^'''*"«' ^e so ontay t.mce n my powor. I trust, therefore tharVouw? » l"""'^ *" «'"« *h«™ •" the aLii Comm.s.onor of CWn I.nds and th^ SiS o7^^.t ^ t:tLV:X"'F!L
I am, dear air, yours truly,
J. 0. MiMBB, Esq., M.P.P.
0. OREVILLE HARSTONE
in the Electoral District of Muskoka
ii
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tjfr. ffargioTie.']
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Iv
ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COMMISSION.
APPENDIX S 1.
K E I^ O I^ T
ON
MANITOULIN ISLAND,
AND THE
SAULT STE. MAEIE DISTRICT,
Bv WILLIAM SAUNDERS, LONDON, ONTARIO, A Member of the Ontario Agricultural Commission,
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ONTAEIO AGRICULTURAL COMMISSION.
APPENDIX S. 1.
i^ E :b> o :r T
ON
MANITOULIN ISLAND,
AND THE
SAULT STE. MARIE DISTRICT,
By WILLIAM SAUNDEKS, LONDON, ONTARIO A MenJ^ „/ ft. Ontario Agricultural Commi„i„n.
n tHe Bon^ratU S«r.L C^.T Woo., a,W» ./ * Cor..^^
KiLLABNET.
one to the romantic littl/ set^^llCoT Ki larney ! rocW V^ ^^^^f^-^^ Bay bx£^ seat of a Hudson's Bay trading tost aLtn 1^ 'I /2 f ^' ^^'"''^^ ^°°^^i°& spot, but the the stunmer months, is^obtaTneya LTe propS o^th'^'f '*'"°°' '^°°^ "^''^' '^^'^S be found in our markets. Durine tMa w«?^«i l- ^ f^T"" *'"°"* ^nd white fish tS fi.h leave the heated waters of th^Lstern ' rTn P^^ir n ^^' ^''''' * W« """'ber o1 the cooler waters of the upper wetS pa7 a^ to'the 'Sr" >/"' ^"^^^^^^ '^ i^g agam in the autumn. On an evening vLit to Suarn ''"^^°^^^* ''^ferred to, rotum- ]-., while our steamer was taking in ^fd 1^1 t 7 i J'x^'' "^^ '■^*"^" ^^°^ Manitou- t.e busy scene which here preS itJelf i^ conLnS^^^^^^ opportunity of inspecting large quantities of fish daily. ' "^^^e''*'^^ ^^^ the catohing and shipping of
The FisHBRits.
)•:
KEPORT ON MANITOULIN ISLAND
admit the head of a large fish, but not to allow its body to paas through. Swimming a«^in8t this net the head passes through the mesh, and in the effort to withdraw it the fish is caught behind the gills and seldom escapes. The nets are from four to five feet wide and many yards in length, are spread in the most promising locations, buoyed by means of small sticks, and weighted here and there with stones, and thus kept upright and near the surface of the water. They are visited, weather permitting, the following day, drawn up, and any fish caught in the meshes taken. Many miles of such nets are used, and the catch each day will run from four or five hundred to a thousand fish. At Killarney they are cleaned and packed in ice in small fish cars, holding five or six hundred pounds of fish each, and shipped to various ports in Ontario and the United States.
Manitowaning.
Leaving Killarney our course lay among a multitude of islands of every size and form, many of them very beautiful. Soon after midday we neared the Manitoulm Island, and entering Manitowaning Bay, which is about twenty miles deep, reached the "Village of Manitowaning about 3 p.m. From thence we went to Little Current, then across to the north shore to the Hudson's Bay post at La Cloche, then to Mudge Bay on Manitoulin Island, and from thence to Gore Bay, which is situated in about the centre of the Island where we arrived about midnight, and here remained nearly a fortnight.
The Grand Manitoulin.
The Grand Manitoulin Island, which is inclnded in the District of Algoma, separates the waters of the north channel west of the Georgian Bay from Lake Huron. It is nearly one hundred miles in length, and varies in width from about forty miles in the widest part to about two and a half miles at its narrowest portion at the base of Elizabeth Bay. It contains about a million acres, fully one-third of which is suitable for general agricul- tural purposes, about another third adapted for stock-raising, or dairy or sheep farming, while the remaining portion consists either of bare rock, or of rock covered with a soil so bhallow as to prevent its being of any practical value. Occasionally a long stretch of this barren, rocky land is met with, but more frequently the rocks run along in ridges often near 'he whores of the island, giving it, in some places, a sterile and uninviting aspect. Frequently it will be found that a farm of 100 acres in such a situation, with a broker, rocky front, will contain from 50 to 75 acres of good land. The island is entirely a lime- stone formation, and a striking feature in its geography is the numerous deep bays m- denting its outline chiefly along the northern side, and the numerous lakes, large and small, scattered through the interior. The largest of these lakes is Lake Manitou, which is eleven miles in length and seven miles in width at the widest part. From the larger lakes flow rivers of sufficient volume and power to supply a number of mills. No mountains occur on the Manitoulin Island, but the surface presents a series of eleva- ted plateaux, with their abrupt edges facing northward. The Niagara, Hudson River, Trenton, and Guelph formations are all found here, and many of the interesting fossils peculiar to these groups are met with in some localities in great abundance. On the northern side vast numbers of granite boulders have been transported from the north shore and deposited, frequently forming a serious obstacle to agriculture.
The Indian Eeserves.
The east end of the island is its widest portion, and here, east of the two deep indenta- tions which at this point nearly meet, known on one side as Manitowaning Bay, and on the other as South Bay, is a large Indian reserve, comprising about 170,000 acres, a large propor- tion of which is very good land. On this tract there are about 1,200 Indians, about two- thirds of whom reside in the village of We-quim-a-kong. There is also a reserve at bhe- guiandah, and another of 5,000 acres adjoining the village of Shishiawaning, which is situated on a very pretty slope facing the westerly shore of Barrie Island. ITiis latter vil- lage has a population of about 200. All the remaining portions of the island are open for settlement.
[Mr. Saunders.]
AND SAULT STE. MARIE DISTRICT.
iwimming it the fish
feet wide by meaua
and near ay, drawn . the catch jT they are ia of tish
I across to lanitoulin be Island
., separates t is nearly the widest ibeth Bay. al agricxil- ip farming, h a soil so jtch of this idges often ;ing aspect. h a broken 'ely a lime- ep bays in- , large and B Manitou, From the mills. No 3s of eleva- a, Hudson interesting lance. On m the north
Bep indenta* ', and on the arge propor- , about two- erve at She- ng, which is lis latter vil- are open for
The Soil.
The soil varies much in character from a rather stiff clay loam to a light sandy loam, very fertile, producing in favourable seasons good crops of wheat, oats, peas, barley, corn, and excellent root crops. Although I travelled the entire length of the northern side of the island, and entered nearly all its principal bays, most of my time was spent at Gore Bay, a village containing two or three hundred inhabitants, about the middle of the Island, aiid at Manitowaning, with a population of six or seven hundred, towards the eastern
end.
Island Farmers.
In the neighbourhood of Gore Bay I visited several farms, and obtained much infor- mation regarding the condition of agriculture in the island ; and while careful to learn all I could by personal inspection, there were many things I could only ascertain by inquiry. For many items of information I am indebted to Mr. Andrew Willet, who resides on lots 4 and 5, west range. Government road, two and a half miles from Gore Bay, and from Mr. James M. Fraser, Reeve of the municipality of Gordon, whose farm is adjoining Gore Bay. These are both practical men who were among the first settlers, and in the correctness of whose statements I have every confidence.
A Settler's Experience.
Andrew Willet settled here eight years ago, on a wild lot of 200 acres; he was the second settler in the district. Beginning with very small means he has now 65 acres cleared, a comfortable dwelling, and very fine barns (one of them 65x36) and outhouses. The soil on this farm is lighter than the average, b^ing chiefly a good sandy loam.
Wheat Growing.
Spring wheat is usually the first crop planted after clearing, and the average yield, taking one season with another, is from 20 to 25 bushels to the acre. In all the estim- ates given of the yield of crops, it must be borne in mind that the land is still very full of stumps, and that these, with their roots, occupy a considerable area in every field. Red Chaff and Glasgow are the varieties of spring wheat chiefly grown, red chaff being generally preferred. Mr. Willet has never had or known of any trouble to the wheat from insect pests, except in 1876, when afield of his, of ten acres, was entirely destroyed by the army worm, when the grain was four or five inches high. This field was at once ploughed up, and eight acres of spring wheat again sown on the 4th of June, which, notwithstandmg the lateness of the sowing, produced 100 bushels of very good wheat. The average price paid for spring wheat in the island of late years has been from 90 cents to $1 per bushel. Fall wheat has not been much tried here until last season, when the winter being of a most unusual character, with very little snow, the wheat was winter-killed, a disaster which i». likely to discourage further experiment in this direction.
Barley.
Barley has been grown in this section for the past two or three years, with an averap yield of from 25 to 30 bushels to the acre. There is a sufficient home demand for all the barley yet grown ; it is required for seed and as food for stock.
Oats.
Oats grow very well here. Mr. Willet has raised as much as 80 bushels to the a«re, . but the average yield is about 40 bushels; the varieties chiefly cultivated are Black ^ur- way, Black Maine, and Black Diamond. The crop is not yet in excess of the wants ot the- the district, and 50 cents per bushel is about the average price.
\^Mt. Saunders. \
s
ujsport on manitoulin island
Peas — No Bua \kt.
Peas are grovni very successfully and appear to be entirely free from the bug or ■weevil. I examined carefully peas in different stages of growth in several fields, but could find no evidence whatever of the presence of this insect, which is so destructive in many parts of Ontario. There are several varieties grown, but the large Marrowfsit pea seems to be most in favour, and grows very luxuriantly. The crop is usually about 30 bushels to the acre, and being free from bug the peas are "luch in demand for seed.
Indiak Corn.
Corn is of finer growth on Mr. Willet's farm than any I have yet seen elsewhere on the island. It is usually sown from the 15th to the 20th of May, and sometimes as late as the 1st of June. Spring frosts are very seldom experienced here; there was a light frost this season on the 8th of June, but not sufficient to injure c m or beans. At the date of my visit, August 14th, the ears of corn were plump, and most of them well filled. As much as 45 bushels of shelled com to the acre has been grown here, the varieties usually cultivated are the Common Yellow and White Flint,
Hat CROpg.
Hay, Mr. Willet finds to be a better paying crop than wheat, the price usally rang- ing from $12 to $16 per ton ; average about $14. At present there is a demand at home for all that is produced, but if it were produced in excess, a ready market with remun- erative prices would probably be found for it farther north, since large quantities are yearly sent from Owen Sound to Bruce Mines, Prince Arthur's Landing, and other points.
EooT Crops — Potatoes.
Root crops do remarkably well. On one '^occasion, Mr. Willet dug 380 bushels of potatoes from seven bushels of seed. Early Rose is the most popular variety, but several others are also grown ; the average crop is al^out 150 bushels to the acre. A long black beetle, a species of blistering beetle, which devours the leaves, is usually common, and sometimes abundant ; occasionally they eat the stalks almost bare, yet no serious injury to the crop, from this cause, has been observed. The Colorado potato beetle has appeared, but has not yet increased to a sufficient extent to excite alarm.
Turnips.
Turnips are grown to a considerable extent, chiefly Swedes. They are sown broad- cast, often in very stumpy land, yet as many as 1,500 bushels have been gathered from two acres sown in this way on the first of July. The cab' age butterfly has been here about three years, and now injures the crop to a considerable extent.
i
Applb Cxjlturb.
Apple trees do fairly well Mr. Willet has an orchard of 2| acres with about 150 trees in all, chiefly apple, with a few plum and cherry. The varieties of apple growing are Northern Spy, American Golden Russet, Wagener, Rhode Island Greening, Fameuse, Twenty-Ounce, St. Lawrence and Red Astrachan; all seem to be hardy. There are many young orchards in this neighbourhood, but none of them are more than three or four years planted, and most of them only one or two years. The only tree bearing in Mr. Willet's 'Orchard was a Transcendant crab, which fruited also last year.
[Mr. Saunders.]
AND SAULT STE. MARIE DISTRICT.
f
Pears— Plums
and on this most of the fruit had b en intrTd by the n w"'*"^r '"^'^^'^^ ^ "^'^ Pl""". found m some of the specimens examined Th»* l^ curcuho, the larva of which I during the spring of this ^eT ^^'''^'''"^- ^^^ *«^ ^^^^rry trees he had were aU planted
corrants, Bee-keeping.
Stock— Horses— Cattle— Sheep.
brought here and are of common stock SompS J u ^ ^"'"'^^ '"^ "^« ^^^ been Downs, Cheviot and Cotswoldsh^erairsu^ce'd^w^^^ but the' Ch'"^''^ ^•^^V «<''^*^ Sheep raising might be very remunerative • one drrwbaol. fn ft- Tu*' ^"^ *^" ^^'''^ie**- no buyers of wool here. The mutton is all cnnSr^Z fu *^' '"' *^^* ^« 7®* ^^ere are same price as in Toronto. consumed at home and commands about the
Dairying.
the homelLna'n?^ - sufficient quantities to supply
lingwood. In summer Zplr'angrS "is'^lo S' ^ *.'' '*'"°^*« '^"'^ ^ Wer25centscanusuallvLgotfoTgoodartcle if M«^^^ ^"™^ *¥ ^"^^^^ and older settlement, the production of hut&Tt Tn excess of Zwl'r^.' I^^'^ ^1 ^ """^^ 18 sold at from 10 to 15 cents ner nm,nH t i \- ^^*^ of the settlers, and
can be imported regulatL "he m^kerwhile 'n trothf "f^- ^f.' ^"'^ '' which butter be profitably bought for export to otherpointT '' *^' P"''" "^^ ^^''^ ^^ ««^
Agricultural Land-Sheep Farming— Dairying.
west.'fto^h'^LeTntS^^^^^^^ *^^ j^^-^' f-- Manitowaning "
Elizabeth Bay, and amrt from thernrSl^p southern and northern shores as far a! land, he is of 'op^nfonTa^^^ nTmte^^^^^^^^^ ^^f f ^ --« «^ *t« best of the'
general agricultural purposes. Another LtSnwol^b^^^^^^^ T ^^^^d be used for
farms, while the remainder would be torrocW To be of -- ^ a'^ ^^™^°S °^ ^^^^
is well watered with springs and small lake. wl,J^i; 1 l ^^^''^- ^' '^ ""^^^ *^« inland ing. Good water canS be ^ot bv si^kir wpH^f ' '^^Y f^*^'^^^ ^'' '^''^' ^^is- The past season has been a verf wet one and ?n ^^^^^^ ^^°^* ^f 1° ^0 feet in depth.
Another Settler's Narrative. [Jlr. Saundera.'l
«
REPORT ON MANITOULIN ISLAND
if*' ^1
Is m
Land — Price of Farms.
The Governroent price of the land in most parts of the island, to actual settleia, is 60 cents per acre, but all the good land about Gore Bay is taken up. Here 100 aero farms with 10 or 15 acres of clearing will sell at from $8 to $10 per acre. The first settler came into this municipality in 1870, now fully half of the farms are settled on. At pres- ent the land is too stumpy to admit of the use of mowers and reapers. Threshing machines worked by horse power are brought here.
Fbnoes and Buildings.
The fences are nearly all snake, made of cedar rails. Material for fencing is abun- dant and cheap. Fully on j-half of the buildings in this district are frame, the remainder log. Lumber is worth from $6 to |10 per thousand, according to quality. No fertilizers tlsed excepting barn-yard manure.
Spring Wheat.
Spring wheat is the most important crop ; Red Chaff is chiefly grown ; ha\ e tried Club and Glasgow, but Red Chaff does the best ; about half the cleared land is occupied by wheat. The crop this year is unusually poor in consequence of the very wet weather in spring, the wheat will not probably average more than from 10 to 20 bushels per acre, while the usual average crop would be from 20 to 30 bushels.
Barley.
Bai'ley ranks next in importance ; four and six rowed are both grown, but six rowed. The crop this year will average from 30 to 35 bushels.
Peas.
chiefly
The varieties of peas usually cultivated are Golden Vine, Marrowfat and Crown. They are entirely free from bug, and the average yield on Mr. Fraser's land, which is a heavier and richer soil than Mr. Willet's, would be from 40 to 50 bushels per acre. The crop is nearly all consumed at. home. The average price varying f ron 60 cents to $1 per bushel.
Oats.
The oats grown are chiefly Black Maine and Norway, and the average crop would be from 40 to 50 bushels to the acre. No rye is grown in this section now, it has been grown formerly and has done well. Buckwheat is grown to a limited extent and with much success. Corn ripens well but does not succeed as well, as in some other sections; in many instances it seems to be stunted, which often occurs from its being planted too late, other farm A-ork being allowed to take precedence of this.
Potatoes.
Potatoes are grown to a great extent and very successfully, so also are turnips, chiefly Swedes, Aberdeens and White Globe, rurnips are often sown as late as the 15th or 20th of July and mature welL
Cattle — Hogs.
No attention has been paid to cattle raifing. The male animals in use are very inferior. The same remar]^ may be made in rjference to horses ; there is a large and promising field open here for enterprise in these departments. Pigs are raised in consider- •able numbers, but not much attention is paid to purity of stock, they are chiefly Berk-
[Mr. Saunders.]
AND SAULT STE. MARIE DISTRICT.
shires. Sheep are met with of nearly all classes and they all do well, but South Downt and Leicesters are most esteemed. No animals are yet raised in excess of the require- m«nt8 of the district for home consumption, in fact many are brought in every year.
Butter.
Butter, home-made, finds a ready sale at from 15 to 25 cents per pound, a large quan- tity is imported. Fowls aro kept to a considerable extent, but the breeds are very much mixed, no marked preference seems to bo given to any particular variety.
Fruit-growing.
Fruit growing is in its infancy, there are no bearing orchards yet, but there are young
orchards all over the municipality. Have grown strawberries with success varieties
Wilson's Albany and Jucunda.
Climate.
The climate here is about the same as that of the district around Toronto, but there is usually more snow on the Island and more steady cold weather ; doubtless the climate is modiliad and tempered by the influence of water which surrounds it in such abundance.
Communications.
The island is advantageously situated for the shipment of grain, etc. ; although the roads in most places are bad, in wiiiter the ice can always be used, and in summer water communication is readily obtainable, as there is scarcely a farm in this municipality more than twelve miles from a steamboat landing. The boats run as late as from the 20th to the 25th n£ November, hence most of the crops are marketed and shipped before the close of navigation. Boats frequently arrive in spring as early as the first of May and are sel- dom delayed later than the 8th.
• FORESTRY.
Forest Wealth of the Island.
A very large quantity of cedar is growing on the island, chiefly on the south shore. The bulk of the trees are large, but many of them are dead in consequence o^ the fires which have prevailed in some seasons, yet the timber, in most instances, is sound and r.i good condition. A large number of railroad ties and considerable quantities of telegraph poles and material for cedar block pavement is annually got out here ; one firm in Gore Bay has received orders for 60,000 railroad ties this season. Cedar wood is also much 'ised for boat-building and fencing.
Destruction op Timber.
There have been extensive pine forests, but a large portion of the land has been burnt over, and the scorched and dead pine timber has beenrendered unmerchantable and almost ■worthless by insect borers, hence good pine is much less abundant than formerly.
Lumbering.
On the south shore there are two or three mills doing a large business in lumber, par- ticularly those at St. Michael's Bay and Providence Bay. There are smaller establish- •nents on the north shore at Mudge Bay and Gore Bay, and another in process of con- •%^uction at Meldrum Bay. These produce annually considerable quantities of lumber, a
[Mr, iSaunders,]
m
10
REPORT ON MANITOULIN ISLAND
portion of which is used for local purposes, and the remainder exported. On the main land opposite, somo twenty miles or more distant, the lumbering estuSlishments are larger, those of Spanish River, Thessalon River and Blind River being mos'. important-
Economic Wood.
Besides cedar and pine, there is on tho island an abundance of maple, beech, bass- wood, several varietiej of birch, *■ imarack, hemlock, spruce and balsam, a quantity o^ red oak and a smaller proportion of white oak, American elm, poplar and somo red pini.
m
hi
Lands for Settlement.
Although all the good land is taken up in the municipality of Gordon, there ie plenty of it awaiting settlement in the adjoining townships. From Mr. Savage, Government B"cnt at Gore Bay, I ascertained that in tho township of Mills, which is adjoining tbat of Gordoii, out of 2o,lo0 acres only 8,800 are taken up, and in Burpee out of 27,400 only 10 000. In Barrie Island, which is connected with Manitoulin by a shoal ten chains across, where the water varies, in different seasons and at different periods in the year, from one to four feet in depth, and which may be considered as part of Manitoulin, there are 20,000 acres, only 8,r)00 of which are taken, and further west on the Manitoulin Island, there are other townships opened and opening, where but very few of the lots have been sold.
Fruit at Manitowaning.
At Manitowaning, which is an older and more thickly settled district, I made a shorter stay. The village is prettily situated on a hill overlooking the bay. In the garden of Mr. J. 0. Phipps, Indian agent of the Government, I saw several varieties of apples fruiting freely — Duchess of Oldenburg, Tetofsky and Red Astrachan, and younger trees of Grimes' Golden. The Clinton grape was also fruiting well. Mr. Phipps grows suc- cessfully black and red currants, Belle de Fontenay raspberries, wattn- melons and nut- meg melons. Tomatoes ripen here from the middle to the end of August.
• Varieties of Fruit Cultivated.
In the garden of Mr. John Reynolds, an enthusiastic lover of fruit, at the upper end of the village, I found a great variety of fruit trees and grape vines. The trees were chiefly apple and plum with a few pears. The only trees bearing at the time of my visit were two young Lombard plum trees, whit h had nice crops of fine fruit. I examined them carefully for evidences of curculio, but could find none. Among the grapes, there were Clinton, Concord, Delaware and some of Rogers' hybrids, all doing well, and some of them with small quantitiew of fruit.
Stock Raising.
I visited the farm of Mr. John Ingram,about four orfive miles from the village. He has 440 acres, a portion of which he devotes to stock raising. He has one Shorthorn bull which he purchased young for $200 ; it is now a fine animal three years old, the only pure-bred Shorthorn bull in the district. Mr. Ingram finds that the farmers generally in his vicinity begin to appreciate the advantages of pure blood in their stock and gladly avail themselves of the services of his animal. Mr. Ingram has fifteen head of cattle, also a Clydesdn'e stallion, several horses and four fine young colts. In sheep he prefers the Cotswolds, thinks they are better than Leicesters. He finds he can cut from 15 to 20 pounds of wool each from his sheep of this breed ; from one of his sheep he cu^, this season 21 pounds. The crops on his farm looked well, all bearing evidence of the industry and enterprise of the owner.
[3£r. Samiders.]
AND SAULT STB. MARIE DISTRICT.
11
Obops in thb Manitowanino Disteiot.
Mr. S. R. McKefven resides a few raile.^ distant in another direction, he settled here seven years ago. has 400 acres ^-S of which are under cultivation. The so" onlS farm is clay loatn, ^th more or le.. of muck on the top of it. He grows chiefly wheat, oa s .md peas ; m 1 8 < 7 his wheat averaged from 35 to 40 bushe.s to the acre, thi^ yeaMt will not exceed from 15 to 20 bushels. « /om ni
Mr W.R Smith, Presi.lont of the Assiginao Agricultural Society, lives ahio within a few miles of Manitowaning. Six years ago he settled on his farm of 213 acre& He has now 40 acres cleared ; his -rincipal crops are spring wheat, barley, oats, and peas Usually the crops are good, bui, this season his wheat will not average more than 15 bushels, whereas in former years 20 to 2.-) bushels has been with him the usual average Peas will average about 30 bushels; has no barley this year, but in fo.mer years has grown as much as from 40 to 50 bushels to the acre. The Colorado potato beetle has been seen here for several years past, but they have not yet increased to any extent. Jlr. Smith keeps sheep, has a pure-bred Leceister ram and grade ewes : also has Berk, shire piga.
Timber in ihe Assioinao District.
The timber in this district consists chiefly of red and white oak, basswood, black birch, hard maple, winch is very abundant, swamp elm— no rock elm—and whitewood a species of poplar resembling the balm of Gilead, cedar is abundant everywhere and pine chiefly along the south shore, balsam and spruce are plentiful, but there is not much hemlock. A part of BidweM, a part of Sheguiandah, and the whole of Assiginac are included in this municipality. Mr. Smith has been assessor for the past three years.
Charaotkb of the Land.
He is of the opinion that in these townships about one fourth of the land is rocky and of 150 value, another fourth stony land which would make good pasture, but to fit it for general agriculture the stone must be picked; the remaiaiier is good land, suitable for any farm purposes. The land is assessed in this district at from $1 to |3 per acra Unimproved farms, a considerable distance back, will sell readily at i'vom 8200 to 8300 per 100 acres.
Maple Suqab.
Maple sugar is extensively made here by the Indians. Some of the store-keepers in Mamtowaning will buy in a single season as much as from eight to ten tons each Most of this product is exported to other parts of the Province.
Young Orchards.
There are a number of thriving young orchards on the farms about here, one of the best M on the farm of Moses Burnett, of Sheguiandah, those of Messrs. Rutledge and Sproat are also worthy of mention in this connection. In a year or two more, many of these young orchards wDl begin to fruit freely.
An Indian Village — A Jesuit Mission.
While in this district, I spent a day in the Indian Village of Wequimakong, situated on the large Indian reserve, and about seven miles west of Manitowaning. In this vil- lage, which is beautifully situated on Wequimakong Bay, besides its Indian population of about 800, there is a large Jesuit establishment, under the charge of three Fathers and seven Brothers. The venerable Father, who is at the head of this institution, has resided in these northern portions of the Province, labouring among the Indians for forty years,
[Jlr. Saunders.^
rn
12
REPORT ON MANITOULIN ISLAND
and one of the Brothera hw lived thirty years in this village, and during that long period haa never been absent from it They have a large church, which was built entirely by the Indians, also a school for girls and a large ona for boys now building. The aged Father did evei7thing in his power to make my visit a pleasant' one. Besides being ahown through the buildings, I was permitted to visit the garden, where 1 saw a number of voungspple trees, one of which, a Duchess of Oldenburg, was fruiting, also a bluo plum tree well laden with fruit which was just ripening ; and a Clinton grape in fruit. A very sroaU proportion of the land in this reserve is under cultivation. Fish are plentiful in the sur- rounding waters, and from this source the Indians derive a large portion of their sus- tenance, selling their surplus fish to the settlers in the districJts adjoining, at from fi-e to ten cents each. During the blueberry season a large proportion of the Indian population are engaged in picking this fruit, which grows in the greatest abundance on the north shore of the mainland opposite the Island. Thousands of bushels are brought to the steamboat landings, where they EiO shipped to the various towns and cities in the Provinca
THE SAULT STE. MARIE DISTRICT.
From Manitoulin Island I proceeded totheSaultSte. Marie, touching at Cockburn Island and St. Joseph's Island on the way ; also at several points on the north shore, includin'' Spanish River, Bruce Mines, Thessalon River, and Blind River. On arrival at the Sault'^ I called on Mr. John Dawson, one of the most active members of the Agricultural Society there, with whom I waited on the president, Mr. W. fcj. Simpson, and the secretary, Mr. Brampton. These gentlemen were exceedingly kind, and supplied me with all the infor- mation in their power.
Inspkotion op Farms.
To Mr. Dawson I am particularly indebted, since he placed both his vehicle and him- self at my disposal during the greater part of my stay, and through his kindness I was enabled to see the larger portion of the townships of Tarantorus, Korah and Ste. Marie, and inspect the farms and crops of the following gentlemen. — In Korah : — Richard Chap- man, John Harris, John Kemp, Henry Penns, John Lanning, Thos. McCulloch. Tara7i- torus .—William Morland, John Penman, John Taggart, Henry Lamon, Morris Christ- ner, Mr. Edwards. Ste. Mi. ie: — W. S. Simpson, Isaac Scott, George Alderson, and Mr. Bennett.
Settlements Proceeding.
I found that great progress had been made in this section of country during the past few years, and that the land was being rapidly settled on. Although comparatively an old settlement, it is only within the last few years that anything worth speaking of has been done in the way of thorough cultivation of the land. The earlier settlers, largely French and half-breeds, devoted their time mainly to fishing, hunting, etc., and it is only since a more enterprising and thrifty class of settlers began to move in, that the agricultural capa- bilities of the district are beginning to be developed.
Thb Seasons — Frost*
The season is shorter than with us, yet crops appear to mature well j seeding begins about the 10th of May, and fine weather prevails until about the 15th or 20th of Septem- ber, when the fall rains come on, and there is not much growth after that. Frost seldom <5uts tomatoes and beans until the middle of October, and winter sets in in earnest from the 15th to the 20th of November.
Ths Settlers.
Eichaj-d Ohapman, section 13, township of Korah, settled hsr« nine years ago. He \Mr. Saund&rs.]
l«t.UlUMUK!..WHi.
AND SAULT STE. MARIE DISTRICT.
buckwheat does well Peas £ are town very '^0^^; T "^'/ T ^^ "^"^
bugs, but are sometimes subject to mUde^ very suooeasfully, aad are quite free from
Thb Live Stock,
The stock in this district consists of common cfttH« • Vio h„-»i1,<. ;* ^^ v. ,
county for stock and .heepraUtog. AmmrruKf:!^^" as^S a? fo'Tnl part of Ontario, but the winters are nearly a month longer Cnlrl Jl^LTl? ^ ? *^ the latter part of November, and cattle cannTfind fooTontSe S^^^^^ May. The sheep bred here now are chiefly Leicesters. '^ '^
The Chops — Habvesthvo. «l«^.,^^^ -^f "^^ ""l- °?^^°ly ^"h scythes, but some farmers are adopting the plan of tZi^Ztltlt^Xe^^^ '"°"'' ^' "^ "°' "^^^ improvodWlement^ji
Cost of Clearing.
Some ten or twelve years ago a large portion of the land was burnt over and tha young growth which consists chiefly of white birch, poplar, sprucTand Ssarj^X^ed with comparative ease root and branches. About twenty dollars per acre is the cost of thoroughly cleaning the land in this manner. When the trees are merely clpperand
lui7oar%f '",'"• /^^. ^'^^ ''\^ ^''^ '''^ ^' ^*°'^* y^^«' «o tl^»t they c^ be ploughed out. Several of the farmers I have visited have adopted the more thoroueh
presented a picture worth ookmg at. This was particularly the case at Mr. PemT's whose olearmg is large and whose fields also are large. '
Heavy Chops of Oats, Barley, and Wheat.
th. oL?"^ ^aTV^^I"^ .''iT °^ ?*' ^^^°^ ^ ^«l^e^« «^o«ld average over 50 bushels to the acre. At Mr. Scott's I saw barley which had yielded over 60 bushels to the acr? which was sown on the 22nd of May. and cut on the 9th of August. His spring wheat looked weU. and it wac estimated that it would yield 80 bushels to the acre. On many SthSaSy'weU.*''^^""" °"^^'^'' ""^'^ °^ ^^'"^ newly planted, some doing poorly,
ObOHABDS — FhUIT OtiLTUBH.
At Mr. Bennet's there was a young orchard, one year planted, which had made fair ill , t> ^^ ^*x^®" ^ ^*^ *^®® ^^^'^ *^®^8 fruiting, two of which appeared to be Montreal Beauty. I saw also here a good field of spring wheat (Russian White wheat) which would average from 20 to 25 bushels to the acre. In the garden there were ±Jrinckle s Orange Raspberries, black, red and white currants and strawberries. The wMte currants had been eaten bare of foliage by the grasshoppers, while the red were Sm ffS ** ^J!" ^'" ^^^^/^^ ^^^ W^'tf Ma?" oats, which were expected to yield ^k(fh~ r'","*' ^^ ^^^' ^^°'' ^^*^ ^^^ '■^S iiuehels of Early Eoae potatoes be raised
[Mr Saunden.]
14
REPORT ON MANITOULIN ISLAND
Hay Cbops.
The hay crop throughout this district has been good, and is said to have averaged two tons to the acre. Both soil and climate seem particularly adaped to the growth of clover and timothy. On the 26tli of August I b ,v a field which had been cleared of bush early in the spring and seeded down with outs, in which the young clover and timothy were both in flower, and flowering freely, as far as I had an opportunity of in- spectioer it.
The Pea Ckop.
The pea crop will average about 30 bushels to the acre. A variety known as the Grey Mildew-proof seems to be the most popular. On one farm visited, two rowed barley had produced 60 bushels to the acre last year, and 50 bushels during the present season. Butter sells at from 12 to 16 cents per poimd. There is no cheese made in this district'.
Seedling Apples.
Mr. Thos. McCulloch settled here about twenty years ago on 200 acres of land, four miles from the Bault. Three years afterwards (that is seventeen years since) he sowed some seed of the snow apple (Fameuse), and now has about 70 trees of this parentage. I visited this interesting seedling orchard, and found some twenty varieties fruiting. Two of them bore small fruit resembhng crab apples, and were late in ripening. Seven or eight resembled the Fameuse in size and general appearance, with a similar white flesh. The others varied consider? bly in character and flavour, also in time of ripening, some of them bemg earher, none of them however were winter fruits. These trees have thus far proved very hardy, and a number of them have borne crops of fruit for some years past. Several of the better varieties are very promising and worthy of propagation, since it is probable that they would prove to be hardy and productive in many of our more northern districto, where the well ioiown standard varieties are too tender to succeed.
Method of Teee-Gkowing.
Mr. McCulloch has a.^iopted the plan of growing all his trees with low heads, a method which has many advantages; the trunk being short and well shaded by the over- hangmg branches is preserved from sun scald, and the tree itself bemg nearer the ground is more sheltered and the fruit is easier gathered. He has also a young orchard which he has planted with trees one year old, so as to admit of their being grown with branches near the ground. Among them he has Pomme Grise, Northern Spy, Fameuse, and several other varieties, all of which had made fair growth. He had planted two pear trees, Flemish Beauty, but they were both killed last winter below the graft; has had no experience yet with grapes, as his vinos were only planted this year j his gooseberries and currants do ■weU. The spring wheat on his farm will not average more than from 15 to 17 bushels to the acre; his land is better adapted to the growth of hay, oats, peas, and root crops.
Timber — Stock.
The timber in this neighbourhood consists chiefly of hard maple, yellow, black, and white birch, black spruce, balsam, some cedar, but of rather a stunted character, and some ironwood and whitewood. There is no beech, and very little oak. But very little has been done to improve stock, and Mr. McCulloch is of opinion that +Vie native stock is desirable, because it is hardier than any that is pure bred ; he thinks the Percheron horses best suited to this district.
Geape CutTUfiB.
In the garden of the Roman Catholic priest. Father Laurens, at the Sault Ste. ""larie, \Mr. Saunders.l
AND SAULT STE. MARIE DISTRICT.
15
I saw a number of grape vines, comprising several varieties, all growing very thriftily and weX ITZ ITS .^:;^''- '-- '-'^^^ '^' ^- P^ante/twoWglLlng'
Land near Sault Ste. Maiiie.
From Mr. Chas. Brown, Government Land Aeent at the Rnnlt T loo,..,^^ +1, ^. 4.x. is a vast quantity of good land here awaiting setttSt He ha^ etr^e ^ftnt^^^^^^ m which there are very n.any thousands of acres still available, the price of whiTTariL from twenty cents to one do ar per acre. He think-? thnt ir> +i,» +„, "ivvmci. vanes oWge fully f„„-Mlbs of the la/d will bo foun'd t'Swe t' n'^i'SLXi-l " '"'
The Laurentians.
All along the north shore the formation is of
granite and the water front in most
pi ces. is bold, rugged and rocky, while at a little distaro; b^ck^ cl^aTn oFl ."e^^^^^^^ hills, a continuationof what is known as the "backbone of Canada," stands out vSv prominently. I am intormed that in many places behind this rugged frokt there exis We tracts of good land. With the opening up .1 the country by the'Jroposed rail^v ilrouS this district, ag^-eat impetus will doubtless be given to its settlement, and Vlen we teke into account the vast amount of mineral wealth still undeveloped there, and add Z this Its immense agricultural resources, it is not too much to expect that, with ready means of communication, new homes for hundreds of thousands of settlers will be found hXs
^mSrttit;^;^^^^^^^^^ «^*^^'^ ^" *-^ is°:s^tSTo'
Telegraphs Wanted.
One great need much felt, both here and at the Manitoulin Island, is telecrraphic communication whi.h would do much to relieve the present isolation of these set leSs a boon, which I trust, will, before long, in some way be supplied to both '"'^°^^^^«' »
i'
SUGGESTIONS. Befora closing my report I propose to make a few suggestions mainly in reference
t fh^siss^vrwrcfiireS '-''''-^ ''-''-' ^- ^'^ "* °^ ^^^^ -=
ill
Fraudulent Tree Peddlers.
I learned that the indomitable tree peddler had found his way years ago into these comparatively remote sections, and with the aid of a smooth tongue and highly coloured pic ures, had succeeded in selling, at very high prices, some very suitable varieties of frSt and some very unsuitable generally, such as could be purchased by him cheapest. Dis!
iTw v;;;,'n 'n' r^'' ^'^^ " '" ^^^^'^ P.^""°*^^<^^^ ■'^ *^^^ "^^^^•^'•y- ^n ire thanoLoccas^n I saw young Clinton grape vines growing, to which were attached labels with high sound-
K^^fLT . °^° l?"^ '2 ^'^y fruit catalogue ; pure inventions of these ingenfous men. I found that the Northern Spy had been much recommended, and largely planted-an apple which requires the full length of the season, in our more favoured frJtLtions to rrit'ZV T ■ '!i ^'7 probable, will be a failure in these settlements. Others, such as the Baldwin and Rhode Is and Greening, which could scarcely be expected to be entirely hardy so far north, have also been much planted. [Mr. Saunders.]
16
REPORT ON MANITOULIN ISLAND.
A Caution to Fruit Buyers.
I would strongly adviae those intending to plant fruit trees to have their dealings direotly with responsible nurserymen, and Canadian nurserymen, too, of whom now there are many good reliable firms, to whose interest it would be to recommend, and send out only such Tarieties of fruit as would be likely to succeed. Trees grown in Toronto, Ham- ilton, St Catharines, Fonthill, London, Paris, or Windsor, are much more likely to suc- ceed and prove hardy than those grown in the United States, further south. In many instances about the Sault Ste. Marie I saw abundant evidences of the partial winter-kil- ling of the wood of fruit trees, and sometimes of the death of the entire tree from this cause, while in other cases, in the same neighbourhood, the growth was thrifty and very fair. The failures had probably resulted from one of several causes or a combination of them, the selection of unsuitable varieties, improper treatment, and from the fact in many instances of tha trees not being properly hardened to our climate.
Suitable Varieties of Fruit.
I submit a Kat of some varieties of fruit which, being very hardy, would be among those most likely to succeed in these districts.
Apples. — Early varieties — Tetofsky, Red Astrachan, Duchess of Oldenburg. Later sorts — Fameuse or Snow app'e, Wealthy, Ben Davis, Grimes' Golden, Pomme Grise, and Golden Russet.
Crab A pples. — Transcendant and Hyslop.
Pears.— Clapp's Favourite, Tyson, Flemish Beauty, Seckel and Lawrence.
Plums.— Lombard, Imperial Gage, Yellow Egg, Pond's Seedling and Yellow Gage.
Grapes.— Champion, Moore's Early, Concord, Clinton, Delaware, and probably Rogers' No. 4 (Wilder) and No. 15 (Agawam).
The small fruits are usually so well protected by snow during the winter that almost every variety, ■would be likely to succeed.
Peas for Seed.
Should the fort nate exemption from pea bug, which has hitherto prevailed, continue, which I think is probable, it will be found a profitable undertaking to grow peas for esed for the purpose of supply, ig the less favoured portions of Ontario and the Western States.
All which is respectfully submitted.
WILLIAM SAUNDERS.
ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COMMISSION.
APPENDIX S 2.
TTPON OBSERVATIONS MADE DUMNO
A VISIT TO GREAT BRITAIN,
IN THE SUMMER OF 1880,
ON xna
Br MR. RICHARD GIBSON,
A Member 0/ the Commisaio'n.
?-
ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COMMISSION.
APPENDIX S 2.
^iei:poi?,i?
tTPON OBSERVATIONS MADE DURINO
A VISIT TO GREAT BRITAIN,
IN THE SUMMER OF 1880,
ON THB
§xim^ m^^M fox iHmtMm m^nlinul §m\mu,
Br MR. RICHARD GIBSON,
A Member of the Commission.
To the Ontario Agricultural Comviissioners.
month in England, and tharmy Gni"wt ^Tch t^^^^^^^
to the interests of the Commission I fee TtLS [hL ' ■^f' " *^°^' *° ^^"°'«
ar ^ not expect an elaborate report. ^°' "^'^ S''^^* °^« 7°"^ indulgence
OUTLOOK FOR THE YEAR
but one showery day, cold easterirwinL prevl^^in ' ^' ^ '^ ,^"S'^^^ ^« h'^d
backward, more especially pastures anlmeado^^^^^ consequently all plant life waa ciently developed to hazaXn opinion as t^thlre^ TZ t" ''?' T'' "°* ''''^^ much upon the weather,— for as most of vm, nl n !u ^^^ harvest,— that depends so
well farmed lands there o LowTn. a suffio.Vnf ''™. *^«^« >« «^Wom any difficulty on being in gettingit thoroughly^TJil'd pr^t^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^' *^« g^-test tro'uble
THE ROOT CROP PROSPECT, the customary autumnal cultivation ) This snnn^ L ^ 1 ^ ^°'" *'"" '^'"*^'" ^^itlioufc
Mil
tfl
4
BRITISH MARKET FOR CANADIAN PRODUCTS.
m^
TxJ^'nST'fl^^'^u ""fya^ti^PateafuU crop of roots, which in Britain meani, an •xtra quantity of butchers' meat disposable off each farm.
THE PASTUBES.
.^- ^^«";^"f*°*te pastures they are more backward than usual, and the store stock owmg to the bad quality of hay and straw of last winter, conjoined to the scS-cityof h!!/; T' lu '^"°^' u V°^ "Shter than usual, consequently we may expect the grass fed
though many of the largest graziers, knowing the value of early grass beef are supplementing the pastures with artificial food, such as cotton cake, etc. ' '^ ^"PP^®""«^^"»g
ENGLISH VIEW OF THE CANADIAN CATTLE TRADE.
In conversation with several butchers and dealers, they all took the same view of the Canadian cattle trade, viz. : That the best time to ship is from February to August • that the grass fed stock should, for a few weeks previous to shipping, be fed some Lin ff 11 ^A &^^f,^*"y P'-epared for the change to the dry food used on the voyage : that the c^sideraU ^'^"''^ '"^ ^°°^ condition without loss of flesh, but that the grass fed lose
NECESSITY FOR IMPllOVING THE STOCK.
Unanimously they all speak out loud "Why don'c your peopie use better bulls? welmow thai you can grow as good cattle as can be found anywhere, for we have seen some sell m public this spring for £45 each, but not one in ten of the ordinary stock vou send has paid for his keep. Send them of good quality and breeding, and then, if any accident happens so that they are bruised too bad tp slaughter for market, they will sell tor all that they are worth to be grazed for a few weeks, but no English grazier would ever think of buying such rough, coarse, specimens, as most that you send, and if your
toTreed letter Ek """^ ^°'"' ^""^^^^ °^ *"™'''^ *^^''' ^''™'' *^®^ ^""^^"^ ^°°'' ^ compelled
STORE CATTLE.
''Again, a good trade could be done in stores, if we could get them of right quality. IVo year old steers such as we describe, would be worth more in public market than the rough old cows and steers you have sent."
THE CANADIAN TRADE— LIMITED SHIPPINQ ACCOMODATION'.
_ I made some enquiries as to the benefit Canada derives from the live stock trade. Ibe general opinion was that it was worth fully one cent per lb over the American cattle, but that owing to the largo competition for space and the limited shipping aocomodation trom Montreal, or rather, the monopoly of the carrying trade by one or two wealthy com- panies, our farmers lose that benefit, as the shipper has to pay about that amount extra per head over what the American shippers were paying from New York.
THE TRADE IN SHEEP.
« Sheep "—same complaint as to quality. " Why do your farmers send as nothing
but rams and old ewes 1 Wethers are worth from five to eight cents more per lb." « Why V
liecause they contain so much more flesh that is lean meat of a much superior quality.
10 obtain the highest market price your sheep breeders should use a Down cross on your
common stock and save your ram lambs for wethers."
[Mr. Gibson.]
tl tl tl
n means an
^^^^™H MARKET FOR CANADIAN PRODUCTS. fi
SOUTHDOWN OR HAMPSHIRE DOWN WANTED. « Which variety of the Down would you recommend t " "q« .i, j tt
THE CANADIAN BUTTER TRADE.
« of examining and .e»«.g th.^Xnr&dsTl'^SS!''^'^™'^''^"'
ILLINOIS BUTTER— UNIFORM QUALITY.
The best makes of butter are from the Wnstpm «j+n+»o i ,. ,
just arrived from Illinois ; we exaSd sevemTke^ a^<l f ' Vft^^^^^d consignment had t*"^ -d colour, in fact ; ^s the m?r"hlroba?^td^« Oner^^^^^^ '^'^^'^^
send the whole of that consignment out to my ^tomers ith J^i °^*i'' ^°^^ ^'^^ opening a keg, thay are always aUke." c'lstomers with perfect confidence without
CANADIAN NOT UNIFORM IN QUALITY.
^P°» af'^ing *o see some Canadian— several kegs were onened bnt T,«f fo™^«oep^ I a. .„r^ to .a, it, ^„™,y W-UTaS'ie^i^t rdT STi
CREAMERIES.
Upon asking the question— "What is our rpmprlw«" «« v„ i lish creameries; formerly butter from thTsvervSvV " " y^"' ""jy ^"^7 " to estab- nois, "was no better than yours-n^ft is th7finfsrb;„n5 -^^'^^ ^^' ^°* f^°°» I^^' better than any we get from Ireland." ^^"^ imported into Liverpool^
FINE ENGLISH SALT.
"Again you must use fine English salt— vour AmPriVan «t.^ r. j- you wish a sUce of this trade-and therfia^other th W T . ?a^^d\an will not do if, to, and that is the kega" ^^' *^'°^ ^ "^^^^ *» <^ your attention
NICE SMOOTH KEOa
on *:^::^I?s!!:?^°iS'^nr^^^^^^^ >. in^^
.rZi7''\^'e';.^*' '^ '-''- ' -' '^- "'tie tlr^fti^KSt Se",
WANT OF CARE IN SHIPPINQ.
this Zbja Ntw Yo^\' li^rS Yr^ 1 ^T ^-*™^^ "*«-«". and
this, as if L S. S Co we"e alf4 to t^^^^^^^^ WrsS/" *'^ ^'^^'^ T^ ^"^^-« J
the one line, and as seldom a clean one by the otht ^ow the ^-7' ^"' \^^^ ^'^ ^^ even in the kegs makes a difi-erenre of cents a pound." ^^''^""'^ °* appearance
[Mr. Gibson.]
*i
Mi
* BRITISH MARKET FOR CANADIAN PRODUCTS
A CONSPICUOUS MARK NECESSARY.
know where such an article was produced L?il^^^^^^^^ w ^^^""^'^ *<> let the world do you think people over here kSow St tha meansT ^^Z\7^^ ' """'i^ '^"'^ ''"^^^~ on zn large letters, they would understand solXng Lbo'^t;t^eTwTs^pa^^^^^^^ '"'
OLEOMARGARINE.
Itisp3prStL7let^
drive Canadian butter out of the market or foSe "hem to n!n. f'^f^ ^^"^ ^"^ either That IS Oleomargarine-nothing but the finest creamer^ bra^, ''°'"'' "* ^^"^' "Article, has a butter smell, taste and appearance, none bS P^nZf^ !,-''?° °°™P«*® ^'^^ it- It the best brands of butter." ' "* ^^^^'^^ '^'^ distinguish between it and
TOO LONO IN MARKETINO. beJ puTon t *2rW. '"'"°"'™ ^""^ ^""^ ''■ '"at it i. .„„ b„g .,„, j,,,^ __^^^
CHEESE AS GOOD AS CAN BE GOT.
THE COMMISSIONER'S CONCLUSIONS.
we must establish creameries take mor« TT.J.a ■ A " .**' *° ^P^*^ » butter t-ade the article as soon as made' uL fi^ sannd^tt^'^'^'""*"'^ "^ °"^ *"bs, market steamer and rail. I had inte'nded m^kinfenquties rs toTlT'^V^ ''^''' ""^'^ by
^nd tlie^great assistance he rendered me ^^th^S^ ^t ^SJ^^^^
AU of which is respectfully submitted,
RICHARD GIBSON.
{Mr. GibsonA
ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COMMISSION.
APPENDIX S 3;
RE F^ O KT
OP INFORMATION OBTAINED DURING A RECENT VISIT TO WASHINGTON
OK
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION IN TENNESSEE,
AND THE
UNITED STATES BUREAU OF AGi ^CULTURE.
By Mr. E. H. HILBORN, A Member of the Commission,
hi-
lt
^mmam
ONTAEIO AGRICULTURAL COMMISSION.
APPENDIX S
REPOKT
OF INFORMATION OBTAINED DURING A RECENT VISIT TO WASHINGTON
ON
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION IN TENNESSEE,
ANi> THB
UNITED STATES BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE.
By Mr. E. H. HILBORN |
A Member of the Commission. '
To Hon. S. C. Wood,
Chairman Ontario Agriculbural Commission,
Sir, — Having bad occasion recently to visit the city of Washington, where I met the Hon. T. B. Harwell, of Tennessee, the gentleman who introduced, and successfully carried through the Legislature of that State, the Bill making the study of the elementary principles of scientific agritulture compulsory in the public schools ; and inasmuch as that subject had occupied the attention of the Commission to some considerable extent, I embraced the opportunity of interviewing the hon. gentleman upon it, and beg to transmit to you the substance of that interview, along with some other matters which arrested my attention while there, and which I conceived to be directly connected with our inquiry.
The Bill simp'/ amends the section of the Public School Act, which prescribes the studies to be pursued, by adding the Elements of Agricultural Science to the list, with an additional section providing for a Commission to secure the compilation of suitable text books, the Commission to consist of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, and the Commissioner of Agriculture. The Commissioners have scoured the compilation of and recommended a work entitled " Lupton's Elements of Agricultural Science," which has been adopted, and published by D. Appleton <fc Co., of New York, at 27 cents per copy. I have secured and forwarded to you two copies for examination. Mr. Harwell has pro- ■ i me copies of tlie Bill, together with other documents relative to its working, which ' be promptly laid before you on their arrival. Mr. H. assures me that the measure, inough it encountered strong opposition, and its passage was the work of several sessions of the Legislature, is constantly gaining favour in public sentiment, and becoming very popular, and has given a strong i<npetus to the demand for industrial education for the
[Mr Hilborn.'l
J «
H
If*
m
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION IN TENNESSEE.
masses which ho prorlicts will somewhat chango the system of «».i a .■ .
ing with It an industrial training that must better laliflfn 1 ^ education by connect-
I also embraced the opportLity oT visiUnL th« !«^ f S' P'"''"''"*^ *^"*'°« "^ "f«- Through the extreme kindL'ss of cLmis o"e? L^ Due b SoTP ' ^''P'^""-*"- through the Agricultural Department I was enaV^^rl Vn iif^ . • * ^ ''*^ accompanied disposal to learn soracthin- of the Wtions r,?,? * !, ''"^^ 'P'^"^ ''^ *i^« at my
A.^^riculture wio. the several State Bureaux Td Z"?'" t?"^ connection of the Bureau o^f every part of the Union statisttal anTotheV^l^ma^^^^^^ for collecting fro.n
dition of the country, and diflusin'r it it. <,,„.>.„ relative to the agricultural con-
agriculturalists to bcieii^ by tTanVthLI^^^^ VT'I? '^' ^'''' "^^^ -^
space than could be devoted to tT/tE^befroDor'^AT ^''^'^ T"^*^ ^'^^"'••« "^^^^ has been devised by which the votaries of A JSnC "^ complete set of machinery
in taking adva,.4e of any arnrmett^rwaTViL:^^^^^^^^^ ' -''
science : the cond tin<» of a av^t.-m «p o^„ • : • "''^•^o^cry or otherwise m t'le
every k^owa productVei<^n afiSl as 3?™^'', ^^ ""^'"^ Pf* "^ ^'^^ Union, upon
successful and dispensng7t1u;L?uccessf7d2^ "* ^"^'^ ^« '^^
the management of the Bm-mu A nZhernf^L'TT'* ^^7 ^"ipo'-tant feature in
to our Canadian farnior. TtLabWmon: thorn if H ^""V'" ^""'^^ f^"''^ ^'^ '^^^^'^''^^ latitudes. Mr. Le Due finds A^X^ZS^lw^^^^^
northern part of Minnesota, which is a higheriatSe than OnJjn V ^ ^"^"^ '" *^« show that sugar can be successfully made from it ^ ' ^' experiments also
Ho also exhibited to me a record of exriRrimpn+o 4n +!,«» ^ r x corn stalks, which he has carried to a sufficient Pnin,^^,^^^ manuacture of sugar from question of doubt, the record si ow ^g a yfe U o om 00 trrooot^r . "° ''''^'' ^ the stalksof an average acre of corn? gaLeredwrtrcorn was r'^^^^^^^ corn was sustained, and the cost of manufacture bein- but three ce^ft^' Zr^ i '^."^ sugar produced is fine in flavour and capable of producLg 1 iS^^^^^ refined. Mr. Le Due computes that the stalks from the corn grown fn the state of ^Tlf-^ would suppy all the sugar used in the United States at a cost of thr<^^ cents per noul "f? manufacturing. That being so, is there any good reason why the coS fiS^l h' western Ontario should not be made to sweeten the tea and coffJe of tS Sanadian peopt^
I have the honour to be, Sir,
Your obedient servant,
UxBRiDGE, Dec. 18th, 1880.
E. H. HILBORX
[i/r. Ililborn.']
tlon by connect- 1 duties of life, t Departments. 18 accompaniod
of tiine at my )f the Bureau of r collecting from gricultural con-
J?reat mass of Id require more Bt of machinery novo as a unit lerwise in t,'ie le Union, upon of such as are tant feature in uld be valuable arghum in high
grown in the cperimonts also
ONTARir AGRICULTURAL COMMISSION.
APPENDIX S 4.
:EiJE}JP OTiT
ON THE
PRODUCTIONS OF THE COUNTY OF ESSEX,
COMPILED BT
WILLIAM McGregor, Esq., of WINDSOR, EX-M.P,,
AT THE BEQUEST OP THE C0MiIISSI0NER8.
|
Blb^ |
||
|
^H^BB^ |
t 'i |
ii |
ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COMMISSION.
APPENDIX S 4.
lEi :ei :£" o :ei rr
ON THE
PRODUCTIONS OF THE COUNTY OF ESSEX
COMPILED BY
WILLIAM McGregor, Esq., of WINDSOR. EX-M.P.,
AT THE REQUEST OP TUB COMMISSIONERS.
Mr. McGregor, having been invited to give evidence on the productions of the Countj of Essex, attended at Chatham for that purpose, and made a statement which he ha^ since ; mphfled, the whole of the information given by him being embodied in the follow ing report :
I have been settled in the County of Essex for a number of years.
Surplus Wheat Products.
We have a large surplus product in this county, principally of wheat, the surplus of that gram, for the last three years, amounting to about 500,000 bushels annually.
Indian Corn.
We do not export largely of corn, but we sell about 100,000 bushels a year to the distillers in the county. The remainder is used in feodiug pork, which brings us in, annually, about $400,000. Corn is about the most certain crop we have.
Pork — Salt.
Our production of pork is almost as certain as the season itself. Our pork is the same as tho American pork, because it is fed in the same way— that is chiefly upon corn. It brings as much as any pork in the market, Goderich salt and Liverpool rock gait are mostly i.sed in the curing. I don't think any objection is made by packers to the Huron salt,
Economic Wood.
Wo have another great industry in our comity, that is wood. We have abou. twenty-five mills which cut hardwood, and this wood is exported to various parts of the
[Mr. McGregor."]
PRODUCTIONS OF THE COUNTY OF ESSEX.
United States. The wood used is all raised within the limits of the county The va- rieties of wood chiefly used are whitewood, oak, ash, elm, hickory, basswood, sycamore and other woods. The tulip tree, or whitewood, grows in spots in our district, and is found in large quantities throughout Essex and Kent.
Sawn Lumber — Manufactured Wood.
The amount which the sawn lumber, ties, square oak, bolts, spokes and cord-wocd bring into the County of Essex every year is over $500,000. The mills give employ- ment to large numbers of the labouring popiUatiou in the winter time, and we have very little unemployed labour in that season.
Chaecoal Burnino.
We have another industry that came among us lately ; that is the burning of char- coal for smelting furnaces in the United States. We are now consumicg about 600 cords of wood a week for that purpose, and we have about thirty kilns in the county. Our market for tlue charcoal is in Wyandotte, Detroit, and other places where iron smeltme: IS earned on. ^
Dairying Facilities
We have not developed the dairy industry to any extent, though dairying would Beem to be tb.e natural occupation of our farmers, as they have a spleadid grazing coun-
Straw Braid and Straw Hat Manupacturb.
The trade in straw hats and straw braid, made by the French- Canadians, our early settlers, women and girls employing themselves at their homes in this work, is on inquuy found to be of much larger interest than would be supposed. The hats and braids are largely sold in Detroit and shipped to the east, the braid being made up into fasluonable shapes and exported, part finding its way back, and part being exported to Mexico, South America, etc. One agent for the purchase of these straw goods, paid to the makers of the goods at Detroit last year, the aggregate sum of $80,000. It is estimated that Detroit pays to our French-Canadians, mainly of this county, $90,000 for these goods annually. It is a growing trade— growing from small beginnings, and seemingly confined to this point. The prices are governed according to grade. The instruction obtainable is only that imparted by one to another ; the expert and pains- taking ones getting the best imces for their work. Three dollars is readily obtained for a well-made fine straw hat for men.
Woollen Sooks. — Vegetables.
They also manufacture woollen socks to the value of about $5,000 per year ; and they export annually of vegetables grown along the river, about $4,000. We ship radishes and other small vegetables to New York, Chicago, and other places.
Sorghum Molasses.
We also manufacture a large quantity of sorghum into molasses. Tlio plant grows very successfully with us, find the product is used by formers' families. Large (inantities ol it are used in manufacturing apple sauce, or apple butior, as they call it. There is not. much sold by wholesale, but I bcli-we it would be profitable if it were manufactured on a hrgo f?cnlo. One man has five or six acres, and ho gets about six barrels of molasses to tho aero, or about 800 gallons. It soils at about 60 cents a gallon.
[il/r. McGregor.]
PRODUCTIONS OF THE COUNTY OF ESSEX.
Amber Sugar Cane.
The early amber sugar oane is being introduced now, and I think this industry will develop into something important, especially in one portion of the Couuty. We have rot made any sugar yet, as it costs a good deal to manufacture, but the syrvp it pro- duces IS as good as the general run of the syrup purchased at the stores. The charge per gallon for making it is about 12| cents, leaving the producer about 40 cents clear. The cane is not any more troublesome to cultivate than corn, and it is cultivated in pretty much the same way, We^also grow considerable broom corn and tobacco.
Broom Corn.
The broom cor'> is not exported but is made into brooms for home use.
Horse Breeding and Shipping.
I have been largely interested in horses from my boyhood up. I have not been breeduig them very much, but I have been buying them and dealing in tliem. I find that the general purpose horse is the best for my trade, and we have a good many of such horses m Essex. The old settlers used small, inferior horses, but the old country farmers who have been setthng here lately have much larger and better horses. They are keep- mg up the quality and improving it rapidly.
Percherons and Clydesdales. •
We have lately had a large number of fine staUions and mares imported into the county-some Percherons and soine Clydesdales. The Clydes have been imported from different parts of Canada. They are not pure Clydesdales but are well bred. The finest colts I ever saw were some I saw lately from the imported Percherons. It is in- tended to cross the Percherons with the best families of our common mares, as farmers cannot afford to pay a high price for the thoroughbreds.
General Purpose Horses.
I have shipped between 800 and 400 general purpose horses to Manitoba, since Jan- uary. I also sell a large number in the United States. The demand there is for een- eral purpose horses, and we do not cultivate the roadster, as we do not find it profitable The horse we want is one fit for any description of farm work, or for heavy draught pmTOses in cities. For the latter we get about $180 or $140, and for heavy horses weighing 1200 or 1800 lb. for farm work, we get from $90 to $120. We buy these horses all over Canada and seU them dhectly. Generally speaking we find that the iarm horses throughout the country are in good condition and well kept. Out of 200 or 800 we can pick perhaps about twcuty that suit us. In producing heavy horses I think we can compete with the world, for the reason that our farmers commeuco feeding their horses while they are young on oats, making them firmer, more euduriug, and better muscled than those that arc fed on corn.
American Demand for Horses.
In New York and other American cities, Canadian teams are always in demand. Ihore are hundreds of American buyers purchasing horses in Canada just now, and I believe that the reason our horses are preferred is, as I have stated, the different feechug tliey got while young, as well as that our farmers pay some attcution to thru- breeding. Ihere is a fair supply of these horsas to be had just now. Canada is i)roducin£r a ^r^at many horses, and there is a good demand for them, more this year than last.' I don't thmk that our farmers have been tempted to seU then- brood mares, and i believe they
[Mr. McGregor.]
m
4
PEODUCTIONS OF THE COUNTS OF ESSEX.
are doing more new to improve their stock, than at any previous time ia the history of vhe oouutry. ^
Demand Fbom Manitoba.
I don't think the English market, or the Manitoba market, opens such a prospect as we have in tlie United States market. Manitoba will take 600 horses from Canada this year, or take m the whole year round, perhaps 1,000. Tho age of these horses is from four to ten years.
The Perc»ebon3.
The Pcrcherons seem to be much livelier horses than the Clyde, and more closely built, and tbey liave also becter carriage. Thoy are smiUer horses than the Suifolic runch and tlicir colour is mostly a dappled gray. I think thoy would be very valuable iiorses to cross with uur common stock so as to produce a distinct type. I am not pre- pared to say, of course, that thoy will prove a better horse than the Clydesdale, because they have not been tried so well.
ToBAoco Culture.
I don't think tobacco culture is profitable in Essex, at the present time, or likely to become so. I don't think that there would be any advantage in growing it. It costs a large amount to cultivate it. It requiros the richest soil, and it is suscejitible to the frost ihe market is also very fluctuating. Tlie fancy lor tobacco made from the plant '^rown in Canada has passed away in favour of tobacco made I'li the South. °
Caxtlb Feeding and Fattening.
About 2,200 head of cattle are fed in Walker's distillery. They are put up in October or November taken out in May or June, and sent to England. None are purchased over three years old. Most of them are from two to three years of age, weighing from 900 to 1,200 lbs. When they come out they wiU average from 1,500 to l,60o'lbs. Their cost when purchased Irom tho farmer would be about $28 apiece. I could not say what they realize m England, but they bring about five cents per lb. here. They wiU compete with any cattle that are fed, and are as popular in England as any. They are not pas tared at all, but are fed eight or ten pounds of hay per day, and ai-e shipped from Mon- treal to England in May or June.
Shipping Faoilitms.
I think Mr. Walker made his shipping arrangements early, but sometimes there is a great rush lor ship-room. We have no reason to complain of the sliippmg arrange- ments which we are able to obtain, though of coiu-se, when the old country market is good, everybody is anxious to ship at the same time. I think our Canadian shippinf' line has given general satisfaction, and we have no difficulty witli the railways. We shu; by the Great Western to Toronto and thence by the Grand Trunk, and botJi lines afford us reasonable facilities.
Cattle Buying.
The cattle I refer to are all Canadian cattle bought in three or four counties around us, and none are pm-chased that are less than half bred. We give about 3 cents to 34 cents per lb. for them, live weight. We could not make any profit upon them if they were not grades, and my experience is that inferior stock will not pay to feed. Durhams axe the best, but we do not object to large bony cattle bred from Herefords or Gallowava Tne .uurham, however, iu the popular breed.
\Mr. McGregor,}
PRODUCTIONS OF THE COUNTY OF ESSEX.
Fkuit Geowinq.
The Ca awba grape matnres perfectly
This county is a great fruit growing section, in the southern townships, along Lake Erie.
Pears are a certain and great crop here. There are some remarkably lar^o pear trees-over forty feet in Ijcight and of great girth-planted in the French settlements bv the early missionaries These trees are known to be over 100 years old, and yet bear abundantly-10 to 15 bushels being often taken from a single tree. The trees are too large to gather the fruit from properly, but their size and luxuriance show this county to be a favourable one for the growth of this fruit tree. Apples are a certain and great crop —especially the hardy k.nds. Peaches, plums and small fruits grow weU without cul- ture, and pay well when attended to. "'tuv^uu uui
Honey.
Honeybee culture is beginning to attract attention. Two or three persons have commenced the culture of bees on the latest approved scientific modes, with great suc- cess, though as yet on a comparatively small scale. These are the leaders of those who will probably make fhis a great business. The bees can be wintered without any very great precautions— many mild days in wmteraUowing them to come out withou't
Glucosb.
In addition to the disposals of surphis Indian corn mentioned, the manufacture of glucose (grape sugar) has been commenced in our midst. A factory, of fair and suffi- cient capacity for supplying the present dema:.I of the article in this country, has been m operation at Walkerville some two years. In this connection, and to show the lar^e use of this sugar in the United States, it may be mentioned that an establishment is now being completed at Detroit for its manufacture of a capacity sufficient to consume 3 000 bushels of corn per day. This is one of several already in operation at such favourable points as Buffalo, St. Louis, etc. The sugar is used in the manufacture of lager beer and m makmg a common grade of molasses, and by confectioners. Doubtless pn ex- tended use will be made of the article in this country, especially when mixed with the eyrup of sorghum or China sugar cane.
Charcoal Kilns.
• .J^^f ''^'^^^o^l ^i'^s are permanent kilns, built of brick, and iron-fastened, situated in the forests convenient to the railways connected through to the States, and by sidings at kilns and furnaces. The cars used for the transport of charcoal are un- usually large, being miide and kept for the purpose, and the charcoal iron smelters can by these arrangements, command the requisite number of bushels of charcoal per dav' at all seasons, saving largo storage space and interest on storage supply Much of the' wood made into charcoal is unfit for anythi.g else but fuel, and too far away to bear transport to market in the crude form. ^
Fisheries.
The whitefish, herring, and other fishing along the river and lakes bordcvinr^ this county on three sides, is of great importance, worth say $00,000. The fish hatch- ing establishment at Sandwidi put into operation some two years ago, will be the means of maintaining the stock ol fish m these nvers, turning in annually about twenty mil- Lons of young fish. ^ "ncutj^ mu
WM. McGKEGOR..
[Mr. McGregor?
I
ONTARIO AQlilOULTUKAL COMMISSIOX
INDEX TO VOL. V
COMPRISING APPP:X DICES K TO S INCLUSIVE.
(K) HOUSKH,
(L) Poult in,
(M) Salt,
(N) Gvi'SL'M, Phosphates, etc.,
(O) Special Cuors.
(P) Ar.iucrLTrKAL Education and Fai!;,i Accounts.
(Q) Meteokologv. (Kl) Report on Muskoka District. (R2) Evidence taken in Muskoka Distkict.
(51) Repop>t on M.\nitoulin.
(52) Report on Visit to Great Britain. (S:')) Report on Visit to Washington. (S-ir) Report on Countv of Essex.
Abdallah K, 6, 21
Accounts,, Agricultural P 83
" Sy.steiti i)ii)i)i«e(l P 83
Day Book amlJounial, Foiinsof P85to89
" Simple Forms of Farm P 101
Admi.ssiou to A)_'. Coll., Termn and llegula-
tions of. ... Fri, {), 7, 03
A'lvantayes of Ontario for horse breedinif . .K, o'J, 92
Ailvice to farmers aucl breeders K, 37, 42
Affinity in succosssful breeding K, 10, 3G
Age for breeding from mares. K, 12, 40, 41,
48, 00, 7.') 80
Agassiz, Prof., on Knil)ryonic Life K 2!)
Agencies for sale of jilaster X 31
Agricultural Education, Evidence relating to P 3
" Colleges necessary P 7
" Education in Helgiuni, etc P 22
" Education in (rreat Britain . . . P 7
" Kducation in Ireland P 8
" Kduc.atii'ii in (lermany P 8
" Education in Italy P 8
" Kducation with Arts Colleges a
failure P 12
" auil Arts Association to do more P 12
.Soci.'tyof Fnu'land P 12
" E(hicatioii, what it is, and how
to impart it P 1.5
" F,ducation, its relation to the
Htat,. P 15
'■ 'ilM'atiou, Scheme for. coir-id-
eieil , P TiO
Aiip. I'ago
Agricultural Education, Scheme of — Puiles and Jvegulations— Revenue and Expenditure— (ieutral Management — 1)iplouia,s and iJegrees P 57
Education, Remarks upon, by
Hu^a AlcDiarmid P !)9
Education in Tennessee, Report
on S3 3
Academies in Germany P 20
CoUege.s in U. States, Table
shewing number of P 30
College, Ontario, Progress and
present basis of P 57, 00
College, what should be taught in, and what appliances needed for teaching P 10
College, Ontario, the Farm and
Character of the Farming. P 05
College, Ontario, progress under
its present organization . . . P 10
E.xperiment Stations, History
,, "f P 73
h«pernnent Stations in Gor-
^ i"'i'>.y P 73
Text Books for Canada, List of P 81 Climatology in France, and
other Countries O 17
Primer, required P U
fi'>i'f« ; K 00
societies. Suggestion to K 07
It.
ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COMMISSION.
[fe,!
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J |
( |
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App. l-ago.
AKricultunil iiinl Arts Association K 70
liors.;, Hutfolk K 84
" I 'oil., ox|ieriineiitH bone duHt. . N 21
Agriculture in I'ulilio SchoolH P H
" ill Ontario, KcononiiccomiitionH
of P 48
" History of, in Ontario P 49
" ii.s an applied Science P 52
Ktfects of WViidier on i} 7
Allen, Mr.. l'ii;ton, Horses of K 88
Allan, .Idhii, Kviileiice of N 27
American ilenmnil for park horsen K 8
Herd Book K 11
' 'American, North " K 2.")
American ni irket for drauKlit horses K, 40, 1)8
American market. Demand for poultry in L 10
American and Kn'.,'lish competition in salt. M 4
Americans, .Sale of salt to M, ;{, 10 2.')
Americiin and ( 'anadian salt M 17
American ( 1 ypsum .X 28
Ancestry of " .MivssenKer " K 7
Andrew .lackson K 7
Ancestral influences K 19
Andrew Smith, V.S., Kvideneeof K 79
Analysi.s of salt AI, (1, 2;l
'* " Dr. Sterry Hunt's M 14
" of l)rines M 10
" of ( )swe,i,'o (iy])smn N 9
" of Superphosiitiates hy Prof. Heys. N, 20, 27
Analysts, public, needbd. .. . ' X 20
Aniin vis, dani,'erons and wild, in Muskoka. HI 'M
Anderson, .Fames, evidence of J, J
Antai^onistic elements, hreedin;,' K 8
Annual e.xhiliitions of trottiu'-c Horses .... K i">0
An;,'us, Polled, worthy of experiment K .51
Apatite, mineral. Component ii.irts of N 25
Ap|)renticeship, Course of, in Ontario College P (iO Armstron.i,', .Folni. Evidence by, rel.-itiufj to
Parry Sound District ", 1{2 40
Arran;.;oments for breedini,' horses K 54
Arran^euient of fields K .57
Artillery Horses K, 73, 92
Arnold, I'rof. , Test of .salt by M 19
Arnautka Wheat K 97
Artificivl Inouliators L, (i, 9
Association Shorthorn Hreeders, National K, 11, 50
Ashes an.l Plaster N, 7, 14
Ashdown, .lames. Evidence by, relating to
Parry Sound District ...'. .. R2 M
Association.s, Foreiirn, CcU'respondence with P 10
Assijjin ic I )istrict, Timl)er in .SI 11
Atmospheric Klectricity, Effect of C^ 16
Attractive. How to make Eanniu!,' 1* 12
Austria. A'-,'ricidtur.al Education in P 20
Aurora, Wells 15ros. , of K 90
Axioms for breeders K 'M
Bac"iel(U- of Agriculture, Course for De!,'ree
"f '. ... r 38
Hadjfer, .Tames, Evidence by, on Muskoka
and Parry Soimd District . 112 45
Barley, Oats, Peas, Rye, etc.. in Muskoka
and Parry .Sound District Rl 21
Bad water, effects of K 83
Ballantyne, Thos., M.P.P., Evidence of . . . M 20 Barns, lirick, stone, interior fittings of . . .K, .52, 53
Barley, yield of M 12
Barley, effects of salt on M 30
Barrie, Alexander, Evidence of N 12
Bashaw blood X 87
Bays, ClevelamI K. 8, 17, (18, 91
Beef ca'-.tle, Hol.steins a.s K 15
Beley, H. S., Evidence by, on Muskoka and
Parry Sound District R2 24
Belgium, Agricultural Education in P 22
Ben^fi-Mnl effects of niaiiiire K 54
Bergiii Bros., breeders, Cornwall K 89
Beith, Robert, Evidence of K 97
App. I'iiue.
Beans, Cultivation of () 4
" Marrowfat, Medium, Navy, prices.!), 4, 5, «>
" Itisectsin '. O li
Bean straw as food O (>
Beattie, .John, Evidence of . ,. () (j
Bill, Suspension of Pool K 70
Bird, H. J., Evulence by, on Muskoka and
I'arry Sound District R2 7
Black Hawks, The K 89
Black Spanish Fowls L 4, <»
Blacksmithing at Out. Ag. Coll. Instruc- tion in p <)
Blacktunithing on farm K 54
Blight in be.ans () (;
BlueCJrass K .58
Blood Stock, Kegister of K, 12, .59, ti2
Board of Censors, Independent. K, 12,38, 50, 79,87 Boarding Establishment at Agricultural
College p ((»-,
Bogus Pedigrees K, 79, 94
Book, English .Stud K 7
" American lleril K 11
English Herd L 11
" Canadian Herd K, 11, 12, 38, 47, 79
Book-Keeping, Farm, Remarks upon, by
H. McDiarniid •.' p 99
Book-Keeping, Blank forms for farm. . .P 104 to 113
Bone dust, (Jypsum, etc N, 3, 18
Bonesetter, Copperliottom, etc K 24
Boyle & Burgess Bros R 88
Bownianville, Sittings held at K 97
Brahma Fowls . L, 3, 5, 8 9
" and Dorking, cro.ss L 4
" and Spanish cross I., 4
" and game, crosses !.,!•, 12
" care of, in winter L ,5
Breeding horses, R, 3, !l, 19, 34, 37, <i8, 74,
81, SI, 85, 9J M 13
Ant.agonistic elements in K 8
" from mares, age for, K, 12. 13,
41, 18, 00,75 m
" from iiure horses K, 15, 05
" affinity in, successful K 16
from Canailian mares K 97
" Association R 50
" Establishments, .T< lint Stock R 69
" racers, not profitable R S5
" Thoroughbreds R, 70, 88
" horses in Prance R 69
" trotters, views of W. H.Williams
on R s9
poultry, evidence as to L
■' system of ]j ri
Breeders, National Association of R 11
" of horses, farmers as R 84
Breed, St. L.vwrence, to be encourageil . . . . R 28
' ' Perpetuating R 67
" of horses improved R 93
British demaml for horses. Rise of R, 51, 85
" market for horses R, 9,' 65
" market for phosphates N 24
Britain, Agricultural Education in P 18
British Market for Canadian Products, Re-
p(u-t on . . . . S2 3
Bricks .and brick yard R .Vi
Brick machine R .^6
Bricks, C!ost of R r^
Brick buildings R 56
Brines, Analysis of M 16
Brown, Hon. (Jeorge, Letter from, onOypsimi N 11 " " Certificate from, on .Su-
pei-phosphates N 19
Brown, Professor, Evidence by p 80
Brown, W. H., Evidence by, on Muskoka
and Parry Sound District R2 7
Bulletins, Farmers' weather t^ 10
Butter Trade, The Canadian S2 5
" Best, made in the Western .States. . 82 5
INDEX TO VOL. V.
iii.
|
App. |
IVme. |
|
.. 0 |
4 |
|
..(), 4, |
5, fi |
|
.. O |
(i |
|
.. 0 |
(> |
|
. () |
(i |
|
.. K |
7(1 |
|
id |
|
|
.. R2 |
7 |
|
.. K |
H!> |
|
.. L 4 |
, !> |
|
0- |
|
|
.. P |
•1 |
|
.. K |
54 |
|
.. () |
(i |
|
.. K |
5« |
|
12, 5! |
, tJ2 |
|
50, 7! |
, w |
|
al |
|
|
.. P |
fi« |
|
. K, 7!) |
, !H |
|
. K |
7 |
|
.. K |
11 |
|
. L |
11 |
|
.•t8, 47 |
,79 |
|
V |
|
|
. P |
!)!> |
|
104 t(. |
113 |
|
. N. :t |
18 |
|
. K |
24 |
|
. K |
H8 |
|
. K |
07 |
|
) •^. ", |
S, !) |
|
. L |
4 |
|
. L |
4 |
|
. L,!l |
12 |
|
. L |
5 |
|
1, |
|
|
. M |
l.< |
|
. K |
M |
|
HH |
|
|
K, 15, |
1)5 |
|
. K |
If. |
|
. K |
07 |
|
. K |
50 |
|
. K |
(;o |
|
. K |
S5 |
|
K, 70, |
88 |
|
. K |
W» |
|
H |
|
|
. K |
SO |
|
. L |
|
|
, J. |
5 |
|
. K |
11 |
|
. K |
84 |
|
. K |
28 |
|
. K |
ti7 |
|
. K |
03 |
50 56
m
Hi
11
19 80
7
10
5
5
w®"^' ^,'*"''l''*'i' not uniform in ([iiality . . S2 6 Knglinh Salt, amooth kejfs, care in
•< n "*'',l'I''"«r neeJetl S2 6
Canadian, kept too long 1i«fore sent
to market go
Brock villa Sui)erphosphate Works' '.".'.*." n' BuckmKham Phosphate Works . . N
Butter and cheeKC, Salt for ,',' M
BuyinK an'' shipping eggs f,
Buyers, Knglish horse . x
Buyers of truit Trees, A Cau'tionto .'.■.■.■.■ ' SI Burning stumps j^
6 24 24 23 10 72 16 58
Cab horses.
79
Canadian pacers . . k, .-i, 2;», 24, 26, 37
HerdBook K, 11, 12,38
Horse Ilegister K, 11, .50
^^ horNes K, 42 64
^'^ maren, breeding from.... ...'.' k '97
"''•t -;••,■ M.8. 10.17
^^ htud Hook, wanted K 79
<i i''*"/e Trade, English view of... S2 4 • i ^,t"CK, Necessity for improving,. S2 4 Cattle worth mora in England
^^ than American S2 ''
Butt(!r, not uniform in (luality S2 Cane, Sugar, m the County of Essex ..... S4 Canaila race h iraes j^
horses, in States and England.'. .*.'.' K for growing flax o
Kaiiifall in
Si
5 70 73 8 7 il4 22 .52
M Rl
S4 S4
96 68 78 85 88 97
Calcium, Chloride of, in Salt. >i
Campbell, Neil ,!., Evidence of .' .'.'.' .'.'.' N
Care of stallions ' " j^
Carri.age horses, Blood, Farm, K, '59, 60 6l'
64, 6l, 92, 05 ......'
" stallions, prizes for ." . K
" horses from Suffolk mares . ', '. K
n "i „'^"'''*'^'j'"o horses for England' !.' ; K Carrol, Mr., St. Catharines, horses of K
Carrots and mangolds " j^
Cattle, Holstein .K 13 15
and hor.sB raising, Coin'iietitioii" ill, ' "' K, .58, 7.5, 80
" Salt for ; ; ; ■
and Sheep in Muskolia District Feeding in the County of Essex . ^ " Buying " " |j>'
Catarrhal fever in horses " " il
Canii, William, Evidence relating' to' Mu's'-
koka and Parry Sound District . . R2 19
Caponizmg j^ j
Cavalry horses . . '. ;.■.'.;.■.■.■. .■.■k,'73, 89, 92
Cayuga, Gypsum beds at N 9 27 28
Censors remiired, Board of K, 'liV38, So! 79,' 87
Cereals^nd Temperature U 16
Cerebro spinal meningitis [[', ^ 33
Certificates from Board of Censors K 11 94
Charcoal burning in the'Countv of Essex ' S4 ' 4 kilns, " " '< " " S4 7
Chemistry, Practical, in United States . . . .' p Cheese, Canadian, comparison with English S2 Chemical Appliances wanted at College P
Chiiieoteague i.onies ' v-
Chestnut Hill !'..".'.'. ".!.'.'" ' K
Chance horses for England . K 66
Chinguacousy, Diseases of horses in K ' o-.
Cheese making. Salt for M, 7, 19, 21. 27
(chloride of calcium in salt M 14
Chatham, Evidence taken at . . o 3
Clark, iVlr., of Ottawa, Clydesdales' of. .." K 89 C ay and Hambletonian crosses f.. ■^hioiiabl'e! K 87
Cleveland Bay K, 17, 68, 91, 06, 98
Clear (irit horse If q9 -t-x 'tA
.< "' Royal George, Descent of. . K. 72
axKl Lapidist ..... K 84
ClearingLand, Cost of, in Miiskoka.'." .'.'.','. Rl 28
Clearing Land, Cost of, in Sault Ste. Marie*"'"' ""^
_,,. District .m n
Climate, Definition of '.;;;; A 3
'' Changes and causes of . '. ! i n 1
of the Ottawa Region !.'."" Q 3
Eflfects of, on plants and animals. Q 12
Ontario, compared with European O 23
at Manitoulin Island Hi 5
Climatology at Guelph College, Instriictions
in Q ■in
Agricultural, in France "aiid
,„. , , other iduntries r) 17
Clipping horses " " K '>7
Clover, Effects of Gypsum on .■.".'.'.'.■ n"3'4 15 "m
' Ploughing in of, beneficial. . ..'.:' N ' M Clyde horses, imported, colour of, feedint''
.. K,4,41,<i3,65....' ^• 97
Promiscuous use of, draught K tK(
_^ an. Suffolks. Merits of K, 77, 91
,, «'n''f«"rtl">f l^'ngland horses K 83
,. not deteriorating K 05
PI, A ,1 ^ u '"''^'■""■■. charge for service of K 08
Clydesdale horses, native K, 4, 48, 93, 95, 07
11 '•cgi.stration of R 14
„ mul Normans K 40
<" l^'^e o^V'"'" ^""ed K 43
.. "J^i''-y^?''ce,EastZorra K 88
.. "^ Ml- Clark, Ottawa. .. K 89
., Breeders of, in the West K 90
Crossing of, with Perch-
r. u -r. e"'" mares .... JC tui
Coach or Park Horse, what it should be. '.'.'. K, S 98
Breeding of K
)arse salt for cheese
>bourg. Evidence ta
^ckbuni, (feorge, Ev
Dceur de Lions." Mhv1
Cu
^^„ , -.....„. .,..w. .v;v;^uicn coil
and wants of Farming
,, ^^ community p 7
„ „' strictly agricultural . . . .' P 8
„ „ what apidiances needed . . P '6
,, the Imildings p f.o
„ „ I'^ndowment of p no
Colleges, Agricultural, Young women at. . P 1:} " ill the U. States in
1876 p ;!o
r,Jo y V -1 "1, ^^^etch of, in U. S. P 31 Cole, /;., Evidence by, relating to Muskoka
District po 19
C.>lt, .t^vstest, in Canada K Q
Colts, Treatment of, Food for, Cos't'.'.f, Risk
and mares. Management and treat-
,< p,, .mentof K, 48, 49, 74
11 Exercise for young '. . k .54
. . ,\?''"'."t •'■t three .years, cost of feeding K 60
^_ W eaning and feeding of K, 60, 74, 76
^_ and steers, f oiiiparative cost of K, 74 86
Cost of breaking tr -rx
Columbuses, The j> .,«
Coleman, Dr., Evidence of, as to'salt'.'. . " ' M "5
Colouring material in land jdaster " N ^8
Common grade horses. Prices of. ' " ' K 44
Competition in cattle and horse raising " ' K 58
Comparative value, different breeds of horses K '(i6
_ cost of colt and steer . . K 74 Comparison between Suffolk and civde
horses ' j- „■
Common niaies. Crossing Hunte'r's'witli' " ' K 95
Competition in eggs. Southern ... J, 11
Control of Horse Registers x 11
Confidence, Want of, in Canadian Herd-Book K 12
Contagious disf "
IV.
ONTARIO AORICULTURAL COMMISSION.
II'
Aiip, Pn(tii.
County .Schools, a pliiii not ilitticult I' 14
Corn Indiiin, CUowth of, in Mudkoka Dis- trict Ill 22
CoiiHi.eiiK'iit of mIidbji ill winter K 80
ConMiiniptioii ill luiiiiiaU, TulieiciilosiiH simi- lar to K 82
" ill fowls, fiialiility to L 5
Convention ot Dairymen, 1H77 M 21
Copperliottoui, Iione-iitter, anil other hor,i«n K 24
Corn growing, Indian Iv <!4
C )rnwall, llruuding establishment of Berlin
Br.)H,,,it K 80
Corn, Etfuct.-i of [ila.iter on X (1
Cowt of raiding horses, ;,'()oil and iKM)r K, 19, 74
" of hricks K .51!
" of feeding colts K (!0
' ' of breaking colts, and raising roadsters K , 7r>, 'M
" of tliree-year cult K 4*1
" and inniirier of services of horse . ... K !)(!
' ' of raising heavy horses K 'J8
" of land plaster . ... X 5
" of growing beans () 5
Coupling tlioroiighliied and pacing element K
Coviiiiig Millies K
( Jowan, .James, Kvidence of X
(!ow manure, When to use Gyiisum with. . X*
Cressvvell, IMwin, Evidence of A[
fy'reameries the remedy for bad butter .... 82
Cro|)s, Temperature of Q
" as affected by sunshine (}
" Periodical condition i)f Q
" Hoot, grown in Muskoka District . . Rl
" at Manitoulin Island SI
" at Saiilt Ste. .tiarie SI
(Vossing inferior horses with thoroughbreds K
" Violent, unnatural K, 19, 44
" Hambletonian horses K 46
DurluambuUs K 52
" with thoroughbred hor.ses K
" Royal fxenrge and Hainldetunian. K " purposes, Suffolk horses for .... K, 78, " thoroughbred stallions forcarri.ige
horses K
" Houdan fowls for laying L
TJMH"
" Uiahmas and (iauie fowls L, 9, 12
" Brahma and Spanish fowls L 4
" " and Dorking fowls L 4
Crops of oats K 5(i
" notation of K 97
" which reipiire (iypsuui X' 10
Cultivation of fall wheat K 97
" of toliaeco () :•!
" of beans <) 4
" of flax () f)
"(Jutler, 0«. II," exportation of, to France. K 71
Curing salt, Cauailiau M, lo, 22, 2(i
Curriculum for College of Agriculture, U.
States 1' 41
" Proposeil, for Out. Ag. Coll.. I' 5;^
Dairy salt, Demand for special classes of . .
Dairynien, < 'ouvention of, in 1877.
Dangers to be avoided in training liorses. . .
Data and Oliservatious.as to temperature of
soil, needed
" used by Mr. F. H. Monk
Davies & Co., Opinion of, on salt
I>avy, Sir H., Opinion of, on Gypsum .... Days, Xiunlier of rainy
'■ Xumbei of .snowy
Davidson, William, I'^vidence relating to
Muskoka ami Parry Sound District . .
Decline of demand for horses in the States .
Degree of "B..S. '" in Illinois
Tl.'nmavl", Agrii'ultnrn! Fducation in
Deuartiii"nt "f h; *''iM, , ,.! i )iit.u-io Agri-
"e.ii: ■ ■ I' SO
|
M, |
'. 9 |
|
M |
21 |
|
K |
10 |
|
Q |
!» |
|
Q |
17 |
|
M |
28 |
|
X |
m |
|
<^ |
c |
|
Q |
7 |
|
112 |
19 |
|
K |
ol |
|
P |
41 |
|
P |
20 |
32
77 3
;u
22
5
8
11
12
23
(>
13
01 (iS 84
92 4
Ami. I'oifO.
Deposits, Limestone, in Muskoka and Parry
Sound District HI 9
Destruction of forests, Effects ot C^ 10
Delay in breeding horses, not dangorous . . . K 86
Demand for park horses K 8
" for draught horses K, 42, 43, 98
' ' for roadstiTs K 44
" for stylish stoi)))ers K 44
" in States and Hritain . ...K, 51, 73, 8,i, 92
" for carriage (u* blocjd horses K ">9
" for Madille horses K (U
" for horses K, 01, 64, 0.5 .SO
" for eggs in States L 11
" for salt, Canadian M, 3, 4
" for salt. Maritime Provinces M 7
Descent of " Warrior, " K ■>
" of Clear Grit and Royal George
horses K 72
Desoendaiit^ of Royal George liorsa K, 0, 21
Descenitants of St. Lawrence iiorse K 20
Description of Roy.al George horse K 21
Detection of tulierculo.-is in animals K 81
Differences, psychical not physical Iv 32
Ditficulty, none with young mares K 7ti
" of breetling horses K 08
" of oljtaining thoroughbred lun-ses IC 85 Dierinann, Rev. H., Kvidence relating to
Muskoka and Parry .Sound District of, R2 30
Distrilmtionof rain throughout the Province l^ 0 Districts, wooded and unwooded, in relation
to rainfall Q 10
" Fruitgrowing (} 20
Distriot Sault .Ste. Marie, Report on .SI 3
Different breeds of poultry discussed L 3
" Diomed " winner of first Derby K 77
Digestive organs, horses K 79
Diseases in horses, not contagious.K, 13, 41, 77, 80, 81
'• " Evidenceof Dr. Smithon K 79
" Cattle free from contagious K 82
" in horses, glanders, Symptoms of K 82 " " in Pickering and Chin-
guacousy K 83
" " Foot and mouth K 83
'■ in fowls, Investigation into L 6
District, Western, Horses of K 60
Distinguishing points in T'ercheron horse . . K 03
Disappearance of Canadian families of horses K 93
Dis(iualifieation for lireeding. Tuberculosis a K 81
Division of Horse Register K 39
Dividing stock K 57
Doel, William H., Evidence of L 3
Dorking fowls, Coloured, the breed for gen- eral purpose L 3
" and Brahma fowls, Crossing of .. . L 4
" fowls safe all year ....... L .">
" '■ and other breeds L 8
" " not superior for table L 7
Dovey,'Isaac, Evidence by, relating to Mus- koka ami Parry Souiul District ...... R2 22
Draught horses, Demand for K, 40, 42, 95
Clydesas K, 66, 83
" " for American market .... K 98
Dr.aughty stables, Evil effects of K 41
Drive-and-ride horse K 67
Drying salt M, 4, 11
Dry seascms, Land phaster not so good in. .X, 29, 32
Durham cows, good milkers K 51
" bulls, Crossing of K .52
Eagles, Grey, Canadian horses K, 7, 89
Early sowing of (iypsum X, 6, 30
Eastern Ontario, Cavalry horses in K 89
East Z( irr;t, Clydesdale horses of Mr, Vance,at K 88 Economic condition of Agriculture in On- tario P 48
JCducation, Agricultiiral, \\ iiat it is, and how- to impart it , .. .♦ ..... P 15
INDEX TO VOL. V.
|
• •- — |
— |
|
Ami. |
•OBO. |
|
urry |
|
|
... Kl |
9 |
|
.... i-l |
10 |
|
«... K |
86 |
|
.... K |
8 |
|
K, 42, a |
J Jo |
|
.... K |
44 |
|
.... K |
44 |
|
ji, T.i, m |
, !t2 |
|
. .. K |
.')!) |
|
.... K |
lU |
|
, (ii) |
.SO |
|
.... J. |
u |
|
.... M, |
\ 4 |
|
.... M |
7 |
|
.... K |
.") |
|
urge |
|
|
.... K |
72 |
|
. . . . K, (1 |
,21 |
|
.... K |
2ti |
|
... K |
21 |
|
... K |
81 |
|
... Iv |
•Ml |
|
.... K |
7t! |
|
... K |
m |
|
vasH K |
8,") |
|
i to |
|
|
of, R2 |
;«i |
|
inoe 1^ |
(i |
|
lion |
|
|
... Q |
10 |
|
... n |
20 |
|
... .SI |
3 |
|
.... L |
;i |
|
... K |
77 |
|
... K |
79 |
|
41, 77, 80 |
ai |
|
1 on IC |
79 |
|
... K |
82 |
|
s of K |
82 |
|
im- |
|
|
... K |
8» |
|
... K |
8;» |
|
... L |
6 |
|
.. K |
60 |
|
e.. K |
(i3 |
|
raes K |
93 |
|
jisa K |
HI |
|
. . K |
A'i |
|
.. K |
.'57 |
|
... L |
3 |
|
jen- |
|
|
... L |
3 |
|
E... L |
4 |
|
.-.. L |
.5 |
|
... L |
8 |
|
... L |
7 |
|
[us- |
|
|
... E2 |
22 |
|
C, 40, 42 |
9.5 |
|
...K, 6C, |
8,', |
|
... K |
98 |
|
... K |
41 |
|
... K |
67 |
|
...M, 4 |
11 |
|
1..N, 29 |
32 |
|
... K |
.51 |
|
... K |
.52 |
|
...K, 7 |
89 |
|
....N, 6 |
30 |
|
... K |
89 |
|
e,atK |
as |
|
On- |
|
|
... P |
48 |
|
low |
|
|
... P |
15 |
App.
the
V
V
15
17 29
Educatiiin, .-Vs'riculturivl, its reliitionto
.State
Kiiuciitioii. Au'ricultiii'iil, I'reHeiit Koiiclitioii mill hiHtory of. in Kuroiie iiml America. . Kduciition, .Vifiicnltiiral, in tlie U. Statf.s . Ki'ucation, At,'ricnltui-ai, .'(clipme coiiniilered, TeriTiH and Sessi(ini<, Lilnary, Lalxira- tory and MiHi^iim - Moardin,' — Farm and Ciiar.'icter of farndn;,' -Stock — Im- i)lein(>nt-< and Meclianical deiiartnu at — Histiiiical <li!|iartment — 'Ihc lalxinr
.System P
Kducation, l.itcriiry, should it be giveii at
< hitarii) Oi)llet,'e P
Effect of croHsin^; niaro.s witli i)nrel)r('d liorso K " of couplinK th(>riiU},'librod and pacinw
eleniiint K
'" of violent cnH.seH, hoi-seH K
" of rir.st conception, niar(M K
" of manure, Henelicial K
" of tulierculoslH on meat K
" from inferifir st.'illions K
" from hot weather, ij>,'.i<t) .... L
" of Halt on crops M
" of salt im liarliiy M
" of (ry[)Hinn on h.ay N
" of plaster on fall wheat, corn N ■
KfTects of Temneraturo on Spring and Fall
Wheat IJ 8
Egg proiluction, ?]vidonce as to L, I to 13
,55
53 3
32 44
48 .54 81 83 12 12 30 6 6
Kim;, Panadiim L
Kg.,'s, coll'iction, shi|>ping, i)i'icGs of .... . L " Large nhippers of, <lemand in X. York L
L L K
K K N
L Ti'ge sliipmt'nt of, to England " P.tcking of, ke(^|>ing too long
Element, Pacing
" pacing and running, Comminglin; of
Element, Messenger, name.i and prices . . .
Eili )tt, Andrew, Kvidencj of
Eiiiliryonic life. Prof. Agassiz on K
Enilirynlogy, Necessity for study of K
Employ-'s and. ofticers, Numlier of, for the Ont rio College P
English 'L'horonuhhrinls, Stud Book IC,
" Shortliorn Herd Book K
' Hunters, Buyers of K, 72
" and American enin|)etition in salt . Al
11 10 11 11 12 23
32 47 15 29 30
71 0,7 11 9(i 4 England, Poi.its refpiired in hor.ses for. . . .K. 66, 08 " Canadian horses [)referred in .... K 73 " .Saddle anil carriage horses for. .. . K 85 " North of, horse for draught pur-
l)oses K 83
" Young men, from P 7
" Kov.al .\grieultural Society of,... P 12
" ]{ainfall,in -est of (\ 7
" Uainfall, in east of (,> 7
" More fre([uent rains in (j 7
Ei'.','lish view of Canadian Cattle Trade S2 4
Endowment of Ontario Agricultural College P 09
I'jUtire horses, Uestriction of K 49
Epi.^ootic not fatal K 80
" Erin Chief," Wells Bros ... K 90
Ess:iy on salt. Prize M 24
KsseK County, i)roducti(ms of. The 84 3
Eiiriii)e, freights to, shipments to K, .59, 05
European Agricultural Schools P 12
Evidence relating to Agricultural Education P 3 " relating to .Muskoka and Parry
Sound District R2, 1 to 47
by President Mills P 3
by Mr. William .Johnston ...... P 14
" by Professor Brown P 80
by .T. W. .Tohnson P 83
by F. H. Monk (^ 3
' by .M OSes ( )ates < J 20
' bvE.(J.Munt/. 112 1
App. Va%*.
Evidence ndating to Meteorology in conntc- tion with .Vgricidture, with
>[ni. Q 3
" relating to horse breeding K, 3 to 99
" of p. R. .Mc.Monagle, .M.l) K 3
of (1. C. Tumlin K 40
of.r. P. Wiser, M.P K 42
taken at Toronto. . . K, ,3. 05 ; N, 17 ; O, 8
" I.ond.in K .59; ]., 8
" Walkerville K 62
" " Se.aforth, K, 04; L, 10; M, 3; (), 0
" " Cobimrg K 95
" (Juelph L 7
" (talt N 3
" (Miatham... (3 3
" of Maj. .Tohn Peters K .59
of Hiram Walker K 02
of Ceorge A. Houghton K 64
of T. (!. I'atteson K t)6
" of Andrew Smith K 79
of W. H. Williams) K 87
" of Ceorge Cockburn K 9.5
of Robert P..'ith K 97
of William H. Uoel L 3
" of .Tames .Vnderson L 7
" of .lohn I'lummer L 8
of Daviil I). Wilson L 10
of Levi Kightmyer M 3
of Dr. T. T. Coieman .M 5
of Sanuiel Piatt M 9
" of George Sproat M 12
of .M. P. Haves M 13
of William Si. Gray M 16
of .Tohn K. .Murray M 19
" of Thomas Ballantvue, M.P. P... M 20
of Eilwin Cresswell :\I 22
of W. Scott lioliertson M 22
of Richard Ransford M 23
" of Thomas Govenlouk M 25
of Hugh R..bb M 26
of Thomas E. Hays . M 27
of John D. .Mooro M 29
" of .Tames Cowan N 3
of Andrew Telfer N 6
of Daniel Porley N 7
of Alex. Barrie N 12
of Andrew Elliott N 15
of Daviil (iib.son N 16
of Daniel Lamb N 17
of Neil J. Campbell N 22
of E. B. Shnttleworth N 23
of J,)hn Allan N 27
of .1. P. McKinlay O 3
" of .Tohn Beattio O 6
of John A. Don.ildson () 8
" as to breeding poultry L, to 13
' ' .as to egg production L, 1 to 13
" as to salt in Agriculture and cog- nate industries M 3
" asto useof Gyi)sum,phosphate,etc N 3 " as to special crops,— fla.x, tobacco
and beans O 3
Exemption of registei-ed animals from taxa- tion K 47
Exercise for young colts K 54
Exhil)itions for trotting horsf>s K .50
Extinction of Cleveland Bay horses K 8
Extreme crosses in horses, f:iilure of Iv 32
Experiment. Polled .Vngus cattle worthy of K .51
Exporting young horses , K, (1.5, 72
Experiments with salt M, 12, 20
" in Agricultural College X 21
Export of raw m.aterial for superphiKsphates N 18
Examinati(m, Entrance, at Ag. Coll P 7
Expenses at ')ut;r[-iti .\gri. College. ..._.... P 5 Expenditure and Revenue at Out. Agricul- tural Farm 1' 69
vi.
ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COMMISSION.
|
kr |
|
|
jHng; |
|
|
1 |
yl^jl |
K\i>«nMii and 8alariBH at Ontario Agricul-
tural College, with table P 71
hx tension of Colle^fe, Room for p <»
Kxperiaient Stations in the United StateV '. P Trt
Stations in Untarin. P 79
Stations.Hintoryof Ai?rioultiirai P 7;i
hxrjeriraents, A^riuultiiriil, liHt of Hubjectw P 7(5
' on Hoil, by Glashier Q 8
Faiw, Horro prizes at K, 72, 85, 94
apeedinvf horHew at K 94
Kail wheat, Salt for .' m 30
Fancy prices for horne», Chanc Jg ()f . '.'..'. '. ' ' K 45
r iincy prices for fowls L 10
Kiirm, The Model, what is done there . .... P 3
''^ Chemistry at the Model P 10
home surrounding's p 13
" stock, buildings, etc p 6(5
" Departments of \[[[ p 57
" accounts, Forms of Day Book and
Journal p an
Kook-keepinK p 99
" Schools in France, 1872 P 24
Fanning, Sheep, in Tennessee K 14
F.krmers, Suitable hor.ses for K IS
.". ^^'Iv'co t". in l>reeding horses. .' . . . K 42
W.-vnt of good horses for K 73
as horse breeders K 84 90
do not encourage importation of
horses K 9(5
" Indifference of, as to fertilizers". . N, 21, 29
I' armers, Disposition to become, increasing P (i
Institutes p 13
Farming Oonununity, Wants of '.'.'.'.. P 7
'^' how to make it attractive..! !!! P 12
" and Stock-raising, Studies on P 12
limi management, liysdyk stock, black- smithing K,ri2,rys,rA
or carriage horse K 60
" at Prescott, H()rse-l)reeding, ...... K 87
"«' ^"'''^' Heavy hor.ses not required for. K 93
horse-raising, Mr. Heith on K 97
*,wt and stylish horse. How to produce. . . K, 9, 43
r latest colt in Canada K 9
F;ist trotters. Accidental K 89
F ■ ihionable crosses, horses K 87
Fitality of tuberculosis in animals .'...' K 81
" _ of glanders K 83
F '.ult in Messenger horses K 94
F.eding, Clyde iiorses, first winter . . . . . . .K, 41, 49
"^ and weaning colts Cost of K, UO,' 8(5
qualities of general iiurjiose horse K G3
colts fir»t year K 49 74 7f.
fowls, Methoils of L 7
Featoig, Winter and summer, in Muskoka
,, Di"' -ct lii 30
-f ences on farm, stnne or wood K 57
Fertilizer, Refuse salt as a M 5
Clean salt iis a . . . M, 7, 17, 18,' 22, 24, 27
V ,, Gyosum as a M, 29 ; N, 29
rerer. Catarrhal, in horses k 80
Fields on farm, Arrangement of . .. ,. '. K
Fiscal imposts, Effect of, on salt .'.'.'. M, 3
Fi her, .John, Evidence of, relating to Mus- ' '
koka District f>2
Fisheries, The Ceorgian Bay.. ' ...'.'.'" Si
" in the County of Esse.x S4
Fittings in barn \ j^
First winter, Feeding of oolts in '. .......'. K
F^irst concejition, Effect of, on mu es. ...*.' ! K
Flax, Evidence as to ....'. ( )
" Cultivation of .!.."!!.!!! O
" fibre, market, cost of growing,' effects
on soil Q jr
" growing, Encouragement of, by (Jov-
i-rniiirnt () §
" culture of. Pamphlet on i) 8
" Dem.and for, in U.S " o 8
57 1(J
40
3
7
53
49
48
3
6
App. rwt*. Flax, Canada a good country for, How to
.. ^ .grow 0 s
I' Culture of, in Ireland O 9
Counties, rent nf land, expenses O 9
growing in Manitoba O 10
" not injured by frost O 10
sowing. Letter from J. & J. Livingston
„ , a«to o 10
For.l, mares with. Working of K, 41, 76
Food for !:olts K 13
Foot and mouth disease in animals K 83
Forms of Farm Accounts "■ gfi
Forests, Influence of, on climate .......... H i
" Effects of destruction of O 10
Forestry at Manitoulin Island SI 9
Foreman, Wm., Evidence by, relating to
Muskoka District K2 2-*
Forbes, John, Woodstock, Thoroughbred
niares of K 88
Foreign demand for liorses K 61
Fowke, Thomas, Evidence by, relating to
Muskoka District R2 3fi
Fowls, Crossing of ( Jame, objectionable L 6
" Haiily L C
" disease in, Investigaticm of L <5
" breiid for general nurposen L 3
" Different Iireeds of, discussed L 3
" Brahma, Houdan, Black Spanish . . . L 4
" Plymouth Rock, Poland, Dorking.. L, 4, 8
" Care of, in winter L 6
' ' System of breeding L 6
" Consumption in L 5
" ar*^'ficial incubators L (
" The Livngshan, new breed L 7
" Method of feeding L 7
I " Speculation in raising L 8
" good crosses of, winter laying .. . L 9
Caponizing of, eggs, fancy prices ... L 10
" Southern competiti(m in L U
" Plymouth Rocks as egg producers . . L 13
" Crossing Brahma .ind Game L 18
Franco, Horse breeding in K 09
" Quality of horses required in K 99
" A;.,'ricultural Education in P 22
^" (lovernment schools in P 23
Fraud in horse racing punished K 71
Fraudulent Tree Pedlars SI 13
Freights on horses to Phirope K 59
on fowls to England L 11
" on fertilizers too heavy N, 10, 29
French horses, Breeding v,-ith K 18
Frost does not injure flax O 10
Fruit Growing Districts . . CJ 20
" culture at SaultSte. Marie District. SI 13 I " suitable varieties for .Sault Ste. Marie
District SI 16
" tree buyers, A caution to SI 16
" growing in the County of Essex S4 7
Fruits grown in Muskoka District Rl 24
" at Manitoulin Island SI 7
Frosts, Fitfulness of Q 21
" Summer, in Muskoka District Rl 15
Gait, Evidence taken at . . N 3
Game fowls, Crossing of, objectionable . . . L 6
" " and Br.umia, Crosses of L, 9, 12
Gates for farm K 57
Geese profitable L 8
General purpose hor.-^e K, 10, 4:i,'49, 63, 75, 98
" " 10 called, a misnomer K 93 " " the true one for far- mers K 93
" " cross Canadian mare
and Clyde K 95
Generative powers of male horses K 36
Georg«8, K .yal K, 4, 37, 63
(jreorge, Ro.val," his descendants K 6
" " Description of K 21
|
App. Pai*. |
|
|
y to |
|
|
() |
S |
|
... () |
!l |
|
... 0 |
» |
|
... 0 |
10 |
|
... 0 |
10 |
|
•ton |
|
|
... 0 |
10 |
|
..K. 41,76 |
|
|
... K |
13 |
|
... F. |
8S |
|
"" |
86 |
|
... « |
4 |
|
:::S, |
10 9 |
|
r to |
|
|
... U2 |
2* |
|
)red |
|
|
... K |
88 |
|
... K |
61 |
|
' to |
|
|
.. R2 |
3<l |
|
... L |
6 |
|
... L |
6 |
|
... L |
e |
|
... L |
3 |
|
... L |
3 |
|
... L |
4 |
|
ff.. L, |
4,8 |
|
.. L |
6 |
|
. L |
6 |
|
.. L |
5 |
|
... L |
• |
|
... L |
7 |
|
... L |
7 |
|
... L |
8 |
|
. L |
9 |
|
... L |
10 |
|
... L |
U |
|
. . L |
13 |
|
... L |
12 |
|
. K |
09 |
|
... K |
99 |
|
... P |
22 |
|
. . P |
22 |
|
... K |
71 |
|
...81 |
IS |
|
... K |
59 |
|
. .. L |
11 |
|
..N, K |
,29 |
|
.. K |
18 |
|
... O |
10 |
|
... Q |
20 |
|
ct. 81 |
13 |
|
ne |
|
|
... 81 |
16 |
|
.. 81 |
16 |
|
.. 84 |
7 |
|
.. m |
24 |
|
.. 81 |
7 |
|
.. Q |
21 |
|
.. Rl |
15 |
|
.. N |
3 |
|
, L |
5 |
|
.. L, 9, |
12 |
|
.. K |
57 |
|
. L |
8 |
|
, 63, 75, |
98 |
|
ler K |
93 |
|
ir- |
|
|
.. K |
93 |
|
re |
|
|
.. K |
95 |
|
.. K |
36 |
INDEX TO VOL. V.
Vll.
.\pp. l'aK«.
(lermany, AKrlcuUiiral Kducation in P, 8, 25
• fennan Atfricultural Experiment Htations P 76
(iibaoii, David, Kvidence of N 16
(iiliHon, Kic,';.inl, Iteport of visit to Great
Britain 82 3
(Silmoiir, Jcmeph, Kvidence by, on Musitolja
and Parry Hdniid District li'i 7
(ilashier'H experinientH tj 8
(ilucoHe, maiiafiictiired in the County of
Essex H4 7
GlandorH in horHcs contiixiouH K 82
" alwavH provftiiinK, how generated K 82
" Probable cange of K 82
" at Crimean War, Symptoms of . . K 82
" always ultimately fatal K 83
Ooldgmith Maid a Hambletonian K 23
Good and poor horses, Cost of raising K, 19, 2
" stallions, Plenty of K 46
" niilkerM, Durhams as K 51
" water indiHpensable K, .52, 62
'' Roadsters needetl K 90
" horses for J irocuring roadsters K 93
" feeding of fowls L 9
(Jovernraent InsiJectora of stallions K 60
" assistance in breeding horses. . K 69
" ought to encourage local efforts K 69
" ought to give prizes for horses. K 85
GoTenlock, Thomas, Evidence of M 25
Grade steers K 45
Grain Growing in Siberia Q 14
Grass!, ippers in Muskoka District Rl 16
Grasses, Evidence as to, in Muskoka Dis- trict Rl
(Srand Manitiulin Island 81
(irape culture at Sanlt Ste. Marie 81
Grass, Blue, Raising of K
Grand River (iy|)8um Co N
(iravenhurst, CVwt of land plaster at N
Gray. William M., Evidence of M
Grey Kaglo lior.sf, Oiigiu of K, 7 ; K, 89
Great Britain, Horses for K 65
" Report of visit to 82 3
" " Agricultural Education in. . P 7 ( I regory, William, Evidence relating to Mus- koka and Parry Sound District R2 21
Gue,li>h, Eviileiice taken at, poultry. . . . L 7
College commended P 8
" College Agricultural Meteorology,
suggestions Q 13
CSulf Stream il 16
(«y|)Hum in .salt M, 14, 15
" J^emoval of, from salt M 24
I'hosphates, bone dust, etc N 9
'' a fertilizer M
Long u.se of, effect of dry season on N 33
' Mode of sowiii.T N 5
" on hay, early .sowing N, (V ^3, 30
" beds at Cayuga N 9
Varieties of, prices of N, 9, 29
Oswego, Analysis of N
Operation of, on soil, what crops
re(pnre N 10
Gypsum, Letter relating to, from late Hon.
(ieoige Brown N 11
" Thirty years' use of N i:
i; onclover N, 15, 30
used on a farm for 50 years N 16
beds at Paris and Cayuga N 27
" in Manit'Milin Island . . . N 28
" New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and
North- We.st N 28
Quantity of to be used in light sandy
soil N 30
Sir H. Davy's and Liebig's opinions
on N 30
'■ Wiien to use, with cow manure. . . N 31
" Ham bletonian," Messenger progenitor of . K 6
|
App. |
Pan*. |
|
K |
8 |
|
K |
13 |
|
K |
20 |
|
K |
21 |
|
K |
22 |
|
K |
23 |
Hambletonian ai d Tlioroughbred horses
" free from defects K
" horse, the ".Shorthorn of
Creation."
" Rysdyk's, sired by Ahilallah ' ' horse, in-bred from Messenger " horse, "(toldsmith Maiil " a bl(K)d, "Maud S" and "Pi- lot" of . .
" crosses with average eastern
mares, K, 46, (il
" horses and Royal Georges,
crossing of K
" horses. Hunters from K
" and Clay horses, Crosses of,
fashionable K
" horses, good roiulsters K
Hand)urg fowl. Silver Spangled, best layers L,
Hamilton, Temperature at i)
Hailstone, Matthew, Kvidence relating to
Muskoka and Parry Sound I!2
Harstone, C. Greville, Letter from Ri
Hardy fowls L
Harv'.'sting beans O
Hay, Six tons of, to acre K
Hays, Thomas E., Evidence of M
Hayes, M.P., Evidence of M
Heavy weighted shoes (m horses K
" horses for U.S., profitable K
" " wanted K
Healthiness of cattle and shenp K
Hemp, not grown in Ontario . . . O
Herd Book, American, (.'anadian, English
Shorthorn K, 11, 12, 38
Hey s. Prof., Analysis of Superphosphates by N 20
High stepjjers, horses K
High School life adverse to love of Agricul- ture P
History and present conditi(m of Agricul- tural Education in Europe and America P
History of Agriculture in Ontario P
Highest and lowest emperatures Q
Higgins, William, Evidence relating to Mus- koka and Parry Sound Distriet of .... R2 Hill, R. N. , Evidence relating to Muskoka
and Parry Sound District of R2
Hilborn, E. H., Report of S3
History of English 'Thoroughbred horses... K
" v>i Messenger horse K
' ' Hits ' in breeding horses K
K 24
68 72
87
98
»
5
45 47 5 6 55 27 13 34 8fi 96 80 10
44
11
17 49
5
Holstein cattle
17 3 6
20
. . K, 13, 15
Horticulture, Teaching of P 9
Home surroundings. Farm P 13
Holland, Agricultural Kducatiim in P 22
Horticulture should be taugl ■ at Ontario
College P
Holditch, William, Evidence relating to
Muskoka and Parry Sound District of. Iv2 Honey, Culture of, in the County of Esse.x . S4
Horses, Percherons and Clyilesdales S4
" for general purposes, shi()ped to
Manitoba S4
" American demand for S4
" Demand for, from Manitol)a 84
Horse breeding and shii)ping in County of
Essex 84
Horses, Breeding of, native, how to utilize,
K, 3, 4, 60
' ' Roadsters K, 6, 66, 92, ,93, 95
' " Park, American demand for K 8
" Stylish and fast K 9
" General purpose, K, 10, 42, 49, (i3,
66, 75, 93, 95
" How to shoe K
" Register for, none in Canada. .... . K
" Percheron K, l.'>, V8,
" Scale of iioiuts in K
.53
32 7 5
5 5 5
5
65
93 It 11 :il lli
Pi
K, 16, 41, 78
VIU.
ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COMMISSION.
li '^
h;
Aiip. Pago
Horses, suit ible for farmers K, 18, 60, 8t>
« '<>,l and pour. Cost of raising K, 19, 20
' Frimch K, 18, 69
Clippinj,' of K 27
Horse, Bullock, Progeny of K 25
Horses, CharacteriHtics o'f K 29
" draught, American market for, K,
40, 42, 85, 95 !I8
" Noniian, CroHrjing of K 40
" Ag(!, prices and points of K, 40, 44
!! !?'*''■■*«'« "f K, 41, 77, 79, 80
tanailian preferred K, 42, 04
" fast. How to got K 43
" entiri;, Itt'striction of K 49
" trotting. Annual exhibition of K 50
Horse and cattle raising, Competition in... K 68 Hjrses, Clim vtic advantages for producing
Kood K 59
" C'arri.ige or blood. . .K, 59, 60, 64, 78, 92, 96
" Western district K 00
" Sadille and hunting, (Plate). . .K, 61, 02, 84
" Mark(!t f(U' K 04
" .young. K.\portingof , Effect of tyingJK, 6.5, 76
'■ draught, Clydes as K 06
II for JCngland K 66
" saddle and carriage,
profitable ..... K 85 " drive-.and-ride, Points of, where to
„ T 'rl-'-; K 07
Jjondon carriage K 68
Hunters, from Royal Georges,
Hamliletonians K 72
" ICxportation of K 72
" Want of g.iod artillery, cavalry, K, 73, 80, 92
" Canadian, in England and States. . K 73
" raising, Profit of , K 74
" and cuttle, IMsk of raisiiv K, 7,5, 80
" Dise.ises of. Dr. Smith on K 79
*' Suffolk K, 84, 91
l)ro...|,'i-s of. Fanners as K, 84 ; M, 13
" 'I'lioiobred, Difficulty of ol)tainiug K 85
Horse bree.liiig farm at Prescott K, 87
Horses, Kiistern district K 89
'• Crooil demand for, in States ,K 92
Clydesdale and Perchenm marcs.
Crossing of K 96
" Ifeavy, Want of, profit in raising. K, 96, 98
" Fairs for K 72
Houdan fowls. Crossing <if, for laying L 4
" are non-sitters Ij 4
Houghton, George A., Evidence of K 64
How to sill K! a horse , K 10
" found a valuable breed of horses. .. K 92
'■■ grow ffax () 8
" produce a fast and stvl'-;ii horse . . . K 9
Huntiii" liorse, English, i i'late) K 17
Hui'*-,ei Weight-carrying K 17
Hunters from Hamliletonians K 01
Hunting ami sadille hor.ses, (Plate) K 01
Huiit(^rs, liisli j^ 5c)
Hunters, Price of . . K 84
Hunter, .Foseph E., Evidence relating to
Muskoka and Parry Sound ])i strict ... K2 33 Hurd, William, Evidence relating to Mus-
koka and Parry Sound District of R2 38
Improved Clev 'land Bay horses .... K 17
Improvement i if laud K 58
" of ("lyde horses K 63
'• in hcn-ses. Steady K, <)9 9S
" in roadsters, Xo't much K 84
" in saddle horses and hunters. K 84
Imported Clydi- horses K, H, 65
Impel tation. Desirable horses for K 77
of Thoroughln'eda, not much
enoourage'I K W^
inul breeding of (Jlyde horses. . K !- ' " of Percherou horses K o3
Impotency in horses K
Import ami exiiort of land jilr iter N
Incongruous elemei.ts in certain horses lead
to failure ... K
Inception to maturity, The horse from K
Increased demand for horses K
" demand for poultry L
Increase of poultry keeping U
Apii. Vatse.
80 20
9 29 66 10 12 L, 0, 9
Inculiators, Artificial. _,
Indian corn growing K
Inducements to breed horses K
Inferior stallions. Use of K, 10, 41, 46, 85,
Influences on horses, Ancestral K
Inflammation of the lungs in horses . . . K
Injuring hor.ses by clipjiing K
Insects in beans O
Inspectors of stallions. Government K
" Veterinary K, 82 83 90
Inspection of salt M 5, (i
Institutes, Farmers' p ' 13
Instruction Deiiartment at Guelpli College P 81
Influences, Local, on climate Q
Influence of the forests on clima' e Q
Indian corn, grown in Muskoka Di.strict Rl
" " produceil in the County of Essex Instruments required to calculate tlie
" Pressure of Vapour "
Instruments, meteorological, uniformity ne- cessary
"^ idian Reserves, The
Ireland, Agricultural Education in
Irwin, Hugh, Evi<lence by, relating to
Muskoka District R2
Island, Manitoulin, Report on SI
Italy, .Agricultural Education in P
Intelligence among farmers, Want of. K
Interview with Lt. Col. Baron, Faverol de
Kerbreoh K
" Capt. Henri de LaChere . K Investigation of Cleveland Bay horses
wanted '. k
Ireland, Flax culture in . ... O
Ii-ish hunters . . K
S4
Q
Q
SI
p
04 74 98 19 82 27 6 00
3
4
22
3
9
15 4
8
34 3
8 90
99 99
19
9
59
Jackson Andrew, hor«es, Tlie breed of Iv 7
"Joe Brown," horse i Me.ssenger descent. . K 26
Joint stock horse breeding estaliiishments. . K 69
Johnston, William, Evidence by P 14
" Suggestions by P 72
Johnson, J. W., Evidence by p S3
Keej) of horses ^^ 73
Keeping eggs too long ... 1, 12
Kerbiech, l,t. Col. de. Interview with. K 99 Keniiey, William. F.vidence by, relating to
Muskoka District R2 !)
Keloey, Georgia lOvidence by, relating to
Muskoka District ' R2 :(7
Kicking marcs. How to prevent k 53
Killarney, Georgian Bav SI 3
Kinluirn salt factory. Test of salt ii . . ,A[ 20
King of Canaila, The Egg L U
Laboratory needed at Ont. Ag. Coll. p <)
" Use of p 10
LaChere, Capt. de. Interview with, as to
horses K 99
Lamb, Daniel, F;vidence of as tti phosphate N 17
Land plaster. .. . K 97
Land must be clean to grow flax O 7
1; ^;iit on ; ;; m lo
Effect of superphosphate on N 26
Lands, Swampy, effi'ct on temperature Q 21
" for settlenKMitat Manitoulin Island . .SI 10 Land, ( 'ost of clearing, in Muskoka Dis-
, trict Rl 28
Priceof, at .M.uiitoulin Island SI 8
" " in Sault Ste. Marie District SI 15
INDEX TO VOL. V.
IX.
|
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|
|
Ap|i. |
fnae. |
|
. K |
m |
|
. N |
29 |
|
d |
|
|
. K |
9 |
|
. K |
29 |
|
. K |
m |
|
. L |
10 |
|
. Ij |
12 |
|
■ L, |
(i, 9 |
|
. K |
04 |
|
. K |
74 |
|
46,85 |
, 98 |
|
. K |
19 |
|
. K |
82 |
|
. K |
27 |
|
. () |
6 |
|
. K |
(50 |
|
82 83 ilO |
|
|
, M, |
r.. () |
|
P |
13 |
|
'e P |
81 |
|
. Q. |
3 |
|
. Q |
4 |
|
Kl |
■-'2 |
|
X Hi |
3 |
|
e |
|
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■ Q |
9 |
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• Q |
15 |
|
. SI |
4 |
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. P |
8 |
|
0 |
|
|
. 112 |
34 |
|
, SI |
3 |
|
. P |
H |
|
. K |
90 |
|
e |
|
|
. K |
99 |
|
. K |
99 |
|
s |
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. K |
19 |
|
() |
9 |
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. K |
o9 |
|
. iC |
7 |
|
. K |
25 |
|
. K |
09 |
|
. P |
14 |
|
, 1' |
72 |
|
. 1' |
S3 |
|
. K |
73 |
|
L |
12 |
|
Iv |
99 |
E2
|
M |
20 |
|
L |
11 |
|
P |
9 |
|
P |
10 |
|
K |
99 |
|
N |
17 |
|
K |
97 |
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0 |
7 |
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M |
10 |
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N |
2tt |
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Q |
21 |
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-il |
10 |
App. PllKO
Langford, ThoH., Evidence of, relating to
Muskoka District R2
Large bodies of water, Efff-et of, on climate (J "Land Scrip Act ' of U.States, passed 1862 P
Langshan Fowls, a new breed L
Lapidist and Cleai- Grit horses K
Large thoroughbred horses as breeders . . . . K
Lonrentians, The SI
Lawrence, ,St., horses, Origin of, Descen- dants of K
Law, Prof., Opinion of, on horses K
Law not enforced as to diseases in horses . . K
Laying, Crossing of Houdau fowls for L
Laying, Fowls, in winter L
Layers, Brahmas good L
licctnres given in ( )iitario College P
" when c'.nnmonce and close P
" on political economy P
" Arrangement for P, 13, 43
Letter from C. Greville Harstone Pv2 47
Leghorn Fowls, and other breeds L 8
Letters as to salt for pork-packing M, 8, 9
" on supei'phosphates, Hon. (..eorge
Brown N
" on superphosphates, \V. Whitolaw
and Geo. Woodriff N
Lialiility of fowls to consumption L
Libera! use of manures N
License tax on st. i ions K, GO, 01, 09, 90, 96
Liebig's theory as to tiyiisum N, 13, 30
Lilirary and Laboratory at Guelph insuf- ficient P
Live stock, at Sanlt Ste. Marie District ... SI
Linn! and sand for fowls L
Limitation of services, stallions K
Linen, ■M.inufacture of O
Ijinseed oil O
Livingston, J. & J., Letter from as to flax
."owing O
Local efforts to improve horses, Government
should encourage K
London, Evidence at, horses, K, 59, poultry L
Lon.li)!! carri.ige lior.se K
Lumbering at >tanitoulin Island SI
Lumber, Sawn, mar. .factured in the County
of I'issex S4
Lump salt, Maniifacture of M
Lung disease in horses K
11
5
29
7
84 84 15
26 81 82 4 9 9 3 4 4
Mc.Vrthur, Thoroughbreds of A K 88
^IcCulbiui, Arch., Evidence by, relativg to
.Muskoka and Parry Sound District... R2 23
McDiiU'iiail, HuKh,l\einarkson F.ducationoy P 99
Mel )ougall, A. G., Opinion of, on salt . . . . M 28
McFarland, David, Evidence relating to
Muskoka and Parry Sound District of, R2 42
Mc(ir('gor, William, Ueporc from ... .... 84 3
McK inlay, J. P., Evidon e of, as to flax,
tobacco, etc O 3
Mc^fahon, Marshal, valuable imp'ted horse. K 92 Mc^rcin,agie,Dr.,Evidencoof,.astohorses,etc K 3 McTavisli, Alex., Simple foimsof farm ac- counts by P 101
Machine for sowing plaster N _8
Machine for niaUiug bricks K 50
.Making bricks. Mode of K 55
Male, pure-bred horses, Effect of crossing
with K ^ 3
Male horses, (Jenorativo powers of K, 35, 30
Mam I )ii no horses K, 7, 22
hor.^e, sire of "Mess'ger," (Plate) K 20
Management of mares and colts K 48
" of stock farm .... ^.._. ._. . . K 52
Manures, Beneficial ett'ects of . . .K, 54, 56 ; N, 5, 14
Manunlds and carrots K 97
Manitoulin Island, Gypsum in N 28
App. Page.
Manufacture of salt, Extent of M, 4, 10, 21
" of Superphosphate N, 17, 25
of flax O 9
of linen O 10
Manitoba, Flax growing in O 10
Management, General, at Ontario Agricul- tural Farm P 68
Materials, inadequate to obtain data Q 19
\ronitoul'u Island, Report on SI 3
The Grand SI 4
'■ " soil, wheat, barley, oats,
pea.', Indian corn, hay, root crops, etc. SI 0
Manitoui'n Island, Settlers Narrative SI 7
" " Climate and communi- cation with SI 9
" " Forest wealth at, and
lumbering SI 9
' ' " land f<u' settlement, fruit,
stock-raising, etc... SI 10
^^anitowaning SI 4
Manufacture of straiW braid, in County of
Essex S4 4
Map, showing rain and snow fall Q 2
Matthews, Matthew, Evidence relating to
Muskoka and Parry Sound District of . R2 .( Mark on goods shipped to England needs to
be large S2 0
Manure, Barn-yard, and Superphosphate .N, 22, ;!1
" Phosph' tic, I'nequal effects of ... N 27
Mares, Vge for breeding from K, 12, 41, 48, 75
breeding, Working of K, 13, 41, 70
" and colts, ]SIan.ageinent of K 48
" Milk of.when heated injurious to colt K 48
" Protection .against kicking K 53
" and colts, Percheron K 63
" Thoroughbred, not for harness... . K 70
' ' young, j.\ o ditliculty with K 70
" Selection of , for breeding K 92
" Canadian, Breeiling fran: K 97
Marki '■ for horses, British K 9
" for draught horses, American . .K, 40, 04, 85
" for roadsters K -13
for Canadian salt M. 5, 10, 23
" f(u- beans ,. ... O 5
for flax fibre ;. . O 7
Maritime Provinces, Demand for s.alt in. . . M 7
" Marshal MeMahon," a Percheron horse. . K 92
Marrowfat beans O, 5, 6
Maturity, Horse from inception to K 29
" Maud S," " Pilo':," and Hamble'ian blood K 24
Meat, Effect 'if tuberculosis, on K 81
Medium beans cultivated O 5
Mental and jibysical characteristics of horse K 29
Meningitis, Cerebrospinal K 83
Merritt, W. Hamilton, Evidence of, as to
fertilizers N •)
Messenger horses. Ancestry of K, 6^7
History of, value of.... K 20
" horse. Prepotency of stock of . . K 21 " " Hamble'ian inbred from, K, 22, 71
" element. Names of , and prices . K 47
' ' horses. Fault in K 94
Method of feeding i)oultry L 7
' ' of manufacturing .salt M 10
" " Superphosphates N 17
" off.arming N 15
Mech.anical studies should be encouraged . . P 62 Mean Temperatures, Comiiarisons of . , Q 19 ileteorology in connection with Agriculture Q 3 " ' at the Guelph ';.illege, sugges- tions by F. H. Monk . . . Q 13 " Reasons for advocating the
.-.tudy of (.J 15
" better system needed Q 20
Meteorological stalious in Ontario Q 3
" report for 1878 .. . Q p
" stations, where situated ... . Q 15
ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COMMISSION.
T
iif**''
f '-
Meteorological stations in Kn-land q 15
J, stations, cost in Ontario , .
observations, simplicity of the work
(■i 16
table
y
Michigan C!ollege, The ^
Middle schools. Agricultural p
MiBconceptions to be removed o
Mission, .Jesuit, at Manitoulin Island i;;;' ^i
Milton Racing stud of John WhVteat K
Mineral Phosphates .. "^
Mismanagement of colts Misnomer, "General Purpose Mors
N K, 48,74
l(i 18 13 5(» 11 11
15
48 51 S8 23
M^r f ' 1 y '">«'•»' I'urpose Horse " a . K <»{
Mode of making bricks .... K ''k
of appl.ying manure .....".. jJ^ ^/r
Model cattle for England, Shorthorn^ the! ' K 51
M r-'^y i;"""'' i>iHtrict i,<,
Mo7e's'k?e;^Sn^irb?.'.\'°'^'"^--"'''>^ 1 TffT' ^•"■^'''"'" ' manufactured'in County
Mongrel stallions, not to 'be encouraged' ' ' K 47 m
Mongrel Clydesdale horses . . ^ ' ' \^'' ,d
14
3
17
20
orses i(
^oose, celebrated irotter, an.l Sister. ' ' K 27 28
Morgan hor-ses, not now esteemed .......;. K
rtr i.1. , ,. '"^'"^ S"'"! roadsters ... K
Mouth and fdot diseases . . " K Muscular conformation of horses v
Movements interchangeable,
trotting
Museum, mucli neededat 'AgriciCo'liege.'
Pacing and
Muskok^a„;rp^'s;,-i:-;;--;^e..|
geographical
,, features R
topographical features and
,, climate R
tile soil, and
extracts from
r,- L ■ J. evidence , .
District, progress, aids and hind-
^_ ranees thereto . .
A-ricultural products
from
29 7 98 83 30
24 6 1
6 12 15
Sumii.cr frosts in ... . . R 15 Wiieat gn.wiii.' in .... .' R 16
oats, liarley, peas, rye, etc Rl potatoes, garden produce
It T, "■'"' '"'her crops Rl
_^ Fruits grown in Rl
Cost of clearing hinil in Rl ^^ Stock-raising in . . Rl < lasses .if sheep and
^^ cattle ill i{i
Iiigs, poultry, .lairying,
etc ]{|
Dangerousand wildani-
„ I'lals in Rl
tarry Sound District, Kvi- dence relating to R2, 1 to 47
21
24 24
28 28
31
33
33
M imtz, E. ( J. , Evidence given by . . .
of Messenger- Hamble
R2
K
Names and prices tonian horses
Narragansett i)acers '.'.'. ^
Nash, Dv., Horses of, at Picton R
Na ional' nf T'' 9'vVdesdales, How t,', util'i/e K
riational Hreeders' Association k
?<eeessity for studv of . ,l,ry„l„,;v-' u-
Nmvoub system of animals, i<
New breed of poultry, The Lan'gsiian ." . .* " ' L
47
4
88
4
11
30
31
7
Vpi).
Xew York State, Racing in ... . k
Newmarket, Table illustrating temperature
70
Nelson David, Evidence by,' relating to Mu's- Koka District i.^
Non-standard and Standard horses k"
Aorman horse, Crossing, with Canadian
(■i 21
35 39
mares
P
N
19
28
North- West," G^psim'in .'..'.■. m ^
Norway and Sweden, Agricultural' Ed'u '
cation in
Nova Scotia, Gypsum' in.'.'.'.'..'.
Number of services of stallion. .K, '41, (Jo 77" '8& qfi Number of hoi-ses shipped. . . ' • ""• "'j^ ^
Number of students at Agricultural Co'llege P 6
Oats, Croi)s of K T
Objections to Cleveland B'aV hcu-ses K '»'
Objection to crossing Game fowl "" L 5
Observations, Meteorological records of ..'.'()
^^ on temperature Q
as to rainfall. Details of. .'.'.' Q
^^ Hours for taking q
^^ plan for Dominion Govern'iit Q
^ _ at Lansing, Michigan q
^^ a series, necessary ..... O
^^ Present method of recording (^
Meteorological, simplicity of ^,, . the work ....... o
Olijects of the Ontario Agricultural (iol'leg-;- P OBeirne P. H., Evidence by, relating to
Muskoka District . ]{2
(Estrual h^at in mares '. j^
Official certificates of pedigree 'wan't'e'd' ' .' .' .' ' K Oil, L.ingeed, Manufacture of. o
Dil cake ,.
Oleomargarine 32
'' Old Pilot's " pacing performances k"
Ontario Stjick Register, Suggestions as 'to'.' K Ontario, Hemp not grown in q
Ontario Agricultural College,Sketc'h o'f'the
establishment of p
Ontario Agricultural College.Outii'ile 'of the
present position ,;f . . Ontario Agricultural-. '
P
future jirogress P Terms, Ses- si(ms, 1) i - plomas. De- grees, liib'y. Laboratory, Museum.. P officers a n d employees, n. t • f , niimlierof. .
Ontario climate comi)ared with Kur
4 8 10 13 14 14 14 1)
16
23
52
94 9 J) 6
?4
38
10
57
(iO 61
P
Opinion, Public, iis to license fee for stallions K (Operation of manure j^
N
K K
64
71 22
48 5t> 10
7» 81
K M
91
(operation of Gypsum on the soil Opinion of Dr. Smith on diseases of horseV. ^^ of Prof. Jjaw on tuberculosis .... of Youatt, or Spooner, as to breed- ing horses
of A. G. McDoiigall ami' William n u , ■ „ J-!'*V'>^s& Co., astosalt. ,. M 28
Orchard.! in Sault St. Marie si IS
Origin of Hoyal (ieorge horses '.'.'.'.'■ K 4
^^ of Chincoteague ponies ' K 7
<. i*"'! action of Canadian pacers '.'.'.'. '. K 24
^_ ofChestnutHillhor.se K 26
^^ of St. Lawrence horses K 26
of Rysdyk and (Jrey Eagle horses,' 'k, 87, 89
of PlyniouUi Rock fowls L 12
Ottawa. Clydesdale horses (f Air. ciarkat^K 89
.. '"."■""i'''''"''^'^'^"'' f^heriff Powell at K Ottawa Itegioii, C!im:ite of ... Q
Operations, Kecords of farm, reipiired " ' Q .'en Cntle. borse, Kxportation of, to i ranoe
Ow
88
3
11
i
I
K 71
pi
n PI PI
I
INDEX TO VOL. V.
zi.
21
40 28
19
28
StI
5
4
8
10
Vi
14
14
14
1>
16 3
94 » J) 6
?4
(>0 61
|
p |
71 |
|
i |
22 |
|
48 |
|
|
<- |
5t> |
|
V |
10 |
|
\ |
7» |
|
i |
81 |
|
i |
91 |
|
I |
28 |
|
1 |
l■^ |
|
L |
4 |
|
L |
7 |
|
L |
24 |
|
26 |
|
|
26 |
|
|
87 |
89 |
|
12 |
|
|
89 |
|
|
88 |
|
|
3 |
|
|
11 |
71
App. Page.
Pacew, Narragansett K 4
" Canadian K, 5, 23, 24, 26
racer, Clear Grit as a K 33
Facing element K, 23 37
" and trotting move'nts interchan 'able k '24
" and Thoroughbred elements K 32
Packingegga l 12
" pork, Salt for M 26
Park horses, American demand for K 8
" or coach horse, what it should be,
and Breeding of K, 8, 9, 41, 78
Park horse. Scale of points for judging K 16
Taris and Cayuga (4ypsum beds N 27
Parry Sound and Muskoka District, The
soilof jji g
Parry Sound and Muskoka District, lime- stone deiiosits Rl 9
P»rker,W., Evidence by, relating to Muskoka K2 5
Pasture in summer K 54
Pasture and winter feeding in Muskoka
District. Ri 30
reas, for seed, Sault Ste. Marie District ... SI 16 Pearce, Thomas (4., Evidence by, relating
to Muskoka R2 35
Peak, Thomap, Evidence by, relating to
Muskoka R2 43
Periodical condition of the crops Q 12
Pembroke, Temperature at Q 5
Teas, Effects of land plaster on N 4
I'edigrees of horse.s, Board of Censors to
„ pass upcm K 5C
" Bogus,on the increase, K, 79,94 , " Official certificates of K 94
Percheron horses K, 15, 6.5, 78, 91
" Importation of, mares anil
colts K 63
" crossed with Clydesdales . K 96 Performances of "Old Pilot," .'. .... K 24
Peters, Major .Tohn,Evidenceof,as to horses K .59 i
Perpetuating lireed of horses K 67 '
Perley, Dan;el, Evidence of, as to fertilizers N 7 '
Phil .Sheridan horse, ( Plate) K 25
Phy.sical and mental characteristics of horse K 29
conformation of horses , . . . K 31
" not psychical. Changes K 32
Phosphates, Quantity of, per acre, value of N 18 ' " source of supply. Purity of. . .N, 24, 26
" works in Buckingham N
Ph' .sphor' cid in soils and plants N
Phosphat, . nauiire, Value of >f
" I'ilot Ola, ' Performances of K
Pilot, Mauv! S., n.ud Hambletonian blood . . K Pickering andChins'uacousy, Horse disease in K Picton, Horses of Mr. AUoji a.ul Dr. Nash at K
Places for hor.-<p fairn K , ^
Plaster on clover and fall wheat N, 3, 6, 31
■' on pt'a><, Time for X 4
i^' . Using, liglitly N 5
an<lsalt, Proiiortion of, to use, effects
<>n corn N, 6, 15 ; K, 97
(^lantity of, per acre, free use of . . . Is''
" and ashes jj
" Maciiine for sowing N
" Effects of, on liarli'v N
different, Comparison between N
" on spring wlieat N, 23
" Colouring mitei'ial in N, '<;8,
" rock, lnii:)rts a!id exports of .... N
used on manure heap N
Agencies for tlie sale of N
" from Sandusky, Ohio, practically
useless " X
Plants, Phosph((ric arid in N
Plant- and aiiiiual-<. Eiiucts of climate on.. Q
Plates of Thoroughl)reds exhiliited K
Plates, Queen's, won by Mr. .1. Wiiite..,. . K
Piatt, Samuel, Evidence of, as to salt M
Plenty of good stallions K
24
26 27 24 24
83 88 72
7 7 8 13 16 31 29 29 31 31
32 26
12 75 88 9 46
App. Pag*.
Pleuro- Pneumonia in Thoroughbred cattle, K, 13, 80
„, , . " inflammation of lungs . . K 82
Ploughmg, in clover N 32
Plymouth Rock fowl not pure bred L 4
" " " and other breeds .... L 8
_,, Origin of L 12
Plummer, John, Evidence of, as to poultry L 8
Pneumonia-Pleuro in Thoroughbred cattle. K 13
Pomts of a good horse K, 40, 67
" required in horses to sell in England K ' 68
Scale of, in horses K 16
Poland fowl, non-sitters L 4
Polled Angus cattle, worthy of experiment. K 61
Ponies, Chincoteague, Origin of K 7
Poor and good horses. Cost of raising K 19
" cattle. Too many, in the country K 51
Pool Bill, Effects of suspension of K 70
Pork packing, Salt for M 26
Potatoes, as grown in Muskoka District. . . Rl 24
Pollock,8.,Evidencebv,relatingt.> Muskoka R2 16 Poultry breeding. Evidence relating to. . .L, 1 to 13
" raising in Ontiirio L, 6, 7, 12
" shows L 7
Power of transmission in horses K 18
Powers of Rysdyk horse K 23
Power to Ij! ijjectors K 83
Prepotency of Messenger K 21
Preferential affinity in horses K 36
Preferred Canadian horses K, 42, 64
Prepotency of the stallion. . .. K 67
Precautions against tuberculosis K 81
Prices for good horses K, 40, 44, 62, 84, 96
' ' of roadsters K 43
'I of well bred young stallions K 45
" and names of Messenger element . K 47
" of Canadian horses K 17
" of Thoroughl)re<l horses K 78
" of Suffolk stallion K 64
" for fowl, fancy, for eggs L 10
' ' of Gypsum , N 9
" of beans O 5
" of sivlt M,7, 24
" of land iiv Manitoulin Island SI 8
Prizes iit shows, for horses K 51
" of Romulus K 63
" for carriage stallions K 68
" are sometimes thrown away K 70
" at fairs, by (Government K 85
" for salt M 16
Prize farms recommended . P 51
Provincial AgricidturalCollege,Tlie object of P 51 " " Locaticmand
building . Staff, De- partments and Co'rse of Study.
51
Professor Brown's evidence . ,
Profits of the year, H iw to determine P
Proportion of snow and rain . Q
Probabilities, Weather Q
Progress made in Muskoka District Rl
Products, Agriculturu., from Muskoka Dis- trict Rl
52 80 102 4 10 12
16
Profit on raising gool • .rses K, 20, 60, 98
Progeny of Bullock h irse K "'^
Prof. Agassiz on Eii-.Uryonic Life K ^9'
Protection against mares kicking K Ki
Producing horses, Advantages for K 59
Prop )sition to license stallions K, 61, 69
PrimiiMOUous use of Clyde horses K, 66, 73
Progress in hoi se breeding in France .... K 69
Prottt in Thoroughbred horses, No K 71
rrol)ablc oau.su ofglamlel.i K 82
Profitable, Breeding racors not K 85
" horses for States and England . K 86 Production of fast ami stvlish horses K 9
" of eggs, Evidence as to L, 1 to 13
f
Xll.
ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COMxMISSION.
Profit in raising yeese. Proportion of plaster aii'd' salt to use ' '. i unishinent of frauds on the IT.S. turf lure-hred mule hoises, Klfucts of
App. I'lige. L 8
X (J K 71
K, 3, 15
Q 17
- — ,..^,. ,„.„„ MiPisus, Fiuuccs ot oiossin'-
vvith ° K '5 15
Purpose, Bi-eediuK with a (listinct ..■.■.'.■ K ill' .S7 1 ure-bred C lydesdalf horses, Use of .... K,' 43* 07 I lu-e l,ree,l fowls, Plyn.outh Rocks not . . . L 4 Purest .salt known y^ |
Quality of individual h,.rse, the great i.oint K
vs. clieapness i^
^' of horses, feeiliuf,'... ... K
ofdifferentbreudsoffowisdiscussed L
Quantity of .salt to u.se
IS
08
03
3
l>er acre M, 24, 27
■ i- ' -y
8 18 30
3
87
88
of plaster per acre x
of salt au<l plaster u.sect ' ' . . 5s'
of phosphates useil I)er acre, price of N of dypsuiu to he usetl on sandy soil X of tobacco grown, avtiraL'e vield ()
K
70
0
70
85 88 53 -'0
O "tt '"U'tcco grown, avtiragc yield
CJueen's plates, seven won by Alr.'j.' White K
Race of ponies, ( 'hincote.ague ]^
'_ Ik. rses in Canada, No first-class ''.' .'^ ,' K
Kacing calendar and its successor K
in Xew "^'oik State ' j^
'"■ 'l"'T"i 15reeding of, „„t proHtable' '. K
stud of Mr. .John White... K
Racks, teeding, none used liy Mr. Wiser' ' iv
iiaisnig good horses, I'rotit on K
colts and steers K i't liS 7~.
lioises on farm generally improfit-
able ' [^ jA
roadsters, Cost of ^ 93
[| heavy horses. Profit in ....".]."" K ')8 _^ poultry in Ontario, t)rofitable. . . . L, C, 7, 12
cattle \r 1 '>
Railway rates unfair '..'.'. '
Radways, freight rates for Gypsum'.' X
Ramy day.s, Xumlier of ,)
Rain and stiow fall. Map showing Q
and snow, aveiage fall "A
" and snow fall in Toronto .....' ' \)
" Stations in Denmark A
Ramfall, Vari,iti<ins in ' ' ' ' q
"^ Table of, from 1843 to 1871 n
in July, and spring and fall .' (.1
Sept.and Xovember, in Toronto (,)
...M, 7, 10
10
0
3
6
Distribution of.
comparison with Kiigland ()
in the west of Kngland ['.' Q
Oliservalions as to <letails of ,..'." (j in relation to wooded anil ur wood- ed districts n
on high and low lands. ...... (^
Rains, Heavy in Canada
_ ■ ., -■- • anaila ( 1
Raiisford, Richard, Kvidt ' ■■■■•-■■ -^-
w matt tatioii
„ ^ .,v ■ fuceof, as to salt. M
Juiw niaterial for Superphosphates. K.xpor-
1,,., ,,f • __
Recapitulation, horse-breeding evidence '. '. '. K
Kecord of " Maud S " h
Recc.nl., of observations, Metecn-ological'. '. '. .' Q
of f.inu o))erations, requireil O
Recording observations, Present metho'd of! Q
jvecngni/.ed families ami Thoroughbre.ls , . . . K
Refus,. salt for farm . .V. .'.". '^""'>-""' • • •
Register, Wallace's Trotting .....".".'.'.. k Coi]ti(dof,of horses nowin Canada K
K K
of blood stock
Ontario .stock. Suggestions a.s' to Division of Canadian, neeiled, K,
13 3 4 0 0 0 7 7
10
10
10
7
23
18 34 47
4 11 15 49
5 11 11 12 38
Registrati.m of stallions ' .!..'.' K
'. "t ' 'l.vdesdales, societies . . K
Removing (iyiisum from salt M
Reporufrom riisi)ectors,veterinar>. surgeons K
Keport, Meteorological, for 1878. . . q
'""*'■' '^' '1 crop, wanted Q
Monthly, weather.
{"J, 50, 94 '" 49 14 24 82 6 11
Rep(u-t to the Commission, l)y Mr. T. H.
Monk ]
from Muskoka and Parry Sound
District
" upon .Manitoulin Island! . . ....
]| on Sault Ste. Marie District ....
upon visit to (Ireat Britain by R.
(rib-son, Ks(|
on Agricultural Education in Ten- nessee g3
on the pr( iductions of the County oif
Kssex • - • g4
Reiiorts, Towu.-hip meteorological ....... . Q
Meteorological, Differences in. . .
Restriction of entire horses
Results from pacing and running elements.' Revenue andR.xiienditure, .Vgricultural Col- lege, Michigan p
Revenue and Ivxj.eiiditure, at Ontario Agri^
cultural Farm P 09 71
Reserves, The Indian 81 ' ' 4
Ride-and-drive horse. Points of, where to
hud j,^
Riding hor.ses '.."..! K
Rightmyer, I^evi, Evidence of, as to salt.' . . M
ivingboiie j^
Risk of raising colt and steer . . . ..K
Rl SI
HI
82
K K
1 3 3
3
3
3
12 19 49 32
43
Roadster horses
07
<J2
3
13
45, 75
. •• .....K, 0,43, 01, 02,00, 71 -Market for K, 4:;^ 95
'' " Demand for in U.S .. K 44
" wanted, (Jood.. K 90
',,' " K';)<'d, How to produco... K, 9.'), 95
" Cost fo raising |<; 93
" Clear (Jrit crossed with
.< .. ., , Messenger K 94
Itood, the Hamblotonians
,, ,, „ , ,. ., iiml Morgans K 98
J.o ill, Hugh, Evidence of, as to .salt, etc. . . M 26 Itobertson, \V. Scott, Evidence of, as to salt,
etc
Robertson, Charles, Evidence liy, relating to
Muskoka District l|2
Root crops, grown in Muskoka . . . Rl
T, ", J,' P»''«l'ect of, in England, 1880. S2
Rock, Plymouth, ( )rigin of I,
Rock salt. Production of , >£
' ^ Re imiilus, " I'ercheron stalli( m ..', K
Root crops, carrots and mangolds .'. K
liotation of ciii]is ]^
Rouen dncks, (i'late) '.'.'...'.'.. L
Royal UecU'ge and Tii)|)oo horses ..K
" Royal George " and his desciindants, K, l'
(i, 37, 0.3, 72
'^' '' Dam .side, Descent of K
iind Clear (Jrit horses.
Descent of , K
and Hamlllet(mians,C^oss- „ . , . i'lf,' i)f K
Kunning and pacing elements,Ooinmingling
of K
Rust, Laml plaster good for N
R ysdyk horse J^ fi 7]
"Kyi^'ly'^i" Extraordinary powers of '. k
horse breei ling farm at Presoott K stock farm of Mr. Wiser K
Saddle liorses. Demand for K
" and trotting horses K
" and carriage horses for .England ... K Salaries and e.viienses of Ontar ■ Agricul- tural College 1>
Sale of thoi'oughbred horses, low prices . . . K
Sale of land plaster, .Agencies for X
Sales of salt to Americans M. 10, 25
S^lt, Stoc!-; reipiircs filenty of k ."iT
" and land plaster k 97
" on land.Use of L, 13 V Si, 12, 26
M 22
28 23
3 12 10 63 97 97 10
5
96 21
72
<i8
32 16 «7 23 87 52
61 84 85
71 61 31
INDEX TO VOL. V.
XII I.
Salt
17
1 ;j
3
3 12 19
43
94
12 10 63 97 97 10 5
96 21
72
(i8
: 61 : 84
: 85
71
61
31
10, 25
r>7 : 97
12, 25
App. I'nKc
in connection with Agriculture and
co^'nate industries, evidence M 3
" manufacture, Extent of M 4
'' Fine Eiii,'liMh, 'jB.st for iMitter .82 5
" No oouiidaint.-, a-iiinst, drying, purest
Icnovvn M 4
" Demand for M, 4, 17
" inspection of, refuse, as a fertilizer . . M, 5, 6
'' Varieties of, market for M 5
iSummei and winter made M 6
i; Analysis of M, 6, 23
l!incourat,'ement to manuft cture M 7
•' Prices of M, 7, 2-1
in Maritime Provinces M 7
" Dairy, demand for .. M 7
" for cheese makin^' M, 7, 19, 23, 27
" as a fertilizer M, 6, 7, 10, 17, 22, 24, 27
Canadian, preferred M, 8, ] 3, 15, 22
" First discovery of, by Mr. S. Piatt . . M 9 " Dauy, a specialty ; Huron, purity of . M 9
" niust be wad dried M, 10, 11
" Exjjeriments with, amount Ubtd per
. ^ acre M, 12, 24, 27
Effects of, on crops M, 12, 26 ; N, 8
" Treatment of, for cattle M, 13, 22
" Cldoride of calcium in M 11
" i\nalvsis of, by Dr. Storrv Hunt M 14
" English '. M
' ' Proportion of Gy[)sum in M
" Test of. I)y Prof. Arnold M
" Test of, in Kinburn factory M
" Stapleton, Analysis of M
" Market for M
' ' per acre, quantity to use M, 24
" opinion of A. Gr. McDougall M
" " of Messrs. Wm. Davies & Co. M
" and ( lypsum combined N
'•' and plaster, Proi)ortions of N
Sand and lime for fowls L
Sandusky plaster ' . X
Sault Ste. Marie District, Report on S
Scale of jioints in a horse K
Scarcity of good horses K
Schools, Public, Agriculture in P
" ( !ounty Agricultural P
" Eiu'opean " p
Scheme of Agricultural Education in Ontario P Seaforth, Evidence taken at, K,64; L, 10; M, 3; O, 6
Selection of mares ... K 92
Services in a season. Number of,k, 13, 41.
60, 77, m
Serviceable horbos from thor'bred crosses K
fully matured K
Shade trees. Importance of K
Shaw, William, Evidence by, rel.ating to
Muskoka and Parry Sound District R2
Sheep, varieties required in England 82
" Saxony q
Sheep farming in Tennessee K
Sheep, Healthy, confinement of, in winter. K
Shipi)ing acconnnodation limited 82
' ' liutter. more care needed S2
Sliiimients of luirses K, 42,
of eggs L,' lo]
to England, Class of eggs for .... L
Shoeing horses iv
Shoes, I leavy weiglited K
Shorthorn breeders. National Association of K
" Herd Book, English K
"Shorthorn of Creation, " The, Hamble-
t<uuan horse K
Shorthorn, Durh.am, in general demand. ... K Shows
i4 15 19 20 23 23 27 28 28 13 15 12 32 12 16 80 11 11 11 50
96 61 86 55
39
.">
12
14
80
4
5
65
II
U
10
34
11
11
at.
I'rizes for horse " 4'oultry
ShuttUnvc.rth, 1']. 13,, Evidence of, as to fer
tili/ers
Silicria, drain growinu' in .
Simcoe. 'r.MiipiTiituii' in . .
K T,
N ( »
2(1 51 51
I I
Sirett, W. F., Evidence bj-, relating to Mus- koka and Parry Sound District K2 28
Sirett. Ebenezer, EvidL^nce bv, relating to
Muskoka and Parry .Sound District . . H2 30
. Sdvf. Spangled Hamliurg fowl I., (»
'_' Sister to Moose," owned by Mr. D.S. Booth K '>'h Sitters, \(,n, Houdan, Poland and Black
Si)anish j^ 4
Six tons of liay per acre j^^ -,5
Slaughtering, S'o instructi<m in, at Ontario
College J) ■^Q
Smith, Dr. Andrew, Evidence of, horses, '. K 79
Snow to rain. Proportion of ' ( ) 4
" and rain. Average fall of .... <) (j
" and rainfall in Toronto n 7
_ " days, Nnnd)er of .'.'.'.'." Q 7
Socks, Woollf u, manufactured in the Coiinty
of Essex • 34 4
.Soil, Effects of temperature on Q g
Temiierature of, data and observations
needed {1 u
" of Muskoka and Parry Sound District 111 6
of Mamtoulin Island fil 4
Societies, Registration, for liorses K 14
Societies, Agricultural, Suggestions to .!.'! .' K 67
Sidar salt ^j jj^
Sources of supjdy, horses ". . K^ 42 64
Southern competition in .fowls ti 'll
Sowing Gypsum, Mode of .. ........ N, 5 30
Spain and Portugal, Agricidtural Education ' '
, in P 22
Spanish and Brahma fowl, crossing of L 4
Si)ecialitie:,, shall College teach them ?. .... P 53
Spring and fall, Rainfall in. n fi
Spring, Mr. Alb.it, Evidence by K2 2
Spencer, W. H., evidence by, relating to
Muskoka and Parry Somul District . . . R2 3
Speed of Narragansett pacers K 5
Speed and weight of Coach or Park horse K 8
Speed and utility in horses combined K 46
Speed in Thoroughbreds K 61
Speeding horses at fairs [ K 94
Siiecific purpose, Breeding horses for K 37
Spinal meningitis, ( 'erebro K 83
Spooner and Youatt on breeding horses . , . K 91
Spring, Clipping horses in K 27
Spring wheat. Effect of salt on M 26
Sproat, George, Evidence of,,as to salt, etc. M 12 Stallions, Use of inferior. . .K, 10, 41, 46, 47, 69, 85
" adapted to stock , K 44
Well l>red, iirices of, plenty of,k,45, 46, 64
" Registration f>f K. 49
" Care of ' j^ 52
'■ Government Inspectors of ...!! ! K 60
'' Prepotency of K 67
for carriage, Prizes for K 68
Licensing of K, 69, 90, 96
" Clyde, Too promiscuous use of. . . K 73
' ' Geneial purpose, in use K 75
Suffolk, Price of K 78
Stables, Draughty, injurious K 41
Stabling and liarns, etc K .52
Standard and non-standard, in Stn^k Register K 39 States, Demanilfor roadsters and draught
Horses ill K, 43, 44
" Southern, Horse and cattle railing in K 68
" W'ant of rilling horses in K 62
" Huavy horses for, best market K 85
" Demand for good carriage horses in, K, 73, 92
Stat-!. Ills, Meti'orological, in Canada tj 3
States, Western. Temperature in Q (>
Stations, Meteorological, in England Q 15
■' cost in Canada . . Q 15
'' I'lxperimeiit ill the IT, States .. P 78
in ( liitario P 70
Stalls for horses, l5ox K ,53
Stai.'.i'ton salt, .Xnidysis .il ... . . .M 2.>
Stf I ly iluproveiiirdt. in ll.' . . , , k iV
XIV.
ONTARIO AGRICCTLTURAL COMMISSION.
steers and colts, grade, Cost of.risk in rais-
App, Paca.
ing
K, 45, 74
Steppers, stylish. Demand for K
Stock improvement in Tennessee K
" Wood, Register (»f K
" of " Messenger " , K
" Canadian i)acing K
" Utilizing thoroughbred ' K
" Plenty of salt to be given to K
" farm. The Rysdyk K
" Dividing, into ditferent fields K
" of horses degenerating K
" Stallicms adapted to K
Stock bird for table. The L
Stone barns not so good as brick K
Stone fences on the farm K
Storms, Thunder, noted .'.'.! Q
Stock, Canadian. Necessity for improving, S2
Store cattle, wanted in England S2
Stock-raising in Muskoka Rl
Strain, Francis, Kvidence relating to Mus-
koka District (;f R2
Straw braid, manufactured in County of
Essex ,t;4
Stream, The Gulf '.".'.'.'.['.'.. 6
Stringent measures against glanders K
Strong thoroughbreds. Breeding from K
Straw and wheat, Kffect of plaster on N
Stud Book, English ' ,,[ K
Study of Embryology, Necessity of ! K
Stud Book, Canadian, needed K, 47, oO, 79, 87
4 5 li G 42
44
14
12
21
26
28
57
.52
57
62
44
4
.53
57
16
4
4
28
46
4 16 83 85 31
7 30
Study of horses K
Students, Work of | p
" from cities p
" Number of . . . . . .,,] p
" Mode of admitting p
" (iovernment by p
" from whence they come, how ad- nutted p
Student paid for his work ' . P
" Declaration of, to be a farmer. . . . P " Age of. wlien admitted to College. P
Study, Cour.se of . . p
, " . " inOnt. Ag. Coll.. ...'.'.■.■■ P
Studies, V eterinary p
" in farming and stock-raising P
Stumps, Burning of K
Stylish road horses, " C(Bur de Lions "' and
" St. Lawrences ". K
" and fast horses. How to produce. . . K St.Catharines,_Mambrino(Patchen) horses at K
63
r>
5
7
4
60
11
12
68
89
9
27
;. Lawrence horses K, 7, 2(5 89
" " Breed of, to be en-
couraged K
" " Origin of, descendants of K
St. Jidion, trotter, " Volunteer " the sire of K
' ' St. Patrick " horse, tn)tter K
Succe Sutfo
28 26 90 34
ccessful bleeding. Affinity in K, 9, 16
tfolk Punch horses K, t!3, 77, 91,'9b', 98
•' and Clyde horses, Merits of K, 77, 91
" Iiorses, Crossing of, carriasre horses
assing of, carriage horses
o,- . ^ . from, pice K, 78, 84
buhjects, Jjist of, for Agricultural experi- ments p
Suggestions by Professor Brown '. P
by Mr. William Johnst'.n . . , .' 1
Sunshine, Kffect of, on crops , Q
" -\mount of (^
Supervision of students | p
Suggestions as to Ontario Stock Register " ' K '' " " Agricul. Societies K
buranipr, Pasture for horses in K
Sumiiipr salt for curing, Superior M
Sumnip.1 \ , Canada as a breeding country . . (v
Sunday salt, used for packing fish M
Supply of Canadian horses K. 4i
Supply of water for animals necessary .... K
76 82 72 11 12 13 38 67 54 16 37 11 H '>7
Superphosphates, Letter from late Hon. Geo.
„ , , Brown on. N 1<»
Sui)erpho8phates Letter from W. Whitelaw
on J^ jg
,',' Analysis of.byProf.iieys N 2«
from Buffalo N i^i
Suiierphosphates, Gypsum, etc., N, 14, 17
18,22,23 25 .' 2«
,, . , works in Brockville N 94
Suspension of the Pool Bill urged K 70
Surveying and Measuring. . . . . . .'.'. p J.
Switzerland, Agricultural Education in " P M System of Agricultural Education taught in Ontario College, what it should be P
System of agricultural accounts p
Symptoms of tuberculosis '.'..'.'.. K
" of glanders " ' ^
System of horses. Nervous ......... K
of breeding fowls . .',' l
Syracuse or Onondaga salt ',[','[ m
Table of rainfall from 1843 to 1871 Q
,'! ?hewing depth of snow in each month Q illustrating temperature at Newmar- ket Q
Tax on travelling stallions .'.'.'.'..'.'. k
Telfer, Andrew,Evidence of,a8 to fertilizers N Telegraphs wanted in Sault Ste. Marie Dia-
47 83 81 82 31 5 14
4 6
21
60
«
trict.
SI
Terms
Temperature of brick barns K
Temperatures, highest and lowest .... " O leinperaturein the Western States . ...'.' Q
of crops ... O
Effects of on spring and fall
wheat Q
of the soil Q
( )bservations on the .' Q
'' of soil in summer Q
and cereals q
Mean comparison of ' ' Q
at Fitzroy Harbour Q
lis of admission to Ontario Agricultural
('oUege p
Text Book, Agricultural, in Public Schools P
books wanted p
" books for (!anada. List of'. ...... .... p
Tennessee, stock improvement, sheep, Ex-
emptions in K 14 47
Testing Canadian salt ' ' m ' jJ
Theory of breeding horses K
Theory ofj^rof. Liebig , .' .' j,}-
..'.'.'.' M
, ■ . , History of. . K and Hambletonians, Cleve-
land Bays K, 8, 98
horses. Utilizing of . . K, 28, 69
,, , " , a»d pacing element .K, 32, 49
^^ breeders to be encouraged. . . K 39
liorses, Crossing of, witli
Canadian K
"^ horses. Speed from K
mares. No increase in, not for
harness K
breeding, no encouragement,
noprofit K,70,71,84
horses, Price of, blood essen-
of .John Forbes,
,, Woodstock K
" of Burgess Bros. &
Boyle, Woodstock K "of Sheriff Powell,
„ Ottawa K 88
cattle. Tuberculosis in K 80
Three-year-old colts. Value of K 60
Thujider storms, noted Q 16
Time to sow Gypsum N, 4 13
W
5.S
6
«
8
J.u<-uijr 1,1 i r|)I. ijieUlg ,
Thistles, How to get rid of
Thoroughbred horses, J^nglisli,
8 8 8 8 16 19 5
5
50 81 81
3 13
37
t;
61 61
70
88 ,S8
INDEX TO VOL V.
XV.
1!)
|
N |
1» |
|
N |
2« |
|
N |
23 |
|
2« |
|
|
N |
24 |
|
K |
70 |
|
P |
It |
|
P |
22 |
|
P |
47 |
|
P |
83 |
|
K |
81 |
|
K |
82 |
|
K |
31 |
|
L |
S |
|
K |
53 |
|
Q |
o |
|
Q |
« |
|
« |
8 |
|
Q |
8 |
|
Q |
8 |
|
Q |
8 |
|
Q. |
8 |
|
Q. |
Itt |
|
Q. |
19 |
|
y |
S |
|
P |
5 |
|
P |
50 |
|
P |
81 |
|
P |
81 |
|
:, 14 |
47 |
|
M |
11 |
|
K |
3 |
|
N |
13 |
,S8
88 80
m
16
App. Pi»KP.
Timber in the Assiginac I ■ uHriot SI 11
" Stuck of at Sault Ste. Marie . , . . SI 14
Tipjioo anel Koy .1 (ieorge horses K 5
Tobacco, Eviilence as to cultivation of (), 4
Tobacco (Uiltuie not profitable in County of
KHsex S4 6
Township nieteoroI'MTical reports Q 12
Tookey, .Fas., KviUuiice I)y, relating to Mu
koka and Parry Sound I{2 6
Trade in horses ' 'onducting export K 72
Traditioi and (i igin of Canadian pacers . . . K 24
Travelling stallions, Mongrel K 69
Treatment, of colts K, 12, 48, 76
Ti "atmcHt of hoi sea and cattle K 80
Treatment of Gypsum N 11
Treatin;,' salt M 13
Tree ginu ing, Methoil of, in Sault Ste. Marie SI 14
Tree pedlars, fraudulent SI 15
Trade in sheep with England S2 4
Trees, Importance (if, for shade K 55
Trotting Kegister, ' Wallace's K 11
Trotting and pacing movements inter- changeable K 24
" Ih'rse, Cl.'ar Orit asa K 34
" horses,AMiiual exhibition of ... . K 50 " Thoroughbred blood essen- tial to K, 71, 72
,, " " Breeding K, 84, ^9
J'routen, Wm., Evidence relating to Mus-
koka and I'lrry Sound District R2 20
Tuberculosis in animals not contagioits . . K 81 " hereditary, precautions, symp- toms K 81
" 1 rly stages, Detection of. K 81
" jitect of, (m meat K. 81
a disipialification for breeding K 81
" similar to consHni])tion . K 82
Tumlin, (i. C, Evidence of, as to horses. . . K 40
Tiirf, Wagering on the K 70
Tiirnips, (Jypsum and salt for \ 13
Tying young hor.ses K "d
United States, Agricultural Education in .. V 29
'■ Decline of demand in, for horsesK 51
" " Tobacco growing in () 4
Unleached ashes. Use of N 14
Use of inferior stallions K 10
" of i)uie-bre(l Clydesdale horses K, 43, 66,67
" of good stallions K, 64, 67
" of salt by farmers M, 25, 30
" of (Jypsum (m a farm for 50 years X 16
Useful to clip horses in the sjiring K 27
Il^tilizing tlioroughlired stock K 28
Utility and speed in horses coml)ined .... K 46
Vahie of good hunting horses K 96
" of Messenger horse ... K 20
" of colts at three years K 60
" of dilfereiit l)reed8 of horses K iW
of Phosphates N. 18, 27
Valuable breeds of horses, How to found . . K 92 Vance, Mr., of East Zorra, Clydesdale
horses of K 88
Vaiious bri'eds of horses discussed K 4
Variations in rainfall ^ ;\
Variation i>f temiierature withdlHferentcrops Q 8
Varieties of and market for salt M 5
" (}ypsnm N 9
" biians O 5
Veterinary authority on breeding horses,
inspection E, 82, 90, 91
Veterinary Studies P 11
Views as to 1 ireeding trotters K 89
" Volunteer " the sire of St. Julien K 90
Wagering on tlie turf Iv 70
Wallace's Trotting Hegistor K 11
Walker, Hiram, Evidence of, as to horses . K 2
App. Page.
- X 79
" -Wairior," Descent of K 6
Waste of manure N 31
Water, Cood, indispensable for horses. .K, 52, 57, 83
Water, Effect on climate of large bodies of Q 5 Wattle,,! ohn, Evidence by, relating to Mus-
koka I )istrict Ji2 10
Weather,Effectsof,on agriculture.'..'.'.'.'.'.'! Q 7
probabilities '. . Q 10
and crop rejmrt, wanted Q U
Weamng and feeding colts K, 60, 76, 8«
Weather, hot, Kffects of, on fowls L 12
\V oeds on farm. How to get rid of. K 58
Wells Bros., of Aurora, "Erin Chief " of'.'. K 90
Weight carrying, hunting horses . . . : K 17
W eighted shoes for horses K "54
Weight and speed of C.)ach or Park horse ' K ' 8
Western and Southern States, Horses in . K 58 Western Canada, Breeders of Clyilestlale
horses in x 90
Wheat, spring. Effects of salt "oii . . . .' M 26
" fall, " " ]V£ ;{0
" fall, Effects of plaster on N, 3, 6
,' spring " " j^ 23
growing in Muskoka District Kl 16
'j growing in Manitoulin Island ..SI 5
'.' '■''"■plus of, in the County of Essex S4 2
\\ liiteley's, George, iiorse " Clear Grit". . . K ,33
\\ hite, .lohn, of Milton, Racing stud of ... K 88
Whitelaw, W., Letter from, (m Suiierphos-
jihates . j^ j(j
Williams. W. H., p:vidence of, as to lior.se.s, K 87 Wilson, ].)avid D., Evidence of, as to poultry,
etc j^ 20
Wilson, .J.as., Evidence by, relating to Mus- koka and Parry Sound District R2 2*!
Wilcox, William, Evidence by, relating to
Muskoka and Parry .Sound District... R2 44 Winter, .Tohn, Evidence by, relating to
Muskoka and Parry Sound District.. . R2 15
Wind, Directions of the Q 9
Winner of the First Derby " Diomed "' . .'.'. K 77
Wintering fowl £, 5
Winter, Feeding colts the first ... . . K 49
Winter laying fowl £, 9
Winter made siilt ' M 6
Wiser, J. P., M. P., Evidence of, asto horses K 42
" " Farm of, at Prescott K 87
Woodriff, George, Tietter frcmi, on Super- phosphates jsf X9
Woodstock, Thoroughbred mares of J.Forbes K 88 " "of Burgess Bros. &
,.r , ., Boyle... K 88
Woods, Economic, in the County of Essex. S4 4
Women at Agricultural Colleges P 1,3
W(n'kers, Clyde horses as K 8
Working breeding mares K, 1,3, 41, 76
" of Clydesdale horses K '48
Worms on tobacco. How to get rid of O 4
Worthy of exi)eriment. Polled Angus breed K ■ 51
Yard, Ibick on the Rysdyk stock farm. . .K, 55, 56
Year, Number of services in K 77
Young stallions K 45
" colts, Exercise for K ,54
" horses, lixportation of K 65
" mares. No difficulty with K 76
Young horses. Tying of K 76
Yonatt, Opinion of, on breeding horses K 91
Yield per acre of beans O 5
Zorra, I'last, Clydesdale horses of Mr. Vance at K 88
XVI.
ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COMMISSION.
INDEX TO PLATES.
Al>|.. I'liKc.
R.VHdyk's " Hambletonain " K a
Thomas Jeflferaon, a lioyal (leori/e Horse,
Record 2.23 'k C
Cleveland Day Horse K 8
Coach or Park Horse K tt
Clydesdale Horse K 14
English Hunter Horse ' ] . K 17
" Mambrino " Horse, sire of Messenger . . K 20
Lexington " Horse ', K 22
Rysdyk " Horse K '''^
" Phil Hheridan " Horse ... .. K 25
" Boston " Horse K 28
" Clear IJrit " Horse ] K 33
Dapple (Jrey Cart n)are .' K 40
Belgian Draught Horsa K 40
"Chestnut Hill" Horse, Record 2. 22.... K 42
" Wni. B. Smith " Horse ... K 40
"Maud S," Record 2.10:^ , K 47
Saddle and Hunting Field Horses K 61
Percheron Horse K 02
Aralj Horse K 68
Suffolk Punch Horse [ K 77
" Nina, " Boston's last daughter K 92
White Cochin Fowls L 3
White Leghorns L 4
Light Bralunas L 4
Dark Brahmas , . L ,5
Black Spanish Fowl L 6
Buff Cochin Fowl [ L 7
Dorking Fowl . . ' L 8
Plymouth Rocks '.'.'..... L 10
Rouen Duclcs [ L 10
Brown Leghorns '...'.'. L 11
Game Fowls . I, 11
White-Cre' ted Black Polan i Fowl ..'..'.'..'. L 11
Prize Turkey L n
Game Bantams ; L 13
/
|
Alip. |
I'Utff. |
|
.. K |
62 |
|
K |
68 |
|
.... K |
77 |
|
... K |
92 |
|
.... L |
3 |
|
, .. L |
4 |
|
.... L |
4 |
|
.... L |
5 |
|
.... L |
6 |
|
.... L |
7 |
|
. .. L |
8 |
|
. .. L |
10 |
|
.... L |
10 |
|
.. . L |
11 |
|
.... L |
11 |
|
.. L |
11 |
|
.... L |
11 |
|
.... L |
13 |
/