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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmis en commenpant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la derniAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaltra sur la derniire image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ^ signifle "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre filmte A des taux da reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour itre reproduit en un seul clich<. it est film6 A partir de Tangle sup(»»( a (Iraiiinij by .*>. Sltimotori THE KEfJAI, KRITM.I.ARY. FEMALE See page 1 JO m':"'! ITT' }.. \ t 7'^ ,IL ; ! BHAliV !UITTKR i'LIES ! i . ! I f I I ,S i- I 1 i i I < i ! 5 . M * '4' v*" , ^V.' 'i ''•-'■.' ife I,.-. ' ^ .t.. ^'U ^f"l ^' ^ * ■-■' ^jc- .■,-» *J ;v -t ■&: '■ ! i.^- £' Little Nature Library CANADIAN BUTTERFLIES WORTH KNOWING By clarence M. WEED, D. Sc. AUTHOR OF Seeing Nature First, Nature Biographies, Ten New England Bloaaoma, The FUnoer Beautiful, etc. Illustrated by Forty-eight Plates Thirty-two in Color Toronto THE MUSSON BOOK CO. Limited niMTED a OAIOEN CIt», H. v., O. 8. A. Aix aioRn usnvio, wcwdino that or trakslaiioii DUO fO«MOII lANOUAOIS, mClUDWO lU iCANDWAVtAll *>■ 4\*n PREFACE In this little book an attempt has been made to discuss the more abundant and widely distributed butterflies of eastern North America from the point of view of their life histories and their relations to their surroindings. In so doing I have of course availed myself of the written records of a host of students of buttei^es, without whose labors no such volume would be possible. Among these two names stand out preeminent — William H. Edwards and Samuel H. Scudder. Each was the author of a sumptuous work on American butterflies to which all later students must refer, both for information and for inspira- tion. Many others, however, have made notable contri- butions to our literature of these ethereal creatures. Every seeker after a knowledge of butterflies will soon find himself indebted to the writings of such investigators as the Comstocks, Denton, Dickerson, Dyar, Fernald, Fiske, Fletcher, French, Hancock, Holland, Howard, Longsta£F, Newcomb, Riley, Skinner, Wright, and many others. I am glad to express my obligations to all of these for the assistance their records have given in the prepara- tion of this book. While vast amount of knowledge of butterflies has already been discovered there is still more to be learned concerning them, and throughout these pages I have attempted to indicate the more important opportunities awaiting investigation. The day of the field naturalist has 1 ; "^ PREFACE come again and the butterflies are well worthy of careful observations by many interested students. The illustrations in the book require a woixl of cre * • /"yVv^/ making a silken cocoon, BpN* while most of the higher BtiJ moths make such a cocoon. The bodies of the butterflies are usually slender, while those of the larger moths are stout. The antennae of the butterflies are generally Butterfly wing scales, magnified. (From slender and commonly en- "^^ larged at the tip into a miniature club. The antennae of the larger moths are commonly feathery or are long and slender, tapering gr .1 lally toward the tip. 14 BUTTERFLIES The characteristic features that distinguish a moth frori? a butterfly are well illustrated in the plate opposite page 49, which shows one of the largest and most beautiful moths m the world. It is the Cynthia moth. As r ay be seen, the newly emerged moth is resting upon the sil «ii cocoon in which it spent its period as a pupa or chrysssis. This cocoon wes attached by the caterpillar to the twig from which it hangs at the time it spun the cocoon. The feathered antennae, the hairy legs, the thick thorax, and large abdomen— all show very clearly in this side view of the moth. As will be seen, the wings are large and very suggestive of those of a butterfly and have the characteris- tic eye-spots toward the tip and the crescent marks in the middle, which are so often found on the wings of the larger moths. Some of these large moths on cloudy days occasionally fly during daylight and, by the uninitiated, they are often mistaken for large butterflies. One who wiU notice their structuie, however, will readily see the characteristic features of the moth. In the caterpillar stage, there are no hard and fast differ- ences between the larvae of butterflies and those of the higher moths. In each case, the insect consists of a worm- like body, having a small head provided with biting jaws and simple eyes or ocelli. Back of the head are the three rings of the thorax, each of which bears a pair of jointed legs. Back of these three rings there are a considerable number of other body rings making up the abdomen, on the middle of which there are commonly four or five pairs of fleshy prolegs, not jointed but furnished at the tip with fine claws. At the hind end of the body there is another pair of prolegs similar in structure. INTRODUCTION The Scents of Butterfues 15 Many students of American butterflies have occasionally mentioned the fact that certain species seem to give off a djstinct scent which has frequently been spokeflf f a pleasing fragranc^ suggesting sandalwood or some other aromatic odor The general subject as exemplified by butterflies of other lands has been studied for manv veara by Fritz MuUen and certain English entomoS h^ MuUer puWications and an excellent summaiy of our pres- ent knowledge of the subject is published in Dr. Longstaff 'a book on butterfly hunting. The odors given off by butterflies are divided into two pnncipal kinds, namely: first, those which are repulsive to the sens^ of man and evidently for the purpose of pro- tecting the butterflies from birds and other vertebrate enemies— these are found in both sexes; second, those which are evidently for the purpose of sexual attraction and confined to the male butterflies— these scents are usually attractive to the senses of man. The aromatic scents of the second group are generally produced by means of certain scales or hairs of many curious forms, which are scattered over the surface of the wings or are placed within certain special pockets, generally near the borders of the wings, liiese scales or hairs are called androconia. Someof them much magnified are represented in the picture above. Androconia from wings of male butterflies ^® BUTTERFLIES huZZ^^""^^"^^" ,°^ *^" '''"''' ^^'"^ «^ by American that f r " "^"^ ^g^entary. and it is highly desirable bothl t>. r/i ' ^""''^"^ ^^"'^ °^^^^ ^^^^f»l notes. W w. ./''" "P°" *^' ^'''^^y ^^'^ butterflies at home we ought soon to be able greatly to extend our knowledge. By holding the butterfly with a pair of for- ceps one can often determine whether the fragrance is emitted It is often helpful also to brush theTa^To camel s hau- brush for the purpose. Butterfly Migrations Migration seems to be a general instinct in the animal abmidant. At such times this instinct apparently over- comes afl others and the creatures move Tn regarirof obstacles and conditions that may mean certaintith to have of e^r"*^- !,"? "^''^^^''^^ — ^ mammals ^Zl K " T 'T'^^^' ^"^ «f tbe most notable ex- amples being that of the little lemmings which migrate at r