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J!^.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OF THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC

Entomoukhcal Sectiom

BULLETIN No. 42

THE —

PROTECTION OF PLANTS

BY

GEORGES MAHEUX

Provincial Entomologist

Hand-power sprayer in opwation

fehed by order of the Hun. Jos.-Ed. Carou^ Miaister of AgricuUure. Province of Quebec.

July 1918

Let us have specimens of insects or diseases inju-
rious to your crops. Living insect pests are prefera-
ble for study; give them sufficiently of their ordi-
nary food to allow them to eat en route. As soon as
you notice a serious invasion of your crops by such
enemies, avdise us immediately.

Your letters or parcels should be mailed to:

The Entomologist,
Department of Agriculture, QUEBEC.

THE IPROTECTION OF PLANTS.

I.-INSECTS INJURIOUS TO ALL CROPS.
White grubs.

Cutworm*.

tinually l,v,„g underground.while other, climb on .h. plan,"
Wireworms.

legumes are often wo^rked throughour ^ ""^^ '"^ °"'°"^- ^'^^^
chec?''"°''~^*'"'"^"'"'''*^ grubs; they are however more difficult to
Blister Beet!—.

Black or grey beetles particularly injurious to veaetables Tf,^„ .« r.

of U.^r.'^'r'' "''* ""'""' °' '-'' <l»8' »)• « ".« very ouU.,«k

— 4 —
Cr— hoppwi.

Swarms of these voracious insects often destroy field crops; they are some-
times troublesome to vegetables and very seldom to fruit trees.

Control. — Poison bran mash spread, early in the morning, in infesttd
fields (page 19).

PUntUc*.

These small soft-bodied insects work considerable damage on almost all
culvit.v:ed plants, especially cabbages, peas, cucumbers, poU toes, apple trees,
currants, flowers. They lie under the surface of the leaf, most of the time. They
plunge their beak into the tissue of the plants and suck their juice while they
secrete a sweet mixture called honeydew of which they are sometimes covered.
They vary in color from green or pink to black.

Control. — ^Spray with nicotine sulphate (pajte 20) taking care that the
liquid reaches the lower part of the foliage. Kerosene emulsion (page 21),may
be used if the first mixture cannot be procured. If only a limited number of
plants required to be treated it will be advisable to sprinkle (powder) fine tobacco
dust on them while still wet with dew. Indoor and greenhouse flowers, under
a glass bell in which a piece of blotting paper, saturated with nicotine or tobacco
juice, is allowed to burn, will soon be freed of this pest.

Sluf.

Sticky snails which adhere to vegetables and even penetrate the tubers,
potatoes, turnips, celery.

Control. — ^Spread powder limp in the garden: this substance sticks to
the slug and kills it rapidly.

Fl««-B«etl<i.

Very small beetles that riddle the leaves of potato, cucumber and tomato
plants and cause very serious damage in certain years. They jump quickly
when disturbed.

Control. — Bordeaux mixture combined with arsenate of lead or Paris
green, used am a spray, when required.

II.— INSECTS AND DISEASES INJURIOUS TO VEGETABLES.

Aipragu*.

Insects. — Asparatus beetles: two species, one yellow and blue, the other
red and black, eat the foliage during the whole summer. Larvae and beetles
cooperate to this destruction.

Diseases. — ^A kind of rust especially injurious to the stem.

— 6 —

CuNTROL. — 1.

2.

"nsr

Planting resistant varieties, is the best preventive against
diseases, as spraying with Bordeaux mixture is not recom-
dable for this plant.

Arsenate of lead may be used to destroyc insect pests (page 18).

Sprinkling with lime, instead of spraying gives good results
when the plants are wet: larvae coming in contact with this

substance are quickly destroyed.

B— t-Spin«ch.

Insects.— Beet fly the tiny whitish grub of which bores passage in the
leaves of these two legumes; leaves become white-spotted; eggs are laid under
the leaves. Blister beetles, white grubs, wffeworms (see chapter I).

Diseases. — Leaf spots or brown circular areas.

Control. — 1.

Muter BccU*

Hand pick and burn white-spotted leaves or simply faded and
containing larvae; poisoned sprays are of no avail.

2. In case of disease, spray with Bordeaux mixture (page 23),
every 10 days dating from the appearance of the first
symptoms.

3. For blister beetles, white grubs and wireworms, refer to
chapter I.

Corn.

Insects.— A green or brown caterpillar is sometimes injurious to cobs;
it is }4 inch long and is often so numerous as to necessitate control.

Corn fly: feeds on young plants often causing their death.

Disease.— Smut affecting all parts of the plant and covering them with a
white membrane which opens later to scatter masses of spores or germs.

Control. — 1. Sow to a small depth in a suitable and well prepai. . ground to
prevent the attacks of the fly.

2. To control the caterpillar sprinkle the ears several times
with a mixture formed of one part of sulphur and three
parts of arsenate ot lead, both under powder shape.

3. All parts infested by smut should be cut and burnt before
the breaking of the membranes, otherwise the germs will
soon spread ail over

Carrot-PTsnip.

lNSECTS.-Carrot rust-fly, insect very injurious to these vegetables and some-
times to celery plants. A small yellowish grub bores in the root and causes the
plant to turn yellow and die. Large quantities of these two vegetables are

lis*

m

\i

^f^i

dmroyetl in this way. Some cabbage cat.rrpillars al«, en off the leaves „f
parsnips and do great damage.

Diseases.— Bacterial wilt, rhizoctonia.

CoN^ROL.-l. Damages by the fly will be prevented by delaying seeding.

2. Sow a few beds, one week apart; as a rule, only the first ...u
will be injured.

3. To control the destructive work of the fly. sp-ay wish keroM n.
emulsion (page 21).

4. For caterpillars: spray with arsenate of lead (page 18). as olt.„
^ as considered necessary.

Itutt-fly •

C«lTy.

tide '';'';"*;-^'"y-^«*"Pi"«^ velvet like, green and black, with two retrac
tide horns, feeding on cdery. carrots and parsnips. Carrot rust-fly.

Diseases -Early and late leaf-blight. The rist damages twigs and makes
tt^'h'ighU'Trir '""^'^' ^■"'"^' ^'^" ^"'"' ''-' ''^ '-' and'^commar,;;:

CONTROL.-1. To control leaf-blight, spray with Bordeaux mixture (page 2il
^^ every 10 days until fully ripe.

2. To prevent rust, fit a paper cone around the stalk.
from root to leaves or fix plants between boards.

3. Caterpillars are big. very conspicuous and very seld..m
lound in large numbers; they are hand picked and after-
wards destroyed. For large crops, where this pest would
be in large number, use arsenate of lead (page 18) or

S./J poisoned Bordeaux mixture (page 25).

Celery Caterpillar

Cabbage-Turnip-Cauliflowar.

abbalr^'' ""'''^ "'"""^ **•'« P'«" immediately after p^antat

^^ts'lZi: %T:rlr'u ^^^^^ '^^^^ throughout'he summe" C ;:
worms, plant lice flea-beetle, zebra caterpillar, cabbage looper. plusia. etc.

U,SEASEs.-aub root, swdling of the roots, black nervation, black leg., etc.

' abUca Worm

— 7 —

Control.- 1. Before sowing disinfect .eed, with corrosive sublimate. «si«g
V^ 1 tablet to 1 pmt of water, for 10 minutes.

^" wen"rT'''''' '''"^ * '"'' ^'^ f™*" d^- -nd "•«
well rotten manure.

3. When trnnspfanting cabbages or cauliflowers, place a

disk of tarred paper. 2 or 3 inches in diameter, around

each plant; the center will be slit like a star the ends of

which will first be raised to allow the root to go through

and then well f«ed around the stem; the disk shall rm

well flat on the ground. This is the best means to prev-

cnt the cabbage-maggot from laying eggs near the plants

Lesp^re^d "' ^«'*'"^*'- ^-'^ ""; its use should be

4. To destroy chewing insects, spray with arsenate lead

?i^*Vi?\fT' .*'*-'' '*'"''" (P-S^IS). until heads are
about half formed; after that date pick by hand or use foU
lowing remedy.

5. abbagc and cauliflower sprays may be replaced by this
preparation; mix thoroughly. 1 part of fresh pyrcthrum
powder with 3 parts of ordinary flour and leave for 24 hours
m a closed receptacle; then sprinkle on plants.

6. Destroy all vegetable matters left on the field after the crop

r'sbh*afcMa«|ot
<"hI diik ct iwper

Cabbage Lc<<qMr

Pumpkin..S<|iu««h.

brJn^nTJ'~^T °u !.''*' '"f,^" '"'"'■'°"'' *° cucumbers and the squash-bug-

D SEASEs " p? ' ^^ """.'"• ^i T^ '°"« «"^ '«y'"« ^^^ -der the leaves. '

Ui8EASEs.-Plants are injured by wilt when 6 to 8 inches high and after

wards throughout the summer. * *"*'

CONTROL.-1. Spray with Bordeaux mixture (page 23) every 10 days after the
^^ -^**' disease has shown for the first time.

2. Hand picking, early 'in the morning will control bugs.
One may also use shingles as traps wherein bugs hid at
night ; an early inspection of these traps in the morning
will enable us to disclose and kill these pests. Should
bugs grow too numerous (which is rather unlikely in
this Province), kerosene emulsion (page 21). would have to
be employed.

SquaaM)Ug

— 8 —

Htriped Cucumbvr

Cucumber.

Insects.— Cucumber striped-beetle, a small insect attacking tlje leaves o|
young plants; often found in so large numbers as to injure other vegetables
dur' a'! summer. Aphis.

Diseases.— Anthracnose particularly injuring leaves and stalks. Mildew,
damaging lea\ es an J killing them in wet summer seasons.

Control.— 1. Insect pests will be destroyed by spraying with arsenate of k;ul
(page 18).

2. For diseases, use Bordeaux mixture (page 23) every 10
days after first symptoms have been noticed.

3. To fight both insects and diseases, use a combined spr;iy
or pjoisoned Bordeaux mixture (page 25).

Lettuce.

Insects.— Cutworms, aphis, cabbage looper.
Diseases.— Wilt making leaves to fade suddenly. Leaf blight.
Control.— 1. As no poison must be used on lettuce, hand picking is the only
remedy against caterpillars.

2. Abundant sprays with pure water will chase insect pests.

3. Transplanting is the only means to check diseases. The
rapid growth and low price of this legume would not repay

Cutworm and ita work for the use of a fungicide.

Melon-Muek Melon- Water Melon.

Insects. — The same as for the cucumber.
Disease.— Leaf affection often causing the death of the melon.
CONTROL.-1. Arsenate of lead (page 18) or poisoned Bordeaux mixture la
kill insect pests; repeat as often as necessary.

2. For diseases, use Bordeaux mixture (page 23) every 10 davs
from the time stems begin to run.

3. The combined treatment, insecticide and fungicide (page ^^)
Melon Aphi, IS effective for these vegetables and many others.

~ 9 —

Onion.

tU J,^'^;=^«;-.Li"'« w.'^ite maggot of the onion fly. boring the bulb and killing
the plant. On.on thr.ps. very small yellowish insects, damage the foliage
Also white grubs and cutworms.

Diseases.— Mildew, smut, are generally not injurious pests.

C0NTR0L.-I. Disinfect seed.- in formalin before sowing (page 22). if neces-
sary.

2. Mix seeds with wood ashes or soot and sow together so
as to keep white grubs and cutworms away.

3. Mix phosphate to the earth around the onions to control
the onion fly.

4.— When flies are dangerous, they must be prevented from
laymg their eggs on the leaves. A poisoned bait will
attract and surely kill them. This bait is prepared
as follows: dissolve y^ of an ounce of sodium arsenate in
1 gallon of boiling water and add ^ gallon of molasses;
stir and mix well. Spread large drops of this mixture on
the onions with a broom. This has an immediate efl"ect
on flies. Repeat the operation every day for one week.
This remedy is about best; its use is the only one prac
tical when large crops have to be treated.

5. Use Bordeaux mixture with sticker (page 18) so that
It may adhere to the leaves.

6. Nicotine sulphate (page 20) or tobacco extract are used
against onionthrips.

Potatoes.

lNSECTs.-CoIorado potato bertle, the most dangerous enemy of this pr<s
cous tuber, eating the leaves during the whole summer. Also blister beetles.
plant lice, white grubs, wireworms.

DiSEASES.-Powdery scab, common scab, dry rot. potato canker, attacking
tubers; early and late blight; black leg, mosaic, etc.. damage leaves and stalks
anc are afterwards transmitted to tubers. All of these diseases contribute in
n,aking the plant lose its vitality and in lessening the crop to a considerable
extent. They can be prevented and the yield increased considerably in
treating the seeds and the acreage under crop. No potatoes should be put
">to the ground without these elementary precautions being observed.

— 10 —

Control.— 1. Before planting, soak potato sets in formalin (page 22).

2. When shoots are 6 to 8 inches high, spray with Bordeaux
mixture added, with Paris green (page 19) or arsenate
of lead (page 18). This mixture both fights insects and
prevents diseases.

3. Repeat this combined spraying operation every three
weeks when the summer is dry, and every 10 or 12 days if
the weather is wet and rainy. This prevents the develop-
ment of blight and insects will not be permitted to do
much damage.

Potato BwU*

Pea«-Bean«.

Insects.— Bean and pea weevils, both penetrate into the pods and hiber-
nate into the seeds only coming out the following summer. Aphis, blister beetles,
grasshoppers. The corn fly also damages young plants eating off their central
stalk. * I

Diseases. — Anthracnose, the most serious and most common; it is a kind
of rust developping on the bean pods particularly; brown spots daily extent in
^^^ size like a canker; blight, mildew, etc.
^Jtbu Control.— 1. Do not plant in a field where the crop was

^^Y^B«S infested the year previous.

^)^( If seeds can be kept during one year in a well closed recep-

Pea WMvii tacle before being sown, weevils will come out and die.

2. Only perfectly sound seeds should be used; hand picking
is one of the best means to control diseases.

3. Before sowing , fumigate seeds with carbon bisulphide
(page 21) so as to kill insect pests which they might con-
tain. Proceed as follows: place peas or beans into a water
tight barrel; pour 3 ounces of carbon bisulphide on same
(this quantity is enough for a barrel); close top with wet
bags or otherwise to prevent insecticide exhalations from
escaping. After 48 hours, open and plant.

4. For controlling rusts and other diseases, spray with
Bordeaux mixture (page 23) as soon as the ill makes
itself known, and afterwards every 10 days.

5. When plots are small, instead of Bordeaux mixture, one
may use flower of sulphur sprinkled on beans or peas.

6. Be particular to select and place apart the soundest pods
to be used for future planting.

7. If carbon bisulphide is used to treat seeds immediately
after the picking more certain is the success.

Bean Anthraenon

— 11 —

Radish.

Tomato end rot

DISEASE.— A disease darkens the root and dries it up

CONXHOL.- . Arsen , f ,ead (page 18) is used against these plants.
^. I o avoid disease sow elsewhere in a clean soil.

Tomato.

INSECTS.-A big caterpillar eats off the leaves; white grubs cutworm,
wirpworms, etc. k'""^ tuiworms,

Diseases.— Mildew, leaf-spot, rot.
C0NTR0L.-I. Pull out and burn injured plants and fruits

2. Spray with Bordeaux mixture rpage23) everv 10 davs
to prevent diseases taking care to reach both the top and
lower surfaces of leaves.

3. Big caterpillars may be picked by hands and destroyed
If too numerous add arsenate of lead (page 23) to Bor-
deaux mixture.

III.-INSECTS AND DISEASES INJURIOUS TO FRUIT TREES.
General treatment of the orchard.

kept'pe?fl"tirde::' '"'" ^"'"'^ ^'""'^ '^ ^'«"*«'- ^'^ -'^-^ -- be

2. Cut off and burn trees or parts of trees infested by diseases disinfect
wounds with corrosive sublimate and cover with 1 ^ooH rl! . ^'""^*^'^*
containing none or very little turpentine, or grafting 1.'^ ^' -^'''"^^' '^'^'"*'

all ref,7f 'T^ ''''' ''"''^"'^"' '"^^^ °'^ ^'^ ^^«*^«>' «-VSter shell scales and burn

■1. During the months of October and April insDect all tree« r,™„,.. .
».s>^ .ns«. „c,ts. eocoons on bark, leaves and I.ZTnd Lr^heThl '^

a,.i«r.rorar.oii:;'™L:" '" "' °"^ ^-"-"^ '■> ■"»'- "-

buildt/r"" ''"""* ""'• ^"^"'"'y »PPl<^. "P to 12 or 15 inches with tarred
7- To check caterpillars, daub the trunks at a height of 4 or 5 feet ,vlth

~ 12 —
Apple tr— .

Insects. — Injurious to the fruits: codling moth, railroad worm, apple
weevil, the larvae of which bore into the fruits and cause "wormy apples,"
meaning a considerable loss to growers.

Kound-headed apple
tree Borer

Oyntcribell
Hcsle

Tent caterpillar L! .„>,-- u i ^ . ™

tree Borer Hoile Canker Wonn

Injurious to leaves: pink and green aphis, sucking the underside of the leaves;
a large number of caterpillars feed on the leaves, particularly: tent caterpillars,
yellow-necked caterpillar, tussock moth, red-humped, fall web-worms spring and
fall canker worms; sphinx or large green caterpillars, leaf rollers and miners, etc,
etc. They all contribute to diminish the vitality of the tree and to lessen its yield.
Bark: oyster-shell scales, found in large numbers on the bark of old trees ;
buffalo tree-hopper, tearing crescent shaped pieces of the bark for the purpose
of laying its eggs; woolly aphis, causing cankers and which is more common

to nurseries.

Wood: flat-headed apple-tree borer, working Immediately under the bark;
round-headed apple-tree borer, boring through the base of the trunk, particu-
larly of yovng apple trees; bark beetle, imbricated snout-beetle.

Buds: bud-moth, the larva of which destroys these organs.

Diseases. — ^The most widely spread is the apple scab which covers witii
spots both fruits and bark; blight develops on the trunk, branches and fruits.
The apple canker destroys both bark and wood. Several species of rots are also
known of (bitter, brown, black and dry) and are found on the various organs
of the tree.

Fear Scab

Apple Scab

Codling Moth

Weevil

— IS —

C<»>™"-»vspRAyiNO.-F,m spray: when bud, begin to .how gr«n. Use

..r pot™eSrrsu;t ^Ts's:/'''"' ■""-'^ ^"''""' -"""=

Third spray: When blossoms begin to fall; poisoned Bordeaux mixture
or hme sulphur at 1.006 density. If aphis are found under the leaves, add K lb!
..f nicotine sulphate to the 40 gallons of either mixture.

of diseases '^'^"^ ' """"'' '' ^'' " remarkable effect on the^ntrol

If necessary, a special spray with nicotine sulphate (page 21) will be made
apple^trr""""''' *° ''"' '^^'' ""^^^ °^''" ^'^^'""^ '"f^^*'"« ^''^^ f°"«S "f th«
Pear Tree.

lNSECTS.-SIug eating off all the green part of leaves; pear psylla and most
01 the insects injurious to the apple tree. k k j u mosi

Diseases. — See apple tree diseases.

Control by spraying.— The same as for the apple tree.

Plum Tree.

thn k'^f '^•"^^^ plum curculio damages the Iruits. the plum scale covers
tl e bark. Several caterpillars injurious to the apple tree are also found on the
plum tree.

DiSEASES-BIack excrecencies form on branches and eat them up as a
canker: this is the black knot. Plums are aiso damaged by the plum pocket, a
disease which makes the fruit leak and turn dry. Also sec .le tree diseases

Brown Rot

^*"»''* Hum So* BIwfcKnot

Control by SPRAYiNC.-First spray: with Bordeaux mixture when buds
toigin to grow green (page 23).

— 14 —

Second spray: when plums are set, with poisoned Bordeaux mixture

(page 25).

Third spray: 3 weeks after the second, with poisoned Bordeaux mixture.
For plum aphis, add nicotine sulphate to mixture.

From novembcr to April, cut away and burn all black knots.

Cherry Tr—.

Insects.— Cherry fly hollowing fruits and other plum insect pests.

Diseases. — See plum tree.

Control by spraying.— The same as for the plum tree.

IV.-INSECTS AND DISEASES INJURIOUS TO FRUIT BUSHES.

Goo»eberry-Currant.

INSECTS-The most widely spread and equally the most dangerous arc :
the imported currant worm, a green caterpillar, dark spotted, eating up leaves-
plant lice are also found by thousand lots under the leaves which they curl up'
The saw-fly, striped bug and cane-borer are also to be reckoned with. •

Diseases.— Mildew does much damage to leaves; blister rust covers the
reverse side of leaves with a smooth orange-colored dust; white pine is destroved
in a few years when this disease is communicated to it.

C0NTROL.-I. Only stout, hardy stalks, and free from rust should be planted
as this terrible disease is presently causing damage in tliis
Province it would be advisable not to multiply gooseberry
and currant plantations.

2. Pull out and burn all plants infested by rust and notify
the Honorable Minister of Agriculture of the presence of
this pest.

3. Spray as hereafter recommended:

First spray: with Bordeaux mixture (page 23) when buds

are growing green; sulphur may also be sprinkled before

leaves open to prevent mildow.

Second spray: with poisoned Bordeaux mixture, immedia-
tely after the blossoms appear (page 25).

Third spray; with poisoned Bordeaux mixture as soon as
fruits have formed.

For plant lice, add nicotine sulphate to previous spravs,
if necessary (page 20). As these sucking insects infest bushes
practically during the whole summer, a nicotine spraving
about every 15 days will be imperative to get rid of them.

Currant Uusl

Curr.iiit
Mildew

— 16 —
Str«wl>»iTy.

in jTT~?t'^'?'*'' *''■"'' ''^*'y''°"^ Of •ts'-oots and Often cause damage
•n newly planted bushes; plant lice, striped flea beetle, weevil ^

Disease— Spots on leaves.

Control.-! Soil should be well prepared and no weeds

Xntrwhi'"*"^ *'•" ''''''■ '' ''''^- ^- — -

2. Spray with Bordeaux mixture ( page 23 ) when neces-
sary.

White srub

Ra«pberry.

^^^^■"■^^^"

feedinroTthe~Sr '°"" """''"'^' — ^— ^ red-necked cane borer
Diseases.— Blight, orange rust, crown gall, anthracnose.

Control. -1. Destroy plants infesttd by the red-necked
and the cane-borer.

2. Sprays:
First: with Bordeaux mixture before buds appear.
Second: when canes are 6 to 8 inches'with poisoned Bor-
deaux mixture (page 25).

3. Keep a close watch on raspberry bushes and destroy im-
wir,.„„ ^^, ^ mediately all insects found therein.

larvk

V.-INSECTS AND DISEASES INJURIOUS TO CEREAL CROPS.
Insects.

Grasshoppers, cutworms, white grubs; see first chapter.

Army WoRMS.-Dark caterpillars most often invading fields in dense
armies walking in a given direction and eating all plants they meet on their way.
Not much feared up to now in this Province, but the black army worm has
it^hlvZk^^ ^'^ Temiscaming region last year and might easily spread

Remedies.-ATmy worms may be destroyed in three different manners,
providing the remedy is applied as soon as the insect appears. Crops must be

— 16 —

actively looked over; otherwise everything will be cut away within thwe or
four days.

1. When caterpillars are but few, place a poisoned bait on
the ground (page 19).

2. When in greater number, arsenate of lead mixture will be
sprayed, when possible (page 18).

3. When they are numerous, trenches will be dug, in the
direction they proceed and sufficiently ahead of them to
complete the work before they reach the spot. A shallow
ditch is first made with a plow or a log, giving the finishinfj
touch with a shovel. The trench will be about 12 to 15
inches deep and about 10 inches wide. The wall lacing the
way caterpillars are marching should be as smooth as
possible, vertical and beaten hard with a shovel; holes,
1 ft. deep, being made at every 15 feet in the trench.
Caterpillars unable to ascend the abrupt slope fall into the
holes where it is easy to crush them.

Army Worm

Cutworms.— Certain species of cutworms continually living underground,
such as the glassy cutworms sometimes cause damages to oats, wheat, etc.,
during the month of June and up to the 15th of July.

i?cme<fics.— Nothing but preventive measures are known as yet against
these pests:

. Do not sow in a piece of ground infested the previous
year.

Cut out useless weeds upon which females lay their eggs.

When a field is badly infested, it must be plowed imme-
diately in August; chickens will be permitted to follow
the plow and hogs to pasture in the field.

2.

3.

Gta-y
Cutworm

Hessian-fly.

The tiny white grubs of this fly eat the pitch of the plant. The attack
can be difficultly foreseen and very often the damage is perceived too late when
"flaxseed" is notice at the base of the stalk.

il«m«rfy.— Destroy stubble left ip the soil after the crop.

Di«ea«e8.

Rust appearing under the shape of small pockets attacked to the ears and
containing fine dark-colored dust. Smut another disease which blackens

— 17 —

stalks and ears. Smut causes losses for several millions every year. This disease
IS serious but can be easily prevented by treating the seeds.

C0NTR0L.-I. To control rust on wheat and smut on oats, treat seeds in a for-
" "" ""*"" solution (page 22). Not a single bushel of wheat

or oats should be sown that has not been previously treated
m this way.

2. To control smut, allow seeds to go through three hot water
baths as follows:
Water at 68 Far., degrees, during 4 or 5 hours.
Water at 112 Far., degrees, .during 15 to 20 minutes.
n«t ***^ ** ^^^ ^"' degrees, during 10 minutes.

VI.-SPRAYS.

INSECTICIDES.

This name is given to the various chemicals used in the struggle against
insect pests. Insecticides are applied under powder, liquid or gas shape. The
principal and most commonly used (arsenate of lead, Paris green) are sold in
powder state, but are applied as a solution with water.

Chewing, •ucking and boring in— cto.

We have alrtady pointed out the treatment requ.ed by each plant and
.nsccte. It IS however adv«able to note briefly that insects according

U' r"*""", °i *^"'''"«' ^°"" ^'^'^ «'°"PS necessitating different
methods of control. In the first pUce are to be mentioned the chewing
insects, armed with strong cUws, and eating up leaves and fruits: cater-
pillars of all kinds, beetles, grasshoppers, cutworms and white grubs, blister
beetles, come under this category. The safest and easiest way to control these
hiRhly dangerous pests is to poison their food with various substances The
sur/rers are provided with a beak, short or long, according to the case,* which
they plunge into the tissue of plants (leaves, bark, fruits) to extract juices, the
sap. the liquid on which they make their living. Poisoning their food is impos-

renlrlT " Vu ""V '^^ °/ '^^ P'*"'' Consequently, their destructioris

endered possible by the use of substances killing them through contact, either

n blocking the breathing organs, either in penetrating the body or in corroding

carapace of the insect. A third group could be added, that of the 6orer5;

Jonned of the worms boring under the bark or through the wood. Insecticides

required for «ich group wiU.be r«ferred.tD, as weU as the manacE to prepare and

— 18 —

Stickmr.

This is no insecticide. This substance is mixed with insecticides or fiiiiKi-
cidcs when spraying plants the leaves of which are smooth: cabbages, turnip<i,
etc.. This sticker makes the spraying mixture adhere to the leaves, while .sim-
ply an aquous solution would flow on the leaves without moistening them.

Formula. — Resin 2 pounds.

Sal soda 1 pound.

Water •. 1 gallon.

Preparation. — Boil together during two hours, resin and sal soda in one
gallon of water. Sal soda is obtainable at all drug stores.

Use. — Pour the product obtained after boiling into a 40 gallon insecticide
or fongicide solution, lb spray a garden of small area, one has only to reduce
the dose according to the quantity of water contained in the solution.

FOR CHEWING INSECTS

Ar—naf of lead.

Whitish powder or paste, with arsenic as base, like Paris green. It however
has on the latter the advantage of adhering better to the leaves; it sticks lor a
longer time: one then says that "it is washcd"more slowly by the rains. Be-
sides, it does not dami ^e the leaves. Paste arsenate of lead contains 50'^: of
water, while powder does not contain any ; the first is consequently half the
strength of the second, twice the quantity must then be employed.

Preparation. — When using arsenate of lead under either form, care must
always be taken to dilute the poison slowly: water is poured little by little
while stirring continually so as to obtain a thin paste perfectly mixed, with-
out any clods or grains. This is an essential element of success. There will
only remain to pour this semi-liquid substance into a certain quantity of water
and to stir hard before it goes into the sprayer. ,

Formulas. — 1. To spray about one acre:

Powder Paste

Arsenate of lead 2 lbs 4 pounds.

Water 40 gallons 40 gallons.

2. To spray a garden of small area :

Arsenate of lead § of an ounce or 10 teaspoonfuls.

Water 1 gallon.

Use. — To spray all plants infested by chewing insects, particularly leal-
eaters. Sec each kind of plant to know how many sprayings are required, the
time, etc.

— 19 -

Pari! Cr— n.

Another insecticide with arsenic as base, finely divided green powder, of
a quicker action than lead arsenate but which has the inconvenience of "being
washed down" rnore quickly. As it is more violent then the former, the dose
must be proportionately less.

Preparation. Its preparation is the same as lead arsenate.

Formulas. — 1. To spray about one acre:

Paris green 8 ounces or % pound.

Water 40 gallons.

2, For tender leaf plants (potatoes, for instance).

Paris green 8 ounces or 1/2 pound.

Quick lime 8 ounces or yi pound.

Water 40 gallons.

3. For a small garde

Paris green 1 ounce or 1 tablespoonful.

Water 5 gallons.

Use. — Instead of lead arsenate as indicated for each plant.

Poison Brmn M««h,

This bait is advantageously used against cutworms and grasshoppers.
Poison mash attracks these pests which are killed after eating same. Two or
three applications are often enough to clear an entire field of thousands of cater-
pillars or grasshoppers.

Preparation.— Mix bran to Paris green or arsenate of lead. Dilute » -
lasses in water in a pail. Then pour this sweetened water slowly on poisoned
bran, stirring hard so as to get the bran thoroughly moist throughout.

Formulas. — 1. For cutworms:

Water 2 to 3 gallons.

Paris green i^ pound.

Molasses 1 quart.

Bran 20 pounds.

2. Grasshoppers:

Use same formula as for cutworms, only adding the juice
and sliced pulp of 3 lemons or oranges. Bran is some-
times replaced by sawdust, but for grasshoppers only.

— 90 —

3. For a small garden:

Paris green 1 teaspoonful.

Bran about i pound.

Molasses 1 teaspoonful.

Water Suflicientiy to moisten the nii\-

ture.

^*E-— To destroy cutworms, poison bran mash will be made into small
balls and distributed around the plants, on the soil. As cutworms only come .mt
at night to get their food, the distribution will be made at that time only. Cress-
hoppers look for something to eat during daytime; spread bran broadcast earlv
in the morning.

FOR SUCKING INSECTS.
Sulfa U of nicotint.

Black liquid tobacco extract sold by seedsmen, in half-pound boxes or niort-.
It IS sometimes known under the name of "Black leaf 40" in the trade. This
remedy acts directly upon insect pests. It is used against plant lice, bugs, tti

Preparation.— Consists solely in mixing the liquid purchased with a
certain quantity of water.

Formula. — 1. For a large area:

Sulfate of nicotine y^ pound or f of a pint.

Water 40 gallons.

• 2. For an ordinary area :

Sulfate of nicotine 1 ounce liquid.

Water 8 gallons.

3. For a small garden:

Sulfate of nicotine 1 teaspoonful.

Water l gallon.

Use.— For sp.aying vegetables, we must add 2 pounds of hard soap (laun-
dry soap) to the first formula; yi pound to the second and one cubic inch to the
third. In all of the three cases, soap will be previously diluted in boiling water
before mixing with the nicotine solution. Soap will permit of a more equal
distribution of the insecticide and will makte it stick to the leaves better. An
important element of success ir the fight against sucking insects consists in
sp.aying as soon as they appear for the first time so as not to allow them to mul-
tiply, and to gain access to the lower surface of the leaves where they generally
put up. In other words, nicotine must touch the insect; then, let us spray
where it is to be found.

This remedy is used for the destruction of suckers on all plants indifferently.
A special spray is not always necessary; it is sufficient, when making use of arbc-

— 21 —

nntc of Iracl. Bordeaux mixturo or Pari, green, to add y, pound oj sulpbalc of
mcoline to every 4() gallons o/ mixture or poisoned solution.

KToaif wnubion.

FoRiiULA.-Hard8oap Mpound

Kerosene (coal oil) 2 gallons

Soft water (rain water preferably) 1 gallon.

PREPARATioN.-When the water is boiling, dissolve soap, hen add ke,o.

M.xing the liquids when they are hot only, is essential t«, success A smooth
cr.amy solution is thus obtained which will become thicker as it coda
It will keep well, if sealed from air. ^'*

. -To be used, this solution must be diluted with 10 parts of hot water.
iMix .cu and use after cooling.

-In a small garden when, only a small quantity of emulsion is required
one may proceed as follows: mix thoroughly 8 ounces of flour and 1 qt^rt of
kerosene, then add 2 gallons of hot water; stir 5 minutes and use.

"^ BORING INSECTS.

Borers are those insects which bore galleries into the wood. These galle-

rus usually have an exterior orifice, wider or smaller, through which the worm-

us IS ejected. If any of this dust is noticed at the foot of the tree, ^t means

that a worm ,s eating the wood. To get rid of this fruit or forest tree pest!

::;hTrC LXhlr ^^ " ''' ^^'^^ ^^ ^-*^""'- -"• •- -- -^^'^ ^^^^

Carbon bUulphide.

Yellowish, easy-inflammable liquid of a bad smell, obtai ed at drug stores
in one pint boxes.

USE.-This insecticide is used as bought, arbon bisulphide is squirted

one or several times with a syringe, into the gallery; and the opening is then

Wd with putty soap or wax. The borer is killed by the escaping^gas Open

after 24 hours. The round headed borer, the maple borer and the popU

borer are destroyed in this manner.

_ 22 —
FUNGICIDES.

This name is given to certain chemicals or mixtures that have the property
of preventing the development of plant diseases or of destroying their germs:
potato scab, mildew, apple, cereal rust and most of the diseases of vegeta-
bles, fruit trees and bushes. Let us state here that these various diseases have
caused crops to be lost valued at obout $60,000,000, in the Province of Quebec,
last year. By this fact, we liave lost 14 million bushels of potatoes
valued at $18,000,000 dollars, 4 million bushels of oats, valued at 3 million
dollars; 350,000 bushels of beans, valued at 2 million dollars. The tax levied
by these parasites is really too much expensive, particularly if we consider
that we are in possession of the means to reduce it 50%; which would swell
the purse of the Quebec farmer by $30,000,000.

The fungicides, the preparation and use of which are herein described have
everywhere given the best results. No reason should prevent farmers from
making use of them: their own interest being at stake. This also affords a
means for increasing production considerably and no person can give a proper
excuse for sowing potatoes, wheat or oats that have not undergone the formalin
treatment; and for growing fruit and vegetables without spraying them with
Bordeaux mixture.

Formalin.

Liquid chemical, also called formaldehyde, found at all drug stores. It
is a strong seed disinfectant; by using it, wc will obtain healthy plants, stout,
large crops and products of high quality.

Prepahation. — Simply consists in pouring a determined quantity of for-
malin into a certain amount of water. Hereafter necessary details are given
for the treament of the various seeds.

Potatoes. —

Formula: 1 pint into 30 gallons of water (1 pint weighs 1 pound) or still
one half pint (one half pound) into 15 gallons of water.

Length of the bath: 2 hours.

Potatoes (whole or cut) are put in clean bags and soaked into the barrel
containing the formalin solution. After 2 hours, the bag is lifted and allowed
to drain above the barrel. Potatoes will afterwards be spread on boards to dry.
If the seeds are to be divided into sets after the bath, the following precau-
tions must be taken: to have on hand several knives soaking in a receptacle
filled with pure formalin. When one happens to slice a scabby, rotten or
spoiled tuber, it must be thrown away, the knive must be dipped in formalin
and another one used it its place. The same precaution applies any time when

— 23 —

asimHar case presents. Finally, when the seeds are put into the ground.
care should be taken to use only receptacles (bags, boxes, buckets, pails) that
are as neat as possible so as not to contaminate them anew, it would be a good
.(ka to wash them in a formalin jjolution once the tubers have been treated.

Wheat AND Oats.

First process: same dose as for potatoes, put seeds in bags and plunge into
the solution during 5 minutes. k b ..i"

Second process: it appears that it gives better results than the previous
one Heap the gram on the floor 1 or 2 days before sowing time. Pour 1 pint
of formalin into a barrel containing 40 gallons of w^ter. A man provided with
a watering can.a syringe or a broom (which he dips into the barrel, now and then
and shakes hard) slowly moistens the grain, while another man armed with a
shovel turns it over continually until all the seeds are impregnated. To pre-
vent the escaping of fumes, cover with neat bags or blankets during 2 or 3 hours.
Then spread the gram so that it may dry up.^ The same "as for potatoes, care

s^cS^rL^r r " "''-' ''' ''-'' '''-' - -^"« -^^-'^ p-^«-'^

.essttn%tlt'::rbu:hr''^ "" bushels of grain, which means

\\ « «'so to be remembered that wheat and oats thus treated slightly gain
in bulk: the seeder shall consequently be set as if we were seeding H or W bushel
more per acre. '^•' '^^ ""'*""

Onions, Beans, Peas.

i

Allow onion seed to steep 15 minutes into a solution prepared as follows:

For a small quantity.

•^""nalin 1 teaspoonful.

\^'ater 1 cup.

Bordeaux mixture.

For

an average quantity.

1 ounce.

2 gallons.

Th.s fungicide was discovered in 1885-87 by Millardet of Bordeaux (France)
d experienced for the first time in Qnada in 1890 by Professor Craig; Tt
^^r"lt! r" "l "" «^t--''i"« success to control vegetable and tree
tt'seasc. Its efficiency has consequently been put to test.

— 24^

Formula. — Quicklime 4to6pounds.

G)pper sulfate (bluestone) 3 to 4 pounds.

Water 40galions.

So as to avoid the "burning " of leaves more lime than bluestone must
I>e used.

Preparation. — ^The following equipment is required in the preparation
of Bordeaux mixture: 3 wooden barrels (copper injuring iron), one agitator 1
pail, 1 strainer, 1 small bag. The preparation consists in three distinct operations.

1. — Copper sulfate solution. In a small bag, place the bluestone which is to
be dissolved in water. For this purpose, a first barrel is filled with 20 gallons o f
water; into whic'i the bag containing the bluestone, suspended to a rop \\ili
be immersed: 10 to 12 hours are required to effect the thorough dissolution of
copper sulfate.

2. Lime milk. A good calcareous solution cant only be obtained by slowly
and progressively slaking the limel Lime is placed in a pail, and water is pourt-d
upon it, a little quantity at a time, while the whole is stirred until a perfect
lime milk is obtained. As lime contains impurities which must be eliminated,
a strainer (sifter) is placed on the opening of a second barrel and the lime milk
is poured into it. When this has been done, the 20 gallons of water to be con-
tained, by the barrel are added and the whole is stirred with an agitator.

3. Mixing tbe two stock soltuions. If Bordeaux mixture is required for imme-
diate use, the materials contained in the two barrels will be poured into a third
barrel; and so as to make a thorough mixture, the two stock solutions will be
poured together. Then stir this 40 gallon liquid mass so that all constituants
will be thoroughly mixed. The mixture will then assume a sky blue color.
When this preparation is over the next thing to be done is to fill in the sprayer
or watering can.

When the fungicide is needed for Uter use only,the two solutions are allowed
to remain in their respective barrels until spraying-time has come. These
may be kept for a fortnight although it is preferable to use the mixture imme-
diately after it has been prepared; it then has its maximum efficiency.

The above method will be useful to most people. But in order to sa\e
time, owners of large orchards, and truck growers should rather proceed as
follows.

The first operation will consist in dissolving 40 pounds of bluestone in 40
gallonsof water or 1 pound of sulfate for each gallon of water.

Equally for the second operation, slake 40 to 60 pounds of lime» strain, and
place 40 gallons of water In the barrel; each gallon of water will contain, pound
or 1 >^ pound of lime.

— 85 —

On spraying day after the liquid in the two barrels has been properly
stirred. 4 gaHons of hme solution (lime milk) wHI be poured into the barrel
contaming 20 gallons of water, and 4 gallons of bluestone solution in another
barrel also cantammg 20 gallons of water. When each solution contained in
the two first barrels will be poured into a third one. as already explained.

The same operations are repeated any time it is necessary to spray.

UsE.-When the preparation is over. let us fill the watering^ran or the
hand or power sprayer. In the first case the operator will have to stir the
mixture frequently; success being dependent on the thorough mixing of all
elements, stirring, although unpleasant, is imperative. The other outfits do
this work mechanically.

Strictly speaking, when using the watering-can, the third operation may be
replaced by the following one. The stock solutions will be left in their own
containers, and after stirring them energetically, an equal quantity of liquid
will be taken jn each barrel and poured into the watering-can; 40 gallons are
usually enough to spray one acre garden or orchard.

Bordeaux mixture is used against practically all diseases; it is indicated
herein, for each kind of cultivated plant hen and how to use same.

Poisoned Bordeaux Mixture-U oftenlhappens that insects have to
be controHed m well as diseases,. The work will be made easy, by adding
poison to 40 gallons of Bordeaux mixture, from the following table and according
to the insecticide used : *

Arsenate of lead (pow r) 2 pounds.

Arsenate of lead (paste 4 pounds.

Parisgreen Sounces.

Lima sulfur.

Thi^^inS" 1 ^°I?' Of sulfur and lime, sold all prepared, ,y seedsmen.
This liquid only needs to be reduced, from a special dosage, for each spray.
The use of a hydrometer is necessary for so doing. Its use is more complicated
than Bordeaux mixture; besides, it is used only for fruit trees.

■ I

IMPORTANT INFORMATION

An act respecting the protection of plants from destructive insects and fungoid

diseases.

(Assented to t9tb February, 1914).

HIS MAJESTY, with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly
of Quebec, enacts as foliows:

" SECTION XX

"protection of plants from destructive insects A^n FUNGOID DISEASES

"2041c. It is forbidden, except under the conditions hereinafter set forth,
to import into the Province any plant or part of a plant attacked by destructive
insects or the plant diseases herein below specified.

"204U. Upon the production of a d.>cument stating his official capacity,
the entomologist of the Department of Agriculture of the Province, or his assis-
tant or representative, shall have the right to enter any nursery, orchard .>r
other premises wherein there is reason to believe that there are plants of any
kind.

"2041e. It is fortidden to resist, in any manner, the action of the entomo-
logist, his assistant or representative, when acting in accordance with this
section.

"2041/. No one shall keep in his possession, nor oflFer for sale, nor in any-
way give to anybody whomsoever, plants, parts of plants which may be
infested by any of the destructive insects or plant diseases hereinafter specified.

"2041g. The owner or occupant of any lot of land or nursery where the
existence of any of the insects or diseases hereinafter specified may be ascer-
tamed or suspected, shall forthwith inform the Minister thereof, and at the
same time give all useful information respecting the spread of the pest.

"20416. During or after an inspection of any nurseries, green houses or
any lot of land, the entomologist, his assistant or representative shall give tiie
necessary instructions for the treatment or destruction of any plant infested
by destructive insects or plant diseases. All such instructions shall be carried
out by the owners or occupants of the premises or lots aforesaid.

"204 li. When the -mologist, or his assistant or representative, ascer-
tains the existence in a nursery of any one of the destructive insects or plant

- 27 —

diseases specified in the list given beIow.no plant or part of a plant caa be
removed or transferred elsewhere until one or the other of the aforesaid officers

iZrj\ t ?""• °' r"?*"* °^ *''' """"y » '^^^^'^^^ stating that the
.nstrud^ons he has given for the treatment or destruction of the plant infested
have been followed to such an extent as he deems necessary.

•nit 2^.\i ^^ *" af ho'«»tion bearing his signature, the Minister may per-
mit certain persons, for scientific purposes only, to import into the Province
specimen of the destructive insects and of the plants Stacked buy any one
of the plant diseases specified in the list given below.

ru "?tu** ^"^ «>'nP«ns»tion for expenses incurred or damages suffered

LaZ . * l1?T"' °' .^T"'^'"" °f *"y P'«"t«. *'«« or other vegetable
matter attacked by any of the destructive insect, or plant diseases specified

Lent of irr.-^''"": °i u°' r^ ^'""*«*^ "''''='' ™*y »"«« f™™ the fnforce-
Sn„ ir • ?'" ^' *"°*f^ '^y *"y """^ *hen such treatment, des-

truction, expenses or damages result from the instructions given by the ento-

mologist or his represenutive acting in their official capacity.

"2041/ Among the destructive insects and plant diseases to which this
section shaU apply, the following insects and diseases are expressly included:

1. The San Jos^ Scale.

2. The Brown Tail Moth.

3. The Gipsy Moth.

4. The Woolly Aphis.

5. Black Knot.

6. Apple Canker.

7. Potato Canker.

8. Europiean Currant Rust.

9. White Pine Blister Rust.

Scjentific Names.

1. Aspidiotus perniciosus Con.. ,.

2. Eiiproctis chrysorrhoea L

3. Portetria dispair L.

4. Schizoneura lanigera, Hausm.

5. Plowrightia morbosa Sacc.

6. Nectria ditissima Tul.

7. Chrysophlictis enHobiotica Schil.

8. Cronartium ribicola Fisch.

9. Peridermium strobi, Kleb.

"TTie Lieutenant-Governor in Council may extend the application of this
section to other destructive insects and other plant diseases not included in the
above list, when circumstances require and ibr a specified period."

"2041m. Between the 15th June and the 15th September of each year.
the chief entomologist of the department of agriculture, or his assistant or repre-
sentative shall visit all nurseries in the Province in which plants are grown for
commercial purposes, in order to ascertain the existence in such nurseries of any
of the destructive insects or plant diseases specified in article 2041/, and shall
deliver to the owner or person in charge of a nursery a certificate stating,
if such be the case, that when he inspected such nursery, he did not ascertain
the presence of any of the destructive insects or plants diseases specified in
article 2041 /; the date of the inspection in the following year.

"2041n. After the 15th September, 1914, every owner or person in charge
of a nursery in the Province is forbidden to sdl, give or deliver in any way to
anybody, or to allow any plant or vegetable matter to go out of his nurserv,
unless he has received the certificate inentibned in article 2041m from th6 entu-
mologist of the department of agriculture , or his assistant or representative.

"20416. Every contravention of article" 2041n, p' every refusal
to comply with the instructions given by the entomologist of the department
of agriculture, or by his assistant or representative, with respect to the treatment
or destruction of infested vegetable matter or of the destructive insects or disea-
ses specified in article 2041/, shall render the person guilty of the same liable to
a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars, with costs."

2. This act shall come into force on the day of its sanction.

An Act respecting tbe protection of bees

It is forbidden to spray plants with poisoned mixtures while such plants
are m bloom. Prosecutions are liable to be taken against any person ignoring
this law. The aim of this regulation is to protect bees from being poisoned
while gathering honey on flowers.

■i:

INr^EX

Papp

l.-INSECTS INJURIOUS TO ALL CROPS !

Whitegrubs ' ^

Cutworms ^

Wireworms ^

Blister beetles ^

Grasshoppers ^

Plantlice ^ ■*

Slugs .' .' ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ^

Flea-beetles ^

H.-INSECTSAND DISEASES INJURIOUSTOVEGETABLES 4

Asparagus " "^

Beet

Spinach

Corn :..... ' '

Carrot

Parsnip " ' '

Celery • •

Cabbage ^

Turnip , ■.'.■. ^

Cauliflower "

Pumskin ^

Squash '

Cucumber , '

Lettuce. ^

Melon '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'/ ^

Musk melon ' ^

Watermelon ;; .......y ^

Onion * 8

Potatoes. ...... "

Peas ['/" 9

Beans *0

Radish ......[...'. *°

Tcmato *^

INSECTS AND DISEASES INJURIOUS TO FRUITTREES !!

General treatment of the orchard Jf

Appletree "

Pear tree *^

Plum tree "

Cherry tree *^

.• 14

111.

— 80-

Pages

IV.— INSECTS AND DISEASES INJURIOUS TO FRUIT BUSHES 14

Gooseberry 14

Currant 14

Strawberry 15

Raspberry 13

v.— INSECTS AND DISEASES INJURIOUS TO CEREAL CROPS 15

Inatcts 15

Army worms 15

16

16

Cutworms .
Hessian-fly

Diseasu

Rust

Smut

16
16
17

VI.— SPRAYS 17

Insecticides 17

Chewing, sucking and boring insects 17

Stciker 18

For chewing inser'j , 18

Arsenate of lead 18

Paris green IQ

Poison bran mash 19

For sucking insects , 20

Sulfate of nicotine , 20

Kerosene emulsion 21

For boring insects 21

Carbon bisulphide 21

Fungicides 22

Formalin 22

Bordeaux mixture 23

Poisoned Bordeaux mixture 23

Lime sulfur '. 25

Important injormation 26

An act respecting the protection of plants from destructive insects

and fungoid diseases 26

An act respect'-ig the protection of bees 28