IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // /. C/a 1.0 I.I 11.25 If: IM M ■- 1 2.0 .8 U ill 1.6 'e). '%<>/ %'" ^y^^ ior^^i^y. nl- _x !_• riiuiu^xipiiic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. M580 (716) 872-4503 f/j CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and aibliog^aphic Notes/Notes tachniqu«s et bibliographiquas The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged/ Couverture endommag^e Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaur^e et/ou pelliculde Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Cartes giographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Relii avec d'autres documents D n D Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ Lareliure serree peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge interieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ 11 se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutdes lors dune restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela itait possible, ces pages n'ont pas iti film^es. Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppldmentaires: L'Institut a microfilme le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a eti possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la m^thode normale de filmage sont indiqu^s ci-dessous. I Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommag^es Pages restored and/oi Pages restaurees et/ou pellicul4es I I Pages damaged/ J I Pages restored and/or laminated/ E Pages discoloureo. stained or foxed/ Pages ddcolorees, tachet6es ou piquees □Pages detached/ Pages detachees BShowthrough/ Transpa.^ence □ Quality of print varies/ Quality inigale de {'impression □ Includes supplementary material/ Comprend du materiel supplementaire □ Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible D Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partieliement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure. etc.. cnt 6t6 filmdes d nouveau de facon a obtenir la meilleure image possible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux de reduction indiqud ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 12X 16X 20X 26X 30X y 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Seminary of Quebec Library The images appearing here are the b«st quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last pai,e with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — ^- (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, pistes, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: L'exemplaire ^ilmd fut reproduit grdce d la g6n6rosit6 de: S^minaire de Quebec Bibliothdque Les images suivantss ont 6x6 reprodui^es avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettet« de l'exemplaire film*, et en conformity avec ies conditions du contrat do filmage. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimie sont filmds en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernidre page qui comporto une empreinte d'impression ou d'Hhistration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film6s en commenpant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le CEs: le symbole — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V slgnifie "FJN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film^s d des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul nlichd, il est filmd d partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant Id nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 < , / ' / '' fff -■ ii^" '■■-:>i?^J rJ-^--y t / ' / Bittto*'^'"^; ae 0^'°*''' ^ sfe^^r vy'^^^**' de THE BREEDING BJSHH'^lDA OF HORSES FOR ARMY USE HY J. G. RUTIIERFORJ3 Chiel" Vc'tci'iuai'y Iiisix ctor ai 'A THE BREEDING IN CANADA OF HORSES FOR ARMY USE. While the sui)ply of horses suitable for military use has always, even in times of peace, been a serious ([uestion, the experience of our South African" troubles hasgi\en it an importance altogether new and somewhat startling. It has now been clearly shown that troops under modern conditions of warfaiv must be able to move rapidly from place to place, and that the mounted sokjicr has thus an immen.se advantage over the less mobile infantry man. This development has led to the purchase by the British Government, during the present cam[)aign, of a very much larger number" of horses than would otherwise have been re(iuired. Nor has the le.sson been learned by Britain alone ; all military nations have been closely watching the operations in South Africa, and there is no "room for doubt, that the general demand for hor.ses suitable for army j)urpo.;es will be much greater in the future than in the past. Of the horses purchast'd for use in Africa the Dominion has by no means furnished her fair share, although in addition to those taken by our own contingents, a considerable number have been picked up in Eastern Canada by Lt.-Col. Dent of the Remount J)epartment of the British Army. It is not, however, an easy matter at present to obtain in this c(nintry any large number of horses altogether suitable for army u.se. No encouragement to produce them has. until very recently, been shown to breeders, and there being no very active home demand for any but the very best of the sorts now asked for, they have not been bred to anything like tlie e.xtent of which the country is ca})able. After the visit of Colonel Havenhill in 1887 the western I'anchers, in expectation of a nuirket, went to much ti'ouble and ex- pense in securing and importing suital)le foundatioTi stock, and as a result were success- ful in producing many first class ca\alry horses. As however, bevond a limited num- ber taken l)y the N'orth-wcst Mounted Polici- and a few by foreign "buyers, there was no sale for them as such, the l)reeders have largely turned "their attention to other and, under the circumstances, more profitable lines of stock. The natural conditions in Canada are, it need hardly be said, most favourable for the production «)f the animals wanted, while in the vvtrn't of serious international dis- ti;rl)ance Canadian horses would always be available for Imperial use while it might he impossible to procure them in foreign "countries. Again, through the medium of our great tran.s-continental railway they could be shipped from either Atlantic or Pi.citii- ports to any part of the v.orkl v.liere they might be rcMpiired. Tn \ iew (jf the strong probability that the demand hitherto lacking will in the future be such as to warrant the breeding in fair numbers of the hor.ses needed for military use, a brief description of those now beiiig sought for and purchased l)v the agents of the liritish war office, and a few hints as to how they may l)e produced," will not be out of place. They are of three fairly distinct types as re(iuired for artillery, cavalry and mounted infantry. .Vt the Canadian horse show held in Toionto in April, lyOO, the Dominion GoNcrnment gave special prizes for each of these classes, ami as Lt.-Col. Dent, the Fni|irriiil rciiiniiiit ollircr dctjiilrd til inifi'liii'sr ill ('jiiimla. was uuc nf the .jiirli;' ', tliiis iiKikiii.i,' till' scli'ctiniis aiitliniitati\c, a dcscriiit ion nf cacii first |>iizt' animal, '^ jirtlnT with its nit'asnrt'iiicnts, will iu- apiicndcd tn tin- u'^'ncral list of n'i|iiircmt'iits in all tlii't'i" dis isiiins. 'iiiK .\i!'i'iiJj;i!V ii()i{si:. 'I'lif ui'filli'iy li'Tsf askt'd t'lT Uy ihr iiriiiy Ikiv'T is icnily a snmrt. actixi' van >i' ('X|irt'ss lioi'sf (Ml short li';,'s. with jilrntv ot' lionc ami siilistaiu'r and cnniii,'!! i|iiality to I'lrsui'c staving powci' in t'airlv fast woi'i<. Ili' should stand tVoin loi' to jli hands, sv»'ij,di not less than l,.'l(i(l lbs., and nifasnic at icasi S inchi's liclosv tin' kiifc and 7"-' inches in ;;irth. ( 'oiisidrrahli' \aria1 icai sii tvjii' is |)t'iniissil)lc, the work of the hoisi- artiMcrv dcinandinn greater speed and theret'ore more warm hlood than are necessary for ordinary Held artillery, while in all hatteries jiidpeily horsed, the lead and centre pairs are sli;,'htly taller and inoi'e raiiiry than the wheelers, the latter I'eiiiiirinj,' ^reatei' stren.iith and snhstance. 'l"he (list juize entry at 'l"(Monto last sjirinu was of the lighter sort, heiiii,' in fact the |)iire-l)red lla<'kney mare ' Cassaiidia.' She stood I (> hands, weighed l,."i'J") Ihs. and i;irtlied 7<> inches. Slii' measured .'^ | inches lielow the knee and '2()\ inches naiiid the arm : fnaii crest to witiii'is .'{(1 inches, withers to croup L'!) inches, croup to tail, an impiatant point in all military horses, lit inches. .Mthouirh in this jiarticular instance the pri/.e went to a Hackney, it does not, hy any means follow tliat guu lioi'ses should lie either wholly or pai'tly of that hreed. Tiiey may he olitained liy the judicious ij.se of the 'I'horou^hhred horse on mares of si/e, substance and actio'i, or by stinting good half-bred or strong roadster mares to a biggish Ifackney or breedy coach sir(>. So long as they show suthcient (piality ti ensure acti\ityanii endiiranceand at the .same time meet the r"i|uirements as to size and ubstaiici' the ipiestioiHif pedigi'ee is of swondarv imjioi'tance. THE C'A\ Ald{V H(Jl{SE. Tlie cavah'V horse is of a somev. hat ditt'erent type, anil one at present too ran- in Canada, owing to the preference shown bv many light luase l)reeders tor the American trotting sire, an a-iimal ]io.ssessing but fev. of the ipialities and characteristics of the riding horse. Colonel liaxt'iihill in his report savs: • A malformation in the Canadian horses which might adxantaiieouslv be lironght to the notice of breeders is that their (piarters are short and verv droopint;, a serious defect in a military hors(>. Indeed we had to I'eject as unsuital)le a consiilerabh- pi'ojioition on this account : this is not laily a great dissight, but where a mounted soldier has to carry a kit on his horse's back it amounts to an insuperable objection : it has arisen from the too e\tensi\c use of the American trottei' for stud |)urposes, this defect being very appareit in that horse. 'I'his is an additional reason for the more continuous introduction of the English 'rhoroughi)red, or such horses which are \ery straight in their backs and ((uarters, with tail s(>t on high.' To get good ca\alrv horses the 'I'horoughbred sire is almost indispensable, as in no other wav can the lengthv rein, slojiing shoulder, deep chest, strong loin and long ipuirter so iiecessar\- in this class, be ol)tained with any certainty or regularity. Freedom of moNcment is essential, but high action and great trotting speed are neither reiniired nor wanted. Horses of this class should stand not less than lol ma' more than I •") ■ •'>, and should measure at least S inches below the knee and 70 inches in girth. The first jai/.e at 'ror(aito was taken liv a brown gelding named "(ieneral said to l)e bv a Thoroughbred horse. He was a remarkable well [)i()porti(aied weight carrier of considerable length and great substance. His measuri'meiits were as follow s : height I ")•.■>, cannon bone S inches, arm "_' I iiK'hes, crest to withers .'57 inciies, withei's to croup •S.'i inches, crouji to tail 10 inches, girth 71 inches. HiM'ses of this stamj) can best be procured livtlii' use of seh'cted 'l'liia'oughl)red sires on strong half bred mares, nn the hotter class of roadster mares, or on mares from Hac'knev or Coach sires, provided the,' show some iilood and i|uality. < hi mares haxing 'J. a piTiin; Icnincc af •.v.iini hloud nr (linsi- Hliowiiiij .my ii. liimtinn to wctMlincsH, ii yimd lliukiicy ImiMc miylit l>" ail\aMtiiji;i'()uslv used TMK MorNTKI) (Nl'ANTHY IIOIJSK. 'I'll!' iiinimtcd infant I'v Iidist' t'm' which hucIi an iinprfccdciitt-d dmnand liiis icct-ntly arisen and wiiicii is likely to he even rnnre sim^lit ai'fei' if present wai' conditions cintimie to prevail, is a snialli;' and chcapiT animal llian either of those already desciilr.'d. lie is in fact a coh, a stron;,' pony on short ](■;{«, with as much (|uaiitv as can consistently l)e looked for in conjimetion with the siihstanee rcniiir '. 'o c,(r!v ati armed man. lie must have ,i fair shoidder arid a yood l:;ck, lie deep throiii;li the heart and stand si]iiarel\ on ;,'ooi| le;;s well furnished with hone. In height he may he from 'M to mi, hut !i-;t is the favourite standard with Lt. Col. l)ent. Strenj,'th is the enat desideratum hut a reasonahle amount of activity is iiKiispensahle. The little hoi'se • Hero" which look first prize in 'roroiitc siood I.')-], incasurefi 7:| inches i)e|ow the knee and l!»J, rounti the arm ; from erest to withers lie was .'U inches, withers to cnaip I'T inches. cr(aip to tail IT) inches. He j,nrthc(] T-i inches and as the ineiusur-emeMts show, was an excellent type of the weii.'ht carrvinu' coli. Such horses can he ohtained hy a stout 'riioroiij^dilired sin frmn Krer.eh Canadian or otiier stroiii,' pony mares, or hy the judicious use of the liaek'iey horse on the smaller roadsters and on tlios, little mares too common in Caiuida, resulting,' fi'om the ill advised use of the raciiii,' or rather sprinting,' type of 'rhoroui;hlired on li',dit iiiares of trottin-i hlood or othei' mixed hreedinj;, ( i KN K < . \ 1 H VAiVl |{ IvM KN'I'S. Ill times of peace no horses are hou'dit at less tiian four nor more thiin seve.) v(>ars ol.l. As regards colour, !)ays, hrowns, <'hesliuits and hlaeks are preferrcl : a few i,'rays are rccpiired for special corps, hut odd coloured horses are not wanted. No unsound or seriously hlemished lior.se will he taken ; tli<> veterinary examination is fairly s . let hut is also strictly fair. I'n docked horses are ]ir<'ferred and no horse with a very .short docked tai! will he takcfi. In time of war, however, when the demand, as a rule, exceeds the availiihle su])plv, purchasing oliicers overlook many minor defects, provided the animals oll'ered are .sound and serviceal)le, while conformini,' generally to the re(|uirements of the service. ADVICK TO HliHKDKIJS. Jireeders on the Western ranges will, no doubt, find it i)roHtal)le from this time forward, to devote considerahle attention to the ])roducti(m of hor.ses (>speciallv adapt( .1 for military use. In the other portions of tlii' homiiiion the supply cf such horses can he enoriuousiv increased with hut little extra ellort or expense on tl'ie part of the lireeder. Immense numbers of lij,dit horses and ponies are annually bred in Canada of which, many when thrown are. owini,r to their iion-descriiit character, of but little \alue. If the breeders of these animals would send their lii,'liter mares to pure bred stallions, of the I'aitish breeds, intellif,'eiitly selected with a view to the jiroducticm of a delinite type of militarv horse, r vast improvement in our clean letrL'ed stock would speedilv manifest itself. ■ ■ Hi.uh ]irices would then as now be ea.sily obtainable for really sunerior animals; most of the otiier.s would find ready sale foi' an-iy use as wel! as for other purposes. while the misfits and object le.ssons would be less numerous and, exc!']»t bv ciiiiiiarison, not less valuable, than they are at prcserd. .1. a. lU'TirEin-oKi).