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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diegrams illuatrate the method: Les cartas, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmte k des taux de rMuction diffirents. Lorsque le document ect trop grend pour Atre reproduit en un seul cllch*, 11 eet film* A pertir de Tangle supAriaur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bea, en prenent le nombre d'imeges nAcesssire. Lee diagrammes suivents illustrent le mithode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MlCtOCOPV RISOIUTION TIST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2) 1.0 I.I 1.25 L4 1^ ■ 22 12.0 1.8 1.6 _jj /APPLIED IN/MGE Inc — — . 1653 Eos' Ma>n S'-Mt Sr^; Rochester. New York U609 USA '■^ (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone ^S (716) 298- 5969 - fon M^^l Horticulture in ♦ihe North A Guide to l^'riiit Growing in the Prairie Provinces of Canada. With Chapters on the Selection and Cultivation of the Ornamental 'I'reesand Plants Best Adapted to this Region, Handling and Care of Nursery Stock, the Home Garden, Beautifying the Home, Budding and Grafting, Plant Diseases and Insects, etc. BY D. W. BUCHANAN Director The Buchanan Nursery Co., Fast President The Western Horticultural Society. St. Charles, Manitoba, 1907. -HM>p.,„„, ,,,^,;^;^^^- ^- Buchanan 1 i 1 INTRODUCTORY. It )% not th.- object ..f the writfr t.. make \U,> d |)iiicnii..u» work of llutticalture, hut rathrr lu \>c ..s hri.f and < pos^ihl.-, Kivinij such information m condtnseU form d» wtil mett the rciiuirement^ vi our p<<.|,le. About the only wriii.>K>* upon fruit Kiuwmjr in the pr.iinc pruvinres of Canada are contained in the reports ot horticultural locieiies While some of the papers pubn^hid by the horiicultut.il societies are very valuable, they ,ire naturally more or l.^s s. attend, lo.ompletc and disjointed, and besides are not rea> K available to ev. iv one. Of all the stand.ird works on Horticulture then' is not one which will meet the (ondiiions whi.h here pr-vail. These books on Horticulture are only of value in a Kcneral way. What I will try to kivc is information ad pteJ to this country. I am fre.„.», form no. on Mn^lr ..emt Mul^. if ou. in,.r.,. The curr.n, wo^r Curr«m b.Z ' Prf*' '"1"^' cr^.:7;t;en."r::.H!;''V-'-'7'-""- t'llAITKIt II. |.„«.., |,,„i:, OOOSitlRRIft KH...-.1 ,o ,h. . urr.,n.. Planim^. Pruning. Pro.ec .io„ ^^ZTVrT' Origin „f ,„., ^,„.„.,„,7;:' n : ' Flow ap. preven. 'ip.ii'n of viirif- ••iiAiTKu III. i'»KOH i:. t.) a. •TRAWaCRRICa. F.iiilfv «v«i.pm« of rultiv.i.iiin s »,- t i -I.. ..rnwh.rrv plo.. Prepn , ,n oj Tl ' r" "'""'^"r" ' '--^"-n of r.l..n.inp. Man.d row svs e , P nrh off JrV'' '^'•'"' ^'•'''^"''» "' How .o handlo ,he pl..nt^ r,: „nll v , ' '''''""'"* "ill ,v,frm. 'i-n Hon t u.r weedy rover Til. ""* '" f^'""'' Winter pro.er. the strawberry, which provide IZ. "' '^ "'* '''''" ^'f '^'-vir,,. n.st nnu.e of fruit -yrefr-S;;.;:?^ --^-anetic "ow co.^ t'HAPTKH IV. l-..K.sL>„,o2.. RASPBERRIES. Classification of vari.»fi»<: c . CONTlNTi. p«rei»nial r)ri|„n .( v,rienr% Th^ Ar«( parrnf of many H,o» c v^r.* II..* « nativt nf ..ur »...,di ll^w dcm var .,e» .re pr,KJu...d. |..,.4«ion of .H#. r „,,»„., ry plof. Pre,,.,rtf(on nf .oil Kwp ihf toil ..h,| ,n.| "* I'l.irXnK I, me to pUni. Hivan^*- fo pbnt, Clotr plantinir '»».-... (uli,..u,..n MuUhmg Prun.nK H,..,nK off ,u. krr' me •;..« ,..,. ,.U| ,,.„.■, I'lh.hmR hark Sho.t.n.nn ih- ranc. m .he f^||. I ...r.,M..i, ..Mu.M.I M.„|r t Uying .|.nvn ..„.) , ..vcr.hK ...ne. |)it«4.r» ll.t l.c,e prrv.„t4tur S.,,,.. v«,,.-,., not ,ubjcvl lo «!..„«. A..lhf4t. "'■ '«'..,.l> I) ..Mp.,..n . , v..rief.r., ,.. ,rll„«. purpl. .,nd l,U. k tae- timet fails to fru.t. .As an .,rn..mcntal an.l hedge pl.mt CIIArrKU VII. |'HK..27 RUtllAN MULBERRY. < II.VITKK VIII. f'HKes 27 I., 2K THE CRANBERRY ties. Several species are native i.. Manitoba. rH.\PTKU l.\. Pa«^M -JH tu yn THE CRAPE. Th. «,ld Kr.,|)e of Manitoba. Description. Improving -he native S;::^;"::::. !!;:._':'-"*J^; .«•■«- -^ hardiest vari.t.o.. (Mit-vatin^. ...... .,....;, ,, jj,._j. protc. tiiiii. ifardicst varieties. CONTfNT*. rilAriKM X !•..>.. -mi.. H TNI A^fkl. K«-4ii..n iii 'hr n-rih I'l.niinK u hp i.rairir ',.n>viBif.. Frii.r* ol latU |fl..tti«M U..fihlr.^ ii.M«ri> o.,. k ln»mt..t.lr varirltt* l*« tills .if a|>|''» Kr. «»«« tf> Mirmf«"t.i N* * Vrfri»-ti«-* f"f "itr |ii.ivinii» M'>h ••> ..tiKi(i.iif »hrm l-«|wrirn. r K,.mr.l in nthrt iltmaiir* of R<> valgr hrrt- Un thr umcI m «Mtre«« Ni.l net «•»■ •arv to rf|)«>^i ••4rt» niftak*-*. M"» ••> t""'**'" *• "•"* '•"•■ "* hartlv trt-e*. Thr rf|>|>l'% "f •»»' '<* hi' •■«" inr» L.p Knftinu .m hardy irrr^, Anv one cm cl>i it Pvtu* b.t"4i.» fur i.>|i Ki..tiinu I ti»- Hfiik |M)ini* »>f » irrr. Shi'ltrr fur thr .ippir I'm-* pUnirtI in .it nr.ii Wfjod-t. Tfrei ftfi-/!" dry. t.".. ,»tl<>n >'( .i|iplr ufi h.ircl Dr.nn.iK*' ."ml rlrv.itinn rhi> wnrni lotaijon for .ip|il>-' S'lil I"" ii'li l.inti (..iir« a tr-ndrr gmwlh, Srlrrtma tries. I'l.intinir larR'' ttrr<. KikIiI .iki- l^i pl.itit H.irdv r.iois h^< •*s».in ll'iw inr-. .in- niown in iln' niir*riir.i. HikI'Iiiik .mil K'al'i»>«- ^^hy l>ii>ld<-d ,>p(il.« ■ir»' »ii)t ilr-ir.ihli \\h\ m.i%i Kr.ifted iri'f* h.ivp imdrr riMits Hi'w to avoid r'li.t.killmu. Warlv .ill niits.-ry irren h.ivr leniU'r r'i«>l"> Ihr nariir of thr v.irirty no ifuidr in the hardmrsn of ih' irri'. May hv Kfaftrd on a irnder root IM.mtmK thr .ippli Timf lo plant llow to plant. Distanrr to plant I'runmK Hi'st tiiiip lo prunr. C.riiwinK in liiish form Low tratn>'d trrei I "nn bare trunk* liacl VVatir sprout^t. Mow thi> Rrow. How to rtp.iir spin crot< hri with little or no mjury to ihr tree. Protprting the trunks from tu's^iald, inire and rabhlts, Trre piotrctort. How to save a tree that has been barked b\ mire. C'ultivatirin of the apple. I'reservinK *oil moisture. The dust muU h. Cover crops. MukhinK for fall. Di»ea»c« of the apple TwiKhliKht. .SuHsi aid. Insert*. The apple bop'r. Reme- dies. OriKin and history of our apples and crab*. Mow to tell an apple from .1 < Tab tree .it .my tune of vear. Russian apples. Names badly mixed. Lists of b.irdy apples reromniended for different se< tions. Hy- brid apple|>ecie>. Prunua AmtrlMra. Prunui nigra. Mow these have been improved. Ilnu t.. ;;i<.\\ for our climate. Why trees brouRht in from the I'niied .States loot kill, llow this can be avoided. Why fruit does not set when trees blossom well. Best way to plant and cultivate the plum. Inserts and the remedy. Diseases of the plum. Remedy for plum poiket. black knot, shot hole fundus. Varieties for this country. CONTINTt. . « ii.vnue XII i',i«.- MM . ♦; CHIIIRIIt D^fcoi... Ku^tun .l,»,r„, n„r , vr . t,r„„. Il.w «., ,nM...ivr ^n.l l.f..rd n-w VMI'l.t. Ihr h.,>h ..r ,an.l .h.rn l.krl, ,„ ,„„y.. „ v-UmHI.. ril.UTKH Mil l',,^^, i7i.. It) OUR NATIVI PRuiTt Somr (if utir mill fiiftivAt*-.! ft., If- oriBifi.ifrtI from uiM .|w, if, fruiu M.prr.or -n „«•■ ..'• fr..m «hMh .omr ..f ,hr hn^M . ul..v...,.l f,u.». ....»* gr,,*„ wrrr or.Kinat.d Mfrrd.nK n-w »,„r„„ ,„,„, „„, «,,., „.„„ The nx.ve plum, giap.-, . r..i,t,«Try, hutl»\.> h-ny, t.u.d or l.uth rhr.rv »tr*Hbetrifv |.,ui iMiive v-n-rir. of ,^^i,h,-,t>t% (,.„„.(,.,,„> .«.i nat.v, v^u.u^s. Curr.ntt, Th. juneb^rry \ >»„.,„..»., ... h,Kh („..(. ■ ritnl>etTy. Hlu'herrKV < H.\I'TKI( \l\ . |>„«,, |i»i„.-,2 PRO^ACATINO FRUITS FROM tllO. Crois-fertiliiinr Mibrid.x.ui.m. Syi.cn.atic rr.,>, ffrtiliiiuf Not diflncul, ,„ perforn,. [(,.* „ ., d-.... M.,« ,o d.vd-.p our ,ru.. i„,.;„t «Dd produre n,.w and h.udur v..n. nc>. H..w co grow itr««berrie., u.p. seed l.ndl.nK'. .tor.nK. pl.u.hnK, rul.,v.u.„K ar,U transplan.mM M-ed- I.nK.. rotect.nK .eedlmR. l,.,m .„>,•.,, and from «m.rr. ••()!!,„,„„« ^hln „""*;"^^'-^ P""'^ •'"'' -'d b.HK..« Sr the nir.il home. Improves the value of nr«„«rM, o ("HACTKH XVIII. IVs«l7l..70 PLANT DISEASES. INJURIOUS INSECTS SPRAYING MIXTURES and use the varies retnedfes'Sl^.f^^S'^Junr "ns '^ " ''''''' C'FIAPTKK XIX. l'.,>r,.H 7(t tu 72 TREES. SHRUBS AND PLANTS RECOMMENDED FOR THE PRAIRIE PROVINCES. Shn,b. for hedKc,, Pc,„„ial Z„r S'm-h.rdy ,b,„b,. Horticulture in the North cii.\ni;k J. CURRANTS. r ^ I tu .lb ri),.ird.-. attention .ind c ulnv nmn ru i ■ are freoutiii v nlnnf,.^ .1 . r. . ""I'lvaiion. 1 ho hushes , ■" • "■><-in(Ull ,lllU I are fref|utnilv plant-d .ilnu^r a fen. e where tl,... . and remain tor vears until the ^ r Ts A "^'^ '«"''^<-- ■>" cultuat.on as the „a„ve praitie VV „ .^ 1 ^"^"'"""'' ""^'" '^^^cumes as tou,f« t'.e currant .ill pn.dur, u.t ^/'n '""'"f '^ """" ""^'••' I"'- 'hat «• lilt, unit m worth jTrowinL-- it all :. =1, 111 ( urrants are >aid to he a v.ry hralthlul fruit \\ ,. Ln... f -s. whil- some ,.f the herrics on the .nds of the hunches nes, 11 s 1 what firreen. For home canning or tahle use rine fZ'ZZ '" """' PLANTING AND CUtTI VATION-As nlreadv stated, the currant if f " u I '"' '^'"'^ °^ ''^"^- '-^ ^-h. well drain/d land s de s.rable for best results. If a heavy crop of f^ne fruit is wanted, ruh so 1 and ■i^^r^mim'mm lu CURRANTS. ..^L ^..■.ml..nt cu .,v.u,on ^l..,ukl U- k,v.„. StartmK «.,h ivso yea, old plan il.y should U i>t..|..,,„c.,onit..ndl,n«a.ull'l.m.H.K Nursery St-ck I'M ,„ K,w., hve to ...X lr,t apart ca. h .ay. 1 luy a.c ..-n.cM.nes pl.au .user, lu, vvc prefer ,he 1,-nKer d..,an. c. l.o no. plant along a w. ul na ...n a, lea.t one «ay betue.n .n.: ..... If planted on a Z btiweeu the rows both way.s. See chanter Mn "ii ii -• . Su.roundtn..- for further' nforna.t.on^elZoK I ^ ^ Uvat.o„ of currant, and other fru.ts. Tnt latS'si! Id^^' "p^eplVl h., or any other fruu. by thorough cultivat.on and de.p plo. „Tr , he co>e of September or early October .s a better .,me. The sJeZ the tall plants should be well banked up and small plants |,ke curr.n whlh thrift r"^^'^^""" •'."'""•'• ""■ -•"" ^'-« - -iZio wh.ch should be done w.th a one-horse rult.vator between the rows n once or tw.ce dur.n^ .he grow.ng season, but frequently. This cul't.v t.on should be kept up each and every year as long as the plants a, destred to produce fruit. A currant plantat.on. well treated, will gi good results for many years. In the East twenty to thtrtl vearf allowed for the currant. Cultivation should be started earlv' in th spring, er.rly cultivation being the most effective. A li^rh, plow ma somettmes be used to advantage for the firs, cultivation in the sprin. Towards p„k,ng season .ultivation may be suspended tn avoid injur or shak.ng ofT of the fruit, but at least one or two good cultivation should be given, starting soon after the frui, is ga,hered. This wi assist the plan,s to retain foliage and improve the fruit prospect for th next year. f'RUNINC— In our severe climate there is sometimes a tendency t overdo the pruning of trees and plants, especially on the part of thos who come from a moister and milder climate. The currant, howeve, will be improved by considerable pruning, which, like all other pruning shoiil-l ^e done systematically .md with a de'mite object in view. Tn ward the close of the growing season, or early in the spring is the bes time to prune. Many varieties of currants send up a number of nev shots each yei.r The pruning should consist in removing all but thre< or four of the strongest of these new shoots each \Tar. .At the sami time some of the oldest branches should be cut out close to the ground Ry fallowing thir plan the bush will be entirely renewed everv few vears always remembering that three or four year old wood usually will pro dace the most fruit. The plants should, therefore, be a few vears ol< .J.\:n V' CURRANTS ,, whuh case it unuld u-.u..lly hv h.-ttor remnv.d Th.se d.recnn. ..s f„ ,„un,nK .,rc basrd -n tlu- .h,..,rv ,',.u th. „l ,nts roots much better duriug w.ntcr M l^ " """'^ *''""' ">'-' »Iso assists .„ reu.n.n/Z t:;;.n spnnT 'nd'"''''" '" ''^ ""•^' ^"'^ .he currant borer .s .fn„e a suf^oTZ:'^Z^',J''^ ^ '" -nRle sten, p,an. The ..-m ,s often so dama^^ bv thc"^ " '''" to destroy the branrh ent.r.lv. If ,he curr.nTu !' '"'*'"' '''^ '"..™ ..i-n, K ,„.,, .„„ „ ,„„„ „e^:,::;:r:,;;;:::;r;,:,-:,,-; -c„ . ""^ti' ':,r;'r,,:L"'"'£f ;:,;;: "-™ -' -- --: the> (an keep weeds down ind s.v/ >. ' ^"''"^ '" """'« ">•■" n.u.ch has J p,a.. J, -^ ^l, ^^ ^ ^'^ '^^ - a v.Ty unsat.sfa,;,ory. S,n n. « "ds wT 71 ^''''^''- ^" '"-^^'^^ " as ness ..f „.ulch that .t v. u'd e a e to'^' cT ''"■"" ^"^^ "'"•^- tnulch, in our clima,., is far bet er than ^"'"-J"""' wuhout th- Frenuent surface cu,ti Vation prov i / /l" ^ ?"'""' -"'™'- surface so., act.n. as a rnu.. h'for te s< ., t ernV:,:' The"- '!"■ '''"- easily .ultivated than when covered with 1 t,er J^ . •""' " ""'''' ency to Krow weeds M.nure mVv K I' "'^ "'''''' '' •"" '^nd- Preforably in the fa,l, fn^" w^rk^-^ . „',?;:! t! if ^ '^'"^■^" "^ --' results for the crop. Wood ashes is also valuabi; ^"^'"^' ''"' '^""^ .ucr':°:^::°!r:;^.,;'^ ---;'^ currants wi„ „o. require the best protection would be a c '^ n^ of br'T' '"" "*""'' ''" ^''"''"^■ snow. If the brush is cut ,n ,. "^''^"^h, ,o gather and hold the thts form mlke;":^;:!.^;^™" " ^^'" ''"'"' ''' '^^ ^^ '" «he 'Zon^'^am Trm' Thl ^^'"•'"*''' ^"""'' "'-" "'^ arrant ,s «nlike the house fly, ays her eLron7hl"''"H' '"!,'' ''"''" °^ ''' «>' -' .Pnn. The you^ wS^ 3 Z:^' ^^L^'i;' J^ 'l^^ [J: A second brood somet^es "ap eL'Tar „"' ^ ^^Z^:' tT' '°'"^- -rm ,s very eas-ly destroyed. Powdered helleb:re „ The a^ ed ^ui;:; in a dry form m.xed w.th tiour, about enual parts of eacl, or n wit / *m. ounce to the pa.lful. Karly ,n the season spray.ng whh Paris Sr en ef ordinary strength (S^e chapter on Plant Diseases In 1 r ^ ? ing) mav be resorted t. b,- f-a- ^h-,,' ! '"?^'*="' /"^^c ts and Spray- .pproaching the picking season Henebore is : irs'd^^'*^" ''' *^"" '^ w even with th.s. a i.ttie t,me .hoj;^::^;::^ ^sss;:. ^j:;^ 12 CURRANTS tJicN. mM.,r, K,. til 7 . under ik, ( ik uriistances shoi e.ront' att, d°"n "',''""• ''*= ^''"^*^"- «""- •>"'-« or af iun«, .ind Itlich ;:;a;,u?:'^ """ "^"■-■""^'^ •"•• '--^ "- < st-m until the following ....,„„ uh-n ill ri '■"" ''"'^'" '" ' sugRe.ts ,he remedy. .Inch , \o ut 1. 1 ,h '" T""' " ^'' ^-'^P' d- Tl sure to «ct below the tunnel The ur *^'"""'' *" ^'=* "^ by their sickly appear ,n. (1. l1 '.■*""' '"" "■"'''>• ^^^^ ''^■'ect currant bore.7.rera;:r;;;,.e:;r;;«:^'''''' "■'"' '^•■'■" '"■"-"-' ^V t wh^^:::\^;:^^r.-:;-;:--<-;v;n^s-e.^^ , , hi ).■■-. from the .«.„', and „.,p " "" "" '"'"•"■ '"" -~k " ' ™».e done '^ V.^r:;. ^r 'a'' ^ZZ^ ^T ^'Z "'""' time ,s uorth >ever.,l later on. The rule that prevention ,s better tha a ure apphes w.th double force in the case of plant fungi Good cu,t. vation IS the best preventative against plant disease. and IT'" ^'•^.^'"•"-AIl our well known varieties of re^ a nafve of Northern Furope and Asia. Ribe. n.grum, the black cur rant, ,s also a native of the same regions. To that species most o our -.veJ knuwu oiack currants belong. A few varieties of black cur •s belonging to the species Ribes aureum have been introuuced during ■nt years, but they are not very g.'nerallv known vet. To the latte #i^f LmT**^ ^ CURRANTS. sw... .cn.ed. Forms of tins ,J J" ' : "''^*'''' >'^"^- ""J f-lMKe, rtowrr and fru.t. Rlb«. .„" J" ,"*"" '^""*" '''"^k currant, in -llev and we.,ward. The n.II^v.T ";:„"•'';':,"' ''!•-• '""^'"'^'P' |l.e specie. Rib*. AmTlcnum. .h.l our naZ "1 '"" ''^•'""«=' '" «cell,.„t ,...,en varieties Th".' r ' ' '" '"""'"' "^ ^"'' - '^•>ny •he n,cd.urr to small var.tieV ,n r , ' *'""-""'* «' currant,, but fruiter,. Those Vu.iuon^Z^yZ^'u^" "^"""^ "'« '"-' "'-"J-.nt 0"l^ a few .,f the ,...t wf„ be dej^hbed " '" " '"'" ""' •"* P^"^- red currar,ts t.ua.h. Ju JZ 7^^ ^Z^"'''''''- '^ ^^^^- andextcnLer.!i!nt?d:^;rv.^^^^^^ ""\'^"" '"'"^"^ "''verti.ed n.d:^v::ir-;;it':;;';:ti.:-;:^r^r'^-^-T-^-' er- A «ood sort for «, neral planrinK. ' ''"'■' ''^""«' "P^'^'^t grow- a..ef!?:rt;':t::,;„-rL"'^:::" '^ '^"^"^^^ --"«- ^^'"- LA VERSAILLES AND CHERRY— ii, resemble each other. ..r,- verv I ./.^ f. ,7' "'° '''"''''*'^ ^^''i^h cl.sely as hard,, as the other vaneS nlrnt.'oned '"'''' ""' ''''•'" '^^>-' -« «.rdr^"M"r''rn~Mi!,t.,':;:f'"; ^"':" ^^"•'- '^ variety uhich is re- soil and Kood cultirat.o " "''' ^^'"" " '''''''^''^- Requires very r,ch in« "a^r ™r"^:rt';.;!^i/^^;;,.r- ^-^-ewhat spread. fruit Ku.wers. ''.garded w.th favor by some of our best 8TEWART--A verv strong , hap^ the hardt.st „f the Celt^iZTH """^''' """'"^^ '^-^>-- P"" ^^hich remains lon.er on th'e bu e?^han iTthe '■'''"'' 'k'""*^ ^^''•^^^' other variety. Prolific. A d.Mr.birvarfp^v J u'"'" "'"^ ^^''^P^ «"v RED CROSS— A promising- new variety. LONG BUNCH HOLLAND— r 'a-.her jocr quality. Not prolific " "''''""' "'''' ^''^^' "*>' "^"^ "^ iiM^T" ri^mm 14 0008EBERRIEB. '" ra... u .. n... hardy e„.,u«h fur Kcner.. ..u'C 1,;:' ' "" '-'" bl..ck currant. ..,n„.arc favorahly «.th red v..ru.„.., .„ ,..„', 7ZLnl. CHAI'TER a. GOOSEBERRIES. n...rl'v )h" "'" '"; "'"■"''•' '" '''""'• '""'■'' '"'•"^' '" c same trca.nu-nt recommend fur the currant « ,11 apniv ,.; ih ru., Ihe K.x.M.berry l.HonKs to tho san... fam.lv as , ^ rln '> -ubje. t to alt.rk from ll„. same insms It ,s „; , u "''"''. ■'" ;i™ •"' "-r ' ■•■""- '■" '■'--»« -^ ™ ,: "r ;;,r,n the samr as for the < urrant. I'lactuaii PROTECTION-In sevce or .-xpos.d locations K-oscbcrru-s will re 'lun.' ...ore prot,.,.,on than is usually K-vcn ,o the currant The bl pro.c.t.on .s a l.bcral cover.nK .v.th brush. Where there's pi nt ' o brush. The plants are somet.m.-s mo„nded up w„h earth, buc .t v troublesomo to ^. move tb,- earth .n the spr.n^. Many gr.wer here Lav not succeeded A w.th gooseberries and have concluded that the plam< are t..o tender for our cl.tnat,.. Others have done remarkably wel "c have found thern very profitable. Our own experience has been that ,h gooseberry ,s the most profitable crop we have grown. One year w.tl another the plants have been exceedinRly productive. MILDEW-This disease is fir^t noticeable on the foliago, m the orm of a wh.te mould. A closer inspection w.ll sometimes show that he fruit ,s also affected or discolored by a brownish mould. The eaves drv and drop ofT and the new growth of wood is sometimes de- stroyed. Crowding the plants induces mildew. Plontv of room and >food cultivation are the best preventatives. Wet. undrained soil is also productive of this trouble. WKere mildew has been troublesome, sprav 'arly ,n the spring, even before the buds are fully opened, with floui u ,!u ""* """" '" ""^ P-''''- Dissolve in hot water. This hoi:kl be applied afier every heavy rain. The early spravings will prove mucn n,.re .-fTcctive than the later treatments, and should not be ne- glected on any account. ';W, :,;".1 i^ii/.^ •ill.. ' 'L,» « , *'^ 11,1 ,~"*j^^f STRAWBERRIE*. 15 HOUCMTON- Tins ., .lec.dedly the m. ,t ,..,isfaclor> var.c.y f„r tlm country, h ,., ,he hard.e... and most pr,.l,h< ,.,„, The fru. s „?. I nual.rv ,„,..,. u. n..d.um s.e, ..„d ..f .. r.dd.h si ..d • wh „ ripe ' f h« of very t.ur ,.„., but .f neKlc-Ced. >,n..ll fru.t ..II bo the re 'ult ' SMITH't IMPR0VE0-Oblo„«, «rc. n b.rnes, larK-r than H.uKh- ] it i.nt viu rich >h.)uld be well maiuunl. On!/ l.inU in a hi^h >t.ile ot cultivation »lu)uld \>c used, fn-t- from v*e'd» ..nd s..d llairow th«' Kroiintl well in the spriiiK and if «ill b.- riMiiy fur pl.intint. TIMI. AND MITHOOt Of PLANTING A Kna, many inquiries come to us pvcry te.i!>„„. j, ,^ „,n,p,,n, matifd ti)» ityitrrn, .i«lvi«i'tl ti» 1 lit off thr tir.i "iir I liiii.iii .M.r .,„,..,.., ... any ra.r. .hn practice H.,uld .„• objec..,.„abl... I, „ ,d. .vihk. .0 have ,h.. v.unK plan,, eMabli,h..l „, .,.rlv ,. p.,s,,ble ,. „« o ,H.,.b.l.,v „ dry «..a,b.r l.i.er. ra.hcr .h..n ,o pu. .h-m ba. k b Z inn .iff ihr f.irlv ninncrs. NANOLINQ ^LAMT.-.S„a«b..rry pl.m.s n.,u,r. carc-tui handl.nu ..fore pannnK Pl.,„,. .h.,uld n.„ b,. k.p. ,n .. da,k place, or p.lZ up any N.nKer than .an b. avoided. If pl..n„ have been .....v.d fr , „ a d.M.inre. ,hey- ,l,.,uld be unp.uked a, ..„. e. but should no, be u ." ■ ... .K exposed ,0 s,n,nK U,U. I.e-I .„ or plan, ,emporar.ly n a ,h ded lora,.or,. un,.l ,he plan,, have re.-.vered a Kood color. They .an b.- pl.ime.l .|....iy ,n a ,|.Kht „en. h and u.i.ered eaMlv. If pi mts an. reieivd « en ,he ..,„„., ,s very drv, ,he .a,nc plan m.ivbe ,o| ,..1 On vn„n^ p|,.n,s, ,h,„ b„v,. never fr,n,e,l. ,.,.„.ld !,.• u^.d for M.,„.n« PLANTING Spe.ial rare in plan,inK should be followrd bv ,hos.. L ..rktl^'Trr' "T ^•■•-^«'""«==^- Broken or w.thered leaves should be pKked off before pl.mtmjf. The blosson. stem, if suffic.en,!> dcvel- oped, may ..No be pin< hed off, o,herwise th.s w.ll have ,o be done shortlv aft-r ,>lan,,n... I, i. also desirable ,o shorten up the roots. n plant n' -he roo,s should be spread ou. and the soil well pressed ar.und the rc.ots" hor ir -n "1 '" "'•'"' ^"'' '^^ "^'''' '^"'''^- ""'^ >ilustrations l.or,» ,h. The one plan, .s set jus, ,he right depth, with roots well spread out. 1 he other illustration shows the roots planted in a mat S,ra«bernes require more care in settin^f ,han most other plants par' .clarly^ as to ,he depth of plan„n« ■ The crown must be jus, even IZ, he surface. f planted too deep, so that the crown is covered, t ! an s will slowly d,e. If too shallo^v, the roots will dry our. The pia.Us must not be exposed to sun or wind while the planting is being done. Keep ,hem covend and moist. Select a cool, cloudv dav for plan,ing. tfRnan IN •rnAwainRtit. I( the wr.ithet should turn ^rty Maim and bright, nr windv, ».>.)n altai pldtiiinK. shading muy lii: iiPte»Mry lur « liuir Thit may bi' 4rt;oin |)li»hrd by •caticring light str.iw or h^y over the plunii, or ihaitiag witf bo^rd* ^ROTIOTiON IN WINTIR-lli. be^i |.ioicui..n for the draw bniy i» .1 grHid covititig ul suuw. \Vc are nut always lure oi •ulticicni ^ni)w and some other lovrr will ofim b« nciciiary. Bruih, which hai beett ' Ul III ih<> kumnt'-r and h.o tli<- dry leaves aiiaihrd, makes a (an rover. The brush will gatliir the snov^ and give good tinier protection In the •■pring, whon the bruih i« n-nioved, it will bf found that th« Iravei liave (alien trorn th'- btanchr* and will remain at .1 iuuU:h for th'' pl.inti. Clean ^'tr.iw, fiee Itom seeds, <>r hay, rut late in the soason aftei the "iced has all falUn tnal«- good cuvet. If hay or straw with seed in it i<< used, the ttraMbcrry bcii will be iJestroved by a tnas^ of weeds th>* f..|j..rting se.innn. Ihe coV' 1 should i.'t b-- |iiii un iio tarly Wait until tin- ground IS fro/t-n "-linhtly. MouUI is iiulmi'tt bv r.irlv lovcriiig, il ihf «i'.iiln'r sliMiild turn rinld, .iiid tlir pl.ini'' ma> \iv ilr^liuyi'd Mn iii.iii of lovi'iing <)irav«bi.'iries is i\ (ol|o\\'< || t\\,- we>l.ini>. .\ good lover on tnp ..( the snow will hold the plants back in the '•pring until all danger of -.pting fro»t it over. Uy thi« plan the ground will be kept rool .md nioi..t until the fruiting season is ovpi Thus the two great hindrances to sucte>sful strawberry grow- ing in :lu!i t litnate, namely, spring frosts and early drouth, are over< ome. ken ove the tnulrh gradually or in < loudy leather .md leave a consider- able portion of it to cover the space well between the rows. The cover can be left on veiy late in the s< as«n, when put on on top of the snow, wiilioiif injur, I. rj the pl.ints. Watch the plants and remove when growth starts. If there should b<' indications of frost after the plants have started to bloom, the cover which has been left between the rows, may quickly be scattered over the plants. They will not take any harm if this cover should be left on for a day or two, should the weather ton- tiniie cold. We have never found it necessary to cover plants to protect fr.iin spiinK frost when the cover was put on after a good fall of snow. In some seasons the cover was not put on until toward spring, before the snow began to melt, with excellent results. The only drawback to 'his system is 'he possibility of severe weather early in the winter before >now comes. KEEPING BEOS IN BEARING -How long will the strawberry bed continue' to produce Kood crops is often asked. We have had a fair crop the fourth year. On our soil the second crop is usually the best, and we think this will frecjuently hold good on other soils in this climate, as in our short scaxjn the plants often do not become very thick the first year. Three crops, as a rule, will be found the limit of profitable production. m- \.M^ •TWAwiltHniM, ^nme only on .«d.lv ,.„|, n„ ,;,. r.n.eU? '*' """'''•• .con .. .he crop „ iTMh.M ., i'.;;;"::,*h i, ;i "" '"" ""^ '*"*■'«•• -^ M..y nov brdi, Avu.d varietiei .ubj«t to ruit, •PICIIt AND VARIITIBB ii b^rri,,. .11 .,,„.ve, „f Amrr., .. which h v. T*" ^""•*' *'^''" "' "'**• known. Man" ..f ..J7r«.| r. wU b" f ir,' "".' ''"' -" '"" «'— -"^ •I-ciev Ano,he, .pedes r««rta .Sl.^?' '" *"'' '°"" "' "»'• our wen .„o.„ co„.j',rw.;d ZZn;! '::^':!:.:T'''^ """ -^ ^'er of named var.c-.cs h.uc b. .„ pr-ducJd '■n'"m..us num- •'e b.w.,der.'„.. .f„, lMh"er« en „?".:;;r 1"'^ " - '"- •• - *n offorr-d annu-Uly. and some „f .k! \ '''* "' "'* *'•"'«'« rardy happen., ho«ever. ,h .. Z\, "t v '^'7"; t '''"'J'"' "^^ '' or more of well known sort* I„ 7 ^ »'' '"""■^ '»>»« ■' "^-ore buyer s.ould know "ha. .here are twr'^\**""'"^^ '^'■""^- '"e organs bein. combined' in .he'onc' ^ o'j^^wVie.rhrv-*"' ^^T'" blossoms will pr. :uce fru.t when nl mf.H . t^ ''■"^"'*' ""^«' produce only imp.rfer, or Lm ll-t" "'' "'?!• .^''' ^*"«'«^-« "h^ch the female organs only) mu« in K , 1 '?" "' '''°"*""'' ''«^'"« will be the resuk Thl^^ru? ''* P'"''** ^'°« <>' complete failure a st.m.„.te :x t:^:::r't:nirr^;t;'^lr:;l:;:7r'^ nately in the -,ame row nr i„ i, *^ '^ "* planted alter- ^uUs are Btnerallv rnir >r.4.j V "'^ pistiiiale m NAtf»t|l|R||i, • irni nuriilxr .,t ti.tmiiMi'- planit lo . ti«utr »\. \\hMc nnly ei varirM I* iibnirti n »h..Mii|, ..( t.)iir»r, br a tMniinaie «"H In suttr i4tj|"ic>ir» » o( tirawbtrrii «iuiofii br»t .in citffrrinl »<»iU, If t«, tli< Mlotr, j|c|vi«4bl>- l.i ifv ••vrf v.trielt«<. About inn Jo jrit» pbni> Mould br «uftti unt for ilu- Kofiii* « • ■( .« -.miill fitrnih, tf KootI fr»ul»i »rrr .ihf.iinr«' lr«,m th.i( nurnlx t. W will •■»(!* itivi* ,t ItmtirtI |i»t r.f .1 |r» lav.rit' v..fltiM», ORItOINT rittlllal* \ viKori)U«, lir^ltliy v.i>i>tv i'l >v«n •»trn .,> .. m.«tli>i bm Season I ally. WANflILD An cxi'iilinKU pii'du' nvi- tii'«Mll.ii> <»iti llralih «(tonK Kf''W<*f I tiiit nirdium -tir, ilaik ml, tiiiii A fin<- in.irkrt v.uu'i' S" .i«on r ith HAVIRkANO Anutlur very productivi pi»ti|latv «ort. rrmi briu fl.ivor ih.in U.irht'ltl, but not .»■« turn, .iiul, tb'iffore, n«t .i« ,<'»uubk' (< matkiiitiK I'l.iiii^ lir.ilthv. Sim-. in l.iiir ihan tin-n-dinK- ■ lOmWOOO — Pcrfr. t. o'ronir, healthv pLini*. A variety that ha bieii It. I.IVIM f..r .1 t i.iiaulrtalilr tinif, .ind II-. il l.itK H U't liUniing wil pistlllau- -..tl.. •INATOR DUNLOP N'lK'it.m^ and htaliln, pfthri varuiv. Fru nx'diiiin I.I I.HU' . iiim. (i'"Kl .|iialit\. Mul <.ia»on. tHAR^LItS— An old. |niff . Nut as largd Krd^.i .iH fnrniprlv, hut >iii«' that -•■••mi vwll ,id.i|i(rd lo r.ur -oil an climatr fruit vrry larjfp, liKht rid Mid ■«.a-on. <)tli- u- i,i-|)bfti les knoMii .IS Up vaiieiies arc n.itur ally increased in a somewhat peculiar manner. The younK shoots at firsi iii||3"ii];"':,i' NAtmMRIIt. it <»k.- .>t iiMfiKhe (...,.t»..B. l,u' u'...lu»IU .., Kt »•!. |K. ....■.(, i(„- ..,n«t 4»...rn, ., «..,,,n« ,„ ,.„„l^.» t.„m | h. ..„,., . ..iiuoMi- i.. «t.,^ .1.*,, «ar.|, .mill l.>. II ti,.. .Mmmer ih.- ti|» *.ll Im- f.umt r- , »« on ih.- tff...... I In ,|,„ ,,MMi..,.i ,hev v^.ll ru..t l,..rM .1,. i,,,. ,f ,h. . ,.m|.t,..i.. 4i» i.vi.l.lr, 4...I .h.M .. n.« I.I..M. „ tufM...I (., ..«, .|.m4.. ,.„rn •It. ..M «,„d» ,„ ,,,. I,,,.. .,.„,„„,, ,,,, ,„„.,„.„,„ ^,^ „.,, ,^,,,,.,1,,^ ,,,, "'' ' '"« ••"'' '•'" *'" »■■« ••»»" I'l." «r.,v».h, »n.i > ...h .,it., ihr f„„. ,. ,,|„ fl„. ,.,,■,. (..Kin ».. • '« ••'» ■♦'••I H'll |{rh.r..lh ,n4|) .,rf .,( 111.- Kt..UB.I .1 I., i.r .!,.«„«, „d n.ut Ih. n.w ...i.-i .f .,„P )P4r »,e.>,ni.- th. rniiiinir ...... .,J the f.,1! «,!,« ...I,.,,,, after uhi.h ih,,r -ivfulnf*. U aonr .,nU iLey 4t8 remoVrd .tnU liufrud. Thr r.i»|.(.i-rry h,i» ., v.,» «,.le lat.«r m it> »,|,| „.,t. (>„,• ,,t umr^ NT. ic, arc f...,i.d ih ..li„.,M .v.rx p.,r. f Am.r,f4 ih,.t 1, 4. ,.!! 4tl«|)l«'d t . h.i»t.,.hdiy rhrri- .,re .. guM n...n» ,n..l N..rirti,, ..f ih, ,«. k.tin« r...,.l...rn., n..w ..ffrr.d Us ..ut n.irM rw n Ihr,.- arc ummIIv r.d hut v.n..- ..r- v.ll-»« ->r ..mh.-r r..l.,r.d Th. .. hav. onum.v..! frmn .K- c.tnt....,, H.l.l >,,.■,„ V hut.,hi. .,IU kn..«M .,, Nubut alricotM, wh.. h u 4 nauv,- „f .,„r ,u„ |„..w.„ , , !(,. i„,-„M,tMiK vanrt,, , h.ive cr.if fr..n. the M>'-w var..tu-, „f ih.- raM>b.rr». in ...mm..n Nuih pra. tirally 'all ..ther fruit., ar. pr..K.nK 1., ihi. cr.,p, .-MK-riallv ,n th.- fruiiin^ M-ason. Th.- fru.tmu ,ca,o„ „ „„„.t„„. , ^r.-atlv ^hort.-n.d bv such wratht-r. nnd v,mei,mr-, the ftuit is dried and shrivell.-d hv very warm wuulv u.ath.-t. Pr.,tP.,j„n f,„„v „,„d. ,.,,„., ,. „„ ,|,.. :,.,„h and th.^ we,t, .., th..r..f.,re. d.s„aM.-. Ko.-pinK th.- ,„il . „o| and ,n„.M bv . ul- t.vat.o,. or mut.hinK grratlv ass„„ ,„ t,dui« th.- . rop ov.-r p.-n.-dn of unfavorald- urath.-r Th.- lan.l fo, ra,pb.rr,.-s sh„uld h,- r„ I, and in a hiKh Stat,, of .viltivation. and should I,, pjou.,! d,-.-,,lv ,h.. fall brforr planting. PLANTING Raspberries are usually plantrd m th,- M,rinK^ though •••e M,.k.-„nff varw-ti.-s max b- plant.-d in th.- fall. A, growth ..arts '£t RASPBERRIES. :;:;r -rrt ':":i;, r-' rv- ■»' '•' -- '""o ':;%: "K. u ..ck w, ti|,-ro..t.n>. ki.Hl.s ,|,„uld n..i be plautrJ „, th.. f K..s,.b.r.H.> should h, p,a,„,j ,„ ,„^„ f to ci^h ,;, Li.rdiiiir to viiuiv I i,„ . " " "^' apart, a r.d ."l, L s „.■ ' ■"" "■'"""■ """•■■ ■"'"» 'l>»° ™ ::.:;:''.::,,,■':::,• 'i:.,:r;; '7, :rr rir ■•"» "°''' ,,,. . I . . "•"luiea. If .1 consid.rabli- number of nl .m ;;;v" ' "" '"-' '■'■"■ "-•"" 'i'^-"»l •;■"'„ 'S\:, CLOSE PLANTINC-,;ood ...ults have s.„net,n.es been obtaine. u c," ,r 7" \ "•"'""^- '""^ ^>'^'"'" '^ ^^"•^'i-'"'-- only to" grown ,n lulls, .,nd the rows are only thrte or four ftet aoart Th,. „►, jen „ Uu. p,..n ,s t. ,..1... .,„« ,„ „,„,„ to prote X ".lan, t some ...... .ons plantat.ons hud ou, ,„ th.s wav will drift ful lo ' now and almost ...mpletdy cover the plants. The objcc.on ,o his pi no on ulurh ,s no, .ssary for the rasph.r.y. UV would not .xpect pi Its ^^ own on th.s pr.nc.plc to endure in .^ood form for as n.any years ^^iK-n plantiu in ihe usual way. * ^ hwu^^M'^*^'"""''''""""' ' "'»'^-->'i<'" ^vith ,he one lu.rs.. cultivator ' ri ve'rr, " ^'^^\-"-->- f- -«ess in ^row.n. this fruit. A .face Ia>er of loos. . arth to pr.v.nt .vnporation of „,oiMure will ^reatlv help to overcome the danger from warm, dry, windv weather. Cultfj of th, f„,t. Ihe frrsc cult.vat.on in the spring mav be done with a l.Rht. ono-horse plow. Keep the l.md level between the n.us. .ble*^ u'".^""','^^''^- ''"'"''^ '""'"' '^'''"'"^" "^^ ^""'^ i^ "f"-" verv valu- nhle. Where tli.-ro ic ., i;i i „, i_ • »'>iu ,,., ^, , , , , , "•"■'"' ^^'•'^'' b'-'«''<"n U.v ro»s. tile mulch may b( Pl.ued .,Io„« ,h.. rows and the centre kept cultivated, or the mulch RASPBERRIES. » warm «e. ,hcr .cts ,n. A Kr.cn mulch „ K„„d Ul.cre a uij.- .„.c,. » ..lowed bcrw..en ,he .o.s. .. vc.ctnble .rop of some k.nd may he k-'C spa e betvvcrn th. rows may b,- utili/e.i f.,r s.,n,e oih.r cop ., «., miil.l. IS required flie first y.;,r. ' PRUNING- l-he suckerin^ v.„,r,K.. „,ll s.-nd up a cre-.t m .nv ^h.HW, overv vonr Thos,- not re,,.!,,., hv .he . „lt,vn,o'r shou d L " . ...,x s,r„nK .ane« „■ c... I, ,.l.,nt. for frui.in. th for ;'nte Ke. the old canes out of th. « av in the fall, [f the nl ,nts ar- 'o be left standing over winter, the ..Id .anes n„,v be ,eft until i"' dv hie ,o H ,„„.., ban two or three . ancs «row the first vear, and he fi ,; , :J ^7" /--"^-i' —Id bo better to cut otf all an., the first fall and not allow any fruiting the second year. The bl u k -in I .. or MP r,.,,„„, var....,es w,|l not send up as n.anv shoo, as h- r . -rts, ,„„ „,e surplus cane, should be removed in the sam,- n,ann'.r PINCHING BACK -Pin.hin^ b..ck th.. ra^-berrv is pra. tie.-.i ,„ n-nv s.er,.,ns wher. this f.uit is ^rown extensilelv. The ,1 « L allv adopred .s as follows: Th.- ynun^ shoots that have bee sellte 1 .. u.t.n. the follouln^ vear are pin, h... off wh.. ab..ut .. ,„ ! n.lHs h,«rh. This wdl cause them to s.^nd ..„, lateral branches Ro,!, -=>!, kermp and tip varieties are treated the s ,„„■ Tl,.. f ii ...o lateral branches of the tip-ro.,.n, ki:ds T cut'b ck" ;::^b:;;'r Ml. kenn^ k.nds are not usu.dlv further prune,,. While th!s ";.,'„ „ P.nch.np back the raspberry ^ives sa.isfactorv results in frui s c i^,„s urther south, a number of our hes, horticulturists here C. ^ ,, ^t "v 'Tern" i rr'T' ^"^' :""""'■ ■" ''^'^ '-'"^ ^-'" Pi-hin^. I th . o w r :s i '.r"';' r-' ^ '""^ ''■■'^'^- ^^^ '»"= ^--^ shoots must n. PROTECTION^-nenerallv speaking, all varieties of raspberries re n. w,n,..r protection. Ev.., in regions where tne wiiu.'r Tmud. nilder ,h„n here. ,t is customarv w„h m..nv growers to ...v.-r the c Te ■n umter 1 he Turner and Philadelphia, red varieties h.v- -iL^ Pr„ ,..d fair .-rops of fruit without cover. Th:;r;:.; 'Z.^^^Z r .;,„ Kroinul. Ihi-, is done best w th a two tined fork .^fi:^.^ u RA8HBERRIE8. '|i,„J '.;;n. A furrow .n.y then be turned with ,l,e low , ; 1 .k '"' "'' Mde and the work of covering complo.ed w.rh'd.r^''" "^ '>.mlH.st sons simply laying -h. -anes do.n and , elr ,,. 1" > suthcent ....r.h ,o keep then, doun will often nruve s.fffi . ""." to ensure ., «ood crop of fru„. There alwals ho.^" " f"'""'" •'"-r.ly ove, ,hc canes w.ll be f„und n.-ce.s .rv «; n 1 "T "' ""' A mulch . son.etimes „dded ,„ M,.- ^Ju^l^^^'l^r' ' """''" «ith little or no sn.,u ,„, ,1, "^'^^ir. In case of severe weaihe c„, .<..., a:.,::. :z:':\!:r::^r"' '-"" -" "■-■^- "" . .^!?!^,,':;:^-'=r,::,7^l::::-;-r^— ::;x■'■,:;: :;r;-,/r!;;i ";,..;r':v": »- -'- -■.■'■-" plants on new soil. Plants for new n». '*'"" ^'*'' f^"'' viable, where d.sea.e of any k.nd hL ^^^'a l^^ZrV"""" ''" spread rapidly and son. slowly. A .reat d.fTeJen ^ 1 b nd ^Z ejy will be proof asainst a disease which has ruined another vtrie.v ^rown^^ .n close proximity. While this immunitv mav exist .n the ca e of certa.n var.et.es, U is nevertheless not wise to «ive' anv f ,rm of plan d.seas . an opportunity to spread. Plants that have been du^r pu Id up on account of disease or apparent weakness from any cause sho' be burned at once. This is the most convenient and th surest' way 1 feTt 7'"1 ■""':" '^""^ ""' '^''"^"^- d-'-'-tive insects wihch may in fest ,he plant. An.hracnosc is a common ailment of the raspber^v olr -K ularly the b U k varu.ties. This affects the canes, which kenT^oted appearance. This affection has not been troublesome here. Burn af- fected canes and treat with Bordeaux mixture. Curl Leaf has been ob- served amongst raspberries here. The first indication is a cur n/of the leaves. Later the leaves dry and the affected cane dies. Th ffui'- IZZ7 '" ;'""':' '"' '''' '"''''"^'"^' '■^"" ■■'^ --">■ ''"t-v d Z::. rZ.^r,r.'"^ . Y'^' ^ "^^^ ^^'^^°" "^•^ --^^ "«- -^ affected. , " ['"': i'^ •■'•• = ■ *^eu or r,rang-e rust is another disease of the rasn- berry, affecting the foliafi:e. It is first noticeable by a sickly appear- >t RASPBERRIES. anrr „f .1,.- plant.. ,md laitr a bught .olured rust will br t,.und on Iho und.T Md.. of the l,av..s. Spraying wi,|, ,(,.. u.ual fu„«u,de, .s a pre- vent -tnt- Cut-inK ..n.l l.urninK pl.mts as .-arly a> poss.bl.. ,s d..ir. ble bem ..H...„„ns .„ .h.-s.. p„.vmces. ., i. «,„ „. ,,e „„ „,c «.„.h, and to know how to dri..t and ovcrcme tlu-m. INSECTi-Th.T. r.re many ,nsc,,s uhuh a.tack the taM.hcny \ J.c..n hul.t.n prepan.d by th.- .Minnesota State enton.olo. ,/ ^ v,. , .Se\erdl .,f these .ire . ane bon-rs. the nmcdv for which U , ' '"^^^^ l.^.rn affec-d can-, uhile the .nse,,. .„ some oU t. ,^e .;; Tff' -""h ■anes can usualh be readily located. When the in7cc 1 ", ' '^ ...res the new .rov.th. the cane u,„ ...ally assuni: :1::XTZ JhS ..pp.-..rance. Pans ^reen sp.ays kUI all lraf.ea„„K insects So f V Have had little tr, .hie fro. ra,,berry insects „. ^.J^:^,,, ^J^:: VARIETIES-! here are a Kreat „,any Rood varieties of ,aspberri..s offered, especally f the ,ed sorts, but the nun.ber of reallv Irdv v '. et-es, .ewed fro. the standpoint of our climatic - onditi,,,., "il' t;'!: TURNER— Th<' best known variety here. A red b.itv f r^ r s^^d ..client r.ual.ty. Pru.t rather soft ,o^h,pp:;;r l,:; Z^Z the best berr^ for home use or local market. First decree of hardiness PHILADELPHIA-K.iual to Turner in hardiness and one of the most prol.fic fru„e,. known, but not of first-class qualitv. Fru.t n.edium s e purplish red color, soft and of indifferent flavor. DR. REIDER-A variety which resembles Turner, but not as fin. qual.ty and not quite as hardy, though it may be classed as a hardy LOUOON-A very trn.. berry, both m qualitv and large sue crimson ct.lor. F.f|ual to Keider in hardiness. SHIPPER'S PRIDE-Medium size, bri«ht red, firm fruit. Shipper, but of secondary quality. Very hardy. h.r ^^**^~^ "'^^^ '^.^ ^''"""'^''y of iroraise, but not tested long enough here to report upon with definiteness. ^-""ugn ran n "1,'*"°'"'* '"ONCtAD-A new Nfinnesota vanetv which has ra Idly become very popular. Fruit large, cnn.son color, firm and ex- cellent quality. A heavy cropper and hardy. The canes are of a iLp- ing habit, somewhat resembling the Philadelphia. CUTHBERT-A well known varietv which has been largely grown for years ,n the East, but not hardy enough for extensive planting here. MARLBORO-An early red variety, desirable for market. I arue truit. of secr>ndary (|uality. Fairly hardy. GOLDEN QUEEN-This is the best yellow berry, but it is tender and will require very careful winter protection. .Several growers about C k A good «» BLACKBERRIES. VVinnipes rlaim to succcrd w.ll w.th this variety. The Caroline i much hanlirr yellow van. tv, but not of as Rood quality PURPLI VARIiTIM-Some Rrow.r. claim to have had K.od su.ts frcm Schaeffers. but thrre is no purple variety that we can rcc mrnd tor Reneral planting. The .Srh..,ffer is a tip n.ntmg variety. BLACK VAHIETIEi-There are nuite a number ,,f K„od t.p-root vanet.r,. In selectmR these the low gromng sorts arc perhaps I adapted to our climate. The strong, tall growing varieties are diffi, to rover, and all need protection. Older and Ohio ar. two good variei Which meet the requirements as to low growth. CHAPTER V. BLACKBERRIES. Among the many in,,uines vvhich have come to the u.iter regard] ruit growing ,n these provinces, a sprinkling have related to the bla< berry. Generally speaking this question can be answered by the sta ment that the blackberry is not adapted to the prairie provinces of \\, tern Canada. While some varieties of the blackberry are perhaps hardy as many varieties of the raspberry, yet I have never heard of ., one succeeding in growing this fruit. The fruit is later in r penii than the raspberries, and will usually not mature here before f i fro- ^et in. These remarks apply to the upright form of the bh kbert There is a recumbent or trailing form of blackberry which npens i fruit considerably eariier than the erect forms. As the vines trail natu ally along the ground, they are easily covered, and should be uell mule ed for winter. These trailing forms, known generally as dewberries, a not neariy as largely cultivated as the upright varieties. They produ, very fine, large fruit, but .,re not generally considered sufficiently pr ductive to be profitably grown as a commercial crop. The fruit of tl dewberries ripens here and they may be grown with good winter prote t.on The upright varieties rer,uirc the same getieral treatment as tl raspberry. Blackberries are sometimes confounded with black raspbe nes. They are closely related to the raspberry, botauically, but are different spec.es. Their manner of growth i. the same as the suckerin raspberries. The recumbetit forms are propagated bv layering the ne canes. Both the upright and recumbent forms of blackberries at natives of the northern States and the milder parts of Canada Th upnght varieties generally cultivated belong to the species Rubus vll lotua and the dewberries to the species Rubus Canadensis. Ancien Bnton. Snyder and Badger are well known upright varieties. VVindou anJ r.ucretia are recumbent sorts. Blackberries are -rown verv largel in ^.me parts of the ea>tern States. Where they can be grown to ad v.r^'npe t»fcy arc wdi worthy of cultivation, but in our climate the up r.Kht =orts at any rate should be planted only for experimental purposes aroline it a »d K'J'Jil le- can rccom- ariety. tip-rootinff 'rhaps best are difficult od varieties BUFFALO BERRY. CnAPTEK VI. 27 regarding the black- the statc- es of V\ cs- )erhaps as ard of any » npeninjr f.'i I frosts il. kberry. ripens its rail natur- ell mulch- errjes, are y produce ently pro- uit of thp er protec- nt as the ; raspber but are a suckerinw r the new Tries are la. Th.- ubus vli- Ancient VVindooj .\' larg-ely 'n to ad- ! the up- 5urposes ■ UFFALO-BKRRV. The Buffalo-bcrry, bo'anically kno^n as Bhtphtnlla arg.ntM is . shrub of light or silverv fnliair. tk n "raBniM, is a appear very e.rlv TnlZ . Th,- flowers are inconspicuous and »^d.„gZ;":;or:or^e.piran"r;;r':r^^-^ native of the uind-swept pla.ns of Dakota and other .rctions of h^ J^orthwestcrn St.ue., and ,s also found in sections of ,hc Canadi .n d airie tlavor. but has only one seed, which is considcrahly larger than "he cur rant. I, ,s an abundant fru.cr. It is no, largeh g ofn or fru' Z .s worthy of tnal, particularly in sever,, or dry locations Th.;hrK ^nl> pistillate or female flowers and another only staminate or maU seed will usually be about^c,ual.y dS rsex.^The f^ H "Ic'ed -n short spur, and hangs well to the ,re... Ihe Buffalo her y Tah^e -lamental shrub, useful for lawns, borders or hedges. CHAPTKR VII. RUSSIAN MULBERRY. rhe k„K.,„n i„ulb..rry has been frequently tried here, but the tree nv.mably free.es back to the ground or to ,he main stem every winder We know of no case where this tree has been cultivated here with sue: ':.ne '%''T ^° •' ^°"^'«^-'''"^ -'-t in Southern Min oU wh7ch ■'Ppears to be about its northern limit of successful rultur . CHAPTER VIII. CRANBERRIES. mv!!a,r''Tx,'^ "1'"""^' '" '"'"^'^'^ '^' "^'""^"^y (V.oclnlum) in an^ v.n of .Ma„„oba or our other western provinces. As the plant is found ,^row,n^ w,ld and fruits well in some sections of this re^ior^ the e -;;'•". -.pea. to „. reason to bel.eve that it could be cui.vated succ s fullv ,n rer.a.n local.ties. The cranberrv ,s not adapted to garden or «-eral eu.t.vation, as wiU appear fr.n, >h. rental k.followi,rTI^ c anberry ,s .. swamp or bog plant, and will not, as a rule, thrive o t of .t. natural h, ,ua,. Where ,, is found growing naturally, it 'can usual «».tc-.» \3mM 2S THE GRAPE. hv < ultivatrd su. , ,-s>fully. pn.vul.a tlu- f..< il.t.e^ rxi^t for coniroll the «ai.r -uiiply, and clraininR and cultivalinR the l.md. The cranbe ri-.imr.s an abundanc supply ,.f water, and this ual.r Mjppiv should vo cntrclled that the water .an b,' urface. While •...nie natural c ranlnrrv b-.K^ have b. nnprcved at nmd. rate exp-nse, it is generally a mailer of con^idera outlay to properly prepare the lane' for this crop. It would, therefc be advisable for any one who contemplates . ni.tmjf upon this .vork, study the situation carefullv. Hook, spe, iailv devoted t.' cranbe KrowinK may be obtained. Thes,. r.tnarks have no reference to the called hiKh bush cranberry. Il,e lailer shrub, which is very common this country, is a viburnum, and not relaiid to the genuine cranber There are sever.l forms of the cranberry native to eastern Manitoba .1 the Wood country 10 the north. CIIAPTKk l.\. > THE CRAPE. Very little can be said as a result .pf practical experience regardi the cultivation of the jfrape in Manit<,ba or any other section of c prairie province'^. The cultivation of the grape is practically an unknot quantity here. A species of wild Rrape (VItU vulplna or Vitus riparl is found growing wild in the river valleys of southern and eastern Mai toba and the bordering territory of northwestern Ontario. It is a ta strong growing climber. The fruit is produced in bunches of a purpli or bluish black color. After it has been subjected to frost the flavor the fruit is fairly palatable, hence the common name Winter or Frc grape. The improvement of this native species may give us har grapes at somr future date, well worthy of cultivation. This grape now grown about Winnipeg to some extent as an ornamental vine, f which purpose it is well .idapted. New varieties may be obtained 1 growing pi.mts from seed, which should be sown in the fall in careful prepared s..il and mulched over winter. Some of the seedlings are like to have imperfect flowers, and such will not be valuable for fruit expe mental work. Cultivated grapes are usually propagated by cuttings fro fruiting vines. These cuttings, of course, reproduce the parent vine. The hardier varieties of grapes, grown in eastern Canada and tl northwestern States, are of American origin, having been 01 iginated fro the wild species botanically known as Vltis labrusoa. This species common in the northeastern States and is found as far west as easte: Minnesota. The improvement that has been eflfected in this species m« indicate, to some extent at least, what possibly may be accomplished the way of improving our own native grape. Many varieties of cull vated grapes are grown successfully in the more favored fruit sections > JUIA^mt? lit THE GRAPE. SB controlling e cranberiy should be y to ibiiu' I h.ive been ansider.ible , therefore, i«> Work, to rr.inbciry I to I he so- common in cr.inljorry. initoba anfl regardiDK on of our Q unknown us riparia) tern Mani- is a tall, a purplish E flavor cf ■ or Frost us hardy 5 Krape is 1 vine, for itained by 1 carefully are likely uit experi- lings from nt vine, a and th;> lated from species IS as eastern ecies may plished .n of culti- actions of M.nne.u.a. and Prof. .Samuel B. Green, professor of horticulture .n the .Mmmsota .State University says that "there .s probably no ' ,e section of .Minnesota where ,ome of the hardiest kind, of Krape^ .annot be Rrown and npened.- W.th th.s statement from Prof. (Ir.en before us than whom no one is more competent to sprak. we may well hope that some measure ol success «,ll ultimately be attained with the ^rape here for there are se. tions of Manitoba which are ,R-rhaps better adapted to fruit Krowinjr than parts of Minnesota. The cultivation of the Krape requires rather more knosvledxe and skill than the ^rowinK of some fruits, and creful attention to pruninR is necessary. 1 he toilowinR simple directions, however, will be sutheient l<.r those who ni.iv wish to experiment with this fruit. SOIL AND PLANTINC-The s,,,] hest adapted for the ifrape is a loo>e. loamy land, with K<.od drainaKe. Our n.itive grape is found on the heavy land of the Red Kive. v.,llev, but invariably m naturally well drained locations, .uch as the banks of ravines and streams. Two year old plants are best to begin with. .\o ..dvantagc is to be gained bv i.»'ng older plants for , ...i.n.,r. purposes. Plants should be set about eight feet apart. Plant deeply, especially on light soil, and leave a de- pression around the plant, which may be filled in gradually as the vine grows. Cut the top b.irk to two or three buds befote planting. PRUNINC-This is an important feature in the cultivation of the vine. I he f.ill of the first year after planting cut thr vine back to three or four buds. .Mound the earth up around .|„. root, .ompletely covering the stub to a depth of several in. lies. This shoul.l be w„h many other plants finest fruit .> produced near the northern limit of profitable produc'ti Most of the >e.,ler> ,,f ,ho new provinces of central and western Cana came from regions where the apple is a well known crop. Naturall- desire tn grow the fruit here formed a worthy ambition of a large ni ber of our people. This has lead to the planting of a great many ap trees in Manitoba and other settled portions of the west. At the out there was no data or experience available to serve as a guide to th, who wished to plant trees. The work was carried on to a larg« ext, blindly and m a haphazard manner. It is, therefore, not a matter surprise that as a general thing, failure has been the result of a gp deal of the planting ot apples and other tree fruits. O.jr «enWc -a learned the lesson that the syxem of cultivation followed in the co, ,m. ■«' mi^. t • TMt APPtr :ii r tbe laine u it lucceedioK ith eitcDsioo, ' three shoots vines of the >einff pinched rum the new doxen lateral n the desired is the same. 9 laterals are le i» covered. will be dis t- There arc n dnes, ex- ri- allowed. cultivate the the hardiest lowing three -•sville, Ivc'*, riffinated in named. A KC, for thih uld be at all fruit of the > in moder- plants, the production. :rn Canada, Naturally a large num- many apple ; the outset ie to those irge extent matter for of a great ttlers early the coun- nr. whence .h.v ■ .^e. would not answer .„ gruw.ng gra.n crops in her new home.. :,pecU| v.r.et.e. ^er. found hi., adapted to ,hi 'Jul u. li ZTV ^f "*""" •"""'' '" «•" -cuucmcnt. were worked out. In horticulture the same principles apply. W, must work out our Z\ IT '7' "'r- '* ""''"'« "' ""»"«-.i.. varieties lu ,ed "o ou needs. »nd learning the systems of cultivation suited ,o the country In . e matter of fruit grou.ng and other horticultural work, wl have been .lower .olea.n this needful lesson than we have in grLw'L grain o, oher field crops Indeed, our people, or a great many of them Mem it.Il .0 be .K„.,r.,nt of the f.r,t pr.n. ipl.s ,.f successful fruit cuhur; Th^ proof of this .. the large quantity of worthless nursery ock.nnulllv brought into the country from the east, w.s, and .outJ. We say w ?rom",h'' '";/""r"'» '' ""»"y ^-t' h've actually been br"uMhT. JZ Iv 7t '"^' '""" ''•'^•'**= ^"^^^ '^'"""•-■- *v'd."'ly under tJe a •urd belief that su- 1, stock would grow here. A lar^e portion of tl • apples, as well as o.h. r fruits and nursery Mock a inually bought et'Xr: :r':'r: ^"'^'' "^r '•" ''"'''' ^ '^ "-">• -rthiesf ie .• Ye there 1, a large crop of new victims each year. The lar* P., r Gideon, of Excelsior, Minnesota, who originated Lny of the be. a^^ now grown in that state r«l>>.. kj. ' appl. s H^Port of the Minne'r; StarHo" iXtrioaetr" Th 'T.?' ^"""^' •ract ., from that r.pori : "«"'<:"""ral Society, fhe following ex- • «.'ur efforts and trials in Minnesota began thirty vear. a„ . . spring by planting one buslx-l of apDJe s^^d T. JJ , ''" '"** five hundred apple, pear, plu'n InT c" 'ir ef td fT; '"'' ""' •hoeaftcr planting each v,-ar enough am le«.H f 1 " ^"" and .n the ..n,o named .re^u.-nt .ulj .::'., re ..;,.. ;7 , 'T '""j var...„es-a.l .southern or eastern Krown trrcJand"/:: . ■I'u'.r:;;' as lung ..s th.y could be mad.- t., l,ve ,n M.nnc.o. IJ,\ f two trees remain. One of these is the Uea thv fr 1 T - '"'''' Albert Emerson, of Bangor. Zill of whom ',' obt"' T °"*'"** °' deavnr'? " ^ ''''"" ^°' ''*"'" " '" """^^ P'»"' ^^"i' Tees here or en deavor to produce new varieties su.able to this clunate. It t^k Lll and, of trees and bushels of seed, brought from the east or furS=r tmh cou.^. obtained here in considerablf ..^^t.:::!;^^;^^^:::^ .ant^er'r ^r""""^' 7^° '" ""'^*' '^' ""'""^ °^ horticulture, (an extrava- sant term, of course,), in speakin;^ of th« pr,.,ne.t= -« ^.A -7. ...1 Iru.t. but, (aod l,e,. „ ,h<, .mpon.nt part of bi. „„.rk,|, h, ,.id, :« THC A^Ptl. fhr work ntifi hf cJnin- in Minneioia. "|i >4nn>>i hr donr sUrwh \\'- .id«lr.|. The Work o< ffrowing h^rdy v^ruiir* ^ml, if Brcr^i^ry, iri.iiirjK r»rv* varic|ir«. .ind xrowinK ihmi imdrr riiniliit>>n< adapird ( rc(|uirrriicntt of the pirfrttrr* of ihr ««4te, mmi hf dorii* m Mmn****) thii U irup n( Minnrxii^, how niui h morr i« it iru*- of rnir nwri r»orihrrlv |irrrfkmK "f appl'' growing in Minnr«<>u, • irrrn. whom wr h.ivr prpvioinly (junfrd, »»>" "It m far bettrr tha *hoiiM br rntirpiv iKnnr.tni of th** •uhjcrt, but lonn' with a de« If-arn, 'h^n that hr should iindrrfaki- it with the* brlirf that hi^ rtpt\ in ra*ffrn orrhard mrfhocU anci v:iriptii"« i Kuidr hi •timiLir work hrrr " Of rotir^n fnu< h •>! ihr- w.irk don* in ihr pa^t hv our «ett!rr« r b# callfd tni«takrs. It ( ould not hr ralli'd a mi.fakr to briiiK in ircfH whin nonr miild he h.id .it lintnr A iiari had to be made where. Fxperienn- loiild only he gained by practjrr and effort, ' there was not the experirnre or advlre of other* to be •ectired. Ai if has ro-ne about 'hat thrniiRh a great deal of planting .md work, ■ .iri'lr>iH|v and impi-ifcrtiv «tii4, Prof, ettrr ehjt on« Ih a desire in KUidr him in eftli-r* rannot rinjt in iipi>l" B niadr 'xiiiip effort, wherr irrd. And «>> d v^ork, mu< ti u»ly and «v* rd|{P (if appir f nipiiniirr of Irarn a Kreat t*ist thrm on lerr ha* been In thr rigti' y. We know ost important r fruit. Thi'* iiilfs in th'' h(- thnu"i.in(l^ rp. One frr'' la of untested to propajcal"' inrreased bv dirr variefir< then, is th' e to brinjT ir ihi^, at lea-' prcxlurtinn I f ng «<'fdlinff<, ich m.iy lat''' ire. do not do i' apples. Tf !n is Sccurf lat havr beer n ar srcurru. grettinjf treei . -' - r ..''./r.::. :?';.■;;::::";' " ""• '-"- t Som« ihal .„ ..,id .„ |,.,BK-«ro*B .. K "'*' '•"' """ I u^ .he y..„«. .„„ „„« „„,.^,^ ,r:.::,:"'n.r : 'r" - »-""-"• Itie «..il. „t I-.,. g,4f.„,^ „ vxrv iimui. u .1 V '"»• «r4M,i.« ^..ulU ...,„ br ^M, ,„ mL 1 ,hT " '"•'* •"''^""•' •«> »«•• . I P«riorm iht oppr4ii;- .hey may be .op ,,.n..d ,«/c. tfX 1 'h . . ! ".'""r"'"""' .■'■•"'.•.K -f „.e,c h..uly . ,.b, ^h.-uld b ,n"l h ' ,h 7 ^ '"' '-' ;•>-. In many oj i^e older :tj ;„'::; '"""', """" ^"-" ' ■ «raf. roo. ..n.l trunk. T.,„„,,^h.. '"«'«'■»'«'"« ". thai .. ,n.u,ts ,, |,.,n|y '-KP ... handle ,n ir :l:" t::::ti '^; '""■'•;•'■''' ^^ '"••> -<= '- where thpy are ,0 rem..,,, .,„.., «raf ^Ir xT*,' ''"' '""^' ^'^ «'"*» «'-... ..upon...... ,„ K...«.K the app*' ft ' """ ""' ''""" '' "' ^--kest part. .,f ,h. ,.... Kk ton ^ #. . " "'" ''""•"' «'•'' '^" •"»••. ^ucb a, .heaecribrare l„ '"^^""'""^ «'«. *»''.„ a really h.,r.lv "".l^'.d. Some uf the hard,e,t h\r?r "" *'"' '' " ''*^ ^ern -«...l.„d appicv TIepr,., I, .'..^^^^^^^^ .he ,.ron«er grown, *..u.da,d nursery iree,. I, «,.uid eaT . ,L . '"^ """ P'^'"*"« ^' '" horticultural .,„k, and .n ,1 trie,. J iVr/h' 1'"''"*^ :' "'"^' '"•"P'" t..blished, it «„uld ...„„ „ ' . ;"^!*,r„ "^ ^-""^^ '««•» had become e.- "f >uch tree.. PTpetuating and extending the usefulne,, a..y •u!^'^,,:::::^:^:;;;;:;-^'--^' »hou,d be provided before particularly necessary ,„ ha « „ d :h , T, ^'"'"' -''' '"•'*^«- '« '» -"St Md«. with moderate 'lel.P 1 ,K ''"* "P"" ""- ''«"«»' «"d belts will protect fror;^ rm d L "i^d" .''"'"•""'"» '''I" The shelter ""• blowing away of ,„r'.n^!r ' ''^ r^T ?' '^'" " ''^"■^"' 'ction f,„m the wind, otherwise th.- . ,,„ , ,i ," \""' "'''"''- P"- by wind.falls. Care, however should L?, l '*'"''' '" '^'^ «'""y ^^^uced ;'e... ...a, drift, .f'^.JZu 'nfL 'iV^hrtr.""";"" ^'"^'•- h-.vr been dMirovd bv drift,, the weight of th^ .n k . * """* '>r..n. hrs, sometimes leaving >t,ly a bTe trunk r ""'""*' ""^ '^^ be placd so near a shelter sl^.h , u ^'"" '""^^ *''""'d "-' >r.. bv the Shelter,:;".:';:: ';v.,;.'::i '^3 :!i,:^';' ^^ «•«' -> -is. -~ .rom the soil, and fruit tr^e^ mu.t'b:':;;';::;^^;",;::;^:; m ThI APPkl. .,!«-» JroMi •hrltrt l»rlt« iii «(»r»« »rrr» Th« » may li» Hritwn »nh •^(••ly I Imtr to d *t»Uhr|lir ImIi, ItWI Jrw >>l tittth ihelCM ,it«- 4V4I (or *!)<> >4iH> ri-tn iiMU ■?!•» ^ti nwi liki>t)r in vuiircd pianicU n><4r 4 n4tur.ii i*<>( niuutuit! Uy the aurioM 'rrp* and art ao wdkencd iImi ih«y arw in |>«««»i cDndiiion «»» »un *inipf I he fii»» ..( UMt N iin.|..u»»t'«lly a t<'«*(->n "I Lick nf mo •It ni4nv <4^>-% III,- irtca Itirr^liy it pic dr> l|pn"^ iulttv4iton >ind mulihtng. kOOATION A ti'it'hirn »li>tH- unclouHtPiJIy prr*«iii» apFtia vaniatici liir gnmintf liuii tr«r». iliough •<>rnf .if ihr mo>Fiii th« or »<)U(ht«r«i, .ind i« n much f>i|xi*rd to ihr (ult (urrr ' tb« ray* I'hr Un*! >h<>uld be »fll drain-d 4n«l hohh whai t. ird i thr Mirr»undinK« l.vel, t( |Mi»»ibl«' The .itipk •'•etm lo do |)4 Uriv well Ult •'li*V4(C(l lor ,4 1 ion*, iiariiv nn d<>ubt <>n 41 < mini uf iht •KitiiKtl iliiiiniiK'- itlfi>r>l. Tin* Iif4libi<*«i itti-a. mimI llicri-riirc n Iw-i «h\iitfi| aiMii.. |i U Mill known thai i'l»-v«|pil (iri« \et% lublr to aufftr (rom frott. Small thtliered rntlotum, which rr tin- full (tifci- of itii- »tin diirinK 'U>- il.n , uhilc the trmpi-nnK '»"•'• e«rliid«te«sivrl\ warm diirinK (he day tree* are .rt «d .ihr.id in tht xpnnK. .tncl -uffcr most from the s niKlii froou winch often |iri'v.»il at th.it ^ea^on. •OIL— ihr 4pi>le will thrive on >oil« varyinu widply in chars from IikIiI to heavy, pruvulmK oihir icmdition^ an' favorablr. praine soil 1% imally nuitc tirh enoiiuh without manutinff. Indrrrl rirh '•oil 11 one thinR to be avoided, as it ha-* a tcncien*./ •? pre growth later in the "irasnn. It it deiirabie to have Rrowth »top ear the reason, so the wood may have time to harden up before ti weather s«-t« in. ForciuK Ktowth by manuring i» to be avoided. •ILICTINQ TNI IS — Many planters makr the mistake of sen large trr.s <,f this «»,<' The siie of the tree i* of less portanc-.. than a good root system, h ruit trcis arc either budde Kraftrcl That is, the named variety which is sold by the nursene KTown upon the root of a sc.dlinR tree-. For our climate it is sp»'< desirable thai thf seedling root should be of a hardy character. A trees as generally sold, however, are grown without any knowledg to the hardiness of vhc nwts. The seed for growing the roots is I ured in the open market or obtained promiscuously by washing oui pomare from the cider mills. Both '.eed and roots arc obtained considerable extent from F.urope. Budding is commonly practice many of the Fastern and more southerly nurserirs. In the northv em states urafting is thr common practice with the apple. This | 'i-s 13 pfefcfabic !o budding for northerly districts. Tin- giaft 19 fa plantpii in or ' auri'tuntliBM to (lantl ih* k •<( ttioimurr thing, t ipo lal 4d >«( «u"r>ilul 1( dlfolil ati th« stiutli tb« tun > trd atiOVr ) (ill partiiii- > u( tht (ooci tftntt' til Mm- *, urt* ii»iMtl> Ipil nri'H* uri" whiih recti vr inK hu'ie tt r tree (ruiit <« on account .lit would be u- day Tht m the aharp in character, r^blr. Our IndrrH. to. ./ !-> prolonx stop early in eforc aevrrc »ded. ! of seruriiiK ire not lilflv I of lest im r budded ot nuripne*, is t is speciallv ictcr. Appl<- nowlpdjre as roots is pro- hingr out th'* btained to .t practiced in e northwest- This prac- Kiaft is III- a* •«-Hrd in ih« ro»>i Ih,|i,w ,h« ,,,,u„.i i, . , . I -•«v, .h, „,„ ..„., ,h„,t ;;'..^, 7 :"■*' *"•"•••'"* -•"< -«« r.,.,,. M..W .h. hud r.ir ^.r ^1 It"' . ":,'. " ; '.f 'J"; '^;"; - ^ "»- Krnutid „ no. ,,„ :.: iTwIt :„r •:;"'-'";"- -• * "n.. .hen -h. would h. ,h, r.,„l, of „.,. .1-c.d.n ,,";kT""'".w"' **''^ h^rdmr,, Pr..lu.le, ,r.v ,..„.Me ^r.. M^^ „ ;, He r , ^7 "' T.' "" ""•*" nam. hv «hirh .he .re. „ known ,1 ""»'"M'-«r.l.ne.v The vari.tv o, n f the entire ph^r TH 't"''/"""' '»"'» "- '"'''■'•'- "«- h-di- fr.e. fnkin., rhe ro,,. ,«!• m . »*»r.i,„re of th- h»rdine., «f ,he rurt, .n^The':;: ',; ,t:' ;:c;Vk'';'''*,,''''"''"'-'^ -' ""• --"- n.mtd vnr,.tv ha, heen Trk d; fhe Xe;;,!"; -;'"";-« hi '-^ The h.rdine,, of ,he .'. iTi:/ ::;;;!:/ tn ""•' ••h-|e,| i„.. .v,r winder ndJJl ,h "' '? '.^'" ''" '^""^ '^•""''' »" i'* 'he .h.pter onl.nd.in ;,:,.?; /,:^k " tL"' '^'"^ T" "'"'''"' "' Jr-fdinir pl-mfinir will mnlv ?n ,1,. , K'-r>*r.il ln,i ruction* re- h^ Planted frn.^ Th J^^' , ", '''' ••;•''; "> -"■•«'• -'fl rhe tr.e, m,.v naf.,re „» ,he ,nil On Vrrv liahf .Tif . f "' ""' "'' ""J "'c -per with ,af.tv I)eep p 1, „;"' "'". " " '" ^'' ""•'" •"> '" • foot .«..t, the tree in forming r!:!;,; Z.:';'h;:'«r':;; 'Vn'rhi h """'"i ''"''• may eventually hecomr „„ its own ro„,l j t. • . ** ' •"" ''"• •^•- overdoinir deep p|.n„„^ .„ h.^vT oi a„d ^irkT '*\'T"'''- '*""'^" °' .' .-Vndvi^hle to pl.ne nuite H^ev'Thrtlkrir'^';'" ^'^^ ""'• '•^rtnm atnount of prn.ertion from the s„n %i. r " ''""'^'''^ '* nnd in m.mv ra.e, fourteen fre"^.,h''fr;i' '"'"' " ""' '"'^ «"'"•"• The tree, m.v he ^et ,0 th t th ,r „ t'The ''"''T '"^'"'" ''-" 'He chapter on Pi,„,i':; ;..;'f;r;M:';,fi::. ^"- -^^ - -• «-^'* v^rv'S'^pr^r't^;:;;: ^'""^/^inriiy't '•""•n"''''" ^'""''" - pruning. When the youna- . .re fil 7 . 7 T'" ''^"'^'' '"^'^ '*"'•" some th.nninK -.? the hra.^ he; .n d ,h f '""'^'^''r ""i"^"^"" ''""*'* ■^horteninR the growth of ,h/ o ' '"!'''' '"'''' *"" '""• h^^"* »>v ^rreatly afsis, th*!: ^e' i^'KiL!*:T':".\:.'^-'r ■-!»'-' o-half. This w.l, -at very lit„e prun.n. ^h^tUd •be'^i.in^r-;;- ^ ^ '!;:: ^:u.:':;Z 86 THE APPLE. iiiutfcn lit nil). Iho l)f>f time to prune i> ^vhcn the sli.x.ir, are ifudrr tliey ..in !)•• |iin. IkiI .ir lulilxd otT «itli tlic li.ind. 1 ..r sev locations trucb tn.i> Ix- k1"«"> "» ''»"*'' f"'™- '" ■'">' ' ^"^ *'''> »I>""1'' ti.mi.-d Ki br.iiuli liuin near ilic Riound. A lung, bare trunk is obj ii.in.il.lo. Sutli triis ait- v.;r\ li.ihic to sutler trum sun^cakl. In 1 lnmiiird tiees tin- branches >Ii.kIc tli.- trunk and th ton^'nurr Its- danK<-t ul >un->< aid. ^(uckci-^ and watci sprouts, should U kt |)t oil. I'he term walfr-sinuut is applud to rank .su< kti-lik»- Kr""''!"- ^^'' -tail out fioni thi- trunk or laiK'' Imibs of thi- tree. 'Ihibc should i be liti until ihey attain larue sue, but should be rubbed off by the h. wlun nun.' Muall. If the tiees aie not pruned ai all, natuii will Rr iht'Mi III l>usli foiui, i.ften with -ever.il >piouts staitinK tiom below suifaic. In the nuisenes the buds or spiouis are kept rubbed otV, « the objcti of foiiniiiK one straight central trunk, u itli tin' biaiuhes i. •iiiiig therefrom. This makes a mor<- >\ iiiiii' iiic.il .ind useful tree Kener.il purposes, but not .is luirdy as the bush liee. Where the tr e.in be ki"^ii '>" <""" niaiii Hunk, it is moie s.itisfactor> to li.ive th in that form, but for this ( lini.iie the iiunk should be i|uiie short. Nu ery tr.es ,i> u-vi.illy supplied .iie trinunecl too hiKh for best results he I'roviilmK thr liee is worked on a li.iidy root, the trunk is its weak part. It should be reineinbend ih.ii .i tiee does not grow from trunk. While the tiunk inere.i-es in i utuinfereme by the addition layeis of new growth, it does not >fiou in len).;tli, therefoie, the hei, of tlw .)iaii( lies fioni the M"'nnd will reniain the s.unc as wluie tl have been first allowed to ni"^^- Plants ffrow fiom the tips upward, t ward or downw.irtl .is the < .is,' m.iv be, and not like the hum. in ai for iiist.inte, whnh iru re.is, s ni leiiKth belwrin the joints. The t iu.i\ be puiiied out .1 litile iihuc fioni the north or north e. 1st side, .lUow of e.isier approat h lioiu tli.it side. I'hi shadin^f of the tn is iii.iinU desir.tble on the s.mth m s,,uthwest. I'o incre.ise the sh in this direillon, the tree iii.i\ hr pl.intcd so th.it it will lean sHkI to the south. Trees whiili le.ui to the noitheast are more liable siinsi aUI. Ill this posiii.iii the sun In. its directly upon the trunk. tree that ie.ms to the south is not subjei led to the full for. e of the su r.iys. Trees are sometini 's d.iin.iKed by th.- breaking or splitting branches from storms. Split br.nuhcs may often bi' saved by insert .ill iron bolt throuKh .i crotch. .A wire nail will sometimes .inswcr purpos,-, hut for hi-.u\ limbs .\ loni;, thin bolt is better. PROTECTION I'lot.'. tioii of the apple applies mainh- to pi iis.'d to protect from suns. ,ild. or the b.iikiiiK of the tree by mice or r bits. Where the tree has bi'^r. ^rown on a hmp, bare trunk, such i tTtion is absolutely nece^ sary, and even with su. h protection as can provided, it is (litli.tilt to save the tree. Winding the tree with str of jute or some other cloth is fn-iiiientK practiced. 'The t loth is into strips about four inches wide. .Startins: at the Rround this w.Hind around the trunk and tied at the top. Black cloth should n.it used, as it is well known that the .iction of the sun is felt moie ket on ll.i-k (loihs Tar p.iper should never be used. Wood v; :ers ivr.ippin}.; tiie trunks of trees is cor^im.^^Iv tiscd. These c ., be i based from nurserymen. I.ith screens are made by wirinn .a nu*-. m >> I'lir spvfrr » should be k is objcc- Id. In low inscciui'ntlv br kcj)! cm Wilis wliicli >liiiuld r.'H >)> the h.ind will K'o^^ I IhIuw the •d 11 tl, with IK hci ladi ul trto fur !■ ihc trti^ Ir.ivi' thciii lilt. Nurs- esiilts licif. it> wraki'st V from tit' addition of the height uliito they punrd, out um.in arm. I'hc trii' ,1-it side, tu the trunk ' the shad' an bliKlilK e liable t" trunk. .\ >f the sun'> splittinK ol )y inserting .inswer tin- V til plaii< nire or r.ili , such pro n as can hi with strips loth is cut iind tiiis i- ould not bi- Time keonh vv PTS foi ., ije pui H .1 nu*- >'• THE APPLE. ■if l.itli> tiiKeiliei and wrapiiinR ihiin ar..un.> Iirarlired and inrh.ips atfcud'. the b'-M pmle. 1 1. .n t.. ihi- ri imk, if the- box IS filled Willi earth Whete ireos are i;ri.wn in hu-li f.inii, .r nn verv low trunks. >ome ..f th-^se f.iinis , ' \vr.ippini;s .,ie h.irdiv .ippiu .ihl-v Will re tniie are !r..ul)le-..me, li.inkinK .iroimuii .ind fn.-i riie etTei t of -unscald is to kill the h.iik m ihe sid .if the tree e\po-id to th<- siMi. II trees .ire girdled In iiiii r. thrv .irr KTe.iily a>sisu-d in the healini; proi e>s by l)ein>; h.mkid up with i.iiih to c uver thr atTerted p.irt. If this is not pr.Ktu.il, tlu'> may be b.-iniLined, fust roverin>r 'he woun-l with KraftinjT wax, or even < lav or fresh row m.miire in.iy he u-ed. Wheie .1 tree is ( omplelely Kirdled thev r.in usualK lie s.ived by inserting s. ions in the sound bark .ibove .ind below the wound. See, ral of these may be inserted at intervals .imiind the iiee. Thus a tonnec tion is formed be- twiin the root and ihi- top. The scions will Ktow i.ipidU and eventii.illy rover tlii- wound. CULTIVATION Jh- ground pl.inted to fruit trees should be kejit well . iiliivated, ijie ohjert in view heinK: to preserve the moisture in the soil I'or this purpose frcnuept surf.ue rultivation should be kept up, partuularlv in the e.irlv part of the summer and up to the time that jjrowth should cease. Gr.iin or fodder crops, or any rrops tli.it will take much moisture, should not be Rrown amonK the trees. Vegetable crops may be jfiown and these should be pl.inled in rows so the surface rultiv.ition may be continued. Ground th.it betumes dry so that cracks open up in the soil, shows ncKlec t of surfare . ultivaimn. Where a loose blanket of earth is maint.uned on the surf.i. e, no crai ks to evaporate the moisture fn.m the soil will he seen. In our dry < limale. rh-an cultiva- tion and a continuous loose surf.ire or dust blanket is the best for the •''"'" •'- "''' ^ "''"■' fr'ii'- I'li'T'^ is difference of opinion on this pi'iiit. In ml.'er ,uul iiioister cbm itcs where apples are more largely Kt'iun, It IS .ustomarv to sou a cover rmp in the summer. This is al- !.;« d to rem.un on the ^tound to afford winter protection to the roots Nms plan IS advocated hv some of our own horticulturists. In a wft se.ison. the cover , rop, ,t sown early enough, would take considerable surplus moisture from the soil and have a tendency to cause an earlier npeniuK of the wood. To this ext,-nt it would be an advantage In ou' of loos, soil ,s not as pood cover for winter protection as the cover 38 THE APPLE. effcc. if .. .. ..,„„^,.. ,,.,.,:,» -\.r "". ;ir :"^'^ ? '^^ may b.. sown .n July ,uul «ll„„...| ,„ ,..,,,1 "■'" "^^■' >^-"' ' following year. until culiivation starts retain moisture and re rd th/' "" ''"""" '•^'^'"^ "' '^e s of much advantaX ,0 ; o ,r/JT'"' " "^*' »'""""''• •'" «' ^^ich them from -fr-ezTn; d^.v'' .„ w.nt.^""'"""" ""'""^'^ ^"^ P^^^' ha, b;"?b"7ed"h^cre''fo''a'hm\:i'"""" '^""'"" '" ^'"^^^^ -' k.lls the ^row.nK wood UiZ.JTaZ b ''" '' ''l '"'^"^'" ' most noticeable in the early part of Th •' '^"'"' '''''■^'" " of rapid growth Some v. 1, summer, especially in seas than oth4. As soon as i' r 7 "' ?'"f "'""' ^"^J"=« '« '^is d.se cut out and burned cutinc^s^'T''' '^' t''''''"^ '''''''^'•' ''''ould struments us.w^^Tr ' *^ " ''"'""'^^ ^^'°^ 'he ;wffccted part by spraying with Bordeaux mixtuJ^ "^ ""'^'^^- '^ P^^^^" INSECTS— Apples, so far as sfrown here havo n^t k u n„,.;i u 1 . . i">-<-c3 oi u.irK. I ne presence of borpr« rr ™nk and .r'^l'-^r " "^ ^""'"^'- ^-"-^ '-^^es for pain in^" trunk and lar^e hmbs are used, but thev are not often necessary % ^r^tencTof', :,;;\'^ ^-'r'.''" "rf^^^ -^^' -^ -LTt^o'th'e ' sistency .,f a thuk paint, ,s applied with a brush. The borers mav u out with a knife or killed with a piece of wire. Al leaf eat^n/ sects, such as tent caterpillars, etc., are destroyed by Paris /reen a for sucking insects use kerosene emulsion. Wormy apples are he ;«' of the work of the Codling Moth. The moth lays its eggs in the cal or eye of the apple about or shortly after the petals fall. The vou worm eats into the apple, and such apples become prematurely ripe T early broods leave the apple, while late broods will be found in t apples during fall and winter. Spraying with Paris green after the blc soms fall IS the usual remedy. Worms in the apples should be destroye VARIETIES— The apple h,is been in cultivation so long that its eai history to a great extent is unknown. There are a great number of va eties. The first parent of our cultivated apples is believed to be t Pyrut malus, which is a native of northern Furope and Asia Farth north in Asia there is another species of wild apple or crab call, Pyru8 baccata. This i. r.pr^.rnted in cultivation by the Siberian cab Most of our so-called crab-apples, however, are hybrids, originated fro THE APPLE. .«» late Krovvtli. • cultivation , .ind retard to have this t year, oats starts thf Ian will be of the soil, f which are preventinj,' seta and it disease that L-ase. It ih in seasons :his disease s should be d part. In- treos, and netimcs thn tay its pro- ilh mini- I 5 prevented subject to d in a few The ejfufs iorers mav aintinp the ssary. Soft to the Con- ors may be eatinjf in grreen, and : the result 1 the calax rhe young ■ ripe. The und in the r the blos- destroyed. at its rarjy ler of vari- to be the . Farther ab. called iau tiabs. lated from crossins: varieti.-- ..f the Pyriw m«lu« uith the rr.ihs. There are nuinx other sprries cf apples hesules th.- two mentioned. Several spc, i s .nr native in Canada and the 'nited State-;, but th. v have not been rul'i- vafed to any extent. \., peries of the apple f.in.ilv is native t., ..ur prairie provinces, thonjih ili.y are found in East-rn Canada, and .ils.. west nf us in British ( ..luinbia. It only requires a limited experi.n. . i,, di>r,,vcr the dm. rcnce between the growinK apple tree and the . i,,b, -vcn when the trees are dormant. The new growth of the crab is sn)..ller,' mo,.thcr and harder than the apple. Leaves longer and smoother. Fruit li.iHKS ..n longer and thinner -t.ms ; .alyx usuallydn.ps from the matur.-.l fruit. The apple retains the calyx, has thicker leaves, somewhat u. olv on the und(r side 1 ruit stems short and thicker. New growth of vi."„l thicker than the crab and wooly. The apple was introduced to America from western Kurope. I. .iter as settlement extended to the northwestern states, there was a ^.em.md for hardier varieti.-s than those grown in the east. This demand has been to -ome extent met by the introduction of v.irieties fnmi Kussi... Our very hardy varieties are n.iw of Russian origin. These KusM.in .ipples are mostly early v.irieties. The noinen. lature of these ussi.m apples appears to have been very mixed. We have now several n.nii'-, f>r wha: are appaitiillv the same varieties, or so nearly identical iis to be very difficult to distinguish any dirtercncc. Some Cl the Kus,i.in apples are quite handsome in appearanre. The mere fact that an .ipi.l.' may be classed as a Russian does not determine its hardiness. .M,,n\ of them have proved too tender for Minnesota, and such would doubtle-s be useless here. For the benefit of those who may wish to experiment somewhat extensively in planting apples, we give herewith several lists of hardy varieties. It must be remembered, however, as alreadv stated, that the variety does not decide the hardiness of the tree. If grafted on a tender root, the root is the measure of hardiness. The traininn and pruning of the tree, whether high ..r low trimmed, is ..Is,, a factor in estimating its hardiness. The nature of the wood, as influenced by cli- inatic conditions prevailing where the tree was grown, is a funhr r con- sideration. .A tree grown in a m.iistcr or milder climate would undoubt- edly hv unfavorably influenced in tlu- urowth of wood, f.,r planting in a colder region. List n-ccmmended for planting in the coldc^st districts of Ont.irio as given in a pamphlet issued by the Department of Agriculture: Duch- ess llib,.rnal. Wealthy, L.m«fi.ld. P.itten. Scott Winter, CharlamofT ^ellow Iransparent, Whitney. ll>slop. The last two are hvbnds. List of the hardiest varieties for planting in colder districts of On- ano and Ouebec, given in a bulletin prepared by W. T. Macoun, Hor- tieutuns^, I ominion Experimental Farm, Ottawa: Summer and fall tf.bennl ? u-.' yZ '"'"r'P"'"*^"*' ^"^»^"^' Charlamoff, Wealthy, H.len.l \I,.M,hon White. Lungh.ld, Patten. Winter-Mrlntosh Red u" n^v Vrthf 't"'"' '"h^-^"'^-' ^■-'•'-^^"n G-ening. Hybrid '- \Miune\, Martha. Transcendent. I-ist recummended by Prof. N. K. Hanson, of the South D.kof, Agncultural College, for the coldest section of that st.te H kI^ wlTJ' ^'■'*^";"""''- ^^■^'^'i'hy. Mybnds-.Martha, Virginia " "■ ' S«eet Russett, Lyman's Prolific. Brier Sweet, Mary. Whitney, ID THE APPLE. oi.i. «,m. on ^,, r,, Florenre. I.vman's Prolific. I.i^t for MinnrsDtn. nrrnan'H Ki- n. c c I ■. <^'(!ron Nn. r,, Swret Russet ' ""•^''' ' ria<* "f Minneap, \V'..lthv. T.tofskv \fnlindrnl- In ^ '"''"' "'^ '" ''^«' '*'^'"«^ •''PI !l,l,riHs-V,rginia' \Vh n.v" . IV, J"' ^r'"'""' ^'"'■'''"-"•'n nro.'n r^.ribnult. Shi. l.NThr ;-"''• .' '■•"'^'•""'•""'. 'vm.u.V Pro! I.St for -Hal R.pK-.M.,;:^'' f " .»^'-^ ''- Ml.w.n^ snop^mon UinterM'n.versi.v wirt , T't?'' ^""^^ ■^-'"'■t. Br,-,,. Scr ...i.u^ar5J:i|;::;'T..M •;u^n:^;:r' '",:' -•■"'"'^•"^ '^^ ^^--" "■ St„„dnrd apples Hib.'na :rh::s'V tL "rrr:''" r.^ "l'^ T" '■'■^* ■, Blushed CTlvill,.- II u I ■ <>rerninK, f harhimoff, . N-,^ini..,!::lv sin," hern- ' "'^'^•"-'r— ""-«. Ih.lop, Uhm -l.^ -he verv hid , « ' fiV / Th";'' '", '^''"^ '"^ ^''''^ ^^ould In Auj^ust, igo. an exhibition of apples and plum, urown in M- oba uas held m W.nn.pcfir. A list of the apples shown on thfs occa l£'7onr'"7rK ''%^"'J-\-. ^"^-r Sweet, White Rubets. Blushed C b.mbrisk N,. ., Mnrovnka, Lmnan.on Pine. Saccharine, Repka K lasa Kluveskoe Dula, Cross No. ,5, Haas, Duchess. Silken I eafOs, vLVu" ■"• '^.-^^i^^^-- f-^by, Grandmother, CharlamoCocrob Victor Russian Green, Yellow An.s, Wealthy. Patten's Greening. A the following crabs and hybrids: August, Whitney, Sweet Russet Min sota. Transcendent, liyslop, Virginia. Gen<-ral Grant, Greenwood PI IPS 1,000, Orange. Bceche's .Sweet. Briar Sweet. Dart. Martha Tonl Siberians. A number of seedlings produced in Manitoba were a shown. This list ot exhibits is possibly faulty in the naming of a few vii ties, but it shows that even at that date quite a respectable exhibit THE APPLE. II tiita Atfriciil- nnff, f'iU'eii, \b.>rr\, Min- nf flw rn I.nnjrfiPld Jliisli'd Col Whiinrv. Vfinneapoli-!, V : Durl), ss, •nme njjplp), n OrpcninR '"ft Russptt, n's Pmlifir, nplf-mcnt ir\ ett, Scott's nwa Beauty. stern Morti lis country litmoff, Ani p, Whitney. 11 vary very should trv ith the in- 'le i-anse to ier than the he hardiest in the lists nre> is still that can be V have mit ling on tht n in Mani- lis occasion lushed Cal- ravenstein, , HIBERNAL I'hi'* .ijiple reprtspnt-. thr rxtrcmc limit nf hardiness so far a-i knoun of anv apple. The Durhe^s js fuquentlv kivcii first plar<^ as to hardiness, but experience here is in favor of the Hibernal. The Cibtrnal is a Russian apple. Fruit large, greenish yellow, "spl.ishe* "f pale red. nniiien.us white (Lis, m's, I. ike rn.inv of ilie other Kus-ian apples, there are several other so calld varieties whi.h closely resemble or are possibly identical with the llibrnal. These arc I ieb\ or Recumbent. Silken Leaf, Yellow .Arrndian il( . DUCHESS— .Mso called Oldenburg or Durhess of Oldenburg. The best known ,ind one of the best Russian sorts. Fruit I.irge. round greenish yellow, striped and stre.iked with n-d. numerous white dots, flavor sprightly acid, good; srAxm fall. A summer apple f.irilu-r south. Similar or .ilniost identii al vari-lii s ,ne Ar.d)i,in. Rorovinka. White Kritii. ■Ani-^nvka ^.r .Anisette, fdass (ireen. CHARLAMOFF — Origin Rus^i.i. fruit medium to large, light yel- low, (lark I d or crimson stripes ,ind splashes, dots whit., flesh white, fine grained, aurceable acid. good. Season fall. A sumnuT apple in southern Minnesota, f.ike most of the Russian apples, there has been n considerable mixing of names in connection with this apple. Two dis- tinct apples have be^-n brought from Russi.i and sold under this name. The one we have described is sometimes called Peterson's Charl.imoff. The other apple has nou been named Schroedcr. Thr Charlamoff re- sembles ilin |)u(hess in color, but is more oblong. About as hardy as Duchess. Other varieties resembling or possibly identi. al are Pointed , Pipka, Champagne, Champanskoe. PATTEN'S CREENINC— Originated by C. G. Patten, of Iowa, from seed of the Duchess, obtained at Portage, Wisconsin. The Minnesota Horticultural Society has placed this apple in the list with those of the first degree of hardiness. Fruit large, yellowish green, flesh white. juiry, sprightly sub-.uid, good for table use or .ooking. .Season earlv winter. Resembles MrMalwm. but has green d.,ts, while the latter has white dots. • . *!;"5^'rTE or ANISOVKA-Resembles Duchess. Tree more up- nglit habit, and ripens earlier than the Du< hess. BLUSHED CALVILLE-Origin Russia. Fruit medium size, yellow- ish white, with slight blush, dots white, flesh wh-te, fine gr.iined, jui. v good. A very early apple, and probably about as hardv as the precelii--' four varieties. Resembles Yellow Transparent. BOROVINKA-See Duchess. .r.i*'*I?"l!'~;°'''^'"/""'^- '''■"•* ''='"'^'' ^'"^H' greenish yellow, cov- ered with dark red '^"^«; ..,u;.o a...u -.^..^-..x. . .• j ,, ■ "c . \;, ' '"-"" «r-^ruah Wnitc, good table appie. Season winter. Tree vigorous, healthy, hardy. This varietv has manv names, some of which are 7uz..fT. Good Peasant, Boisdorfer.' etc. THE APPLE. WiALTHV-Oriffin.ited m Minnenota by Pcicr Gjdc.n. It is to have he n ktuwd from s.cd of thr Chrrry crab, but thif is noi c re by nianv lic.rti< ulturist^. As the seed w.i^ sent to Mr (Wdcon Iron State ..{ Maine and passed iliMUKh twn or three hand^, it is m 're Iifi'bahle that it was of .1 mixed ch.itaiKr. It is m'T<- pmbablc tha \Vome apple of extra fine quality. Wealthy is not as hardy as those previously dealt with, but is of suf qunlity. Trees of this variety havr fruitfd in Manitoba, and it is w of trial in favorable locations. Classed by some authorities as ha than .Anisim. CRABS AND HYBRIDS. The rrab', or hybrids vary niu< h in qualify, hardiness and he fulness. So-.ne of them partaki- more of the quality of the apple which thev ;..>vi; been crossed, than the crab. TRANSCENDENT — This is 'he best known and most larKcly g m tl ' prairie provunes of any apple of its class. The tree is a sti sprcadinK grower and very hardy, but subject to twig blight in localities. Frui: ri( h, yellow with reddish blush. Quality the very for the nurposes lor which the crab is generally used, namely, jel canning Not valuable for a table or dessert apple. MARTHA — Originated in Minnesota. A very hardy, thrifty not subject to blight. Fruit glossy yellow, shaded with red. Exc( for cooking or preserving. In some localities not an abundant be but other growers pronounce it a good fruiiir. WHITNEY — Tree a strong, very upright grower. 1 ruit glossy g splashed with carmine. A good desert apple, resembling more the s than the crab. HY8L0P — This v.iriety is hardy, nnd jiroduces showy dark crii fruit. A late-ripening variety. LYMAN'S PROLIFIC — A new variety that resembles Hyslop in and shape, but of better quality and ripening earlier. This varii i\ rapidly become popular in .Minnesota, where it was originated, and v it is a popular market fruit. FL0REi4bE — .Another tree of .Minnesota origin. An early crs excellent quality and handsome reddish fruit. VIRGINIA— A strong, spreading grower. Fruit bright red. Se September-October. EARLY STRAWBERRY— An excellent little apple for dessei table use, but exceedingly perishable. Not suitable for market. V some appearance. TONKA — A hardy Minnesota crab. Tree pright. Fruit acid. 1 for cooking. Season, October-November. SWEET RUSSETT— An early, sweet crab, useful for the table PLUMS. 43 1. It IS »ai(J iiui < rcditcd eon Irom th.- IS mire than lablc that th i.in that it i 'd «ith ;eni lli. ir..- i^ p„p^,|,,n,|, |,,,r,|v till ni.jst iiiit.iv..iabl. a«trin- Ttrcs In.ided with this iniit in --'-'US h.iv.; b.iu ob,crvcd Thry ..rr rlosfk re- lated n -he Pyrut l>.o«>U, nf whi.h thry are pr„b.,blv sele.tions. I he t.,ut h.irdiest of these « rabs or hvbrids. .-xrlusiv,- of ,he Siberian are th. Martha. Trans, .ndent. ,,v,lop. VirKinia. \\m Saund. r^, J.L.d", Director of he Dominin,, Gov. nut.ent K.tpcrimental Farms. Ottaw... has produ.-ed a lar,fe nurnh.r .,, l,^^^ds by rrnssmK various hardy .t.mdard apples with the small pyrus baooatt. Many of these have been planted at various points thr.„iKhout the prairir provinces. Sotne of them at least will no doubt pr.ve hardy, and add usrful varieties to nur list of di-irabi- trees. thrifty tree, d. Excellent idant bearer, glossy green, ~>te the apple dark ciimsoii yslop in color 5 varii'ty h.i- sd, and wher iarly crab of red. Season r dessert oi rket. Hand- it acid. GooJ he table. CHAPTER XI. PLUMS. _ The plum is soinct.nios spoken of as the tree fruit of the north This >s true of this continent so far as w.ld plums are concerned, for nativ.. pliiii.s are abundant in son., sections of Manitoba, while no species of «PP e ,s found ,n this latitude. Bvt while w.- have plums indiginous to the -ountry. efforts ,o grow cultivated species and varieties of plums here h.ve not met with as favorable results as has been the case with apples. The plums grown in the milder portions of Can i.'a-parts of Ontario and British Columbia-belong mainlv to the £u. „e,n species |nown as Prunu, domeatlca. This plun: has be.n under cultivation for lenturies and has been brought to a high state of development. There «re a great many varieties of this species in cultivation. During more fecent years a number of varieties of the Japan plum have b-en intro- <«. td. some of wh, h ..re hybrids resulting from crossing with the Euro- Bere_ 1 hc> have not been a success even in s.,uthern Minnesota throJJr'tT T'! " ""'"''!:,''■ '•'"''""* '''"'^^' °f «*'d Pl"'"« found throughout North Am.rK a. The two most northerlv specie, are Prunus .m«.'/ u'u "•'*'''■*' °^ ^^anitoba and bordering states, and Prunua •merlcana. which occurs throughout the northern states, extending from Canada sou hward over a large area of territorv. Inabir^v to grow th^ Europc.m plum has no doubt incre.nsod ,h. .ff„,,. ;„ ,Ug j. j.,f il^ivl'^"""' "" "'''"•■ "'""''• "'"' '^' result that w/tiiin'a c;;i^ Jaratively few years a great many selected varieties of the Prunus amarl- 4t PLUM*. Mfla h..v. hr,.„ t.rrn „.,m..,| ...Hi |,ui on ihr m..rke( \ frw named p.. I ^rui,u.nl«,. 1...V. .Uobccn ,n„odu...d V..,..„.., iH-l.-nK.. tl..-p u*o ,p..r,f, arr the only i,lura« wh.th huvo born found .. valu.. here. A jrre*t manv of the v.u.et.r, of fnmua ■mtrleana, •Wf, nK fto,.s. Tl,.- fruit v.uirs widely .n -,. in ... wild statr. some b.-ing of f..ir quality and othrr trrrs pr,,di .-.x. MdmRly ..s.nnKrnt f.uit, .Some tro<.> w.ll be found with rip,, in .AuRt.st. and others ,lo not npen rx-ept in v.-rv favorable .eason>. n..Hve plums are usu.dlv red, or purplish red in color, but occanin y.llow or splashed u.th y.Ilow. Th.- futur- of phim irrowin^ here rtepend larxrly upon the imi.rovement of our nativ plums, .mometim..s by praftin«:. For our .lim..',' thry .hou!. Kfown only on roots of ,he natiy. wild plum, whether budded or pr, Plums of the amarioana rh.ss brouKh. in from the borderin^f state the south, arc very liable to root-kill here. A Rreat many h.ive been on this account, owinR to the usr of roots that are much too tendei our climate. 1 ntil w have ., surtic.ent supply of trees budded grafted on our own native wild plum roots, planters of this fruit in prairie provmces cannot hope for really satisfactory nsults. So nearly all the plums planted here have been brought in from the s. or e-st. ano practically all of these are grown on roots that are q too tender for our climate. \\h,.re such plums have been planted ground about them should be h.avily mulched in the fall, to protec't roots. PLANTING— Plums thrive best on well drained land, and h ridKes. though they do w.ll on retentive soils. They may be plai abf.ut ten feet apart in the n.v.s, and several varieties should be plar together. This greatly assists in fettilizinR the blossoms. .Some va lies are not fruitful when plant-d alone. Whii,- the flowers are perl in themselves, cross fertilization by other varieties is desirable and us- ly results in increased productiveness. Where a num.ber of trees growing in |)roximity, this cross-ff^rtilization will be accomplished bees or other insects, and the wind. Heavy, oi dashing cold rains, c ■)i>, ■"t ^LUMt. «;> named vartc t>«'l'mKin»f t.. f'Xind of .inv «rl«an«, how - Ii.ivp nrijfin i )liei< atiout^. (d\ hiTP, th' > nuturrd i.i of thr oUlein St.ltPI of Ihf "'inn* ipfirf \], ics should he baik. It i. 1" upn«ht, or t> nccniint is Iv in inialit\ p'< pr.idiii inj( ith ripp frinr "tpasijn>. Tin ocrasiim.illv rifir here wii: .inhould bi i or R-raftfd njr states |. ive been los- .-„.. time, „per..e to pr. »en, the fetnh/.nK "f ' .r plum .« ih- e„ent d- ..table D.tr...-.n» f-r the .ult.val.on h^ r""'!, -""' - P'- ^-r -he hardy nat.vo var.H;:. 7.".;', ' -.. ..low .. lo„Ker or h.Khr, „unk th .n i, r.cu.nmended for ,he apple are n..r dcMfable. Un lu three fe.t „ quit^ suttu.eni .m 1 **!*?!*' ' '"' """" "■^•'bl-tome .n«rris to the plum here are the :to«ar,U the t,p. of .ho branche,. .,nd on the ,.,«„» ,, f, J,, .1 \Vh! « « 'V o *;^^^^^ '^^ '"'"•" ■ -'V 'bundant. a, thev ,on,. - I^:;:: ::::.- rr;«.. ^^;t;!',:;Mr a;:r r ' v^— -^ - '•■ he onlv a ,h,n .h.ll w,.rnn , . ",'"" '''°*""" *'" ^'« 'ound ;r-p,:- --- -- - :-- - ^:^^xr^h^t:r!^ It atwL\!;e^"v e?a';'?'"''r '""«"^. '"-•*- " ^"^-■" 'o control. Perfo.at.on. in th "c;^cV\T7 ' ''"T"'"'' '^ "^^ '""""' '•''^l" >'- ■' 1 ThedK.eas.d JrJ^.t :iiy';;;Td:i;:t"":'V''^:' ""■■' •^- "— • fotcd. It .s very .njurious to tlK ir s , r " ' ' ".'"* "'^' '" ^f«^"-i""S and the new grolth of wood S .r . ' ' ZT.'7 "",'""" ""^ "'' ''"'^'^ .early an«>^- observed in Manitoba w h , if w^" In, '^''"''^'^'V^ ""^ "*'«">• ^^^^ b.-.n •■ -^P"nsible the black knot. Spraym^ with strong Bordeaux mix- m CHI lure h.i.„e ih« bud. op*n. ^nd wnd rt-.tu.nd ,irroK»», Uu, will Ihm (li«ea»r m chr. k •iw.iet ..i« Aiik.n an K.i,^ «„ •■« AuKU,. Ch^nry „.„ ^, U,«e », Aitkin. ..d. ju.o. «.„,d .a Sc..>Mn ., liMit l..'rr ih.in Vnk.n. * • « ii AMIRIGANA VARIITIIt UbIv th. v u . ,„In ..„t, ,h.,ul.I t.r ^...M (.ardcn. Uoll. lUU^Mii, lUxUy, Mank...., 4,c ..^,|y v,„ct,e. in the .,b»rnce ol . m.r,..v. tn.,U it i» dilh. ult t., ,,,c4k 4i «.. ihcir rr l«..rd.hr,v Ih- |,„, ,r,,,mmend.d by ihr M,pn.t.,.a ..nd Dakota .•» ...h',.m vanetu-, which will not ripen in it m..>t favored tert.o Manit.,1,.,. riiltivatrd v.iriefy .,f ir.r , herrv h.is b. , n found th.it is of real value hrrr. Sev.-ral itt.ri.pt^ have been made to jriow cherries a few trefs have ac i.o'ly p'odu.rd a sample of fruit in thr more fav diMfict, of ,-a,tern southeastern Manitoba. Th.«e experiments ever, have had no practual valiv, ix.ept to indicate that the kno«n v ties of cherries rannot be wrown to advantage. A few varieties of < ries are (frown in Southern Nfinneiota and the southern portion of S Dakota, but north of that latitude they have not been a success, hardiest varieties of the cultivated trrc rherrv have been introduced I eastern Europe and are commonly spoken of as Russian cherries, this class belongs such varieties as Ostheim, Bessarabia, etc. There are several spicies of cherries native to the prairie provi of Canada. These include Prumm ptnntylvtniM (Pin Cherry), w is found in wood sections all over the lountry. The fruit is very s but of Kood flavor. Color red. Prunus dsmlsa is the common wild b or ch.ke ch.-rry. Fruit small and astringent. Prunus pumtia is the h or sand cherry. The fruit of this low growing species is larger 1 either of the otl.ers and varies much more in quality and size. Som very bitter or astringent, but occasionally a plant will be found w produces a much better quality .,f fruit. The improvement of this spe ..ffcrs th.> best prospects for the future of ! Surpti^e i« I I 0U« NATIVI FHOITi. ,. Pl*n.. tiowever. would r.p.oducV Z ,^, . y"*'^",* '"'•" - '""^«1« ' f""U. and «hr plum *||| ,1,., .rrn, „- .? " "" ""' » « "'""' na.ur. have ,..: ml'^Min;^:,;' 'tJ "•"•"„ -^'r — ' "' 'M- nativ* |,lm„ ^ .jj, oiialifv f„, . "mc «xipnt Sue of ^n avrrrftfe •^mher and ,he .r. e '.'air, /;'.,;,: I'""" " "»-" "-« '-ly .„ S,';. 1-1I is of am cherrir>, »nd ninre favoffd iments, how Icn'iwn vari> . !tien of rhcr :ion of S.iutli urcess. Th'' oducrd from herries. To c. rie provinci'i erry), which s very small >n wild blai k iv the bush larjrer than le. Some i< found whicii this spcci' s n our prov ion. Plants ve producer! / few fruit ed on quitr •ry fnir fr'.:i" »ve been if CHAPTER XIII 0U« NATIVI PRUITt. ""■re prolific than similar or rrir T "' ^"'^"^ '""'"v ..nj -IHvared fruit, of thT'tn^h T'^Z::^/,:!:: k"'' '^"'' "' '"^ Strawberries. r..ipberries, Rooseberrie, ' by native specie,. K"r.e.. are all represented by one o „ ' e n'?"'"' """'"■ «""«•. al-i.e .s not a nat.ve in any form All ? ' 'P""" ^h.- ..ppi^ •'ed from w:,d species. ''some"f thl.''rav'e be?:'' !["'" 'r ""«'»■ ons ,t,at the.r earlv history „ unkm."^ O't ","**" cultivation ,o .fruits, ,urh a, the Am.ri. an varieti« of » " '"J"" °' cultivated -e of ,,u.t,. „„.<,„„ „ ^.Vs^e o/ "7; "T'^^ri- »"<« P'um.. «me specie, from which have be^n „rL f"' ^'""* ^"'""'^ '" 'h<' ^Thi, i, true of our 't^ ^ ^^^^1;;;^^?*"'"' ^"J^'^''"- berr.es and the American varieties ^^JiXriirthe''^'''" "' '"^ of which are native to our woods ar,d prid^ T^ f ""'"' "l^^'" are said to be of superior oual.tN a ,hl ' , ""' "*"^« '™"» highly developed fruifs 0? fS^op The Eur"n'"" '"''"."' '"'"« "' '"e both of which are now renreSemed h v « ^""'P"" K"o,eberry and plum, excellence, are sa?d ,o Ee ?nfl ^ "T"""' ^''"*''*' «' ""urpas.ed tdesirab!" ""-.he--, «-j,- .. - P'"* ' *"^ ™ay say, of ne- Iv all th* UUM NATIVI fNUiTt. «h'.ul ' iii< It >tiliiV4i>(l iriiilt ih«i •oitt'' '•) lit l>>im oihrr rF|{i>>n n,v ftnd >i|i(Alilr fi.r • iil)iv.tiian, nur n.tiivi lriiit> »liiiuU) h'>l I**' lo'iktd It ihoulil br |»i«»ib(« III tU'Vr|i<() IfiiRI l|lr%r itrftlVc flUtli < lie* ti|ual III i|tMlM) to tuAny ( •• lultjf rfcilimaiitl *|irt|(«, |hc mvtk nl ; brriHlitiK |» fkprntike 4n>l tinceit^in m rrtulu, nittl ■Imultl not, prri Ijc ltd (<> iitiviti' rniritiiite aUiw Mir mtiividiMl who ilrvDir* bii ifi ^u< h rm|il>>« ui> lit II ir^liy WDtkiriK for iIip < iiutii «U'i. r th'»»«' who have o| luntiy to d tbc impiuvvi tit our n>iiivt! fiuiti, in iha (hii{iirrii (IrvoirU tu the cuhivati'tl fruii«. cjI •itx m"»t piiii whi'li W"'* %u\i* thoulil br Klii.tiiK'il b> ^n rfilU btfcUiliK' i h< n4iiv<' |>tu iiittivaitd til ^<>mc ikiciii, iiMiiily in the loruk ut >r|rc («d lue* t tioiii tlir woodt, but tto iittiii' d v.iif tict ti4vc )et bt't'U uil«t> II Migiiui'd Ik I .' by bii-idtnii. Sd lortnt I been 'tpturcd ititouMb »(-i>'< li'>n. I'b'- |Mjo«tbihty ut ev'iur ii.iiivi ^|ii t ie« is di!iB hern ijcvcitid •<> the ('t.inl»i-riy (Vaoelnlum) oi Uiil^h cheirv (pruf( ih« tnoii pruiiit»ini our n.ittvc fruits. It is .ii>d i<> -ivru' luf .ttiun'i. Mill ihiivr on »oil, .iiid fpsitt Kcvt re diouth. Of iirawb«irii-% there are two n, fornix. FniBarIa vlrgltinn,*, i om wUkIi havi onguiatud mott of uur itvated '4pc< i< <> ami Fragarla mm*, the v^nodland tp. The r Dctry Ik rr|iie>ei)t<-d b«- Rulitt* •IrigMlM, ftoai \^huh spnift have uri .itcd raoit of the vuiuvaitd v.unitu'* .t i«d raspbiirifs I liere aic t or four uthi-r native form^ f the ra»pbp< i ic!i KruMing far nurtli wlurh pioducrs yi'liu\« ftuti. All fuut vartc(U!^ have u distiibuti'in. i liu nun3,ehcity \s irpieaented by tt\() specie!), ut Mhtch RIbet ttlium Is tmv. I rum tlii-< &pciici li.ive on^maivd iktvtial of the beat iivatcd vaneiies ut Aiuciican urigui Some of the native pUnti, lelc frum the wood^, are cultivated by the ivttlers in some sections, some plant> piuducing fiuit of very n^od qii.ility h.uc b our cultivated varieties (Rib«« rubrum ) The junebcrry (Amtlanohor oantdsnsia) v, r, -and in river valleys wherever there is any forest growth, in nearly all aections of the C( try It is also locally known as the Saskatoon berry. Some cultiv vat :;:!f3 n, inui frui; .ifC OIIi ff d by Uit iiui -iii ici, ol wiiKJi f^noPAOATiNQ rwuiTt. Iriitii *4rt«J« xrk ()( pl«Bi not. prth4(i*, ■>•«•» hu itmt *t Urgr, of, I hdve o|i|)or- iroi)itivrin«'ni il ftuH- < »n' i< Il U"" tuei liete arr »« v the chapici I dull. The )rint[ of live oil pool ! (wu native t (if our cul The raip h.ivc uriKin- ere .lie thrc \g all heiba ;ruwing ver\ have a will h RIbM hir- the best cm mi, ickct. f the coun- le «ultivat«J wiiH II tic w VI»umiMi aiNiltM, ...ntinunly <«lli>(i the tligb Bmh ( ».,„h. „• .. . "»t;r./::;?ri';;,';:.;::j;,;:;;',,r,jr,;;-''"7 >'■-■ I C HAFTKK XIV. j ^RO^AOATINO muiTt mOM tiio. .« i. de.ired ,o „b n ,et Zj" "„ ,k7""' *'"'• '^""^ •"«*• ^^hen fernli.ation ., the term ap .1 td t^th^ .r d-hni.e obj.c. in vi.w, Crc, [ same species. llybruLtu „ is ^h^ „''" * Z'' '*" "'"'•"•'» «' '»»« I The Utter i, .he more d fficul W 3 ', ''' '7 .''""'^* ""^•'"^ w.th other, of ,he same family, n most cas« h '1 '" '° "'" '" cro„ different sp.. ,es „f the .LT.l^ however, ,t ., possible •«.UH.) and the crab apple (i^ru^ZJ^tT'irlV"": ^""'^ «"*"" mention i. made of the crn 'm'L of ,,!: '!?• V^^ ^'"''"" *"» c»>errie. Mum The plun, and che ry l^e ' ^J'^? '^"? \"^ '»>'= Americana 'he genus Prunu,. CroTs ortU?,iiJ?A^ T'"'"' ' ^""^ belonK.ng ,o on the sam.- Rrner .1 nrinrinl« * o^ hybrid.i.ng may be carried out mal iMubnndry b: e' S ",;;,:;;':"'^^ "ff-rta in ani- '^•rried on »yvema"calTv 1„H n .r^ V"" ""'""•' " '"" 'h-- ^"rk ,^ v^ Natur^,;:sr ^ b.:;:;^'ih;"- u^:;L" j::^'"l "i^- - -i^s;i.^e:-^:i - ;xs;:- to ^;rsr££ 6U PROPAGATING FRUITS. (if Kf»''" li.iuiinrss lo •m-> uhIi .1 liss liaiily apple rit nmni nualitN, t ulijfi I hriiiK i.i roniliiiir ill' hardiness ot the mie vvilii llie xoud <|iiali of the iiilier, III the nlfsprinx. Cruss-feitiliziiiK is not mm h ,1 t iinclertaken by any one of oidm.iix 11 jli^ente, posscssjnk; a reasonali kiiowledKi' of plant-.. The i- bee om<' self fertilize In suili plants it is neeessaiy to remove the anthers (the vessels co: lainiiiK the pollen) from the blossoms t pr,,vi- v.ilu.il)!,- .uldm.iii, i .1. ''•-''<•' -'"d •..■..,. ,i,..„ ,1..,.. « . „ ■; ^•;;,;:"';,"" '"•^, '•■'- f^^-^^w M'u,„ .„,... 1,1.. v..n,.,i,s but , ,Jn. '"untnrs ...n ^n n.-rtl, ,0 ""I- '- ,h.. i,..M ,..,„:. "n,;,."" ;■"; "•^> <•"— «"- -..,1. and injf tiiiitN (loni MTcl. '"••inn i,, j-u,. ,n>iru( ti..n> t..r ktow- .S..,N „f ,m..ll fruits. M„h IS str.ul "' 7"<' - '.- H..,.v.v . ?i s . TT :"" .•^"" "'"• •'" -'-"^'"' • ;'•'''•■ '"" "'«■ -'■•I -f m,.s, u'|„.r , .,1.,'; ' Vy 'f "-'i'-ns ..... fav,.,- '""'"« MTtiiK. .Sh.ul,„K' th,. s..,.| . , '"/;'" ^"f""' """I •I." f..l "••«•--.-,. Th.. .n,..„.rsh.,uld , 1 I h ; '■"^•"'"; ''"' - ""' ■.'-.lut..K — -' 'n i..t- frosts, n: Ji'hTm'M;,"", "'""^^ '■'■'"'^ "- '-I.' '" ^-^- '.' fruit. Ih, V sh.,„w b.. ;: ■ '"'''" "" •""' •'^•' "-' -' --,...«, ..„, „..„„„^ ^^,.„ ..round'.,;;';;:;" " '■"'"■ '"•"^"'>^' '<"- ;;^' -■''•."■"".^;^'n;^:'"b; 'x:::!^ 'z ";■"";;' ■■' "'•• ^■'"- '^ -- ;'n..ll s..,.ds .,f „,, „,„,r fru„s A | ll m''* ''•' '''•^'"" "^«" ""• '"•^'. -MuLh m th,. fall and if .hi '■',''''■• ^^'•" '^^^'"•''l -"il .> T bake in th- s„rm«, af, r h 1"?,"^ ' ""''••"'>• "^ '^o s.,i| ,„ , , , -'■••' rake. vra't. h f .r u l^. rrn Jl, '1 'T'''1' ^^'*" " "^" -« "•' I'i.'n.s bef.,rc th.ir presence is n. ", 'e.r r k'" '''"''"•" •'" "^'' >"""*<' '^ I..Ms„„,.d bran. .Sw.eten !nd m . '' ^^"' "'''"'^y ^"' «u'-vv..rins 4 .' b..x with moist sand and „u. Z,T I''-'ntinK, may be pla. ,-d in - Mf.-l ou, and the s;;ds' re ,1 nt'dln'". r"' . '" "^'^ ^—*^ 'he sand ^ "ut. the box in whi.h seeds uekS V , I'T^ *''>• '^ '*»''''' '« dry i'-t'er. It is s..metimes ZL'^lLu^^u ■"' '""^"'^'' ^^''^ straw or . "ff at the surface. This S;^^ „!!. «h,rh causes the plants to rot appeared above ground and "'.177 '"'' '''"' '''' "'^'"'^ ^-e ; >-jo of laths naded upi.n "tips ^ -t:^"; ';;:i„/ ^""^'■f"' ^""^'^ - ' "'• ••'"•'nately with each lath These lu..:'^ '"^'"' """ "'^"' "^ ^« ^-' •■-•'•. '• - a Ko..d plan ,. pr . e e rb'd T ","':" ""'^ ""-• 'i'"' >o ...ches h.Kh, on each side .,f 1 , ef ''-' P''" '"'f '^"-'^ds ^'•"^«-- In «o..d loca ions i V n ^ , u' " "^"'*" ='^'' ''^'''l "■' '- ^-1 they are only r..cu.^d S,^;',;^^, ';r-^-^>- '" "- the screens, |ueat,.er is very dry. watering mav J, ^!::ij!' Hu.te small. If ,he -' K..d s..akinjr should be ifiven Th,. ... ." r '"'* '' '^""<" a' all Mven. I he custom of g^ng i.^^ht waterings 68 GRAFTING AND BUDDING. frequently is injurious and often more injurious than drouth. Young tree should be taken up in the fall and "heeled in" over winter. In the fo luwinff sprinff they may be planted out where they are to be left to frui SeedlinK fruits for testinir may be plantrd about six feet apart for applt and plums, and the poor ones cut out as they fruit. Weak trees, or tho* showing signs of disease or winter damage, should be rut out. Plums and cherries require much the same general treatment a apples, but greater care is perhaps necessary to prevent the seed froi becoming dry. The seed should be washed and planted soon after it i taken from the fruit. By observing this lulc most of the seed will gro the first year. If planted late in the fall, much of the seed will remai in the ground over the second winter before it grows. Young aeedlinf) of all kinds should be well cultiv.ited both before and after transplantin to permanent rows. The soil should never be allowed to bake or cru! and no grass or weeds should be allowed to jfrow among them. Plui and similar hard, bony seeds may be kept over winter by mixing in box with damp sand and burying in the ground over winter. The should be planted early in the spring. Many of them will not gro until the second year after planting. CHAPTER XV. GRAFTING AND BUDDING. The most rapid and least expensive mode of propagating plants i usually by growing from seed. Some plants do not come true fror seed and it is, therefore, necessary to use some other mode of perpetual ing them. This is accomplished in various ways, by separation, as i the removal of the small bulbs which form about the base of paren plants; by division, as in cutting up a potato into several parts; b layers and cuttings; and by grafting and budding. All our tree fruit are propagated in the latter way. Many ornamental trees and shrubs ar also propagated by budding or grafting. The principle of grafting an budding is essentially the same. In grafting a small twig, carryin, usually two to four buds, is used. In budding a single bud without an considerable attachment of wood is used. The tree or root upon whic the operation is performed, is called the stock. The twig which is ir serted is called the scion in grafting, or the bud in budding. In eithe grafting or budding, portions of two separate plants are united to fori a new plant. The bud or graft becomes the fruitful portion of the tree while the stock is only used as a means of propagating or perpetuatin the variety from which the bud or graft was taken. The operation sue ceeds best on closely related species. That is when the scion and stoc belong to the same or some closely related species. There are som divergencies, however, in this rule. The stocks upon which the oper£ tion of budding or grafting is performed are grown from seed. I'a «., GRAFTING AND BUDDING. f,.^ For the purposes for whirh »k;= u i • '""«> »''Jf Jfrattinjf, e i, . inse,...d to hold the split open until the .cions^are ins^eru-d S^ 1,11* "^ .-^l M GRAFTING AND BUDDING. inui waxes .irr m.idr nf bi-cswax, rrMn and tallnw, ot linsfcd .til. Thr proporfinns may be varied af one to two inches. .An upward cleft or cut is then made m the scion and a downward cut in the stock. The two are then united Whip Grafting by showing the tongue of the scion into the cleft in the stock, care being taken to have the inner bark in each meet. The illustrations herewith show a scion and stock prepared for uniting. If a good fit is made it wiii only be necessary to cover the cuts well with wax, applied either GRAFTING AND BUOOINO. warm with n bru^h or by hiind for rnlcl wax. Soft (aim- that ran h<' broken r.isily, mi< h a> knittinjf od for winclmK tho Kr.ifi> This insurps Rrraicr oafcty in handlinR, but is not necpss.iry tth.ri' i jroo.| job has bfin madr. Thr twini- «.hoiiUl hr saiurat.d with wax bv droppmjr the balls m mcltt-d wax. S< ions should In- < ut in thf fall Ih-x may br placed in bt.xis of s.md and btirud outdoors over winter, or ki pt in a rnol cllar, in sand or moss. Root-storks mav also b.- duR in ih.- fall and stored where th.v will be ...nvenient when re(|uired for uraftinif The srions should bo .oniposed .if the new wood of lh.> previous n -at « urowth. If tender roots are used, a mu< h longer s, ion mav be used and this IS planted so that only one bud of the s, i,,n will be above Rroun.l In this case some of the trees may eventually . ome on their own roots. by ,endin>r out ror.ts from above the union ear-old r.M.t may be < ut Into two or more pieres and a scion in sorted in each. Thin strips ,.f muslin, dipped in melted wax, make K"od bandaRes for windinR thr Rrafts. Root Rrafted trees will reach a good size for plantinR in permanent positions in two or three vears. All shoots that start from the root arc kept cut off and the scion, which forms tlv main stem, is trained to bran< h at any desired heiRht. Various method of graftinR succeed well nith the apple. HuddinR IS more Rencrally employed with the plum, but both root and top-Rraft- inR may be employed with the plum. CraftinR the plum should be done early in the sprinR, when the tree is riuitc dormant. Late RraftinR is not successful with this fruit. BUDDING— There are also several methods of buddin in use. but it will be necessary to describe only the most common mt.hod. known as shield buddiuR. BuddinR is successfully employed upon ncarlv all fruit trees and is the Reneral means used with ston.> fruits. It is also employed with rotes and some other ornamentals. The operation is per- formed in the late summer season, at a time when the bark will peel readily and buds are sufhciently developed for use. Only a siuRle bud IS used, with as little wood as possible, and is inserted under the bark Buds of the current season's Rrowth are used, and only well developed buds should be selected, such as will be found toward the centra of a cuttmR of new Rrowth. The buds toward the tip will be too you and tnose at the base not sufficiently developed. Plums will usually ue in Rood c.indition for buddiuR about the middle of AuRust, in this dim ite varyinR somewhat accordinR to the season. In a drv season the wood ripens earlier and buddiuR may be done to advantage also somewhat earlier than usual. BuddinR is usually done on young trees, durinR the second season of Rrovth. The plants are Rrown from seed the first vear I hey are taken up in the fall and "heeled in" over winter. In the spring thev are planted out and budded in th,. summer of the same season Mocks one-half inch in diameter are lar-e enouRh for buddinR The b.Kl ,s inserted as close to the Riound as it can be convenientlv done. It should be inserted on the north sid- of the stock, as a protection aRa.nst drviUR out. A switch conta.ninR the buds is cut from a tree of he d.sired variety. The leaves are pinched off, leaving the stem of the "^^a^^'-^c 'ud'T'- J''' 'T-^' ' '■'''''^' ''-'■^•H- Hid': Kniv« A M 'I '"™ '''^' '''^"^'' ^^"H a thin-bladed knife Knives made specially for budding may be purchased. A very little wood ftH HANDLING STOCK. -net some bark u cut our wuh the bud. the rut hnnw ab-u. an m. h .,r I— lonK. A, the b..rk of thr wood unite, with the ...kk, the le« amount of vv.ukI po..,bie shoulc* be taken .„h the bud. A ;ert,cal ", throuKh the bark, .in inch ..r more lonir. is then made in the .tork wiih un r^Hl' "T '."' .'"•'.• • ''^"' '"'" '' "'' ""'''" - "^•■" "'•«=<' - '"rn«d up a littl.- and the hud is inserted and shov.-d down undir the :>a.k If th,- b..rk l^ in the best < undition and peels readily, the operation of in- >er,.nff the bud i, not difficult. Any poi.ion of ,he bud. .rany. pro erl inK ab„ve the crosx ui >lK,uld be cut off. When ^ccurelv inserted the stork 1, wrapped to hold .he bud firmly in place, and present "r^ou, dm-e li *"PP;°^-'i-l-n.-«h.., a, a fi„. Jo nd";; i.s' ""; ""' "j''^'^'' "^' '- ^oL z:z'^^ ';;;i:,7 ::.;'";: -jr".:;"?, '^-rj: ir" '""■ •;■' •'•''""■'-" r,rsz?,,,fr^"'^„,^rd-"•■r,»-;.i^-^^.£ from the bath, takm^ out one at a time as thcv are required and aTthe P a e for pL.nt.ng ,s made ready. The roots of small trees hould iot h nd " ' "" '"''"''"'• '^^'' 1'^e.aution is particularly necessarv b wirm dl ever,.n...ns. A few minutes- exposure to the sun on a' ' Z'h for plantmg >f possible. Small trees should bo carried in burk'trof tlun mud or water and planted directly from these. Herbaceous d'^s may be rarr.ed ,n boxes, «nh a layer of d..mp moss over tlum ^ PREPARING TO PLANT-The .reneral nrin.inloc „» „,.^.:^_ rauci, the same, whether the thing- to be planted .Ta "str'awbi^rV 1,l.ant or a tree of considerable size. The firs, thin^ is to prepare the oSject AN HANOLINQ STOCK. m. !„„« ;, ,,;,n,,„^ ,.., „.„„ „,^ ,,^,,^^ ^_^,^. .'Off u A , "-"'-"V""" "' "• '""«• Heavy '.,..., .h.-uUl b/1 r, „;. 1 . he , ; ''T '?":'" .'^■'" '"'"^ '*'" ^— -• '-- 'H- P'-- now ;. : r "'n'\'" ' ""V '""^ "•" '""•'' "•"•'^ -•"•""■^ «'-'• rut brfik m pre. porn. m at li-iim (,, ihr rn,.t^ Thi« >. .,-r. / r>. H tmiM b. Kivrti rvry opportunity to ovrr.omc the ,hof> it ha, "•....vr.l from brinK torn from the soil Thr trer shL \ , hrforr plantmir .uxl tli- i,r, ...», * .1 -hould br prun.d out thry should be bur.cd unt.l thrv thaw, or thry mav be left ,„ a col.l S ;;;.;Sd1;:^ ''"'•^^ t-t '"■'"^' ^^'" -• '"^-'- --^ fihrn,,. r . /L^ "'" "'"'"''' '"" *>> 'Xl'osur,- to th.. air Tlu- fibrous roots of hcrbar-ous plar,.s hk,- strawberries may be short.n I RoL^T '"'"k""*^' ■'"•' ^'""'- •' "''• '"'-«'•• '"•«v bf. removed flower buds are showing, pirn h th.m off. the r1°rcl?b?nl'!'^7"'\'"''"" '""^i'^-^-bly larRer than the roots, ... JinJ?h h '^ J "" "'"' "'*''■• ^"'^ ""^ '•"*''*"'' "" 'be other, when diK- Sne emh h" TV'" "' '"''"""' '"^ *■""'' ■'"'""' «''e roots. Sift in th, fine earth about the roots and be sure that the so,l ,s thoroughly nTcked everything, from a tree to a small bedd.nR plant. In heavy Ll whL« damp, .t will not require so much press 're' to pro^rly fi m 'e "o, but m hKht or dry so.I, all the pressure that ean be exerted with^h; oot .s necessary. Vo air spaces should be left amonK .h root^ \V th larKe trees the packing must be done wh.le gradually h^lmg m it earth The packing should be done amon^ and around the roots, but no" ,„ Lose" Tk" n^'" ""^ '"°'' ^^- """ '^°^"*-'' ^"d P^'-Xed fin i^l th loose earth. Do not bank up around trees. It ,s better to leav a de presMon around the tree. If the soil is dry when planting, water thor ouKhly before hlling in with loose earth, leaving the dry. t.se earth on the surface. Watering trees is usually not necessary in an ordinal season, but in a very dry year it will be necessary to wjter n. wly pUme | ^IZ Th thorough watering, then fill ,n the loose, dry earth be o' ^"^'^ P^'^^''"'^ 'he baking of the surface, which should alwas be loose. The custom of frequently sprinkling or watering LgM* l ■njunous. Ii bakes ,hc soil and causes "damping off" in young Ved- HANOLIuO STOCK. " irr 'Itn '-'■s^^Bff^^^Wi'^ 9'""" /I pjqiiiiii '*!Wil"L J t „ s;^.. ImR. \\«i,-r .hor.,„«hly, ,f ,i „ r.„uir,-,l, ..nd ih.n ^hx.a.n fr-n, fur.hr' ..pphrannn. until „ „ ,r^||v „,...dr,l shrub, ,„ ;,v. nur irrc ..„. f,,.. ■lu.n.lv ,.|.,n....| ,n sn.l Wh.n .hi, „ n...„..r., „,r ,.. ,h.,ul.l h. Ukm in pl^nfinK A mu. h !..,«.•, ..„,| .|.-.„rr h..|.. ,h..uUI (h- .Juk ••nd thr trr.. „r ,hruh sh.-ulcl br plan'.cl .n «.«, NM,.r.nK and shallower .ul.iva.u.n .hM.-,.n,r. .S.... ..«..y fr„„, ,h.- ,r... A. a K.n. li rule u..., .....uld b.. pl..n,.-a ...n,Kl..r..blv drrj^r than nus\rLnCl nuM-ry bu. mu.h d,p..nd, .,n .he rha,a.„.r ..f ,h.- s..,l and .h ,.,c ..f .hr u..r. In very h.-avy. damp ,o.|. „ mav n... b, adv.v.bic 2Z mon- .han a couple of in. h.-. d.-.-,HT than ,h. .,.-.. Kr.-« \vl h , ve J dry .ca,.on,. wh.rc .he ,o,I . , «„, ,..„..„„ ^^ „; ,': ./J.. ^^ i« no. too mui h fur a thrcp vi- ir oli aroiu ircf. inn di-i'p p aniinu on he ivv of ,h, l.av.., .„ ,url. Ir.-es plan.H deep ,n cold vil m Apnl nr May h . b....„ no«n ,o s,..„d un.il July, or even la,... b. f.,r.. ,l,aki„« new Krouth. 1,,.,,, hav. b....n kno^n ,o rrmain d..rn...nt until ,h.. foll.,wmK usually die., and a n.w Ktowth starts from th.- root or .ten.. TreeJ u«ed about tb.. roots of tr.-, ,. If m,nure i, used, spr.ad it over the surface a, a .nul.h. A K-.-d mulch in the fall is alwals advisable a a protection to the rno.s, for retaining moisture, etc. Mulch also keeps J better n""' '"' ?"'' '" ^"'"'"'•^- ''"' f-^'"'"' --'- -"'V-^'^ heorv fh.,^ 7' /""''•h '" tf"- ^prinK while the ground i, fro/en. The hod trees L 7'.*''^'"f „"" "^P«f the frozen ground in the sprin,r will to the rees. by k.-rpmK th.ir r.wts encased in fr.,st. while the tops arc xposed to a warm temperature. Fros, a, the root, will not keep' fruit trees from blo«ommK. In plantinR lar^.- trees m hard so.l settin;, ofT ^ece^JrV'Iabor"''' '" "•" '"" "'" ''"""" "" "^*= ^""^ ""'' -''"- ^^^ vonrrrh!!**"*°~^'" ^"''' "*""• ^"^ •'•"'^ "'""'"« ^^i" h.- recuired be- he.d T M^k'"*' *""'■" "!."'" '""" "^ "'-'"""^f '" "- '"'"^a e a thick head should b,- .-ncouraKed. Pruning is best done when the sprouts are ..me regardless of the time of year. If proper attention is K.ven to "Je «rowth and .raining of the tree, it will seldom be n-nessarj to remove lar^e Lmbs. U.th fruit trees about the onlv pruning necessarJrto remov^ bran, hes that rub or interfere w.th other parts of the " Th s should be done, as stat.d. when the shoots are >mall. With .ve Kreens very httl,. pruning can be done at any time, hence the necessT fo extra care ... pl.n,in«. It «ould spo.l the appearance of an eter^rc^n o cu, It b.Kk. The root IS therefore obl.jred t.. carrv the strain of nrac Ucally he full top. With ornamental tre-s and shrubs, it is w^H to know the nature of each species or variety, ,n order to orun.. intJii.Ll"?. ihc nyaaiixea, for instance, like most roses, produces it suDeVh"'Mon.^ upon the new growth of ..... current season, hence ." vtre cuttrnTba;"" m HANOCINO tTOCK. bark .he I.I... w..uW . « , y hr bh.o"™'^ "* ""■"""* ''-' ■»'» ««' "• nil The ,„.„ «h.. h.. K..nrd h,. r.~. ""'""'"■ '""" "«' P'"M ">•'•»•''."...■•. .......1.1 ..a i^r:.?, r'rrr.," "V"""" •? ^ '"■■"'• •-m ...... ..c.h.,kr.| hv ...,„„« J.; n r..', h i7 " ,"" """" -- v.«!^.H «:;,..;:'::'::: 'j;':- ;-.';;•';; ■■• - ."..^. «^«. "' «He .„.., Spli., „...v ,., .lr,./„ ,:;e ' H ' Mn': ."; : .-"""v"""' bv . u,,.,,.";"':;',,:; ;'::;;; ;r.;;,; "•T^rr'r."" • di>.pu.rd point Pnu.in., wh .„ « . ^ ^'■'" *""*" '" '"""- '» •• Pruning when .he . '"^ .^ "f . I^vu" tl"''?' '■"-" "^^ «""•^• "f the l..af M.rf..r... ,hu, .herkinu ho f ," T;'^'"« ' ""^'ior leaves ;,rc both .1,- m,! 1 f , '" "'""'' "^ ""' "'•''■ <•" 'h- »..f.lv 1,,. dune tnv tim,- ii ''"'"^':' ' '»fh« ptuninjr. ..'. .t^xd, mav tr... r . . ?^ . "'**''' l'"""nK "III ratelv he n.ce^a.v where ir.i- or pl..nt Pl'"". »«ch » ih. to bf.,.m, r„abli,.,,d l,rf , . ; l.l.nline, to .nable tb, p|.,„„ be .o„..d -^;^,:;i,:;::;::k^-- ;^.^ro.,!-^ ---^ 'h. , o.- b","^.fee'^.l?f.L:": "•^"? "'-'"""^' '-: -^ ^PP>-^ '" s.on„« ,!,i.„,.;_.^ ..- : 'n /'Ivor of this prart.re. .ompared with H.Vsrinir "ers ;n rfi.-- ''Prinjf. Where shipment is made lonR^disTancc's HANOLINO kTOCK. >tl ih« ^«lv-»i^|te „f f4l| ,hi|.m.«n« i^ rvtn jreatrr I he wwih^r m ih^ f^ll .« Kt-nrtall, r.M.Irr ...ul tn.„r f.n„r..hlc for fhr di»,Kinir and h..ndl.MK of trr,*. For long .lnume .hlpmrnla ih«y can b« handled in bnur c«n I '"" T! ;'." 'J "' "'-"" "'" "' ^ •"""• •»'"r"««ghlv d..rm4nt en- 'lin«n ir »hr fall . hrtr .« ^ l.iil.. rhvmr ihr rh.Ulfrn tini,, «hi.h rrad* MiH ihr «nowin,r and ih" »)lr.win» and ih*- crurl »|prf. liMl.- R.,0,,',% l,.„,„ ihfir iffowinir. f^r (wntitth our htt. Thi, it quite irtir. Pl.,nft ,..,r» into lif,. whil- thrir r*»ot« .„r sf,|| .n,-,rd in froM. Pn„|„, ,„,| «,||..w, m..v hr ,..rn in bl....m w.th hank. "f ^n.m af ,hr,r I....- B.fnr. th. ,,I»n.. ..„ h.. duK in fh. »p,mK .h..y •. .• f.iliv a«4ke ..nd h,,ve started -I..- ni.« ,.-.„.,n'i Rr.mth. In ihr ratr ■■f l-.nir dMtamr sh.pmrnt*. th.v ar.- often <.ut in Iraf before thrjr dn- in.....,n .. r#a.h,d n„r .prmji .,..„.,n i, ,hort and frrqumtN ,rf, in rrv «arm. early and Mul.lrnlv Surh w.„,her i< unf..vnr..ble f„r hand- mK nursery Mo. k Sr... k .,.ured in -he fall i, „ hand when the He,, r ":."'••"""» 'ZT" "'"""'' ^"""""^ important pnin, i, ,he rail,,, .nar ..f .he root.. Wher. tr.e, are r.-, .ive>«'n the trimminK i^ done in th- fall ...n.ng „ done .n ,he «pr,nK. T.ee. dug in the fall and propedy s ..red over «.n.er «.ll usually „...k.. a heal.h.er and ..tonKcr gr.w.h Than ne'r -n f K ?•" '"'T- "' ^''"^^" " ''"• ^«-' rf'«Hn5/on J n " ner ,n «lurh thr stork has be,.„ s,.,rrd over winter. There is no better Jo^Ld vT':' "■^" '" •"••""•^ '" 'f ••"• -rk is rarefuMv ; .' mtf to the ton l„ ,h,- .k V " ''"'^' """V'"' «"« »«d. slop- way will ,-.,„,. out in fine ron H,io„7« iT '^''""- ^'""'^ ''"''^ '" »''*« better than trr« that have "Idua in t.'''""*'.' "'"' »^' ""»"y "'"ve ndunus trees and .hrubs mav be hlji '" ''"^,.''P""'f- All kinds of de- Plant, may also be buried „ he so U t Taid l^- J"'"^' 'j^''^''^''"'' .reens and strawberry p.ani. should nU Ve^t red -nTJulr/*^'^- ''^"■ v.duar^WhcTJer'utrT'u;:/:" '^'"'l "'''^° '»'« ^"^ of the indi- .... as to the .:-."'r^;:^^'^-s-r:h— ;^- trying ro secure lar^e plants. A Rood r. lilt ig i^t iaritc- U.p. A compart, fibrous rooti, h^l^,i!' ^'~V '^P°"="*^c ihart ;l^'; ^ TMt HOME OAHOIN. -«♦ '• •' .-"rJj,;; rrur:.';*" -"" •""•- " - --% ...miiM.n It U,ur '•••"' *'" '— '.-.nv ...... v;r.h':; .:;:,*:'• '" ''■"- •'••• -••• ^ -« ».„,,r.MnK >rr.,u.n«U «...„,.„ . "' *'«-r..u» ,....1. „ (,..,„,„„, •■« .»«.., ,hr* r., 1 ";;;'**'•'* """••'"«•• -..- ... .h. ........ --...n r.. „... . ..;,;:; ..r:, ^^ -;; .;:,'-'--, , iH. « ...... rh.. ,..„ of ';:;:, 7', "^..trn,::' •" " "'••""" "-""•"• '■•• ureal, and th.- ,|,„. (, „f rrm-.v-al n ,"■•," ' l>'-|M.f.i..r,....U „,„ ,, •""• « ....,;:::; .u :n:;':.;v"'»/'" '"•• ""-" ";.• ..n... ..I ,.,.„.„.« 11.?:'":::;. " ;;.::'", ^''•■;'- -• - fully l...ndlcd, .lure .Tr. sJ; .•*: "*" "'r •"■""••"'»- '«■ ^«'.e,, .h.. r....t. "''' ^ ''•*"•""' '»"»' •» '•"«'• Hum,,, nf ..r.h u„.,„ pl.n.inK. .-«»'- ttMv. and r.-,,uir.- very much Ic„ Ub.., „, CHArTKK XVII. TMl HOMI CAROCN ANO tURROUNOINQt. |.re,c„„ou. seal.. Where hi, !'' if . ^ ""^"'"f '""^ "^ ""• »'"'"« "" » -al. best results will b • .. tn'd bv s ""''•*^'-''-" "" an cx.enMvc landsrap. gardener, vvlw s .i' . rtno-H "'"^.""' T^"*'"^ "^ « n^-'""-al ..on and ...able him to ma e'^^u „ 'dt?' ' n'^^'L^^ ''^' '" ""• -"- ■ndiv.dual r,.r,uir..m.n,s ?d d,ff.r..„t li^ .'' * ^' ''"' ^''•"""'^ '" "•'• K'ven in wruinjl to cover al cafe, " """f''""" '"■«'""""". rann-.t b.- "f "» ■>«" uhi.h would n"! :.."_.""' '•— "I h..ve rH-uliaritie. !:?tp ;c lir irss liianKC tn 'm any ,fcn ::.'.:: r::, :■:::;■ ■„;• ■;;■■ .-"l;" ,"'::„'■.:;■.:'., , „ ■' «•"' .H -:r„;r:r":::„:;;".;.^Lr";; - h,,.... ■•' •'■' -■•-• ' ■• "iTn,;'" :, •; :.r:;;: :,'■:,•:••;;:■;■';"" ■ """ "'"" '."'cai! i5 »a"'" """"" Rive attention it> thc^(• matiei. F.,-. . .he pra.rie hotne add, vX ;. ,t .,!::; v"'" The ""' "'".' ^"^ "" way by nhkh a farm property can be ,„ rl i . '" "' P'-^hap,. no by .mprovinK and b^^u.^v „V?h^p b ^^^^ shrub., ...Kl .„h.-r >.n.lar .4rov men : Bu he v l'"**' 1?" '"' property ,s of much less .mnnrr.n .u \. ^ *"'"^ ^^'''''^ <" «bc tamed from pleasant ur'ounZL:. Thrmfl " '""^'" "^' '"''^' "^ <">• is inspirm^ and refinin... The "h.M ^'1!".!"^!"^: "'r^*^ -/" *'""^' will have a kmdiier rpcrarH f,,r ".k~""i'j"i'" "',',' '"'•'" ""°^'" ^'i*^" '"Hucnccs )t4 THE HOME GARDEN. ^ .^ and the in..n wlu, has the best interests „t his family at heart, will try to do « hat he can tu make their h..ine ..s hotn-like and pleasant as Then there is the vegetable and fruit yardin, without which life in the country cannot be at all what u should be, either from the stand- point of (omfort oi health. Un n...n> ot our f.irnis a miserable diet of pork, bread and tea is the reRular thing. 1 he most healthful foods which the earth produccsi are th.- products of thf garden, yet these are lacking, or at bcM meagerly supplied in in.iny ., country home, while right at the door they could be produced in variety and abund.ince. Id spite of our bhott seasons, which necessitate unusu.il activity during the summer season, scarcity of help, and the many things which have to be undertaken m the new homes of this country, some attention should be given to the vegetable and fruit garden, and to the improvement of the home by planting tiecs and shrubs. The labor necessary to maintain a good garden may be greatly re- duced by a little systematic planning. It can be so laid out that nearly all the work of cultivating can be done with the horse. A man, a horse and a cultivator will do more work in a properly laid out garden in a couple of hours, than would be done by several persons in days The cultivator will also do far better work than is d..n>> by hand implements About many farms and rural homes little patchy gardens are seen. work.d up by hand. Vegetables planted in raised beds, often in front of the house. The approa. h to the front of the house is sometimes be- tween rows of currant bushes. This plan entails unnecessary labor and IS an eye-sore to a person of refined tastes. The fruit and vegetable garden should not be in front of the house. There should h^ an easy approach to the front of the house, through as pleasant surroundings as possible. Where there is plenty of land and room, provision should ue made for an open lawn of ronsiderabh- s.z.- in front of the house Trees are better planted at some little distance from the house. Trees and shrubs should not be plant.d in single specimens, but should be grown in clumps, with the lower growing varieties in front of the taller kinds Clurnps may be massed at some distance to the side of the house and particularly m locations where they will rut of! or hide undesirable views The view of the barny.^rd may be shut off by a hedge or screen of trees \ pleasant view in any direction should not be interrupted bv trees" Planting trees too close to the buildings is a frequent error, which is •a keeping with the common mistake of locating the house too dose to the road. The farmhouse should be a f.w hundred feet from the road The vegetable and fruit garden should be convenient to the house so that occasional spare moments between other work may be d.-voted to the garden. Something to do may always be found in the garden All planting should be done in rows, the full length of the garden plot whether it be vegetables or fruit, and level cultivation is usually the best. Avoid small plots or planting in beds as requiring -nneccssarv labor. In this way most of the work of cultivating mav be aone with the one-horse cultivator, whil. spaces between narrow rows of vegetables may be cultivated with the wheel hoe. With the latter instrument five or six times as much work can be done as with the ordinary hand hoe. Vege- tables may be grown between the rows of fruit ;rees or bushes, for the H. '-m^LJW^ M*.MaUL THE HOME GARDEN. fl| firsi yr», ,„ ,„„ .,li„ planiinu. „„, ,^,^,„. ,, „.,|„j„j ,„ „,,. .^^^ M I. bcn-r .„ Kn, p|,.„,y „( .„.„,. ih.,„„.,,M«d ,1,,. „,„, «!„.„ „|,„|, •"' ""r' I"" ""' ' "'II ' "' '" li»v.- |,l,niy „( ,.„,„,, I.ui »hfr, Iho, «r... I,,.«.. »„d ,,„,..„l i„„„„| ,..,,1, ,„|„,, ^, ..,1 „,,^„ ^ j,^^_^j ^ ^^ »ll th.. c«mn„,„ v,..,.,„hl,, .,„,, ,„,i,., ,., ,, ,„ .„,„ J ' ' l^'S;:'- -A IV"','" """:" "■" """■"■ ■■»" •"■•"" - »" ..' ..o *'"'"""' °' ""''c''uSrw';?/fS„%'?- " «»"•- A"" !-d_. -...n.. spcv.ea and varieties oi Hull may be iW THE HOME GARDEN. ;.^ Krown m tho most srverp loratinns, uhilr without protrrtion the bcM results •"«■ of water. *^ "*** °' "'''^"" '«f"« »o five gallons BRAN MASH FOR CUT WORMS Bran, 25 pounds. Paris Rreen, X pound. HELLEBORE FOR LEAF EATERS. White Hellebore, i ounce. Water, 2 gallons. Useful for currant worm, not stain the fruit. Not so poisonous as Pans en and does GOOSEBERRY MILDEW. wate?"%;rr:arlt and" f.^n.^ ""''"' '"*«'^'^ - '- ^""'-^ of ho. WASH FOR TREE BORERS. Make a strong solution of washing snri-. a u r a thick pa.nt. Pa.nt the trunk Jdllr^eLbs aII ""'' ''' '"■'"^•" carbolic acid may be added. ^ P'"' "^ ''fude FOR POTAT-^ SCAR. «. .o™\v;':oTAi.r:ro', war """- '- - "*"■» -- -' « p-- m^wm - w, ,% 70 HARDY PLANT*. PYRETHRUM POWOKK. Pyrrthrum powde, may b.- mixed wi.h fivr timet the qu«n.ity of rtour and du.trd u,K,„ plan,,, ireful for s.,u,,h and cucumber bun •inU ( .ibbaffe worms. WHAr.K Oir. SOAP. One pound dis,olv.;,| in ,evrn gallons of li,„ watrr. U.rful for rdinary snap plant lire. SponRinR th.- leavrs .,f h..unr plants with sud« IS useful for plant lire. _ J'.9 r ■ CHAPTER XIX. TREES, SHRUBt AND PLANTS RECOMMENDED FOR THE PRAIRIE PROVINCES. The following list of trees, .hnibs and plants is recommended for plantinR throughout the i.rairic provinces, with some limitations as to locality and nature of soil. It is to be understood that these species and varieties are recommended only where northern srown stock is secured. While trees grown here will generally prove hardy, the same species or varieties, if brought in from the east or south, or grown here from eastern or southern seed, will often turn out quite useless. TREES FOR SHELTER BELTS OR FOREST PLANTATIONS. Acer negundo — (Manitoba Maple). Betula papynfera— (Native Birch). Fraxinus pennsylvanica— (Native green ash). Larix laricina— (Native larch or tamarac). Poi)ulus balsamifera— (Balsam poplar or Balm of Gilead). Populus dehoides— (Cottonwood). Best adapted to deep, moist land Russian poplars— Several forms. For light soil. Salix— (Willow). The best are Russian golden willow, acute-leaved «ilIow, Russian laurel willow, white wiljow. Tilia americana— (Native basswood).— Eastern Manitoba only. Ulmus americana — (Native elm). EVERGREEN TRIES. Abies balsamea— (Balsam spruce or fir). ,. K,'''"r~S""''*'*~'^ur ?'"'''*' *'''"" 'P''"''^ s,.s, or for nrn.imrn,al plant,n«. All .he cverjrr.-.n, .ro orn;.mfii rL '^Vh 'T «";' J"'''-" «*""«- ••nd -..mnr«c arc good ornam.n.,.l trwv Ih.- flm and \fan,t.,ba maple havr brrn most Urgrly pla„,rd for »tre.t ,rrrv Ba,,wood i, al.o a koo.I street ,ree where ' can be\rown l.,l n " '"""''''' '*'"" ^'''' *•''"• '-"""n>v'>od, willow, ami tamarnr w,II ^row on he,vv and moisr land. Ru^ian poplarv white Mm.r. and p.ne thrive on li^ht ,oil RI„ k ,p„„, „,;„ JJ ,,^ ,^_,Xr and damper ,o,! than the white, but i, no, a, vah.ahle » tree. OUNAMfNTAL TREES AND SHRUM Acer tatarirum flrinnala-IAsiatic maple). Artrmi,i,i Old man. s„utherwood) T,unte?;rb~^,rlX"'-^''~'^"'"'""" '''""'" ""^""^ '"^''' """"'V' Brtula alba laciniata (Cut leaved birth) Carajrana- Several form*. rornus-fDo^wood)- V,,„vc red and Siberian fo,ms. Cotonrastor a, utifolia .Sharp l.nved rotoneaMer) TratarRus .orrinea (.Srarlri thorn) FIea«nus anRustifoIii- (Russian olivr) rrunii, Prnnsvlvanira.- Bird rhern-) Prunus nijrra— (Manitoba plnm) Pnmus p„mila (Sand or hush . herrv) Pyru, barcata-fWild R„„ian or Sibrri. rrab) Pyrus amrricana-fV.itive mountain ash) Rihes aininum- (Mountain Curr.mt) Rhus Glabra— (Native Sumarh). Kosa rujfosa— (Rujr.)sa rose). •Sh.pherdia arjrentea- BufTalo berry) Spirca saljcifolia- (Meadow sweet) VINES AND CLIMSERS. Arnpelopsis nuinqu.-folia-(Vir*rinia creeper). -Mativc form Celastrus scandeus-(Bi,tor sw...t).-N.-,tive form Vit.s nparia-fManitoba wild or frost prape) :r:i,^=i-,-^-l^-.?';:^^S\S^^^ omitted are: Furopean mountain ^sh. ^^il^^t hi ' „ so;Tw,tior spS: z^uTV"''' '' 'r:':''''' '" --V location";]";"':^; ■rrimm":' s" IfwbalTT^S^^ nr nincbark. Spiraea revesii. etc. u ,.i..wDa!!. .,r guelder ruM-, ^ivc, lair results in favored loca- Ti HAHOV FLANTi, •NMUat FOR HIOOII. Sonii' uf ihr- b«-*l hardy »hrub» for s.rrrn* and h.d.,,.. .r„ k l NIRIACIOUI FIRINNIAL PLOWIM. Ifcrbacrous ,.rr.nni..l» ..re .h.>,e pla„„ ^huh die d..wn un thr an- .UKo number ..f ,hr ,.ere„n,a| ri-.w-r, an- hardv here, inrhul hk n, .n? .. he very fine,, „„•. i., ,„d var,ef,e,. In our short ..a^nn, ho JrTn n.alH ar.. npenallv desirable Bv a jud.ri..„s „.le.,i,.n ..f va i.HeT ?„ season. An hcrbareous flower b.-rdtr wil! idH irr..,n. . .u .. • nes^ of ,he h..n,.. ..nd prove a sour. /of^ ti.Mtr;"' .ho '".hTira ^^ Canterbury He 1), Delphinium (larkspur, m variety, Dicentra sn^etab i, (b eed.n« hear,). Gaillardia. In, (German). I.iHum Hk num (t ^r fiilv ::n^ l;;:::^:r:."z^';;i^*o/x h;re""^'b''r-'%:'^""^"^-'^- (..riental r-^ppy) Papaver nuSlcu^ mT^ ''"• .^V'''' """'""^ Pi'lox), one .f.he ImT Kudb "l?; '' ^l'"''" /"PI'V). ''hh.x (perennial Ue^perU (swec, rocke, ' '^"'^''"^'''" '«"'''•'" «""«». a fine late bloomer; ^