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All ithar original copiaa ara filmad bagmning on tha lr»t paga with a printad or illuatratad ••"P'f*- tion. and anding on tha laat paga writh a printad >r illuatratad impraaaion. rha laat racordad frama on aach •"'«'°*''jj! ihall contain tha lymbol — » '"»••"'"> ''S°.; HNUEO"!. or tha symbol ▼ Cmaaning 6ND I. whichavar appliaa. Maps, platas. charts, ate. may ba fllmad at riiffarant raduction ratios. Thosa too l«'8« « »• intiraly includad in ona axpoaura ara fllmad iMginning in tha uppar laft hand cornor. laft to right and top to bonom. as many framas as raguirad. Tha following diagrams illustrata tha mathod: Las imagas suivantaa ont *t* rapreduitas avac la plus grand soin. eompto tanu da la condition at da la nanatO da Taaamplaira filmi, at an eonf ermit* avac laa eonditiona du eontrat da fUmaga. Laa oaamplalraa originaux dont la eouvartura an papiar aat Imprintaa sont filmas an eemmancant par la pramiar plat at an tarminant soit par la darnlAra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'impraaalon ou d'illuatration. soit par la sacond plat, salon la eaa. Toua laa autras aaamplairas originaua sont filmda an commancant par la pramiara paga qui comporta una amprainta d'impraaaion ou d'illuatration at wt tarminant par la dami*ra paga qui comporta una taila amprainta. Un daa symbolaa auivants apparaltra sur la damiAra imaga da chaqua microfiche, talon la cas: la symbda -^^ signifia "A SUIVRE". la symbola ▼ signifia "UN". Las cartaa. planchas. tablaaux. ate. pauvant itra filmto * daa taux da rMuctien diffirants. Lorsqua la document aat trap grand pour *tra raproduit an un saul clicha. il ast film* a partir da I'angia supOriaur gaucha. da gaucha a droito. at da haut an baa. an pranant la nombra d'imagaa nOcassaira. Laa diagrammas suivants illustrant la mOthoda. 1 2 3 1 6 MKiocorr motunoN tbt cmait (ANSI ond ISO TfST CHAUT No. 2) A /APPLIED IIVMGE I 1653 Eoit Uorn StrMt HochMUr, Naw 'ork 1*609 USA (7t6) ♦a? - 0300 - PhonT^ ^ (716) 2U- 5989 - Fgi ^- T - * ^''J^jl^"^.,**-' '■«% fell ^'-.-J 1' PPENDEP EEPOBTS. A* Bf PROFESSOR E. E. PRINCE -m: -f.-^ .' *i^ X KtA^nifO TbiJNO IV7: Its OOMPARATIVS ADtrANTAaiS. ,«^> \ AQQUMATIZAnON OF nOB, n»H-WATKB AKD 1UBIN1. " * I 9il fc/J.' 1900 *«^>.-'<''^ Si V; «*,; ^fr*' ; ■ aoVlANMKH'^ PBIlTTINa BUBIAU »-v 'iit 5>"'>„t'i-_j ■i: ;•*,-: SPECIAL APPENDED KEPOKTS IT PROl ESSOR E. E. PRINCE DomxHion Commi»ium»r of FUheries 1. PLANTINIJ YOUN(} FRY : ITS COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES. 2. THE VERNACULAR NAMES OF FISHES. 3. ACCLIMATIZATION OF FISH, FRESH WATER AND MARINE. 1900 OTTAWA GOVERNMENT PRINTING BUREAU 1901 .i^^-*^ fi0d24727 SPECIAL REPORTS CONTENTS I.— FUatlBf TooBff Frjr. TAOM. Agr wh«n fry arc (lUnlMl in f 'mumU 9 AivuiiH-iiU KfTitiiwt iilkiitiiig yiHinn fry 9 M infaviMirof m 10,11 Baa*, aiir »( ymiiiv lilark 9 Brailc tniut iiiitr »f yiiuiiK. 9 Ifciww, Mr, HeyiiHMir, qiM»t«l 11 Bucklanil. Kntiik, (|iH>tMl M, U CannilMraiii »iiiiiiik fry 9 Coat (i( itUntiiiK niimll (rv 11 IMMU'vltwtiM'Ha of fry, a^lt-gt^i 9 Kcxal, inflwiiu- on Krimtli 9 Kiaal, (liMcult til >ii|i|ily pnnivr 10 l-'rancia, Utf Francia, qiiiit*^ 10 tjBkx-tnnit, »!«•• iif youiiK 9 Ij»*« Urvnl «t»((«-«iif (ry 8 LiitMtora, an- I'ltiiiiilula k lien vihiiik 9 Lulaitrr rmiiniiaaiiiii (IHIIH) rfiriTHl ti>. 9 MaitUiiil, Mir.l. *i. i|uiitMl 10 Marino fry vor^ driiciitr 9 Mtkrinv BioUitpcHl Sta. of Canaila 8 ^Iichi^Bn rxiarinw'nta rf fry 10 < llijwtiona t|>lii-a t4i oliJivti rt fry pUutinii 0, 10 Salmon fry, varying »i«r of 8 •Sliwl, atatff when fmalyolk t-xhaiiatod 7 Siimiw of planting yoiniK fry 11 Ti-rtli, »|>i»'«raii'* of ill vi)iin(f"li«', wrumi* ItMHott aiiiontp*t 9 Warliiitf HtAK^ (IfHiiiil 8 Young fry, festunii in vrry T 7 II. — The VomacnUr Nunes of Fiahei. .Mi'Wif*' or i iBiiiiert-aii 14 Anirlt-m lilanu'worthy in naming tiiMl 13 of Canada in a eharr 14 Brown trout an iiia|iiirolirtat»* nam** 19 Burbot hail aixtw-n naniiit 17, 21 K|Hltt«-• r v2i*iH n— tiM ▼wMndar *• —Con, r Kfl|««» jOk, •uatlil* <■( ormAiMd MMMWilatar*. KaUffTMU aiiMH>|)iiMi aamm . iM lu Iwrliot mh< lariln.'. ijMmn liurnit LiiiB, fivnh watvr Uwh, th<> atom- Liichv, liaih mi|i|ii-rMiux I'lM'iHi- Salmon tht- ir iliatinctivp f<«tun« I fnnaylvania roniuiiaaion r|u|iliM| in Canada (jiiinnat Kol'Hah or Micki'ye aainHm Kii'lianUni, I >r. -calM in Caiuulu . . Sanger Sandre Scientific naniea liewilderiiig Shad, the name niiauaed Shad-waiter Shark, mackerel, miHapolied to tunny Seven modea of mianamniK Huhea Smelt, a whitefixh caliinl " minnow called Sockeye aalnion of Britiah Columbia "." Si»itted burbot Spring aalnion or qu:nnat Stone, Mr. Livingston on Kuropean trout.. . '. Tal6, a B. C. aalnion Togiie Touladi in K. C. iiada ...... Tradera' namen lor fiah Trout, black liaaa culled Weaktiah and chubcalled . . . . ■• Alekey ia the burlnt Tunny miHnani(>d Von Behr trr>ut an unfortunate name.. ... «' .;' J •',' **"* orifhnated >> all-eyed pike not a pike ft .... II 19 17 IT I« I? 14 IK 1» » ... 14 14 .. It), 21 ■ n » IT . 17. « ... 14 17 .. n 14 » . . n i» .... » . u . . IH 14 . . n 21 .17.81 . . . . 23 . 13. . . 14 .. IH . . . . 1ft . . . 13 . . . . 17 17 . . . IH . . . . Ill ... 14 ■a 12 12 l!l . I.% IH ... IH . 13 . 22 , 17 17 12 1«, 17 . 17 17 ... 14 . 21 21 14 . 21 1ft ,. . 1» ... 14 14 . 14 . 22 .. 18 .13 lit .. 17 . 17 . 20 . 20 . 17 a\ . IS IS \r IT in 17 u IH ift » . u M l«. 21 « 17 17, aj 14 17 31 u 31 21 12 . 23 t» Itl U . 21 21 17,21 . 23 1.1 U Itl It, 13 . 17 17 IM . Ill 14 23 12 12 lit 1.% IH IH 13 22 17 17 12 H, 17 17 17 14 21 21 14 21 Kl 1!» 14 14 14 22 II* I IH 17 17 20 2I» 17 rAUK WMkaTb th» «lk ■.■.■.■.'.■.■.'.'.■.'.'.'.'.'.'". .' .' 19. \* W«UdBM, liUckhMaUM ■" Wbilt4M\. lM>^r }• MlMwhitiaf U toimm » Mnrlt. Whllinc miHkp|ii>«<«imnd«.r eaittuli vf rj- hunty <'»t»rtrir<.?HlinK ttnn CatHi.li i^naritNiii irf lift* ■ Canail'Mi >and-Uii'k<'iirl»l Codling aacfiid intii frt-ali watfr Ciniditiiiu* for accliinatiiation. ("iix. I)r. Philiis on land-loi'kMl tnu'lt I >»l{ il»li, mariiir in f rvali waUT. . . . Kffypt, fXantplfM uf acclimati/.ation in Knvirunnifnt a«i«u Bull (»w Mr. .1. Harvif Brown) Kxtmnra of tt-nacity in liali-life Flimndv.-a in frwili wat«-r < irniinn carp t«-naciou> of lifr * traylinfT in Baltic and Caapian Sni <>m'rnMty, im|iort»nt rxio-rmu'nt in Ilakr, niarinr, found in frmili water^ HfiTiiig triU', anarln>?iMMiB p»(iwi»'" i'f (rmh wat4h water itid in .lordaii. Prof., on Yt-Howaton*- Park H»hri Loetinilit., Hv\. Cathrr, on liamin lakna in N. W.T • • ■ Ijkntl'lovkKl aalnion 2ft. I. ■. in Norvay -» .. Lake Hunm ■ H Svottinh f xpiriuientH Melntciah, l*ro(. W. C, fre«li wattr herring exijerim^nt .. .. yonng Hat fl' 'i in atrvain* Mitchell, Dr. .1. C, Egypt, on Hah a.cliinatixntion < hitario aalnion . .. ^{aafieivauii. < hiananicl v in Province of ^ueliec ... ' lyat^'ra in f reah water Papiiieau, Mr. Louia, carp wwda. Paciflo aalnion, ►■'eeding of land locked Peri'h, yellow, in aea water. Peril iphtnalniua, nn ani|>hil)iau fiah Porpoiaea in freah water (aee Whalea) >4almon fry die in aalt water • I. (lareut, in »»lt water pond Hchultx, Ute Sir .Iring aalmon or quinnat, land locked 8tickleba«ka in aait and freah water Striped baaa in rivera S«ckera in hot watera aft an sa 34 .13 ft) 31 31 .to 29 34 2B 2S 2» 2tl 31 aa 32 28 2« sn 34 27 .-M 3ft 28 SO 26 24 :«2 28 33 ."U 27 34 33 29 I In. AecUmftfeintioa of Fiih. — dmduded. Tom-cod endure clungaa. iraggMted for N.W.T.iUkM Temperature, high, Pmcifio Mdmon endure Trout, river, become Uke trout in .ScotUnd Trout in w»rm water* Turbot in frwh water Utility of Huh acclimatisation Wemem, land locked nalmon in lake. Wlialeg in fre«li water Whelk (Bureinum) in fre«h water Wilniot, Mr. 8., impounded salmon in nalt water. M 28 36 29 3.-; 2B 28 25 26 I. PLANTING YOUNG FRY: ITS COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES. BY PROFESSOR EDWARD E. PRINCE, DOMINION COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES, OTTAWA. It was my intention, in the present report, to treat exhaustively the much disouMed question of the planting of yearling or ' fingerling ' fish, as comparKl with the planting of newly-hatched fry. The latter method of stocking waters is that mainly carried out in the system of artificial fish-culture conducted by the Department of Marine and Fisheries. The controversy, respecting the merits of the two systems, hasbpen actively carried on for more than a, quarter of a century, and fish-culturists are still divided into two schools, the partisans of one school being as emphatic and zealous in their own special advocacy, as the partisans of the other. The adoption of one system does not imply the total disparagement of the other, and there is certainly much to be said for the rearing of the fry of fishes, in our hatcheries, until they are robust and independent ; until, in other words, they are able to look after themselves. In order to do justice to the two methods : the 'young fry' method, and the 'fingerling' or 'yearling' method, the various poinu raised require to be dealt with exhaustively and I therefore propose to treat in a future report the whole subject with some thoroughness, in order that the practical aspects of the matter may be fully set forth, as theoretical coilsidera- tiohs, have, it must be confessed, hitherto figured very largely in this important discussion. My present purpose is simply to state, in the meantime, the principal points which may be urged in favour of the system carried out in Canada. I shall do so as concisely and as clearly as I can, reserving for the present those more technical and com- plex features which can be understood by the embryologiht, but are of less moment to the practical man, to whom the more salient points appear, of course, to have the greatest weight. It is necessary to point out that by the term* fry, young fry, or newly- hatched fry, is meant the true larval condition, before the features of the embryonic stages are lost. When a young fish emerges from the egg, at the close of the incubation process, it bears no resemblance in most cases, to the parent fish. It is, as a rule, not at all like a fifh : but resembles a small worm with a protruding bag of yolk attached to the under side. I have often heard people declare, on seeing newly-hatched fish in a jar or tank, that they looked like wriggling insects. A minute scientific examination shows that the young fish larva is not only in external form and features, but also in internal structure and anatomical arrangement quite difierent from a fish, indeed is almoet as unlike as the caterpillar is unlike the butterfly. At first the newly-batched larval fish feeds only on its store of yolk, but as soon as this is exhausted, it begins to change ita shape, the mouth, which at first is not used at all, becomes actively movable and numerous minute teeth protrude from the surface of the jaws. Indeed, in the young shad, for instance, teeth develop long before the food-yolk is used up. The late Professor Ryder called attention to this precocious appearance of teeth in the infant shad. Of his pre- viously published statement ' that the yolk £ack disappeared on the fourth to the fifth day after the young fish had left the egg,' he said (Bullet. U.S. Fish. Commis., 1881, p. 241) : ' Although this statement is in a broad sense true, I find upon more accurate investigation that there is a small amount of yolk retained in the yolk-sack for a much longer time. It appears in fact that there are really two periods of absorption of the yolk which may be very sharply distinguished from each other. The first extends from the time of hatching to the end of the fourth or fifth day, according to temperature. 8 daring which mwt of the yolk is abwrhed The woond penod of the kbMrption df the yolk extends in the ih^d over sbout twice th»t of the 6nt, or about ten days . The function of the yolk^ack, daring the flrrt period, appear* to be to build up the utnioture of the growing embryo ; during the second, not to much to build it up a* to BuaUin it in vigorous health until it can capture food to swallow and digest, eo that it may no lo*lger be dependent upon the store of food inherited from its parent Minute conical teeth appear on the lower jaws and in the pharynx of the young shad, about the second or third day after hatohing .. . I have never observed food m the alimentary canal until ten or twelve days after the young fish had left the egg. At about the beginning of the second week considerable may be seen in the livinK specimens. But the intestine is often not yet very densely packed with food even at this period. At the age of three weeks an abundance of food is found in the intestine. A young flsh a month old, or even three weeks old in some species, begins to assume the fish-like form, the fins losing their embryonic or larval form, and the external and internal structure of the growing creature changes to a more mature condition. Between theeariiest or im- mature larval stage and the more mature stage, when the form of the adult begins to be recognizable, there U often a peculiar posHarval stage, charactonzed in some marine species by the most extraordinary transient developments, which often give the young fish a most grotesque appearance. Broadly speaking, then, there is a larval and a post-larval condition, the latter insensibly passing into the stUl small, but externally mature condition called by fa«h- culturists the fingeriing stage. The latter is often cailed the yeariing stage, although the fish may not be a year old. Indeed the rate of growth in any particular batch of fishes varies very much. Frank Buokland drew attention to this in his little work en- titled 'Fish Hatching' (Undon, 1863), and quotes an authority as saying that of three specimens of young salmon taken from the Stormontfield ponds in Srotland, on April 1. 1863, all of the same age, one was 6J inches long and weighed 646 grains; another was 3* inches long and weighed 135 grains ; an.l the third was 2^ inches long, and weighed 23 grains. The lost had the dark parr-bands along the sides, the second had indications of small scales, and in the largest the scales were large silvery and in an advanced stage of growth. As Buckland remarked, young fish whether kept in hatchery tanks, reared in large ponds or turned into streams, vary veiy much m growth : some individuals growing more rapidly and attaining a greater size than others. In a study which I made at the Marine Biological Station of Canada of three batcheij of Pacific salmon fry this year, I found a similar though not quite «) marked a diflFerence in growth. The specimens in each series (five or six dozen hsh in each series) were presumably about the same age, and in one series they varied from 42 millimeters (1U"'> *» 31 millimetres (IJin.) in length. In another batch (belonging to the brood of another year) they varied from 6.5 millimetres (2^in.) to SC millimetres (lAin.) and in another year's series they varied from *J "oillimetres (UHn.,) to 34 millimetres (IJin.) The weli known authority on angling, Mr. Stoddard states, that the nature of the food greatly influences growth : ' Trout were placed in three separate tanks, one of which was supplied daily with worms, another with hve minnows, and the third with those small dark coloured water flies which are to be found moving about on the surface under banks and sheltered places. The trout fed with worms grew slowly, and had a lean appearnnce ; those nourished on minnows, which, it was observed, they darted at with great voracity, became much larger ; while such as were fattened upon flies only, attained in a short time prodigious dimensions, weighing twice aa much as both the others together, although the quantity of food swallowed was in nowise so great ' Under natural conditions, however, where the food available for all the indi- viduals in a brood of young is practically the same, the difference in size must be mainly due to inherent variability, dependent upon very obscure causes. Such vanataon in riowth, which is so noticeable within the limits of one species considered separately, is no less marked when we compare several different species together. One kind or species attains a known average si7e at a certain stage in the growth of the young. Thus a newly hatehed salmon measures a little more than half an inch in length ; at the fourth week the larva has doubled its length, and in the third month it attaint two inches, while in the fourth month it is no lesa than two and s half to nearly four inches long, and • month later m much m five inohes in length. Brook trout in the fourth month Me nraally two inohea from tip to tip, three inches when nine or ten monthi old, and fire inehm when a year old. Lake trout (Salvelinui namayeutk) are six inches long at the end of twelve months, and black bass are i'>ur to six inches. The growth of vpry few marina larval fishes has been ohservedrbut it is interesting to note that in a batch of young wdf-fish {Anarrhiehat lupus), a fish reaching a length of five or six feet, the larval forms were a fraction over a quarter of an inch long on hatching out, in the fourteentli week (3^ mcmths) they were not more than half an inch in length, this slow growth being proba- bly due to confinement in tanks. Marine fish beins as a rule of very minute size and delicate in organization when hatched probably reach the sAme length as frosh water species in a much more extended period of time. The observed variation, which is frequently so very great in young fishes of precisely the same age, is of moment in connection with this question of young fry vtrsut fingerlings. ' Certain fishes moreover exhibit a cannibalistic habit at a very early stage. Black bass when very young, devour each other, even when little over an inch in length, so that it is necessary to take special steps to prevent this. I have on a previous occasion (Rep. Canadian Lobster Commiesion, 189H) pointed out, in the case of the lobster, that amongst young lobster fry ' cannibalism is frequent, and the method adopted of attacking each other is very striking, as the young lobster barely a few weeks old invariably selects the most vulnerable point, viz., the opening behind the head-shield. The stronger larva springs upon the back of the weaker and savagely bites him at the point named.' Frank fiuckland describes the voracity of finserling salmon and trout and said ' they will certainly eat the young grayling when they ran catch them, for they are very active : they also eat young perch. I have placed perch spawn in their tanks, and as the perch, which are exceedingly minute, hatch out, they are caught up and devoured in an instant.' Whatever arguments may lie urged for or against the prevailing system of planting newly hatched fry, it can hardy be doubted by any fair-minded critic that the attempt to stock depleted waters with countless millions of young fish, as is done in Canada, must have some Iwneficial results. There is certainly much evidence in favuur of the view that benefit has resulted. Would better results follow the adoption of the system of planting advanced fry or fingerlings ? There are certain points urged agiiiiist planting very young fry which merit some attention. Nothing, it is said, can be more helpless and defenceless than y^uiig Hsh imm»diately on hatching out They must l>e at the mercy of numberless enemies. This objection has this defect that as a matter of fact most of the fry are some days, or at any rate some hours old when deposited in the open waters The planting is postponed until at large quantity have liberated themselves from the egg, some time is occupied in removing them from the tanks, carting them to the railway or conveying them by wagon to the more or less distant localities to he stocked. In other words the youngest fry are always 12 to 48 or 72 hours old and are not ' newly born ' young fish when placed in lakes or rivers. Two or three weeks elapse before all are planted, and the fry are thus getting older as each batch is sent nif day after day during the distribution. Hence the majority of artificially hatched fry are really much older, and must be more sturdy and robust, than the delicate young fish expm warmer water in the hatchery tanks to the colder water -^f the lake or stream outside is also baseless. The ample supply of water pouring through the hatchery troughs has b«en found to be, as a rule, many degrees colder thnn the water to )« stocked. Ice is always used in keeping the water cold when transporting the young fish in large tanks. Records have been kept showing that the water in the hatcheries is more equable and cool at the distributing time than in the waters outside. The helpless fry, it has also been urged, being hatched under unnatural condi- tions are untaught to seek shelter, and must be devoured by watchful enemies. It should be remembered that the eggs are taken from wild parent fish. The fry batched from these cannot fail to inherit, by the inflexible law of heredity, the instincts of their parents. They act, as indeed they cannot avoid acting, precisely as the young of wild fish do. Hence, when the fry have been carefully watched at the time of planting, they 10 r hkve been noticed to Mt with grt»i •Imrtaam and intclligenoa, aad at oaoa d«rt off to the nearest arailable ihelter. The objections asoallj nrRed, apply indeed wilh greater force to young Hi>h kept for a long period nnder artificial conditions, and rear«d to the flngerling or yearling staKe. Such young fish mast beoome aocustomed,to thi safe and protected conditions provided for them in the tonks or rearing ponds. In such ponds the usual enemies are absent, the water as a rule i« warmer, and food is supplied to them, of kinds and at times wholly unlike those which obtain in the cnse of naturally hatched fish. ' If the try are kept until they are of fair sire,' wrote the late Francis Francis, one of the hest authorities on iish-onlture, ' fed regularly every day, never seeing an enemy of any kina, what » ill become of them when they are turned into deep water amongst foes, without the preliminary and probationary life on the comparatively safe shallows, being all un- accustomed to seek their own food, or see enemies f They are far more likely to faU victims then, and less likely to thrive on their own exertions, unless it is proposed to keep them until they are beyond the size taken by pike and large trout' I cannot do better than quote the opinion of Mr. Francis on a further point, as it fully coincides with the view which I have already published, and to which I still adhere. « I have heard people urge, that if the young fish are turned at an early age into the river, they will fall a prey to predaoeous fish. It is possible that a small percentage of them may, but the remainder will easily learn to know their enemies and avoid them ; besides, in putting them into the river, the most shallow places at the sides, and the most shel- tered spots should be selected, and the fish should be distributed in small numbers in such places as predaoeous fish are the least likely to come and look for them. Added to this, the remainder will thrive so much better in the wider area of the river, and will grow so much faster that this will counterbalance any slight loss.' ExperimenU have beer> iH with a view of comparing the rate of growth of fiy in confined waters, and ^ha-ilil. rated in a stream or creek and it has been shown that the fry which were plani«.c . jon after hatching and which subsisted on natural food under natural con- ditions grew much more rapidly than those nnder artificial conditions. I ain aware that some experiments in the Detroit river, carried on in 189", under the Michigan F'sh Commission, point to the opposite conclusion, for of a quantity of white- fish (CoreymiHit) fry confined in boxes in the river able to subsist on natural food, only three survived from April 20 to July 23, by which time they were nearly two inches in length, but the boxes were twice Uinpercd with, and the results were thus deprived of their chief value, though it was noticed that a batch of several hundred kept in the hatchery, fared much better. ' These had grown rapidly, much faster in faot than those in the river,' the report states, ' and they were in fine condition when moved (at about the age of ten months) they were three or four inches in length. In good condition, but small for their age.' No reliable conclusion can be drawn from this experiment, which is precisely the reversj of that communicated to Frank Buck- land. (See FisTi Hatching. 1863, p. 160.) ' Amongst the advantages of eariy turning into the nver must be reckoned that of rapid growth, ilome of those (wrote a cor- respondent to Mr. Buckiand) whic" -ou and I turned in were, after only nine days, found to be three or four times !. . in those of the same age left behind in the troughs.' An assistant in this «.. , uient observed some of the young fish on the shallows, and stated that one of these liberated fish would weigh down four of the fish confined in the hatchery tanks. This is indeed what might be anticipated. Most animals are more vigorous, healthy and of more rapid natural growth than when confined under artificial conditions. 'The old idea (wrote the late Sir J. O. Maitland) was to turn out fish big enough to take care of themselves.' But it is not a question of size, but of food, habit and trabing. Yeariings will live, it is claimed, where young fry would perish ; but planting of fish should always be in favourable localities only. The main considerations, which weigh in favour of the planting of newly hatched fry may be summarized as follows : 1— The fry being placed in their natural surroundings, food, temperature, and other conditions must be more favorable than in the cram^ conditions of a hatcherr or a rearing pond. 11 3. — Th« fry endowed with their natand inatinota inherited from the parent fiah, exeroiae tboM inatinota at the earlieat moment, and do not become acouatomed to an artificial environment. 3. — It enal>lea a vaiit quantity of young tioh to be handled, whereaa, an infinitely smaller quantity alone can be dealt with if the labour, expenae and difficulty oi feeding; rearing and caring for are to be faced. 4. — Fry are most vigoroua and alert soon after hatching, but when kept con- fined and their stock of food yolk becomes exhausted, they are less vigorous, swim less freely, and require great care in management. S-— When fish are planted at the young fry age, the public receive the greatest return and most widespread benefit. This would not be possible were a restricted quantity of young fish meroly available for planting. It idlows of the maximum of output at the minimum of cost. 6. — Lastly tlie planting of young fry has been successful, in spite of losses when planting, and undoubted losses (from predaceous enemies) after planting. It is incred- ible that 50 or 80 or 200 millions of fry of various fishes can be planted in Canadian waters, as they hare been planted for over a quarter of a century, and have no effect whatever. The popular opinion, the opinion of practical men, the strong conviction of fishermen especially is that the beneficial results are patent and undeniable. It has been shuwu that most of the stock objections urged are not merely based on gross misconceptions, they are the reverse of the facU^ The eggs in our hatcheries are, at any rate, safely shielded from numberless enemies and hurtful influences. When the fry hatch as Mr. Seymour Bower pertinently asked (in a paper in the Mich., Fish Commiss. Rep., 1896,) ' the question of how much longer they should be held, without any attempt at feeding, becomes an importtat one. Whitefish fry, as such, are never more vigorous than at the time of hatching : they are t'ree swimmers, and begin to take food within a very few days. It would seem, therefore, that the sooner they are set free in their native habitat, to mingle with nature's fry the better. There is no- thing to be gained by holding them and there is great risk in carrying them beyond the time when nourishment other than that supplied by the food sack is essential to normal development.' It is indeed impossible to supply food, at all corresponding to the natural food in quantity, or in its nature, to fry retained until the post-larval condition ; and the resulting fish may be stunted, or at any rate will bear evidence in the adult stage of the unnatural conditions under which they were reared. They will reveal what Frank Buckland called the * semi tame ' condition all through life. 13 [ II. THE VERNACULAR NAMES OE EISHES. By Profkssor E. E. Pbince, Doxikioh (Tommiisioiibr of FuHERin, Ottawa. The editor of » wall-known organ of the angling fraternity was compelled, a few years ago, to admit, ' the utter impossibility of ever clarifying the muddle caused by anglers dinging so persistently to local nomenclature in the identification and classifica- tion of fishes.' Anglers are not, however, by any means the worst offenders, and one of the main sources of confusion and uncertainty in this matter is the inveterate habit, prevalent amongst ft?bermen an-l those who handle fish commercially, of giving special names, often without rhyme or reason, to the kinds of fish which they send into the market. With regard to kinds which are uncommon, or of no value for commercial purposes, no name is too absurd to select, and the fishery expert and naturalist while frequently experiencing c'ifiiculty in determining precisely what fish may be meant, when a fisherman or dealer uses a special name for a common commercial species, finds the difficulty infinitely increased when some rare or uncommon fish is referred to. It is, as a rule, impossible to know what is meant when a fisheraian speaks of a ' Sunfish,' or a ' Dog-fish,' or a ' Minnow,' for each of these terms is habitually used for half a dozen creature^ wholly different and unlike. To add to the bewilderment, scientific experts have in recent years decided to throw aside generic and specific names, which from long use and familiarity have become universally accepted and recognized, and have substituted for them, in a great many cases, obscure and even uncouth and for- bidding names, which, unlike the names so long adopted, are neither descriptive nor euphonious. This exchange of well known scientific \iame8 on which even amateur naturalists were wont with some certainty to rely, has been adopted in obedience to a principle of priority, consistent and defensible no doubt from an antiquarian point of view, but wholly confusing and misleading from the standpoint of utility and convenience. The once uniform and reliable scientific names, which were a safe refuge under the bewildering; variations of local nomenclature, have been thrown into hopeless and in- extricable confusion. Thus the familiar Gadus aeglifiwig, th.t common haddock, has become Melanogrammug (uglifinus the large tunny is Albacora thynnus instead of Thffnnuii vulgaris : and its close r^la*' ve the bonito is Gymnosarda pelamii, instead of Pelamys aanla. It is no matter of surprise that the early settlers in this western continent, anxious for old association's sake to keep in use names familiar to them in the old land, should have applied such names, borne by very different creatures, to fishes, birds and animals new to them in this country and bearing some more or less distant resemblance to the original.^. Thus it is easy to understand that the name 'robin' was applied to a bird which resembles in hardly a single feature the original /■.rilfuicua ruhecula, or robin redbreast of England. The large aggressive loud voiced nervous thrush 'every motion decided and alert,' the American robin ( Menda migrcloria,) is the reverse of the small delicately-formed, retiring bird with throat and breast of a deep orange red colour, whoso song is of a sweet, low, plaintive character, and whose habit is to haunt the dwellings of men only in the winter time, for the English robin, unlike ours, is non-mi- gratory. Our robin is a typical, somewhat noisy, thrush — the original robin a retiring, tender-voiced warbler, indeed the Sylviinae as a whole differ in every feature from the thrush family the Turdinae to which our North American robin belongs. It was no doubt for precisely similar reasons, largely old association, that the name speckled-trout or brook-trout, was applied to that most widely distributed and highly esteemed fish IS S€Uv«l*nut fontintUu. In the report nf the PennnylvanU State Commiasionen of Fuh- •ries (1895, p. 221,) reference it made to this inttuioe of mis-nMning, and the following remark* put the matter so a| propriately that I quote the paragraph rerbatim : — As reoently determined the beautiful brook-trout of our waters is not a true salmon bat a oharr, a circumstance which need not cause the angler or the lover of this attractive fish any sorrow, since all the luembers of this group of salmonoids are noted not only for their beauty and grace but their gimM qualities. No truer words were ever spoken than those uttered by an eminent ichthyologist when ho declared that ' no higher praise can be given to a salmonoid than to call it a charr.' It came by the name of trottt through the Pilgrim fathers who, when they first saw it in New England, mis- took it for tlie some li*h they knew in their own Devonshire streams. Had they come from the north of England or from Scotland and been more observing, the error in all likelihood would have never been made. But brook trout or speckled trout or charr, or whatever name may be applied to the fish, it needs no description. There are few anglers who are not well acquainted with this most beautiful and graceful of fishes. It is more eagerly Boui{ht for and by the majority of resh water sportsmen in the east prised more than any other member of the finny tribe, while epicures regard it* flesh as unsurpaKsed for delicacy and richnens of flavour. U nqaestionably, the pure cold water and the OHually picturesque character of the streams in which the brook trout live has something to do with making this fish a general favourite among sportsmen. Amongst many evils, which result from a lack of uniformity in the use of popular names, are the errors which inevitably ^.ppear in statistical records and comparative tables. Unless the preciM application of any particular name frequently used indiflfer- ently for several fishes, be fir^it ascertained, the information aiforded by official reports may be most micleading. Familiar names like trout, salmon, smelt, herring, and pike, are used with utter carelessness, and so grossly misapplied that it is difficult to understand how any intelligent community can continue, year after year, to keep in circulation names so utterly inappropriate to many of the fishes upon which they have been imposed. As an example of the erratic use of popular names even in official publications, I may instance the case of a very valuable, and sumptuously illustrated report of a Qame and Fish Association on this continent, in which I find that the pike-perch, dor^, or wall-eyed pike, is repeatedly called 'Susquehanna Salmon.' It is so called in the table of spawning seasons given in the book ; but in the text, only a few lines lower down on the same page, the fish is referred to as the wall-eyed pike, whereas in the body of the report the same fish is several times mentioned as the pike-perch. This last named term is the most appropriate and moat descriptive, and has been in common use for a century or two at least in European countries. This ioHtance will illustrate the confused state of mind — not to say of nomenclature, which leads to the use of three almost con- tradictory terms for one fish iu the pages of the same report. Similarly the weakfish or squeteague (Cyno*ei< on account of the brilliant red colour assumed by the male when on the spawning grounds, than the deep red flesh, which is very characteristic of this species and gives it its rpevial value on the markets. Un the other hand such names as gospereau for the migratory alewife, called 'kiak' in Nova Scotia, is clearly a French- Acadian nam", and it may be that togue, as cer- tainly longe or lunge applied a* already stated to varieties of the great lake trout in New Brunswick and the province of Quebec, are French, unless the word togue be Indian. Dr. Perley says, however, that the word to)tue is used by the lumbermen, while " the In- dians designate it by a name equivalent to fi-esh-water cod.' Second, we may note that uf the names applied on grounds of old association, perhaps the most patent is that of the adoption of the name brook-trout, or sptckled trout, for a fish which is not in a strict scientific sense a true trout at all ; but, OS already pointed out, is really a charr, and closely allied to species of charr found somewhat locally in lakes in Great Britain and certain European countries. The fish which occurs in certain Scottish, Welsh and Cumberland lakes in the British Isles, and is most closely related to our brook trout, in not called a trout at all, but is known as a charr. The genuine brook trout, the Salmo Jario is a true Salmo, and not to be confused with any member of the genus Salvdintis, or charrs. In size and in many features our Salvflinus fontinali* or brook trout, recalls the trout of the old world, and the earliest English, Scottish and Irish settlers liked to think that the streams in the new land, like those in the old, were trout streams. ' When the New England States were fir-aized member of the herring group, having a hard muwular atomach, derp Imdy, aroall head, and a long hair like projection from the hind border of the duraal Bu, really the laHt bony ray of that ftn. In certain rivera in Louisiana, in which Dr. Rvermann atated that there wait no evidence of the exiatence of any apwiea of truA ahad {Alum), a herring-like apeviea Signalom alehafalaifir ia called hIihiJ by all the ttaherroen. The term ' whiting' which ia really the popular name of a Europtntri flab clooely r«lat«, to one of which tho name whiting haa been for centuriea applied. The term ahad-waiter, though an erroneoua name, ia not iteriouHJy confuaing. It has been adopted in many lakes in Eastern Canada for the Hmall whiteflah Coregontts opuiar names of this voracious fresh-water cod, or rather ling, {Lota macnlona) which some old authority, it is reconied, pronounced to be a hybrid between an eel and a trout. A fourth mode of false nomenclature is that of the adoption of names already ap- propriated and universally accepted for certain fish and their application toother wholly different fish ; some fancied justification being found in the habits, the form or the teeth of the fish. Thus the word ' pike ' has become venerable as the distinguishing name for the Esocida-, yet the term pike, usually qualified by the word 'yellow,' or 'blue,' is very generally applied to fishes more closely related to the perch family, indeed the long-used scientific name Lurto-perca, or pike-perch, was an appropriate and descriptive one. In Canada these fish, of which there are at least three species in the Dominion, are called pickerel, and the yellow species, or American Sandre, (Stizottedium vitreum), is called dore in Quebec, and indeed amongst French-Canadians generally. The sauger, or Canadian sandre, also called blue pickerel (StizMledium canaderue) is often called blue pike by United States fishermen and sportsmen, who also distinguish both species as wall-eyed pike. Similar confusion has arisen in relation to the word ' pickerel,' The name lush or loche, is in uae in Alaska. E. B. P — 2 Il r • •«»" 'P^rfw (or ■awll MMi UnlUd HutM ».™» , »»M*•'» »'-« pike Mventeen inches long.' "^ ''•'«'"^ wmething over two poundS, and were th«till?er„'on.TL"r"ia''„"^^^^ --- *« North American fish i« either already app-prill 'ft'wriM tt'^h't ""^' ^ -™« •ppropriatenes. or utility. It i« surnrisinl h^^ ' "'"'^ •'*^"*^ «""«•«• without .... Imnnful, and even cul, Jl |, .3 of '^chr."*"^ «.«., may be f nd of thi. errat"o ' sHlmon.' or usually .jack.ialn;„,?u,H ^TV'^'' tor a.b^. Thu. the term I;.. k..rel or th. walleyed pike. The Zor of th." ^'•"'"'"PP', "r*"" '"■• '»■« Canadian that great attention h,u Ln paid ■£ the State F IT ^'^'•'' <''""*' '«»«> "'"'^d the county acljacent to St. I^miM) to the n.!.,. .• . J-omrawsioner of that section jack-salmon., while in Peaniyfia if ^S** 'he".S '""^ PlI'^P*''^'' locally called the the word -trout' i.s applied to the lanje mTu hed h.ltT"''*'*,""* *''""'"' ^'"""'y •n Honda and most of the southern states K. *h^^' °'^.'' "'"'^ ""'"'K" »«« probably the striped b^. Frequc^ntlv the „i^ . *'** ■PP"*^ »« *»>« »«» »««, W. as though to reconcile theT>rtluVn to r/„^^''*" '/"!!* '" «*""" ^ ^h" S oould hardly he mistaken by theTeS oTirvl^^ T"^ "^"'•' ^""' '"^ « g"^" fout b..au.y of northern waters.^ The btck C hL^ *'"" 'j'^^''^' "''»'>y-'i''t^ "peckled the way of inappropriau> naming, for the 7^riZ7„' T'^.r" "TJ^ ""It-^'tnTent in tha there is no lUh, not excfptinVthe cT.mell;^? u^''""'"' ^'^^^^ P" *^^' *»"" »» variation than the black has. of both sp^i^ ^"^^ '"*"*' »''"* "f""*" greater mow bass, black perch, yellow perch. blickTront „,:«„ f""? 1* *'^? ^"^ y«"°'' »»«. 'Welshman.' when for the use of intelli~nt n^^i I '"'*"'"»^''*' »"«' ''«"«»' «•">« and in most civilized reiriona it i, ik *^ P^^P'" **" "■»• '•>'«'k bass is available •Dutchman is ap^TieSTt ^EnglUh tlTorT"""^* '^"P'"'- ^'"'•l-i 'hTS Asam it is diffl.alt'^to ».e what ra£n.l Z„„d E i" * ^ ««-r'kill waters trout to a member of the caq, f.mO^ reSTv !lh .h "^".^ ''"" "PP'^'"* *»>e nam. «~)thec^i„.hiaRiv.7chub.^6;St'v„;t;^-,':,l%r„t^^^^^ 19 «M|ht •ad Mll«d troat al»«t univtndljr Inr Um lowl pMpI*. It i. „Jd that thw . » j^ ^^i^ unjiirtllUbl. i« the onitom oi calling «iioth«r oyprinoid, tb* •m.11 mud.^nnow. Vmbrali^ b^ th- nan. dog.fl.h— f rm .pP'W miit oommonW to o.rUln .m«lln,eBb.w of the tUrk tribe, but ^ gi^en to the B.,w.fl„ or Mud«.h fl!:i:^l '^""- il^ ^•*? f''* »**" *'"' "»« '"•^y"'.' • ri»'inction which hS irt^iiir" "" "" •"'' ^^' ^^'"''''^ ""•" *" **»• »'>«'bot or frllh- A «ixth mode of naioing fi.h to which there i. every re«i„n to object ia that of patting m c.roulai.on » new nam. in plaoe of an old and univernally kniwn n,me for •ome ronipar»uv,.ly trivial and 'inMientitio reaun. Tl.. nio.t Hagrant cam of thia evil oour«, ., found ,„ the n...,. very often given to the original brook t,t,ut or .potted tmut called Von ttehr trout, a name wholly unknown in anv oth/r country, and wholly hit propria^. Kven w eminent an authority a. Dr. Jordan .peak, of Salmo /ario \m t£ Von IJehr or brown trout, neither of which name. a» oo.imonly applied to it in ao^ «.un.ry in which the fl.h i. indigenous. Mr. Living.ton Stone, in a fiper on American M-h Guitar*, two or thr«, year. ago. thu. .poke of the r«««>n for Sg the common brook trou of Kurope by the name of a Oerinan fi.h culturist. and urge. .Sme con.idri^ tion. in order Uj ju-tify the policy. He nay* :— » ' tunaiui-ra- 'It W.W the writer', privilege to cirry on a delightful corrwpondenc with Herr von Behr for «,veral year., ftroppmg all o.« • fonm and. in.leed. all formality whatever, hi. letter, were earnent. conti.lential, and - of enthusia..,,. They expr«.H«| the .«me ov,. and adnuration for P.otWsor Baird tl .. American, felt for him at home, an.l nev"r lacked lu .-xpression. of hi. great admiration of An.eric n fi.h-culture. They al»o record hi. sad domestic Weavement.. and t<,ld how, after the |.m« of his three nons. he had re-olved to devote the remainder of hi. life to the cause of flsh-.ulture in (Jermanv I am aware that much criticinm has Im«:i .-xpre^^ed becauw Von Jtehr'H name ha." been given by An.encan. to a European trout nince iu introcluction into this country • but whatever nay 1* *«id of the judinou.ne-, of the act. no one can deny that it wr. fitt..,g t-om^iiment to a man who richly deserved the honour, nor can any one deny that It rertec t. credit on the kindly feeling which nought in tl.i. way to rrco«„ixe Amcrca, .ndel.t,.ln..s» to Von Behr. and f. i^rpctuate in America the name of the di.t nguChed <«erman hili-cultuiist. ""guioncu A parallel ca«- .Kicurred in Canada. M.me year. ai;,.. when an effort was mad.- to per|«tuate the name of a pioneer fish cult u.iHt of th.. Dominion viz.:-the late .Mr S >\ ilmot. I he name Wilmot s salmon was applied to the salmon which formerly .K;curred in somo abundance m Like Ontario ; but i> now practically extinct. '. he fish it ha^ been agreed, .hffeml in no structural re.peci from the *ea salmon (SaUo .alar) and th^ name W ilmot s salmon never attained any .urrency and ri-htiv so. As a matter of fact records .show that these I^ke Ontario sa,„.on were prior to the middle r.f the present but al„ ut 18.,o It I, reported that only a seamy re.nnant existed, destructive poaching especiully merciless slaughter on the sp.wnin. grounds, chieHy small shallow creeks and steam, had .lecimate.1 them. In lt<65. says an otficial re'port, the scanty remnant referred to were snatched trom extinction through the efforts of the Fishery Departn.cnt This remnant was afu-rwards utilized by Mr. Wilmot. who conceive.-! the idea of restocking the stream by artificial reproduction. His initial experiments, purely of an individual character, were prosecuted during two years under much out-side difficult? and at very considerable personal lal«ur and expense. They were, however, successful es abhshing the important fact that salmon e^rgs coul.l be hatchevl out. there and the young fish reared through proper means and intelligent cnre. Aided to a very limited exten in the following yean, by the government, Mr. Wilmot persevered and he wa. able to exhibit upwards of 140 000 well sl.apen, healthy and active salmon fry from three-fourths of an inch to one and a half inches long, and fully capable of be^g f^ and reared to that stage of vigour and growth when naturally they w^ld emigrate from their native stream and return as adolescent salmon. It was officially stated that these fry were no hybnds-no doubtful or inferior members of the «»lmon famS-but ^ B. K. P.— 2J 20 thorough progeny of the true salmon (Sa/mo mlar) which form «o valuable a product t/tv i^an^ ^^'^''t'"""'- fl^hingH in other parUi of the Dominion 'TbeKen whih l '^=«^**'"fl certamty,' my^ the orticial report, • in spit* of a Houbt which 8 known to exiHt ,n the mind, of n.any persons, and demonstrating that the^m- STtL a7e"nt;o„ (>il'r' ""''r ''" -^'J-' °^ **« increased producLnworth^ of h^^nfoMSfifi' h • ' ""■-'•" 'f'l' ""'■'^^ twoyear-old salmon, of the experimental hatching of 1866, having revisited the creek in the fall of 1868, are actual oroirenito™ IC ? 'he present large hatch of salmon fry. The female gn^set not Zwn^ propaga e on her hrst migration fiom sea, but the male does. The few fuH grownlL^ fish. M,a e and female, which were last autumn accompanied by the larse ^umW of o^-iTair^hri-nTZgirs"^'^"^ atedbl''tl!ruti"virw!i*''' :^'.'"-'-=^*° r'-e tho*, in .he private esUblishment inaugur- ated b> the lat« Mr. W ihnot, in winch he carried on for some years fish culture before the Domunon government to.,k up the work, when the buildings were tran.sferrwl t^ the Department ,.f Marme and Fisheries, ar.d .i.sl.-hreeding has bet^n carried ori«re until he present tune. No doul.t Ihis special effort on the part of a privateTn.Hvidua «ave th. t .nd.v.du„| ,n the eves of some j,eopIe, the right to confer L o,^ ia^Vul „ them but the ,.nnc,ple is one which has „o claim to approval on «eneral grounds aX, ere is IS one, II , ret ore, which could not by any means be ustified or j;ain currency That vf., orousan.l enthusiastic fish authority, the lat. Fred Mather, exp^ssed h^Sthu s clea f; on Ins appl.catK.n o, personal names U> fish. ■! find frequent reference' he irote^ r^ut^'^'u.et'.n'ted'^t. e1^\r P^"'«^* "«-,-' »'- — ' that name fc!; the brrn trout .... the t nte«>,E°«''"'d- The United States Fish Commission. outS courtesy to Dr. von Behr, „arae,«,. or large scaled suckei^, are callelur,. Tl.ero is probably no case, how'ever. which for variety of popular names can excel that freshwater (ia.loid. Lota maclosa, which rejoices in at least fifteen distinct names. It is calle.l the burbot, the fresh-water ling, (t oXtiiJuish It from the sea ling), the losh or loche in Quebec and Alaska, the eel j«^ut in Ste „ Canada and some Eastern States, the dog fi.sh in I^ke Erie, the 'chub eel ' in .Chawk R.ver, New York Sut«; the -frosh-water cusk ' in St. John Jtiver, N.iJ; 'th. K and lawyer in Lakes Ontario and Michigan; the ' lake cusk,' and ' fresh'water cod^ of Lake\\i„nip,gf«gee; the 'maria' in Lake Winnipeg; the 'methy,by the Cree Indians, and ee y^^t 'in many districts, and the ' mathemeg ' in some western are^ It >«aU^ called 'spotted burbot,' but, as Pi„fe,s.sor Kamsay Wright some years a«o suggested, the name American burbot is at once most distinctive and appropriate and shou d supplant all other names. Only one species is recognized by experts, though a small species was at one time na.ned and distinguishes! as Lota ,om,n-eZ, the Wr eel polity Amongst the French Canadians the same lack of uniformity exists for M Mo tpetit LThr' ;r .* ^" "^T^T' •'™"'='''^ ^^ ^"^^"""•«*' aPPe'lent impiopremont fe poCn h.^h>che ; a Qu.'bec on lu. donne tant,U le nom de queue d'anguillt, tantot oelui de bar „..,>«". ^''*"i- """"'*"""/ °^*?'" "^^arding the naming or misnaming of this fish, a cor- responding diversity of opinion exists regarding its eclihle qualities.. At a remote Hud- son Bay post, in the Canadian North-west, I found that the flesh w.^^ TgaSeS as poisonous, indeed, cases of poisoning after Indians and employees of the post had eaten Th« I/'™ '""'rr^' '"'^J' ^'".r*"'"^ ""^ ^'"'^ «*•«" 'he dogs would noTeatIt The dog3 are usually fed on the excellent whit«fish and deehne bring put off with inferior tare, and it is a fact pointed out by various explorers that the doys of the North-west used m the dog-trams, refuse to ee,t the burbot. I found, however, at another Hudson '22 Bay post, that the fish was oftrn eaten and was regarded as most excellent, no ill e/Tect* bavin); been noticed. Belonging as it doen to the cod family, it should be an excellent fish for the table, like its near relatives the cod, haddock and bake. In one of the lakes in New York State, (Lake Winnipireogee) it is pronounced equal to the whitetish for table use, and the liver is generally considered a rare delicacy. Dr. Hicbardson {FautM Borwli Amtrieana) is reconled to have said that ' the flesh of the frexb-water cukW is finn, white, and of good flavour ; the liver and roe are consi- dered delicacies, when well-bruised and mixed with a little flour, the roe can be baked into very good biscuits, used in the fur cuunirit-s as tea bread.' Professor Brown Ooode spoke of it as a very excellent fisb, especially for boiling, though Dr. T. H. Bean pointed out that apart from the liver, the fiish is not esteemed in the Great Lake region and northward, but in the rivers of Montana the burbot is in great favour. Perhaps the name ' minnow is more generally applied, or misapplied than any other common popular term in use. When it is remembered that the term < minnow, may on scientific and popular grounds be justitiably applied to small species of Pimp- hales, of which there are at least four kinds, of Leuciscus, twenty-two species ; of Notro- pis, one hundred and three species ; of Fundulus, forty-one species ; of Cyprinfdon, eleven species ; of Oambusia, nine species, >.:'..l of Gastrosteidae at least fourteen species or varieties, or a total of just over two hundred distinct varieties of small fishes, it can be imagined how much uncertainty and confusion is bound to arise when the name minnow instead of being confined to this somewhat numerous group of seven genera, is indiscriminately applied to any small fish if of a minnow-Iik« appearance, whether the young of a well-known large species, or the adult of some small species. Indeed in my own experience I have heard characterized as minnows the young of salmon (that is the parr stage) of black bass, of pike, pike-perch or pickerel, of whitefish and of many other familiar kinds in immature and young stages. More than one word is scarcely called for on the matter of traders' names or com- mercial names for fish. Such names are not, strictly speaking, popular names at all, and aa a rule are confined to the circle of traders which ha\e adoptied them. They do not mis- lead the public to any great extent, though they often vitiate official statistical records, except in such coses as that of the small immature herrings caught in the Bay of Fundy and along the Atlantic coast, and used chiefly for canning purposes. These small fisb, put up in oil and other liquids, are sent into the markets as sardines. They are not true sardines, but fishermen, dealers and local inhabitants never refer to them as herring. The traps or weirs are called sardine weirs ; the nets, sardine nets ; the fisher- men, sardine tishermen ; and it would be difficult to get into common use any other name than that universally adopted along the shores, viz., sardine. As already pointed out, the danger of such misnomers is that in official reports and statistical returns the information collected may often be misleading unless special care be taken to discrimin- ate between an erroneous local or trade name, and the correct and distinctive name which is in general use. It is plain that if it were open to any one at will to use, say, the term ' dog ' when referring to the horse, and when speaking of cats use the term ' bears,' no one would know what was meant, for not only would confusion result, but far worse, viz.: the spreading of misleading and erroneous statements. Yet, this is pre- cisely what has taken place all over North America in regard to fisb. Well-known names have been misapplied and misused, the same name has been given to fishes placed by naturalists wide apart, and on the other hand a variety of names, really belonging U> diverse fishes have been applied to one fish. As Dr. W. C. Kendall has pointed out in a paper on the fresh water fishes of Wasthington County, Maine, published in the Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission, 1894, vol. XIV., p. 44, that local names are as a rule far from clear, and he gives such apt illus- trations from the part of Maine referred to that I venture to quote the examples which he gives : ' Local names,' he says, ' are always more or less confusing, and they are especial ly so in many instances in Maine, where distinct species in neighboring localities are often known by the same name. The name " chub " is applied indiscriminately to the larger fishes of the family Cyf/rinieUr ; " young chubs " or " shiners " to the intermediate sizes, and " minnies " to the young Cyprinida and to the VypritiodorUido!. The catfish Ameiunu nebtilonu, is known generally as " hornpout," as also in some places in stickle- 23 baolu PygoUnu, Oa»tro§Uu$, and Aptlt«$. Catottomut tertt is commonly designated as " sucker." SemotUut bullarU is widely known as " chub ;" bat the adult Fundtdui hetervditia, in places along the coast, are likewise called "chub," and the young of the same species " minny." ScUvdinui fontiwdii is evenrwhere recognized by the uimes " trout," " brook trout," and " speckled trout," Salvdinus natnayetuh is known as " togue," " lake trout," or " salmon trout ;" Salmo galar $^>ago as landlocked salmon and " salmon trout." The brook-trout when large, also has sometimes been misnamed salmon-trout Salmo solar is commonly known as " salmon" or "sea salmon." ' If the use of popular names is to be anything else than a hindrance and a false guide, some uniform method of popular nomenclature will require to be adopted. The adoption of a cast-iron rule of priority might, ^s in the case of scientific nomenclature in ichthyology, result in the suppression of generally accepted and well-known descrip- tive names and the unearthing of questionable treasures in the shape of uncouth and unknown names from the lumber pile of musty antiquarian ichthyological records. Noraencijture should be a help, not a hindrance, and its terms as far as possible should be descriptive and convey information instead, as is too often the case, of mystifying and beclor iing the intelligent student and inquirer. 14 III. ACCLIMATIZATION OF FISH. FRKSHWATER AND MARINE. BY PROFESSOR EDWARD E. i^RINCE, DOMINION COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES, OTTAWA. Fishes are frequently divided into freshwater and salt-water npeciea. though there •re some kinds, like the salmon, shad and eel, which occupy a kind of neutral position • and have the habit of spendini? part of their time in fresh water and part in the sea Those which ascend rivers for spawning purposes, their young hnxnl descending at a sutticienily advanced age to the ocean, are distinguished as "anadromous " or "ascend- ing specie?, while those which have their habitat in fresh water lakes and rivers and nii„'rat« to the sea for spawning purposes, are known as " eatadromous." But while thrae distinguishing names apply accurately enough on the whole, there is abundant evidence that numerous species, which are essentially marine species and neither anadronious nor eatadromous, are able to live in fresh water and vice rerm. The iH)wer of endurance which enables a marine Hsh to live and grow, and even reproduce in fresh water, or in bra:kish waU-r, is in some species so remarkable as to opten up to the fish-culturist possibilities which hitherto have received little or no atten- tion If waters remote from the sea can be stocked with fine species of fish, normally inhabiting salt-water, the possibility of conferring immense benefits upon the public becomes apparent. The introduction o: new species of fish into various countries, as for example the brook trout of this country into England has been a great succe.s8. Plants and trees in the same way have been distributed. I had for many years been impressed witfi the remarkable adapUbility to new and unaccustomed conditions of certain ^.anadian fishes and it had occurred to me that some of the so-called alkaline or .saline • tfrl!""*^ "S '■""^"'^•■'''''e extent-in the Nonh-west Territories, might Im st .eked with fish capable ot enduring profound changes of environment. I h.id a long conversa- tion in 18!»3 with .Sir John Schultz upon the subject, and as a result. Sir John, at that time Ueutenant-CJovernor of Manitoba, arranged for a discussion of the matter with the Kev. bather Lacom be. I therefore arranged a scheme for introducing certain species of hshes, new to western waters, into the barren and unpromising lakes in the west Various circums tances interfered with the realization of the plan which I devised in detail : but in 1896 an attempt was made, to which I .-eferred in my report upon fish- culture in that year (29th Am. Hep. Dep. Mar. and Fisheries, 1896, pp. 290 and 291) Ihe frost-hsh or tom-cod on account of it* hrirdy nature, habits of spanning and excel- ence as a table fish, appeared specially suited for transference to the barren western lakes, where the conditions are somewhat unfavourable to most kind." of edible fish Few people have any idea of the i.umber of species, which can be safely transferred from their usual habitat to conditions v,..jlly different in many respects. To the fish- culturist, whose work includes the introduction of valuable species, in ad.ilt or immature stages, into new waters, as much as the hatching and rearing of the usual kinds, the lai-t IS of profound importance. That certain marine shell-fish are able to survive removal from their usual surround- '^^wj"*! ? ^" ^r*" ,.,^" * P*'*'" ""^ ^''^- '^> 1825, to the Wernerian Society of Edinburgh, Mr. Henry Witham described a bed of sea-cockles tCavdium edule) m existing m a peat moss in Yorkshire at a distance of no !e»s than 40 miles from the sea. The peat-moss w«« about two miles from Greta bridge, and not many miles from the nver lees. The bed of cockles, which were living on the sandy bottom of a channel or drain passug through the peat-moss, had existed for a long period, indeed the adjacent 26 farm wm called Cockletbury in allusion to the oconrrenee of the ahell-fiah. Specimens of the cookies were exhibited »t the nieetiog of the Wernerian Society, and they diCTered in no respect from those occurring on the vast beds of the estuary of the Tees, excepting that on tasting th^ni they were less distinctly salt in flavour. Over a hundred years earlier Mr. John Brand, in his book entitled *A Brief Description of Orkney, Zetland, Caithness, &b.' (Eldinburgb, 1701,) referred to the occurrence of living cockles in the fields more than a mile from the sea. When ploughing the fields, cockles were turned up in numbers and were eaten. Of this remarkable occurrence Mr. Brand wrote : — ' How these sliell-ftshes came there, and should be fed at sik li a distance from their ordinary element, I cannot know, if they have not been cast upon land by a violent storm, much of the ground of this parish, especially what they labour, lying very low, and the sea hath been observed in such storms both to cast out slones and fishes ; or if these cockles have been found in some deep furrow, from which to the sea there hath been a convey- ance by some small stream, \xpoa which the sea bath flowed in stream tides, especially when there is also some storm blowing. If only shells were found such us oysters and the like, the marvel would not be great, seeing such are found upon the tops of high mountain.s, at a greater distance from the sea, which, in all probability, have been there since the universal deluge ; but that any shell-fish should be found at some distance from the sea, an'l fit for use, is somewhat wonderful and astonishing.' Hpecimens of the sea-whelk, Buceinum undatitm, have been found in Shetland, living on the margin of a freshwater lake ( on the island of Yell ) about a mile and a half from the sea. The shells weie somewhat thinner in texture than those found on the adjacent rocky coast, and their coloration differs markedly, being very distinctly banded. Miiriy showed the tip fractured, lending support to the theory that crows or water fowl had carried them to the locality, but that they were found living in fresh water, and according to com- petent observers differed from the marine forms in certain features seemed to show that they had long lived in their new surroundings. The lake had an extremely small outlet emptying by a minute rivulet into the sea, and it was practically unafleoted by the tides. The well known Scottish geologist, the lute Dr. John MacCulloch, .suggested to ■ ' resident on the Isle of Guernsey, viz., Mr. Arnold, that experiments, in the acclimatiz- ation of many species of marine animals, might be tried in a closed -wnd about four acres in extent, and separated from the sea only by an embankment. The inflow of fresh water (non-saline that is to say) was very deficient 'n summer, but abundant in winter, hence it was nearly fresh in winter, very salt in summer anil brackish in varying degrees at intermediate periods. The experiment which was tried, was not therefore conclusive in establishing the permanence » f the adaptiliility of the creatures tested, to freshwater condition.s, yet a variety of sea fishes as well as crabs, shrimps, oysters, and mussels, survived in health and vitality. The test was, however, not decisive as to the possibility of keeping these creatures alive at a distance from the sea and in water which was invariably fresh. That oysters can endure transference to water, not merely brack- ish but almost destitute of salinity, has been demonstrated. They do not breed under such conditions, nor do they maintain a fully healthy state, thoufjli they may fatten and increase in size. From an economic standpoint the acclimatization in fresh water of fishes wholly or partially murine is, however, of prime importance. Th»t a lish, like the salmon, which habitually spends much of its life distant from the sea, should either naturally or under circumstances artificially devised, take to a purely fresh water existence is not surprisins. The ouananiohe or land-locked-salmon of eastern Canadian waters is a familiar ex- ample. No doubt the land-locked species of salmon found in certain lakes in M:iine, U, S. A., and in Chamcook and other lakes in New Brunswick, has acquired the habit of remaining permanently in fresh water, owing, as i-> the case also of Lsko St. John in Quebec, to certain physical difficulties which may have at one time existed in the way of admitting free migration to and from tiie sea. The experiment has been tried of retaining the fry of sea-salmon in fresh water ponds and lakes with a view of originating a non-seagoing variety, but with no satisfactory success, so far as has been demonstr; ted. ' Perhaps the earliest attempt, at any rate, one of the earliest attempts artificially to raise a land-locked variety of the sea salmon was that made in Lier, in the south of Norway. A quantity of salmoc. fry were in the year 1857 put in a small fresh 90 w*ter pond. Their growth wm fonnd to be ilow, for after m period of five jeara, ther had only Atuined a weight of 1| Iba : less than one tenth the weight normally reached by the migratory salmon In the same year 2,000 salmon and sea-trout fry were placed in two lakcH in Luardal, Lower Thelemarken, and the experiment proved somewhat more satis- factory than the initial attempt at Lier. In 1862 rame of the salmon were found to weigh 3} to 5 lbs. each, while the sea-trout averaged half that weight. At a later date an experiment near Throndhjem, and another near Cbristiania resulted in salnjon weigh- ing frt-m 2J to 8 and 9 lbs. While the experimenters found that growth is more Urd y than u the cote with those having access to the salt water, yet the maximum growth seems to be largely influenced by the size of the waters. The larijer the lake the speedier tlieir growth. In small ponds the experiment proved no very marked success. Even in large inland seas, like Lake Huron, the late .Mr. 8. Wilmot sUted that he found them somewhat stunted. ' I took the eggs of Salmo mlar, impregnated them, hatched them and took them up into the rivers running into Lake Huron,' said Mr. Wilmot in 1883, and to day some of the true Salmo saiar are found in Lake Huron, though smaller than those found along the coast.' The Lake Wernem salmon in Norway are said in sizH and every other feature lo etjual if not rival the sea-salmon (see Day, Brituh Sal- mouuifr, p. 104.) Sir James Maitland in Mar., 1881, hatched fry from the eggs of sea- salmon, and kept some of the brood until 1884 when he took eggs and milt from them and m Mar., 1885, produced young salmon from small parent fish (smolu) which had never been to the sea. In 1886 some of these young fish were 5i in. long as Dr. Day has recordetl. ' Apart from the influence of the water, its salinity and chemical character, there are other conditions which must also be taken into account. The area, depth and geolo- gical character, and above all the fauna have a potent influence. The last is but another name for the food-supply, and of the influence of that, Mr. J. Harvie-Brown of Dunipace (Scotland), has given to the scientific world a remarkable instance. Mr. Brown says : — I " I put a J lb trout, along with others, into a previously barren loch, in two years some of these trout attained to 4 J lb. weight, developed huge fins and square or rounded taiK loot all spots, took on a coat of dark slime, grew huge teeth, and became >roce« in that short time. The common burn trout, taken from a very high rocky burn up in the hills, in two years became indistinguishable from Stdmo/erox. The first year they grew U> about I II.. or \\ lb., took on a bright silvery sheen of scales, were deep and high shouldered, lusty and powerful, more resembling Lochleven trout than any others. This was when their feeding and condition were at ti.eir best ; but as food decreased, and they rapidly increased in number, spawning in innumerable quantities, and with no enemies, the larger tish began to prey on the smaller, grew big teeth, swam deep and lost colour, grew large fins and a big head, and became Salvw ftrox so-called. In two years more the food supply became exhausted, and now the chain of lochs holds nothing but huge, lanky, kelty-looking fish and swarms of diminutive ' black nebs,' neither of the sorts de-erving of the anglers notice. The first year they were splendid fish— rich and fat. Now they are dry and tasteless." Dr. Barfurth ascertained that when migratory fish ascend into fresh water and find no suitable spawning ground they refuse to shed their ova, and an anatomical examina- tion showed that ovarian disease had resulted, and the eggs had degenerated. Certain marine tish, for example, flounders, have been noticed iu an egg-bound condition, due to some physiological cause, and the specimens were found to grow sick and ultimately they died. Dr. Barfurth reported that in the case of trout, which were prevented from spawning, the ovaries not only became diseased, but the eggs and brood of the same tish in the following season were very inferior, and had been aflTected detrimentally. It was this lonsiderstion which compelled me to withhold approval of the plan, inaugurated in Canada by the lata Mr. 8. Wilmot, of retaining parent salmon in sea-water ponds long after they should naturally have reached the upper waters, where the spawning beds are locatwl. In mmt cases the land-locked salmon, those that is to say which became land- locked naturally, can descend to the sea. There is no insuperable obstacle in the way of their descent to the ocean. The- ouananiche of Lake St. John, in the province of Quebec, are occasionally found in the Saguenay river, far below the Grande D^harge, 97 And the variety of Halmon, evidently a land-locked variety, similar to the onananidie, and found in Crand Lake, L»ke Onawa, and the head waters generally of the St. Croix river, on the borderland of New Brunswick and the sta'e of Maine, can also readily deeoend to the oea, if they d«sire U» do so. The famous fish-culturist, Mr. Charles O. Atkins, once said of the land-locked saluion in Maine, U.S.A., ' it is likely that it haa ■ometini>-s occurred to stray individuals to rtencend the St. Croix river, or the Presump- scot to the sea.' The catadrouiuuit habit however, seems to have been lost, larf(ely, no doubt, owin;; to the abundance of food, especially tne dainty land-locked smelt, which is plentiful ill moHt lake.-* inhabited by noumigratory salmon. Specimens which do descend such H river as the Sa^uenay cannot readily return, but this difficulty of return does not apply to knd-li>cked salmon waters generally. It is possible, as already indicated, that the non-seagoiniE habit was assumed when the physiographic conditions were different. A slight geological elevation or subsidence in the St. Croix river basin would very much alter the means of acce.<, state of this fish that it readily adapts itself to a life in fresh water, and reproduces its kind where it has no opportunity to go to the ocean. When the dams were constructed on the small streams that go to make the reservoirs of San Andreas and Pillarcitos — which supply the ciiy of San Francisco with water — as also when the is that just detailed. Many species voluntarily appear to make the elmnse and suffer no appaient inconvenience, others have found themselves involuntarily in their new environment, and become thoroughly acclimatised, while others have In^n transferred artificially by man, and havn flourished under the change. There is no well established case of a marine species of shark or dogfish taking per- ?!fd-^" V '" fresh-water, except one instance recorded in the Amxrican Angler, March, k- /v/o ¥*'■"• P:*^""* Among the strange things told us (savs the narrator) was his (Mr. Kroders) chance meeting with a live saltwater dogfi.-h, about fifteen hundred miles from its natural habitat-the ocean and its estuaries -and the writer quotes Mr. Broder as saying: I saw and handled this dogfish in 1881, near the headwaters of the Bruno river, in Elko county, Nevada, about twelve miles from Mountain City, a mining cimp. I was accompanied at the time by ten vaqueras (cowboys) and a Mexi- can named \ la. These men were working for Mr. Dan Murphy, who at that time was ratetl as the largest land owner in the world, as he owned about two million acres in Mexico and a like amount west of the Rooky Mountains. One of the vaqueros brought the dogfish to me, It having been nearly killed by one of the train wagons when crossing a small stream. I think the fish was following the salmon from the Pacific Ocean up the Bruno river, a distance of at least 1,500 miles. Sharks are known to ascend the Amazon and other great rivers to considerable dis tances, but not beyond the influence of salt water, while there is a saw-fish {/'rutu per- onelHi)m the Senegal river, and some South American and Indian species of Electric V^ys (Torpedo, Aarctiie, ,i-c.), which are purely fresh water in habitat. A shark (Carc/«.ri0 mi lee from the ocean. In this connection it may be m«,ntioned that of the order nt whales alw three are resident's in fresh water, viz.: the small Platanuta yangetica, which lives in the Oanges, and Irna and Pontoporia, found in the Amazon and South American rivers, and belonjfiog to the (Jrampus and Porpoise family. The Beluga, or large white whale, 39 Moends th« St. L»wrenc« river in ooniiderable sobooli for nMrljr • huDdred Mid fifty mile* from the open im, paining, indeed, up the Haguenay river for (ome diitanoe. The Hmall gadoid, Mierogadut tomeod, Walbauin, the toui-ood or froiit-flah, a valu- abU little food tish, which vMriea from 4 to 12 inches in length, in capable of enduring great ohangen in regurd to the Halinity of the water in which it lives. It ranges on the Atlantic coast of thin continent from Labrador to Virginia, and is in great request for the Ubie wherever it is found. Though mo dwarfed it in a true coil in all the usual external characteristics, and in its excellence for table uwe. Occurring as it does to so large an extent in braclciHh water, especially iu harboum and about piers and wharfs, it is found to make its way up rivers as far as the liniiU where the water is essentially frenh. Its artiflcial retention in fresh water does not appear to have been attempte by exp'jriinent to presuKe the tenacity of life which a particular species may jKissess. Thorenu has said of the catAsh or common bullhead, Ameiunts whuloHun, that Hpeciinens are (miy killed with extreme difficulty, for they have been observed o|iening and shutting their mouths for half an hour after their heads have been cut otf. Professor Jordan's studies of the fishes in the waters of Yellowstone Park, state of Wyoming, have yielded some quite unexpected results. The alkaline character of the waters, the calcareous and (-iliceouH matters which so strongly impre;;nate the f onds, geyser basins and outlets, and the streams and lakes in that remarkable region of hot springs dovjs not seem to be fatal to fish life, nor is the high teiiip«iature seriously detrimental in » gn-at many coses. In Yellowstone Lake, trout are especially abundant. Dr. Jordan reports about the hot overflow from Lake Oeyser Wasiii. The hot water flows for a time on the surface, and trout may bo taken immediately under these currents. Trout have been known to rise through a scalding hot surface current. They also linger in the neighbourhood of ho springs in the bottom of the lake, and the fact is evident that geyser water does not kill trout. ,In Heart Luke, trout are most plentiful about the mouth of the Wnrm Witch Creek. Suckers and chuhs (L-ucixcnH aliariim) ascend this creek for some distance, although half its water comes from jjeysers and hot springs. The chubs are found in water in which the temperntureis about Hi)' F. Dr. Jordan has published many interesting di'Dails, and I (juote the followinf,' : — The Hot River, which drains the Mammoth Hot Springs, flows into (Jardiner Hiver. Trout alwund about the mouth of this Ktreom, and here, as in numerous other places in the Park, the conven- tional trick of catching a trout in cold, and scalding it in hot water, is possible. Below the mouth of this Hot River young suckers (('a/m/omnn yrueim) were found in ii tem- perature of about 88, ond younj; trout in a tempt-rature of atiout 7.') . The small .Miller's Thumbs abound in the Gibbon River about the hot springs. Three were found Ijoiled in the edge of the river below Elk Park, at the m. ith of a hot tributary. The volume of hot water poured into any river is greatest in tut Firehole, Ih-Iow the upper Geyser Basin. The stream, however, is hardly warm, and the water has little mineral taste, though the abundant vegetation trives it soniethin<; of the flavonr of stewed plants. Even this stream, it » ould seem, is probably not so hot nor so heavily charged with mineral substance as to be unfit for trout Its waters constitute a very dilute alkaline siliceous solution. ♦ ♦ ♦ * There are, however, numerous springs in the Park which discharge sulphurous liquids (some of them the black ammoniac sulphide, being very offensive in odour and doubtless fatal to fishes.) Most of these springs have but a very slight discharge, and so exert no appreciable influence on the streams. The up|>er js^rt of Obsidian Creek between Twin Lakes and Beaver I.rfike is the only running stream noticed as likely to prove uninhabitable by fishes. Professor Jordan found the red horse sucker (Catostomus ardena) abundant in the warm waters of Witch Creek, while the diminutive Agosia niibila was found in the same heated location. The Utah chub {Leuciaois atrariug) ascends the same creek in great numbers, going up further than any other fishes and being found in water no 30 leM thM) 88* P. Th»i» ojrprinokla ud trout (th« red'hroAt or Rocky MoonUin tftmt) •ndure oonditiong of t«Bper*ture and oheoiioul impuritjr of water under which it would at flnt sight he regarded aa imprubable not to My impoMiible, for them to aurvive. W* know that the fr«M seriously altered. The whole subject is not only one of great biological and physiological interest, it is also of imuiense practical iinporUnco. If the cyprinoids, the saliiionuids, and the gadoids, can furnish exampl(>s of thii transforma- tion of habitat— the exchange of a fresh water life for life in salt water, there is every reason to think that a much larger range of genera will be fouptl U> poueso powers of endurance no Ichs remarkable. The Bria d'Or Lakes in Cape Breton as is well known are peculiar inclosed lakes of sea water, or rather of water whose salinity is markedly less than that of the sea outside. Lobsters, cod, and other vaii'able marine creature*, are found in these waters, but not in any great abundance. The lulwters are said to be of large dimensions, but by no raenns so numerous as along the shores washed by the oc«>8n. Coi of very large size too are captured, some 56 and 58 lb*, weight having l)een taken in Little Brasd'Ur Lake ; but it has been remarked that the head in these specimens is dispro(>ortionately larxe, as though they were not so well fed as their congenen* in the o|>en sea. Cod indeed occur in all parts of the extensive Bra.s d'Or waters, numbers lieing taken with hook and line through the ice at Whycocomajjh which is at least 50 miles from the sea coast (to the north east), and L'.'j miles from the coast (on the south-east) of Ciipe Breton Island, and the water in some places is utmost fresh. Only one or two members of the coers to freshwater. An instance of this is atfordwl by Darling's Lake, near Rotliesiiy, New Brunswick. In this liike, which communicates with the Kennebeccasis River, a considerable branch of the Kiver St. .John, large numbers of silver hnke^Merlneciiu bilinmrk, Mitchill) are caught on hook and line through the ice. This lieing ii salt water fish, its presence in the waters of Darling's Ijike is explained by its habit of following the shoaU of gaspe- reaiix or alewivcs when they ascend in spring from the sea. The true cfsi (findi'M mor- r/ina) is fount! in moderate abundance in the Baltic Sea, the waters of which are of low salinity especially in the \mya and inlets along the shores. Other menil«rs of the family (iu'lifli^ occur there such as the haddock, the ling, the whiting, the pollock and the ;rroen coil ; but none are so numerous as tli.- true cod. As might be surmised, the cod d(«-s not reach the size whi. h it attains in the open sea, rarely exceeding 12 or 15 poutids, whereas in the sjilt water out.side it reaches a weight of .">0 or 60 lbs. ♦ The specimens indeed Income more stunted the further one goes up the Baltic, in the Sound and southern part of the Baltic, off t^openhagen, the size ranges from 3 to t! lbs., whereas 300 miles further up, oH'CJothland Island, they run from 2 to 3 lbs : at l.'>0 miles further up near Stockholm, nearly 500 miles from the Sound, the weight is barely I or 2 pounds. They difler in colour, being darker, and showing few spots, in contrast to the rich brownish red mottleil markings and spots of the cud nearer the sea or out in the open ocean. The Baltic cod .spawn in comjwratively shallow water somewhat late in the season off Gothlanil and Stockholm. A similar instance of the sea-cod's change of h.ibit is recorded in Iceland. In Olufs Kjord lake, a sheet of fresh water near the mouth of the romantic Olufs Fjord, and separated by a neck of land from the seaout- * The well known .Scttiah autliority, l)r Pamell, w»m»rtainly wronfr when he uid 'Cod are never oiind but in salt water, and reinam habitually in the depth of the sea (Fishes of the Firth of Forth, p. 334). 31 •idc, th«raai« found ood, not dUlinguialMble froa the marine ood nMpt bv thvir ■nwllw dimonaions. ThU fraahwater RfweiM, kmlly called ' Mannwrw ' <• not found •!■•- whera in Iceland. In a Nona Jonrnal it is lUted that M. Elia^ K^lun ipMiallT mention* this Anh aa a kind of ood acclimatiied to trmh water ; but an opinion esiete that asubterritneanpaMiaga did or does allow of cominunioation witii the lea, and the ood may have found entrance in that way. Herring, it ii atated, have found th«ir way v*^ i* '"*■*"""*' '»•"»• »"«1 having pasaed the winter niontha there have died. In England, aroall ood 0 to 8 inches long are found considerable distancea up rivera. Thua they are common at Ooole, a town on the River Ouite, which emptiea into the estuary of the Humber, in Yorkshire. In Canada at leaat Ave species of Clupeoida very cI.mm'W allied to the true herring migrate up rivers to spawn in fresh water (viz., the gas- pereaux or alewivea, I'omotobi) two apeoie^ of shad (Alotn) have the same habit, one species of Donuoma, the Uizsard shad, which aacends the St. John River in New Brunswick, md one species of Br«voorlia, vii., the Menhaden or Fogy. Four other tpecies of clupeniila, at least, have Income completely acclimatized to a non-marine environment, viz., the goldeye (t/i-idon alo»oidf»), found in the Red River, Lake Winnipeg, and western waters, the mooneye {Uiodon hrguu*) of more eastern lakea and rivers, the blu.» herring (I'omotobtu chry»orMori») ond the alewife (F jMeudohareug^u) in Lake OnUrio and eaat^rn watera. The last named occur m LakeH Cnyuga anil Seneca and in western New York State ; but as they annually die in enormous numbers especially in June and July, some unfavourable circumstance exiHta. and experts are generally agreed that they are not indigenous. They certainly reach barely haif the length of the marine forms (i.e. (i or 7 inches instead of 12 or l.'J mchea). There are few recorda of the acclimatization of the true herring but it ia intereatmg to note that a ajiecial race of herrings ia native to the Baltic Sea called ' strdmming.' They are smaller than the herrings found in perfectly salt water, and paler in coloration ; but, contrary U> the opinion of experienced herring fishermen, who claim that herring-spawn cannot survive the influence of fresh water, li.e Baltic hernng spawn in suitable grounds irrespective of their salinity— indeed authorities have declared that in brackish water, where rivers debouch iuto the sea. there is more abundance of minute food for the young herring fry to live upon, and such localities are «5^cially favourable for breeding herring. In the Baltic there are local races of herring and, like their congeners in the sea, they spawn at two p»>riod8, viz., gprin« and late summer, indeed in the Southern Baltic the spawning tokes place as late as Octolier. Nowhere indeed has such conclusive evidence been furnisi.ed of the very limited and local range of the schools of herring as in the Baltic Sea. Overfishing and unfavour.ihle circum- sUnces have resultol even in that comparatively limited area, (not much im.re than five times the area of Ukft Superior) in the entire destruction of certain local herring fishones, the schools freciuenting other bays and coastal areas not moving in to fill the vacant places of the exterminated twh. LoflToden herring are catiifht in Borgef jord and in Lake Pollen, the latter almost fi h water but both connecten MmUmkI ■uooMtfulljr (rM thetMMMpmriiiMntwKl mM '•itbcr th« fnwh w»Ur imtll of Amaric* ot our own 0»m»ru* tp^rUwu; which 1 h»v» inocMafuliy bstohad. Mid •m now raarini in frath w»Ur, it intruduoed into • Highland kieh, for inatanc*, * ^h T»y, would enable it to carry a vary heavy crop of loine of the inland ipecie*, for inatance laod-lookad salmon, Ac. (Cultare of 8alnionid«>, Lond. Int. Fith Exhibit. 183.) In New Brunswick, Dr. Philip Cos has deaoribed a land locked smelt— indeed they altound in liooh Iiomond, near tit. John, N.B., and in the Cbamcuok waters in the Mme province. Thems land liicked varieties, I >r. Jortlao, the eminent ichthyologist, regtrHs as forming at IcsMt two Mpecies, nr rather aubapecim, distingui'ihable from the sea runn° smelt. One form, the vVilton »melt (Oimtrun inonla.r tfrnHrum) is land lockeo Wiltnn Fond in Maine, and the other form, thf Cobessiconlio Hiuelt (Otnuiruit numiax abbotti) ix found in the qeighbouriiig watern of Cobessicimtic I^ke, in Maine. In somo inHtancea tliore are narrow outleli to the sea. But th«> nmelt having i«ct|uired the habit of remainini; pcrmnnently in fresh water, shows no tendency to migrate t«» salt water. The lamJ locked nmelt in Lake Onuwa, Maine, cannot descend to the sea and they alnund in the lake* The true smelt belongs to the family siihiioniclie iind is therefore allied to the trout, salmon and whiteflsh : but the m) called sand nmelt, often termen of these fish in fresh water inelosures. In the (iuernsey pond the iiiullet survived, but did not breed or become properly occlimatiied, but in a fresh water pond in Tampa Buy, Klorida, mullet are found in great numters along with sheepshead {H/tariiM or Aicho»iirgn»), red fish (l'agru»), i:c. A oorresptmde-. t in the Ameriean Anylir, April, 189^*, describes this lake, which is named ' 8alt Lake,' a^ ' l i ^ long by 1} miles broad, huving two small fresh water streams pouring into it, and uue small outlet through low marshy woodland, connecting it with Tampa Bay at high water. Twenty five yeais ago this arm of the Iwy was suit, and peopled by salt water fish, but during a violent storm a bank was heaped up tutting off the lake, and inclosing some schools of murine lish. Home sharks and sting rays were imprisoned, but seemed unable to survive the winter (lMt<5). The water became a little brackish : but, says the writer refened to. ' it is now perfectly sweet and fresh, and has a slight current towards thesmall outlet where the water drains off'. Red fish are caught in the lake weighing 3H lbs. and of much richer red colour, and of finer and more delicate flavour than those taken in the sea outside. This last remark applies to nmllets and many sea lish whenacclimati/ed in freili water. Thus Dr. J. C Mitchell, an authority on the tishes of Kjjypt, tells us that three species of mullet frequent brackish water there, and when retained in fresh water j)onds nttain a greater size and a more excellent flavour. He descrilies Lake Meiizaleh. which communicates with the sea by an an.ient mouth of the Nile. It is brackish, but varies in salinity at different seasons. Near the fresh water inlets it is comparatively fresh, but near the sea entrance it is more salt, and while there is a p"re|)onderance of marine species in the Salter portions, the influx of flood water from the Nile affects the salinity of the whole lake, and many species, wanderers from the sea, succumb to the change improve r»pidljr in wrtght »nd oondi- Son,' Mid h« RUggMMd to th* Eiryptlm gorernii. ui ihi- raparinent of utooking freth wkMr pondi with nullat fry, which in midtummar abound in tli« in*hora (hallow* n{ Laka Maniaieh. . , ^ . The (lat-ttihea an' withoat escaption marina, yat eerUin unaoiaa of Roondar ara found to wandt-r up river* Iobk di»tanc«* from aalt watar. The eummon flounder nttnrrmmtei j^ntt aa Frank Buckland autwl ' inhahiu evary part of the Hritiih coaat, and ofU-n aac-and to riven beyond tha reach of the tide, thriving alike in »alt, brackiih or in freah water. Now that tha Thameit i» Kitting purer, tha floundem are returiing to tha river above London Bridge.' Many yeara ago I caught Knecirocn* «»f the flounder at Biooal, near York, on the Ou»e, in the north of KngUnd, fully Hfly Ave milea from tha aea, and they are recorded on triliuUrieH of the Ou»e (vii., the Nidd and Kibble), over eighty inilea from tha mouth of the Hum>>ar. An tha iipeciea of rtf.und»«afully bree«l away from th»> aea, aa theii eggt would appear to have little chance of Huivival. I>r. Parnell makes thf claim, which liiui already been mentioned in connection with other upeciea of Ash, that flounderH found in freah water are more hiwhly e-teemed for the Ubie than thoea uken in aalt water. He alio makex the que8t)ontt^>le aitiertion that they spawn in brackinh water in March and April, but they cerUinly make iht'ir way into frenh water in many caiwa at a very early alagc. Thun, Profeasor Mclntoah deitcriliea them as occurring numerou*ly in May at the outlet of a mill itream, which pours freah water into 8t. Andrew's HarlMur, Scotland, atid their length at rliat time was ban-ly half iin inch. Young floundera very little older, Or. Mclntoah adds, can lie captured conaideralile distances up the fresh water stream. Other species of flat-tkhes appear less hanly and venturesome. Tha p'aice (Pleuron«Hi-» tJalctm) has, however, lK?en suca-sitfully retained and fattened in freshwater ponds, as Dr. Parnell states, and the highly esteemed sole (Sdra vulf/arin) and the turlwt (RhomhiiH maximym) were thoroughly acclimatized by Mr. Arnold, in Ouernst-y. Thire i» only one record of thf occurrence of thn solo under natural conditions in pi-actioally fresh water limiU, viz., near the mouth of the Yoik.sliire Ouse, in the estuary of the Huraber. .Such ftshes OS the striped bass, which, like the snieli, regularly asc.ous for some distance fresh-water streams, might be expected to survive retention, and this has been proved to be the case. In some of the larger Canadian rivers, the St. John River and the Miram.chi River for example, striped liass (Raccu» linealus) inigrate for distances of from thirty to forty milea above the limits of sea water, and congregate in large schools in deep holes in the bed of the river. There they remain in a dormant condition, resting on the muddy bottom, and are captured in grrat numbers by a kind of scoop net. Dr. Perley in his '8ea and River Fisheries of New Brunswick ' (1852) says 'the places which they frequent are easily discovered, the fish being seen through the clear ice when it first makes ; large holes are cut in the ice, and the tish are lifted out with a circular net cm a strong vooden bow, called a dip-net. All the fish in each locality, of whatever size are thus taken ; and in many of the northern rivers, ei»pecially the Richibucto, and North-west Miramichi, where they were formerly very a)>undant, they are now quite scarce and only found of small size.' There is record of a striped Imiss confined in a fresh water pond which grew to a weight of 20 pounds— a considerable weight for a fish retained for some years in abnormal surroundings. The flavour too of the impounded striped bass is stated to improve, for Dr. MacCulloch personally vouched for the superiority of the flavour of the specimens confined in Mr. Arnold's fresh- water lake in Guernsey. Fish vary so greatly in their tenacity of life, that until experiments have shown what any particular species can endure without pennanent injury, it is not possible to foretell ita capabilities. The German carp, for example has peculiar tenacity and endurance. A member of Pariiauient inforuied me, a year or two ago, of a fine sprcimt-n of carp that was found several miles from Ijike Erie where they were planted and now abound. This carp was a very large specimen and was wriggling along a plough- furrow in which there was little or no water, evidently kept moist and alive by the thick damp herbage, just as they may lie kept alive in damp moss. The accomplished E E. P. — 3. 34 angling authority of New York, Mr. Win. C. HarriH, records a hardly less eitraordinary cas-e of the tenacity of the German carp : ' Many clubs are draining their ponds in the hope to eradicate this^fish ; but it will be well to do the work thoroughly, for Mr Louis Papitieau, of Montebello, Canada, tells us of a carp pond being drained, cleaned and exposed for some days until it was thoroughly dry. On the sixth lay water was intro- duce'l, and some hours after several large c irp were seen swimining near the surface. This is another striking instance of the vitality of this fish, which evidently burrowed into the mud a.s the pond was drained.* .Many fishes are able t«> survive dry sea-sons by immersing themselves in mud ; but they are Hpeciiilly organized for that peculiar habit. The bull-head trilie, (.yi/Hrt(/a«), are hardy and tenacious and l>eing exceptionally goo supposed to present numerous examples of acclimatization by transference from frosl. water to salt water Yet the records of successful transplanting are few. There are thiriy or ft)rty sf ecies which are strictly marine ; but certain of the fresh water spe- cies have lieen found to be capable of etiduring life in salt water. Thus the Finhing atnHte (of New York) announced in .\i>ril, 18cess of change the common catfislies of our lakes and rivers could 1)6 acclimatized, and their increasing market importance would give great value to the expcviment. If the fresh water s)>ecies could b<; so acclimatized as to endure or nitlier live in health in water strongly impregrated with saline and alkaline matters, their .suitability for introduction into certain barnn waters in the north-west of the Domi- nion would be demonstrated. Hut while numerous instances ate to hand of salt water fishes becoming completely icconciled to a fresh water environment, the cases seem to be far rarer of fishes, native to fresh water, a'^suming a salt water existence. Yet Bloch sfimcwhere states that tlie grayling, one of the most delicate and fastidious of the salm!lro«t.„K pitngtliiiH, the ten spined species, is recorded from brackish and salt water, but its rela- tives, especially Gaxtrtmienif ariih-atiiti, are found flistributed, from lakes and streai" for inland and up the highest mountains to low lying marine swamps and estuaries T td the species named often aUmnds in pools just aU.ut high-water mark making it ^all mound like nest and rearing its numerous families regardless of the variety of ndi- tions obtaining in these various situations. There is no more remarkable featui prt sented by fishes than this incapability, on the one hand, in some species, of enduring salt water or even brackish water ; and on the other hand in other species, the capability .,*, •*!*■""'"' 'V^'fit? "' '■^''l' """'•'"liinft ill liof »>nl in iilkalinc wau-id ttre.iiicsti.inablc (S<* Bulletin U.8 ri«h ' 'Hiimi.". \:A. \\ .. p. lai jinii Vi>! V , i.. 4-.?7. 35 ot living and flourishing in the mid«t r.f » » u water environment. '"'^'^ "^ " ^""h --ter. brackish or even .xtre.ne salt The plasticity of various so*-"' - „ -Ki. . ■ would be of great value C; C.,. r?- "^^P^"* '» » matter upon which Pvn.,' damp r.«k8 out of water that )„. t,. v V « ,**' *" """"stomed itself to ivi„ ,1 I'e >|)litiiiilmn.s. M