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C

%

CARE AND 3fANAGEMENT OF ORCHARDS.

BULLETIN No. 22.

f Third EiliUon, re-reriHul.)

3-

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUJ.TURE

-OF-

BRITISH COLUMBIA.

# -T.;

•11

th« tTf , .M '^ ®""*'"" ^" ^"^' ""^^ M.M.nKcmont of Orchards (being
the third edition of No. 14. re-revised) Is an adden.lnra to Bulletin No •'

tToTZ T ''"'l* ?°"""' ""'^ '^ ^™''»«'^-' ••^- -'^^ «^ the ion R. ;•
Tatlo« Minister of Agriculture, for dlstrlhutiou amongst members of
Farmers' Institutes and for general information. membeis of

J. R. ANDERSON,

±ipn.nt,«r>,.t ,./ J • ,, Dcputu Minister of Agriculture,

uepaitmcnt of Agruulture,

Victoria, B. C, June, 1901.

CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF ORCHARDS.

=:~z.-:.:^.:sr-.zzcr."'^':..r:.T "'■^'

1 . -•■■>• I 111 lilt I on f^ Ildl lIl-PaHtCril CVDnaiirn la

;:r ;;" ; ; /"' '"""• """» " >-th.wo.t.r„ exposure/ VhrconText
si.o«.s th.. i„te..ti<.„, U„t the c.n.o.-s are nevertheless probably very I^n'exlng

('ri,TIVATIOX.

e th"^- '>y ">-..,s of Shallow ploughing, disc harrowing, or b^isfof the cum'

■A tinvij- ,Ilvl,M. mellow, frlnblc soil 1, nioio productive tl,n„ » !,»„,
..t.s n tnlic-ation: hastens the decomposition of the mineral elernts' ha^

with clover „„„ „lo„g„l„g i„. when the tree, nre lern'l veTr. oH , ' """"
.».«.«1 for the „„n.o,e ot nd.Uhg hum,,, „n„ ,«";"" o^^^^r^* oT^Z.
■■>m\ sraliis are on no accnnit iierinlmlhle and the „,?„„ ""*"

Hrltlsh C„h,„„.,„ ,0 .„en,„. to U erop^''^^ h^ ^ „?r St.": S™.^

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i

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;'1p''

■:■

ji| ii'ji»ii

In 8,„.,Km«l t.. yi,.l,l tlio ownor good roturii« in frnit, in not onlv c-ontrni-v to

to export IniHl to i>r.Nlti<-«. two cropH nt one and the Hiuue time. Kltber di-
up your fruit tren ..nd leave co.nnienlal orehardliiK alone, or pIouRh up your
graHH and let the tr,H^ have the full In-netlt of the moII. More undei^sC
Pooily tlavoure.1 fruit 1h prmUu..,! by attempting to n.-ke a hay field out of
an orchard than probably any other nieauH.

G. B. Braokett. Initetl States PonmloglMt, wiyH :—

"Thorough and oft-repeatnl stirring of the soil In abs4>lutelv tMHsentlal to
success. Such culture as Is neetled to produce a first-class crc'ip of <.„•» „.•
potatws will keep an or<-h..rd In goo<l health and vigour, provided the groun.l
1« sufficiently fertile. As already stated. In no case should small JIZ^
srrass be grown In an oivhard. This mistake Is often nmde by thoughtless or
lnex]ierlenc«>d planters.

'The Kroun<l having bmi proi)erly prepared before planting, a twt^hois..
cultivator frequently r,n. between the rows will k«.p It In good c-ondltio,,
during growing sason. Each spring the surface should be well stirred with
a two-horse plough, using a short single-tree pext to the row of tn^s to avol.l
danger of bruising the trunks of the trees. m ploughing, the furrows
shou d be alternately turned toward and from the trin-s. Such cnltun-
should l,e continuwl from year to year, at least until trees come Into full
bearing and even then It is questional .- whether It should be dlscontlnu..l
If It should be. riHl or crimson clover is the only crop allowable, and that
should be turned under as often as once In every two vears Vs a rnl..
continuous cultivation gives the most satisfactory results." '

Drainage.
Intimately connected with cultivation Is the subjwt of drainage, for badlv
or Imperfectly drained land cannot be successfully cultivated. To land witl.
clay sub-soils this remark more particularly applies, as it is on such soils that
water will lie longest on ac-count of the retentive nature of the sub-soil In
such localities, as soon as the roots of the trees have penetrated to the clav
theie Is a suspension of growth, with a consequent deterioration In the health'
of the tree, rendering it susceptible to the attacks of insect pests, fungous
diseases and parasites in the shape of lichens and mo.s»es. As a rule tli.-
appearance of mosses and lichens is a pretty sure Indication of an undralne.1
state of the land, and whilst the application of washes of diflferene kinds ar.'
useful for the removal of the effect, the true remedy lies in the removal of
the cause. Therefore, If draining has been neglected, no time should be lost
in immediately proceeding to remedy the defect by a thorough svstem of
surface and under-draining. No orchard can survive any length 'of tlm..
where stagnant water lies, either on the surface or in the soil, and there-
fore, all surplus water, either from excessive precipitation or anv other cause
should not be allowed to remain on the land. By draining the surplus water
from the soil the air is allowed to circulate through the soil. This has the
eflfect of rendering the .soil warmer and deeomrmiug those elements of fertilitv
in it which otherwise would remain unavailable as plant food. Well dralnet'l
laud is also less susceptible to drought than land where surplus water lies

5

are tb. flr«t to diy uj, n«,i .-nuk wJ...,, the J.eat of M,„nn,er eou.es ui.

^^ thout d«„bt. tile .iralnlug 1h the In-nt and m.«t du.ib e n^ l^t other
me hoc H may be ehea,K.r i„ thin r.u.try-for InHtane,-. the u^'ot^m c^Z

n^-Hl a. followM. whleb Is rK.nnnen.b.l by H. t. Thrift, of mu-.lr" ii

sav oT';; ;';rr"* v'"" \""" "' '^ *•• •"« "■" '^••'"" ^'^ ""•"- wide „nd

SiRKAIK.

Klui liK I.

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Underdralns should uot be less than 2 feet Inr-hea in *u^ » .t

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lM-> .lu not .UH.I I.. |„. ... Horn. lo«,.tlH,.. .Mom.v,..-. tho a...|H.,- .InUns ,„■.

"7 "!'•"* • '•" ""« ♦•"• -" "' itH fertlll,,- ... tl... Hl.n,H. ./.,«,..

"I.I1.1.I.' .•.....,«,...,.,«. I„ .l.-al.,|„«. ,1... ..a.nn. of ,|... ho||. ,„o i„v „f „,.

l.n.U ..... a..y . M.-r . o..,lUlo..s l.avo ,o I,. ,ak..„ l..f ,.M.l,.,atlo„ I,, lavl,.-

•Mit tl... .h-al.,M. I,.,|,„ll„tf ,|„.i,. fr...,.u.i..y ai.,1 dlnrtlo...

Fkktii.inkkh.
n.m..vnnl ...a.....v Is fa,- a,„l away tl... lH.st «ll-,-o,.,.,l f,.,-tllls..,- f..,-

U.Hl o Kol. Not o,.ly Is I, as , ,- „ ,H,.f,..t f..rtllls.T as .„., I |„a,

;•. ..- .y h..t tl... f....t tl.at It IK tl... ...ca ,pla,..,.K ,.„.„,. ,.. „. .

"•tl Is, s 1 an. „„ a.iv.H-at.. of „la.l„tf It o., tl... la.i.l fivsl. ,lav l.v ,1mv
..ovhlcHl 1... .o..dltlo.,s ..n. s„H. ...... ,1... n.ost val.,a..l.. .■..,.stlt,...,;ts of .l

......„■.. w II ,.ot IH. |,.a...u.„ o.„ of tl... soil. If n.ls Is l...pn.,.,ln.l.u, „.,

... t ph... Is to pi..... „... ,.,„„„... ,„„l,.r ..ov..,.. spn.a,ll,.« 1, o,„ so „ at i \ ,i

o lH.«t. ami allow ..aiv.. o.- other sLk-U to r,.,. o„ ... „, ,,...... ,,,ZZ

..I. «ll ,.ot I..a.h It o„t. a.ul l,y Hpm,.li..s ovr a Jawr surfac.. it .lo-s ,.,.,

ln.t .....I so .U.t.rlon.t,. i,. ..uailr.-: ...or..ov..r. s„i.,. „ s„...l fon,.s a.. .x....,li .

. u-ah- sp,.,. tor st.H.U. •„„., „.,t..o,-l,|.., a.lvl.. w.-li-rot,..! ...a...,r.. ....

K t. h,.st for,., to apply it to the Ia,.a for a,. ap,.Io oreh,.r.l. Fro... ai;
-Ints. .M.ah 1 ,Io ,.ot thl„k It ,..v,.ss,.ry to ....t.-r l,.to 1...,-,.. I hav,. f.,i,|,

.•...n ,K..-so,.al e.MK.rU.,a... i„ ,ho applL-atlo,. of „.a,.,„-o fresh fro,., the stal.i.
n any ....so, whatever ,.la„ Is a.lopt.Hl th.. «reatc.8t care should Ik- take,. ,.,

H. e,.t he ,na,.ure fro,., lea.hh.g out a,>-l f,-on. heating, either being fatal

.;' ? "f '^'^ usefulness. l„u.a..l,e.l wo.h1 asl, i., „„otl,..r n.ost v^h '
rtlllser for frnit tr....s. rnfoHunately. however. In Hrltlnh CV.lun.l.la h

i; is .:^' :,v;""m".''* •" "'"" " """^^ '" •""- "•«-'« «""^ ^--o -''•'
• i ,. i.a;"" 'i' ".""•' ♦"""'t'*-^'- -"•'^"•«"« W00.1S ,„ald,.g but ll.tli.

»<t.ite tn the surfa-^e ot the ground near fruit tr..i.s. a wor.l here of w.n.i.,.
as to tho plaelng of fert.ils..,. about trees. I have frcp.entrv ..^ r": t i
n.„,ures are l,ea,K>d about the trunks of t,-ees. A little consdera'tlo , ' v^ .

he fallaey o this „,ethod. Sueh a praetlee really doe.s ,„or ^ hann t g .
I .a.s,nuel. as It attonls shelter for vern.in. field „,Uv. voles, g .phers. e wh
<l-troy the hark of the tre..s. but the fe,-tlll.s,ng eletueutt conta ,.ed 'l, ■

Manu,-e are wa.sted. as tl,..y are leached out into the soil and never ,v... 1
"edlng po,-tlo„s of the roots. What Is ,„ea„t by the feeding parts o ■
roots a.x. the sn.all fibres which ext..,.,! a ,o„g way fro,u the trunk Tl, ■ .
Hl.res even 1,, s,uall, two-year-old trees, n.ay e.xtenu two feet fro,n the tr ..I;
-:d it can be tl.e,-efo,-e easily in.ag.ncHl that In a five-year-old tree thedi a
n. .y be anywl,e,-e fro,n ten to twelve feet. It follows, thorefo,-... th^t a c 'u
space of several feet should be allowed all round the trunk of the t,-ee

(-o„u„e,-cial or artificial fertilisers, so-called, are useful for replacing th.

h!^^ti;-do n't''""?': ""' ''"'''''' "' ^"^ ""''■ ••■'* ^' '"-* ..e nnderstoL.

.,.d lun.p.v rherofoie. n, conjuneti,,,. with artificial fertlll8e,-s it i~
important that so,netl,lng shouhl |,e done to put hu„,us into the soil and f,
this pnniose no better n...,hml can be advised than the seeding down wit'

...iiinion ml riovr niul liirnlnK It hi tho mH-..i„i t r .m

:ztL' ,rnir»:,:;;:;;i'^;::;;r''T''"' , ■""• '-" ■ - "^

!.»« !«,.„ ,„r„o,i i„ ,„. .„„, ,,,„', ,„;'^ p;„r s,, 'T" ,:"■'"

... ,...,n.-r..., .;Hr„:^;;::;l;:\::;'•r;;lt,-- - '.- -'

I- .o","z;;; ',::";;:';;;■" r,;::",::";.;„."," ' "-■ ■"™'-""- '"■

II- tiw nn tli..v K...ro .1 ''•'i»«'< "If M'vy im-onmry to tlio woll-lH-lnR of

™.:.:» 'r..;;,;;; ;;;;;, ;:':,7,i'r -u't :;irr- •"',- """

MPI..-uM.»ately one-half of that of tl.o InUf ^' "'"' "-'""''"• ""**

••Lhno is not .so nm^ssary for n„plo and pear trocs as It is f.r the stone
nuts, but it is. nevortholess, a valuable constituent for the orchard soif for

-llv. It rJrZ direct ;• li ; n!?, '"" "■"•'''• '"^'^'•''■"^•"".v ""<1 H.eml-

11 stTMS aiiottlj In furnlshliijr nourishment for the crown, of tho

" : It serves lndlre«.t!v in tlie liheriti™, r , , i giowth of tlie

'/.

8

The qanntity aiul fmiutnu-j that Hiiie frhouUl be applied deiiends greatly
Ml»on the eoiKlltioiis of the laud. As a general rule, It may be stated that
from half a ton to one and a half tons per acre, applied say every five or six
years. Is suttit-lent.

No ppesc-ription can be written for feeding all fruit trees, as there ain
so many varying conditions. The feetUng of plants Is not unlike the f. din^r
of animals. We do not feed horses and swine on the same Me*; each is
known to do best under its own particular treatment. A good florist under
stands his plants and ki ows their wants; a good fruit-grower needs a similar
knowle<lge of the plants he is to dei>end upon for success.

The Xew Hanipsliire College Exi)eriniental Station has a bulletin in press
written by the Horticulturist, Prof. F. Wni. Rane, in which he discusses tlu>
subject. The kind and amount of fertiliser for each kind of fniit is given
and the sul>ject discussed.

Applo,.— For nitr<.gen: (1) nO to 100 lbs. nitrate of s<Rla ; or (2) 40 tu
80 lbs. sulphate of ammonia; or (.3) 80 to 1G0 lbs. dried blomV

For phosphoric acid : (1 ) 300 to (WO Ybs. bone meal ; or (2) 200 to 400 IT.s
dissolved bone black; or (3) 2.-0 to oOO lbs. dissolved rock.

For pota.>*h: (1) luO to 200 lbs. u.uriat4; or (2) 100 to 200 lb.s. sulphate-
or (3) 400 to SOO lbs. kainit; or (4) 3,000 to 2,000 lbs. woikI ashes.

Too nnich nitrogen is to be avoided, as the tendency will be to run to
growth rather than to fruit. The lotash may be applied in the fall ; also
one-half the phosphoric acid; but the remainder should be applied in tlie
spring. Potash is generally ccmsidered the most important constituent, sin.e
fruits wltlnlraw unich larger (juantities of it than of the nitrogen or phos-
phoric acid.

Mui.'HINO

Is useful during hot, dry summers, when natural moisture is short.
to i.rotect tlie soil over the roots of trees from the scorching effects of the
sun, and sometimes, when there is a .sufficie.uy of frost, to confine it in tlio
groun<l so as to retard the rising of the sap. Mulching, however, sliould lie
done judiciously, and, as in manuring, it should not be placeil in proximity
to the trunk, and it should be done lightly, so as not to induce the roots to
come too near the surface, and the mulch should, after it has decayed, Iw diii,'
into the soil. Almost any rubbish does for mulching, such as weetls of .ill
kinds, provided they are not in seed, ferns, obi straw, etc. I have used cliips
from the woo«l-yard successfully; these, of courae, cannot be dug in. Saw-
dust of coniferous wootls should not be used; on account. 1 presume, of tlie
acrid principle they contain, the sawdust of such wood seems to have a
deleterious effect on land,

Pbijiixg.
Contlnuhig my remarks under this head in Bulletin Xo. 12, where I
endeavoured to give some advk« as to the method of starting a tree in life l-y
judicious pruning at the outset, and so training the tree in the desired shape,
I will now try to show how the important subject of pruning should be con-
ducted in after life, so as not only to keep the trc with a well-balanced head
but at the same time to induce the greatest fruitfulness. Injudicious pruning

is often the «u,He „f n„u.h „tter trouble. 1,. brJngiug back the tn* to It,

to the nynml hcnnuls. I„ ,e,„ovi„K lar^e ll.ubs. they should b^ s« ved off
as near the trunk as possible, beginning <.n the low^r Jo toZn^t sn mi.^f

SZt „ No V>"'t?" ''";r"' "■"" "•"" "^^ *"^' l>m.aratlo„« reeonnnende^ h
inmtu .No. ]_>. In fitting back the Krowth of the nrevlons year thrr-nf
Should be made close to a bud. generally an outer one, the et big lltiv

Uieuitu.::;^.t;^^::^:r-;vu;^2^^ - —

-'The first year after setting, head the shoots hack from eight to twelve

t.mm.l tlK. „lii,l, ,„„l «„,„.tli„..s „„ tl„. „„„,»|te »l , „f ,i„. s.i,ii.. tr.K! It « r
rim m-.,ii,l .„,ir fiwii |,l„iitriiB il,^ ,„-,.vi„iia „,„„„■» ,,„«•(, ..binilrt ho

m.rse to suit the buds that c-ome In the desir^;! ,K,sltion ' ^'

' Remove all cross branches and those having a tenden<-v to srow
towards the centre of the tree, exc-ept the fruit spurs. These 1, uld n.^^
mnoved. even from the m-st .vears growth. The frnit spurar" !! "o^
St aight fron. the tnn.s and look like thorns or growth on s^l ngs T^e

Ctles. ""*'" '"•■'^'" "^ '~^"« ^•--' "»"' ^» -ns.,„en:"?e'X io^;.':
•• inie third year from planting, shorten back to from two to three feet
o previous year's growth. This pruning a„.lies to apples pears and i^e
, urn fanuiy. cherry tre.. should be drop.KHl fron. the'l .s ihe Zt and tL
u.eth.Hl of pruning then, will not be handled In this pajH-r

the f.".n!l'r " '''^- ""* "' *'"' '''««t^'""'« «» o» these varieties. With this
wUh «*'«-;;« «'-vth. the he«<l Will be forn.ed. if all has g«.,e well «„d

snoitened in, will not need to be touched.

-The tree Is now i-ea.ly for fniitlug. Commencing in June plmh i.rnne
removing all su,>er«„ous growth, and k,.p the he^d symmil! 'Zn

10

K.tp off Hi stragKlins bn.n.lH.s that have a temloncy to grow toward tlu-
M-ouiid. Ihe trcH^ is now in sha,.o; i.inohing in will ket^ it thore. Ingrowin-
hramlu'S can bo nlpiM-d in tlio ImkI. "b'">miis

"Poaclios and aj.rlcots shonM be treate,! fron. the start as the .Ipple and
l.I..m family, but should be shortened in al>out half the season's growth ea.h
year J he shortening in pr.HH.ss should not be done Indisorindnatelv thev
should be cut ba.k to a v'-od bud ov fork, or else the tn^. will soon'thieken
uj. with an undesirable gn.wtli. "'ukmi

" Th.M-e may lie some f.-ars tliat a orot.-l, will be formed that will split
•Wn easily. This is not true, however. Hranehes starting out lower down
.. e apt to form a sharp ,-rot,h and do not make a gootl union with the main
s em; these will spilt .b>wn. ' Kternal vigiianc-e is the priee of iibertv.'
.il.so of a beautiful and synnnetrieal orehard.-

AnstmUa :-""'""' '' '"' ^^'' '''^"""^'^ *^"'""' """"-""'"-"l l-^truetor. South

" Those kinds of trees whi.-h fruit upon permanent spurs are rendennl

nore profitable by eonsistent n.anipulation uluring the growing s^son

Kveryone who has trhsl by hard winter pruning to give trcvs of these kinds

srong shapely .sets of main arms will have been eonfrontetl with the diffleultv

o d«.l ng with an imn.en.se numl>er of strong lateral sluK.ts which grow witi.

.rooml.ke' density. To suppress these shoots eon.pletelv would leave
those portions of the n.ain bran.-hes from whieh they originate are ,1
"..pro^luet.ve in future years, as well as exposed to the danger of us
m sununer. To shorten then, back towards the parent Im.neh i " W nt '

..dd a,..entuate the evil, by causing their nun.bers to be n.ultiplied during
the following season of growth. By leaving them untouc-hed, the light i:
shut out of the body of the trc^., and ihe lower buds at the i.ase of cJh
a era remah, undeveiopc-d. At the san.e tin.e. those near its point tend to
form mto frni buds, the prcnluc-e of which bends the laterals i.. to a confused
"M.SS, and siM>ils the general balance of the tree's crown.

I,ter'.l?!in7'r"7 "' ""!. "^™""-^^«^ ^o"^"««" '« fomul in subduing the
l..te als and transfor.mng the.n into fruit-bearing spurs. There are two
me ho,ls by which this n.ay be done. The first c-onsi^sts of on.pletelv f .'
turmg the laterals and ren.oving the several ,K.rtions. The sec-ol.d is found
... applying a chtx-k in the for.., of partially fracturti.g the shoot and mn-init-
t...g the ...jurcMl exfemity to ha..g in a pcmdulous iK>sitio„ until tie w c!i-
P.'.u.ing is performcHl. when, having served its purpose, it is re.uoved.

siv t7'"' ."r^- "f '"**! """■ '"' '"''*"''*^ ^" "''^"'*^' ^^""" the laterals are fro,„
■s .V to eigh niches in length, and brittle ei.ough to I>e severed with the

he base" I "t;" '''7 "''' """"•^' '""^"'"^ ^'^ '"'"-' "'« '^-^'^^ •>" "^-
lie base. If this is ,lone. a st,-oug growth will arise agaii, fro.., son.e of the

l.nds on the s„b, i.,.d these in turn inust be fractured after midsuiniuer V

...ore pra.-icable .nethcKl isfoui.d i,. fracturti.g the laterals at midsuiun.er

Wherever hey exc.KHl four inches in length. In most cases the topmo bud

...the stub alone will grow sti-ongly .s the sununer proceeds, ai.d tWs n,

either be again fractu,-ed i.i early auti.mn or cut bac-k to it.s wrinkled b^e

11

.;. -ti..,. With the s,u...ssf„l a,.,.,i..nti,;. ..f . ^^ fZur^V'uT
'^^nally giws stn.nsly. while the others ren.;nu don.n. t t on f !.

'•The imi-tial fr.uture is qnielvly performed bv i.ressli.R the later-il «,i,le-
~-a»n of active |„.„„tli to ony trw whi.l, hu-k, hi vigom-.-

if-:

12

As lo thp heading ..f tre^H. Prof.^8„r E. R. I^nke, HortlcnltnriHt of tl...
Oregon KxiKrlmeutal .Station, Corvallls, expiVHw-s lilniwlf as f..llow»:—

" A tm.," he sajH, " shouia not be over a year old when plantetl In an
on-hard; it will then have a nunil.er of buds all along the stem. One of
these, about nine inches from tl..- ground, should be selectvil and allowed t,.
grow; about nine indies alK)ve. and about a third of the way round the stem
allow the next to grow, and so on, always keeping a leader and allowlnr"
branches t<» grow not less tlian nine inches apart. The tree will at first
laesent a rather awkward api>earanc-e, Init it soon gets over tliat, for as tli.-
limbs grow cait it assumes a synunetrical apjiearanc-e.'"

The following ents and explanatory rennirks are furnished bv Profes«„i-
Lake : —

" I am sending you a drawing from nature of a one-vear-old tree (Fig 1 .
as wo i)refer It for usual plantings; Fig. 2, as the tr(>e api>ears at the end ..r
a year after transj.Ianting; an<l Fig 3 as it is pruned for the formation ..f
tlie permanent head.

•' Some advantage oould h.-ive been gaincnl in growth had all the otli.r
branches been i.inched back during the first season out, rather than permitting
them to grow and then at the end of the season cutting out all c-xcept tlu"
ones left to forn. the head. A and B .. vjg. 3 represent the plac-es where
branches will issue from the leader next ., , and so on."

The i»rnnlng nuist, of course, be regulated by circumstance.s. the pt>culi.ir-
ities of the variety and other conditions being taken into consideration
Above all things, Mr. Lake says, avoid cutting out the leaders; there is ...►
imrt ot the qie-stion of pruning that is so pernic-ious as the too common
l.ractice of cutting out the centre, thus forcing the tree to grow in an unn.-i-
tural manner and inducing the formation of forks. A tree grown in this
manner will, when it comes into bearing or from the eflftcts of storms be
almost c-ertain to .split asunder at the fork and be ruined. The objects ..f
low heading, as reconnnended, are two-fold, viz., to avoid, in a great measurv
the full effcHts of storms, and the ea.se with which the fruit can be picked
>o ladders being nece.ssary, girls are able to gather the fruit from the gronn<l
thus avoiding the injury to trees from the use of ladders and the rough nsa-c
fruit is subjected to through being handled in that way. Furthermore I..-
sa.vs. experience has proved that girls make better pickers than men-thc^
handle the fruit with more dellcac-y and care, thus preventing a large pei"-
c-entage of bruised fruit. When asked how cultivation could l)e done in an
orchard with low-heading trees, he said tliat by the use of spreaders, dis,-
hariows and acme harrows or scarifiers could be made to till the soil beneatli
the trees, and yet permit the horses to travel safely away from them, evcu
though the tops are broad and low. With low heads, well trained. cultivati..ii
can be done as thoroughly as when the trees are headed high. On all
grounds, tlierefore, Mr. Lake contends that exi>erlence has proved that tli.-
system he reconnuends is by far the most practical, and gives better results in
every way. I nnist acknowledge, after having heard Mr. Lake explain hi<
views and his reasons, I feel that my ideas reg.irding high pruning sliould i 1
a great measure be modified, and I, therefore, take great pleasure in addin,'
this chapter to my former remarks in Bulletin No. 12.

13

are borne dowu by t^JSo'n^!'''' "/'"''"' '''' *" '''' >""'^'- ''""^"-«
injured. I„ sneh oais tLe „d -1.^2; ""^'^'"-""'^^ »>"'«k down or are
the peculiar eondltlZ EUhe^ start « 7^^ 7" '".""'^ "^ '""^'"*^^ *" -"
su,>„ort« for the protection of tLt^vlr Lbs "" "'"'"' "" "" •"^•^•^^^ *"

Irrigation
Is treated of In Bulletin Xo. 12, as follows -

-u^i^rr tZ:::^. — ure artmclaH. l„ tbose parts of tbe
Albeit there Is as grea danger a tJ^dir"' '"""'^* '" over-estimated,
of an InsufflcleiJ. VatTsUo , 1 "f

attalnecl its full slie.o^ lee till beZ ^ f^'^^^'^^ «"-«• the fruit bas
its keeping ..ualltles . o rte^" 1 „? fi: ''V' *" "" '"'"' ^'"P«^^l"«
Another evil effect of irrigation after th/?." "'"'' '"■" f-«"«l>ortatlon.
the pron^otlng of a second growth so that T '^^^^"«'"-^ ^^^ '-tnrlty is
when the winter comes on nffZ f "'^ ^"^ '" «" ""fipe state

the tree; or 1 . cas^ of ' . T" '"' ""''^"^ '"J""-'^' «^- *'^-» *•»' leath of
>-ves. the brel^nlil: o"f tHZTsSt- ^ T "" ''"^'^"^ "^'^^^ "^
of fact, a very small nuantltv of Tn. ? ^ *'"' ^'■*^- -^« « 'matter
<"nu-atiou, is far bet'r ban a^ Z ' •"""^•'""•'^'•^- ^l^'"*""'!- ««'-rt./c>tf ?*v

water; cultivation is often aUtha is T,r'' ''"'""■•''''' "' "^'"« ^^ "»-"
use it intelligently. "* '' necessary, ami when water Is applk^l,

-t sa. in •• .rlgatU in fi:^^:^nt^;:r ^ii^Sl ^l^r^ ^^■

-ntmuous and the e^poral 're/to \T"' T'"" *'" ^"°"^"^ ^« »«>•«
<ror>s at least, enough "^ er b.rfnrtbp Ir , '*'"'•' ""• '"^' '""^ ""^'"^^^y
fom 4 to G inches In depth eaS.^nlt^ ^''"^.r''"'' *" '''''' «'^ ^'•^""^^
"-amtaincl on far less. I Arlna here ^ '' ''""*' "''""'"''^ ^'^^'^ '^^^'^
practically c-ontlnuous throuZ7t";e ^ r ^1^^ ""T '^ '°"^^^'' ''^^"^
a-^ in Montana, where the cron seaso u Ih. ? '""'" "■"**^'" ^« ^^l^i
I do not know tha there Tm^. *'"'* *'" evaporation is less."

the advi. there .IvJ^ as to h^ dXrT::e%':.:r ' T'' *^ '"^''''^'^
water. Tho.se people in tbe drv belt who , "^-^^^"''^ ""'l ""'^"•^''s use of
record water-rights seen rlnV [L ^L nn ""' ''*^" '°''*"""^« ^»""«'> *«
reason, use more on t^roU/i^^s "hanT. '?''•'' •''""'" ""^- ^^^^ '^^^
harm bas resulted from an exLsslve u^e of / T"^"''' '*""'""'^- '^'«'-«
Careful cultivation and lllirgo a To ' 7 "" ''^™ "" i"«"tflcie„cy.

"'oisture in the soil. ^ * long way towards the conservation of

Recent experiments In the T'niteri «fnf»» i

A"*

rt'"

14

nn, IH. uMIise,! nt tlw.t «.„s< f the year wIum. If is n.nst nlnuulant. «,..!

r ■ '';■""'""« '" ^^•"'^^**- 't '« «''»'»>«1 th«t l,y tl...n.„«hly saturntin.
tl... soil witl. unt.M- in winter, it can be conservetl f„r „se ,l„,-in« t!ie Krowiui;
M'ason kee,.in« « .Inst nu,!,], on ti.e snrfac-e of ti.e groun.l l.y means of tl,e
enltlvation of tin- soil i>revlonsly (leserilnil.

Thinning.

Tills is a most important i.ro,-eeain« if No. l meivhantal.le fnilt 1.
wanteil. (..-nerally .«i.eaklii>r. no two fruits .slunihl t<.n.l, one another This
Is. of eonrse. all hut In.possihie in the natter of .-herrh s. and in a minor
degree with plums, hut aj.ples. pears an,l jK-aehes shouhl he thinned n.ost
rigorously. Apples should not he less than 4 to .! inrhes aimrt. It will
appear to the beginner when he relentlessly ,,|„,.ks and destroys fruit of goo.l
prondse that he is losing most of his crop. This idea ran he disndssed with-
out hesitation; the „robahility is that, with severe thinning, he will have as
large a quantity in weight as if he had h>ft the whole .-ro,, to <.on.e tu

nmtur y. with this dlfferenee. that in the for^.er c-ase he would have a .-.

consl.st ng of a ma.lority of No. l fruit, whilst' in the latter ease, the proh:'
bility is that only a very small per<-entage would i-ass as No 1 and the
remainder would consist of No. 2. and a large proportion of an inferior gra.l.-.

DiSKASKS AXD PKSTS.

Insect pests and fungous di.seases of every description await the on-har.l
ist a every turn; few are of native origin, the n.ajority being the pro,!,.-,
of other countries, ,ntr(«Uu-e,l on fruit, shrubs, trees, s. . ,1s and other n,ea.,s
As a nne. there is a com,.ensating law of nature by w„uh all inse^-ts injr.ri-
ously affecting plant or anin.al life are kept in che^-k by some antidote in the
sha,>e of enemies sn< h a.s parasites and diseases, whh-h. by i.reying u,K.n their

imrtcular hosts, kcH.p then, within bound.. Now it .so ha,>,>ens tl.at in s,

cases, probably all <«ses. the antidote is not introtl,uH.d with tl- .K-st ^.1
therefore the Increase of fruit jH-sts in a country where impor...tio„s ..r
nursery stoc-k. fruit, etc.. are of daily oa-urren-e is abnonnally gl-eaf, as eon,.

1*1^,7 ?'" "!'"'" '"""""• «^'^'"^"l«l"g this fact, the authorities in
the Ohl to,„.try and the rnife<l States have gone to great trouble and h.:ny
expetise in ascHn-faining the particular enemies of In.ported pests, and ruuln-
the dhection of advanced entomol,»gisfs and others have Infroduce.l Un-
enem.v .s<, that the ravages are greatly reducwl. Nevertheless, in spite oi
n« urn cncn.ies the orchardisf. if he se,^ks to attain success, must lup,..-
ment hese natural enemies by artiHcial means. In this c-ountrv, wher.-
tornun-ly fruit pests were pra,.ti,.ally unknown, it has b«.n a difficult maft.r
to indu.e the old producers to adopt means for the cleansing of their fruii

trees and the conse.,ue«ce is that many orchards have been either abando.

or destroytvl. About the same conditions prevailed in Washington a.;.l
Oregon, where Professor «'. V. P^.K^r. Kntomoiogisf of the Pullman E.xperi-
mental College, states in Knilefi!! \n. I."*}, as follows:—

" Along with the rapid development of the industrt there has bc-n a
much more rapid in.-rease in the danmge caused by injects and diseas, s.
Ten years ago there was little or no neetl to fight orchard m-sts. as the injnrr

15

"'■ "■■•"■ ■ ... «•..»■ ,„;,z;;„„. „.,;;: ""' • ■• •'« ■..• '««„.

• This lii,i,-k,.,[ ,.|,„„^,,., coiljllie in „ . . .

;"-'^"'« -•'....« loss. .'.;.,!;,; ZaTu "' '"""' ■'"'" "• '"""•^- ---

J"xf.-n..rs this .lls,.,nn-a«enu.nt h ,s -v. . '"''•'""•"«'"« "^-''t. m a fVw

•--'•'- <"..""nity n-o... s.„.h iss "s S; '•""•^"^"'••""" '-'«-- that tho
- 1 ...• .li.nato. „.. ,.oth. rnn>rtu aMv , ; ,' ■"" '^""'"" '•'"•""•"ity of the
where, f..,- ....... ,„,,„. „,. .,,,."::';.,':, "••"V7"' '"•-■-'■"^ i" -..].«.«

At o„.. ti„H.. When Wosten, ().J«o .,,, l' •?'' '"''""" " ^•••'""'^ ^"^•t"'--

I" the warn. Interi,... vaih-ys orc-haXs ;"'.'""'": '"" "'"""^'^ ^'^ «" "'<>l«t/

"••voi- h. a .nenaee henu.s « the c i mte it. ■','"; '""' ''"'"''"' '»'^""-« ^vill
"'^•"•'•••- •■l"'""'s their c.,n,.titi.s l,vt,r '""' '^'^'^ ■•'"" •""•" *"«

♦•-->• •"• teare,l l«Ha„so <.f the winds Z. , . T'"'' "' '""^"^ "'"""•^- "«'<«

;•; -.newhat lahonred cifort t,? « \' '""" ■"«"^^- ^" ">' this thore is
- -IKTien... of nearly every Z,i ^^7 ""-'^ '^ ''^ ^-^ a hope.
l''"<i' lias y,.t hee.i .lis,.overe,l wheio !u i ''"*" """'' ♦'"^' ■'^<"'"'- >o

^.Hve also. The «enerai ;; t^^Mr^::;^:: /"^'^ "'-- 1-'^ -i'l not
known fart that the au.onnt of 1 1, t * ' '"^^ ''"^'■^•^•'•» »»^- tl'o well-

;;;- v^.H. .... in -^nrrS;- j;;---:-^^^

Alti,ongh these' new IZ^ T.av '"'""f "' ^"""^"^ ""^ ^""«-- '!'-«-•
"----•. tn,t. the «ro™":: o ' l'^; ;;-;-"t-li.v in<.re.sea the cost of
;- cli-a.se.s have Ikvu nnifo n,y s ^.^^ 'T'' T'^''^-^ ^o control insects

"«l.^'n„le frnits; on the contrary tl^ZTlt • f"'' '"""''""'" '"''"^''^ «^
""••• «« l>.Hlly inj„r«l that most of . ne«UH-tea orchards is, as a

very Unv price. "*'* "^ " '-"^ inunarkc-table. or nu.st be sold at a

-<.n.!r"St;;i:j::j^:;;:;n^^^^ r '^-^"^ --' ^« ^'—

-" •KHon.o better from rear to yea" st", ""' "'"""""^^^"y, the situation
^;tt... .t o.hards realise before^^ ^J^^ f:::::':^^:^^::^^

-^;^"::^;:/rr^^^^ ".-.mtnre, .. .

-:'^" tree borer, and possibly soLe^^^i. e^ ,";/""' '''"'"' ^•''^"■' »'otL.
'"""g amongst the worst enemies of the lit mo' ', '"'" "^""^^' '^^^"^•'""y

the fiuit-grower in the adjoining states

I

' 9

. .« A-

;^:.

''•-*!

f ^ i

'''i

10

infocM w„„ „,. „„a „,. .«,„„ ,„ z, I'll : e '.x,::^ r>: a::«

mat me trees tUus treutetl ivet^ jmicttolly rM of tLe oyster shell bnrk lo„„.
an insect wliieh does a ereat ileal ««■ * f . ■

lia« been found to be the best fomula so fir, but t TrpS be tL nn
pound of lln,e to a gallon will be suffleient if the llj be Z Thtn-

i -.'

I

> ,

Ais*:

Figure

Figure 2.

>

Figure 3.

f

17

;:rir.r::;r^^^^^ ;-i

n.v covrlng th.. tHH-nV h L o no?, I' "" '"""' "" '"^ '" "•"• «">••
"veml or not." ' " "'" "^ ^''*'»'**'- "" tl'o «.alt.« |,„ve b..c.,,

Rdnovatimo OtD Obi HARDS.

".•«Wtl,Mhe older ,H.rtomrfinrP . "'*' '"""*' "^"•" *"«»«""•« «^

"" ordmra of tiwrio^,, " ^^^^^ 'r*. ^" "ttcn.pt the renovatlou of

"y Mr. W. T. Mac., „;!;:'' ",„'J^"J7, *•»« /»•'«-'"« «^ .ue„.,«tlonH

"On the other han.l th L „ " ^ *"'** "''S'^^ted orthard. .ayH:-

i».«t n few «„gge8tlo«8 are here offerTns to hn , T."'"'^'' '""" "* *"'**^

.."te„r«u*s::h^i"r^ker;^^ ''^""'^"-* ^- ^^-^1,,,. A^t.

-Irc-ulatlon of air a,^d the „dml««^. T" "P *'"' ^''^ """ '•^""'t a f„..
probably be much „rB«g^;vnrd,oh'M '"""f* *" " ''''' *«^« "''"
«lth various dlneases. iSus InsH^ f^7 ""^*'' '™" "'"^ '^ «»-t«'

"Spraying should be Cn e "b n the r«n """'.T"'" *** "'^"°'»-
k,vt covered from top to bot om J^.h « ^ °' ""^ *''*' *'*^ «»'0"'<i »»"
""til the fruit is almost fidly Ztn T""T "'**"'' ""** ^""' ^"•
l.r.n.h.^ofthetnvH„.«7,„:"il.r« . '""* ^"^ *''"°'^'' «°<» »«'««
tr«, bec.>nK.s more vlg r . us a, d n r „ ^'"^^ k":""" ""^' ""* "« '^^ «« t^'«
-- will aiH,.ppe«r.*^ f he Itr hen'r l"'; "" '■"'"""•'"' '"'«'" «' '«-'
I'.rest the trees they should ZZj'll T '""'"' '"* '''^''' •^•«'« '"«^«
umterlal alrend; mention^ ""^"* '"'"' ""' '""« "»'^t"r^'. or other

-uiif^ iis;i:^irrr^;r\;;r ^ , " '- -• - -

'"••'i.ure If it can be prcK-ured if7h„ !i f ^ ""'**"'' " 8*^^ dressing of

".• -1th the disc or Se h rtT^/'"* *"^ "'^*'' ^^ '"'«''*'- --'«'
M.oro„ghly harrowed unt'^Julv ,^,,,,'^rX"";* ,^1^""' "'^" "« -^^P*
lHK)r and manure Is not to be'had „nH I ''^'^^V*'*'""^™ '^ *''« »"i"J '»«
••'.te of twelve pounds ^rac^e and the J"'' ''"""'" ^ ««^" «* the

Should then be formed by atul„ "'',/'•«""• /°"«1- ^ good clover crop

-r.. The result tcl:''Xi..T •r::^,;^^^ ^T ?"' ""^"'«

.-•« ":trr:ur;:;.r:rr^^^^ ;;: r-^'^-^^ - -- -

e. J 1 ytu as iKfoie, the clover ploughinl under in the

■•I.

■^c

IS

si.i-li,«. ,n,a f|„. ja.ul k.'j.t l.nn-ow,.,! ..r .Miltiv.if..,! until Julv. a.i.l (Immi w^dcl
.lown to ohmT. TIio fruit should l„. LHt.-r ti.m, tl... jvnr ImToh.. I,„t n...
uutil tl.o tl.inl your should tho tm-s be (.xiurtod to lu-ar h.-aviiy m.d ti...
(m-hai-(l to be In go(Hl foudltlon."

Varieties Recommended.

A list of vnrlotles rocouimendod Is mituhiod in Hulletin Xo. 20 nnd i
iT.'Hitltlon here Is, therefore, considered unnecessary.

Professor S. W. Fletcher, lately of the Washington ARricultural (-olleR,.
rullman, and now of Cornell rnlverslty, Ithaca, \. Y., m a i.ain|.hl..i'
entltUHl "A Sketch of Fruit-growing in the Pacific North- West,"' conchules
with the following remarks: —

" The Distinctive Featuses of Xortu-Westebn Friit-G bowing.

" It seems to me that there are five distinctive features of Xorth-Westcn,
trult-growing. Eastern fruit-growers may consider each of these with profit :

" (1.) It places emphasis on high culture. I believe that North-Western
orchards are, as a rule, tilknl better, pruned better, and sprayed more thor
oughly than most of the orchards in the Atlantic States. There is a special
reason for this. The markets for North-Western fruit-growers are mosth
distau., not near by, as in the East. They have found by dear experien."..
that it will pay to ship long distances only the best of fruit ; and the best fruit
can be grown only under the best culture. Poor fruit, or even mediuii,
grade fruit, will not pay the freight.

" (2.) It emphasises the importance of careful grading and tasty packln-
When freight rates are 00 per cent, of the selling price, there Is little use in
shipping iKJorly packed fruit. Nort -Western fruit-growers have found th.u
the way their fruit Is graded and packed is fully as important as its quality
Hence they pay especial attention to securing neat packages, attraetivr
labels, fancy wrapping paper, and aim to have absolute miiformlty In tli.-
size and quality of the fruit In each package. .Many of „ur Eastern fruit
growers are distressingly lax on this vital point of attractive, uniform an.!
••»)nscientious packing. North-Western fruit-growers pack wt'll because if
pays well to do so; Eastern fruit-growers c-an reap the same liberal rewani
if they choose.

'"(3.) It emi)haslses sectional horticulture. The dltTerence In horticnl
tural methods Ix'twwm the various regions of the North-West is so marknl
that the fruit-grower very quickly recognises the impossibility of haviii -
uniformity in orchard practi(>e. He learns to consider his own farm ;i-
unique, and tries to work out a system of his own. To a greater or k's.
extent this is true of every fruit-growing region. There Is si>ecial nee<l th.H
the fact of the individuality of farms be more generally recognised in tl'.'
East as well as in the West.

" (4.) It is reaching out for the markets of the world. North-Western
fruit-grovers are selling their fine Italian prunes in Europe right under tl- •
iiowM of uiuvillin;; rn-nrhnien, who have prunes of their own to sell Tli. n
are shii)i.ing ai)pk>s to Hamburg and to Hong Kong. They are bidding f. •
the fruit trade i,f the 400 million Chinese, the 40 million Japanese, and ti .

1»

.0 lean, to fl„a a letter way tl^.n^lh^i^r.^er/'^^^ ^' "'^-' -'"

-u.;'^:":^^"^^;.^':.::^':^ ^'"^^\""« n«.res.vonos. „„a con-
UVstern fruit growl, " (Vrtai.?u. "*"'' ''''''"^ '*'"*"""« "^ ^^'"'-tl'-

.K',,,o.t i.nprc.s8loro,ro„c^ V ,o ? ' r T ^ ''' *"^"^''* ^^•"'^•" '""'^^ ""■

.lifflcultios. They have merits ns"vH '"'^'f """'"" ''''''*^ '"^''' «"» '^l'^-^"'
.rowers have not PerhZ ' " noffaT/t "'"'"""' "'"* '''^^«*--» ^»-""-

l>< inirliniiil „f Ai/ririiKiiir.

Virloriii, U. CJtnic, I'Mt

J. H. ANDEHSOX,

lirimty .UuiMcr of A,jrk;(lt„rc.

Pririte.] l.y Richard Wolfundkn

VICTORIA, B. C. :
. I.S.O., V a, Printer to the King;', Most Kxcellent S

imw.

Majestj.

m