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PRt:~ACE /*^UI< office receives hundred:; of letter:, of enquiry from nil part;-. ^^ of the continent reque^^tmg infonnatiou ab iii the Invr- nnd conditicns under wnich timber lands are :;eciired in British CcKiinbia. and th*^ que:ition:; are .so vsriou.s that we have fomid it nece.v.ary to compile this booklet, which wr tru.M will je a vnlunble source of information to all in!ere;^.ted in the timber '>f Bntu;h Columbia. The compiler has endeavored t(- ds:.cnbe the kind of country, the localities in which the different classes of timber are to be found and to give a synopsis of the different law^ under which timber in British Columbia can be .secured, both from the Dominion and Provincial Governments Mr, C. F, Pretty, the proprietor of the under^.igned firm, ha.; gi^en a great deal of his time and thought to this little work, and he offer.^. the same withnis compliments. He has spent a large part of his life in the fmber busines.s iiid is thoroughly ver.sjd in all its phases. PRETTY'5 TIMBER EXCHANGE -133 Ric rds St,. Vancouver. B. C, 13779V tC'^ FALLING FIR TREE THE TIMBER OF BRITISH COLUMBIA ~S^ " I "HE rapid depletion of the forests of all the southern and eastern * parts of the continent of North America has never been more clearly set forth than in the following quotation from a speech of Mr. James J. Hill's, before the conference which was held at the White House recently, for the conserving of the natural resources of the United States : " The forests of this country, the product of centuries of growth, are fast disappearing : the be.:t estimates recording our standing merchantable timber at less than 2,000,000,000^ feet. Our annual cut is about 40.000.000.000 feet. The lurnber cut rose from 18.000.000.000 feet in 1880 to 34.000,000,000 feet in 1905, that is, it nearly doubled in 25 years. We are now using 500 feet, board measure, per capita, as against an average of 60 feet for over all Europe. The New England supply is gone. The North-West furnishes small growths that would have been rejected by lumbermen thirty years ago. The South has reached its maximum production and begins to decline. On the Pacific Coast only, is there now any considerable body of merchantable standing timber. We are consuming yearly three or four times as much timber as the forest * growth restores. Our supply of some varieties will be practically exhausted in ten or twelve years. In the case of others, without reforesting, the present century will see the end." 8 THE TIMBER OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Such speeches as this and such statistics as the Governments of Canada and the United States supply have brought to the notice of all parties Interested in timber as an investment, the forests of British Columbia. With its moist and temperate climate and its rich valleys and foot hills, where in countless years the far famed Douglas or Yellow Fir has matured as it has in no other part of the world, where the giant Red Cedar, and In the northern parts of British Columbia the great Spruce and Cypress or Yellow Cedar, Hemlock and Larch have de veloped to such enormous proportions, the wealth of British Columbia lies open to the hand of the logger. But while we have great forests, they are not ai extensive as is generally supposed, for the Coast is mountainous anu the merchantable timber ceases to grow at an altitude of abcul 3500 feet above sea level, while all the exceptional timber for which British Columbia is famed grows within seventy- five miles of the coast line. The Fir belt runs from the International Boundary as far north as Knight's Inlet, about 250 miles from Vancouver. From there to Alaska the principal wocd is the Sitka White Spruce : but through this whole belt. Fir and Spruce and the Giant Arbor Vitae. Red Cedar, which frequently runs as high as 50 per cent, of the whole cut. are well mixed. On the northern coast cf Queen Charlotte Island and the higher altitudes the Yellow Cedar, Larch and Hemlock are plentiful. The best grade of Fir and Cedar is found on the foot-hills or benches, between the 200 and 2000 foot levels, where they grow large, tall and clean. Along the coast of British Columbia are many Islands and the coast itself is very much cut up by inlets which run many miles into the interior, .-ill cf which are navigable or drivable. ALng these UNDERCUTTING FIR TREE lO THE TIMBER OF BRITISH COLUMBIA inlets, and rivers which flow into them, the best timber grows, which makes legging a much easier proposition than it would be if the timber grew in very large tracts. LOGGING I OGGING is carried on the whole year round, the climate being ^^ temperate and the snowfall very light, although odd days are lost during the rainy season. The logging is done principally with donkey engines which are placed at the edge of the water or on floats. Where there are no drivable streams, railways are used, and the average cost of logging in British Co!umbia is from $3.00 to $7.00 per thousand, according to the distance from water and the nature of the ground. Towing is comparatively safe for almost any distance, along the coast, on account of the many islands and inside channels. Mill sites and water powers, harbors and townsites. are abundant in many bays and at the mouths of the numberless rivers and creeks which come from the mount^.liis along the coast. EXPORT FACILITIES. \ /ANCOUVER is the Teminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway ' and has also the Great Northern and other roads running into it from the United States. It is situated at the mouth of Burrard Inlet, on the Mainland of British Columbia, twenty miles north from the international Boundary. Several steamship lines connect her with the United States. China, Japan. Australia and New Zealand : and ships may be seen in her harbour daily, loading lumber for all parts of the world. Five hundred miles north is Prince Rupert, the terminus of the Grand Trunk Pacific, which a few years from now will rival Vancou- ver. Half way between these two the Canadian Northern Railroad has selected its terminus, and when completed this will be the third Trans-Continental Railroad running through Canada - • 1 m * "f: W ^ 1 • * .J f ■ ■< i ■ 1 ' JIT ■ ■^ SK If 1 1^ i 1; ' ^\ : '« ^ ff ' i :: 1^ JS- *»■. s^'' I 1 ^' ^ ^ ' ^ ., i i i 1^ 1 1 is M ! / '» g ' ,'■-• ' ■ s r ■ ■ ' .ft' " 1 v_.4JV, "4 ■^ m .^*4 i- ■ # »- DOUGLAS FIR '* THE TIMBER OF BRITISH COLUMBIA These road;, will be carryiiij; the tin -jr of British Coli:mb:a to the millions of square miles of our interior where no tiinber grows and where the greatest grain fields of the world are fast settling up and calling for luiDber. Although our forests are large, many of us will r-ee their depletion, not many years hence. THE MERCHANTABLE WOODS Douglas Fir piR is the most plentiful wood in the South Western part of our Province. Douglas or Yellow Fir grows to a great size and height, some trees being 12 feet in diameter and 1 75 feet to the first limb : but the average and the most cheaply logged areas are those that are covered by timber which runs fiom three to five feet on the stump and from 75 to 150 —I feet to first limb. These trees, if they hold their size evenly, cut enormous quantities of lumber and I have seen many trees in a day's travel that would cut 25.000 feet of iTierchantable timber.' Fir has great strength and is specially valuable for structural purposes. 11 is used largely in ship building, bridge work, wharves and railway cars. For many years we have been shipping to the Eastern Coast spars for their largest ships. In fact, fir is used wherever great strength and length is required. Here we use it both for inside and outside work. It finishes and stains well and has a g.jin alinost equal to oak. THE TIMBER OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 1,1 Whit* OP Silvtr Fir This wood is much coarser in grain than the Douglas Fir and is not suitable for outside work, but is used for shiplap. box lumber or any inside work where it is not subject to the weather. Although there are some large tracts of Silver Fir, It is not a very widely distributed wood in British Columbia. The trees where found. however, are usually tall and clean and average about three feet on the stump. Hvmloeic or Alaska Plna This tree grows through the whole Province, usually mixed with other timber. It differs greatly from the Eastern Hemlock of the Rockies, growing tall and clear of limbs and averages about two and a half feet on the stump, although it is possible to find many much larger specimen... The grain is much more compact than the Eastern Hemlock and Is very sound, having no shakes as the Eastern Hemlock has and it withstands the elements much better. In dry climates It will out last many other woods at present in use. In appearance it stands between Spruce and Yellow Pine and often experts are deceived. It takes a fine hard finish when dry. Larch This tree, which is very plentiful in the higher altitudes and Northern parts of British Columbia, resembles the Eastern Balsam but grows much larger and taller, averaging about two and a half feet on the stump. It resembles British Columbia Hemlock in grain, is tough and durable and can be used for structural purposes ; in fact, is suitable for almost any kind of building. It stains well and takes a beautiful finish. THE TIMBER OF BRITISH COLUMBIA aiant Arto«p Vitas, R*tf Carfar The Giant Arbor Vitae is next to the Douglas fir in importance In British Columbia, where it attains its greatest size on Varccuver Island, along the coast and in the lower parts of the rivers cf the Coast Range. It is rarely found in the dry interior of British Columbia, but Is abundant In the river valleys on the slopes of the Selkirk and Coast Ranges. Though seldom found more than l£0 feet in height, in circumference it rivals the Douglas fir, trees of from 8 to 10 feet in diameter not being rare, and they are occasicn- ally found much larger. It is chiefly used in the manu icture of shingles, for which purpose it is unequalled by any other wood. Formerly the shingles were made by hand, the wood splitting easily, but improved machinery has so lowered the cost of production that comparatively few hand-made shingles are now used, though they are still in demand when a shingle of superior quality is desired. The wood of the tree takes a very brilliant polish, and is well adapted for interior finishing of all kinds. So great is the variety of shading in the color of the wood that a large house may be finished in it without two rooms being alike. It is not only largely exported, but is new being shipped in increasing quantities to Eastern Canada. In British Columbia it enters largely into the manufacture of doors and cabinetwork of all kinds. Like all the cedars, it lasts well under- ground, and on this account is much used in the form of telegraph poles and fence posts. The immense canoes made by West Coast Indians are, with very few exceptions, made of this wood. In addition to its value commercially for shingles and interior finishings, it is the friend of the settler, inasmuch as out of its straight-grained logs, he can build his house, make his furniture and Ih THE TIMBER OF BRITISH COLUMBl* fence his farm, and that solely with the use of the most primitive of o( tools- an axe. a saw and a froe. Owing to Increasing demand for shingles in Eastern Canada and the rapid filling up of the Western Territories, cedar limits are now becoming very valuable, and the shingle Industry especially is assuming large proportions. Yellew Cedar, Yellow Cyprne The Yellow Cypress is not nearly so abundant in British Col- umbia as the Arbor Vltae. nor Is Its circumference so great. Its height Is about the same as the Arbor Vltae -150 leet-and Its average diameter is about four feet, though occasional trees attain five feet. The yellow cypress is confined to the coast and the adjacent Islands. In the southern parts of British Columbia It Is not found at sea level, the finest trees growing at altitudes of from 1 ,000 to 2.500 feet. Though valuable f^r many purposes, the wood of the yellow cypress Is not extensively used at present, the cost of transportation to the seaboard being too great. On the Queen Charlotte 'slands it descends to the coast. When lower levels have been cleared of other trees the yellow cypress will be utilized. This wood is very durable, and on account of Its pungent odor It Is credited with resisting the teredo. Its grain Is very close, and as the wood takes a very high polish, it Is greatly valued for Interior finishing and for the manufacture of furniture. It commands a higher price than either Douglas fir or arbor vltae. The natives along the northern coast of British Columbia make many articles lor domestic use from this wood. It is especially valuable for its lasting qualities, and has been known to last as sills for over sixty years without being impaired. In a wet climate, such as is prevalent at Port Siinpson. where it was found in old Hudson's Bay Company foundations, this is remarkable. Mr. J. R. Anderson, in his paper for the Forestry Association, says that on account of its liability to shrink, lengthwise as well r .aterally. it requires to be THE TIMBER OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 1 7 well seasonnd before use. The long and slender pendulous cones which hang from the branches give the tree a very graceful appear- ance ; and the strong, pungent odor which It emits when .'reshly cut. and which It never loses, renders it very easy of lde.it; atlon. WMtorn Whit* Pin* None of the Western pines are found In quantity near the coast, and so far they have been used for Western purposes only. It is found in the interior of Vancouver Island and is abundant In the southern parts of the Coast Range, where there is heavy rainfall. In the Selkirk Mountains it is not very common, but attains a considerable size on the mountain slopes. The wood Is used for the same purpose s the Eastern white pine. Mr. Anderson says : " It is the most useful wood for window-sashes, doors, powder barrels and similar work. Being a white and very light wood, it is unsuitable for outside uses, and has a tendency to absorb moisture when In contact with the ground, a.nd is therefore, liable to decay." It has not heretofore been used to a very great extent. It is a splendid looking tree, having bluish-green fronds and cones from 8 to 12 Inches long. Entfalmann Sprue* r^'s characteristic spruce of the Rocky and Selkirk mountains is the most useful tree growing in the interior of British Columbia, and is there largely used In bridge and trestle work and for heavy construction work generally. In the vallev of the Cr.hiTribis it i-- often more than 150 feet In height and 4 feet in diameter. The THE TIMBER OP DIIITISH C01.UMHIA li| wood Is very lik« that of the black and whlt» spruces, and may ba used for the same purposes. This was the chief wood used In the construction of the Canadian Pacific Fiallway from the Rocky Mountains westward. This spruce grows chiefly In the Immediate vicinity of the Coast, ranging in British Columbia from the International Boundary north to Alaska. In the southern part of the Province it grows scattered among other trees, but in the north it Is relatively much nore abundant, growing sometimes In large clumps. Though averaging less In diameter than the Douglas fir. occasional trees of great size are found. Those cut for lumber are. however, seldom more than five or six fee. In diameter. No ether -ree on the West Coast is used for such varied purposes, and as it is easily worked up by machinery there Is a great demand fo- it In the manufacture of doors, window sashes, boxes, shelving and interior finishini;. The wood la very white. Is elastic, and bends with the grain without splitting, so that it Is much used In boat building, the making of light oars, stave:,, woodenware. etc. The adaptability of British Columbia spruce has gi/en this wood a reputation in Eastern Canada and the United -State.s which has created a demand for it (or use in the better class of buildings. It resists decay for a long time. and. like the Douglas fir. Is not attacked by Insects. The chief value of the sItka spruce will, In the near future, be In the manufacture of pulp, for which purpose It is not excelled by any other tree. As soon as pulp mills are established in the vicinity of the large saw-mills, the immense waste entailed by the present method of sawing dimension lumber In British Columbia will be obviated. As the shrinkage is usually very great, ii is .?snerallv kiln diied belor using, or kept stored away until It is thoroughly ,„ THE TIMBER OF BRITISH COLUMBIA seasoned On account o, .he sh.rp-po.n.ed short fronds, i. is qul.e ^possible .0 grasp .hem wUh .he na.ed hand, and ,h,s renders .h s :: easny dis^.nguishea .rom .he other BrUish Columbia con„erae. While the above mentioned woods are .he principa ones ound m British Columbia, .here are many o.hers equally valuable o b. Ind in our lores.s in smaller quan.ities. They stil, pay the logger and owner well, however, to bring to market. THE TIMBER OF BRITISH COLUMBIA PRETTY'S TIMBER EXCHANGE /^UR object is to accumulate large tracts of tiinb^T, made up by ^^ a collection of the smaller holdings, and to put them to buyers at a minimum cost and with a small profit to ourselves. We claim that it will pay all who wish to purchase timber in British Columbia, to deal with us, rather than to take the trouble of hunting up the individual small holders. Aside from the annoyance which inexperi- enced persons would have in gathering information which would enable them to consolidate these holdings, there remains the fact of their inexperience We place at the disposal of prospective buyers the experience of years, and we own and control large areas of the best timber In British Columbia, and firmly believe that v^e can save alt buyers much more than our commission amounts to. There are many properties on which we have been able to secure a guarantee of cruise. This means that the owner of the timber will deposit a sufficient amount of money in some bank to cover the cruising expenses, which is to be forfeited to the prospective buyer if the amount of timber which the owner guarantees, is not found on the property. After twenty years of experience in the timbt business in British Columbia the writer has no hesitation in saying that one cannot buy timber intelligently in British Columbia without years of experience or an extra cost in the securing of the same. THE TIMBER OF BRITISH COLUMBIA EXPERIENCED "RUISERS WE furnish experienced cruisers of good repute, also Government appointed surveyors at short notice, and will have any property on our list cruised if a deposit is made to cover the expenses. Our office is large and comfortable and we will be pleased for all who wish to call and examine our timber maps. We extend to all a hearty welcome and any information that we can give about the timber of British Columbia, we offer without reserve. On application from actual buyers we furnish maps and descrip- tions of our timber free of charge, but when applying kindly state the kind of timber you wish and the size of the investment you wish t^ go into, also the particular locality t.hat you wish the timber in. PRETTY'S TIMBER EXCHANGE 433 Richards St.. Vancouver. B.C. Cable Address ; " Pretty." Vancouver Codes : Western Union, A. B. C. and Adsms »4 THE TIMBER OF BRITISH COLUMCIA SYNOPSIS OF TIMBER LAWS CROWN GPANT ^ROWN Grant or Pa.en, gives absolute ™""^*^'P/"2n ;-.-::ir ===.:;=-"• r; -::•:'..:;..-..-•"* •— E. i N. RAILWAY GRANT ^,, E 8, N. Railway Gram consists cf 1.000,000 .ores on Vancll island, he. in.ee Simple ana e.porta.e.ithc.t duty r,, rovaltv mm ,1 •-, ■ t*.'^ #^ L -J* , i W ". « -'. - •■'^■ ^ '^T ' . . f \A •^ ii '. '•* :f > ?-; Ij^i .. • 1--^ ^ ^1 • 1 '-^i ^ . ; .«! 1 ■■ ■ " *ii • ■»* '-?! • \ ' '- '„* ■ r rf It ' ' )ri ^m^i^mm^^ * ' li^J' - ' *» ^^ .? .'.^., ^W^ . f ^ %2' *■• ::i-.:Ci^'/ JSi' y^ ■. . ' Vi ^M' % \A •":<.■ "^ffi ■f™"' . ■' - -' T, 4}. \ } .# .» i * ft -■ ■ « 1 ■i'V ■ : i ^j 1 .1 .^ ^ >J J '^. - ■ ■ r 1 1 ^^ ^ •'r' i • § ■"-^^ s ''r ^ H -^ r/ i "^ i p - 1 i 1 : s 1 I- Ci^ * FOREST OF FIRS 2b , TIMBER =f BRITISH COLUMBIA DOMINION LEASES , ,„,es were Issued by the Federal OM,N,ON --- ;t ,90, .0, U.be, sUnd., wU.n \J Government at Otawa P ,^, R.^way, since -e-y -'" -^" =';;^; L'ed nde,.Ue,y. Dominion leases «- .He holder ^^^^^^^^^^ ,,^ ,,.e are as .oUows : A g-nd lease until cut. The charges ,„d a stumpage or royalty ,ent 0, 5c. per acre per year ,n advan„. an ^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ „, 50C. per thousan w ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^,^^„ ,„,„ which is too small to take into c ^^^ ^^^^ ,gent for British Columbia is James Leamy.tq. minster, British Columbia. PROVINCIAL LEASES p.,OH to .OS the Provincial 00— .--—;;- P .mher 0. Br,tish Columbia outs d^ the C ^^^^ Railway belt, issued '"^ ^-J^^tl .n the lands covered holder 0. such leases the right 'o -" *= " ^ „,„, ,enl of surrendering. SPECIAL PROVINCIAL LICENSES -HE provincial Government up to LC^Js^aspecUlProvi. T .al licenses ^ -"-- ^^^ Sttd ,or tv,enty.one ,,,. the holder the r.gh a e ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^, ^^^ ^-- ^t =>, r „: llnd Imp'age, when cut. East o, the acres, ana ->^'^- v- W^'" THE TIMBER OF ORlTliiH COLUMBIA 27 Cascade Range the charge is $115.00 per annum, ner secticn of 640 acres, with a stumpage of 6Cc. when cut. At the beginn-ng of 1908 all Provincial timber was reserved by the Government indefinitely, so that at the present time no timber can be procured in the Province of British Columbia from either Government All leases and licenses are transferable. Both governments are lenient and do all that is reasonable for the manufacturers or mves- tors ; and it is the firm opinion of the writer that all Provincial leases and licenses will be made perpetual and every consideration will be made that will encourage capital towards British Columbia, which is the desire both of the members of the government and the people they represent as well. On logs manufactursd into lumbar in th* Provinco th«r« is no export duty. a8 THE TIMBER OF BRITISH COLUMBIA TIMBER, LAND AND IRON . RE .h. gr«. n.u,a, resources o, .h. -''^ -" ^J'^J^^ A .he foundation c. every Investment. Greater than s^od.. bonds insurance policies or mortgages are the investments made n f The increase o. the New Worlds industries means tn. timber. The increase ,^^^^^^, ^^^^^^^.^^ ; a r! ilel, ti.ty billion tect o. lumber cut ,rom the tores.s o conunent o, America, is it not time to as. how long cu res Will last? 1. is estim..ed by our best informed men that less than "earl Will see practically all our Virgin forests depleted, and Lt in less than ten years lumber will be at famine prices. Fifteen years ago the finest timber was bought here at lOc. per ,„H»v timber ranges from $5.00 to $20.00 per acre. In • :::;■ ::^i- --' -' - -^^ '- ^^-^ : 'zz hoTsand on the stump. Whoever knew timber to decrease in ~ Who are the most substantia, financial men .our colent? The timber men-, for the man Who invests in timber puts his money where it cannot but bring large profits. PULP AND PAPER ^NE of the most promising hones which the future holds out to O British Columbia is the creation of a 8-. paper pulp paper-making industry. Possessing as she does her ""^ " -^ her a prominent position over her sister Provinces , for v st as re .heir forest areas, these are all more or less distant '- ;~; while he, pulp-wood forests border the ocean or the numerous laible s reams, which furnish easy and cheap communicat on wh deep water harbors. With transportation charges at a triinimum I!, ,„ ,Lmi..d ..ut>olv of raw material, of the very finest quality, .iXZ'Tsssmx -^■w^^^ »«L»J THE TIMHER OF BRITISH COLUMBIA -'1 British Colambia should be In a position to supply Ihe greater half of the world with wood pulp. or. better still, with paper of every grade and quality and in every form in which paper is used in the industrial arts. While the pulp and paper mills of the Eastern Provinces may find markets in the Eastern States and Europe. British Columbia should stand without a rival in the rapidly developing marts of Asia and Australasia. In his admirable little work. " Pulp Wood of Canada," George Johnson, F.S.S.. says : — ■' Egypt and Canada, — The first was the land of the early paper plant ; the second is the country of the latest paper tree. " Egypt was the land of the papyrus, from which the anrlent dwellers on the banks of the Nile obtained the material on which to write those well-nigh imperishable records which, three thousand years after they were stored away, have been produced from their hiding places looking as fresh with their cuttlefish ink as though indited but yesterday. " In modern times we have reverted to the ways of our i.icestors and have gone back to the arboreal growth for the supply of paper to meet the world's marvellous demands. " When, therefore, the chemist hit upon spruce and balsam and found them suitable in every respect for the production of the ideal cheap paper, and commercial men realized that these woods vere comparatively cheap, quiciv, of growth and well located for the needs of commerce— the world knew that at length, after all the centuries of seeking, the right paper, meeting all requirements, had been invented. " It was soon earned that the material could be utilised for the manufacture of many other articles besides paper of various kinds, such as news, printing, 'vriting. wrapping, millboard, etc Among these are pails, dishes and other hollow ware, paper parchment, ■'X'^^iSM'Mmwiat- ' jP9f9HHk.W*'L$v ^J".' -.ttli- wr:4Sjr-r THE TIMHER OF URITISH COLUMI lA .it CDtton wool for hosptia! dressings cotton yarn and cloth. Sj.k yarn and fabrics, cigar boxes, modal:;, cornices, panels and other architec- tural details, picture frames, car wheeh. steam pipes, water pipes, telegraph poles, electric conduits, roofing material, coffins, boats. cigar-holders, carpets, mat'-esses. lead pencils, artificial straw, shoe heels, vases and ornaments, furniture, horse shoes, spools and bobbins, tool handles, buttons, cycle bar handles, fruit cans, hats, pinions for machinery, pulleys, letters lor signs, substitutes for building stones and for boards, piano cases, tiles, paving bricks, fibre chainots, etc. It has also been used for encasing broken arms and legs." Th« Riiw Matvrial Along the coast-line of the Mainland of British Columbia and Vancouver Island practically inexhaustible areas of pulp woods can be found. South of Knight's Inlet the most abundant wood is the Douglas fir. which is successfully used for the manufacture of chemical pulp. Its suitability for mechanical pulp is not so certain. North of Knight's Inlet is the spruce and hemlock belt, affording enormous supplies of excellent pulp wood— the Sitka spruce espec iaily being unexcelled by any other wood for pulp purposes. These woods cover large tracts immediately contiguous to the sea-coast, so that logs can be landed at the mills at very tow cost. An important point in favor of the industries on the sea coast of British Columbia is the mildness of the winters, which admits of operations being carried on throughout the whoH year. The forests of this Province are much more densely wooded than those of Eastern Canada, 500 cords per acre being not uncommon, while froiTt 100 to 150 cords m be taken as a fair average of good timber a ^Kc-'w UTTi^r^aiita .!» THE TIMBER OF BWITISM COLUMBIA lands. With proper husbanding the forests are practically Inexhaus- tible (or pulp woad purposes. This Is essentially a timber tjuntry. Atmospheric conditions are especially favorable to tree growth, whirh Is very rapid, and the extent of otherwise valueless country along the coast that can be devoted to forestry Is enormous. Owing to Its wealth of raw material, excellent water-powers and geographical position. British Columbia occupies a position of eminent advantage in competing for the pulp and paper trade of the Pacific. A practi- cally unlimited market is afforded by Australia. Japan. China and the western coast of America — both North and South. An Important factor bearing upon the future of British Columbia as the centre of the pulp and paper trade of the Pacific Is the rapid depletion of the forests of the Uni.ed States, and it Is confidently anticipated that the Importation of Canadian pulp and pulp woou t.) that country, already large, will continue to rapidly Increase. In conclusion, there Is no industry, not even mining Itself, which gives greater promise of commercial value and general importance than that of the manufacture of wood pulp and paper In this Province. A special feature of British Columbia timber areas is their density, the yield being greatly in excess of that obtainable from equal areas In Eastern Canada. The average cut In Ontario is about 10 cords per acre, while upon the lands secured by British Columbia pulp companies the estimated cut Is over 100 cords per acre. This density enables logging to be carried on to great aavan- tage. and it is estimated that the cost of wood at the mills for many years will be at least one third the average cost to Eastern United States mills. Cheap coal, of excellent quality, can be obtained from Nanalmo or Union, and shipments can be made directly by water to the mills. THE TIMBEK Of BKIIISH COL'JMBl* \^ Our Cuat«ni«rs The markets that can. with special (acillty. be supplied from British Columbia are: British Columbia. Japan, Australia. China. New Zealand. Hawaii, the Philippines. Western Coast of South America. Western Coast of Mexico, and Asiatic Russia. The home market Is a rapidly growing one. and with the steady growth of population a correspondingly rapid Increase of the require- ments in the way of paper may reasonably be anticip.ited. The long distance from the Eastern mills and the freight rales make competi- tion from the East Impossible. Japan probably furnishes the greatest possibilities for the future, the yearly Imports of paper averaging over S2.000.000. and that of pulp to about $600,000. Both the demand for pulp and paper in Japan Is incri-a^mg very rapidly, and 'he pulp mills of this Province will be in the best possible position to .supply it. The Australian market Is perhaps the most Important at the present time. There are no suitable pulping woods on that continent, and no water powers, so that Australia Is almost wholly dependent upon outside sources for its supply of paper. If preferential trade duties were arranged between Canada and Australia, as may be possible in the future. Canada (and British Columbia in particular) will occupy a position of great advantage as compared with other countries competing for this trade. It is to be noted that a considerable portion of the paper imported into Australia from Great Britain and the United Slates was manufactured from pulp shipped from Eastern Canada. The freight charges 'and custom duties. In the case of the United States) on this must materially increase the cost, and can be entirely avoided by manu- facturing the paper In British Columbia, ■'•'-■ i»wi*>.Vl^Fif^' .-•^■a^B-*-,-.,, ■,^l*?*3*as^- THE TIMBER ( i(Ki,,;M rQL.uvBIA i- The advamage of geogrr :-„,- .; pojuirn assessed bv British Columbia in competing (or th- Cn«r..' an:i Australian' trade is shown by the following table of distances :- From Vancouver From London (Miles) (Milesl ^°i^°h3ma 4 283 12186 "°"S>^°"S 6,271 10.135 Sl-anghai 5 451 ^^^^^ ff^"" 6,755 |2;465 Sy*"=y 7,265 12 558 ^"'='''^"'' 8,058 13,500 The local or Br.tish Columbia market amount, to about 1150,000 per annum in news and wrapping paper : wh.le the Ncrth- West, as far as Winnipeg, would be practically reserved for British Columbia paper mills. The Acreages of the Timber Countries of the World are as follows ; _ , Acrei f,'"^"^" 1.657,600,000 ""'''•^ States 450,000,000 European Russia 527,000 000 Norway and Sweden 58.000,000 f7P" 720,000,000 '"^'^ 140.000,000 Aust ralia and New Zealand 40 000 000 -^'P'" 28,000.000 British Columbia 180,750,000 While the above shows the acreage of the different countries of the world it must not be thought that all these are timber lands Many of them have not sufficient left to supply home consumption and the acreage of timber left in the world is very small. There is bound to be a certain amount of timber reserved in all countries. 137:97 :.6 THE TIMBER OF BRITISH COLUMBIA i'> but a very few years will bring us to the point where timber will be of fabulous value. To day, British Columbia is practically giving away her timber. The price that Is asked by the government is too small a consideration to mention in comparison with the immense values received. Those who have secured it at these minimum prices are turning it over now for small profit ; but the day that this will stop cannot be far distant. The wealthiest men of the continent are turning their attention to the possibilities that exist here to-day, and their agents are quietly buying in large tracts Write to us, or come at once to the field yourself, for the chance of making money Is passing quickly. PRETTY'S TIMBER EXCHANGE will invest your money in timber, which ever grows in size and value, and where there is no decrease in prices. The richest man i- the world to day started with small capital and became rich by buying timber. Send for information to PRETTY'S TIMBER EXCHANGE 433 Richards Street, Vancouver, B.C.