IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /. .// .V :^ y 6 ■^. 1.0 I.I 1.25 If I4& 1.4 [Z2 M 16 V] <^ //, ^> c^: .r ^? ^ ,^

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Tous las autras exemplairas originaux sont fllmte en commenpant par la premiere page qui comporte uite empreinte d'impreasion ou d'iilustration et en terminant par la darnlAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un dee symbolaa suivants apparattra sur la darnlAre image da cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols ^^ signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbols V signifie "FIN ". Les cartas, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre fiimAa A dee taux da rAduction diffArents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA, 11 est filmA A partir da I'angle supArieur gauche, de gaucha A droite, a>4 de haut en bas, en prenant la nombre d'images nAcessaira. Lea diagrammea suivants illustrent la mAthoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 S 6 ■§m A (Reprinted from Thb Canadian Record op Soience, Vol, ITI., No. 1, 1888.) The Distribution and Physical, and Past-Geo- logical Relations of British North American Plants. By A. T. Drummond. {Conclusion.) In illustrating the groups into which the flora of the Dominion may thus be divided, lengthy lists of plants will be avoided. Sufficient examples will be given under each division to show the distinctiveness of the group. It has, however, to be borne in mind that new facts in distribution are always coming to light. The explorations of the coun- try between Lake Superior and the Pacific Coast are, com- paratively speaking, recent and limited, and in coming years, with fuller knowledge of the range of each species there, it will be pijssible to speak with more confidence of, and to group moi-e accurately, the flora of the western half of the continent. At present, in tho case of too many species, we have only general locations given, covering a wide stretch of country. Canadian Record of Science. CANADIAN (IROUP. There aro no lomporato pliintn in Ciinaid itH death wiien, aHor ripening itH Beode, it witherM at»d di-oayH. Similarly, each Hpocion has had its lu'ginning, in pant ages, in the dovolopment and pormnnoncy of a well dcttnod variety ibrmod from an already exi^^ting HpccieH. This now Hpocies, thus formed, wouM, in the course of downward geological time, roach its highoHt stage of oxistonco a» a specioM,— its period of most active growth and of largest aroa of dic^trihution, when its ahility, under further now conditions, to give rise to fur- ther now species, is grcato-t. Finally, such species has, in after goologiciil time, its period of decline, when tho activity of its individuals is gradually lessoned and its aroa of distri- bution diminished, until extinction comes, leaving to tho pahcobotanist the duty of revealing ite story when ho dis- covers the remains in tho clay nodule or the hardened rock. Applying this idea, the older existing species, which are at their maximum of activity, would, with tho greater oppor- tunities which in time they had had, have naturally a wider rano-o, under the same set of circumstances, than those which were of more recent creation. Ot tiers, again, of the older species, would have passed their maximum of otiergy and, even though wide of range, would, in each passing century, become more rare, The species of newer creation would, on the other hand, bo gradually extending their range wherever circumstances of climate and situation admitted, but, from the shorter lapse of time, would have a more limited range than the older species. Thus, for illustration, Viola Sdkirkii, Pursh, being common to Europe and America, is probably one of the older species, but being now rare on this continent, may presently bo on the decline; Viola 6tom/rt, Wil Id., which is a frequent species of wiile range, is doubtless about its maximum of energy; whilst Vi'Aa hastata, Mx., which is uncommon, may be either a recently formed species, or an older species on the decline. The same idea can be equally well applied in the case of animals. /SiC^709 Cartidion Rerortt of Srienre, Forest (jRoui*. Tho Hpocios of thlM group ui»«, with f«w oxcopfions, HbnibH iuhI horhiueoiw pliintH. 'J hat in tho fur wosi ho many ol' ihcHo pliinlH avoid tho «)pcr> prairio,", is ai» illiisl ration .')f what might b« toini.cl a coinpftnionwhip which nature huM arrnngod botweon many of the fmallor formn of plant life and their towering congenerw, the trees, and which brings to light tho dopondonco of the former and tho protecting i itluonco of the latter. Amidst the groat MuHh of trees wl'.ich margin tho prairie, tho general toniperuturo is mcnli- l.ed, the j)lay of the Hun's "uyb on the ground is Iohs con- tinuous, the ground itK*>l" i:j nc.o moist, and the high, drying windic; h< , -vi.lc?. ire greatly .iiminished in torco. Whilst such smnilor reproHontativos of plant Pi"- fmd within the lino of fore .ts o blu.t's ui h cori'Ccin-il coj,ditions, they allord, as they die, is(/f.)e return to tho trees by.pi -ing with the trunks and 1 'u, e? * l^c t»-oep i> o -ricMrg ho doil by their decay. Tho group is illustrated by the folh)wliig: — Nuphar luttnim, Smith. Coryihilis nurea, VV'illd. Claytonia Vir^siiiica, L. Aeor spicatum, Lam. RliamnuH aliiifolir.a, L'Her. Pot^Mitilla tridentata, Sol. Ribes prostratum, r"ler. Cieuta bulbifera, L. Diervilla trifida, MomcU. Louicera ciliatu, Muhl. ViburnMm iiiuUim, fj. Erij^iTon biillidifoliuiu, Muhl. l)i[)]()pappiiH uinbollatus, Iluok. Gayluseacia resinosa, T. & G. Vacein m inacrocarpon, Ait. EpiiiH'ii re|)en9, Ij. Poly^^onnm oilinode, Mx. Populua tromnloides, Mx. A bit's balsaniea, Marsh. Larix Americana, Mx. Maritime Group. Ah I, several years ago, endeavoured to explain, the species of thiw group, which are presently found along the slioros of tho Great Lakes, and of saline ground farthoi- westward, are evidently tho romruints of a larger maritime flora which margined the coast in glacial or post-glacial times when the sea made great inroads over Eastern Canada. Their existence in their present positions far inland, may be an argument for the saltness of tho great interior seas o' these BnliiJi North American Plnnti. tlmoH, Imt i\\U (loo-* not nocoMMarily follow In tho absence of other inoin «liiocl tn'i"lon('o. Tho vory fu< t of thoir floiiiif»h- in^ now on tho fronh-wiitor luko «'oii«t» nIiowh how — no donht after a Movoro Htiugj^lo — thoy huvo, but in {f lho(rreat Lakes include the following: — Ranunrnhjs cyiiibiilariii, I'ursli. Kiipliorbia poiy^'onifolia, L. sj^i >V<*^^ Cakilu Auiuriciiiui, Ntitt Hndsonia oricoidos, L. II. toiuoiitcsu, Nutt. S{xjr»P "f" plantH Ik JIm- tiihutod, is praotiially liinitoianti« or« chuiuct. imM. ,,r tlim ^loiip;— Tilrlorlftnelmn tttttpifhrn, L AHliiiiriii 'riloltH, DiiMtil. N«luml»oiim Ititflum, Wlll.l. f'liryiliiliH iliiviiitt, Unf. Kdonyniiis Aim«ri(umw, I^. I*«)ly«iiltt intiiriiatii, L. AKriiiinniH pnrvlHoni, Alt. CorriiiH floridn, h. iiyMA luultidora^ \V»m. '«lnr Miortii. limit. holi.lai:., Kitl.lnllli, Kmnk. Corm.iwia triptflrux, I,. <:'jrunll* tliivu, I.. H) ouH plants. In Canada, many ..f these seem to bo limited in their westward course by the outlet of Lake Superior, ibou^'h in the United States thov ran^o more «n loss iiUtn^ the southern shores of that lake. Tho reason of this limit iu (Jan.'ida is readily understood when the rocky, hilly nature of the coutitry around tho northern coasts of Luke Superior und tho boroal churactor of tho climate there are considared. Tho rough nature of the country immediately to the westward of Lake Superior— boiiiLT succesHiotis for over three huadreU milea of rocky hills, swamps, und largo und British North Anirtiiun Piintt, # Itnnll Inkw t/lth thtfir coiuuM-ilnu; iiv«»i> —haN hiul, ii(>Utm'>ty ItM iufliioiuH" ill |iiniliiij< th« f« piovalwnt wiiuh an>l lh»' lowor ti'iupo.tUiiio inuHt ttUo httvo ihoii'ol'oci on \vo«twni'tl imi««. It ha-*. h.HVovt r, nUviiy^ n|i|)eiit-ul piuiri« tlivn, <)|' ih«< priilii uiou in u tliiiH'lioii uiwtii ly •Vom th'> llu I Kivur, hiin Itu-n n lumllnuf ciiUHO in cho«kiiij< th« liirthoi' woittwuttl oxtonHiJin of tho toii^urn ivaen, Hhiubn untl hoibuti'tm-. pIiintM ptoMt-ntly con- flrii"! to llm country to tho eawt rf ih«> Fiuko of th« \VmoiHl«'d tho ■ .<■ .iOK ^'I'ftdually cartiwuni, cai'-viti^' with tlioni the ('.OHtiuction not otily of tlio lietw, but of tho nntiu'rou«« Hniallor plants whicli uio di-poiidont on or infU'cncixi by tho vicitiity of lbn>8t iiroaK. .hoilior tlio wlmlo piairion huvo beoi! at ono time covored with foioHt, may bo opun to quoMtion, but, as I havi^ nhcady >h()\vii \>\ thin journal, thoro in a strong,' pr'>i>'d)iiity tjuit to loic-i firos. oonntantly recur- rii.^, may In* attril.utv-d tho ^'ladual fuhirgemont of tho prairij arou and tho formation of now pruirion within foront aioiw. Anotltcr visit to tho Ntu'thwost Tonitorios tho paHt BUinmor, has only cotihi motl ihi- ojiinion. !• may looltjectod tliat vv(M-o tliis tlio caso, tlit lUuiapM ano roots of tri'f.s ^ho".!-! Ijo tounil on tlio surfaco of tho paiirio. Timl thoy havo not boon more fiociuon'ly obsorvt<) i-* probuMy duo to fho rapid do'-ay — ono authority givoM four yours— of tho htumpn of tho poplar, tho almost univorwal troo of tho prairion and tho im:Tiediately Hunounding f'irc.«*ts. Tho Itriof list hercundor givon. cnumoralos spocios which raniro from tho Maritime I'roviiu'os or Lower St. Law- ronco to Lake Suporior on either side, or immediately woHt of it. It M merely in its relatioin in Canada that tho name at. Lawrence is uppKv J to ihe group. 10 Canadian Record of Science. Acer Pennsylvanionrn. L. Acer Siicclinrimiin, Wang. A. r II brum, L. WuIdHteinia fragnirioidos, Tratt. iMlil^arda r«!>ens, L. Riibiis villosiis, Ait. Arulia racomiwu, L. Vihnrnuin iantanoides, Mx. CeplialanthuH orcidontalis, L. FraxiniiH sambi'oifolia, Lam. Qiior(!ii8 rubra, L. Q. all)a, I.. Vaam ferrutrinoa, Ait. Betida liitoa, Mx. Pinus strohus, L. r. rt'sinosa, Ait. Abies ( 'auadensiN, Mx. Arisicina triphylluiii, Torr. BoiiFAL Group. The localities and thei,- .un-ounding.s vvh<..e the .specie. or tins g,oup are found, sutlicion.ly account for thoi • pre- cnc.now,luM-o. In .•cganl to some which occur .Zd tion th.ther to the .amo nnccos^ion of circurnstan^-eH which gavcnseto the small colony of sub-arctic plants mle or less assocuttcd with them there, and to whicl. allLron wi I be made when referring to the sub-arctic Illustrations of this group are :— gioup. Anemone parvifiora, Mx. Sa^ina nodosa, Mey. Oxytropis oani])estris, D. C- Iledysarum boreale, Nntt. I'arnassia palustris, L. Cornu.s sueoioa, L. Viburnum paucifloruni, Py Aster graminifolius, I'sb. Tanaoetum Huronense, Nutt. Artemisia borealis, Pallas. Arnica Cba-.nissitnis, Less. Lobelia Dortmanna, L. Pin.Lruicula vul,'alli, L. Polygonum viviparum, L. Pinus Banksiaiia, L. ONT..Rro Group. Tl,e »pe..i„.s ,.oli,,.;,U„ „ ||,i, g,o„p, „„,, ,„„,, „^ ^| ae o„„„a ,„ On,,„.i„, huvo, i„ «,.„„,,„, i„ t|,„ ,7„ ^ f lV°r '■'■'"" "'«'°"'^«- '•'"«'-'' to mJnZ' Ontn i„ T """"'■^■'l'. ^'-""h ^^"""t .U.nar ,„ that „f On a ,„. They occur clncliy west of tl.e Appalachian chain coa, „ i:"' ,?"""■ '" "•™" "■»•" "•» f"'-' l-ds of Wi : British North American Plan fa. 11 The following Hpecios HutHcioiitly iiidiciito tho group: — Viulti nistrata, I'lusli. Coiicpholis Ainoricana, Wiill. Ceanotluihi oviilis, Bij^ol. I'entstemon ptiheacens, Sol. Stapliyllea trifolia, L. Lophantlius no{)etoiile8, Boiuli. Desmoiliuin (UiHpidutum.T. &. O. (iBiitiaiia uUni, Mulil. Lespedoza lilrta, Ell. Aaclopiaa phytolawoides, rursh. Aster ericoides, L. Montolia taiuaiiiMcina, Gr. LoVjelia Byphilitica, L. i'liytolivcca dt L-andra, L. Vacoinium stamii " 'I'" ™»t abundance of the Of tl • " '■" "" '""■"» "'■ "'■» "'•"-■. •"■<' "■""•o^'I'le. el,™,,-, I "; r "'■ """' "" '^t'otoW^-'., both in their ut " T ""•'■"""" «°">'''"»'i°-. «'»- i» ..o question, hut ,1,,. ,„,,„e„ee ,„ Ontario an,l (Juebeo i, chiefly observa^ e when coasalering l„eal flo.-as. G^vel nL. o a ^N'etch of «u„i ,vlll be found fVcjuented o,- desert °d,s the -0 n,ay be. by certain plant, but the cau»e» wl el, dt mla, res,, ,H l,e,e and ti,ere ove,- vast „ect on». Other and dirrf •,";""" ^'"""— '--b-, „,■ afte,.wa,*, ,„ixed countt'v f ': T ,f f '".'"'"^•'"« very b,.oad a,ea, of the of he r„ ' ""' ",'■" "'°"'' '" ""^ f"""^ 'o *e exelusio,^ over ^, ..„ ™°? °'''°'"""'''- O"-"'- "'fl"«™«» acting 0>e, gtcater areas have, thc-efo.-e, to be songht in Btudv- British Norik American Pltn/fs. 18 Ing distribution. There ajc, however, iliustrationB of H|»ocial, moi'o or leiss uniform soils in iho groat deponitH of l)lacl< vegetable mould forming thcHO newer Manitoba prairies, and poHbibly alno in the drift depoHits of the Mis- soui-i Coteau and other Kuch localities, and these may be, in conneetion, however, with assoeiated intluencos, found to have some offectH on the distribution of spoeies in those sections. It is unnecessary to individualize this well-known group by a list of species. Western Prairie Group. Some species associated in range with true western prairie plants, appear to extend to the foothills of the Rockies, and even in individual cases climb the Itockics themselves. More information is needed with regard to the limits of this group. The following, however, in our present knowledge of their range, illustrate it : — Cleome integrifolia, T. & G. Arenaria conjjesta, Cham. Malvastrtiiii ooccineuni, Gray. Linum rigidiim, I'sh. Paronychia sessiliflora, Nutt. Rhus trilobata, Nutt. Lupinus Kingii, Watson. Astragalus kentrophyta, Gray. Potentilla fastigiata, Nutt. Heucliera parvi flora, Nutt. (I'.nothera cicspitosa, Nutt. UOnothera triloba, Nutt. Centunculus niiniuiua, L. Phintago pr.silla, Nutt. Heliotropiuni curassavicum, L. Polygonum imbricsAum, Nutt. Western Central Group. The distribution of the members of this gi-oup from the Pacific Coast or the interior of British Columbia eastward towards or into Manitoba, is peculiar, but will be probably found to foll(»w to some extent, the linos of mean tempera- ture. The few species which '>ccur in the Northern United States east of the Mississippi, have a genei'al northwestward range. As more is known of the Hoi a of the Saskatchewan and Peace Eiver countries, tbo northern limits of distribu- tion of many of the species of this group will, I think, be found to nearly parallel, as some do now, the trends of 14 Canaf/ian Rerard of Sn'enre. mojin tomporttuiT as thoy, in a noitliwcHtwuid cKioclion, cross tho contj.iont. OHioiih a^min rmiy tind the dry prairios cast of tho Rockicw and the dry inti-rior plateaus of British Coianihia o<|ually congenial. Much more information \h, howovi'r, yot needed. Tho j)lantH heroindor, are oxanii)leH of the ^roiip: Myosnni.s ari.status, Bentli. V»wi( nriu (-iidoviciana, D. ('. Sileno iMonziesii, Hook. AHtra^ruIiiH ah..rij,'imim, llicli, I'otcntillu Hippiana, Lehm. Crataojrn.s Doii^'lasii, Limil ,si.s villoaa, Nutt. Ilt'Iiniitlms anninis. L. Artemisia racuneuloides, Vnh. Tniximon glaucnni, Xiitt. Aiidn.sace otridontalia, Pursh. (■omandra pallida, D. C. Euphorbia sorpyllifolia, Pas. Rocky Mountain Guoui'. F'urthcr enquiry into tho range, as well oantward of the mountains, as in British C'olamina, of tho spocios presently reforable to this groiij), is needed before the group can bo definitely determined. Some of the plants specially refer- able to it can bo classed as boioal, and arc known, to the noi-thward, to fringe outward beyond the mountains into the Mackenzie River district, and even towards the coast. There are also some alpine plants, entirely confined in Canada to the Rocky Mountains, aiMi there are others- arctic species— which, whilst thoy have a considerable range nlong the arctic coasts between Hudson Bay and Alaska, seem to use the mountains as a ridge along tlie higher sum- mits of which they o.\tend into latitudes far to the south- ward. The following plants presently exemplify tho group, in so liir as their range is presently known :~ Clematis Dougla;^;]], Hook. Aqiiilegia flavescens, Wats. Lyciiiiis elata, Watson. Agtrajzalns <.'labriuscula, Gr. Oxytropis viscida, Nutt. Eosa Fondleri, Crepin. Parnassia fimbriata, Kcrni";. Bupleurum ranuuculoides, L. Cymopterus terebrintlins, T. & G. Musenium teuuifolium, Nutt. Brickellia grandiflora, Nutt. Erijieron bellidiastrum, Nutt. Cniciis eriocei)liaiu8, Gray. C. foliosus, Gray. C. Hookerianus, Gray. Populus angustifolia, James. Brifish Norlh Amnrimt/ Plants. 15 British Columbia Flora. Excluding the sodgen iiiiil <^raHH(«,s, thoro arn over four hundred Npocios of plm'nogumoiis pliititn in HcitiHli Coluni- biu, which iico not known oiiHt of Iho Ilocky .Mr)iintiiinH. ThiH nunibor will hv c,on.sid(rad.)r coast, sends an otf-shoot of its waters throu-h the Straits of Belle Isle, and past Anticosti, up the northern side of the estuary of the St Lawrence. Meeting, as it proceeds upward, the warmer fresh waters of the river coming from the (Jreat Lukes abowe, this blanch current is diverted to the south coast of the estuary, where it appears as a stream, cold, but some- what warmer than on the north side, and, i.rocooding on- wa.-ds, tl.ially leaves the coast at Gaspe. The oHect of this cold current on the vogotation of the shoi'es, j, seen in the occurrence of a few arctic and many sub-an'tic plants at the Straits of Belle Isle and on Anticost, and the Min.'an Islands, an.J occasional sub-arctic species as far up on U.o north shore as Ta.lousac and Mur.-ay Bay. lOven on the Island of Orleans, near (iuebee, there are some boreal Ibrms Ihe flora of the south shore of the estuary shows the milder character of the current thei-e, whilst that of the Bay of Chaleur appears to prove its comparative absence in that locality. On the jutting headlands of Lake Superior, and along the bays of its northern coasts, theie are both sub-arctic and boreal plants, which appear to form an isolated gi-oup there It IS not dillicult to account for their continuance in those localities. Northern species delight in a low, e.iuable tem- pcrature and a moist atmosphere, and whether this is obtainable on alpine summits or on sea or ocean coasts, there they find a .-ongenial hom<.. The high iioithcrn shores ot iiake Superior supply these conditions. To account, how- ever, for their original presence there, it is necessarv to go back to glacial or post-glacial times, when, with a some- what colder climate, and with the area of the Great Lakes forming the bed of an inland sea, some sub-arctic and boreal plants found a natural highway along the coasts of this Britfs/i North American Ftan^H. IT sea. With lofty inountuins lo tho immalitito northwuid in glttciul times, thoHO plantH wore piobiibly, thon, not uncommon. As tho wutors iccKiod und formed tho [)reHont lakes, and tho climate hotamo uh it now iH, those northern plantH won' driven to lociiiitioH like tho h<'aillandH of Lake Superior, whore conditions won* favourable to their con- tinuance. In all othor localities thoy would disappear. Even on Lake Superior, the strugjjflo with changed condi- tions must have resulted in tho extinction thoi-o of many of tho more northern forms. Tho following are some representatives of this group and of tho boreal group presently occurring around Lake Superior : — Draba incana, L. Viola palustris, L. Parnassia par\ iflora, D. C. Hodyaarum horoule, Niitt. Dryas DrumiiMmdii Hook. Rubua aroticiis, L. R. Cliamteinorus, L. Erigeroii acre, L. Solidago thyrsoidoa, Mayer. Solidago vir{?a-aurea, L. V. alpina, Big. Arnica mollis, Hook. Vaccinlum uliginosum, L. v. cfpspitosum, Mx. C'astilloia pallida, Hun. Euphrasia oflioinalis, L. Emnetrum nigrum, L. TofioMia palustris, HudB. Arctic Group. The species of this group include many that are common to Scandinavia, Lapland and the higher Alps, and to our arctic coasts. Whilst numerous arctic plants tind their way southvmrd on tho higher summits of tho Kocky Mountains, on the Pacific side of tlio continent, and along tho Labra- dor coasts, even up to Anticosti and tho Mingan Islands on tho Atlantic side, the home of this large group is in the great stretch of country, continntal and insular, from the high northern coasts of Labrador, and Greenland to Alaska. It is unnecessary to illustrate tho group. Relations of the Laramie Flora. Since the last uumber of this journal was published, I have bad an opportunity of seeing, in the publications of 18 Canndian Rernnl of Srience. tho (u'olo/^icjil Smvoy of iho Vuiwi StutCH, ImhUh- V. Wiud'rt recent munot,'m|»liH on tho ihva of thu Luiumio K''"»P' »»'' Sii" WilliiiMi Ddwsoii |i;iH Mlir)wn mo a pmof of hi' papoion ilu, Hunic Miibjoct in tho foi'thcomiii;,' tijinHju-. tioMHolUio Royal Socioiy „r ('arm-la. Whilst \Vur.| wtill I'finuinH Moininvhiil ciodulous ahoiit tho ago of (lio Lainniio rockn, Sir William rontidonlly lofuis thoni to tho Lowor Kocone, and concludoM uIho that tho (fioonhind Hora usually refeiTod to tho Miocono is of later (JrotaeoouM and oarly Kocono ago, though ho suggests tho (juostion whothor this eu'ly flora of (Jroonland, an.l th(* floras of tho Mailconzie iiivor and North Wostorn States— localities so far apart— may not have hoon succosMivo within a long epoch in which clinmtic ohangos wore gradually progrosHing. Waitt's lahlos indicating tho distrihution of tho liarnmio flora not only goographically, hut also throui,^h geologic time, aro interest- ing to tho student of distriliulion of existing plant life. Thoy Hhow— if tho identification ho correct— that tour, and it may bo tiive, of our living species, viz.: Viburnum pubes- cens, Pursh, Corylus rostruta, Ait, V. Americana, Watt, Onoctea senoibilis, L., and prohahly G'mAv/o biloha, L., now of Japan and China, date their oiigin as far buck as at least Eccono tiniea, whilst many of tho most familiar genera among the trees and shrubs of the present day wore equally well, and in some cases more largely ro|)rosentcd in thin past period, tliough appearing for tho first time then or in the midtllo Cretaceous. The tables also bring to light another circumstance of groat interest in connocticiii with the discussion, in an earlier part of this paper, on tho iden- tity, at tho present day, botwoon so many i»lants in Kurope and America. l^^Iovon species— all now extinct— were com- mon to the Eoceno of Europe and the Laramie of tho United States, whilst two others— also extinct— were common to the European Eocene and to the Gi-cenland hods, considered by Sir William Dawson as later Cretaceous and early Eocene. There is thus some evidence that in the later Cretaceous and l]ocene times, not only was tho climate in sub-arc^ ic Ame- rica sufficiently mild to admit there of genera which are, now at least, of a middle or possibly even southern tem- Brilinh Niirth Amerinm PInnit, If) i.ornto typ.., hut that tl>o rclttlion.i of land un.l wator woro Huch UK to allow migration l.otw.'ou Kmopo uml Amoricu. U it uriroiiHoiuil.lu to Mupiuirto that tlio Iiitid then Mumiri.«ritly ©Irvutod iihovo Iho HKU to connoft tlio old world with tho now, may huvo hoon in a Hunilai- posiii,,,, i„ plioiono or PoMt-lMiocono timoH, iind havo artordoi tho lUciliticH thon iioodod lor tho inlormingling of the floruHtill oxinting ut Ujo proHont diiy on tho two continontf? I*iiKGLArrAr- Dkikt Plants. 'L M intorosliii;,' t.. Iind thu!, iti the pro-ghicinl drift whitdj if* thought lo bo oithor IMiocono or I'loistocono, and wld< h in spread over u coiiHidorahlo portion of tho Middio and Southorn Htatos, puliooboraiu.iis boliovo thoy have rocog- nizod throo of tho oxisting troos of those iiiaim—Majmlia liomi!;) itli of LakoSuporior ami tho muritimo plantH pronontly on tho whrn-tM of hI1 of tho Groat FiakoM. Tho moMt locont croationH oro without ilonitt thoHo Hpooios— woll roproHonlod by "ompoMi^o which fiiicpiont more oMpuoially tho nuwor prairion of Manitoba, It in not difficult to «oe that tho dovclopmoiit of lifo on the earth from itndawn to the proMcnt/timo has boon l)ux<»|y inHuoncoii by tho vaist chan^oM whici/ have procoodod gra- dually but con.'tantly throu^'hoiit ^'oologic tinio. In tho f-arainio jigo, which was a prolon;;od period, Iho groat contral plains of North America parallel to and ouHt of tho Rocky Mountains, and throughout much of tho length of tho continent, formed a vam, perhaps lolativoly, Hhallow inland fresh water sea; during and after tho glacial times, whilst an e noahxl. fNoTH.-Arui,! iho i^m-iit m«HM of mutoHul whirl, it hnn beon nm-Hsai y to hiin;; f..K"»b.>r in pivpaiin^ Ouh pap«r, It Irt ililHciili luhiriKlcoui «po(ial colloctois without lolor- I'iMK to all, but r think it nKht to o.'kn.JwIfdKo Iho aNMi^i- unco in ro^nirU to our far woxtorn flora which Dr. U. M. Dawson and Mr. Macoun'n pul.licationH havon ^ivon mo, particularly by indicittin/,' in nearly every cumo tho pro mmo loculiticB ol occurrcnco.J— A. T. I). r ' *