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All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on tha last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — ^> (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to ba entirely included in one exposure era filmed beginning In the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les exempiaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est Imprlmte sont film St'-«i Rocheate'. »*•• Yofh 14609 u''-* (716) 482 - 0300 - Phor« (716) 288 - was - fa. DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE OTTAWA. CAKAPA. TOBACCO DIVISION " 1' i- ' TOBACCO CULTURE IN CANADA BY F. CHABLAN Tobacco Biillefin Xo. A-11 iF ■' ■Mi 1 Publithed by direction of the Hon. SYDNEY A. FISHER, Minister of Agpicuiture, Ottawa, Ont. 12693—1 iTanuary, Kill i ffflf' I- 'I* t! > ; j ^ f To thii sub, ei! ^} Ottawa, January, 1911. To the Honourable The Minister of Agriculture. Sm,— I have the honour to submit herewith Bulletin No. A— 11, of tlie Tobacco Division, entitled ' Tobacco Culture in C.mada.' The condition of the tobacco gr-v.iiij; industry in the Dominion is outlined in thia bulletin, which iilh a Imf, felt nunt for a treatise of general infomiation on the subject. I beg to recommend that it be printed for distribution. I have the honour to be, sir, Your obedient serrant, F. OHARLAN. Chief of the Tobacco Divition. "ll '■ ' 'i V ifW 1 T'f! ' 1 VH i' '-' '*{ *i i; i'''i' !' *-!§' i m f:|:i I i ifiij 1 II J i o( (( hi TOBACCO CLLTIRK [N CANADA. n F. OHASLAN, Chief of the Tobacco Branch, Ottawa. Tobai'Co hiiH been grown for ct-nturira in Cunmlu. Likr tho tirst lluropeun explorers who set foot on tlie shorts of the Wf'>t Indies uikI (if ( putrnl America, the liiscoverpr* of Ciinada received fnm the abiirit.'t t\m pm-mlinK Ufiff. hn« tiiat the Cii«toiii- (luljr on fon'iitii leaf iliall be paiti on the d»Ui of Mtry, ud not as prefiouilx, w\wn the itamp* wore affixiMi. that ii«, when tlm tubaccn wm JeliTeicd to the retaileu. At till pnnt. the pro«lii< tioii will «o.iii U- Kiirh nt to mMt nmat of thf munufacturer'* r«i>lonir» first mention. In fact it wan the tirst part i>f Cuiiaila really not lied, and it wa." in the countie* north of tin St. F-awrpiKv, in tlir vifiiii(\ nl' Montreal, that tohareo i-iilttin- firit developed. Chipf aiiioii;/^! tlii>«> riiuntii"'' ail- Montcalm. L'AsMnniption, Jdliette, Deu-x-Muntagncs, 4( T" tlu-»» nni-it U' Hilipil .1 ttroup now hccominn more and more imimrtant, that of IJoii\ill<' (»..uth slidro I'f tho St. Ij4iwr('in'e), which woiiM he mure accurately dcDif; nattnl hy the nan t • ttroup of the Vamaakfl valley.' In this group may he include.! the cither southiiii connlic'i wlieri' tolnicco culture is faat developinir, as suitalil- lands an. found. The ■•liiniitc of the n 'rtherti section is rather cold, and the nieltiiiK of the snow and «|i'w drviiij; nut ■■f tlie soli in late s|>riiiK^ HomPtime.s interfere with farniiiiu* 0|H>riiti"n-. Karlv fn>sf< nrp al-" to be dreaded, for tliey threaten the crop from tlip Mrst day of Septeinlier. But the «ea9on extending from the Ist of June, nnd '"m. time- from the -'i'lli of Ma.\ to the 1st of September, is amply lufficient t perniit the ;,'rowth of all the eaily varieties. A judicious choice of varieties is there fore nree-siiry. hut with such n choice tobacco culture in that part of Canada wi 1 be as siioces-ful as imywliere else. .\t the outset, ilniin;: the |id of chaos above mentioned, the crop* i- eluded the most ditlen nt type.-., from the very early indi«enou9 varieties, such »• Caiielle. P it Koiigp. Big Havana, to lartre and comparatively slow (rrowinj? toba<<' - audi as Blue Pryor and Hurleys, coverinjr the whole series of seed leafs. This w - the eoiijeqvieiiee of the lack of a riKular nu)rket and of the desire on the part of t' • farmers to test all kinds of varieties and discover one that would give the large-; profits, either by its heavy yielils. (Hurley and Large Connecticuts), or hy its hi. priee^. on tin market (Canelle, Petit Rouge). The growing of Canelle is to-day fairly well localized on clay loams and grav. liHms in the coiuitieE, of Muitiillni and Two-Mountains, particularly the hit!. - Elsewhere- the secd leaf is gradually replacing tiie other varieties. We may say tl. .! ill the Counties north of the it iiml wIiJkiii ab^rc .'iO<> to 60() pnuniii per acre. Howevpr, the hJRh pricM these produ-is ooiumund "D the tohaccu Imif marki-t mokra their culture fairly profitable, althoiiirh they enntiot be inclmled in the aanie clan a* the i<> called inaiiiifMi'tufiiiK toliiic<-i>R. In the aouthcm VueUc Kroup < Yainaaka valley) the plxntera have not heaitated ■o lonjf in n-cojiniiing the type leit aiiited t»j their noil and climate. The three varietir* mcen gn)wn more nnd more extensively, while the Connecticut .Seed Lenf tends to dii- appear entirely. It would Heem as if the proportinti of light louni'* heat suited to the grrowing of seed leaf were greater in this section than in the northern counties. The climatic conditions are also more favonrable, spring begin* earlier, fall fr-«t» enme Inter, summer rains are more frequent and better dhtribiited. The yields are slightly heavier than in the northern seotien. wliioli may be ascrilied to spci'iul Cdiiditions nf soil and climate, or perhaps also to the fact that tobacco culture ha-i bel. Under these conditions. lid with some caution, the comparatively late varieties (Big Ohio. Connecticnts. Hurleys! can be snccessfully j-rown. With rare exceptions the rainfall is sufficient. i lie Soils, however, seem t contain a much larger proportion of lime than the soils (f Queliei'. They are p<>rfeetly suitetl to the growing of t'lacc. s of a P' rous texture s i« (Burleys), l>ut it sei-ms that for elasticity and fineness the seeil leaf tobaccos give better results in the Quebec centrei. The Burley is a heavy yielder. In normal years the average should not fall below 1,300 or 1,4(10 pounds, and a ton jier acre is not aii exeeptional yield. During the last three years Virginia Bright has been tested in the county of Essex. Thanks to the judicious choice of soils the growing of this tobacco is in a fair way to success and several frrowers are at the present time engaged in its culture and practising flue-curing. The prospects appear to be of tlic liriglitest, the marine! is favourable, and till the demand for Burley has grown sufSciently, this variety offers an excellent means to avoid the over-production of the last two years, whereby the pi i(v3 were so depreciated that many growers of Hurley were <-oini)elled to abandon tobacco culture. III. British Columbia.— .\fter timid tests in the Okanagan valley, the first dating baciv to about ten years, this district seems to be destined to become an important centre in tobacco growing. The climate is exceptionally mild and the soil very productive. Iie«p light soils are to tx' found that are perfectly suiteil to this culture and the season extends from April to the end of September. The varieties more particularly tested are the Cuban and the small seed leaf- (Havana Seed Leaf, Comstock-Spanish and others imported from Wisconsin). Tbo Cuban is grown from Canadiiiii seed, the imported seed giving a more aromatic product but being of too feeble growth. The efforts of the pronvter-i of tobacco culture bave met witli success. \\ liilc the qunntitv of tobacco prodnccil in the Oknuiigan valley is not proportioned to tin place this product could occupy on the Canailian market, the Kelowna Cuban tiller- are excellent and may replace with advantaf;e many common Havanas. However, the Oknnafran seed leaf is not assured of sueli a future. The grent obstacle to iipriculture in tlnit pnrt of Canada is the almost complete lack of rain in summer. Irrigation i~ pru'^tiscd on a va-t sc;ile. but although it is sufficient, wlicn made in sprinir, to secure tlie v.pefati.iii of coinpariitivi>ly srndl tol':iccns lik. tlie Cuban, it i-^ inac!e present production of ti.baccii in Cniuidn is 1(1.000.0(10 pounds, of which Ontario grow- tinci-tiftlis and (^icLec td.out two-lifths. In fli,.-p approxi- mate (i.mires i- inchidcd the fairly important quantity of leaf tol>a<'co sold direct t. the (oii-unicr and exempt from exci-c duty. The proportion of leaf toliacoo con -''I'"'' I" < r.iind;i i- '•,,i!-i(|,.i^il,|,-: tiiciv !~ ,1 very active market for tolii i in th form in the Province of Qnct.cc. The provinces far removed from the centres oi production, as .Miinifotm iiml Allcrt.T • in the West). Nova Sc(j|ia and New Hrunswici, (in the K:ist I. nl-. take up a Lirgo qinintity of the leaf tobaccos produce no other tohnccf. 1. ■ that of their own cr p. It is impo-sihlc, Imwcver. to predict the future of tobacco culture in Canad ; from tlie present pr .luotion. Th. 'luesiion of quality is of f.ir greater imporiiiiKc til Admilting that as the deniaml increases for Canadian tobacco it will be easy to create new centres of production, or to develop those already exiating, it is parti- cularly essential to asperttiin if (^anadion tobaccos are fit products froni u mamifai;- turing standpoint. As already stated, the small Canadian tobaccos (Canelle, Petit Rouge, Big Kavana, etc.) are highly quote*! in the province of Quebec. Their retail price some- times reaches |0.76 to $1 a pound. To account for tliis, wo must necessarily con- sider the habit of the pipe smoker who prefers the^c tobaccos sometimes rather strong. The Candle, also known under the name of Evans, has u special aroma from which its name is derive.l. It is difficult, however, to dispute the quality of tobaccos so highly priced, althou({h, practically speaking, they liiivu undergone u« previous preparation. The Quebec seed leaf whose quality had long been disputed, at a time when it was little known but as a raw tobacco, unfermented and just out of the bam or shed, has acquired a well deserved reputation during recent years. With pr«p<>r <'ultivfltion and suitnble soil tlie-ie t ibiu'cn-. if harvested in good season and well - tion of a few special products, the chief merit of export tobaccos is not so much quality as cheapness. This can hardly be realized in a country where labour is com- paratively scarce and high-priced. Therefore, whatever be the quality of Canadian tobaccos, so long as the cost of production is not reduced they must chiefly court the favour of the home market. Tobacco culture in Canada is still practically in its infancy. This industry, in spite of long-lasting difficulties, has made rapid strides and its products have gained access to the home manufactures, but from yesterday only. For some time at least its only endeavour should be to secure a more prominent place on the home market S( as to grasp the reward due to such laborious efforts. THE TOBACCO SUPPLY OF CANADA.— JTTSTIFICATIOH OP THE lAST LEGISLATIVE ENACTMENTS. If the yearly consumption of tobacco in Canada is estinuitod in round iiimibers ai 30.000,000 pounds, the ]0,000,()00 pounds of home production constitute a small con tribution. This proportion will one day \>e rever8e