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Camdian ImtituM for Hittorical Mieroraproductiont / Institut Canadian da mierofaprodiictian* hiatoriquaa

1995

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,x„ .«,. »„.» «.„'oii'rs/5?™"'Trp..c.. .0 «. ,..«..

BIRD GUIDE

P A R T 2

Land Birds East of the Rockies

From Parrots to Bluebirds
BY

> ESTER A. Reed

Author of North American Birds E»s and with Frank M rh
^ Edl.or*^,%'i;rrlcaS'o^'lS^.°' '^"" "'^ '" '*<"«' '^"•Ic.n BW..

THE MUSSON BOOK COMPANV

CBAS. K RKBU

WoTcater. Mm:

•Odseoid

^"a'm. «*tv. AUAon. If. y

Pa&FAOfi.

mJI'^J^*!" n'''*.* "' '"'* "' <»" nation', most valu-

ThU s';'ot7arv"'h*?"T'- "V* "'"P* cannot be Sd!

dred tfml« . H^ feed her .even young; about two hun-
w^th .J™*i. « day x*'*]'^'' ■••« ""• her mate, made triw
Tf h.^ k' '°*2" '°/*«<* *•>« S'o^in* youngster. ^
th f ^ *'t*° ''"""^' ^y observation and dissection
that a Cuckoo consumes daily from 60 to 400 cate?-

?rim 20o'to^'nn''9"'^''/'"'*' ''^'•^ * Chickadee win eat
eew SSo^n^^^t^rii*''' ^^ "P ^'^ """O •"««' "^ worm
thf auinUtv , ' ''Y i' ' conservative estimate of
the quantity consumed by each individual insectiv-

with its 8000 square miles l>".»"X.norraouB total of 2,560,000,000 '"sects. That
which, for each days fare, requires the «"°5™°"^„gtood, it has been computed that
Tuch figures can be expressed '!\ te™''.^^"" asure This means that the daily con-
Ihout 120 000 average insects fill a }>"8>«1 '"^*^","- tts is 21,000 bushels. This esti-
Bumption, of chiefly obnoxious insects, >» Massachusetts « ^ - inclusive; during

ma"? Is good for aLut Av months in the year MayJo.^^P „y,d by our W nter, late
the remainder of the year, the insects egg* a^ „i half this quantity.

Fall and early Spring f 'f »°*\^'l\,°^Xure of every citizen to do all in his or her
It is the duty, and should t>et^e Pleasure, o ^ ^^em to remain about our
power to protect these ^.^l^^HirfhrhPst means of protection is the disseminating

medium for starting many others on the road to knowledge ^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^

friends.
Worcester, Mass.,

October lit, 1908.

IKTBODDOnON.

bird., and are encoura«d to .t.d, their \^lU'^\^ttl\ll^%rtZX°^^<>
them of their egg* wUHHi very '»»t«"»"yJ'5^°' „,„tSly about ne.tLg time Three
farmen to burn theirland 7«' \" *''f-7™ememb«r, a small ravine or valley wm
v«a« aso and aa far back of that as I can ''ei"«™P*;: ". t know of, for the variety

and number, of it. bird tenant, i;^*/*'^' ;°7"°yen nests that 1 know of, some
deliberately burned oyer by tl"* °^«.'j othOT°Yn the pro«eM of construction, were
with young, other, with e/P^ ^thJl. that I had never seen. This year the same
destroyed,%esides hundreds °'°t^"»i'';*t^aWrd nested here, and, late in Summer,
thing was done earlier in the w-^n, and nota •>""»« ^ '^he blackened ground,
only a few clumi» of ferns have found co^^^t^^^^^ ^^^^ .^.^ „ ^,„

Parmer, also cut oft a great "V'^y.P'^if^Jace, for their homes, driving away some
have been left, thus, for lack of *'>l^^°^^J;^f„a of woods and forest, is an impor-
of their most valuable a»i«tj»*f- ^J* *"*3 „ „pon the cUmate of the country
tant factor in the decrease "/.^"'^^niht^ when .now cover, the weed tops, and a
Our winter birds have t^"J„'l"7th^ 7^ neither get seeds nor grubs. During
coating of ice covers the V'"' "«**'?* *^.t^nti?ued rains^ which sometTmes cause an
the nesting season, we often 1'»J"„|;1SX and their young. In 1903, after a few
enormous loss of lUe ^m-e=t-eating birds and the, y^^_^g^^^^^ ^ f ound in Wor-

I^^r' cfunt iS^^lr^f k^nltin'Ne^ Vgl^d, they were wholly unable to get

a

tZ Martin h^.,..!'""'^''" V *''"." y°°"«' »"^ *'" majority of them left this region.
IdL.^l\^'t'' ^^Z" 1^**°*^ »"*' ''"« '"""tl to «»«•*"" young, eKKS and Snie

«t n.w" "« ""bjsct to a great many accidents, chiefly caused by flying into obiocts
!^ .^ , ^*^*P'"'"« """J telegraph wires maim or kifl thousan.^, whife Ughthouses
and steeple, often cause the ground to be strewn with bodies during mfgrations

nest/ftnin^rf ' "t "'T** ^y '*"/""■' '""«"« '"'"«' "o-i-g large boSes of wLteJ'

u;:i'g'raVrorsrd';.?tr °' '" '""""" '"pp""-*- ""' ^'--^ -»• ""'"rt-j

tl^:*^^ "h' "' "'"'.'?' ''"' ««' "■ '"" <'"°t» o' bir§rrring Se yea?! ;iL" ome

p^^„'"ifr^yet^r^?eti-oij;e^^:^^^^^^^

Mtrt?l'1.u^|„rwT/^'{.e^y^^^^^^^ •>« '"ore^- at"l!.r^rm'

prey, but eve"^these harf^f »>■'<'« are «T;*''^'''^« ^'d G^^/^Yes^'i "'. """» "rHf

. . How Can Ve Attr,u^ », '""*'" '" keep awa?'?"" """t Natie i°'

vie.n.tv „f houls, a„^'^ «*'«»» About Onr Ho™. , "' ""^ """^hbo"

How Trie" T^> '".,"■''''' '^ '"^y «'"' «"<» ^ «»'"^ble place ' ^ ^^ °"'-

,^Sn^ th" '^i"^? '" )''•' I*",* " '*"-' "^«'l "f ^«^y <'«'«f»' obser, "on before dLi,lni
upon the Identity of a bird with which you are uot perfectly fa lilHr A hir i "^

u". 7n tT''?'' '? -J'ff" g^^-tly when viewed in different Ugitswht in look J
^? » i^i •■■?, ?"' '* ^' ''^''^° impossible to see any color It all w hout the ad
nf Mi.„ f \^'T- .^^ ""' ^"J- "« would a.lvise everyone to own ™„d nt^

any other at the same price, and was equal to most of those costin.^ thr^JtLc

i
ii

ij

j I

* birda, even though they 1,6 ;„! ^^ "•« ""iking
g » ">ey be common one.. WhUe,

I of eourao, noting any peeuliaritiM of any bird that you may see, leleet aome
particular one or ones and find out all you can about it. The following niost
neeeasary points arc cited to aid the student in making obRervationa: — Date of
arrival and whether in large flocks, pairs or singly; where found most abundantly;
upon what do tlioy feed at the different seasons; what arc their songs and calls
at different seasons; when and where do they make their nests; of what are they
made and by which bird or both; how long does it take, and when is the first and
last egg laid; bow long does it take them to hatch, and do both birds or only one
incubate them; upon what are the young fed at different ages; how long do they
remain in the nest, and do they return after once leaving; how long before thev
are able to feed themselves, and do they remain with their parents until they
migrate. These and other notes that will suggest themselves, will furnish interesting
and valuable instruction during your leisure time.

BIRD GUIDE

P A R T 2

Land Birds Cast of the Rockies

The numbers and namei uaed in thu book are thoie adopted by the American
Ornithologists Union, and are known both in this eountrr and abroad. The lensths
given are averages; our small birds often vary considerably and may be found either
slight.y larger or smaller than those quoted.

On some of the pages a number of sub-species are mentioned. Sub-species -ten
cause confusion, because they are usually v 3ry similar to the original; they can best
be identified by the locality in which they are found.

Of course the writing of birds' songs is an impossibility, but wherever I have
thought It might prove of assistance, I have given a crude imitation of what it sounds
ikc to me. The nests and eggs are described, as they often lead to the identity of a
bird. We would suggest that you neatly, and with ink, make a cross against the
uame of each bird that you see in your locality, and aUo that you write at the top
of the page, the date of the arrival and departure of each bird as you note it- these
dates vary so much in different localities that we have not attempted to give them
The blank pages at the end of the book are for any important observations that voii
may make about a bird's habits. These pages can be numbered and the items in-
dexed in their proper placn m the book. As many will not wish to soil their books
we would suggest that the/ have a leather covered copy for the library and a *!««,'
one for pocket use. '

lU

CABOUNA PASOQUET.

382. Conurus carolinensis. 12j4 inches.

Adults have the fore part of the head orange, while
young birds have the head entirely green, with only
a trine orange on the forehead.

With the exception of the Thick-billed Parrot which
is very rarely found in southern Arizona, this is the
only member of the Parrot family in the United
States. They were once abundant throughout the
southern states but are now nearly extinct. They are
found in heavily timbered regions, usually along the
banks of streams, where they feed up v seeds and
berries.

ITote. — A sharp, rolling kr-r-r-r-r. (Chapman.)

Nest. — Supposed to be in hollow trees, where they
lay from three to five white eggs (1.31x1.06).

Bange. — Formerly the southern states but now con-
fined to the interior of Florida and, possibly, Indian
Territory.

2

BOAD-BinmEB.

385. Geococcyx catifornianus. 23 inches.

Theae strange birds are known as "Ground Cuck-
oos," "Snake-killers" and "Chaparral Cock be-
cause they are commonlv found in chaparral brush.
Small snakes and lizards form a large part of their
daily diet, they being especially savage in their
attacks upon thi latter. They are very fleet runners
and travel over the ground at an astonishing rate aid-
ed by their outspread wings and long, broad tail. Their
legs are long and strong and their four toes are placed
two in front and two behind.

Notes. — A low twittering and a clucking noise.

Nest.— A rude platform of sticks and twigs m low
trees or bushes. During April or May they lay from
four to ten white eggs, depositing them at intervals
of one to three days. Size 1.55 x 1.20.

Range.— Southwestern United States from northers
Cal., southern Colo, and Kansas southward.

I

MANOBOVE CUCKOO.

386. Coccyzus minor. 13 inches.

This Boutbern Cuckoo can be distinguished from the
Yellow-billed, which it most closely resembles, by the
uniform buff colored underparts and the black ear
eoverts.

These Cuckoos are common in the West Indies, but
must be classed as rare in the United States, only a
few of them straggling across to southern Florida each
season. They are usually met with in swamps and
thickets, especially where there are mangrove trees, in
which latter they usually nest.

Notes. — Can not bo distinguished from those of the
Yellow-billed Cuckoo.

Nest. — In low bushes, preferably mangroves, and
made of twigs and rootlets. Four bluish green eggs,
of a medium shade, are laid in the latter part of May.
Size l.lSx.85.

Bange. — ^West Indies and Central America; in the
United States only in southern Florida, where it
arrives in April and leaves in September.

. I

YELLOW-BILLED CTTOKOO.

387. Coccyeus americanus. \2% inches.

.n^ 1,1°"*'' """^ ''T*! "''*'"" «■»<> of wtiring habits.
J^^^Z r* '■«S"'l«d ^"t luperstition, these birdi
are one of our most valuable, for they a^e one of the

is so destructive to trees. Their wings are short but

Inn^f fl "'*^*?* K" "J"'"*' «'"'y gliding motion that
SntiT Jtr'*^ "'P through the trels, often unnoticed
until after they utter their strange song.
r«^.°t!T^ ''"'.'• «"""ral croak; cow, cow, cow, etc.,
Repelled. •'' ' """^ ''°''""''' '=°''-"''' «'"'•"''' »!•"

.t i!w"~;^ **^' platform of twigs and rootlets placed
at low elevations on horizontal boughs of trees, in

1^ -^."IV' "' '""=''«"'■ 1° May or June four pa"
greenish blue eggs are laid. (1.20 x 90 )

frnT°*PrM"'*'.'^ ^^^^^^ '^'-^^ °* ^^^ Rockies, breeding
from Florida to Manitoba and New Brunswict
Arrive, from Central America in May, leaves in 8ep^

BI-AOK-BILLSD CUCKOO.

388. Coccyzus erythropthalmus. 11 J4 inches.

hii?'?,'!/'""' *''* '?'* '" ''*^'°« »° entirely black
♦hi' .a™ "?« *'°"\'' ""« «y«' "3 tl'e wing, and tail
htli^r '""'" "?. *•■* *'""=''' *>•« <»>*" tafl feather.
Wwi?..^"^'"'"*'' *?"• ^"^^ Cuckoo, are often
known a. "Bain-crows'^ and, especiallj in the South!
often regarded a. bird, of ill omen, probably becauw
Me tlike °* ^"^ "Otes- The habit, of the two .pecie.

mo^e^a'ldl''^* """"^ °* *''* '*"* ^"* u.ually uttered
i..^*^T^u''"^® platform in similar location, to the
pe^n (LlS^'ls*)' "* ""*"" """^ ' "^«''*" '''"'"''
* ""«••— United State, east of the Bockicg and north
to Labrador and Manitoba. Winters in northern
South America, arriving and departing about the .ame
time a. the last.

BELTED KINOFISHEB.

390. Ceryle aicyon. U inches.
lae male has the breast band and sides blue irray
like the back, while the female has chestnut co!"»-ed
sides and breast band, the latter sometimes in addiuon
to a gray band.

Kingfishers may be found about ponds, lakes, rivers,
the sea-side or small creeks and brooks where smaU
tlsh may be obtained. Their food is entirely of fish,
which they catch themselves by diving upon, from
their perch on a dead branch, or by hovering over the
water at a height until the fish is in a proper position
and then plunging after it.

Note — A very l6ud, harsh rattle easily heard half a
mile away on a clear, nuiet day.

Nest. — At the end of a two or three foot tunnel in a
sand bank. The tunnel terminates in an enlarged
chamber where the five to eight glossv white eeira
(1.35 X 1.05) art- laid upon the sand.

Eange.— Whole of North America north to the Arc-
tic regions. Winters from southern United States
southward.

IVOBT-BILLED WOODFECKEB.

392. Campephitus principalis. 20 inches.

Male with a scarlet crest, female with a black one.

This is the largest and most rare of the Woodpeck-
ers found within our borders. Their decline in num-
bers is due, to a certain extent, to the killing of them
because of their size and beauty, but chiefly on account
of cutting off of a great deal of the heavy timber
where they nest. They are very powerful birds and
often f""ale the bark off the greater portion of a tree
in their search for insects and grubs, while they will
bore into the heart of a living tree to make their home.

Note. — A shrill two-syllabled shriek or whistle.

Nest. — In holes of large trees in impenetrable
swamps. On the chips at the bottom of the cavity
thev lay from three to six glissv, pure white eggs
(1.45x1.00).

Bauge. — Formerly the South Atlantic States and
west to Texas and Indian Territory, but now confined
to a few isolated portions of Florida and, possibly,
Indian Territory.

HAIET WOODPECKEE.

393. Dryobates villosus. 9 inches
wn„°H/"T" .*u*^^ Woodpeckers are found in heavy
woods, where they breed, W in winter they are often
seen on trees about houses, even in the l^«r cities

locat'ini 'tl, "' "** "r'"' "' *"« ^'"^ i" th^ho^ of
^.tlJ *?u '"J" ^* ""»« '""ect. They are usWlly
nvh»H^ /•'""' •*?''A'"'"y' ^™'" ''•'"'' they can reaJ-
•V^t/^V"^"''*^ •'y "•"' """=!• larger size.
Not« — A sharp whistled peenk.

West.— A hole in tree in deep woods: three to six
glossy white eggs (.95 x .70). '

lina"*"""^"*"" ^- ®- ^'■°'" *^""'^'' *° North Caro-
Sub-species.-393a. Northern Hairy Woodpecker
(leucomelas), British America and AlLka; ?Xr!^
itlhti^"'S*«°,?^'5' Woodpecker (auduboiii), lontk
twLtw>. ^?°,".^*^*^'' *'"^"«'-- The differences be-
tr» . \k^** ''u-'l' ".•■"*" "^ <='''«fly i" "^e. although
the southern bird of ten has fewer white marks on tK

Bocl.i'r* ""b-species are lound west of thl

SOUTHEBN DOWmr WOODFECSEB.

394. Dryobates pubescens. 6 inches.

The male has a red nuchal patch while the female
baa none. Downies are one of the commonest of our
>Voodpeckers and are usually tame, allowing a very
close approach before flying. They remain in orchards
and open woods throughout the summer, and in win-
ter often come to the windows in places where they
are fed, as many people are in the habit of doing now.
Tbeir food, as does that of nearly all the Woodpeckers,
consists entirely of insects, grubs and larvae.

Note. — A sharp peeuK or a rapid series of the same
note, usually not as loud as that of the Hairy Wood-
pecker.

Nest. — In holes in trees in orchards or woods, the
four to six white eggs being laid on the bare wood;
size .75 X .60.

Bange.— South Atlantic and Gulf States.

Sub-species. — Northern Downy Woodpecker (me-
dianus), North America east of the Rockies and north
of the Carolina^. This variety is slightly larger than
the southern; others are found west of the Bockies.

BED-COCKASED WOODFEOKEB.

395. Dryobates borealis. 8;4 inches.

Male with a small scarlet patch on either side of the
head; female with no color.

These birds are common in some localities in the
south, even more so than the D «ny Woodpecker.
Their habits are the same in all respects as those of
the latter, but the bird can readily be distin^ Ishcd
at a distance, by the horizontal black and white stripes
OD the back, instead of the vertical ones of the Do.?ny.

Note. — A peculiar harsh whistle as though they
were trying to imitate the note of a Nuthatch.

Nest. — In holes of trees usually at quite a height
from the ground. The four to six eggs that they lay
are a glossy white (.95x.70).

Bange. — Southeastern United States; west to Texas
and north to Virginia.

.

ABCTIO THBEE-TOXO} WOODFEOKEB.

400. Picoides arcticus. 9j^ inches.

Back sbining black without any white; top of head
with a square yellow patch, on the male, and whole
crown black on the female. Only three toes, two in
front and one behind. These are birds of northern
temperatures and are found in northern United States
only during the winter, except in mountain ranges,
where they are found farther south. They frequent
pine, spruce or other coniferous forests almost ex-
clusively. Being usually found in remote localities,
they have little fear of man. Their food is chiefly
wood-boring insects or their larvae.

Note. — A sharp, shrill chirk, chirk.

Nest. — In holes in trees, either live or dead. As
usual with woodpeckers, the eggs are glossy white
(.95X.70).

liange. — Northern North America from the northern
edge uf the United States north to the limit of trees.

SSTr^ffif; ',"■'■ s"^ •*|"'■■

portioM of northern Maine V.»«^'''?'° ^^-e higher
.OU northward. Xn wln^ ' tL^ n^St/stt^^a

Male ^i a ste c/„ J""''"^ .?^ i"<=hes.
a scarlet crown and white Thrn'S'* *^'"'^' ^»"^« ^^^^
and neck mottled trly.nrt^u'; y°"."f ^^^ the head
feathers. *^^ '""' ^''"e, with a few scarlet

.ujpise«?t'o^ fc' ?r„"h'?hn^ •'rr^ "' "'

order to get at thA i=5 ''"^°"?n the bark of trees in
However, Tveryffluch'^i.fKf *^» kiHi^S the tree.

n.an,- of th'!^ IS tS^SprLTand 'tlf ''5't*'*'^ " ^-*

waTis'-tL^Twr ^-^"« -'p-^-^ "nZfirii

•^IS V'-^P"'"' Bt'/:/ °*-" ''-'' O'^-

Virgin!:- an^dlis.rifo*^Ut'''C Tf'""-' '-""
m southern U. S. nuason Bay, and wintering

PILEATED WOODPEOKEB.

M.i *?5l (^'opMoeut pileatus. 17 inches.

monstache or mark extending back from the biU:
lemale with scarlet crown but a blackish forehead and
no moustache.

Next to the Ivory-bill this is the largest of our
Woodpeckers. Like that species it U very destructive
to trees in ita search for food. WhUe engaged in this
pursuit thev often drill large holes severi hiches into
sound wood to reach the object of their search. Like
an the Woodpeckers, they delight 'n p'aying tattoos
on dry resonant limbs, with their b.iis. Like the
Ivory-b.lls, these noble birds are becoming scarce in
m^y localities owing to the lack of suitable timber.

Note.— A whistled cuk, cuk, cuk slowly repeated
many times, also a wick-up repeated several times.

west.— Large cavities in trees, in which they lay
four to BIX white eggs (1.30 x 1.00)

T,f^^'l^°^}^"^ ^^'^^ States. The Northern
PUeated Woodpecker (abieticola) is locally f-^und in
temperate N. A. •'

BED-HEADED WOODPECSEB.

406. Melanerpes erythrocephalus. 9j4 inches.

Adults with entire head and breast red; young with
» F*y liead and back streaked with darker.

ThiB very handsome species is common and very
well known in the Middle and Central States. They
are the rufBans of the family, very noisy and quarrel-
some. One of their worst traits is the devouring of
the eggs and young of other birds. To partially offset
this, they also eat insects and grubs and a great deal
of fruit.

Note.— A loud, shrill charr, charr, besides numerous
other calls and imitations.

Nest. — Holes in trees in T-ooas, orchards or along
roadsides and also in fence posts and telegraph poles.
In May and June they lay four to six ^ossy white
eggs (1.00 X. 75).

Bans®-— United States east of the Eockies, breeding
from the Gulf to New York and Minnesota. Winters
in southern United States.

BED-BELLIED WOODPECKEB.

409. Centurus carolinus. 9}4 inches

Male with whole top of head and back of neck red;
female with forehead and hind head red but crown
gray. Both sexes have the center of the belly reddish,
and red eyes.

Like the Bed-heads these birds are noisy but they
have few of the bad qualities of the others. Besidet
the regular Woodpecker fare, they get a great many
ants and beetles from the ground and fruit and acorns
from the trees. They are said to also be fond of
orange juice. In most of its range it is regarded as
rather a shy and retiring bird, but owing to its bright
markings it is very conspicuous when in flight.

Note. — A sharp, resonant cha, cha, cha, repeated.

Nest. — In holes bored usually in live trees and at
any height from the ground. Their five or six egga
are glossy white (1.00 x. 75).

Bange. — United States east of the Plains, breeding
from Florida and Texas to southern Pennsylvania ana
Minnesota. Winters along the Gulf coast; occasionally
strays to Mass.

FLIOKEB.

412. Colaptes auratus. 13 inches.

Male with a black moustache mark; female without,
although young females in the first plumage show some
black.

These birds are very often known as "Golden-
winged Woodpeckers," "High-holes" and about a
hundred other names in different localities. Flickers
are found commonly in woods, orchards or trees by the
roadside; on pleasant days their rapidly uttered, roll-
ing whistle may be heard at all hours of the day.

Notes. — A rapidly repeated whistle, cuk, cuk, cuk;
an emphatic quit-u, quit-u and several others of a
similar nature.

Nest. — A cavitv in a tree, at any distance from the

f round. The white eggs usually vary in number from
ve to ten, but they have been known to lay as many
aa seventy-one, where an egg was taken from the nest
each day. „, ^, „

Bange. — South Atlantic States. The Northern
Flicker (luteus) is found in North America east of the
Becky Mountains. S

white, and the ed|e of the IJ}^ """" **" feathery
with no white endf to th« 5«?i ^'■'^> '"*y; 'emal.
ily have .mall bijIS/but extr«™«w, ^^"^ '' *"« '•»>-
ed to catching nigk fllin» ""fh? ^"§^ "'<'"''"• •d*?*-
They remain A^^^T^ilX^l /"** ?*?"" *»•«•*••
lengthwise on a iW or wfcealL S^'l"^" ?"«»'•'>
rock on the ground, their color, t *'*"^'. » "'""P »'
Burroundings^n either Ta«e°Th«t'T'"'?« J^th the
accord, only at dnsk or in\^ ^i^^' °' ">«" own
Bpecies, which iaVuch the lwL,ri? °""?i"«- "^^^
suckers, in known to at t1m«*^ °" '•""*« O"**'

wi?o^-'' '""'^'y '''"""«<' ""d repeated chuck-will '.-

or'^trte ?/ uXb^^Tsh'""! ^'^'^ ""l *"- S""-"
with gray and lavender (140 x 1 of?^ ''"*'' "•>*«'"•'

"o^-^^Lt^!ffis:-.-b^:5aJ^--«

WHIF-POOK-WILL.

417. Antrostomus vociferus. 9J4 inches.

Male with broad white tips to outer tail feathers;
female with narrow buffy tips. These birds are often
confounded with the Nighthawk but are very easily
distin^ished by the long bristles from base of bill, the
black chin, the chestnut and black barred wing feath-
ers and the rounded tail. Whip-poor-wills are more
nocturnal than the Nighthawks and on moonlight
nights continue the whistled repetition of their name
throughout the night. They capture and devour a
great many or the large-bodied moths that are found
in the woods, but are never seen flying ovjr cities like
the Nighthawks.

Note. — An emphatic and repeated whistling repe-
tition of Whip-poor-will, whip-poor-will.

Nest. — In June they lay two grayish or creamy
white eggs (1.15 x .85) mottled with pale brown, gray
and lilac. These are deposited on the ground in woods.

Bangs.— East of the Plains, breeding from the Qolf
to Manitoba and New Brunswick. Winters south of
the United States.

418 Pu , ^OOa-WILl-
Male with ti,,^'"'^/''"^ «««a//.-. 1% inches

with buff. ' ircprtrin i^?-nf?""'-"\?»"'"''y «PP«d

Boft plumaged little^ Ll? .1 il"'' '° *'"' .^«"' «>«••
but they cfnnot be t^ZhIh * ' "* "J""* common,
Rockies: At dusk thei 1:^ " """l"""" ««' »' the
their notes may freQL„Hvr°\*°7''^'' "P «»<»
uttered while perched on th J J"* S''"'^; These are
the calls of the WhiLoor tliif'""'i "^ *° *"«"' "ke

eip7tropTor'tiVr\'s'ma{;TusrA' °' "•"-

Ka".'?S'S-aI?ra"nd''wVoVten" ^?™'' ^'"'"*
Columbia. Winters irMexico ^'""'•'' *° ^'*"^

NIOHTHAWK.

420. Chordciles virginianus. 10 inches.

Male with white throat and white band in tail;
female with rusty throat and no white in tail. Notice
that the Nighthawk has a forked tail and white band
across the wings, thus being readily distinguished at
a distance, from the Whip-poor-will. As night ap-
proaches the nasal peent of the Nighthawks can be
heard in all directions as they fly about with wide
open mouth, scooping in tiny insects.

Note. — A loud nasal pfent.

Nest. — None, the two mottled gray and white eggs
being laid on the bare rocks in pastures, in the open
or under brush, or on gravel roofs in cities; size
1 20 X 85

Eange.— U. S. east of the Plains, breeding from
Florida to Labrador; winters south of U. S. Three
sub-species occur:— 120a. Western Nighthawk (hen-
ryi), west of the Plains; 420b. Florida Nighthawk
(chapmani); 420c. Sennett Nighthawk (sennetti), a
pale race found on the Plains north to Saskatchewan.

CmMNZiT SWIFT.

423. Chaetura pelagica. S'A inches.

Unused chimneys of old dwallings make favorite
roosting and nesting places for these- smoke colored
birds. They originally dwelt in hollow trees until the
advent of man furnished more convenient place*,
although we would scarcely consider the soot-lined
brick surface as good as a clean hollow tree. Spines
on the end of each tail feather enable them to hang to
their upright walls, and to slowly hitch their way to
the outer world. Throughout the day numbers of them
are scouring the air for their fare of insects, but as
night approaches, they return to the chimney.

Notes. — A continuous and not unmusical twittering
uttered while on the wing and also within the depths
of the chimney.

Nest. — Made of small sticks or twigs glued to the
sides of a chimney and each other by the bird 's saliva.
The three to five white eggs are long and narrow
(.75x.o0).

Range. — N. A. east of the Plains, breeding from
Florida to Labrador; winters south of V. 8.

EUBT-THBOATBD HUMMINOBIED.

428. TroMlus colubris. iyi inches.
This little gem is the only one of the f amUy found
within the territory included in this book. Owners of
flower gardens have the best of opportunities to study
thise winged jewels, on their many trips to and fro
for honey, or the insects that are also attracted there-
by With whirring wings, they remain suspended be-
fore a blossom, then— buzz— and they tae examining
the next, with bill lost within the sweet depths. Their
temper is all out of proportion to their size for they
will dash at an intruder, about their moss-covered
home, as though they would pierce him like a bullet.
Their angry twitters and squeaks are amusing and sur-
nrisine a^ are their excitable actions. , „. ,

Nest.- A most beautiful creation of plant fibres and
cobwebs adorned with lichens and resembling a little
tuft of moss upon the bough on which it is placed. In
June two tiny white eggs are laid (.50 x .35).

Eange.- N. A. east of the Rockies, breeding from
the Gulf north to Labrador and Hudson Bay; winters
south of U. S. »

SCIMOB-TAILED FLTCAIOHEB.

Thi. ^ ;* •^"^"^'ora forAcata. WA inches

wo'odirf They raX-Jir^^^f "" *"« ""^^^'^
long tail makes^th'em^'^alL^ve^/aw'LS'buT *'h*"
^.Note.-A shnll tz.p, tzip similar to note of f i„"|:

...^"'■T*^""* '"8^ ^""J l*"*'* 0* all kinds of tr«h
such as twigs, Brasses nnnni- -o™. »".■""«» or tram,

in anv kind of a tree nrh^f.h . *?' !*"°8' «*=- P'^oed

Bange. — Breeds from Texas nnrti, tr, v
ters south of U. S. °°"'' '° Kansas; win-

KINGBIBD.

444. Tyrannus tyrann:ts. 8^ inches.

Adults with a concealed orange crown patch; young
with none. From the time of their arrival in May
until they leave u* in August, Kingbirds are much in
evidence in farm yards and orchards. They are one
of the most noisy birds, always quarreling about some-
thing, and usually coming off victorious in whatever
they may undertake. Crows are objects of hatred to
them and they always drive them from the neighbor-
hood, vigorously dashing upon and picking them from
above and often following them for a great distance.
They have their favorite perches from which they
watch for insects, usually a dead branch, a fence post,
or a tall stalk in the field.

Note.— A series of shrill, harsh sounds like thsee,
thsee.

Nest.— Of sticks, rootlets, grass, string, etc., placed
in orchard trees or open woods at any height. Four to
five creamy white eggs specked and spotted with red-
dish brown (.95x.70).

Bange. — Breeds from the Gulf to southern Canada.

OBAY KINOBIBD.

445. Tyrannus dominiscensis. 9 inches.

Diflferg from the common Kingbird in being larger,
gray above, has black ear coverts, and no white tin to
tail. ^

Like the last species, these are very noisy and pug-
naciou-". and rule their domains with the hand of •
tyrant, /iter they have mated they quarrel very little
among themselves, and often several may use the same
lookout twig from which to dash after passing flies or
moths.

Notes. — A rapidly repeated, shrill shriek pe-che-ri,
pe-che-ri.

Nest. — Bather more shabbily built but of the same
materials as those used by our common Kingbird.
Placed in all kinds of trees but more often in man-
groves where they are to be found, Three to five pink-
ish white eggs profusely blotched with brown
(1.00 X. 72).

Bange. — West Indies and Florida, Georgia and South
Carolina. Winters in the West Indies and Central
America.

ARKANSAS KINOBIBD.

447. Tyrannus verticalis. 9 inches.

This tyrant flycatcher is abundant west of the Mis-
sissippi, where it is often^ and perhaps more aptly,
known as the Western Kingbird. If possible, it is
even more noisy and pugnacious than the eastern
species. It has a great variety of notes, all rather un-
pleasant to the ear, and evidently often tries to imitate
those of other birds. Their food, like that of the other
Kingbirds, consists of moths, butterflies, ants, grass-
hoppers, crickets, etc., most of which they catch on
the wing.

Notes. — A shrill metallic squeak; a low twittering
and a harsh, discordant scream, all impossible to print.

Nest. — Quite large and clumsily made of paper, rags,
twigs, rootlets and grasses, placed in all sorts of loca-
tions, frequently in eave troughs or above windows.
The eggs are creamy white, spotted with brown
(.95X.65).

Bangs. — Western United States, breeding from
Texas to Manitoba and west to the Pacific; winters
south of V. S.

OBESTBD FLTOATOHBB.

Th.-„ ., * ^jV""'fAw crinitus. 9 inches

aftt^v 1 "^"J^eutly chase smaller birds, but never
attack larger ones, as do the Kinffbirds Th^H i,?

be a universal practice seems to

sev^rS'-irm";,''' Thrs'if the"'*.""/*' ""■""' '^P^'-'
have many otherrieVmusfcar'' "°"""°'' '='*"' '"^^

four*?n~;^* ^*™'^' ^l"' '" ''"'^8 0^ dead limbs. Eb«

b?oTch:d'';ith''.r^r''"= ""^-^ -•""«' »^-^''^<l -^

la»;;^-^^---^e^|-|tot.eM.

PHOEBE.

456. Sayornis phoebe. 7 inches.
A Phoebe is always associated, in my mind with old
wh,vf • '''f bubbling brooks. Nearly everV bridge
r„m. h ''Vf '.a-lapted *»' the purpose, has its PhoX
iiome beneath It, to which the same p^ of birds wSl
inml? ^"^ after year, sometimes bui?ding a new n^t
sometimes repairing the old. They seem to be of a
nervous temperament for as they sit upon their nsua'
ookout perch, their taU is continually twitching «

soo^nfr'o^irr''^"''"" °' *"« '"^^"^ '-'''" '^ *"p-
nJ^?^'~^ ^f^^ emphatic phoebe with the accent
rvigororm'rttt^al?'^ """ '"*"" -""*«'' ^^

( 75^ ^5r "^"°' ^""^ °' «^« ^^^^ «««» "e ""d

r.^JSP'TIi^: ^- ^^^ °* *''« Rockies, north to southern
Canada; winters in southern U. S. and southward

OUVB-BIDBD FLTOATOHBX.

459. Nuttalornu borealit. 7J4 inches.

Theie birdt can learcely be called common any-
where, but a ainglQ pair of them may be osnally found,
in their breeding range, in every auitable piece of
woodland. I have alwayi found them in dead pine
■waupi, where the treet were covered with hanging
mon, making it very diiBcuIt to locate their small
nests. Their peculiar, loud, clear whistle can be beard
for a long distance and serves as a guide-board to their
location.

Note. — A loud, clear whistle whip-wheeu, the first
syllable short and sharp, the last long and drawn out
into a plaintive ending.

Nest. — A small structure for the size of the bird,
made of twin and mosaes firmly anchored to horizon-
tal limbs cr forks. Three to five eggs are laid; a rich
creamy ground, spotted about the large end with
brown and lavender (.85x.65).

Bange.— K. A., breeding from the latitude of Mas*.,
and farther south in mountainons regions, north to
Labrador and Alaska.

WOOD PBWEE.

461. Contopus virens. 6H inches.

In life, the Pewee can best be distingnished from
the larger Phoebe, with which it it often confounded,
by its sad, plaintive pe-ah-wee, pee-wee, which is strik-
ingly different from the brusque call of the Phoebe.
Pewees are also found more in high, dry woods where
they build their little moss covered homes on horizon-
tal boughs at quite a height from the ground. L&e the
other flycatchers they always perch on dead twigs,
where their view is as little obstructed as possible.

Kotss. — A clear, plaintive whistle pe-ah-wee, pee-
wee.

Nest. — One of the most exquisite of bird creations,
composed of plant fibres quilted together and orna-
mented with rock lichens; situated at varying heights
on horisontal limbs, preferably oak or chestnut, and
sometimes in apple trees in orchards. Eggs creamy
white, specked with brown (.80x.55).

Hang*.— U. S. from the Plains to the Atlantic and
north to M^mitoba and New Brunswick; winters in
Cer':ral America.

TELLOW-BELUBD FLTOATOHEB.

463. Empidonax Haviventris. 5% inchei.

This itrange little Flycatcher U found in iwampa
■uch a« those usually frequented by the Olive-aided
Flycatchers and PaVula Warblers. They are one of
the few of the family to neat on the ground or very
dose to it. Their homes are made in the moss cov-
ered mounds or stumps found in these swamps.

Kanga.— N. A. east of the Plains north to Labrador,
breeding from northern U. 8. northward.
OBBBN-0BB8TBD OB ACADIAN FLTOATOHBB.
465. Empidonax virescens. S'A inches.

This bird is very similar to the last but the lower
mandible is light, and the throat and belly white.
Their favorite resorts are shady woods not far from
water. *Here they nest in the outer branches of bushat
or trees at heights of from four to twenty feet from
the ground. The nests are shallow and composed of
twigs and moss. Eggs creamy with brown SDOta
(.70x.a0). '

Bang*. — U. S. east of Plains, breeding from the Oulf
to New England p.nd Manitoba; winters in Tropics,

ALDEB FLTOATOHEB.

466a. Empidonax trailli alnorum. 6 inches.

Tbi* species is very similar to, but larger, than the
well-known Least Flycatcher or Chebec. They are
found in swampy pastures or around the edges of
ponds or lakes, where they nest in luw bushes.

Bangs. — U. 8. east of the Mississippi, breeding from
New York to New Brunswick.

LEAST IXTOATOHEB.
467. Empidonax minimus. 5^ inches.

Smaller than the last and with the tail slightly
forked. Common everywhere in orchards, swamps or
along roadsides. They are very often known by tfie
name of Chebec, because their notes resemble that
word. Thiir nests are placed in upright forks of any
kind of tree or bush; they are made of plant fibres and
grasses closely felted together. The eggs range from
three to five in number and are creamy white, without
markings; size .65 x .60.

Bang*. — N. A. east of the Bockies, breeding from
middle XT. S. north to New Brunswick and Manitoba;
winters south of U. 8. 4

HOBNED LABK.

474. Otocoris alpestris. 7^ inches.

This variety, which is some larger than its sub-
species, IS only found in the U. 8. in winter, but sev-
eral of the Bub-specils are residents in onr limits. Dur-
ing the mating season they have a sweet song that is
uttered on the wing like that of the Bobolink.

Notes.— Alarm note and call a whistled tseet, tseet;
song a low, sweet and continued warble.

Nest.— A hollow in the ground lined with grass-
placed in fields and usually partially concealed by an
overhanging sod or stone. The three to five eggs have
8 grayish ground color and are profusely specked and
blotched with gray and brownish (.85x.60).

Bange.— Breed in Labrador and about Hudsen Bay
south in winter to South Carolina and niinois

8nb-speeias.— 474b. Prairie Homed Lar^ (praticola)
A. paler form usually with the line over tz-e eye white
found m the Miss, valley. 474c. Desert Horned Lark
(leucolaema). Paler and less distinctly streaked above
than the Prairie; found west of the Miss, and north to
Alberta.

AaCEBIOAN MAOFIE.

475. Pica pica hudsonia, 20 inches.

This handsome member of the crow family is sure to
attract the attention of all who may see him. He is
very pert in all his actions both in' trees and on the
ground and is always ready for mischief. In a high
wind their long tail often makes traveling a laborious
operation for them, and at such times they usually re-
main quite quiet. They are very impudent and always
on the lookout for something to steal; they are also
very noisy and forever scolding and chattering among
themselves.

Notes. — A loud, harsh cack, cack; and an endless
variety of whistles and imitations.

Kest. — A large, globular her t of sticks placed in
bushes or trees from four to fifty feet from the ground.
The entrance to the nest ,is on one side and the in-
terior is made of grass and mud. The four to six eggs
are white thickhr specked with yellowish brown
(1.25 z. BO).

Xange. — Western North America, east to the Plains

and north to Alaska; resident.

BLUE JAT

bird! that we have but Lf?^ f"^ "?"■' beautiful
bad reputation He hi; oft«-^'*'^\''« "•*• » ^S'y
other bird, of the" ia™ l5° '^*° '"""^ 'obbini

twirt'j^r^-S^Kr^'^F-^^^^^^

.nftr";;;^ *fflm'e.rt*^°' ' '«'"-' ^<"'"'-
make an endles. vwietv of . jo^nion notes they
bird*. variety of .ounda mimicking other

pre^^S?youTfplne.^ "^e'fo!; *•"""" " ""^ *'««.

L.Krre.id'^nri;! tl'u" fth'* ^°";.*''« o°« *»

(floHncoia) i. .maae"r l^^d ^a.\ J'^.K V^^SS L'5

FLOBIDA JAT.

479. Aphelocoma cyanea. U'/i inches.

This Jay is locally digtrih uted chiefly in the south-
ern parts of Florida, being found principally in scrub
oaks. Like the Blue Jay, their food consists of animal
matter and gome seeds, berries and acorns. Their
habits are very similar to the northern bird and their
calls resemble those of our bird, too. They are rather
slow in flight and pass a great deal of their time upon
the ground.

Note.— A jay, jay similar to that of the Blue Jay,
and a great variety of other calls.

Nest.— In the latter part of March and in April they
build their flat nests of twigs, usually in bushes or
scrub oaks, and lay three or four greenish blue eges
with brown spots; size 1.05 x .80.

Bauge.— Middle and southern portions of Florida,
chiefly along the coasts.

. CAKADA JAY.

o-u u- r"'"'jreus canadensis. Wy, inches.
These birds are well known to hunters, trappers and
campers in the northern woods. They ue ereat

^".'"i^'*!''?®"^*''^ "J^ *''« lumbermen, as some of the
pranks that they play serve to enliven an otherwise
tedious day. They seem to be devoid of fear and enter
camp and carry off everything, edible or not, that they
can get hold of. They are called by guidei and lum-
bermen by various names such as Whiskey Jack.
Moose Bird, Camp Bobber, etc. ^

S!f*'TA ^ff*\ «»■=»■«»' and various other sounds.

Nest.— Usually in coniferous trees at low elevations-
made oi twigs, moss and feathers. The three or four
/f^K "Ls^'^rk "Peel'ed and spotted with darker

^rJilf V V ^^L ■"■* *"*y' "'""I'y before the snow
begins to leave the ground and often when the mer-
cury is below zero.

TT^fr"?"**".^"''*'' -'America from northern
United States northward. 484c. Labrador Jay (niirri-

^S^ li;"^'>.rV'"j. ''.'"?'"* *° Labrador, has the blSck
on the hind head deeper and extending forward
around the eye. " '"^''""

NOBTHEBN RAVEN.

486a. Corvus corax principalis. 25 inches.

This large crow haa the bill proportionally mnch
larger than that of our common crow, and it is par-
tially covered with long nasal bristles; the feathers of
the throat and neck are also lengthened, narrow and
■tiff. Bavens are found chiefly along the seacoast,
where they feed upon offal, fish, and the young and
eggs of various sea birds. They wander about in win-
ter, but usually in pairs, and they are supposed to re-
main mated for life.

Notes. — Harsh discordant squawks and low chuck-
ling noises.

Ilange. — Eastern North America from Maine north-
ward, and south in mountains to Oeorgia.
WHITE-NECKED BAVEN.
487. Corvus cryptoleucus. 18^ inches.

Similar to the previuug species but much smaller
and with the bases of the feathers on the back of the
bead, white. Its habits are like those of the large
Baven. It is found in southwestern U. S. and north
-to Nebraska.

AMEBIOAN CBOW.

488. Corvus americanus. 19 inches

These black fellows are too well known to reauire

thYt ar^"^??*- "^"^ P^jy caricature, of hSman S

that are often seen in- fields of young corn, as well S

the strings, with bits of cloth attached, giVe evHenco

WoJ/'"'\ °°.* "*"'" °* -l'** "* which^^he is fond
Notes— A vigorous caw, caw, caw, and many other
guttural squawks and chuckles.

Nest.— Of sticks, twigs and straw in the toes of
pine or other trees. The four to six eggs have a ereen-
ish blue ground, more heavily spottedVith black and
brown than are those of the Baven; size 160x115

U^'?r^''°5 °i^°'^^ ^°'«"<='^' wintering in the
U. S. The Florida Crow (pascuus) is very simTlw

FISH OSOW.

aimii.^t^Vfc ^""'"•^ °"'f'-<>i«s- 16 inches.
h-Ki^ i 1 .• c°°""o° CJ-ow but much smaller. Their
habits and actions are the same in all respecttf as those
of the Crow, with which they often associate. Their

Rant^ similar but the eggs measure only 1.45x1.05.

Bange.— Atlantic Coast north to southeni Mass

STABLING.
493. Sturnus vulgaris. Sy, inches.

.h!!'i'°**i' ™et»"ie.P-een and purple, heavUy spotted
above and below with buffy or white f""=u

These European birds were introduced into New
York a number of years ago and are now common
»^T.K ! 3'""4'°? *•! ""'»' looalitiei in Connecticut
^3 ?n ?^ ^^'^ 7°"? ?"7- They live about the streets
l«Lf ""* ?"■"' ^"JJ^°« t*""' °««t» i" devices of
buildings and especially in the framework of the ele-

rtil /*''S''»<" °* **>» oity. and less often in trees.
^??,Y^^ ""^'""ru'" SIX pale blue, unspotted eggs
i. f..^^^- °.'"'„*^'? "^^ "^f®** ot'^e' bird llfe,'^S
case they eventually become common throughout the
country, is a matter of conjecture, but froi what I
have seen of them they are quarrelsome and are mas-
ters of the English Sparrow, and may continue their
domineering tactics to the extent of driving more of
our song birds from the cities.

BOBOLINK.

494. Dolichonyx oryxivorus. 7% inches.

Bobolinks are to be found in rich gtaam meadows,
from whence his sweet, wild music is onen borne to r^
by the breeze. While his mate is feeding in the grass
or attending to their domestic affairs, Mr. Bobolink is
usually to be found perched on the tip of a tree, weed
stalk, or even on a tall blade of grass, if no other spot
of vantage is available, singing while he stands guard
to see that no enemies approach. He is a good watch-
man and it is a difficult matter to flush his mate from
the nest, for she leaves at his first warning.

Song. — A wild, sweet, rippling repetition of his
name with many additional tril& and notes. Alarm
note a harsh ehah like that of the Blackbird.

Nest. — Of grasses in a hollow in the ground, in
meadows. They la^ four to six eggs with a white
grotmd color, heavily spotted, clouded and blotched
with brown (.85x.68).

Bangs. — N. A. east of the Bockies, breeding from
New Jersey and Kansas north to Manitoba and New
Brunswick; winters in South America.

OOWBIBD.

49S. Molothriu ater. 7}i inches.

Male gloesy greenUh black with a brown head-
female and young dull gray. '

Groups of these birds are often seen walking sedate-
ly about among the cows in the pasture, hence their

nplfhl, ^^7 "" '?" f"^y bird, that we have thaJ
neither make a nest of their own nor care for their
young. The female slyly deposits her egg in the nest
of a smaller bud when the owner is alSent, leaving
further care of it to its new owner. Warblers, Spar-
rows and Vireos seem to be most imposed upon in this
manner.

Notes.— A low chack, and by the male, a Uquid, wirv
squeak accompanied by a spreading of the inn^t «wd

* ^*^^'~^\A 'JM?' «■•* "' *''e Eockies, breeding
from the Gulf to Manitoba and New Brun8irtck7wSi.
k!^ "*/ •outhem TJ 8. A sub-species, the Dwarf Cow-
bird (obscurns) is found in southwestern United
States; it is sUghtly smaller. """wa

TELLOW-HEADED BLAOKBIBD.

^P,- ^anthocephalus xanthocephalus. 10 inches.

Male black with head and breast bright yellowi
female more brownlllh and with paler head mixed witL
brown.

These handsome birds are common locally on the
prairies, frequenting the sloughs and extensive
marshes and borders of lakes. They are very sociable
birds and breed in large colonies sometimes composed
of thousands of birds.

Notes.— A harsh chack, and what is intended for a
song, consisting of numerous, queer sounding squeaks,
they being produced during seemingly painful contor-
tions of the singer.

Nest. — Of rushes woven around upright cane over
water in pouds and sloughs. The nest is placed at
from four inches to two feet from the water and is
quite deep inside. The four to six eggs are grayish,
profusely specked with pale brown (1.00 x ,70)

UBMge — U. 8. chiefly west of the Mississippi, north
to British Columbia and Hudson Bay; winters on
southwestern border of the U. 8.

BED-WINOBD BIiAOKBIBD.

ir.i I??' i/*'fl?*'^ pkoeniceus. 9H inches.

^^S „ "5 """' '.'"""' "^ rtreBked below. Nwly aU

Note.— A harsh cack; a pleawng liquid ions conk-
^SS fnd'?aiT^ """" ""''^"^ "•* .preading'o? ?he
_Nert.— Usually at low elevations in bushes, in
S?"^' OP around the ed^es of ponds, or frequentlV on
the ground or on hummocks in wet pasture. fheS
^f.!.ii "^f « ' ''°^*" grasses and rushes, and is
nsuaUy partially suspended from the rim when plaeed
In bushes. The three to five eggs are bluish whiU
(LM i 70) '^ "'*"°'' *•" l«»a end, with bla'kSh

«*^"~^^'.?' *''• Bookies, breeding north to
Manitoba and New Brunswick; winters In southera

jSS'^^!?^~:^*f^- B»l»"n»n Bedwing (bryanti)
498c. Florida Bed-wing (lloridanus). v^yauw;.

MEASOWI.ABK.

501. Siur^ella magna. 10^ inches.

Meadowlarka are familiar frienda, of the hillnde
and meadow; their clear fife-iike whistle is often
heard, while they are perched on a fence poit or tree
top, aa well as their sputtering alarm note when they
fly up before us as we cross the field.

Song. — A clear, flute-like tseeu-tseeer, and a rapid
sputtering alarm note.

Nest.— ^f grasses, on the ground in fields, usually
partially arched over. Three to five white eggs
specked with brown (1.10 z .80).

Bangs. — N. A. east of the Plains and north to sonth-
em Canada; winters from Mass. and Dllnois south-
ward.

Sub-species. — SOlb. Western Meadowlark (negleeta).
This race has the yellow on the throat extended oa
the sides; its song is much more brilliant and varied
than the eastern bird. It is fonnd from the Plains to
the Pacific. 601c. Florida Meadowlark (argntula) is
■mailer and darker than the common.

OBOHABD OBIOLE.

w 1 ,.'''?• y*^"^"* spuritu. 7% inches.
Male chestnut and black; female dull yellowish and
gray; young male, second year, like female but with
black face and throat. These Orioles are usually
found in open country and, as their name suggest;,
u / preference for orchards. They are also found
abundantly in shrubbery along streams and roadrides.
They feed chiefly upon worms, caterpillars, beetles,

£^ tJ*^"' u •' """^ "" ""«• °' *•»« "><>■» beneficial
birds that we have.

Bong.— A rich, loud and rapid warble, cheery and
5f*3!!l?m ^"P°»«^l« to describe; a chattering note

N»it.— A beautiful basket of grasses woven nto a
deeply cupped ball, and situated in forks of trees or
bushes; often they are made of green grasses. Four
to sU white eggs, specked, scrawled and spotted with
black and brown (.801.65).

n ?f°r~;?- ®- *■"? °' t"" ""^M breeding from the
Gulf to Mass. and Michigan; winters fn Central
Amenen.

BAIiTIMOBE OBIOLE.

S07. Icterus galbula. 7% inches.
Male orange and black; female dull yellowieh and

They are nociable' birds and eeem to like the compaar
of mankind for their neita are, from choice, built aa
near a* poMible to houses, often being where they can
be reached from windows. As they use a great deal
of string in the construction of their nest, childrea
often get amusement by placing bright colored pieeea
of yam where the birds will get them, and watch them
weave them into their homes.

Bong.— A clear, querulous, varied whistle or warble:
call, a plaintive whistle.

Ntrt. — ^A. peuaile structure often hanging eight or
ten inches below the supporting rim, and swa^ng to
and fro with every breeze. They lay Ave or six white
eggs, curiously scrawled with blackish brown
(.90X.60}.

Bang* — N. A. east of the Bockies and breeding
north to Wew Brunswick and Manitoba. Winters in
Central Auerica.

BUBTT BliAOKBIBD.

509. Scolecophagus carolinus. 9}4 inches.

Male in iummer, glony greenish blue; female riaty
gay; male m winter, with all feathers strongly edged
with rusty. These birds are usually found in wooaed
swamps or about the shores of woodland lakes or
ponds. But few of them remain in the U. 8. in sum-
mer, and these only in the extreme northern parts or
in mountainous regions. In winter they rove about
in small flocks, often visiting farmyards for grain

Wote.— A low chack, chack; song, a rather muncal
but squeaky tra-lahee, tur-a-lee.

Nest.— Large and substantiaUy made of moss and
twigs, and located in low bushes or trees. The three

M*?"j ^W"" P"'« bluish green, spotted and
blotched with brown (.95 x .70). " ' "

fJ!^'^^''*'v°^- H breeding from northern New
ingland. New York, and Manitoba northward. Win-
ters m southern U. 8.

S

BBBWBB BLAOKBIBD.

510. ScoUeopha^us cyanocephalus. 10 inches.

»,f:^!i.'?f ^®"^ ^?'"* P""?'* "><1 "'* o' the body
greeniih black; fejnale grayuh brown. '

rhig 18 the western representative of the preceding
the two species being found together on the Plains- H
IS, however, much more common in the west than is
our Busty Qraekle in the east, and breeds much far-
tner sontb.

They travel and also breed in large numbers to-
gether and are said to be one of the taiiest of the fam-

.i.?'!?'!'"^ *''*°'' "^* *•"»* "' tJ^e B'-ty Grackle, and
w.-®'"l°f ■°°« T^T '^^" *" tl"* o' tl>»t "Picies.
.^A 1^ large platform of sticks and twig., pass
and weed, and often mud, placed at low elevStlons in
bushes or upon the ground. The four to six egg. ars
dull white color, spotted, clouded and blotched with
brown and gray (1.00 x .75). "i-i-noa wna

-ifl^^*'"ir*"*f"' ^- ^- ''O'" t*"* Pl"iM to the Pa-
cific, breeding from southern U. 8. north to Britiik
Colmnbia anS Saskatchewan. Winters in south^

PUBPLB OKAOKLE.

M«Io ^ti 0«Miro/.M guiscula. 12 inche«.

Their habits are alike, too, and I eondder thnm »».
of the most destnictive of inr birdi "^

H2i?^# *?'!'' *°5*«'^ *"<1 « squeaky aong.

pay irith blaok (crawls (l.iOx 80) ^ ^

»«W^Eastern US., breeding' north to Mass.
Bnb-^edM.— 511a. Florida Graelde (ariaens) iSiiit

purple head and usually a brassy back. EMteVn U 8
breeding north to Labrador an/ Manitoba '

BOAT-TAILED QHAOlCT.^ "
o, ., ^'?- Megaquiscalus major. IS inches

ir,^'^^" "" '"'e'u*." '•'•' "«* *»* much Wr! ind har-
big the same habits. Eggs also laraer f 1 2S x mT
Southeastern U. 8. The TreaTtaileTorickU (mil
erourus), found in Texas, is still larger. ■""" ^™»

EVEMINa OBOraSAK.

S14. Hesperipkona vespertina. 8 inches.
Female markediilike the male but much paler colored.
As would be jnc^d from the large bilU that theM
birda have, their food conaUts almost entirely of leedt.
with occaBionall;r a few berries and perhaps, inseeu!
In certain localities they are not uncommon, but, ex-
cept m winter, they are rare anywhere in the U. 8.
and east of the MisaissipM they can only be regarded
as accidental even in winter. They have been taken
ao least once in Mass. In winter they usually travel
about m small bands, visiting localities where the food
supply is the most abundant.

Song.— A clear Bobin-like whistles call, a short
whistle.

Nest.— A flat structure of twigs and rootlets plaeed
at low elevations in trees or bushes. Four eggs, green-
ish white, spotted with brown (.90x.65).

iange.— Breeds in mountains of western British
America and northweii;ern tJ. 8. South and east in
winter to the Mississippi and r.-jely farther.

PINE OBOSBEAK.

«.i ^*'**">Ja enucleator leucura. %}A inches

fro^ ?.„?^. ^ i*'"4. J"" "• «^«y »*"*•'. coming
from Canada and northern New England, where thev

and might almost be regarded as stupid; when they

nets^ They may at times, be found fn any kind oV

^Zil r"^'' ^."' '*'^y ""''^ " Preference^for .miS
growth pines, where they feed upon the seeds and
upon jeeds of weeds that project aW ?he snow.
whUw! *''*** """"*' '=»"' » "='«"' "Peated

rtJf™'*;7i^.if°°''*''°?u' *'**"' "' *^'K». rootlets and

&.wf /^'•fl'*? *•■"« '° '»"' »" °'"°*>". greenish
blue spotted with brown and lilac (1 00 x 70)

„Jr^''~^'*f •* i° **'»**™ S"""*" Americi and north-

0?i/^'L^°«'"'^i ^""^^^ »°°t'' to New York S^

»^ ki * »"b-species are found west of the

FOBFLB rorcH.

W.I AM Car^orfofiM purpureus. 6}i inches.

Male duU rosy red; female streaked brownish gray

These beautifnV songsters are common In the north-
em tier of states and in Canada. In Spring the males
are usually seen on, or heard from, tree tops in
orchards or parks, giving forth their glad carols. They
are especially musical in Spring when the snow is jurt
leaving the ground and the air u bracing. After fam-
ily cares come upon them, they are qmte silent, the
m^ only occasionally indulging in a burst of song.

Bong.— A loud, long-continued and very sweet
warble; call, a querulous whistle.

NMt.--Of strips of bark, twigs, rootlets and grasses,
placed at any height in evergreens or orchard trees!
The eggs resemble, somewhat, large specimens of those
of the Chipping Sparrow. They are three or four in
number and are greenish blue with strong blackish
specks (.85X.65). "

Eange.— N. A. east of the Bockies, breeding from
Pennsylvania and Illinois northward; winters through-
out the United States. "

HOUSE FXHOH.

519. Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis. 6H inches.

M«Ie with red crown, throat and rump; female dull
(rayuh.

mieae birds are also known as Bed-headed Linneta;
ttey are very common west of the Bockies but are only
loeaUy distributed on the Plains to the eastward. They
are veij tame and frequently make their dwellinn
about houses, even on window sills and porches: as
they do no damage and are sweet singers they are en-
eouraged to do so. They eat seeds, berries and some
insects.

8<mg.— <3uite similar io that of the eastern Purple
cinch. *

Nest.— Of twigs, roots, weeds, grass and trash of any
kind placed at any height in any kind of a tree, or on
oave troughs or porches of houses. In AprU and May
IX'^JV '""" °^ *^* greenish blue eggs with a few
blackish specks, chiefly on the large end (.80 x .65)

Bangs.— Western United States, east to the Plains

AHEBIO/ir OKQgawTT.T.

521. Loxia cunrirostra minor. 6 inches.

found almost eicruMvely in coniferous trees. They
Cling to the cones, upon which they are feedins is
every conceivable attitude, and a shower of seeds anil

.h^™°tw 'f,. """°K '^^°"K^' the branches below
shows that they are busUy working. They are very
eccentric birds and the whole flock often takes flijrht
without apparent cause, only to circle about again to
the same trees. The flute-like whistle that they utter
when in flight sounds quite pleasing when coming from
all the individuals in the flock.
whlsS*'"''^ '°^ twittering; call, a short, flute-like

Nest.— In coniferous trees, of spruce twigs, shreda
of bark and some moss or grass. The three or four
eggs are greenish white spotted with brown (.75 x 66)
.. Banjy.— Breeds from northern New England
northward and westward, and south in mountains to
Ueorgia; winters in the northern half of the U 8

WHIT3 VONCEE '^B.'HHSna.

are not neMly",^''cnm'r n"" '*"° *"*' '••*• """7

^Not6S.-Do not differ appreciably from thow of the

thJSroTt'he'lifbSfthf'*' »' ">« .»P«cie. are like
larger and in havh.i It ,3.'''*''%'» •^'"« •l'K''«y
ehuacter (.80x 5sf "'"l^ngg of a more blotchy

northern hLf of the US '"■ '^'°'*" *° **"'

OKAT-OBOWMED USUOOBTIOTB.

524. Ltueosttttt tepkrocotis. 6H inches.

Female similar to, but duller colored tkan the male.

All the member* of this genus are western and
northern, this one only being found east of the Boekies
and then only in winter, when it occasionally is found
east to the Mississippi. They wander about in roeky
mountainous regions, feedini; upon seeds and berries.
They are very restless an(i sup in a place but a short
time before flying swiftly away, in a compact flock,
to another feeding ground.

Not*. — An alarm note of a short, quick whistle.

Nest — ^Built on the ground, usually beside a rock or
in a crevice; composed of weeds and grass, lined with
finer grass. They lay three or four unmarked white
eggs in June.

Range. — Western U. S., breeding in the higher monn-
tain ranges; in winter sometimes wandering east t«
the Misnssippi.

,— BBDPOLL.

I^Im AJ^r^Tr »>*«»• "V ^ found in

of our Goldfluch bS^theHiX'S ml'rr^"' t*"^
to undulatory. " ""'* "P*^ "»d not

Boar-Strong, iweet and canary-Uke.

threr^7flV°^:'';;:erh b\eti?h''K' *"-' •!«•

B«n£».— BreedM In ffc. * ' '"''' ""own ■peeks.
toWSU, u 8 *'" •'*"■"• ■»'*'»; wintM,V.uth

•ll-hJl;!^'*""**'- HolboeU BedpoU

OBEBNlJUn} BBDTOLL.

A I»rof," .^/"^""^ ItornemaHnU. 6 inches

i«d ."^Atr/V'^^ -r^'r '4^ "° <»'••»■

(holboelU),
(roatrata),

AMBBIOAN GK>IJ>FINOH.

529. Aitragalinuj tristis. SK inches

These beautiful Uttle creatures are often known a*
Thistle-birds and Wild Canaries, the former name be-
cause they are often seen on thistles, from the down
of which their nests are largely made, and the latter
name because of the sweet canary-like song. Their
flight is a peculiar series of undulations acoompamed
by an intermittent twitter. They are very sociable
and breed usually in communities as well as travel in
flocks in the winter. Their food is chiefly of seeds and
they often come to gardens in fall and winter to par-
take of sunflower seeds, these flowers often being
raised for the sole purpose of furnishing food for the
finches in the winter.

Song. — Sweet, prolonged, and canary -like; call, a
musical tcheer, and a twittering in flight.

Nsst— Of thistle down, plant fibres and grasses, in
forks of bushes, most often willows or ^ders near
water. Four or five unmarked, pale bluish eggs.

Eaiige.— N. A. east of the Rockies; breeds from Vir-
ginia and Missouri north to Labrador; winters in U. 8.

FINE FIKOB OB 8ISXIK.

Th^.^ . ^- W»»»* piHus. S inc'-es.
t a wi?^%tl''" "'"*'"'"' •>"<*«. heing found in tUe

aM|g.-<juite .imilar to that of the Goldfinch

eround Th»^°.'5"°"^*"V "* ""y elevation from the
pound, rhey are made of rootlet* and erauea lii.«S
^*^ P*°« Pfe-Ue' and hair; the thre^to flvT^a™ ^e
%iS.« '^^*«' 'P««ked with reddiah brown (.elf 4^

in mountain range,/w?n't:J.\Uugrout'?h*e' U.T'

^N^^^^^S^^^^^^'

«~«

nrOWTLAKB.

534. PMsirima mvalis. 7 inches.

Adnlto in ininmer bUek and white; ia winter,
waahed with brownish.

When winter itormt (weeo aeroM our land, theae
Urda blow in IJte true niowflafcej. settling down upon
hillsidea and feeding upon seeds from the weed stalks
that are sure to be found abo-e the snow somewhere.
TheT are nsnally found in large flocks, and are rtrj
reatleas, starting up, aa one bir^ at the sUgiiteat MtAtt,
or continually wheeling about from one hiu to another,
of their own accord.

8ong.— A low twittering while feeding and a short
whistle when in ilight.

Vest.— Of grass and moss lined with feathers aad
mnk in the spagnum moss with which much of Arctic
America is coTered. Three to Ave eggs, pale greenish
wUte, specked with brown. Bise .90 z .66.

Bang*. — ^Breeds from Labrador and Hudson Bay
northward; winters in northern United States.

n

^'ArULXD LONCHSPUB.

536 Cmlcarius lafiponicus. 6% inches.
.j^">'°-'?""r''' T"''. *'!?*'' ""'"' «""> t>"o«t, and

■^e. '"th feather, of head and neck tipped Wit
f>yi^ 10 as t« conceal the bright markinaii
A« indicated by its name, this U a northeri species.

hX li^kS."'"^'"' "' °° lower" ground with

■?'^-— * 'weet trill or warble, freonentlv riven
while in fli|ht; call, a sherp chip. "I"""? g^^e"

ino^'l^. "°'^'' *'"~" "^ 'others placed on the
?!?? , '■ '"""ek* or on grassy hummocks. In June

ish ground color, which is nearly ^hscnred hv^h.
•umerou, hatches of brown andTvend^ (.80 xlo)

»»ll«..^ -Breads from Labrador northward and win
ters south to South Carolina and Texar
IS round in tke West.

A sub-species ■'

537.

■**nK LOKOBFOB.

CalcariHs pictus. 6% inches.

w., . ~ <-~.«. oyt inches.

of" ad"aS wiStt."?'''?''*' "^^ "«» "de-
ter, much dulle? ^thiS^lh? m'^^'l'"^ '"''« ^ '^
a browniah pay wiih * mwfang. covered with

Like the luxt mwtm^^m al

winter, in middle United Statw. ^ ""^ northward;

CHESTVUT-COUiAaD tOITOflrCnL

538. Catcarius omatus. 6J4 inches.
Male m summer with a black breait and crown, and
eb^nut nape; female, and male in winter, much duller
and with aU bright markiatgs covered with grayirii.

UBbke the preceding LoBgipun, thew are conatant
rendesta in the greater part of the wettern slaiBs, in
■erne localities being classed as one of the m«at abia-
dant birds. They have a short, aw«et song that, ia
•wrin^^ime, is frequently given as the bird mouats into
the air after the fashion of the Homed Larks They
commonly feed about ploughed fields, along the edaes
of which they build their nests.

■wig.— A short, sweet trill; alarm note a sharp chip,
•nd call note a more mnmeal chirp.

*••*•— Of fine grasses, placed on the ground in open
piaines or along the edges of cultivated fields, often
baiag concealed beside a tussock; their four or five
•Cga are clay color marked with reddish brown and
lavender (.78x.55).

Baaga.— Breeds in the Great Plains from Kansas
and Colorado north to Manitoba; winters south to
Mexico. 6

539 fft *''°**?^ 10KCM9PUB.

with whiefcweS- tk"" "'"' '° "• the last .bmSIl
chirp. "^^ nntterf., warble; caU a mnSS

BiroUBH aPAXBOW.

•** Passer domesticus. 6Ji inches.

These street urchins were introdnced into onr coun-
try from Europe about 1880, and have since multiplied
and spread out so that they now are found in all parts
of our land from the Atlantic to the Paeifle. Hereto-
fore they have confined themselves chiefly in the im-
mediate vicinity of the larger cities and towns, but it
IS now noted with alarm that they are apparenUy
spreading out into the surrounding country. They are
very hardy creatures, able to stand our most rigorous
winters. They are fighters and bullies from the time
they leave the e^g, and few of our native birds will
attempt to live m the neighborhood with them.

WotSB. — A harsh, discordant sound which they com-
mence early in the morning and continue until night.

Hast — Of straw and rubbish piled behind blLids,
in the tops of electric lights or crevices of bnildiags,
and sometimes large, unsighUy heaps of straw in trees.
They ruse three or four broods a year and in all ssa-
•""•j*ye to seven whitish eggs scratched with blaek.

*■§••— Whole of U. 8. and southern Canada.

S40 P.T "f^" SPABEOW.

^The name Ve«p«r 8d«^„, s! °' °"'' •Pwows.
»' it. habit of ?Sin7S^°J„'' P^«» thr. bird becau..
erhana ii«~, -»i._ P °P alone towards ev«><in». jriT

of it. habit of tSnioK M^Jo^^?''*" *J^ ^"^ *>««•'«•
Perbap. more otten^LltT^^K^"'^.^ evening; it i.

du^froa'5tid'rth"ene?.t^/«'*"^- - -on,

-nVL V^^; To^f "-^^^^

to their identity ""* **"" '^" »>« no mStSke «

Mh (.80X.60).

Bange. — ^Eastern N a *,-„ -i,. . .
Canada; winter, in wnthirn u S fL"*^*" ■»"*»"«
?" Ve.per Sparrow ~onfitS) ii L„w S ■*'°"" ^*^
to the Paeiflc coart range. * '""" *''« P'^in*

IPSWICH SPABBOW.

541. Passerculus princeps. 6ji inches.
_ This ipecieB is larger and paler CMored, but very
nmilar to the more common and better known Savanna
Sparrow. Iti habits are the same. It breeds on Sable
Island, Nova Scotia, and winters along the Atlantic
coast to Virginia.

SAVANNA SPABBOW.

S42a. Passerculus sandwichensis savanna. 554 inches.

Breast and sides streaked with brownish, and yellow
before the eye and also on bend of wing.

These finches are very abundant in eastern U. 8.
during migrations and a few remain in the northern
parts through the summer.

Song. — A weak trill or twitter; a short chip.

Naat. — Of grasses in hollows in the ground and con-
cealed by grass or weeds. The four grayish eggs are
spotted with brown (.75x.55).

Bangs. — Winters in southern TJ. 8.; breeds from
northern U. S. northward. 542b. Western Savanna
Sparrow (alaudinus) is found from the Plains west to
the coast ranges, tt is slightly paler.

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^AOO SPABBOW.

S4S. Coturniculus bahdii <^3/. ;„ u
Crown and n=„ t. ** inches.

black; "nde™a?tTwhhe°Ze«\ T""'' »''«''''«<i with
?"f,,"1««' wifh black h, taU slih?/"? *t"»'' »"W
feathers pointed. ' "'SThtly forked and the

the VnT^g%o'jfJ'^»/"° plains and Prairie rin^ with
especially a1>undSt t Dakoti*«'/,&'^"'^''; tSfy'ire
nearly all their time on th« t, '^.*^°''*"'"'' ipendiM
"''soni?"''",'' "-J weed LeS. *^""'"'' '"'"« '''^y feel
, .»^r*-A .';iSM?'^y'|;-P. zeep, zeep. „.,.,
tnc layers aboSt a hoUo^^jf *»f » """"(fed " concea-
a tuft of grass or weed! whl; ?°."n'l. "Wally under
cealed from view it t *^® " " 'airly well con

OSASBHOPPEB SFABBOW.

546. Coturniculus savannarum passerinus. Syi inches.

Crown blackish with a central buflFy stripe; nape
brown and gray; sides of head, breast and flanks, buflTy
without streaks.

These strange little fellows are found in dry pas-
tures and fields. Wheii started from the ground they
usually make a "bee line" for the nearest wall or
largo stone in the field, where thoy sit and utter their
weak insect-like song until you are out of sight.

.■■♦ong.— A weak, insect-like zee-e-e-e-e sometimes pre-
ceded with a low chip.

Nest.— A grass-lined hollow in a field, with the top
arched over so as to keep off the sun and conceal the
eggs. In June four or five white, brown specked eain
are laid (.75x.55).

Bange. — U. S. oast of the Plains; winters in south-
ern U. S.

Snb-species. — 546a. Western Grasshopper Sparrow
(bimaculatus), found from the Plains to the Pacific.
546b. Florida Grasshopper Sparrow (floridanug), a
darker race found on the plains of interior Floilda.

HENBLOW SPABEOW.

Crowra„<rna'S"''''Z»i;-\'"^'r"- ^ inches,
breast and sides^ buffv .V',*"' ^^^P"^^.^ ^^^ blaek;
feathers narrow'lnd^J^irtfd''"'''' ^^'^ ""'='" '-^
the lastSl rlrl'foTnd ^nX^'^'l^'^^-^^on tha.
common' in fa^vorab "I locamies ^uTh o^v?^'-''-"* "'^f
are usually found in low fleIH« ^^ Virginia. They

with marsh grass, in which 'hL "««'1°''» covered
started with Vat difficuftvWh"*?""^ ^'^''' ^""«
they fly but f few fi;? hii' *'!.°, '""^y "« AMhed
earth again TheiT/..* ''**°" «"d<Jenly dropping to

in. to fhe?r hlbit'o^: hT/r^fSinf to'f '" ^"^' »'
running a distance fron, itVlorTS^i^'" '*""' "' «'"

NeJT-Of St^LsIrtlinT^ " "Jk fee-e-e-e-e-rit.
or weeds. TheTr four n, ^ concealed in tufts of grass

wh^t^ with/e|^/rof sVoVf^n^r '^'^''
dentalis), which is Pai:r:t?ou?d"r7he'CarpL7nt

LBCONTB 8FABBOW.

348. Ammodramus lecontei. S inches

SHABP-TAILES SPABBOW.

f.^^^- .■i,'""l'"'''0'"''^,<^<"*dactttus. 5H inches.
fl=„v^ K »^*?i greenish; sides of head, breast and
flanlu buff mth black streaks; tail feathers sharp.

salt marshes ; along the seacoast or alonjf streams
emptying into the ocean are the dwelling places of
these finches. They creep about like mice in the salt
grass now running across an open space, now thread
ing their way through the upright stalks, rarely fl^n«
except when forced to, and then only for a ' -^ fp^t
Bong.— A rather weak, squeakv trill.
Nest.— Of sea weed and marsh 'jrass, attached t. '.. •
grass stalks several inches above ground, and of tew
covered by a mass of dry sea weed, 'ilggs greenish
white specked with brown (.78 X. 66). «««"«■

Bangs.- Atlantic coast of the U. S
NELSON SPABBOW.
549a. Ammodramus nelsoni. S!6 inches
Similar to the last but brighter colored and not

? ^*"''%^.i'*'°'r- J? "•« ^'"'- V^"ey north to Maid-
toba. 549a. Acadian Sharp- tailed Sparrow (sub-vir-
gatus), Atlantic coast, breeding from Maine to Nbw
Brunswick.

SEASIDE SPABBOW.

v^ii™ ^^modramus maritimus. 6 inches

indistinguishable an^^e often found 'if tt*'*' ""
marshes, the songs also are°?ra° ticalf/ t"e sameX?

X^^n^orsWeiVurLr -^°" ''<^^^^ -«
loutTS^o'lin^"^^' ■"•' P*'" *'"«' «•'""•' -ait^'^o'f

DUSKY SEASIDE SFABBOW.

SSI. Ammodramus nigrescens. 6 inches.

Upper parts black with some gray edges to feathers;
below heavily streaked with black; spot before eye,
and bend of wing, yellow.

This species has a very restricted distribution, be-
ing found only in the marshes near the head of Indian
Eiver, Florida. They were first discovered in 1872,
but not until about 1890 were any numbers of them
found. They skulk through the marsh grass like the
other Seaside Sparrows and, consequently, are hard to
find. I believe their nests and eggs have not yet been
found. Their song is very similar to that of the Sea-
side Sparrow and all their actions correspond to those
of that bird.

liABE SPABBOW.

552. Chondestes grammacus. (,% inches

JMest — Sometimes in bushes but usuallv on tj..

TleZV IL^'^"'^ ""'"'^'^ •" " hollow to Lm a U
tie cup and usually concealed under a tuft of ^„.. t!,

Mrr,^^~^J".""P.P' ^'^'^y- breeding from Texli to
8^1, J^*' •''"'*!" ^° southern V. S. Ind Meiko

HABBI8 8PABBOW.

553. ZoHotrichia querula. 7^ inches.

Adults in 8umi«er with the crown, face and throat
black; in winter with the black areas mottled with
gray.

This species is one of the largest of the Spsrows. It
is found abundantly on tho prairies during migrations,
but about nesting time they all seem to disappear and
no one has, as yet, been able to locate their exact
breeding range. It is supposed to be among some of
the foothills of North Dakota and northward through
Manitoba and Saskatchewan, as they have been found
during the summer in all these localities. Kests sup-
posed to belong to this species have been found, but
they lack positive identification.

Song. — A series of musical, piping whistles.

Nest. — Supposed to be of grass and bark, a few
inches above the ground in weed stalks or small
shrubs; eggs whitish, thickly spotted with brown
(.95 X .66).

Bangs. — Interior U. S. from Texas (in winter) north
through the Plains and Mississippi to Manitoba.

WHITE-OEOWNED SFABBOW

AduuJtit^''l!°"t-!f*" ''"*"P'"'ys. 7 inches.

Aaults with a white crown bordered by black the
black covering the lores or .pace befoi. the eye fthe
jub-.pec.e8 found we.t of th? Eockie. have t^ /oreS

We know thew bird, in the U. S., except in moun-
tain ranges or in the extreme northern pa°t., on"y^
IZTr^''^^ M **"'°T ^^^''^ *»"'"' « brush? woodlot^ "

Iv w^nnH h"^'"- ^° *•"/ ""*•» tl'^y "" 'o°'"l in deep
ly wooded ravines and on side hill.. While with us

Itl iff"'^ '^ ^T ,'^?8' ''"* '° their summeT home
ih^L?. JV "^^^ tinkling song like that of the White-
throated Sparrow with which we see them associated

call^Sf^Ta sSS'chi;''*' P'P'°« aee-dee-dee-dee-de-e,

wt^lTv'"?"^ "mu*""! K'''"'"^ ""der patches of
brush or bushes. The four or five eggs are whitish
profusely spotted with brown (.90 x 63) ''''""'>

^^'^T^- ^.'breeding from northern U. S. north-
ward and in high range, .outh to Mexico.

WHITB-THEOATED SPABBOW.

558. Zonotrichia albicollis. 6H inches.

In thick underhfush, we hear these birds scratching
about among the leaves; occasionally one of them will
hop up on a twig and give his clear peabody song, or,
hearing or seeing you, give a sharp chirp and dash out
of sifht again. They are birds of the ground, always
busy and always happy. I think that without any ex-
ception, they are the handsomest of our Sparrows,
their colors are so rich and harmonize and blend to-
gether so well.

Song. — A high-pitched, very clear and sweet whistle
pea-bo-dy-bird. Call and note of alarm, a metallic
chirp.

Nest. — Usually on the ground on the borders of
woods or in swamps; of grass and leaves, similar to,
but larger, than that of the Song Sparrow. Four or
live eggs, pale greenish blue, thickly spotted witfc
brown (.85x.63).

Bangs. — N. A. east of the Bockies, breeding from
northern XJ. S. to Labrador and Hudson Bay; winters
in the southern half of U. S.

TBEE SPABBOW.

1 ... .^?'; Spizella monticola. 6% inches.

A blackish brown spot in middle of breast: crown
reddish brown with no black about the head: back and
wings wita considerable brown.

This Sparrow is a summer resident of the Arctic
region, passing the winter in the northern half of the
„, . °^"' considerable rosemblanc to our com-
mon Chipping Sparrow, but is larger ar has its char-
Mteristic markings as noted above. Laey appear in
the U. 8. in October and many of them pass the win-
ter in the fields and gardens in our northera states.

»ote.— A musical chirp; song, strong, sweet an i
musical and ending in a low warble.

Nest.— Usually on the ground, but sometimes at loi.
elevations in bushes. Eggs pale greenish blue with
brown specks over the whole surface, thus being very
f'E^^^^x *■■'"" *''°'* °* ^^^ Chipping Sparrow

Baage.— N. A. east of the Plains, breeding in Labra-
dor and about Hudson Bay; winters in northern half
of the U. S. A sub-species, 559a. Western Tree Spar-
row (ochracea) is paler; it is found from the Plains to
the Pacific, breeding in the nortV 7

»1

r/

OmPPINO SPASBOW.

560. Spitella socialis. S}i inches.

Crown chestnut; forehead black; line through the
eye black.

One of the commonest and most useful of our Spar-
rows, frequenting orchards, yards and bushy pastnrM.
They are not at all timid and frequently nest m vinea.
covering porches or the side of the bouse, proyidaa
that English Sparrows are not too plenty. They eat
rreat quantities of insects and worms, and some seeda,
ceding their young wholly upon the former.

Song. — A very rapidly chanted chip, chip, chip, chip
continued for several seconds; call, a sharp chip.

Nest. — A small cup-shaped structure of rootlet*,
lined with horsehair; placed in bushes, trees or yinea:
eggs three to five, bluish green, specked, chiefly aroond
the large end with blackish brown (.65z.50).

Bange. — ^N. A. east of the Plains, breeding from tk*
Onlf of Mexico north to New Fonndland and Hndioa
Bay; winters in the Gulf States. A tub-speeies to
<p«Qd west of the Boekles.

r:

0IJk.T-COLOBED SFABBOW.

561. Spitella pallida. Syi inches.

No reddish brown in plumage; crown hUekiah with
a dull white stripe in the middle.

A quite abundant bird on the (iiains of northern
middle U. S. and northward through Manitoba to Sas-
katchewan. They have the same habits as the Chip-
ping Sparrow, and build hair-lined nests like those of
the latter birds, but the outside is usually of grasa
rather than the black rootlets commonly used by the
Chippy. They frequent rather open ground covered
with bushes, vines, rose bushes or small spruces.

Song. — Cannot be distinguished from that of the
Chipping Sparrow.

Nest.— Of grasses, lined with horse hair; the three
or four eggs are bluish green, specked about the large
end with brown, the marking not averaging as black
aa those of the Chippy.

Bang*.— Plains of the interior of N. A., breeding
from northern Illinois and Colorado northward to Bat-
katehewan; winters south into Mexico.

FIELD BPABBOW.

563. Spisella pusilla. Syi inches.

Bill, pinkiah liTowii; crown and ear covert brown
with no black markings; back reddish brown anil
breast and sides washed with brown.

You will find these birds in dry pastures, stubble
fields and side hills. The hotter and dryer a place ii,
the better they seem to like it. They are often the
only birds that will be found nesting on tracts of land
recently burned over, upon which the suu beats down
with stifling heat.

Bong. — A series of shrill piping whistles on an as-
cending scale and terminating in a little trill, swee-
see-see-se-e-e.

Nest. — A frail structure of grasses and weeds, lined
with finer grasses; placed either on the ground or in
bushes, briars or weed patches; four or five whitish
eggs marked with reddish brown (.68 x .50).

Range. — Breed from the Gulf States north to south-
ern Canada; winters in southern United States.

Bab-spedes. — 663a. Western Field Sparrow (a
tea), a paier race found on the Great Plains.

WHITE-WINOED JUNOO.

566. Junco aikeni. tVt inches.

Slightly larger tlian the common eastern Junco, and
with two white bars on the wing and more white on
the tail.

This species cannot be regarded as common any-
where, even locally, and in most sections of its range
it is rare. There are no peculiarities in its habits and
I believe that its nests and eggs have not, as yet, been
discovered.

Bange. — Breeds in Wyoming and the Dakotas and
winters in Colorado and eastward to Kansas.

^^

SLATE-COLOBEO. JVNCO.

567. Junco hyemalis. 6^ inches.

These are one of our most common winter birds,
easily recognized, labile perchiag or on the ground,
by the white or pinkish bill, and when flying by the
white outer tail feathers, and the gray and white plu-
mage. They are very common about houses as well as
on the edges of woods and in pine groves, being very
tame and coming into the dooryard to feed upon
crumbs or chaff which is often thrown out for them.

Song. — A sweet simple trill, whi'ih has a beautiful
effect when given by a whole flock in unison.

Kest. — Of grasses,' on the ground, usually beside of
a stone, in a bunch of w)>eds or under a small shrub,
where it is well concealed. The three or four eggs ar«
whitish, sprinkled with reddish brown (.75 x .55). ^

Bangs. — Eastern N. A., breeding from the northern
parts of the northern tier of states northward; win-
ter* south to the Oulf.

Snb-ipecies. — 567e. Carolina Junco (earoUnensis),
found in the Alleghenies from Virginia to Qeorgia;
there are several races found west of the Bookies.

BILACK-THBOATED SPABBOW.

573. Amphispisa bilineata. S'A inches.

These little Sparrows are entirely unlike any other
North American species. They are found in the south-
western deserts, where thuy are not uncommon in cer-
tain localities, being found in mesquite or chapparal
brush. While not especially wild, the birds appear to
be very restless and do not remain on the same branch
but a few minutes at a lime.

Note. — An ordinary Sparrow chip; song, a rich me-
tallic zip-zip-zip-zee-zee-zee, the first three ascending,
the second three notes descending.

Nest. — In bushes or cacti at low elevations; eggs
plain bluish white (.rOx.SO).

B«nge. — From Texas north to Kansas in summer. A
paler sub-species, the Desert Sparrow (deserticola), is
found westward to southern California.

FINE-WOODS SFABBOW.

5/3. Peucaea aestivalis. 5% inches.

Upper parts streaked with black; back chestnut and
gray; underparts buffy white; tail rounded.

These duU colored birds are abundant on some of
the southern pine barrens. Their habits are similar to
those of the Hcnslow Sparrow; they are quite shy and
it is almost impossible to make one show itself above
the grass, through which it runs and dodges with great
swiftness. If it is surprised into taking wing it goes
bat a few feet, then drops out of sight again.

Note. — A metallic chip; song similar to that of the
Field Sparrow, but reversed, that is with the trill
first.

Nest. — Of grasses on the ground, under shrubs or in
tufts of grass; rot usually arched as those of Bach-
man Sparrow seem to always be; four or five pure
white eggs (.72x.60).

Range. — Georgic and Florida. 575a. Bachman Spar-
row (bachmannii) is brighter above but has fewer
black streaks; found in the South Atlantic and Oulf
States and north to Indiana.

=01 „ . ^^^ SPABBOW.

Ml. Melosfisa cinerea melodia. 6W inches
This IS probafcly the best kno^ most abSidant
and most widely distributed (in it numerouT sub-
T^T\ 1 *" °'^'" ^"^- They are quite hwdy Td
many of them winter in the northern states hit th«
majority go farther south, returning to theS .umme?
homes about the first of March. They may be fSund
anywhere, where there are bushes, vines or hedges
in^'^v"^" 'i'""'.* •"'"»«''' «^e° i° large cities^ '
Hn„ ^'^ P' pleasing and musical, strongly resemb-
X^t nf '"«'«'"^!? '""° that of the canary.
Nest— Of grass, either on the ground or in bushes-

Eango.— Eastern N. A., breeding from Virjrinia anl

Mr"and"nt- *" T'^'T C-^"^^"- WiX, fr^m
Mass and Ohio southward. Many local races are

M?? Vakn'tf ^"^ ^«''^''' ""t.o"!/ one east Tthe?"
581p. Dakota Song Sparrow (juddi) is found in the
ToTe^C Turtle Wntains, North Vkota; it s saJd
to be lighter above mad brighter below.

k

LINCOLN SPABBOW.

583. Melospiza tincolnii. SJ4 inches.

Upper parta extensively brown and black; breaat
and Bides bright buff with fine black streaks.

These finches are quite abundant m the west, es-
pecially during migrations, but are rather uncommon
in the eastern states. Their habits are similar in some
respecU to both those of the Song Sparrow and of the
Grasshopper Sparrow. They are very lively at aU
times, and in the mating season, quite puMacious.
They sit for minutes at a time upon the top of "hurt
pouring forth their melody, and they have one of tUs
most brilliant songs of any of the family.

Song.— Loud, clear and gurgling, after the style or
the house Wren; call, a metalUc chirp.

Nert.— Of grass, on the ground in tufts of grass or
under smaU shrubs; eggs pale greenish white, heavily
marked with chestnut (.80 X. 88). tt a ♦-

Bang*.— N. A., breeding from northern U. B. to
Labrador and Alaska; winters in southern half of
U. S.

^ SWAMP SPABBOW.

S84. Melospisa georgiana. SJ^ inches.

difn'"',ftrfnf '''r?' "°''° «''e»t"»t with a gray me-
dian stripe; whole upper pjt. very dark: under parti
grayish with brown sides. ^

■.^itJ®^ '*^'-'* ?°^ unobtrusive species, that dwelk.
as Its name impUes, chiefly in swamps. They crelS

ma°n"v X^"..*"' """^ """^^ ""» underbr^h '^^ike s^
w?rf« -ff,;*''^?' "^ !»Pf«i"Uy fond of the soft mires
where walking is so difficult for human beinw thev
patter around on the soft mud with^viZf 'ejtl^
ment occasionsdly walking across an open space of

Sl^Zi^/*"^'* ''^»°*' «»"' * 'harp metaUic cheep
Ne«t.-<)f grasses, on the ground In damp places-

he^vilv hw tW' ''»^?«f / pie greenUh bUISloi
(.80^66) '° eloude/ with shades of brown

N^^f^r^- ^J"* ^J **'• P'**"* breeding from
New Jersey and Missouri north to Labrador a^ Hud-
son Bay; winters in southern half of the V. 8.

101

:f

102

FOX SPABBOW.

585. Passerella iliaca. 7% inches.

Above bright reddish brown and gray; rump and
tail wholly reddish Vrown, and spots on the breast and
sides of the same color. . .

In winter, we find these large Sparrows in quiet
swamps and open woods where they scratch about
among the fallen leaves, after the manner of domestic
fowls; they will scratch energetically for a few sec-
onds, then pause to see what thoy have uncovered.
They have a short but loud and joyful song with which
they greet you on clear frosty mornings, and the effect
is very beautiful when a large flock of them are sing-
ing in chorus. ,,

Song.— A loud, clear and melodious carol; call, a

soft chip. . , • J

Nest.— Of grass and moss, lined with fine grass and

feathers; four or five pale bluish green eggs spotted

with reddish brown and chestnut (.90 x .65).
Bange.— N. A. east of the Rockies, breeding from
I NaT Brunswick and Manitoba northward; winters in

too vithern states.

TOWHEE OB OHEWINK.

587. PipUo erythropkthalmus. 8 inches.

\^d^"%^l »wamps, brushy pastures and open wood-
lands. They are ground birds and nsuafiy found
wifft- ."f t"""* the leaves; the male, with hi. black,

Zh f« ?h« ^^T °'° •?^''' ""''«■ » eoMpicuou. object
while the female, with her brown and white dress

mfi«^n J^*"^" "!?■ "?"'? " ""'°« °» »>«' -est, the
S!i %r^ frequently sit in a tree top and persistently
•ing for many minutes at a time. '

wi^Tji'?^ and clear tow-hee-e-e or see-tow-hee-e-e

•ir.1 T?* °n**" tw™"!""*; call, a sharp cherink.

Kest— UsuaUy on the ground, but rarely in bushes-

~h3-I?1°' *"5^ «"»" ""^ '«»^e»; eggs'white with
reddish brown dots over the whole surfioe f.QOi 70^

Eang«.-EMtem N. A., breeding from the GuM
States to southern Canada; winters in southern U 8

8nb-species.--587a. White-eyed Towhee (allenl) h.^
white eyes instead of red and less white on the tail-
found on the South Atlantic coast '

r

\

\

104

OAXDINAL.

593. Cardinalis eariiinalis. 9 inches.
Noble in carriage, beautiftd of plumage, amiable in
disDontion and excellent singerB are some of tue
JSSCuons.of these large-billed »»irds- -""y «*
MUthem birds, rarely seenln northern U. B. unless to
eases, for larj^ numbers of them are trapped «?'*"•
3ose, a prwtice that is being stopped " "P»dly -
?o2ible by enforcing the laws which protect them.
They are hardy birds, often passing the wintra to tte
iorthem parts of their range when the Pound is cov^
ered with saow. They frequent gwdens, Pl"**'"'"'
and open woods, where they glean their foo^ of seeds,

hurries fruit and insect . ,, .

Sto^.-T loud, clear and Uvely warble; call, a low

"""^ist— A frail rtnieture of twigs, in thickets or
b,K etj. peenish blur, with reddish brown spot.

^^^^5Wdent and breetog from the QiJf W
W^rTork and Iowa. 693. Florida Cardtoal (flori-
SSLf U su^osed^o be slightly «nriler and brighfr.

»08B-BBBA8TBD OBOBBEAK.

vr.i» vf ^""^'Jodia ludoviciana. 8 inches.

male, black and white with rose breast and under
wing coverts; female resembUng a large striped Spar-
row in color. " r r

The center of abundance of thpse beautiful crea-
tures IS in the northern half of eastern U. 8 In
beauty and song he fuUy atones for what we north-
erners lose because of the southerly distribution of the
Cardinal. We find them in swamps, small patches of
woods, and, sometimes, in orchards. They are rather
quiet birds, that is they do not move about much, but
they can easily bo found by their song.

Bong.— A rich, full, whistling carol, almost withcut
exception immediately preceded with a jharp chip
Call, a deep-toned chirp. '^

H««t.— A loose, frail cradle of twigs at low eteva-
bons in trees or thiokeU; eggs bluish green spotted
with brown (1.00 x. 75). » y v™

fi^'^'TVi ^- *"* ••' *^* Bockies, breeding in the
northern half and in •onthem Canada; winters in Cen-
tral America.

BLtJE QBOSBEAK.

597. Gi^iraca caerulea. 7 inches.

Male, deep blue with chestnut shoulders; female,
grayish brown above and grayish wl"t?.'»«»07- .. .
^ Open woods, small groves and roadsides are the lo-
cations in which these birds wiU be apt to be found.
In some places they are faxrly common, but nowhere
abundant: Their habits are very similar to those or
thn Bose-breasted Grosbeak. ... j

80M-A rapid varied warble, similar to but louder
and stronger than that of the Indigo Bunting.

Ne8t.-0f twigs, weeds and grasses, Uned with fl^e
rootlets; placed In thickets, bushes or low trees; four
or five plain bluish white eggs (.85 1 .62).

Ewwe.— Eastern U. 8., breeding from the Gulf to
Maryland and lUinois; winters south <>' U- «•,„ .^^

Bub-species.— 897a. Western Blue Grosbeak (lazula).
M^rTa brighter shade of blue than the e"tef»5
& from th*e MisriMlppl to tl** P'^l*?',.?"*^'"
north to Kanwa Colorado and northern California.

598.

OfDlao BUNTINO.

Cyanospiza cyanea. S}4 inches.
_i?i»i%'?f?»,W"«; female, brownish but usually
ii^w '■""'"'*'""' •" •""« 0° "'e wings or tail. ^
Utter DartiS"^ ''°°8»tf. dwelling with us from the
with fh... 1,^^^ until September. You will meet
with these Buntings along roadsides lined with

Z^^^V'' *"■ '"J^?"'"' »' " pasiWor aJong^he

™«h nnn """^Pl J""* ""^'' """""y •>"« »0^^ favorite

Sef '^ ^*^' *''® ^''P "' » *»" bush or

utti;;^ ^^.sifa"rhii*p"cVp"'''« ^'^ -"'"^ -°"^-

h„^*^"~^' grasses at low elevations in shrubs or
^i^illV}^)' " '''"' '» -•""''"• ^-y P"'* bluish'

da^t^f!;":;?;,?!^?*'."^ the Sockies, and most abun-
.^ m!-^ ""* ^"»*«'.'PPli bweds north to Manitoba
and New Brunswick; winters in Central America

PAINTBD BUNTINO.

601. Cyanospiza ciris. S'A inches.

Male, vari-colored; female, greenigh gray.

Without any exception, these are the most gaudily
plumaged North American birds, but their colon have
a harshness of contrast that renders them far less
pleasing to the eye than many others of our birds.
They are often caged, but in confinement soon lose the
natural brilliancy of their plumage. Like the Indigo
Bunting, they are found in thickets and hedges; their
habits seem to be precisely like those of the last
species. . , .

Bong.— Similar to that of the Indigo but lacking the
brilliancy of that of the latter bird.

Nsst.— Of grasses, leaves, strips of bark and root-
lets, compactly compressed and woven together, Mta-
ated at low elevations in thickets and low bushes; eggs
whitish, specked and blotched with reddish brown
(.78Z.58).

Eangs.— Southeastern U. S., breeding from the Gulf
north to Virginia, Ohio and Kansas; winters in Cen-
tral America.

DI0K0I8SEL.

604. Spua americana. 6% inches.
Male beantifully blended with yeUow, white and
pay, and with a black throat patch and brown
•houlden; female duller. "rown

Rl»»wif,°'J^??.P°i;"''°* °' ^^^ ^- S- theie birds, or
Black-throated Buntings, as they are commonly called.
m very numerous, frequenting dry, bushy fields or
prames. They are very persistent songsteri, although
their song is weak and has little melody. In July and
Aupst, when many birds are silent, they continue
th«r plaintive chant even on the most sultry davs
w ^■~^- ''"P'® chanting chip, chip, che-che-c). '
Nest.— Either on the ground, in bushes or thistles,
or in trees; of weeds, grasses, rootlets, corn husks
etc.; egw four or five in number, plain bluish white
and hardly distinguishable from those of the Blue-
Dira; size ,80 z .60.

*i.^*^r^\ ^- *"* "' *''« Bookies, breeding from
^^ ^JF'o?*?*" '""*'' ^° "orthern U. 8.; rare in the
Atlantic States north to Connecticut.

If ,7

iiU

■LKB9. BUNTINa.

60S. Calamospiza melanocorys. 7 inches.

Male, black and white; female, brown and gray.

This species is pften known as the White-winged
Blackbird, not because it bears any resemblance to
any of the Blackbirds, nor because any of the habits
are the same, but simply because of its plumage. They
are very gregarious and ususdly fly in flocks eveu in
nesting time.

They seem to be very methodical and well trained;
if one of a flock takes wing, the entire flock rises
simultaneously and in a very compact body they fly
until some leader chooses the next stopping pllce,
when they as suddenly alip;ht. They have the habit
of Skylarks in mounting into the air while singing
and then descendine on set wings.

Song.— A very lively, sweetly modulated warble.

Nest. — On the ground, usually under a tuft of gran
or small bush; four or five eggs of a bluish color
(.85 X .65), brighter than those of the Dickcissel.

Bsnge. — Western U. S., most abundant from Kan-
sas to Colorado and north to Assiniboia.

SOABLET TAKAQE3.

Moi«'^- f'/""*? ervthromelas. 7'/, inches.
andfblacWs" ' ^^'^^^' ^'^"'^'^ yeUo^

These beautiful birds are found in open woods, but
tney often come out in fields, parks, orchards and
sonistimes in yards when feeding; one of the prettiest
Bights that I ever saw was of about a dozen of these
birds tripping along the furrows of a ploughed field,
where they were feeding on insects. Besides berries
and seeds, they live upon quantities of insects, fre-
quently catching them on the wing in true Flycatcher
style.

Song.— Resembling that of the Robin, but harsher,
less varied and higher patched. Call, a sharp chip or
chip-churr. "^

Nest.— Loosely made of twigs and rootlets, on lower
branches of trees; eggs four, pale bluish green, spot-
ted with brown (.95x.G5).

Bauge. — Breeds in the northern parts of the XJ. 8
froin the Atlantic to the Plains; winters in the
Tropics, from whence it arriv^es about May 15.

112

SUlOfEB TAKAOEB.

610. Piranga rubra. 7'A inches. >

Male, rosy red; female, greenish yellow.

Theae Tanagers Jiave a more southerly distribution
than the Scarlet variety, but are found in the same
kind of territory. In tts localities it is rather more
abundant and less retiring than is the latter bird in
the north, and more often dwells in public parks. This
bird is often called the Bedbird and in localities
where both the Scarlet Tanager and this species are
found, they are frequently known by the same name,
as their habits and notes are similar.

Song. — Similar to that of the Scarlet Tanager but
said to be sweeter and clearer, and to more nearly re-
semble that of the Robin.

Nest. — On the outer horizontal limbs of trees in
open woods or groves; nest of twigs and rootlets; eggs
bluish green, spotted with brown (.95x.65).

Bange. — U. S. east of the Bockies, breeding from
the Gulf to New Jersey and Kansas; winters in Jen-
tral America. A sub-species is found west of the
Rockies.

PUBFLE MABTIN.

M.i» M ^^vi ^'■<'«'" *«*"• 744 inches.

Male, blue black; lemale, dull black and grayigh.

THeae large, jolly Swallows are commonly seen about
eltiei and towns within their range. Originally they
dwelt in hollow trees, and some do yet, but the ma-
jority have recognized the superiority of man's dwell-
ing and now live in houses built especially for them
or in cornices of houses or barns. It is no uncommon
tight to see a handsome gabled structure of many
rooms, perched upon a twelve-foot pole, on the lawns
of many wealthjr residents; others less bountifully
supplied with this world's goods use plain soap boxes
for the same purpose, and the Martins seem to like the
one as well as the other.

*"*f"~^,'*''°°8:. varied grating warble or twitter,
more forcible than melodious.

Nest — Of straw, paper, rags, etc., in bird houses,
gables e hollow trees; eggs dull white (.98 x 72)

Bange.— N. A., breeding from the Gulf to New
Brunswick and Saskatchewan; winters in northern
Donth America.

113

OLIFF SWAIJ.OW.

Petrochelidon Itinifrons. 5}4 inches.

Adults similar in plumage but the femide slightly
paler. Easily distinguished from the Barn Sw&llow
by the square tail, and light buffy forehead and rump.

This is what is commonly called the Eave Swallow
in .the east, because of its habit of plastering its nests
on the outside of barns or other buildings, up under
the eaves. In the west they usually resort to cliffs
where, sometimes, large sections of the face will be
completely covered with the little mud flasl.>; often
colonics of several thousand will build their nests
together.

Song. — A continuous twitter, uttered while on the
wing or at rest.

Nest. — A flask or gourd-shaped structure of mud,
lined with straw and feathers, attached under the
eaves to the outside of buildings or on the faces of
clifTa; five to seven eggs are laivl; white dotted and
spotted with reddish brown (.80x.55).

Range. — N. A., breeding from the Qulf to Greenland
and Alaska; winters in the Tropics.

«!:. r, "^**^ SWALLOW.

v.,^uif A ,,"'"'"'? 'nthrogastra. 7'A inches
foAeTMlt'^it,%f'"'"T^ "-^ ^i*'' » le« deeply
»^t trii J" *''! "*'«■ Forehead and throat oheBt-
lla »°f,«"t"« under parts huffy; tail deeply forked
"ath^e,e«nt^\'*' "POt on the"inner we^of each

TiT- ^''^P* *''e central pair
.wIlliLi' **'1 ""l* Tjaceful and beautiful of all our
tte lnr,5/lf '" "'^ ft""" common about farm houZ
DriRtl fl t^ • ""' *°^ ■'*"^" "f ''»»iol' they appro-
priate for their own use. They delight in skimmimr

S^ine witfth^ ■"^i"^" "' ">« »"rfa!e of pondrnow
™e°sUdSft aTw'' ""'^ '"'°''P'°« down^ward'with

Song.— A continuous, rapid twitter.

west.— A bowl-shapod structure made up of pellets
of mud cemented together with the birds' saliva and
lined with feathers; attached to rafters in barns' the
opening being at the top and not at the side m 'n the
last; eggs exactly like those of the last

Bange.— N. A breeding north to the limit of trees-
winters in northern South America. '

TBBB SWALUaW.

614. Iridoprocne bicolor. 6 inchei.

Male, steely blue or greenish above; female, dnUer
and often plain griy above, but both sexes always en-
tirely white below. , ^ , - j.

These Swallows are also abundant about farmyards;
except when then are skimming over pond^ they are
almost always scouring the air . above bmldings or
fields, at higher elevations than the Bam Swsllows.
When weary they roost on dead twigs or telephone
wires, hundreds often being seen in rows on the latter.
Like the Martins, these birds frequently nest in bird
boxes, but usually not more than one or two pairs in
a single house. o i

Notes.— A twittering like that of the other Hwal-

Nest.— Of grass, Uned with feathers, in hollow trees
on the border of water or in orchards, or in bird boxes
erected for their use; eggs white (.75x.52).

Bange. — Breeds in the northern half of the U. H.
and northward to Labrador and Alaska; winters in
southern U. 8. and southward.

Nert'-I3f "L::?"!!'' *?°^'" *^« »"»«" Swallow.,
bank^l^^ grasMS, placed at the end of tunnel, in

?« fh. K^ "^?: •** J'oneycombed with the entrance,
to the homes; the tunnel i. u.ually from ei»ht«n

SfX*" *r ^l* ?•"■« *°^ tenninaSd ta an ."tt

Bange.— Breed, from New Jer.ey and middle Cali
forn^ north to the Arctic region.^ winte'Ji Tuth'^f"

117

'r"

lis

ROUQH-WINOBD BWAIiOW.

617. Stelgxdoptcryx serripennis. 5;4 inches.

This species is sUghtly larger than the last and hu
the throat and breast brownish gray, •••adniK "•
sensibly into the white of the nnaerpart; the ontor
vX of the outer primary is stiff and barbed, thus giv-
ine the bird its name. j, . i, i,. „_j

like the Bank Swallows, these breed in bank, and
are often found in company with them, both while
nesting, and when feeding. They are ^^ ""f . 8°"*^"°
bird, farely found in the northern parts nf tn. l J.

Nites.— Like those of all the other Swallows, from
which they can only be distinguished from long ex-

^*Ne8t.-Either in banks like the Bank Swallows or
in the crevices of stone bridges or arches over water;
of straws and grasses lined with feathersj the four to
six eggs that they lay are pure whit- (.(o x -a-J;

Ka5|e.-U. 8., breeding from the Gulf north to
Massachusetts and Washington; winters in Central
America.

BOHEMIAN WAXWmo.

618. AmpelU garrulus. 8 inches.

-i^!'*®!;. "°i *"7«'' *'""' our common Ceder Wax-
wing and with yefiow and white on the wine^ it^. a
northern specie, and is only casuaUy fou^ "I' eastern

?ew of thX°"'^'1.'''*° *■"« Arctic Circle and o^ly"
tw !" ^*'.** ''^^^ e^«' been found. In winter

country often appearing wherl least expected and
utterly deserting other places where the^a^f u^suSy

.,.^^f ■""?* T*^' '^'S*" *'"l ">oss, lined with feather,
usually placed at low elevations in spruce or con«-

BMge.— Northern parts of the northern hemisphere

uLTv sfutT'^^M" ^T'" ^'"'^ '"''> winteriTcas:
«dVliforVa° ^^'•"''">««"''' Pennsylvania, Kansas

119

f

OEDAB WAZWINa.

619. Ampelis cedrorum. 7 inches.

Plumage very soft colored with a general browm»h
tone, shading to gray on the rump. The Waxwings
are named from the curious wax-like appendages at-
tached to the tips of the secondaries, and rarely to
the tail feathers. They are very sociable and usually
feed in Uocks. They live chiefly upon fruit and are
especially fond of cherries, for which reason they are
very often known as Cherry-birds. They are very
tame and allow anyone to almost touch them while
they are feeding or sitting upon their nests.

Note. — An insignificant lisping hiss.

Nest. — A substantial structure of twigs, mosses,
twine, etc., lined with fine |^asses; placed in cedar
trees or, when near habitations, usually in orchard
trees; the four or five eggs are dull bluish white,
specked with black (.85x.60).

Bangs. — N. A., breeding from Virginia, Missouri
and northern California north to Labrador and south-
em Alaska; winters throughout the United States.

NOKTHEBN SHMKB.

Thi. akJt ■ A,""'"* borealis. 10 inches

quite distTncHy bIrrYS ^*'*'"' ""^ "" '"« breast

feetogVon%r/cl/"^tir '"'"' «?™vorou. bird.,
birds A. fh.^ r ' P^M^ipPPe", lizards and imali
o"r small bird/ fS'""' P*"'""" feet the same as t^
tweerfhe'f et''whife teSt to ^'"' ''''" ^'"^ ^"
pale it upon thrrns^i'?he°U*b "ora'^re" f'e'nfe 'T"
'^n^'^Lo^u'S " *? S""*- ^"' their\oTkld bSf' '"

the'[nul?l^„,'kr'tSfes°''o1\;'i*'\YH«'P'->^
thorny trees or hedges^ the" f our to £ t^L ^^''^' '"

f-

122

LOOOEBHEAD 8HBIKE.

622. Lanius ludovicianus. 9 inches.

Pure white below and with the markings above, in-
tense black instead' of the brownish or grayish black
of the last species. Although smaller, these Shrikes
have the same destructive habits of the northern
species. All the Shrikes do considerable good to man-
kind for they eat quantities of grasshoppers and mice,
and probably resort to their d' t of small birds when
other food is unusually scarce. It cannot be denied
that they are cruel, for they often kill more than they
can cat and leave it impaled on thorns to decay.

Song. — Of harsh, discordant whistles.

Kest. — In scrubby hedges and thickets; of twigs,
weeds, leaves, etc.; eggs four to seven in number,
grayish white, spotted with shades of brown and gray.

Bauge. — Eastern U. S., breeding from the Gulf to
southern New England and Manitoba; winters in
south em states.

Sub-species. — 622a. White-rumped Shrike (ezcubi-
torides), paler and with a white rump; found from
the Plains to the Pacific in the U. S.

BEO-E7ED VIBSO.

r,. ,^24. Vireo otivaceus. 6 inches

Md summer months their warble is heard from wood*

i^f ^T^^."""**, °' a°y of the smaller birds

few^;";;^! r**"* '° ?"'" ''"*' i-t^mission of a
few seconds between, from morning until nichf a

V^J"'"Ai''f'^'*' «""' » petulant^ mew. * ' "
«„5^^; •?? *■ ''°^^" °* »*"P« of bark and fllres

Srifh fin ' '''*'' P'"""' °' "e'^opaper worked in, lined
^,vf ^ ^J""! ^«P> '"'ite with a few blackish brown
specks on the large end (.85 i .55)

t),r^*;T^V ^u *?■' °^ **■« Bockies, breeding from

t?al Amer.'ca'""''''"" ""' **''""'''"'' T'"' '" ^°"

i

184

PHTLADELPHIA VIBEO.

626. yireo philadelphicus. 5 inches.

No distinct crown patch or wing bars; below pale
yellowish. )

This species is nowhere abundant, and in most sec-
tions of its range is considered rare; it probably is
more common than is generally known for it is a bird
of quiet habits and its song is so near that of the Bed-
eye that it would not draw attention to it, while the
bird itself might readily be confused with the Warb-
ling Vireo.

Song. — Not distinguishable from that of the Bed-
eye.

Nest. — Pensile and constructed as usual with the
Vireos; usually found at a greater height than those
of the Bed-eyed variety; eggs similar to those of the
Bed-eyfl but smaller; but few of their nests have ever
been focnd and they are one of the rarest eggs in eol-
lections.

Range. — Eastern N. A., breeding from northern
Maine and Manitoba northward; winters in the
Tropics.

WABBLIKG VIBEO.

62;. yireo gilvus. SH inches.

bo^d«T^f If ^r"' ""?T" K'^y" l""* >rith no black
Thi^ i^\r^ bar.; „de. wwhed with yelloTrish.
inis IB the sweetest singer amonir the Vireos 't«
■ong beine sprightly and vivacious fnd not rivek 'so
pfikrry '".*° '""=°'"* monotonous. They*^Me so°
ciable birds and make themselves at home in cities

of th^e"«hl'7 1"" ''"^y'V'^e their nests ?r7m the tops
tje shade trees. Their nests are in nearly all cases
much higher than those of the Bed-eye, which sefml
to prefer lower situations for its home
ti. i?*""T'*^T,^"'®""^'' warble, most resembling that of
l£l s^onft^nrott', ^t' " '•■— ^-'^^ '--

usu^y tmr-^^nrj^i^e^d^^- t'lS^ T.^^^^l
nii!dT^7n"aSrwin^Urs"in^'Sf ''°" ^^^ ^^^^ *^

.,-lJU J,.-J.M.XJJ.l.

I

126

YELLOW-THBOATED VIBEO.

628. Vireo flavifrons. 5j4 inches.

Upper parts greenish; throat, breast and line over
eye yellow; two prominent whitish wing bars.

A handsome Vireo found in localities such as are
frequented by the Bed-eyed species. Nowhere do they
appear to be as abundant ^s that species, hoTrever;
they are more abundant than many suppose but the
difficulty of clearly seeing the yellow breast when they
are feeding in the tree tops, combined with the simi-
larity of their songs, usually caused them to be passed
by without inspection.

Song. — Similar to that of the Bed-eye, but louder
and more nasal, less varied and not uttered as ofton.

Nest. — A pensile structure of strips of bark, grasses,
etc., with the outside often ornamented with lichens;
three to five eggs with a creamy or rosy white tint,
specked, more profusely than those of the Bed-eye,
with reddish brown (.82x.60).

Bange. — Eastern U. S., breeding from the Gulf to
southern Canada; winters in Central America.

BLUE-HEADED VIBEO.

-•, 6^- . !^'''<'o solitariiis. Sj4 inches.

Crown and sides of head bluish slate; lores, eye-rinir
and underparts white; back and flanks greenish yel-
low; two whitish wing bars.

This species, to my eye, is the prettiest of the
vireos, all the colors being in just the right proportion
and blending and harmonizing perfectly. They are
solitary, in that they are usually found in deep woods,
glens or ravines, and seldom is more than one pair
found in a single woods.

Song.— Similar to that of the Yellow-throated Vireo
but longer and more varied.

Nest.— A handsome, finely woven basket, with the
outside covered with spider webs and often with
lichens; eggs pale creamy white with chestnut specks

Range.— Eastern N. A., breeding from the Gulf to
New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters south of the
United States.

Snb-species.— 629c. Mountain Solitary Vireo (alti-
cola), head darker and back less greenish; Allegheniog
from North Carolina to Georgia.

127

(f

I

BZiAOK-OAFPED VntEO.

630. Vireo atricapillus. 4J4 inches.

Male, with crown and sides of head glossy black,
lores and eye-ring white; female, duller colored.

Ihis strange and comparatively "rare Vireo frequents
brushwood on the prairies of Kansas, Indian Territory
and central and western Texas. Their habits in all
respects resemble those of the more common Vireos
or Ureenlets as they are otherwise called

Notes.— Similar to those of the White-eyed Vireo

Nest.— Suspended as usual from forked branches at
low elevations; made of fibres and bark strips closely
woven together with spider webs. The four eees are
pure white, unmarked (.70x.52).

Bange. — Breeds from central and western Texas
north to southern Kansas; winters in Mexico.

WHITE-EYED VniEO.

Thi. ^hi ^*''t° '^oveboracensis. 5 inches.
..1.. »Pe"eg shows a partiality for low, swampy
S^kL,""''"?'^ with briers or tangled thickets of
Ji™^""^^ 7t^*'- ^^^^ ••»''•*» "e entirely different
to rin^Lfhi"' P^rf °/ ??•"»• They do not seem
ISJf^ ^^^l *?!' ^"' ^^^-J '° «"ence, then, the. task
«^ !^;,i°"""" to the tops of the brush and indulge in
an endless variety of calls and whistles. *

sq^Skyl.ttes^"'* """"'^ "* "'"" '"''^"^^ ''■"'

Nest.— A bulky structure of strips of bark leaves

iZ'J'/^"-'-""'*; ?^'"'^"* •" ^^^ branches or paxtillly

O.iffT'"^*'*"." ^.°."*^ ^'*'*«' breeding from the
M^ico ^*"^''""«"" »"<' Manitoba; winters in

Snb-specles.— 631a. Key West Vireo fmavnarrin
southern Florida. 631b. "^Bermuda White4yeTv^eo
(bemudianus), resident in the Bermudas. 631c. Small
White-eyed Vireo (micrus); southeastern Texas.

i

BLACK AND WHITE WABBLEB.

636. MftioHlta varia. S% inches

Male, heavily streaked with black below: female,
with only a few streaks on the sides.

These Warblers .re usually known as Black and
White Creepers because of their habit of creeping
along the limbs and. branches of trees. They are abun-
dant in northern United States, being found in open
woods, swamps and often in parks, gleaning insects
and grubs from crevices in the bark.

Song. — A weak, thin, wiry tsee, tsee, tsee.

Nest.— Of grasses and strips of bark on the ground
at the foot of a stump or tree trunk or beside a rock:
they lay four or five eggs, white with a wreath of red-
dish brown around the large end (.65x.55).

Range. — Eastern N. A., breeding from Virginia and
Louisiana north to Labrador and Hudson Bay; win-
ters in northern South A.nieri<.a.

PBOTHONOTAEY WABBLEE.

Vffh 1 u .f^rotonotaria citrea. S'A inches

8Wainn°sTnd°fP'"-f, '" *''" '°*<'"°'' ^°^^^ « bushy
swamps and the willows around the bordpra nf t>«7i=

four to SIX creamy white eggs which are heayUy snot
(72.x Is).**'' *°"'* ^"''■'"^ ''*«' redTsI^ro^wn

to^,*^'~^%',v"'-"- ^•' breeding from the Gulf north
toal AEa""""" ^''^ Minnesota; winter, in CW

131

■■I

/■/r-

MH

I

i32

SWAINSON WABBLEB.

638. Helinaia swainsonii. 5 inches.

Upper parts brownish; underparts whitish; a white
superciliary stripe) and a brown stripe through the eye.

Some of the habits of this species are similar to
those of the last but they are even more aquatic; they
like Bwampa or stagnant pools thickly grown with
rushes and tangled underbrush; unless cognizant of
their habits, one would never look for a Warbler in
the places frequented by these birds in company with
Least Bitterns and Marsh Wrens. Until within a few
years these were regarded as rare birds but are now
found to be not uncommon in certain of the South
Atlantic states, notably Georgia.

Song. — A series of descending, loud dear whistles
with a ventriloquial effect.

Nest. — Quite large structures consisting mostly of
leaves with strips of bark, roots and pine needles.
The four or five eggs are plain white, being the only
eggs of American Warblers that are unmarked.

Bangs. — Southeastern U. S. from Georgia to Louis-
iana and north to North Carolina and Musouri.

\

WOBM-EATINO WASBLEB.

639. Helmitheros vermivorus. 5% inches

under side of the fol a« much « i tK^'Vr « *^°'" '''«

I3:i

r

BAOUMAN WABBLEB.

640. Hel^inthophila bacltmanii. iV* inches.

Male, with a yellow forehead, shoulders and undor-
parts; black cap and breast patch; female,*duller and
with less black.

This species was first discovered by Dr. John Bach-
man near Charlestown, S. C, in which state and
Georgia most of the specimens have been secured
since. It is a comparatively rare bird and is known
to breed only in Missouri, where a nest was found sev-
eral years ago.

Song. — An insignificant warble or twitter.

Nest. — Of grasses and shreds of bark, on the ground
as is usual with this genus. Eggs white with wreaths
of chestnut around the large end (.65x.50).

Bulge. — Southeastern U. 8., north to North Carolina
and west to Missouri.

134

BLUB-WINOED WAEBLBE.

0*1. Helminthophila pintu 4ii inrhoc

SSr t?m„ ItL "* «^°."°^ ''"^'»' »Pending most of
It^li * fu°°. ^''^ «'°""'^ 0' *" 1'"' bSahes which thev
S^„^^ the insects which are destructive ^

a»^^Zi 2"'^' "P*^ chinup, similar to that of the
Gwsshopper Sparrow but loud and distinct.

g.^:S-o°'ttToSS5 J^Tui^'o^w'ie-as^ oT'h^^i!

C^f^'^,L5n!''-^i:^Ke*?r^i:il!-"

pWge of tus specie, with the black ear patches Infl
ISfX ?' *•>« Golden-winged Warbler ViSfo^nd
«hiefly in .outhwestem Connecticut and New York

aOLDSN-WINOBD WABBLBB.

642. Helminthophila chrysoptera. 5 inches.

Crown and two large wing ban, yellow; throat and
ear patohei black; rest of plumage gray and white;
f emide with lesrf black.

The distribution of this beautiful Warbler ii about
the eame as that of the last, with which it seems to
have many habits in common. They seem to prefer
low ridges and side hills covered with small bushes.

Song. — A slowly chanted chee, ehee .

Nest. — Of leaves, rootlets, strips of bark and grass;
located near the ground in small bushes after the style
of the Chestnut-sided Warbler, but the nest does not
resemble that of the latter bird; eggs white with
brown specks (.62x.48).

Bangs. — Eastern U. S., breeding north to Connecti-
cut and Michigan; winters in Central America.

Hylnld. — Brewster Warbler is a hybrid between this
species and the last. It resembles the Oolden-winged
Warbler without the black, but with a yellow patch
on the breast and the black line of the Blue-wing
through the eye.

C0B«t •^b'Peciei i. found on the PaeUc

OaANOE-OBOMTNED WABBLEE.

646. Helminthophila celata. 5 inches.

Dull greenish yellow above and buffy below with
dusky streaks; crown with a concealed patch of red-
dish orange; female with no crown patcL

Ujj-ing migration, tiiis species is fairly common in
i.L Mississippi Valley and in the South Atlantic
States, but it is rarely found in the Middle States or
New England and nests north of the United States
wholly. Their habits are practically the same as those
of the last, so near that they are apt to be mistaken
for that species unless one is very observant and has
a clear view of the bird.

Song. — A simple ditty similar to that of the Chip-
ping Sparrow.

Nest. — On the ground concealed in the side o' a
bank or under bushes or weeds; the four or five eijgt
are white specked' with reddish brown on the large
end (.651.45).

Baage. — ^Interior of N. A., breeding from Manitoba
northward, and south in the Bockies to New Mezieo;
winters along the Oulf and South Atlantic States.

64/.

TEimBSSEE WABBI.BB.

Helminthophila peregrina. S inches.

A doU colored bird that ^S?'^^'" " '!'«' back,
bill, beara a «tron» «.«»,m' \ *''* e«eptioii of the
iS; ml^/oVhe«*of ou^ M?d'! ^°k"""' "l**"* '^''^o*
M "appropriate Bamerbecai2f'th«'fl™r •"». "««ved
•hot on the banks of the rn^„!. * f'^S.* 'P^eimen waa
bird 1. no more abundant WlJ^^i^ir- ^''"'' *''<'
■tatet during migratron T«""«"ee than in other

pi5a^I^''ow''"P'' '''"^ '•"'"'' *" tl'at of the Chip.

to

13»

FABUI^ WABBLES.

648. Compsothlypis americana. 454 inches.

A yellowuh brown patch in the middle of the gray
back; male, wit(i a ebeitnut and black patch on the
breast; female, without.

In the summer they are found in wet swampi where
the ground is covered with a carpeting of moss whisk
only partially keeps your feet from the water below;
the dead trees are covered with a growth of long,
drooping moss; the ends of this moss are turned up
and formea into a neat cradle within which the young
are reared.

Bong.T— A little lisping trill.

Nest. — A beautiful affur coiisisting of long, droop-
ing moss suspended from dead trees in swamps; eggs
white with a wreath of chestnut spots around the laiga
end (.66X.48).

Bangs. — ^Breeds in the southern half of the U. 8.
The Northern Pamla (usnea). No. 648a., breeds in tks
northern half of the U. S. and southern Canada; it is
brighter colored than the southern form. Both varie-
ties winter fron the Oulf States southward.

Male, with. fhlr.tnnrwX"nth^ '"="'''•

female, duller and wi°h lUOe or nn^.^"^' """* *'"°»*J

In the greater nart nf -..! >? chestnut. '

May Warfier, ieTe«rdeT«';«^°{:^'' ^'°«'"«». Cape

to migrate in comp^ithoLfnT}'"^!-^^'^''^"

the country a. do"^ most of ihe otK™'**""* °"* "^e'

they may 1)e very comnin^ 5 °J"?«; consequently

«king entirely Smother" Twr*'^"*'"* »"« ''We

two specimens in M«..;k M°'^*' "et with but

through the United S^^ryou ma"; ^i^'' ?«-*"«

in open woods, parks or i/«h^^ »""*'* ^*'' them

•treets of cities. ""''* *'«es along the

ti:^-^ *''^°' J"KJ»-Pitched whistle repeated several
^a, r .„ nort^er^-^^Xfan«,/Vntr«.^ro?

142

TEUiOW WASBLEB.

652. Dendroica aeitiva. 5 inches.

Male, with chestnut streaks on the sides; female,
daller and without the streaks.

An abundant bird eTerywhere in woodland, park,
orchard or garden and one of the most vivacious of
the family. Arrives in the north soon after May first
and is seen flitting about like a gleam of sunshine
snatching insects from the foliage or darting after
them in the air. Often known as the Summer Yellow-
bird. It frequently nests in garden or orchard trees,
where it is a most welcome tenant.

Song. — A sharp, vigorous che-wee, che-wee, ohe-wee.

Itttt. — A beautiful and compact structure of veget-
able or plant fibres firmly quilted together, and fast-
ened to upright forks of bushes or trees at low eleva-
tions. Willowa along creeks, ponds or rivers are fav-
orite resorts.

Banj^e. — N. A., breeding from the Gulf to Labrador
and Alaska; winters in Central America.

^^,

BLACE-IHBOATED BLUE WABBLEB.

6S4. Dendroica caerulescens. 5% inches.

Male, grayiBh blue above and with a black face,
throat, breast and sides; female, grayish olive above,
whitish below. Both sexes always have a white patch
or speck at the base of the primaries.

You will find these birds in damp woods or swamps,
or less often in parks or open woods. They are usually
seen at low elevations in scrubby underbrush. Their
notes are very peculiar tnd will draw attention to
them anywhere.

Song.— A deep grating whistle with a sharply rising
inflection, zee-zee-zwee.

Nost. — In deep, swampy woods, especially common
in laurel; of grape vine bark and rootlets lined with
fine black roots and hair; the four eggs are white or
buffy white with reddish brown spots and blotches

Bange.— Eastern N. A., breeding from Connecticut
(spanngly) and Michigan north to Labrador and Hud-
son Bay; winters in Central America. 654a. Cairns
Warbler (cairnsi) is said to be darker on the back;
found in the southern AUeghenies.

143

144

KTBTLE WABBLEB.

6SS. Dendroica coronata. 5}4 inches.

Yellow patches, on crown, sides and rump; outer tail
feathers with large white spots; female duller and
bi owner.

During migrations these pretty birds are very abun-
dant m the United States. They usually travel in
large flocks so that a smaU piece of woodland is ut-
erally flooded with them when they pause in the flight
to feed upon insects or small berries. They are often
known as Yellow-nunped Warblers.

Bong — A clear, broken trill or warble.

Nest— Usually in coniferous trees, though some-
times in others, and at low elevations; of pljmt fibres
and grasses; the four or five eggs are white, spotted
and blotched with reddish brown (.70i.54).

Banga. — Eastern N. A., breeding from northern New
England and Minnesota northward; winters south of
the U. S.

ICAONOLIA WASBLEB.

W.I ^Ic ^"ii^f^oica maculosa. S inches.
-,.ii f^jtTlv ''l«i'' e*' P»toh, back, and necklace; fe-
nuae, with the black replaced with grayish; both wxee
t£I feathera ^ """P ""d white spots midway of the

Ctoe of the prettiest of the Warblers and one of the

w!3. ?T ^!'J^ ".'*?" ''^^ ""^ <"■ "">" of these

birds follow me the whole length of a piece of woods
apparently out of curiosity, coming doT^ to the near- )
??.._^*" withm arms' reach of me. Birch woods are i

t

of

■ r?"" .T,""?**"- during migrations, although a few
tnem will be found almost anywhere.

Song.— A short, rapidly uttered warble.

West.— Usually in coniferous trees, far out on the

longer bruehes, where they are often difficult to get

•t; of PooUets lined with fine black rootlets and hur-

or five white eggs with small spota of chestnut

•round the large end ".601.48).

*««•■— S«t?™ N. A., breeding from Maasaohu-
Mtta and Miehigar northward; winters south of the

14a

N ^»«WmW^^ I

140

OEBUI£AK WABBLEB.

Av ^&pendroica caerula. 5 inches.

•*u ^^\P.*?''^ *•'"« ^*'' '»1»«'' streaks, below white
with a bluish breast band and streaks on the sides-
female washed with greenish above and yellowish be-
low; both have white patches near the ends of the UU
feathers.

These dainty little Warblers are not abundant any-
where, but seem to be most so in the Central States.
They are birds of the tree tops, rarely coming down so
that they can be distinctly seen. They may be more
common than supposed for so small a body at such
heights can readily be overlooked.

Song.— A little warbling trill, zee-zee-zeee-eep.
« • . " *''® higher outer branches of large trees
usually m deep woods; compactly made of dry graases
and cobwebs, adorned with a few lichens; eggs whits
specked at the large end with brownish (.65x 50)

Bange.— Interior portions of the U. S., breeding
north to Michigan and Minnesota; east to westerS
New York and, rarely, southern New England: win-
ters m northern South America.

OHBSTNUT-aiDBD WAMLBB.

smmMs

smmBmm

BAT-BBBASTED WABBLBB.

660. Dendroica castanea. iyi inches.

■ Male, with crown, throat and lidM rich cheitnnt;
female, paler; vonng and adulti in winter, greenish
above, streaked with blaok and with a trace of chest-
nut on the flanks.

These Warblers are only locally abundant during
migrations, while in eastern New England they are
rare. They are active insect hunters, darting rapidly
, about the tree tops or, less often, in brush; their habite
most nearly resemble those of the Chestnut-aided
Warbler.
Bong. — A low, liquid warble.

Nsst.— At low elevations in trees in swampy woods:
compact, cup-shaped structures made of fine shreds of
bark, rootlets iud grass; eggs bluish white, finely
specked around the large end with reddish brown
(.70X.50).
BsBgs. — ^Eastsm N. A^ breeding from the northern
• edge of ths U. 8. northward| wlnten south of t&s
U. &

BLAOK-POLL WASBLEB.

WhM. ^^•-PVi''''i*"^**^J'^ ^Y> inches.

Whole crown black; femrie, without black cap.

These birda are one of the latest of the migrants to
arrive, reaching rorthem United States about the last
of May, but coming in such numbers that they are
found everywhere. While t' eir ^umage somewhat re-

ElhU.**.*'"* f.' ^\fir^ "^ VhiU* Warble,; thSL
habits are entirely different.

*i.^*T:^«¥«'"P'**''*^ hiding whiatie simUar to
d^HW.i^* ^''S^3?u^ ^*« ^"W" but uttered mor^
Mte ^^ '^^^ •" *«*"*'• P'nw between each

-..^"*T^* ]»^,elf^»tIons in thick eoniferous trees;
made of slender twigs, rooUets and Uehens, lined with

bww^'c 7?x 62)': *"• ''""^' *"•"' ^"'^ ^*

HsiSfSS*"^"*^ ^- ^-.breeding from northern New
Bnglsad, Miiuie«)U and Wyoming north to the Aretie
re^ons; winters sooth of the United Stetes.

iSU

BLAOKBUBNIAN WABBLEB.

662. Dendroica blackburniae. S% inches.

Male, black above with large white patch on wing,
and base! of outer tail feathers white; throat and
breast intense* orange; female, dulles and with the
oranp;e replaced b^ dull yellow.

Without exception, this is the most exquisite of the
whole family; it is the most eagerly sought bird by
bird lovere, in the spring. Some years they are very
abundant, while others few are seen, their routes of
migration evidently varying. They arrive about the
time that apple trees are in bloom, and are frequently
seen among the blossoms, dashing after insects.

Bong. — A high pitched lisping zwe-zwe-zwe-see-ee-ee,
ending in a thin, wiry tone, almost a hiss; it is very
distinct from the song of any other bird.

Nasi — ^In coniferous trees at any height from the
ground; of shreds of bark, fine cedar twigs, rootlets,
etc.: eggs greenish white blotched with brown.

Baags. — Eastern N. A., breeding from Massachu-
setts (rarely) and Minnesota northward; winters it>
Central America.

TBLLOW-TBBOATBD WABBIiBB.

rpi. ^i. Dendroica dominica. Syi inches
Throat, breMt and line from eyrto bS yeUow

fi!^„,i?i? T^^ Creeper, being often seen creeping
Mound the trunk* or over the branehei of trees, ^h
!iStw'"K?"i'"' 'f^"*'' " t*"- Nuthatchea. iSy^
J^S*^/'.° K'^ ??v* "" ""ly '"ely o' aecidentX

I? th! .„nfi. '•"' »°f'»l>«« o' the family that t^itet
in the eouthern parts of our country

inft^^rtl""' •*""" *° *•"' »' *"• I"^«» «»"»-

i-^^.~y'°'"^ "^"^ "P '^^ ?'»«• »»d often concealed
to tufts of mou; made of fine twigs and strips of but
hew together with cobwebs and'spanish moi; eg«
gree^ white „otted with various Aades of iro5?

-i^^?*^"f°"*^*'!^"'J^- ^- breeding noriih to Vir-
paia; winters in the West Indies; «68« Syeamar*

.hVt^^"»!L/''*'l°"> ^ U*" *••* YeUiw throWtS iS
Z^^ * T?«* *?'* '^"i '"""^ *" *• Mississippi Vaney
north to IlUnoia and Iowa; wtoters in Mexico:

BLAOK-THBOATBD OBBHH WAMLBB.

667. Denaroico ^^"iJ^^^^tixi feathert
Throat blajJk! two wing ^'^,f''„*„°t^'ttaoat.

A common bird in P"« »^i"vi-,h woods. I bare
Statei, or .during >?^Pf'°""'° 14" hilta covered with
found them most a^"*»"* °° ," b- y^ nervoua and
low growth pine. 7^1^ »«•"" *° ^" l^ their neat..

:S& btLrthrr':?a.^rU:.actor. a. to

^""S^LttU'Tflerent from that ^f «^,f ^a
WrTa rather hkrah see repeated Ave timet, wim wi

fourth a»d «»^S"''^''d'^°^p,Me., Uned with h«r;
Naifc-Of "o";*" "f Treea^^ wWte with toe
placed high «P i^Pi-J ind imSS north to Nov.
wnthern New.^°«4" . JJSerata Central America.
Scotia and Hudion Bay; wintewm^ breeding ftfom

BMiga—Baatem North AmertW, »

brown apeeki around the large ena

KntTLASB WABBLBB.
670. Dfndroica kirtlandi. 5% inches.
_ Above bluiih gray streaked with black- anderoart.
1?hi!;t°l!*"A'^ °° '^^ ««^« with bltik '^^
uaS IMS Cf «f« "'«•' <" American Warblers and
22-L.^ ♦w ! ''*"® 7" ^"'"'" o' tkeir habits or
nmgej ^ that year they were discovered nesting ta

taS^of a°Si2,^"'T'«t°- '^'"'? "«'« found nei^^hl
^S^e^^i'S-fnVe'^fndSsr^^^^^^^^^^ *•"" ^"^^

Hart.— In depressions in the ground at the foot of
^L'l? •°iP"'»>fbly al«, ufder bn.he.rm.de of

^u "/ ^^ •»<' Tegetable flbres: eirn white
wreathed abont the large end with broWn (.7?x W) '

tJ^W^'^iSS ^^ !i%'«" ""» miJStes s^utheU

1S3

154

PINE WABBLBB.

671. Dendroica vigorsU. 5% indies.

Oraenisb yellow above, brighter below; two wbita
wing ban and w^ite ipoti on outer tail featehn; fe-
male, duller and grayer.

Found only in traets of eonif erona treea, except dar-
ing migration! when they are often in eompany witk
other Unda of Warblert. They like dnr Ulbldea eor-
ered with lerub pines and are often qnite al>nndant in
such localities. They are rather quiet in their man-
ners, creeping about among the tree tops like Black
and White warblers and occasionally giving their
clear, Uttle triU.

SOBg.— Nearest like that of the Chipping Sparrow
but easily dittingnishable; a long, dear trill.

WMt— A smaU, compact stracture of black roo^eti
lined with hair; placed in the extreme tops of senif
^nes, where it is very difficalt to see them; eggs white
specked with reddish brown (.68 x^}.

Bangs.— Eastern N. A., breeding from the Odf
north to southern Canada; winters in southern U. 8.

«W n f*^^ WABBUM.

•t re.t or when wSkZ Te cri?^''^*°i.'^'J' ''''«'»
Wl, • habit which now' S th« w "S^ *"""« ^^"^
W»ter.thm.h, wem to have Tw"*""' """P* *•"
earUest of the famUy to apwar in^»)."* °'"' °' *'«
'"|»»;'kern United Ce.r April '"' •'•"°«' '"•*"■

mow; made of fln?^ "erM,.. ."k 5"' "^ '""''*° *"
•«p are creamy wUteJ^th^«|?.'^K'"S:™" *''«' '»"

of Nova^Scotia; winter. al"g the Gnlf. """""^ """■*"

[/'

PRAIBIE WABBIiBB.

673. Dendroica discolor. 4ji inches.

Above greenieh with chestnut spots on the back;
below yellow with black markings; female paler.

These are very locally distributed birds and will
often be found breeding; abundantly in a small patch
tf brush -covered pasture, while many othen apparent-
ly just as well suited for their purposes will be
shunned by them. They are very active, flitting rap-
idly from one bush to another, the male occasionally
mounting to a bush top to hurriedly deliver his song,
then diving out of sight below the foliage.

Soug. — An energetic, rather harsh zee-zee-zee-ee on
an ascending scale.

N«Bt. — A neat cup of grasses and vegetable fibres,
lined with black rootlets or horsehair; located in low
shrubs or bushes from one to two feet above ground;
eggs whitish with blackish brown specks about ths
large end (.66x.48). ^^ „ ,m ^

Baaga. — Eastern TJ. 8., breeding from the Gulf to
Massachusetts and southern Michigan; winters in the
West Indies.

OVBN-BIKD.

674. Stiurus aurocapiUus. 6 inches.

Crown orange brown bordered by blaek; no white ia
wiiL^ or tail.

TM» bird is found in open woods where it bnilda ita

!It5?r °*!i ?° i*"® S^*",""^ """"K *•"« •«*▼«• or pine
needlei. It 1b the pecuUar oven-like con*truction of
their neyts that givei them their name. They are

W«°.tt*^''°°'l ^"^^' ""^y mounUng to the lower
brMchea of trees to sing or when scolding an intruder
Bong.— A peculiar ascending song resembling the
word teacher, repeated Ave or six times and gatherins
strength and volume with each syUable; call" a sharp

Nest.— Of leaves, strips of bark and grass arched

7wlA^ ?^ '° " i°. '*'^^ » ^"y """^ opening;
placed on the ground in woods; four to six white egn
jotted with reddish brown (.78x.58)

h-M^thT n"« " ?■ tz }>'%'^S '» the northern
half of the U. S. and north to Labrador; winters chief-
ly south of U. 8.

187

WATBB-THBV8H.

675. Seitirus noveboracensis. 6 inehes.

Above olive brown, below and ■tripe over eye pale
yellowidi whitj, heavily streaked inth blaekuh: no
white in wings or tail.

As their name implies, these Warblers are found
near water, usually in tangled underbrush and briars
in swamps. They walk or run about the mud flats
along the sides of streams or cross from one side to
the other by walking on stones or floating trash on
the surface.

Son*. — ^Very loud and liquid qnit-quit-qnit-qne-
que-we-u. Call, a sharp metalUe ehink.

*'••*• — In swamps, concealed by the open roots of
trees, or by overhanging stumps, the cavity among the
roots being filled with moss, leaves and rootlets: eggs
creamy white, heavUy spotted with reddish brown.

Bangs.— Eastern N. A., breeding from the northern
tier of states northward; winters south of the TI. 8
A sub-speeies is found west of the Bockies.

LOXnsiAKA WATBB-THBUSH.

676. Seiurus moiocilla. 6% inches.

Larger, ^yer above and whiter below than the
last, and with fewer and paler stripes below.

Like the last, this species is found in damp or
swampy places, running with ease over the mires and
muddy flats where man fears to tread. Both the
Water-Thrushes have the habit of continually flirting
their tail, both when walking or at rest; on this
account they are often called Water Wagtails.

It is quite common in suitable localities north to
southern New England and Ohio.

Song. — Wild ringing; notes said to be similar to
those of the last species; also a similar call.

Nest. — Among the roots of trees or under the edge
of overhanging banks, crevices being £Jed with de-
cayed leaves, mud and shreds of bark, lined with fine
rootlets; the four to six eggs are creamy white boldly
blotched with brown (.75 x .62).

Eange.— Eastern U. S., breeding from the Gulf to
Connecticut and southern Minnesota; winters south of
the U. 8.

isa

!/

KENTUOKT WABBTiKB,

677. Geotklypis formoia. Sj4 inches.

Crown and ear covert* black, underpart* and line
over eye yellow; no white in the plumage.

These birda are found in about such localities as are
frequented by Ovenbirds, but with a preference for
woods which are low and damp. They are locaUy
common in some of the southern and Central States.
They are active gleaners of the underbrush, keeping
well within the depths of tangled thickets. Like the
Marj-land Yellow-throat, which has similar habits to
those of this bird, they are quite inquisitive and fre-
quently come close to you to investigate or to scold.

Bong.— A loud, musical, Wren-like warble.

Nert.— A bulky structure of leaves, bark and
(jrasses, lined with black rootlets or horsehair; placed
on the ground in bunches of weeds or at the foot of a
small bush; the four or five eggs are quite heavily
speckled, chiefly at the large end, with red^h brown.

Bangs.— Eastern U. 8.. breeding from the Quit north
to New York and southern Michigan; winters in north-
ern South America.

nag

OONNEOnoUT WABBtsr

678. Geothlypis agilis. S' -. ...dies

Male, with a bloiah 8late-eoIo:\ ., head, ,-ye
white and completely encircling ',hf eye; ftuic'.'
a saffron colored head.

In the United States we find ihis Wcrrilsr only in
spring and fall migrations. They appear to be much
more rare in the spring than in the fail; wl.ile j have
seen perhaps a hundred in the fall 1 ^av^ nev,:: ae^n
but one in spring. They frequent vU-i tangled
thickets such as you often find Maryland Yellow-
throats in. As they do most of their feeding upon the
ground and remain in the depths of the thickets, they
are rarely seen unless attention is drawn to them.

Song.— Somewhat like that of the Maryland Yellow-
throat; call, a sharp, metallic peenk.

Nest. — In thickets or clumps of briars, either on the
ground or just above it; made of strips of bark and
skeletons of leaves, lined with hair; eggs whitish spar-
ingly specked at the large end with brown (.75x.561,

Eange.— Eastern N. A., breeding north of the U. B.;
winters in northern South America.

HOUBNINO WAXBLBB.

679. Geothlypis Philadelphia. Syi inches.

Similar to the last but with no eye ring, and with ■
black patch on th^ breast.

These birds are" found in swamps and thickets, as
well as among the bushes and weeds along walls,
fences and the edges of woods. Their habits are like
those of the Maryland Yellow-throats, they being
found on or near the ground, scratching about among
the leaves or gleaning insects from the foliage of the
low shrubbery. They appear to be the most abundant
in the Middle States and northward.

Son*- — Similar to the liquid song of the Water-
Thrush; call, a sharp peenk like that of the last.

Nest — On or near the ground in thickets or tangled
vines; made of fine bark strips and fibres, lined with

^^'' fJ^ ''''*** specked with reddish brown
(.71X.54).

Bmics.— Eastern tJ. S., breeding from northern New
England, Ohio and Michigan north to southern Can-
ada; winters south of the U. 8.

/^**J"^ TBLLOW-THBOAT.

n-« ^t ■ '^'otMypts trichas. Sji inches

of w^d^L'„^t^'^°^""l.K'"^•' '»«»t«<l in clumpt

^tn?ow°n° "^eXUTVoT *"• *'°"°'' "««• '"^

Ne^.l^y^"**™ *^- ^•' ^'"-"""S ''»>" ihe OiUf to

♦.l^^■^•^~:'*^»• Western Yellow-throat (occiden-
R^vVJ'{5/° be brighter; found chiefl^ wert of the
Bockier but eaat to tie Plaine. 681b. Florid! YeUow
thwat (ignoU) South Atlantic and GuS To2StJ Mw'

^^?r,A /"""^tV"** (brachidaetlrta), dlSily
larger and deeper colored; found in northeaateraP fi

through the MiariMdppi Valley to the Gulf

TBIJJOW-BBBASTED CHAT.

683. Icteria virens. 7yi inches.

Breaat 7ellow, lore* black, line over the eye and nn-
derparta white; no white on winga or tail.

Dry side hills and tavines covered with thick under-
brush are the places to look for Chats. Usually if
they are present they will make themselves heard long
before you see them. They are one of tho most odd
birds both in action and song. They are mimics of the
highest order and can make any kind of whistle or
squawk, but all their vocal efforts seem to require a
great deal of flirting of the tail and twisting of the
bead. They even jerk their tail up and down while
flying, this making them appear extremely ludicrous.

Bongs. — A varied medley of whistles and calls.

Nast. — Near the ground in tangled thickets; of
grass, weeds, etc.; eggs whitish plentifully specked
with reddish brown (.90z.r0).

Xaace. — Eastern U. S., breeding north to Massachu-
setts and southern Minnesota; winters in Central
America; 683a. Long-tailed Chat (longieauda) is
found in the U. 8. from the Plains to the Pacific.

HOODED WABBLEB.

M.i ^- ^,'l^onia mitrata. S'A inches
th ? ^'^''^ y*""^ forehead and ^e^ tie reat of

This „ one of the liveliest of the famUy *bei„»
Flycatcher; because of this habit, all the members rf
Thlv^^r.""/'" ""en .ealied Fly'-catohi^g Wwb7e«
They also have a habit of often spreadinir and fnM '

{SfyX*e"t." ^"^'^ ^' *""»«•' thVS^d^fb?S^h^^'^t-

•hS^^cWp"^ "'*"' "''"* '"'" °' ''"'"'»; «^, •

Ksst.— Within a few inches of the nound In In.
underbrush or vines; made of leaves bwketeh.M

.„,^^"7:^"*®'? ^- S' breeding from the G^ to
.outhern Connecticut and Michigal; winteA soutt oi

16S

166

whjsom wabbtiKR.

685. IVilsonia pusilla. 5 inches.

Male, with black crown patch; female, with the
crown greenish like the baek.

These little fly-catching Warblers are abundant in
the United Statte during migrations, being found in
wood or swamps, and very often in apple trees when
they are in bloom. They fly about among the outer
branches snatching insects from the foliage or blos-
soms, and often dashing out to catch one that is fly-
ing by. Their natural ,»ertnesB is intensiAed by their
very attractive plumage which harmonizes perfeeWy
with green leaves.

gong, — A simple and rather weak trill.

Nest. — Of leaves and bark, imbedded in the ground
under bushes on the edges of swamps or woods; eg(p
white, specked with reddish brown (.601.48).

Bang*. — Eastern N. A., breeding from the northern
edge of the U. S. northward; winters in Central
America. Two sub-species are found west of ths
Bockies.

nmUkWUK WMMBLB&.

686. WUtmia canmdttuU. Syi inches.

Male, with a nceklaee of blaek ipot*, white eye ring
and loms; female, and yoang, with only a sliirht in-
dieatio:^ of the neeUaee.

Theae Warblers teavei northward in company with
many other kinds, aisragw keeping ii the underbniah
■ear the ground, eae«pt when they come out into
orcharda aad parka. Like the two laat, they are very
lively, rardy remainiaf atill for more than a few
aeconda, before they mat dath after some tempting
moriel that is tying by.

8<Mi«.— A la«d liquid warble, most nearly resembling
that of the Water-Thrush; call, a sharp, qnemlons
«hip.

Watt. — Of rootlet* and strips of bark, under roots of
trees or shrubs or at the foot of stumps in the moss;
the four eggs are white with a wreath of chestnut
spots around the large end (.68 z .50).

*«••— Baatera N. A., breeding from Maaaachu-
•etts and Michigut northward; winters in northern
louth America.

A3CBBI0AH BBD8TABT.

687. Sttophaga rutieiUa. SJ4 inches.

Male, blmek, oraace and white; female, gray!*, yel-
low and white; it require, two or thwe year, to attain
the black plumage of the male, in the intermediate

rtaie. they are Sometimes .trangely mottled.

^Tthe northeartern half of the United State., theje
are one of the oommone.t and mort aetive of tne
neeie.. Both the male. mU female. M«n to be proud
3f their handsome plumage and are eontinually spread-
iac and dosing their tails. They are equally hajpy
leather in the treetop. or near the ground and are
a. often found in the one place a. the other.

Smu.— Cha-wee, che-wee, che-wee, very simUar to
that of the YeUow Warbler and atoo the Che.tnut-
sided WarWer. , ^ , . . _v_

Nest-Of plant fibres and graaM. in fork, of bushe.
or trees, usuSuy at greater h-ght. th«j ttioje of the
YeUow Warbler; egg. whitiA •P«>S^iH~ h,^Zi

Eange.— N. A., rare west oi the Eoekie., breeding
from North Carolina and Missouri northward; winter,
south of the U. 8.

AMBKCAW PIPIT OB

Gr»vi^.hd'l'*i;i*^'!E*^"^'"- "^H inches.
coSaif^'^Vi!'^'*^' ~*« *•" '-*•" with

Tke«e are Arctic bird* tbst dmb tke wiater in tlui
wutfcern part, of the United sfiZ. We^Sd th^lS
lar^ floclu. m cultivated field, and along road.ide.
feeding upon .eed. of the many weed. Uiat grow there,
or the remain, of wheat crop.. They are quite riiy
and quick to take wing if anyone mp^*^ They »y
rapidly and m a compact body, itt«ri^ a .ha.^
whistle while they are upon the wing. fiometinS
they go but a .hort dirtane. before mddenlr droppin.
to the grouad, and again they may circle iouiil aS
finely come back nearly to their .tartins point

2°!?""^ •'""P wh^tle uttered whileiS £riit
hoTl^irV *•"! P'?»°d: "'de of fine graw, bom and
'poli '('s'^SSy ■" "^ "• K«yi* with b«,w«rti

»Mge.— Breed, in Arctic region, ud Muth in the
mountain, to Colorado; winter, in the Muthem rtato.
and southward.

K»

CpmAOUE PIPIT.

711 Antiius spraguei. 6% inches.

Upper part* streaked with buff and blaekiah; under
parts pale tanfly with blaekish markings.

The habits of this bird are about the same as those
of the last, bot it is a more southern bird, breeding
on the plains of Dakota aad northward. In some re-
q>eets it is aot nnlike the European Skylark, having
the same habit of soaring while singing, and its song
is said not to be inferior to that af the European bird.

Song. — Very sweet and varied, more nearly resemb-
ling that of the Bobolink thaa OEf any other American
bird, but more melodious.

Hast — A depression in the groond, with a lining of
fine grasses; the four or tve eggs are grayish, finely
specked with purplirii gray (.87x.67).

Bafn — Plains of tte Interior of N. A., breeding
from South Dakota nartt t« Hnds(» B»y; winters
south into llexieo.

MftfTTTOnntn

703. Uimus folyglottos. lOK inches.

General colors, pay and white; baMS of primariei
•nd outer tail feathers with white.

This is the /reat vocalist of the south, and by many
Is considered to be the most versatile singer ii
t!^^^^A,}J'J°!^^^ " gwdens, pastures and open
woods. All Its habits are similar to our Catbird, and
Hie tdat species, it is given to imitating the notes of
other birds.

BoBg.— An indescribable medley, sometimes very
•weet and pleasini, at others, harsh and nnmuaieal

»srt.— UsuaUy built in impenetrable thickets or
hadpu, ot again in more open situation in the garden-
made of twigs and rootlets, lined with black rootleta-
the four or Ave eggs ar« bluish green with blotches of
reddish brown (.96 x .70).

Bangs.— Southern U. 8., breeding north to New Jer-
sey (and casuaUy farther) aadOhio; winters in the
South Atlantic and Oidf States. 703a. Western Hoek-
tngbird (leucopterus) is found in southwestern 11 S
north to Indian TeiTitox:r and California. "*

IZ

OATBISD.

704. Galeoscoptet earolinensis. 9 inches.

General color dark gray with a blaek eap and ehest-
nnt under tail eoyerta.

This is one of the most common birds thronghont
the United Stites, being fonnd equally abundant^ in
gardens, swamps and acmbby pastnres. They are Tery
persistent songsters and have a large repertoire of
notes, as well as being able to imitate those of many
other birds. They del^[ht in spending an hour or more
at a time, perched in a bnsh or tree top, singing, and
apparently making their song up as they go along for
it is an indeseribule medley interspersed with ysrioos
.mews and cat calls.

Bone.— A medley like that of the MoekingUrd;
sometimes pleasing, sometimes not.

Hast— In hedges or thickets; made of twigs, root-
lets and grass, lined with flne blaek roots; the four
eggs are plain greenish bine (.95 z .70).

Banga.— N. A^ breeding from the Golf to N«w
Bmnswiek and Hndson Bay; rare west of the Bockies;
winters from the Oulf States sonthward.

BBOWN THRASBEB.

705. Toxostoma rufum. \\% inches.

Above bright reddiah brown; below white with
black spot*.

Taken as a whole, I think that the song of this
Thrasher is the most musical and pleaaing of any that
I have ever heard. It has a similaritT to that of the
Catbird, bot is rounder, fuller, and has none of the
grating qualities of the song of that species. They
apparently have a song of their own and do not deign
to copy that of others. They are one of the most use-
ful and desirable birds that we have.

Bong. — A bright and cheerful carol, often long eon-
tinned, but always clear and sweet; call, a dear
whistled whenu.

Nest. — Of twigs and rootlets, in hedges, thickets or
thorn bushes; the four or five eggs are bluish white
with numerous fine dots of reddish brown over the en-
tire surface (1.08 z. 80).

Bange.— Eastern N. A., breeding from the Oulf to
southern Canada; winters in the southern half of the
U. 8.

MICROCOI>Y RESOLUTION TEST CHART

(ANSI and ISO ItST CHART No. 2)

'imm

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1^

■ 3.6

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1.6

_J /APPLIED IIVMGE Inc

B^ 1653 East Main Strff«t

r-S Roch«»ter. Now York 14609 USA

J= (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone

^a (716) 288- 5989 -Fox

BOCK WHEN.

715. Salpincles obsoletus. 5}i inches.

Upper parts atone color, specked with black; rump,
brownish; under parts whitish with indistinct streaks
on the throat.

A common bird on the dry, rocky foothills of the
Boekies and westward. They are well named for their
favorite places are among the rocks, where they are
always busily engaged in nunting insects or spiders in
the crevices. Owing to their colors and their habits
of slinking away behind the rocks they are quite diffi-
cult to see, but their sweet song is always heard if
any of the birds are in the vicinity.

Song. — Very sweet and varied, almost canary-like,
but impossible to describe; call, a harsh grating note.

Nest. — Of sticks, weeds, grasses, etc., ooncetued in
crevices among the rocks; the five or six eggs are
white, sparingly specked with reddish orowa
(.72 X .54).

Bange. — Western U. 8. from the western border of
the Plains to the Pacific, north to Dakota and Britiak
Columbia; winters from southwestern U. S. southward.

OABOLINA WBEIT.

718. Thryothorus tudovicianus. IV2 inches.
Above rusty brown and below washed with

the

game, the throat and line over the eye being white.

Like all the Wrens, this one commonly sits or flits
about in the brush, with the tail erect over the body;
only when singing is it held downward. Their flight
is usually only for a short distance, accomplished by
rapid wing beats and with a jerking motion of the

tail- , . -..1

Song. — Loud and tinkling, and utterly impossible

to describe. . . , .

Nest.— In brush heaps, holes in trees, bird boxes
or bushes; made of weeds, grass and any trash that
they may pick up; eggs five to seven in number,
white, specked with reddish brown (.74 x 60).

Range.— Eastern U. S. breeding from the Gulf
north to Connecticut and Illinois; resident. 718a.
Florida Wren (miamensis) is found in southern
Florida. 718b. Lomita Wren (lomitensis) found in
southern Texas.

175

m

BEWICK WBEN.

719. Thryomanes bewkkii. 5 inches.

Above dark brown, below and line over eye,
whitish; tail blackish with the outer feathers barred
with white.

Like all the Wrens, these seem to be very restless
and are continually creeping about in brush heaps
or along stone walls, fences or over fallen trees or
stumps. They are locally abundant in interior United
States, in some sections entirely replacing the House
Wren.

Song. — A sweet chant of liquid melodious notes.

Nest. — In any location that happens to take the
bird 's . fancy, such as holes in trees, bird boxes, in
barns, sheds, etc.; made of straw, grass and trash;
eggs white profusely specked with reddish brown.

Range.— Mississippi Valley and the Plains north
to South Dakota; east to the AUeghenies and casually
to the South Atlantic States. 719c. Texas Bewick
Wren (cryptus) is found from Texas north to Indian
Territory.

HOUSE WEEN.

721. Troglodytes aedon. 4)4 inches.

Above brownish with tail and wings barred; below
dull grayish barred on the flanks with brown.

These are bold, sociable and confiding birds, seem-
ing to prefer men's society, building their nests in
bird boxes that are erected for them, or in the most
unexpected situations about buildings. They are one
of the most beneficial birds that can '' - attracted
to one's yard, feeding wholly upon insec

Song. — Loud, clear and bubbling over with enthu-
siasm.

Nest. — Of grass or weeds, stuffed into any crevice
that takes their fancy, frequently in bird boxes and
holes in orchard trees; eggs white, so minutely and
thickly dotted with p'ikish brown as to nearly con-
ceal the ground coU "i x .52).

Bange. — hastern ^ i., breeding north to Maine
and Manitoba; winters along the Gulf coast. 721b.
Western House Wren (aztecas), is from the Plains
to the Pacific coast rangt'S.

WINTEB WBEN.
722. Olbiorchuus hiemalis. 4 inches.

Above bright cinnamon, below paler; sides, wings
and tail heavily barred with black.

This is the shortest and most stoutly built Wren
that we have. They look very pert with their little
stubby tail erect over their back. In most of the
United States we only sec them in the winter, and
they are associated, in my mind, with brush heaps
in woods and gardens. They will hide in a small
pile of brush, running frnni side to side so that it is
almost impossible to make tlem leave it.

Song. — A rippling flow of melody, not as loud, but
more musical than that of the Hous': Wren.

Nest. — In brush heaps, tin cans, hollow stumps or
crevices in unoccupied buildings; made of piles of
grass, weeds etc., lined with feathers; eggs white,
sparingly specked with reddish brown (.65 x .50).

Bange. — Eastern N. A., breeding from the northern
edge of the TJ. S. northward; winters from its breed-
ing range to the Gulf.

SHv/£T-BILL£D SIABSH WBEN.

724. Cistothorus stellaris. 5% inches.

Wings and tail barred, back streaked with black
and white; below white.

Beedy marshes and swamps are the homes of the
Marsh Wrens, as we would expect from their name.
This specise is not nearly as abundant as the next
which is quite similar. Their songs are pretty and
I 'catchy" and are often heard in the marshes but
it is quite difficult to find the owner, for he slinks
away through the reeds as you approach, knowing
that he is safe as long as he is out of sight.

Song. — A pleasing, bubbling warble, one o' the
songs that you like to hear but cannot describe.

Nest. — A globular ball, woven of rushes, with the
entrance on one aide and the cavity lined with fine
grasses; this is attached to upright stalks usually
over water; the five to eight eggs that they lay are
pure white (.65 x .50).

Bange. — Eastern N. A., breeding from the Gulf
north to Massachusetts and Manitoba.

179

LONG-BIUiED MAB8H WBEN-

725. Telmatodytes palusiris. SH inches.

Similar to the last but with a longer bUl and with
the crown blackish without white streaks as in the
Short-billed WreH. . t ■ .„i,..

Like the last, these birds are found in marshes,
but, being more abundant, are more often seen than
the other? They are quite shy, however, and try to
keep beyond where your eye sight can penetrate.

Song.— A rather harsh, guttural trill.

Nest— Globular like the last and attached to up-
rieht stalks or bushes over water; eggs so profusely
dotted with dark brown as to appear nearly uniform
chocolate (.64 x .45). ,.

Eange.-Eastern N. A., breeding ffom the Gulf
to Mass. and Manitoba; winters on the Gulf coast.
725b. Worthington Marsh Wren (griseus^, <•»"»»'
South Carolina "and Georpa. 725. f «"""',. ^"*5
Wren (Telmatodytes marTanae), barker than the last
and with the breast som. times spotted with black:
found on the Gulf coast of Florida

726.

BBOWN OBEEPEB.

Certhia fatniliaris americana. Syi inches.

Tail feathers stiffened and pointed; rump rusty.

These odd birds are fairly common thro ighout the
United States in winter. They will be found in
woods always climbing up tree trunks, carefully in-
vestigating every crevice in the bark for larvae or
grubs. When they reach the top of one tree, they
drop to the foot of the next and continue the opera-
tion. They are very tame, not seeming to comprehend
that danger can befall them, for they will allow any-
one to approach very closely, so that they have been
caught under a hat.

Song.— A very faint trill; call, a weak tseep, hardly
noticeable unless very near them.

Nest. — Of twigs, moss and bark, behind loose bark
on dead trees or stumps, usually cot high above
the ground: eggs white, specked with reddish brown.

Bange— Eastern N. A., breeding from northern
New England and Minnesota northward; winters
throughout the TJ. 8.

ia:i

WHITE-BSEA8TED NUTHATCH.

727. Sitta caroUnensis. 6 inches.

Male with the crown bluish black; female with
the crown gray; both sexes with chestnut under tail
coverts. .. . ..

These birds seem to be the very opposite of the
Brown Creepers. Their tails are short and square,
and nearly always pointed towards the zenith, for
Nuthatches usually clamber among the branches and
down the tree trunks, head first.

Note.— A nasal yank-yank, and a repeated ya-ya
all on the same tone. , ^ , j

Nest.— In cavities of hollow limbs and trunks of
trees at any elevation from the ground; the cavity
is filled with leaves and usuaUy lined with feathers;
eBBS white, spotted with reddish brown (.75 i .55).

Range.— Eastern United States, breeding froni the
Gulf io southern Canada; resident in moot of its
ranee 727b. Florida White-breasted Nuthatch
(atkinsi) is sUghtly smaller; other races are found
west of the Bockies.

BED-BBEASTED NUTKATOH.

728. Sitta canadensis. 4% inches.

w,^i!t!!i.^'v^ ^"^^ .*'" ■""« •'*Wt8 aa the larger
Nuthatch, but are oeten found in flc«k«, whUe the

I^i™;.^-"-,*"! "« "J»»*Uy i" P»>« and 'in the tM
Mu^TITcfthJ *•''"' yj-^K- I" the winter T
W.t7th v^fu " «<"^"0"» tree., where we can
Wk th«t f.,''^ their nasal caUa or by the .hower of
bark^that they pry from tho tree in their quest for

Song.— A naaal yank-yank, lUe that of the last,
but not so loud, and usually repeated more times '
thf !!r"- "', ■'"??■ "^ "'"''». the area about

ha?.»™^^/ ST'" "''"'y? '*"°? ""'tod with fir
Balsam, for what purpose u not \nown; the cavity
U lined with grasses and feathers; they lay from

»;?««*/ 'tv"" Z^'K^^I^ '"«" "0 very thicMy
spotted with reddish brown (.60 x .50)

Eange.— N. A., breeding from the Northern parts

of the northern tier of ntates, northward: winters

south nearly to the Gulf and southern Califorair

183

184

BBOWN-HEASED NUTHATCH.
729. Sitto pusilla. 4% inches.

Crown brownish with a white patch on the nape.

Theie diminutive Nathatehes are found in the south-
ern state*. Their general habits do not appear to
differ from those of other members of the family.
Taey nest very early, commencing to excavate their
holes in January and having complete sets of eggs
as early as the middle of February.

They usually are found in small flocks and at night
they will often b« seen flying to the top of a pine
where they sleep, all huddled together.

Notes. — A continued twittering nya-nya.

Nest. — In cavities of dead limbs or stumps, some-
times only a few inches from the ground, and again
as high as fifty feet; they la^ five or six eggs, white
with numerous spots of reddish brown (.62 z .49).

Sange. — South Atlantic and Oulf States, breeding
north to Yirginia.

TUTTED TITMOUSE.

731. Baeolophw bicolor. 6 inches.
T^tt ri'-*/'*' 'o^ehead Jack, and flanlu browni.h

eo about in una'] flocks

adees. In the winter they gc

in the bark -pw .» • . J amine the crevices
brel^^ptio J^% r ^e ;"„nLer" ""*" --"" ^"""^

Ukf l^t";1 tif ^ic^ef-*"" ""•^ ' '•-^-<'-'
Nest.— In cavities in stumps, usnallv n . • m»

and hair or feathers; the five or six egg. S. f^
with brown specks. The bird is very t^ wd often
t^ eScantrer*' '""" *•"« "-* "^ '«- »^'-
thf^f;~^"fv*!° E- ^•' ««dent and breeding from

186

BLACK OAPPBD OHIOKADBE.

735 Parus alricapillus. 554 inches.
The Chickadees are one of the most PoK" ^^^

*'''* v'l"^isr*w^thr«s^^^^

on the outskirts of large »*!« *«y Tg" «*°"
'"^^f^rllfS *rr; *V S!fct:-d^dee.dee or

^S^'-E-^'^Tn. a., t-T^ding b. tke norther.
hJfTtheTI 8 «dnortUard^^den^. ^

Ohio.

irda
tore
di*
eren
e to

9 or

lOtea.
from
molt
leked

then

I) ia
wUte
fonnd
• and

HUDSONIAN OHIOKADEE.

740. Parus hudsonicus. S inches.

Crown and back brownish.

The Uabita of thU little northerner are like thoie
of the bird that we know bo well; if anything they
are even more tame than our bird, especially in the
Ticinity of lumbermen's camps. They are only met
with along our northern border or casually "™8r
■outh; I have seen one individual in company with
other Chickadees in Massachusetts. „u- u

Song. — Not distinguishable from that of our Chick-
adee, but uttered more incessantly.

Nert.— In cavities of stumps, trees, posts or tele-
phone poles, the cavity being Uned with grww,
feathers and furj the six or seven eggs are white
sprinkled with brown (.60 x .46). ^^ u ,

Bange.— Besident in Cani"la and the northern bor-
der of the U. S.

18

!j|; { (m

GOUlEN-OBOWlfED KZNOLBT.

748. Regulus satrapa. 4 inches.

Ki5^.* 7"^ "'■°'?1^ "'■*,?«* """^ y*"<"'. bordered with
black; female with yellow crown.

Although very .mall these birds are very rnffrnd
and endure the severe storm and low temperat"e«
of our northern states, apparently with little eoneem.
for they always seem to be happy. They are always
busUy engaged among the underbrush of side l^i
and along the banks of brooks, hunting for the
scanty fare that awaits them.

Bong.— A few weak chips, chirps and trills.

Nost.— A large baU of soft green mosses and
feathers, suspended from the small twigs in the tons
of coniferous trees; it is neatly hollowed out for
tlie reception of the sir to nine eggs that are laid-
eggs creamy white minutely but profusely specked
with brown (.56 x .44). ir^-^^<i

Bang*.— N. A., breeding from northern U. 8. north-
ward and farther south In mountain ranges; winters
throughout the U. S. "'"wr.

BXTBT-OBOWNED KINOLET.

749. Regulus calendula. 4% inches.

Male with a concealed patch of red on the crown;
female with no red.

Liie the last, theie are chiefly winter visitants
m the United Statee, and they do not remain with
us in the coldest weather but pass on to the southern
half of our country. They are nearly always met
inth in pine or other coniferous trees, being very
abundant in spring in open pine woods and parks

Bong — A clear warble, surprisingly loud and varied
for so small a bird; call a grating chatter.

^'•■^"r^ ^"'^ "' ™°'"' P"* »n^ feathers, deeply
cupped like that of the l«t; partially suspended
among the smaU twigs »ii the tops of eoniferoas
trees; eggs white more sparingly marked than those
of the last (.55 x .43).

Baoge.— N. A., breeding northward from the north-
em boundary of the U. 8. and farther south in
mour tains; winters in the southern half of the U. 8

U:

BLUE-OKAT GNATOATOHEB.

i3\. PoliopHla catruUa. 4H inches

tip^r ?Sf ^^^:^ "-'' ^'^ -"^to e^e. ana
«^,*f"'i''"'^**i.'''"*y, *°"«<'*«' ''"«'» they are verr
meat oelenty. Its movement! are aU very ranid.

Z^^3 il""^ '""' Pf * °' » *^«« to another buTusuaUy
Kaong the upper branches. Their nests are one o?

»^jZ°'JK^.""i*^i!!^ ^' ^"^ architectuA, even «^.
passing that of the Humingbird

8ong.— Sweet but very ftint.

Nest.— Situated on horiiontal Umbs of trees at

S±^.W?' r^^ "' ?!"* fibres, woolywb^
stances and cobwebs, adorne^^ with handiome lichen^

iJ ul ' f ' I*^ •'*,«'' »°^ t^cJ^ *•>« bird sitt";
^^ fl« ^''* that onJy her tail irviaiblej the f oS

bro^ (^^x U) """'" """" ■P*'"'^"' ^* "<»^

WOOD THBUSH.

755. Hylocichla mustelina. 8 inches.

Reddish brown above, brightest on the head; belotr
white heavily spotted with black.

These large Thrushes are locally abundant in
swamps and moist woodland. They are one of our
best songsters, their tones being very rich and flute-
like, and like mot. of the Thrushes, their songs are
most often heard along towards night.

Song. — Very clear and flute-like, containing many
notes of the scale; often two or more birds answer
back and forth from different parts of the woods;
calls, a sharp quit, quit, and a liquid quirt.

Nest. — Either in forks or on horizontal bough of
bushes or trees, usually not more than ten feet from
the ground; made of grass, weeds, leaves and some
mud; the three or four eggs are bluish green
(1.02 X .75).

Eango.— Eastern V. 8., breeding from Virginia and
Missouri north to Maine, Ontario and Minnesota;
winters south of the U. S.

WILSON THBUSH OB VEEBT.

756. Hylocichla fuscescens. T'A inches.

Entire upper parts a uniform reddish brown; below
soiled white with a few faint marks on the breast.

This ppecies is -more abundant than the last. It is
found in swamps and also in dry open woods, they
being especially numerous where ferns grow luxu-
riantly.

Song. — Very peculiar and not nearly as melodious
as that of the Wood Thrush, but still attractive; a

slightly descending too-whe-u-whe-u-whe-u ; call

a clear whee-you.

Nest. — On the ground among the leaves, on hum-
mocks, or in tangled masses of briars; made of strips
of bark and leaves; eggs greenish blue, darker and
smaller than those of the Wood Thrush (.88 z .65).

Bangs — Eastern N. A., breeding in the northern
half of the United States and southern Canada;
winters in Central America. 756a. Willow Thrush
(salicicola) in m,re olive above; it is found in the
Rockies and eastward to the Mississippi Biver.

OLITE-BACSED THBTT8H.

758a. Hylocichla ustulata swainsonii. 7% inches.

Upper parts wholly olive gray, with no brownish
tinge; eye ring, sides of head and breast distinctly
buff; breast spotted with blackish.

Song. — Quite similar to that of the Veery.

Nest. — Composed of leaves, grass and strips of
bark, located in bushes or small trees near the
ground; the four eggs are greenish blue spotted with
reddish brown (.90 x .65).

.Bange. — Eastern N. A., breeding from northern
V. S., to New Brunswick and Manitoba.

OBAT-OHEEEED THBUSH.

7S7. Hylocichla aliciae. Vyi inches.

Quite similar to the preceding but with the eye
ring white and the sides of head and breast much
paler.

Breeds in northern Canada and migrates through
the eastern states to Central America. 7S7a. Bick-
nell Thrush (bicknelli) is similar to the Gray cheeked
but smaller. It breeds in Nova Scotia.

193

194

HEBMIT THBXXSH.

7S9b. Hylocichla guttata pallasii. 6J4 inches.

Tail reddish brown, much brighter than the back
and head; breast ^uite heavily spotted with black.

During its migrations it rarely sings but in its sum-
mer home it is regarded as a remarkable musician.
Its song has the sweetness and purity of tone of that
of the Wood Thrush, and is, perhaps, more varied,
but it is not nearly as powerfiU, and has a ventrilo-
quial effect. I watched one that was perched on a
dead stump, about twonty feet from me, for several
minutes with a pair of glasses before I could make
sure that he was the author of the song I heard, for
it sounded as though coming from across the next
field.

Nest. — Similar to that of the Wilson Thrush and
like that, placed on the ground or very near it; the
egga are plain greenish blue (.83 x .65).

Range. — Breeds from northern TJ. S. northwards,
and farther south in mountains; winter in the Oolf
States.

AMESIOAN BOBm.

761. Merula migraioria. 10 inches.

Male with a black head and bright reddish brown
breast; female with a gray head and much paler
breast; young intemediate between the two and
with a reddish brown breast spotted with black.

These well known birds are very abundant in the
northern half of the United States, being found
most commonly about farms and dwellings in the
country, and also in cities if they are not persecuted
too severely by English Sparrows.

Song. — A loud cheery carol, cheerily-eheerup- cheer-
ily-eheerup often long continued.

Nest. — A coarse but substantial structure of mud
and grass, placed on horizontal boughs or in forks
at any height, or in any odd place about dwellings;
the four or five eggs are bluish green (1.15 x .80).

Bangs.— Eastern N. A., breeding from the middle
of the U. S. northward; winters throughout the U. S.
761b. Southern Bobin (achrustera) is a paler form
found in the CaroUlUM and Georgia.

OEEVNIiAND WHEATEAX.

765*. Saxicola oenanthe leucorrhoa- 6 inches.

This is a bird common to western Europe; it breeds
in Greenland and eastern Labrador. They nest in
} crevices among the rocks, or sometimes in cavities
in the ground. The eggs range from four to six in
number and are bluish white (.90 x .60). They are
ground birds, feeding upon both insects and seeds.

106

BLUEBIBD.

766. Sialia sialis. 7 inches.

fhJ^^'!!!**'**"*i'u'^' «^"^'« ■"'* ^«" '"'"ra birds .pend
IbH TnJit" r *^^ Bouthera part, of the United State.
?h. ,w *° *»•« »»<"' line; .ome more hardy than
New EngCd tJ'«>»K»>o°t the winter in wuthera

wa^blil^:* """"^ '^*** ''""*' ■""«' » continue.!
i„*^iS?^~i^° ''°'*' ■" *l^'' particularly in orchards,
bottr oVjh'e-Ia^tTTliferUt-h^ ^-J.t«?o. TJ

0,!^^'~^''**'S ^°**?'^, '^*»*«"' breeding from the
?M fl ° ^^'^ Brunswick and Manitobi; winters
7fifl,^ a" *''*b,*''?'.''!™ P"*» o' the United States.
7b6a. Azure Bluebird (aznrea) is found in the moun-
tains of eastern Mexico and north casually to south-
ern Arizona. It is paler both above and below tfau
our eastern bird.

197

IHDBr.

•0

Btackbjrd. Brewer . • 55

Red-wmged SJ

Florid* •• *J

Thickbined ||

• ' Busty . • • • ■ Si

•' Yellow-headed j^lf

Bluebird ' ' 197

■ * \zure ■ 1 no

Bunting, BUckthroeted ^^^

Indigo jlO

Lark ••■•• 108

' ' Painted 52

Bobolink '_ io4

Cardinal ■ • ■ : ■ '. . . 104

' ' Florida I.j2

Catbird ; • • l.j '.'.'. 164

Chat, Yellow-breasted , _ ^g

Ohebeo ' ' 1O8

Ohewink ■••,■•; V 186

Chicks Aee. BUrk. tapped Jgg

• • Carolina ,57

■ ■ Hudaonlan ^jg

Ohuck-will'awidow 53

Oowbird ■ | . . 181

Creeper, Brown

OroasblU, AmericM.... ; ^T

WUta-wlnged J^

Grow, American gg

" ^i*\, ! SO

" Florida 15

Cuiikoo, Blaok-Wlled J2

Mangrove tj

" Yellow-billed jJJ

Dlckclsael " 95

Finch, Home 94

Pu.ple 27

Flicker • • - • '.'..'.'.'.'.'. 48

Flycatcher, Alder gg

' • Crested . . • ■ >»

Green-created J|

•• Least tn

Olive-Bided Vi

• • ScisBor-tailed JJ

Yellow-belUed iJg

Gnatcatcher, Blue-gray ^^

Goldfinch, American gi

Graekle, Boat-tailed gi

' ' Bronzed 51

Florida «,

Great-tailed Ji

• ' Purple

ArMbMk. Blu* 10*

" W«t«ni 10«

' ■ ETanint "*

Km •«

aou-brm«t«d 106

Hamminfbirdt Baby'throated 88

JiT, BIu« *S

•' " Ploridm *8

* * OuudA ^8

•• riorid* *i

" liftbrador *8

Jnneo, Carolina J'

*■ Slkta-eolond i*

■• wut«-wiii(«d s;

Kincbird 85

"' Arkuuat 8T

OniT 86

KingibhtT, Bdtad l*

Klnclet, Ooldan-erowiwd }'«

•^ BubT-orowMd 189

Lark. Homed **

" '• Deaart **

" " HoTt **

Pratria ♦«

Laseottlete, Gray-«rowned 88

oncisar, Obeatnat-oolland Jj

•f^ Lapland J*

MoOown j;

Pmith T4

Hafpia, AaaiieaB M

Mania, PaipU IM

MaadavlaA .^.. ••

rierida H

Waatan M

HoeUBCbird ITI

Mll^thavk Si

" nsiida JJ

" Banaat 81

Waatarn 81

NonpanU 1J«

Nuthatch, Brown-haadad }•*

Bad-breaatad in

WUta-braaatad in

" Florida in

Oriole, Baltlmora JJ

" OrAard .JX

Oranbird 1}J

Paroquat OaroUna J}

Pawaa, woad •*

ohoeba ,••

I'lplt, Amarieaa JM

'^ 8pTa«u IJJ

PooT-wSl JJ

fUraa, NaOan «

WUta-aaakad ~

BadpaU ••

'• Snatar ••

" Ho«ry S»

■' HoIbMU ,5;

BcdiUrt, Amcriems 108

Boad-nuuMr , J;

Rtbtn ^'B

" Soathern 1J5

S««nieker, Yallow-balliad *»

Shrike, LoMerhMd W?

" Northern WJ

•' Whlte-nunped 18?

Biekin, Pine JJ

Bneidike JJ

Sparrov, Baehnun »5

Balrd 80

Black-throated Vt

" Ohipplnc M

" OlaT-eolored ■■

EnsUah Tl

riald J*

" " Weitem J*

Fox 108

Orasihoppar ■■■•• ■}

" '■ Florida 81

•• •• Weitan 81

Harria M

•' Henalow M

" " Westara W

Ipawioh JS

imk "T

Weatem

Leeonte

Liaeoln

Fine-wooda . . .

Saranna

Seaaida

Doaky
Fiiher

8T
8S
100
»8
79
85
86
8B

MaeGilUvray 8S

Seott 86

Tezaa 86

Sharp-Uiled 84

^' Aaadlan 84

Nelaon 84

" Sons M

'• Dakota «»

" Swamp 101

Tree »l

" " Weatem 81

■• mit^eroned' !!!!!!'. !'.!!!! 88

White-throated M

Starllnf 61

SwaUow, Bank llj

" Bam 11;

05« }}*

" Bongh-wlnced Jlr

Tree U»

Swift, OUmney 8»

t

Tuimnr, Scarlet Ill

' "^ Summer 112

ThTMker, Brown 178

T>muli, Bieknell 192

' ' Qray-oheeked 182

' ' Hermit 194

■ ' Olire-baelnd 198

" Willow 198

" Wllaon 192

" Wood 191

Titlark, American 169

Titmonaa, Tnttad 185

Towlire 108

_" Wliite-eyed 108

Teery 192

virao, Blaek-eappad 128

" Blue-haaaed 127

" Plilladalplila 124

' ' Bad-eyad 128

' ' Solitary 127

" _ " Uonntain 127

' Warbllnc 125

" White-aTad 129

" TaUow-airoatad 126

warbler, Baehman 184

" Bay-braaatad 148

" Blaek and WUta ItO

" Blaekbnniian 160

" Black-pon 149

Black-thr^tad Bine 14t

Black-tkroated Green 1S3

Bine-winged 186

Brewater 186

Oalma 149

Canadian 167

Oape May 141

Cerulean 149

Chaatnnt-aidad 147

Oonneetieut iji

Oolden-winged 186

Hooded I66

Kantoeky 160

Kirtlaad 166

Lawrence 1S6

ICacnalla 146

IConminf 16t

Myrtle 144

Naahrllle 1S7

Orange-crowned 1(1

Pa)ji 166

" Yellow 166

Famla 140

" Nerthem 140

Ptaa 184

Prairie 166

Prothonotary Ill

Bwalnaon 181

Sycamore 161

TwuuiM* 119

wumb laa

Wonn-«stint Itl

TtUow lU

T*Uow-tkro»t6d 161

fr*tar-Thiuh 158

Lonlsiau 188

WazwlBg, BohcinUn 119

" Ocdar ISO

Wkasttw, OTMiiUnd 196

WUp-poor-will 99

Woedpmkar, Aourican Thna-tead 99

*^ Antic ThTM-totd 91

DOWDT 19

Northna 19

' ' Soatlma 19

eoldtn-wiiigcd 9T

BkbT 19

" NortlMrB 19

•' Banthtra 19

iTmyblUcd IT

PIlMtad 94

Nerthan 94

BadlwlUad 9<

Bad-ooekadad 90

Bad-haadad

Wnn, Bewiek

' ' OaroUna

•' Florida

* ' Housa

" " Waataia

' ' liomita

" Loac-blllad Kazah

■■ Marian Kanh

" Book

■■ Short-bUlad Hank

" Wintar

" WortUscton Marah

rallaw-throabFlorida 199

lIUTluid 189

' NorihaTB 189

" Waatarn 189

^

t4

-

34

as

so

Sf

1T«

xn

171

ITT

ITT

_

ITS

180

ISO

1T4

IT*

ITS

180

ISS

18S

188

188