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SPECIAL REPORTS

BT

PROFESSOR EDWARD E. PRINCE, F.R.S., Canada

Dominion Commiaaioner of FitheriM, Qeneral Intpector of Fi$keriet, and Director of
the Biological Stationa of Canada.

I. THE LOCAL MOVEMENTS OF FISHES.

II. UXUTILIZKD KISHKRY PRODUCTS IN CANAI).\.

1907

OTTAWA

GOVERNMENT PRINTING BUREAU

1907

T.-f.

"''^"-fT'T

SPECIAL REPORTS

BY

PROFESSOR EDWARD E. PRINCE, F.R.S., Canada

Dominion Commissioner of Fisheries, Oeneral Inspeelctr of Fisheriivi, uml Director of
the Biologioal Stations of Canada.

I THE LOCAL MOVEMENTS OF FISHES.
11. UNUTILIZED FISHERY I'KODUCTS IN CANADA.

1907

OTTAWA

GOVERNMENT PRINTING BUREAU

1907

I.— THE LOCAL MOVEMENTS OF HSHES.

Allpffcd uncertainty of flthei' movements— Two tuppoMd cbumr of miffration—
Fishes move with fixed regularity— Practical bearing of question— Fry migra-
tio 18— Professor Mcintosh's great discoveries— Persistent habits of young fish
—Studies on flat fish (plaice)— Marking fish inconclusive— Local varieties
imply limited migrations— Fishes are true to their routes— Migrations not
always at spawning time— Utility theory inapplicable— Past subsidence of sea
important— River basins once part of sea— Hardships of migrating salmon-
Many salmon die— Land-locked varieties of sea-fish— Heredity is the cause-
Some fishes non-migmtory— Summary, pp. 1 to 12.

K.— UNUTILIZED FISHERY PRODUCTS IN CANADA.

Introduction— How products are wasted— Reprehensible methods of utili«ation—
Bpst produoU essential— Known neglected resources— Foreign fish products
instructive — The carp — Improved methods of utilization urgent — cured osrsus
fresh herring industry— Ontario cured herring impossible — Tunny industry
poasiblo— Skat*, dogfish, shark's fins, &f.— Roc of fishes— Sea cucumber or
Trepang— Abalone and other mollusks— New bait resources— Sea-weeds, &c.,
for chemicals, food, bedding, 4c. — Corallines and sea-weeds for decoration —
Eel skin industry— Fish and sea-weed glue, isinglass, 4c.— Shell, button, and
pearl industries— Pk awns, shrimps and crayfish— Skins of fishoi, whales, 4c,
— Ice industry suggpsted — Conclusion, pages 13 to 34.

830ft-2

THi:: LOCAL MOVEMENTS OF FISHES.

Br Tworvwm Edward E. Prihcb. Domimiom GoMMianoMsi or Fiihuiu, Cnawmam
or TM BamiH Columbia Fibhbbiu Commihiom 1605-1907.

The belief long prevailed, and even now hat wide currency, that fiahea in the aea,
or in lake* and rivers, are lomewhat erratic and uncertain in their movementa. It waa
admitted that the mifratinf schools of salmon showed lefularity in the periods of their
ascent of riven, and had more or less fbed coiirmii, while the vast armies of herring,
off llu' Hriti»h xluinw, wi-rc iiimKiiuHl ti> iiiovr from the Aritii- rMvun wxilhw.irdM with
unerring certainty, sliirting the Scottish and English cvasta, to diaappear in the daptha
of the sea.

ALLEOBO UNCERTAIN MOVBMBNTS Of flBH.

a

Theae two examp^ of regular and orden i migration were however held, by
finhermen and authorities in general, only to emphasize the general feature of fortuity
in the wanderings of the finny tribes, by their exceptional character.

To the scientific mind .there appeared something incongruous in this alleged
erratic and aimlcHH mi«rriiti..ii. TIm- c.rckr of nature i* Mi.-h that the livw of Hiiiiiiat<>il
things, even man himaelf. are circumscribed by conditions and unalterable laws, and
the migratory habita of flshps oould hardly be an exception. The punuit of fishing haa
/ fl'k 'PP**'**^ ""* •*' ^^ ""*"* uncertain poaiiible. and this uncertainty in the capture
of fish Memed to support the theory that no rerilar laws, or well-ordered conditions,
governed the movementa of the inhabitants of the deep.

TWO SUPPOSBD CAUSWI OP MIGRATION.

Two causea. it is true, were regarded as most potent in stimulating and directing
the course of fish, vii.: the search for food, and the search Tor suitable spawning
grounds. But while there is some foundation for thin view, yet it will not, in strict-
ness, apply to most case*, for appropriate food is very widespread, and not limited to
.special lo<-«litit>«. (mnttiiiK (HTtaiii very PX.Tptioiial iiuttaiipfs, whil,. tho disoovoriw of
science in recent years have shown that the spawning proceaa might b... appropriately
performed in almost any area through which migrating schools of fish may pass.

FISHES MOVE WITH KUKD REOULARITY.

Far from being erratic and wholly uncertain, the migrations of fishes exhibit in
general the most astonishing regularity, and so t.-ue may they be to their particular
migratory course, and to the perioa or, ft may be even said, the exact date of their
appearing, that some profound cause is evidently at worlt ; some cause more potent
man the search for a favourite feeding ground, or for an accustomed spawning resort.
The purpose of this brief report is to show what this profound cause is, and to indicate
some of the complex features which modem scientific studies upon fish life have
revealed.

6

K:t:^cno

PRACTICAL BEABIXO OF THE QUESTIOX.

The subject is one of great practical moment, for the determination of wise pre-
servative measures, and of appropriate fishery legislation, and even of far-reaching
iiittTiintidnnl fishery policy, ilei)cn(l upon iiii accurate knowlcilfrc of this subject, viz.:
the real character of the movements of the schools of fishes in their native waters.

MICRATIOXS OF FRY.

The migratory movements of fishes begin immediately after they leave the egg.
In fresh water the young hi'^e in pebbly rough ground at the bottom, and move into
smooth sheltered shallows, as soon as they are strong enough to swim with some vigour.
At first they are weak, and in most cases s-svim with difficulty, owing to a large sac of
food yolk attached to the underside of the body. In tlie sea, the yolk-sac may act as
a float and the young fish wriggles along in a reversed attitude, back downwards. The
fine-meshed tow-net of the naturalist captures immense numbers of these small newly
hatched fish which abound within a fathom or two of the sea's surface.

PROFESSOR Mcintosh's great discoveries.

Thanks to marine biologists in Norway, Britain, France, Germany, the United
States and Italy, a large mass of information is now available regarding the eggs and
early life-history of marine fishes; but no researches compare for extent and value,
with those of the famous Scottish zoologist. Professor Mcintosh, whose investigations
have been recognized in all countries for nearly 30 years as the most important and
valuable of all. His scientific reports on fish-life in the North sea, were \<u'. ished in
the Royal Commission's Report on Trawling, London, 1884. Professor Mcintosh's
were the first systematic studies actually carried on upon fishing boats and tugs out in
the sea, and in experimental tanks at the marine laborctory, St. Andrews, with the
object of deciding the spawning habits, nature of the eggs, character of the young,
and their migrations in the sea. These studies have been carried on continuously to
the present time.

I'Kl jISTEXT HABITS OF YOLXG FISH.

The migrations differ somewhat in v.irious species, but their ascent or descent
vertically, or their movement from shallow to deep water or vice versa, have been proved
to be as certain and unchangeable as the seasonal travels of migratory birds. Storms,
winds, &c., may delay or even divert them somewhat, but their courses on the whole are
fixed and unfailing. Thus the young cod ' says Professor Mcintosh in a recent ad-
dress,* the green cod, haddock, and whiting, after their earliest (larval) stage, are
oblivious of currents in their movements — on the one hand to shallow, and on the other
hand to deep water, and the same may be said of the young flat-fishes. There is no
reason to believe that the hardy adults are affected by temperatures, currents, or
salinity in a greater degree, except in so far as storms may sweep into bays greater
quantities of food.'

STUDIES ON FLAT FISH (THE PLAICE).

The plaice which is one of the most abundant and valuable of European flat-fishes
has usurped a large amount of attention since its eggs were first hatched and its stages
of growth to the edult condition studied, and figures drawn at St. Andrews, Scotland.
Other younger workers have since then published results, in later reports, but they are
singularly at variance. ' Dr. Bolan, the German experimenter ' as is pointed out in

Two lectures 'Scientific Work in Sea Fi>heiies, lioyal Inst.', Loiidon, May, 1907.

0002472?

the Royal Institution lectures already referred to,* differs from Dr. Gnrstanfr. the
former stating that plaice leave the coasts in summer and autumn, and return in
spring, whereas the latter gives spring and summer as the period of migration to the
off-shore. Here, then, is considerable variation in the results, and neither agrees with
the condition at St. Andrews. Many supposed phenomena of migration are found to
he outside the regular movements of the fishes referred to, while the alleged scarcity of
disappearance of fish, especially in the sea, may be due to defective means of capture,
e.g. the beam trawl or an unattractive bait. Certain obs-ri-ers, >mder the Scottish
Fishery Board, reported the disappearance of plaice from their haunts, but as Dr. II. 'J.
Kyle has shown the introduction of a plaice-seine from 1872-1880 in Danish waters
trebled the catches in supposetl depicted areas. The use of a new bait, viz.: an actin-
ian or anemone instead of the usual mussel bait, revealed the presence of abundant
cod and haddock, which were supposed to have declined. The ordinary bait had lost its
power to attract them.

MIGRATION'S OK MARKED FISH INCONCLfSHE.

Experiments with marked fish in the sea have proved most iiicoiiolusive. A far
safrr puide if the course t.nkrii by the practical fi.shernian, whose living depends upon
]i\- r;\\)\[Wi<. :iiii| .-cik- tlic ti-li wlicrc llicy ;iri'. ^larked iil,iii-i> have lici ii t'.iiiiiil liuiid-
rf<ls of miles from t!ie spot where they were liberated. May it not bo tlint like the
' Rat with tlie bell ' in the old story, or the dog with the kettle tied to its tail, the^e
fish carrying nn irritating plate, or wire, or other mark, behaved in an abnormal and
liii~lfai|ii:ji- iiiaiiucr.f Tlio lob-tcr> .~(t free by liic I'liited States' exinriiiii-nteis. ,,n
the Massachusetts shores, which wnndercd over a hundred miles, cannot be taken as
proof that the vast hordes of Canadian and United States lobsters perform seasonally
.-ui'b extraoi'diiiiiry jiMinicy>.:J W< know tliat tlic ^had outers cprtaiii ca^ttrii ^-Ireaius
on our Atlantic coast, evidently coming in from no very distant places in the open
sea, yet the shad planted in Oregon were found to have wandered 400, 500 and even
1.000 miles, two specimens being raptured, aa early as 1S95, at Rivers inlet, at least
5<X) miles from the place of liberation. Many, too, have entered the Fraser river.

LOCAL VARIETIES IMPLY LIMITED WICRATIONS.

There is abundant evidence that fish have their own resorts, and adhere to their
own migratory courses. An experienced salmon fisherman can readily determine from
what river a certain salmon has been taken. A Godbout (Labrador) salmon cannot be
confused with a Restigouche fish, or the latter identified with a Miramiehi or St. John
river saluioii. Ail differ in form. l)nild, aviragi," .size, k<: Nay, a tisli .-o nniform in
size as the sockeye or blueback salmon (0. nerl-a) of the Pacific coast, shows similar
local jjcculiarities. A Rivers inlet .sockeye is of larger size, it is claimed, than a
Fraser river fish, while the red flesh is paler than that of the sockeye of the Nimpkish
rivei, only 40 or 50 miles away. The Nimpkish salmon average, one important canner
said, 16 to a case (48 lbs. weight) though an exceptionally large sockeye was taken in
that river, in 1896, for lOJ to Hi salmon filled a case of canned fish. Further, it is
said that in the same river, particular ' runs ' make for specified tributaries or upper
waters. ' I can tell a Harrison river sockeye,' said a pioneer salmon canner on the
Fraser river; yet there are at least seventy-five tributaries of the Fraser river to which

• Lecture II., p. 8, reprinted from the Zoologitt, 1907.

t In the Lancashire Sea Fisheries Laboratory Report, 1907, p. 128, Mr. J. Johnstone, that
ir. some species the flesh is chafed and a bad wound caused by the marked label.

t I)r. Alex. Mwk says in his report on ' .Migrations of Crabs ' that from the records
it 13 shown that ' the males may remain in the same leeiou for MVerul veais." S<i. Invest.
Northumb. Sea Fish. Rep., 1906.

the salmon sohoolg ascend for spawning purposes. A similar statement may be made
in regard to the sea herring, of which the I>M<h Fyne variety has long been generally
recognized. On the great lakes the common whitefish (Coregonus) exhibits distinctive
diffpivno«'» ill each of th»i»o vast nrons. All these facta go to uliow how emphatically local
« great many species of fixh are, and that even so typical a migratory fish as the sea
herring is confined to comparatively narrow limits, the schools in each locality, moving
in from the deep water and back again to these feeding grounds, without wandering
very far from their native area. There are ezceptiona to which I shall make reference
on a later page.

FISH ARK TRUE TO THEIR UIORATION ROUTES.

Not only have the fishes, in sea and fresh water alike, their own local habitats, but
they adhere very strikingly to their own routes in moving over their reatricted areas.
It is well known that fish-traps and other nets, set in a particular spot, will make large
capturea, because the schools habitually pass that spot, whereas a net placed close by,
but just off the specified route, will make poor captures or even take none at all. It has
long been known, on all salmon rivers, that the schools have a very definite course, and
while winds and tides, storms and currents, may cause modifications, these changes are
subordinate and do not affect the genera] law. The English Severn, aa I have men-
tioned in previous reports, possesses tributaries which to all appearance are as suitable
as any others, yet the salmon never aacend them. It is true of all salmon rivers. Such
a river as the Skeena, in northern British Columbia, haa comparatively few tributar-
ies (as compared with the Fraser), but the main schools (i.e., the oockeye salmon) ad-
here to certain tributaries only and will not go up all alike. Indeed, they prefer the
upper Babine tributaries, to reach which frightful canyons, terrible rapids, and every
kind of dftcrrent, must be overcome; but the nearer easier tributaries cannot tempt
them to enter. The immense armies of Fraser river salmon, moving along the Juan
de Fuca straits, will not turn aside, though numerous suitable and more accessible
•pawning ground occur on Vancouver island, such as those up Clayoquot sound, &c.
As a prominent Clayoquot salmon packer said of the small schools which passed his
locality : ' I thought that these fish were on their way to the Fraser and that we only
got a wing of these schools that swung into our sound, but the longer I stay there, the
more I am convinced that they are peculiar to their localities. They seem to run regu-
larly, and the big (Fraser) run does not affect them, which I think would be the notice-
able feature if they were in any way connected with the Fraser river run.* Not only
is this the case, but the salmon on reaching the upper waters, when a fork occurs in
the tributary up which they are moving, will unfailingly select one fork or branch,
season after season. In the Nicola valley there is a salmon stream which divides into
two owing to an island in midstream, and across the left channel a barricade was built
for lumbering purposes. The salmon could not surmount the barricade, but thev
would not ascend the right or open channel. The local Indians said : ' The salmon
know their way and that right channel is not their channel.' The bands of Indians
above could not get their food supplies of sahnon and complained bitterly. Certainlv
in large estuaries like the Bay of Chaleurs, the salmon moving into the famous Resti-
gouche river prefer the southern or New Brunswick shore, and the salmon nets on the
Quebec or north side are therefore few, and their catches have always been smaller
than on the opposite shore.

MIGRATIOSS .NOT ALWAYS AT SPAWNING TIME.

While fish, as a rule, move in large schools as spawning time approachesf and
anadromous species move into rivers yet there are regular migrations, which have not

the Sockeye Salmon run in ex-

•At intcrvaU avary fourth year is the popular view,
ceptional abundance up the Fraser river.

t There are exceptions. The Caspian herr inn. Clunra Ket$Uri. Dr. Kousnetiiofr. savs
remonte mdividuell^ineiit, tt uon par bancs.le haut Volga, 4c.' Rep. Int. «;oni{res9 Fish-
eries, Pans, 1900, p. 111.

this purpose. The smelt, for exBmple, is a spring spawner and in March or April de-
posits its egg8 in brackish water near the mouths of riyers and in estuaries, but, in
such a river as the Miramichi, immense schools of smelt- enter the river in November
■ and December. At that time enormous catches are made through the ice. Indeed th«
greatest catches of the year are then secured. So far as known there is no particular
food at that time to attract them in, and they are not approaching the spawning con-
dition, which is attained four or five months later. Schools of sturgeon migrating from
the sea have been similarly observed, long before their spawning period. Fraser river
fishermen claimed that they came in after the smelt, in February, and fed upon them
as voraciously as the Labrador cod feed upon the smelt-like capelin (Mallotut) when
these small fish approach the shore for spawning purposes. This early run of sturgeon
was in February, 1896 ; but the great runs of these fish were in the fall in August, and
later, when drift nets were used in the night at ' slack water.' Ten or twelve years ago
I saw large runs of half-grown pike (Esox) passing up small streams in the northern
Saskatchewan district, northwest of Canada. They were so numerous that I procured
a number by striking them at random with a long pole, and they proved a weclome
addition to our camp fare. The descent of eels, in large schools, down rivers is now
understood, since it has been proved that these fish spawn in the sea. The young
eels 3i or 4 inches long ascend in spring some weeks after they have hatched out.

Now, while tnere is ground for the view that winds, currents and tides, and pos-
sibly temperature, salinity. &c., may affect the movements of fishes, there is no question
that the cause of these migrations is more profound. Nor is it suflScient to say that it
is of advantage to the fish to move, that they may escape enemies and other dangers,
and that on the principle of the survival of the fittest, the kinds of fish that have
adopted the migratory habit have survived, while those succumbed that did not do so.
If this be true of the shad or the salmon why is it not true of the eel, whose young are
hatched out in the deep sea, in the midst of those dangers which it is alleged the shad
and salmon escape by being hatched in fresh-water, more or less distant from the seat
The newly hatched herring mounting to the surface of the sea and moving shorewards
later ' to form ' as ProfVssor Mclnt«ith siiys ' a fiiriiet on tho siinily bays.' !itill iiiaiii-
tams its amazing plenitude, while the migratory river herring known as the gaspereau
or alewife, having acquired the habit of ascending the rivers to escape the sea's dan-
gers, at the time of spawning, has decreased, and in some Canadian rivers has become
almost extinct.

The real reason which prompts fish to migrate from deep water to shallow, or from
the setf to remote fresh waters, or like the catadromous eel to descend to the sea for
breeding purposes, must be sought in less obvious explanations than mere safety, or
more favourable physical and biological conditions.

PAST SVBSIDEKCE OF SEA IMPORTANT.

The researches of Dr. Oskar Grimm on the fishes of the Caspian sea no doubt
furnish tho key to the problem. There are five or six species of herrings in that sea,
showing, as Dr. J. D. Koiisnetzoff says, " I'union qui existait a I'eiwque ge<i]ogi(nie
tres eloignee dc cette mer close uvec le bassin do la nier Sannate et prouve son
origine eoniniune avec la mer Xoirc et la mer d'Azow." .Moreover, as this authority
states, the herring in these .seas, now no longer continuous, aseenil their re.six'ctive
streams at the proper season to spawn. D\iring the rest of the year they remain in
deept'r water, where food is abun<lant. " Ij» phis grande panic de Tannw- le hareng
reste dans les profondeurs de la mer Cafipieune." says Dr. KonsnetzoflF. "car il s'y
trouve une abondante nourritiire dans In masse <1es etres vivants. oommeneant par ]o»
crustaces et fiiiisseant par le poisson menu. Atheiina easpin. Eichw.

10

Rn-ER BA8IN8 ONCE PART OP SEA.

It seems clear that the salmon, shad, alewife and other migratory sea fish, still
resort to the regions (the upper waters ami chosen spawning sites) to which their
ancestors resorted, when tlies,- regions still formed part of th. sea. Afl the land was
elevated, and the more remote river basins were cut off, excepting by the narrow com-
munications calle<l rivers, the fish retained their hereditary tendency. This tendeney
often named instinct, is so strong that all the endless obstacles to aeoomplishing the
migration cannot deter them. Rocky canyons, rushing rapids and falls, land-
slides filling up river channels, predatory birds and aquatic mamirak, fishermen
civilized and savage, bears, foxes, seals and all manner of enemies make war upon
them Mmi erects dnms and barriers or iwilntes the waters with fnetory refuse, but th©
hereditary instinct is too strong to be crushed down.

IIARDSIiri'S OF JIIGK^TINO SALMON.

The ti.sli tnke ik. fw.d. they lieeoine eniaciatetl, worn, and injured, and multitudes
die on their long journeys, sometimes 1,000 miles or more from the sea. ' The salmon,'
siiid Dr. Tarleton If. Bean, ' would have been better off. it apiHar^. had it never been
born in fresh water, where its dangers are cumulative and deadly.' In the sea it is
plump, silvery, and free from disease, the areas open to its wanderings are illimitable,
it has abundant room to flee from its enemies, and man has sought in vain to net or
rapture the tisli in the open ocean. Yet so nneontroliable is the inieratory tendency,
hereditarily implanted, that it must perforce move shorewards, seek the mouth of its
chosen river, having gained which it ceases to feed, deteriorates, becomes diseased and
quarrelsome, and even dies under the harsh conditions of its sojourn in fresh water.

NUMBERS OF SALMOI^ DIG.

In all salmon rivers a proportion of parent fish die from wounds or exhaustion— in
some Scottish rivers a considerable number do so; but the opinion has been expressed
tliat in British Columbia, and Pacific salmon rivers generally, no adult salmon survive
; he migration from the sea ; a statement which is without doubt, extreme. There is
proof that not all die, and the late Dominion Fisheries Inspector, Thomas Mowat,
stated his view (in 1892) that about 25 per cent of the British Columbia salmon runs
return to the sea, and the statement is doubtless not far removed from the fact.

LAXD-LOCKED VARIETIES OF SEA FISH.

The salmon is ce* ; sea-fish, like the shad and gaspereau, and its spawning

sites, now far removeo .he sea, were once part of the ocean; but have, as stated,

been cut off. To reach these ancestral spawning grounds the salmon must migrate;
but Its return to the sea is not absolutely essential. There are indeed, land-locked
salmon. In Scandinavia, Russia, United States, and Quebec and New Brunswick
(m Canada) salmon are found which do not migrate to the sea. They might do so in
«ome cases, as in the cases of the Chamcook lakes in New Brunswick, but do not
do so. The land-locked sahnon of Lake St. John, Quebec, can descend to the sea. but
could not return if they did so. Whether now cut off by geographical conditions or
not, the hereditary instinct has been lost, just as the domesticated duck has lost its
migratory instinct. Such instincts or tendencies are difllcult to eradicate, and the
hunting, especially the bird-catching tendency of the cat-tribe, is still strongly re-

11

tained by the domestic cat in spite of its ten thousnnd yean of association with man.*
I have elsewhere dealt with the possible modes in which land-locked varieties of sea-
fish may have origrinated. Hence the occurrence of smelt in Loch Lomond, New Bruns*
wick, can be understood, or even their occurrence in lakes in the Gatineau region, far
removefl from the sen (6fl<» or 700 niile!<). Hake (Merlurciiis) are known to tiikf to
a fresh-water life, and one Qadoid, the Burbot or fresh-water Ling (.Loia) is purely a
fresh-water species, and occurs in the most remote lakes of northwest Canada, as well
as the great lakes and connected waters. ' Fishes are not so sensitive to changes of
temperature, to change in salinity, or to other phenomena, as supposed; neither do
they dread currents.' Professor Mcintosh recently jiointed out, ' the salmon, the
(tturgeon, and the eel are at home both in the sea and fresh water, and the flounder,
the mullet, the sea-perch, the sprat, and the sparling, take little notice of varying salin-
ities. The Baltic herring can readily be acclimatized to fresh water, even to the extent
of l>einfr killed, if by accident it suddenly falls into sea water.'

HEREDITY IS THE CAUSE

The migratory instinct is an old, hereditary and deeply implanted tendency, and
the surprise is, not that it is retaii.od so. -itronKl.v in tlu' salmon mid similar ti.-^h; li\it tliat
it is ever lost. Just as the migration of birds cannot be fully or satisfactorily explained
on grounds of utility, or of intelligent observation and ratiocination, yet is so wonderful
that a pair of swallows will leave their nest, migrate across France and the Mediter-
r.inean to Algiers, ond in the following spring will return, not only to the British
islands, or the same parts of those islands ; but to the very bam or house, where their
old nest is still to be found. The ' homiiif; ' powers of pigeons and of oats, indeed
all the phenomena of animal migration are to be traced to heredity, and in the case
of flshes, can be explained as set forth in this report.

SOME FISHES POSsilBLY KON-MIORATORY.

There are some fishes which do not, so far as our present knowledge goes, show
this pre-determined and fixed character. Such fishes appear to be neither true to an
established route of migration, nor confinefl in their movements within local .ind
limited bounds. The sharks and dog-tishes in the sea are erratic and uncertain, they
resemble the wolves, which may infest a district for a time, destroy the deer, and
then move to other regions. Hordes of dog-fish, and schools of sharks, seem to have
the same erratic hunting instinct. In freah-water the carp, introduced into Canada
twenty or thirty years ago, and the native cat-fishes, appecr to have no settled mi-
grations, or fixed geographical bounds. Like the house-sparrow (Passf domesticusi
they wander everywhere, and make themselves at home everywhere. 7' r- accurate
studies may show that even the carp has local and regular migrate .vements.

We knov that the whale tribe, long regarded as the wandering monster the deep,
have habitual courses, and move with great regularity along ' beats ' which the whalers
discover without difficulty. The eel is one of the few catadromous fishes known. It
descends to salt water to spawn, though in remote inland waters as in Canada, it
may, like the abundant fresh-water gadoid, the burbot or river ling, spawn in fresh
water. That remains to be discovered; but the eel, it must be remarked, is a highly
specialized and much modified fish, and its habits afford no light upon the general
laws of fish migration.

•Cats are found in the tomb« of their
cats are of common occurrence dating bail

8306—3

onneis in K(fypt embalmed, indeed mummy
10.000 or 12.000 years at least.

IS

■UMIIABr.

The importance of the fact* dealt with have • direct and vital bearing on fiahery
legislation, and the diflScult problem* of appropriate and effective fishery regulations.
If valuable food fiahea are restricted and local in their habitaU and in their move-
menta; if they are controlled by rigid hereditary instincts, that fact will dictate in
many ways, the kind of protective measures which will best preserve the fish. The
points may be briefly stated as follows:—

1. Young fish in their first stages have a vertical and, later, a horizontal distribu-
tory migration.

2. Maturing and adult fish move from deep into shallow water, and do not wander
widely, while anadromoua species are tree to their routes, return to their own rivers,
and even return to ^ articular tributaries or spawning sites.

3. Fish schools also migrate when not seeking spawning grounds and probably noi
in search of food.

4. Heredity affords the best explanation of the remarkable phenomena of fish mi-
gration.

6. The existence of local varictiw (salmon, herring, &c.) provee that these typical
migratory fish do not traverse vast distances, or scatter fortuitously.

6. Few fish are erratic, and such form notable exceptions to the general rule that
migrations are regular, geographically restricted, and under the potent stimulus of
heredity.

II

I •

UNUTILIZED FISHERY PRODUCTS IN CANADA.
Bv Professor E. E. Phince, Commissioner of Fisheries for Canada, Ottawa.

The utilization of wattte products is one of the most remarkable features of the
manufacturing world to-day. The fisheries have been an exception, almost the sole
exception among the great Industrie* of the world, and little has been done to turn
to account the waste materials and by-products yielded by the fish business. The
tiesh or muscular tissues of tish and in a few instances the liver, are almost the only
iwrtions that are, speaking in general terms, made of commercial value. The head,
tins, tail, skin, bones or skeleton, entrails, and various internal parts are usually thrown
away and wasted. The amount of offal or 'gurry' and other wuste uiuterials pro-
duced at great centres of the fishing industries is astounding. But apart from these
by-products, which are unutilized, though the waste is fully recognized, there are also
vast quantities of materials of value going to wtste and unutilized because no one
recognizes their value, and few realize that they exist.

It is true that at intervals some venturesome authority announces to the world
that sources of wealth are being ignored, and many cases might be instanced of
schemes of utilization which are absurd and impossible. The public and govern-
ments have been repeatedly led astray through the mistakes or the ignorance of
persons, not possessed of adequate practical and scientific knowledge to see the impraa-
ticable nature of their schemes. To the ordinary observer, indeed, they may appear
feasible, and commendable.

A scheme which aroused much attenti-,)n a fiw years n^o r«>f(>rrod to tlio utiliza-
tion of lake herring. It was thought by persons not properly informed that a cured
or pickled herring industry might be created on the Great lakes of Canada, and just
as Scottish cured herring were in demand, at very remunerative prices in United
States markets, so Ontario cured herring could be similarly supplied to these markets.
The fatal objection, of course is this, that there are no herring in the Great lakes,
which can be cured by the Scottish method. The so-called lake herring are not
herring at all. They do not belong to the Clupeidte or herring family; but are really
' lesser whitefish ' and belong to the salmon and trout family, which are utterly un-
fitted for curing in the way suggested. The bones are too few in these lesser white-
fish to make a compact salt-cured fish, the flesh is flanky and unsuitable, the flavour
is inappropriate, and barrels of such fish shipped to the markets would entail loss
upon the shippers. The whole scheme was Quixotic and impracticable.

Every one knows the wonderful story of the utilization of coal-tar products. These
orere formeriy regarded as waste and valueless; but the ingenuity of the late Professor
Craop Calvert, of Manohostor. Eiipliiuil. showpil that valnablp dyr-matters (aniline
dyes) oould be extracted from the gas-tar. Later, odours or scents, and the most
delicate and exquisite flavours, those used especially in confections and sweet-meats,
wpre extracted. I,ater still, glycerine. va.«plinp. and nttmpmus olpaginojis produpta
were obtained until the waste by-product, the valueless coal-tar has become one of
the most valuable materials in modem industr**! enterprise. Other cases might be
instanced; hut it is in the field of fisheries especially that products of great value
exist which have not yet been turned to account.

That in important fishing centres where wealth, intelligence, and enterprise
abound, there should continue, year after year, the most extensive waste of materials

in

S.'50a— .3.\

14

c.->taining prod-ct. of importance and value is truly astonishing. The fisheries
Inf^^Li, ^' promising arena for investigation in thu regard, and this mport ii
intended to direct attention to some of the unutilized material, which are availabU
for utilization in Cnnadn. «»itimuMi

now PBODL'CTS ARE WASTED.

There are three principal ways in which fishery resources of value are gdng to
''"f ? '"i-^u "^ r' ''''"'* "*"'^*''^ '^ «« t° •"•'"» adequate returns. Fimt there are
n^,*i ^ J^J'*' ^^'"5 *\"""' *""•»■ ""^ «°' "** °f •• "•«'«« *hieh are of value if
h^rjl 'T'^ f i ^T*"^- ♦•'"';«"' •""'^"'■'« «hich are being so badly utilized as to
bring the smallest return, possible; third, there are products which are not neglecte.l
and not recognized as included in our fishery resources at all. There is of course dan-

Zlii. .J"!! ?* ?''*'^ "V^" """^^^ " "*^ P"''J"«=t "nd liuwan ingenuity may
devise methods of turning out fish for food which are reprehensible « ^ ^

REPREHENSIBLE METHODS OF UTILIZATION.

Thus it is well known that for many years past quantities of so-called smoked
whitehsh and smoked sahnon sold in Chicago were not smoked fish, and had never un-
derguuf that wholesome method of preservation. These whitefish, probably deterior-
ated by being kept too long, were chemically treated and coloured by means of aniline
dyes 80 as to ramble in colour the smoked whitefish which is so much in demand,
balmon. too. had been treated in the same way, and the method not only resulted in
fish resembling the smoked product in colour, but there was no loss in weight, as there
always is during the genuine smoking or semi-cooking process. In January last year
the officials on one occasion seized five tons of salmon in Chicago, which had undergone
no process of smoking whatever, yet in colour and to some extent in odour they wero
a good imitation of smoked salmon. A well known United States journal thus referred
to the seizure of a quantity of these fish: 'Assistant City Chemist Francis J. Seiter
has been analyzing the seizures, and he says that the fish are not only coloured to give
them a nice appearance but that it is done because smoking fish reduces the weight
while dye adds to -t. therefore making a greater profit for the dealer, and a correspond-
ing loss for the consumer. " One hundred pounds of fish which is treated by being
smoked will weigh but sixty pounds, after the process has been gone through with "
said the assistant "ty chemist. " If the fish is dyed the loss will be but a few poundi.
All of the fluid in the fish is preserved and therefore a big loss in weight is saved The
manufHcturers of aniline dye guarantee that 100 pounds of fish treated with dye will

A good deal hw been said, during the last year or two, about the canning of dyed
can. and other artificially coloured fish, and their sale in the markets as Pacific salmon
The best markets such as the London market, to which Canadian canned salmon hn.

nroduot^^xT!^ \ ^^^'^' T""""' ^ ^'''^''"^- ""'' '^'^ "°* ''"^ "' »""«l'e these falso
products. AMiere, howevr th.-re .s au ..verwhehuii.K ix.pulation usually on the

LT fil n""^/°'"^f '^T '' * '"'" "^ '"'"^ «°°*^«: ''"* 'h« «°°d repute of Cana-
dian fish w 11 not permit of the encouragement of these nefarious methods. Our fish
packers and dealers must, in their own interest, put only the best food products on the
market and thus maintain the reputation and ensure the demand for Canadian fish
bix or seven years ago there was an outcry against certain shipments of fish from
eastern Canadian ports, to Porto Rico, and there was actually a protest issued by the
Porto Rican Board of Health in 1901 against such fish. 'On many occasions lar^e
quantities of cod-fish have been condemned as unfit for use. All tL samnl« ' thn
board stated. ' were poor in quality and much of it of such low grade that it could not
be sold at any pnce.' The resident British consul forwarded the representati-o™ and

u

«tchji* oT^'ln'^oi*^ A"**'!!!'^ "^^ c.«les.n«. i„ cleaning and curing many
cSS in tfc^Jl,u ^ "* ^^. "\"*™« province., it i. .!«, true that no cured

Z.™ i?l °I[^S!^~"•^'"' "''K'^'' f^««"di« catch on the whole. It certainly

part of United States ah.ppert to bring Canadian fi.h into di.favour, and leave the
field open to themjelve. alone. A similar prejudice wa. created in EurSSe iSardin^
canned lobster., which were reported to be of poor quality, wherew theXitTst-ti
lobster, were graded as of high quality. Pari.Un and London buyUwer^f^ue'w
vS^^Ur'^'V yrl**^ ^''''^ .uperiority, wherca. alm^^tL whoTof the
n.nl!^K •'"P'^ent- of lobaters are Canadian lobater.. caught in Canada and

BEST I'BODtCTS i:!i8i:MUL.

hnndK'. '''^ ".'^r •' V"*'' 'i '■^'""''" "'' '•■*• "«Pe«tive that those, who put up and
hond e fish products m Canada, must maintain a high standard and thus^-ure ^
was the case for many years with British Columbian canned salmon a be^r^'ri^l
than that pa.d for United States and other canned salmon. Fifteen years ago I "^f
K^.nal^ called the attention of prominent curers and merchants rilaUrax N S to
the absolute necessity of avoiding carelessness in gutting and c canina- fi^h „'.,H
prevent ng their undue exposure to the sun. when ol the vcs^ls and Tarfs ' I o ^'
ported to the Minister of Marine and Fisheries at the time, and have my «nort nmJ
before me; but one curer to whom I objected that there ^as trmuch S 'T
maimng be ow the backbone near the shoulders, gave me the reply That the Wr^'
of the West Ind.es preferred strong smelling fish.' The so-callH bIo<S , real^T
decayed k.dneys. dark red organs, which are n.ost offensive whertherbe^^nrputr^d
wheJvt'SiSe:'"" "' ""' '"^"* '-'' •"-'"^♦^ «"-' •- maintain^TndTmCS

KNOWN NEOLECTKD RESOCRCES.

n^^ll!!!"* "^""^i" industries thut can be created by utilizing producU not n,-
cognued as food products at nil by ti.hern.on, I may, in passing refer to the lo^

"7^"* "i '"^T"'' ?^ ^^'""^ ""' P^P'« -*"'« *"» aware: but f; which they we«
indifferent. Thus clams which abounded on our Atlantic sho^^ and ell. ^K^t
a..nded n countless millions up our eastern rivers f.lm the tr^nd ^ew „ fS

Tast th n'*"! ''r^"'^'"'"' ^^"^ *»' « '»"« I-'iod wholly neglected. Orthe Pac^c
coast the neglect was oven more extraordinary. When delivering nn J.U^. -11
rooms of the Vancouver Board of Tra.le in 1S95 I fi«t IS » .■ . .*'"'
noglected resources, and the n.atter wlromplLS in c^Sin rile In l^Wn^^^^^^^
newspaper from which I culled the following:- ^ ntioouver

Fish Other than Salmon.

'Two promising developments have marke,! the fishing industry. One was that
TJ? tJ'"?,'' *'••' ^* ^'' ^-tnLli^lLHl ..„d with a Icc^ss th^t h.dLu" ,Kr
ma uney. I he other .s that ..udden attention has been hestowe,! in the Tr „g of fi4

trout (Salmon purpuratiu) which Miae authoritiM allend to be the true ulmnn m„a
uot ou, «la.on of commerce; cod. of which there are^er.l v.SlJ^ o"we of
thu whumg and '.kil' which belon. to the U.du» family; haS i, gt^ ^^
vecr..bundant in northern water, and of great aiae and fine qualij^ h^^L iJji!
«rdii«. «* ba«. flounder.. «,le. (wro„«lyV called loc^JT and ouUcW."VS
are fid» of commorc.l value. A few other., .uch a. Tommy codTW lu« a^
«pe hn. are offered very rarely. The fred, water, inland contiUn?;,^! abuSdarce
trout, .turgeon. and-locked «lmon and .pecie. of whitefbh. Th^'J^^n Z^
rolu^r r"' '"'^' -"r*'™* ««"«»'' wei«»»in, 1.000 lb.. The cod b.nk2Tf BriJuh
Columbia have evidently not bee« definitely located a. yet, for while the^youM c^

mntely assum. largo proportions, but numerous venture. Vnd exLimLt, Teri^

markTt'~\""' •' '^r^"' "'""'•^ »""•»> Colu^bfaT. "r L Tm i
market to pro.note any trade of imporUnce. However, last year «,veral carlold. of

with any great financial succeM, the result justified further attemots in tho ««n,« l^i
nnd this year they have been followed up Jmewhat ener.iticir'^ It ."s the inTen ion
of «,veral compan.es engaged in it to continue shipments throughout the year TriM
shipments of fresh fish principally salmon, were made to China and JairAustIa la
and England regular shipments being continue! by the Alaskan steam^r^'

fhero need never be difficulty in disposing of fish products, for there are many

.ouldr'se'nt'f ''"' "'"''r^''- "" ^'' °' '^''^ "''"' *' which'Cnnadian sWpmenM
.ould be sent if once a systematic scheme were decided upon and properly launS
Four or five year, ngo Mr. E. E. Sheppard, who had been Canadian Se CommS

iZZ •".^'l" '•'' /T'-"". l'^^"^ ""^"*'"" '" "" '"''''^' i" Toronto 1^ the cTrro.
fnct (hnt 'while Cannd... with its rich nnd varied fisheries had practieallv no fish [i«l
.mh South America generally, yet Germany, which was not a fishiaisTnJ or fish
producing country, sold large quantities of fish, in various forms, to So^h America '
A prominent Toron o journal, in a leading article, attempted to deal with the reasons
which appear mamly to be indifference and lack of enternrise tJ,o,»,K ;? '^^'"'?"':

the worl sold comparatively nothing in the way of- fish to those countries It U
<mte likely that the lack of moans of conveyance has something t^ d" w rtbe coi
ditions so far as Canada is concerned which Mr. Sheppard points out'

Il.npp,],- there has boon a chnnpre during recent years; but South America still
offers a preat field for fish business. -nnienca siin

FORErcX FISH flt'lDtCTS IXSTHLCTIVK.

Nations like the Norwegians and Japanese have always utilized a vast number of
Usn ,,ro,l,,ct.s which we ignore. The fact that Canadian waters have produced in '1°:
paralleled abundance the most superior kinds of fish, salmon-trout, whitefish oike
p.r..h, sturgeon i:c.. in the inland lakes and rivers, and cod. mackerel, haddock'
smelt herring, lobsters, oj-sters, &c.. in our ..eas. amply accounts for our i^differele
to other fish products which are viewed as inferior. In Mediterranean countries
Italy, Spam,, (.reec-e &c.. the fish markets abound in edible marine prod^.cts wS
no Or,n...i.au ever thinks of eating. The Chinese. .Japanese, and oi.i native Indian
tr.ks rpp.ir.i ns luxuries many fish and other produce of the waters, which we view

i'ut of T.-/"!i*r''*: "'^f' '1'^ Sftch reject shrimps, prawns and eels from their
list of mole delicacies, while the English regard tliem as daintie- «o the Erenrh

17

boiled .bHlone. «. w.., Jet «nT.ai,Tai:^r;eiC 'p^fi.'^^''"' "' •^'"'^'

, TUB CARP.

I hnvo in a previou* report dealt very fully with the oaro aueation • b„t «.
chn.m«.. of a .peci.l Ibherie. commiMion" which ha. bee^ tSk^'ovTiin.; J^ ; "

«rZ .'be .enoui nature of the 'Carp Queation' in Canada. It i. trw the

lUk-rmen generaUy view the matter *ith leM alarm for. at certain time, of the v!„^

corn cob. or other agreeable .meUing combustible materi.i a^be u.ed1or the fi^'
and by placing the frame on which the firfi i. .nread 18 tc •! i^i,^ lu f ^'

k '.^ ^i":''Lr5? r* '^^ ■■»!!» •^"^ « <!^ t^J'^.^:^

DC laKen tJiat the faah do not acquire a d .airreeable black enlnnr .. ;« tu ^

IMPROVED MEANS OF UTIUZATtON URGENT.

slightly salted (semi-cuml) condition to G»™«n^p'^?^ "" \"""«f '" " ^'^^' <>'
there converted into oth^fo^ product, ^heTwouS"*"'' "l "^l' "T*^""' *« »«
great Scottish herring indu.t.? Kday-Tne oTlhJ TT ^T m"*" ^"•'* "P *•>«
fishing industries in tL world On tLLl^tfo 1-^ r°'7'°v.*"'''^ ""^ important
tion, vast quantities of half^^^wn Wini ronllT ' ^'"'"^ "^'P' *° " '"«* '«>«'«1«-
canneries in the State of MaiS. The vX il JmI^ """i^ t^" """''''"^ '""^'"''
fish been manufacture,! and Jacked in CanllT ^ '•^"ly 'JOO.OOO ; but had these

• The place of carp in flih culture. Supp I 29th Ann.i.i m.,.. . Z — — -

tT.e va,ue o, t.. .. . .ara.ne ...Z ^ ^S^ fToT^mSTo ^'^Zr^.Z.

1«

T»1u« in 1904 b^ing WS.OnO (for a pack of 694.200 cm) ; but In th« futuw thit indu^
trr. InroWinB the employmont of • large •mount of labour, the building of maohinfry.
Discing of cans, *c.. will no doubt derelop on our own ahorw juat aa the lobster can-
oeriea bate grown on the same eastern shorea to be a rust industry.

CKHKD vitaauB riiMH HBMnKa mmieTiY.

V .imiliir lo»« of bu»iii<— ha* .-ontinucd tor innii.vy.'«r« <m tho PwiJlo coa»t.»
British Columbia firms hare exported in a freah or •«n5-'«* <•''■ ''»1>. "li ],i?!!i'
dition. immenae quantltiea of fire herring to the State of Washington to be utiUaed
there either in kippering or aa bait or aa fertiliaer.

This export of herring as raw material bring* the poorest returns, and the
province of British Columbia would receive one hundredfold returns were 'n*^ m''
ring cured or kippered, or canned in the Dominion, or told as bait direct to the fishing
boats at Canadian ports. As United States citi^ns have be«i mainly actire in en-
conragiiiK in Britiwh Coluiiibiii. and .-iirryinK mi i'"'l<r th.« ini.puii. of Britmh Colum-
bia flrma this herring export, the greater Interests of the province were not, of courw,
rwjogniaed; but the limitation of this inferior and less remunerative traffic is the mam
meana for cultivating a profitable and important British Columbia industry compar-
able to that of Scotland. The Scottish herring curing experiment, carried out at
Nanaimo by the Dominion government, in accordance with my recommendation, haa
proved that Britiah Columbia herring can be converted Into a cured product not leas
valuable than the esteemed Scottish herring. Several important British Columbia
firms have already built sheds and wharfs, and commenced Scottish herring curing
opprntionit, witli tho i>otwibility of larjjp dpvplopiiiontH in tlu- future.

A Victoria newspaper in 1906 emphasised this great poasibility, and called atten-
tion to the growth of a canned herring Industry on the Fraser river, the supplies of
fresh fish being obtained at Nanaimo:—

'The Windsor cannery of New Westminster is taking daily consignments of sev-
e-al tons to the Royal City, where they are being canned and shipped to the eastern
market. So great are the orders for fish besieging local establishments that it has been
found necewary to put on a night shift, and while a very large force is working in
th^t> establishments there ia a standing advertiaement in the local papera for assist-
ants in preparing the fish for market. Judging from the present outlook, the fishing
industry here promises to develop in importance subordinate only to minea.

Yet while this utilization in Canada of fish caught in Canadian waters waa that
iMing pnergetically started and developed, a serious leakage was at the same time going
„ii, on an extensive scale, vir., the shipping of vaat quantities of fresh herring, or very
sliKhtly, but not really cured fish, to Seattle and Taconia, to build up n rival curing
industry just across the line, thus competing with our infant industry, with a view to
its destruction. I quote again from the same journal: —

• The herring industry in Nanaimo is now in full swing. The fish are running in
n cimlnnt stream aa never before witnessed this season and the curing establishments
ure working 24 hours a day with a large staff filling orders that have been on file for
months back. There ure now no less than three ateamera making semi-weekly trips to
Seattle and Taeoma with fresh herring. The Ranger, McCullough and Squid are tlie
vessels employed, each of which carry from seventy to a hundred tons u trip. Captain
Fulton of the steamer McCuUoch, which cleared yesterday for Seattle, loaded to the
water line, says that an enormous market for local consumption is being built up in
.Seattle. Now that Seattle people are being introduced to the delicacy of Nanaimo her-
ring, tho demand is growing steadily. From other parts of the state of WashinRton

•The lite A. K. Milne. C.M.O.. easterns ••ollector, Victoria. B.C.. said in 189.^: 'There
is mit a s'yslciiiatit: brM'llig fi^hpry in the ahnln J'arifir inaitt, yet the Sandwich island?
uaiit tlifiii.*

It

ord«n are alao comi.ig in for Nanaimo fiih, ao that thU avenue of the herring indiiatry
it proving a profltabla one for thoae rngait<-d in it. Juit now, Heattlf dealrra are plac-
ioff Nanaimo flali in cold atorage ao aa to be in a poaition to handle outtide ordera.'

J

ONTARIO PKHUll) IIUWIXU lUfOaaULK.

Aa uU upart* are aware, iliere are limitationa to tite curing and cauuitiK uf Hah.
Al* iah cannot be satiafactorily c\ired or (■■nned, and 'many uiiatalien pn>iecta have
been urg<>d by peranna lacliing in knowledge Hiid expiriencv. Thu«, tlw kcIicumi tet
forth in Ontario four or live yuan ago that a Scottiah herring iuduitry could be
created on the great laliea waa moat abiurd, for two rcaaont: — (1) The Bo-called
liilce herring are really l(>aa<>r whiteHidi, and will not ttand curing in tlic way the
lierring will, with its \ery numoruu* Ikiiic* holding tlio flt'oh w<-ll ti>g<>tli*-r. ('i) Th>>
trade would refuar tu accept aa herring an uuiuitable pickled fiah luch a« the aiuall
■p(>oica of whiteliah, miacallcd by all tho ti*hi'rmcn, lukchcrring. For the tianic
reason, viz.: the nature of the Heoh and bunca, tlio auivit cannot be aatiafactorily
IMcked in tina. The imielt, like the no-called lake herring and the whitefiah are
aalmonoida, and have more of tlie nature of the salmon and trout than the herring
or aardine, hence rxperimenta tried in New Bruntwick were not tatiafactory. On
opening a can of nmelta the meat waa found to have fallen from the bonca and had
u dry ' jumbled ' appearance and far lea* appetising than the compact neat-looking
HKrilinea, though the flavour wan exM>llent. The delicious candle-fi»h or oulaohon of
the Pacific coast, like the smelt, in not suitable for canning, though the United Em-
pire Salmon C--" n ,y, with ample capital proposed to experiment in the northern
British Colunibiu verx in pulling up chuucH oiiIh- hniiA. The iH^t nielhoil in pick-
ling and preaervii ^ in kegs, though if nicely put '.p in long narrow botllcH in vinegar
or other preaerring fluid, they might lie a suer.HM in the markets. As the fle«h ad-
heres loos«>ly to the backbone it falls off in ' chunks ' when cooked and canned.

;.

TUNMT INDUSTRY IMPOSSIBUB.

No one ac<|uainted with the great Tunny fiHhery of the Me<literrauean, or faniilior
with the fleah of that fine floh when placed on the table, can doubt that, if the large
specimeiM of the Tunny {Thynnvt thynnuM) caught every season on our Atlantic
coast could be preserved and marketed, a demand would spring up for it. Its im-
portance in France is next to the sardine, as M. Pierre Lemy, a preserved food mer-
chant m Paris aaid, ' AprJa la sardine Ic tlion (tunny) est, en France, le imiiwon qui
eat-1'objei de la fabrication la plus impnrtnnte dans le genre d'industrie dont noua
nous oceupons ici. La majeure partie du thoi p§ch£ dans le golfe de Oascogne est
ciiptunN' iMir lei* iH-chcuf!* brelon.t on vcnd<''cn>« ipii rauiciU'Ml Icur i><>i>.^iii ilniis leu
|x)rt8 oft existent des unines de sardines, surs qu'ils snnt d'." trouver I'ecoulement de
leur butin. Iji plnpnrt dea usinea de sardines fabriquent, en effet, du tlion conserve.'
—(Paris Exhib., IWX), Memoires, Congrfea International d'.\gric\ilture et de P^che.
p. 35S).

The mode of putting up the flesh of the Hinny may be briefly stated :— The fresh
fish deprived of the head, tail, fins, and entrails, is cut into large pi<-ces and boiled
in salt and water. After thus being cooked, the pieces nre dried in chambers through
which passes a strong current of air through n^^raerous openings. The dried port! n»
are cut down to appropriate sizes, placed in cans, covered with olive oil. sealed -r-
metically. nnd boiled in retorts like sardines. The tunny being ollied to the mack el.
has a good flavour ond is in high favour where its qualities are recognized. They
are called mackerel sharks in mistake, also horse-mackerel, in Tanada. iind excepting
that the Oasp^ residents have 'H-en accustonofl to salt n few in l>nrrel« nt times they
have been usually thrown away and wasted when captured by the fishermen. T have

90

seen them rotting on the beach at Yarmouth, N.S., and in Gaapg batin, P.Q. Smoked
tunny, and bonito, really a smaller species of tunny, are popular in Japan. As Sir
Frederick Nicholson says, it is an excellent product, ' economical in use, andwill keep
good for years.' The same authority informs us that the fish after being opened and
boned is cut into longitudinal strips, boiled or steamed, dried on trays in the open
air and then smoked over a slow-combustion furnace which burns various woods and
sawdust. A dozen or more trays are piled up so that the smoke penetrates the vari-
ous tiers, and colours them a dark brown, after which the fish is given a final drying
in the opon air or in a drier at 70° to 90° F.

SKATE, BHABK, DOC-FISH, SHARK's FLNS, tC.

Skate, sharks and dog-fish are abundant, too abundant, the fishermen think, in
Canadian seas; but they have been little utilized. I dealt fully with certain phases
of this matter in my former report on 'The Dog-fish Pest in Canada,* and since
then the Dominion Government have attempted in three difierent localities, bhip-
pigan,N.B.; Canso, N.S., and Mud island, N.S., to utUiie these fish, particularly dog-fish
for fertilizer and oil. In my report I referred to the edible qualities of the dog-fish
family, and on recent visits to Boston I found in that fastidious ?'*y„T! ^"""^
prominent fish-dealers' stores cxliibited choice cuts of a firm white tish labelled ocean
whitefiah,' which was no other than the dog-fish (.Acanthias) of our waters. It was
regarded as very good by those customers who had tried it. The central part of what
is called the ' wings,' i.e., the large breast tins of the skate are regarded even in Eng-
land as a deliaicy by epicures, and skates' 'wings' find ready sale. The Chinese hare
always held sharks' fins, &c., in esteem. In the Norsk Ftskentidende. February, 190 <,
1)1). .>0-55, is a short nrticle on these dried tins and the Chinese and Japanese markets,
with an illustration on page 51, showing how the fins require to be neatly cut off at
the base and hung, after being salted, to dry. Of eight species of sharks and dog-
fishes generally utilized, four at least occur, or almost identical species occur, in
t'uuuda, viz.: Varcharias. Alopecias. Lamna, and Musteius. The dried fins are sold
by the picul (133J lbs.) i.e., about 161 piculs to the English or ' long ' ton. The price
varies according to quality, but may be as much as 50 cents per pound ($70 to $80
per picul). They are largely handled by Messrs. Aagaard. Thoresen and Co., Hong
Kong, British China, and there is no limit to the market. India, especially the
Madras Presidency has largely exported shark's fins to China. Shark and dog-fish
paste is also a commodity in demand, especially in Japan. The flesh removed from
the boxes is pounded into a paste, a little salt being added, and it is made into rolls,
like rolls of butter, which are steamed for nearly half an hour. These rolls of a lard-
like appearance will keep for several days, even in hot weather, and it is in general
use. The flesh of sharks and dog-fish has long been a staple article of diet in New
Zealand and the Southern Pacific islands, and if these fish, captured in Canadian
waters, coiild be supplied to these natives, a eonsidernble demand could be created.
The Maoris enpture the fish by means of baited hooks.

Fresh mullet is tlie one bait a shark finds irresistible and will always bite at. but
where this is not to be had a very pood substitute, and a bait sharks take is the large
six-inch mussel, which is to be found in numbers on the submerged sand-banks of
the const.

Croat quantities of these shell-fish nre collected in readiness ere the season com-
mences, and being placed in heaps on the beach.

But before eommencinp fisbinp operations a larpe loosely woven flnx receptacle,
containing the pelt and offal of some slaughtered animal, a bullock or a sheep is hung

1903.

The Dog-fish Pest in Canncla,' Special Rpport, Mar. and Fi«h. Report (Fisheries^

21

over the boat, the blood and savour of it fiitering through render the sharks perfectly
ravenous. Dozens of them flock around the floating bag, making ineffectual snaps
at it aa the man holding the line jerks the tempting morsel from their jaws. In the
clear water every motion of th fish can be watched, and their rushes at the bag
avoided.

The baited hooks are suspended iinar the bag and considerable catches are made,
especially of which are called ground sharks.

Blue-shark, shovel-nose, and hammer-heads are all caught in numbers by the
natives, and all are found equally good eating.

None of these species, however, attain n size of over twelve or fourteen feet in
Irngth; indeed, the average run of size is from six to eight feet. The flesh of the
larger fish is said to be too coarse and strong-flavoured, and the fishermen accordingly
discard anything over ten fpot lonp.

The carcasses after being cleaned, are hung in the sun to dry upon transverse
poles supported by uprights 20 feet high, and in three or four weeks thoy are curod,
and dry as wood. They are then packed in flax mats nnd transportrd in bales to the
various native villages. Dried shark has ranked liiprh as an nrtiole of food amnnpst
these Pacific natives. The smollcr sharks or dog-fishes and their ollies. the skates
and rays, are, however, better adapted for table use in civilized countries, being
superior in texture, colour and flavour, nnd if properly clpfined. the entrails and skin
carefully removed, and the flesh prepared in small ' chunks,' there is no reason why
it should not become a general fish food, like the once despised flounders and flat-
fishes, the sea cats and frog-fishes, which now readily find sale in the best European
fish markets.

ROE OF FliSHES.

The eggs or roe of fishes is chemically a nutritious material and caviare, or the
prepared roe of the sturgeon is one of the most esteemed and expensive of fish pro-
ducts. The public indeed have made such a demand, especially in the United States,
for certain fish containing well developed roes, that the price of fish like roe shad, in
Fulton Market, New York, last season, sold at 35 cents each, while shad not contain-
ing roe brought 15 cents. At Boston and New York restaurants the cooked roe of a
shod costs 75 cents to the retail customer. But roes of fish other than sturgeon or shad
have a value as food, though so generally wasted and thrown away with the entrails,
iis gurry on the great lakes, splendid caviare has been made of the roes of suckers,
pickerel or dore, and other fish, by enterprising fish merchants. Such caviare if col-
oured with some harmless dye should rapidly become a recognized and profitable com-
modity. The most important demand, in many respects, for fish roes is, however, for
use as a lure or bait for attracting and collecting the wandering sardine schools. Just
as ' pummy ' proved effective in the mackerel fishery off the Atlantic shores, so pre-
served ' roe ' or ' rogue ' is valuable in the sardine netting operations. Norway has a
most remunerative ' rogue ' industry, and Newfoundland has provided a good deal
though on account of poor packing it is sought less eagerly than the Norse cod roes.
The United States also produces this article. The well-developed eggs of the cod, had-
dock, mackerel, hake, pollock, &c., are best for the purpose. The roes are carefully re-
moved entire, salted and packed tightly in barrels. They are repacked later in barrels
through which holes have been bored one-quarter inch in diameter. The brine escapes
through the holes and the roe is preserved in a dry condition. Dr. Hugh M. Smith, in
a most interesting report (United States Fishery Bureau Bull., 1901), gave the do-
lails of the industry, and points out that the eggs must be separable, that is, well
formed, the salting must be carried out while the egg mass is fresh, being placed in
layers of dry, rather fine, salt, and after the first packing, should be repacked, ffraded
according to quality or state of ripeness, and finally packed in barrels holding 308 tf
316 pounds weight. Loose eggs or broken roes must be packed separately.

ss

There hove been spasmodic attempts to supply the demand for ' rogue ' or cod's
Toes cured in a way suitable for the European sardine fishery, and amongst many re-
ferences in official reports, I qiiote the following from a Dominion fishery officer's re-
port about twenty years ngo, in which reference is made to the preparation of cods
roes on the Oasp^ coast: —

' Cod is a delicious fish, and one in which there is no loss. It supplies human
food, oil and a kind of glue which is as much prized as that of a Bturgeon. Larg« pro-
fits are also realized from the sale of cod roes. The preparation of this article, which
yields a large revenue to Newfoundland fishermen, was until lately comparatively
unknown to our people; but I notice with pleasure that more attention has been paid
to this branch of industry than usual. Four or five years ago the Oasp4 people began
the preparation of cod roea for export, but, for reasons unknown, the trade was dropped.
Having plenty of time on hand this season, they again set to work, and the statistics
show that on the coast of Gaep£ no less than 622 barrels of cod roes were prepared,
tciving a revenue of over $4,000. Newfoundlanders export this article to Norway and
Frnnce, where it is used as bait for sardine fishing, and sells from $5 to $8 n barrel.

' Codfishing on our shores is divided into two seasons : summer and fall fishing.
Formerly, the only fish that were dried and went to the merchants were those caught
after August 15. The fish caught after that date were salted and sent to Montreal or
Quebec in barrels, or were traded fc- -.he purchase of winter provisions. But now that
almost everywhere in Gnspe, and especially in the western part, the system of engage-
ments is changed, there is so to speak but one season fishing, the summer fishery ; "(ince
all the fish caught is dried for export.

' Although cod is met with on the whole coast of Gaspe, there are several places
where it is found in greater abundance than others, such for instance as Ferce and the
neighbourhood of Bonaventure island and of Cape Gaspe. In these places also the
fish remains a greater length of time than at others.'

Along the Mediterrauenn, in Japan. Chinii and other eastern countries, the largo
masses of eggs, orange coloured or reddish, which are contained in the sea-urchins or
prickly sea eggs, abundant on our Atlantic and Pacific shores, are sold in the markets
as food. They are esteemed as highly as oysters, and as sea-urchins are so very plen-
tiful, they might be turned to account if pickled and shipped in jars, like jam, to the
countries where sea-urchin's eggs are an article of diet.

The suggestion has been made that the eggs of dog-fishes and skates, which are
obtained in great numbers when these fish are being captumed and utilized, might be
made of some use. When the dog-tish are being handled at the (iovemment Fish
Reduction Works, these eggs (like the large eggs of birds removed from their shells)
may cover the wharfs to a depth of several inches. They are most excellent and
nutritious food. In my former report on the Dog-fish, I mentioned their use in
Scandinavia in the mnking \ip of puddings, nnd recently an eminent English chemist.
Dr. T. E. Thorpe, in an official report to the Cornwall County Council, emphatically
states that : —

' The eggs of tlie dog-fish, when l>oiled, are very similar to nn ordinary hard-boiled
hen's egg, and a wholesome and highly nutritious food.'

THE SEA-CUCL'MBKIl OR TREPANO.

The tn-pang is an tsteeiued article of fiiod in China. It is really the dried
sna-cucumbor — a large liind of sea slug or eohino<lerin* — often 12 to 1.5 inches or more
in length and 3 or 4 inclies in diameter. These cn^atures abound on the Atlantic
and Pacific coasts of Cauaila. an<l may bo taken with ease by means of a dredge; yet.
so far as I am aware, this .nliundant food pro<lii('t lias never been turned to any

• Oftfn called ' beche-de-mer."

S8

account by our people. Their prepurntion is very simple, and when dried they sell
in Canton lor itS45 or *60 per ton. It would cost little to gather them, and as tiiey
would tiud a ready and lucrative sale amongst the Chinese and especially, if shipped
to China, that it is surprising no firm has ever entered into the busitiess.

The late Judge Swan, who noticed the abundance of sea-cucumbers or holothurians
on the co'^sts of Vancouver island and Queen Charlotte islands showed some specimens
to sever-u Chinamen, who at once declared them to be the best quality of ■ whetong,'
one of the Chinese names for trepang. The trepaiig. when prepared for market, is an
ugly looking, brown-coloured substance, very hard and rigid, and can be eaten only
after being softened by water and a lengthened process of cooking, when it is reduced
to a sort of thick soup by the Chinese, who are very fond of it; and when cooked by
a Chinaman who understands the art. it makes un excellent dish.

The preparation of the trepang for market is simple. Tiiey are to be boiled in
water, eitiier salt or fresh, for about twenty minutes, f.nd tiicn slit open, cleaned, and
dried. Those dried in the open air or sunshine brinp a hiprher price than those dried
over a wood flre. which latter is the usual process ndopt,>d by the ^falays. Some vari-
eties reciuire boiling for only a few minutes, or till they become firm to the touch.
They must be dried thoroughly, as they absorb moisture readily, and are then liable
to become mouldy and spoil.

Europeans who h.nve tried trepang report that it is very good, and if the trepangs
after being putted are boiled in a decoction of ' artemesia ' it is said to be preferable
to the salt cure. They should be spread on ,., bamboo fmme and dried in the oun.
New Caledonia, the Paeifie isles Malay, the Ladrones and the New Hebrides supply
great quantities; but when dredging in southern Xe- Bnms-viek. and in varioun
regions in British Columbia, it was often difficult to ,,,mi1 up the dredpo on aeeo,int of
the mass of writhing, slimy, son-cucumbers pathere.' the bap.

AB.\LON'E AXD OTHER MOLI.LSKS.

The abalone, which occurs in the northern waters of Vancouver island, and oflP
Queen Charlotte islands, is valuable both as food and for its beautiful pearly shell.

The massive fleshy body of the abalone or ear-hell (Haliotis) is salted, boiled
.and dried, and is in great demand in China. It is often slightly smoked, while the
shell is used in the manufacture of buttons and for ornamental purposes. A long
spear may be used in fishing for it from an open ^""^ though the Japanese fishermen
in California and in British Columbia obtain it by diving. A water glass for search-
ing the rocky haunts of this shMl-fish is usually brought into rcviuisition. Sir F. A.
Nicholson njfers to a fishery on the Madras coast and states that the shells alone
exported to England durinp the ten years. 1890-1900 realized nearly $1.1.000.

Quite a number of shell-fish could be turned to commercial account in Canada.
British Columbia alone producing 16 or IS different kinds, of which only two or
throe are utilized. The razor-clam has come into demand in many American cities:
but the demand for these shell-fish boiled and dried is enormous in China. Extensive
cultivation of these sthell-fish is now carried on in Japan.

The peeten or scallop is an esteemed shellfish, which in Canada has largelv pone
to waste, although used to a small extent for bait. A recent writer, describinp the
scallop dredging industry of Long Island and the metbo.l of marketiiip them, says
that in the opening of the clam shells and removal of the flesh, the children of the
fishermen are mainly emplo.ved. ' A small boy or pirl will open a pallon of scallops in
one hour and ten minutes, and receives from twenty-five to thirty cents per gallon, ac-
cording to the size of the shell, large fish filling a measure much quicker than small
ones. An expert adult will open two gallons an hour. As it takes two bushels of scal-
lops to yield a gallon, on enormous amount of shells has to be handled. The emptied
shells are thrown in piles outside each house.

M

The average catch for each boat is thirty-five buahela a day, but when scallops are
plentiful a boatlooad has been known to result in one hundred bushels. A large per
centage of those taken are seed scallops, and there is need of reform in this respect.
They are better for eating after they have spawned, and as the average number of eggs
laid by a seed scallop is one hundred thousand, each one destroyed, though only twenty
per cent of those spawned might live, means a loss to the industry the following season.

' After being opened the scallops are thrown into water to soak until time for
shipment, and here is a " trick of the trade " not generally known. Soaking scallops
in water causes them to swell, and in this way a shipper can increase the bulk of his
shipment nearly half. Five gallons freshly opened will increase to seven itallons by this
process ; and it is rumoured that they are sometimes soaked over again by retail fish
dealers. This soaking process whitens them, but it takes away their sweetness and
fills them with water to such an extent that frying them crisp and brown is almost an
impossibility.'

The pecten or scallop, like the cockle and the mussfi, is a tongh attractive bait, as
.well as an esteemed table delicacy a portion of which may be prepared like stewed
oysters, or served as a soup of the richest and most appetizing character. Great be<li
of pectens exist, though not generally known, on both our Atlantic and Pacific coasts.
They i^ave hitherto been practically unutilized.

KEW BAIT RESOURCES.

Cockles and mussels arc of market value in most countries. Boiled and dried,
the Chinese regard them as a delicacy, but cockles are now coming into demand in
United States cities and amongst Canadians. There is no more dainty or delicate
food. Vast areas on the Atlantic and Pacific shores, could be made to yield quantities
of mussels, and in view of the great demand in Scotland for these shell-fish for bait
purposes, it might be remunerative to ship them to the British islands, where they
have sold for $5 to $10 per ton in the shell. Holland exports immense quantities to
London and to Scotland, and it is a most profitable business. At St. Andrews, in New
Brunswick, the extensive sand flats there are yielding remunerative catches of cockles.
The St Andrews Beacon some months ago said : —

' The cockle business is assuming quite respectable proportions in this locality.
This season (1906) a number of men found lucrative employment in gathering these
shellfi«h from the beaches, the local price being 46 cents per bucket. The larf'^t ex-
porters say their shipments this season will total up over 2,400 buckets, and they have
many orders that they will be unable to fill, owing to scarcity of men. The cockles
are shipped direct to the haddocking fleet at various points on the New England coast.
Thoy are used entirely by the handliners. Linefish like cod and pollock are very fond
of this bait, while the dogfish have no liking for it. In using it the fisherman breaks
the shell oflE and then pounds the meat into a pulp, otherwise it will harden and choke
the hook. Each fisherman is provided with a hammer and a small piece of flat iron
(the latter being set in the vessel's rail) for this purpose. The demand for this kind
of bait is steadily on the increase. It is worthy of remark that this is the only locality
west of Portsmouth, Mass., where cockles can be found in paying quantities.'

Other bait products arc whelks, anemones and lampreys. The last-named fish
abound in certain Canadian livers and lakes. The Dutch fishermen have long found
the lamprey cut into pieces, a most durable and successful bait, and the Thames
fishermen sell about $4,000 worth per annum to the Dutch fishermen for that purpose.
They have bought from the Thames fishermen $3,000 to $4,000 worth, while the York-
shire fishermen, at Scarboro and Whitby find lampreys one of the best baits for tur-
bot. New baits are often found to vastly increase the catches in long-line, or ' trawl-
line ' fishing. Lampreys are ulso said to 1h? a good iootl ; but their use will probably
never be general on the table. They might, if tried, prove most effective in ses fish-

25

ing, and poMibly hand-line fishing and in sturgeon fishing in fresh waters. A change
of bait has frequently most unexpected results. Professor Mcintosh has said: ' Care-
ful obsenratjons . have demonstrated that in their season, and by the use of ane-
mones for ba.t. and then of giU-nets. cod (said to be so rare) can be caught in hun
dreds by a single boat.* Again, the same authority refers to the 'substitution of
u^dTfTh^ ^'""T^' °f/-!"'-fi«»'«'' - «1"id fo' hearings, of lobwon^" KLlfo,^
and of the alternation of g.U-nets with tempting bait of various kinds. Few appt^
ciate the revelations made by such changes of method.' t

8EA-WEEI)s AKD UABINE VBOETAIION.

' Sea-weeds,' wrote ilr. P. L. Simmonds, ' are used directly for manure, for the
inanufacture of soda, iodine, bromine, and 8ome like Irish moss for the manufacture
of getose. Dried, they are used for ornamental purposes. In many northern Euro-
pean countries, sea-weed is used in winter for feeding horses, cattle and sh.tp and
n IS eaten by deer when other food is scarce. Last year United States Consul Kas-
mussen, of Stavanger, referring to the handsome returns brought by the sea-weed
harvest in southwest Norway, who calcined it an<l sold the ashes to British agents
.K)inted out the valuable chemical products yielded, including iodine, and added, this
remarkable statement: —

• As a source of income, adds the consul, sea-weed has in a very few years sur-
passed fishing and agriculture in fortune building. Old debts have been paid off. and
land that was formerly unproductive has been drained and filled.'

Of course the amount of iodine is said to vary in tlie sea-weeds from the different
coasts; but whether these plants on the Canadian coasts are rich or poor in iodine can
be decided only by teste. In Britain and France, where io.line manufacture is an
old industry, the amount of iodine produced by a ton of kelp (kelp is the weed burnt
into hard, dark coloured masses or cakes) is 10 lbs., and 20 tons of fresh wet weed
makes a ton of kelp, Simmonds stated that 400,000 tons of sea-weed were neeessarv
to yield the annual production of iodine in Britain.

Mr Rasmussen has afforded much detailed information upon the Norwegian
sea-weed industry, and the following may be quoted: —

' The annual income (in Norway) from sea-weed ashes amounts to about $107000
hilt It ean l>e double<l. Every fisherman knows the difference l>etween aljrn and tang
Only the former pan be used as raw material for the iodine and chloriodic industrv-
tang IS entirely worthless. But of fh'^ different kinds of alga, it is immaterial, or
nearly so. whether one makes use of the large, strong stalks or the broad-leaved kind-
when the weed is carefully handled, one ean secure an excellent produot. If tnng is
burned with alga the value is decreased considerably, and all such wares should be
refused. It IS defrauding the purchasers, who might as well bnv wood or coal sishes
as those burned from tang. This has not been clear to the producers, which is o„lv
natural when it is remembered rhnt there has not hitherto been nrod.iced snflRcient
ashes to supply the demand, ^nd the product, therefore, has been partlv bought with-
out criticism by the mnnviacturers.

Besides being mixej with ' tang,' the ashes are often found to be adulterated bv
•and and stone. A.ga ashes are also of little value when decaved or rotten weed is
used or when the jveed has been too long exposed to rain before dried, or when the
fire ,s extinguished by salt water. The best product is obtained, as a rule, from the
cut weed, but weed that is washed ashore is often very pood, especianv carlv in the
year — say, in April and May.

The weed must be fresh dried and burned on rocky ground. Should it rain the
weed must be gathered in a henn and covered. Along with the dry weed must be

•frientiflc Work in the .«!|.a Fisheries. Lon<lnn ISflT, T., p 11
+ Id. IT., p. S.

so

ptaceU »ou,e that w d«u.p, to prevent ll.e lire from breaking througli, m tliat no more
air 18 admitted than necewary to promote the carbonization. The burning should
lake place on rockj- ground, so that the ashes will not become polluted with sand and
gravel.

We strongly re<;omraend sea-weed burning and careful handling of the product
because Jsorway cniu.t ««For.l to lose any of its industries. Now that the Japan-
ese have also entered this field, the price of iotline in November, 1905, fell from
i'St t... kron.-r to 10 W kroner jH-r kilo (*:{.01 to $2.m per ,>.,und>. What difference
the price of the prepared article has on the maintenance of this industry one can
understand.

The price is governed by several factors. What we can do is to produce good and
suttcient raw material for the benefit of our maritime population and our manufac-
turers by caretul handling of the wee<l. As an example of how necessary it is and
how the (luestion ol success or failure is <lependont on the quality of the raw matcriuU
It can be mentioned that of two competing manufacturers in this country in the pro-
duction ot the same amount of goods, one us.h1 420 tons of ashes, at a cost of $i;5,0CO-
the other used i'S6 tons, at a cost of $8,040. This ditference of $5,020 in cost of manu-
facture represents a direct loss for Norwegian in.lnstry. and therewith for our nation;
loss caused by carelosMiess and wont of judKiiunt. If the struggle for maintaining
Norwegian and Scotch industries stands face to face with Japan-and it will come
and come soon— the U'st chances f,.r success lie with tb- factory producing the most
economically.

One of the most prolific fields for the growth of .sea-weed is at Joderen, on the
southwest coast of Norway, where it appears as veritable forests of trees from five to
SIX leet in height, with stems as thick as ropes and as tough as leather. The wee.1
sprouts in sunimor and gradually covers the ocean Ik><I with a dense brush. In the
i a II the roots release their suctionlike grip on the rock bottom and gn-at quantities
float ashore, forming a sen wall many miles along the b.-ach. The fall crop is good
only for fertilizer, and is use,! as such by the natives; but in s,,ring what drifts in
18 successfully gathered, dried and bnrno.1. and during this season thousands of the
farmers wh,. own strips of the coast line make thousands of bonfires, some burning
as muoh as .1.000 k.los a year. This is one of the natural resource, of Norway about
which little was known 20 years ago. During the summer many train loads are sent
to S»tavanper. whence two or three cargoes a week are shippe<l to Oreat Britain. Sub-
sequent use and treatment are to some e.^tent scientific secrets, although the kelp ash
13 kno«^ to be largely used in the making of iodine. The fact that the industry- is
profitable ,s shown by tlie willingness of the English agents to pay a good price, and
manv of the Norwegian farmers have Wome rich by selling it. Afodern machinery
in the shap.. of niow.r.. hayrakes and harrows, have replaced the primitive farm im-
plements in use n few years ago.

e«l rlU""''""" ^"^T'VX"' r'"'"""'- ^'■"*'""''- Plo^t fully occupied, the British Chemi-

tTlj i A- ■ ^"'^"'''l'' «"'' !'"'•« '''"■i"*f ♦^'' mst three years, the company

S ?sS/t- "'*'■'',"""'/" ^''^''' """^ ""'"'• ^''■"'•^' ^•''•^ ^"-^ distribute in
IfLr • r r 7- T '"'* "*"'""• """^ '•"""idoraWy more to kelp makers in the

other islands mentioned.

„r,H JJl'" "•"""" V^ .7'''»'"" '■"^"''■'"'l '" gathering and burning the tangles is light

„„, J^ T"'".';. ^''"''^^'" "'^^"^•/'"^'^ rcslnilosns. is said to yield more saline and

iV • -r' f"' of POfash. the same of soda of lime and nearly 2.-! per cent ^f
sulphuric Odd. A ton of weed yielding .120 pounds of ash would afford ^ip^iS of

97

creciallv foi children b™l til ^'"^.«-^'',"-- Thry „re used to stuff ,„nttr,...,«.

(^o./era rn^r L)^;,erfor SL hlh f «"ho>-."y refers to the hnrnn-lo weed
known „s .r,-„ ve.eM il^ftZrcoS^y fnd" l'" '"^•''"'T ",■"' ''"'^'^"''- '-"""
ISrn. Granville. France. ..vport^lTorTm^X^nrnt^f 't"hi 1 "f ^ ^'""iT- ^"
nual value was over $10,000. On the south shore of ho ^T ^'""^ V'" •'"■

ninny years existed a similar industry Jllf T r^- Z , l-n^^ence tl.oro hns for
naohe, or ' l'hcrl«> a outTrde ' nrn „n ^' n u """"^'Jies of the Zostem, or herbe a bar-

«here scythes Z ISZttTt ur^ttWr^ 'bX '"'^ ''^'°T ^"'I '^''^^ ■""•^■'
ouraska. Rimouski, and nlonir the coast ZcnL rT^r "^ '""*-' ^'"^ «''"'■'' "^ ^am-

rooted ,oose-.rass 'or barna^cle^.raL^t^^^abrdTntR'^ R if 7' """'^ T'^'^'''^- ""^
marks afte; storms, and the lonir slender frnr.^= .' \ *'""'"'"" "" between tide

Considerable shipments are enf by "a o IJ. itTd Vt'^' '° '' "' '' ^"^^ '" ''^"'^"■•
residents make profitable returns. A imllar dn^ 1 ^^T'"' '"'''^*''^- '-""^ ^^e
nlon. a lar.e part of the Atlantic eoi^'wC t£1vXo:?£..irn;t.^ -'''

CORALLINES AN-n SO-CALLED WEEDS.

bunct^rrt^rTSSsereed^ttnlLr S '-tX""-'^'"' '^^'-^
Pearance .nd are mucb harder int^tu" t mSl tr^e^^S" Thr/ar""';'" "/^■^i
weeds or plants at all. but colonies of minute animals. "xhTet JI^^^Tv T::^t',l'r

uiirl fcathtry, or flat an.l kattiki', but tiny haw a iriwp ancl Bomewlmt v<-lv«-ty fool.
In the Channel idandt and on certain small i«land(» in the South of Bngland, theae
•o-c«lled weeds more correctly called Hydroida or Zoophyte coloniea, tra gathered for
commercial purpowa. On the lale of Grain it it aaid that 20 to 30 tons are gathered
by the local people between October and the end of March. It is in demand for trim-
ming hata. and quite a demand haa been created for it It i« gathered on the »ea
beach, ahelU and other mattera removed, and after being picked over it aells for about
$260 per ton, London being the principal market. A recent writer aays of this little
known induatry: —

' The •• weed," as it is known locally, is not cultivated in any way, but drifta aahore
ond ia picked up upon the Uach and foreshore at low tide. Exactly where it couu.-s
from does not ncem to have Utn dotinitely ascertained. Some of the inhabitants are
of the oi)inion that it grows in the «k>ep watiTs of the North Sea, and others think
that its native place is in the dhallcw waters of the Thames estuary. Bo tlint as it
may, the Island of Grain ia the only part of the coast upon which it comes ashorn in
marketable quiintitii'S.

' Harvesting the weed provides a precarious and uncertain employment for prac-
tically the whole poorer class [lopulation of the island. Each gathers for him or
iurself indcpindently, and disposes of the result to dealers, who in turn forward it
to Loudon and foreign houses. A northerly gale brings most seawee<l ashore and a
single gleaner has been known to pick up half a hundredweight in a morning. At
other times, when the iwind is in the wrong direction, none will ecme in for days. The
present market price of the pcrtially ilried sea-weed, from which all rubbish has been
removed, is about sixpence p"r p<iund. It must be remembered, however, that the
weed is extremely light and feathery, so that a pound, wlien dried and prepared for
use, represents a considerable bulk, and, in the ordinary course, much labour in
pickinff.

'Oueen Alexandra, whose antipathy to the ruthless destruction of birds for the
sak of their plumage is so well known, has done much to bring sea-weed back into
jiopular favour as an adornment for hats by recently purchasing a quantity for that
purposo. When skilfully blended and artistically arranged in combination with
artificial flowers, the fairy sprays of this slender and charming sea-weed are capable
of producing exceptionally fine effects. In fact, hats so trimmed form quite a feature
of some of the famous West End establishments at the present time, and bid fair to
become increaiingly popular in the near future. The scope of sea-weed for decora-
tivr purposes is, however, by no mean* confined to millinery. It can be purchased in
a variety of shades at a moderate figure from most large drapery establishments, and
will be found most useful for table and room decorations generally. Oreat care must
be exercised if it is to be used near candles or other naked lights, as the dressing used
to preserve its fluffy appearance sometimes renders it highly inflammable.'

On the Atlantic and Pacific shores of Canada these beautiful and delicate zoo-
phyte fronds are found in abundance and wonderful variety. The utilization of ma-
terials so easily gathered and capable of lieing turned to such ornamental and profit-
able account, must surely occupy the attention of some enterprising pioneer.

KF.I, SKIN INDl'STBV.

Of all unlikely products any form o*^ leather from a skin or integume so thin
and elastic as the skin of eels would appear the most improbable. Yet lor many
years, in a (luict street near the famous London Bridge, an eel-skin factory has carrieil
on a paying business. There are prepared and manufactured various articles from
the integument of the river eel.

The skins are manipulated by numerous complicated processes until they re-
semble and would easily be taken for leather, altboiiirh of a more gelatinous and

pliable uaturc. Thin struuge cuiiiiuudity i» cut into loiiv thin (trip* au<l plt-ated wry
uluwly tuKutktr t'or whip laahen and to cover purtioiut of the handles of more ex-
peuitivu whip*. Coi'tain kinds of lashes and ImrneiM laces are also made of eelokin.

The leath:i is aliuoitt indispensable in articles of this description, where dcxi-
bility, allied with an unouiumon toughness, is desired.

ULLE, KINULASH, ETC.

It is strange that with ui> abundance of raw materials there has never developed
in Canada a successful tish glue business. I'roperly carried on, with sutiiciunt techni-
cal knowledge, it is a must proiitable industry. Fish skins all contain more or less
glue of Krcat value. Cireat business iirms like Messrs. Marcus Ward & Co., in Ireland,
use weekly many tons of fish-Klue; and the domnnd is enormous. Cements for crockory
&c., like ' seecotine,' are used in every household. Codfish p.kins, hake, &c., could h»
got in illimitable quantities, while the shiirks iind dog-hiJies are also u source of
KlutinouH innterials. lxiii|{ia»N i* a retineii anil h|H.'i'iiil form of glue nuulc frnni tiic
swim-bladder and certain internal membranes, especially of sturgeon, cod, hake, &c.
Those materials have been wasted, excepting by far-seeing United States buyers, who
have bought dried sounds of such tish as the st rgeon and turned them into the valu-
able commercial product refcrre<l to — yielding protits of not less than 10.000 per
cent. Other fish yield isinglass, indeed Inst year the Canadian newspapers announced
that at Dipby in Nova Scotia certain United States firms were inquiring for the raw
'isinglass' material, stating that: —

' The isinglass factories of Gloucestei, Mass., are ordering large quantities of
hake sounds from those dealers who make it their business to cure that commodity.
Shipments are going forward <iuite freely via Yarmouth.'

The pickerel or wall-eyed pike, the river cat-fishes, the drum-fish, and certain
sea-snappers yield the membrane or air-Madder from which gluo and isinglass is
extracted by soaking and pressure. As a recent authority rightly observes: —

' Glue manufacture provides an outlet for the profitable use of much waste in
dressing dried codfish. This material was formerly discarded as useless, but now tens
of thousands dollars' worth of choicest glue for postage stamps, court plaster, adhesive
paper, labels, envelopes, for mechanical purposes and for sizing of straw goods and
textile fabrics, and likewise office and domestic mucilage are manufactured from fish
skins. The product is very much stronger and more durable than glue made from thp
skins of mammals.

' Isinglass made from the sounds or swimming bladders of sturgeon, hake. cod.
squeteague, Ac, is used for clarifying fermented liquors, the cellul.'ir construction
forming a sort of net which carries down floating particles.'

In .Tapan sea-weeds of the genera Gelittivm and Glrennflfis are used for ghie.
an«l for imparting lustre and stiffness to textile fabrics, and glue products of this kind
could be prepared in Canada.

SHELL. BUTTON' AN.; PEARL IN'DUSTRIES.

Many years ago my attention was called by Professor Mavor, of the University
of Torfinto, to tlie value of nhells. such h.« the large fresh water clem shells, which
abound in the lakes and rivers of Ontario, Manitoba and the west. Many of these
shells (Unio, Anadonta, kc."), are probably too thin usxially for profitable utilization,
but there arc great supplies of suitable shells going to waste, which could be turned
to profitable account. The importance of shell products in the United States is ap-
parent from Mr. C. H. Stevenson's statement that ' nearly, if not quite. 1,000,000 tons
are secured annually in the United States, consisting principally of the shells of oys-
ters, clams, river musseh and a very much smal'er quantity of other varieties. A

fair vpluation of thixie at the place* of oonmimption would doubtleiii amount to $1,600,-
OOO; to this should be added about $f 00,000 a* the value of pearU ieourod during the
Init year in the MiMiwippi Valley and elsewhere. The value of the shells secured
outside of the United States, principally mother-of-pearl ^hell«, amounts to $5,000,000
or iffJ.OOO.OOO iinnunlly, nnd the pearls sec\ired sell for nearly nn equal amount. Pearls
nrr not geeurod in the sens in such largo quantities as formerly, but their vnluo is
greutly increased. The niflnufnetiire of mothcr-of-penrl nnd sweet-water shell in the
form iif liiittdus. buckle!^, knifc-hiindles, pistol stocks, &c., gives employment to nearly
10,000 p< rsont in this country, and to probably three times that number in Europe
nnd elsi'where.'

• Tile shill ti-nde,' snid llr. Simmons thirty ycnrs ngo, ' is growing year by yonr
into pr.iitcr iinportnnce, nnd there is nmple soope yet f jr its extension with profit nnd
advnntage, nliko to tiie fisherman, the merchant nnd importer, to the mnnufncturcr nnd
vciidiir. and to the general public who nro purchiwors. Leaving out of account the
cuttle shell or euttic fish bone whi.h is obtaimd from eertnin species of squiil and in
iscd j.y bin! t'iineicrs mi iKMuinit i.f its iMlcareo'Ki pr.iMrtics. the shells nuil slu'll siib-
•tnnoi's found in sens nnd rivers mny be classified ns follows: —

(1) Shells suitnble for white nnd penrl buttons.

(2) Shells used for ornnnn nting jewel cnses, fnnoy boxes, and pearly or irides-
cent in uppenrnnoe.

(3) Shells used for knife hnmlles, spoons, lamps, piiies, &p.

(4) Shells ndnpted for cnmeo carving, bracelets and jewellery.

(5") .'^Ik-IIs which can be converted into nn enamel for pottery glazing.
(«l) Slull, ,is,.(l purely ns iinmuients when polished or as money amongst primi-
tive tribes.

In Cnnadn imr shell nsources have been left nimost unexploited while certain
waters in the Tnited States owing to the demands for their shell products hnve been
almost il( nuded. One authority of prominence in lown hns sounded recently a warn-
ing note. A.cor.liiig to the New York Fishing Gazette, February 23, 1907, this au-
thority ' is seeking 'o get fish comniissinn experts or other qualified experts of the gov-
ernment to make n study of how best to propagate and distribute these rausse's or
clnnis. He believes in this way some moana cnn be found to perpetuate the suDplv
and save the industry.

' Census figures show that in 1906 the value of the fresh water pearl button made
ill the United States was nearly $5,000,000. Of this nmount New York was nccredited
with 11.813 167, while Iowa hn.l $1,.';00,949. Iowa had fifty-one factories, while New
1 ork only had twenty-six.'

The abnloiio or ear-shell industry is one capable of development, for beds of these
beautiful shells occur a: known points in British Columbia, and many undiscovered
beds doubtless exist. London imports from Japan from 76 to 100 tons of these car-
shells (llaliotis), while in California a valuable business has long existed. The fol-
lowing notice of this industry may be quoted, having reference particularly to the
hshery on Termiiiul islnnd. California:—

'When the season is at its height twelve to fifteen tons of abalone are handled
each week. They are taken from the shell, the intestines removed, and the muscles
boiled for canning and shipped to many points, or dried by steam preparatory to the
use of the Japanese, Chinese and other Orientals.

' ^Vhen the fish are removed the shells are saved. If imperfect, they are stowed
away to be ground up for poultry food or for fertilizer. If perfect they are turned over
to the California Pearl Manufacturing Company and from them are made some of
the most beautiful ornaments that could be imagined.

' Some are polished in their entirety and are sent to the curio and shell stores by
the thousand. Many are shaped for brooches, belt pints, cuff buttons, ear-rings, &c.,
and in their changeable rainbow hues, varying with each angle at which the light
strikes them, form most beautiful and attractive novelties. Others are shaped for

n

•t'ttingi for jewellery and Urfe quantities are mounted in iterlinc tilver for jewellert
all orer tha country,

' The prooeia of treatment if very intereatinf. First, the rough exterior ia ground
on Um oarborundum whMls. Next they are polished on the oloth wheel and later
shaped for whatever purpose is desired.

' The market for these products is ever widening. They are sold from Maine to
Tampa and from coast to coast. It is a beautiful product and seems destined to in-
creasing popularity.'

The mother of pearl material when coarsely pulverized is used for ornamental de-
coration, especially letters in decorative sign painting.

In fishing shell-fish for the various purposes referred to the fisherman has olway*
before him the i»oa»ibility of finding (learls or gems of value.* Not only the triie
mother of pearl shell, such as the Alelcogrina or so-called pearl oyster of Ceylon; but
numerous other shnll-fish yield [K-arls, the Chinese river niiwsel l)eiug well-known in
this respect. The fresh WBter niuHsels, the sea-oyster, the West Indian strombus, the
giant Tridacna, and many others produce pearls, while in the streiims of Britain,
especially Scotland, pearls have long been sought in the river cjnms or muM.«kl»; but
our Canadian lakes and rivers abound in shell-fish, v^hich are known to produce these
valuable gems. Some of our remote waters have recently acquired fame on this
account. The Chicago Examiner said, a few months ogo : —

' HKABL riSjrERV IX CANADIAN WILDS.

' In the mighty streams flowing through Ungava, Canada, a profitable pearl in-
dustry is carried on among the Indians and Eskimos, says the Chicago Examiner.
Barrenness and desolation, rocky shores beaten by an icy sea, long winters and short
inclement summers are the chief characteristics of that northern land. Signs of
human life are scarce there, but at intervals may be seen rude huts of rocks erected
by whale and seal hunters long since departed for more profitable fields. In the
rushing waters of the streams, which empty into the sea, pearls are found hidden in
the shells of the mussels, which are often so plentiful as to partially block the river.
Unlike the pearls of Ceylon, they ore snowy white, but nevertheless of the finest
quality, although a certain percentage are irregular in shape.

At the present time several hundred men nre engaged in systematically hunting
for the pearls. They collect the mussels and pile them in heaps, where they are left
until decomposed and then the pearls are easily extracted from the shells. Several
large jewellery houses send travellers on periodical visits to buy these pearls, and, of
course, the Hudson Bay Company's traders get a fair share of the genw.'

It is impossible in this place to deal in detail with such branches of a shell-fish
industry as the pearl business, or the utilisation of the shells themselves; but it may
be pointed 'it that empty shells have a value in oyster culture. They form the best
' cultch ' or rough flour on which oysters can be planted for breeding purposes. Quite
good returns are secured from the empty shells, which are useless for buttons or other
purposes. Scallop shells are in demand and they bring rarely less than 6 cents per
bushel. "

PRAWNS, rRAVFISH, ETC.

In the future the utilization of shrimps, prawns, and other crustaceans will no
doubt be carried out on an extensive scale. They are abundant on the Atlantic and
Pacific coasts, and on the latter coaat, our Canadian waters abound in a variety o{
exceptionally fine edible species. A limited prawn and shrimp fishery is pursued;

• It «■»« auitounred reoei.tl.v in the press that a pparl obtained in
OIilo, sold for 12.800 this season.

the Miami Rirer,

S9

but tb. de»#Iop««,t of • o.nnin» indu.try would enable thm, dainty '•hell-lUh' to

■hrimpt and pnwna form an important artieia of trade.

«.„^ «««»~««ib^ ■bundant •upplia. of lobitari on the Atlantic eoaat of Canada

.TSiiTd'Ui::.^""" "' " •"""- "- '"''- '^'^^ •"" ••^ •»"' "™
or ol:yZj::&.-::z:t^ z^ '^is.r:^:^ tr'-'riTan Tz

tarta oru.Uoa«B found in the ^ «„d re^mWin,, a lobater of unuM.al .{«,. .„d ofl
.p.ny wterjor. F«r rt«.ma or lake, in Canada do not abound in cr.;.^ b„t
there ha. hitherto heen little or no de,„«„d for them ». a m.rketaWe produr.

.„A fk'"^.!.!;: */"!?'*^ '*«'"•'' ''•'«'» Pw-ttr fully with thf -rayflah queation
and the pomibility of a future rrayfinh fluhery. He Myg:— q"«iiion

'The demand should incre««e. with the growth of cosmopolitan population, that
appm-iate suoh food u i, uaed in Europe, with the .growth of large'Zpul.Z, S

1. f^ ■ . w .k "***I '!!''"•*'' •"' '^" •*'■•"«' «» the UM of young .pecimen.

^o doutt •„ r" T."',''" •«!T''"»*<' '-nre one. ha. become very "xt ^vr
indu.t^ win teL r ^ t"^"-^ '"' '"'^ ^"^ «««J ♦»•• natural 7upply and hi.

' S*)*"-' or later the .upply of crayiiah will ne«l to be made greater In ndditlon
o ler.I.t.ve ««triction. and control, three line, of work .ugge.Uh\mU^ a, . u

?,^ oAer fLhi/ *" "^^ :!^r^' t"*""" *•«"'"'*• «"• i' »"« i«^ profit Cr,irien,L

n other fiehene., now before the .upply become, deflcient-firat. the arUfichTS

.ng of native .pecje. .n the market region; ««,„d. the introduction and projiSn

of cr.yfirii reaching maturity wa. better than might be exDected in .»2 J.^ a
from proper culture large individuaU and large raS. .SlghX^trn^ ^' ""^

The large western Oregon lobster is of mniH ^r,,-;^ - !i '
artificial conditions to a fen^ of tetwL„ two Tn^ .K^ • v **• '?'" ""''f
from eggs hatch ^ in the spring ThisTr^ s^LirllU ^ 1"-^",."* ^T« "^n^-

ing the strums and preserTes w^tbl^: rm^ic.'; 'e^^,^^'"""'^"*^ "^ "^ ^^-'^

which w« ikW «««'"«ity. but how to tun, to .ocount the .bunH.nt ■..ppHe«

i. mo.t .ffMrtiT. «,<! .TowH I d-n«;tnlil: ;r? n^ •" .ngrnio,- tr.p which

•> th.t .n, Arimp thi ho ^'^^ u '•" """"•' ?'' P«'i«'*in« into the i„t«ior.
down, of thJ. two. iw ti«d to .TS " "'•< •'•'^««« ""'• When beln„ „,ed.

out from iirn^ ,„ time .„,! the .hrimp. .«^c«r^*""'' *" *•" '^"'""- ^" "^ "•ken

OATmil aAlTROLITHI. *

eye..' u they were cUled were hMirT^J^l^' " •'*"°** •***"••• *>' '""b'*
order., .nd in Thin. „d J«.n Sn^^t^!™^*} " ' '"^'*'' •"'"" ""»"• di-
them. The, bring . T.^hi2pri^-.w n2^t?tK?"* I?J!!!'"** "« *"" •""buted to
limr button, a., 'not t^lfj^nf'JS She h«i' ;:^TJr?K"*"•r•°'"'^r '^''•-
m..tic.tory portion of the stom.ch. mJ their nur^.n 5"^"" "'" " '»''"'

careou. matter for the new »hell Af^, tfte«r purpow appear, to be to provide cal-
in the .tomach and in uTrw or four div. .^ ""* the«, .tonelike button, are found

In.l.rwcr.yfl.hthe,..t«.l,^m.yi"h.^K^^^^^^^^ ''^ '''""'•""« -•

an inch in thirknew,. «„d aro of a "mooVh nh.iv k . " «''•«««'*•'. "bout one-third of
with «,me lime pho.ph.te" little ZT.nd ! / ""^ '"'-• "hiffly carbonate of lime.
the« rounded button i. « fa^ S auhe "d. of'^flf "" °J'" ""' """"• ^''^ <>'
. oraytiab fl.he,y dov.Lped. the ccltt^Vif th^tr^^tt 'in 't? Tr" ""'■ ^""^
be -emunerative. a. frequent inquirie. ar. m.^ K^t'olith. ,n the late .ummer would
« to wher., .mall quamitiJcanrobt'I^e^'n cJnJdT"" "'''"'**' '"' -'""""'ion

SKINS or FISHES, WHALKS, tTC.

Of th'e\i:ii!Tfi!JL'"„i''aSrni2 ThVlir "Tt" '^'^^''^ "^^ --<^ -

whale and .imil.r ». creaJu^ can ,^ invl^ ."" u *«" P*"?*'^' '*'"»« "' ''^.te
late Campbell McNab. ^rP^t'neSf ex~bil^.,' " '^i""^* ^'""^ "^ ^'^'''- '^'^
of beluga leather, which wa. fine ^ii^eH rilt^hf w^^, '*!!? """P'" ^""> ye«« ««»
Mr. C. H Steven«m fkl ■ *7 ^"*<'; fl«««ble, unbreakable and most durable A,

marine ^uJ^I^.Ta,' wid •-'""* ''^"""«' ^^^ '^ -W-* of the utiwiontf

34

the most prized dainties in Greenland and is pronounced excellent by those who have
partaken of it.'

ICE UANUFACTUBE.

It may not appear very pertinent in a report on fishery products in Canada, which
are not utilized, to make any reference to such an industry as the production of ice
Ihere is, however, an appropriateness in introducing here this matter, not only because
those engaged in the fishery business use ice very largely; but they are located, as a
rule, where the development of an ice manufacturing industry would be easy and profit-
able. The abundance of ice along our Canadian shores on the Atlantic invites enter-
prise on the part of ash firma on a more extensive scale than it has hitherto reached
Lai^ cities in the United States, such as New York, Boston, &c.. require an almost
unlimited supply. There is no duty on ice, and small shippers might find it profitable
to ship cargoes late in the winter before warm weather begins, although if shipped in
the usual way the cost of freight is too heavy, viz., $1.50 per ton to New York. Last
year and the year before, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia schooners carried single
shipments of 150 or 200 up to 600 tons. There is considerable waste (about 40 per
•cent) under present conditions of transit; but if the United States demand be favour-
able, there are substantial returns to small shippers who can freight ice at cheap ratM
on schooners.

CONOLHSIO:*.

In the foregoing notes, which do not pretend to be more than a rapid survey of
salient features of this important question, the waste of valuable fish by-products
the production of oil, and the manufacture of fertilizer or manure has been omitted!
a wo reasons afford an explanation of this omission, viz.: the extent of these questions
which 18 so great that lengthy reports on each would be necessary, and second, the fact
that oil and fertiUzer industries are already being carried on, perhaps to a very inade-
quate extent; but on a suflScient scale to show that the value and importance of the=e
•waste products are not being ignored in Canada.