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HEALTH OF ANIMALS BRANCH SPECIAL REPORT —ON— GLANDERS — BV— J. G. RUTHERFORD, VETERINARV D.RECTOR-GENHRAI. AND LiVE SlOCK COMMISSION SEPTEMBER, 1906. t ■ ■: > III 'f t' l! ; : ; . -V* ■«■ l^^?'iE[^5f^''^'f SPECIAL REPORT ON GLANDERS. ■Sir,—. Ottawa, Scptembur 1st, 1906. GIa„,Icr.s. " ' ""^^ '"'"^■'' "^ >''''' '^^-'Partment i„ dealing with and -n:™: " •r:^;;::;;;:t;:i r tr;r - " '" -- -'-- developments. <.r rather crcnm.ta,up 1 , ' '" ''''"' ^'■""^''"g (..ncr.i.l; ,,„,„„c,| |„. K„vor,„„c-ntai l,o,:i., i„ ,|ci,li„g „i,|, ,, eradication. ' ' ""^"^ ' '"^^'"■' ' ^ '^'w u.s nnnu>d,ate control and ultimate ■ties r It ? "^",:''r'^-'^'^ ^^-^^ ^" '-■ '-^-"^"'"e-l 1- the Federal author- lin 1 ; ' "'' ''" "'''" '"""• ^■^"^'•^ '" ^''^ Xorth-West Territorie u.dm the case of one or two isolated outbreaks elsewhere, in the handJl:;":: e in^th^b '"!nlereT'"f",r "-' ^^'^^'^^'^"^='^--^' ^^ ''"ided that it would . nt 01 of n H !, ; . '"""'■"'^' ^" '^^'"*^ ^'^^ ^i'^'^^^^^ "»^ler the direct •ntrol of the Health of Ammals- Branch of your Denartmc^ TV. wa- 1^ 1m ii .m:£\ I f ■ 'IH, h '■ ■■» accor.litiKly done, except in Manitoba, where, owinn to the fact that the legis- hition ha.l lon^' been such as U, enable the Provincial authorities to .leal with it, if they chose \n ,\a s,>. in a most thorou)«h manner, the work was not takei* over by the l'et in many districts arc taken into full consideration. The .liscoverv of Mallein in 1890 revolutionised entirely the views of veterinarians rcKar.lin^ Cdanders. Ohlcr veterinarians well remember the formidable chain of svmpt.Miis, which, in their stu.lent days, were considered essential to a diai,mosis of Glanders, as also the various ironclad rules to be followed in differentiating between it and that now somewhat dubious disease ■'Nasal Gleet." It is now recoirnized that horses may be. and only too frequently are. scrionslv affected with Glanders while presenting, so far as outward and visible svmptoms are concerned, an appearance of perfect health. The knowl- cdRe of this tact has, of course, necessitated a complete change m the methods of dealim: with outlircak.s of the disease. Whereas it was in former years. and in sc'.nic countries is. even to-day. considered sufficient to slaughter animals sIk..- in- clinical symptoms, while ignoring entirely those which may have been in c "act, the conscientious modern veterinarian insists on the latter bein-; submitted to the Mallein test, and if found to react, either slaught- ered or seijreptated for observation and further tests. In studs where clinical cases have occurred there is a stron- likeliHood that some of the contact horses will be found to be affected, althoush for a time at least they may present no external symptoms. .\ny system, therefore, which i<,Miores this freciuent condition is faulty and likely to cause a dissemination of the infection, particularly when, as is often done, studs in which Glanders has been found to exist, are dispersed am©ng innocent purchasers. Under ordinary circumstances, especially when no provision for reasonable compensation exists, the problem presented by the condition outlined above is exccding-.y difficult of solution. H'hile horse owners, unless very poor, very i-norant or 'very unprincipled, are -enerally willing to have clinical cases d'estroyed, they quite naturally object to the slaughter of animals which may have reacted to Mallein, but show no evidence of disease and remain in good working order. In some countries the authorities overcome the difficulty after a fashion by leaving the contact horses severely alone, thus avoiding the responsibility which would have to be a.ssumcd if the animals, on being tested, were found to react. Untested, they are presumably healthy and arc left free from rcstnc- ''°"^' • t^i , ... • , r ,1.- __.-., 1»„ ^f ri-ircninfT 1 noltrv of this kind the »01- .\5 an liiustraiuiii u\ ine rer-iiL-.- •'^. p,irs...ii^ .i jJ .■ -> - 5 towing figures from the returns of the Huar.l of A.r.cultnre .or C ■ are very interesting: ^Kncuuiire lor (,rcat liritaiti I8.>S iH>j, . ''''^S Ilorse^ ilcstroycil 1.1"' KXJ ) . . . " I.X58 KJOI -'.,^70 >'X>-' .... -',073 •^ J.i'Ji) ^^ _'.'._>S It IS not, however, iieces.sarv to "u to Cr,-,, i> ■. • IoIIyofii.„„ri,„,l„.,.„,„ac,„„V,e Si, ,; ■ '■",'"'" '"" I"" '' "" Ihc c„,„li,i,„„ |„,v.i|i„„ i,,' " ;,, '■",;■''"■'■' l'-«"">« -iri- I.ir„i,l,c,l I,, eo... , can,.: .„„;: ;;: ;:;:: :';;;;;,;:;:,':;-;, i:::-;:- •;;■-•■ -' The evil is greatly inten.sific.l hv tlie fact that uh^rwi .U« are inert, private te.sti,,^. „f infected stn I '.'r "" '''■"'"■ ""'''°'' reactors beinir subsem.entK . Ii ^ '"'.■^ ''^ continually j,n„n^' on. the The same thmg is undoubtedly true in Americ-i nn.l l,.r , , ^"B sold as healthy, with the result, bovc.m.mioncl. . ™Pto„,s. !i' ^ lit "'f. Having,' mailc tliis di^rcssiim i.i ordrr to clear the way (or what lolluvvs, I will, with your perniissiim, revert to the time, when, in H^)J, I was called upon t I furniiilate a detiinte policy lor the control of Clanders in the Dominion. At that tinu' there existed no provision whatevci for the paxmeiii of coni|n.Mi.-a- tion, and this, of course, reiidereil i|uite intpossihlc the slau),ditcr of non- clinical reactors, even if I ha care- fully and conscientiously followed, hut as time pros,'resseil it hecame evident that the resull> obtained were alto-ether disproportionate to the risk and lalwnir involved. .\'ot only did the nund)er of horses on our hand> keep con- stantly increasing, but in many --ases individual reactors held amoni; others for future tests developed clinical symptoms, an.l thus established fresh centres of infection Such horses not only endanj,'ere(l the other reactors with wdiich they were beinj; kei)t. and some of wliich mi},du have a possible chance of recovery, but indirectly threatem >!, ihrouj^h tlie various every-day channels which horsemen well understand, the health of other animals not actually houseil with them. As our opportunities for observation increased and further cxiu-rieiice was obtained, serious doubts a.s to the conclusions pn.-viously reached by eminent veterinarians, both in Kurope and .\nierica. as to the impossibility of ('danders heinj,' transmitted by reactors not showing clincal symptoms, or by ceased reactors be^an to assert themselves. .\s the work went on evidence i^radually accumulateil that many of the so-called ceased reactor.s were not only not pernKyiently cured, but were proi)erlv to be looked on with <^rn\v susi>icion as being likely to introduce ('danders among healthv hor-es with which they might be brought in contact. Several outbreaks of more or less severity and extent can i)c traced directly to these ceased reactors, and before I conclude. 1 shall endeavour to demonstrate the idvisability of dealing with animal- ..I this class as possible future centres if infection. As the owners of ceased reactors are generally more than willing to dispose of them a.-- soon a- possible after their release from otficial coiuroi. the risk of bringing infection to tin stables of their unsusi)ccting piirclnser- constitutes an add<;d danger whicli cannot reasonably be ignored. The conclusion that nei'.ier iion-c'iinical reactors ii..r i cased reactor- could. with safety, be ousidercd non-infective, having been thus forced upon nu there remained only two alternative.-, either to follow tlie futile and alread-. discredited policy of killing clinical cases and ignoring contact animals. ..r ! face the situation and adopt the only inte'.lgent course, namely, the destrucf.oi of all horses showing the typical reaction to Mallein whether i)res'.-:iting a;i> external manifestations of Cdanders or not. c*ii^:::''*^^iiArv^:iMijrf' -'npon.sa.io„ fo. the s.a .« hu .t ^T ^''^"'f'-'-''-'- 'n- 'luction of '.y to ass,.... .he «::l,^: o tv ^:r ' :''f'^""^''''" -r '"-^ -• -■''- , VVI.C... however, thj s.u.a..o„ w.^ '^ ' J :i^ :f ^"" ^ "^" '-'«'-• l-es.tate t„ ask I'arlia.ne.it f„r th. n... i '" '""• >"" '''"' "'" •-nds. with ,he result t at . S , n '■'"• ""' """ "" ''•^■' "^-^-v slaughter of reactors a. .pav'r' '""'• "^' ""^' ^•■'^""-' '" '-.'^-' the as ..> secure proo^t n^t^:;^: . 2 ^l -l r:,7 '''''' ''''"-■ ^ ^-" ..II ani,.,als slauirhterc.l vvhethrr vi r '^ necessary t., ,,av for "■-'•."■. .1.^ ^.«ow::;^:::.r.,;::itt:;:;;;;"'"'' '"■ ■^'"'" --^ -^- DOMINION OF CANADA. REGULATIONS RELATING TO GLANDERS. By ii.i] I ~ 1 II Ord» i„ Council d„.d „,h March. .,05. i„ ,,„„, „, ..^^ ^„.„,, Contagious Diseases Act. 1903." •" .,.r.c,ed. " '° '""•' '" """»« "■«!' -'■>■ -""Ml ..hid, is -'. Any Veterinary Inspccl.ir niav ilf.-lir.. i,. p. iiicani.ii; "( Ihe "Anin.a r , ,, ' "" ""'""I i'l"« «i,l,i„ -a,„ ...„„„ ,e,":,^ "J;""' "--'- Ac. „„,,•■ any «ea„„„i,, ^..™;":^;;:;;y :;:*:;;•' - - - u. „„. H„rses. .nules or asses alifec.ed wi.h Ca.uiers, whether such a„i,„als it : I ■! I. skow clinical symptoms of the disease, or react to the Mallein test without showing such symptoms, shall on an order signed by a duly appointed Inspector of the Department of Agriculture, be forthwith slaughtered and the carcasses disposed of as in such order prescribed, compensation to be paid to the owners of such animals if and when the Act so provides. 6. In the event of the owner objecting to the slaughter of animals which react to Mallein, but show no clinical symptoms of Glanders, the Inspector may order such animals to be kept in close quarantine and retested. sucli re- tests however in no case to exceed two in number and to be completed within four months of the first test, provided, however, that owners deciding to have iheir animals quarantined rather than slaughtered shall forfeit all right to compensation. 7. Horses, mules or asses reacting to the third test with Mallein shall be forthwith slaughtered on an order signed by an Inspector and the carcasses dis^ posed of as ordered. 8. Inspectors are hereby authorized to permit owners of horses, mules or asses which give no reaction to the third test with Mallein and which have at HO time shown any clincal symptoms of Glanders, to retain and use such animals, subject to the conditions contained in the license signed by the Inspector. 9. Before an order is made for the payment of compensation in any ot the cases afo-e..aid. there must be produced to the Minister of Agriculture a satisfactory report, order for slaughter, certificate of valuation and slaughter, and certificate of cleansing and disinfection, all signed by an Inspector. 10. The certificate of an Inspector to the efifect that an animal has reacte.l to the Mallein test or has shown clinical symptoms of Glanders, shall, for the purpose of the said Act and of this order be prima facie evidence in all Court^ cf Justice and elsewhere of the matter certified. II Every yard, stable, outhouse or other place or premises, and ever waggon, cart, carriage, car or other vehicle, and every utensil or other thin infected with Glanders shall be thoroughly cleansed and dismtected by and ,.■ the expense of the owner or occupier, in a manner satisfactory to a \ etennar. Inspector. J. G. RUTHERFORD, \'eterinary Director General. Department of .Vgriculture, Ottawa. Although the time which has elapsed since th ■ffmnensation and slauahtcr is a!to.i;ether too s c inauguration of !he \)o hort to enable us to for: definite and decided opinion as to its wisdom and probable ettectivenes securing the eradication of Glanders, the following figures furnish convi proof that it has a strong tendency to remove the disinclination gene: t V --y -■1 ^pr Tested. Reacted. Killed. Clinical '90^-3 ho(j2 466 219 -10 ' ^903-4 ..387 4.0 4,;,, 49^' , , j'!504-5 4.R99 1,854 2.113 OV Inclusive of h;o5-6 3.957 1,^X3 ^ ^^ Manitoba { (to March 31) '^ ^ S6i "-^;7- 4.200 850 946 502 \ (to Ant,--. 31st) -'^ -' , ., . '''"*^' '5.505 4.875 5"^ ^3 n consulenn,. the.se fi^t-res I desire particularly to draw vour attention eacto ,, ^,f ^,^ ^,^^^^.,_^^^ ^.,._^.^.^l sy„,ptoms. The.se fi^aires furnish incon- ftt oTcir/ 'k f"""^ ■^•^■■^'^"" '-"«-^'o"^-'^t:verylar,en .1 r odd never "?• " " ' ""'""'^ ^"■""^'°" ••^'- P^-^^"^ ^^ con.pensation. ould never have been reported. Under the conditions formerly e.xistinjj. there was a tendency on the part o owners and doubtless of .so„,e veterinarians, to avoi.l trouble a l" .. v^; :;' : ^^""^"^.^^^ ^'^""^^^- ^^•'-- - con,pensation is paS .an^ oHUer . otherwise rpute respectable, are undoubtedlv in the habit of lossd3lc. and hnaly either pernuttin.Mhem to die or bavin,, them .|uietiy > 1 Kctu,, then, to palhafve treatment, with a view to removing, or concealing :;;:™r^"""°'"^' ^"" -•--!-"">- "i^i-i"^ of them^o ,het^ I am satisfied that the system now followed in Cana.la will, bv ren.ovin. ; n ptation. prove etlectne in overconting, at least to a verv lar.e J.v.ent ,le2 2'::r "^" '' ''''''--' ■■ - — ~ --"---'^le ™;;: It is inte^stin^ to note the manner in which the new regulations are .cu d ,n dillerent parts ot the Dominion, h.districts where the disease has ■' t :' 1.;;; z '"""r"'^ "T' ^"" '-'"' "°^^^ °^^-- -^- '^^ ^^^ . nrc and the importance of stampin.^^ jt ,„„. j,,,, „,^,. ^^,,.^.^ ^, ->r d, ,e:eomed On the other hand, in places where the people are ^on ; - ively unfamiliar with Cdamlers. the new re.,ula,ions ari l.K.ked upon s .necessarily severe, an.l people complain bitterly that Uu-n horses are l>eii,« . .^ ered withou: ,ood and sufficient reason. The claim ,s made tha, ,:' ■■ . caors ,les,roy more hor.ses than the disease itself would ever be likelv to ,, ,, advanced li.at oniy a very limiied number of horses ' . «i (..anders under ordinary con.litions. and that the disease seld,mt or \er becomes epizootic. Facts, however, are entirely against this contention. The fl^n.res already ->ed from tiu returns of the Hoard of .Agriculture of Great Britain indicate li 1] IV. Ill !l.i r^^^^*^! i:n lO that, under modern conditions, tke disease, unless properly contralled is oer- tain to spread rapidly and to cause a constantly increasing loss in kor^e flesh. As an illustration of this I would quote from our own experience thie case of one Canadian Lumber Company in a remote part of tiic coBntry wibidi reported last year for the first time the existence of Glanders atnoag its faerses. Enquiry elicited the fact that in less than four years upwar.'!. 1 1 ai.Bt&dwB to Glanders. I would like to lav before vn„ ,. t- • n ;S 'Z^^ T T r "" '="■"'"' ■'" "°"- »l'™"Xiv: .oX- abeot t« say. however. I would call your attention to the fact that ud till A.r 3«^_.9o6, wehave tested ,5.505 horses, and have actually .ade :8.n;Ma^:i^„ ««««Mrbcdniw„.her;from ' concius.ons wh.ch may e^^S^ Lilt ;e3 ors r ''^ '^^^'"^ ^'^ «' tJcm ^^vfJlTv '^«='ctors. With regard to this point, I am not in a oosi- ■mz TZ^^^ ^"''T '''''''''' '^"^^■^^^•■' ' ^^^' «" opportunity of form- 2J^^^ J'' '"'^'^^'' '°'" ^'*'^""h> after the use of Mallein w^ alfm^ ^^^ ''''' ^''^ '^^ ^'^ "°' '^a'^'^ their slaughter compulsorv 'te Mr A C r«r. M w 7; ^^ Comnnttee m question, comprised the Mcr M^n*',^^!.!^,'"-,'^"- """^!"S- Sir John McFadyean and Dr. James 1. M^,an men of h.gh professional attainment, and ^re-jt exncHen- -i^ff wrtb Glanders. One of the points dwelt upon by them 11! u T ^r^e^Z'Th'^r "k-p '""'^ '"^ '■emonstrated beyond question tJ^ g«r ansoig from ih.s hab.hty of reactors to suddenly develop acute i M I ii ■ ! I I * ! I ii ; *3 ■ * '. 1 I i r;V- f. T'-kV: :^#. e6JCIJBfiE?..gk^^^^ ::.:^.tff:;^^ ^'M. tl '^.^ 12 symptOiTis, and lias shown further that a considerable proportio-i of these superlicially healthy animals are in reality clinical cases. As under our present regulations sucii horses are slaughtered, opportunities for post mortem examination have not been wanting, and in many cases show- ing absolutely no external symptoms, extensive ulcerations have been f.>und high up in the nasal passages, while the presence in this situation of minute nodular lesion-;, undoubtedly specific, has been strikingly fretpicnt. These dis- coveries hcu .lut the opinion which I have long held and freipiently expre.>ised regarding the importance, from an infective point of view, of enlarged sub- maxillary glands in reacting animals. There is never snif)ke with.out fire, and these glands arc not likely to show tumefaction without a detinitc pathological reason. Leaving nasal lesions aside, it is well known that in typical reactors glanders nodules are invariably found in the lungs, and not unfrequently in ether organs, although the tendency to localization in the lymph nodes, so common in bovine tuberculosis, is much less frequently noted in (".landers. Again, I would remind you of the days before Mallcin was heard of, when, in spite of all our efforts and precautions, case after case, and outbreak after outbreak, of Glanders would occur in the same stable, .\fter each fresh outbreak the most thorou-h disinfection was practised, and all the surviving horses subjected to careful scrutiny and continued close observation. Six months, or perhaps a year would elapse and then another case or series of cases would occur. We blamed the stables, we thought the contagion, or, as we then called it, the virus, was immortal and indestructible. Now we know that, out- • side of the animal body, the life of the bacillus mallei is, under the most favourable conditions, limited to three or four months. In the animal body it is a difTeront matter, and the cause of the mysterious recurrent outbreaks was the chronic latent case of Glanders, then unrecognized, but now, through the agency of Mallcin, markcl down and known as a reactor. In tracing the origin of primary outbreaks in hitherto uninfected localities, we almost invariably find that the disease has been introduced n3 invariably, in our experience, cnsisiinir of hor.es tPU i . • , ^tages of Cancers, or at any rate wi, ., 1 ^l^^ , X; ^V" '^'^^'iT tlie fact tiiattlieir oritrinal reactinn. .h , •'"'^^^''''' '^■"' evidenced by cui.er tl,er„,ally or loca K as t ho ^ '. ',-•'•"• "'' ""' =^' "'^" "'^'^''^ wliich, while perhaps not ;hminr T'" '?' '^''"'"■*' ^'''"^^ ^ •^>' ^'-- -imals .l.sease in an advanced fort ' '^•^•^'"'^'^-"'"-"- -^ suffering fro. the .?• Those which havinj/ on one or nmr,. , - ^c,,M."rary character. .oll,a,afu.rll,cl ,«:.„, l».i«.l.owcvcr. „t a Ti.e «...„,,:';:■„ ,-c':' r r;::'-':;;;, ; ^ ""■ "■'"■ ' ^■»"-- .mention at .„„l,a,„l,l,c,.„,„l,,! '""'""'- ""l'»"--">cc, an.l ,lc„,an,| „„ Mallcin ,,, an antl.oritative diajnostic a.'C, ^ *■'""' ''"'""'"" "^ rc,ctl'^:i,;;r,;r;:it';,H°T'',';'" r "■:" "'"' »"°""'>- '"-i"'" - reactions ty.iica, atdatvpicar ' ''"" """ '"""" "" "^= "r «" 'I"""™ of '^;iH-h we followed the retestiiursv.tPm ^' ' ''"""^ -■M'crcent of our nn r ^ ^ ^ vvo years ago I stated that abou^ -• V free ro", H ' r',"''^"" ''"'^ ''''"^ '" -^^- --' -ere appar- -^li t "1,^ r ;" wiiieh uJ : ""V ^^'^"""' "'' ''''' ^nsappoiutllent 'an return which thi. percentage gave for the risk and Ial>our - are Z Z^^^^' "^ '^^""^ ^^"'^ Glanders^and adopt the p,an which r am sorry to have to tell yon that in classing' all these horses as safely ' -;. rea tors we were seriously i„ error. During the intervening period a _ . nne, a^ d,ssible to -l^e first, or even at the second test which of ,he affectcl horses wlu i li lii 14 eventually become permanent ceased reactors, we can at one or other of these stages make reasonably certain of those which will not do so. Animals which, on being first tested, show a thermal rise exceeding 104° Fahrenheit, accompanied by a characteristic reaction, those which give a more pronounced reaction to a second of subseciucnt test than they do to the first, and those which suddenly cease to react without showing a gradual lowering of the temperature and a corresponding; abatement of the local reaction are not likely to become permanent ceased reactors. Sound pathological reasons can, I think, be advanced for the lack of im- provement shown by the first and second classes, but I must confess that I have no mental theory to fit the case of those last mentioned. Having now dealt with the supposititious ceased reactors and with those which appear to make an actual and permanent recovery, it becomes our duty to discuss those animals, and they are, in our experience, by far the most frequently encountered, and, needless to say, the most dangerous, which acquire a temporary tolerance to Mallein, but which again give a definite reaction when tested, after sufficient time has elapsed to nullify the effects oi previous injections. In the report of the Special Committee appointed by the British Board of Agriculture, to which I have already referred, the records given indicate that all the ceased reactors dealt with, in the experiments showed an abnormally hij^h temperature when tested with Mallein some time after they had apparently ceased to react. I considered this a very suspicious circumstance, and one which furnished food for serious thought. In order to discover, if possible, tli. reason of this peculiar phenoir.cnon I determined to again submit to the Mallein test a number of horses" which had been kept for varying periods under supervision as ceased reactors. The results were very interesting, as may be gathered from the following examples from the report of Dr. A. E. Moore, one of our most careful and capable officers, who was entrusted with the task of conducting the investigations. The pathological work was, of course, done by Dr. Higgins. Results of post mortem examinations conducted on ceased reactors which again reacted on being tested, after a period of not less than six months: Paddy, Grey Gelding, iG Years, No. 304. Max. temp. Max. temp. Max. size before inject, after inject, swelling 1st test, May 22. 1903 loo 4-5 105 6x6 2nd test. June 7. 1903 100 2-5 105 2-5 4x5 3rd test, Sept. 7, 1903 100 2-5 loi 2-5 2x3 cease.: 4th test, Oct. 25, 1903 Toi loi 3x4 Retest after i year and 2 months, Dec, 1904 loi 2-5 104 3x6 Result of post mortem of No. 304: Very few nodules scattered in the lungs, around some of these nodules small quantity of lymph-like substance was seen, others encysted. WM^^m^^^^m-^.^^^'^ Jerry. Grey Gelding, aged, No. 307. Max. temp. Max. tcn.p. Max. .size ist test. June 6, 1903 l^efore^nject. after inject, swelling 2nd test, Aug. 20, 1903 .........."" '^ ^'^ '°^ '^'^ 3x4 3rd test, Nov. 19, 1903 '""^ 2x2 4th test, Feb. 26, ,904 ,'^ ^"^ '°4 3x3 Retest, after 9 months. Nov. 15,' 1904.' .100 2^^ ^o^' '"f ^''^ "^^^^ were .eep seaL. "'osti/^:^-^"- .^ ^ ,^-^- ^Je nodu.s Three^gu.nea p.,s inoculated and fro. one .acinus^nra.'l^^astor:^^:^: Nance, Grey Mare, 8 Years, No. 308. Max. temp. Max. temp. Max. size ist test, March .0, ,903 before^ mject. after inject, swelling 2nd test, June 6, 1903 ^°'i-a 1043-5 4x4 3rd test, Aug. 20, 1903 '"^ '°5 6x8 4th test, Nov. 19, 1903 ^ ^'^ '°-^ '"S 6x6 .-ith test, Feb. 2, 1904 '^ '"^ '°^ '-5 5x6 Retest, after 9 months, Nov: 'i 5, ' 1904 .' .' i^ 3.5 Z I'- ^""^ "''''^ AL . ^00 1U4 3 ., 4x4 nearr;;rhIaTUr ' "°'"'" ''''''''' '' '^^ ^^^ ■•" ^^ >"ngs an. and S:^m::^Sd::^:":tSt^-^i::t ^"- r r^" ^'^^^^^^ «-^-'°^- f«-nd and cultures remained ster^e " ""' ^'^'^^''^f-'^^l' - lesions Doll. Bay, White Face, 9 Years, No. 309. Max. temp. ^^[ax. temp. Max. .ize '^Mest. March- 23, i<^3 ^^e.ore inject, after inject, swelling -"! test, June 6, 1903 ^'^ l'^ '°-^ '"-=5 2x2 .V I test, Aug. 8. ino^ ■■' '°-^ '-5 4x8 ^'-est.Nov. 19, I0O3'::::: zt'- '°''"' ^^^ 5- ■ test, Feb. 26. 1904 °° ^'' ' '°-' ^^"-^ 4X5 R- • .n, after 9 months, Nov. ,5. 1904 '. .',01 '°', ,_, ^!;"J '"'''^ Bronchial and mediastinal glands sli^htlv enlarc.^d \, ' . "• ie. (pea) were found in the lunr^s «iv. • "V^'^"^.'''- -^''^"^ ^""^nty small '-• Mcstly encysted. Thr ^^ i f,!; ";;:::";" ^he nght lung and four in the '- - mallei was isolated in purrcdttl^f ' """""^"' ^"" ^^^ -- 2"vl:_ m: rs» ■ ; J ■^-;- i6 Mag, Black Mare, lo years, No. 310. Max. temp. Max. totiip. Max. size before inject, after inject, suellin); 1st test, May, 5, KJ03 luj 104 J-5 J.x') and test, Aug. 6, 1903 100 1-5 104 3x3 3rd test, Nov. 19, i(jo3 100 J-5 104 J-5 3x3 4th test, Feb. 20, i(j04 100 2-5 100 4-3 2x3 ceased Retest, after 9 months, Nov. 15, 11)04.. loi '"3 2-5 3x3 About 15 very small nodules found in lungs, all deep seated, and following the main bronchial tubes, mostly encysted. Three guinea pigs inoculated 7-12-04. From one pure cultures of bacillus mallei were obtained. In al; these autopsies there was noted the peculiar injected appearance 01 the lungs which is seen when a reacting animal is destroyed immediately after testing. In all but one of these five ceased reactors a pure culture of the bacillus mallei was obtained. In this case the lesions found were characteristic, and it is ])rol)able that the bacilli were present. Only twp guinea pigs were used for tl'.is inoculation. The following very striking record is that of a horse which has ceaseil t.^ react no less than three times in the cmirse 01 the last three years. This animal is still isolated under close supervision, and although performing ordinary farm work daily, is in tlie pink of condition, and, to all outward appearance, abso- lutely healthy : King, Bay Gelding. Max. temp. Max. temp. Max. size before inject, after inject, swelling ibt test, Aug. 26, 1903 lor 105 2x4 2nd test, Nov. i<). 1903 100 2--, 104 1-5 4x4 3rd test, Feb, ?6. 11J04 100 2-^ 103 1-5 2^2 4th test, June 0, 1904 loi 1-5 101 2x2 5th test, July 5, 1904 loi 1-5 101 3x3 6th test, Nov. 14, i<;04 101 1-5 104 1-5 3x4 7th test, .\i)ri! 7, 11^)5 loi 1-5 lOi 2x2 8th test, Nov, I, iiX)5 100 4-5 104 4-5 4x4 9th test, July 7, 1900 i(K) 4-5 loi 2\}, I append here three tables showing the difTerent results obtained in tesli ^. ist, horses which have become ])ermanent ceased reactors: 2n(l, horses wp after having once ceased to react, have again given a characteristic reactio: Mallein after a periixl ni fruni six months to a year : and 3rd. horses which p e show'n no iiin^r-'^Nvnient when t v-t v;! at intervals : •( 30, ^>o and 90 da}--, al'li- never developing clinical symptoms. numsm^m^mm^ •7 12 Horses which d Mallein at interv; never d no show any improvement by injection of f o about 30. r,() and 90 days. Although developing any clinical symptoms Maximum Temperatures at : Brown gelding, 13 yrs Bay mare, lo yrs. 3 Bay gelding, 8 yrs. 4 Roan " i , y^s. 5| Chestnut" 14 yrs 6|RIack " g^rs.' 7iBay mare, 9 yrs. 8! Black gelding, 13 yrs. y Brown " 10 yrs. '0|Bay mare, 7 yrs. ' I. Bay gelding, 12 yrs. '-.Chestnut " 8 yrs. Maximum size of Swelling at :— _!_'^'^'_o^^l^^r^^ru^ ^^^-_^ .^___ _ '054-5,1052-5105 1043-5 106 --511062-5; 106 1-5 106 J1054-5J10S ' 106 '-5'i05 1-5 104 1-5 105 3-5 '031-511052-51043-5,052-5 105 2-5 105 2-5 [05 '05 4-5 1051-511053-5 105 1 104 1053-5 '05 2-5 1044-5 •052-511052-5 'O54-.5l'05 1042-5 1032-5 1054-5 '04 4-5 1033-5 104 1-5 105 2-5 '05 2-5 3x4 6x8 IXI 1x3 4x6 1st Test ind Test 3rd Tc : 2x3 4x6 4x4 2x5 3X4 6x8 3x4 3x7 3x6 5X8 4X.S 4x6 5x6 3x5 5x6 4x5 6x7 3x5 6x6 4x5 6x8 4x4 5x7 6x6 2x3 : 4x7 5x5 ; 2x3 I 3x6 I 3x4 2x2 2x3 2x3 f^x6 2x3 5x6 i I ^•tWwaitri bc ?^ 1^ C Cl. r! 1- 5 >^ " E rt — C rt r* rt c tA. 2i ■" E ■4— ' *"' ■^-' T3 (/^ ^3 It C 1l I/) rt ■::.£ *= -C T3 "^2 *, -n '-/■- i8 1. 3 ' J r V ^ < I 2 "3 : ; : : : : : : 1 U X 1: r^ r* ai i « !• «e (N p) fo ^ f^i *^j r^ re p^j re H X X X X X X X X X X I i. j= N ~ r) re c< ro (S -. (S PI i w ^ 1 c« c (M r^. ^ Pi re 'e (N g - X X X X g X P) N re - g -. re "^ p* 1 'X H X X X XXX oe X - N •• PI PI ri .S ^ " K t vC kC •^ -t <^ »f re - IM ■^ rr-. ,^ 1 s: H X X X X X X X X X X X >^ -/I S ■0 lO N •— re M re N - ~ « PI PI 9) 3 iTlO (N -" re "t re re M - VC rr. B X X X X X X X X X XXX a f^ T '^. iO »Av lO tn lO 1 ,li •^- •V re - PI - PI 1 JS h« 1^ ^^ »-• N c *^ *- p* 0 0 0 0 0 o HH 0 0 0 0 4-* >o CTI 3 ■^1 "io lO lO w^ " - lO "O ~ V; w. ^ V 1- t^ •- N PI P) ^ P< >^ PI X 11 8 080880 800 M u". u"^ »0 UD »0 »^, 10 ic 10 V V - N •V re re ~ re Th - (M PO M vd - - re 0 " re 0 0 0 S 0 0 38H c k^ C 0 0 i/^ >r; • -A I' £ I 0 i: "^^ 1 ~ - .5 if; , ?^ >. S^ il. « ii '■ C " ? r . "> . O b£ = 2 - '■ <-• tf = i ;/. I — PI r^. ^r i>i sC (^ » cn C — r^ i^^^ JfeXl 19 t i 10 « S s ,'-i- K K X X Ctf c •- CO ^ CQ I c > E -Hi - - - - -f f^ « 7*2 "5 -^ "■- "^ ^ 'o f, 1- V' r-- 3. S iL •t -C f, r^. X X » y y. O ^ r^ *^. r^ >i X X X K X -f vO 10 n -. M 5.XXXXXXX •^ r^^ f^< u- X X X X X xxxxxxxxx "^ '^ CI ri s "O X X X X ■■C (Xl -Ji t^ .^ 1^ J i i- X X X X X <■< » vC t ' X X X X X X ■r -1- ^00 "XXXXXxxMv f« -^ N I^H Sb bO ra a* c »- TO 3- 3- ■t r^i 't ~ 1 o o ' o o o o ii'ti CI r< « f/^ „ •^ 'I* -♦- -+ ** o o d d? N "< -1 « v^uoocoodb'do -— ■"■"•■ N* —• fc- rt ,1- „ :, "D 10 IIJJb 2 VooBSSo C3 J2 X3 C (/I w> ""j ""^'ir _ll 2 22 2'2'2 c JSSS'^ •P fl « -O U-) !?■ "1" ^ •'",1^ o d d o 0 0 0 0' 10 10 ro ;5 ^ ?^^ -- ii, >i M 5 0 0 0 0 _^ n i?50 O O o o be " 60 .5 ai = c bf . w t£y^ ''"^ ?i .-::;\.:: - tr. 1) bf SC bf 2 «-^ re it -- be . be It t: tc i> S i; 5 2 15 73 be C t; Ol u ^:2 t >-2i at't >,>,>,= -; bcbebc ° S5 I « m C ffl o C C « o m M (S ^ i^xi bv d M-f -,,- ■...y T..jA?!f .'J. 1 20 I lu.t tliink it iRMcssary to make any extended comment on tlie facts luLHKht to li^ht l>y this scriis .,f rctcsts. So far as the possibility of the latter reactions hcinj; (hic to reiiifoction is concerned. I would say that thU danger was fully cwnsi.l<--.Ml aii.l ^itarded ajjainst. If reinfection occurred in any of thcst ca^-s it was tlirou:^!! one or other of the so-called ceased reactors, and not fronj any out side sourci-. I r av add that while the work performed by Dr. Moore was the. most systemati'e and tli..rou,t;h of any which we undertook on similar Hncs, the results obtained l.y liim were eorr..horatcd by like retests conducted b)' other officers in various |)arts of the Dominion. Further proof of the .lanKer,)us character of these horses, which, through an aciiuired tolerance to Mallein. are erroneously classed as ceased reactors, is 1 am sorrv to sav, furnished bv our own official records, several instances ■ having occurred in wliich hordes held under supervision for periods deemed sufficient to ensure safety, were permitted to mingle with healthy animals, with disastrous re«u.ts. Not the least remarkable feature of these car.s is tl.J fact that they seldom develop clinical symptoms themselves, although, beyond doubt, many of them are capable of transmitting infection to others. Th^s report has already exceeded a reasonable length, but I cannot well close without giving the concensus of opinion arrived at by our inspectors as to what constitutes an actual and typical Mallein reaction. Ability to differentiate with certainty, at lea^t in the majority of cases, between typical and non- lypicai reactions, is, for obvious reasons, perhaps the most important factor .n the use of Mallein. We are fortunate in having; on our inspection staff a number of careful and closely-observant men. an from the 4th to the 15th hour after the injection of the umu! 1^ ■ of reliable Mallein a distinct rise of temperature takes place execpt in certain cases which will be specially mentioned later. The temperature ^raduallv rises until the 14th or 13th hour after injection. when, after remainim,^ at about the same height for a longer or shorter period, it gradually declines, the downward covrse being not unfrequently preceded by a slight secondary elevation. This tlierni.V. disturbance should, under ordinary circumstances, =ndicate a rise of at least 2.5 de-rees Fahrenheit over the highest control temj-.-rature taken before injection. The wide variation in normal temperature shown by thf equine species, especiallv in Western America, demand.s the application t( this rule of certain definite limitations. For instance, if invariably followed, r horse having a pre-injection temperature of, say. 99°. would be condemned a 101.5", which might be well within his normal range. On the other hand, ai animal with a pre-injection temperature of 102°, which is not at z\\ strikingl; 21 abnormal in the wwt. woul.l he allowed ,o reach with,.,,, co.ul .mnation ,o*.^- a point entirely outside of the normal ranRc. *"* ' Other things being e.iual. 103" Fahrenheit would appear u indicate tJ«. dangerl.ne. but no fixed rule can pos.ib.y he adopted, dl.se oU r il a„^ ^.ound judgment in the operator being of ...ore importance than hani a7d U^ The thermal rise is accompanied, or .atluT followe.l. by a hard .en»e an.l exceedingly painful swelling a, the point of i„j...„on. Tius'swelling isTua ' circular, and shows a tendency to increase from ,h. oi,|„h hour after n c".^ i at the same time becoming more painful. a.TectmK M.c nn.scies and 1^ marked lameness in the forelimb of the side o„ which the iniection ."Z' t::'z::::;z:!li' ^^'"" '' "^ ^"^^'-"""^ ■>"""-'-• --"^^ ^- The local reaction does not. as a rule, entirely disappear for several days Besides the thermal and local reactions Mallein pro.h.ces well marked constitutional etTects on anima-.s sufferin, fro„, Clandcs. The .I,ra„d violent and continuing throughout the wh- V reaction. There is great deore, sion, while loss of appetite stari ' co-it -. .1; ■ r . "^^ '^ ^'^'^^^^ *'«P'^"- commonly noted. ' 1 u t :e:Th:"th"'""'' ^"r ''^" '^ ''"-^^ ^^^'^^' - "^•^'" «-^"X 1 further that they persist throughout ren^afeH f.cf= .-.f »u, .„,,, - , ; hough, under ordinary conditions, the local reac::on has' a' t:;^,::^^ ■ ome less well marked with each succeeding test. In animals in the last stages of Glanders, old horses, young foals an.l ers of inferior vitality, a lowering of temperature not unLquently f^loT ' .njection of .Mallein. This is especially noticeable in advanced cases where [ilk I the te:.perature is hi^'h at the time of injection. In actual oatlmalcs, contact horses, even when showing no clinical symptoms, but having a high initial temperature, dropping or remaining stationary after injection, should be con- demned, especially when a local reaction occurs. In fact it may be laid down as a general rule that a typical local reaction is proof positive of the existence of Glanders, even when no thermal disttirt>- ance takes place. There is not, as a rule, much difficulty in distinguishing between a tyjrical and a non-typical reaction. The former has been already descnbed. la the Istter the thermal rise seldom exceeds 2°, and reaches its greatest height at or before the 12th hour, returning ;o normal before the 20th honr. The swelling, when circular, rarely exceeds three inches in diameter. It is only slightly painful, is (|uite superficial, soft and moveable, does not increase after the 8th hour, and is rapidly absorbed during the course o£ the second day. It never affects the action of the muscles, nor does it cause lame- ness. Sometimes a fluctuating dependent swelling of considerable sixe follows a careless or unskillful injection, but this, as a rule, is absorbed rapidly during the first 24 hours. With ordinary precautions septic infec'ion seldom takes place, and al)ScesR formation is rare except in typical reactors, when it is not uncommoiL (kcas- iona.ly considerable swelling, sometimes accompanied by a thermal rise, will occur in horses suffertng from intUienza and similar affections. Sach so-called reactions are not typical, aiul should not be ascril)ed to the action of Mallein, but to the already existing febrile condition of the animal. Cases sometimes occur in which, at the end of 24 hoars after injection, neither thermal nor local conditinns are sufhciently definite to enable the veterinarian lO reach a decision. In these circumstances the animal sljould be kept under c'.o.'-e observation for a further period of 24 horas, when, if it is diseased, the increased swe'ling and marked laiueness which almost invariably foliow will remove any ]).)ssil)le doubi. Suspected cases which have failed to give a decided reaction will ucal, but espec'ally the 'atter, is not as wc" marked in mules as in horses, hm as in the former acute symptoms are mor likely to develop early in the cniirse of the disease, the risk from latent casi is less serious. It may be laid down as a general rule that while an apparent improveme; in health and condition may, and frequently does, follow the application the test in mild or inci])ient cases, the effects of Mallein on animals in aclvanc< stages of the disease arc invarial)ly bad, and that the testing of such cas ■ Iiastens a fatal termination, Local reactions are more [)rononnced in hot wep'^ier than when ' atmospheric conditions are moderate. In connection with this statement i ^3 would call atientioii to the iart ti,nf ■ this reason Mriou. outbreaks are wll i, ''"""•"'>■ '<:«''''<' dorma.H, For ". t'te s,ea„, weather „, Iter a:;"„;;:,:r """""" '" '"""'^ '"" "" '"- ^•«.or.„ar. Congress M^.t H trurVelr '^^ I'", ■='«"'," '"'"«•■-- ...uled e„,irelvl,y the results „,„„r'„„„."t';,'j- ',""=• ''°»-". I'"" "'f . 1 an, inclined f, a„ril„„e ,l,e variali, n ^l' "' """' ""'"">=■ conducted. The adnnnis'rnti , n ' "°"'''' ^^''"''^ "'^ '"' '^ ''^inR •-dy heat and of t t h,' , VT 7' "" .""" "' ''^'' "^^ ^ '"■^'-" «'■ .elation to thern,.- 1 '^ K k/ "'"'""-' ""^'^^'' '" ^'i' ^ ^^ ^^eir a-'i ;^^:':;:.,l;nhi::^;x^"^ °-"^-- -"-•• - -e conducted. -i-a|-.sul.„ut,cd,oitsactt!l • "''^''' "»'""■" ^bout ,>8 per cent, of ,he ■"s,ic;t;:;;:;:i::;;;::;:,:/-;:r;;-----^ °^ -^'-ation ,o tho. '•■--cucut.inA ,f^t^;^;nm T "V^^r"'^''' '- ^^- "--• ■•• this rep,>r.. witii the res t Z, ^' '[''''!'' ^''=^^ '"^''>- "'^ facts se, forth -ssetl i>y ,he Associalir " '"'""'"^ '■''"^'"'''^" ^^ "nanin.ously "U liereas. in the presentation of Canadiin .-.f„ . , ■■h.nders hv \-e,eri„ar, Direccr-Gencr , r R h/'T 7^ "' ' """ --•■•'ses ot animals ni>on a >^caie tint is l,i„1,i , '""' '"f^^ctunis ™s„r„e „.i,„ .„e in' ..ortane; I, l,;';. :':ftr ''■" """ '" " "'■ '-'"- i..:":r-,r"r::;^°;™,""'" ''"■'" >--<— ea,. ".> f..r thns senernnslv ,n„„„r1i„s,, this .vork. an.l connnen.l the general M ;^--^>.,^- "-"-^ ■ fi(^y;^> 24 organization and plan of the Canadian work to the consideration of the Federal authorities and to our various state authorities in so far as it may be applicable to their conditions and not already in force." This hearty endorsation of our policy by the leading veterinarians of i is continent is very gratifying, especially when considered along with the move- ment now on foot in Great Britain to bring about the adoption of measures similar to those in force here. I have the honor to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, J. G. RUTHERFORD, Veterinary Director-General and Live Stock Commissioner. The Honourable, The Minister of Agriculture. f:^'mmmfmmr~.^w^'> >^^: