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I^ESCRIPTIVE THE COPP, CLARK COMPANV, I„ TORONTO IMFTED 5:^.4-?' > I o^ c- THE VOICE OF THE SEA -The child holds a shell to his ear and hears the roaring of the sea. Do not yet tell him that the sound he hears is only the echo of the rushing of blood in his own head. In a higher sense the child is right. To him it speaks of the sea, its home. It bnngs the inland child a message from the vast ocean -the distant -the mysterious. It widens his narrow horizon; it takes him to the shore whose waters wash all other shores. He IS no longer isolated, but put in touch with all the world. And h« typifies the broad principle that one fact - considered in ah us relations — involves the whole universe." Copyright, 1903, Ihr BUEL p. COLTON. si 108 PREFACE. sentative. It is th*. aim f ine carelul study of a typical repre- of this ^pe - ^t p Te Xr.' '^''' ""^'^^^ P'^"^^ °^ ^^'^^ processes of digestion circuLiln J ^ of locomotion ; the itsdevelopmentfill^^ar^^^^^^^^^^^^^ sense organs; to man. Following the studv of thl 7 ' ^'^ ^"""^'' ^^ representative forms Th. "k °V -^^^ "^ ^ ^^"^^ ^<^<:o"nt of summarized orr^EaJh chaotTr T^'" V"' ^°"P ^^^ «-- '° of the group. 'P*'' '^°'"^ ^"'^ ^ ^l>"^r classification of animals. Many of rbTrds 1' • '^^^^^-^^^le for the study have been killed /those that rtain!r'"'^'*'^' '"^^^ °^ ^^« '"^ects hard to find, and'sUll mo e so arXfeg JT " '^"^ '''^"^ ^"^ ^- number of animals are hibematTnl a^' ,'3*' "^ ^"P*- ^ large choice of time, then, is p^SS^y'limUrto ^! '^ H '°" ^''- ^^^ there is an abundance of life in tL ■ ! ^""^ 'P""if- While be studied then, on tl wide an ^.1,?^-^ '"^ """^ ^°™^ «" better fell. Again, siLce spring t prefT^eff '''.!"' ''«''^* ^^^^^^^^^^ best time for zoology ^ ^ ^"^ ^°'" '^^^y* ^^e faU seems the The Order of Study — Th*. w f • ' of animals. To know them it LLT ^"" '" *° ""^erstand the lives their surroundings. To d^ h S TnT7 *° ^^^^^ ^^^"^ '° '"elation to studied when at the high' of tC .' ^""' '^"""*"«^ '^'y should be largely determine the ofder of studv p"'"' '''"' ^'"*^' *''^"' --* |n the fan, one finds ins tf S\„^°' r*'.""' '' ^°''°^ '^ ^«^° %>ng their eggs to produce thT^.^^ ^-^ ^^^^ iii IV Preface. They should be stud.ed before the season of frosts. On the other hand, fishes can r.. well, or better, be studied later. Since the naturL history point of view is prominent, the general principle regu^atinrtS order of study should be, "follow the season." The birds,C shou^^ migrate early. It is not necessary, nor always desirable, to complete tl 1 1 °r ^°"P ^'^''' ^'S^""'"S ^"<^^her. Two lines o7work can profitably be pursued on alternate days or weeks For fall work, the order here given has been found satisfactory But circumstances call for considerable variation ; it is not nece^yTo ioUow any gxven order with slavish fidelity. If the work beginsTthe spring, the teacher may prefer to begin ^ith the cniyfish, ll^m, fi^h! anrs'tudvTnVt?' ^^"T^'' ''' ^'^^""'°S with the lowest animals and studying them in the ascending order. This gives the clearest Idea of the natural sequence of the animal kingdom. Other things being equal, it would be better to study animals in their logical sequence just as we prefer to learn historiil fac^ in S r. tn M V ''^''^' *^' "'' °^ '^^ microscope at the outset. This impossible for many schools. Further, the use of the microscope is like a new language, which must be translated. Even if the student ti" ' WhaTr '°' '" '""*"^' ''' *^^^"'^-' ^^ -" has dlfiicul- AH ■ I. ^'/''' '' ""^"^ ^'^"'■''^^ ^^^"^ hJ« P'-evious observations fo that .n t"' " '"°"^''^^ °' "'^*'°"- ^"*" *h^ "- - -l"ed to that already known, it means nothing. The very simplicity of the Protozoan makes it hard to understand. / f > « h/in^T'A'' *' 'J^""^"' ^""^^"^ "P°" '^'^ '^^''^' the work may begm with Chapter XVIII. By following the remaining chapters and then beginning with Chapter I, the ascending order wUl be followed noXl "/^'* ""'''""" ^"*' " ^^^^••^ «*^*^d, the teacher shou d To mosf 'rr 'Tl '"^'? °'''^'*- ^°°^°^>^ '« *he study of animals. For most schools, the best time to study animals is when they can be most easily collected, for two reasons. First, it involves expense to keep them on hand to use at a later date. Second, and more impor- tant, the sooner they are studied after collection, the better. At this haTe 'nT. '^1 '•''' u" '" *'"•" ^^"""^^ ""' ^PP-*"' ^^^ ^^ ^^e students have not assisted m the collecting. The study of the home life and natural surroundings is of vital importance, if the student is to get Preface. ^ .':oi"™ic'"^s!;:nf ""° "■' '"^ <" -'--' -"•o.y, ^lo^, ,„„ subject. The tme Lcher „ iT i' . " l^ '°° '"'«'' " "'''" ">» "« in the course of ™dy N^tu^ IT,'" '=' "■' "^ P'-« of hb subject interesting as are thr'acttarol alXheTc: t. "" '"'"'' ''^''- deeds of men. History is ahnv. nT , u^ °* compare with the other animals. B^t Te stutnt w^^^^ /''"!," "^^ '^ ^^°^^ '"^^ the meanings of facts in natu ° h-^ "'''"''* ^'^^ '^^^'^ °f ^^^'^^'^^g study of hislory. tL st^^vS n'tT J ' ''"^ ^'^'^ ''^^'^ '"»° *he children are interested in ^nlri^h'^^^^^^^ '^'' ^- interpretation once formed wH hi' I . *' °^ observation and eveo^ line of th, ught To cuLa eT ^v"^'"'^ ^"' ^^^^^^ ^" stant aim of the teacher Th. T-^ ^h/se habits should be the con- to such training, be^te of th. T't T ""''' '^^^^^'^"^ '^'^ds itself and because of^e v^ed adapt^^^^^^^^ '"^T^ '" ^''^ "^"^j-*' everywhere exhibit. ^^^P^^*'°°s *« their surroundings that animals The Interpretation of Natitrp- tu^ * j i- , ^n.is e^eHence. Next, he ™„s. 's^lX^ZZ'T.:^, ^ He must become possessed by the idea that everv f^rt hJ. .he Jutio'n of'.'rAu.S'^lt^^r' "'^ ™'°'^ "'' '^^^'"^ .0 da:s";T„t:'at:7hi't h "*"'■ '""'°""' "■"' "■' »«™' >-" how .ion is of doXf 'J:^ ToT'-f '•'' ""'"'?^^ ' ^^^'™ °f ''--««- .hings according ole^,ik?j3^f^"!'7'; 'o -«. or to arrange, is, he puts thofe of a Lnd r«her Th "fJJ" "°*'' ^at separated. This is daJ-mJ?* °'' "' '''^'■^"' ^'•''^' a,* blances and differ „ct 17,;"' 7h^/°"'''°^ """'•'""« "" '-™- has them. Neither cTn th! „ H ? T""' '"" "'^''^ "»'«' he .hen,. „ , i.;:^\:^zti'^^z'^' "°"^ "- ^-^ -;ws^^?»M'^ VI Preface. As the £uts concerning the different kinds of animals become known, they must be sorted and arranged according to some system. The basts of classifying animals is structure. Of course the beginner cannot go deep into anatomy, but he must know some of the more important facts of structure or else his attempt at classification is com- paratively useless. Since it is usually impracticable to study animals in systematic order, the student must learn to arrange his knowledge as he proceeds. This is not different from mental growth in other hnes. Our experiences do not come to us classified. Just as an orderly merchant sorts his new goods, and arranges them on shelves with previously acquired articles of the same kinds, so the student must arrange m systematic order his ever increasing stock of knowledge At the close of the volume will be found the classification of the animal kingdom according to Parker and Haswell, whose arrangement IS considered the most authoritative of recent works. .J^^C^^^"""^ ""^ ™^ ^'''''''' °^ Types. -Real kn^kdge comes through experience. What one learns through another is information. The teacher must distinguish between first-hand knowledge and second- hand knowledge. Now the number of animals that any student can examine is small m comparison with the number in existence. The study of the ammal kingdom is greatly simplified by the fact that, with all the vanety of animal forms, there are actually but few different plans of structure. One important part of the teacher's work is to select the best types for careful study. On the foundation thus laid much infor- mation may be built. If one had never seen a Crustacean, he would get httle from reading about Crustaceans. But, after studying a cray- fish, a fair^ clear idea of a lobster or a crab may be obtained by read- ing, for a foundation has been laid in sense perception. The knowledge of a type may be compared to a peg in a wall ; if it IS dnven in solid, it wUl hold many facts of information. The types selected, their number, and the thoroughness with which they are studied wiU naturally vary with the locality, season, the age of the student, the time aUotted to the study, and various other arcumstances. Definitions. -The stadent should be taught to make definitions. By comparing a number of related forms, as suggested in the practical work on uwects, the student should see what characteristics they have Preface. Vll In common. Thus he is enabled to distinguish groups. Me orized definitions have comparatively little value. «A neat definition is a very attractive thing. It seems to offer the sum and substance of wisdom in portable form. But to understand it, to comprehend what it includes and what it excludes, the thoughts of the master must be gone over again in the mind of the disciple, — and then he no longer needs the definition." But definitions, however made, are often mis- leading. The fact is that nature has not sharply and distinctly sepa- rated animals into groups. There are usually no hard and fast lines between them. If we try to establish a dividing line, we almost always fina it cutting across some intermediate forms. Since the groups of animals overlap, and gradually shade off one into another, it is better not to try to think of them as having definite boundary lines. We should rather consider each group as arranged about a type at the center. Practical Work. — It has been thought best to place the practical work m the latter part of the book. But this work should, of course, precede the assignment of lessons in the descriptive text. Effort has been made to correlate the two parts so that they may be used together to good advantage. The author is well aware that in many schools the faahties for field and laboratory work are very limited. He has, there- fore, thought best to err on the safe side and give rather full descrip- tions. But the teacher should see to it that the student himself solves as many as possible of the problems. The teacher may find help in the "Suggestions to the Teacher of Zoology," which is issued in pamphlet form by the publishers of this book. Economic Importance of Animals. — The common schools aim pnmanly at intelh.. 1 acquisition and training rather than at indus- trial application. ,11, the economic side of the study of animals should be kept clearly in mind. The public has a right to demand that the knowledge gained in school shall have some practical value. The economic side, too, is one of the most interesting, and should receive attention for this reason, if for no other. This is a line of work in which collateral reading may be most profitably followed. There are many Reports of the Department of Agriculture which may be obtained free on application to the Department of Agriculture, Wash- VllI Prefa ce. >fford„houId be aLsiCoSe" „In. '■n'r'". " "" «^'">°' «» to use them freely. '""''«"'■"■«"" 'hould be encouraged Acknowledgment Tt. criUeallyread by Pr^^^o^M TS"'' ?"'l°' '" •»«• >■» '«" Uuiversity, H. Gannan, Stale ■co,£Yrr"J'°''=«'' '='''"■"''" University of Chicago; T. H M^"f! ''!!""<^''J' ! F- R- Mie, School, Cedar Falls, Iowa A r BovH T ^^ ^- ^^'^^^ State Normal water, Massachusetts; M 7 Eifj^n'.^^'^' ^°™^' School, Bridge- Folsom, University of llinois' H T T''^ °^ ^°°^^"^? J' W. W.S.Jaclc.a„,Jnive^U;:/c"hi^^^^^^^ Michigan; J. M. Johnson Peter r^' "\,: {^""'"S^, University of S. J. Hunter, Univershv nf i^ T' "'^'^ S^^°°^' New York; School; Fiank S^ith '^„jt^^^^^^^ JJ-bach, Detroit High of Nebiaska. To al of theTe "^he TT" ' "' ^^ "^^^"^ ^^^^^^^^X thanks. Their criticisms have weed^^^^^^^^^^ "'^"'^ '" "'^^^ «'"«re that remain they are in no l^y respontible "'"' '"°" ' '"* '°^ *''°- Abor^o^Tthtc^r::^;^^^^^^^^^^ ^'^ ^^^e caption, "ade by Mr. Frank J. George no" a t-'^' ""i"^' *''' ''"" ^"'^ onheotherori^nallawin^\rrd:trL^^^^^^ Most NoRMAi,, Illinois. CONTENTS. CHAPTKK I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX. Branch Arthropoda— Class Insecta . Branch Arthropoda - Class Insecta {Continued) Branch Arthropoda ... Qass I. Myriapoda . Qass 2. Arachnida . Branch Arthropoda — Class Crustacea Branch Arthropoda - Qass Crustacea {ConHnL) Branch ANxuLATA-The Segmented Worms Branch Mollusca - Qass Pelecypoda . Branch Mollusca - Qass Gastropoda . Branch Mollusca _ Class Cephalopoda Branch Chordata Subbranch Urochorda Subbranch Vertebrata Qass I. Cyclostomata Class 2. Pisces . Branch Chordata - Qass Pisces \continued) Branch Chordata -Class Amphibia . Branch Chordata -Qass Reptilia Branch Chordata-— Qass Aves Branch Chordata - Classification of Avcs Branch CHORDATA-Qass Mammalia . Bpanch Chordata -Qassification of Mammalia Branch PROTozoA-The One-celled Animals Branch Porifera— The Sponges. Branch Ccelenterata Class I. Hydrozoa . Class 2. Scyphozoa . Class 3. Actinozoa . fACI I 25 54 54 55 61 n 87 I02 127 138 148 148 *Si '53 154 168 181 196 208 222 246 256 286 307 313 317 323 325 Contents. CHAITSR XXI. Branch Echinopermata Clut I. Asteroidea . OiM2. Ophiuroidea CUm 3. Echinoidca . Out 4. Holothuroidea Cla« 5. Crinoidea . . Branch PLATYHELMiNTHEs-The Flatworms Branch NEMAXHELMiNTHEs-The Roundwo Branch TRocHEUHNTHEs-The Rotifers Branch Molluscoida . XXIII. Classification of the Animal Kingdom Index XXII. 'ma 331 33t 337 33S 343 345 348 351 3i>2 353 355 359 m .^f??9^;" ZOOLOGY: DESCRIPTIVE AND PRACTICAL. PART I. DESCRIPTIVE. CHAPTER I. BRANCH ARTHROPODA. CLASS INSECTA. Example — The Grasshopper. The Life of an Animal. - In order to understand the life in.sT What d '' > "°" '' '' ^'^P^^^ '^ ''' «"-«"nd. What art r "'' '"' '°" '^^^ '' ^'' ''' f-d? Wh.^- ! ^^?.^,"^™'^S' an^ how does it escape them? What IS Its chief mode of locomotion? What is it doW most of the time? What seems tn h. i,. I ^ i.-f^ > wTt, . , seems to be its main ob ect in fe ? What changes does it undergo in its growth > Does It eat the same Icind of food, breathe in The ame wlv ing the different stages of its development ? How does it Is .t useful either directly or indirectly, to man ' Is it «ther directly or indirectly injurious to mkn ' wc°fin7tt!!'i'' * f"^"'?**'— As indicated in its name, we find this insect on plants. So well does its color har! • I i o X < at I U. V O S 12 S b. ■J < oc u H X u (3 Insecta. lias ig. iite, rax. monizc with its surroundings that we ofter fail to see the grasshopper when it is right before our eyes. Even when we have frightened a grasshopper, and watch its jump or flight, on going to the place where we saw it alight we do not always readily discover it. The plant on which the grasshopper rests serves both as food and as shelter; it is its home, so far as it can be said to have a home. Food usually being abundant, the grasshopper moves about but little, and leads a rather sluggish life. Locomotion of the Grasshopper. - The grasshc} niree modes of locomotion, crawling, jumping, an^ The wings and legs are moved by the strong stnated muscles, which are situ ted chiefly in the't ._. Crawling. — This is accomplished mainly by the r -st vnd .- nd pairs of legs, the hind pair making fewer movcmen' . in )e ordinary slow crawl. The hooked claws enable tim grasshopper to retain a fiii. ' i while crawling. Jumping. -The length and suength of the hind legs % the grasshopper for powerful jumping. The S' .^es ( n t ^ hmd border of the tibia keep it from slipping. The Wings and Flying. - The anterior pair of wl^p serve mainly as covers for the hinder pair, and their coT parative thickness and tough nf-: fit them well for this use Ihe hinder pair of wings are much wider, being folded Ike a fan when not in use and wholly covered and pro- tected by the anterior pair. The hinder pair are more delicate in their texture, but still are sufficiently strong for their work in flight, being stifTened by the hollow veins which radiate through them. The grasshopper is crawling through the grass or resting quietly on stems and leaves most of the time, and is flying only a small part of the QmUiuuN FIG. a. EXTFRNAI FEATURF^ OP A GRASSHOPPER. DoRSAL ViEW. From Packard! ZoSlogy, '± Vl'^l ^'^^S.S^Vw-l"'""-. Insecta. « mL ^"^ ""* T ''.' '^' ^*"'" °^ *^^^^"i? *h« flyJ"? wings folded compactly and placed close to the sides and guarded The wings are kept from mutilation, and the whole insect is much less conspicuous than he would be with the wings outspread. Some grasshoppers fly high in the air and travel long distances. Retpiration in the Graw hopper. - The spiracles are shown .nPig. ,; two pairs of thoracic and eight pairs of abdommal openings. From these spiracles, tubes. Fig. 3 Cross Section of Insect. '••DigettireXube. called tracheae, run inward to a trachea extending length- wise on each side of the body. There is also a pair of dorsal and a pair of ventral air tubes. There are. then, SIX air tubes running lengthwise, in communication with the outside air through the spiracles, and connected with extend which subdivide, finely permeating every part of the body. even, to a limited extent, the legs and the larger veins of the wings (see Figs. 3 and 4). In addition to The air tubes there are two rows of air sacs, which add to the Descriprive Zoology. plished by active effort\„HP'" '^^™^ '" ''^ ««om- Circulation in the GrasshopDer—Th. . , of the grasshopper is not Zm 7 , ^'"^"'^^ory system tinct organ is the he Lrc eel^i^'3 ^r^^^^^^^^ '''^ ^"'^ ^- Hsee i^ igs. 3 and 4), extending along Nr aac Air «iM FJg. 4. Air Tubes and Air «5a.^o AIR Sacs of Grasshopper. From Hyatt's Insecta. several compartments w^h ! V f ^"•"' ^'«^- I' has to pass forward only Therl "',""'" ^"°" '"^ •"»<><" at the sides, so that bloolemerllhr tT^'T """ ^^'^^ when it contracts the br^'"''" *''''=°^' ^"d blood is colorless or sh>h^ Zr'^^:^ '°'^"^- The fills all the otherwise nnl ^ /ellowsh or greenish, and bathing all .he rC ThX T'T "' '"^ '""^^' '"- --y system is compel r.nrtn4b°'dti:- &A J^ ;iR^^-;ii!^,. Insecta. -soles powerfuil/and lidT;T-,r •'"'"'"='' '° ^^^« "^ the high degree of acdvu/wl^ch U '," T"'' """"""" 'he group. As might be expected h ^'"'"«-^ri«ie of i-ects is high, compared with tha,' ''/.'="■?"«"- of general, being several degrees above ha of X "'" !," mg air. "-"^^ o* the surround- Jor^?rr:;^rg"^'"^""»■••-^='«"^-■"ge i^inds of Plants. glltlratX st^ "^ i' °" "^"^ strong. laterally moving lis tu. ""* "' ^'x'^'' upward to about the center of Th u"T ^"""' ^^'«"ds teriorly and dilates nol" : o'^U^^'' "■^" '"™^ P- in the thorax. At about 'Lk"^'^^ ™"' '^"gthwise the crop narrows somewhat an/?'"^ °' "■* '"'<'°'»«" Alongside the crop are th A ^"^ }'^"'"'^' the stomach, ducts run forward to em„l?u'' ^^"^^'^ S'^-nds, whose the digestive tract If I' .^ ^ '""^'^'^ "'^ surface of the work of ab 0 ptL„ "th^ ^ "' '"«^'^ ^""""ed in the length of the aM- " '"""^'^ ^^'^"^s about half hy a large number nf,"' . ' ^"''"'"^ '™" '^ ™-^'e base of the tner t J'^r V^ ""'"' '"'='- "^ make the sound Xearr^!; J''\?'^'y<'"s and crickets each other. * '"''' ""^ '"'''''"S ">e wings against X 'Sei tco'^X-Zs-wTef a^rfs^. '^^ — - the protective resemblance in color vet it " '^T °' served that in some species the innZ- " '° ''" ""^ spicuously colored, making th. ■ "'"«=' "^ en- during Bight. ^ ""^ '"'*'=' ^^T noticeable Development »i ;?#ipf;?:wii^i5eiLii?T-^ii'^KW^^^ Insecta. j.j After a time rudimentary wings appear. In all such cases as this, where the young are hatched in essentially the same form as the adult, the development is said to be direct. Injury done by Grasshoppers. — Ancient history records plagues of locusts. (The name "locust" is the proper one for our common grasshopper.) And in modern times and near-by places there have been migrations of locusts in such numbers that they have darkened the sky. and light mg everywhere, have devastated the land by eating almost Fig. 6. GRASSHOfPER LAYING EgGS, From Hyatt's Insecta. every leaf and tender stalk of grass, crops, and trees in garden and field. The Rocky Mountain' bcust. mTgrat mg eastward almost produced a famine in Kansas and Nebraska, and created terror beyond the limits of its actual ravages. But, fortunately, the young hatched in the lower sates are not healthy, and die prematurely; hence the plague has not spread so extensively as it threatened to do Packard says that the Rocky Mountain locust, within a period of four years, inflicted a loss of ^200,000,000 on the farmers of the West. .T'K': 12 Descriptive Zoology. ORDER ORTHOPTERA. The Orthoptera. — We have selerfpH th^ •» order Orthoptera. The word Orthoptera means straight- winged, probably in allusion to the mode of folding the hind ^^ings. The first pair are thick, ened, serving as a cover for the second pair, which are folded when at rest. The mouth parts are fitted for biting. The de- velopment is direct. Protective Resemblance.— The green grasshoppers, es- ' pecially the katydid, are note- worthy for their resemblance to leaves, both in color and form The walking stick (Fig. 7) so closely resembles a twig that it IS seldom "discovered by casual observers. These in- sects afford fine examples of the advantages of protective resemblance. The green grasshoppers have iDiapH^on..rafe„,o.a:^;^^^ Trnf ^'^'^ °^ ^^^^ ^^re leg that is From Jordan and KelIoK's^«,WZ.>.^"PP°S^d tO be an Organ of hearing. Insecta. .twX'dfdTThic'-rei^'r ^T'' ^'^->' '■-"<«"' sticks ; and the mantids. ^^ ' '^^ "^^^^^"^^ ORDER ODONATA. Jo^nTd tele: 'Xt"^ ''■ ' '°"^' -="«-' wings „e aH.e i„^ere aL';r;Tth1 rite" a?;rf:^: ":r;:^^' ^^ - .:tx:. is a pair of strong jaws wh.T^ "' '"^- '^''^^^ large under and uppeTiips Thl V'^'"""" "^ ""« sects, which it caXs o'n thi ^itT- ' '"'^ "■' "'" swiftest and strongest .,yi„Vof inject Drf fl°' ''"' most abundant in mar«hv „1 ! dragon flies are flying over the watTror "che'd o'n H ^ "•'' "^ '■=» tlie water, on the alert fo . ^' '"' ''^'" '''°™ -an insert. Tht tl. '^r'elsTr" T 'l^ may often be seen hovering o^er tlTte^itir^^^^^^^^ the abdomen dipping beneath the surface An elThlTy, « Itrr ' "'""'■ -'" --^ iaws ffimtet luZ WK l'^^ "P"" "^^^ ■'"^««-' -nd larvjE that it wM,.£iJ::.r.;sr.':;;::.t Slits flies, when at rest nlace fh.- , ^ '"'^"^' ^'"^S^" H Descriptive Zoology. -r,r^r-?:-r---'ni5 fXG. 8. Dragon Fly and May Fly. From Hyatt's Insecta. r^rr;"—:— -!''■"'•'•■ Insccta. ' • , It has no sting, and is entirely harmless buf "!.•'<"• -.it heneHts .a„ ., .^..ySZ^.:: ::! If development direct. '" '""« *"'' ^'*"der; • H»me . FmiI. Enemies Legs »RAG«N FLY. •ver water Insects ■ ; ■ ', Few • Weak, merely f«r perchinr CMMRIS-N .F CRASSH.r,ER AN. .RAC.N KLY, GRASSH»FPER. •n land Plants '' Numerous * Str»nj—f»r jumping: ^ Two pairs . wr First pair thick' ! .' ! * * 'J'^'tT / ^w pai,^ Fold close to body .1* " winT n„T' .• * ' ^oth pairs gauzy First pair covering .d | ^restLe ' ''"''' ^* "^'^* ^"«'' Crawl through grass . ] J • • • • Not overlapping Elude observation . / '•sititn enables t« | * * * ' ^^^ after insects ^ Exposure less dangerous Adaptation to Mode of Life —Tr. o^jv tabular represenf.t^l f ^*'®- /" ^^^'^'O" to the above Part.ular .ode and place of life, a'n^d th^hl; ^ ,:,^ 0,- / ^U^, ^'-^Oo; im^ "m-T'S5'-fl!ffi*?'lWt i6 Descriptive Zoology. I. the mode of life of the other f „, trade places. It is „„t ^„,^\^ ^:L"thir'^" """ "•«" hey are not , xtremely unlike Bn.h h '"??'»'«»''■ 'or jaws, two pairs of strong wi„t!' . , "* '"""8 biting In the first placelet u, ^^ ' *"'' ' '°°« »'^'""»- subsist on vege't at; 1"/ "nSX' «, f ""^on fly can a grasshopper. It finds is "o„^r,r , " "" '*' '"'' « w»y- They not only hinder^f ' ^"'^""e wings in the into narrow places, but a^ a" '' ^^"'^'"P" '<> "awl •trong, their texture is delicate So i^ T' ■°''' *''°"Sh the wings back alongside of the b„H """ "f """^ turn ncss will probably lef one n,l ° ''' ""'' '^"■' """P^"- will further protect them if T '"'' "P°" ""= °"'er. It and tougher' but thi c ange^Jm T'' """"^ ""'" sacrifice in flying power '^ wniething of a >esff':;:d^r,ttoX:^^^^^^^^^^^ to elude the eyes of birds or oth.r ■"'''"' """^ '"'ely are light and weak. havW Sen , T'"' ''' '-^S^- which need greater strenglh to St ^t a:r^'d "" "'"'°"' eyes are not required to he .„/°"awl and jump. The become smaller, and as it Lh ? ""'' "'""^"y "ay more corpulent and clumsv To ."''' "'^ " "^^o"-" flying power in the fronTwing! the hT '" '"^ '"" "' wider; this necessitates thdrh;,! % ■".'' °"'" ^'""'^ in order that the na rower '^ '"'''"'' *''^" ^' '"' cover them. "arrower front wmgs may completely in t^:deTv:rr^frth:r:,rr>'- --^^ '- iirst place, the grasshopper ,eks°h'„ '^°" "^^ '" ""^ to capture lively little insec nI 7k ^^^ P""" '■«^"*«i«e both pairs of w^ a v oped fof ' T' " """' ""'' a-M to do this, i it ao::r nXtav: the-lfp^; Insccti. 17 thickened, as In In «if..,*: .l.o„>d have m:ZX7rr ""' """«■• '« stantly after i„ pfey. Jhe" f, n?^ " "'"'>' *° ''''« '"• wing, continually .prcaj "' ft^-v! '''"°" •" ''='^'"8 the doe, not have to crawl through J a" aLT." '='='"' "" increased area due to the SDreadrfn.^'' ^""^ ">« «er it by making it n,ore con:;tou:\;" e ^ ""^ *'"'- t.vely few enemies. The body i, tl h *"" '""•P""- " train down " until it «„ h ji • ''"*'>'• ^i"' ■' must ar? fn,^ 1,. *" handle itself better Th.. 1 are too heavy, especiallv thf hinj » • "f™"^- The legs very little except to perch unn" Tl ""''• " " "»" ""="> something to tSrn up. his ma."e 't?. " '** ""'""S 'or any unused organ i, LlAo^ Md^eta^ "' ^•""' '" It needs keener eves fnr ,> « i ^ which are sure to st^yT^ Xe whil .^" '''"' ™ P'*"" it is another matter to discern Imin ""*'' "P"" "'^"'i tancc. So it develops better I '"'*''*' *' »»■"« dis- as well as better t^^p^ZZ'c^TV" """""''' "^■ It had fairly good faSrb^X th " f '' "'"'"^ "• what enlarged and better adawed t„M ^ ^™"' '»"•«• enlargement of the jaws and tt "*" ""''• T""' head bigger than it CasMo.e "'"' "*''* *" *"<"« «or°LraTy'r^tddri;'- J-: i\r —- erent,each becoming fit ed for i'"* ■^"'''""'y «™*" dif- placed. ^ "'"^ *" ""^ =""ation in which it is It is no longer supposed that all fl,<. » now see on the earth have hi. a • °''"" °' ''f« «"» ning, for we see eWden's Jh I" '""" '""' *''« ''^P- Mhe increase inrmrjhthralllr^ "^^^ ''''^" »d which in turn has compelleVSe^tlTtrd fe'rita'.'Q^,' I8 Descriptive Zoology. adaptation to new surroundings and a gradual advance- ment to changed conditions of life. ORDER HEMIPTERA. The Giant Water Bug. -This is the largest of the bugs, being two and one half inches long. It lives in the wafe^ of our akes and rivers, but was not very generally known until electric lights became common. The light attracts ther and they are frequently found where they have fallen under the lamps. Consequently many people call them Flu. 9- Giant Water Bug. From Hyatt's Inucta. the "Electric Light Bugs." They are more abundant in river towns that are lighted by electricity, and a good way to collect them is to look for them under the lamps late in the evening. By preserving them in alcohol enough may be ac- cumulated to supply a class. They serve admirably to show the chief characteristics of bugs, and are large enough to dis- sect If the student wishes to learn the internal structure The head is relatively small and th neck is not con- spicuous. The prothorax is large and oroad. The outer wmgs are narrow in front, being separated by a triangular elevation of the mesothorax, called the scutellum. Then ■■*■•_*-„■ ■ ■ I ( ■— ' J " ^* \ Insect*. >> Unc bcvond h !k '"'" ""'" ''''"«' ""•••' '" '"' ■""<"« othe'r The h f ' *'!;^' "' *'"^" "'"' "^"'"l- '•■«'' the front oLtk' ''"' "' ""= *'"«» " """^ '"inner than mg and suckmg tube, which is bent back under the head be ween the bases of the front legs. The features thus far descnbed are common to nearly all bugs. But while the rnajonty of bugs live m the air. the water bug ives under the water most of the tin.e, though it can, and some",mes does, come out and fly about. To fit it for swimming u^e third pairs of legs are flattened, especially the tibia and tarsus, making admirable paddles. The front legs are "t no use m swimming, but are used in grasping. The wate bug hides under leaves and sticks in the wa^r, and when an unwary insect, small fish, frog, or tadpole cimes near pfe^ci„Tit"'TH ■•"'"::"' P""'=^"" '""^ '^^s. and kills it by hlvinZ • , '" u^^P ^^- " '"'" '"'•'^ "^ Wood! having no jaws for chewing solid food. The entomologists do not describe any poison glands m these insects but it would appear that^hey have a poison and '^""M'"'' '"^y »««="' '0 kill their victLs so quTckT- and since this and numerous other bugs, some aquatic and some not aquatic, inflict painful wounds on man In fact the collector who is gathering minnows in a net is often bitten by aquatic bugs, and sometimes the hand and arm become pamfully swollen as a result. Water bugs may be seen coming to the surface where they pro^ct the tip of the abdomen into the air They breathe through the anal pair of spiracles ^ difficuitv'''^hf '"• ''"'"' "" ""''' "'"s- °"« "^"»"y ' '«*» difliculty, - the wmg seems to be caught. There is an in- rTfc^:.r,:v«eY^=:'4' s.-*!'-:* 'isn HH ?'?:vifpnvKrrA3£vm( 30 Descriptive Zoology. fhellT!^ T^"^ "' * ""'" P^j^^^o" "' hook on the side of the thorax, that catches into a groove in the under surface of the front edge of the iJring There are two forms of water bugs common. Se/ost^mu, amer„aau„has a groove in the femur of each front leg into wh,ch the tibia shuts like a knife blad. ;.,t. a handll' Ihe other form, Btmicus g,iseus, lacks t. ,.i groovy The Squash Bug. _ Although smai: . ihan ih, giant water bug, the squash bug has the advantage o. b^fng more abundant. If the former cannot be obtained hf latter should be studied. Like the water bugr.t ha a and ho' "t". " '""P "^^ ''^"' "-'' -'i- ' e head tith the^h- I '. ""'". ™'"^^- '°°' "^^^ '^ thickened base, with the thm hmd portions of the hind wings overlapping each other. The thihner innerwings are fold'ed lengthS The egs are adapted to crawling. The prothorax is large ^knd v"^- °" "' "•"'" ^"'''■^'^ °f 'he thorax afe glands whK:h secrete an ill-smelling liquid. This is a rather common characteristic of Hemiptera, and brings the "bugs " into disrepute. This is a further reason why we should not use the term "bug" indiscriminately for the term "insect ■' n,, „J"!rr'l' ^""^ *' ""'^''' "^ " "°"'d he to designate all mankmd by the name of one of the most disagreeable tribes of savages that coujd be found. ■ .•nj^thi" '^*" ''"7"' ""^ "'"^'' •"•« "^=» "P™ plants, suck- Merab le'r'' "''°"^'' "^ ^'™"«- P'^^^'ng beak" doing con- ^derable damage especially to plants of the gourd family the iSf oH T "V""-' """" '"'"^'^ of the^leaves about ^LT ^"^^^ *"'' '" ^"Sust the young may be seen with the wmgs in all stages of development loc. .ts. Probably they are best known by the shrill HEAD -'«W " SQUASHJUC PRO-THORAX MESO-THORAX META-THOR/IX mx* LABiUM MANDIBLE mx'* Frc. xa Squash Bug, Structure and Development •/.antenna; /«, labiuni /kj- m,.i. ^■.-i-,:^' ' ''If •■ ■ V..i=l '. I-'.-- . *» ■'... ' ^ \3X 22 Descriptive Zoology. sound made by the males. Under the abdomen of the males are two circular disks. Under these is the appa ratus by which the sound is produced. ^ Both pairs of wings are memb anous, the hinder nair bemg much the smaller. The larva is a grubhkrfo™ which hves under the ground, sucking the juices from t™ roots of trees When ready to appear in the upper world . crawls up the trunk; and while it still clings to the bark .ts back sphts open, and the winged insect emerges, leaving f •J III Fig. II. Cicada: Harvest Fly. From Hyatt's Insecta. the empty skin adhering by the claws. Here the shed skin may remain for weeks, until washed off by the rain^ brushed off by a passing animal. ^ ' The dogday harvest fly (Fig. n) has a very broad head with eyes projecting at its angles, and is rather greenish His shn 1 sound s suggestive of the dry, hot, Aug'„:t m W day. The periodical cicada (the correct name for what is usually called the " seventeen-year locust") spends frlm thirteen years ,n the Southern form to seventeen in X Northern m the larval state. This cicada is distinctly nar rower-headed than the summer cicada, and is dark'er i„ V..-- > ■ /' ,■% ti;,*-'?' ''im: wl r« 1.1 ■ • ■ ' , t^£Sh Insecta. 23 Order Hemiptera — Amnnnr «i Fig. la. PLANT Louse. Adult Winged Female. From Hyatt's Insects. v^T. ^'^•^3- P^-ANT LorsF. WiNR Natural size. LESS LabVaj. KkmaLE. Aaauple On osage orange Fig. 14. Maple Scale Insect. From Hyatt's /nj/c/a. Vfl ^•.*' " i* ' -J- H Descriptive Zoology. grape phylloxera, so injurious to the grapevine. The scale bugs, or bark lice, are very injurious to . tees ; some of them are among the worst pests of the fruit grower, and tax his utmost itigenuity to prevent their spreading. The females are scalelike, and sometimes to be seen project- ing from beneath the scale is the cottony egg cluster so frequently observed on maples. Two kinds of bugs are worthy of mention as useful to man, the cochineal insect, furnishing a dye, and the lac insect, from which we get shellac. Lastly we refer to the parasitic Hemiptera, such as the vari- ous forms of lice, bedbugs, etc. Most of these forms are very degen- erate in their structure, having lost their wings as a result of their parasitic habits. Characteristics of Hemiptera. — The mouth parts form a piercing and sucking tube; the prothorax is prominent; fore wings often thickened at the base ; many are ill-smell- ing ; development direct. ORDER NEUROPTERA. The order Neuroptera is a small order. The only ex- ample here presented is the ant lion (Figs. 15 and 16). eia. 15. Ant Lion, Adult. Fig. 16. Ant Lion, Larva. From Hyatt's Imstcta. CHAPTER II. BRANCH ARTHROPODA. CLASS INSECTA {Continued^ Order Lepidoptera. buSrflf irf' K ""'''"'^' B«tteriiy._This common butterfly ,s of a brown color, with black veins and wing borders. There are about two rows of white spots in hf f in'ches"- tL l'""""^ "" ^ """^ ^P-' °f ^"-^ tour .nches Tl^e larva is greenish yellow, with distinct bands of shmy black, and feeds on milkweeds. The ch^s alid IS suspended by the tip, as shown in Fig 17 " One of the most noticeable features of the butterfly is the presence of scales on the wings and body. The scales are modified hairs, and on the body they are'slender. The ornament The wmgs are large, and in flying act together as one wmg, the wing motion being slow h^e by wh.ch the butterfly sucks nectar from the flowers When not m use, th.s tube is coiled like a watch spring and concealed between the labial palps. The spcking tube consists o the two maxilte, much lengthenedlndel-^ c 0 ely apphed to each other they form a tube. The man- dibles are but slightly developed. In September or October great swarms of these butter- fl.es may be seen, and this is a good time to collect them. »5 I.! Vi :J^-^v 26 Descriptive Zoology. leaves. It .s not easy to see them at sueh times. F.O. .,. STRUCTUH. .™ DEVELOPMENT OP Z MON.KC, BU^PEV. From Hyatt's Itisecta. "^4S;^;t;ir^enL":tt"---— Is ■S- aifi'.. - 4-''i'",'»*'*^*" B.i/ ^i^ms!^ Insecta. 27 The Cabbage Butterfly. - One of the easiest of the butter !riT^ • ^ K "''"'^ "'■ '"S'"'y yellowish above and yellowish below. Both sexes have black tips on the an Fig. 18. Cabbaue Buiterfly. Male. ^■'"- 20. Cabbage Buttekki.^. a, larva, 6, pupa. FIG. 19. CABBAGE BurrERFLV. FEMALE. FiG. «. CABBAGE BUTTERFLY. From Hyatt's Insecta. Pupa. terior wings ; the male has a round blarW cT..f outer border of each wing, while I felt a tripoe: on each anterior wing, m the early fall, watch t Ifema le «n f:n to 'T" ^""^ °"' "' '"^ ^^«»^ feed th, larl" till full grown ; keep the chrysalids till the butte 'v .T pears. Describe all the cha„/es and note the d es of all" the moltings and transformations. 28 L Descriptive Zodlogy. „,"" "";!| «•*— This moth is well known by its habit of poising hke a humming bird over the flower from which It IS extractmg the nectar by meai,s of its long suckine Wrt ml" trf 'V' """"""S """"• " "umminf bird moth. The hawk moths have long, shnrp-pointed wings and strong powers of flight. Their larv/are u-u- ally large green " worms," one o. the most common bei^g he so^alled tomato worm. The pupa is often plowed up ■n gardens, and is distinguished by the tongue case, which handle. The hawk moths usually fly at twilight. The ,1,'^ ..■"?' "^ "''" '""^'^ 'P"'"^ "'o"'^. f™-^ the fact In. KM ° "" ■■"'' '°' " '*•"« «""= *"" 'he anterior end held erect. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MOTHS AND BUTTERFLIES. I. 2. 3- 4- BUTTERFLIES. Day-flying, usually. Wings erect when resting. Antennse knobbed. Pupa a chrysalid. 3- 4- MOTHS. Night-flying, u.sually. Wings sloping when resting. Antennae not knobbed. Pupa (often) in a cocoon. Development o Lepldoptera. -The .gg hatches into what IS commonly called a "worm." But no true worm has jomted appendages, while in these larv^ each of the first three segments back of the head bears a pair of jointed legs These three segments become the three segments of the thorax. In addition to these legs the caterpillar, as It IS usually called, has several pairs, commonly five of soft, fleshy legs on segments farther back, almost always a pair on the last segment. These prolegs have a sort of cleft at their ends by means of which they aid in crawling Some caterpillars are smooth, others are densely hairy Fla 29, Hawk Motii or Sphinx Mom. Adult. From Hyatt*. Inticia. Larva of another species. 30 Descriptive Zoology. for., .he butterfly Urva ILIT. Z^TZV: 'T ornamented with silverv nr body, though some mJhX ^ "" ''*'" ''■''"' "» whic'i i, buried ,n the 2 un7 Tri""^' T'"""'" ""P" which opens on the under 1 Th r' ^'^ * ''"' «'""'= little ornone some ™,t ^' "^^ "'^"^ '^-^^ 'P'" themselvesTh^rhr/e ^^rsLTailrV^ r,dXrd^rt{:?-f"---^^^^^^^^ ■t utf hru/hThrui^tb"^nr """■•" '°°''- ^^ of the Lepido'pte?: ^ u„"fe g' „g a ":.~:T";? ^P^" of the butterfly' "indirect" ^^''^''"'PP- "<«-ct," and that f"K One Up TbnZ: '^ S 11\TT '"T ^'-'- the swallow-tails Th™,cri, • ^ *'^'' ^^'''^ o^ their wings weather and ^ ny Z7„„rr""'V''r^^'' ' ^"«"''^" -'I- "-S found „„,y high ■'l^HZ:^TnilZT TT" ''""'''y -^ ■urprised to find these beamll .-f, ^ ^ "^^ <''««'>tfully Chinf Tut"::' h^tt ZZ' '" r """."^ '■' '"• ^"''™™' ^ -"•« of of these ,he cicroprand P^I^h ""'" '""'*"" ''"'"°™ "oths; ^™ Of the codii^n.rh'-;^--,— rx^h^-a c= :;» t'» «^r**i;'i -jf'^" ''p-'?, .-y.-^: Insecta. bu. not lea,. i„ ™La„ce rZ Zr ""L '■"™ °' ■"<>"•»• La.,., Mimicry. — The viceroy butterfly which i, .■ ea.e„ by birds, is protected' hy its rf^e: c .o .:: iTd! ible monarch butterfly Thi« ic o ^ r " uiicrny. i nis is a case of mimicry. Fig. 35. The Monarch BurrtRUA'. Fia a6. THE V.CEKOV BUTTKRELV. WH.CH MIM,C« T„k MonarcH From Kellogg's Zoology, -s,o.i„::---r:',--;--^^^ v".:is\;.?--^-^ ja Descriptive Zoology. The long, coiled sucking tube, composed of the two max- illa.. IS a noticeable feature. The legs are small and weak, some forms havmg but two pairs, others having the anterior pair but not using them. ORDER DIPTERA. The House Fly. -The house fly has but one pair of developed w.ngs. the second pair being represented by a pair of bodies resembling pins, that is, consisting of a threadlike stalk with a knob at the end. They are called balancers ; their function is supposed to be sensory. When the fly IS at rest the wings are extended backward and held horizontally over the back, lapping over each other at the inner borders, but arc not folded, in the strict sense of that term ; that is, are not thrown into folds, as are the inner wings of the grasshopper. The mandibles and maxillae are rudimentary, and the proboscis IS composed mainly of the labial palps, which are developed into broad plates, which are thus adapted not only for lapping but also for rasping. They cannot bite, though they often light on the human skin to lap up the perspiration. ^ The wing movements are very rapid, making as many as 330 vibrations in a second. The sound produced by flies IS mamly made by the vibrations of the wings; but when the fly IS held by the wings, there is still -heard a faint buzzing noise, and this is supposed to be due to the pas- sage of air through the spiracles. Development of the House Fly. - House flies lay their eggs in stable manure, each female laying about 150 eggs In favorable weather, the eggs hatch in about one day.* *C head Horse fly mouth parts TDetfli-thorax ^xbal&ncer W" hebdopirva pparium |a,rva bead, ir tube older -A.nee„„a. ...U^.u^; .^. .„dib,e; ^-.. m«n,a. - From Hyau'. ,«,.c^ / / 34 Descriptive Zoology. Ii The legless larva is called a maggot After living in this larval skm. which is called a puparium. (See Fig. 27.) In a week more it emerges as a fly. There may be, therefore, ten or a dozen generations in a single summer. A small number hve over winter, hiding in crevices in walls and similar places. House flies are worse than mere nuisances, they are spreaders of disease. On the other hand thev do much good as scavengers. How FUes Crawl. -The fly has many little hairlike pro- jections on its feet. These secrete a sticky substance from their ends, by means of which the fly adheres to smooth walls and ceihngs. meTT.f''^" o**"""-^ The stable flies closely resemble the house flies, but have a sharp, piercing sucking tube. They sometimes find their way mto houses, especially on warm, rainy dayJin the f^ On ** " *he other hand many of the flies seen about stables are house flies. The horseflies are well known, the most common being known as the "greenhead"; a still larger form is dull black, a. id in the West is called "bulldog," from its size and persistency; still smaller than either are those with banded wings, and these usually have the wings spread wider so that the fly looks • triangular ; some of these are called " deer flies." It is a surprise to find ,„^ „ • . . ^^^ ^'S ^'ack horseflies abundant Among the forms that annoy man and beasi are the black flies or midges, often swarming in the Adirondacks. On account of their smallness the Indians call them « no-see-ems." To Zd himsdJ l^T H "h '"? *'^ '""*^^ ^"^ '"^^ ««h- °ft- an'^fnt th face and the hands with a mixture of tar and oU of pennyroyal Fig. 28. The Bee Killer. From Hyatt's Instcta. ■^: Insecta. 3S .0 behoM «esh »alive „i,h n,Sg„u,.r wh „"^<,„\tnr:t' Breathing tubes ^"P"- Larva. Fig. 29. Development of the Mosquito. what a wise provision of nature it is that ^urh ^^ • be so promptly and effectuall/,^^^ L ^f Lf^f °f '"'""■ ""'""' to ea, his lunch of biscni, and mer^any p« 'J ..."r." J°*" ta ns, and the chance«i ar^ fK.f k f I . ^ ^ °*^ *"® ^oc'^X Moun- have discovered rpret^ceoflrh 'f ""'""' '"= "'»"'«- ""' Thei^.,y,ays i.^eSr lh;^Y,ri',rrr >,"";• ders. The horse gets then intn th- .« \u J ^* *^^ ^'^o"'" biting, and swallowftt™ rt .^^Xts": .Jk'''''''"* 'T" "^ against skippers. ' ^ ''° """ S^^^ntee their goods Is JdlTnl^'rhr,'''"' !"'"« P'r'^- Among these the Hessian fly or rtTd- thi";trwhere : r ifra'^ t? '^ -" r' m is cansed by .Lix::xro?the^Lrr.r. g^ "• Wv^a'Zwr-.^'riS-t'' 'T,'" ^^«' °" ">«-' — The as »ngglers, and thcr weU-linown habits justify the 36 Descriptive Zoology. name. The larva breathes by a tube at the hinder end of the body out oi the thorax. The piercing and sucking tube of the adult consist, of several mouthpieces which fit snugly together. Only thefema'b She 1. a cheerful individual, singing as she goes about her worT Some excellent authorities believe that mosquitoes are the chief agTnU in fn^ro ducng the germs of malaria into the human system. Pouf nTCs nj on the water m which mosquitoes are breeding will kill them, and tWs .s probably a more practical method of reducing^heir numbe Than migh wLe sTreal":::'' '" '""T '''' ^"^ "^'''^ ^'^ substance wh't water, spreads out m an exceedingly thin film, a little of it going a long fhf f^T^L""*^^'" °'^^' ""^ ^"'^^^' '^^^^^^s its name from the fact that its members have but two wings, as seen in the flies and mosquitoes. The life history of the house fly IS fairly typical. The knobbed balancers (rudimentary hinder wings) are called "halteres." ORDER COLEOPTERA. The May Beetle. - This brown fellow is well known, but more commonly under the incorrect name "June bug " You will hardly need to hunt for a specimen, for if you leave your window open as you sit by your lamp on an eyemng m May or June, he will come to you. Instead of picking him up and throwing him out of the window, as you have been in the habit of doing, lay down your book and study him. for he will teach you more about himself than you could possibly learn from any book in the same length of tinie. At his best he is a poor flien and, bewildered by the glare of light, he is more clumsy than ever ; if he bumps against the lamp and falls upon the table, you will have a good look at him. Note the order in which the legs are moved in crawling. Try to pick him up and find how he 'T*T^"y^J. ..'SiiS^smlr.^i^d, Ckntcnna mandible^ tnflixilla «4i He aid Hey -beetle mctarthorSfSm front ^^^ FIG. 30. THE MAY BEETLE, STRUCT-re AND DEVELOPMENT. *'roin Hyatt's Instcta. II I I ^m II 1 1 1 I ii 1 1 II 11 II I .^i.-?iL'7''iwwiss.jmsr:^:sm^^-!, wmmiisxnimBijxavnsim.^ 38 Descriptive Zoology. i holds on so well. Observe another one flying, — see how he holds the wing covers up and out at the sides. As soon as he lights, see how these wing covers come down over the membranous flying wings, which at first project behind the wmg. Watch him tuck the wings under the wing covers • can you tell how he does it > After the membranous wings have been withdrawn from sight, pick him up and note that the wing covers meet in a straight line along the middle of the back, entirely concealing the true wings Note also the large prothorax. The head is small, but has strong mandibles and two pairs of maxilla. The enlarged ends of the antennae consist of a series of leaflike plates giving the name to a large group, -the Lamellicorn beetles. Watch him as he starts to fly again. In order to give the flying wings free play, the wing covers must be held well up and forward. In this position they make con- siderable resistance to flight, and it is easy to see that this kind of insect cannot be a first-class flier. These beetles sometimes do considerable damage by eating the leaves, especially of the cherry. In the early evenmg one may see swarmS of May beetles and later hear them buzzing about the foliage. The eggs are laid in the ground and hatch out into white "grubs." Every boy knows them well and uses them for bait, and often he learns that the blackbirds know enough to follow the plow and pick up the grubs that are left in the furrow. The grub usually has a dark head, with a white body, the first three segments bearing each a pair of jointed legs that correspond to the three pairs of legs of the adult beetle. The hinder part of the body is often dark from the dirt that has been eaten Every one knows how they lie curled up and in the ground- they generally rest on their backs. They often do great ■AW¥:^WSm^T^f-^'^:M Insect :a. 39 injury by eating the roots of grasses, strawberry plants corn, gram, and other plants. The larva Uves in "he ground "^-".^s?,' """'"''"^ ''^'"'^ ^'^"^= ^'^^ '^ DEVELOPMENT. -. eKs. i, larv.; ., pup, (underground) ; J, adul.; ,. wing corer; /. leg. From Hyatt's Instcta. two or three years, pupa state, when it Fig. 3a. Common Ground Beetle. From Hyatt's rnsecia. 'beetles, to be found under The last of its stay is passed in a IS inactive, lying in a smooth, oval cavity it has made for itself. The Colorado Potato Beetle. — This is too well known to need description. It is a native of the Rocky Mountain region, where u lived on a species of Solanum (to which genus the potato belongs) ; when the potato began to be cultivated near its home, the beetle transferred to the new plant, and, starting in 1859, it spread east- ward till it reached the Atlantic coast in 1874. The Ground Beetles. -Among the most common of our beetles are the ground logs, boards, and stones, or running about on I. ■ i' (J k il- i '■ 40 Descriptive Zoology. the ground in the summer and fall. The caterpillar hunter has green wing covers and is over an inch long. The fiery hunter has on the wing covers rows of red or copper-colored spots. The Tiger Beetlev. — These beetles get the name from their active predaceous habits, as well as from their bright-colored and yellow-barred wing covers. They run actively and fly well for beetles. They are often to be seen on the ground, especially on sand along streams. When you attempt to capture one it may remain quiet till you get near it, when it darts away, flying a short distance, and usually lights with its head toward you. The Borers. — There are many beetles whose larvae bore into trees, where they do great damage. Among these, perhaps the locust borer Fig. 33. Hickory Tree Borer; Larva, Pupa, and Adult. From Hyatt's Imecta. and the painted hickory borer are found as frequently as any. The woodpeckers do good service in destroying these grubs. The Stag Beetles. — Many children know these beetles as "pinch bugs." The large, incurved mandibles are very characteristic. The larvx usually live in decaying wood. The Dung Beetles. — No boy or girl who has spent much time in the country has missed seeing these odd beetles, called " tumble-bugs." On the way to and from the district school the child meets the pairs of beetles rolling the big ball that they have made from the drop- pings of horses and Little. It is interesting to see them, one pushing and one pu/Hng; as he patiently follows and watches them, he sees them at last bury the ball. Later the child learns that the female lays eggs in the ball, which the larvae consume as food. The "Weevils." — Some of these are small beetles, not more than one fifth of an inch long. They lay their eggs on the pea pods ; the Insecta. 41 larvae bore their way into the pea, and eat out to the skin through which the adult easily makes his way when ready to emerge. Blister Beetles. — A large family of beetles has a blistering substance which is used in making blistering plasters. The « Spanish fly " be- longs to this group. One of the most common of our blister beetles is a black fellow abundant on goldenrod flowers. Carrion Beetles. — These usually have club-shaped antennae. Thej are well known, as both the larvae and the adults feed on decaying flesh. Some of these beetles are called " sexton beetles " from the fact that they bury small animals. The Rove Beetles. — These are odd forms, with short wing covers, which hardly conceal half of the abdomen. This is long and flexible, and is often carried turned up as if threatening to sting, which it has no power to do. The Ladybngs. — All children who live In the country know these hemispherical beetles, with their smooth and often brightly colored and spotted backs. Most of them are predaceous, and one of the greatest triumphs of economic entomology was the introduction of a species of ladybog from Australia into California, where it largely checked the ravages of a scale insect, which was making havoc with the fruit trees. The Carpet Beetles. — Some of these destroy carpets. Others are the greatest pests of museums, destroying the stuffed specimens. The best remedy is bisulphide of carbon, whose fiimes are fatal to eggs, larvae, and adults. The Click Beetles. — Boys know them as ''sprii.^ beetles," "snap- ping bugs," " skipjacks," etc. Lay one on its back, and soon it gives a spring, with a dick, that raises it perhaps several inches. If it lights on its back, it soon tries again. These beetles, like many others, " play 'possum." Their larvae are " wire worms," and do great damage, eat- ing the roots of com, grain, grasses, and other plants. One of our largest click beetles, the eyed elater, is gray, and has on the prothorax two large black spots resembling eyes. The Snout Beetles. — These beetles (the true weevils) are very odd in having the head prolonged into a long beak, sometimes longer than the body. Most of these are known as curculios. They bore a hole with the end of the snout, deposit the egg, and then push the egg to the bottom of the hole with the snout. They destroy many fruits and nuts. 42 Descriptive Zoology. h..^^**'S*"*;'r^°* '^^^ interesting among beetles are the water .ng round and round in swarms. Like the other water bee eftheJ behind "''xhevT '"'"^^^f » ^^^^ oval bodies, somewhat wider theycomeTo7hr^°'' '^.""^'"* ''^ '^^^"^"^ ^^^^'•- ^hen at rest ZZ '''^'"'^^^ ^"d ••^'"ain with the head down and the tip of the abdomen projecting into the air. Like the water bugs, they breathe ailf^mrto^t^trarV^^^^ ^'^^ ' ^ supp„fs'neSeX the abdomen l?.^/"'^^^^" ^he spiracles are on the upper surface of mall thes tJ T '"' '°""°"^' '"^ ^^* °^^^^ ^"-^^« -"^ even l^ni-K. ^ . ^'■''* ^'^ spindle-shaped, with sharp, incurved ness. Both larvae and adults may be kept and fed on meat. The water scavenger beetles are elliptical. They do not breathe as tal ^ir^ndrr ^T T^'-' '"* ^°"^^ ^° ''^ '"•^^ '^X -" take a r under the body, where it is carried as a film, which gives a sil- and eat them. They may be distinguished from the predaceous water beetles by the.r shape, and by a long, sharp spine that pro/e"s Tack Dy one of the hmd legs and you will probably find out the use of this spme Though all these beetles have the power of flight, they do no usually try to escape from a jar of water. iV is easy to catch [hem bv scoopmg ,n ponds with a dip net. They may be kepMn g Ls ja's fromaW 7,,^,— -t)' -d watched from below ^Teu'I^ from above If they have no solid surface on which to crawl, they are from th ' TT"; '' "°"'' ^^"^ ''''' '"^^y <^annot st^^ to ^y tZ:t^Zt^'''' ''' -' ^- -- -^*^ oWect from^ WW- if. ' vi£-'jaiW' .'.t^ei' .Va^fHUSTTnnv I iL^BK-_W .,' jn Insecta. 43 Coleoptera.-The beetles are called Coleoptera. mean- mg sheath-winged. from the hard, horny wing covers. The hind wings are membranous, and are usually consid- erably longer than the wing covers. To enable the beetle to protect them there is a joint in the anterior edge of the wmg so that it can be folded crosswise as well as length- wise This is accomplished by moving the abdomen down- ward and backward, then upward and forward to draw the wmg under the covers. Some beetles lack true wings and are unable to fly. The mouth parts are fitted for biting All insects have chitin in the skin to stiffen it, but the beetles have this most fully developed, and are the hardest and firmest bodied of insects. This is in keeping with their mode of life, as many of them crawl into crevices, under stones, logs. etc. They are the strongest of insects, and the load they can carry, in proportion to their weight is marvelous. Beetles have compound eyes, but almost always lack the simple eyes that are present in most insects. As the under surface of the abdomen is subject to fre- quent pressure, it needs to be hard and unyielding. How then, can respiration be effected.? It is secured by having the upper surface of the abdomen more soft and flexible ; by the in-and-out movement of this region the air is taken in and sent out through the spiracles, which, except in water beetles, may usually be seen along the abdomen. In a former chapter we saw how the dragon fly would have to change if he were to assume the life of a locust Go a step farther and it will be evident that the beetle' torcmg his way into crevices and into narrow places, has acquired the hard, smooth body which he requires to fit him for such a life. There is great variety in the habits of beetles; they live in air and m water; are carnivorous and herbivorous; some ?.*.:.. ^» ,lC:^f 44 Descriptive Zoology. are parasitic; the larva, arc found in the earth In A. mg wood, in the living wood of hard trpV ' ^''*^' carrion, in fruits and seeds "''' '" "'"""^^' ^" Many are injurious; others are beneficial «c fk i j bugs, which destroy injurious insects '' " '^' ^'^^• ORDER HYMENOPTERA. but it hould be noticed Lr 1°"'"' Y' ^"^ ""^"""i being i^^ovabi^reldtL'^Lrt'oTTn 'r^" "' in the fly and many other insect' isto, We' AToth" feature, peculiar among insects is he ZI!f f"' segment from the abdomen to k" horl^ whr.^ "' °"" to be the last segment of the thoral b"^' "IlW ther™ most segment of the abdomen The ,T.„n^ ^ ^'" i^mjm-. ^%m^\:!^ he.d "^""^ "-^-''- Fig. 34. The Honeybee. Structure and Devf.lopmrnt. From Hyatt's Inttcta. 'nm^-jm^'iMi A^i**'" €-wV « 46 Descriptive Zoology. s r I the honeybee is liquid, and the tongue is the conspicuous organ. The two maxillre. with the two labial palps, form the sucking tube, within which the cylindrical tongue moves up and down. The antennae are like an arm bent at right angles at the elbow The pollen " basket " (see Fig. 34) is on the out- side of the tibia of the hind le.^rs of the workers, and is simply a flattened segment surrou. led by stiff hairs. The sting IS a modified ovipositor, consisting of several pieces closely fitting together, constituting a tube, through which the poison IS conveyed from the poison gland within the tip Ot the abdomen. *^ Fig. 35- Honeybee. -. drone or male; i, worker or infertile female; c. queen or fertile femalt. l-rom Jordan and Kellogg". AHtma/ Lift. Kinds of Bees in a Hive. -There are three forms of honeybees. -the queen or female, the drones or males, and the workers, which are undeveloped females. There IS but one queen in a hive most of the time, and compara. tively few drones, the great majority being workers The average hive consists of from twenty-five thousand to thirty- five thousand bees, but there may be as many as fifty thou- sand. The drones have broad, blunt bodies, and have no stings; and may be further distinguished by their large eyes which make up most of the head. They may be found m the hive in the early summer, but after the s-A-arming Insecta. 47 season is over they are driven out or killed by the workers. The workers arc the smallest of the three kinds, and are provided with "pollen baskets" and stings. The queen is larger than the workers, and has a long, pointed abdomen. She has a sting, but never uses it except against a rival queen. The average life of a worker is about five weeks. Workers may live eight months, while a queen has been known to live five years. The Work of the Hive. — As indicated in the name, the management of the hive falls chiefly on the workers. In the first place, the workers make honey. They gather nectar from flowers ; this is taken into the honey stom.ach, but not mainly for the sustenance of the worker. It is trans- ferred to the cells, loses some water by evaporation, and becomes honey. The workers make the wax from which the comb is made. The wax is a secretion from the glands on the under surface of the abdomen. When wax is needed a large number of workers gorge themselves with honey and hang like a curtain, clinging to each other, remaining quiet. As the wax exudes from the glands, other workers gather it and construct the comb. The economy of mate- rial is well known, but the cells are not always mathemati- cally exact, as is commonly supposed. The workers also collect a gummy substance from buds, which forms propolis, or "bee glue," with which they cemer/. crevices and make similar repairs. Pollen is also gathered in a " basket " on each hind tibm. Of this pollen "bee bread " is made for feeding the young. Development. — For the rearing oi the young special cells are made which constitute the " brood comb." This brood comb may be afterward used for storing honey. The queen deposits an egg at the bottom of each cell, and after they hatch, the larvae are fed by the workers till ready to 48 Descriptive Zoology. I go into the pupa state, when the cell is capped over till the pupae transforn. into adult (or imago) bees The drones, being larger than the workers, are developed in larger cells. Queen cells are larger than other ce' s At the season of the year when the bees give regular attention to rearing queens, the queen cells are usually built at the bottom or ends of the comb. But if the bees are obliged to produce a queen out of the regular swarming season, the queen cells are made by tearing out the partitions and com- bining three cells into one, which is built out and hangs vertica. ^ in front of the comb. In the gg state Fig. 36. Cells containing Eggs. Lar- *^^^® ^^ no difference be- v-«, AND Pup^ OF THE Honeybee. tween the queen and the Th. large. ,rregul.r cell, are queen cell,.- From WOrlccr, but the larva thai- Jordan and Kellogg', y*«.»w/ Z//^ ' . , "^ "ic wrva mat «„ „^ . „ , *^ *° become a queen is fed on specially prepared food. In the early part of the sum- mer several queen cells are made ; as soon as a new queen IS hatched the old queen tries to kill her; but the workers protect the new queen, and the old queen, followed by a part of the workers, departs to establish a new colony, and hatched at the same time, they may fight for leadership, and the one survivor rules supreme. Or, often, several young queens depart with a swarm. The queens that are thus killed are carried out by the workers, and they do the same for any that die in the hive. Queen ceU insect*. 49 All dirt and rubbish are car.-f ully removed, the hive being a model of neatness. In warm weather a number of workers may be observed stationed at the entrance, fanning vigorously with their wings ; they do this to ventilate the hive. Bumblebees. — The queen is the only one of a colony that lives over the winter. Selecting some convenient place for a nest, usually an old nest of a field mouse, she gathers a mass of pollen and lays some eggs upon it As the eggs hatch out the larvae eat into the pollen, and when fully developed spin silken cocoons for themselves. After these cocoons have served as cradles they are strengthened with wax and used for storing honey. Every country boy has robbed the nests of the bumblebee ; he likes the honey and is willing to pay the price for it. Neariy the whole colony of bumblebees may be captured by pouring water into the nest, which renders them unable to fly ; or if a jug partly filled with water be set near the nest, when they are disturbed they usually enter the jug, and, getting into the water, are easily taken ; or the whole colony may be chloroformed. Being larger than the honey- bee, they offer some advantages for study. Other Bees — The honeybees and bumblel-.2s are called social bees in distinction from other kinds of bees that lead a solitary life. Among the solitary bees is the carpenter bee, that tunnels into wood, sometimes a foot or more. Some bees cut out circular pieces of leaves with which to line their holes. Others dig holes in the ground; some mine into the sides of banks, one group of the mining bees being called the " short-tongued " bees. There are also several parasitic bees. Wasps. -As with the bees, some of the wasps are social, while others are solitary. In colonies there are three kinds of individuals, nules, females and workers, all winged. The wings, unlike those of bees, are folded into plaits, as in a fen. They build nests either in the ground or on trees and buildings. Neariy evervbody has seen the large nests suspended from trees, about the size and shape of a football • and perhaps many have vivid recollections of the warm reception they received when they knocked abruptly at the door of this lively commu- nity. The hornet, or yellow jacket, need not be described to a country lad. « Eternal enmity" is sworn between them, and each knows there a no use of showing a while flag. Still, the skillful teacher may capture so Descriptive Zoology. the net, and a single hornet « , , u™'^ '"' """= '" "»= tip of tumble; inverted 1 a piate Af^ ^ ''t""""'" '" ^^ ""O" » hungty. and if a drop of' „^r „at l^TnLdT h""k " ""^ ""' "« Witt no. hesitate to J his enemies «et:tS'' Thf"",' ""'"* .h«e nests is below, while withm „e horizom coml tT" '" n.^e the nests out of wood fibers, which thev tear „T!; ^'"/^l" and unpainted buildings. Thev chew ih«. fi!, "'"' *^°«»' a coarse gray paper. Thev DroLhl T ^ '""' ^ P"'l' "'' ""k' Another wLTuildJa iJletv^ "r '' w"«'°"' W" •^"'- see one of then, digging a hole, throwingfhe din lack J? d? ^^ '" much as a do? dops nfk- i ^ ^ " "'gs very where the you^te'eare^ ""'' '"""^'^ '"'° ">-ten,s of^plan J, darkWur' Tt^I^lrhabu'T"'** ^^ *'" ^ -■• "^ ^""y They are often «en&htin.K "T""'''' J""-'"? ">«' wi-gs they'are gatherir. f 7.he"r" T e"' T '™"*^'' ""'- cells, in which the eem are H.^ •? J „, '^ ""''= * «"' of «veial under eaves, etc ^ '^"'"'- *' '" *«« -^^l'^ on rafters, "Ot quite kill it. ^ "" '"'"' " """g *= ^ to paralyze, but .«if tr^,;!rf^.=^r;i^J;tbo^" T^r't ""?/'"• "''•■"'' > havewinK but ih, ™.i. ! .. ' '"^'''' '"<' f^i""'" « first their wi„^T,^e\"t is do„ «■"'!'' '"" "" '™"'- -°" "te olT Some make a nest r. hi ''°'" }>>■}*" "»*"'. who are wingless, wood. In a drsTurhM f """''' "'"'''= "'^"^ '""»'' in'o decaying »g^. The arg :M;'obSt,":hZ;*"" "^ '"' ^^^'^ -->'"« very strong for^their si.: aC: a tdet; "Zl' 'T"'' T T larva, protect the nest fmm ;„ • l^ ^^^^ ^""^ ^or the . sweet ii,„id ctu::;: LTsr £^ir:itrt'rts i^ :«fv5;5" .^^■IJil,;- ""..T^Tv^ '^■wp Insecta. ^i keeo the rian^ if "'^ ""'''' "'''' ^°^ ^^ ^h^™' ^ome of the ants that it whkhl e^on th."": "'. "^""°"^ ^'^°"Sh the action of the plan, ice, Which feed on the roots of corn and other plants. The ants c->rrv he plant lice or their eggs, into holes in the ground where they surZ the winter, which they probably wodd not Otherwise be ab e Tdo Yellow ants often invade houses, n^aking a nest within a waU where ii ants. Though fond of sweets, ants are almost omnivorous. Other Hymenoptera. - Among the other Hymenoptera we may notice he sawflies whose leaf eating larva, are knoin as the rose slug pear tree slug, currant worm, etc. Various forms of Hymenoptera sting the^ eggs mto the stems and leaves of plants. Around the 'eg^is formed a FIG. 37. Larva of a Hawk Moth, with Cocoons of a Parasitic Ich- NEUMON Fly. From Kellogg'i Zodlogy. swelling known as a gall In this the larva develops, finally eating its way out. There are many kinds of galls, and the entomologist knov he kind of insect from the characteristic form of the gall, and the adult insects are known as "gallflies." The ichneumon flies have an ovipositor consisting of long, slender (usually three) threads, by means of which the eggs are deposited usually in the tninks of trees, where these larv. pref on the ^^0/ other bonng insects. In the fell one occasionally sees a sluggish caterpillar covered with httle oval bodies resembling eggs; examined more closely, these little bodies are seen to have a silky finish ; they are the cocoons of a para. N, •lin.V 5* Descriptive Zoology. larv.,and after Jiinghts^^^^ TT' '°^° ^'^^ ^'« out and add insult to iniut 1 u f • ^^^rpdlar, eat their way the skin. SorlL hTrS^fattb'T" '^ ''' °"^'^« «' form, and a hole may be discov^H 1 '^^^^^^ butterfly fails to trans- made their escape ^ '^ ""^''^ '^' "^"^* "Biaconids" have Characteristics of Hymenootera —Th*» w General Characteristics of Insects — t Tnc . u rennae. The thorax bears three oairQ nf i« 1 Harm done by Insects. _ , Thev ^„f damage to our field and ^r^. '' . "^ "°P^- ^"^ ^e computation. 2. Thevc^l/"^"''^ '' *'"">»* beyond diseased matter and IvS > T'* """" "'^ ^'"'"S on introducing disease gern^Mn biH r ""^- "'"' »'«' ^^ Injure stock (flies, mos" uiLs 'bo'tfl^?" ^^ '^ '^"'^ .njure buildings (ants and wWte anM i V ^ l"'^ "nnoymg, when not injurious, to mln '' ^''^^ '"•'= °ft«» Good done by Insects — ti,^ u l*l>IIP.' K.:^z^rjM,zmmjm Insccta. S3 in fertilizing flowers i. unknown to many, but is essential to man m certain crops ; (7) they serve as';cavengers flks beedes, maggots, etc.); (8) many kinds are veiy usefulTn ^orerf TT" T''''' ^' ^^'"^"'"^^ ^'^^ ^hat destroy borers, ladybugs that eat scale insects, etc ^ On the whole it would be difficult for a jury to say whether msects do more harm than good; and It is per^ world to fill. And yet we must not submit tamely to their ravages, for we may outwit the robbers and turn other robbers agamst them. We should make it a study to turn insects as well as other groups of animals, to the best account, and thus make the lower forms of animal life serve man, who is deservedly at the head of creation so long as he shows his fitness to rule. ORDERS OF INSECTS. Thysanura-Springtails. Neuroptera-Ant Lions. Orthoptera- Locusts. Diptera- Flies. Henuptera- Bugs. Coleoptera- Beeties. Hymenoptera — Bees. m^n^mswrn I -1 If CHAPTER III. BRANCH ARTHROPODA. CLASS MYRIAPODA. have a more or less harden^dextern ^t T"" Arthropods. ointed appendaees Th! k i '''^'**°"- ^n^ P»"ess segments'^Le aX there be' " '"'"""' •"" """^^i' ">e and abdomen. On Me Ls ? "° 'f """'o" "' '"""x the segments are the sd1«!-. u™' '"'="^'' <" ">«' <" '- 'o 'he a. t4 rt'er. ^aT^z';--:^- Fig. 38. CENTIPED. jointed antenna a n.ir T ^ * P^'^ °' "any- of jaws. • "="' °' ^y^'- ""d '*» or three pairs pair of legsl e sCe'r tT"'' '"'""' "'* °- ''--I^^SfclS-^-iW Myriapoda. SS nized by their habit of coiling into a spiral when disturbed • they have two pairs of legs to each segment. They ' vegetarian and not poisonous. are tie. 39- SKEIN CeNTIPED. Both of these forms are usually to be found by over- turnmg stones and logs ; the centipeds seek safety by run- nmg briskly away, while the millipeds coil up and lie still. CLASS ARACHNIDA. The Spiders. — The b,.dy of a spider consists of two parts connected by a constricted waist, the unsegmented cephalothorax and a large, soft, unsegmented abdomen. There are six pairs of appendages : first, the jaws, each jaw endmg m a sharp, incurved segment at whose apex opens the duct of a poison gland ; second, the palps, which are sometimes mistaken for a pair of legs ; and lastly, four pairs of legs. Spiders have from one to four pairs of simple eyes vari- ously arranged on the top or front of the head. Spi- ders have a well-developed sense of sight, and their sense of touch IS very delicate. Of their other senses little is known. m'^im^>ym!mmmmmmm>^ %;^-^' - A'^A'-J $6 Descriptive Zoology. SoV*"*" r Fig. 40. Jumping Spider. ^'.e.se.„„.eHou3.r„:t:,''rfinL,jit - r''<=" '» »aid to kill small birds. Thfre IS a strong sucking stomach which is worked by special muscles asin ,r '"°" !° '"'""""e by air tubes, as m the case of insects, spiders also have wha a,e called lungs, or, from thdr pecuhar strftfure, "lung books." The opemngs to these lungs are under the abdomen. The cavity to which th^ opening leads is somewhat like the inside of a pocketbook, with a number of com! Plates or leaves of the°'b^k • " V°°''u """ "*""'" ""« air come near each oth., ^''"' ""* ^^°°^ »»d the brane, and by "he foldin. an'"""''" °"'^ "^ » '"in mem- This is the ^me ~ nI^T!,°/'"'='^"='"«='=•'«'^• the details of tL ptana7i t ^^ ""• '""«" ""'' 8"'». ^ut Like rr.,<:f,' '^ '^"■'*'' »•" « various wavs nation wiU rev jThe different ""*'"' "" "='""' ""■»'• spHe!:t^th-;ir^\°LX"T^^^^^^^^^^^ "' ""^ '"'"*' <" among spiders in thTs ^ ll"* T*' *'^"*'''=« little, leading a wanderinf ffe Z '^ T 'P'° '"^ "jumping spiders " so Z^JI ^ ""^ "'*'« "« ^he steaithii/cirse ;\:rv « i Td tht tdr '. "-•'^ 'ng upon them. These form. V '"«'