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MIOOCOPV DiSOlUTION H:,T CHAIT

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II I.I

^ APPU-^n irvMGE In

CLASS BOOK

OF

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

LOCHHEAD

T. W. Kauris

Asa Pitch

TowNEND Glover

B. D. Walsh

C. V. Riley

W. Saunders j. PLETCiir C. J. S. Bethune

Some Pioneer Workers in Ecoiiomic Entomology.

ERRATA

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llr. r. W, Harris (I7g5 i«5(,i,
I'aK iH, Thf fifth parasraph slmulcl rrad: -

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The American Cockroach i I'rri planet j amrriian.il
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I'aBe 11(1, In legend of Fig. 71 tcmI Orylliis forC.v//iiv.
Page 1:4, In bottom line read Fig. 80 for Fig. 70.
Page 1 30, I n bottom line read nerii for prrii.
Page 130, In 8th line from bottom read elm for plum.
Page -'75. In legend Fig. 178 read cabbage for cabage.
Page 276, In 8th line from top read r7g for 180.
Page 104, In top line read Cryplokypnu! for Cryplohypmus

'^^o^ VeMrisrit^tT ^'" "" ^*'^'"^*^™'- •" «'- line from bot-
Page 390, In gth line from top read 4:4:40 for 4:40:40.

CLASS BOOK

OF

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ECONOMIC INSECTS
OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES AND CANADA

WILLIAM LOCHHEAD, B. A., M. S. (Cornell)

FKOF.SSOl 01. .lOtO-.Y ,» TIIK MAtUONAI.U UILIKUI. 01- McClLL LNIVMSIIV V A A
>■»»» OF IH> >Nr. »OC. OF AMr.lCA. ANO TH> AM. AMOC. .CON. «'vT ■ '
■X-FKllDEKT «NT. SOC. OF ONTARIO; KESID.NT QUEKC bOC. F0« '
THl PKOTBCnON OK PLANTS, ETC.

WITH gS7 ILLUSTRATIONS

PHILADELPHIA
P. BLAKISTON'S SON & CO.

1012 WALNUT STREET

CopyRioiiT, igig, UY I>. Ul.vkiston's Son & Co.

PMBHH T(»II

i3Vi)90

PREFACE

All tcailHTS are jutncl iliat the best results in the classro. m :■ ,•
sciurod only In- thu adoption of the hest pcHaKogical methods, *itli
ready access to the necessary s|>ecimens and literature. Just' what
these methods e prise, however, is, with many teachers, a matter of
opinion. Qtinl homines tot sentrnli<r. nevertheless the induljjent reader
may concede that an e.xperience of over twenty years as a teacher of
economic entomoloRv in agricultural colleges may warrant the voicing
of the author's conviction that instruction in this subject should con-
sist of (i) studies on the stru' ire, metamorphosis, and bionomics of
insects, carried on both in thi .boratory and in the field; (j) practice
in the classification and description of the more common insects in
their various stages; and (,,) studies of the methods of control, with
practical exercises in the preparation and app .tion of insecticides.

Although several most excellent manuals t, xonomic Kntomology
have been published in recent years, there sums to be a need for a
book providing the necessary information for the student in the class-
room, laboratory and field along the lines indicated above.

This class-book, therefore, has been prepared to meet the needs of
the class-room instructor, and his needs have influenced the mode of
presentation of the subject material. It does not presume to take the
place of the invaluable and well-known works of Folsom, Comstock
.Slingerland and Crosby, and others; but rather, it aims to present such
material as will best help the student in acquiring a fair working knowl-
edge of the modern science of Economic Entomology.

The treatment of many of the topics is necessarily limited, and the
keys for the identification of orders, families, and genera make no nre-
icnsions to completeness. The descriptions of the species discussed in
Part III are stripped of all unnecessary verbiage so that all the essential
facts of the life-histories may be included in the space at the author's
disposal.

vi

PREFACE

Laboratory exercises have been omitted, as the intelligent teacher
is in a better position than the author to prepare practicums adapted to
local conditions.

It was thought advisable to limit the species discussed mainly to
those belonging to the Northern United States and Canada, i.e., to
the Canadian, Transition, and Upper Austral Zones. It was also
deemed advisable to make but brief mention of the insects affecting
forest trees. Students interested in such studies are referred to the
recent bulletins of A. D. Hopkins of Washington and J. M. Swaine of
Ottawa for the results of the latest investigations.

The author is indebted to many fellow-teachers and workers for valu-
able aid Hnd suggestions in the preparation of this book. In most
respects it is a compilation from recent text-books, bulletins, and arti-
cles. In a work of this kind errors are likely to appear in spite of
every precaution, but considerable care has been taken to reduce them
to a minimum.

Special mention must be made of the kindness of many authors
and publishen: in furnishing illustrations, and the writer here thanks
his friend and te.icher. Professor J. H. Comstock of Cornell University,
for permission to use illustrations of wing-venation from his recent
work, "The Wings of Insects;" Dr. C. G. Hewitt, Dominion Entomolo-
gist, for free use of cuts from the pubUcations of the Canadian Ento-
mological Branch; Dr. L. O. Howard, Chief of the U. S. Bureau of
Entomology, for many electrotypes of the Bureau illustrations; Pro-
fessor J. H. Sanders of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment
Station, for permission to use his admirable figures of pygidia of scale
insects; Mr. J. J. Davis, Federal Agent of the U. S. Bureau of Entomol-
ogy, Lafayette, Indiana, for several photographs of breeding cages,
etc.; Professor L. Caesar of the Ontario Agricultural College, and Dr. S.
Hadwen, Dominion Pathologist, Health of Animals Branch, Ottawa,
for furnishing several cuts; Mr. Arthur Gibson, Entomological Branch!
Ottawa; Professor W. H. Brittain of the Truro Agricultural College-
Professor P. J. Parrott of the New York Agricultural Experiment
Station; Professors Herrick, Crosby and Johannsen of Cornell Univer-
sity; Professor W. A. Riley of the Minnesota Agricultural College; Dr.
Edith Patch of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station; Professor
W. E. Britton of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station;
Professor V. L. Kellogg of the Leland Stanford Jr. University, Professor

PKEFACE Vii

W. B. Hernia of the University of California; and the MacMillan Co.,
the Comstoclt Publishing Co., Henry Holt and Co., and P. Blakiston's
Son and Co., for permission to use certain illustrations from their
entomological publications.

To Mr. E. M. DuPorte, M. Sc, of Macdonald College, the author is
specially indebted for the drawings illustrative of the structure of
insects in Part I, for valuable criticisms, and for substantial help in
proof-reading.

W. LOCHHEAO.
Macdonald College.

i

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

I'ART I-THE STRUCTURE, GROWTH AND ECONOMICS
OF INSECTS

Page

The Branch Arthropoda j

The Class Insecta j

Structure of Insects 2

External Anatomy 2

Internal Anatomy , jn

The Development of Insects ,q

Embryology, Metamorphosis — stages , ,0

Losses due to Insects -g

Beneficial Insects ,g

Insects and Birds ^ .

Insects and Plants .-

Insects as Plant Disease Carriers .g

Insects and Disease ,«

Insect Behavior toward Stimuli --

Relation of Insects to Temperature and Humidity cq

Distribution of Insects ^

Methods of Studying Economic Insects g^

I*ART II.-THE IDENTIFICATION OF INSECTS INJURIOUS TO
FARM, GARDEN AND ORCHARD CROPS, ETC.

Insects injurious to Cereal Crops _j

Insects injurious to Indian Corn or Maize

Insects injurious to Clover and Alfalfa

Insects injurious to Peas and Beans

Insects injurious to Stored Grain Products

Insects injurious to Root Crops „g

Insects injurious to the Potato Crop 76

Insects injurious to Garden Vegetables ^J^

Insects injurious to the Apple

Insecta injurious to the Plum a^

Insects injurious to the Cherry a

Insects injurious to the Peach a.

Insects injurious to the Raspberry and Blackberry a,

InMTtsinjurinii? to the Gooseberry and Currant 84

CONTENTS

• ... P*"

Insects mjunous to the Grape g

Insects injurious to the Strawberry of

Insects affecting Shade Trees g

Insects injurious to Greenhouse plants o-

Insects affecting Domestic Animals ?!

Insects of the Household . .

9'

PART III.-CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON
INSECTS

Common Orders . . .

, ■ 03

Aptera group

Thysanura

Seuropleroida group 5

Mallophaga

OrthopUroida group

Isoptera

„ *^ , . 102

Corrodentia

Blattoidea '°^

Mantoidea

Dermaptera ?

Phasmoidea ,

Orthoptera

Thysanoptera ~

Homoptera

Hemiptera g

Siphunculata , f

Lepidoptera J

Diptera ^^

Siphonaptera

Coleoptera 'J?^

Hymenoptera

Invertebrates other than Insects ' ^ ! l6i

PART IV.-THE CONTROL OF INJURIOUS INSECTS

Factors of Insect Control

Methods of Control '"

The Action of Insecticides '

Utilization of Parasitic Insects

Bibliography

Glossary . '•°'

409

Index

4'5

INTRODUCTION

Economic Entomology is that phase of Entomology which relates
to the control of injurious insects. Its scope is much wider than that of
applied entomology, for the latter, properly speaking, is the application
of the principles that have been formulated by the economic entomolo-
gist as a result of his investigation of insects and their relations to their
environment. Its scope embraces a study of the structure, habits and
life-histories of the injurious insects and of their relations to all the
natural and artificial conditions to which they may be subjected. It
also includes the investigation of the nature of the losses and the prac-
ticable means by which they may be prevented or lessened.

Considering the great variety of insect forms, their diverse methods
of food habiis, the large number of kinds of hosts which supply them
with food, and the enemies which tend to destroy them, it becomes
evident that the problem of insect control is most complex. As
Professor Forbes says: "The subject matter of this science is not insects
alone, nor plants alone, nor farming alone. One may be a most ex-
cellent entomologist or botanist, or he may have the whole theory and
practice of agriculture at his tongue's end, and at his fingers' end as well,
and yet be without knowledge or resources when brought face to face
with a new practical problem in economic entomology. The subject is
essentially the relation of these things to each other; of insect to plant
and of plant to insect, and of both of these to the purposes and ope- -
tions of the farm, and it involves some knowledge of all of them '

The Rise of Economic ENTOMotoov

The records of the rocks reveal the existence of insects at an early
period in the world's history, long before man made his appearance.
Early historic records also show clearly that not only man himself but
also his crops and flocks suffered from insect attacks. The ravages of
locusts, canker worms and palmer worms are frequently described in
graphic language by the Old Testament prophets.

*" INTRODUCTION

In America too, before the advent of Europeans, the Indians were
acquamted w,th insects that injured their corn field , and dX th^
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the crops of the arly setd rs w le

Z^' "Tw'k^ ''"'" "°""'" ''"'' S'^-hoppers. One m.ysly,
therefore wuh Webster: "the actual economic element in entomoloT;
|s mevtably as old as Agriculture itself." On account, however Tthe
ignorance and superstition that prevailed even among the learned
classes regardmg the nature and habits of insects, no p'rogressTn the
control of msect pests was made or was possible until the latter half o
SntrdhadT "f "^\ The introduction of rational methods of
control had to wait until considerable advance had been made in the
lUe histoT '"''"' ^""^ '" * knowledge of their structure, habits and

r^rtlin'"^" T ^"""'f '' concerned, it may be said that outbreaks of
certain insects vi^., the Rocky Mountain locust, the cotton worm
and the Colorado potato beetle during the last quarter of the nineteen-h
ZT^ T. "^ wide-spread attention to the great losses caused by
them, and forced the U. S. government at that time to appoint a
commission of entomological specialists for the purpose of investi-
gating the conditions. It was during this period that some of the
modern msecticdes and improved spraying machinery were introduced

rZn^K "!i T'"J "■' '"^""^"^ ^'^'""^y "S^'"^' 'he Colorado
potato beetle and the cotton worm, and kerosene emulsion against
sucking msects^ The reports of Harris, Fitch and RUey, especially
those on the Rocky Mountain locust laid the foundation for future
ecological studies when the relations of injurious insects to other
organisms and to external factors were closely investigated

About the beginning of this century the San Josi scale and the
cotton boll-weevU threatened two imporUnt industries, and as a result
of the investigations many advances were made in the use of spravine
machinery and insecticides, notably lime-sulphur wash and hydrocyanic
acid gas and m the application of biological processes and principles
In the attempt to solve the problem of the control of the gypsy and
brown-tail moths during the last twelve years another very fmportant
advance was made toward a better understanding of parasitic insects
and of the part they are likely to play in the control of insects in the
future. Regarding the outlook of fighting insects along this line Dr
Howard says: 'There wiU be a very considerable development of this

INTRODUCTION

xiU

method of warfare against injurious insects in the future. It should be
termed "the biological method of fighting insects" and, looking at the
problem in a broad way, so far as this country is concerned, when we
consider that more than one-half of our principal crop pests ha\« been
accidentally imported from other countries, there seems no reason why a
systematic study of a very large number of parasitic and predatory
insects native to the countries from which these pests were accidentally
\ imported should not be made with a view of ultimate importation of
; :ill of them into the United States. In fact, since there exist all over
i the world beneficial insects, many of which can undoubtedly be accli-
, matized here, and some of which will undoubtedly prove of value to
,' .\merican agriculture, carefully planned work should be begun looking
I to the ultimate increase of our insect population by the addition of as
I many of these beneficial forms as possible. Of course this would mean
a very great amount of careful biological study in the countries of origin
l.y men specially trained in this sort of work, if results of value are to be
obtained. Strikingly beneficial results could not be expected speedily,
and, in fact, we might not be able for many years to estimate the bene-
fits derived from such a service; but it seems clear that we should have
in this country as many of these surely beneficial forms as can be
acclimatized."

The greatest impetus to the development of economic entomology
was perhaps the establishment of Experiment Stations and Agricu'tural
Colleges where courses of instruction were given in this bra i of
zoology, and where hundreds of students have been trained to unc it-ke
investigations of the many insect problems that were awaiting solution.
\n interesting feature of the latest development in the study of inju-
rious insects is the method of investigation that has been adopted in
most entomological stations. "Field stations" where the insects are
studied under both field and laboratory conditions are established in
infested areas, each in charge of an expert and a staff of assistants.
These officers also keep in close touch with the insect conditions of the
district, and are often able to "test out" control measures at many
places by interesting the farmers and orchardists in the valuable work
they are conducting.

Even in a sketch of the main features of the rise of American eco-
nomic entomology, such as this is, mention must be made of some of
the pioneer entomologists who laid firmly and well the foundations of

tlV INTBODUCTION

this modern science. Dr. T. W. Harris (1759 1856) in Massachusetts,
IJr. Asa Fitch (1809-1879) in New Yorjj, Townend Glover at Washing-
ton, B. D. Walsh (1808-1869), Dr. C. V. Riley (1843-1895) in Missouri
and a» Washington, Dr. W. Le Baron and Cyrus Thomas in Illinois,
and Dr. W. Saunders (1835-1914), Dr. C. J. S. Bethune (1838^ — — ) and
Dr. James Fletcher (1852-1908) in Canada stand out prominently on
account of the excellent investigations of the life-histories of injurious
insects and their careful determination of effective methods of control.
{See frontispiece.)

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY
PART I

THE STRUCTDHE, GROWTH AND ECONOMICS OF
INSECTS

BRANCH ARTHROPODA (Arthropods)

Crabs, crayfish and lobsters, spiders and scorpions, centipedr , and
millipeds have in common with insects jointed appendages and seg-
mented, bilaterally symmetrical bodies with a chitinized external skeleton
(exo-skelcton) — distinguishing characteristics of the great branch
Arthropoda of the Invertebrate animals. These near relatives of
insects may be grouped into four classes:

1. Crustacea. — Aquatic, gill-breathing, wingless Arthropods with
two pairs of antennae and at least five pairs of legs. Examples: Crabs,
crayfish, lobsters, shrimps, sow-bugs, etc.

2. Arachnida. — Air-breathing, wingless Arthropods without anten-
nae, and usually with four pairs of legs. Examples: Spiders, mites,
ticks, and scorpions.

3. Diplopoda. — Air-breathing, wingless Arthropods with one pair
of antennas and numerous body segments each of which bears two
pairs of legs. The mouth-parts consist of a pair of mandibles and a
compound plate. Example: Millipeds.

4. ChUopoda. — Air-breathing, wingless Arthropods with one pair
of antennas and numerous body segments each bearing one pair of
iegs. The mouth-parts consist of one pair of mandibles and two pairs
of maxillse. Example: Centipedes.

(Classes 3 and 4 are frequently grouped as sub-cla.s5es of the class
iJyriapoda.)

KC(..MJ»lt ENTOMOI.lKJV

Class I.NshXTA (Insects)

The Uexapoda or Insecta are air-breathing Arthropoda with oni'
pair of antenna;, three pairs of legs, and usually one or two pairs of
wings in the adult state.

Insects form a well-defined class of animals, remarkable for the
large number of species. The abundance of some species is so great
that frequently they constitute a menace to the life of plants upon which
they feed. The economic importance of insects is being rapidly realized
by the public in recent years on account of the prominence given to
the part taken by the common house fly in the spread of typhoid
fevers and other diseases, the mosquitoes in malaria and yellow fever,
the San Jose scale and codling worm in orchards, the boll-weevil
in cotton fields, the army worm and hessian fly in grain fields, the
tent caterpillar and bark beetles in orchards and forests, and many
other pests that are causing much annoyance, danger and loss.

The Structure of Insects

EXTERNAL ANATOMY

The body of the insect is bilaterally symmetrical and is divideil
into three distinct parts — the head, the thorax and the abdomen, each
composed of a number of segments separated by membranous portion^
(Fig. i). Each segment again is made up of a number of sclerites.
hardened plates separated from each other by seams or impressed line^
known as sutures. The skeleton is external, and is in form a hollow
cylinder with the muscles attached within. The skin layer or cuticl>^^
is laminated, consisting of two layers secreted by the underlyini;
hypodermal cells. The hard tough texture of the skin is due to chili ii.
an organic substance resembling that which gives the characteristii
texture to horns and hoofs,

(o) Head. — The skeleton of the head or skull is composed of si-:
or seven closely united segments, and carries the eyes and antentur.
The moutli is situated on the front ventral surface. The followiM-
regions can be easily recognized:

STRUCTURE, GROWTH AND ECONOMICS or INSECTS

flliii ranium

(a) VcrlfX or crown, the summit of Ihc head, ofltri

with ocelli.
(A) Front or face.
(f ) Oena" or cheeks.

(<l) Occiput, which surrounds the posterior opcnine of
the skull.

(e) Clypeus, to which the labrum or upper lip is attached.

(f) Gula, to which the labium or lower lip is attached
(see Fi({s. 2 and j).

Fi(.. I.— Diagram showing the position and arrangement of the principal ..rg.ins
ml appendages of an insect. An,.. Antenna: Br., brain; Ac. aorta; iW, . eg mu"

l,r, JJr M "i"-'^- "'°'?"; "•"■■ '•■'"'" '""Xi'-'lin"! muscles of abdornen «
cart; .ur., Malpighian tubules; ED., efferent duct (oviduct or vas deferens) n
tprodu;t,ve system; C, gonad (ovary or testis); (>.. c"Z.A anus Co»
.mapophyses; CD., common duct (vagina or seminal vesicle, of reproductK-e sys-'
■h ?■■■ "T'"" °' .""^"'"'""ve chain; Tr.. tracheal trunk showing or g' and
s.nbution of ventral, dorsal and visceral tracheal branches; IM/.. ventral ?ong
u.i.nal muscles; TS.. tergo-stcrnal muscles; Co.., co,a; Tro.. trocham" fv^.
ur T,b t.bia 7-ar tar.stls; SGI., .sahvary gland; .SB., salivary duct; .SV sub
phageal ganglion; Ph.. pharynx; S.. stnmoda.um or fore inteMinc- \> ,m s "n
T..n or mid intestine; /■., proctod.Tum or hind intestine. '

In addition there is in the head an internal chitinous skeleton
Mled the tenlorium, which acts as a supporting structure. It varies
1 form in different insects but consists essentially of a central plate
nil two pairs of arms connecting w'"- the skull. (The tentorium
lay be isolated by boiling the head er cent, solution of caustic

otash for ten minutes.)

Mouth-parts.— In general there arc three types of mouth-parts-
<iiulibu!ale, present in the generalized orders and in the Orthoptera,

ECONOMIC ENTOItOLOGY

f'°- '■ Pic. 3.

Fio. 3— Cephalic view of the head of cricket, a.. Antenna; <., compound eye;
E., epicranium; 0.1., lateral ocellus; a.m.. median ocellus; «.j., suturei of the epi- I
cranium; G.. gena; Cp., Co.. clypeui; /,.. labrum; Mi/., mandible; p.m , maxillary f
palpus; p.t., labial palpus. '

Flo. 3.— Caudal view of head of cricket. E., Epicranium; O., occiput; P.P.
occipital foramen; P.C.. postgena; .1M.. submentum; M.. mentum; ji., glossa; p/l..
paraglossa; pg., palpigcr; pi., labial palpus; C.l. C.l.. cardo, pf., palpifer; j., galea; I
1., stipes; (., lacinia; p.m., maxillary palpus; mil., mandible.

Pig. 4, — Labrum and clypeus cif cricket.

STBUCTUSE, OROWni AND ECONOMICS or INSECTS 5

K,.hemeri<U, ami Coleoptera ; ,uc,orial, prewnl in the Hemiptera,
Lcpuloptem and U.ptcra; an.l mand,b»taU-smoriat in the Hymcn^
|..pter._ The mouth-parts with the exception of the labrum are true
appendages of the head .cKP-ents, and in the embryo arise in exactly
ilw same way as the legs and anlenna?

Mandibular Ktoulh-pa„s.~i:y,, mouth-parts of bitim insect,
,ons.st of: the labrum or upper lip atlache.l to the clypeu, (Fi«
: and 4); a pair of mandiblr.,. simple and unjointed, articulated to the
,?,««, a ,a.r of ma.nVte, each made up of a basal one-, or two-jointed

pm

''■■=• 5- Pi.;. 6.

I hinge segment, the cardo, a central segment the stipes which bears the
XPfPfr^o which the typically five-jointed palpus is attached, and two
Idistal lobes the outer of which is te-med the galea and the inner the
ttaama(¥xg 6). The labium or lower lip, composed of a broad basal
I part, the submentum. joined to the gula, a mentum or central portion,
la pair of jomted palpi attached to the mentum by means of a small

L T,f'. .l^.^'*"' ""'' ^ "•"'^'*" P"' "hich may be simple or
I slightly bilobed m whtch case it is termed the ligula, or it may consist

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

of a distinct pair of inner and outer lobes termed respectively the
glosstE and paraglossa (Figs. 3 and 7). A comparison of Figs. 6 and 7
will show a perfect homology between the segments of the maxillae
and of the labium. The hypopharynx or tongue united to the base
of the labium; and the epipharynx under the labrum and clypeus
bearing teeth, tubercles or bristles (Figs. 8 and 9).
These parts differ greatly in the different orders.
Suctorial Mouth-parts. — The suctorial mouth-parts of flies, bugs,
moths and other insects have been evolved from the primitive mandibu-
late type. In some forms such as the squash bug and mosquito all
of the mouth-parts are present and it is comparatively easy to identify
them with the corresponding append-
ages of the biting insects. In other
forms, however, the house-fly for ex-
'fPf/ ample, some of the mouth-parts are
missing or fused with others, and it is

Flii. 7- Fig. 8.

Fl<;. 7. — Labium of cricket, hyp., Hypopharynx; gl., glossa; pgl., paraglossa;
pi., labial palpus; pg., palpiger; m„ mentum; sm., submentum.
Fig. 8. — The labrum-epipharynx of cricket.

more difficult to determine their homology. The following descrip-
tions will illustrate the typical arrangements in the three chief purely
suctorial orders of insects. Three types occur in the Diptera — the
piercing type, with all the mouth-parts present, e.g., the female horse
fly and mosquito; the piercing type with some of the mouth-parts
missing or fused, e.g., the horn flies and stable flies, and the non-
piercing type such as the house-fly and blow flies in which the beak
is used for rasping and sucking.

Mouth-parts of the Horse Fly (Tabanid) .—The mouth-parts of thi
female arc composed of six blades loosely ensheathed in the iabiuii

STRUCTURE, GROWTH AND ECONOMICS OF INSECTS 7

which is the conspicuous median portion terminating in a large labellum
(Fig. lo). The mandibles are flat and sword-like; the maitillie are
narrower, but with broad conspicuous palpi; the kypopharynx and
labrutn-epipharynx are also narrow and lancet-like.

admd

"'upper V^l °^i-'f •'' ",-' '■''■'■"".' P"""y'''"'>'"^ with face an,i vertex removed.
m.. mandibl^-pI. pharynx!"'"'"""' "''■• ""'■• "• ■*""" """''"' °' """ pharynx;
/»™»s°yTm„^S'"'^rf '"?"'"^'r''J '^''"°7='>'"' S'^'^tio" through the head of GrylUs
U md SZ^tJfJ '• i'i;^' *"''■■ ^''- °''''"'" °i ""^ pharynx; Oc, ocellusi

' *y/ retractor nf^h/lu °' "'' hypopharynx; «/,.;».. apodeme of the labium;
"f ihe tentorium. '>>'P'>Pharynx; Jl.sl.. flexor of the stipes; T.C.. central plate

Mouth-parts of Mosquito -The mouth-parts are similar in number
10 those of the horse fly but they are more bristle-like (Fig n)

Mouth-parts of the House-fly.^When the head of a living house-fly is
pinched between the thumb and finger the mouth-parts are protruded
10 their full length. They constitute a soft "proboscis" enlarged at

8

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

the tip into a pair of soft cushion-like lobes, the oral lobes or labella
(Fig. 12). The under sides of these lobes are traversed by a large
number of open channels, the pseudo-trachea, which open into the mouth
situated near the middle; the greater portion of this proboscis is the
modified labium. Lying above the grooved labium is tlie small spade-
like labrum which may be raised by a pin. Near the base of the probos-
cis and above the labrum are two small lobes, the maxillary palpi, the
maxillae being fused with the fleshy base of the labium.

Fig. 10. — Head and mouth-parts of a horse-fly (Tabanus). The maximum
number of parts is retained, but the piercing structures are distinctly blade-lilce.
Dipteron type, second subtype. A, Side view of head showing; i. antenna {brachy-
cerous); 3. compound eye; 3. labium; 4. labella; 5. maxillary palpus: B, piercing
structures exposed, labium removed; 6, mandibles; 7, maxitlEe; 8, hypopharynx; 9.
labrum-epipharynx. (After Harms.)

Mouth-parts of the Stable Fly. — The proboscis is awl-shaped and is
adapted for both piercing and sucking (Fig. 13). It projects forward
horizontally and has a prominent elbow. The labella are small and
are provided with cutting and adhesive structures. Lying above and
within the folds of the proboscis or labium are two unequal, sharp heavy
bristles, the larger representing the labrum and the smaller the hypo-
pharynx. The maxillary palpi are not so large as those of the house-
fly. The palpi of the Horn Fly are longer and more flattened, and
the proboscis is plumper and not thrown so far forward.

Mouth-parts of the Squash Bug. — The mandibles and maxillse are
reduced to needle-like structures, the two innermost (the maxillas) are
united to form a piercing tube. The needles fit in the groove of the

STRUCTURE, GROWTH AND ECONOMICS OF INSECTS g

grieve S' it ""'''''' "''"""• '''' "'•^™'" ='-- '"^ "- of the

Pharynx;,., antenna,;.. ioS^und eye A "fvi'''.' "'T""'*- "^ 'abrum^ep l
'... labium; ,„.. mandible; m, maJL t' "^P°,P''^"'"'i '■■ labrum-epipharyn, •
Dimmock.) • '"'■■ ""^■"""^ P- maxillary palpus. {Afttr foLm „„i

rudimentary (Fig. 15). ' ^ "'^ """^ """th-parts are

lO ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

Mandibulale-suctorial Mouih-parts. — Among the Hymenoptera we
find a combination of the two types — well-developed biting mandibles
and a labium or hypopharynx fitted for sucking or lapping liquid food.
In ants and sawflies the mandibles are more in evidence, while the bees
and wasps have well-developed sucking apparatus. Ants use their
mandibles for various purposes, including the comminution of food,
building of nests, transportation of larvae, slaves, etc., and in attack and
defence against their enemies; the hypopharynx is used in lapping liquid
food.

Snx

Labrufn

<Shtath,'lahtum

Pig. 13. Fig. 14.

Fig. 13. — Side view of the head and mouth-parts of the stable fly (Stomoxys catci-
trans). Stylets reduced in number and closely ensheathed by the labium. 1,
Antenna; 3. compound eye; 3. labium; 4, labella; 5, labrum; 6, hypopharynx; 7,
maxillary palpi. {After Herms.)

Fig. 14. — Beak of a hemipteron. {Afler Riley and Jokannsen.)

Mouth-parts of the Honey Bee. — These consist of the labrum and
epipharynx above with the short trowel-like mandibles on each side for
moulding wax; the maxilla forming conspicuous lateral wings with the
galea and lacinia fused into one piece, and the palpi minute (Fig. 16).
The labium is the long portion on each side of the tongue and ends in a
pair of palpi. The middle tongue is the hypopharynx ending in a small
labellum.

Antennc — The antennae or feelers are sensory organs, and are very
variable in structure. They carry the organs of touch, and probably
those of smell and hearing in some cases. On the surface of some of the

STRUCTURxC, GROWTH AND ECO>fOMICS OF INSECTS „

segments are fine hairs, connected below with nucleated nerve cells

rr^valTen ■"' '?' ""'"' """'"'■ ^""^ "^ '^ '" some cases S^'
or oval depressions, also connected with a nerve cell, which are thought
to be guslatory organs Other pits situated in patches at the lower end
of the segments are believed to be auditory organs

Eyes.-The eyesof insects are of three kinds: simple compound and
aulomerate. The simple eyes or ocelli appear extefnal ; as "sing

Cormhoir' 'n "■^ T' '^ ""= "">'' P"-"'"^-^ insects such as the
Collembola, all e>ed larva, and in the

adults of most of the winged insects. In
winged forms there are usually three, supple-
mentary to the compound eyes, and borne
on the vertex or on the front, arranged
generally in a triangle. The agglomerate
eye IS a compound eye in which the facets
are not fused but weU separated from each
other, e.g., male Coccids.

Organs of Hearing.— Several kinds of
auditory organs occur in insects and these
are variously located. In locusts they arc
tympanic membranes, located on the base
of the abdomen; in the katydids and
crickets on the tibiae of the fore legs. In
the mosquitoes and many other groups
certain sensitive hairs on the antenna serve
to take up and transmit sound waves. _

Organs of SmeU.-These organs are butterfly '(k„„„" '".,,. ^n-
variously located-on the antenna; in flesh Eu' ''Mf^"/,''''"'/- ""■■
fl.es, ants, bees and wasps, some moths and W'-^"'-")

beeUes; on the maxUlary and labial palpi in Perla and Silpha; and
on ^e cerci m the cockroach and some Orthoptera

Organs of Taste.-Taste organs are also variously located-on

he hypopharynx m the honey bee, on the epipharynx of most biting

insects, and on the maxUlary palpi in wasps ^

All sense organs consist essentially of the following parts: (i) a

Z'Jmeir'f ""^"f '''''"" communicating Ih (,) one o
.wo modified hypodermal cells, and (,) external supporting or accessory
structures such as «/«, /«Aw/«j or /.fe ^

ECON'' 'TC ENTOMOLOGY

Fig. i6. — Head and mouth-parts of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). Both types
of mouth-parts well developed but the mandibles are used chiefly for portage and
modeling (Hymenopteron type). A, Front view of the head showing: i. antennje;
2, compound eyes; 3, simple eye; 4, labrum; 5, mandibles; 6, maxillae (lacinia); 7,
labium (palpi only); 8, hypopharynxC?); B> mouth-parts removed to show the
parts; 5, mandibles; 6, maxillEc (lacinia); 7. labium (palpi only); 8, hypopharynx
(?); 9, bouton; 10, maxillary palpus; 11, mentum; 12. submentum; 13, cardo; 14,
stipes. {After Herms.)

Fig. 17. — Section throuwh the thorax of an insect. Z,.,Leg; P., pleuron;5., sternum;
r., tergum; W., wing.

STRUCTURE, GROWTH AND ECONOMICS OF INSECTS 13

organs, but their function has not yet been definitely ascertained

proii

Cox., Cox.:,. C0X.3. First, second and thi d coxL sj Tr . °''?,'' °"'' '''"'°'"=n-

Em.2. Em.}, meso- and meta-epLeron ,' ft eic'^X ""? """^-^Pis'^num:
etc., abdominal sternites; p.. peritreme S ™vf;i 1 "'""' «"8"i=Si •'. 2'. 3'

0.#„ ovipositor; pi.. pleurori'Tifi ^^ ■''!:,•'"•'■■'' ^"''' P'"'' C' eerius
n,eso- andmeta-scSteuL, ."k^p^itstuJeUu^^V.-^rX^br ' '"'■ ""-

When deprived of halteres flies cannot maintain their equUibrium in the

-m

J4

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

ib

(b) Thorax. —The thorax is composed of three segments— the
fro-, meso-, and melathomx, each having a pair of legs. The meso-
thorax and metathorax bear wings. Each segment is divided into a
dorsal part, the notiim or tergum, a ventral part, the sternum, and
two laterals, the pleura {Fig. 17). Each part is again divided by
sutures into sclerites — the notum into praescttium,
scutum, scutcUum and post-scutellum, and the pleuron
into episternum and epimeron (Fig. 18).

In most hymenopterous insects the first abdom-
inal segment— the propodeum or median segment
— is fused with the thoracic mass, so that the petiole
of such insects is not the first but the second abdom-
inal segment.

Legs. — Each leg is composed of the following
parts: coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus (Fig.
19). The trochanter in certain Hymenoptera is
made of two segments, while the tarsus in most in-
sects is composed of several segments, the last bear-
ing a pair of claws. In some insects, e.g., the Diptera,
three appendages are borne between the claws, in
which case the outer pair are termed pulvilli and the
middle one the empodium.

Wings. — The two pairs of wings are attached to
the meso- and the metathorax. They are membran-
ous expansions of the body wall with hollow thick-
enings along certain lines called veins or nerves.
These veins often branch and interlace, and the spaces
between the veins are called cells. Much import-
ance is attached in classification to the wing and its
veins on account of the great variation not only in
the orders and families but even in the genera of a
family.

Structurally the wings of insects may be grouped

into three divisions:

I. Where the fore and hind wings are of similar texture and more or

less fan-like. Under this division fall the Dragon flies, in which both the

size and form of the wings are very much alike. Butterflies, wasps, and

bees have their hind wings smaller than the fore wings, while some of the

Fl(;. IQ. — Leg
of a beetle {Ciito-
ioma calidum).
c. Coxa; c^, claws;
/., femur;i., spur;
*.•-/.*, tarsal seg-
ments; lb., tibia;
tr., trochanter.
(.After Folsom.)

STRUCTURE, GROWTH AND ECONOMICS

May flies and the males of scale

i

OF INSECTS 15

m„rK ,1 1 . , '"*'"^'* ''*^« 'heir hin.l wings verv

much reduced or ent re v wanfin,, i„ .1, a- /„. V * '

.inKs are converted into "^IT^^^J^ ^'" ^""""'^ '"^ •>-"

KxamZTf fu:h°:hicrnT„r:/r ^""'^- -^ '■^"""'>' ^''"^"'-"■

hoppers and crickets, theretle! "'' ""''^ °"'"^ '^""'"« "^^ "-^
ami the heteropterous bugs.

,?• Where the hind and fore
ivings are strongly reduced or
completely atrophied, as in the

tleas (Siphonaptera), bird-lice

iMallophaga) and sucking lice

ySiphunculata).

Venation.— It has been found

that the system of veins in the

different orders of insects is

fundamentally alike, being de-
rived from the primitive type

fairly well seen in some stone-

tlies and some cockroaches.

This fact becomes evident only

when a comparison is made of

the wings of the more general-
ized members of the different

orders, as specialization has

greatly modified their structure

in most genera. Comstock and

Needham have shown by a

study of the developing wings

uf nymphs and pupa; that the ''"■ •"> -Scvirai

principal longitudinal veins in t:"^SefiZ:::T

I he more generalized orders are

formed about trachea; (Fig. .0). In the development of the wing

hcse tracheae grow out into the wing-bud, and later the vems are
formed about them. The cross veins, however, as a rule do not arise
■|i this manner, as trachea are apparently absent. In the course of
wvelopmcnt specialization has brought about changes in the venation
recognized, first, by the addition oj veins through branching of the prin'

wtaKi's in the de-
'if ai-ahhaHf luitter-

i6

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

cipal veins as in many Neuropteroids and Orlhopteroids; second, by the
addition of cross veins; and third, \>y the reduction of the number of veins

§iLSci .

3dA idA

IsIA

Fig. 2t. — The hypothetical primitive type of winK venation. {Afler Comstock and
Nttiiham.)

through coalescence of adjacent veins, or by the disappearance of veins,
as in most moths, flies and hymenopters. The chief longitudinal veins
are the cosia (C), an unbranched vein on
or near the front margin; the subcosia
(Sc); the radius (R); the media (M); the
cubitus (Cu); and the anal veins (A),
typically three but often reduced to one
or two.

A knowledge of the different types of
venation is very important in classifica-
tion. The Comstock-Needham system of
terminology is adapted in this Classbook,
and students should consult the recent
work of Professor Comstock — The Wings
of Insects — for a full discussion of the
general characteristics of the wings of the
several orders of insects.

Clothing of the Wings. — While the wing*
of many insects are naked, many arc
covered with fine seta;, hairs, or scales.
The coating of scales is the most distinc-
tive feature of the wings of the Lepidop-
tera. These scales are modified seta,
being evaginations of greatly enlargeil |g
hypodermal cells. They are provide
with ridges, these serving to increase their rigidity and their protei

Fig. 22. — Various forms of
scales. A, E, Thysanuran
iHachilis): B, beetle (^Anlhre-
nus); C, butterfly (Pitris); D,
moth {Limacodes).

STRUCTURE, GROWTH AND ECONOMICS OF INSECTS 1 7

live value (Fig. 22). I„ a.Ulilion, the la-autiful ™lors are <lue to
ihe scales, and are pro-lucnl (,) i,y (he piRmenLs present, (2) l,y the
rellech.,n, refraction or .lilTra. ti<,n of li«ht, „r (,,, |,y a combination
of tliese causes. Scent gla„,ls, caile.l ,,W™„«,„, are associated with
the scales, mainly on the wings of males.

(c) Abdomen.-The abdominal segments show a greater uniformity
m form than do the thoracic segments, owing to the fact that the former
are not specialized for the bearing of legs and wings. This uniformity
IS not merely external but extends to some of the internal organs
notably the muscular, respiratory and nervous systems. \ greater
^differentiation and consequent difference from the other segments is
I usually found in the terminal segments which are modified to bear the
4K(mtaliaand cerci in the first segment in the Hymenoptera which has
united closely with the thoracic mass, and in the petiole of the same
insects which is greatly reduced in diameter and often nodulated (ants)
lypically the abdomen consists of ten segments, but in some
Orthoptera eleven have been found and twelve in a few embryos. In the
adult insect it is often difficult to distinguish ten abdominal segments
owing to the fusion or disappearance of certain of the segments, to the
modification which the terminal segments undergo, or to the telescoping
of these hst within the other segments. Each segment is made up of a
dorsal sclerite, the lergum, a ventral sclerile, the sternum, and a pair of
pleural membranes connecting the two. The first seven or eight
aMominal segments usually bear a pair of spiracles each. Typically
the anus opens in the tenth or last segment and the reproductive ystem
between the eighth and ninth.

Appendages of the Abdomen.- In the embryo the abdominal seg-
ments bear paired appendages which are homodynamous with the lees
Nd mouth-parts. These usually for the most part disappear on hatch-
inK, but they persist as prolegs during the larval life of the Lepid-
|oi>tera, Tenthredinids and Mecoptera; in certain Thysanurans they
tt'crsist as rudimentary abdominal appendages throughout the life of
Itne insect.

The cent which are present in most of the more generalized orders
nd in the thysanunform larvie are usually the appendages of the tenth
iijdomir.-il segment.

^i. ^onap.physcs or plates of the genitalia are the appendages of
nenth, eighth and ninth segments and are known respectively as

i8

ECONOMIC KNTOIIOIIXIY

Ihi' vi'ntral, inner and iliirsal plates. The inner |>itir usually farmH the
iiviiHisitor or the intrumiltent or^an, and the outer [rairs may form a
sheath or clasjiers.

The Cienilalia. — A knowledge of the genitalia is of im|x)rtance to
the taxonomist because in certain families the se|>aration uf species
is based largely on these structures. It is also of importance to the
economic entomologist because it enables him to understand the
method of egg deposition in injurious and beneficial insects and
the poisonous action in certain forms in which the ovipositor has been
modified to form a sting.

Pic. 3i. — Abdomen of female house-fly. showing extended ovipositor, a.. Anus; (..
cercus; d.p.. dorsal plates; v. p., ventral plate.

There is no true ovipositor in the Neuropteroida, Coleoptera,
Lepidoptera or Diptera, the vagina opening directly to the exterior
(Fig. 23). In some of these insects, however, a whip-like or tubular
pseudo-ovipositor is formed by the last few segments of the abdomen
{e.g., Cerambyx, Cecidomyia, Musca).

A true ovipositor is developed in the Thysanura, Orthopteroidu,
Hemiptera and Hymenoptera (Fig. 24). In the Orlhoptera the gona-
pophyses are used for making holes in the ground or slits in stems for
the reception of the eggs. In the Hymenoptera there are various
peculiar modifications of the ovipositor: Megarhyssa, one of the larger
ichneumon flies, uses its long ovipositor as a drill, forcing it, in spite
of its extreme sk-iidcrness, up to the hill in the trunk of hardwo-d
trees in order to deposit its eggs in the burrows of the horn-tail borer

7Wi 'ik'^mr'ii

I

STRlT-rrRE, r.R„WTII AN.) FCCNOMICS „f ,NSK. TS

"0

aWmrx Ma) ih. s.w .lies have .he i„„er plau-s u„i.e.| .„ „,,,„
llu. c^« channel .he up.KT pla.es f.,rm a ,hea.h, while .he lower ha
.e rate c, tee, and are wie .le.l hke a .aw, making sli.s in leaf or s,em
f.>r the <le,H,s,„o„ of ,he eggs. In .he stinRing hvmeno„.era .he
;. pos tor . mo.l.he.i to f..r„ a ,tin«; the up,«r values oi L U.^

an,! .he ventral lol«.s are represented by a pa,r of l,arl,ed dar.s ThJ

■""" >» "I 'WO kinds, one alkaline the o.her

"I'l, and is secreted l.y glanrls vvi.hin .he
alxlomen.

.i

INTERNAL ANATOMY

The internal anatomy of an inscc. maj'

lie discussed undar the following heads: («)

muscular system; (4) resi)iratory system-

ir) circulatory system; (rf) intestinal or

digestive system; (e) nervous svstem (/)

reproductive system (Fig. 25).

(a) Muscular Syslem.—Thc mu^Luur

system of insects is well developed. The

muscles are attached .0 the inner surfaces
"f the exoskeleton.

In the abdomen the arrangement of j

the muscles is the same in each segment, f,.,. .4.--sti„„and ...is,
except at the extremity where special mus- •'•i'i>a'-''ius uf hcney bec''"'o7
cles exist for moving the oviposi.or, the ^;";:Z„"'Xn,,'; ''t^r^
lerti or other terminal organs. In the ^'"''- '•• ^'i"« <.Wr A™^-
sternum of each abdominal segment there '"''"*

chain"' tV™ ^•^'''"f "'"^""'''"^' ""'^'^^ °" '^-^^ «ide of the nerve
ham. These are the longUudinal sternah or venlml recti (Fig. 2b) In
the tergum also similar set., of muscles occur on each side of the . Wrsal
vessel; these are the longUudinal tergals or dorsal recti. Betwe. . hese
ongitudinal muscles and the integument are numerous ,.W,V„e and trans-
2^ muscles, and these, with the longitudinal muscles, brLg about .he

nerh 17'' "?''""' " '^'""P'"« "■•'^■™^"'^ of the' abdomen
ron L , "' ^r""' ""^ ""'' '''° '"■' ™-^'^^ -hich pass

from the tergum to the sternum. These are the tergo-sternals wK, h

20 ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

bring about the contraclion and expansion of the abdomen necessary
for respiration.

In the thorax of larval insects and of the wingless forms the arrange-
ment of muscles follows the same general plan as in the abdomen,
but the presence of the leg muscles makes it more complicated (Fig.
27). In the winged insects, however, this primitive arrangement
cannot be readily recognized owing to the presence of large wing muscles
and also to the fact that the thoracic segments are very often fused
together. The muscles which move the head originate in the prothorax
and are inserted into the base of the head. Within the head are muscles

t

MuM

Fig. 25. — Internal organs of the cricket {Grylius pennsyhanicus). AN., Ar\i^\.-
nal nerve; Oes., oesophagus; Br., brain; T.. teutorium; Ao.. aorta; S., suspensoriun;
of ovary; H., heart; Ov., right ovary; Col., colon; R., rectum; A., anus: MT., Mal-
pighian tubules; Od., oviduct; Op., ovipositor; BC, bursa copulatrix (copulatory
pouch); Vag., vagina; RS., receptaculum seminalis; Mes.. mesenteron; VC, con-
nectives of ventral nerve chain; VG„ ganglia of ventral nerve chain; S.Cl., salivary j
gUnds; Lb.N., labial nerve; SC suboesophageal ganglion; Md.N., mandibular nei vn;
,SD,, salivary duct; HP., hypopharynx: P., pharynx; Mx.N., maxillary nerve; LA',
labial nerve; ON., optic nerve; C crop; P., proventriculus; GC gastric cceca.

for the control of the mouth-parts and antenna;. In the mandibulate I
insects the muscles which move the mandibles occupy the greater j
part of the head cavity.

Mention should also be made of the alary muscles of the heart,!
the circular and longitudinal muscles of the digestive canal, and the!
spiracular muscles which bring about the closure of the spiracles during!
respiration.

A mu?cle consists of a bundle of long fibres, each with several nuclei I
and a sheath, the sarcolemma. In most cases the fibres present
striated appearance due to the presence of alternate light and dcrk^
bands.

1

STRUCTURE, GROWTH AND ECONOMICS OF INSECTS

el.

Pig. 36.— Ventral surface of larva of Sphida ,Min,,„ .1,

LI.: lateral ganglion; <r., tracheal trunk; Ir.lal.. terao stcrn.i ='™7'">' '^"nal;
."•.mm., ventral longitudinal muscles; SI, ,.-'-'' '""' ""»^':l'''
''■J, vas deferens; "• ' ' " ' "*■ '

les; v.r.maj..

..«-.u^,„a, musc,es; .5.(,j., suspensorium of testes- f,;,,.^

SP.. sp,racle; T.. thoracic ganglia: /, II m 7,' ^"\ "

ig mo leK;.(r.,., transverse nerve; iJB br»i„ aWom.m

minal

2 2 ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

(A) Respiratory System.— The exchange of gases in respiration
is effected by means of a system of small tubes called trachea which
extend inward from the surface and branch to all parts of the body.
The external openings, called spiracles, are situated on the sides of the
thoracic and abdominal segments (Fig. 28). From each spiracle
a short tube runs inward and connects with the trunk tube running
along the side of the body. There are thus two main or trunk tracheal
tubes, on» on each side of the body. Each gives off three large branches
to each segment, the upper, the middle, and the lower. Each of these

Ext. Tib.

Fl.Tib. JJlFl.Tars

Fig. 27. — Muscles of hind leg of Grytlus pennsylvanicus. Exl.F.. Extensor <'t'
femur: Exl.Tib., extensor of tibia; Exl.Tar.l. extensor of first tarsal joint; Ext.Tar.2:
extensor of second tarsal joint; Ext.Tar.3. extensor of third tarsal joint; Ft.Tat.i.
flexor of first tarsal joint; Fl.Tar.2. flexor of third tarsal joint; FLC. flexor of claw- ;
Ext.C. extensor of claws; Fl.F., flexor of femur; Fl.Tib., flexor of tibia.

branches subdivides frequently so that every portion of the segment
is entered. Moreover, these tine tubes anastomose to form a deli-
cate network, and allow a continuous circulation of air to take place ,

In many insects, in addition, are large sac-like dilatations of the
trachcje which serve as air reservoirs.

Trachea; have a striated appearance due to ihe thickening of tbf
chitinous wall into a compact elastic spiral, thus preventing the collap~e
of the tubes. Special respiratory devices are seen in aquatic inscci ■.
Nvmphs of May-flies and Damsel-flies have lamellate tracheal-gilii.

SIRUCTURK, GROWTH AND ECONOMICS OF INSECTS

nymphs of Stone-flies and Caddice-
tiies have filiform or cylindric Iru-
iheal-gills, larva; of Culex, Corethra,
Simulium and Chironomus have
blood-gills, while nymphs of Dragon
Flies have internal tracheal-gills.
Tracheal gills arc outgrowths of the
body wall with fine tracheal tubes,
in which there occurs during res-
piration an exchange of gases be-
tween the air in the tubes and the
water. They are usually external
hut in the nymphs of Dragon Flies
they are internal, being arranged
in rows on the inner walls of a gill
chamber in the posterior portion
of the alimentary canal.

Blood-gills are outgrowths of the
body wall in which the blood flows.
The exchange of gases in respira-
tion occurs between the blood in-
side and the water outside.

Structurally a trachea consists

of a chitinous wall or intima as a

lining membrane spirally thickened

at regular intervals by elastic

threads called teenidia, and a cellu-
lar wall of hypodermal cells, the

pavement epithelium.

(c) Circulatory System. — While

there is a blood circulation in insects

the only blood vessel is a dorsal

lube lying just beneath the notum.

The heart or posterior portion of

the dorsal tube contains a number

of ventricles or chambers, each with

a lateral valve which allows the

blnod to flow in but not out. There

23

Fi(.. 28. — Respiratory system of ttie
larva of tlie budmoth {Tmelocera ocel-
iana). (Insect opened along the median
dorsal line.) C, tracheal commissure;
r> , rtnrsal branchi H., supplying heart;
v.. ventral branch; fj.. visceral branch.

24

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

are also valves between the chambers so that when the latter con-
tract the blood is forced forward. The blood on leaving the ventri-
cles passes into the aortic portion of the dorsal tube, toward the head,
and thence flows into the body cavity bathing all the organs. The
blood is usually colorless and consists of two portions — the watery
serum and the white blood corpuscles.

Fat-bodies. — These are masses of fat-cells occupying a large part of
the cavity of the body, and lying between the organs. At first the fat-
cells are large and spherical, but they lose their structure to a large
extent through breaking down. They contain nourishing albuminoid
matter, besides uric acid and urates. Their exact function is not

Pig. 28a. — Apparatus for closing the spiracular trachea; in a beetle (Lucanus)
A, Trachea opened; B, closed; b.. bow; bd., band; c. external cuticula; I., lever; m
muscle; J., spiracle; /., trachea. (Afiet Judeich and Nitsche.)

definitely known. Associated with the fat-bodies in the abdomen of
larvas are large yellow cells called anocytes which, according to Glaser.
secrete an oxidizing enzyme.

(d) Intestinal or Digestive System. — This system occupies the central
portion of the body, and is divided into distinct regions with special
functions f Fig. 29) The food passes from the mouth into the pharynx
where it is subjected to the action of saliva secreted by the salivarv
glands. Thence it passes in the Orthoptera and Coleoptera through
the oesophagus into the crop, a folded and membranous pouch, whero
the action of the saliva is completed. The partially digested food then
passes into the gizzard or provenlriciUus, a muscular enlargement armel
with teeth for the purpose of straining the contents before entering tic
true stomach or ventriculus. In many caterpillars the food passi-

Klar

Colo

(

STRUCTURE, GROWTH AND ECONOMICS OF INSECTS

25

.«o^Wu?;'i^tK:r.'X!d°c'"^c" ^"7!^— -'.. Salivary „uc.; 0„..
m.. meseweron; Mv.. valve between two' ^vkf ' ' PfT"'"™'"'; «'- «astric c«ca;
Rlands; il.. iliu™; „.rf., duo, „ Ta". shian Zl ^' ""="•""": «'.. digestive
colon; rt., rectum; An., anus. "^'P'S"'"" tubules; ul.. malpighian tubules; Co/.,

36

ECONOMIC KNTOMOLOOY

s\r

Fig. 30. — Dorsal view of ali-
mentary eanal of the larva of the
budmoth (Tmelocera ocellana).
Ph., Pharynx: ()".. oesophagus;
SM., suspensory muscles; Tr.. vis-
ceral trachea; of left side; MT..
MalpiKhian tubules; A/«.. mesen-
teron; Int.. small intestine; In.,
intestinal nerve; R., rectum.

directly into the stomach which is long.
Further digestion occurs here through
the action of secretions of the coeca/ lubes,
often called the gastric ccera, which con-
sist of glandular pouches emptying into
the anterior end of the stomach. Most
of the digested food is here absorbed
and passes into the circulation. Pos-
terior to the stomach is the inle.sline
which consists of three parts — ileum,
colon, and reclum. Into the ileum open
the Malpighian tubes which are excretory
in function, similar to the kidneys of
higher animals. The undigested portions
of food are expelled through the recltm:
and anus.

Some variations may be noted. The
oisophagus is long in those insects that
suck their food, and short in herbivo-
rous forms. In sucking insects the giz-
zard may be absent, and the crop is often
a side pocket of the oesophagus (Fig. 30).

Structurally, the wall of the alimen-
tary canal consists of:

1. An epitlielial layer of cells which
secrete the intima or lining layer.

2. The delicate basement membrane.

3. Circular muscles.

4. Longitudinal muscles, which aid in
constricting and enlarging the canal

(Fig. 31).

From an embryological point of view
the alimentary tract consists of threi
primary regions:

1. The Stomodceum, embracing thr
fore part as far as the stomach.

2. The Mesenteron, or mid-inteslin •
embracirig the stomach, and

STRUCTURE, GROWTH AND ECONOMICS OF INSECT

■s 27

oM

m.d.

Fk. 31 -Sections throuKh the proventriculus ..f f,VyH„, Prnnsyhaniru, ,All
K-reatly enlarged.) ,. Longitudinal seetion through the median denT.ol. ''^"
I ransverse section passing through tw folds „f .1,- ._.■ Jv.." ilEnticles. 2.

...- proventriculus passing through the median denticles , TrJnsJ"""'" ^'"°"

partition between dent^^ f Ids; f:":i?cu'i:'r°comr:,-r*''''''; "•"• '"■'■""'"'
^..Ive, ,^, epithelium. iM.. inn;r barkaeTlobes ^ InZ.wT ?'! 'V, "■•*'"-■

28

ECONOMIC ENTOMOIOGY

3- The Proctodaum, emhiacing the portion posterior to the stomach.
The stomodoeum and proctodoeum are ectodermal in origin v lile the
mesenteron is probably entodermal.

(e) Nervous Syslem.~The nervous system of insects consists
essentially of a series of ganglia joined by a double nerve-cord lying
along the ventral surface of the body. Each primitive segment had a
double ganglion, but in most insects fusion of ganglia occurs in the head,
the thorax, the anterior and the posterior portions of the abdomen.'
Great variations occur even in the same order. The largest ganglion
is in the head, and is the result of the fusion of three pairs. It forms
the brain or supra-atsopliageal ganglion, lying above the oesophagus.
There is also another large ganglion, the sub-cesopkageal, lying below the
oesophagus, and connected with the brain by a double nerve-cord about
the (esophagus, the (esophageal nerve collar or commissure. It also repre-
sents the fusion of three pairs of ganglia.

From the brain nerves are given off to the antenna, eyes, and
labrum. The sub-oesophageal ganglion controls the mouth-parts.
From the ganglia in the thorax and abdomen nerves supply the various
segments and control their movements and activities (Fig. 26).

In addition there is the Sympathetic nerve system which mainly lies
along the dorsal line of the alimentary canal. It consists of a recurrent
nerve arising from a. frontal gangUon and ending in a stomachic ganglion.
Two pairs of lateral ganglia are connected with the recurrent nerve and
supply nerves to the dorsal vessel and the traches of the head. A
ventral system lies in the main nerve cord and activates the spiracles.
Nerve-cord and Ganglia. —The nerve-cord consists of an axis-cylinder
of iibrillae and a sheath. It is concerned with the transmission of
impulses and stimuli. The ganglion is a centre for the regulation of
nutrition. It consists of a dense cortical layer of gangUonic cells with
large nuclei, a clear medulla from which nerve fibrillre originate, and a
nerve sheath.

(/) Reproductive System.— la all insects the sexes are distinct.
The sexual organs are situated in the abdomen and consist in the
female of a pair of ovaries and a pair of oviducts opening into the vagina
and frequently externally by an ovipositor, and in the male of a
pair of testes and a pair of seminal ducts {vasa deferentia) opening into
the ejaculatory duct and externally by an intromittent organ. The
external opening lies between the eighth and ninth segments'of the ab-

STRUCTURE, GROWTH AND ECONOMICS OF INSECTS 2g

.l..men-never in the la.t. In most insc-cts there is i„ the female a
..«m« recepiarl., a dorsal pou.h „f the vagina, an.l in the male a
sfnanal vesicle, a .lilated portion of the vas deferens. The ova are
formed m the ovarian tui.es in dilTerent stages of growth, the largest
and oldest bemg nearest the ovi,l,„l. The spermatozoa arise in the

—susp.

Susp.

ubr.

'ed.

; ^pc
hnt.

Pio. 32. Pi

of seminal vesicle: <i.,ejaculatoryduct,'«'- ■'." "u"'"'''' "'^"''^ °" ™"''»«

organ or penis. '""^^ ''"'^'' '*-^- spermatophore cup; ,•,(., intromittent

penforium o7o™riI:; o'^otrSTr °' ''"""' ^'"-^'™"-- -5-^. Sus-
»minal receptacle; l.i.Totl^"'narZT, T' ' '^- ""'''•"• ^'- ""^"^^ '-•
pouch; Ovf.. ovipositor. receptacle; raj., vagina; be. copulatory

follicles of the testes. There are also usually accessory glands which
secrete mucus that envelopes the spermatozoa and ova (Figs, arand

man^''t'"T""'' °[.f P^^uction without fertilization, occurs in
many ,nsects-m aphids, Cynips, Lasius (Ant), and some Coccids

30

F.cnNouic F.mimituyr.\

Several generali„l,^ of ftmales only which l.riiiK forlh living youiiK
may occur, hut at intervals males appear and fertilized e^gs arc laid.

In some species of the ("ecidomyiida; the young are produced by
larva;. Such a method is called padogenrsis. After several genera-
tions, however, the last larva pupate and form normal male and female
flies. Kxamples are Tanylarsut dhshnilh and Miastor americana
(F'g- 3,?«).

Another method of asexual reproduction, called polwmbrvmy
occurs in certain parasitic insects, e.g., Polygnolus. belonging to the
Hymenoptera. Each egg produces many embryos, instead of one,
which develop into as many adult insects of the same sex.

Pli;.

Y.ninK i):cd()Kcnetic , .rvnj i,f .\riastor in the li.,dv "f the mother Lirva
(.roully enlarged. (Aftrr Paten tUchrr from Fnl.tom.l

(

Tm: Dkvklopmk.vt of Lnskcis

All insects that reach maturity pass through two distinct stages
of development— the embryonic changes within the egg, and the
changes after leaving the egg until the adult condition is reached.
The growth of the embryo within the egg progresses from the seg-
mentation of the ovum to the formation of the blastoderm with its
ventral plate and germinal groove, and the gradual growth of the
ectoderm, mesoderm and entoderm, from which layers the various
organs of the body arise.

(a) Embryology.— The egg or ovum is a single cell containing—
(i) The nucleus or germinal vesicle, (j) The yolk, or nutritive material.
(3) The cytoplasm. (4) The cell wall or vitelline membrane. (5)
The egg shell or chorion. (6) The micropyle or opening in the chorion
to admit the spermatoza (Fig. 34).

When the sperm nucleus unites with the nucleus of the egg, and
forms a segmentation nucleus, fertilization is accomplished.

By division of the segmentation nucleus a large number of nuclei
are formed many migrating outward toward the margin of the egg.
There a layer of cells internal to the yolk membrane called the blasto-

STRlCTfRK, GROWTH AND K<-..N„MI<S OK INSECTS ,,

Jj^ is finally pr,.,,.,...,,. .his s,a«.. .,f ,he emi.rvo i. kn..w„ a. .....

Flii,

3J-— Fi.rnialiun ut the blast

ili-rm ami thf kiti

„, , ," "'usM.ciiTm an,] ihc

m.. Wastoilerm: Ksl.. (jcnn band

,,,''^";'' /*.<'l.'avagcni„ld;
(■i/lfr l:s<krri,h.)

The blastoderm thickens by cell division in one region formin.
.he pnmunc streak or ,,rn, barul which presents in surface view a^oal
or elongated area along the ventral face of the egg. So^n a grZe

1

.'.. dorsal, ,.. Kerm band; * h'etd end otTc °m b^nd'i T' r""""','- "'astoderm;
v< -ral; y.. yolk. (Fob„„ „/,„ Brand!.) "^ ' "^ ' '"''''• '- '"°^»' "••

' astoderm. The hps oi the groove close over the invaginated portion
producng an outer layer, the ../«rf.„ or ../„*/„, andlhe Inne'TC;

3»

ELONdVlir KNTDMOUHIY

i I

liu' ^rriii l>aii<l from
iimuinn, and an ouUt

Ihc cnilohlast (mr.\o-nihiilrriii\. Tlii^ sia^i' of ilu- tmliryo is known as
the Kuslrulti.

Meanwhile the Ijiasloiltrni is folilinj; o\ir
either side, proilueinK an inner memlirane the
membrane— the srroiu (I'i((. 35).

Two types of perm hands ma\' be noted. The overgrouti t)'pe
retains its original position (Ki){. ,10), and the blastoderm folds over
the germ band from either side forming the two layers amnion and
serosa. In the imaginalcil ty|)e, seen in aphiils and Odonata (Fig. 37),
the germ band invaginates into the egg so that its ventral surface

faces the dorsal surface of the egg.
.At a later stage the embryo turns
and regains its original position.

The germ band shows early
signs of segmentation, beginning
first at the anterior end. An in-
vagination of the ectoderm near
th.' anterior end forms the slomn-
liisum or fore gut, anfl a similar
posterior invagination forms the
proctodcntm or hind gut. The
segmentation shows about 21 seg-
ments, &-7 to the head, 3 to the
thorax, and ii-ii to the a'
men. On each s^'gment c ■ 1
the first and last a pair of tiny limbs (buds) are seen.

Soon the germ band widens and closes over the yolk to form tlic
dorsal wall.

Before dorsal closure occurs the beginnings of the nerve-cord
form in the median groo\'e. This primitive nerve-cord is double,
and a pair of swellings in each segment develop into the ganglia of
the ventral system.

The trachese arise as invaginations of the ectoderm.
The entoderm arises from the cndoblast, the inner embryonic layer,
as two cell masses situated at either end of the embryo. These masses
grow backward and forward respectively, and unite to form the mid
gut (mescnlcron) .

The rest of the inner layer forms the mesoderm from which arises

Fig. 36. — Formation of tlie embryonic
membranes — mergrown type. .\m. am-
nion; Ect.. ectoderm; lint., entoderm;
Ser.. serosa. {After Knrschelland Ileidtr.)

STKUCTURE, GROWTH AM) ECONOMICS OF INSECTS ,,

.he Wood system, muscle,, repr.uluclive ..rRans, fa..|,o<ly, etc The
.I.v>s,on of ihe mesoderm into , wo layers produces pairH .avi.ie in
each segmcnt-theiW,.m,V /,„,„;,« (Kij; ,;)

hJ-w **«'^""I*'>»1»- The various changes (hat occur af.er (he
hatchmg of the egg are comprised under

!he term metamorphosis. '( /'

After the escape of the embryo from /"" TVC"^^^
ihe egg the development may be (i) hoh- { fFmL^S't 4 )

meliibolk, i.e., with complete melamorpho- Vsf/ /l)iv| ' U-"'' '

sis, the insect passing through two disiinct ififrw^'^'ni

phases, lana and pupa, before assuming \£r'-m-<^""mx

Ihe adult form; (2) helerometabolir, i.e., with /TCliM. {?-^R— " "'*

incomplete metamorphosis, without a dis- ^^^TtW^^'" ''

tinct pupal stage, the larva being like the W^'W'W^ "*

adult but without wings or mature repro- K \\ \Jc^"" ''

ductive organs; (3) ametabolic, i.e., without [nV "TCf; 7 ''

metamorphosis, the young being like the K\\) 1 L yff

adult. Insects belonging to the orders VV^^TllWj '

Ncuroptcra, Mecoptera, Trichoptera, \\j)l(C/l "'

Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, IJiptera, Sipho- M»^\"" "'

naptera, and Hymenoptera are holome- ^A®)"'"'''

labolic; the Orthoptera, Platyptera, Pie- /J^SV)— «♦

toptera, Odonata, Ephemerida, Thysan- iS&P^

■'Ptera, Homoptera and Hemiptera are ^'''^iJ^-^'"''

rometabolic; and the Thysan urans ^Jr-^

' Collembolans are ametabolic. Most '• '
injocts are oviparous, but some like cer- u ''"■■ ^' ■~Embryo of /Kton-
tain scale insects and Sarcophagida; are !e"„ia:T":.', '':i;do'™i„"a, t-"
larviparous. pendages; e.. end of abdomen-

W .?/a,..-I„ general two types <i'^Z:^p.!t^'X^.
ot larvie are recognized: the thysanuriform [','''■ "'""<:>': '"'bs; m.. mandi-
and the .„,<:,>.„. The former type is ^^^^ T^:;:,^^^^.
considered quite generalized and primitive '" ■ •""'^""'"•■uni. {From Foi-
m form, and is common among the helero- "'" """ '"""'
metabola^ The body is flattened, the legs an,l antenna- are long
the caudal cerci are well-<ieveloped, and the mouth-parts are
mandibulate. '

3

t .iM'n-

34

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

The cruciform type prevails among the holometabola. The body
is cylindrical, and the legs, antenna; and cerci are much reduced.

Many transitional forms, however, occur, and it is believed that
the eruciform type has been developed from the thysinuriform.

Ecdysis or Moulling.~AU larvae shed their outer skin (cuticula),
at intervals to allow for growth. The number of moults varies in
different insects, but is constant for the same species under the same
conditions.

In the Lepidoptera the larva is known as a caterpillar, and is char-
acterized by the possession of three pairs of true legs, and usually

4mi,^

Fig. 38. — Types of larvs. o. Grub of asparagus beetle; b, cutworm; c, cabbage
root maggot; d, fall canker worm; e, maggot of honey bee; /. spring canker worm;
i. false caterpillar of saw fly; h — a, b, c. nymphs of locust; i — a, b, c. d, e, nymphs of
squash bug. {After various aulkon.)

five pairs of prolegs on the abdominal segments. In the Diptera and
Hymenoptera the larva is a maggot, characterized by the absence of
legs. In the group of Saw-flies of the Hymenoptera, however, the
larvx are caterpillar-like, possessing three pairs of true legs and often
seven or more pairs of prolegs.

In the Coleoptera the larva is termed a grub, and has usually but
three pairs of legs (Fig. 38).

Classificatioii of Lorrs. — Escherich classifies larva; us follows:
Primary Larvd.— Larva like the adult, and without provisional larval orgaii
— Tkymnura, XfMnpkaia, Prdktilittir, Orthopiera, Iwplera, Corrodentid.

STRUCIURE, GROWTH AND ECONOMICS OF INSECTS

.^5

Lla.KsiJicalwn of Tertiary Liirvce.
A. Larva; without prolegs.

B. Larva: with well-formed sternum.

C, Larva: more or less strongly chitini^ed; thorax or at least the
prothorax drffermg from the other segments quite no.icelbly
large or more strongly chitini^ed, or otherwi'se sculptured head
generally with lateral eye points. E.ampla: Rhaph dians

CC. Larva: weakly chitinized,. soft skinned, and mostly whitish
but w,th chttmized dark head, thorax differing but mtle from
DuVt'tle?""^"" ^•-"•''"•- W^teOrub!, Stag t't'lZ

BBB. Larv* with sternum wholly atrophied or undeveloped

C. Larva: with a head-capsule and typically formed mouth-parts
I..a„ples: Bark Beetles, Snout Beetles, Bees, Wasps An '
Ichneumons, Midges. ""ps, rtnis,

CC. Larv^ without a head-capsule or well-formed mouth-part,
Examples: Most Diptera. '

AA. Larvae with prolegs.

B. Larva: usually with five pairs of prolegs. BuUerJIies and Molis
BB. Larva: w.th more than five pairs of prolegs. Saijlle..

Provisional Larval Orga»..-Provisional larval organs are tiose
which belong to the larva and not to the imago. According to Esther
. such organs represent adaptations for special functionsfso tha the

:'So£?rs;"-^- --—--" =^

the'ffrrnf .? "-'""^ ''°''''' ""'""'"'' '"^S'"^' Characters, so that
Ke fo m of the m.ago remains more or less evident. In "tertiary''
arval forms the characters of the imago are so repressed b> tho of The

larva that a new form unlike the imago results

Urval organization distinct from that of the imago may be observed •

U) m the amount of chitinization, the color and the'armature of ha"t

br.s„es, sptncs of the skin; (.) in the number of glands; (3) in the fo™

36 ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

and segmentation of the body; (4) in the development of feelers and
mouth-parts, (5) in the number and development of organs of locomotion
and (6) in the alimentary, tracheal and nervous systems. Examples
can be readily found to illustrate the differences outlined above.

Pupal Stage. — After a short period of rest the full-grown larva of
holometabolic forms changes to a pupa within a pupal skin. Usually
the outer skin is shed, but sometimes, as in the Diptera, the outer skin
becomes a puparium. During the pupal stage not only are all the

Fig. 39. — Types of pupae. I. Asparagus beetle (free); 2. puparium of cabbase
root maggot (coarctate); 3, bud moth (obtect); 4, tobacco sphinx (obtect); 5, malt
of maple scale (free).

external organs of the adult insect formed, but even the internal organs
undergo profound changes. The organs break down and reform, ami
the structures are adapted to the new creature with its new mode of life.

In most insects the pupa is quiescent but it is quite active in the
Culicidae and other families. There is but little difference, except
the presence of rudimentary wings, between the larval and pupal
stages of the insects belonging to the Hemiptera and the Orthoptera.

Three types of pupae are recognized (Fig. 39): (i) obtect, where the
appendage- and body are closely united, as in Lepidoptera and some
Coleoptera; (3) free, where the appendages are free, as in Neuroptf-a,

STRUCTURE, GROWTH AND ECONOMICS OP INSECTS 37

Trichoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Nematoceran Dipera; and
(3) coarctate in which the entire pupa is surrounded with a hardened
skin, and the appendages are not outwardly visible, e.g., higher Diptera
(Muscids, etc).

Pupae are protected in different ways: (i) in puparia, (j) in earthen
ceUs in the ground, (3) in a rude cocoon in wood or earth, (4) in silken
cocoons, (s) in folded leaves, (6) as chrysalids. Examples of the
above types are everywhere about us.

ItUernal Changes.~In the heteromelabola the internal changes are
as direct as the external changes. In the holomelabola, however, some

of the larval organs are reconstructed into imaginal or adult tissues.
Ihe imagmal organs arise from embryonal tissues (the imaginal buds)
which for the most part remain practicaUy dormant in the larval stage-
in the pupal stage the purely larval organs disappear and the imaginal
organs continue their development. Histolysis is the term used to ex-
press the destruction of larval tissue by leucocytes, and histogenesis
lor the construction of imaginal tissues.

Imaginal Buds.~The reproductive organs, the dorsal vessel and
the nervous system graduaUy mature, but many of the organs develop

38

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

from "buds" in the larva. In the caterpillar, for example, from the
inner skin or hypodermis arise buds which develop into the wings
and legs of the butterfly. In a midge or fly the head with the eyes,
feelers, and jaws, are developed by an inpushing of the skin. The food-
canal, glands, and air-tubes of a moth or a bee arise from imaginal
buds.

Imago or Adtdt Slage.—The pupa transforms into the imago or
adult insect. On the splitting of the pupal case the full-grown perfect
insect emerges.

(c) Hypennetamoiphosis. — With some insects more than two
intermediate stages may be noted in metamorphosis. In Meloe the
young larva (Iriungulin) is thysanurif orm ; later it resembles a lamel-
licorn larva, being cylindrical, fleshy, and less active (the scarabmdoid
stage), then a pseudo-pupa (the coardate stage), and later a legless
eruciform lana. In Epicauta also triungulate, carabidoid, scara-
bceidoid and coarctate or pseudo-pupa stages occur (Fig. 40). In
Platygaster, a proctotrypid, the following supplementary larval stages
are observed: (i) the cyclops, (2) the oval, and (3) the elliptical.

di

Losses Due to Insects

While everyone will acknowledge the fact that damage is done by
insects, the enormity of the losses is not generally recognized. How-
ever, fairly reliable data covering such losses for several decades
in the United States are available in State and Federal records.

Every person admits large losses due to such pests as Potato Beetle.
Codling Moth, San Jose Scale, Tent-caterpillar, Cattle Horn Fly.
and Grasshoppers, but later pages will show many other injurious
forms that remain practically unobserved by the average person, on
account of their small size, or their underground or boring habits
The damage they do is often attributed to other causes, and frequenth
reports are unreliable, unless corroborated by competent observers

The following estimate is based on statistics prepared by expert-
and published in the Year Book, U. S. Department of Agriculturi.
The loss on farm products, such as cereals, hay and forage, cotton, tc
bacco, truck crops, sugars, fruits, farm forests, miscellaneous crop-
and animal products, valued at 8370 millions of dollars in 1909, 1-
greater than 10 per cent, for there is a loss of 972 millions, not inclu(;-

j STRUCTURE, GROWTH AND ECONOMICS OF INSECTS 39

ing those in connection with natural forests and forest products and
products m storage, which would make a probable total loss of 'over
one bilhon dollars. The losses are estimaled at $.,,82,000000 for
1915, and 81,400,000,000 for 1517 (J. Ec. Ent., Feb., 1918)

Estimates of the losses inflicted by insect pests on the farm products
of Canada are mainly based on similar ones for the United States
.^t the present time it is difficult to form a reliable estimate of average
annual losses due to insects from Canadian records. In some of the
older provinces fairly complete records covering a series of years
are available, but in the newer provinces the records are incomplete
Estimates have been made of the losses from some of the more
serious pests that occasionally cause great damage, such as the Hessian
tly and the Pea Weevil. In Ontario the loss from the Hessian Flv
in each of the years 1900 and 1901 was about two and one-half million
dollars, and from the Pea Weevil in 1902 over two millions.

If, however, the percentage loss in the United States, viz., 10 per
cent, be taken as a fair basis for insect loss in Canada it can be readily
reckoned that the total loss every year in that country exceeds 100
millions of dollars.

Beneficial Insects

While the damage done by insects is enormous it must not be sup-
posed that all insects are injurious. As a matter of fact there are more
insects that are either beneficial or non-injurious than there are in-
jurious forms. Man owes much to the beneficial insects for their good
service in keeping the injurious forms in check.

The fact that most plants with colored flowers are largely dependent
upon the visits of insects for their fertilization and the setting of their
fruit should make it quite evident that insects play a most important
part m the economy of nature, and are no mean things after all. Let
one reflect for a moment on the loss to the world if the blossoms of apple
plum, peach, grape, strawberry and raspberry among fruits were not
crtilized by bees and wasps; if the clovers were not visited by
bees and if the hundreds of beautiful wild flowers of ti,e fields and
meadows were allowed to die without setting seeds

In addition, one should not forget the part played by scavenger
and carrion insects that feed upon dead an.l decaving organic matter
Ihey help to make our surroundings purer and cleaner. Besides

40

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

\

"insects constitute the most important portion of the food of adult
fresh water fishes, furnishing 40 per cent, of their food," according
to Dr. Forbes, of Illinois. They also furnish food for most of our birds,
and this food may consist of many noxious forms.

There are also many insects that are decidedly beneficial, inas-
much as they prey upon injurious forms or are parasitic upon them.
At the present time a great experiment is being conducted in Massa-
chusetts for the suppression of the gypsy and brown-tail moths by the
importation of certain parasitic insects from Europe and Japan
(see Part IV). From an economic point of view it is important for
us to know the beneficial forms so that we may not unwittingly destroy
them. Few persons, perhaps, fully recognize the valuable work done
by the modest lady-bird beetles in keeping plant-lice within bounds.-
Without their intervention it is quite probable that most plants would
die from the attacks of the fast reproducing plant-lice. Ground-beetles
are also important agents in the destruction of injurious larva, and
their value can hardly be estimated.

Beneficial insects may, therefore, be classified into:

(a) Those that prey, or are parasitic, upon injurious forms (en-
tomophagous) such as lady-bird beetles, ground beetles, parasitic
diptera and hymenoptera, etc.

(b) Those that pollinate plants, such as bees, wasps, moths, etc.

(c) Those that play the part of scavengers, feeding upon dead or
decaying organic matter, such as carrion beetles, etc.

(d) Those that serve as food for fresh-water fishes, birds, etc.

(e) Those that secrete or elaborate substances of commercial
value to man, such as honey-bee, lac insect, cochineal insect, silk-
worm, etc.

Berlese divides entomophagous insects into predatory and endopha-
gous. Predatory insects are those which devour other insects and their
eggs outside the maternal body; while endophagous insects are those
which enter the body or eggs of their victim and destroy th» 1.

Some entomophagous insects feed exclusively on one speci,.^, .shilc
others feed on several species (polyphagous) . From the standpoint ol
eflSciency in the destruction of injurious species Berlese arranges them
in the following order:

I. Those preying on a single species and having few enemies am
adverse factors, e.g., Nonius cardinalis, Pruspallella berlesei, etc.

I STRUCTURE, GROWTH AND ECONOMICS OF INSECTS 41

■ 2/'''>'P''»8<'"s endophagous species which are themselves sub-

^ ^1.::^^:!"'°" ^-^ --' ^^'^ -y ^^-- ^-o..:::.

3- Predators with special victims, e.g., many lady-birds
4. Polyphagous predatory species; Calosoma.
Entomophagous insects include members of the Coleoptera Hymen-
optera, D.ptera Hemiptera and Neuroptem. The coleopteTousmem-

The lady-hrds are small, convex, nearly hemispherical bee e
generaUy red or yellow and spotted. Their antenn^ or ? ele s are
club-shaped, and their tarsi are apparently three-jointed. TheTfeed

TulwHorr"-' ''f ''.^ '''' •" '"«" ^P-'-' -^ "-PeciaUy
\aiuable for keepmg plant-lice in check.

So Je'^hi"''* °^ 'ady-birds are quite active and hunt for their prey.
Some bear spmes, whUe others are protected by fine white down
Ground-beetles (Carabid^) are active forms that live on the surface

Th v'f-r H ^''" "' ""^"^ •"^'''' *"" -"« "-« bright coll"
They hide under stones or boards in the day-time I)ut leave the r
shelters at night. They destroy large numbers of caterpilla^ such a
cutworms, canker-worms, tent-caterpUIars, and the gruC ^urcuHo
The Iarv» feed underground on the larv« of leaf-feLng insects

and^ltStilr '''''''''' ^"'^""- ^^---^^ --
J'e^r-beelles {Cicindelida:) are carnivorous insects, and are most

ve Vi"vef them T ^'"^ '"'"'^' "'"'""«^' ^-^^'-''^y "abU
rlt J 7 .^ their common name. In structure they are closely

I^X^Zt-^' ^"^ ""^ '''- '-' ^'-^'^^^ —

The larvffi of these beetles live in holes in the ground and prey unon
unwary .nsects. They have large heads, immense jaws, long^sp'awling
legs, and two prominent humps on the back ^ ' ^ P awung

mosUy pfS'f "" '""" """' ^"^ ""P"^'^"' ''-^fi"'" fo™^.

Ickneumon-flies {IchneumonUa:) vary greatly in size, and the females

Of some species possess a protruding ovipositor. A common ex-

mple IS Megarhyssa (Thalessa) a very long tailed ichneumon whkh

^nsr T'^T'^^''' T ''''"" ''''""^^ •'--^ -" '•^p-i '-

egs beside the larval Tremex (Fig. 41); other common ichneumons are:

42

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

Tragus, which parasitizes the chrysalids of Pa^i/jo; and Ophion,-a.
form with a compressed body, which lives on the Polyphemus moth
and yellow-necked caterpillar.

The Braconids (Braconida) are smaller and are also parasitic. The
most common genera are Microgaster, whose cocoons are often found
on the backs of sphinx and cabbage butterfly larva; and Aphidius which
parasitizes plant-lice.

Ckalcids or chalcis flies (Chalddida) are minute metaUic insects.
One ,,ecies, Pleromalus puparum, is a parasite of the chrysalids of the

Fit. 41.— Female of Megarhyssa (Thalessa) ovipositing.

Another, Aphelinus, is parasitic on scale insects

cabbage butterfly,
(see also p. 354).

Proctolrypids are very minute parasitic hymenoptera often pre>-
ing upon the eggs of other insects.

Besides these parasitic forms there are predaceous Hymenopter.i.
such as the mud-wasps, digger-wasps, wood-wasps, etc., that feed their
larvie on insects. They fiU the brood cells with caterpillars, grass-
hoppers, plant-lice, or grubs of small beetles or flies. Sphecius mak.s
use of cicadas as food for its young.

Several families of the Diptera are either parasitic or predaceoiv
The two best known are the Tachinids and the Syrphids.

Tackinids or tachina flics (Tachinida) are bristly flies closely relai li
to the ordinary house-flies. They parasitize many kinds of caterpill:: rs

STRUCTURE. GROWTH AXD ECONOMICS OF INSECTS 43

The Ilemiplera include a few benpfirni f„r,« .. . .

■» the as«tssi„-bug family (ZlJZf rJ ' """f^' ''''""«'"«
ing the blood of ofher insect s'^^ v^"' "^."•■''=''-"^. «"ck-
.a„ a. auaced. ThelTl^-inJir^aJtirr '' '■"^■'"^'-

.. S:f:d^?;:j:-rS-'.--v..-«^^^

over • ^ inch long.

7'Ae Slink Bug Family (Penlalomida)
a so furnishes a few beneficial species
although a very large percentage of the
species IS injurious to plant life. Two
common forms are.- Podisus spinosus
(spmed tree bug) destroys potato beetles
and currant worms, and Perillus circum-
cmclus which appeared recently in large
numbers in potato fields where it de-
stroyed potato beetles (Fig. 42).

The Damsel Bugs (X abide,) prty upon
leaf-hoppers.

The Ambush Bugs (Phmtalida) are

'ZtTT' M ''™^''"^ '"'" """""^" °f -J""»"« injects,

rt very long. The genus Ckrysopa is the main one in the familv

en.^.s mandibirVt;r X:-r:-rS-^

ar/ofterirfr~.'' """""^ "'^^ """"y °' ""' P-ar7pa'2 ts
often mfested wuh parasites which reduce very appreciably the

Pig. 42— Perillus circum-
cmctus. an enomy cif the Colo-
rado pfjtato beetle.

44

ECONOMIC ENTOUOLOGY

eflectiveneiM of the primary. Frequently, however, these secondary
forms are infested with tertiary parasites.

In the control of injurious forms it i<i evident that primary parasites
are beneficial, secondary harmful and tertiary beneficial, on the other
hand, when beneficial insects are parasitized the primary are harmful,
the secondary beneficial and the tertiary harmful.

Inskcts and Birds

When it is known that about two-thirds of the food of our common
birds consists of insects, it becomes evident that the agency of birds
in the control of insects is of the highest importance. The seasonal
diet of the robin, bluebird, catbird, king-bird, flycatchers, chickadee,
wren, swallow, woodpecker, cuckoo, night-hawk, warblers, oriole and
many other birds has been carefully studied in recent years, with the
resulting discovery that insects form in most cases their only food, and
only at certain seasons are small fruits eaten.

Birds are no doubt of special value to the farmer in nipping incipi-

i ent scourges in the bud on account of their ability to move rapidly from

, place to place in search of food, and on account of their varied character

( and habits. Especially is this true of our winter birds which search

I j every cranny and nook for the hibernating forms of insects at a season

: 1 when every form destroyed means in most cases the absence of hundreds

or thousands of their progeny the following summer.

, f An international treaty between Great Britain and the Uniteil

States for the protection of migratory birds in the United States an^l
Canada was signed in Washington in August, igi6. For many years the
numbers of such birds had been decreasing to such an extent, through
careless and indiscriminate slaughter, that the agricultural and forest
crops of the two countries were in danger of suffering serious lossi>
from insect depredations. It was deemed advisable, therefore, in
the in -ests of the two countries to adopt a uniform system of birl
protection, such as the treaty provides. The most important provisiuii
relates to close seasons, viz: (i) a close season on migratory gan o
birds from March loth to September ist except for maritime shon-
birds when the close season is from February ist to August 15I -:

(2) an open season for three and one-half months for wild fowl; :iii I

(3) a close season throughout the year on insectivorous birds.

STRUCTURE, GROWTH AND ECONOMICS OF INSECTS

Inter-relations Betwkkn Inskcts and Plants

45

I he ulea of mter-rclaUuns m Nature was first emphasized hy Spren-
gel, Darwn and Muller, and later ecological studies reveal still more
clearly how all Nature is linked together into a system, one parade-
pendent upon another in an intricate web of life. Disturbances in one
porfon of the system are followe,! by disturbances in another,
n th,s chapter reference is made to some of the relations be-

\ZT> ""'T.u """"■ '"■■'"'-''=" '""''''' ""'' ^"'i^' ""'l I'etween
m ects and the^ parasites. Numerous other relations might be
mentioned but these are sufficient to show that a knowledge of these
relations .s an important part of the equipment of the economic
entomologist who would deal successfully with the problems confronting

In a region undisturbed by man the various parts of the system of
Nature have practically reached a state of balance through the ceaseles
ac ion for long ages of the "struggle for existence." Plant stTugZ
mth plant, animal with animal.and both with the environment. With
the advent of man, however, the balance has been disturbed by the
clearing o the forests, the cultivation and drainage of the land thi
growing of crops, and the introduction of foreign plants and ani;als
since tJie new set of conditions will be favorable to the increase in num-
bers of certain plants and animals, including insects, and unfavorable
to others This disturbance is often widespread. Favored insects

ntiedH T.' T""^ T '""""' "' '"^ '"'""''-' -PP'y of food r!
n,shed by the cultivated crops, faster at first than their parasitic enemies •
and insectivorous animals such as snakes, toads, birds and predaceous
insects will be deprived of the necessary shelter and hiding placL by
the clearing of the land, and become less abundant

On the other hand insects not favored, by the destruction of their
food plants under the new conditions, will diminish in numbers
as will also their parasites, both sometimes no doubt to the verge of

ZZT- ; "TT' ," '^ ""^"""^^ "'^ '^''-' -"'"'-"s again
f.vor the insect it will multiply very rapidly because the development
of he parasite lags behind its host. Moreover, there is always a
mit to the increase of the parasite, otherwise it would exterminate
Its host, and eventually itself.

Alany examples of inter-relaUonships among insects in addition

' 'I

'il

46

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

!;

to that of parasite and host might be given. Certain ants attcn<i
certain plant-lice with the object of feeding upon the nectar excreted
and not of feeding upon the plant-lice as some ignorantly suppose.
Forbes has shown that the corn-root plant-louse is actually dependent
upon the brown ant, I.asius itiger amerUanus, for its existence, for its
transfer to suitable winter quarters, to suitable weeds in early spring,
and finally to the corn itself.

In bumble-bees' nests one may often fiml a rclate<l bee, Psilhyrus,
living as a guest and fed by the worker bumble-bees. This guest bei'
is not content to live quietly in the nest; she often <lestroys the Bombus
queen and gets "the poor workers to rear her young instead of their
own brothers and sisters" (Sladen).

AnU' nests or formicaries often contain a motley crew of other
insects, among which arc rove-beetles, pill-beetles, fly larva-, small
crickets, thieving ants, and parasites-the majority being thieves and
robbers.

Again, no satisfactory explanation has yet been given for thi
preferences many insects exhibit in their feeding habits. As ex
amples, we are at a loss to know why in some districts the wheal
midge does more damage to spring wheat than it does to fall wheat;
why the Hessian fly injures certain varieties of wheat more than
others; why the grape blossom midge injures the early varieties oi
grapes most: why tlie Leconte and Kieffer pears are practicallx
immune from the San Jose scalu iiiiil the white peach scale; wh>
the Northern Spy apple is not troubled with the woolly aphis; wh)
the Red Dutch cabbages are free from uhe cabbage root maggot,
why the spiny elm caterpillar and the European elm scale prefer ths
American elm to the imported English elm; why the European elm
saw-fly and the elm leaf beetle prefer the European elm to tin
American; why the forest caterpillar attacks the sugar maple n
preference to the soft maple; why the maple scale prefers the sn .
maple to the sugar maple; why the apple maggot is more injurio. -
to sweet and sub-acid summer varieties than to fall and winter-a.': 1
varieties; why the brown mite is seldom seen in c|uincc and apric.i
and why the phylloxera is more injurious to the European vine th:::i
to the native American species.

Long-continueii ubscrvation.s show that there are "all grades ,
association between plants and insects from most casual contact .

S«UCTU«E, C.OWTH AKO KCONoM.CS or .K.,crS 4,

«x-ed, yucca, on r lin.r ." '^ 1"''''' "■' '" ''••«'""'^'' '"»• -"i'"'-
much adaptation on the par, ..f XlsecL '"" "'" ^'"'""''>-

mwVrf^, V,y^,V/« ^2^2 m*ect» belongmg to the families ( >,,,/;.

Mite. lAc:!:^^^^a::J^'%^;;^ -!' '>f'f «/</<..

Krowing tissue and the larva P.r„l .^ ^ ? ''"^ " '^"' *'"''" ">e

growth' The .ranl^orl L™ ^^^^^^f « 'f ^^

escapes to make new galls '^''"' *"'' ">^ «''""

.'"cS''^.'''^nL:rii ''"'''"'''' °^ "-^ '--^ "™-

conUinbothsugarandTtlr Randan '"'."T' '" ""^ '''"'^'"^'' '"""
.He larva and fhe Kro:r„;ti;s'oT.r:i;"""'™'''^*^'''- '"'»'''

'^^-'^:!i:z:S::t^:Z'; """"'^ ''-' ^^ "■- --''-• Menus'

;-^^^ the captured insect. i„.^:;:i,''2:S,n-|;;^

attempts' have been m de .! cttroHn"' -^/-quently epidemic, and
■ion and distributioHu: i cTa^ .^ '"S;!? 'h' ^ ''T ^^-
'xperiment of this nature was cirri. ITh n . ^ "'" ''"'' ''"°^"
asainst the chinch bug in hTmi sff, I 'T'"' ^^- ^''^''-
cultures of the fungus ^^iS^ ^Jj ^J'^t ^f "'''" ."'
m-.erately successful, for it was found that th. ,^' "'*' ""'^

■n moist seasons, but not in dry ones ^.n^helT'^r"'^ "'''"'^
"ous. There is no doubt, however that ^hlf '^' ""^ '"J""

'actor in lessening the severity :rti:: iltct's . X '^ ^" ""''""^"'
_Jn South Africa, Algeria and Argentina thelocost has been con
■-^^^ by the introduction of bacterial culture, of Co^^^

48

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

acridiorum, but in other regions where the weather conditions are not
so favorable this method has not met with success.

In the southern States the San Jose scale is often attacked by
Spharostilbe coccophila, but as a means of control artificial propagation
of the disease on a large scale has not been successful.

Tent-caterpillars, brown-tail and gipsy moth caterpillars are de-
stroyed in large numbers by bacterial disease.

Following is a list of the more important entomogenous fungi:

Empusa musae on flies, E. grylli on crickets, etc. and E. aphidh
on plant-Uce. Entomophthora aphidis on plant-hce, and E. sphccro-
sperma on many caterpillars. Cordyceps milUaris on larvx and pups
of white grubs, wireworms and some lepidopterous forms. Most of
the conidial forms of Isaria and Sporotrichum belong to the ascus
genus Cordyceps.

Bolrylis, Verticillium, Cladosporium, ^gerita and Fusarium attack
many kinds of insects, especially scale insects, plant-lice, white flies
and the chrysalids of moths.

Future investigations will probably lead to the better utilization
of fungi in the control of many of the most noxious insects.

Insects as Carriers of Plant Diseases

Flea-beetles by eating holes in the leaves of potato permit the en-
trance of the spores of Early Blight {Macrosporium solani) with conse-
quent parUal destruction of the leaves. It has also been shown fairly
conclusively that certain aphids and other insects' act as carriers ol
Twig Blight {Bacillus amylovorus) of apples and pears, that the
beet leaf-hopper (Eutettix lendla) transmits to sugar beets the "Curl;
Leaf" disease, and it is now believed that the squash bug (Anna
tristis), the striped cucumber beetle (D. mllala), the 12-spotted cu-
cumber beetle {D. ii-punctaia), the cucumber flea-beetle (Epilnx
cucumeris), the melon aphis (Aphis gossypii), and the ij-spolled
lady-beetle (Epilachna borealis) frequently inoculate the stems of cui
bits with the cucurbit wilt (Bacillus Iracheiphilus). Again, the pi-iic-
tures made by the plum curculio in plum, cherry and peach permit
entrance of the spores of the Brown Rot Disease (Sclerotinia/rucHgeid,
■Gossard mentions among others Aphis menu, Empoasca malt, Eccopiot uirr
rugulosus, and Lygus pralensis. "Any sucking insect can become a carrier, alsc
insect with the bark-burrowing habit."

™»CIO«., 0,0„„ „„ ,C„„«,C, O, „„CTS „

Tree crickets {(Ecanlhus) are sai.i to l,e rcs„„„sil,|e f,.r fl„. ,„ i

Insects and Disease

(Consult "'';^>'^^ofJ,.4u^En.^,o,y by Riley and Joha„n«„, and
Af cdKd; a»i Velermary Enlomclogy by Herras )

Insects and arachnidans cause disease in one or more of the fol
owmg ways: by direu >nfeaion, that is by the introduZn of a pItLo
genic organism into the circulation, as in the case of ^ f i

So?si- r ^is^LJitS^"^^" ^^--- - -

Group A.-Characteristically insect-borne diseases.
Uoup B.-Often insect-borne diseases.
Group C— Possibly insect-borne diseases

Lnder Group A are included malarial fever, yellow fever filariasi,
RoT" V""'' '"^'"^ '"'"■ •^"•^""''^ P'^^-. African 'ticl.,'

ofiefrnd'ttir'"'' '-'-' "^ "-' ^"'^ '^^^^ -<^ -- ^v^;

^,S^ZL::::;^ '-^°''' ^- -°- <^-ntery.

beriS'LS wafe'rYV"!"''' ''f ''"^' "'"■^^' P^''-^-- 'footworn,,
.J2: ' '"^ '''*P''"« ^"" "f ■"'"•^ "^"i equine infectious

hi

'it

i!

ijl ■II

so

ECONOMIC RNTOMOIOGY

Anopheles Mosquito and Malaria:

Malarial fever and ague were common a generation ago, and our
fathers vaguely attributed the disease to the presence of swamps
whose numbers have fortunately been greatly reduced by drainage.

The story of the discovery of the causal organism andof its life-
history in connection with the Anopheles mosquito is one of the in-
teresting chapters in modern biological investigation. The organism
belongs to the amoeboid Protozoa and was discovered by Laveran,
a French army surgeon, in 1880. The part of Anopheles as a second
or intermediate host of the malarial organism was worked out later
by Doctors Manson and Ross. (A full account of the discovery will be
found in Kellogg's "American Insects.")

The malarial Plasmodium on gaining access to the human body
lives within a red blood-corpuscle and thrives at the expense of the
haemoglobin. A characteristic excretory product in affected cells
is the black granules of melanin. In 48 hours the Plasmodium reaches
maturity and divides into many spores, termed merozoiles, which arc
set free in the blood. These soon enter new blood-corpuscles and
reach maturity in 48 hours as before. This production of spores coin-
cides with the characteristic "chill" of ague, and is followed by a fever
when the spores enter the blood-corpuscles. As a result of the de-
struction of the red blood-cells the patient becomes anamic. Certain
of these spores, however, make no attempt to enter new blood-corpuscles
and may remain in the blood for an indefinite period. These are the
gametes — the micro- and macro-gametes — which, if taken into the
stomach of an Anopheles mosquito, will, however, undergo further
development. The male or micro-gamete produces a number "f
whip like threads or fiagella, which are capable of uniting with tlie
female or macro-gametes, producing vermicules or ookinetes. These
penetrate into the wall of the stomach of the mosquito where they
rest as cysts, forming little lumps on the outer surface. These cysts
mature in about ten days and burst, liberating large numbers of
sporo-blasts into the body cavity, whence they find their way to t'le
salivary glands. When such an affected mosquito bites a humin
being these spores are injected into the blood and enter the red cr-
puscles. It will be seen, therefore, that ordinarily the Anophc es
mosquito is the only agency for the transmission of malaria to n m
(Fig- 43)-

STRTTCTURE, GROWTH AND ECONOMICS

^-mng sc-hizont, which .nters a re,? I, ^^h' "P""^™"^ ''"^comfs a schizont. j.
'.l.od corpuscle. 4. Fullg'own ,chi,oi°°^ <:orpuscla. 3, Ynung schizont in a red

5 Nuclear divsio^ Pr"pafa°ry ,0 sporula"!""'^ S"""""^ «'''""'" ''' '"'^'-''>-
■n.m a single mother-cell , You„» ^= 6- Spores, or merozoites, derived

-« and situated in a ed blood corrscl?''":"'^^'^'""'^''. ''="^•'='1 '"" ^ "-"O"
J> rived from a mero^ite. 8 Fuw3w„ „=' ""* m.crogametocyte (male)

"-netocvte. I„ .„.„es 8 and s ™' r^rlAc fs X"!"'; 'f P""-"™'"'- ">-«-
'l«ito; or else remains in the hur^rn w J .li ' '""" ""= "°niach of a mos-

--.ation. the round ^^^1'.^-..^'-^^.^^^^^^^'^^.^^^^^^

I i'-

^t

52

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

Stegomyia Mosquito and Yellow Fever:

The demonstration of the causal relation between the Stegomyia
mosquito and yellow fever is another interesting story, and was worked
out mainly by Major Walter Reed of the U. S. Army Medical Service
in Cuba in 1900 and 1901. In his experimental camp Major Reed
and his associates proved that yellow fever could not be transmitted
by contact with yellow fever patients, but only by the bites of infected
mosquitoes and by the artificial injection of diseased blood. The
causal organism has not yet been discovered on account of its being a
filterable virus. It is known, however, that a 12-day incubation
period is required in Stegomyia before its bite becomes infectious to a
second person. Moreover, the mosquito can obtain infected blood
from a patiei.t during only the first three days of his disease.

Based on these facts, the control of yellow fever has become an
easy matter. The patients are isolated as soon as the disease appears,
and standing water in which Stegomyia might develop is treated with
kerosene. Besides, all rooms in the building and adjacent buildings*
are fumigated, for the purpose of destroying living mosquitoes.
Ctdex Mosquito and Filariasis:

The tropical disease, filariasis, is caused by a minute nematode
worm, Filaria, which lives in the blood of man and cerUin species
of Culex (C. fatigans). The worms escape from the mid-intestine of
the mosquito into the muscular tissue where they grow for two or three
weeks. They then migrate to other portions of the body and often
collect at the base of the proboscis, whence they are carried into the
human blood circulation. Sometimes the worms become three or
four inches long and obstruct the lymphatic canals, causing elephan-
tiasis, characterized by enormous swellings of the legs, arms and other
parts of the body.

body." ga Mature microgametocyte, preparatory to forming microgametes. .,
Keating cell, bearing six Sagellate microgametes (male). ,o. Fertilization of
macrogamete by a motile microgamete. The macrogamete neit becomes an ookr
ete. II. Ookinete, or wandering cell, which penetrates into the wall of the stoma

.! ■""'lo'to- J2. Ookinete in the outer region of the wall of the stomach, i .
next to the body cavity. 13- Young oflcyst, derived from the ookinete. 14. Oocj
"« m"""* spo'oblasts, which are to develop into sporozoites. 15. Older oocy 1
10. Mature odcyst. containing sporozoites, which are liberated into the body cav
of the mosquito and carried along in the blood of the insect. 1 7. Transverse sect . .
Of salivary gland of an AnophtUs mosQmto. showing sporozoites of the malaria r,,, ,
site in the gland ceils surrounding the central canal.

1-6 illustrate sMtogony (asexual production of spores); 7-16. spototony (sex 1
production of spores). {Afia Gram andLeuckart. by permission 0/ Dr Carl Chu

STHUCTUM, GROWTH AND ECONOMICS OF INSECTS 53

House-fly and Typhoid Fever-

snecks" mlv rnn, '^ ^ ""^ alimentary canal, so that "fly-
specks may contam many active typhoid germs ^

•1«/Aro* and Infantile Paralysis:

The stable. fly (Stomoxys cakilrans), the horn-flv r//^«./ a-

--am), gad-flies (ra*.«^ and-CW«^.) and Ihe black flv St
ave both piercing and sucking beaks and are true blood-LSrrf "a
uch hey are hable to introduce viru. into the human bood^'ihrax

» a disease of many domesticated animals and of man- and it «

beueved that these blood-sucking flies are agents Ttranil^

54

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

^1

•At

i

by inoculation forming malignant pustule; but the pulmonary and
intestinal forms of the disease require other methods of infection.

In the recent outbreaks of acute anterior poliomyelitis or infantile
paralysis in different parts of the United States and Canada the stable-
fly was strongly suspected at first of being the transmitter of the causal
organism. Later, however, in many experiments in which monkeys,
rabbits and other rodents were inoculated by stable-flies caught in
the wards of hospitals containing poliomyelitis patients, and flies thai
had fed on animals inoculated with the virus were allowed to feed upon
healthy animals, no symptoms of the disease developed. Besides,
the disease spread on some occasions in mid-winter when stable-flies
could not be active agents. The present opinion is that insects play
a subordinate r61e, if any, in spreading the disease and that it is trans-
mitted by contact with infected persons. The causal organism has
not yet been isolated, being filterable and ultra-microscopic like that
of yellow fever.

Tselse-flies and Trypanosomiasis:

Tsetse-flies (Glossina spp.) are not native to America, but belons
to tropical and sub-tropical Africa. They are blood-sucking flies,
closely related to stable-flies, and in recent years have been shown
to be causally related to severe diseases of both man and domesticated
animals. Dr. Bruce made the important discovery that nagana, a
very fatal disease to horses, cattle, dogs and donkeys in South Africa,
was produced by a trypanosorae carried to the blood by the bites of
tsetse-flies. These trypanosomes are flagellate protozoa, and when
they occur in the blood of certain warm-blooded animals set up a di>-
ease called trypanosomiasis. They are carried from one host to anotht r
by certain invertebrates, such as mosquitoes, lice, fleas, and especially
by such blood-sucking flies as the tsetse-flies.

The Nagana disease is caused by Trypanosoma brucei and the tsetse -
flies mostly concerned are Glossina morsitans and G. pallidipes.

In the Congo Basin of Central Africa the terrible " sleeping-sickness
disease carries off tens of thousands of natives every year. Doctc rs
Forde and Dutton isolated the specific causal organism of this disea-.-,
which was named Trypanosoma gambiense, ard Bruce and Navar o
traced the organism to the bite of the tsetse-fly, Glossina palpal $.
Folsom states: " In the first stage of the disease, marked by the appc r-
ance of trypanosomes in the blood, negroes show no symptoms as a ni

STRUCTURE, GROWTH AND ECONOMICS OF INSECTS 55

though Whites are subject to fever. The symptoms may appear as
oarly as four weeks after infection or as late as seven year'

In the second stage trypanosomes appear in the cerebro-sDinal
nu,d and m large numbers in the glands, thZ of the necraXTnd
«roms becommg enlarged. There is tremor of the tongue andhand
drowsmess, emaciation and mental degeneration. The drows^net
losses mto periods of lethargy which become gradually Longer unU
the pafent becomes comatose and dies. Some victims do not sleeo

as a host for a human trypanosome which is probably ident^ral Jth
r. gamHense." Probably also '■ that some of the vertebmtes o.he than

ZlTu' : " "■•■ '":'''""' ^"^ "'^' '^"<' - "^ Possib'tyo tee-
things being transmitted to man" (Doane)

With regard to the development of T. fambiense in Glossina polpalis
t IS known that "two days after biting an infected an mal the flv

Rat Fleas and Plague:

Plague, known in three forms as bubomc, septicemic and oneu
monies caused by BacUlus pesHs which attacks rats, X cats dot
and other animals. The disease is transmitted mainly by flers'somf

X'e badlh fpf"' '"-^ ^"^''.r'' 'y ">^ "''- ^""w entrkrto"
P ague bacilh. Plague is primarily a disease of rats, an epidemic of
plague in these animals having often been observed to pLede aT wel
as to accompany an epidemic among human beings "

other nr'"?"'.'"'^'' "^ P"^"""""'^ P'^^g^e '" Manchuria showed an-
other phase of infection. This disease is not dependent on fleas for
s transmission, but it could be traced to an outbreak of plague fn the
tarabagans or marmots, a kind of squirrel. Dr. Cantlie says that pLue
may develop or appear in the following stages: W as a disease fna„"-
mals, (.) as ^«/,. m,„or conveyed by infected insects- (3) bubonic
plague, sporadic cases, carried from animals to man by Let (4) eo
Hemic bubonic plague carried from man to man by'insects; 'indTs)

,i"'( I'

S6

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

III

n

pneumonic plague passing from man to man directly, or conveyed by
msects. Dr. Kitasato is quoted as saying that the (Manchiirian)
pulmonary pUgue cannot spread through the air as the digestive
tract is plague-proof, and that direct contact is necessary.
Lice and Certain Diseases:

Typhus fever is transmitted from man to man by the Body Louse
(Pediculus vestimenti), and Beriberi probably by the Head Louse
(Pediculiis capitis).

Ticks and Certain Fevers:

Although ticks are not true insects yet they have been considered
as coming under the field of the entomologist. In certain western
states, viz., Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Utah and Nevada, the Rocky
Mountain Spotted Fever occurs and is produced by the bites of ticks
(Dermacenlor venustus, et al.) which carry spirochetes. The African
tick-fever is carried by another tick (Ornilhodoros moubala), the
African Relapsing fever possibly by a tick, the African East Coast
fever of cattle by ticks (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus) and the Texan
fever of cattle by a tick (Margaropus annulatus) inoculating cattle
with the protozoan spirochate Babesia bovis, a fact observed bv Dr
Theobald Smith.

Other Diseases:

The terrible "hookworm" disease of the South is probably carried
by the common house-fly. The causiil organism (Anchylostoma
duodenale) a round worm may also enter the skin from infected soil.
Pellagra is transmitted, according to many authoriUes, by the bites of
species of black-fly {Simulium) or by the ingestion of mouldy com.
White grubs {Lachnosternu) are hosts for the thorn-headed worm
(Echinorhynchus gigas) and food for swine which in turn becomes
food for man.

Leprosy, that most dreaded disease, is now believed to be trans-
mitted by flies, fleas, mosquitoes and bed-bugs. Possibly also certain
mites may be occasional carriers of the bacillus (B. lepra).

It will be seen from this account that the insects concerned in tlio
transmission of disease are of two kinds: those, like the mosquito whi. h
transmit malaria and filiariasis, which are essential hosts of the disea-c
organisms, and those which transmit the disease mechanically \'\-
insect which habitually attacks man or which may enter the house t

STRUCTURE, GROWTH AND ECONOMICS OF INSECTS 57

or ulcers in man Thl iT f^^' "^^"'^ dermatitis, scabies

bloXfle'h flies and boTflie "''"'' '•"' "°"""^ '"^ '""'^ '»"'->
nasal or a^riculr m^ ir.i' """ '"'^^""'"' ""-'' ">-"'-.

MacGregor in a recent paper (Bui. Ent. Res., Vol. viii pn ,„ ,6,1
l;^^e.gh,v organ,sms causing disease which m'ay be t^lLiL b'y

INSKCT Bkhavior Toward .Stimuli

As the relations of insects to plants and to other insects have br^n
.scussed in previous sections attention will be confineThere to he

siie ne« lo the l.ght There ,3 no conscious conlrol of the movement

:?e,L-,ir^r,ht:i7,=:t-r-€

co< kroaches move away from the light. ^

^eserved for the .ur„i„;i;:::„irtv:t„r°" °' """""' '""'^ "''"« --«>•

5»

ECONOMIC ENIOMOIOOY

i

i. 1 ;

Again, moat moths move away from sunlight but move toward a
lesser light such as electric or oil lamps. Davenport explains thi>
difiFerence by saying that "butterflies are attuned to a high intensity of
light, moths to a low intensity." Loeb explains the circling of moths
and other insects about a light. The stimulus orients the insect by its
more intense action on the muscles next the light, and the insect then
moves toward the light.

Loeb states that caterpillars of the brown Uil moth as they emerge
from hibernation in spring are positively phototropic, but after they
have eaten this response disappears, showing that taxic reactions an
sometimes dependent on the state of the body.

"Swaine finds that the destruction of piled logs by the wood-boring
larva; of the sun-loving Monohammus can be prevented by forming a
dense shade over the logs by means of brush. In his study of the army
cutworm (Euxoa auxUiaris) in Alberta, Strickland found that the larva'
are negatively phototropic and hide beneath the soil till about four or
five o'clock in the afternoon when they come to the'surface to feed.
With the weaker light they become positively phototropic and a
general migration in a westerly direction takes place. When food is
scarce hunger may overcome their aversion to sunshine with the result
that the larvae come above ground, but they still display a modified
negative phototropism and migrate in a northwesterly direction.
These facts are of practical value in controlling outbreaks of this insect
(Hewitt)."

Insects are very responsive to the stimulus of heat, i.e., they are
thermotactic.

Some insects respond to the stimulus of touch or contact, and
are said to be either positively or negatively thigmotactic. Cock-
roaches are in the habit of squeezing into narrow crevices, and Loih
mentions the case of a moth Pyrophila which also has the same habit.

Chemical substances and foods also act as stimuli influencing llic
movf lents of insects. Maggots orient themselves with regard u>
their lood and then move toward it, the orientation being the result of
unequal chemical stimulation of the muscles of the two sides of tiie
body. The deposition of eggs by most insecU on certain plants is a!^o
the result of chemotropism. The house-fly and many piercing inse. t.s
such as the biting flies and mosquitoes are repelled by phenol and oti «
coal tar products.

STKln TIRE, GROWTH AND ECONOMICS OK INSKl TS 59

Wheeler and Loeb give several examples of geotropism among

r.r. '.h ""i '"'"' """ '""y-''''* ■">'' cockroaches at r«t
place 1 themselves on vertical rather than horizontal surfaces

Obseryafons show that taxic reactions are very adaptive Ants
and aphids are posuively phototaxic when thev get wingf ami honev
l-ees are periodically phototaxic, thus leading to swarm ng Anu
".or^over, are strongly thermotaxic, thus securing for thei b J"he
optimum temperature conditions. ""

RELATION or Insects to Temperatcre and Hum.d,tv

Two im,H,r.ant factors influencing (he life of insects are temperature

n,l humul, y. Their general regulatory action has been Inorntra

l-ng t.me, but scientitic da.a obtaine.l in recent yea s enabT us to

>mk more defm.tely regarding the behavior of insects Toward the

varying tem{«rature and humi.li.y of their environment

sav ■'•■A c'a"r M fTV[ ''"' "'"™ '^°" --" ""^ other forms
>a>5. A careful study of the records of any species chartin. llrZ

maximum effic ency. With the boll »,p^..;i ,u " .'""f. P"'"'^ <>'

matelv near S>°F L^ a ' ""^'^ P°'"'* ''« approxi-

mately near 8^ F, and 65 per i .nt. relative humidity "

.eSoptero^s: irir :^zifr ""-''

for the production of the wingles's aga:?:f:',:.rZu™ S"""'""
.c-F I'ndT, ', '""T" '"'"^^-'^>' "^"^ '''"^'' -' ^ temperature of

'::odi,;;o"f'm:: ^'""■^""■"^ -^ -"^""^^ '^ -<«-- '» p'-ntX

With regard to changes in humidity, insects vary s, ,ewhat widely
Gardeners and florists have long observed thai red .^\a

< I

till

6o

ECONOMIC ENTOHOI.OCY

metabolic activities of insects are related to both temperature and
humidity. He says: "Apparently there is a degree ..f atmospheri.
humidity which being the most favorable to the maximum speed of
insect metabolism should be designated as the optimum; (hat this opti-
mum varies for each s[x.'cies, for each stage of each s|)ecies, and for
each stage of each individual."

The codling moth is an example of a common insect whose develoji-
ment is greatly influenced by weather conditions. Even within the
limits of a single state or province the rate of its development and the
time of its stages are inlluenced by latitude, by early and late .seasons,
by cool and warm seasons, and by wet and dry seasons. The studeni
will find in the observations of Simpson in Idaho, Pcttit in Michigan.
.Sanderson in New Hampshire, Hammar in Pennsylvania and Michigan,
Jenne in Arkansas, Cffisar in Ontario, Headke in Kansas, .Sieglcr anil
Simanton in Maine, Brooks and HlakesUe in Virginia, and Forbo
in Illinois much valuable data for investigations on the relation nl
insects to climatic factors.

The Distkibltion of Insects

On account of the large increase of international trade many economic
forms of importance have been introduced into Canada and the United
States from other countries, and as it is a matter of public interest
to know if such imported forms are likely to become injurious con-
siderable attention has been given of late years to the investigation
of this problem. The jjroblcm is not yet completely solved, but
progress may be reported.

The common natural means of dispersal are flight, wind, animals,
and railway!, etc. Many insects are able to fly long distances, many
are carried by wind currents and many are transported on materials
of commerce. A few examples of such dispersal may be cited. 'Ilie
brown-tail moth is a good flyer, and is thus able to spread rapidlj.
On the other hand, the female of the gipsy moth cannot fly, consequenilv
the spread of this insect follows the lines of trade. It has been observ dl
that the Hessian fly spreads most readily in the direction of the | ri-
valling winds at the lime of the emergence of adults, and that the lai x
of the San Josu scale arc carried by the winds. Again, warble and "l
flies are transferred from one district to another by their hosts. 5, in

STRICTURE, GROWTH AND ECONOMICS »T INSECTS 6l

l.inm'lf is rf»|K.nsil,lc t„r ||,.. .arrying of lice from district t.. district

■ ■lien refultinx '» war lime in serious ciWdcmics. '

The Colorado [x.tato l«-elle niigrated eastward from its liome in
( "lorado, preferring the cultivate.) ,H.tato to the wild solanums and
t -.e aspamgus beetles followc.l the lines of travel westward from the
Ailiintic,

On the other hand, ther. ar many h.,rr„- to the spread of in«cts-
"ceans, seas, mountain rari,;c a,>d ,lc .r^,. .„. natural barriers and
ttnd to prevent wide .ii -ribulin.. ( ,i,„,„'. conditions, such as
temperature and mois,u, . .re aiso v.^v Imp., , ant factor, in insect
distribution, often mdi„ctly ,!„. to th, ah.en, e .,! suitable food plants.
The chinch bug and ihe Ro.i.v \i,Hi.,tain locust, for example do
not thrive under moist oondif jns.

As the habits of insects are very variable, some being limited
others almost cosmopolitan in iluii dislrii.ution; some sensitive to
■emperature and moisture eittremes, others more or less indiffererl
to these factors; some feeding only on one or two hosts, others moa
or less general feeders and therefore not so likely to be restii. f.d in
their range, the problem of the determination of probabit , ■ ,e< t
(listnbuUon is not an easy one to solve. Moreover, the prr^ciir,- m
absence of parasites complicates the problem.

Dr. Merriam's map of the Life Zones of North Ameria .tiow^
the distribution of birds and mammals and plants into se\en ^oi,,-,
running east and west, viz.: Arclic, Hudsonian and Canadian o: ii„
Boreal region; the Transition, Upper Austral and Lower Austral ^f
the Austral region; and Tropical (see Map).' It must be understood,
however, that the boundaries of these zones are not hard and fixed
for there is necessarily an overlapping to some extent. It is interesting
to note that the great agricultural areas of Canada and the United
■States he mainly in the Transition and Upper Austral iones. Recent
-tudies go to show that in general insects lend to conform to the same
2unal distribution, although several ,orms, such as the house-fly
mosquito, chinch bug and army-worm, range through several zones!

'Mcrriam slates the laws of temperatun control as fellows:

■ ■ "Animals and plants are restricted in northward distribution by the total
r.-.|.Uity 01 neal UuriiiB the season of growth and reproduction; and 2." "Animals
"n.i plants are restricted in southward distribution by the mean temperature
»i a brief period during the hottest part of Ihe year."

62

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

! li

I

Fio. 44.— Map of North America showing the life sones (Afttr Mariam

STRUCTURE, GROWTH AND ECONOMICS OF INSECTS 6,

As a rule, however insects diffuse most readily in the zone in which
hey ongmated, and in the direction of least resistance. The Trans'
t.on and Austral zones are differentiated into an eastern hun^d a
western ar.d and a Pacific humid division and certain insects occur in
one division and not in the others.

nf H^^TT'"' °!^^^ ""'"'""'" '™P<"-tance of a study of th. factors
sums for spraying of the trees to protect them from itsTag " Car" J

jt^hitrt^^--?— ---i^^
iv^rct h^rziranrcr - —■ - '- '"-

Zones, where it has caused the loss of many million, of doUars Even in thi
Ipper Austral territory of Massachusetts, it is one of the most dl tr^ct ve
U rTr T '"'"■,''"""• ^' ^^ ^^' '""> "'^ Transition Zone, however
Deen reached it is of only medium importance. In this case it has seemed to
ose studying this problem that this insect was originally limited by the
Upper Austral, but has graduaUy acquired some degree oTekUnce to
W temperatures and has thus been able to extend' into ,he TransiUon

occu^rlir!!"""^' ''"'™,'. "'' "''«'^"°" '""^ "^'ff"^'™ of '"^«"^ have
occurred along four mam lines. The first was from the east by way of

.> 0 tir • r "' °' '"', f ^"^ ^"^""-^ ^'^'^ -d 'he open pathway
u^o the mterior past lakes Ontario and Erie. Examples of such
migration are the imported cabbage butterfly, the two species of
asparagus beetles, the clover-leaf weevil, the clover-root borer th
He sian fly the horn fly and the willow curculio. The second line was

o" t "brinir- ' "^"k '"f " '' ^'' "' ^""'^'^ "P 'he Atlantic
u LhT « "^"^ ''*'"''■ '"^'"^ '"^'=^'^' ""= harlequin cabbage
bu, and other Hem.pteta. The third line was northward from Central

64

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

m-

M«i

I :.
» 1

and South America by way of Mexico, passing up the Mississippi
valley or up the western valleys. Examples of such migration are the
Diabroticas. the cotton boll weevil, the Argentine ant, the potato
beetle, Hnlisidola, harlequin cabbage bug and the chinch bug. The
fourth was southward from Asia by way of Alaska. Examples of such
a diffusion are certain lady-birds, Lina spp. and SUpha spp.

Regarding ; he fauna of British Columbia E. M. Walker believes it
represents a minghng of Asiatic, CaUfornian and Mexican types.

With regard to insects t-hat have come in from foreign countries
it is geneiaUy true that they confine themselves to zones similar to those
from which they have come. Of these mention may be made of Crio-
ceris ojsparagi, Pieris rapa, Hvlaslinus obscwus, the warble; and bot
flies, the Si,n Jos« scale, and the gypsy and brown-taU moth's. Some
forms, such as the codling moth and other insects, tend to become cos-
mopolitan, but they seldom become epidemic outeide of their special
zones.

Similarity of climatic conditions in corresponding zones of 'wo
continents renders it easy for species introduced from one to the other
to gain a footing, as the absence of native parasites affords an oppor
tunity for excessive raultiijlication.

The infl'ieoce of elevation on tile distribution of insects is seen in
the southward extension of the zones '.a hilly or mountainous regions
In an understanding of the distribution of many northern forms often
isoUted on summits south of their normal zone geological history comt-
to our aid. The great Tertiary extension of land areas in the north-
east and the northwest, makmg land connections with Europe and Asia,
permitted northern forms f om these continents to pass to Americ.i,
and the advance of the Great Glacier southward during the Glacial
Period forced many northern forms south"ard, some of whom weic
left stranded on mountain summits on the retreat of the ice.

Methods of Stud\ing Economic Insects
It has been already pointed out that one of the characteristics ■(
modern-day investigations in economic entomology is the introduction
of the "field station" method, whereby each pest is studied un<: r
natural conditions both in the open field and in the laboratory, ix
this method it is possible to study all or most of the factors that pi v
a part in the life of both host and pest. No phase is too trivial i r

STRUCTURE, GROWTH AND ECONOMICS OP INSECTS 65

rxamination, for it may sometimes happen that apparently trivial
nd mmor fac ors turn out to be important; for exampT he dLoZ

entomology are Botany, 20^^ cii^^'^'fTer""™;
Geography, and their outgrowth^BacterTS' Fore t.^ M./ '^ '""^
Physiology, and the group termed Agriculture ^''°"'''^'

WhUe a knowledge of these sciences is valuable in the studv of in
sect problems .t must necessarily be general in its charlcUr and n"
suffioent for the solution of many of the more difficult problems The"
worker should, therefore, confer with specialists in ^tV ^

roL Sometimes recommendations are made which are at variance

meet all requirements. fcviseo to

In the study of insects of farm crops, /or example, the investigator
working along his own Une, frequently reaches a position S he
cannot make further progress without more information from '".Lrs
m other branche, and from experienced farmers Such Mnr^^
™ay relate .0 methods and action of fert>li.errmethods of Svatl"

11°?','":''°"^'"' '""' P'^y-g-Phic influences, ndZ
pr ctical apphcatun of measures of procedure. Similarly n dealh^

e iltll '""'-^P™*-^ - '--'-ig^'-" can only be'made ten'
h,re 1 full o-orerat.on with the expert horticulturist, the orchar^st
the^tholog^t and others, who are able to give vaU^ble ad*::^

■Kut Tih^f f """"'' ''"' '''"'' "' '"'''' '1^'"^"^^ it' "- rar-
•Hu ar method of investigation, for no two kinds of insects are , no

"« upon by the .same factors. Hence the su,.ces.sful inv^t^Zr ,'

cable to contrive .implebuteffecuedevices for the detcrSon .^

.h. variou.s factors. Costly insectaries and apph. ^e.. are nTf Xf

^•i.ly^necessary; on the otherhand, fhotemlemyam, ..thehe- ll

66

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

ers is to use inexpensive appliances. The most important consideration
in the rearing of insects for the purpose of ascertaining their life history
is to make conditions as nearly natural as possible. Cages of various
kinds covered with muslin or wire netting are in common use. Some
may be flower pots and lamp chimneys in which the host j>lants are

Fli- 45

Types uf
cover tops;

I'icrground bret'din)< C4«iies j, 15-in'h pots wuh
15-inch pots with cyiin'ier siiap- d tops. '.Aft^ Vavi

growing; others, breeding cages of larger size and naorc elatxn
construction.

In the sludy of underground iVms *uch as white grubs and u
worms the cages are usually bt^riefl to the lull -iepth in the ci
iJayis has found large tlower pni (:_a£<?s. (feep cylinder-chariftH cstct^^.

Pi

c. «ah
Sides

STRUCTURE, GROWTH AND ECONOMICS OF INSECTS 67

Pic. 46.— Insect breeding cage. a. Sliding glass ,Ir,or: b. galvanized iron base-
<, galvanized .ron holder for records; J. wooden base; ,-. w, „den bou. nrdetachaWe'
Sides are covered with cheesecloth, (After WtbUer.) detachable.

t t"ur ci-ps in

VIS. which fit into each other and are scpar.-.ied by netting of diff. rem si'
•■■: r-j'anide a=. ihr LL~-jin. \AfUf pitUn hv iJmis.j

68

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGV

! 1.1

cages constructed of wire gauze useful. One-ounce tin salve boxe-
are employed lo stu<ly the habits of the grubs their growth anri
moults.

In the breeding of aphids and other insects which readily succumb to
heat, the cages arc placed in "shelters" covered with a canvas screen
so as to permit free air circulation (Figs. 45-49). When trees arc
convenient the shelters may be placed under them and the screens
remo'.od.

The rearing and distribution of parasites of insects demands special
contrivances which may be easily made. Much valuable information

Pig. 48.

-Insectary and aphid breeding .shelter, showing canv,-i.s curtain rolled •
(Photo by J. J. Oatis.)

is available as a result of the experiences of the workers in the Paras: !
Laboratory at Melrose Highlands, Mass.

The economic entomologist should be a good photographer, and t 1
laboratoi-y should possess a full photographic outfit and a dark roi. 1
Cameid records are among the most valuable.

A very important part of the work of the iir.ustigator is the keep 1
and filing of lecords of the collections, experiments and observatiu •
Two catalogues of the collections— the Accessions Catalogue a.

1

.^^!imm-mm4

STRUCTUHE, GROWTH AND ECO.VOMiCS OF INSECTS 69

-hatis ad.,>ab,y adapted tZJ':'^:''' "'"* '''''"' '" ""'
J«d,scussed^ This method saves unnecessary transcribing, is

"r LTcTr ;""''"^ " "-"' ^^'^^^^ "'^ -i^e-stagestd tt : "

'aij'^nv^^^ irt?r?w^'Trr'r^wBfe

*fi?;-

i:JKr

Part ii

! TABLES FOR Tlffi mENTmCATION OF INSECTS mjTOIOUS TO FARM
GARDEN AND ORCHARD CROPS. ETC

I. INSECTS l.VJURIOUS TO CKRKAL CROPS

^ -C.. .,. Bu„. „ c. E. F. 0„..a. B„„. ,, w. V... .„„ p„,„„, „,.„, ,„ „. s. pcp. A«.,

!Z p ':"'"• """''• "'-'^*''^'' -™' P--' ■'" the ,oil.-,r,„.

3. Large dirty-brown maggots, H- inch long.-..W„„ .„,,,„„, . ,„
^Vcwj a»</ Leaves:

rf«/r,,c/„,), p. ,45. '■ ""'* '""nune.-ff„„„, piy (Mayrliola

(b) Stems above Jast joint dead, and the hi-ad« „.!,,•.„ ■ -i

head" disease. Greenish ma;^.,^ s em :bo 'iasr ;:^: "^^ L t''"

" /Sr: ^z:';:j;f^!;-:;'- ''"' " ""^^^ ^''°- "— '-

(rf) Stems brolien down and tunnelled, blackish near the ioinls- h,, I , •

^ ^::;i:r^^ris;^i=-^^^

'" ^:;^^i;;::irr" j:f '"" *"^^ -'"-' -rpi„ars.-.™,.,.,„

73

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

Heads:

(a) Htads turn white and grains are shrivelled or imperfectly filk'il- Wheat
Stem Maggot (Meromyza amerkana) and American Frit-fiy {Osdnh car
honaria), p. 361.

(A) Heads shrivelled and bliffhtcd. and imperfectly filled; the presence 01
orange-colored maggots. — Wheat Midge (Oipiosis ritici), p. 349.

(r) Heads covered with green plant-lice— Grain Louse {Aphis airHO-), p. 142

{d) Heads turn white; minute dots or lines on leaves usually run parall< ,
with the veins and remain white; the work of minute \nsects.~Grass Thrip^
(Anaphothrips sirialus), p. 119.

(e) Spotting of the leaves, spots whitish at 6rst, turning brown or black.-
Six-s potted Leaf-hop per (Cicadiila (>-itotala), p. 154.

(/■) Heads blasted and stems withered; the presence of frothy masitcs «n tin-
stems. — Grass-feeding Froghopper {/'hilanus Uneatus), p. 153,

II. INSECTS INJURIOl/S TO INDIAN CORN OR MAIZK

(Consult Bull. 44 Illinois Affric. Exper. Station)
Planted Seed:

(a) Plant fails to come up after planting; grain destroyed by a n i«Kot whi. !i

eats out the interior. — Seed-corn Maggot (Phorbia fusciceps), p. 277.
(6) Plant fails to come up, or the young plant suddenly wilts after it is above
ground; the presence of hard, smooth, yellowish, wire like worms. -
Wire-worms spp., p. 293.
Roots:

(a) Young plants killed or withered; roots eaten. — White Grubs or Wire-worm^

P- 303-
(6) Young plants unequal in growth; roots dwarfed without external injur> ;
presence of ants. — Corn-root Louse (Aphis maidi-radicis).
Stalks:

(a) Plants cut off near surface of ground. — Cutworms, p. 185.

(b) Plants unthrifty and covered with greenish plant-lice.— C(jr« Plant-lou^'
(Aphis maidis), p. 142,

(c) Stalks punctured and slit. — Corn Bill Bugs (Sphenophorus spp.), p. 338.
(J) Pith of stalk and pedicel of cob tunneled by a flesh-colored caterpillar,

terminal internode broken. — European Corn Borer (Pyrausta nubilalis).
Leaves:

(a) Leaves thickly covered with green plant-Iicc. — Corn Plant-louse (Af :
maidis).

(b) Leaves eaten. — Army-worm (Cirphis unipuncta) and Grasshopper, p. i ,0.

(c) Leaves perforated by round or oblong holes arranged in parallel tra-
verse rows. — Corn Bill Bugs, p. 338.

(d) Leaves wilted and brownish, sometimes sickly and whitish; the piesenc •^\

small red and larger black-and-white bugs.— C/i»ncA Bug (Blissus le

pterus), p. 161.

(c) Leaves wilted and brownish caused by the maggot of a syrphid fi
Corn-feeding Syrphid Fly (Mesogramma politus), p. 251-

IDENTIFICATION OF INSECTS INJ17HI0IS TO CROPS

73

1

(*) ^S,.lk. of .a« covered wi.l, ,„a„Mi.e, cv„ /.,„,^„„„ ( ,^j. „„.,.,_

HI. I.N'SKCTS I.VJUKIOUS TO CLOVKR

(C.in.uU Bull, m Illinoi, Aaric. E<|,rr. Sl.i

MJ ,U.I-.\LF.\

.11. tonij)

M Second year pl,„l, H-ilteil and dead, breaking ofT easily al ll,,- ernwn
Main root .unnelied and occupu,, hy white ,'„„es» ^n ,st ,, dirk

2 /I,! « "" ,p"T '''"'• "'"''' ""«' ""' "— ■ <" root Lew
Kool Mealy Bugs (Psrudococcus irifolii). a ui

'"' falu'J^ fl,""'"' "i,"" ''"'"'" *""'•'"'' ^^""^ '■" "■' P'"> "' 'he stem which

''\fn'.T ""h '7^-",'^'">""1 ""d dead; plants covered with large green
long-legged plant.l,ce.-/.,.a or CW P,an,-,„.e iMononpkZ '«,.

ictiiri,"

(..) Leaves fuU of round holes, and edges gnawed.-CWr Uaf W.nil ,pi„
lonomus punctalus), p. 331. ' ' ^'^"^

(*) Leaves eaten and with a ragged appearance.-Cr.„*„/,^„, „ ,„

tr", 't"'""* "''"''• ^^"°"'^'' 0^ ""O-^", wUh ;r,e?; orange
S ;V48 ""°" "'""" •"= '<""--""- WA/«,e ioZZ
ll"ids and Seed:

(a) Florets at blossoming-time green and undeveloped; the ovaries empty or

(6) Florets withered and seeds undcveI„M; the presence of frothy masses on

stems.-.)/,*/,™, Frosl,opper (PUI^„s spumarius), p. ,,3
M Seeds eaten, becoming brown, brittle, and hollow; alTccted seeds dull brown

Cfow 5«i Chalcul iBruchopkagm f„„rb,U\ p. 355

rTTv,"* J",'"'"""' destroyed, a dri.y eaten in the head.-CW 5«i
il.f-ked or Stored Clover Hay:

I") Hay containing while silky webs and particles .-.( eTcrcmcnt -C,Wr II,.
wrm UryPsopygia coslalh), p. 20S. ™ent.-C„,rcr //jy-

w-z;''iv. '*»

MICROCOIMf RESOIUTION leST CHART

(ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No 2)

I I.I

1.25

If IS m

l!f m

^ lis lllllio

1.4

1.8
1.6

^ /IPPLIED \hMC5B

'653 Eos' Mom ^tre

74

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

IV. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO PEAS AND BEANS

Planted Seeds:

(a) Plant fails to come up, due to work of While Grubs or WireTiarms, or Bean
or Seed Corn Magsol, p 2 77-
Stalks and Leaves:

(a) Plants cut off at night near surface of the ground. — Cutworms, p. 185.

(4) Plants unhealthy, often killed by sucking lice.— Pea Louse (Macros! phum

pisi), p. 149.
(c) Plants (beans) sickly and sooty, caused by a black aphis feeding at the tips
at blossoming time. — Bean Aphis (Aphis rumicis), p. 148.
Seeds:

(a) Seeds (peas) within the pod partly eaten and web-covered; pellets of excrc

ment about injured seed.— Pm Moth (Laspeyresia nigricana), p. 226.
(i) Seeds within the pod (peas) perforated with holes; footless grubs within.-

Pea Weevil (Bruchus pisorum), p. 319.
(f) Seeds (Beans) perforated with (sometimes many) holes; footless grubs
within. — Bean Weevil (Bruchus oblectus), p. 319.

M

V. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO STORED GRAIN PRODUCTS

(After Girsult. Bull. 156 Illinois Ag. Exp. St.)

Moths or Millers,
(a) Caterpillar small, whitish, living in grains of corn or wheat, pupating
within the grain, and emerging through a round hole covered with
silk at or near the tip of the kernel. Adult moths grayish clay
yellow, small. — Angoumois Gram Moth (Sitolroga cerealella), p. 214.
(6) Caterpillars, spinning much silk, usually forming a silken tube I"
which they retire; this tube covered with food particles. Living in
flour, meal, chaff, sometimes among grain, or in food substances.
Full-grown caterpillars make a cocoon.

1. Caterpillar free-living usually not concealed within a silken tube,
olive-green to pinkish, infesting grain or meal, webbing partick'S
together, covering bags of grain with a web of silk and generall;
scattering silk in all directions. The moth is brown and gray.
Cocoon elliptical, slender, fragile and of clear %iik.— Indian Me.il
Moth (Plodia inter punOella), p. 214.

2. Caterpillars living in densely woven silken cases covered willi
particles of the food substance. Common in flour or chaff in
corners.

(i) A yellowish white to pinkish caterpillar in flour, webbir.g it
together and forming a cocoon covered with particles itf
flour. Moth dark grayish. — Mediterranean Flour Moth
(Epkestia kuehniella), p. 213.

(2) A soiled grayish caterpillar, darker at each end, livini;
in chaff or other vegetable dibria in dark damp placi-,

IDENTIFICATION OF INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CROPS 75

securely webbing the food substance 'igether, so that
it becomes matted; larval case and cocoon completely
hidden, covered with the food substance. Adults very
beautiful and delicately colored moths.— Jfej/ Snout Molk
(Pyralis Jarlnalis), p. 208.
Beetles or Weevils.

(a) Small insects living in kernels of grain, or among grain and other
stored products.

I. A very small, fat, humped-backed grub, in kernels of wheat or
corn; yellowish-white, legless, and wrinkled, unable to crawl;
pupa within the kernel. Adult smaller than a grain of '.vheat,
with a snout, and elbowed feelers attached to the snout,
(i) Adult beetle chestnut-brown, without spots on its upper
winfrs. Slightly larger than the next, more common in the
North.— Ceanory or Black Weevil (Calandra granaria), p.
337.
(2) Adult beetle somewhat duller brown than the preceding
with four reddish spots, one on each outer comer of the
upper wing. A southern species.— Rice or Spoiled Weevil
(Calandra oryzig).
2. Small, more or less slender, somewhat flattened grubs, with dis-
tinct head and thoracic legs, crawling about in the debris of var-
ious grains or their products, or in vegetable foodstuffs.
Adults flattened, longer than wide, the head not prolonged into
a snout. They occur with the grubs, actively feeding.
(i) Grub uniform in color, whitish, about one-fourth inch
long, slender, its head narrower than the first body segment;
pupa with the thorax not toothed laterally, but with most of
the abdominal segments bearing a tooth-like lobe, acute at
each outer corner and toothed along its sides. Adult beetle
active, smooth, elliptical, and reddish hxova.— Confused
Flour Beau (Tribolium confusum), p. 328.

(2) Grub whitish, with a rectangular yellowbh area on
each segment above, only the margin ^itish as seen
from above; head broader than first body segment.
Pupa bears along each side of the thorax and abdomen
a series of stout lobe-like teeth, which are cylindrical-
rectangular and blunt. Adult beetle smaller than in the
preceding species, color dark chocolate-brown, sides
of the thorax sav/-toothed.— 5aK;-(o<i(*eii Grain Beetle
(Silvanus surinamensis) , p. 326.

(3) Grub dull white with a dark brown head; fleshy, three-
fourths inch long; posterior end with two dark horny
points. Pupa while, adult beetle, elongate, depressed,

76 ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

nearly black, one-third inch long. — Cadelle {Tenebroides

mauritanicus), p. 336.
(b) Large insects, concealed in the bottoms of bins, corners, and the like,
feeding upon flour, meal or bran. Adults large black beetles; the lar-
vae, large, cylindrical, wormlike creatures, resembling wireworms.

1. Adult not quite black in color, shining, its third antennal joint not
quite twice as long as the second; larva light yellowish, shining. —
YcUov Meal-worm Beetle (Tcncbrio molitor ), p. 327.

2. Adult black and without luster, its third antennal joint :hrice a-^
long as the second; larva very dark, shining. — Dark Meal-wcrm
Beetle {Tenebrto obscurus), p 328.

L f I

Roots:

VI. INSECTS IN7URI0US TO ROOT CROPS

(Turnips, rape, mangeh, and carrots)
{Consult Bull. 53 C. E. F.. Ottawa, and Bull. 60. 111. Exp. Sta.)

(a) Tips of roots of young carrots with rusty patches on surface, or rust colored
tunnels in the pulp, due to slender yellowish- white maggots. — Carrot Rivi
Fly {Psila ross), p. 262.

(6) Roots of turnips bored or tunnelled by minute grubs or maggots. — Turnip
Flea Beetle {Phylhtreta vittata); Cabbage Root Maggot {Phorbia brassic<i\.

P- 273-
(c) Roots cut oQ.—WireiiormSt White Grubs, Cut-worms, pp. 185, 293, 302.

Stem and Leaves:

(a) Young plants cut otf at the ground. — Cutwo'ms, p. 185.

(&) Surface of first leaves of turnip and rape eaten into small holes by small

active black striped beetles. — Turnip Flea Beetle (Pkyllotreta vittata), p. 314
(c) Leaves partly consumed by pale-green caterpillars. — Cabbage Worm {Pieris

rapa), p. 175-
((f) Leaves eaten by caterpillars with black and yellow stripes. — Zebra Catir-

pillar {Ceramica picta), p. 188.
(e) Leaves wilt and turn yellow, with pr' ~nce of greenish lice. — Turnip Plant-

louse (Aphis brassica), p. 148.
{/) Young leaves eaten into holes and 1. ibr blotches by small active grc< ri

caterpillars. — Diamond Back Moth {Plutella maculipennis), p. 232.
(?) Under-surface of leaves covered with a very fine loose web; leaves yellow-
ish in patches, and minute red objects present. — Red Spiders, p. 367.
(A) Leaves eaten by red beetles with black stripes (Prairie Provinces). — Rd

Turnip Beetle (Entomoscelis adonidis), p. 309.

VII. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE POTATO CROP

Tubers:

(a) Surface of tuber eaten and eyes sometimes destroyed so that growth d.
not take place; or holes bored in tlie tuber. — While Grubs, Wirewor"
Millipedes, p. 369.

IDENTIFICATION OF INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CROPS

77

s.'ii/Aj and Leaves:

M Stalks cut on at the smund. ~C»/«.o,mj, p. ,8,

rTVT ""^ '"'"""' "'"^ '"^'^'"^ =°" K'-b. and striped beetle, -
Ctoai. PoMo Beetle (Uptinotan^ dccemlineala) . p ,08
(^) Leaves nddled with small holes or surface eaten in spots by small active

^, '?;: "';'' "■"' " "««='' "PP'-^^ce, presence of long black or

str. ped soft beetles,-B/,'.,„ BeeUe. (Epicaula spp.), p. 3.3. '
(^) Stalk wUts and d,es, tunnel in stalk near the ground, and presence of a
wh„e footless grub.-/.„,./<, stalk Borer ^TricHoLis trnoZaT,7'l

..u Jir:r„;y;2r *'^ '"™'' -'^^^"-^ '° "■- ">-^-'° «--'--

VIII. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO GARDKN VEGETABLES

c.r^c^i^™;^:^:cS^-r ^s^rta^-r ^-^'

and potatoes have already been considered.)) ' '' ■""'

Roots of cabbage and cauliflower and bulb or ba.sc of onion mined by while
maggots -«„„,A/.j,„,, (p,„,j,., j,^,,.^^ ^^^ ^^^ «^./„!„) p . '

cru:T.t'j;2: »!:c^^^^^ --^'" -- - p-- -Vo

(<!)

(*)

M

•ives:

(0

(i/)

('■)

(/}

is)

.ng plants cut off near surface of ground.-Cte^ormj
Stalks, vines and leaves of cucumber, etc., eaten, and base, mined by small
white grubs.-C«c«m6er Beetles (Oiabrotka spp.), p ,07

klves Z"""^'' ?7 ""'''• """ P"^^"" "' '"8"= ''"k stink-bugs on
leaves.— 5}uoi* Bug {Anasa trislis), p. 160

Leaves and vines of cucumber, etc., sickly and dirty, under surfaces infested
with greenish-black lice.-.Vrf„„ Plant4ouse (Aphil lossypii)

Leaves of cabbage, etc., wilted, and under-surface covered with greenish
plant-hce.-CMas. Plant-louse {Aphis brassier), p. ,^3. ^ '""

IX. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE
(Comiult M«».„( „/ f ,.,-, /„„,„ by siingerUad .»d Crosby) /

ri-llt !^''i« Tr*"'' "" '?''."« ■"""' °' ™^"'"8^ "" ">e smaller roots.-
Woolly Aphis (Schtzoneura lanigera), p. 145.

'|M1

'li

>1 t

78

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOC.V

(6) Large while grubs feeding

(Lachnosterna sppj^ p. 302.

Trunk, Branches and Twigs

on the roots of nursery stock. — White Grubs

(a) A green curiously shaped bug producing longitudinal slits in the bark,

eggs laid under the edges of the ?,\its.— Buffalo Tree Hopper {Ceresa bubalus > ,

P- »57.
(fe) White woolly patches on the twigs which are usually scarred. — Woolly

Aphis iSchizoneura lanit;era), p. 145-
((■) Green soit-bodied sucking insects in clusters on young growths, particularly

at ends of twigs, producing distortions. — Apple Aphids (Aphis malt, A.

sorbi and A. avena), p. 143.
{d) Snout beetles gnawing off the bark in patches. — Imbricated Snout Beetle

(Epicarus imbricatus).
(f) Fixed to bark:

1. Scales round and gray and black producing an ashy gray incrusta-
I tion on the bark. — San Jos6 Scale {Aspidiotus perniciosus), p. 126.

2. Bark rough with mussel-shaped sca.\ei.^-Oyster-shell Scale (Lepido-
sophes ulmi)f p. 124.

3. Bark scurfy with white scales. — Scurfy Scale (Chionaspis furjuru).
p. 125.

(/) Afaking tunnels in the wood:

1. Large square-headed legless borer at or near the ground in tunnel-,
with sawdust-like excrement. —Round-headed Borer (Saperda candid >i.

p. 320.

2. Large flat-headed legless borer in upper trunk :n tunnels with saw-
dust-like excrement. — Flat-headed Borer (Ckrysobothris femorata),
p- 300-

3. Large grub in decaying wood. — Eyed FJaler (Alaus oculatus) anJ
R^ugh Osmoderma (Osmoderma sct-hra), p. 305.

4. Making tunnels between the bark ar.d wood. Fruit Bark Beetle
(E-xoptogaster rugulostis), p. 339.

Buds:

(o) Light green caterpillars with brown head and shield, folding together the
opening leaves and feeding within. — Oblique Banded Leaf-roller iCacffcia
rosaceana) , Fruit-tree Leaf Roller (C. ar gyros pila) , and Leaf Crumpler {Minroid
indigenella) , p. 230,

(b) Brownish caterpillar with black head and shield eating the centre of tht
bud, or tunnelling it. — Eye-spotted Bud Moth (Tmetocera ocellana), p. .:>

(<■) Measuring worms, eating leaves of buds. — Canker Worms (Alsophila po'tf-
taria and Paleacrila vernata), p. 205.

Caterpillars feeding within pistol-shaped cases and eating irregular holt- in
the bud leaves. — Pistol Case Bearer {HaploptHia malivorella), p. 235.
Caterpillars feeding within cigar-shaped cases and eating small round h iles
in the bud leaves. — Cigar Case Bearer (Haploptilia fletcherella), p. 234.

{f) Click beetles feeding on buds. — Corymbites spp., p. 297.

id)

(e)

IDENTIFICATION OF INSECTS INJURIOfs TO CROPS

70

- Trnt-ialer pillar {Malacmoma

l.'iiies:

(o) Gregarious caterpillars:

Caut pillars prolaled by webs:
I. Webs in forks of branches in spring.-
cmericana), p. 203.

'■ Z'^' Tr"."* "" '"*'■'' '" '""""" ""■' "'!>■ autumn -faW H>»
fVorm(,Hypl,anlri(,lexhr],p.,liu '•""Urt

3. Leaves partly eaton and drawn logethir by a web -P^/.„„ u-
{Dickomeris pomcUlla), p. ,,5. ' web.-Pa/mrr It orm

Caterpillars not protected by a utb-

\ '^RTr\°fr^r^'"'' ■"">"''C''U-rpiUar[D.Uanaminislra) p .oS
. Red-humped Apple-lree Caterpillar (S,l,iz,.ra coneinna), p ,00 '
3. Forest Caterpillar (.V. di:stria). p. J04 ''

(6) Sohtary caterpillars:
Protected caterpillars:

.. Mining within the leaf, pupa inside of folded kal.-Apple Leaf Miner
(.Ttscieria mali_ Utlla), p. 235. ' ' "'

2. Mitjing within'the leaf, mature larva and pupa within a small oval
^'^^^^^^y-~R'sple.de,ttSHieldBeare,(Vr'iiscaspi:nZt^^^^^

'■ pS"cI"« " " ^f°'-f^^^ -« which stands out from the leaf -

tistol Case Bearer (Hapluptilia maliiorella), p 33.
4. Jeedmg within a cigar-shaped case which stands out from the leaf-

Ugar Case Bearer {Haploptilia fletcherella), p ».
. "eding within a folded leaf. — Ira/- ff„«-,f7v,„,„ ,• , ^

■ Feedmg within a tube of silk, open at both ends, on epidermis and
.nn^r^ttssues, leaving the veinlets.-fi^ MotH dnutoZaoZl::),

7. Feeding on tissues of leaves beneath a silk wA.~Apple Leaf skele
lomzer (Psorosina hammondi), p. 2,3. '' '-'"l-Htele-

8. Brown caterpUlar feerling within a crooked black case and a.f.K a

"• "'^S^^ri;:^:^'" '^edaytime,-C.„*„ „w
2. Sleek i6-legged caterpillars, feeding at night.-<:»/w,„, „ :S6

ifort (Hemerocampa leucostigma), p 202
«• Large green caterpUlar with a reddish-brown horn at tail and seven
.bl,,„. ..npes on .ach sii^.^AppU SpHn. ^Spkin. « p "s

5-

So

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

M

7- Small catcrpil!ar3 with bnnvn Iicacl and yellow Lsh-Krccn body, feeding

on leaves.— ^l^/>/f-/(<j/ nucciihitrix (Hufculalrix pomijoliella), p. ^i''

(cj Planl'Hre. (;ri'eni-»h or rosy tolnn-d sucking insects feeding on the undt r

sides of leaves, often distorting them.— -I/'A/a mali, A. sorhi, und A. avena.

P- 143-
(rf^ Beetles:

I. Larue brown beetles feeding at night on leaves. — Stay lieetlis (f.ad.

nosUrna spp.), p. j02.
a. Small brown beetles, feeding at night. --/,f(i/ Beetles, p. jor.
(e) .UiVfi. Oval reddish-brown mites feeding on leaves causing them to beconn
blanched, yellow or sickly. — Clover Mite {Bryubia pratcnsis), p. 3^17.
Fruii:

(a) Boring tunnels through the fruit:

1. Tunnels made mostly about the core; made by a pinkish caterpill.ir
three-fourths inch long when full grown; brown excrement often visible
at opening at blossom end of apple.— Corf/iMg Molh (Carpocap j
pomondla), p. 21Q.
3. Tunnels not so deep as in i, often blotched mines near the surfact.
Made by caterpillars not so large as codling worms. — Lesser App>
Worm {Laspeyresia prtmivora), p. 227.
3. Funnels irregular and numerous made by a maggot. — Apple Masil"!
{Trypeta pomonella), p. 266.
(6) Puncturing the fruit:

1. Four-humped beetles puncturing the fruit and distorting it. — App'(
Cunulio (Anthonomus qiiadrigibbus), Plum Curculio {Conotrachdm
nenuphar), p. 329.

2. Purplish spots about the circular scales. — San Josf Scale {Aspidioiu.
Perniciosus), p. 126.

3. Puncturing and deforming the fruit.— Several species of Capsida
(False tarnished plant bug and the apple red bugs); and Syntomaspii
druparum (p. 165).

(c) Eating holes in the fruit:

1. Large light yellow or apple-green caterpillars with a narrow cream
colored stripe along middle of the back. — Green Fruit Worms {Gr<ip-
tolitha spp.J, p. 197.

2. Yellowish hairy beetle one-half inch long.— BwmWe Flower B^'dt
{Euphoria inUa), p. 305.

3. Green worm-like saw-fly larva hibernating in cavities scooped out uf
apple.— /JocJfe False Worm {Ametaslegia glabrata), p. 347.

X. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM

Roots:

(a) Bu ows made by a caterpillar about the crown of the roots, occasior -lly
in young trees. — Peach-tree Borer {Synanlhcdon exitiosa), p. 216,

Trunk, Branches and Tuigs:

(a) Tunnels in the wood by flat-headed grubs; sawdust-like excrement at Uie
mouth of tunnels.— /'/a/'/teoifaf Borer {Chrysobothris femorata), p. 300.

IDENTIFICATION OF INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CROPS 8l

i Krulis. Ftiiil Ihirk-lirrllr (/■J./u^/u-

* (iiscolorcfi, a
Pyi). P- 340.

Ill leaves anil fruit

(')

(ft; Tunnels iji ihc hark hy small U-gK-,

KUiter ril^ithnils), p. ,i (<(
U) Hascs of buds |>iTf„ralecl, l,arl> l,erom
wither.— P,u, Bliihl Berlle {Anhandru.
W) Fixrdlobark:

I. Klat or sad.lle-shaped, or hemispherical dark-bro«n scales; winterine

oms small and flatfish. I.ar„e scales appear after mid-summer,

brittle, contam only a whitish dust or em,,ly eKK-shells.-f,,,;,

J-ccamum {Lccanium coriii), p. i2(,

». Ashy-gray appearance of bark of badly infested trees <lue to small

gray or black circular scalcs.-i-„„ Jose Scale {AspiJhIus pnmciosus).

3. Mussel-shaped scales, with whitish eggs underneath in wintcr.-
Oystcr SMI Sale (Lepidosaphrs iilmi), p. 124

4. Bark scurfy with scales with purplish c-gs underneath in winter.-
iciirfy Scale (Cliionaspis fiirfiira), p 125

A grass green curiously shaped bug producing longitudinal slits and eventu
J-'LL') tr '"'^ "" ""^ '""'' °' "" '*''«^~''"^'''» Trei-hopper {Ctrfsa
ifsirs:

(a) Feeding in Colonies.

'■ ?en,?J":;rnTf ^'' "'•'' '" ""^ '"'•''' °' branches.-^™,,;™,

i enl-caler pillar (Malacosoma amerkana) p 203
2. Catet-pillars protected by webs covering the leaves.-faH Web-uorm

{.Hyphanlria lexlor), p. 181.

lea/Aphts (Aphis prmii/olii).
(A) Solitary.

.. Measuring worms feeding in the day time in spring.-C.„*„ Worms

{Alsophila pomelana), p. 205.
r Fat greasy caterpillars, feeding at night in spring.-C/Mrm,, p. 192

TuZctTf^n? """ '"""^ '"="^'' P'-""'^ °^-" head and tail.-
lussock Moth aremcrocampa Uucoslitma), p. 202

4- Large buzzing beetlcs.-y„„<r Beetles (Laehnoslerna spp.), p. 302

S. Large app e-green caterpillar, with a horn near the tail, and with seven

broad oblique white stripes along each sid,.~Pl„m.trce Sphinx

(Sph:nxdrupi/erariim),p. 178.
Other larva; are Kcasionally found feeding on the leaves of plum -
„,„ . " ^ """^ iL'menitis disippus), Polyphemus and Cecropia, p. ,80.

(a) A snout-beetle puncturing and making a crescent-shaped slit in the skin of

they.ung fruit which soon drops.-«„„c„rc„//„(C»L,.c*«;„.„e:;*"r)!

/.) Makmg a round hole in the young fr„it.-W„„ Gouier (Coccotcrus scutel-

83

i;('(t\(tMK rSKtMoi iH.Y

• fruil . Himhlf t'loufr-hff

(() A mcJiuni sizcil bct-tlr caliriK holes in the ri|n'

(Euphoria ittda), p. lOv
((/) A long-IcKKCtl straw colurtj bcntlc caling holes in thi- hulf-ripe fruit. -

Cha/rr {Macrodactylus subspinosus), p. 305.

-Ko >

XI. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THK CHERRY

(a) A thick whitish grub, with brown head and legs, feeding in decaying root-
Beetle large with powerful mandibles.— 5/0^ Beetle (Lueanus dama), p. .\i -
(b) A large white tlcnhy grub, with reddish head, feeding in old roots. — Roii^'r-
Osmoderma (Osmodtrma scabra)f p. 305.

Trunk, Branches atid Tuigs:

(0) A snout beetle gnawing the twigs and fruit. — Imbricated Snout Bet:.-

(Epicarus imbricalus).
(i) A small beetle boring in the branches just above a bud, and burrowing
downward. — Apple Twig Borer (Amphicerus bicaudatus), p. 337.

(c) A flattened grub tunneling in the bark and sap-wood; beetle bronzy metallic
— Divaricated Buprestis (Dieerca diiaricaia).

(d) Large suckirg insect with transparent wings, inflicting wounds on tlie
smaller limbs and depositing egg"* therein in August and September
Dog-day Cicada (Cicada Hbtcen), p. 157-

(e) Small circular scales, black in winter, with a circular depression about s
central nipple. — Sar% Josi Scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus), p. 126.

if) Dirty nests inclosing a colony of yellow caterpillars one-half inch long a!
end of twigs. — Cherry-lree Torlrix (CaccEcia cerasivorana), p. 330.

F^eaves:

(a) A small beetle feeding on the leaves of red cherry.—CAerfy Leaf BffiU
(Galerucella clavicollis), p. iit.

(b) A shiny, dark-green slug, one-half inch long, feeding on soft tissues, Iea\ in^
the veins. — Pear or Cherry Slug {Eriocampoides Umacina), p. 348.

(c) Shining black plant-lice infesting the terminal twigs chiefly, which bee jme
distorted and discolored.— CAcrry Plant-louse (Myi.us cerasi), p. 144.

(rf) Large bluish-green caterpillar two inches long with blue warts on tach

segment, and coral red ones on the third and fourth jCgments. — Pronu'Mi

Moth (Callosamia promcthca), p. 180.
(e) Large pale-green spiny caterpillar, striped on each side with white arl

liiac. — Jo Moth (Uyperchiria Jo), p. i8o.
(/) Caterpillars in colonies protected by webs in forks of branches in .ir.n.-

— American Tent-cater pillar (Malacosoma americana'^, and Forest /"'■

caterpillar (M. disstria) not in webs, p. 203.
(g) Caterpillars in colonies protected by webs covering the leaves in summer

and early autumn.— /^dJ Web Worm (Ilyphantria textor), p. 181.

IDENTIFICATIOS' OK , .sKfTS INJIRI.KS Til ( RllPS

«f

ho „y head tmlrng w.hln.- «»« C,,,,,,//,,!!,,,,,,,,,*,,,,, „„„;,«,,),,,, ,,,
» r Z , r -"T"" /"■«"" "• l""->' jui- -ar .he pi.. in,lu,int

Xir. INSKCTS IN-JURIOUS TO TIIK PEACH

Kool and Lmer Trunk:

(a) Tunneling in ,he b.rk and ,apw„„d „( ,he root and lower irunic, cau.inR an
exudahon of Kum, which i, ,een a. base of Iree minifle.! wi.h .he ca.iinKs
ftacH Tree Born (Synanlkedon rxilimi), p 2,f,.
Trmk and Branckrs:

'"' '""rly spring a minute caterpillar Ixires into ,he shool, of new leaves
MhriK the growing terminals. -/■«,/, Tun Harrr {.Inar.ia lin,.„rlt„)',

(ft) Black hemispherical «rales attached to the bark.-P,,,r* Uaf I.rr.,„i,.,„
(Ucanium mgrojascialiim), p. 1J9.

''* th^Tr'T "l^^';''' ""'' ""»"'"" '""> ""•• ^'"^ <" "»• 'wig», causing

them to break and fall.-A'™ Vark Wenil mycrrus novebor.a„.us).

sTt^l ,' f?'-^' """"'■ '""''' P""^"""" '' '^""y "PPearancc.-^
ion Jo!l Scale (Aspuliolus pnniciosus), p. 1 26

0™1 scars and longitudinal slits on bark produced by a green buffalo-
shaped bug.-Bu/a;„ Trcr Hopper (Crresa bubalu!) p , ,-

(.) P'ant-lice, living in colonies under the leaves, causing them to thi.k.n

and curb-PMC* Tree Apkis (ifyzm perska:). p. 144
(6) Minute round scales located usually along the veins.-.S',,,, /„, v,j,V

[Aspultolus ptrniciosus), p. 12(1.
(c) Caterpillars protected;

'. In a tortuous tube.-i™/ Crumpler i.M.ufola indiiinella). p. „,
=. In folded leaves.-OW,„,. /j„„rf,</ I.mJ K„ll,-r {Ca.oena ,„.<«,■„„„ 1
p. 230.
friiil:

(a) Long-legged yellowish beetles eating holes in half-grown peaches.-«„„

t-kajer [Macrodaclyliu subspinosut), p 305
(« Large yellow hairy beetles eating holes in ripe peaches.-«„„W. Flo-urr

Beetle [Euphoria mda), p. 305.
ic) Small snout-beetles making a puncture and crescent in the voung fruit -

num Curculio (Conolrackelus nenuphar), p. 329.

XIII. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RASPBERRV AM) Bf.ACKHERRV
Rools and Base of Canes:

(a) Large grub over two inches long, boring large tunnels in the woody portion
of mam root. The canes suddenly dk.^ianl Root Borer iPrianusUlicollh)
p. 321. ■""*'•

\\..

iM

("I

84 ECONOMIC KNTOMOMK'.V

Cams at liiiM- .,f in.iiii rci.,l «ir(lliil hy a >i,llin\Mi whilt laliTiiilkr in lal.
■.iimmiT ami aulumn. Ilr.iivl-lr Crm.-il Ihtrrr {Himli..i.l m,ir^in,ila), p. -M.'i

Lontjitutlinul row of i-uiuturt-^ on latRs, fiUuk Ihirii'J I'm Critktt {(I'.ian

tltti\ n'lirkiirni^), |>. 1 id.
Ih) Tilii of ^a^|lllC^ry lanfi wilting in i-arly .umniiT, due to a nirdlinK of lli,

lanrs inMilt- Ihc liark. Rjsphrrry Cjiii- .U,;ji;i'( (I'harhhl riilnuir.l), V- ^''.
(. ) Tips of shooH of ra-pliiTry iviltini; in July and Auiiusll (wo rows of hori-
zontal punilures ono ini li apart at lia-t of wilti'd |Mirtion, willi a small h rl.

Ijctwccn. Canes burruwt-d lo the base before autumn.— /^a-vpitrry (<)'(■

Utinr {Ohrrm liimiiciiluU}, p. .iU.

Swellinws on canes of ra*pt)erry and blaiLberry.— Atii-HCtA-ni Cdm Borrr

i^Agrihis riijUoUis), p. .Jol.

A small snoul-beetlc puncturinn llic flower stem close to the burls, a'

also the hwU.-Slr.iultirry Wnvil [Aiilli,ini<miis s/jn.i/Hj), P- J.fJ-

A small yellowish beetle eatinn the flower buds, which either [ail lo open ut

wither. — P>itc Brn-u-n Hyliiriis (Hyfiirm unUolur), p. aga.

.\ small brownish caterpillar eatinK the opening buds.— BuJ Mi/lk iTrntl ■

ccrti oLtittina), p. 225.

DuRs sucking the sap o( young growing parts, anil arresting their develo|.

ment.— r<irHi.(4ti/ Plant lliif; {Lygiis fralrnsis), p. 163.

Suckers and leaves curled up with enclosed lice. — BramWc Flea Lou.,

(TriiiZii tripttn(taU), fr. 152.

Small greenish larva; with spiny tubercles eating the leaves in spring

Raspberry Saw-Fly (,.\fmofliadni(! rubi), p. 347.

(u) .\ loopcr feeding on fruit of raspberry and blackberry.— /taj^JwryCeomi.ir
{Synchlora aerata).

HuJi:

(*)
(r)

Lfiivcs:

M
W
(.0

Fruit:

XIV. I.SSKcrS INJURIOUS TO TlIK C.OOSiaiKRRY AND CURRAN I

Canes:

(a) Tips of canes girdled and willed; pith tunnelcil.— C/irranf SliM C/r. .'

(Janus integer), p. 345-
((1) Centre of cane tunneleil by a while caterpillar.— /m/>iir(ii/ Currant II "■'

{Synanthedon tipulijormis), p. 217.

(c) Small flat circular scaks, black or gray, with a depressed ring aboi.' .1
c-ntral nipple in black (arms.— San Jose Scale ilspidiiitus pernieio':-;
p. 126.

(d) Oval hemispherical scales.— CiirrjiK Lecanium (Ucaniim ribis).

(e) Longitudinal rows of punctures on canes.— B/jct-dorneii Tree Cr it'
((Eeanthus nisricornis), p. 116.

k.;:ls:

branch
{a.

ifj;r.

(<■)

IDENTIFICATIDN OF INSK

:i IS (Nji'HiDis I

> IRcil'S

imally Kr.-c„,,h yellow, oa.in„ h„|.., in ,l„. l.-av. ., in .-arly s,„i" ' ,11 )
I*- r.oavr, curlnl, hIMcmi, ■„! „i,h „ r..,l.lisl, a,,,„..ran„. „„ „„„., ,„,,,

(./) M,.a,urin„ worm f„.,H„s „„ |..av..< n( „,„,„.|,orry an,i l.h.,,, ,„,,,„,
01 Wh.te spots on Iravi., pr,«l,uT,l l,y a pale .'n.cn su.UnK in,,.,, „.

'M GrMnplant-Iicc. -<;,„„ (;,„„r/,„,v.|, ,-, , tpbi, lanborni)

h>,il:

M (;royish ca.crpillar hnrins into y,.unK fruit an.l eating ou, !,,,„„,,„,,

<„.„,„*rryA„„/lf,„„, ,/,.pMi„ fr„.<„h,rm) "i "» ' "ntent,,--

(/.) Purphsh ,,H,ts surr„un,|inK ,mall cir.ular .seal..,. s.,„ /„,/ .V,„/, ( , „„,,■„„ ,

U) Yellow oval nuK-ots ealin« the g.,o«.|,erry. 6-,.,.„7,rrrv l/,V/,r f(V,;,

W) Small while mare„t eating the currant an,l Koo»,l,errv rau-lnL- ll„. f, ■,

XV. ixsix rs INJURIOUS TO Tin; grait.

(C„„,„t. B„|. jj,, N. Y. A„. I!,,.. S.. .,„,, F.„„„,, „„„, ,„, ^, , j, ,

(.) ProducinK soft y, irregular spherical galls on rootlets an.l larger roots
causing death._(„ ,■,„. /.„,;;„.,,. (/v,y//„„™ tv,,,.,,;.). n ,« '

(o) Young =;hootssudcionly break off or droop in .prinff- asm-ill h I ■ , .
.He.aseofthesh.t leading in.oa,,„rri..^,,;^';-™-^^^

W Canes exhibiting white cottony masses attached to a reddish i

Collo„y Scale ^Puhinaria .ilh,, p. ,jc '» "'-J-l'-h-l-rown scale.-

(..) i'_^7='"'''ll-.d with irregular holes about mi.l-summer by little beetle -
Crape Vme Futia {FUia lilidda), p. ju, nuiie.—

g6 ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

(6) Small, shining, blue beetle boring into buds in spring, also eating small
holes in eipanding leaves— Gro^e Vine Flea Beetle [Haltica ckalybet) p.3is.

(c) Long-legged brownish beetles eating the blossoms, leaves and (r i :.—
Rase Chafer (Macroiactylus subspinosus), p. 3oS-

(d) Greenish caterpillar, feeding within a folded leaf and skeletonizing it, about
mid-summer.— Gra/>« Leaf Polder [Desmia funeralis).

(r) Leaves blotched and scorched, finally curling up and falling, caused by
little jumping insects.— Cfo^r Thrips or Uaf Hopper (TypUocyhacomts).

(/) Large greenish caterpillar, with a pale yellow stripe down each side and a

horn near tail.— Gro/^e Viite Sphinx (Ampelxca myron), p. 178.
(g) Several other sphingid larvK feed on the leaves of the grape.
(*) Black beetle eating the tissues on the upper surface of the leaves, and

discoloring them.— Red-headed Syslena {Syslena frontalis), p. 315.
(0 Producing small, irregular, spherical galls on the lower surface of the leaves.

—Grape Vine Phylloxera {Phylloxera vaslalrix), p. 148.
ij) Large reddish-yellow beetle with six black spots on wing cover, eating holes

in leaves.— S^oKerf Pelidnola {Pelidnola punctata), p. 302.

Fruit.

ia) Ripening fruit discolored and burrowed by a whitish caterpillar.— Cra/)f

Berry Moth (Polychrosis viteana), p. 228.
(6) Holes eaten in ripe fruit; 1 cetle large, yellowish, hairy.— BumWe Flower

Beetle {Euphoria inda), p. 30S.
(r) Holes eaten in young fruit by a long-legged beetle.— JJose Chafer {Macro-

daclylm subspinosus), p. 305.

ia)

(k)

m

. ■

(r)
id)

1

i

Lfinrs:
{a)

I

1 ■

(b)
{c)

■

{i)

XVL INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE STR.\WBERRY

A pinkish caterpillar boring irregular channels through the crown and

larger roots, causing them to wither and dic—Slrawherry Root Borrr

{Anarsia lincatella), p. 215.

A white grub boring downward from the crown.— S<raa*erry Crown Borrr

{Tyloderma fragarir), p. 332.

A large white grub eating the roots.— -Way Beetle {Lad uosterna sp.), p. 3o-'.

Grubs girdling the roots, causing deith.— Strawberry Root-weevil {Otio-

rhynchus ovatus), p. }i<i.

Brownish caterpillars, in June and August, tolling the leaves into cases ami
fastening them with si\k.— Strawberry Leaf Roller {Ancylus complano'.

p. 232.

Young plants gnawed off at the surface.- CutOTrms, p. 185.

Small pale spotted active beetles riddling the leaves with holes in June. -

spotted Patia {Paria 6-nolala).

Small active jumping striped beetles, eating holes in the leaves.— 5/ri>' J

Flea Beetle {Phyllotreta vittata), p. 314.

IDENTIFICATION OF INSECTS INJUEIOUS TO CROPS 87

W Twenty-legged grubs eating holes in the \t^vts.-Slrauher,y Sa-a, jly
hrnil:

(a) Caterpillars feeding on the berry.-AV^;* Borer {Papdperna nilda), p. ,„r,

(b) Minute black bugs producing a buggy odor when eaten with berry -ffca-
hke Negro Bug (Cnrimdxna putkaria), p. 167.

(c) Flower buds drooping and bending over.-5/ra-^*€,ry Wenil (Anikommus
signatus), p. 332.

(d) Fruits deformed to "buttons. "-Slra-Mcrry Thrip, (F.,Mr!ps Irllici), p. ,22.

XVII. INiSKCTS .VI'FECTI.NG SH.AIJK TRKES

(Consult Itsicis Afeeli„g Park and H'mdhnJ Trers by Pelt)

hi) feeding on the leaves.

(ft) Feeding or resting under webbed tents.

(0 Hairy yellowish-brown and black marked caterpillars fce<ling
on leaves within webbed tents in July-Sept.; adult moths white
<'rbIack-spotted.-M/llV6UV», (//,vM^„,„V,,„„fu), p ,si
(2) Hairy black caterpillars, white stripe along middle of back lateral
white and yellow line with blue spots. Resting in silken webbed
tents at angles of branches.-Orciarrf Tenl-caler pillar {Malaco.oma
americarta), p. 203.
M Feeding free on the leaves.
I. Adult moths not while.

(i) Caterpillars with a broken line of white dots along back
and resting in mas.ses on sides of branches and trunks not
within webs.-ForM( Tenl-caler pillar {Malacosoma disslria)
p. 204. "

(2) Caterpillars with red heads and yellow and black tufts and
pencils. Female moth wingless.-Il/„7e-mar*frf Tussock Moll,
Ulemcrocampa Icucostigma) , p. 202.

(3) Brownish caterpillars with blue and reddish warts; hibernat-
ing as egg-masses covered with hair; adult female moth with
white wings marked with dark wavy lines, wings of males
light brown.-- C,-/,sy Molh (Porlhclria dispar), p. 200

(4) ".Measuring worms" feeding in the daytime in spring and
early summer.-FaH Canter Worm (Alsophih pomeloria)
p. 20s.

(5) Caterpillars with tufts of white, black, or yellow hairs, and
pencils of black or orange or white hairs. Feeding on hickory
butternut, etc.— r/jfr J/0//K (//a;,s«„/a spp.), p ,83

(6) Caterpillars with sharp pale yellow hairs and with' a pair
of long black hair pencils on the first and third abdominal
segments, and a single one on the eighth. Feeling on elm
maple, hickory, oak, ash, poplar, etc.-.l merfcoH Dagger Moth
(Acronycla amerieana), p. 198.

88

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

(7) Cateipillars black with a loose covering of soft whitish hairs.
Feeding in clusters on walnut, hickory, oak, beech, etc. —
Walnut Caterpillar (Datana integerrima), p. 199.

(8) Small green caterpillars, skeletonizing the leaves of birchc>
and forming small round white moulting cocoons on the
twigs and leaves, — Birch Leaf Skelelonizer (Bucculatrix
canadensiseUa) , p. 336.

(9) A bright yellow looper with rust-colored head and with ten
crinkled black lines along the back. Attacks elm, basswood,
hickory, apple, etc. — Lime-tree Winter Moth (Erannis tiltaria),

7. Adult moths white.

(i) Caterpillars reddish-black with only two pairs of proleg.-;
with three pairs of small tubercles on back; hibernate as egp-
masses of ao-ioo on branches.— 5n(m^-U'Ai/e Linden Moth
{Ennomos suhsigniarius), p. 206.

(2) Dark brown caterpillars, with a lateral row of white hair>
and bright red tubercles on sixth and seventh adbominal scj;-
ments; hibernate as one-fourth grown caterpillars in nests nf
webbed leaves on tips of trees; adult moth with a tuft of
brown hairs at tip of abdomen. — Brown Tail Moth {Euprocli^
chrysorrkoea)y p. 200.

3. Adults are butterflies. Caterpillars large, black, red-marked and
spiny, feeding in clusters on terminal branches of elm, viillow,
poplar. — Spiny Elm Caterpillar (Aglais antiopa). p 176.

4. Adults are beetles. Adults eating irregular circular holes in e!m
leaves and grubs skeletonizing the under surface. — Elm Leaf Bedlf
(Galerucella luleola), p. 309.

5. Adults are Saw-Sies.

(i) Larvae cylindric, coiled, yellowish- white, with a black line
down the middle of back, feeding on elm, poplar, willow, etc.- -
Elm Saw-jly {Cimbex americana), p. 347.

(2) Larvae with jet black head and green body, each segment
except second marked with double parallel rows of dark
dots; feeding on larch leaves. — Larch Saw-jly {Lygaonema!iis
erichsonii), p. 346.

(aa) Boring in trunks and branches.
(6) Adults are moths.

1. Whitish caterpillars with distinct spots and tubercles making
burrows in twigs and larger branches, which often die and project
above leafy branches. Moths are white with blue and black
markings. — Leopard Moth {Zeuzera pyrina), p. 237.

2. Large white or reddish-white caterpillars making large rovM<\
irregular borings in oak, maple and locust. Moth is large, d:irk
grey. — Carpenter Worm {Prionoxystus rohinice), p, 238,

IDENTIFICATION OF INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CROPS 89

(M) Adults are beetles.

I. Long-horned or ceramhycid beetles.

(i) Large fleshy legless grubs n.aking broad shallow tunnels in
sapwood of sugar-maples, often killing limbs. Adult beetle
brilhantly marke.l with yellow and black.-5»f.r mpU
Borer (.Plagwmiiis spniasiis), p. 323.

(2) A whitish hairy grub making a central burrow plugged with

[hlaphidion villosum), p. gjj.

(3) White flattened legless grubs working under the bark of elm-
adult a gray beetle with red lines and black spots.-Sm B»el
{Saptrdatrtdent<Ua),p. 31,.

(4) White legless grubs making large irregular channels in sap-
wood and inner bark of poplar; large blackened swollen .scars
on he surface of the trunk and limbs of affected trees,-

rll'^°"l ^1"""''' """"'"''' '"""^'^ '" W" Producing
rough discolored scars on the trunk. Saperda cavdida bores
mto hawthorn, mountain ash, and fruit trees, and Saperda
leslUa into basswood. -"'yerua

(5) Club-shaped grubs, making irregular ugly scars opening
into burrows in black locust. Adult beetle is dull black
brightly marked with golden yeUow, and feeds on golden rod
blossoms.-iM„5( Borer (Cyllene robinia:), p. 32,

2. iletalhc wood borers or Buprestid beetles

(.) Large headed flattened legless grubs making shallow tunnels.-

Hal-headcd Borer (Chrysobolhris femorata), p. 300
M A flattened whitish grub with a large flattened head, making
irregular spiral burrows in the inner bark of birch.-ij,<,„«
Birch Borer (Agrdm anxius), p. 3ot.
(000) Sucking the juices from twigs or leaves.
(6) On the leaves.

'■ I'rf"?"! /""'?' "^"^ °" "^''^ """^ f^'^^y =?"■«; branch
^"'fyd<:formcd.~SpruceGMApl,is(Cker,nes,iv,L).;. ,50.
f"f"7« Sf^ ™ white and Norway spruce, not terminal, pine-
apple .Up,d.-spruce Call Aphis {Cher«es abielis). p. 140

' IZtT """"^..P'r'f^ "" l-vesofIarch.-i„.A,r™«y
Aphis [Chermes sirobilohiiis) '

(M) On the bark.

'■ fl^t." rr"'' ,^°''''""' '.'"''■''" ™ ""''" ^"''"^ »' ^1" kaves.-

f-lm Bark-louse (Cossyparia spuria), p. 130
^' of°ll'J7 '"''f'^^="'*'^'■^<^ 'o brown scales on under side of twigs
of soft maple, elms, etc.-C»«»„y Maple Seal, {PMnaria vilb).

I 'ill

go ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

4, Hemispherical reddish scales mottled with black lines on under
side of branches of maples.— Tfrra^in Sc<llc (Lecanium nigrofas-
ciatttm), p. 129.

5, Flocculcnt white masses upon Kreenbark of cultivated white pine. —
Pine Bark Aphis (Chermes pinicorticis) , p. 150.

6, Twigs of balsam twisted and leaves curled by plant-lice. — Balsam
Twig Aphi^ {Mindarus ahieiinus).

XVIII. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO GREKNHOUSE I'L,\NTS

(u) Minute active white four->vinged flies living on the under side of leaves,
sucking the juices; young are oval, flat and greenish.~-tr*f/e Fly {Aleyrodes vapor-
ariorum), p. 151-

(6) Small soft mealy-covered bugs, with eggs enclosed in cottony sacks.— J/ra/v
Bugs (Pseudococcus spp.), p. 131.

(r) Oval, flat or saddle-shaped scales, on leaves of lemons, ferns, oleanders,
crotons, etc.— So// Scale (Lecanium hcmispkericum), p. 134.

(i) Round scales on leaves and twigs of ivy, date palms, etc.— Hard Seal.
(Aspidiolus spp.), p. r34.

(<•) White scales on leaves of Boston fern, aspidistra, etc., causing spotting an.l
browning. — Aspidistra Scale (Hemichionaspis aspidislrte), p. 133.

(/) Green plant-lice, often infesting violets and sucking the juices from tht
leaves, checking the growth.— GrecB Aphis (Myzus persicte), p. 144.

(1) Black plant-lice sucking the juicesof chrysanthemums.— B/iii-ty4^*!s(,'';cri)
siphum sanborni), p. 149.

(*) Red mites, spinning fine webs on under surface of leaves and sucking tlit
juices rendering the leaves sickly yellow.— Kerf Spider {Tetranychus bimaculatus) .

(>) A small maggot, causing the edges of violet leaves to curl and turn yellow.-
V iolet Gdl-Jly (Diplosis piolicola).

(j) A small greenish-white and striped caterpillar, eating lower epidermis nf
chrysanthemums, cinerarias, roses, carnations, etc., and tying the leaves together.
Greenhouse Leaf-Iyer ifUyclania jerrugalis), p. 210.

(t) Maggots feeding in f -^wer and leaf buds of greenhouse roses, causing them to
brown, blacken and die.— A'se Midge (Dasyneura rhodophaga), p. 248.

(/) Flesh-colored legless grul attacking roots of cyclamen, gloxinia, primula.—
Cyclamen Borer (Oliorhynchus sulcalus), p. 336.

XIX. INSECTS AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIM.'VLS

(Consult Insects Afftclini Domestic Animats by Osborn. Bull. 5. U. S. Div. Ent.)

A. Sheep

(0) Maggots in nostrils and in nasal sinuses, causing catarrh and stagger.;
deposited by a two-winged fly in June and July.— SArfi* Bt>l-]ly ((Bstrus avis).

(J>) Wool falls off in patches and large scabs form on body with much itching due
to a mke.—SHeep Scab {Psoroptes communis), p. 366.

IDENTIFICATION OF INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CROPS gi

(c) Brownish flattened tick-like insects sucking the blood; common on lambs in
i\tnng.—Sheep Tuk (Mehphagm minus), p. 279.

B. Cattle

(a) Swellings or "warbles" along the back in winter; bee-like flies bothering
rattle m June and J\i\y.—Oi-warble {Hypoderma Unealum and //. hovis). p 355

(*) SmaU flies clustering on base of horns, flanks and bellv of cattle in summer
fausing them much annoyance.— //o™ Ply [Hamatobia serra'la). p. 272.

(c) Slaty-colored sucking lice, often abundant on neck and shoulders of neglected
cattle.— 5*Df(-nos«(i Ox Louse (Hcemalopinus euryslernus), p. 000. Long-nosed Ox
Uuse (ffamalopinus viliUi), p. i6g.

(d) "Little red lice" feeding on the rough parts of the skin and on the hairs
tausmg irntation; most abundant in spring.— B,Vm« CalUe Louse {Trkhodecle's
^talaris), p. 100.

(e) Hair falls off in patches and large scabs form— with much itching-due to
mites. Common CatUe Scab Miles (Psoropies Communis bovis), Sarcoplic Scab Wile
iSarcoples scabiei bovis), TaU Mange Mile (Chorioples hovis bovis). (See Farmers'
Bull. 1017, U. S. Dep. Ag.).

C. Horses

(a) Hots attached to wall of stomach— adult fly light brown; does not bite
but horse is worried; eggs laid on hairs of legs and shoulders.— //orje Bol-fy (ffaslro-
philits inleslinalis), p. 258.

(i) Similar to (a) but eggs are attached to hairs of lips and nostrils.— C*m
Bol-Jly (GastrophUus nasalis) and the Red-tailed Bitl-flv (G. hxmorrhoidalis) p 259

W Large black fly that flies swiftly and bites severely, giving much annoyance
to horses. — Horse Gadfly {Tahanus alralus), p. 252.

D. Hogs

169.

(a) Gray sucking lice, often quite large.— //o| Louse (llcmalopinus urius), p.

E. Poultry

ks at night; piercing the
-n death.— C*ii:*en Mile

(a) Yellowish or reddish mites infesting hens and
^kiii and sucking the blood, causing much irritation a-
Dcrmanyssus gallina), p. 364.

(6) SmaU pale yellow active insects feeding on rough parts of skin and bases
»i hairs and feathers, causing much irritation.— CommoB Hen Louse (Menopon
pdlidum), p. 100.

(r) Minute mites burrowing under the scales of foot, leg, comb and beak, pro-
ducing "scaly leg" with much irritation. Contagious— //tA .Wilr (Sarcoplrs
niHans), p. 365.

{(() Small mites causing the feathers to break off. Contagious.— Bt^/Bminj
utile (Sarcoptes gallina).

92

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

XX. INSECTS OF THE HOUSEHOLD
A. Annoying the Inmates

(a) Slender two-winged insects; only the females bite or pierce the skin; lar\a
and pupil live in stagnant water.— CommoM Mosquito (Cutex pipiens), p. 2^y

ib) Similar to (a) but larger and with wings spotted.— A/o/aria; A/osjm/o (Atif
phehs mactdipennis), p. 244.

(c) Two-winged insects, with four blacli lines on thorax; they lap but do m.i
pierce; eggs laid on manure or decaying organic matter.— //ouse Fly (Musca d.-
mesiica), p. 270.

(d) Similar to (c) but with six black lin" on thorax, and with piercing moutli-
parts.— .SfaHe Wy {Slomoxys calcilrans), p. 3;i.

(e) Compressed, wingless long-legged insects with piercing and sucking moutli
parts, hiding in bedding and clothing; eggs laid among hairs of cat or dog.— Cm
and Dog Flea (Pulex serralkeps), p. 280.

(/) Reddish-brown, Bat bugs with buggy odor, hiding in day time in cracks, bin
active at night; with piercing and sucking mouth-parts.— B«i-6«js {Cimex leclii-
larius), p. 167.

B. Feeding on or Destroyino Clothing, Carpets, Upholstery, Etc.

(a) Tiny dusky moths, laying eggs in furs or woolens, the larva eating holes in
them.— Cosc-mo*in« Clotkes Moth (Tinea peUioneila), p. 236. Webbing Clothes Molli
{Tinea biselliella), p. 237. Tapestry Clothes Moth (Jrichophaga tapetzetla), p. 237-

(6) Small oval red, black and white beetles, whose grubs are hairy, feeding nn
carpets on underside, usually along a crack of the floor.— B«/u(<> Carpel BcctU
{Anikrenus scropkulariie), p. igi.

(c) Tiny active wingless insects with silvery appearance, and with three loni;
feelers at hind end of body, feeding on linen or paper containing starch, sugar, cic
Silver-fish (Lepisma saccharina), p. 95.

il

C. Feeding on Food Products

(a) Active wary light-brown insects with a "roachy" odor, found in pantriis
and bakeries; several species but the most common is the Croton-bug or Germ in
Cockroach (Eclobia germanica), p. 105.

(i) Brown beetles, one-third inch long, whose grubs are brown above, white bel.u!
and covered with long brown hairs; found where meats, skins and feathers ;irc
kept. — Larder Beetle (DermesUs lardarius), p. 291.

(c) Large black flies with bluish i'ldomen and with black spines on thor:ix:
eggs laid on meat.— Bto or Meat Fly {Calliphora vomiloria), p. 273.

(d) Little red ants that have their nests in the wall or beneath the floorinR -
House Anls {Monomoritim pharaonis), p. 361.

ie) Black ants and pavement ants living outdoors sometimes invade houses -
Black Anls (Motumorium minulum), p. 361.

PART III

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON
INSECTS

THE COIIMON ORDERS AN'D GROUPS OF I\SECTS

SYNOPSIS OK THE ORDERS OF INSECTS REFERRED TO IN' THE CLASS
BOOK

Aptera Group.

Neuropteroida Group,

Orthopteroida Group.

f I

Thysanura.

I II

Coilembola.

III

Plecoptera.

IV

Ephemerida.

V

Odonata.

VI

Neuroptera.

VII.

Mecoptera.

VIII.

Trichoptera.

IX.

Mallophaga.

X,

Isoptera.

XL

Corrodentia.

XII.

Blattoidea.

XIIL

Mantoidea.

XIV.

Phasmoide".

XV.

Dermapter

XVI.

Orthoptera

XVII.

Thysanoptera

XVIII. Horaoptera.

XIX. Hemiptera.
XX. Siphunculata.

XXI. Lepidoptera.
XXII. Coleoptera.

XXIII. Diptera.

XXIV. Siphonaptera.
XXV. Hymenoptera.

A. With two wings; mouth-parts formed for sucking or piercing; metamor-
phosis complete.— O/iTBRA (Flies).
93

Hemipteroida Group J
Dipteroida Group. |

!; I

I'!

04

ECONOMIC ENTOUOLOGV

AA. With four wings.

B. Alouth-partsi formeti for biting.

C. Upper wings horny; metamorphosis complete. — COLEOPjfj^ \
(Beetles), p. 280.
(-^C. Upper wings parchment-tike; lower wings folded under tin.
upper; metamorphosis incomplete.— O^rHOiTK/fO/i) i
Group (Locusts, etc.), p. 103.
CCC, Upper wings membranous with many veins. — NEUROI'
TEROIDA Group (Nerve-winged insects), p. 96-
BB. Mouth-parts formed for sucking and biting; wings with few cross vein-
and similar in texture; metamorphosis complete. — UYMESOi'
TERA (Bees, etc.), p. 343-
BBB. Mouth-parts formed for sucking; wings covered with scales; metamor
phosis complete.— LEPIDOPT ERA (Butterflies and moths), p. i6<j.
BBBB. Mouth-parts formed for piercing.

C. Beak jointed; palpi absent; last joint of tarsi not bladder-like.
D. Wings of uniform texture; beak arising from the hindrr
edge of under side of the head; metamorphosis incomplete.
—lIOMOPTERA.p. 1:2.
DD. Fore wings leathery at base, membranous at tip; beak
arising from the front of the head; metamorphosis incom
p\ete.~~HEMIPTERA (True Bugs), p. 158.
CC. Beak unjointed, palpi present; last joint of tarsi bladder'likt'.
and without claws; wings simitar; metamorphosis incomplete.—
THYSANOPTERA (Thrips), p. 118.
AAA. Wingless.

B. Mouth-parts formed for biting; louse-like insects.

C. Mouth-parts retracted within the head; no metamorphosis. -
APTERA Group, p. 94.
CC. Mouth-parts not retracted within the head.

D. Antennje with many segments; metamorphosis incompletf.
—CORRODENTIA (Book-lice), p. 103.
DD. AntenniB with not more than five segments; metamorplio-
sis incomplete. — MALLOPHAGA (Biting-lice), p. 100.
BB. Mouth-parts formed for sucking.

C. Tarsus with a single hook-Uke claw; with a fleshy unjoiniici
beak; parasitic on mammals {Parasitica). — SIPHUNCULA'J A,
p. 167
CC. Tarsus five-jointed; body compressed; metamorphosis complett
SIPHONAPTERA (Fleas).

The Aptlra Group
Chief Orders and Families:

A. Abdomen with at least 10 segments; antennae many-jointed; usually v.\(^
terminal abdominal appendages. — Tkysanura Order.
B. Body covered with scales. — Lepismida.

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON INSECTS

95

\.\.

nil. Hdily not covered with stales.

('. Caudal apiiendancs many-jointed.— C',i»i;orfii</,r.

CC. Caudal appenilages sickle-shaped.— y -i,V

.Udomen with not more than six segments; ante^ni with not more than
eilfht jomts; no caudal appendages.- tuHcwWd Order.
B. Ventral spring present.

C. Spring on penultimate abdominal segment.
D. Abdomen globular.— 5M<n/*i,ri</«.
DD Abdomen cylindrical.— £,i/<,moi,y,rf«.
CC. Spring on antepenult abdominal iegmcnt.-Pudurida
BB. Ventral spring absent.— A phoruridr
Of the above Apterous families only one, the UphmU^ „t the Thysanura
(ontams forms that are of economic importance.

ORDER THYSANDRA
LEPISMIDiE (FisH-MuTHs)

The Fish-moth. SUver Fish, or "SUcker" iLephma sauharina
Linn.) sometimes does injury to books,
papers, labels and starched clothing. It
shims light and is quite active.

Adult.— A minute, glistening, scaly, fish-
lite active insect, wingless, i,^ inch long,
body tapering to hind end where are *hree
long, bristle-shaped appendages; antenna
prominent; coxe strongly developed; biting
mouth parts.

Another species, Lepisma domeslka Pack. ,
is found in bakeries and mills in some locali-
ties. It has dusty markings on its upper
surface and is },i inch long.

Co«/ro;.— Frequent use of fresh insect
Jiowder, sodium fluoride, or a poison-bait
"f sweetened gluey paste and white arsenic
on bits of cardboard.

Pig. 50.— The silver fish
(Lepisma saccharina). (Aftrr
MarlaU.)

PODURID.fi (Springtails)
Two species may be noted in passing.
■ichorules armatum sometimes attacking seedlings causing disfigure-
ment and loss, and A. nhkola often abundant in maple sap in early
spring. Both species are minute, and have some of the habits of
flea-beetles (Fig. 51).

I )

Mi

96

KCONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

TirK Nki kiipTiKoinA (1h)h p

if^i

'.^""■tain orders of aquatic insects have a superficial resemblanci
of wing venation, and were formerly grouped together into one order,
the Neuiojitera. Of the six main Order-
three have incomplete metamorphosis, vi/ .
Plecoptera, Bpfietnerida and OJonata, am]
three complete metamorphosis, viz., Tri-
choptera, Ncuroptera and Mecoptera.

It is probable, therefore, that the first
three orders are not so ' iily evolved as thi
last three. The formi . are lower than the
Orthoptera, while the latter arc higher an-l
come between the Uemiptera and llu
Lepidoptera.

Chief Orders:^

The Neuropteroida (or nerve-winged) group of
insects includes six main orders which may be spp.i-
rated as follows:

A. Lower vings folded in plaits under thu
upper.
B. Wings covered with hairs; tar-i
5-jointed ; metamorphosis complel -
TrichopUra (Caddice-flies).
BB. Wings not covered with hairs.
C. Tarsi 5-jointed; wings equal and with many veins and cross-vein-;
mouth-parts well developed; metamorphosis complete. — Neurop-
tcra (Dobson flies, Aphis lions, etc.).
CC. Tarsi 3-jointed; hind wings larger than fore-wings; with caudil
filaments; biting mouth-parts poorly developed; metamorpho-i-
incomplete. — Plecoptera (Stone-flies) (Fig. 54).
AA. Lower wings not folded under the upper.

B. Head prolonged into a beak; antenna; long; metamorphosis (C'l-
plele. — Mffoptera (Scorpion-flies) .
BB. Head not prolonged into a beak; antenns inconspicuous; metani' r-
phosis incomplete.

1 Handlirsch .irranges these orders into KTuups as follows:

Odonata Sub-class Libetluioidea.

Plecoptera (Epht- merit 1;.) Sub-class Ephemeroidea.

Plecoptera Sub-clasa Perloidea.

Ncuroptera ';

Megaloptern [ Sub-claas Neuropteroidea.

Raphidioidea |
Panorpattt ]

Trichoptera \ Sub-clasa Panorpoidea.

Lepidoptera J

F:3. SI. — The snow
flea (Achorutes nivi'
cola). Enlarged greatly.
(After Folsom.)

CLASSIFICATION ANU DESCRIPTION OF (OMMON INSKCTS 97

C. Abdomin wilh 1 or ,t long lilanunl.; lower wingi mud. smaller
than upper; antenna' sliort. -KplitmnH., (Mav llii^) (H|(. 5O
CC. Abdomen without jointed lilamenls; winK~ ah..ul n|Uiil in -iz, ;
antenna' short. (W.01,1/,1 (Drason lliei).

The larva' of most of the Neuropteroid insects are a.|uatic and are „( Utile
....nom.c importance in asricullure. They are of imporlanee, however, in fish-
. iilturc. In the Stone-flies Newcomer has recently reported that several sm'.ies of
l.r.,opu.yx (es,».cially T. pa.i/,c„) with well develoiH-d mouth parts cause consi.ler.
il)le injury to foliaife and fruit in Central Washinglim.

Pig. 5 j.— .May-fly {.Iltxogcnia), adult.
{Afttr Folsom,)

Fig. 53.— May-fly. nymph

LARViU, FORMS OF THE NEUROPTEROIDA
A. Body cylindrical, caterpillar-like.— .l/reo^fcra.
AA. Body more or less depressed, not caterpillar-like.

B. Mandibles united with corresponding maiilla'.— AVuro^/fra.
BB. Mandibles separate from corresponding maiilla?.

C. Body encased in a shell of gravel, etc.— Trkhopicra.
CC. Body not encased in a shell.

U. Abdomen with external lateral gills and terminated by 2 or
3 long gill ptixxixs.—Epkemerida (Fig. 53).

gS ECONOMIC ENTOUOLOOV

1>1>. AlKlnmcn without external lateral Kill-«-

K. Lower lip strnnK cxtenHilr and lurntHhrd with a pair ' '
npposahle ho«k<t; ahdomrn tfrminutrd by j lca(-liU
tracheal kHU, «)r with 5 «pinr like appendaiieH.
Odonatd.
KK. Lower lip not extensile and without hooka; cauil.i
lilamcnts and antenna; lun){ and slender; thorax wii!>
,1 pdirK of tracheal kIIU. PUcoptfrii.

On account, however, of their common occurrence the economn
entomologist should know a little at least regarding their habits aixl
life-history.

Stone-fliet (Plecoptert). The nymphs live under stones in swiii
streams, are flattish, and have tracheal gills, long legs, cerci ami

Pic. 54. — An ad'ilt Itone-fly {PteronarciS rtgatis).
Fotsom).

Slightly reduced. {A.'

antenna;. The adults are greyish and have prominent wings. '1 he
hind wings are the larger and when at rest are folded under the frniii
ones. The larva; furnish food for fishes (Figs. 54 and 55).

May-flies (Ephemerida). — May-flies are well-known insects, LiIiil'
attracted to lights in immense numbers in early summer. They h:w
large delicate wings and 2 or 3 long caudal filaments. The forewina-
are much larger than the hind ones. The nymphs live at thcbotton^i i
bodies of water, and have long legs, caudal filaments and prominent
tracheal gills. They mature in i to 3 years, and furnish abuncLini
foi i for fishes.

CLASSIflCArKlN AND llf:S( KIITION OK

loujiD.N iNsFrrs

9"

1 Ik'sc inserts arc also
of waltT, fceilinK on

Dragon-flies and OaniMl-fliei (Odonitai.

Mill known. They arc rapid lliirs ovtr Ijodiis
iliis ami nios, uitoi's. The nymphs live at llie
lotto.n of pomis and streams. They have
Inng legs, and are Hat and spiny. J)raKon-llies
liiild their winKs horizontally when at rest, and
I he nymphs have rectal respiration; while the
ilamsel-llies hold their win)?s vertically when at
rest, and the nymphs have three caudal tru-
. :.oil Kills (Fig. 56).

Caddice-fliei (Trichoptera). The lar\a- of
these insects are known as cadjiie-uwms, and
live in water within protecting cases of line
travel, leaves, sticks, stalks or small shells,
i.i.tened together by threads of silk. They
Tuwl about carrying their cases with ihem.
When full-giD"M they change to ^k^ie within
I he cases and at length emerge as four-winged

llies. During summer immense numbers are 'tong.fiy (PitruHany,
aitrictcd to lights at night. The wings are '""'"'■
hairy, and, at rest, are held like a roof over the back. The eggs are
usually laid on water plants.

.Nymph uf

n... 3b.-Drauon-f[y a.bdMa pulMh). Last nymphaUkin and .vint,. Slightly
reduced. (After Fohom.)

Dobson-flies, Lace-wings, Ant-lions (Neu,. fterfL).~Dobson-flks
arc large insects with prominent biting mouth-pa.-ts and wings. Their
larva, live under stones in swift streams, and h,ive rather conspicuous
iracheal gdls. They become full-grown in about three vears

lOO ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

Lace-wings are delicate pale-green insects with finely veined wings
The larva; have large jaws, and owing to their habit of feeding upon
aphids are called aphis-Hms. The pups art
enclosed in a white cocoon of silk (Fig. 57).

Anl-lions are predaceous larva, which lit-
in wait for their prey at the bottom of funnel -
shaped pits. The adults have narrow delicait
wings.

Scorpion-flies (Mecoptera).— 5cof/iiV)«-^;n
have their head prolonged into a beak. Tlit
larvae live in the ground and are caterpillar-
Both larva and adult are carnivorous.

Fig. 57. — A lace-wing
(Chrysopa). Slightly re-
duced. {After Folsom.}

like.

ORDER MALLOPHAGA (BITING UCE)

Chief Families and Genera:

A. AntennK filamentous, exposed, 3- or 5-Joinled; maxillary palpi absent,
mandibles vertical; middle and hind segments of thorax fused.
B. Antennas 3-jointed; tarsi with a single daw; infesting mammal-
~-TrichodectidcB,

Genus: Tricfiodectes.
BB. Antenna s-jointed; tarsi with two claws; infesting birds.— PhilopleriJu-
Genera: Docophorus, Lipairus, Nirmm, Goniodes, Goniocotes.
AA. AntennK clavate or capitate, concealed, 4-jointed; maxillary palpi 4-
jointed; mandibles horizontal; middle and hind segments of thorax stp:i-
rated by a suture.
B. Tarsi with a single daw; infesting mammals.— Cyro/iWa.
Genus: Gyropus.
BB. Tarsi with two claws; infesting bMs.—Liollieida:.
Genera: Menopon, Trinolan.
(Consult Bull. 5. n.s, Divison of Etomology. U. S. Dept. ot Agriculture, by Osborn)

Although most commonly found on poultry, Biting Lice some-
times infest the larger domestic animals. They do not suck blond
but feed on the rough parts of the skin and at the base of hairs ;in(!
feathers, causing considerable irritation. Young chicks frequenll>
suffer severely from their attacks. ^

The most abundant species found on fowls is the common hen
louse (Menopon pallidum), a pale yellow active insect, }is inch Inn?.
with six legs (Fig. 58).

The eggs or "nits" are oval objects attached to the vanes im!

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON INSECTS lOI

i.irlis of the feathers, usually on the down feathers. They hatch in
S lo 10 days and become full grown in 2 to 3 weeks.

Dampness, filth and warm weather favor their increase.

Control.— (a) Sanitary surroundings with access to a dust hath.
i7i) Dusting with lice powder, such as insect powder, or one pre-
\ared as follows: 3 parts gasoline, i part crude carbolic acid (go-
95 per cent.), or i part cresol. Mix together and add, with stirring,
plaster-of-Paris to take up all the moisture (about 4 qts. to i qt. of
liquid), (c) Dusting with sodium fluoride.
All remedies should be applied more than
once.

Following are the common Mallophaga in-
festing domesticated birds:
A. Feather-lice Infesting Chickens:

1. Head nearly square, abdomen not con-
spicuously marked, J^5 inch long. —
Goniocotes hologasler Nitzsch (Lesser
Chicken Louse).

2. Head almost circular in front, nar-
rowed behind, thorax small; head,
thorax, and legs yellowish; white
stripes on segment of abdomen, }■£
inch long. — Goniocotes abdominalis
Piaget (Larger Chicken Louse).

3. Yellowish with black markings, uncommon.— Gowioco/es biir-
netti Pack.

4. Smooth and shining, head squarish, Jf q inch long, tawny, pubes-
cent.— Goniodes dissimilis Nitzsch.

5. Body elongated, smooth and shining, black margins.— i»/>e«r«s
variabilis Nitzsch.

6. Yellowish, slender louse, J^o inch long, common.-A/c«o/.o«
pallidum Nitzsch (Hen or Chicken Louse).

K. l-eather-Uce of Ducks and Geese:

I. Head and thorax red with dark bands; abdomen whitish at
middle, brown at sides, ]i inch hng.-Docophorus icierodes
Nitzsch.

-'. White, smooth, and shining, on Roose. —Li peur us tadoriice
Denny.

58- — Chicken louse.
iMeitopon.)

' i i

Hi'.

s-

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

Large, H inch long, elongated, yellowish, head cone-pointed, on
ducks. — Lipeurus squalidus Nitzsch.
. Large well-marked louse, ^i inch long, on ducks.— rr/no/Mm
luridum Nitzsch.

White, almost transparent louse, on goose.— Trinolum lituralum
Nitzsch.
C. Feather-lice oj Turkey:

1. Head with hind angles extending backward into bristly styles;
l^ inch long. — Goniodes slylifer Nitzsch.

2. Yellowish, elongated, flat pointed body, if inch long.— Lipeitrn^
polytrapezius Nitzsch.

Orthoptksoid Insects

The old Order Orthoptera is now broken into ^,overal new Orders 1)>
[he elevation of certain Families to ordinal rank. The relationship
of these and other allied orders is shown by the following grouping:
I. Sub-class: Orthopteroida.

Orders: Orthoptera, Phasmoidea and the allied orders Derma[)-
tera and Thysanoptera.
II. Sub-class: Blattaeformia.

Orders: Mantoidea, Blattoidea :md the allied orders Isoptera,
Corrodentia and Mallophaga.

Chief Economic Orlhopkroid Orders:

A. Hind femora large and fitted for jumping.— Or/Ao/>/rro (/.Of «!(.', Cncicts, etc.
.\A. Hind femora not large, not fitted for jumping.

B. Body elongate; abdomen witliout movable forceps.

C. Front legs spined and fitted for grasping.— .WaM/oWcii {Manlid
CC. Front legs not formed for grasping, legs long and slender.-/'/; j.-
molded {Walking sticks).
BB. Body elongate; abdomen with movable forceps; fore wings she I'l
horny, hind wings nearly circular.— /Jcrmn/'/era (Eardiigs).
BBB. Body oval, flattened; legs fitted for running.— /f/aWoWco (Cockroaches).

ORDER ISOPTERA (WHITE ANTS)

Family TERMITID.£

This order is characterized by incomplete metamorphosis, bin
mouth-parts an<l net-veined wings that fold flat upon the back.

CLASSlncATION AND DESCRn-TION „F COMMON INSECTS ,03

There is but one Family-the Termitid^. The member, of each
>pec.es live m communities in the ground or sometimes on trees an!
mclude males females and neuter workers and soldiers ThTv fee

Termites are most abundant in tropical or semi-tropical countries
A^few^speces such as Leuco,ern.es flavipes are found as Jr notTs

ORDER CORRODENTU (BOOK-LICE)
Family PSOCID^
These insects have biting mouth-parts and are either wingless
or w.th roof-hke wings. The Family Psoad. include the minute

CO lections. The most common species is Alropos dimnatoria a minute
e-colored wmgless insect. It feeds upon the paste of booS"ngs'

and upon decaymg vegetable and animal matter ^

C«„«r«/._When severe infestations occur, fumigate with sulphur

.. lb. to 1000 cu. ft.) or with hydrocyanic acid gas. ^

ORDER BLATTOIDEA (COCKROACHES)

Family BLATTID.S

iJcneta and Species:

^' ~)2in:;i:T'' "^"" '- '"' ™'"' ^^^^ ™^^ »' '™a'- ^-o^'-

RR s,,/' *'"7^''"7'"' '"'°"'"' '""' °' Pronotum yellow.

5. jcfman,™ (Croton bug), length H inch
'emorrrptaid"'""' °' '™"^ ■"'""■"^ ""P--" -J <""<ie,l; fu.e
B. Wing-covers n„t reaching lip of ahdomen.^B/,,//^
B. orientalh (Oriental Cockroach)
BB. Wmg-covers reaching beyond the abdimen.-P.,;;,,,,,,,,
,,,V ^.:"8-'=°™^s much exceeding abdomen.-y. amerUana
CC. Vl.ng-covers but little exceeding abdomen; a bright yellow
stnpe on basal half of their outer margin, r .u.,JaiJ

I I

AA.

J.!

104 ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

Several injurious species of cockroaches occur: (i) American
Coclfroach, (2) Australian cockroach, (3) Oriental cockroach, and (4'
German cockroach or Croton Bug.

I. American Cockroach {Periplaneta amerkonaL.), a native species,
is a large dark brown insect ij-i inches long, with well-developed wing-
in both sexes, i}i-2 inches long; thorax with an obscure yellow border.
Eggs held within a capsule until hatched. Duration of Ufe-cyck
about a year. Nocturnal.

pjt; 5g_ — 7hc oilental roach {Blatta orientalis);
natural size. (After Marlall, U. S, Bur. Enl.)

female; b, male.

2. Australian Cockroach {Periplaneta auslralasiic L.), iM inches
long; resembles preceding but the yellow band on thorax is much
brighter and more definitely limited. Upper wings have a dash 01
yellow on each side. Abundant in the south.

3. Oriental Cockroach (Blalla orientalis Fol.) or "black beeiK,
is a nearly wingless dark brown or black robust form, about an imh
long— the male with wing cases one-half to three-fourths length ot
abdomen; female wingless. Notably gregarious and larger than the
Croton Bug (Fig. 59).

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRI"TION OF COMMON INSECTS 105

4. Gennan Cockroach or Croton Bug {Ectobia germanka L.), has
a light brown thorax marked with two dark brown stripes. Bnlli
sexes with well-developed wings. Active and wary, relatively
•'s inch long.

All the roaches have a foetid roachy odor, and are said to feed on
ilie bedbug (Fig. 60). They are particularly abundant in pantries,
kitchens and bakeries and they feed on almost any kind of dead animal
matter and cereal products. The eggs are produced in a brown cap-
sule which is often carried about for a time before deposited in a crev-
iic or nook.

Control.— \ bait of powdered borax mixed with sweetened chocolate;
a trap of iiour and plaster-paris and water; fumigation with hydro-

PlG 6o.-The German roach iEctob.a germanica): a. first stage; b. second stage;
'■ ,"""'."?«%'',• ^°r}^ !'^8e; ,. adult; /. adult female with egg case; j, egg-case
enlarged; *, adult w,th wings spread. All natural size except g. {FromRihy.)

cyanic acid gas. Dust the runways or hiding places with sodium
fluoride mixed with flour by means of a dust gun or blower. Boric
acid is also effective.

ORDER MANTOIDEA (PRAYING MANTIDS)

Family MANTID.ffi;

The Praying Mantids are predaceous insects and for centuries
have been looked upon as uncanny creatures both in the old and new
worlds. The most common American species is Slagmomantis Carolina,
liut this form does not breed normally north of southern New Jersey,
IVrmsylvania and Oliici. In iSgg, however, the European spc. les

^1

io6

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

{Mantis religiosa Linn.) was found in New York State, and in 1914
n Ontario.

The adult forms are elongated, with large grasping forelegs, long
prothorax and a small transverse head. The eggs are laid in shingled
masses on twigs, coated with a hard gummy substance.

ORDER PHASMOIDEA (WALKING-STICKS)
Funily PHASMIDA

This Family is represented by the common Walking-stick insect
(OJa/iAeromero/cmoraia, Say), a peculiar creature with longslenderbod:,-
and legs. The outer wings are either wanting or very short.

Life-history. — The eggs are dropped singly in autumn from the shrubs
and rest on the ground all winter among the leaves, hatching in early
summer. The nymphs feed upon leaves, and reach maturity in late
summer and early fall, when they resemble the twigs upon which they
rest. Occasionally this insect becomes injurious on hazel and beech.

ORDER DERMAPTERA=EUPLEXOPTEILV (EARWIGS)

European Earwig (Forficula auricularia Linn.). — This insect is hel<!
in check in Europe by parasites and other natural agencies but the
practical absence of these checks allows it t') multiply rapidly in
America wherever it has been introduced. .\i Newport, R. I., it is a
serious pest of Lima-beans, dahlias, early roses, chrysanthemums,
clovers, grasses, etc.

The adult females hibernate in the soil, and the white eggs are laid
in the soil. The nymphs are night feeders. They are white at firsi
but gradually darken in color to a steel grey — 4 instars. Adults ap-
pear about the middle of July. They are rich reddish brown with
yellow brown wing-covers and legs; about 54 inch long. The forceps
is nearly straight in the female, but curved in the male.

Control. — Use poison bait before July ist and spray plants with
arsenate of lead ; collect by traps.

Labia minor Linn., also an adventive earwig from Europe, is widil>
distributed in U. S. and Canada. Not of economic importan(c'.

(■LASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON INSECTS 107

ORDER ORTHOPTERA (LOCDSTS, GRASSHOPPERS AND CRICKETS)
FAMILIES

A. Antenna; shorter than body.—AcridiJa {Locusts or Short-horntd Crass-
hoppers).
AA. Antenna longer than body.

B, Tarsi 4-jointed.— iocuj/Wa (Long-horned Grasshoppers).
BB. Tarsi 3-jointed.— Cr>HW« (Crickets).

AcRiDiD^i; (Locusts ok SnoRT-HoiiNED Grasshoppeks)
Sub-families, Genera and Species (Figs. 61-63).
Stih-families:

A. Pronotum extending over abdomen; daws of tarsus without [lulvillua;
size small. — Tcttigina.

ixpl.^

Fig. 61.— Abdomen of female Metanoplus bivittatus. A, lateral view B
Jcrsal view; C, central view; D, egg guide; au., the auditory organ; sp.. spirkcle-
ovp., ovipositor; g.pl., genital plate; p.pl.. podical plate; cer.. cercus. [After Lugger.)

AA. Pronotum not extending over abdomen; claws of tarsus with pulvillus-
size larger.

B. Prosternum with tubercle. — Acridime.
BB. Prosternum without tubercle.

C. Vertex and front of hcact meeting at an acute a.i\^\v.~Tryxalin(e.
CC. Vertex and front rounded. — (Bdipodincp.

io8

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

Genera of the Tettig'ina:

A. Antenna; la-jointcd and pronotum rounded. — Batrachidea,
AA. Antennffi i3~i4-iointed; pronotum horizontal, — Tellix.
AAA. Antenna: 22-jointed; pronotum horizontal. — Tettigidea,
(For species see Blatchley's Ortkoptera of Indiana.)
Genera of the Acridina:

A. Wings as long or longer than the abdomen.

B. Pronotum sloping from median carina; extremity of abdomen in mah
not swollen. — Acridium or Schistocerca.
BR. Pronotum flattened; extremity of abdomen in males swollen.-
Mclanoplus.

Fig. 62. — Abdomen of male Melanoplus biviltalus. A, lateral view; B, dorsal vif»
C, ventral view. {After Lugger.)

Species of Acridium:

A. Size large; antennae rather short. — A. amcricana.
AA. Size medium; antennie longer.

B. Color yellowish-brown or olive-green. — A, alulacca.
BB. Color rusty-brown; no yellowish stripe on dorsum. — A, rubiginon
Species of Melanoplus:

A. Apex of last ventral segment of male distinctly notched (Fig. 63)
B. Length of body to tip of wing-covers 29-35 mm. — M. spretus.
BB. Length of body to tip of wing-covers 23-26 mm. — M. atlanis.
AA. Apex of last ventral segment of male entire, or at least obscurely notcheil
B. Anal cerci enlarged at apex. — M. bivillatus.
BB. Anal cerci tapering.

C. Species of medium size; anal cerci much narrowed, but withm i
notch. — M. femur-ruhriim.
CC. Species oi lar^e siice; unal ccrti suddenly nairuwcd, makih
prominent right-angled notch on lower side. — M. di_fferenti<ili

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON INSECTS

log

(,'nrrii of Ike Tryxalintt:

A, Fovcol^ of vertex present, an,l visible from »l,„ve. Lateral carina., of
pronotum incurved.— i/tnoj,,//,,,,, ciirli/imnii

r t'!',w Vr'" "''7,"^'^.''"!"'' '""""^ "'"''' l»'M<:i.-Chrys,,l,raon con.persum.
'I'lieril and Speacs oj Oidipodinic:
A. Wings with the disk yellow.
B. Apical half of wing dusky.

C. Dorsal aspect of head with a slight median carina which is quite
prominent in the central lonoh.-Emopiolophns sordid,,!.
tC. Uorsar aspect of head without median carina; central fovcola
less distinct.— C*(jr/o;*ug(i nridijasciata.

, i S" ■ ^"■^'' ''"'' ''*"'' ^"°'' ""= wings.-5/./wf„S,»«» ao„alr.
A A. W ings with the disk black.-Z>,M05/„>a Carolina
AAA. Wmgs transparent with dark veins; tegmina smoky brown with .larker
spots and yellowish blotches on 5ides.-C„«»»/u prUudda

Pig. 63.-Tip of male abdomen of M,lo„op,us. dorsal view. A , .1, f,„,„.,uh,um ■
B. M. spr„us: C. M. aUams: I). M. difer,n,ialis '

In the West the Rocky Mountain Locust (Mdanoplus sprelus)
dKl, and occasionally does, produce much injury to grain and other
tr.ips. Another species more widely distributed is M. allanis which
-metimes becomes migratory. The Red-legged Locust or Grasshop-
per y/_/.„„r-r«W), the Two-striped Locust (M. bmllalus) and the
Pdlucd Locust (Ca»,„«/a pdlucida) in the East and the Differential
Locust (.V. drffermtialis) in the South are the species that do most

D-i^^'^'t!-'"! ^'"'* "' Grasshopper (Melanoplus femur-rubrum
UtU.).-This locust IS usually the most abundant form in the East
and IS most numerous in low grounds and cultivated fields where veee-
talion IS more or less rank (Fig. 64).

Adull.-Oi medium size, about an inch long; reddish brown in color-
eKmma sometimes without spots but usuaUy spotted, surpassing
the hmd femora, which are reddish brown; hind tibia red with black

no ECONUUIC ENTOMOLOGY

spines; cerci of male narrowing from tip to base and subgenital plai.
narrower at apex than at base.

( ■

Fig. 64.— Red-legged srasshopper Utttlanoliliis fcmiir-rubrum): Above, a.l
male; below, adult female. About twice natural size. (After W. R. Walton, I
Bur. Enl.)

-%.

.^

1

T>

., '<

V. .J

■"""^•iPi

Kwr 1

Pici. 65.

-Locust ovipositing; egg pod in ground at right. Enlarged oni:-
(After Gibson, Ent. Circ. 5. Dept. Agric, Ottawa.)

j;jg5._Deposited in pod-like masses in the ground; obIong-< la!.
Nymphs.— Vary in size according to age and month; all stag' - 1'>
developing wings; grey to yellow; five moults.

CLASSlnCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON INSKCTS ,,,

«inler there (Figs, r,j and 66).

The Lesser Migratory Locust i.Mel,,-

'•"plus atlanh Riley). -A native Ameri-

liiti species; often abundant in Kastern

Canada, causing serious injury. Corn-
eared with M. femur-ruhrum the fe-

ni.ile ha.s a yellow under surface, and

mure .lislinctly banded hind femora,

:ind the male has the apex of the sub-

«inital plate notched, the cerci shorter

and less tapering, and longer tegmina

which arc aUo more distinctly spotle.l.

It has a .listinct patch of black on the neck or collar. Kgg deposition

"ccurs from July to September. Mature forms appear from July ,st

an.l are often abundant in open sandy regions with sparse vegelati.m'

Fl... 66. -K^g pod of |,„^^,,5j
ijpL-neii to ahow arriinijcmciu of
eKB-J; individual ckks at side
natural siao. {Aflcr liibson. l-.til
( irc. 5, D-pi. Attic, (lliiiua.)

Pic. 67.— Lesser migratory gra.sshopper (Melanotlus iillan„\. ak j ,

«.e;^be,ow, adult female, Ah„ut t«.ee natural «z.. ''u/^'";"Je. ^^r.^, ^'t

The nymphs undergo five moults; the eggs are deposited in the ground
m small pod-Iike capsules, and hatch in the spring (Fig. 67).

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

Differential Locuit {MeUimiplus Jijferenliulis Uhltr). This locu-!
is larger than those ilescr!l)e(l above, about i,' j inches long, ami is dark
lirownish-fjreen or olivc-lirown in color. The hind legs are yellow wilh
black basal tibial ring and black spines. The subgcnital plate shot'
and broad, an<l the ccrci ot male lH)ol-shaped. It is fond of the Orcali -
Rag-weed. It is a southern form.

Fig. 68. — Two-striped grasshopper (Metano/ytus bivitlatus): Above, adult i: .i!i
below, adult female. Twice natural siie. (Afltr W. R. IVallon. U. S. Bur. f.ni '

Two-striped Locust {Melanoplus bimllatus Say). — This Iocum i-
not so large as the Differential locust, being about ij.^ inches 1 'n;,
and is dull olive-brown above and yellowish beneath. A narrow yel-
lowish stripe runs along each side from the eye to the tip of the lep-
men. The hind femora are yellow, and the hind tibiae coral red lilh

CLASSIFICATION AMD DESCRIPTION OF COMMON INSKCTS n,

lUck spines The ccrci ..f the male are stout, and tw., lol,e,l; thv

.I.Ken,tal plate ., narrow. The youn^ an.l newly lransf.,rme,l a l-.l.s

IZaC *• ""■ "" '"'"^f"™'"'""^ »- '^"- than those "f

Clew-wtaged Loctiit (Cmnula pdlua.h Scu.l.ler). This I.ku.,
^..cas„,nally doe, serious injury in the West, and frequents hixh ,lr^-
-nl It >s of a hght brown color; the legmina are smokv hrown wili.
. Urker spots and yellowish blotches on the sides an,l a el'lowish l.rown
-.ri,H; along each humeral angle. The wingsare transparent and pellucid
«.th dark vems. Body of male ,9 mm. long, of female ., „ m.
.^ often associated w.th .11. a,lanis in the Kast, an.l is the earliest of ,h
i;msshop[)ers (Fig. 69).

^i^

Abuut tw.« natural size. (/!/,„ W. R. „•„«„„, h. TBur. £« )

Carolina Locust {Dissostcira Carolina Linn.).-This locust is larger
h.in the precedmg spec.es and is of a pepper-and-salt color, with varia-
1.0ns from grey to yellow or reddish. The hind wings are black
".argmed w.th yellow. It is sometimes injurious to corn, wheat, alfalfa
inn soy beans.

yalural Enemies 0/ £«r«./..-Robber.flies, bee-flies, flesh-fly and
Anv-fly larv^, d.gger wasps and blister-beetle larvae; birds and domes-
tic fowls; toads snakes, moles, mice, ground squirrels, skunks and hogs-
mitcs, sp.ders, "ha.r-snakes," etc.

Conlrolof Locusts.~ia) Application of poisoned baits (see Part 1\'
P- 398). (i) Use of hopperdozers. (c) Destruction of eggs bv fall
cultivation, (d) Co-operation of , munities. SSS by tall

114

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

I.OCUSIID* (LoNG-HOBNED GraSSUIIPPKRS OR LoCUSTs)

More Common Genera and Species

A. Wingless or with rudimentary wings and wing-covers.

B. Pronotum not extended over meso- and metanotum.— C«ii<*' .'.V.;
BB. Pronotum extended over meso- and metanotum. — Thyreon '.s.
AA. Winged.

R. Tegmina expanded in tiie middle.

C. Tegmina much broadened in the middle, concave.— Cyi'., '■»:;''
CC. Tegmina somewhat broadened in the middle, not concave.
[). Ovipositor very small.— -tflVroMnlrum.
1)1). Ovipositor of medium i\i.e.—Ambly!OTypha.
BB. Tegmina not expanded in the middle.

C. Vertex of the head with a conical projection forward. —
Conocephahts.
CC. Vertex of the head without a conical projection.

D. Ovipositor straight or very nearly so; insect small. -
Xiphidium.
DD. Ovipositor curved; insect large.

E. Ovipositor curved sharply upward.— SiiiicifrtiJ.
EE. Ovipositor sword-shaped. — OrcheHmttm.
Species of Ceuihophihis:

A. Fore femora about as long as proriotum, — C. mactUatiis.
AA. Fore femora longer than pronotum.— C. breripes.
Species of Thyreonotus:

A. Pronotum well rounded behind. — T. dorsalis.
AA. Pronotum nearly square. — T. pachymerus.

The members of this family are seldom of sufficient importance
economically to require special treatment. The katydids, shield-
backed grasshoppers, cricket-like grasshoppers, and meadow grass-
hoppers belong here and are interesting objects of study. Recently
it was found that two species of katydids (Scudderia furcala Brurner
and Mkrocentrum rhombifoiium Sauss.) are injurious to oranges in
California, often causing serious loss. (Bull. 256, Bur. Ent. V ^
Dept. Agr., 1915)

Gryllid* (Crickets)
Genera and Species

A. Fore libiK broad, fitted for digging (P'ossorial Crickets).

B. Insect small; antennae ten- to twelve-jointed. — Tridactylus.
BB. Insect '".rge; antenna many-jointed. — Gryllotalpa.

.Vpf,

The
meri
barn

-hori

ClASSinCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON INSECTS

"5

!■( llu: same linglh as ihi-

AA. Fore tibia; sltnder.

B. Hind femora stout (True Crickets),

C. Last segment of the maxiliarv palpi
next to the last.— CrvZ/nt

..../,. ,'","!::' '™°" *"'^" '^'- crickets).-*.,,,,,,.
A. Black field crickets.

B. Ovipositor ,,-,4 m„,. ,„„g. „,|^ „„„ „,,„j„ ._^ ;».„„, v/r,„„V„,
B«-Ov.pos,tor,8mm.Iong;male.,tout._(;.„W„c:.-,„„,. ^

A A. Straw colored house crickets.- C. rf»„„ .,/,V„j.
.^pnit's of Armohius:

" ^t:;;:d;:x;::^^:^i-;r -" ^'"«^'^ -'- "-^''^' — •

A \. Ov.pos.tor shorter than hind femora an.l arcuale.-.V. r.>,j„„,.

Vfi'M 0/ (Ecantkus (Fig. 70);

.\. Antenna with one black mark on each basal joint.
a. Black marks like small rounded dots,-*' nheus

I^LT "'" ''""' '""' '"■' ''""''"'• "■^' o"''™"'' oblong.-(F
ongiistipennis. °

\.\. Antenna, with two black marks on the first basal joints.

B. Antenna, wholly black, also head, thora.. an.l legs. Marks on first

^.;",;'"'^^ ""'^ °" ^'"'^""- ^'""«-^-' p-""''. <i--t.-

Tlu'fielfcTf r'" ""'"* ''"'''*' ^''■'•^'""' /-""''.v/-'"--^ Burn,.).--
llu held cr tket ,s omnivorous and seldon, .Iocs enough damage to
-nt spectal attention. It is fond of grain, however, and often enter!
tarn.s destroying a considerable amount of grain
^l</»/(.-A large black cricket existing in two forms-the commoner
*c.r.-w,nged form in which the wings are rudimentary and the"

11

'ii

ii6

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

w

winged form in which they project beyond the tip of the l gmina. Th.
Icgmina are deep black to grayish brown, in the male reaching the tip
of the abdomen, in the short-winged female not quite so long and in
the long-winged form slightly surpassing the tip of the abdomen. Tib-
ovipositor never exceeds the body in length. Length of insect 16-23
mm. (Fig. 71).

Eggs.—YeMovi, cylindrical, laid in the soil in late summer an 1
autumn in Quebec, in June and July farther south.

Nymphs. — In the north the nymphs hat( ii
in early summer from hibernated eggs; in the
neighborhood of Indiana they hatch in Jul>
and August and hibernate.

Snowy Tree Cricket {(Ecanthus nheii>
DeG.). — Sometimes injures apple and plum
trees by egg-punctures, and occasionally e:\\<
holes in the ripe fruit (Fig. 74).

Adull.—Ivoiy-vihhe tinged with green, ' ,
inch long; wing-covers nearly twice as long a>
abdomen; those of male flattened, crossed In-
oblique veins, semi-transparent and broaikr
than body, those of female wrapped cln-c
about the body; ovipositor short, straight ami
tipped with black; maxillary palpi relati\il.v
long. July-October.

Eggs. — Elongate, cyUndrical, yellow, ',
Pig 71 -ThePennsyl- ; [^ j j^jj gj ] ;„ punctures in the Inirk

vania field cricket iC-yllus „ , , , , , j i

ptnnsyivanicus). (After of smaller branches of apple, plum and pcaiii,
I-'SS'^-) in the fall; hatch in May and June.

Nymphs. — Feed on plant-lice and other insects.

Black-homed Tree Cricket {(Ecanthus nigricornis Walker).— C\in
suit Bull. 388, N. Y. Ag. Exp. St.) Injures blackberry and raspb- rry
canes by egg punctures, and carries spores of cane-hlight and c her
diseases (Figs. 72 and 73).

AdM. — Greenish white; head and pronotum black or barred viit
black; body black beneath and yellowish-green above; antennae 1 ns,
mostly black; wing-covers as in (E. niveus; head, thorax and legs m stly
black. Probably feeds on flies.

Eggs. — Similar to those of (E. niveus; laid in a row of punt ires

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION

OF COMMON INSECTS 117

Fk. 72.-BIack.h<,rned tree cricket ((&a«ft« nigricorms) Fe„ , k

below. iAflt, Luggtr.) ''^n'^'e above, male

'"■ ^3-~-Egg punctures and

isiu::^;^^ °' "-^ ^-^■"--^ "icke.

» ntgrtcornts).

\.u

ii8

ECONOMIC ENTOMOIOGV

often 2 inches long, each row containing about ,50 eggs; hatch ii.
May and June.

Nymphs.—TeeA on plant-lice and other insects; full grown lat.
July and August.

Co«/ro/.— Prune out infested twigs and burn them.

Other species of (Ecanthus deposit eggs in galls on willows, and in
the stems of IleliaiUhus, Solidago, etc.

Fig. 74. — (Ecanthus niveus ovipositing. (After Parrott.)

ORDER THYSANOPTERA (THRIPS)

(Consult Tech. Ser. Ko. ij. Pt. III. and No. jj, Bur. Ent.. U. S. Uep. of Ag.)

Female with a saw-like ovipositor, last segment of abdomen of ftni
conical, that of male broadly rounded; wings usually present, the fore p.
the stronger.
B. Ovipositor curved upward; antennas 9-jointed; fore wings broad :ii

rounded. .£olotliripidtc. — Genus jEolothrips.
BB. Ovipositor curved downward; antenna 7- to lo-jointed; wings usu.il

narrow and pointed.— r4ri/>iii<r. Genera: Thrips, Kulhrips, //. '.

thrips, Anaphotltrips.
L. Female without a modilied ovipositor, last segment of abdomen tul. .1
in both sexes; wings often absent, but when present similar in structur
FiiitcalhHplda. Gvliera: Phlscthrip!, Trkholhrips, Cryplolkrips.

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON INSECTS I.9

Thripid^ (Thrips)
Grass TTirips {.Uapkothrips siriatus Osborn).-Feeds bv sucking

Adult.-Sm^W \U inch long, yellowish or brownish-yellow four

J'^::'^:t itr^' ""^''-^ '- - '" -^ ^^^^^ -"""-

A>«M^^-Become full grown in spring in about . weeks, summer
forms m 4 days. Life-cycle in 12 to 30 days

•■Thrips injury on the leaves shows as minute dots or lines usually
ruimmg parallel with the leaf veins and remaining white " ^

SopTrT.T^rR ^^^7'*"> J"^""^^?"™^ UzeI).-(Consult Bull.
K En, R n ^ A n' '^'^ ^""^ '''' ^^ ^ ^^- ^^P' «'- '9..; Bull.
Rr'i.fsh r • T- f ^^"■' '^■'•' ^ P^' '" «"'^^' Ca ifornik and
Bnt sh Columbia, along Hudson River and in Pennsylvania to pear

Sr (f!775) """'' '"'"""" '"' '" ''""' '" '""^ ""^^ '"

.lrf«/A-Minute, slender, dark brown, Ms inch long; wings frinee-

hrJod"' /elr^'™' ''' ""'■ "^""^^ '™'' ""^^ -•" ^ ^^ ^P^'"^ O^e

£?«.-Laid by a sharp, curved, saw-toothed ovipositor beneath

eHerm, of fru.t and leaf stems as the trees come intolloom, caus"g

.StTc^; istar' '"' ' '"''''''' '""''-' ^"p-^^"- '^''-

.Vym/-fo._Hatch out in blooming time and become full grown in
about . weeks. They then drop to the ground and form a puZc 11
^ome distance below, where they hibernate. The pupal stage is an
.nac,,ve stage and lasts about . months before the aduU apSs

'iMiUate 0,1 emulsion, to which is added nicotine extract

Greenhouse Thrips {Heliothrips luemorrhnidalis Bouche) ^^This in
snotteTX!. bt'Tr;' "T7 8^^™''°"^^ P'^"'^ which first become
n^'hltw "°'^''^l^"f '^"''"y -'""'• n"'P« of a reddish iluid,
urmng black cover he leaves. (Consult Bull. 64, Pt. 6, Bur. Ent.
L. s. Dept. of Agriculture.)

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

p,G ,, —Pear thrips (Taniothrips iitconsttutns): I. Adult; a, eggs; 3 andj. lari ti
5 and 6, nymphs'or pups; 7. head (aide view) . AU greatly enlarged. (.Aflcr Moulin »,
U. S. Bur. EM.)

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON INSECTS 121

/l</W/.-One-fitteenth inch long; head and thorax dark brown
al.domen yellowish brown; antennae with 8 segments; 3 to 4 weeks for a
generation; fore-wings with two, hind-wings with one longitudinal vein

Eggs.-mtch in 5 to 8 days; laid singly in leaf tissue; colorless and
liian-shaped.

Nymphs.— Mature in 20 to 25 days.

Onion Thrips or " While Blast " (Tkrips labaci Lind.).-Attacks a
large variety of garden plants. Found on bulbs of onion in loose soil
ami at axils of leaves. Punctures the tissues and sucks the sap giving
the field a whitish appearance. Produces also scullions or thick
necks.

tia. 76.-Whcat Ihrips {Eulhrips trilUi). Greatly enlarged. Ufle, Fohom.)

^l<i«//.— One-twenty-fifth inch long, active, slender, yellowish tinged
with black, two pairs of bristly narrow wings which fold along the back
Probably winters over in the rubbish on the ground; life-cycle about
3 weeks, hence several generations in a season.

%i.— Laid singly in spring or early summer within the leaf tissue
,100 mch long, elongate and curved; hatch in about 4 days.

.Vymffo.— Transparent at first, later greenish-yellow; mature in
'I "r 12 days.

Control.— Spny with solution of nicotine sulphate and whale oil
5»ai, (4 oz., 4 lb., 40 gal.)

133 ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

Wheat or Strawberry Thrips {Euthrips triiici Fitch).— The moM
common thrips and found on many cultivated plants. Injurious tu
strawberry, apple, peach and wheat. Several generations in a season
(Fig. 76).

Adult. — Small, }^o inch long, brownish yellow.

Eggs. — Small, whitish, curved oblong; laid singly in lower part of
calyx and in flower stalk of strawberry; hatch in 3 days.

Nymphs. — Three moults; mature in 9 or 10 days.

This thrips produces "button" strawberries.

Control. — Spray with nicotine or kerosene emulsion.

ORDER HOMOPTERA>
Chief Economic Families

A. Tarsi i or 2-jointed; antennx usually prominent; buak apparently arising;
from sternum.— 6>0M, ft Sicrnorhynchi.
B. Tarsi i-jointed; adult male with beak and 3-wlnged; female wingli -
with body scale-like, or gall-like, or grub-like, and covered with wax)
secretion. — Coccida (Scale Insects), p. 123.
BB. Tarsi 2-jointed; wings usually 4.

C. Wings white, opaque. — Aleyrodida (White-flies), p. 151.
CC. Wings transparent.

I). Legs long and slender; antenn* 3-7-jointed. — Aphidiiiir
(Plant-lice), p. 136.
DD. Hind legs fitted for leaping; antennae 9 or lo-jointed. -
Psyllidie (Jumping Plant-lice), p. 152.
A A. Tarsi 3-jointed, antenns minute; beak evidently arising from mentum. -
Group Auchenorhynchi.

B. Ocelli 3; males with musical organs. — Cicadida (Cicadas), p. 156.
BB. Ocelli 2 or wanting; males without musical organs.

C. Antennae inserted on side of cheek beneath the eyes.—Fulgorlil(r
CC. Antenna inserted in front of and between the eyes.

D. Prothorax prolonged into a horn above the abdomen. -
Membracida (Tree Hoppers), p. 157.
DD. Prothorax not prolonged above the abdomen.

E. Hind tibia armed with two stout teeth and tip crowned

with short stout spines. — Cercopida (Spittle Inseitr'.

P- ^53-

EE. Hind tibife with a double row of spines belov —

Cicadellidff or the Jassoidra (Leaf Hoppers), p. 1 ;4

' The old order liemipiera is here broken up into three orders viz.: Homop r>j, j
Hemipicra and Siphunculaia (see p. 04)'

CLASSIFICATIOK AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON INSECTS

"3

I- CocciD.e (SiALE Insects)

Chief Sub-funillet and G«nn«

t 'ill/ Sub-families:

AA. Abdominal spiracle, absent; males with simple eyes

B». Naked or covered with a waxy secretion, but not beneath I -t,:
abdominal pygidium absent. ""' " '"'■=■

' *"■ Pa''ir„T"tria°' T''T "'"■ """' ""'■'" ''"-" "bove by a
pair of triangular plates, anal ring fringed with seta;- waxv

scale not separable from the insert.^CoraW '

tC. Extremity of abdomen not cleft; no anal triangular plates anal
l-liif/Gcni-rao/llic Diasfina- ' vi-ig. o,;.

A. ^ale^of female circular to oval with central, sub-central, or sub-marginal

'• ^i^t.; elT^^at'eT"""'" ''''' "' ''™'' "' -">' ^^ — "nly
''■ ^itir """ ' """■" "' "™'"«-"-' gland.orifices.-C„„.
CC. Pygidium with less than 6 groups of gland-orifices.

I)D. Chitinous processes smaller and shorter or wanting -
Aspidwius (Fig. 79). ■■■■nug.

BB. Scale of male white, delicate and carinated

C. Dorsal spinnerets irregular; exuvia usually sub-central -Dias„is
CC. Dorsal spinnerets in distinct bands; exuvia ter^in.t J

\V Scale of fT^^'^''"''™^^'"=''»»''"''--'i"'-"" '"

A.\. Scale of emale elongated with exuvia at one extremity

" ^^-:^^i::^ °' ^-^^- "- -'- «ve groups

""■ ^:i::^:^i::^;-'^ "' -'^ --■ - -- sides

"' c*- i::;ir^" ''°""' "'^' ■" -= -"^^ -<< carinated.-^.„.
U.,;/ (VfOTro o//»c Caccitut:

A. Naked or covered only by a filmy .secretion

B. Flat or slightly convex; dermis alveolate.-tnc.uj.
BB. Very convex, usually hemispherical; hard when mature

C. Dermis with coarse polygonal pitted area.. -5a,„c/;j

"4

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

\\. With a strong cottony secretion; Kcretiag an oviHac; body more or lc<
chitinous without dorsal patches of secretion. — Pulvinaria.
Chief Genera of the Dactylopina:

A. Female globular or reniform, in a hard shell; larva fringed with spines.
Kermei.
\\. Female not as above; anal ring with eight hairs.

B. Adult surrounded by secretion but dorsally naked. — Gossyparia.
BB. Adult forming a cottony sac; caudal lobe long. — Eriococcits.
.■\.\.\. Ftmalc with soft powdery oval unarmorcd body; anal ring with six hairs.
B. Antennx normally with 8 segments, sometimes 7; tarsus not toothed.
Psfudococcus (Fig. 81).
BB, Antennte normally with 9 segments; tarsus toothed. — Phenacoaus.

Scale insects are typically bark-lies, being minute sucking inscci-
covered with a mealy or cottony waxy secretion. Some, like the MeaK
Hugs, secrete a cottony material; some, like the Lecaniums, secrtir
a waxy hard continuous layer which forms a protection for the bad ,
while others, hke the San Jose Scale and the Oyster Shell Scale, pu-
sess true scale-like coverings, composed partly of a waxy secretii'i
and partly of moulted skins, beneath which the insect lives.

For a short time after birth Scale insects crawl about, but soon thi \
settle on the bark or leaf and begin sucking the sap. After afrw
moults the females lose their legs, eyes and feelers. The male adult
insect is, as a rule, an active 2-winged insect with legs, eyes, feeler-,
but no mouth. In most species the females lay eggs (oviparou- .
but in a few the young scale insects are bom alive (viviparous), is..
the eggs hatch within the body of the mother.

(Consult Comstock's republished papers. Bull. 372, Comell; the "Coccida* 'i
Ohio" by Sanders; "Some Scale Insects of Mississippi" by Herrick; "'I lie
San Jos€ and other Scale Insects" by Lochhead; "Coccidae of Indiana" l-y
Dietz and Morrison; and Bull. 6, Tech. Series, Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. A^,'

Hard Scales (DiASfiNiE)

Following are the most common economic orchard forms:
Oyster Shell Scale (Lepidosaphes u!mi Linn.). — (Consult Farnurs'
Bulletin 723, U. S. Dep. Ag.) A cosmopolitan insect of Europian
origin_and one of the most common pests of the nrchard and of sh.'le
trees and shrubs. Single-brooded in the North bu, double-broodc'' in
the Middle and Southern States (Fig, '70).

CLASS,„CATro.V AN'O DKSCR.PX.O. OK COMMO.V .NSKCTS
■uter the apple bios cms !ai„"o Ic i '[ " T^'^ J"'"=' ^ '"""'y

<-:::::^-S;i^;Cr;i;r:s.:^r"--

fen£^r.Sr "^^-^^ '^'^ '" ''-^ -^^y '^" -^ ^-^ Se. the

^^r^:Stt!^' itiiz ''' ""'''r "' j""^ ^"^ ^-^ '-ale

i]6

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGV

S«n Joti Scale {Aspidiotus pernkiosus Comst.). — China is probably
the home of this scale. It became cstablishd at San Jos£, Cal., aboui
1870, and was intro<luced into Kastern nurseries in the U. 8. aboui
i88fr-7, and into Oniario about i8<;6. Occurs on orchard tree~
bush fruits, and many perennials and annuals. On badly infestol
branches the scale presents the appearance of dark-grey scurfy patche~,
and on fruit there is often a purplish discoloration about the scale.

Adult. — The female scale is circular, !,i inch in diameter, with ,1
central exuvium surrounded by a yellowish ring. The male scale ^

Fig. 78. — a. Winged San Jos^ scale (much enlarged) ; b, young scale insect (enlar,"!
125 times).

oval, twice as long as broad, v't' , ' \w 1 exuvium showint; a
nipple toward the small end of the .' ■ Tose scale winter^ in

the half-grown state. Early in si.rin;; ti.c i. !!(;• 11 males appear, ami
the females resume growth. The male moults thrice and the femalt
twice. In early June the females begin to produce living young. Tho
period of production lasts about six weeks during which time e:nh
female produces on an average 400 young. The females mature in
.^5 to 40 days, and the males in about 25 days after their birth. Thi-re
are three or four broods in northern orchards (Figs. 77 and 78).

Nymphs. — The half-grown scale is black, and shows a central nipple
surrounded by one or two depressed rings.

Parasites. — The following Lady-birds feed on the San Jose Si lo:
ChilocoTus bivulnerus, Peniilia misella and P. suiuralis.

"f parasitism is t.K, low /or effective tnto, ' "' "" '"'"'"»«''

Pic. 79— Pygidia of /(j(.iV,w„, ok ■

»ils (see Part lA^ ' ''"''' '"""'^ ^P'^^ -'"> certain miscible

The three closely related species, Putnam Scale ( i n^.t i, . ^

--ering in nearly full-grown cnnHi.,^ j ^ ^''" ^"'"-^

/ <uii grown condition and oviparous, the

128

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

I- i

hatching in June-July, the Forbes Scale (.1. forbesi John.), and the
Curtis Scale (.A. oslreajormis Curtis) (Fig. 79), are difficult to dis
tinguish from the San Jose Scale, and are also found in orchards
A comparison of the pygidium, or the fused posterior abdominal seg-
ments, under the microrcope enables one to identify the adults of the-c
species. On the dorsal surface of the pygidium are the anal openin^'
and the glands that secrete the wax of the scale. On the ventral sui
face are the vaginal opening and 4 or 5 groups of spinnerets (wantini;
in the San Jose Scale). The margin of the pygidium is modified ini"

A B c

Fio. 80.— Three common orchard scales. A, San Jos^ scale; B, oyster-shell si ale
C, scurfy scale.

lobes with thickenings, dorsal and ventral spines, and plates character-
istic of each species (Fig. 79).

Euonymus Scale {Chionaspis-euonymi Comst.) is a common pesi hi
Euonymus in the Eastern United States. Two broods a season.
Female scale elongate-oval, brown, with yellow exuvia, convex; male
scale white, parallel-sided, 3-ridged, with yellow exuvia, much smuller
than female scale.

Rose Scale {Aulacaspis rosee Bouche).— .\ttacks rost', raspberry,
blackberry, etc.

Female scale snow-white, nearly circular, thin and flat, K2 i''^*'
in diameter; with two Ught yellow exuviae at margin; oviparous. Male
scale shorter, narrower, 3-ridged. Hibernates in all stages, hince
all stages may be found on one infested plant. Two or three brou l^a

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON INSECTS I29

-Z'a l^^f"^ '.^"''. j"'''^ ^'"""^ ™^^^^<1 "« if White-washed. Para-
site: Aphdmus diaspidis How., a chalcid

Control -(,) Trim out all badly infested canes before spring- U)

Soft Scales (Coccin^)

PlumScale.orEuropeanFruitLecamum {Lecaniumcorni Bouche) -
rh,s scale, also called the New York Plun, Scale, is sometimes abundant

P'7 "^-^hards. It occurs also on peach, apricot, pear, Znce
currant, blackberry, ash, elm, etc. ' ^ '

Adull.~Fem:ile scales conspicuous brown objects, "like small

dved peas," adhering to branches and twigs. Full g own in Ze

Male sea es much smaller, flatter, more elongate, and of a whi""sh

color; mde msect delicate, with two whitish Lgs; emerges i^^^

ai.oS-~ntr'^' ""'" '-'= '"'"^ '" -'y J"-i -"i'e; hatch in

,h.'i!r^*''7^'""^' ^™'" ^"'^'^ '^' ""'"'" ^^l« ^"d crawl to

e leaves m July; secrete much honey-dew. About the end of Augu t

m September they begin to migrate from the leaves to the twl

nd branches where they hibernate. In early spring (April) they bll

feeding agam and grow rapidly, maturing in June. ^

Parasite. — Comys fusca.

C««/r«/.--Spray with a miscible oil (i to 15) before buds burst-
spray about July ist with Black leaf 40 and soap. '

x-:^'^r^F.f^v% n'T'r "'^'t'""""" Perg.).-(ConsuIt Bull.
,b'. Bur. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr., and Circ. 88.) Attacks shade trees
such as maple, basswood and birch, and orchard trees, such as appL
plum and peach. A native insect. ^^ '

n, .'.^f ""Tf""!?" - °'^''^ hemispherical, reddish, 1-7 inches long
mottled wuh radmtmg streaks of black conspicuous about the margin
The presence o a double mid-dorsal row of 25-40 low subconical append-
ages appearmg like pores, extending from near the anal lobes to nearlv
above the sucking mouth-parts is quite characteristic. Adult of male
a minute, delicate .-winged insect with rose-red body marked with
dark and with heavy brown thoracic band, appearing early in August

13°

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

male scale smaller than female, elongate, slightly convejt, and greenish
white. Viviparous, young born June- July. One brood a year.

A'ym/>Ai.— Female scales nearly full grown by autumn, and winter
as such. Mature early in spring.

Control.— A 20-25 per cent, kerosene emulsion or miscible oil ap-
plied in dormant seasons destroys the hibernating females, or flour-
lime sulphur just before the young migrate to the leaves. Coccophagm
sp., a chalcid, is an important parasite.

Cottony Maple Scale {Pulvinaria ii//i'sL.).— Occasionally becomes a
serious pest of shade trees, such as the soft maple, box-elder, bass-
wood, etc.

Adult. — Conspicuous on account of the cotton-like waxy masses
projecting from beneath the brown scale of the female. Female scale
"elliptical, convex on the back with a low rounded median ridge; pale
green or whitish yellow, marked with black or brown." Male insect
winged, with two long caudal filaments, and long antenns.

Eggs. — Minute, oval, pale yellowish; enclosed in the secretion of
waxy threads; about 3000 eggs laid by each female, in June and July.

Nymphs.— M first active and crawling, with six legs; later they
settle and secrete a thin waxy covering on their backs. Females
fertilized by the males in late summer. In autumn they migrate from
leaves to twigs where they remain all winter.

Parasites. — Coccophagus lecanii Sm., C. flavoscutellum Ashm.—
chalcids.

Co«/rfl/.— Spray in early spring with Black Leaf 40 and whale-oil

soap.

Golden Oak Scale (Asterolecanium variolosum Ratz).— A small,
yellow, round, convex scale often coating twigs of oak. The nymphs
appear in May- June.

Cottony Grass Scale (Eriopeltis Jestuca Fonsc.).— Often abundant
on stems of grasses in the maritime provinces; forming conspicuous
compact oval tufts of cotton wool, the egg-sacs. The eggs hatch in
spring and the scales become full grown in July. Toward the end "f
July the eggs are laid in the cottony sacs.

Elm Bark-louse {Gossyparia spuria Modeer). — The females are dark
red, bordered with white wax; Ho inch long; arranged irregularly aloi «
cracks or fissures in the bark of trunks or limbs. The young appe.r
in late June or early July and settle along the mid-veins of the lea\ s

CLASSIFICATION AND DESC«PTION OP COMMON INSECTS z,I
and on the green tips of twiirs. In Sent -n,-, .k
-Hc' -igs. Wnter i^passed fs paltV^l^Lct' ""^"'^ '^^ -

Mealy Bugs (Dactvlopin*)

Orthef/a
insignis

f^longbplnia

-SS^- J ne luiiomng species are common:

\- II:

132

ECONOMIC EKTOMOLOGY

Pic i2 —Hrmhphtrical siali (Saissetia hcniisphajrica) on fern. Natural
{After Forbes.)

Pig. 83.— Hemispherical scale, enlarged. (AJler Forbes.)

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON INSECTS rj^

Long-tailed Mealy Bug (Pseudocorcus lo„gl,pi,ms Tare ) -A ,n,=.ll

Clover Root Mealy Bug (Pseudococcus Irifolii Forbesi - fir.
the crown of second veir n- 1 ,„,i u-, i »^"rDesl.— Occurs near

P-ied by ants Two fori wh„e clovers in dusters, often accom-

(Hemichionaspis aspidistrro) Fe-
mal=^sca,e, e„Ur«„d. (^/„,

Fic. 85.— Malescalcof the
Aspidistra scale.' enlargid
(.Afirr Forbes.)

WonlWM T .^^ "'^ ^^" ^^'" "lating with irales fFig 8,1
W of^? t ^"^ ^'f ' (^A-<-.«.a„ acerLa Walsh and Ri, ^ '

"i /6 to ^5 incli long, yellow, rounrled-o\al.
Other Greenhouse Scales

Dy s,,cc,es of Coccus, Sa.ssctU, .Upi,U„,us, Chrysojphalus.

v\

!::■

134

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

Orlhezia and Hemichionaspis in addition to the Mealy Bugs alreadv

described. i a . i

Soft Brown Scale {Coccus hesperidum Linn.)— An oval, Hat scak-,

straw colored to dark brown; viviparous. Occurs on oleander, Cycas,

ivy, rubber plant, box elder.

Hemispherical Scale (Saissetia hemispkarica Targ.).— An oviil,

|)olished, rich brown scale; oviparous. Occurs on [lalms, orchids, ferns

asparagus, oleanders (Figs. 82 and^Si).

^i^^^^ajSliEii.i.-^-'-

cMDDlIlIIDIIDBJJ^^''^

Fig. 86.

-Types of antenna; of aphids: o. CkcUopkorus; b. Aphis:
d. Pemphigus (apterous); t. Chnmes: f. f sensoria.

, Schizoiifttra

Oleander or Ivy Scale {Aspidiolus hedera Vall.).-A circular, fiat.
grey or white scale, with a pale orange-colored centre. Occur. (.»
oleander, ivy, box wood, orange, palm, cycad. ,

Circular Scale (Chrysomphdm aonidum Linn.) .-A circular <lark
brown scale with a grey nipple in a reddish brown ring. Occurs on
Araucaria, citrus, oleander, begonia, and rubber plant.

CLASSlnCATIOK AKD BESCKIPT.O. „p COMMON INSKCTS .35

plants (Fig. 8 0 """^ '''""°°- °""" °n n>»ny

>

Plii. 87.-Pront of head and cauda of aohid,- „ i,- ■ .

whale-oil soap (i lb to 2 eaiwt Hi r , "^ ^"'^ ^°'' Scales use
which Black Leaf 4c has b^^ added °" °' ""^ «°°' '"'^""'= »" '°

^i

i i ■11

136

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

till

sfU,!

■H

Spray with lime-sulphur, whale-oil soap, kerosene emulsions,
miscible oils or whitewash when outdoor plants are infested.

APHIDID-E (APHIDS OR PLANT-LICE)

Chief Economic Generi CFigs. 86-94)

\ Front wings with four obUqu. veins; antenna generally 6-segmented.

B. Media of fore wings twice forked (except Lochnus in part).

C. AntennE of winged female s-segmented.— Si^Ao.

CC. Antenna of winged female 6-segmented.

D. Cornicles mammiform; tUament of sulh segment .,1
antennie not developed.

E. Fore wing with stigmal shading appeanng as tli.
stigma, extending to tip of wing. Large aphi.l.
occurring commonly onQuercus, TiUa, and Platamr-
—Longisligma.
EE. Venation normal, except in Lcchnus where media .-
sometimes unbranched or only once forked. Occur-
ring usually on conifers, never on Tilia or Plalanw.
F. Flocculent species. Never on conifers.— P*,v/

laphis.
FF. Not conspicuously flocculent as in F. Occur
ring on conifers. — Lachnus.
DD Cornicles variously shaped, seldom mammiform but if .
the filament of sixth antennal segment developed.

E Large aphids with cornicles usually vasiform, hclv
and appendages hirsute. Occurring on Po/».;«s anJ
Salix.—Plerocomma.
EE. Not as above.

F. Cornicles short or wanting, usually tuberculau :
Cauda bluntly rounded or knobbed.
G. Cornicles appear as mere rings; wings hild
horizontal when at test—Uotiellia.
GG. Cornicles usually distinct; wings In'.i!
slanting or roof-shaped over back when at
rest.
H. Body and appendages hirsute in
which respect it approaches Pi ro
comma but smaller and mostly leaf-
feeders; hairs not knobbed; anlnni
noticeably shorter than body; -'n-
garious on host.— Chailophortis.
HH. Body not conspicuously hir itf,
antenna varying in length . nn

CLASSIFICATION AND DESC«,PI,ON OF COMHON INSECTS ,37

noticeably longer than body; hain on
antenna and body usually knobbed;
most species living solitary or scat-
tered on host-CallifleriHi (includes
MyiccaUis, Callipierus, Euceraphis
el a/.).'

iMsomaphis sp. f^ypit. Cha.lophorm ntgundim!. Hyadapht! sp.,

FF. Cornicles short to very long but not tuberculate;
Cauda not globular or knobbed.
G. First antennal segment gibbous on inner
side.

f-. 8».-Fro„t of head and Cauda of two aphids: a. Rkop.ionpHun,: K ApM.

' See Can. Enl., Vol. 42, No. 8.

H. Frontal or antennal tubercles with
a prominent tooth-like projection
on inner ?ide; rauda tapering.—
yhorodon.

,«i

138

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

HH. Frontal tubercles without the prcru
nent tooth-like projection ; cii > < l.i
more or lew Bickle ihapcd. — i/x i
GG. First antennal segment not conspicuou-i>
gibbous on inner side.
H Head with distinct and more or !• --
prominent frontal tubercles.
I. Cornicles clavate; antenna* -v]
dom longer than body; cah<!.i
taixringand Vnohhed.— Rho pi! o-
siphum.
II. Cornicles cylindrical or imor-
spicuously swollen; antenna usu-
ally longer than body; cau<l,t
ensif orm. — Macrosiphum.
HH. Head with frontal tubercles absent < r
slight.
I. Cornicles distinctly clavatt. -

Siphocoryne (Hyadaphis).
II. Cornicles usually cylindrical ar^l
of moderate length; if clavaie
they arc only slightly swollen
and quite small.
J. Cornicles very short, rniith
shorter than cauda, slightly
swollen; beak short; antcnn^r
shorter than body. — Hyalop-
terus.
JJ. Not as above, i,e., cornicles
moderately long, usitallv
longer than cauda, cylindri-
cal; antenne usually as long
as or only slightly shorter
than body. — Aphis.
BB. Media of fore wings once forked or simple.
C. Media simple.

D. Hind wings with two oblique veins. — Pemphigus.
DD. Hind wings with but one oblique vein.

E. Antennae 6-segmented.— r«/raMCUfa.
EE. Antennte s-segmented. — Hamamelistes.
EEE. Antenna: 3-segmented. — Hormaphis.
CC. Media once forked.

I). Cornicles present, an Aphis-like spe\:ic5.—Toxoplera.
1)1). Cornicles vestigial or wanting.

E. Hind wings with two oblique veins. — Eriosorth:
KE. Hind wings with one oblique vein. — Cohpha.

Pic, 90. — Front of head of
aphids: a, Chaitophorus; b, Hya-

da phis.

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OK COIIMC.N INSECTS ,39
AA. Front wing, with thr« „bli„u. v.in,, .hr m.di. .impl. (unbr.nch.d)

BB. Anlenn. 3. or 4-«gmen.td; wing, .t re,t flat on back; g.ll, on gran,
hlclcory, ttc, never on camlm.-Pkylloxtr,,. '^'

Fig. 91. — Venation of A/afro-
siphum. {Afltr Patch.)

Fl<;. 93— Venation of Toxoplrra.
(Afltr PaUk.)

Plant-lice or Aphids are gregarious sucking insects, often abundant

occuTT ZTT "' ?'"?''■ ""'^ •■""« ""'^'' '"J"^y- Three forms
occur. ,. sedentary wingless viviparous agamic female.s, ,. migra-
tory winged viviparous agamic females, 3. sexual males and females
-tlie females oviparous and wingless and the males winged or wingless.

Fig. 93.— Venation of Ttira
neura. (Afltr Palck.)

Fig. 94— Venation oSChtrmes.
(After Patch.)

allvSows:"'""""' ''"''''' "*'''■ "= """""'^^ diagrammatic

O— P— P— p— p_p_p._p_p/ \q

i \^

= P = P-P~P~P-p/ \o

9
w.x're O represent, the overwintering egg, P the viviparous agamic

Mk

l'

140

ECONOMIC ENTOHOLOOY

wingless form, and =P~ the viviparous agamic winged form, an!
c? and 9 the sexual forms (Kig. 95).

In general, plant-lice arc sofl-lxuliiMl and green, sometimes brow
or black. The winged forms have four delicate wings with a few simpli
veins — the front [air much larger than the hind pair. The sucking
beak is .vj"inled; the legs and antenna' are long and the eyes [)rom;
nent. In autumn the sexual females deposit eggs that ha",!, 'n lib
spring into females which are often termed "stem-mothers." I hi^

produce living; females which in turn produce living females, and s

for several generations. .\s each female produces several young, ;iii I
these mature in a short time, reproducliim -
very rapid. When autumn approaches an!
food supply becomes scarce a brood of win;;i I
males aid wingless females is produtc I
The females produce the winter eggs. Sonn
limes agamic females hibernate.

There are many species of plant-llic.
some feeding on one variety of plant, ' 11
many are capable of feeding on two or min
varieties. Some feed for a time on one hn-i
plant, then migrate to another for the sum
mer, finally returning to the first one in
autumn. Some produce abnormal growth'
called galls, such as the grape phylloxt ra
gall, the cockscomb gall <m the elm, in
Cottonwood gall, the poplar gall, etc.

Most plant-lice excrete a sweet liquid called "honey-dew," whnh
is attractive to ants, bees, wasps and other insects. On account ni
this honey-dew aphids are often attended by ants who guard th< 111.
Forbes has shown that the little brown ant (Lasius niger) has domi-:!-
cated the Corn Root Aphis, which is cared for xnA controlled in ill
stages of its development. (Consult Bull, no, 112, 276 and Farnv r-'
Bull. 804, U. S. Dept, Agr., and Bulletins by Parrott, Patch, Fori i-,
Herrick and Matheson.)

FecimdUy.- Regarding the powers of reproduction of aphids W li
stcr and Phillips (Bull, no, U. S. Bur. of Entom.^ cite the estimal. "i
Huxley and Buckton. The former estimated that the tenth geii r:i
tion alone of a single Rose Aphis, were there no deaths, would con lin

Fig. 95.— An a(>lcruus viv
parous femaU' aphiti.

'>"r£iRte

CtASS:wCATIO.V AXD DF.SCKIP

'iiorc 5ul)sun<c thai

riO.V OF COMMON'

i.vsKrrs

ioo (lays
iiluals

'" 5°o million »i„u( men; (h,. I

'41

"r 15 generations of

equal in weiKht lo i,Oj«

■fo caili, ihtrc
,400,000 men.

alter ci

|>m|)ulei| that

Would l,e jo" indi

i'hi.isweiKh,«rai;;a;;dr;;:^r:ir. --'^

'""PutcT makes the , le rumher r°°?'°°° "''""'■ ^-''h"

-e,l m Indiana Uy each viviptro" S;"''"''''-' '''>"-'''« !>--
II .s c.mceival,le, therefore, how this n. ."■, "■'°^ ^ '> «"^ '»'■

'Trii" '""'' "'•''''■" '''-wS- " ' '" ''"■''^'""•- ^''^'
'-umntr^tl!;r£™lj;'i;:;;;^^;;;j''" MOJ also computes the
'■' '5 young in , weeks. ,f ,11 the , r r"' " '''"■^■^"""" "' ■'

"- n.te for a sea.son thev woM tc fZ '"' ''"" """"'"""' ^'
In the case of il,- r- . . '''Soo.ooo.ooo.

7«- the a:i:';:xtSt;'!;:'^ :r\^-" -^ - "^ker

^"'""t 40. As the «tem mothe b"cLe m^ ,""' '""^^' ^--" -

K:n,a, and there are from , to r Z t^ns"" """ ^''•'' ''' '" '■"-
[ircKluction is very -aoid Th-. f""'^"""'*' "^ an average of , . re
in -September from S,,/ ^ :,t';"'"';r "' «^-" ''""^' ^ '^^ ^
"40,000,000,000,000. "''' """''' '«= 40" = b7o,o88,.

J- J. Davis reports for the fKi A„i,; / ■ , •
".r Indiana wi,h an averag of !' ^Jt , ' ^''" "--' '5 generations
»' one stem-mother at the end of .h" '''' '"""'"^- ■''»-■ l'^"«env

The .same writer Rives for the P a''!" 7"'^' '" •'°"
"crage number of young borne In- fenral. V .^'"■""'^'""" ^"'^ ''"=
"""■^ as 65. The progenv of a s. i f^ '^ consecutive genera-
»"uld .n this case be 65.V ^'^™-'"""'" "' 'he end of ,he season

■\iilural £«(■»!/«.— Ladv-bird !>..„, p
^--, -any parasitic hymenl'La ,:!; T'f" "'^'^«'"^' '''--ing
■l"'lers, birds. ^""-""Pltra, „^mphs of tree-crickets, harvest

^^,CW.^- -Spray with k, osene emulsion, whale-oi, soap, tobacco

Ciiir:i- Kco.voMic Swxtfs
.1, L- „ ^''"■s ^iM" aif«<E Fah 1 c

" '"™'^^'' "^^'" •^'""^^ '^ -- ^"i-^ou! fo^piie b'rraVp*^

142

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

before the other apple aphids. Stem-mothers appear early in May and
are yellowish-green with three dark lines on back; progeny winged ami
blackish; migrate to grains and grasses in the second and third genera
tions, winged and wingless generations. Migrate back to apple in
September where mating occurs. Males produced on the secondar>
host and females on the primary host. Beak short and stout; thoracic
shield dark; cornicles short and flanged; cornicles, antennae and feci
black.

Clover Aphis {Aphis bakeri Cowan). — Sometimes attacks the apple
in the middle West. Eggs are laid on the apple, the pink stem-mother>
appear early and give rise to green winged and wingless forms. Thf
former migrate to clovers and give rise to several wingless generation>.
In late autumn the winged forms fly back to the apple and hawthorn
where the eggs are laid. Cornicles are short.

Com Leaf Aphis {Aphis maidis Fitch). — Bluish-green, with black
legs, antennae and cornicles; a row of black dots ijn each side ol
back.

Com Root Aphis {Aphis maidi-radicis Forb.). — Bluish-green lice on
corn roots; attended by brown ant {Lasius niger).

Spring Grain Aphis or Green Bug {Toxoplera graminum Rond.).
Infests cereals in spring; wingless form yellowish-green, with faint dark
line along back; eyes black. Winged form larger, with darker thorax.
Migrates to other regions and to grasses. Parasitized by LysipUebus
tritici.

Western Grain Aphis {Brachycolus tritici Gillette). — Is injurious
to winter wheat in Montana.

English Grain Aphis {Macrosiphum gtanarium Kirby). — Occurs un
wheat, barley and the grasses, Agroslis, Bromus, Daclylis, Poa and
Phleum and Cat-tail, widely distributed in the U. S.

COMMON FRUIT APHIDS

Apple Bud or Oat Aphis {Aphis avena Fab.).— See above.

Green Apple Aphis {Aphis mali Fab. = A. pomi DeG.).— Tliis
aphis collects usually on the tips of tender shoots, on the under surficc
of the leaves, and when abundant attacks the developing fn ii.
Winters on twigs as black shining eggs which hatch just before I af
buds open; '12 inch long, pear-shaped; bright green; black, slen itr

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPrrnv „„

t-!.CRIPTION OP COMMON INSECTS

'43

. , v,v.«MUN INSECTS I

lla spasnn „ J , ■ "'"""^ "f w>n?ed form.

■^ii

Ill'

I

I

144

ECONOUIC ENTOMOLOGY

ni

yellow tipped wit*- black, long and tapering; body covered witli a
powdery substa e. Winged females with black thorax and red ilj-
domen, honey-tji/es long and black. Two small tubercles at end id
abdomeh; the late winged forms are migrants and have a black pauli
on abdomen, black bands across last segments of abdomen, and bla.k
spots on sides. Egg-laying females lemon-yellow, mate with migrant
winged males. In this species also the males are produced on ilii
secondary and the females on the primary host. After the lliird
summer agamic generation this species deserts the apple for ilu
plantain, but returns in autumn. (Consult "Apple Tree Insect> .li
Maine," Circ. 31, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr.)

Sweet Cherry Aphis (Myzus cerasi Fab.).— Eggs oval and blad,
laid around the buds and on bark of twigs and branches, hatchini; in
late April. Stem mother globose and glossy black. First limod
wingless viviparous, later broods winged and wingless viviparous; ilk
winged form with head, thorax, cornicles and cauda black, and abdonun
dark green to dark brown migrate to Lepidium where several broods oi
dark brown, wingless viviparous forms and darker winged forms an
produced. The latter return to cherry when they and other residrai
winged forms produce viviparous females which are fertilized 1a
migrant winged males from Lepidium. No males are produced w.
the cherry. Six to 14 generation are produced during the season in
the Niagara district. Controlled most successfully in early sprini;,
just before the buds burst, by spraying with lime sulphur and lilack
Leaf 40 (Ross, 48/A Rep. Ont. Ent. Soc, 1917).

Clover Aphis (Aphis bakeri Cowan).— See above.

Green Peach Aphis (Myzus persica Sulz).— This general feeder i- wir
most common greenhouse species. Under glass it reproduces vi
parously from year to year. At first the young Uce are pink, but nest
generation is bright green. Migration in third generation to garden |
crops (where it has been known as Rhopalosiphum dianthi Srhr.
returning in autumn to peach.

Currant Plant-louse (Myzus ribis L.).— A small yellowish I'lant-
louse causing a curling and blistering of the leaves of currants with I
red discoloration of the upper surface. Wingless female light -rcen
and mottled; body covered with capitate hairs, and with two rows
of spots on mid-dorsal surface. Winged forms darker and abdomen
crossed by several bands. Migrates to Stachys and Galcopsis (Gil -tic j

-Assmc.no. ..„ „,3CK:Pno. o. commo. :.sbcxs .,,

"n the base of each antenna ' ""'' ''"""'" ^"""'^ '"bercle

Apple WooUy Aphis (Schizoneura (= £„w„».l , •
."--«« R..ey in pa.).-(Consu,t Bui. 4Se' ^.'^t "^n^'

viviparous female

I efaif ^pfe S'crS :f ^ '^ '""^"^""^ '"^■""°- '° -"y vari-
-rir:::c;2^?{^--":;:.;tr-;!

lit!

.Ill

1

till !

'•'r

K?aiy

146

ECOKOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

i :«■

n

! ,i

HH ;i

m :■

stock is liable to infestation and severe injury. The injury to tin
branches is not so serious, but in cases of severe infestation it causi -
stunted growth and yellowing of the leaves. Colonies often coUei 1
at the axils of leaves, on water-sprouts, and at abrasions and wound-

The common form seen on roots and limbs is wingless, Jf 0 inch lonj,
reddish-brown, and covered with a woolly waxy excretion (Fig. 97).

The life-history of the trunk forms is as follows :

Some winter near the base of the apple tree as immature nymph-;
but those in the elm as eggs in crevices of the bark. The hibernating'
nymphs on the apple migrate to the branches in early spring, and j
succession of parthenogenetic generations of apterous viviparoii-
females appears throughout the season. From the eggs on the elm
hatch out apterous viviparous stem-mothers in early spring about Ma\
15th, the second generation is also apterous viviparous, but the third i-
winged and migrates to the apple, hawthorn and mountain ash when
three generations are developed, two being apterous, and the thinl
part apterous and part winged. The winged form migrates bai k
to the elm, and produces the wingless sexual forms. Each female
lays one large yellow egg which winters on the tree. The wingU>s
forms remaining on the apple give rise to another generation whiili
winters over as immature nymphs.

The injury to the elm leaves is characteristic — the formation nl
terminal leaf clusters or rosettes. 5. amerkana produces leaf-curl.

The winged forms are nearly black, the abdomen being rusty brown,
the wings are clear and the antennae have annulations and are 6-jointi'il.
The sexual forms are wingless, beakless, smaller than the agamic
forms; the female J^o inch long, reddish-yellow, is larger than tl'e
olive-yellow male; the antennse are 5-jointed, and without annulati"n>
as in other apterous forms. The root colonies ordinarily remain
underground throughout the year, and do less injury northward.

Parasites. — Aphelinus malt, a chalcid; Pifnza radkum, a syrpliiil;
lady-bird beetles.

Control. — Spray thoroughly the aerial forms with kerosene emu^ion,
soap solution or tobacco decoction; dip roots of suspected nur^ry
stock in same solution or fumigate with HCN; add tobacco c'a>t
to the soil.

Black Peach Aphis (Aphis persica-niger Er. Sm.). — Black; Ives

"n roots, twigs and lea vp« xr •

H. Ontario (lig. ^sj''^"- Nom.grat.on. Of no economic importance

ii4-n''XTtrtECudrn:rf

P-der; honey-tubes short andE 1 T' 'T™'' ^'"^ « "^^'r

g-oseberries and flowering ur'amr^"'" '"''^"^-^"^^^'■^ -"^"-^

The winged summer forms „i"'^f.=''f"^'"«^"^''n« of the leaves

migrate to some unknown host, and return

""■■■ ''-Black peach aphis (winded female)

inihefall Th — —.a.e,, (..i/,„ (»„».„,»,„.)

lrf''-^^^Z£t''t^;:£ '?f .--es.m-mother
black head and body, with a dar Z.H L '""^^'^ '""" has a

*• .he wingless fo™ is dark gU ^ fdrk^""'^ ""^ '"^^''•
, „ -- Ooo-e^ A,.s (/,.. arScErOreen. honey-

'«;'-.0) Winged Lm:'^,St*J-^-«a"f^^^ (.) wingJs

Several generations during summer The fl,'" ' '"^^ ''"'" ^™^'--
I 'he growth of the leaf tissue s^^ha; . In °^ ^""""^ stimulates
I »" 'l>e upper surface '' " ''°"°* «"" '^ P^duced, opening

II

148

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

ii

! I :i

2 Root form similar to that on leaf; often derived from leaf or..,
several generations in a season; yellowish and wingless, and forn,
nodules which break down and decay, often <lestroymg the rooi
Yellowish oval eggs are lai.l on the roots. Larva; moult three t.mc-
Leaf-galls are most common on American grapes whde root-galls ar,
most common on European grapes.

t Some of the root forms in late summer develop elongate Ion-
legged winged females that fly to neighboring vines and lay 2-4 et;L,

beneath loose bark. 1 , , 1

4 These eggs are of two sizes-the smaller producmg males, lU
larger sexual females. These are wingless and minute, hach femak-
lays one large egg from which hatch the following sprmg the leaf a.M
root forms. Not destructive on sandy soils.

Co«W.-Spray in early spring with lime sulphur; use America.,
varieties as stock.

COMMON GARDEN APHIDS
Cabbage or Turnip Plant-louse {Aphis 6fasiiV<rL.).-Often ab„n
dant on the under surface of leaves of cabbages and turnips, and very
destructive in warm dry weather. A greenish, soft, Pear-shaped .nsm
covered with a whitish bloom. Mature forms have b'ack head an
eyes and dark cornicles; nymphs are pale green with black legs an,l
antennae. Parasite, .l/>A«/i»s raM a braconid. j. . ,

Aphis pseudobrassica Davis.-Also occurs on turnip, radish, cab-
bage rape, mustard, etc., and is often mistaken for A. brassica.

Melon Plant-louse (Aphis gossypii Glov.).^Occurs on the u,> cr
surfaces of the leaves of melon, cucumber, squash etc., and also on oilier
crops and weeds. Winter eggs have been found on purslane and straw-
berry A blackish-green insect. Apterous females with legs and
antennae whitish, cornicles black and short; winged forms with a rmv of
black spots on sides of abdomen, and spots on head and thorax.

Be^Aphis (Aphis fumicis L.).-^ Occurs on the tips of horse a,,,l
broad beans at time of flowering. When the lice are abundan .h.
plants assume a sooty sticky appearance. Also on »PPl<=- d^jhlia > .
shepherd's purse, pigweed, snowball and burriing bush. This apl
slaty blue or black, with white bands on the legs and o ten with a.>
tufts Called also the "black fly," "collier" and "black dolpl„n.
Strawberry Root Louse (Aphis forbesi Weed).-Blmsh-gree„. 0,,
roots of strawberry; occurs also on leaves. Eggs laid on stem u=i"

CLASSIFICATION- AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON INSECTS ,49

leave,.^ Ant, carry ,ice l„ .«,s. Of no economic i.p„„ance in

Potato Plant-louse (Marrosiphum solanijolii Ashmcad) Tr
pmk migrates to the rose, where wi.uer i/spen, Fee .^^'^l"" "'
number of plants. reeds on a large

Green Rose Aphis (.1/,,, nmphum rose, Linn ) A !ar<,e ml
;;.^h.s w.th dar. antenn. and the cornicles long and mIT t^

form plant-louse. greenhouses. A l.rownish-black pyri-

COMMON SHADE AND FOREST TREE APHTOS
Negundo Plant-louse {Chailophorm negundinh Thns 1 ^
l-st of the ash-leaved or Manitoba maple fnWelit^i^^^

Alder Blight (Pemphigus lessellatus Fitrh^ — A u- ii i.- ■
on ..anches of alder. Ringed forms mlJe to^Sp,r '"' '^'^"^^

Beech Tree Blight (Pemphigus imtrielor Fitch) 1 A similar form
the twigs and leaves of beech "^ '"™ ""

■ock'SXw^frt'"' ?""'" "*>'• ^'"^"'^)' Western Hem-

,ti

ISO

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

11

cluster of 40 to 50 yellow eggs on a spruce needle. The eggs an
extruded from the abdomen but the parent Chermes remains over then,
until dislodged after her death by wind or rain. The winged form oftci
oviposits near the gall from which it emerges. A different species ..1
host plant is never sought by this Chtrmes. In about two weeks th,
young "stem-mothers" hatch from these eggs and seek a protectini;
crevice in the surface of the spruce bud where they can spend the winter
These wingless forms develop in the spring and become full grown abom
the last of May when they lay a cluster of 140 or more eggs. From
these eggs hatch the young that inhabit the gall and are known as the
"gall generation" with which we started the cycle" (Patch).

Spruce GaU Aphis {Chermes similis Gill.).-(Consult Bull. 17;,
Maine Agr. Exp. Stn.). Abundant locally on black, red, white an.l
Norway spruces, producing loose terminal galls and scra^Rly deformcl
twigs. ' The galls open about July ist and the winged flocculent mi-
grants oviposit on spruce.

Co«/ro/.— Spray in early spring while trees are dormant with whak-
oil soap (i lb. to 2 gal. water). Black Leaf 40 (i to 800) added l.i
soap (i lb. to 4 gal. water).

Pine Bark Aphis (Chermes pinuvrlids Fitch).— A common enem>
of cultivated pines, appearing as flocculent white masses upon the green
bark of the more tender parts.

Co«(ro/.— Spray in late April or May with fish-oil soap or kerosene
emulsion.

DOUBLE-HOST APHIDS

Following is a partial list ot double
Chermes abieticolens on spruce
Pemphigus tesselatus Fitch on alder
Pemphigus balsamiferae on Cottonwood
Kriosoma pyricola on pear
Eriosoma lanigera on apple
Kriosoma amcricana on plum
Eriosoma ulmi on English elm
Hyalopterus arundinis on plum
Phorodon humuli on plum
Aphis avena on apple
Aphis sorbi on apple
Aphis pruni on plum
Aphis peni on oleander

■host Aphids;
= Chermes pinifolia; on white pine.
= Pemphigus acerifolia; Riley on maple
= Pemphigus betae on beets.
»> Eriosoma pyricola on elm.
= Eriosoma americana in part on elm.
= Eriosoma americana on Juneberry.
= Eriosoma fodiens on currant.
= H. arundinis on reed grass, cat-tail.
= P. humuli on hop.
= .\. avena on oats, cat-tail, etc.
= .\. sorbi on plantain.
= Aphis cr-dui on thistle.
= A. lutescens on milkweed.

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON INSKCTS 151

Aphi. bakeri on apple and hawthorn - Aphis bakcri on clover
\ph« brevis on apple and hawihorn . Aphis brevis on clover
\phi, euonymi on snowball an.l burning - Aphi. n,raicis on bean'and -lahlia
bush

Macrosiphum iUinoicnsis on Viburnum • M. illinoiensis on grape

pruti'foliB
Macrosiphum sulanifolii on rose = M. solanitolii on potato

Macrosiphum granarium on grains, rose, = M. granarium on cat-tail

etc.
Aphis prunorun. Dob. on plum, Ribes . Khopalosiphum nympha^a; on Nym-
„, ... ... „.^ ?•>"••". Alism^., Sigittaria, Tvpha.

Khopalosiphum nbis on Ribes . R. lactuca: on Sunchus.

Khopalosiphum capreK on willow = R. caprea; on Umbellifera?

Myzus nbis on Ribes = m. galeopsidis on Galeopsis, Slachys

and Lconurus.
.\lyzu8 cerasi on cherry = M. „.rasi on Lepidium.

My^us persicie on peach = Rhopalosiphum dianthi on garden

plants.
Khojialosiphum pastinacca; .mi l.„nicera = R, pastinaceai on I'aslinaca
ll.irmaphis hamamelidis Fitch on witch = Hormaphis hamamelidis on birch
hazel

llamainelistesspinosusShimeron witch = Hamamelislcs spinosus Shimer on birch
hazel

Tcl raneura graminis on Ulmua = T. graminis on Leersia.

rhecabius populiconduplifolius on = T. californicus on Ranunculus

poplar
Ihcrmes lloccus on white pine = Chermes Hoccus on Red and Hlack

spruce.
Chermes cooleyi on Blue and Engelmann = Chermes cooleyi on Douglas fir

spruces

AleyrodiT).e (White Flies)

White Fly {Aleyrodes vaporariorum Westw.).— (Consult Bull. 140
Conn. Agr. Exp. Stn.) Injurious both in adult and nymph stages
sucking the juices from the under surfaces of the leaves.

Often abundant in greenhouses, and difficult to control.

.Idtdt.—Woigs pure white, covered with minute particles of wax-
I'ody yellow, ]-U inch long; antennae 6-jointed; beak 3-jointed; tarsus'
J-Jointed; eyes brown, in two pairs.

^Ki.— Elongate-oval, Koo inch long, laid on the leaves- light
Brccn or white to dark; hatch in 1 1-14 days. Unfertilized eggs produce
males only; each female usually lays several dozen eggs.

«5»

ECONOMIC ENTOMOlOCy

A'ym^Aj.— Three-one-hundredths inch long, yellowish when full
grown; long waxen rods on back of " pupa." Life-cycle about $ week-

Cox/ro/.— Fumigate at night with hy<lrocyanic acid gas ('i <>/
potassium or sodium cyanide, i fl. oz. sulphuric acid, 3 fl. oz. watu
for every 1000 cubic feet of space); spray or wash repeatedly infesti!
leaves with whale-oil soap (i4 oz. to I gal. water).

Citnii White Fly (Dialeutodes cilri Ashm. = A. dirt Riley ^
Howard).— A most serious pest of oranges and other citrous plants . :
the South. (Consult Tech. Ser. No. 11. Pt. V and No. 37, Bur. Em
U. S. Dept. Agr.)

PsYi.LiD.*:. (Jumping Pi.,\NT-LirK)

Pear Psylla {Psylla pyruola Fuerst). -A European pest introflucnl
about 1832, and now widely distributed over the Eastern states an!
Canada.

Adult.— \ dark reddish-brown bug, Ho '"ch long; abdomen with
black bands; wings clear with (lark veins and laid roof-like over the bo(l> ;
when disturbed it hops and flies away. Eyes bronzy; hibernates nii
trunk in crevices, etc.; 4-5 generations each year.

£m,_-Orange-yellow, minute; Hs '""^h lo"gi pear-shaped; dep" •
ited in crevices of bark or along midrib of leaf; hatch in 2-3 week-

A'yw/ifc.— Broadly oval, flattened, yellowish bodies with crimson
eyes; later reddish with black markings and conspicuous black wins
pads; secrete honey dew; 4-5 moults.

Natural EncmiVs.— I.ady-birds, protracted periods of wet cc'lil
weather in spring, and long spells of hot dry weather in summer.

CoB/ro/.— Clean cultivation; bark scraped; spraying with Bkuk
Leaf 40 (i pint in 100 gal. water) during warm days in early sprini;,
late fall or after blossoming; spraying with lime-sulphnr just bcfurc
opening of blossoms.

Bramble Flea-louse (Triom tripunctata Kitch).— Occurs on blin k-
berry, causing curling of the leaves and dwarfing of the shoots.

Adult. — A small reddish-brown, jumping plant-louse, % inch Inns,
wings with three yellowish-brown bands. October-May or Juno

£jgj._Light yellow, deposited in June-July on blackberry.

JVjrm^Aj.— Mature in September-October; young nearly pure wlilc
to a greenish white; older nymphs yellowish.

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON INSECTS 153

Cercopid* (Fsoghoppeis or Spittle Insects)
(Consult Bull. JJ4, Milne Agr. Expt. Staiion)
These insects commonly occur in meaHows and are often conspicuous
by the large number of frothy masses rtscmlihnK spittle on the leaves
..r grass, clover an.l weeds. The injury done is difficult to estimate but
u must Ik^ considerable in the aggregate. Philanus spumarius an.l /'.
Itmatus are common in mea.iows, and Aphrophora parallel j Say on
pines.

Meadow Froghopper (Philanus spumarius I.inn,).- This insect
feeds on oats and a wide range of plants, many of them weeds, but
not on grasses. The injury is apparent in the formation of withered
iir dwarfed seeds.

.!(/»//.— Body elongate-oval, head bluntly angular, wing-covers
ixlending well beyond the end of abdomen. (Olor pale grey to black,
and the markings quite irregular in form.

/■;««J.— Elongate-elliptic- 1, one side straight, the other curved.
Shell tough and hard; hibernate in dead stems or leaves in
meadows.

Nymphs.- Almost colorless; three instars; antenna g-jointed. The
viscid frothy masses excreted from anal opening and certain lateral
Klands on seventh and eighth abdominal segments. The masses are
believed to be protective.

CVm/fo/.— Rotation of crops; early mowing to kiU the nymphs-
burning the surface dead grass to kill the eggs. '

Grass-feeding Froghopper (Philanus lintalus L.).— This spittle
insect is found almost exclusively on grasses, especiaUy on timothy
and red top, and undoubtedly does considerable injury. It causes
withering of the stems and blasting of the heads.

. I (/«//.— Distinguished from P. spumarius by its longer head, and
narrowed body with more nearly parallel sides. Front of head rounded-
angular and as wide 's thorax. Color grey with a whitish costal
margin and a blackisl horder line.

/^KJ— Hibernate; hatch late in spring.

V.vw^ij.— Three or more instars; mature in July.

I I

jl^

154

ECONOMIC EKTOMOIOCV

FAMILY CiCADELLIDJE (LkAF-HOPPERS)

h' 1,

(Conault Bull. io8, Bur. Km.,

I' s. htpt. \i!r. mill Hull.
l:x\> .Stn.j

i.<8, 148, Maine \^

The Leaf-hoppers are (li< iile>l intii four fairly distiiui sul>-familii
se|>arated by means of the venation of the wings and by ihe head pan
(i) Bylhoscopinx (xcurring mainly on trees or shrubs, and includiic
Idiocerus alternalus an<l the Clover I^eaf-hopjier (Fig. ool; {'>) Cn ;
dttlina, including the Sharpshooter {Oncomelopia uiutulii) and Drarul 1
cephala molUpts occurring in grass land; (3) Jassina, including I in
Shovel-noscd Lcaf-hoppcr (Dorycephalus plalyrhynchus) on wilil ry

Fin. 99. — The clover leaf-hopper {Aiiillia sanguitiotttila): a. adult; h, n>-ni|.h
ide vir.w; c. nymph, dorsal view; d, face; f, elytron; /, female genitalia; j, iii.t'r
gt.-Ital- ;. All enlarged, (After OsborH and Ball.)

(Elymus), the Inimical Leaf-hopper {Deltocephalus inimkus) on liluc
grass, the Destructive Leaf-hopper (Athysanus exiliosus) in grain fields,
and the Six-spotted Leaf-hopper (Cicadula 6-notala) in oat fields;
and (4) Typhlocybina including the Apple Leaf-hopper (Empoa^r,!
malt) the Rose Leaf-hopper (Empoa rosa) and the Grape Leaf-hoip|iir
(Erythroneura comes).

The presence of leaf-hoppers in very large numbers in meadows ;i nd
pastures in late summer indicates that considerable injury is being dniic
and that they must be reckoned among insects of economic importanc i.

Six-spotted Leaf -hopper {Cicadula bnotata Fallen).— A small yelKi«
form 4 mm. long with six l)lack dots on the vertex and a doublestiu'
of black arcs on the front. Occurs on oats, timothy, etc, produiini:
spots on the leaves, whitish at first, then turning to brown or bl^nk.

CLASSiriCAT.ON AND DKS< «,PT,„V OF COUHnS ,NSK,< TS ,55

Black Apple tMf-hoppar (Idioctrus Airki V»i. tn t

in th, Annapoli, ValleyX he Zy i tj^^^ A common p«,

August and hatch from May ," o Ju„T '.,h rt™'.''" '"''' "'

"vmphal Mage i, moults) i, l.u, Jo iTs ' ' '^" """""" "'

l-r,ne Leaf-hopper (A>y/Ar„„.«M ,„„„ Sav).-(Scc Bull m-

r, Th \^ f ■'' ""'' '^'^ ""^'" *" unnatural spotted an-
ce. The adu ts. matnr. in \ .i.. ■ . . "J'^'ea ap-

also do much harm. Feeds

il back variably marked
)' gra9§ and wood-lands,

|)e^irance. The adults, mature in A,.. ,-.
also on Virginia Creeper, Strawberry '.•!,
Irfu//.— One-eighth inch I,., . , ,vin...
»ilh yellow and red. Hibp:;...te. ,., ',
and emerges about May i.i.

^«i-— Three-one-hundre.itlis 'n", i -1.- ,.,;.„

.lo v/r' LI,' ' '"''• "•''"*^' ^""^^ "I'*" "" heans alfalfa

^'''^e^, potatoes, currants and gooseberries '

.1 /^/.-Slender and cylindrical, M inch long; brilliant grass-green:

ij

f!

■,

iij:

'

156 ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

white lines and dots between the eyes; a series of six whitish spin-
on front margin of prothorax, two whitish lines on mesothorax forii
ing a letter H; three dots on scutellum; strongly convex above; froii
rounded; wings thin and uniform, folded close about the body; Iti:-
slender, hindmost larger; three or four generations each year. Adulis
may live 14-30 days. Hibernates.

Engs. — Autumn eggs laid in September under epidermis of apple,
summer eggs under epidermis of petioles of apple, clover, etc.; h\a-
line, cylindrical.

A'yfM^As.^Light green; feed on under side of leaves causing while
spots, most injurious in May-June; five nymphal stages covering ..'
days.

Control. — Spray in spring with a mixture of Black Leaf 40 and whale-
oil soap; collect adults by driving tanglefoot screens along the mu^
in bush-fruits.

Rose Leaf -hopper (Empoa rosa Linn.).— Leaves of rose bushes ami
apple trees are often badly infested with the Rose Leaf-hopper, ami all
stages of growth may be readily found. Eggs are laid in July, ami
eggs are again laid in the fall beneath the bark of young wood of rci-e<,
blackberry, and strawberry runners, where they stay over winter.
Migration from the roses occurs in June. Controlled by lime-sul|iluir
and Black Leaf 40 during the early nymph stages (Consult Bui. 14S
Oregon Ag. Exp. St.)

ClCADID.*:

Periodical Cicada [Cicada septendecem Linn.).— (Consult Bull
Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. of Agr.) Often called the Seventeen-year Lm
Adults damage orchards and nurseries by making egg puncture
the twigs.

Adult. — One and one-fourth inches long, black; abdomen ban
with red; eyes red; veins red at base and along front margin; Ji
duration about 30 days. Dwarf forms also occur.

Eggs. — Each female lays 300 to 500 eggs in punctures maiN
ovipositor in twigs and stems; eggs hatch in 6 to 8 weeks.

Nymphs. — Burrow in the ground, feeding on juices of rool>
humus of soil; moult probably 4 or 6 limes at intervals of 2 '■
years. In the spring of the seventeenth year they emerge and ni
changing to adults. A race or sub-species having a 13-year p^

!l-t.

^ in

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON INSECTS

'57

Over twenty broods have been recog-

')ccurs mainly in the South,
iiized and delimited.

Co«/ro/.— Prune off affected twig-s in July and hum before the hatch-
ing of the eggs; allow hogs the run of infested land during .April and
.May; avoid pruning the orchard
the year before a cicada year.

\atural Enemies.— A digger
wasp (Megastizus spedosus), egg
l)arasites (cecidomyiid and chal-
cid); mites; the English sparrow,
catbird, robin, etc.

The Dog-day Harvest-fly
[Cicada libicen Linn.). Often oc-
curs but is not of much import-
ance economically. It is black
and green, and white powdered
underneath.

MEMBRACID.E (TrEE-IIOPPERs)

Buffalo Tree-hopper {Ceresa
buhalus Fab.).— (Consult Circ. 23,
Div. Ent., U. S. Uept. Agric.)
This bug is a common pest of or-
chards and shade trees feeding on
the sap of apple, maple, etc. It
injures the trees by making longi-
luilinal incisions in the bark, which
liccome points of weakness (Fig.
100).

Adult.— A grass-green bug, ^^
inch long, with the i)ronolum
k'rciitly enlarged, and expanding
lalcrally into two horns and pos-
teriorly into a long point. July-
Sc'iilembcr.

/W.-Dirty-whitish, cylindrical, slightly curved, tapering toward
"ui^r end; 1 i^ inch long. Laid in the bark in batches of 6 12 in two

Fit;. 100, -TwiK-s sliuwinjf t-KK puiK;-
turus of the iJufTalu lroe-h'jppt.T.

I

158 ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

curved slitS made by ovipositor. Egg-laying occurs in August an I
September; hatching the following May and June.

Nymphs. — Covered along the centre of the back with numerou-
forked or barbed spines or projections, a pair to each segment. General
feeders in or near orchards.

CoB/ro/.— Thorough cultivation of the orchard and destruction ..i
weedy borders in May and June.

ORDER HEMIPTERA ( = FORMER SUB-ORDER HETEROPTERAi
Chief Economic Funilies' (titer Comstock) (Fig. loi)

A. Antennx with 3-4 segments.
B. Beak j-jointed.

S
I

Fig ioi.— Pore wings ot Heteroptera i. Capsidir; 1. Pyirhocoridie; 1
LygKidae; 4. CoreidK; 5. Nabidae; 6. Acanthi.'.aj; 7. Typical wing shomng pans:
m.. membrane; cu., cuneus; e.. embolium, co.. .:firliim; c;..clavus. iAflcr Comsliul: '

'Other Hemiptera Families are of frequent occurrence, especially ii or al)"iii
water. For convenience of reference the con-mon families (old Hcpte.optera) ,.ri
synopsized as follows:

A. Skort-korned Buji.— Live in or near water; antennae short and concealol
beneath the head.

Families: CorisidE, Notonectida;, Nepidae, Belostomatida;, Naucoriilr
and Galgulidse.
AA. Long-hormd Bi<gj.— Antenna; at least as long as the head.

B. Semi-aqualic Bu|s.— Saldida;, Veliida!, HydrobalidE. Limnobaliii
BB. Lind-huis.

C. Antenna- 4-jointed. iCmesidir, Reduviida;, NabidK, Phymati r,
Aradida^, Tingitida-, Acanthiidc, Capsid^, Pyrrhocon'.i,
Lygxidx, Berytida;, Coreidae.
CC. Antcnne s-joinlwl. Pentatomida;, Cydnida;, CorimciieniHa'.
Scutellerida:.

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON INSECTS 1 59

C. Front legs with thick iemotn.—Phymatida (Ambush-Bugs)
P-4i.
CC. Front legs normal or slightly thickened.

I>. Body not flattened. — Redunida (Assassin Bugs), p. 43.
DD. Body flattened.

K. Tarsus with 2 segments. — Aradida (Fht Hugs).
KF, Tarsus with 3 segments, dorsum flat, beak short. —
Acanihiida (Bedbugs), p. 167.
HR. Beak 4-jointtd.

C. Ocelli absent.

\). Membrane of front wings with about eight branching
veins; cuneus absent and with two large cells at base. —
Pyrrhocorida (Red Bugs).
DD. Membrane of front wings with no branching veins;
cuneus present and with one or two closed cells at base.
— Mirida or Capsida (I^eaf Bugs), p. 163.
CC. Ocelli present.

D. Front legs fitted for grasping. —A'oWJrt (Damsel Bugs),
P-43-
DD, F'ront legs normal.

F. Membrane of front wings with 4 or 5 simple veins
arising from its base. — Lygatdee (Chinch Bugs), p.
161.
FE. Membrane of front wings with many forked veins
arising from a transverse basal vein. — Coreida
(Squash Bugs), p. 139.
\.\. Antenna with 5 segments.

B. Scutellum flat, narrowest behind; tibia usually without spinss.—
Pentatomida (Stink Bugs), p. 166.

Scutellum convex, covering nearly the whole abdomen; tibiae strongly
spinose; prothorax rounded in front and straight behind; scutellum
margin furrowed. — Corimelanida (Negro Bugs), p. 10;.

(ufellum convex; prothorax not as above; scutellum with lateral
margin uniurrowed.—Scutelleridcp,

BB.

HUH

CoREiD^, (.SvrASH Bugs)

Box-elder Plant Bug {Lcptoioris trivitiatus). Leaves attacked turn

yelli)w and drop. Occur> in the West and is spreading eastward.

\didt.—\ blackish bug ' 3 in.'h long, with three broad red lines on
the i)!ack thorax; veins of wings rctl, also edges of harder parts of wings;
^nature in autumn. Hibernates under rubbish or in crevices.
/ i,'g5. — Lai(i (n spring and early summer <>n box-elder trees.

^fl M

i6o

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

ri

1

^m

1

L-i'Ji

i!

'4

IP

.rrl'JI

Nympks.—A\so show bright red markings of adult. Very you.-
forms are bright red; mature in less than 2 weeks.

Co»<ro/.— Collect bugs in sunny days in winter from trunks of tre.
spray young forms with toban •
soap solution.

Squash Bug {Anasa lri>i:^
DeG.).- (Consult Cir. 39. 1''
Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr.) Inli-
pumpkins and squashes. A sui k-
ing insect which should not ^v
confused with the cucumber .r
squash beetle.

A dull. — Dirty blackish-bn , « n
above and mottled-yellowish ln-
neath; -'i inch long; wings foM.d
diagonally across the back; l":ik
4-jointed; ill-smelling (Fig. lo:

Eggs. — ^Laid in clusters on 'In
underside of leaves; red or broiizr
smooth and shining; slightly ilai-
tened on two sides; J.25 inch long. Hatching in 8-13 days.

Nymphs.— When newly hatched they are red and green but hiin
they become black like the adults but without wings and with proi."'

Pig. 102.— Squash bug (,1 nuso (ris-
tis): a. mature female; b, side view of
head showing beak; c, abdominal seg-
ment of male; d, same of female. {.After
Chittenden.)

Vic 101-— Nymphs of vjuash bug. showing

Bur /;«(.)

tiv- stiiges. {After ChiUenden.

tion»t<ly longer leg« »n(! antennae, later developing wing pacl> aivl
becoming more and more like the adult. Five moults occur (Fig o;

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON INSECTS l6l

LiJe-history.~U hibernates as an adult under rubbish, in out-
buildings, etc. In spring the adult injur.-s the young squash plants by
sap punctures, and at that time lays c^gs; nymphs reach maturity in
July-August. Two broods in a • easor. in the South.

Co»/ro/. -Spray with keros - emulsion; trap the adults under
bits of board; destroy the egg-masses; destroy the vines in fall; plant
early squash plants among the cucumbers and melons as traps

Lyg^id^ (Chinch Buns, eto.)

Chinch Bug {Blissus hucopterus Say).- (Consult 'lull, oc. 111 Agr
txp. Stn.; Bulls 15, 69; Circ. 113; Farmers' Bull. 132, Div. Knt.,
U. b. Uept. Agr.) A serious native Ameri-
lan pest, especially in the Central States to
cereals and corn crops and to timothy
meadows; widely distributed in the Eastern
half of the Continent from the West Indies
to Canada.

Adult.~\ black bug, li inch long; wings
white and marked by a small black triangle
(>ri their outer margins; bases of the antenna:
and the legs are red. Short winged forms
m the East and along the sea coast and
^reat Lakes. April-May, and August (Figs.
104 and 105).

■fi«i— Cylindrical, ■>{ qo inch long;squarer
111 one end; whitish at first, becoming amber-ed.
Ill .Vlay, but in 10 days in August.

.VympAi.-Four moults, the successive instars showing changes in
M.c. and markings, the first three often called the red stages In the
iir^l stage it is pale red throughout with a yellow band across the base of
.iiMomen; in the second stage the head and prothorax become darker
th.- abdomen vermiUon with pale yellow band; in the thir.i stage the
lul.ir ,s decidedly darker throughout, and in the fourth the re.l has
ilisippeared, general color varying from black in front to dusky grev
Ijclund (Fig. 106). ' -

Life-hislory.- The bugs hibernate under rubbish, in thickets and in
clumps of grass. In April and May females lay their eggs on tlie roots

Fig. 104.— Chinch bug:
adult. {From H'ehster.)

Hatch in ^-3 weeks

IH

-^yws^r^^i

l62

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

or the bases of the stems of wheal and grasses. Krks halih in 2 nr
weeks or less. The nymphs reach maturity in '1 or 7 weeks, when '
migration occurs on fool to other plants. Kggs are laid on the stem
and leaves of corn and the nymphs attain maturity in autumn. There
are, therefore, two broods in a year.

Flc. ms -Chinch bu^': ailiihs nf ,li.)rt-\vin«f.! furni. Miuh .-nlarBt'd. (.!',

Conirol. —Clenn up rubbish and burn the dried grasses in which ilii'
pest winters in late fall or early spring; place barriers of dust or oil nr
tar lines; plow furrow about lieldsto be ])rotecte(l; the use of muscardiric
fungus.

^tr^

M^l

Pm;. 11)0. Tlu' tliiiuli Ijuk; u- ''. '-'HH'^i <■ nv\\]y hiitched larva. r)r n\ i :■■■.
li. its tarsus; e. larva after first molt ; /. saiiie. afltT st'cnnii inolt; H- last-staRc l.i i
the natural sizes imiicattd at sides; h. t-nlarKtil Wn of perfect Iiuk; j. tarsus nf -.,. ■
still more enlarKcd; i, prolttisi is, ut boak. LiilarKfti (/■>"»! Rihy.)

Parasites and Enemies. -Triphleps insidiosus Say, Milyas cititio
Fal)., Agonoderus pallipes Fab., coccinellids. Rcdnviolus ferus, Po. .""J
fusca, Blechrus, Chrysopa. (|uaii, fro;;. Sporotrichum ^lobuiiferum Sp- :

■^>J

>-t. f.,und during sLmcT on ^ i^'^ :,;:;' "'^ ""'^' —>" i"-
'-ionally destructive in flower K^rllen" '" ''■*■"""'""■ " ''^ '«-

,•',''""• -^ Kreenish-yclloiv l.ui? with t«„ l,|.. i
^""1 four black stripes d.nvn the Lck :r t^ ''""■'' "" "'^ 'hof^ix
and July. ""^ '""^■^•.'i,, >nch long; abundant in June

". .SiiiSi^'iS:;::::;^™' "-"^^ -^ -™"' -■'- -•'er ..us^es

'" -rl up and I.Lnie .^'''^ "^ '•'""'^ -' ™"- 'he leaves
-potted. Currants, gooseberries
mint and sage are e.speciallv liable'
I'l injury.

f»«(r«/.-, Spray with nicotine
•"Iphate or other Dbacco extracts,
"r kerosene emulsion.

Tarnished Plant Bug (/,;;«,
M,nsis L.).--(Consult Bulls.' ,4^, p„; „„ _T,r„ . , ,
-'1 m, Agr. Exp. Sta., Corni') ■^'--S^-^^Jt'S.lirt--
A very common insect, feeding on a wide range of plants I,
ihv well-known injurv to the huds „f n ■, . u • ' " '^^"^^

"' ■ -" - 'he Jud-s and biL ^ : ^X:.^:'':^ '""''T'^-

, I;/-;//. -Brownish, mottled with velloL " ^^i'"'^'^ ,
■""ih-brown, usuallv with three lin^-- ,'' """""h- Head yel-
'■"..">• with four blackshsnosn,' ''™ ,^'"'"' ''""^^ ^'°^"~
™l' a V-shaped spo, hW T' '™''""'" ^"°^'"''^' "^"''"v

/•?,?5.-0ne-twenty-f,fth inch long, tlask-sh-i..ed ,1 . ,•
'-"-.e; deposited in stems, etc.. duraUon t dav^ ' """^"'''>-

^:Sr.^^r^rr:::;!::;'^^"-.""---' Plants.

/- 'c-hislory. - Cycle comple

led

'" ^5 '" ^o days in lale

summer

1 64

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

with probably four or five generations each year. Adults winter u
lTtere.1 situations; eggs laid in early spring and hrs, nymphs app.a,
InMay. Broo.ls not well distinguished, and msecU to be seen (ror-

'"""cLr^/'-No effective remedy; spraying with nicotine sulpha., ,
kerosene-soap emulsions and <ish-oil soap is fairly satisfactory .f a,.

plied in early morning. . „ • ua /r„„^„ii

Ftlse Tarnished Rmt Bug (Lygus commums Kn.ght).-(Consi:li
Can. Ent. 48, to and Bull. 8, Nova Scotia.) A serious pest .n p.., r
orchards in New York State, causing knotty deformed and gntty fru,,
Plum and quince are also injured. The Var. nova scoUens.s mjur.-

"''''Jd-i/.-Pale green to light brown; H inch l.-.g; two black rays ,.„
disk of pronotum; membrane of upper wing with three brown sp„>.
nir tip of areole; legs and antenna, long. Most commonly breeds .„

^"Tm-Smooth and cylindrical, elongated, 0.8 mm. long; yellowish-
white translucent. Inserted in the bark of small branches July-Au« :
hibernate, hatching during blossommg time.

jV pfo.-Pale yellow at first, becoming greenish; feedmg on lu
leaves five stages, maturing about middle to end of June. 11k>
p'nc'^re the young fruits, often several punctures on one fruit caus,,,«
the fruit to fall or depressions and deformities in apples and gritt uu -

n pLrs. Leaves, stems and blossoms are freely attacked Uura.

tion about 3a days. Carrier of European Canker and Fire Bl,.h.

^^Sri.-i. Spraying with Black Leaf 40 (• part to .000 w.ur

iust after the petals fall. ,. ,„

2 Banding the trunks to prevent the bugs from craw ing up.

3. Cultivation of soil up to July to keep down all plan gr.nu >

The Var. nova scoliosis (Green Apple Bug) occurs abund.n K
as an apple pest in Nova Scotia. It is more slender and much ,«lcr
than the typical fommuMM. .

Lyius invitus Say, according to Knight, breeds only on elm, a 1 -
not responsible for injuries to pear and apple.

A very common capsid of meadows is Mtns doobraush., a -rni
long and narrow, H inch long; greenish, yellow with black mark n,.
two black stripes extending from the eyes over the thorax.

CLASS.«CAT.ON A,0 DESCK.PTIOK O. COMMON .NSHCTS l6,,

Clouded Apple Cprid {Sturocolpus «„w„, Sav)-A -.H.i ^•
joint of antenna stout trkTnHr',''"'™."^ "«*" «'~"- B"**'

^erttf Lo's oft: ;t;tT' ^''\ ^''"^'^"'"« *"'"= -"• ^"-

-t; eg,s usually laM Sl^behil b': s''"4r""'' ^"'^ ''"'-''='"•
l.rst week in June. Hibernate. Hatch about

Con/rc/.-Clean cuUiva L • ]" '""''' °" '•"^'^ '''"' ^i^"-

thoroughly W.U soap I'd BU It '"'' °' J""^' '^^^ "^e leaves

Apple Red Bu« 7l! t ^? *° '°''" ^"" ""^ ">'"?''' hatch.

«.».r. Reuter)'x;fursrBur:::)''r, r ^^^'"'^

^t.g . the leaves, an. they punctur^ Zl^^.^

i-iacl?t::;^„T 'buck iV''"'^ "r--''"" ^"'- '-■" --^ '"

near ^uter ml gin scute'lunf """ 1'' ""' '''"' ''" "^""^ '''^^'^ ^P°'
with white, sea e Uke hJirs T; f '."1.\"'^""- '''«^''' dorsum covered
on back- hLadand r,rn,h ' '^ " " ''S^'er colored and without hairs

and ^c^^:s^::,:^':^faT"' °'^"«rf '- ^™"'

"Ises, legs dark. . yellow °' oran^e-red along outer

fruit-buds. '^"^ civ.ing of leaves of

•Vym/iAi.— At first red; five sfaoBc- ;,'-., j . ■

* on thora. and no fine lorS !::Z:'"" "'' ""^'^ '"='^''-

C««/r«/._Applications of Black Leaf 40 u' ■.,, ,^ ,n ; ,
before blossoms open, and just after falling of , i,' ne aU ^^ '

Hop Red Bug (Paralacoris hawleyi LL' t Tl, ' ■ ,

i66

KrONOIIIC ENTOMOLOGY

Eggi. Onf-liftccnih iii>h lonn, ilirly while, dirvnl and with l»'
prominent white incurvinR h(M)ks at micropylar enil;smo<)th ami ((In-
Inserted in the bark or w ! of hop polcn. Aug. Sept. Duralioii

9)2 months. Hatch throughout June.

Xymphs. ~i"t\e stages; duration al«)ut .<o day^. Active.

Enemifs.—ApeMiiu maiu'ivenlrh, a rentatomid; Rrduviolm i(
coleoplralus. a nabid; and a species of Trombiiliiim.

I'k.si xroMii' f. 'S I

hri;>)

Harlequin Cabbage Bug {Murganlin hhlrionii^i Ilahnl. A iiaii'
of Mexico and Central America. Injurious in the Southern sl;i!'
but its ravages do not extend much farther north than N' >
Jersey and Long Island. AUo known as "calico bug" "fire Inl-
and "terrapin bug." Attacks cabbage, radish and turnip.

Adull.- A moderate sized red and black plant bug, the markii :i
running more or less transversely and alternating. In South ail .
throughout the year, in North hibernates as adult.

/ijg.?. -Resemble "miniature white barrels bound with black ho. ,,
and with black spots set ii for bung-holes." Usually laid in two ^.^^-
fastened by one end to under surface of leaf. Hatch in J -i i da> -
A'ym/i/ij.— Like adults in markings; antennx with 4 jomi-
instars, first instar glossy yellow; duration 2 10 weeks but shortir ■
the South. Probably 4 or 5 generations in the South and 2 or .1
the North.

Co«/ro/.— Trap-crop of kale, rape, mustard, radish or turniii
clean farm practice; bounties for collections.

Green Soldier Bug (.\>:«rii hilaris .Suv).— (Consult Ohio Hil
310.) In N. K. parts of U. S. and Canada; a general feeder, anl
serious pest of the peach industry in Ohio.

/Idu/Z.—Oblong-oval; bright green, finely punctate; edges of b. ;-
thorax and abdomen white-yellowish or rufous; '^i inch long, lb"
nates.

£ggi.- Light yellow; oval; circular cap with a row of short -\ m
like processes. Laid in clusters on leaves or fruits in June- July. II ''
in 7 to 8 days.

Nvmpli. Five instars; mature in 50 7s days. Injures by p n.

luring the fruit.

I'urasiles. .\ rroctolrypid Trissoloiis nisihixli Ash.

( LASSlriCATIOK AND DESCRIPTION „F coMMo.N INSKCTS ifi;

In a,Mi,i„„ ,., the foreRoinK form,, among .he more common

or.hern |.an..suck,nK swedes of ,hi, fanniv ar. \V:,„„ p,„n..hanua

law Kren, ,la..ene.l l.ug.-', inch !..„«;( ,„„„/,.^„ „„„,>,;shini„u

I'lack ami H,,o..e.l wuh rnl an.l orange, >., inch Ion.; U,odrrm„ li.ala

alZck "'"' * ""' ■"""'" '"'' " "'' '•"' "" '^'- '""''"^' "'

Among the I.I.M,.|..,ukinK N'i'-ics arc /W,m,v v;,/„„,„v, rccognizcl

l.y the cons,,,, nous s|,inc ,.n each si.lc of prolhorat, an-1 Hr.,.hvmn,.,

1.1..moslly large grey tree Log.; /Vr,7/,„ , ,V, , /„,,„, „.,,ich ailack,

ilii Colorado poluo Ijcelle.

CoKIMKl.T.NIIl.t. (Nki.ko Hlc.sl

Negro Bug (fonmr/^™ /,,<//,«„„ Ocrmer). Feeds on strawherrics

Mackbemes raspberries and celery, imparling an unpleasant o.lor, '

„ it , r? '^'"•' '''''''' ''"'' '^ '"'^ '""«■ "i"- =» «hite stripe
on each side of hodv. '

/?m. -Orange-yellow, oval; lai.l singly on the leaves; hatch in
:il)out i6 days,

A ym^Ai,— Feeding on leaves and fruit.

.\iAviiiirt>.E (Bku Bi(is)
Bed Bug (Ci„„x lotularius I..1, .|rf„/,. Kc,l,lish-l,rown '-

Ihttentrt WA- '".''^"«"'' "<=^-" f""y "inS-l ''"' with wing pa.ls;
naUened, hiding m day-t,me in cracks but active at night; •■buggy"

£«;j.--White, oval, i,„ inch long; laid in cracks and crevices;
t.ii ti lemale lays about 200 eggs, 50 at a time

.\.v«M^.-White at first but red after feeding; resemble adults
Imt body more slender and hea-1 larger; ,1 weeks to mature- one
seiicration in a season.

C,,,,^. -Fumigate with sulphur or carbon bisulphide; wash
*'"rs thoroughly wuh soapsuds an,| spray with benzine.

ORDER SIPHUNCULATA (SUCKING LICE)

Chief Families

\. Kycs l.-irge, convex, dislindly pigmenlcl; beak short -
' "'' itiitla'.

\\. Kyes v.T> indislinci or wanting; beak long. Il,r„,„l.pn,ul,r.

MICROCOPY RESdUTION TEST CHART

(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2|

1.0 [fi- m

.25

12.2

I.I 1^ m

1.4

1.6

^ >IPPLIED IN/MGE Inc

'653 EasI Mair Sl-e^

i68

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

Tedicuhd.e

(Cmsult Bull, s, Div. Knt., U. S. Uept. Agr.; Bull. 48, Minn. .\gr. Exp. St.)

Most domestic animals at some time or other are liable to becom,'

infested with sucking lice which cause considerable irritation. Th.

eggs or "nits" are attached to the hairs, and the lice by means of :i

beak suck the blood of their victims.

Treatment consists in the application of tobacco water or Black

Leaf 40 (I part to 1000 water), dilute carbolic acid, kerosene emulsion,

sulphur and mercuric ointment, or an infusion of 1

oz. stavesacre and i oz. hellebore, or creoUn solution

Two genera are of importance economically
Pediculus occurring on man, and Hamalopinus (.11
domestic animals.

Head-louse of Man {Pediculus capitis De Gccr
—Whitish with faint dark markings on sides. Ku'j;-
(50) glued to hairs, whitish, hatch in 6 days an. I
young become mature in about 3 weeks (Fig. lo.s .

Body-louse of Man {Pediculus vestimenti Leach
—Similar in shape to preceding, but larger and it
maturity with upper surface transversely bandid
with black. Eggs laid in the folds in ciothin-.
Bacot {Parasitology, 1917) states that P. capitis ami
P. vestimenti may cross-pair with fertile offsprina.
He found that the average number of eggs per ilay
was 3.7 for capitis and 6.4 for vestimenti. The egg period for ihe
latter was estimated at 12 days, and 12 days more for the maturity
of the female. "Allowing an average of 8 eggs per day, spread
over a fertile period of 40 days we find that during her life a sitijle
female may have 4160 offspring." A carrier of typhus fever. .\
common pest of army camps.

Control .UcasMfCS.— Change clothing as often as possible; wash
infested clothing with a cresol soap made as follows: water 10 liih.
Jeyes' Fluid iH "z-, soft soap i'2 11>-; bathe body using cresol scap;
place N.C.I, powder in shirt and trousers (naphthaline 96 per n u .
creosote 2 per cent., iodoform 2 per cent.).

Crab-louse of Man {Pediculus pubis = Phthirius insuinalis Lea h
- Body as wide as long, with strong legs. Eggs glued to hairs. Mn th-

Head louse {Pedi-
culus capitis). En-
larged.

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON INSECTS 169

parts form a fleshy, extensible, unjointe.1 beak. Tarsi with a slrone
(iirved claw. ''

Co»/ro/.— Cleanliness, sulphur and mercurial ointments.

H^MATOPINID^

Hog-louse (Ilctmalopinm u,iu. Nitzsch).-One-fourlh inch long-
l.road abdomen, long head; grey with sides black.

Horse-louse (//<r»«<i/<-/.j««sa.v»H Linn.).- One-sixth inch long, half
as wide, long and slender head with parallel sides.

Short-nosed CatUe-louse (U,ewahpi„us rury.slcmus Nit^sch) -
One-sixth inch long, half as wide; head rounded in from, as wide as long
nfests the neck and shoulders chiefly. Kggs whl'e, hatching in 7-8
days; life-cycle 22-24 days. Each female lavs fr.>m ,35-50 eggs

Long-nosed CatUe-louse aictmatapinus vituH Linn.).-One-eighth
inch long, one-third as wide; long slender head. Life-cvcle from 25-
27 days. ■ ^

Dog-louse (Hdmatopinus pilifcrus Burm.). -One-tenth inch long
abdomen wide, yellowish.

VI. LEPIDOPTERA (BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHSl"

Common Families (Figs. 1 09-121)

A. Antenna: club-shaped at apc.v; wings at rest held ereit; day-fliers -rfe
Butterflies (Rkopahccra).

B. Butterflies with cubitus apparently 4-hranched.~~Papili<,ni<ia: (Swal-
low-tails), p. 174.
BB. Butterflies with cubitus apparently 3-branched.

C. Fore-legs normal.— yimrfar (Pierids), p. 175.
CC. Fore-legs reduced in i\ze.~Lycxmda: (Oossamer-wings).
CCC. Fore-legs aborted, mere tipxxts.—Sympkalida' (Four-footed
Butterflies), p. 176.
A A. Antennae clubbed but terminated by a hook; wings at rest usually held
erect.—Hesperida (Skippers).
.\.\A. Antenna not clubbed at apex; winss at rest held flat or folded like a roof
over the body.— ne Molhs (Helerocera).
B. Hind wings with one or two anal vei!K.~(mcrolepid(,plera in part).
C. Frenulum present.

D. Subcosta and radius of hind wings connected by a strong
oblique \vin.~Spliinf:idte (Hawk Molhs), p. 177.

1 70

KCONOMLC ENTOMdLDGY

I : : , (

J,

1th. Sii!n()>i;t ;inii r;i(liu> of hind wiiii,'> n(»t connt-clcd by a tru--

1^. CiiliilLi^ i)f tori' uiiit^h app;trL'ntl\' ,vl)ranthf(i.

I-'. Ha'^iil part of ^uhidsta of hind winK'' joitutl -
radius for a (li^tanct- iht-n Iit-ndin^ sharply In w;c
to^tal marnin. — ikomctrittit ((it'omcirids), [>. j ;
l-I". Ila^al pari of .-.uhcosU of hind wings not as in F
\i>l.'ihinlii/<r {Pnmincnt-;), p. igS.

Fl<;. log.-— Vcnatinn of a papitiuiiiJ
{r,ipilu>). lA/Irr Cotn.^loik.)

Fit;, no. — Venation of a piei
(Pieris). (After ComslOik)

t"ul)itiis of fore winRs apparently 4-branched.
I". Sul)i()sla of hind wings either separate !■
or joined for a short distance to radius.
(;. Ocelli absent; antennx pectinate; culi
of hind winj^s apparently 4-hranch('
/, i ()iir i d ic = l.ymiinfriititr ( T u s - ■
Mulh>), p. Joo.
(.;<;. Onlli present; antenna- mostly sin.

(I.ASSIFIfATIDN- AND DKSCRIPTION OF COMMON INSECTS 171

-Vfnalion of a (iaiiaitj
(/)unois). [Aflfr Cumilock.)

Fig. 112. — \'enation of a saturniiti
(tiihalal. (After Coimloik.)

Vu,. Il.j.— W'lKiticn .,f :,
KcomctrM lUyipleri^). (All,-,
( "m !/<:, k. 1

i\, III

ilatiiin (.1 a
antiid IHali\iilolat. (AfttrCnm

.Jil

172

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

» A

Fig. lis. — Venation of a notodontid

{Nolodonia). {After Comsloik.)

Fig. 116. — Venation of a noetuid
(/Igrolij). iAfler Comslock.)

id A

Fui. 117. — Venation of a lasioeampid
{Malacosoma). {After Comstock.)

*

Fig. 118. —Venation of a i.\
(Pyralis). (Afirr Comsln. t

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCKIPTION OF COMMON INSECTS ly;

luhitus cif hinil winKs apparc-ntly .v
liraii. h.cl. .\,i,l,il,l,r (Owli-I Molhs), p. iSi.

R, a.

Fic. 119.— Venation of a tortriciil
(Cacoecia). (After Comslock.)

Fin. 1 20.— Venation of Thyridopttryx.
(.After Comstoek.)

3d A

Fig. i3i.-Venation of a cossid (Prionoxy.tm) . {After Comslock.)

FF. Subcosta of hind wings united with radius for a
considerable distance; cubitus of hind wings
apparently 4-branehed.— .lrc/i«^ (Tiger Moths)
p. iSi.

in

,.i^i

174

rCONOMIC KN'TOMOUKIY

('(', I'Vciinluni ;ib.<.t'iil.

[►, CuImIu-' iif ImiIIi vviiiv;-. iipiKirciUly 4-t»r;iiulK'ii.

Iliiitl wiriK-' vvilli hutiiiTiil vnn^. {.■i\i'U<impidi€ (Iriif
I iilLTpilliir Mt»ih--i, p. .'oi,
t)h. ('ul>itus of liiiih vvii)i;s a|)|>;tr(.>ntly f-bninclu'd; liiriL'u
iihscnt; tiliiii witlmut -purf. .Stilurniin<i (Silkworm Molli-
p. 170.
Hit, Hind winns with u>^uully thri-i- cnmpkic anal vtin-. (j In 4 ;in;il \riii
in hind win^s of /Kucriithr).
C Win^s transparcjit; free- from >calL's; fore wings narrow.
.Ki,iriid<c ( Clear- wingfd Mothsi, p. 21U.
('C, Small moths; wings covcrvd with siales. — {MkroUpidopirr^i^
I), Suhcosta and radius of hind winys fused or apprnxini;iti
I'yraliilina (I'yralids), p. 207.
DI). Subcosta and radius of hinil wings far apart.

K. Sctonrl anal viin of hind wings forked at hasi-
Torlriiina {Tortricid^), p. 2iS.
ICK. Second anal vein of hinrl wings not forked at lta--i
Tituimi (.Tincids), p. 2,^6.
CCC. Large or medium-; izcd moths; wings usually tovcrtd " i'
scales. — {Mturohpidoptira in part).
I). .\nal veins of fore wings partially fused; hind wings sorih
limes with two anal veins. — P'i\rhid(C l,Bag-worms), p. -':^
Itl). .\nal veins of fore wings not fused.- CossiJtc (Carptni
Moths), p. i,i7.

XoTE. — Thf^Giomtlrind includes the following families: KnnomidiP, Geomttri'l '
Hydriomenidic, Sterrhida." and Mcnoeteniidx.

The Pyralidina includes the I'yrausti la', Pyralidi<Ia;, (ialerlida.', Cramhii'
PhycitidK, I'terophorida? and Orneodida'.

The Torlricina inclu'Ii-^ the Kucosmida.', Conchylida? and Tortricidx.

The Tincina include^ Tineida;, Yponomentidx, Plutellidx, (ielechiiuie. H,i
loptiiiiux, Lyonetiidx, Nepticulida*. Tischeriidx', Gracilariida;. (Consult i\''.
stock's Manual and Barnes and McDunnough's Checklist of l.epldoptera.)

PAPILIONIDjE

These huUerflie.s are called "Swallow-lail.s" and are readily run -
nized. The more common forms are ihe Ti^vr Swallow-tail (Pap.
turnusy two forms), the Zebra SwaUo', -tail {Papilio ajax, three forn
the Green-clouded Swallow-tail [Papiho troilus) and the Black SwalL
tail {Papilio polyxenes) which feeds on celery and other members of ■ t
carrot family.

Black Swallow-tail {Papilio polyxenes Fab.).

Adult. Wings black with two transverse rows of yellow spots un i<
hind wings; between the rows of yellow spots are several flashes of li r.
Two broods, May and July. Wing e.vpanse ,; 4 inches.

/■•«■>■ ^«irly s|ilifriial li,,ji,v ,,ll,,„ i,

T:-'r';rrT'--''-'^'^^^^^^^ "

'■-::::n.:'^;'7,i:r!:;':;;r:r-'-^-:-^ '--^.

•hrysal,s las.s from ,; ,„ ,s ,,avs; hilHT.,.,'. ' ""'' ^"""""

■"fcstc..l areas. '' " ^'I'l''"^"""' '■' ^T.c.ni.aU f„r lar«.

PIERIDiE

The m<ire comnmn liulierflif^ „i rl,l f -i

■red White (/>. /,n,W/,rl fl , n \ \' " " ' ""/"'■ ">'' <'l"-'k-

^.".y^e A.a.ac^.e.,::;i:: ;;^,;::'::2:: ""-"- ^*^--

The caterXs f?rs "'^""«'"'"' ^"i'"' ■'^''•'t- ^ind ( ana la.

l-s-.n,and which thev en e u ,","T """ "'"" "^'■>"- >>-" '"
.r.en excrement. Somaime' , ev ly •'. 'T" "' ""■' '"'"'"'''"' '^^'^
-"^^where it is imposlj: Se:rl'^';i™"- "^ '^^ ^-" '"
'.lac.1J^':^;— : ■:--;^- ;'".e aho..; ^o. .in. .itH
'■"'I broods and a .irlia! "hird In ,h v T ''"" '" ""^ '"='''^- Two

%i-.~Oval, yellow, rihl,,.,], lenfflluvi^e •,,„! ,- ■ ,
"" end on the leaves: hatch in ; to 8 dlvr """' '""' ■^''"«'>-

/.ana. -The Green CMage '

""■w; ,1^ inches lonj;, ^•eK■el

.N' green

~.....«,^r iiurni; i', incnes ii

. a narrow greenish-vellow l.an.l „n Inrk- , , •

'V*w spots. Ma,u;esin ,o o"",'^ :''";""•'' ^"'^■- '^ --
"lli'r crucifer,.;. "* ■ ■ '" ''" ■''^" "" niuslani and

■""""er 7 to!, davs "' '" "'" """''"""■ ^^""tion in

J:::t:r' '""'"" ""'"■ "-""- p"^-"-' p^.- wasps,

176 ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

C'ii«/ru/.- Spray every week with arsenical solution; i lli. I'mh
(Jreen, 4 lb. whale-oil soap, 40 xal. water before heads form and wii'.
hellebore or pyrethrum after; spray with salt-tolMicro solution (1 II. ,
I lb., , nal. water).

Pirris napi Linn, is a native species, but not so abundant as!'
rapit. Wings nearly all white.

Alfalfa Caterpillar (Kurymus rurylheme Hoisd.).— (Consult Bui'
IJ4, l". S. Dept. Agr.) Common, and a serious |)est of alfalfa in ili.
West.

.WW/.— Yellow with the outer margins of wings black, dotted wiih
white in the female. A black dot in the middle of the fore wings am! ,1
pale yellow .spot in the middle of the hind wings. Two or more brood-.
March-April.

■t'X^^-^Minu'c. ribbed and cross-lined, spindle-shaped; laid on ilu'
new growth.

iana.— Dark green, with a faint white line on each side; i im I1
long. Spiracles black and red. Strips the leaves leaving bare stalk-

/"K^a.— Yellowish-green, ?i inch long, suspended, head up, by Iw.i
threads to the stalks of alfalfa, weeds and grasses.

Parasites. — Tachinids — Phorocera and Forntina; also Apaiitilf^.
Pteromalus and Trkhogramma. A bacterial disease.

Control. — Pasture infested fields or cut when larvae appear in
numbers; irrigate after cutting; disk in the fall; co-operation.

NYMPHALIDjE

This family includes a larg^ number of common butterflies sue
the Fritillarias or Argynnids; the Angle-wings or Vancssids, inclu
the beautiful Red Admiral {Vanessa alalanta); the Painted l)i^
{} anessa virginiensis); the Cosmopolitan Butterfly {Vanessa car,
the Mourning Cloak {.\glais antiopa); the Comma Butterflies (/
gonia /annus, P. comma, the " ;£op Merchant," P. progne and P.
rogalionis); the Purple Butterflies {Basilarchia arthemis, B. asl\^
B. archippus). Of these the larva; of the Comma and the Red Ad
feed on the hop.

The "Hop Merchant Caterpillar" often called the "Spring Cu
Caterpillar," attacks currants, gooseberries, hop, elm, basswooi'
Generally two broods a year. They ai.- brownish-yellow and m

\int
ftc.

CLASSIFICATIO.V AND OESCRIPIIOX OF ,„„M„N j.ssKrrS ,77
wilh Mack and yellow lines. On the l,o,lv are „unu„, . I.rm.lu.,!

I he larva; of ihe Mourning Cl,«k Bulter.lv- fee.l upon the leaves of
wllow, poplar, elm an-l ,1orwo.h1 and are inU-reMin^ .l.jm Th,
are two generations a year, the adults wintering over a ml u-.-eir ni
■n early spnng. The adults of ,he second l.n,o<l ap.IlL TS'

DANAIDiE

The monarch butterfly (Danfis ankippus Kal,.) is a common insect
I'Ut not of economic imjx.rtance. lis larva fee.ls on 1

milkweed.

SPHlNGIDiE (HAWK MOTHS)

h.v, I, ., >' "''"J'' "' '"""^ "'"'' ''"'' ''"' l^eautifully colore.1

ith'sre!' V^"',,'":'- ''''^^•— ■l-«eandoftenornamentel
» th stnpes, and u.sually have a horn near the hind en<l of the bodv

hey feed on a great varic-ty of foliage. Ordinarily they are kept n 1 r
-." ol by parasites and birds. When occasioning damage hey are

TouZ^T V"'''"' "''" "•'^""••'"^ -' ''y hand-Si ;
Tonmto Sphinx {Protopane ^uingne-maculala Haw.). .Uu,l hx

Ime with five yellow spots on each side; appears in June and July
r«o breeds in the south. >-an(ijui).

fZa~^TU ''"f ''^ ™ r''7 '"'"" "^ '^'''^■"' '""^*' '" 4 to 8 .lays.
whifT -f ■* '"'•'"' '""«' ""'"=''■ ''"k-green with 8 V-shaped

z:rz\^:''-' '-'- "- '^ -^ ^'^---^ ^-^ - -«' -^

!u™ace '"''"'"'=■'''"= P'"°'^'=^^' '" 'he soil several inches below the

fee,l!„'l'o!!°lT° ^""^ ^'' "^'"^ '' "^>- ^''""" '" 'he preceding,
eed „g on the same plants. It is more abundant in the South, The
Mut IS browmsh-grey instead of ashy-grey, with a distinct discal

i

178

F.IONOMIC ENTOMOLOOV

spot on the (ore wings, an,l six s,K.ts on si.lcs of ab.lomcn instead of f."
The larva has only seven ol,li<iuc markings mstea-I of eight \-shaiH.,

'""^Plum Sbhini (St>hh.x Jrupi/eranm Sm. an.l Ahb,). .!,/«//. 1a
pan<U i to 4 inches; bo.ly l.rown, wings purplish brown; fore wmgs w,.h
'a whitish stripe on costal margin, a fawn colored str.pe on «u,.,
margin and several black streaks; hind wings with two whitish wav^
and an outer fawn colored stripe. June. , i ;„ i

/■S«s. -Laid singly on the leaves of plum; sm<M>lh, oval, ' ,5 '"'I
long; pale yellowish-green. Hatch in 8 days.

/,arM.-Three and one-half inches long, apple-green, with dark
brown lateral stripe. On each side are seven oblique white ban-l-

Feeds on plum leaves. , ^ .

fwfa.-Reddish-brown, I'i inches long, with a short tongue ca. .

in ground all winter. .

GMpevine Sphinx Umpel<fca myron Cram.). .!</«//. -txiKin.l-
,.i inches; fore wings olive-grey with a curve<l oblique greenish-gr. v
band, a discal point and a triangular spot. Body green. Two l.r.«. K

—June and August. .

£m.-Round,^io inch in diameter; yellowish-green.

iar™.-A "Hog Caterpillar," green with yellow dots; oblique >.U
lowish stripes along sides; a white stripe with green ■""8'" *'°'" >;;;;;
to horn and seven pink spots along the middle; . inches Ion?- J'l '"'^
near tip of abdomen. Feeds on leaves of grape and Virgmia cree,.cr.
Often infested with braconid parasites.

p„fa.-Formed in a loose cocoon of silk, spun under leaves at he

"^;^ii's;i (aurio Un..a Fab.,. ..«i<.-Body and ,..
wings olive-brown; thorax with three parallel lateral white stn,..,
fore wings with a buff stripe from inner nmrgin to apex; hind ..n^
black with a reddish middle band. Probably two-brooded a.! ilt>
appearing in June and September.
'^'^tar.a^About jV'i inches long; color variable, yellowish-gr en ,h
black spots or black with yellowish spots, with horn at tip of abdo, ,en.
Feeds on grape, apple, plum and on purslane, chickweed, etc
i>„pa.-Light brown pupa formed in a smooth cavity in the g ■ ;
Other common Hawk Moths are: Abbott's Sphinx (5^ '
abhoUi), Apple Sphinx (5/>Am.v gordm.0, -Achem n Sphinx H

«.*.«,.«l, I'an.l»ruH Sphinx (/>*„/„, ^„„j,„„„ „„ ^.j ■„.
'w.n-s„.,„„l ,s„,,i„, uSmerin,),,. ,L„a„.K Thv ,c Clear wnJ

SATOWtllUA (GIANT SILK-WORM MOTHSI

>hKh ma, Ik- ,l,s.,„«u,.shc..l l,y the prescue of ,w,. .-.nal ve„., „ I.
I'irmer and ,mly one in the latter,

CEHATOCAMPID^ (CITHEROOTID^)

..illa^T^'r^"*" ?*'"!•"' ° ^- ' ""'■'" "'*'"""/" F"'')- The cater-

J^^^srnal, with .H.a.,-,i.e antenn. k. is"::!;'::!^ ^^^^
f-ale may lay .50 eggs on the under side of leaves; hatch ,„ g'o

.rcil^ed rl"',"',!" r""^ ''''"' ^'""'•'"''^' ^'"P«l with dark

L?M Tl "^ ""^ ''™'' ™ ^^™"'' '^"'^"^ ■'^egt^ent with two

b ack horns, and along the sides and anal extremitv wUh short

mourT"'""- '■"■" ""^"^^ '™« '" =^ --'", when full grow
four moults. Goes mlo ground to pupate

-Ion infr^'^"'' '"T' "'"'^'' ^'"^ '""'^ ^P'"^^ on margin of ab-

i-r r:;::;;^™ :;r-- ---nds in a f^rke/;;.

BOMBYCIDf

.ts sdk for many hundreds of years in Europe and Asia. .Many

ll

i8o

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

races have Ijecn developed by selection differing in the color of the
cocoons and larvae as well as the number of broods produced in a year.

The main food plants are the white mulberry and the Osage orange.
The moth is creamy white in color, and has a wing-expanse of about
i^i inches.

The lack of cheap labor in America has prevented 'he development ol"
the silk-worm industry.

SATURNIlDiE

The members of this family are often called the Giant Silk-worms
and include several conspicuous forms such as the lo Moth (Automeri^
to), the Polyphemus Moth (Telea polyphemus), the Luna Moth (Troptr-i
luna)j the Promcthea Moth (Callosamia promethea) and the Cecropi-i
Moth (Samia cecropia).

A. Wings bluish-green with four eye-like spots; hind wings with long tails
front border of fore wings purple-brown; larva pal' bluish green with ;i
pearl-colored head and two yellow stripes along the back; feeding on walnui ,
hirkory, etc. — Tropaa luna L. (Luna moth).
AA. Wiiigs not green.

B. Wings yellowish or brownish.

C. With four oval, window-like spots, one near centre of each win.;;
a dusky band edged with pink along margin of wings; larva li^iit
green with an oblique yellow line on side of each abdominal
segment, feeding on many forest and orchard trees. — ?■/'.;
Polyphemus Cram. (Polyphemus moth).
CC. With eye-like spots on hind wings only; ground color of wine .'i
female purplish-red; that of male bright yellow; larva yellow i-li-
green, edged with white on side, with many black-tippert brani hcd
spines; feeding on cherry, apple, elm, oak, etc. — Aulomcris I.
(lo Moth).
BB. Wingij brown, never yellowish.

C. With eye-like spots near apex of fore wings, and 4 cre>i ni-
shaped discal spots, one near the centre of each wing, ''■ iii!<'
surrounded by reddish and black lines; thorax red, abtiiineii
red and banded with black and white lines; larva bright i-'iin
with four prominent coral-red and two yellow tubercle un
thoracic segments, and smaller yellow tubercles on abiln; :iial
segments; feeding on fruit and shade trees. — Samia a ■ !>:'i
L. (Cecropia Emperor Moth).
CC. With eye-like spots near apex of fore wings, discal spots ani :lar;
in male color blackish and discal spots faint; larva bluish j-ten
with rows of black tubercles, excepting those on second an<: iiinl
thoracic segments which arc coral-red, and a yellow one nn ; -'h'''

CI.ASSmCA„OX AN-D DESCRIPTION OF COMMON INSKCTS l8l

abdominal segment; cocoon in a folded leaf. Feeds on leaves of
fruu and forest trees.-C.««a™,-„ pro^Mca (Promethea m1)

Thl r ''''"''T' "'°"'' "'' "<" °' '""^'^ importance economically

ably unwound on account of the large number of breaks in the threrd
ARCTIIDiE (TIGER MOTHS)
WooUy Bears.-Several interesting and common caterpillars mav

appearance^ A few common forms are here considered

reUow Bear {niarrisia virRiniai Fab.).- Color of caterpillar viri
able; frequently yellow or straw color with a black interred Hne
along each s.de of back, and a black transverse line betw en e ch

egment; ha.rs long and yellow; uneven in length and n rgrthe. ,1

nto pencls. Cocoon is light and composed of hairs in which puna
passes the wmter. Moth snowy-white; wings marked wUh a few
l.lack dots; three rows of black spots on abdomen.

Hedge-hog Caterpillar (Isia isabdla Sm. and A.).-An "evenlv
clipped furry caterpillar, reddish-brown in the middle and black at

.ther end." Passes winter as larva. Moth (Isabella ^r Moth

s wmgs and body orange-bufi, hind wings tinted with rofe Body

«ith 3 rows of black dots. ^

1 1 ^l"**?^ Caterpilar {Eslismene acraa Drury).-Body and head

.^ckish wtth pale longitudinal stripes on the back hair is dark brown

female, hmd wngs orange in male; both marked with black dou

'"oTLi'^dt ''''' °" ^'"^°'"^"' °"^ °" "-■'• °- - --, an"

FaU Web Worm {Uyphanlna lexlor Harris^. -Conspicuous by their

.^S;^^:^':^'^- ?'.^'-'. - - -'- * oi leaf

! i:'i

III!]

1 pitted; hatch in about .

> dayi

I82

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

Larva.— When young is pale yellow with two rows of black marks
along the body, head black; hairs sparse; and when full grown is
covered with long whitish hairs arising from black and yellow warts;
I inch long; spins webs and feeds within them; about five moults.

Pupa. — Cocoon of silken web interwoven with hairs; pupa dark
brown. Winter passed as pupa.

Pic. 122.— Pall web worm 'Hyphanlria lexlor): a and b, caterpillars; r pma
adult moth. lAfler Howard. V. S. Bur. Em.)

ii/e-Awtory.— Hibernates as a pupa under rubbish, in crevi
under walls, etc. Moths emerge in June; eggs hatch in about lo d;
and caterpillars mature in August and September. Two broo.ls
some localities.

Parasites. — Telenomus bifidus Riley, Meleorus hvphantria Ri
Apantdes hyphatUrice Riley, Limneria pailipes Prov., Tachina

CLASSlrrcATION AND DESCRIPTION OP COMMON INSECTS ,8,
expanse; fore wLsll^' y^"""/"'' ^rown moth, . inches wing

irrU' traiTe iX ro^:: s^or ctr^^^^ «-

a year. Distributed ov^r th, m .v '^ June- July. One brood

provinces of Canada Northeastern States and the Eastern

'lense and sZJ.I^^ZI^TZ;:'''T' '''''" '"'^'^^^^^^^^

a week as larva in the r 'r ^t "T '""^'"^ ^'^^es, and about

first four sta":: iZzT^^x: '''''"'^''' '"™^ "-^

and^'rltrh'^rrhe'e^ld"'''"^":.^^ '"* '°"^''"""'' ""<»- "oards
transverse ro: of s;ines^ Pupa reddish-brown, caudal end with a

Checkered Tiger Moth (Ilalisidola tessellaris Sm and A 1 I i.

':^ "Tnd''rh.>d Jeir T '"7 '^° --- -'-i --'-
eleventh segment ' ' '"° """^ ^-^"^"^ <>" ^'''^ "f '"ird and

•iLi

AGAWSTID.S (WOOD MOTHS;

Eight-spotted Forester (Alypia octomaculala Fab)
ler nn ■!,„ leaves of wild and cultivat,
and Canada, sometimes

in astern

Virgi

A frerjuent
creeper

i doing considerable injury

I. if

1 84

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

/l(iW/.—General color a deep velvety blue black. Fore wings with
two large circular pale yellow spots, and hind wings with two smaller
white spots. Wing expanse I, 14 inches. May-July. Single brooded.

larva.— One and two-fifth inches long; bluish-brown; head and cervi-
cal shield bright orange with black spots. Each segment crossed with
black, white and orange bands; eleventh segment with a prominent
hump; legs black ; base of prolegs orange. Full grown in early August.

Pupa.— A chrysalis within a slight cocoon just below the surface of
the ground. Hibernates.

Parasites.— Winthemia n-puslulata Fab.— A lachinid.

CoB/ro/.— Spray the larva; with arsenate of lead or pyrethrum.

NOCTUID^ (OWLET OR MILLER MOTHS)

According to their manner of feeding on plants the larviE of NocluicU
may be classified roughly into: (a) Cutworms proper, feeding on rod-

p„. , ,, —Mouth parts o( a ci-.terpillar. the striped cutworm (iCuioo (wjfH.;. 1 ' ;
Ant antennaM CI., clypeus; Lb., labium; Md.. mandible; Mp., maxillary pali >.-;
Lbr.',' labrum; Mx., maxilla; S., spinneret.

of grasses and cutting off young plants at surface, (i) Arrriy-worms,
eating the leaves of cereal and other crops, (c) Climbing cutworm,
feeding on buds of fruit trees, (d) Loopers and cater piUars, fee! ng
on leaves of turnip, cabbage, celery and other plants, (e) Ear-worm.
feeding on kernels of corn in the field. (/) Stalk-borers, feedin m
tunnels made in stems, (j) Green FruU-worms, feeding on the sur ce

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OP COMMON INSECTS 185

of apple, etc. (h) Dagger CalerpUtan, feeding on the leaves of many
shrubs and trees. (») Underwing Molhs.some feeding on the leaves
of trees (Fig. 123).

(a) Cutworms Proper
(Consult Bull. 95, 111. ,\gric. Exp. Station, 1904; Bull. 10, Div. Knt. Can., 19,2)
There are many species of cutworms that feed upon economic
plants. They are mostly "plump, soft-bodied, cylindrical caterpillars,
dirty greyish or whitish, and variously spotted and striped" (Forbes),'
They are the larval stages of species of Noctuid moths, commonly
termed "millers," and are night feeders. "They are essentially grass
and clover insects, and by far the greater part of them are bred in
l>astures and meadows."

Life-history.— The majority of the species hibernate as partly
Krown larvs, and enter the ground to pupate in late June and early
July. The adults— usually greyish nocturnal moths— emerge in
early August and lay their eggs in grass lands. Each moth may lay
from 200 to 500 eggs, either in masses or singly. The larvE that
hatch from these eggs feed on the roots of grasses until winter sets
in. Feeding is resumed m the spring, when most serious injury is done,
until their larvs pupate in June-July.

Control of Cutworms.— Plow grass land in midsummer or early fall
tc. prevent the female moths from egg-laying; late fall plowing of grass
lands, will destroy many of the hibernating cutworms; allow poultry
and hogs upon cutworm land; use poison bait: bran 20 lb., molasses
I qt., paris green or white arsenic J^ lb., water 2}.j -3 gals.

Natural Enemies.— Calosama calidum, Ammophila luctuosa, ''n-
themia n-pustulata.

The following species are most commonly met with:

Spotted Cutworm {Agrotis c-nigrum Linn.).— General color grey to
brownish; a row of triangular black spots along each side of back; a
pale line down the middle of back, a conspicuous whitish -yellowish
stif!matal band, and a pale intermediate line; head and shield yellowish-
brnwn; front feet pale brown and shiny, ij^ inches long. Active in
.^pril and May in vegetable gardens (Fig. 124).

W-marked Cutworm (Agrotis unicolor Wlk.).— General color pale
brcwn; four rows of dark spots and often aLso with lighter lines along
Iho back, resembling the letter W; sides of W-marks bordered with

1 86

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

pale yellow; head pale brown with a wide black dash on each side,
shield dark brown. Active in April and May in gardens and orchards
(Fig- "5)-

Greasy Cutworm (.1 grolis ypsilon Rett.). — General color dark grea.-\
grey to black above and greenish-yellow below; a pale yellow linr
down centre of back, and three others on each side; tubercles black ami
shiny; head and shield dark brown; i^^j inches long. Active in M:n
and early June on corn and garden vegetables (Fig. 125).

Variegated Cutworm {Lycophotia margaritosa Haw.). — One anl
three-fourth inches long; color variable from grey to brown; bi«l>
mottled with dark brown; a yellowish band along each side; a series 1 1

"^IG. 124. — o, Spotted Cutworm, dorsal aspect; b. Spotted Cutworm, tut
aspect ', White Cutworm; d. DinRy Cutworm; e, Black Army Cutworin. d"r
aspect;/, Black Army Cutworm, lateral aspect. {After Gibson, Bui. 10, Ent. Br. ( ;

yellow dots or spots along the middle of back; two stripes of velv.
black blotches bordered with orange and black curved dashes betw
the lateral yellow band and the middle of the back; head reddish-ycl
and marked with black bands resembling slightly the letter H. P;
tically an omnivorous feeder, its food plants including cereal t'
forage, vegetable flowers and orchard trees. Active in May and i-.
June in gardens. The eggs are laid in irregular masses upon the si .
of plants; they are small, white, hemispherical and ribbed. The p'
are reddish-brown and about % inch long.

Dark-sided Cutwonn (Euxoa messoria Harris). — General <
greyish; sides darker than rest of body; a dark line down middl

ly
I I'll

CLASSI«CAHON AND DESCR.PT.OX or COMMON INSECTS ,87

so jjes cS t^: ■Sritr- "-"^ ^-^ -'^- --'^'"-

is i^-TIT ^*^''"* ^"^""^ "^'"'"' '"""""' Harris).-This cutworm

.^ ™ trhS ' lT'f:f '^ "^'^ '"^'"^" ""'''^ "■- --^ '■'- P«'^
ica un eacn side. It feeds on most vegetable rrnns n„« k j

Kar pass, the winter as ha.f-g.own Jv^aL"?!.^! ^tt

» H K ^.'":;."'' ^PP"" '■" J"'y ''"<' August.
Red-backed Cutwonn (£„.voa orAr«;faj/„ Gn ) -With « h.n»H
reddish stnpe down the back; head and'shield ^llw-Srown ::'

,^-^».':'«d Cutwom,, dorsal aspea / W i„WH r ,"'"°™' '*'"^' "P'";
•Vlf Cttson. Em. Br. Can.) »="■.'• VV-marked Cutworm, lateral aspect.

fii

1 88

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

ferens, and C. agresUs are recognized as destructive to grain, aKalfa.
beets and flax in the West in Montana and Alberta. The larvae begin
to mature about the middle of May but pupation m cartl.cn cells doo
not occur until the middle of June. The moths fly from June 15th
Sept. 30th and the eggs are laid from August 24th-October 15th in
the soil in weedy summer-fallows.

Porosagrotis delorata Sm. is injurious to wheat in June. In British
Columbia Euxoa excdlens Grote injures market gardens, and Neuria
procincta Grote injures farm crops (Fig. 127).

Glassy Cutworm (Sidemia dnaslalor Brace).— Translucent whitish
tinged with bluish-green atid without spots; tubercles brown, each wlih
a single hair; head ri'ddish-brown; neclishicld brownish. Active in

Fit:. 126. — a. Molh of Glassy Cutworm (Sidemia devastator)-, b, larva.
Gibson, But. 10. Ent. Br. Can.)

May and early June on hay and garden vegetables. DiflSculi
kill by poison bait on account of its underground feeding h
(Fig. 126).

Yellow-headed Cutworm (Septis arctka Bdv.). — Pale smoky ^r
with head and neck shield tawny-yellow; without spots, i J^ inches 1
Active in July on cereal crops and vegetables (Fig. 127).

Bronze Cutworm (X-phelodes emmedonia On.). — Large, 1^4 ii
long, with alternate stripes of olive-bronze and yellowish, a pale 5'
along the middle of the back, and two others on each side. .\
in grass lands in April and May.

Zebra Caterpillar {Ceramica picla Harris).— "Velvety black 1 ■
back; beautifully ornamented with two golden-yellow stripes on
side of the body, whfrh are connected by narrow lines of the same 1

■ ng,

hi-
ipe

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OP COMMON INSKCTS l8g

the head and feet reddish-brown" (Hekher). Tw„ l,r.«Mls on cib-
hages and turnips (FIr. ii8).

Fig. liS— The zebra calerpillar and moth (Ceramiia picia).

Clover Cutworm {Scotogramma triJolH Esp.).-Color varying from
Sroen to dark; a pale yellowish line along middle of back, a pinkish
i).^r,d bordered with white or pale yellow along each side, and between

BCONOMK ENTOMOLOOY

IQO

the«. . broken yellow stripe; head pale yellow or green with white
mottlmgs; under side greenish grey with spots and streaks. DamaKs
peas, clover, root crops, lettuce, etc. August (Fig. 1J5).

(t) Armj Wonu

The Army Wwm ifiirphis unipuncta Haw.).--(Consult Farmers'
Bull. 73,, U. S. Dep. Agr.; Bull. 9, Ent. Br., Dep. Agric, Can
Army worms appear to be more abundant in a wet spring or sumn,
following a dry season. Injurious in .8951896 and in 19.4. Prol,-
ably a native of North America (Fig. 1J9).

Adult.— K dingy yellowish-brown moth with a white spot on the
centre of each front wing; wing expanse i^^ inches, a row of small
btack spots near outer margins of wings with dark streaks.

£Ki.-Minute white eggs Uid in bead-like strings on grass leaves
in the folded blades or under the leaf-sheaths. Hatch in »-io davs
Larva.~\ dark-colored cutworm, 1% inches long; body striped will,
black and yellow lines; a narrow white stripe or line along middle .,1
greemsh-black back; lower stripe dark greenish-yeUow; next, just abov>
the spiracles, black; the lowest, just below the spiracles, light greenish-
yellow, edged with white. Head greenish-brown with coarse blaek
motthngs and with two curved blackish-brown bars; under surfan
greemsh mottled with brown; looping gait until after second moult
duration jc^-jo days. Parasitized by Winthemia 4-puslula,a, Apau-
Mes mMarts, Ichneumon canadensis, I. lactus. I.jucundus and other-
by a bacterial disease; and preyed upon by Calosima.

Pw^a.-A brown chrysalis in the ground; duraUon 12-15 dav
Ltfe-ktslory.—There are two broods of the Army Worm moth ea. h
season. The insects usually pass the winter as half grown caterpillar .
In the spring these mature and change to pupa, the moths appeari,,-
early m June. The May brood of caterpillars seldom does much harn.
The female moths lay their eggs (about 700) on grass leaves fm ,,
which caterpillars hatch in about to days. The caterpillars of tl s
brood do most injury. The worms usually feed at night, consequen. .
whole fields may be ruined before they are discovered. This Ji v
brood of caterpillars reaches maturity in about 25 days, and chanv s
topupi m the ground, the moths appearing again in about j weeM,
Ihese lay eggs for a brood of worms which appear in September, I t
are seldom injurious.

CtASS„.CAT.OM AND DESCRIPTION O, COMWON INSECTS

Pre. 139.— Stales and woi . —

".'.e of it, insect enemies: ap ' .■ .r i^thTf T™ '"'**" «••>««<«) and

/; . ground b«,tle. Calosoma .aJ./«--p«y^^ "•''":«,"" '»«" o" •" «""/ worm;
w-rt"uT"™'»'"«''™ burrow; ranger wL^t^'' """"■ ""'• " '«'"•

n> to it. burrow; kEnicospiius *«;i',„T:Lpu£; p^i;;'.?',"."/"* " """>■

natural size. (tf. 5. Bur. EhI.) ^ worm.

■ 92

ECONOMIC BNTOHOLOOY

Control. —Plow Ihi- fields in late fall; pluw three ur four furrow>
in front of the advancing army and kill the woimsi that fall into the
furrows; [Hiison a narrow strip on the threnlentil side of field with
I'aris Krecn or the poisoned bran mash.

Black Army Cutwonn {Agrotis fennica Tauschj.^Generol color
lirown; a series of velvety black marks along middle of back; a white
line along each side, and a spiracular white ban<l, reddish-brown
in the centre; head yellowish-red; shield black; feet pale brown
May and early June. Attacks j)eas, clover, trees ami some gardin
vegetables (Fig. 125).

Fall Army Worm (Laphygma frugiperda S. and A.).— (Consult
Farmers' Bull. 7SJ, U. .S. Dept. Agr.) Injurious mainly in thi-
South but periodically appearing in the North. Feeds on grasses aii'l
cereal crops, cotton, alfalfa, cowpeas and other crops.

/IrfaZ/.— Wing expanse 1J2 inches; front wings dark grey, mottleil,
and with a light grey spot near tips; hind wings whit,, with a pearl>
lustre, and edged with a brown line. Body ash grey.

^ii^- — Light grey and minutely ribbed. Laid in clusters of 50
300 on grass blades. Hatch in 3-4 days in South, but as long as \o
days in the North.

Larva. — Newly hatched larvs with jet-black heads and white bodii s
Full grown in s to 3 weeks; then striped, nearly naked and about 1 ' .•
inches long. Front of head marked with an inverted Y. Assumes 1 la-
Army Worm habit when food becomes scarce.

Pupa. — Golden-reddish at first but black later, living in an uniN -
ground cell. Duration 10 to 14 days.

In the Gulf States there are 5 to 6 broods annually, but in the nor' ii-
ern probably not more than one.

(c) C'Jmbing Cutwomu

(See Bull. lOt, CorntU Agr. Lxp. Sin., i8gs; Bull. 10, Ent. Br. DepI
Agr., Can.)

Some species of cul vorms are known to have a climbing ha
ascending not only fruit trees but also currants, gooseberries, tomas
etc., to feed upon the leaves and fruit. Among these are:

White Cutwonn (Lycophotia scandens Riley). — One and th.
fourths inches long, yellowish-grey with whitish spots; spiracles 1)1

C..ASSIK..AT,.,N- AND OKSCR.PT.ON Or COMMON INSECTS ,93

Dinty Cutworm AvL' T , V I'/'"' I"'' "" '-'"'V'"''^-

W)

Noctuld Loopcn

Oiv'^^n't'VriMl'r"^*- *-»-Ri>c-y). (Consult Bui,. 33.

Fi'. >30.-Cabb,-.gcIoo„„(.l«l„j,„;>*a*™,„V„). Shuwing „ .HuI,. * ,

pupa. Nataral size. (4/,,, Chi„.„d>n. V. S Bur En,:) """'

'li

194

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

Pupa.- Invested in a white gauzy silken cocoon spun on any con-
venient object; one to tliree weeks. Winters as a chrysalis.

lAfe-hislory.— l'rohah\y two broods a year in Canada and north-
ern States.

Celery Looper (Aulographa simplex Guen.). — (Consult Bull. ,i;,
Div. Ent., U. S. Uept. Ag.) Slightly larger than the preceding
species.

Adult. — A "miller" moth with fore wings marked with grey and
seal brown, silver mark hooked; wings expanded 2 inches; borders not
scalloped.

/7|g. —Milky-while, flattened, globuhir; upper half grooved verti

cally.

Lana.—A pale yellowish-green looping caterpillar; marking-
similar to those on ,1. brassica; supra-spiracular spots black.

Pi(/ia.— Resembles that of .1. /■ri7.M/V(S.— (Consult Bull. 33, Div.
Ent., U. S. Dept. Ag.).

Alfalfa Looper (.1 ulographa calif oriiica Speyer) . — Widely distriljuliM
over Western North America from Alaska and the Yukon south throuL'li
15. C, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba to California, Nevada, UUiii,
Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana. LarviE destructive to the leaves ami
blossoms of alfalfa, clover, garden peas, cabbage, etc.

Adult.— \ brownish-grey moth, ij^ inches wing expanse; fore wiiiL'-
light bluish-grey with rose and light markings— one shaped like lln-
letter Gamma near the middle; hind wings dull brown. An atliM-
flier.

Eggs. — Hemispherical, rounded at base, apex with rounded dejjn--
sions; finely creased vertically; pale yellow. Duration 5-7 (la>-
rrobably laid on the leaves.

iurra.— One and one-fourth inches long, dark green, cyliniln.il
tapering toward the head; suljdorsal line fine and wavy; two other l;n ■
in this area and a wide whitish stigniatal band. Tubercles while, m m
white. Spiracles pale, black rimmed. Thoracic feet black, slii;;\.
Three pairs of jjro-legs on segments 9, 10, 13.

Pupa.—Uark brown, '^3 inch long. The cocoon is a thinly w > n
web of whitish silk spun among the leaves. Duration ia-14 1! -
Hibernates as pupa and adult. Probably two broods in h. V.
Washington.

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON INSECTS igj

Hull. 98j, U. S. Dept. Agric). A pest of alfalfa an.l the le«umin.,.,s
crops of eastern U. S. and southern Canada I'M'minous

^</.«//.-Variegated dark brown to black, wing expanse , ' . inche,
2-4 generations a season. Hibernates. ''^ ' t mchi-,,

£m--Circular, slightly flattened; green; about the size ..f i nin
head. Female lays between .00-600 eggs in 1 few .h, f ^

the underside of the leaf. Hatch in abfut Lu; d^^s. " ''"''' ""

/-.(jrii--. — Green, with a narrow white siring n^,! , ■ r .
white line on each side; : ■, inches Ion" otl^LT air/prtS^

^:^'::^z ^"" ''"'' "' ''' '''-' -^- <"-^^«'- "a-

i'«/>a.-Yellow-brown or black, formed in a loose oval base or

Conlrol.~Cut the crops when the caterpillars are most abundant-
adopt clean culture; use hopperdozer in bad outbreak" '

Hop Vine Looper or Snout Moth {Uypenu humuli Harris) -This
noctuid sometimes does serious injury ,0 the leaves of h p rZ
nroods a year. ' ' ""

.IrfW/.-A dark brown moth, , > , inches wing ex,,anse, with irregular
and variable transverse markings on fore wings; palpi long fla t!n H
Sf:r '"' horizontally like a snout. Jul/a;] ^.^::2^,

Eggs. —Pale green; laid on the under side of the leaves
Larva.-K semi-Iooper, lacking the first pair of prolegs- ureen-
- h two longttud nal white lines along the back, a ark gr^et nj
b.-tween and an indistinct whitish line on each side- 1,.»H \

.i.hb.ck^iiferousdou. Spins a thin shS ::i;:rs::-^!:::;::;'

( <)H/r»/.— Spray or dust vines with arsenate of lead.
(<■) Com Ear Worm (Heliothis obsolete Fab.)

-/abotT^^Vclr^""" ""' """ "^^•''^'^ '"■^^^'•"^^' -p-'i-
-S::;Slngt:rirf ""^" '^'' '-^^'^ -----

ig6

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

Larva. — Variable in color, palu green or lirownlsh cateri>i!lar, i' j
inches long, often dark Btriped; hcail amber-yellow; legs black.

Pupa. — In a small oval cell in the ground.

Lije-hislory. — In Canada there is one brood, perhaps two in some
southern localities. The insect hibernates as a pupa. The moth
emerges the following July, when eggs are laid on the silk of the ears.
The young caterpillars feed upon the young kernels until fully de-
veloped, when they descend to the ground and transform to pupa; in
small oval cells. Known in the South as the Cotton Boll Worm.

(/) Stalk Borers

Several species of Stalk Borers are injurious to various cultivateu
plants, such as hop vines, columbines, corn, potatoes, tomatoes, rasp
berries, asters, dahlias, and also to burdocks. The caterpillar livt>
inside the stem and makes a burrow by devouring the interior. .\^
a result the plant often withers and dies. Before maturity it work-
its way down to the root where it changes to a pupa. The Stalk
Borers have been placed inthegeneraG(»'<>'»a,//y(/ra'cJaandi'a^a«/'emi/.
Gortyna immanis occurs in hop vines; Papaipema purpurifascia in
columbine; P. nitela in corn, dahlia, aster, potatoes, etc; P. cal<i-
phracla in burdock; Cor/yna mkacea in rhubarb, corn, potatoes, eU.

Garden Stalk Borer (Papaipema nitela Guen.). — This borer tunnels
the stalks of potatoes, tomatoes, and other garden crops, and many
weeds. Sometimes feeds on strawberry. One brood a year.

Adult. — A mouse-colored noctuid moth, with outer third of fort-
wings paler and bordered within by a whitish cross-tine. Late Augu-i

Eggs. — Grey, circular, with radiating ridge, }ia inch in diamcttr;
hatch in late May or early June.

Larva. — Mines in the leaf at first, then enters the stalk and tuniu '-
it. Full grown about August; i inch long, purplish to light bm ii
and marked with white stripes except on first four segments of ;i i-
domen; head, neck-shield and anal-shield light reddish-yellow.

Pupa. — Brown, formed in lower part of stalk. Duration al» ' i
2 weeks.

Control. — Clean cultivation; removal and burning of old stalks.

Potato Stalk Borer (fiur/yna micaccaEsp.). — AEuropean insect,: '1
a general feeder. Reported on rhubarb, corn, potatoes in N. S ■■ '1
N. B.

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON INSECTS I97

Adult.— Ground color of fore wings light brown tinged with red
with a transverse darker median band. Hind wings dingv grev with
a transverse light brown line. Aug.-.Sept.

£m-— Circular, finely ribbed and sculptured; slightly pinkish-
laid on stems of couch grass. '

Larva.-One and three-fifth inches long; head chestnut-brown-
tubercles pale brown with a stiff black bristle; spiracles shiny black-
body color greyish tinged with pink.

Piipa.—Brovin, % inch long. Duration about ^ weeks.

(j) Green Fruit Worms {Graptolitha spp.)
G.antemata Walker, G. lalichterea Grotc, C, cmcrosa, G. belhimei
(^. and R. and other species sometimes injure leaves and fruit of apple
and forest trees in late -May and early June.

Ash-Gray Pinion (Graploliiha antennata Walk.). .lrf«//— Dull
ashy-grey; -fore wings with darker grey or greyish-brown markings.
.\pril and September; hibernates.

£«gs.-Yellow, globular, ri.lged; lai.l singly on bark of smaller
branches in early spring.

£afM.— Light yellowish or apple-green naked caterpillar, i-iU
inches long, with a cream-colored stripe along the middle of the back
a similar but wider stripe along each side, and mottled markings or
stripes above the lateral stripes. T^ead glossy green, with white
mottlings; legs whitish, prolegs greyish. May- June.

Pa/xi.— Dark brown; often within a thin silken cocoon in an earthen
cell in the ground. Duration 3 months, sometimes over winter

Control.Spr^' with dilute lime-sulphur a..d lead arsenate before
the bk ns open.

Paru,ttes.—Mekorus hyphanlrim and Mesochorus agilis.

Bethune's Green Fruit Worm {Graptolitha bethunei G. and R ) —

Ins fruit worm is a pest in many parts, and has been reported as most

•l.-structive in the Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia. The color of the

"wth IS quite variable, some moths being nearly white with darker

nuirkings, while others are much darker.

Another species of Green Fruit Worm, Orthosia kibisci Guen
Of urs at Geneva, N. Y.

(/') Dagger Moths
The lar\a- of several species of Dagger Moths may be found feeding
"■' the leaves of shrubs and trees. The more common forms are the

1 li

igS

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

American Dagger Moth, the Raspberry Dagger Moth (A. impressa Walk.),
the Smeared Dagger Moth (A. oblinita S. and A.), the Grey Dagger
Moth (A. populi Riley), and the Darkish Dagger Moth (A. morula
Grote). They may be distinguished from the arctiid woolly-bears by
the mode of distribution of the hairs. The hairs of the latter arise
from tubercles in clusters, while they are scattered over the surface
of the body in the Dagger-larvse.

American Dagger Moth (Acronycta americana Harris). Adult.
— Fore wings light grey with faint dark lines and dagger-liku
markings. Hind wings smaller, dark brown. Body similar in color
to hind wings.

Larva. — ^Two and one-half inches long when full grown; thickly
covered with short pale yellow hairs, with a pair of long black hair
pencils on first and third abcominal segments and a . igle one on the
eighth; head black; body greenish-white above with a subdorsal ami
stigmatal black line; lower surface black. Common in September on
elm, maple, oak, hickory, ash, poplar, alder and other trees.

(i) Underwing Hoths

The Catocalas or Uhderwings are interesting Noctuids, the adult
mothsshowing protective resemblance to the bark of trees. Thelarviriif
some of the species at least feed on the leaves of trees, C. ultroniii.
C. grynea, on apple, plum, cherry; and C. relicta, C. cara, and ( .
concumbens on poplar, willow and birch.

NOTODONTro.* (PROMINENTS)

Hand-maid Moths {Dalana Spp.). — Several species of Datana oci ',
on orchard and forest trees.

Yellow-necked Caterpillar {Datana ministra Drury). — The lar\
are gregarious, and are often injurious to the leaves of apple in lai
summer.

Adult. — ^A russet-brown moth nearly 2 inches expanse; head ;i!'
large spot on the thorax chestnut brown; fore wings cinnamon brn ■
crossed by 3-5 darker brown lines; hind wings pale yellow. 1'
summer, June- July. One brood a year.

Eggs. — In flat clusters of 70-100 on surface of leaf; white
round.

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON INSIXTS igq

.,-.n^rt" :rwo inches long; head large and l.lack; cervical shiel.l dull
o.ange; back and sides striped alternately with black and vellow line
b dy htnly clothed with soft white hairs. Larv. occur inVlust r an i
at rest the,r bodies assume a characteristic bow-form. When vouL
hey are chestnut brown. At maturity they de.scend to t Ig Zl
and burrow to a depth of 3 inches. Larval stage 36 weeks. '

C»«W -Hand-pick the clusters of caterpillnrs; sprav the catef
pdlars with an arsenical. I r.i> inc cater-

Waln-t Caterpillar (/Ml.ma inlrgrnh,,,, G. .nd K.i is often ,le.lru,-

i:d ChS' •'""^™"'-"'' ■■'*'^>-"'' "'- "" -M.each, aS.

«mi'"57f : 'f -'™"" """^ «"h -larker bands across the fore
"ings, r?i-2 inches wing expanse. Julv August

A|?J.-Laid in clusters of 100 or more on underside of leaves

iart^.-Caterpillars feed in clusters devouring the leaves' when

.^.oft whitish hairs . inches long; when a, rest thevassume a A„-.X ,
At moulting times they gather in large numbers on the trunks and

Pupa.--A,hTk brown chrysalis; hibernates in this stage
ca.enXr '""""'"" ""' """'"•"' ^""^'^^ 'he clusters of

I,/,?'moTi!""* "PPl^^^^fP"'" ^■^■''"■--"- -'"'«™ Sm. an,l Ab.).
hot-'f ^ "^ ' ' '"''^'-^' ''"^'>' "«''' ''^"-''. tl'orax dark

mner wth a brown dot near middle, a spot near each angle an<l
>u^ longitudinal streaks along posterior margin. Hind wings
Imnvnish. June and July. One brood in the North

-'^m.-VVhite, round, slightly flattened deposited in a cluster of
40 100 on the under side of leaf in July

ro/X^'^''^^ "'"'^f "''"^ yellow, black and white lines; a double

cTcoons " il"' „'" "m ■ r""" ""'• ^'^"' "•'''^" 'hey spin loose silk.'
I ■ : .l^". Pl"m cherry, and black!,erry and some forest trees,
th,. g o'uTd "' ■" '''" '"' '"'^' '-'^^ "■'"'" ■■•-' -^'>' ^1-"S in .,r on

200 ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

Control. — Spray with arsenate of lead; hand-pick or burn caterpillars
with rag torch.

LYMANTRIIDiE (TUSSOCK MOTHS)

Gypsy Motil {Portkelria dispar Linn.)- — A European insect intro-
duced into the U. S. (Mass.) about 1869, now found in all the New
England States. The larva feeds on a very large variety of plants —
forest, orchard and shade trees, especially oak, willow and apple,
shrubs and even herbaceous plants. Conifers immune (Fig. 131).

Adtdt. — Male brownish-yellow, slender, with feathered antenna;;
fore wings marked with zigzag darker lines; wing expanse ij^ inches;
an active flier. Female white with zigzag dark lines and with slender
black antennae; body so heavy as to prevent flight.

Eggs. — ^Laid in July-August in irregular oval spongy masses ot
400-500 in crevices and on convenient objects, and covered with tan
colored hairs; hatching about May ist following.

Larva. — A dark brown hairy caterpillar 2-3 inches long; 2 rows of
red spots and j rows of blue spots along the back with a dim yellowish
stripe between; body clothed with long black hairs. Full grown about
July ist.

Pupa. — Cocoon of silk loosely formed among the leaves; pupa con-
ical and dark brown; i inch long. Duration 7-17 days.

Parasites. — The following have been introduced: Anastatus bifas-
dolus and Scheditis kmance — chalcid egg parasites; Compsilura con-
cinnata and Blepharipa scutellata on the caterpillar; Monodontomerus
ccreus, a chalcid pupa parasite; and Calosoma sycophanta.

Control. — Treat the egg clusters with creosote; band the trees with
burlap, etc. and spray; parasites.

Brown Tail Moth (Euprociis chrysorrhcea Linn.).— Larva destruc-
tive to orchard, shade and forest trees. Conifers immune. Probably
introduced from Holland to Mass. about 1893 (Fig. 132).

Adult.— k white moth, except that the abdomen is tinged with I
brown and tipped with a tuft of brown hairs, most conspicuous in i'le
female. Both sexes are strong fliers and active at night in July.

Eggs. — In brownish clusters of 150-300 on the leaves on the tip^ oi
the branches. Usually brown hairs are mixed with the egg mass.
Eggs hatched by August 15th.

terpillars

ct intro-
the New
plants —
id apple,
131).
intcnnae;
2 inches;
h slender

lasses of
with tan

! rows of
yfellowish
vn about

lupa con-

!mj bifas-
lura con-
'ntomerus

rees with

destruc-
Probal>l.v

ged with
lus in !'ie
uly.

tie tip^ oi
gg mass.

1 r

,.„ ,-..n..r .>f .««; fcmal. ,n-,!l, „vip..sili„B ,ust 1.cl,.« ; fanalc mnih J,. , ..•
vari.nv 1-Aur U-fi ; imilc mnih unnu.,liau-ly al«.vi-; t™,aU- m..th nmiu'.t.a ob al..
nu.k. ,",;..h will, «-inK-s fol.lo.l in u,,„.r U.f. ; ,„aK. .hrysali, at hkIu "I 'h'^-; ,';-.
,.!■.,■■.-„•!; a-aiii a- riah', 1 lawa r,l .rnKT. All ,-lii;1illy n-.UaaM. •Afl.r ll„.,'.li I ■•

ClASSlriCATION AND DESCRIPTION OP COMMON

INSECTS '01

iV

, . 132. — Different stages ot ihn |jr , -i

■|^.l; male and female a.lults at lower right -"m^hem';,.^^''"'" ""' "" "PP"
mule and female chrysalides above, male at lef;fun„rL? "■"' "' "P"" "■'Kl't ;
' 'luced; young laryte at its left; egrt^assthef^'fr^ "'"'","■"'''=■ ^''""^•'■■•'t
.".Pos..m« on leaf; e.,ma. als^ ^ I^^^^^t ''^u!::'^Zr:y^LJ:f^^ '™»'=

ECONOMIC ENTOUOLOGY

Larva. - Dark brown caterpillar i ' 2 inches long with a sprinklinR f)f
orange; body covered with fine reddish-brown hairs; a row of conspicu-
ous white hairs along each side; bright red tubercles on top of sixth ami
seventh abdominal segments. Full grown In June. Winter is spent a^
black quarter-grown larvie in colonics or nests of leaves bound firmU
together by a silken web. Barbed hairs irritating to human skin.

Pupa. — ^Loose cocoon attached to leaf; pupa brown, about ?^ inil
long. Duration about 30 days.

Parasites. — Imported forms are: Pleromalus egregius, Apaiilcli
lackkotor, Mcleorus versicolor, Zygobolltria nidicola, Compsilura rnii
cinnata. Pales javida, Monodonlomertis aretis; Calosoma sycoplmnl'i

Control. — Cut off and burn the winter nests before the caterpill.ir-
emerge in Ai)ril; poison the caterpillars with lead arsenate before tin
middle of June; parasites.

White-marked Tussock Moth (Ilemcroeampa Irucosligma Sm. ami
Ab.). — A native insect whose larva is frequently injurious to fruit Irii
and shade trees.

Adult. — Male winged and ashen-grey in color; fore wings crossil
by wavy bands of a darker shade, with a minute white crescent niMi
outer hind angle, a small black spot near tip of outer edge and an obli(|ii(
blackish stripe beyond it. Antenna broad and feather-like. Femah -
wingless with slender antenna;, and of a light grey color. Jul>
August.

Eggs. — ^Whitc and nearly globular; 300-500 arranged in a three •■;
four-layered mass and covered with a frothy substance. Hatch in
May and June.

Larva. — One and one-fourth to one and one-half inches long, briKin
yellow; head and two small protuberances on hinder portion of \at i.
bright coral red; four creamy tufts on back; two black plumes at frri j
and one at the rear; black and dusky yellow stripes along the la^ '.
and sides.

Pupa. — Cocoons made of silk and hairs; pupa brownish, the ni. ■
smaller than the female; 10-15 ''"^y^ duration.

Life-history. — Eggs are laid in July and August and hatch in I ■
May and early June; caterpillars full grown in a month; pupal >t,'
lasts about 2 weeks, and the adults emerge in July and August
lay their egg-masses. But one brood in Canada and Northern I'ni' 1
States.

tXASSlKKATms ANO UESCRIPTiON or CMMO.V .NSKCTS ,o,,

Enemies.-Pimpia inquhilor, ChaUU mala Ta,l,i„a m./l , . •
"irtls; red anti; certain <l,.rm,. .• n .1 laiinna mella: (frlaiii

ami the West. '" '^"^'' ^^'"la. New hnRlaml,

LanSatl^iilS'::; "■""''• :"■ '- "-' '-- cross

i^aie almost win^^::' rtt^iT;: ::::r:^-':;;;':^;""T !-

hairs. - "^'""-"'i "ilh vi'llowish-while

^-'m. KKK-mass laid .,n cKonn, hut v.,//, ,,„ /,,/,■
/-n„.--Head l.lack; first ,w„ tu so s „1 1 ■/ n 'V'""'.''*'-

■' "/"' — remale larger than the male
Control of Tussock Worms. Collect an.l deslrnv ,h
P-imt the esR-masses with creosot.- snr.vTn , ""-\'^ ^-^K-^a^H-S
land trees with l.urlan or ,1! ' " "^""^ ''''"' "" af'^fnical;

l.urlap or tar to prevent females from ascending

tASIOCAMPID^ (TENT-CATERWLLAR MOTHS,
Orchard Tent-caterpiUar (.\falaa,so,„a amcricana Fat, . ,. • ,

im--A glistening brown mass (2oo-,oo) encirr'lin,, .^ . •
covered with a ffli.pv fr„,K 17 1. , , encirclmg the fvigs,

^«v- '-H ■-"^on^rj-.hSii;;,"^" " -- '^-- -^^
^;-.ed wit^ white ^i^-z:^:^'^:zS''^'' t-

-Oer withi^ 'tZ r^j';:::; '-^n/™ -^ c,ose; a yellow
/./>-A,.;«r^.-.VVinters in the egg state; eggs hatch in Alav vhcn the
-^ are begmnmg to open and the caterpillars reach maturity ilijule

304

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLnCY

Adults appear ami ckrs arc laid in July. There is hut one hrrHxl vmh

Forest Tent-ctterpUUr (.lA.i/.if7>V(.m(i//(\,v/r/(; H!>n.) differs from iht
preceding in the following particulars: egg-mass is nearly square ;if
the ends; caterpillars do not construct tents; line along the hack
is broken with dots; transverse lines on the wings of moth are darker
than ground color.

Parasites. Pimftla mnqnisitur, P. inquisitor, Tuchina mell-i.
Anomnlon exile. Calosoma and Poilisits are predaci-ous enemies.

Control. — Destroy the egg-mas>,t'>; spray caterpillars with arseni-
cal; burn off the Unts; hand trees with hurlap or tar to prevent tin
caterpillars from ascending.

(iROLT' GKOMKTRINA ((iKOMK IKRS)

Chief Families (tfter Comsiockt

A. Mfdiii:. of thr himi winK-* wanlinw, iK-in^ n-pn^.i-ntni mi-nly by a fold in rl;.
winn. - fin no til ill (r.
.\i\. Mfdiiij of the hind winjis |)rt.'st'nt.

II. .Mi-di.ij of the hincl wings urisinK muth marur to Mcdiai lh;iii ■
Media,.

\Vin^ts usually green. <!riy>'"-!> ',/,
BB. Mediaj "f the hind winss ari-^inu ne.irly midway between Midii
and Media] or nearer to Mediaj than to Meiliai. Wings rarely pn i p
C. Subeosta and Radius of hind vvinys cxtendinK distinctly se|>ar:iii
from each other, except that they are (onneeted by a cro>s \r: ;
ne;"r the middle of the discal wW.—I/ydriomeniJte.
CC. Subcostaan<l Radius of hind wings approximated or coalesced Imi i
greater or less distance.

I). Subcosta and Radius of the hind wines closely approximate !
but not coalesced along the second fourth (more or k>' i
the discal cell.
K. Radius and Mtdiaj of hind wings separating ai
before the apex of the discal cell. — Ennomid(r.
KK. Radius and Mediai of hind wings coalesced f. ^ i
considerable distance beyond the apex of the di- i!
cell. — Monoctcnii(Ue.
DD. Subcosta and Radius of the hind wings coalesced for a -i ''-.
distance near the beginning of the second fourth oi
discal ci-li, thence rapidly diverging.— .V/crrA/rfir.
DOD. Subcosta and Radius of the hind wings coalesced i
beyond tile middle of the discal cell.
K. iore wings with one or twt> accessory m-
llydriomcnhiiP.
EE. Fore wingg without an accessory cell. — MonoclcK. '-

CU*S,r.CAT.„.N A.N. »KS,K,r..oS OK ,OMM,.N- .NSMTS
MONOCTENIIDiE

JO.;

SpringCankerWorni(/'„/,r./,„V.;:,r/„;/„ l',.L , » ri , •■

an.l California. ' '"' ' '"'"' ■^'"""' '" '^""•^"^

■iJulh. Male moth with ihin Imnvni^lM-r.v silkv „ In, ■ .

S,:S ''s J ir "•'''' -'-^ '■-«" -^p^ 'N- L „.i.i;,;::;

.he time of unfoMin,, „f ,h. leaves ' '" " "'"""' "'"""

ma,.l .tHpe alo„« each si.le; ventral surface.: Ma . J i'! ; :*\

:Sr;:::i,::'^""^'"«^"'"'"'">-^"^ a,ian..enr;:iCH

/"u^ii.— Cocoon an earthen cell lined umI, mi.

Fall Canker Worm (.(/.„/,/,</« po,„ei„ri„ Harris, Wi.l.lv ,1;-, •>

A««J.-Browni.sh-grey, ll„wer-,,ot like, outer end with ■, dnrl- .
^-rounded by a dark rin«; laid in clu.sters of :^S^t:. ea^, el

'^s;:frt::.r"^''^^^-"'''^'''-'^>----'^e^

/.«r.a.^Re.semhles in a general way that of the .S,,rin>r Cank.r

.iFt

206

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

Control. -Spray with arsenate of lead just after the leaves unfulil:
l)an(l trees with l)urla|) in fall.

ENNOMIDiE
Pepper-and-salt Currant Moth {Amphidasis cognalaria Gucn.i.-
Injures leaves of currant, gooseberry, plum, Spirea and maple.

AdulL—Body Rrey, with black dots; wing expanse 2 inches, gre>
with dark brown dots and two wavy brown cross bands on the outer
third. May and .\ugust.

£jgj.— Cylindrical, with surface marked with rows of hexagonal
depressions; '30 'ni^h long.

Larva.^X geometrid or measuring caterpillar, 2 inches long; grteti
to brownish-black in color, with indistinct green or yellow lines utuI
spots. Full grown in July.

Pupa.—Tupx dark brown, ?i inch long, formed in the ground
Some change to moths in August, but others do not change until
following May.

Lime Tree Winter Moth {Erannh litiaria Harris).- Occasionall\
injurious to the leaves of elm, basswood, hickory, apple, etc.

.ld«//.— Male, with rusty-buff body and fore wings, and lighter
hind wings. Female wingless, light brown to grey with marking-.
Oct.-Nov.

Eggs. — Cream colored, cylindrical with ends blunt-roumli'l.
Hibernate.

Larva.— A. bright-yellow looper, with rust-colored head, uikI
ten crinkled black linesalong the back. Full grown larva i ,' i -i j 2 inchi -
June.

/"M/ia.— July-Oct.
Currant Span Worm

(llamera ribcaria Fitch).

yellowish geometrid moth with brownish spots, i'4

Adult.—. \ |i.
inches expaii
markings on wings variable and often with one or two cross bai;
Mid-summer.

£|js.— Laid on twigs about July; hatch the following spring wl
leaves are full grown.

Larva.— h yellow striped and black spotted looper, a little 11
than an inch long; full grown in 3 to 4 v, eks.

PM/ia.— Formed just beneath the surface of ground; duration
3 weeks. One brood each season.

Confro/.— Spray with arsenical or pyrethrum.

CLASSIFICATION AKD DESCRIPTION' OF COMMON" INSECTS 207

in ,?!''' y'"H"'*°'^.^'r""" ''^•"'^'•^ Clerck). -Destructive
n i'l'- . >!■... rhcrry orchards on the Pacific slune A K„
..^ec , resembil,., t.e hasswoo.1 or lime tr e s an wo^ r/ ''''"
lllia,:,), "iiic irce si)an-Horm (trannis

..ark u^ved^ands; hind wings pale and mottled with bror 0 I

rated bvTnrT '" ^""^J"'^; ^ ^Pan-worm, with black stripes sepa-

W. c M """"^'"P"' ^P'^"^'^^ '" ^"Wi^h-brown blotches

Bruce sMeasunng Worm (RaMa bruccala Hulst).-^Des active

"1 New \ ork .n 1886 and in Alberta in ,902 3 ^^'^^f^ctnc

-4rf«//.-Female wingless, H inch long, light brownish-grey;

, . , o'— '-^i ,--,j uiLii long, lie

male winged, expanding ,., inches, pale brownish uct.-Nov

of £r.;;Sttr' °^-^'' «-'-''"-^ '-' ^-b- i^^revices

/.ari'a.— Three-fourths inch long aoole-ffrepn witi, .1,
>2nt:^;-^Hpes alon, each^iS Z^l l^ ^T Z^Z
^^d black, feeds 4 or 5 weeks m April and May, especially on blossom

o„S;rS;^::^o::: - "^^' "^-"-" — - '- ">^ --"■

Psvciim.-E (JJag-worm Moths)

Evergreen Bag Worm (Thyridopieryx ephemer<,/orms Haworth) ^
'Kcurs on conifers, red cedar and arbor vita; '«« "aworth}.-

.!</«// -Female wingless, naked and grub-like- male with .r,„
parent wings. September-October ' "'"' ''^"'■

'."cliiriT' '" ^^'^■■'^™""-"-''-- T^e^- -i-ter over and

■^.r^^r;^!;::'"^ "^^^'^^ ^"""" '-'' '"''"' "'^ '^^'-"'^ -

/'«/>(?.— Formed within the bags
an/i:'-"'""- '"'''''' ^''' "^^™'"' -'"'i™: gather cocoons
PYR.VLIUIXA GROLP
Families (After Comstock)
l'. Wings not fissured.

f. Hind wings witliout a frinBt- of hairs at base of Cubitus.

i

308

ECONOMIC ENTOMOTOGY

,tl liflli hniiu Ill's ')f Radius M'pariilc, tli.-

.lal ifll. I'yriuisliJir.

1 liflli hraru lirsdf K;';lius united at base.

of t!ut»itus.

i dL-vcloped but iiot triangular

(i. I'urr uiii^s with fciurtli
latti-r arisinj; from the
(it;. Fort- winns with fourth
- t'yrtiliiliilir.
V\-. Hind win^s with a frin^'e of hairs at li
(1. Radius of fore win^s 5-branthcd.
H. Maxillary palpi more or k
as in HH. —GiiUeriiii(C.
nil. Ma.\illary [lalpi wull devdopal, appearing trianRular; labi.il
palpi lonK, straight and projerting forward.— CVamfcftitf.
OG. Radius of fore wings 4-branched. —PhyciUdtr.
EE. Wings fissured.

F. Wings with less than five fissures.— /"(mif/iorMir.
FI''. Wings with five fissures. — OnitodldiP.

Meal Snout Moth (Pyralis Jarinalis Linn.). AduU.—X pyralid
moth, I inch wing expanse. Fore wings with base and tips dark
brown, middle portion light Ijrown, two wavy white lines crossini;
wings, bordering the middle portion, hind wings grey with two wa\ >
whitish lines.

Eggs. — Laid in masses; irregular.

iarra —Lives within a silken tube; dirty-grey, darker at bmli
ends; head brownish-red.

Pupa. — Brownish-red, in a cocoon.

Clover Hay Wonn (Uypsopygia costalis Fab.).— The catcrpillai-
cause injury to slacked or stored clover, near the ground or floor, liv
webbing it together and contaminating it, with e.^ccrement.

.Iiiw/;.— Small; ji, inch wing e.xpanse; wings silky, margined wl; 1
orange and fringed with golden yellow; two large golden spots at il.>
thirds of the fore wings, extending to hind margin as narrow lilac lin. -.
Two straw colored lines on hind wing. L'nder surface of wings |):;..
yellowish; beail and legs straw colored; antenna; and palpi pale oran-
Two broods. June July; .August.

i'ggs.— Laid proljalily on growing clover heads. June and .\ugu-:.

Larva. — Three-fourth inch long, dull brown; head, shield and a. >\
plate black after last moult; segments much wrinkled and |)ri)vi !
with several smooth shining areas each bearing a fine while h
Hibernates.

PhZ-u.— Honey-yellow; cocoun J 2 inch long, oblong-oval, v.' •.
silky, intermingled with excrement and bits of hay.

n.ASSIF,CAT.„N AND I.KS.'KIPTION- OP rOMMOV rN'SKCTS ,o„

C,.„lrol. K.movc- „1,| |,;,y a,„l if i„f..sinl l.ur,, i,; r,U. M:„ k al,„v..

^""""''■"7'-- M-ils,,„. Snl,l,„M,„n,„Ma,k

Grape Leaf Folder ,/;,.„„„ ,„„,,„/„ „,„,, „„ ,„.^ ,

K Canada. Causes .njury l.y skelc,.,„,.i„, U,. upper surface of
liM\es, while protecte<l uiKlur their folds

.W«//.--\Vi„«s expanded, »,„ ,nch, dark l,row,. and l.ordered wi,h
« u.e. 1-ore w.n.-s .v,th fwo oval white spots; hind win^s of male with

spo , o, female spot divi.led. Jiodv Mack, crosse.l bv two w
Lands m emale, one m male. .Antennx- of male knotted near th
middle. Two l.niods; Mav and Julv-\u.i;ust

.iotf^o^S""^' ^""""'^ "'" ^'"«'>- "" """- -^ "f '-f- »"--

Una. -One inch lonp- when full ^rown; wi.lest in middle yellowish
rcett on sules; head and pro.horacic shiel.l li.ht hrown; si,h^ oT ,

'L, F r n" "'"'"" '" ■'"'•^•' ^"""'' '" '^^•l"- October.

-.::Ma2r;:Lz£.'^;;bef:r ''■"'- ------ ^-^

,^^ 0,„/™/.-Spray w,th arsenate of lead sh.Mtly after blossoms have

Purple-backedCabbage Worm (7;r,r,c.v//. ,/,„,,,„/,■,, Ouen ) - Iniuri
^..- m^e Maritime ..rovinces and Southern States to turniilTri

.l</.W/.--Small, winK-e.xpanse ",, inch; fore wiuRs pale satinv-
. low with a heart-shaped diseal spot, two transveL'wi^-v .
- middle of win,s, a less distinct line near base and another n^
;|P. lundwmgs silvery-whne with a clear black margin. June and

K:. ' hllci:!!:^' we^k"'"^^ '"'" '" "'^'^^^^ "' '° - "" """- -^f-^ "f
/..''•^.-^Three-fourth inch long; bristiv, slender, tapering to each
; , '>acl purplish; head, anal plate and two spots 'on second s e^:
''!■'-. July and Sept.-Oct. Full grown in 2 to , weeks

.■'/-.'.-Winters as a chrysalis. Two broods in a season, the last
■,'"'-' ■ """■' '"J"'''™'- ^'"'^■■'^'^y ""•'-''^ l^roods in the .South

210

F.CONOMtC KNTOMDI.DC.Y

CohW.— Same as for impiirted caliliage worm (Pieris rap<t), p. 176.
Sugar Beet Web Worm {l.axosligc sliiliralis l.inn.). Injurious in
Manitoba, Sasl<alchewan and Allwrla to alfalfa, turnips, rape, onions,
peas, cal)l)aKe, and oilier garden plants; in ihe middle western states
and the prairie provinces on sugar beets. A native of Kurope and
Northern Asia.

Adult. -A purplish-brown moth, with darker and paler liands; wing
ex|)anse i inch. May and June.

i>«j.— Broadly oval, J 25 inch long, pale green; laid in cluster-
(3-10) on Ihe leaves.

Lana.-One inch long, dark with a white stripe down the liack an^'
one on each side, marked with many black and white tubercles.

In Colorado the first brood of larvx- feed on pigweed and alfalfa in
Jur"; the second brood appears in July, and sometimes injures beets
the third brood about mi<ldle of August is most injurious. Most .'!
the larvx- hibernate in the ground m long sdkeii tubes.

Pupa.— The pupa is formed in early spring in the silken tube.
Greenhouse Leaf Tyer (PMydamaferruf,<ilis Hbn.j.—A serious pt-t
in greenhouses to violet, rose, carnation, and other plants; and outdo..r>
to beet, celery, lettuce, sweet pea and other jilants. It ties up con-
tiguous leaves by webs and feeds within, skeletonizing the lea\i-
Widely distributed.

Adult.— \ small moth, ^i inch wing exjianse; fore wings li;;l.t
brown and with blackish cross lines; hind wings grey with darUi
margins.

£j,gs —Translucent, oval disks, I32 inch lo"g; laid in cluster- "i
8 to 12; hatch in ly-ao days.

/,<ir.a. -Three-fourths inch when full grown; greenish white wi;'! a
green lint down the back and another on either side;headstrawcolo,-l
mottled. Full grown in 3-5 weeks; feeds mostly at night.
/"»/>«.— Formed within the webbed leaves.

Ci)«/ro;.— Spray or dip the plants in solution of arsenate of le.il :i*
soon as larvie are observed; hand pick infested leaves.

Craiibii).« (Closk-wi.ngs)

Root or Sod Web Worms {Crambus spp.).— In July and .\

manv small "-revish moths with closely folded wings and with pi

n-ASSIFlrATION AND DESCRIPTION OP COMMON IXSKCTS 211

ing mouth-parts (lal ,ial palpi) are common on grass lands and colkct in
large numbers about lights. The caterpillars of these moths live in the
sod in silk-lmed burrows among the roots of the grass, feeding upon
them. Corn is sometimes injured.

^Irfw/Zs.— Several species; yellowish-white wings with silver stripes
bands, gold lines and other markings. Two broods. June July.'
£ggs.~Lmd in grass land in June-July and again Sept. Oct ■
oval, yellowish, ridged, 200 by each female; hatch in 6-10 days.

iart'«.— Color varying from yellowish-white to pink to' reddish-
surface tubercled with tufts of bristly hairs; form loose silken webs'
and feed on the roots; full grown in 5 to 7 weeks; J 2 to H inch long.
Hibernate in webs partly grown.

Pk/xe.— Cocoons formed often in the larval webs; 12 to 15 da>s.
Co«<ro/.— Plow land early in autumn to prevent egg deposition'
plow early in spring; use trap-lanterns to catch the moths.

Cranberry Girdler (Crambus horluellus Hbn.).- (See Hull. 554, Bur.
Knt. U. S. Dep. Agr.) An injurious pest of cranberrv vines,' widelv
distributed in United States and Canada. Its host plants are certain
grasses, Scirpus americanus, and cranberry.

The moths appear in June, and eggs are laid on the trash covering
the ground. These hatch in about 10 days. The larva feeds through-
out the summer and fall; when full grown it is about half an inch long
with dark brown or black head, light amber colored thoracic shield and'
tip of abdomen, and sooty-white body bearing many long and short
hairs black at the base. It forms cocoons in October-November but
pupates following spring. Duration of pupal stage about 3 weeks.
The cocoon is composed of scraps of ground debris— bits of dead leaves,
bark, twigs, fine roots, grasses and sand— held together by strands of
*iik. Its interior is lined with silk. Variable in shape, but usuallv
enlarged at one end.

Control.-FM flooding after picking the crop; sanding; pruning.
Uijier Com Stalk Borer {Dialraa saccharalis 1-ab.).— A serious pest
of .Southern corn fields, originally of sugar cane. The caterpillar feeds
early in the season on the "throat" of the young corn, destroying the
growing tip, and later feeds as a borer in the lower stalk, where it
niliornates.

Adult.— h pale brownish-yellow moth, wing expanse of ij^ inches
lor,- wings darker than hind wings and bear faint markings. Wings'

212 ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGV

Ik'IiI close l() IkuIv whi'ii ul rot. I'irsl lirood ;r|i|Hars April isl Id
May i.ilh; and simmkI Ijniixl May 151I1 to July isl.

^W- Flat, scale-like, circular, -'i,,,, inch long, placed in rows
overlapping one anollier (2 25) on under side of a lower leaf; creamv
white at first; hatch in 7 to 10 d«ys.

/,un'a.— Robust, dirty-white caterpillar i inch long, thickly covered
with roumhsh dark spots each with a single bristle; head and thoracic
shield hrownish-yellow. Hil)crnatin(j larva is unspotted. Summer
duration 20 to .50 days.

Pupa. — Lighl yellow chaiiKinK to rich mahogany-brown, ",s inch
long. Pupation in the stalk; duration 7 to 10 days. (Consult l''armers'
Bulletin 634, U. S. Dept. of .Xgr.)

I'VKAlSllD.t

European Com Borer (I'ynnixln nuhihiUs Hbn.). - (Consult Bull
178, Mass. .\g. E.xp. St ) .\ |)ale yellowish or reddish brown moth oi
about I inch wing expanse, introduced from Kurope into Massachusetl>,
whose larva bores into corn stalks. Its wild food plants are barnva^l
grass, foxtail, pigweed, and its cultivated food plants are corn, hem|i,
hops and millet. .\ possible serious enemy of corn.

'-Mm.-

O.YM.KHIID.E

Bee-moth {Galltria miUonella Linn.). Known also as Wax-worn:.
Often a serious pest of bee-hives feeding on stored combs and honc\ .
and combs occupied by bees.

.l(i(«//.^VVings ashy-grey, hind part of fore wing bronze colore I.
body brown, about '^s inch long. Appears .April 15th to Mav 1^11.
and again in July; lays her eggs in hives in crevices at night.

A',?«s-~Klliptical, } i,a ini^h long, ])early white— hatch in 12 day-^

Aum;. --While; i inch long; feeds at night, and makes silk-li' i
tunnels in the comb.

Pupa. — Formed in a tough cocoon on side of hive. Hibernates

Li/e-hislory.— In the north two broods appear -the first in .M > .
the second in July-August, and under favorable conditions it reqi: ' -
only 6 weeks from egg to adult.

Control. — Keep colonies strong; keep Italian bees; use well n if
hives, fumigate with carbon bisulphide.

C..ASSlnCAT,.,X AXU Dt^CKlniOX OF COMMOX ,NSK< ,s

^'J

''iivcmij.fi

liuds in earlv s|)rin<' ' i-intral Stales on

/W. Ui.,i m mi,l>ummer ;.n,l halch in about a week

l-ull « „" Ju,::." "■" ^"^™ '■"'''■ '"J-- •'- '-Is in spri„«.

/'"A" Reildish-liniwn.

(V'"/--"/. Karly s|,ra>i„„ will, arM,,ale of |ea,l

Apple Leaf Skeletonizer (/'.„„.„,,„ /„„„„„„„// ,<i|,.,, . ,,_, ,.

Two ,..,ods a season. May -JunrnclCr ^""'^^^ ''^^^^ ''^""'■
/.«n.„.--- Small, ', inch Um^, greenish or hruwnish with a 1,1, L
shining tuhercles on bark behin.l the hea.l and „■ h '"''^ ,\''^f^
>'ripe along each side of back. Fee lit^ ngl , . '-"-'.'1-^-
ann Se,,t. - Oct., on upper surface of ^'Z ^t^ I. , ^f Z^,;;; f '^■
.-« t en, and giving then, a rusty blighted appearanc^ ' ^" "

■ 1 i':;';;;"™"' ''"^""' "•^- '--' '- ^ ^"s'- ~; p^ic brown,
''i-k zigzag ii4; h! J wi Xg vii'«^r:;r ^'' '; '^^r^^^^^

«..«.:.s.nged. Kewg!„4t.^^

A'ffi.^-- White, elongate oval; a female depositing as manv as .on
>«J^ .ngly ,n flour, in cracks, and about m^hinery; ha^Lir

One-half inch long; white with line blacl

'.tlrvii.

tr^'l with ha

irs. Fccd.s withi

n a silken tube and

, sparsely cov-

spins a silken

214

ECONOMIC ENTOUOLOCY

matting the Hour together and causing much damage Full grown
in 40 days.

Pupa. — Formed in a C(K(K>n; duration 1 1 days; cylindrical, reddish-
brown above and lighter below; a cluster of small booklets at tip of
abdomen.

Control. — Fumigate with carbon bisulphide, carbon tetrachloride
or hydrocyanic acid gas; or better still raise room to high temperature
of 120-130° for 6 hours.

Fif;. 133. — Mediterranean flour moth iEphi'stia kuthnidla) : a. mulh; b. same
from side, resting; c, larva; d, pupa; e, abdominal scKments of larva; a-d, enlarBed;
e, more enlarged. {After Chittenden, U. .S. bur. lint.)

Indian Meal-moth (Plodia inkrpunclella Hbn.). Ailult. — A pyralld
moth, ?4 inch wing expanse. Fore wings with outer portion red-
dish-brown with fine transverse markings, the middle copper and tht-
Inner portion grey; hind wings grey. A new generation In about fi\i
weeks.

Eggs. — Small, whitish; as many as 350 eggs laid either singly m
in clusters; hatch In 4 days.

Larva. — One-half inch long, whitish or pinkish, sparsely hairy.

Pupa. — Cocoon elliptical-cylindrical.

Gelechiid.*

Angoumois Grain Moth (Sitolroga cerealella Oliv.). Adult. >
small moth like a clothes moth; ^ inch long; yellowish-grey. Hi' I
wing dark grey, bordered with fine silvery fringe. Fore wing witli 1
black dot between base and middle.

Es,gs. — Milky-white to pale red;}^o inch long; bottle-shaped: 60
egg-, hatching in 4 to 10 days.

CLASSIFICATION- AN

I) DKSCRIP

rioN (IK Common inskc

rs 2 1 !

AurtM.— Body white, dcnsel

y covered wilh lirisll

.,.K.;;2."'-"""~"-""'- ■"«;'=,

Peach Twig Borer (. I «,;r,<m //,„.„/,//„ z,||eri De.truniv,. , .
.■I(/h//.— Dark grev; wings frinircd iviih v,.|l,,„-: i r

/.«.™,-One-half inch l„nK; dull reddish-l,r,nvn with dark-l,nnvn
ead; w,n ers m silken cases honea.h outer lark at hase of n w «r , ,,

S^ri2tr"^^"^"'---"'^ -ackstipsrS

/;»^<;.-Reddish-l,rown, >i inch long; duration lo ,. davs
6««W._L,me-sulphur just after buds l.e^in to swell ' ' '
Patoer Worm mho,n,'rh liguMla Hiil,ner..--(Consult Bull ,8-
<nrnel| Agr Kxp Stn.) A.ln„.^^ „,■„,„ ,.l,„i,h" incid
moth, expandmg ?« inch; fore wing sprinkled with ilk scls
nd niarked near n,id<lle with 4 hlack marks; hind wing fr nS'
•lusky July. Hibernates as adult. ^ 'ringed,

£««s.-Probably laid in Mav, and hatch in 2 weeks
/.«r™.-Skeletonizes the leaf and eats holes in the young fruit of
pple; a small caterpdiar, H inch long; brownish-green- head ligh
hrown. Dorsal surface with two lateral and two dortalwhitth strip's

.l.rS-;; claTs'" '™"" "''"'' ''''''"' '" '^'^^ '>■ ^ '"^- ^"k 'breads,

The Lesser Bud Moth (Rea.naria nanrlla Hbn.), a native of Furone

.H.urs m the eastern half of the Inited States and in Nova ScZ

and attacks the buds of apple trees. '

CEcopi[ORrD.E
Parsnip Web Worm (Oepressarla hnadiana DeG.V--\ furoncT,

ai6

KKINOMIC ENTliMclLlKiY

II'"

Adiill. (ircyisli liiilT iir iialf iKhrcims, marked willi fuscous
S|M)ts; :'4 inch wiiiK expanse; July AutfUst.

Efif^s. Laid in Afay on leax'cs, stem and on sheath iif inflorescence.

Larva. Pale yellow or liluish Krey, marked with lilack tuliercles
bearinu bristles; head and thoracic plate bluish black; 'j inch loni;,
Larvx' first web the flower-heads tonelher and feed on the flowers
anil unripe seeds; they then enter the hollow stems and feed on the soft
pith.

I'upa. I'ormed within the hollow stem in a silken cocoon. Dura-
tion 2-,i weeks.

Conlrol. Spray carefully the tlower-heads as soon ;is webliinn i>
ob.served with an arsenical.

.Kc;i Klli>.K = Si:siii)i. iCii \K \\i\(;si

Peach Tree Borer [Syiitinllnih'ii (.nV/nvn Sayi. iCoii^ult Cir. 54,
1' \ of Knt., U. S. I)e).. A^.; Hull. 170, C'orjiell .\n. K.\|i. St.) .\ native
i.: '.ct occurring wherever peaches are grown east of the Rockies.

Adull. A slender dark-blue clear-winKed wasp-like moth. Alal.
moth with \vint;s transparent anil bordered with steei blue; expanib
I inch. Kemale moth with fore winKs blue and clothed with scales
hind wings transparent resembling the male; a broad orange ban-
about middle of abdomen; expands I'o inches. July September

liggs.- Minute, oval, yellowish-brown; and hexagonally sculp
tared; truncate at one end; ilei>osited on the bark near surface - :
ground. Kach female may lay from ,^oo 400 eggs; hatch in abou
10 days.

Lana.— One inch long when full grown, robust, yellowish-whii.
with head and first segment white. Viuing larva bores into sa;
wood at or below surface of ground, and continues feeding well in
the fall, and after hibernating resumes feeding in spring, reaching I'
growth from July ist-September. Exudation of gum mi.xeil wi
bits of bark and excrement.

Pupa- Cocoondike cell elongated, made of grass and bits of ba
attached with gum and threads of silk. Duration about ,? wei
One generation each year.

Conlrol.-l'Tohe or cut out the caterpillar in fall or early spri;
mounding up the earth about base of tree in s|>ring; jiroleil ir'
with paper or wire covering or netting (see Ohio Bull. 320).

'l.ASSrKlCAnnN AM. LKmriimIuN ok ruMM„v INSI, IS

-''7

Lesser Peach Borer ,.Sv,MW/,„/,.„ ^w,>< <;. ..kI K.. ihi. „.,iv..

. h.. N.u.lu.rn Sta,.. an.l fre,,u..,„l> ,1,,,. . „nsi,U.ral-l.. i„i„rv. 'IV
an, Lores as a rul. al,„u. .h.. .vd „n ,1,.. Irunks a,„ l,ra,„ h

. .ul he. m„.h .mew. in June an,l July. Al,„u, a m„„,l, ..arli,. , '
■nSr ^""^' ''>■ ""'^ -- --">• -ll.nvsn,..„a„i.U a,.,|.:ant:

Imported Currant Borer ( .Vv,„„„/,„/„„ /,>„/»„.,«„ |.i,„, , , ,,,,</,
A smal cl.ar-w,n«„| n„„h, •■., i„,„ .xpans..; l,„.lv l.la.k wi,l, a v. Lv
'"1 ^'1"-; •!»■ n„k, a,„l ,l,ra. vHl.uv l,an,|s a.r,., ,|,

al'"»l(mi-lh,nl Irnm Ih,. ii|,, |,„„. mi ■ a lujw

/Vwv^ Small, l,nnv„, ul.,l„,la,-; ,,laM.| ,„ a^iU,„ |,,,„.„ „, ,„
1 lacks III ilii' (ams.

!.>inv. lUn-s inl<> piil, „| , .„n. .|,|,| ,„.,|^,„^

It, tthcTl full

(,'roivri

. liiiiK l.lai k lunml in

m.h 1„„K, yellowish; lua,l brown; numerous

.nl-rcles on ho.ly. Half «rown l.^ winler; hiiie^na,;:;;;' ,::;;;;, of
I'urrow; full grown in May. """om oi

/'"/"'■ Pupates in lunnel. Adull enuTKes in June
..n'r^tsprm^ """""' -«'"-"" ->"^'^--leanesm

.../^:^Sir:i::r:;r '""'"'-'■ '- ^ '"-"■-

May i' ' " "' ""'"' '^'""•"'' "'"' -'"' ^''"'""H.n tufl^l.

''■.,<,m;,(. l.aiil in roush pkiie^on irunk

'■•>nv A white eaterpilk.r, i , ineh lon^; hea.l > ellow; Ihoraeie shieM
l.|^.. yeUow. Hurrows mainlv Just I.elow the hark, often in .leveC

/'»^i;.- Formed at surface.

t»«/w/.- Apply soap-carholie wa>h earlv in spring

Squash-vmeBorer(.l/,/////„.v„/yr/«,7„r,,„,vIII,n.i. Ul,</1 - \do-n

^i-^r''H!n,i"" "'"'"'""*• '■"-«">«-.-l--'l-kme,an^
"I I -green. Hin<l wmjrs transparent

■ ith ora

iiKe or black .ind hron

I fri

white bands. June -July

ize marks; legs

nt'e black. Al.'do-
"range; tarsi black

}|8

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOCY

A>u,!. Oval, (lull-ri'd; ' js incK long; laid singly on slcms of plant;
hatch in i-j weeks.

Larva. Whitish, stout, i inch long; mature, n 4 weeks; tunnels
in the main stem. Hiljirnates in the north in a cocoon in the ground.

y'u^a.- Formed in tough silken cocoons in ground, in spring in
North; pupa dark lirown with a horn on head and hook-like spines on
abdomen; Jx inch hmg.

Blackberry Crown Borer (Hemheiin mtitf,inala Harris). Occurs from
Canada to New Mex'co.

Adult. — A clear-winged moth, i' 4 inches wing expanse; fore wings
with a transverse band on outer third; abdomen black, with four
bright yellow cross bands; last segment of female yellow, of male
black mixed with yellow. ,\ug. Sept.

Eggs. — Oval, reddish-brown, Jin inch long; laid singly on under
side of leaves, about 140 by each female.

Larva. — At first white with a brownish head, hibernating undi r
bits of bark or just below surface of ground. In spring bores into
root girdling it; hibernating again in its burrow; in second spring bores
upward, and becomes full grown iri July.

Pupa. — Reddish brown, ?'4 inch long, J5-,?o days; formed in burrou
near surface of cane. Empty pupal skin usually |>rotrudes from open
ing when moth emerges.

Control. — Remove infested canes during spring and fall whin
thinning and pruning, and burn them.

ToRTKitiNA Group
Eucosmidn

Apple Leaf Sewer (.\ncyUs nubeculana Clemens). — (Consult X. N
State Mus. Bull. 124; Bull. 435, U. S. Dept. of Agr.) General'
distributed over the Northern States and Canada.

Adult. — A small white tortricid moth with brown markings; \\\' 1
expanse % inch. May-June.

Eggs. — Laid in June on under side of leaf; flat, oval-shaped, flant;i
minute, yellow; hatch in 8 days.

£arra.— One-half inch long; yellowish-green; head yellow; thora-
shield darker with a black dot on each side; each body segment « 1
pale tubercles bearing a single hair. Hibernates in folded leave:

w ?.

CLASSintATION AMD UESIH„.„,.N „f n,«M,.N INSM TS .19

,„,1 ■ . ""'■», "^4 wi-eks of „s life un.lcr a silken covrrinK o,- the

It folds the eaf al,.nK .he n,i,l-rll, an.l forms its nest within.

^-pa. -Dark yellowish-brown, hut hea.l, eves an.l win. shields
I'lack mottle,! with yellow. Duration al.out todays

Flc; 134.— Codlinn molh. /l. adult moth with winus i-xi,an,r,.,l. «
"Urged; C. half of worra-eatct, ap„k.; D. c„c„„n w,lh .^mv u™ \h',lf ' "" ".'■'" ''

» -.p l«gir,nin« to close; c. too late ,0 spray. (S^-a"^^;, £;;.1',7 ■"""'» f»"

,. '^°^'^'^°* (Carporapsa pomonella Linn.).~ This European insect
'» probably the most destructive of apple insects and is practicallv
cosmopolitan (Fig. 154). I ri<-ucaii>

lrf««.-A small greyish-brown moth, ^i inch expanse; fore wings
cro-^ed by alternate irre!<ular transverse waxv bands of brown .md erev
^n.. w.th a large dark brown spot in the inner hind angle; hind wings

220 ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

light silky hrownish-yollow, darlier towaril Iht- frin>!i.'<l margin.
Flies at niglit, aluiut i 2 vvreks after the pelals fall. Sometimes
emerges as late as July isl in northern districts.

KgHs. -.\ minute thin scale-like white oliject, ' jr, 'r"^h in diameter,
at first transparent hut later with a hlackish streak. Each female
ileposits 60 to 75 eggs, mainly ( .1 the leaves i to ,5 weeks after the
blossoms fall; hatch in 5 10 (la\s, or from ,>, to 4 weeks after petal-
fall; 60 to 80 per cent, of larv;t' enter the young fruit at the calyx end.

Larva. — .\t first whitish with distinct black tubercles on the bod>
and black head; later the tubercles less di-linct. When full grown lar\;i

':M-^'^

k::::.

Fig, 13^,-- Larv.T :nn1 piipiu uf ihu riKlliiiK niulh in the Ij.irk.

is -'4 inch long, whitish or [)inkish, head dark brown, tufjerclesindistiiu
thoracic and anal shields light brown. Matures in ,^-4 weeks. Wiiiti
as a larva within a white, tough, silken cocoon (Figs. 134 and 1 ;;

Pupa. Pale brown; ' j inch long, back armed with transverse ro-
of minute spines; within a cocoon; duration of sjjring pupae aboui
days, of summer pupa' about 15 days (July .^oth-August 14II1
Maine).

I.ife-hislory. -Winters as a full grown larva within a cocoon on
trunk, under bark, etc.; about the time of apple blossoming the la
transforms to a pupa, and the moth emerges i., to 22 days later, i
eggs are laid singly on the leaves, stems, and even fruit, where r
hatch in 7 to 10 days. 'Ihe young larva feeds for a short time on
leaves, but linds its way to the fruit which it enters usually at the i.i
end. It then makes its way to the core. When full grown in ,;

rr.AssiFir.\Tio\ and description of common inskcts 221

w.Tksilmakisils»ay„ul„li|u-Mp|.l.-l,VMr.,.ni.ll„,l.aiHll„„U^,|,l„v
un.UT lurk, rlc, l„ nmk,- ii, c„> ,. \VIh„ a .,..,„„l l,„„„l ,„,u,>

tl^i^V^SS'— ■ ' I ■■■'■ I 'i\■'^<!^-''^l^■'r

*^r.rsl brood fg^s I

~ Tni (rood lartac
1^-1 -^-Y " rirjJ brood cocoon J

LIFI HISTORY CHWT

OF

TVC CODLINB MOTH.

Utah Experiment Sution

±J_

^ond brood egjt

I I If T ^ ^i L

Second brrxxl Imvat

7

j Second boorfcMOon' .Ji ^"^A ' > ^

.if,.— Chart showinii lifi-history of the codhtiK moth ivith

spr.iying anj handing in Utah. (.l/<,-r //ujou.

;iiK«tst<-(J tiine,^ .,r

FlC. I.J7.-Th.. ,irM|„Tl,nu ■ , ;,:.,., :. r : he ojdlinn m-,th.

tl>' moths emerKe thr„uKh(iut .\ukuM, an.l the sc»,nd l.ro,,.! larvu
'•- r the applet fhicliy fr„ni liic- si.ie. In .\„rlhcrn \,w Kn»;kin.l an,l

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

I:

m

.■5

So

s

■1

•«Ji

«:Ji

s-4

I SS.

»aj.

.7?

Ps AS

SS

93

S^

SS

4.=

is!

»■«■

as

3-

1 M

Sj>

3 9

II

Hi

<

£

a=S

2 J

ClASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON INSECTS 22.,

.

■^"1

O 3 - (9

i:->| I ASS

?c-3

ss

'-■2- ■

Si

■^ J 14

; >

f -s" >■ ii- :

S S to '? ^

5 3 ^- I <

» » g ^ La

224

F.CONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

Canada, with llio fx.cplinn of .Scullurri ()nlarii>, llicrf is Iml „ru. linuid
a Vfar, wifli a vi-ry small MCTdrilaKi- IransforniiiiK lo make a partial
sironil Kfrii-ratiiin, hut furllaT sdiitli lla-rcarc t wd or fvcji Ihrce hroods.
J'tirasiles, liti-.-Triihof^nimmn priiiosa, Trombidium on i-j!ks;
I'impla anmilipes, Macrotcnlnis iMiialiis, Asaigtuler carpoiapsa.
Iloplettis margiiuilm, l/yposlciui varinhilis and Tathinoplnlo on larva-;

Tu:. 13«. — Hiul m„tl,

I. Ailiill mnlh; 2, larva; 3. pup:. (,li,rsal view); 4.
(ventral view;. {After DuPorlc.)

some beetles (Teiiebroides corticalis) two species of ants, Lasim iii.
and Soleiiopsis molesia, woodpeckers and chickadees. (Consult Hi
142, Cornell Ag. Exp. St.; Bull. 41, 80, 97, 115, 189, 2„, n. s., H
Knt., U. S. Dep. Ag.; Bull. 187, Ont. Dep. Agric.)

CoH/ro/.— Spray with arsenical just after the blossoms fall, and ivi
m 3 weeks; destroy fallen fruit; band trees about July ist; fumir
fruit-houses with sulphur to kill the moth (Fig. i ^6 and 137).

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON INSECTS ..5

Bud Moth {Tmelocera ocellana D. and S ) — frnn.„lt n ii
107, Cornell).-The caternillar ..f ih? .u *^°"'"" ^ulls. 50 and
injury to the unfoldin^fl we aid tfT' 'Tf"""' """' '"^"""^

and July and deposits eggs (Fig 138) Emerges m June

Pig- U9.-Scasonal history of the bud moth in Quebec.

oi. l-ark of twi^ eZZ ''*":«™7 '^"" '" ^"1^" oval silken cases

226

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

nnoim within a tulii' of lan)jlc<l kavts. Pupal stage lasts about
10 days.

Life- history. — Hibernates as a half-grown larva, and matures in
June; pupal stage lasts to days and moth emerges in July to deposit
eggs. Youug caterpillars feed on epidermis of under side of leaf and on
green tissue within a silken tube for protection. Toward the end of
September they leave their silken tubes and form oval silken cases on
the smaller twigs near the buds, where they hibernate (Fig. 139).

Fir.. 140. — Pea moth: a. a full grown '■worm" or caterpillar (enlar«< 'i;
b. adult muth v/.th wings expanded (enlarged); c. adult moth with wings clu^■. i;
(/. a group of live peas injured by the eaterpillar of the pea moth.

Parasiles.—Pimpla conquisitor, Bassus earinoides, Trichograiifna
pretiosa (Pentarlhron mintUum), Opius sp., Microdus lati ctus.

Control. — Spray with arsenate of lead when buds at>; expanrii'ig,
when the leaves are expanded, and before and after blossoming.

Argyroploce consanguinana Walshm. is another bud pest of occasional
importance.

Pea lAoih (Las peyresia nigrkana Steph.). Adult. — A small : ly
moth % inch long. July (Fig. 140).

CtA.S.nCAT,0. ,SU OKSCK,Px:0. OP COMHO. ,,3ECTS »;
flllr^f^ in the growing pod; hatch in about 2 weeks

. within the pod on the greet peas "' '''''" ^"" 8™*"' '^''""8

the ground, and begirf el lal!^ """u ""''^^ ^™'" ^"^-"ns in
About the ;„d of Ju'; thH rl^em^r^''':"' '" '"'°" ' *-''-
ova, cocoons near L urtiXr^S ^aiL^^.^t::" -" -^"

in^stn;f--i-si-:s:---j"p^^^^^^

repeat in 10 days P ''"'' ^a"s green and

early woric of thi^ wor™ iL S,"';,^"^rof^h"rH!°^^-^ '^^
"nly nearer the surface on the fle!h L^nde the ^V I ^°™'
arv. hatched in August often eat on the ,", , 'oVthT'f '' 'T"

patches, and with^'gr^lTeltilLTrandTueTbLrr ^---^
wmgs dusky grey at base, shading to black at aDex An ' '""''

June about the same time as the Codling Mo ha„rf ' "' '" '"'^

^....-Glistening white, minute, flaf, ova^'and coTerJ," "^T"-
work of irregular ridges. Deposited on bo'h sfdes of ll ""l^ """
upper surface of fruit, stems, etc; hatch in 4 6 dlys ^'''' '"' °"

anal plate brownish, with a ^rolZTo:!^^^^^

ur^if-o^- J-^.^— ^- --^^ S^

pupal case usually attached to cocoon. ^^^'^ ^-"P'^

C»„;r»;.--As for Codling Moth but sprav again in Augu.f H ,
Wftthorns in vicinity. ' •'^"gust, destroy

238

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

Laspeyresia moksla Busck.— A new si)ecas found injurious to
peach in District of Columbia.

Clover Seed Caterpillar {Laspeyresia inlerslinclana Clcnuns).-
(Consult Bull. 134, 111. Ag. Exp. St.) Injures heads of red clover,
white clover and alsike.

Adtill. — A silky dark brown moth, expanding about ':i inch; fore
wings with 8 or 9 silvery markings along the front margin, and 2
I irved markings on hind margin forming two crescents when wings
are closed; hind wings dark brown with pale fringes. Probably three
broods each season. May June; July; Aug. -Sept.

£ggs. — At first green, later yellowish- white; slightly flattened
orbicular; hatch in 5 or 6 days; laid on young clover heads, or on
young stems and leaflets near the base.

iaria.— One-third inch long ; dirty-white to orange ; head dark brown
and polished; thoracic shield yellowish or dark brown with a clear me-
dian line; dorsal tubercles arranged in 2 pairs and bearing hairs; body
with several pale stiff hairs. Mature in 4 to 5 weeks.

Pupa. — Brown, }-i inch long. Cocoon oval, white, silken, usually
with bits of flower tissue and excrement attached. Spun in a dovir
head or at surface of ground. Duration 14 to ,50 days.

Control. — Cut and store the clover crop early in June; do not allow
clover to run for more than 2 years.

Grape Berry Moth (Polychrosis vileana Clemens). — (Consult Bull.
223, Cornell and Bull. 293, Ohio). A serious grape pest causingwormy
grapes.

Adult. — A purplish-brown tortricid moth, }'2 inch expanse; v,-\k>
leaden-blue with dark spots. Two broods.

£jgj — Minute, whitish and scale-like, laid on stems of flower clusl < r-
or later on the green berries; hatch in 4-8 days.

ioma— Mature caterpillar, % inch long, dark green to purpli-h;
head light brown; thoracic shield black; body covered with ni ay
faint spots bearing whitish hairs; 3 weeks.

Pupa. — Formed in a thin silk cocoon in a piece of leaf; light gr n-
ish-brown. Duration 10-14 days.

Life-history.— In June- July the moths appear and lay their . M-
in the blossoms and on young grapes. The young larva feed on i!u'
blossoms and young berries, webbing the clusters together, i iv
mature in 3 weeks and pupae are formed in cocoons made from it?

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON INSKCTS Jig

of leaf and lined with silk. Moths emerRe in to to ,4 davs in early
August. 1 he eggs of second generation are laid on the berries, and the
arviE feed on the pulp and seeds. -Sometimes there is a third generation
Winter is passed in the pupal stage.

C««W.-.Spray with arsenate of lea.l, 4 11,,, Hor.leaux .m : 50, and
2 lb. dissolved soft soap just after blooming, in .\ugusl, when the
berries are half-grown, or about 7 weeks after the grapes bloom, use
6 lb. arsenate of lead.

Tl,KTRICID.f: (I,E.\F ROLLKHS)

Fruit Tree Leaf RoUer (Caca^aa anyro.pila Walker).- (Consult

1 ^ ; TT\ """■ '5°' O"'- ""^^P- Ag.) A serious enemv of the

itZ A 1 ""'" '' """^''^ ^'^° f"^^" ='"d P'"™^. and ^"me
snade and forest trees.

Pig. Ml^EKg-masses of fruit trco leaf rolk-r. p.c , , , _p,„i, ,„.„ ,, „,

Natural sue. 'After Ca,sar, r.AxJ?' l^lZl:^' ^'J:^,

Natural size. {After Caesar.)

« h;f.t!■T^^''°"^"^^' '"°"'''' ^''^ ^ ™^ty-brown shade and silverv-
« nte markings, hind wings light ashy brown without markings, H inTh
«mg expanse. Early July; one brood each year (Fig. 14;) '
v,r„M • . "^ l" "PP-^^^'deof twigs in small oval, flat, greyish

n:::trz^r:^;j-t^-^--.^'^ -^ egg-mass, in j^,;

are opening. Hibernate (Kit'. ,4,).

k

r.urv<e.~M first are black-headed and

, , , h"-*-", ^1^ K'uetiier

^es and blossoms with a silk web, later cut large irregul

green; tie together the young

lar cavities

J30

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

out o( young fruil. Injured fruit falls or is deformed. The leaves are
also badly injured. Full grown in three weeks; about i inch long;
light green; head, thoracic shield and legs brown to black.

Pupa. — Formed within a rolled leaf, brownish; duration about lo
days.

Cofi/ro/.— Spray with lime-sulphur (32°) and lead ar.scnate (3 lb. to
100 gal. water) about May 15, June i and June 15; use Scalecide
(i to 15) just before leaf-buds burst to destroy the eggs.

Cherry Tree Tortriz {Cacatia cerasivorana Fitch).— A pest of
cultivated and choke cherries.

Adult. — A tortricid moth, expanding about an inch; front wings
ochreous yellow with irregular brownish spots and many transvcrsi-
pale blue bands. July-August.

Eggs. — Laid in flat gluey-covered masses on twigs mainly near thr
ground; hibernate; hatch in spring.

ianiiB.— Lemon-yellow, ?s inch long; colony forms nest enclosed
in silk web. Mature in July.

Pupa. — Formed within the dirty ugly nest. Duration 10 lo 14
days. Pupal skins project from nest.

Control. — Cut out and burn the nests before the moths emerge.

Oblique Banded Leaf Roller {Cacacia rosaceana Harris).— In juriou-
to leaves and buds of orchard trees and small fruits; widely distributtil.

Adult. — A yellowish-brown tortricid molh with three obli(|Ui-
dark bands across the fore wings; bell-shaped with wings folded; himl
wings pale yellow. End of June.

Eggs. — ^Laid in flat patches on the bark where they winter.

Larva. — Roll up and fasten together the young leaves within whi> h
they feed; % inch long; yellowish-green; head and thoracic shield brown-
ish-black; two broods, one feeding in May-June, the other in Jul^-
August.

Pupa. — A dark brown object formed in its silken shelter in foli' I
leaves.

Control. — Spray with arsenate of lead in early spring and Ji'y.

Cacacia scmiferana occurs on apple.

The Large Aspen Tortriz {Cacacia conflictana Walk.) occurrcil in
destructive numbers in Manitoba in 1916-17 on aspen poplars, altho .'li
it is usually a rare insect. According to Criddle the adult emergt in
July and lays flat masses of eggs on the leaves. The cateipillars il

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCWPTION OF COMMON INSECTS

lioles in the leaves and i

JJi

nuch

:„,„... .. :■ — "«• About Ihcemlof JuIvThevifo

■nto h bernafon re,uminK feeling in the sprinR an.l pupa/ing in Jul v
Ihe natural mean.s of control are hymenopterous parasites bir.ls a „ |
sudden climatic changes in earlv spring ' '

Lesser Apple Leaf RoUer (/'.„„„<, „,„„/„ R„l,.).^ Sometimes iniu
iirown, also a pest of cranberry bogs.

Jrf«//,-Small, ■■', ,„. h wmg expanse; fore wings of summer br,H>,l

Am- Minute, disk-like, yellow; laid on unfolding leaves

in MavT, ', :'"''" '', '"'•'"' '^'"^ '■" ^' "" * --'<^- ''r"".ls work
m May, July and Sejitember.

with^n'^r^lf™"' !''"'*''""''•'''""■"' ''^'''''"■'''^'' •'""''-like projection-
^■thm a sdken web or cocoon. Duration 7 to ,0 days

Spruce Bud Worn (//«m,./»,„ /«»,/A™„,, Clem.).- (Consult Bull
..o, Mame Ag. Exp. St. and Hewitts Reports.) A destrucli e ne

iTrcL'^r""^^^^'^" ^"""^ -^'-^ ^^--" CanadrCit^ba'

^ J^is .Sfrrs.'^TK: ''"'" ''"' ^^-' "-^ '™- -'-

...H^^Ha^inr t-;;::;;.""^ ''"" ^" ""'^^- "--- -^"

/.ar,<,^-When young pale green with a yellowish tint head dark
. own thoracc shiel<l amber with two .lots on posterior margTn hairt
naif as long as thickness of bodv ' in inch lnn„ r . 1 , ,*' "• "^"^
uniformly rust-red brown, an^h^ an sielilf^pT'"''"''
larva with thick stout body tapering from m Id, " "end admU
quite so wide as body, and dark brown. '

Feeds on needles of terminal shoots, often scnaratin>r ,h„,„ ,. 1
a".l spinning a silk thread about them and theb::!,: m nit:
anjong the terminal shoots, becoming full grown the follow"'g Jun"

\m L

23 »

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

Strawberry Leaf RoUert (.1 tu-ylis complana Frohl and Cactecia obsole-
lana Walker). — These two (ortricids often do injury to strawberry
leaves by rolling and destroying them. They may be controlled by
spraying the plants with a solution of lead arsenate (5 lb. to 100 gal.
water) within a week after the first api)earancc of the Moths.

Heliuzelid,e

Resplendent Shield Bearer {Cuptoili.uu spltmiorijerella Clim.).
Sometimes a serious pest in orchards. Found from Maine td
Minnesota.

Adull. — A small brilliantly colored golden-headed moth; fore wing-
leaden grey and lustrou.s at base, outer portion golden with silver ami
dark brown streaks; hind wings rich grey with long yellow sh fringe;
antenna; brown tinged with gold. May-June.

Eggs. — Laid on leaves.

Larva. — Small, .' « inch long, legless, light yellowish brown; head dark ;
makes an irregular dark blotch mine ^i inch in diameter, in the leaf
When full grown in July it < uts out a portion of the mine and forms ,1
seed-like yellowish shield, which is attached to bark. A second brood
in September, and in October the seed-like pupa case is formed.

Pupa. — In an oval, disk-shaped seed-like case. Hibernates.

Pluielud^s

Diamond-back Moth (Pluklla maculipennis Curtis).— A widely
distributed insect in U. S. and Canada. The caterpillar occasionaliv
attacks the leaves of turnips and cabbages, and does consideralili
injury.

Adult. — A slender moth of a general ashy-grey color with white
marks on the back, diamond-shaped when wings are closed; J^ Iti h
wing expanse.

Eggs. — Minute, scale-like, greenish white or yellowish, laid sini'ly
on lower surface of leases.

Larva. — A minute, active, dull green caterpillar with spindle-sha;ieil
body and with a wriggling motion when disturbed; mature form 10
inch long; feeds on the lower surface of the leaves; elTects visible in J •!>'■

Pupa. — Slender, yellowish, (4 inch long, enclosed in a beau'lul
white lace-like cocoon on the surface of the leaves.

eiA«»mv,I,ON A»0 ».,„„™» ,„ co„o» ,„„„ ,,j

(K

lurs in

Vl'DNOUtl lll).»;

Apple Fruit Miner (.l,^v„.,v/A/« ,„«,««,.//, z,ik.r)
western porti.ms of Canada and the i: S

'""L'^r r" °" ""' »'"■ ■'»« "■ o">*.- "
-i7i;:r "i£x:;'T:S"; ™; r' " *■' --

hibernatps m ™; j • , ** "f^ '"^■'"'•^ WJnIer sets in-

J'upa.—t^o cocoon; formed in the mines.
ErJ™ ^Ji^^wf""^' **°* (>>«»<..«,.„/. m«//««) and the Cherrv

from Frrnce into New York State aid "" h" """"^ ■'""■' ''"P"^"'''

"^n-nta, .ru. anf;::^.^::::„-! -::sz :sfr::;r

with . ack" ou'v 7 ' ''""' -'■ "•^'^ *'"« -^^f--^ '"- -n«" wh te
:^ abS Irh ;" "'"f ''•^•^ ''"'' '"'"'">• '^'"«"'- The caterpilla s
ire about J^5 mch Ions an<l vary in color from pale to greyish or ^rTenUh

'■V theetmCs! " ""^' '"■"•"" ''" «•■">' ™-""« '-'"^■''

234

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY
HAPLOPTII.IIDyE

Case Bearers. — Two species of Case Bearers arc found in apple
orchards: the Cigar Case Bearer, and the Pistol Case Bearer. They
do most injury to the young Inids and Ijlossoms.

I. Cigar Case Bearer (Ilaploplilia fleUhcrella Fernald).— (Consult
Bull. 0?. Cornell Ag. Kxp. St.; Bull. 80, Pt. II, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dep.

Fig. i4,j, — a.
boarer

C'lKar case hearers and their work on apple leaver
and its work on younK fruit. Natural size. (.l/itT

; b, pistol I
'aesar.)

Ag.) Adult. — A small greyish moth, expanding '2 inch; winL-
broadly fringed. June-July (Fig. 143, a).

Eggs. — Delicate light lemon-yellow; pitted; cylindrical; laid sinir'v
on under sides of leaves; hatch in 10-14 days, about July 15th.

Larva. — Orange colored; head black; feed as miners for ;
weeks within the leaf, then later in curved cases on the leaves. Ab' t

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON INSECTS 235

r migrate I

f hibernate

September 1

cases. About ..^... .j^.. ^,^^y auacK tne young buds, etc ■ about th»
end of May they make their characteristic cigar-shaped a'seswtt
wWh they feed on the leaves. About the end of Jun'e they ThaSt

/"MZ-a.— Light brown; duration about 10 days

Bulf' ,^'*°r ^'"if f """ ^^^^^^"P''^''' maUvorm Riley).-(Consult
Bull. .4, Cornell Agric. Exp. S,.) The life history of ihis speaes
very s,m ar to that of the Cigar Case Bearer, the h'abit o th'e TvL
differmg to a slight extent (Fig. 14, A). ^

-IrfW/.-A minute moth with brownish, heavily fringed wings and

ail parts dotted with brown scales. June-July

r- ) ^^^V^'^T""""'"'""'' '"'^ '"^"'^'1 tea-cups with stronelv
rriged sides; July; egg stage lasts about a week ^-

In tTT^'^u"" ■"'""'■ '"^''' "^^' "■' ^'»" ''■'' they begin to eat
In September they migrate to twigs where they pass the winter in

rTe'llarh ;''?'' Tl '" 'f'™^ "^^>' ''"-^ ''e buds and ma ^
Ptt^a.— Pupal stage lasts about 2 weeks.

TiscHEimD.E (Leaf Miners)

Apple Leaf Miner (n.^Aer/a ««/,/„/,■.«« Clemens).-The larva
iorms trumpet.shaped blotches under the surface of the leave

/lrf«ft.-A mmute moth expanding U, i„eh; wings broadly fringed
tore wmgs shining dark brown with a oumlish tln^. ""Y ">ngea.

grey; head and antenna dark brown May. '"''

£^«J.-Small, greenish-yellow, blister-like, elliptical i<„ inch

l"ng; attached to surface of leaf. Hatch in S-ro days

£<:r»a,-A miner within the leaf; mature in 3 weeks Larva.

"flast generation hibernate in the fallen leaf

or .^"^"-^"P^ fo^ed within the leaf. Duration 8-10 days

or three generations each season.

Two

2i6

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

Lyonetiid^ (Leaf Skeleto> ers)

Apple Leaf Bucculatriz (Bucculatrix pomifoliella Clemens). —
(Consult Bull. 214, Cornell.) Adult. — A small moth, H inch expanse;
fore wings whitish tinged with pale yellow and dusky brown. Hind
wings broadly fringed. Appears when leaves unfold.

Eggs. — Laid in May, singly on under side of apple leaves; elliptical,
Ho X K25 inch, greenish, iridescent; surface rough.

Larva. — One-half inch long, cylindrical, tapering at both ends;
dark greenish-yellow, with reddish tinge on anterior segments,
active. Full grown in July.

Pupa. — Cocoons dirty white, slender, '-4 inch long; six prominent
longitudinal ridges; oblong, tapering at both ends; fastened to twigs
in groups, in September-October, etc. Hibernates in this stage.

Birch Leaf Skeletonizer {Bucculatrix canadensisella Chamb.). — .\
serious pest of birches, skeletonizing the leaves.

Adult. — A small brown moth, about \i inch long; wings crossed with
fine white bars.

iama.— Slender, green; head brown; tapering slightly toward both
ends.

It spins a small round white moulting cocoon on the twigs or Icai.
and later spins a yellowish ribbed elongate cocoon within which it
pupates.

Control. — By parasites and by spraying with arsenical solution.

TiNEID* (TlNEIDS)

Clothes Moths. — Three injurious species of Clothes Moths are rn-
ognized in America:

(i) Case-making Clothes Moth, (2) Webbing or Southern Clotlus
Moth, and (3) Tapestry Moth.

I. Case-making Clothes Moth (Tinea pellionella L.). — So-callid
because the larva makes a true transportable case. (Consult Ci i.
36, Bur. Ent., U. S. Uept. Agr.)

Adult. — A small tineid moth expanding }i inch; head :i I
fore wings greyish yellow; hind wings greyish white and siH >
June-.August.

/;^gj.- Minute whitish, placed directly on food material? hate) in
about 10 days.

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCHIPTION OP COMMON INSECTS 237

iartra -A dull white caterpillar with head and upper part of neck

tizt e:r^ '"'"'' "''"' "' --■' '-'^ "" -ieTs:?a:pets; s

.e„2;::5rtr Sr^' --• ''"-"- ^^-' 3 wee.s. One
2. Webbing or Southern Clothes Moth (meola biselliella Hum ) -

^J':^t!m. ^"'^ '''' "'"""• ^^"^"^ '"«- '"- 'he male;

£m.-Laid among the threads of the cloth; hatch in 7 days

Z«r»a.-Cons.ructs no case, but spins a silky cobwebby path
wherever it goes; full grown in 10 or more weeks Feed^nratl Lmi
of the year on woolens and furs. Not readily^isone" ^"' '""'''''

J^upa— Cocoon stage 2 or more weeks.

3- Tapeshy Moth (Trkhophaga tapelzella L.).-Rarer and sliehtlv
larger than either of the preceding. * ^

.J'^"^''!:^?'^^^'''' ^""^^ ^^^ "^ ^"^^ "'"B^ black; outer haU creamy
and grey; hmdwmgs pale grey. Expanse .^^ inch '""''" "^""y

ian^a.-Burrows in food materials, lining them with silk-nn nth.,
protecuon than the gaUeries or burrows it mak " Feeds on "alt,
o'frr -Ss."' "'"'^^' '^""^' ^"^^' ^"'"^ ^"^ woolen uplS
Con^ro/.-Cive clothes or carpets a thorough beating spray with
l.en.ne and expose to sun for some hours, fnd repea't ffequ'enTi
CossiD^ (Carpenter Moths)
U<VardMoth (f«2era/.yn„aLinn.).-./V serious pest of shade trees
Adult.~\ white moth with blue and black markin.,.- f,™,i u

l>.rger than male and a feeble flyer. Mat trSL^ln::
.ngs sem-transparent and white with black markings Iraxwirh
•'i\ large and one small black spot.

/;^«.r.-Oval, salmon-colored, deposited either singly or in a lar,.e

mass m crey.ces of bark; hatch in about 10 days ^ ^ °"" " '"'^e

iart-a.-White or pmkish, oyer 2 inches long when full erown-

hirb'otn T"",""' ^'" "" "^'■^ '•-'- '•^o-cL and and
sh..lds brown. Bores along .he pith, eating the wood at interyals,

^38

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

with an occasional opening for the removal of fras, which is soon closed
with a web of silk. Both large and small limbs when attacked fre-
quently break off. Nearly full grown by second winter.

P«/io.— Formed in the burrow in May of second year.

Cofl/ro/.— Prune away and burn the smaller injured twigs or
branches; inject carbon bisulphide into the openings of burrows and
seal with wax or putty.

Carpenter or Goat Moth (Prionoxyslus robinia Peck.).— The cater-
pillar bores into maple, oak, ash, willow and locust trees, often
producing deformities.

Adult.— A large moih, wing expanse of female 3 inches, of male
2 inches. Color dark grey mottled with light grey. Front wings of
male darker, and hind wings ochre yeUow. June and July.

Eggs.—OvsX, Ho inch long; each female lays several hundred
eggs; dirty whitish with one end black; finely reticulated, sticky.
Laid in crevices about injuries. About July ist.

Larva.— A large white caterpillar suffused with rose red, 2).^ inches
long; head brownish, jaws prominent and black; thoracic shield dark
brown in front; each segment with several minute brownish tubercles,
each bearing a hair; spiracles brownish; a dark-colored dorsal line;
under side of larva greenish white; bad smelling.

Pupa.— Brownish, i}^ inches long; dorsal surface of abdominal
segments with rows of tooth-like processes. Formed in a loose cocoon
at ends of galleries. Duration 2 weeks or longer.

The life-cycle is believed to occupy 3 years.

Control.— Trim away deformities; inject CS2 into borings and close
holes with putty or cement.

NEPTICUUD.E

Serpentine Leaf Miner {Nepticula pomivorella Pack.). Adult.— \
minute, purplish-black tineid moth; head tufted; reddish-yeUow; Jun.

Larva.— Smaii, dark-green caterpillars Ho inch long. Make 1
narrow serpentine mine beneath surface of leaves of apple and peu ,
first half of mine broader than second half. In late autumn the Un l-
find their way to twigs by means of silken threads, where they spi
small oval brown cocoons H inch long resembUng Lecanium scales, n
May they transform to pups.

Ptt^o.— Bright green.

ClASSlFtCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON INSECTS .39

ORDER DIPTERA (FLIES)
Sub-orders and Groups

(Rk. 144, .1). J"inl».-.\,ma/u,,m GVu;,^

BB, Antfnn.T shore, usuallv i-u)infi..l- ilr-t .,„ 1 .,

AA

"■"W- A. P»H.-ni<;(Mus<i,l.,.). •'■«""" (Hilm.m.lo.). A', 6Vm,„ rPach-

(I'i'f Families of the Nrmaloamis Orllmrrlu/,!,,,-
A. A distinct V-shapcd sulurt „,, l,aik
—Tipulida (Crane l-'lies) p. j^.,
Ku V-shaped suture on thorax.
H. Veins and margin of wings fringed with scale,
quitoesj, p. 243.
BB. Margin of wings not fringed with scales

^'^•;r^s:r-:^r„::t:e:rc-j---

AA.

of thorax; legs long and slender.

—Cuiicidir (.\Io:

340

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

D. Abdomen slender; wings narrow; antenna! pulmose in
the males; wing veins strong near costal margin.— C«i>o-
tiomida (Midges), p. 25J.
1)D. Abdomen short and thick; wings broad; antenna short
and non-plumose.— 5i)>iM/iW<r (Black Flies), f. ^s^-
Ckief Families of Ihe Brackyarous Orlkanhapha (Figs. 146-149);

A. Antenna: of five or more segments, those beyond the second more or less
united. (Fig. 144, £)•

Fig. 145. — Venation of a tipulid
{Tipula). {After Comstock.)

Pig. 146. — Venation of a tabanid
iTabatius). (.After Comslock.)

B. Alulets large, third joint of antenna without a style or bristle.—
Tabatlidx (Horse Flies), p. 2%i.
BB. Alulets small; branches of Radius crowded together near the costal
margin.— 5(ra/ii)myiK(ii (Soldier Flies).
AA. Antenna of four or five segments but the third joint not ringed.

B. Antenna long, clavate, 4-jointed; branches of Radius curving toward
costal matgia.—iiidaida (Midas Flies).

Pig. 147. — Venation of Dixa. {After
Comstock.)

Pig. 148. — Venation of an asilid
{Erax). {After Comstock.)

AAA. Antenna of three segments; Radius four-branched.

B. Vertex of head hollowed out between the eyes; palpi present
Asilida (Robber Flies).
BB. Vertex of head not hollowed out; alulets small; beak prominenl
Bomhyliida (Bee Flies).
Chief Families of the Cydorrhapha (Figs. 151 and 152):

A. Adults non-parasitic; maxilla covered by upper lip; Radius 3-branched.

B. With a spurious longitudinal vein between Radius and Media, ir :
convex between the antenna.— 5yf/i*WiF (Flower Flies), p. 250-

CLASSIFICATION AVD DESCRIPTION- OF CoMMox .vsEcTS ,„
mi. Will, ruclimcnlury m„u.i,.|,arls; ,M|,,i „„„i„... „„

"""rrr:™-;^ «:,;:■ ■

"='»=:«?:;:;■!••:;;;:---:;...

S«.i Mf

n,.. .40.--U.na„„„ „f „ l.p,i,l 1,.,^,,,, p ,-„T^

(• !/<'•>• (V),„,,/„f*., '■■ ■.>'Y-\.-nati„n „f „ svr„l,i,|

WHK length; cross vdns „„, closCogethcr vc^N . '
brown. -,9.„,.M„j«„,|,„„„ Klic-s) ' " '""" '"

F't;. 151.— Vonation of rAw™
(--l/zcr C'omstock.)

Frr^^ ,52.— Vunation of a mustid

Posuor greatly lcngthen«l.-r»„„^,v,«. (Thick.hea,l„|

Hi

r.CONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

anal

i;r.. Discal and second basal ciUs sipatalcd
complete.
V. Oral vibrissje present.

Ci. Arista long plumose or pectinate above.^
Drosophilida (Pomace Flies), p. 260.
GO. Arista bare, pubescent or short plumosi .
front bristly as far as middle, usually liglit
colored.— /I iromyiKfa (Leaf-miner Flies), p
362.
FF. Oral vibrissse absent.

G. Subcostal vein abruptly bent forward bcfon
the tip of Radius I ; anal ceU angular. Wing-
pictured.— rry^c/i/it (Fruit Flies), p. 264.
GO. Subcostal vein more or less fused with Radius
I; all three basal cells distinct, anal cell mu
produced; antenna: more or less elongate an J
decumbent.— Pii/iiiie (Rust Flies), p. 262.
CC. Alulets or calyptcrs large; eyes of males often contiguous; thorax
with complete transverse iulMxe.—Calyplralc Muscids.
D. Cell Radius s closed or more or less narrowed at the margin
of the wing. .. ~. > a

E. Antennal bristle hart—Taekinida (Tachina-Bies), p. 2 71
EE. Antennal bristle bare near tip.Sarcophagidit (Fle^h-
flies).
EEE. Antennal bristle pubescent or plumose to the tip.

F. Dorsum of abdomen bristly; legs elongate.-
Dexiida.
FF. Dorsum if abdomen not bristly except at tip-
Uuscidx (House-flies), p. 268.
DD. Cell Radius s widely open— Anihomyiida (Root-maggot flii*'.

AA. AdulU parasitic;' .v?er lip enveloped by maxilla as by a sheath.-Pu/..>..w
(Sheep-ticks, etc.), p. 279. ,

(Consult Tea. Series, No. 22, Bur. Ent, U. S. Dep. Ag. on The Strucure
of Certain Dipterous LarvK, etc.," by N. Banks, 1912)

TIPnLID.fi (CRANE FLIES)

Meadow Maggots (Crane Flies or Leather Jackets). Adull.—hAm
mosquito-like flies with very long thin legs, long slender belies,
narrow wings and thread-like antennae. A transverse V-shaped sui.'e
on the back of middle portion of the thorax (Figs. 14S and 1531

Larva.-Wxen full grown about an inch long, dirty brown, un
footless; of a tough leathery texture; cylindrical; tapering m from and
blunt behind.

CtASS.„«nOK ANO OKSCKxrnOK „. COMMOK ..SHCTS ,4,

eggs from which hatch ZmLo^^T,"'''^"'''''^'^'^'''
adults in September when eggs^re C'for , f . , T '° ""P-^ ""''
hatching from these eggs wSer over "'"'• '"'"= "-"^S"''

C<,^™/.-EarIy fall plowing, draining, and rotation of crops.

COUCm* (MOSQOTTOBS)
Key to The Common Genem

AAA, Palpi i„ .he male at I^LZIZ^Z^^ "^^ " I,*" P'-"»-«-^«'".
than one-half as long.-cS. '""« '' ""' P™""^'^! '■> 'he female Ie„

•'f</« calopus. ""^f"'^' macultpenms, and A.;«,;^,a fasciata =

^e.S^'t?.tuStnfs^t^^'""-^H''^^^
yellowish to dark brown "e« a^d T'T '"u« ""'""'^ ^^'"^ ''W
narrow whitish band! at' if b!^ ^' .""' ^'""^"^' "''''""«=" -"h
"dult (Fig. 154) ' ''"= '"'^ °' '"'^ «g">ent. Hibernates as

j^^ ECONOUir ENTOMOI.OOY

/•!,.«, l.:M ;il i\inlit "r 'iirly nxirniiiK ..ii llu- surfau- ..f -laiiilin*;
waur in mas.c> of so U< 400. Hat.h in al-nl ..4 li'iurs.

/«n'./ Law iH'a.l vvilh a pair of nioulh-Lruslu-s and a lul)o al
oi,|H.sitc fn.l of l"»ly for l.r.all.inK, nol over four times a, lo.>K asl.roa.l;
antenna, of m.xlerate lensth with a l.ramh about the m..l<llc, bearing
a lufl of hairs. Full Krown in a week; .lirly while, or yellowish

j;,p„. A hunehe.l object, floating just below the surface of the
water. Duration i to ,i ilays.

Number of broods limited only by conditions of tem|.erature and

moisture.

Fli;. I.';4. Thi' com

Malarial Mosquito (Anopheles maculipeitnis Meign.). Adull
., iffers from Culex in being much larger, more slender and with lar •
legs; wings longer, and more or less spotted with brown or black, ;n
carried flat on the back when not in use; palpi or mouth-feclcrs as !■
as the beak in both sexes. (In Culex the palpi are short in the femu ,
A common malaria carrier.

Eggs. Laid singly on surface of water: hatch in 24 to 4» hu
iarea.-Larva lies flat on surface; tube very short; at first blac

IMSSIPKATION- AM, m.Mm,',U,S „F .,

iMMiiN IVSKl IS '^5

=ic%5:::::;r,*-r ■--•"'■

Other s|W(iis of .\ni>i)h<l,< ir... i ^

-»«,„::rr;;:'™;';:;:,^::!:;;;,-r"'-'-

r,W C,„,. • ^^""'" "■'"''•• •'■ ."'•''/"■"• Co,,., an,l .1. a,r-

CECIDOMYIID^ (GALL MIDGES)

,,, ; '55- -.The h<;s.5,an fly (.1/ujWiWu ,1,-Urmlor)
"a, 3.puparmm or "flax-seed "^ . aeedntd,, r

'lit female; 2, mature
ao.jut 8 times. (A/ler

"ver .he wheat re ICr. t,: f Z"^a: h"' Z"^'"'""'"

;:;--'-.,e,.,.,,._,,,.-;---^A^^^

;^er than the .a,e; ,e.s Ion«; .,„,. 1^:^^^ :':^:, ^^Jf ?""
'^ »-t hairs and obscurely fringed. ' '^"^'^M Hith (me

KCONomC ENTOMOLCKiV

reddish and i to 50 inches long; hatch in 4

146

£^(j.— Spindle-shaped ,

'" iaSl)!-A footles, magRot. clear-white except for a greenish stripe
down the middle; last stage of larva passed in "flax-seed" covermg,
and having a peculiar " breast-bone," a horny forked structu e.

V»7a-Pupa case deep rich browB. like small "flax-seeds;" pupa
rosy colored and with a pointed beak.

Broods -rwo generations in fall wheat regions, and one in sp mg

wheat regions. Criddle reports a supplementary surnmer brood m

Manitoba the adults appearing from late June up to middle of August.

Sptde^elop which winter over. Webster (640 is o the opmum

fhat the Hessian Fly is two-brooded even in spr.ng -^ea seclum.

Female lays a few. to 50 or more, eggs on upper surface of leaf about

lasrweek in August, first week in September or later, accordmg f.

a tude altitude and longitude; maggots hatch in about 4 days an,

iove d;wn the leaf to the stem where they embed th-selves w.th n

The leaf-sheath. In about 3 weeks they change to "flax-see<l but

remain as larvx until the following May, when they change to pupa|^

The flies emerge a few days Uter to lay their eggs for a new '?""« bK«

on the leaves of spring cereals. The maggot stage lasts un d the th.rd

weekl.1 June, and the " flax-seed " stage until the third week m August

or later, when the flies emerge (Fig. 156).

pl^siUzed by Polygnolus, Merisus, Eupdmus, Tetras„chus, an.l

Entedon, all Chalcids. j i_ j »

c2ol.--Uie seeding in fall on well prepared seed-bed; trap-
strips; destruction of all volunteer wheat; destruction of flax-seeds
at threshing; co-operation. Plowing the wheat .tubble deeply immedi-
ately after harvest. (See Part IV). ..,,.. ^ ,r„„.„i,

Clover Seed Midge {Dasyneura legurmnuola Lintner).-(Consul
Bull I 34, lU. Agr. Exp. Stn.). A widely distributed pest of red an 1
wh te cbver fields. Alsike, mammoth and alfalfa are "nmjurcl^

liuU.-K minute 2-winged fly, M2 inch long, with red abdomen an-l
long reddish-brown legs and antennae; head and thorax black; win,.
transparent with dusky hairs. April-May and July-August.

£„..-Very minute, orange, smooth and transparent. Laid m
Eteen flower-heads, hatch in about a week. ...

iartia.-A footless orange maggot, Mo inch long, and with nine pa ■
of respiratory tubercles and a sternal spatula.

CLASSIKICATION AND UtSCKII'll.lN OF

tOMMDN INSKcrS J47

248

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

/'K/>a.— Cocoon oval, '{> inch long, made of silk threads; pupa
pale orange; eves brown; two short tubercles on front of head.

/.(/■e-A/s/wrv.— There are two broods each year. Kggs are laid in
May in the forming llower-heads. At the end of June and early July
(June 20 to July H in Illinois* the maggots mature and drop to the
ground to pupate. The adult flits emerge when the second crop of
clover comes into bloom (July is-^^pt. i) and lay their eggs among the
lilossoms. The maggots leave the ripe heads in autumn, and pass the
winter in the ground. In May the adult (lies emerge to lay their eggs.
AfTected florets do not expand their petals and remain fresh and pink
until after maggot leaves the bud, eventually fadmg and withering
without ojjcning.

.Wiliinil Kncmiis.— Tclnislichux, . I iwpaliiif, Triphleps.

(■|)H/r»/.--Culling or pasturing clover before the 20th of June.

Clover Leaf Midge (Ihisymiira Irijolii Low.) .--A serious pest ol
while clover, afTecled leaves folding upon a midrib with maggot-
enclosed.

Adiill. Smaller than the Clover Seed Midge, but very similar 111
color and markings. .\b<' -n:. n is darker, due to the large dorsal band-
of black scales.

/.■^js._Colorlcss soon becoming orange, cylindrical and slightl>
curved; verv minute; several eggs usually placed together between folded
leaflets near the ground.

/.dTO/.— White at first, orange later; ' 25 inch long. Leaflet remain-
folded in half along the midrib.

/'«^a.- -Cocoon oval and about }i^ inch long; pupa orange, with
blackish eyes and a darker median ventral stripe.

A/yr-A/.v/ory.— I'robabl\- four broods, each recjuiring about a month

(oH/ro/.— Pasturing or cutting frequently.

Rose Midge (Dasyncura rlw<lophaga).-\n introduced l)est of greei-
house roses and often does serious injury. It is known also as llu
Reinberg FIv by florists. The larva; "feed inside the flower and Ic.ii
bu<ls, preventing and distorting their growth, and soon causing them
to turn brown and then to blacken and die." Several generations.

Adiill. A 2-winged fly wil'i '»"K delicate legs; l-,0 ""fh '""K

2 days
I.ana.

Cvlindrical; laid at bases

if the flower and leaf buils. Ha

-One-twelfth inch long and legless; mature in one

Grape Blossom Mid« o, , ."^'.'\'"'''-'^^" '" kill ,hc adults.
Chatauqua «rape U^Z^Z^'" '"""""' '^'"^■^- A pest in ,he

-'oredlegs. Knclof M^, '' '""«' "'"' >■'■"-'--!> I'-Iy a„,l straw
•'^m-— Minute, grev pl,in.r,.,.

'-esin 1„ feed. >ill"w,sh and reddish wlien magK„ts

"■ '■"•-The whf.M ., i,|„,. ,«,,,,„„. ,^,„

/../n«.- Whitish to vell,nv.„ranKe i , , i,„ ,, ,
"• ^t small oval silk-lined earthen co „„„ , , T^' l'"'''' ">'■ «•'''""
"I ground. '"'""" '''"'"' 6 inches below surface

/'«^u. -Formed at end of \pri|

( .'«/n,/.-- Spray with JJIack Leaf 40 just ,s l„„l f ,
!'<■■-'■" to open, and again a week later "^ ""'■'' ^■"'^'"^

Wheat Midge («,>/„,/, = (■»«/„„„/„, /„•„„. .. , ., ^ ,,

^;-.*structueto^vlH.a.,in.ro,luced,.r,,,aln •/?'■'"''''''•''''
" '.Hiehec (Fig. ,57). ' "■""•' ''> ""y "f the I'rov.nie

liliiJl. A minu(eoranL'e-\elioii tl.- I ■ 1 ,

"" I'-k above the wings. Jul'e lugus,^" " '""'^' ^"""'-'-«"' -n

2 ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGV

£,,s.-Minute, cylindrical, pale red; laid singly or in clusters in
crevices of wheat heads in June and hatch in about a week

''"c<>»<r«/ -Burn or feed screenings; plow stubble deeply after harvest
rotato of crops; sow wheat early. Dry weather unfavorable and
m weather favorable for the development of the msect.

SYRPHID* (SYRPHIDS OR FLOWER FLIES)
The Svrphids or Flower Flies are most valuable enemies of mar
• ■ . Zlof insects They are usually bright colored and the,
;:rd"u; nrpourand nectar of flowers. Their maggots are o te.
id in colon.es of plant-lice, upon which they feed, bome syrph,.,
larva: live in filth and are known as "rat-ta.led maggots.

C.L Metcalf ("Syrphid^e of Mame," Bull. 253) notes five types ...

''tinripHUopHa^ous type with body narrowed anteriorly, su,,
cylindrical and flattened ventrally (Allograpta ^lid Syrphus)
' "The bori., type, with body neariy cylindncal (A/e™rf.«).
•, The short-tailed filth-inhabiting type {SyrUta).
I The rat-tailed filth-inhabiting typt^Er.stalts)
c' The MiVrodim type, with body hemispherical m form.
ApS-fSng spedes'are .-^yrphus a.ericanus, .itlograpta olj...
S,h!fopnoria cylMrica, Diaea fasriata, S. stanthostomus F>g. 150).
^^^;^owiigene..iv.in-a..^^^^^^^^

^.rtc::! -S:£of^h^." and'-Syrphid. Of Maine- ^ >
Metcalf.)

CLASSIFKATION AND DESCRIPTION „F COMMON INSECTS .5:

A few forms are injurious in the larval stairp Tk. ,- / ..

.1<f«r<,rf«„ ^„„,„> and £„„„„^ . .

narcissus and amarvllic Tk« 1 1. P °' '"^ onion,

r,.r.!n . ^"y""- ^^^ 'afva burrow into the bulbs

near the food upon which the Lvf f ;. .u ' ^^ " '" '"*''*^' "" "'
depending upo^ thitb 's X s^edt^ "^Th ""°" ?
shiny, elongate-ovate or subcylinlXuh ro^n^ed^rndf^-t'l'
long and t', hch wide irnH„,- ti, '"unuea ends, ,',Jg inch

.0 be deliclt'e,- aX^autifutsX:^'''^ '''' ''' ""'' '' "^^

The larvffi vary also according to the hahil.; nf tK„
are "headless, footless, blind cre^ing maggot, ■' Therbreath k'
spiracles near the fore and hind ends of the bodv Th ^ , ' ^^
long when full grown. ^ ' '^^^^ "«' ' ^ '"^h

Nmcissus Fly {Merodon eauestrh F ) i .^ ■
and daffodil bulbs in British clmbil "" ""' "' "''"''"'

Adult.— A fly resembling the house-flv Marrl, «« . u
common in May, when it begins „, breed ""^''^^'^P'^^ber, most

Eggs.-I^id in the centre of crown at surface of the ground

I hree-fourth to i inch length. "' ground.

SIMULIID^ (BLACK FLIES. BUFFALO GNATS, TURKEY GNATS.
Severa, species of Si„,uli„m are very troublesome pels in „ur

;;....rts and their Punc,ures^::'SKt^'=:; /:,^,T
lil..a Fhes have stout black humped bodies and arc small n ,
'^^>n .„ inch in length. They are most nume „ „ eiriv ," 1 '""",
»■ ™nsKlered by travellers worse pests than .„s ui ^^^ ^'ZlZt
'"i-;- m the day-time, especiallv in bright sun-hiiu *

I he eggs are laid in palrhes on stones or other obiects nnH^r
--. ■■■''elarv.area.,ua,icandgregarious;tW^:e1:n:a::ird:!

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

1 rvlindrical in shape, provided at the po^iterior end with a
TTlike suck r1 gei wi:h LI wherewith they attach themselves
(hsk-like ^""^"^ ""^ . J „e two fan-shaped organs for secur-

!" r Ttnd bt ind thJsxo he ventral side is another sucker The
;i: ifi; wSn a hoot-shaped cocoon, and is provided w>.h two

'"'r-'^Trirr :";::ds in a season. The .OS,
As a rMle '^"'^ "^ ^ ^^.^,, „, shmJhm vcnusUm. S. v,Ualum

ttrs:^^^^- ^^^ ^'-'"- ' '''""' '"""

'■ ?S.' ^u£ -<' 'u-s of pyrethrun, as repellents; destruc-

lion of larva; by phinotas oil.

CHIRONOMID* MIDGES)

„n iPunkin) These minute Hies, l<nown as "i.un-
((•.■r,m-/...K«« >1 >■ i' T''.'-^. .. .,„. ,,,,„ very troublesome pests u.

northern woods Ihey a^ ,hrea<l-like and live in water ,.

part of the body. '^'^^^^^^.^^ ^^at the following species b,„
'" rf '^,'iTe„,rthrmostcommon form, C^^■«,-/».,C■ -„,»/.-..
'"'::£/"■ 'Z::^™-. and C. ..„.■„.„.. N,. much, howe^.
USlVling the habits of the different speoes.

.^.AmDVB .HORSE FUES. BU.LOOGS, C.-OS, «BEZE PUES

Comm.m OVnfrci: ,hir,l seirment of the anliMiivc willi mt r,

u ■[^;r\;^^:; without spur. , bird .^™. .,1. a„tcn.,. ..., . ^^

BUc. Horse F.y (----':: J tge ald'tpr^ "^h^l "::;
iToad and slightly fla.tene^b^^d^, ^^ J^^^, ,.,w po^r-

...Lrment of antenna- annulatt anfl vvi ^

egment

mav transmit di-^iasc (Fig. i.sSi-

(:;?piercingmou.l.-pa..s:M.ep^HK --.^^^^ ,^ ^^^^^^ ^_^^^_^ _^^^^^^^ ^^,

„nthe loaves ot grasses , sedg. -
Hatch in less than y 'lays

CLASSIFICATION- AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON INSECTS .," ,

/-«n.« Lives i„ ,he s„il, murl or water; .vlin.lricul, la,.-ri„.

m hcs Ion„ when full .-rrnvn; ydl.uvish-whl.e will, wi,!. ,|ark 1'

a„ds at un„.n of each two segments; prothorax with . lateral «roo"

""each .sulc; mesothorax with 4 lonsitu.linal grooves on '1^ l"

nea^mr^ Vro,,n .,^k Hor*.s *„h rty-n*,. sme»nr^.ar. with a

1 I qt.. powdered sulphur, .. rl,

"n th. westc-rn plains horse Hies a,, ..ry „„uM..,o„. ^.,, ..h,

•""V IJi«of, ( A,y,„p,v „„„,,„, Walk . a,„l f .w^^,/„ O v

«54

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY
(ESTRIDf (BOT FLIES)

""Tc:Z^:^n ^t:! tip or R..., M,.. ■. straight not reaching th. margin,
and cell R. wide open; squam« small, arista bare; ovipositor elongate.-

GaslrophUus (Fig. 160). ,. j _^ :.i,,ii,^i,

B. Wings with spots and smoky median cross band.-C. inUstinotn-

P.O. ^'.''■-^''^^^'^''^::^£^^^:.s:r'''- -" '"""""'

"''• ^^::^r::veins CM-Cu, beyond the anterior cross.™,

(r-m) • legs blackish brown.-- G. hdmmhindahs.

CC. Posterior cross-vein opposite and nearer than the anterior cru-v

vein. — G. nasalis. ,

AA. Costal vein ends at tip of M,,.; M... with a bend; cell R. much narro.d

"B.'Tacial grooves approximated below; cell R. clriscd and petiola.- -
lEstrus.

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON INSECTS

255

lly-

''■ blTA'T"''''"" r °' *'■"'"' ^"'^^ "-"othoracic band o( brownish
b act hairs; medm 3 .inua.e; legs black wi.h black hair- Um ,f
h.nd l.b,a, and tarsi ydlowish-brcn.-//. «„„■.. ' "^

tarsi jTllow; femora black.-//. /,„„,„„.

Fig. 161.— Venation of wings of

warble flies. ,. Hypodttma linfalum: 2,
H. boils.

Warble Flies

liulu'Div'^Fnt'^fs'Tf ' (//.vM.r«a lineatum Viller.).-(Consult
r c ; ' ^- ^- ^''P'- '^K'"- ^""- 4», Minn Agr. Fxp St • Ont

0" to flesh ^nd Zl' ^"h '"';• '™'- '■'"''^' •^'•°' ^•-- -"I.-
Kurope ' """^ '" ^''''"''^ "'"'' >'^''^- Introduced from

.J''"'!r'^u^^'"J "^ ''^^"'"bling a dark-colored bee; li inch long
«ah yellow>sh-wh>te hairs; abdomen banded abo.e with black and

th^rat Tr "r '""""""""^ "' ^'^^^^ ^''^ reddish-yellow hairs-
h rax wuh four Imes often seem as white by reflected light. Mouth-
P.r., rudimentary and ovipositor blunt. Tibia; and tarsi yellow
ftrnora black. June-July (Fig. ja,). ^ "^'

/-m-Attached in spring and summer to hairs of cattle by a

JS6

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGV

inch long;

(lull

peculiar claspinK base, ..tttn several I., a hair;
^^'S-1:ro:::::cr;i .. Washington ,.e.i.e<. .ha. .hc^,.
wert 1 ked nto the mouth and the maggots bored through ho w 1
The oesophagus, whenee they gradually made the>r way to the t,ssu.

''"V!:^:r7z:^., on the ot.,. ^^'-^r^-^;:::,

conelusively that the eggs may be laid o" ^;--\->;/:j;„the::

r;rttr:u"ia:re::i:c^:"u„w\hesur.ce^.^^^^

u,ge to pup.. Four stages of larva; durat.on g-io months.
Pup... Vuparium dark brown. Duration 3-6 weeks.

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCWPTION OF COMMON INSECTS ,57

me Ox WMble Fly (Ilypodcma bms DeG.).-This bot flv i, «l
turopean and is found in several provinces of Tan,,!, a-
states. It is more dreaded hv camr,!, / . T^ '" "^"»'

panic due largely to the insetr . """'"' """^ "»"'"" "'"'h

More robust £1,^1? Tolh" ' 7""" °' '''■''''"''■
^cutellu. and base of -0^: .S.J;:^S::,^-P-;ose .

.63.-The ox warbk. fly („y,oJ„„a W,.). Enlarge,!. (Afl„ //„rf«„., J

"t ubdomen which are bright lemon yellow (see Table given abovr

.or ^ructural differences between l,ovis and linLun,) (Fig :6 )

The adults of H. bovis appeared in B. C. from May ..st to Auzu^f

.'d as extremes (Hadwen). Carpenter says that most'of L maggo
mergedfrom May .7th to June .7th. The pupal period has an average
una,™ of about 35 days varying according to temperature. On

'^?. ..aid at a time, often when the cattle are runniig, besides not

r

»S8

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

,0 many lai.l uIm.uI the hoof a. with Uncalum. SwcllinR is more roun.lc.i
an.l more raised than that of lincalim, and exudes less serum

C<.»Uro/.-When practicable .lip every lo days and treat the lar%a
with arsenic. Remove the larva from the warble in sprmg.

Larva: of a species of Ilypodama have been obtamed from lb.

backs of horses.

But Fliks

These flics are probably of European origin but little is know,,
of their introduction. . ,■ ■ ^ . (.,(,

Horse Bot Fly (Gaslrophilm hUeslinalis DeG. = eqm !■ ab.). AdujL
-\ large brownish hairy bee-like fly, ^ i"ch long; head brown w.ll.

F,a.^4.-Larvx of hursc Lot flics: .. C. k^..rM.iaU>: 2 C. in,.s,inaH.: ,

t:irte rows of black spots; wings with dark spotsor bands; abdomen br. -
with spots and conical. July-August.

/••pps -Yellow, conical, attached by female without ahghtmn
hairs' of' fore-legs, shoulders an.l un.ler side of body; Jis mch 1.^
hatch most readily lo to is days after deposition, w.th the a.-l
warmth, friction and moisture. . , .i. . „

Lana -Licked into the mouth of the horse, thence into the stom..
where it attaches itself to the wafl. Remains in stomach 8-io mo..

ClASSinCATION AND MSCR.PT.ON OF r..„Mo.s. ...s^ts ,5,

fn sprinx it esca|H.» in the .Iroppings to the ,,r„un i .,,,1 I ■ u

- .wo helow the surface where it pupates h^r^) " "" '""

/•«/>a. duration .(o 40 days

Ihese flies are a serious ann..va.ue to horses in the UV 1 .! ^

-.ands of whitish. Mack and "orange-red or,", a,:,,!;,: ""' ''''■''
The eggs of 6. nasalis ar. Yellowish ; laid on the hiirs ,',f , h,. , . .

Flc. 165.— An effcttive leather frinoe tlevir,. ....

red..ailed b't flt'^rySX' f""^ '""" '"' ""- »"" ■

*rted on the hairs of the lip and nostrils l,y the stalk Th,. ■■ , 1 ■ ■•

"f the fly causes a sharp pain and evciles -.n "'''""*'

fi^ar in the horse. "*■"""' "'"^""trollaMe

CWro/.-Administer three or four 4-0, ,i,„,., „f „

lowed finally by an ounce of powdere.Uloes t lel^:':;:^

:^;z;.stSsr^':;^::— i-r^^

MICROCOI^ RESOIUTION TEST CHART

(ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2)

I.I

I [f ilia

:: JT 12.0

11-25 IIIIII.4

1.8
1.6

^ APPLIED \M/CB Ine

'6'il

Ess'

Mo.- Z<
Ne. TO

r'

U6C9

USA

' ne)

482

-□JOO

(^16)

28S

-5989

'a

26o

ECONOMIC F,NT0M0I.OC.Y

v.!.'

the frontal sinuses, ihe -"ties between and bovc the e>

U attaches itself and fee<ls on the ".^ '^^J.^^^ ,^^^^^^
.vhite, with two brown spots, spiracles on la^^sKme^^^^^ fc ^^^^,

,.,t darker. .-^'-'-•>„^':"^i„r Xel! mature, maggot passe,
rounded spots on sides of each segment. ^^^.^^ ,^ ^_^^^^_

down the nasal passages and falls to the groun
'"Zi'^Puparium smooth, hard, and black, tapering towar,,
''I^JZ'^^^rT^. nose; furnish a shed for the sheep or .
plot of plowed or dusty ground.

DROSOPHILID^ (POMACE FLIES)

Po.aceF.y iOrosopl.ila -^t^*""^;;-^*:!.rll2-sr'
in decaying or over-ripe fru>t, and .s a common P^ .^

It is also suspecte.1 of bemg a '^^f "" "^^..^^t ;, white ana

OSCINIDiE .GRASS STEM MAGGOTS,

''' ''"[• '■ ' with la k tripes running down the back; femor. .-
;a;t':i oT eg lormally de.'eioped; eyes golden-green (F,g. r,. .
last pair oi ie>, gUstening white.

2^:jS::ter;^;i^-- ■-«-'-"-'-' ^-""^ ''^^

ward front end and broader posteriorly.

CLASSIFICATIOX AND DESCRIPTION „F vuMMOS INSIXTS

261

-I'upa-.as.- tn.„slurc-nl pale Kre.n; pupa Krcrni.h a„,l 1 ,; inch

/'up,i.

/W/.V.- Prol,al,|y ,hree sencranons o.oir ca.I, sea.,,, The
.-Ks are laul m Sep.emhcT ()c,.,l,.r .,„ fall wheat. The „,a,«,„s
a, ,lown m,o the s,em where they remain all winter. In earh- spri, ^

nits appear. I his brooil matures
ahout .August ist, when flies again
appear. This third generation ma-
lures at the end of .Sci)teml)er and
the beginnmg of October, when the
adult flies escape to la>- their eggs.
Besides wheat, rye, ijarley, and
"5ts, this insect attacks timothv,
couch grass, Klymiis, Poa, and
green foxtail.

CoK/ro/.— Grain stackc<l or
threshed; straw stacked or burned;
burning of stubble when practicable.
ileromyza nigriveiUris Maci].
and Cerodoniha femoralh Jleig.
have been recorded as doing injury
in Montana.

American Grass Stem Maggot
iOscinis carbonaria Loew.). Adult.—
•■\ black or yellowish fly, resembling
a minute house-fly, i-/g inch long.
Una.-^A yellowish. white
blender maggot with two distinct
li"ok-like jaws and two knob-like -
processes on the last segment of the
''"•'.v; }{2 inch long.

/'«/.« -Pupa-case cigar-shaped and pale chestnut brown.
W.-Sim,lar in life-history ,0 Wheat Stem Maggot. The
U.;.._^destroys the centre of the young shoot at the ground in the

m,r spears. O. c„.v,«,//.v I.oeu. and O. ,/«„./« Loew. occur on
I" orie grasses, sometimes very abundant.

it stt'iii iiwiK^'i't ;
puj>a; d. pup-i
irasitu. (Aflrr

Ciiltlnil.
in autumn

).,((isciMlc KNT(iMi>l.oi-.V
Sun,m.r-faU„w ^ra.s l.n.ls; prevent volunteer grow,),

psaiD^ (RUST FLIES)

^, /„ -I ^ V;h "1 - This flv is a native of F.uropi,

carrots celery ami ^^^m'^- ,. ^, , ,,„ .p„selv clothed with ycUov.
1,/h;/.-- -One-sixth inchlonR.darkgr en,, p. .

"'':;^;';i:h::i':t:::'s:st~*:'-' ■ -

in the srouml. l„nL', slender, truncal i

/.an'«.-MaR>!ot dark brown, ' " '"'" ""^

»';::r"',:::;r:i-:;r;:£Ci-...*

=:u"=" -;£. - ■™" — » """"" ■" """"

poultry yard; sow late and practice rotation of crops.
AGROMYZID^ (LEAF MINER FLIESl

Marguerite Fly iP,„o,„y^ ^^-'^^l^^r ^'tuf S^
tural Experiment Station, Bull. i57.> attacks c
and is especially injurious in the greenhouse. Occur.. .he
States, and has don. -nsider^le injury in B. C ^^^^

Adult.'-.\ small (?reyish fly '12 mch Ion., w y

(i.AssirirM'i(,\ AND iii:s(](iiMi,i\

>i (C1MM,|\ |\>|;|]S J(,

allaclu'il t(i slits
spriiif,'; destroy

l«,d,es „fu.n ™,si„« witluTi,,,. .K„ ,„..,,,„i„, „.„.„,. .,^
Iho number „fl,l„ssoms. Matures i„ about ,7 , lavs "

/'»A;. -Forme,! in larval mine. This staw lasts .l.out ,, ,1,- •
I'uparia .lark l,r,™n. "' '■* ''''■'^'

.0 or ,. cla>s s soon as lirst s.gns of operation of the insert
Asparagus Mmer U,.,„„.„ ,,„,^/,,, ,.,„,,,_ ,(,,^^,,„ ^^^

'.Tt r I'. S. Hur, r.nt.) Injures asparagus stalks ,he ma

mm,n« henea, the epi.lermis, sometin.es ,ir,lliu. the st;,, "

.l.-^v...h ^; .nch expanse. Proha,,,,. two fenerations, June an,l

KSS-^. -\yhite; deposite.l just l,en,atl, epidermis of stalk
/../™.-M,lk-white; 1-, ineh lon«; footless, Iruneate posteriorly
and tapering anteriorly. ' "^'^""^'>

/'((/.a.^Puparium llax-seed-like, red. 1 ; ineh Ion,-
"1 epidermis of asparagus stalk near groun,l

(ohW. --Pull up and l,urn infeste.l stalks in
volunteer trap |)lanls in late June.

Con, or Spike-homed Leaf Miner (C,r,„l,ml, ,/„„„//. j.„ew )
'Consult Jlull. 4u, liur. Knt., r. .S Dent .\„r ) Tl i f
1'^^ a .i,,e ,listril.u.ion in the V. S. and' 'LITo!, a' d t^:;

ti7^:r ■'•';- generations at least in Indiana.'
.l</<«//.^-One-twelfi ,0 ■,„ ineh long; proboscis, palni front
-U^ta^ leg. mesonouim an,| abdomen mostll ye,l,nv, fiu.r ri^
.>\es, in some of whul, an egg is lai,l. Mav in I„,iiana but -utive
il.roughout the year in Pasa.lena, Cal. '

/i;,«.v.-- Elongate, ki,lney-shape,|, roun,l,.,l at eaeh en,l C.lor
'V:mo white; l„„ ineh long. Hatch in , r^ ,lavs

S tl ;'•■ """""'^ '''""'■ ""^'-'- ™-l^'tn."cate;

''''i<te<t. Full grown in 0 24 , lays.

/'»^a.-\U,,e at first, turning vellow a,„l ,lark later. Duration
" -M days. Hibernates (in In,liana'

(W,-(„ summer fallowing, ,., fall pl„wing, ,., burning ,lrv
- -ses along fence lines. roa,lsi,les, etc. in late fall ai„l earlv spring "

264

Kd.NoMll KNTciMllI.clC.V
TRYPETIDiE (FRUIT FLIES.

A
A A

■irjttlUini not wiin ^ix nn-iu

sidion of fciurUi v t-in rurvcil. /'.f <" ""'■
HH. \Vin«s nnl marked a^ in n. „,,„, liUk; ^ ro-Laml- •■

winKS nearly Iran-M - . '/' ,. ,,,^^.|. „,„.

bands; rross-veins not approMm-iUd, siutum
yellow.— R*"S"''"'-

M^.™.„». M. Fry (C"f «. ;f ''t ,;i;:';;r,w iEl'i»^

.... „*,.h pu„ !., . ^'>*»i; t:; ;;;'!- V». ««.-

inside of costal vein. Urisiles on upper surface, an'

Abdomen oval, with t,ne f-";-^. ; ^ ,;.,„ ,',^1 half. Xui'.-

::;"=;,;r=:»:^».;:ir- „

weeks) they leave the fruit and enter s,
PHftii.— Duration 12-21 'lay*-

fl.ASSIFICAlM.s- AM) I)KS(H||.il,).\

iMMiiN l\si:(|>

r»„/r„/.-.CU.aninK U|, and dcMruci,,,, „f .,11 fall,.,, fr„i„. ,-,„,,;„,,

< -UKuhan, -Iransition an,l r,,,,..r Austral .,.,,..

."U e )h eyes Kreen, k-^s ydlnw, win„s . ross-l.an,!, ,1; active and
ri>tless. May an.l Junu. Matinu' luTind ■■ ■., ■■'"'^i-n"

IHTiod 6,0 days. O,u.|,ro,„l.; 2.' '' "■'•~- '■^^-'l-"""

||fru,,^,,H„nK„v,,,„s,tor. lemak. „,ay lay aho,,, .00 .«,s. l,a„h
/../rr,; -liurnuvs within tlu- fruit, i-stn-viny seeds an<l kernel

I'H-h lonK, white with l>i;;ek moulh-
l«irts. Leaves the fruit and enters
the ground to pupate.

/'«>a.- I'u])arium broadiv oval
and straw colored, in the ground.
Miliernates. Duration 10 11
iminths.

Cmlrol. -\\U,w poultrv lo run
-'"long the bushes to [>ick up fallen
infested fruit; sprav bushes with a

1 s at ,nter^als „f a week beginning eanv ui .May. A heroic but
-tual method is to pick entire crop of fruit and destrov te™
li»- maggots emerge. •

White-banded Cheny Fruit Fly , A'/„„„/.,/.v a,„ul.„a I.oew.)

'.n!l.-A small black,sh fly, smaller than the House-flv, .,r inch

;ng expanding .i, inch; pale yellow spot on hinder part of horax

- a yellowish str,pe along each si,le of thorax: head vellow eves

U.ngs with four brown cro.ss bands, and a black spot at tip. June

i.fJi.-Egg-laying begins about ir days after emergence of flies.

Ml

l;(ciMiM|( i;n iiiMiii ih;v

■k-l.oilu'.l
L-.il,ir«f.l.

Kkks inM-rliil uiicUt llic -ikiii of liicrrics; sm;ill, i;li~Uniiij; wliilr; flli|i
ticiil; hattii in iihout 5 (hi vs.

I.arva. Onu-fourlh inch Ioiik. while or ( rcam-coliiri-il, <-vHnilri(.il
lapcTinj,'. Twelve lo 22 chiys in fruil; ik-^trnys the |)ul|>. Leaves l\\<
eherry when full ;,'niwn.

I'lipii. l'u|Kirium I'ornuil just lienealh llii' siirhue iif ihe );r"nni!
brown; hibernates.

Black-bodied Cherry Fruit Fly ( klt,igoli-li> faiishi (). S. 1. (Consul
Dull. 227,0. .\. ('., iiifv'i Ailiill. Larger than prereilini;; bla(k will
oul whili' cross-banils on the atiiln
s. ^;t J, men; lieatl. eyes ami le;;s >iniilar !■

those of , iiii^idiihi liiit bands on win..
darker and dilTereiilly iirranned Mi;
ifiS).

/■,'i'i'v iiinl l.arvd. Similar
those of ciiigiiliila.

Pupa. — I'upariuni creain or sir.:
■olored.

Ccnlrol. -S[>rayinK with swi.
e.ied arsenate of lead solution
lo 3 lb. arsenate of lead (paste), 40 gal. of water and 1 gal. ■;
eheap molasses) when the llies begin to emerge about June lolh. ;i
again 10 to 12 tiays later.

Apple Maggot or Railroad Worm {KInigohiis ponwin-lln Walsh
(Consult Rep. Maine .Vg. Kcp. St., iSSy; Cir. 101, liureau of Ki ;
U. S. Dep. Agr.; Bull. 171, .\'. H. .\g. K.\p. St.; Bull. 324, Cornell \j
Exp. St.; U. S. Dep. Ag., Bull, g.) This maggot is a serious | -
of apples in .S'. E. districts. It is probably a nati\e species. . I
occurs widely in both the L'nite<l States and Canada on apple, 1 ' ■''•■
apple, haw, and huckleberry. Perhaps most common on sweet ■:••■
sub-acid varieties of api)le.

AJiill. — A small lly, a little smaller than the housc-tly; blai! ';
with yellow head and legs, eyes green; 3 4 white bands (,; in 1 ili
and 4 in female) across the abdomen; wings marked by four dark i - :
ular bands. July and later, ^ach female capable of laying ^or ;;;
eggs; uses sharp ovipositor to jiuncture the skin of the fruil. '1
oviposition period may be as short as one week or less, but u- ■''}
longer than a week (I''ig. 169).

I'lo. loS. -A ictiiiilc \tU
iliL-rry fruit tly. .Much
i..\fter Caesar.)

■•■■^-M.,.A,„.V ..„,„„,„„„„ „„,„^,^„,^^^^^^^^^ ^^^

/■•'mv. Kllipiiral, y.Hnivisli. |„.,|i, Willi,

-'Mu„,l.r,heskin„f„..„„,.,,,,M,i„;,o;;a;': ''"""''"'

i-'irui. A small plnni,, whit.- Icf.l,..;s nia.n'ol I ' in, I, I

'^'^'^ ^^'"- '--'' ^- ■■^-pi..i:t;\.;.:u'::;n;:;:;;

'ill i'l'li i"!!!;; laid -.inRly
h-

i'"J. Af,.„Ki|,..,fi|,[,,.,,,|,|,. ,„

iFiK. 170). '" ■• "■'■"''' '•■"^'^ •" '""-■' 'IH- Kn,un,l

170.— A p:ir,-isili-of tlu'a

/'"/-a.— P-jpariuin just hfiic-all

.l//,r

^' • c-mergc .„ Sfi-lcmbcr ln,m early pupx.

KIONdMH r.NTOMnloc.V

/./Yr-//iN(<ir.v.— IlilxTnali'S a> l>u|a

in lln Krc.uiiil, ailull> lifgin i^

..„,:;«.. h. J>.iv, a„,l a,Mu-ar irr^ularly lat.r; n,aK^.ts l.atchmR ro„

Thev mat.r. In 4 - weeks, an,l make -heir way ,mt o, , »■ apple ,
the ■ T-un.l. llu. time (. lo 4 week,i ,!epen. n.^- .m vanely u a .
.. .h.,r. ..me i, .lav>, in earlv apple,. Infe^.e,! fr.nt usually fal-
There is l.ut one ,e.uTali,.n each year. " Some forms recpure an exi ,
vi.ar for the pupal s(aj;e" KfKamO.

■ Cn,„rol. -.\pi.lv arsenical or poison-l.au sl-ray n. e.rh Jul> 1.
a.lults; collect fallen apples; allow l,ov;s the run of the or, har.l.

l.,«-aliiy

,;»„il|..i^

l..,.i..'.
,.,„...!

S, ...nJ

l.r 1

Autti'.i

Itl,.,ra. N. Y
l)„rhi.m, N. 11-

J.i'i!! 15 J'l'

|„|,., J>,'v .) Jul
l.,ii, Jmi. i«
101 J, Jim.. !1
igii.july 10

H,ij, j.iiy. Ji.

■ 4

V .1 S,..l.

y J'l

i«

J„l
,1"

' 1

w 'lay~l

l;ivs

iiL or Itss

S..nH. 111.
in Sv,,t

s cmcriic

IllinRiv
O'Kai

1

Rnwrnativillc,

;

(Jut.

Auc. Jf>
11)1.5. J"lV '-I-''

•27 Sir'

11

4 I

...■k^ h

N..1U..

Brio,.

Win.ls.T. N. S

-Sn.i. ."i
, ,.,il,, J„1y iSJul
Sr'tt. 1»

y 23 S.'i.t

MUSCIDjE iMUSCIDS.

' T^lscil ;:;n„, slender, .lircc.cl f .r,l, .uhi,..c.l U,r pu-rcn^; .r.

pectinate (ravsnn one side only). ,.,, ^

H. I'Mpi nearly as lonR us ,.n,l,..<is. ll.,m,loln„ (Ayf"-"""-
liB. Palpi much sluirtcr than pr.>li<i-ci- .S'(">ii».vv(.
.\.\, Prohosci. n.,. elongate; lahdla llcshy and not adapted or picrcnB.

H. Arista plumose; hypoplcur;e with a vertical roiv of l.r.slk^; e>cs h

vibrissal anulc distant and above oral margin.

C. Thorax an abdomen with depressed yellow woolly hairs an.

the bristles; slernopleurals arranged 1 : 1.— /'ortinu.

CC Thorax and abdomen witlu.ut sui 1. hair>; -ternopleurals arra,

2:,. mesonotum di^tinctly stri|.cd; briKht metallic. -t /"

wy/<i.
liB. .\ri-ta plun

!•: h.vpopleura without a row or tuit ...1 bristle

^t

'-Antenna

Orel margin

-Vibrissa
^Palpus
-Proboscis

-; >;.1' V will, Jcsi«„u.: „, ■ ■ ,f ,I„ „..rU .',„,,• -'^'V' "' "'^' '"^'J "' H

K( ilSuMK' I.SliiM<Mu(.V

\l,..,ri.ilu"i i;..ii, II. 'I I.. I111..I 111. lr.iii-,Mr.v Miliir. . |i..-ltTi.ir .l.n
-....iiImI i.iiil .1. r..-li. Ii.'' I.ri-lli- iii...n^t.lMl .mil uni-.niall.
,|,\.l.i|Hil. /'/i.in.iM.

M,.,.,i.,h.m m,t lUll.Tiiil I..I1M1.I 111. iMii-MT.. -ulur,; p.,-l,ri..

.l.,r-.„ .iilral ami a. r.i-ti. Iial l.r'-lU', "rll .l,-».l..|...l an.l i„n»lai.i

1>. Clu-ik^ liairy; lliinl l.inijitu.linal viin (K,,.! -pinuli'-i' ai

lia-i- .inl>. Ci/Z/'M""'-
nil, Cli.-.l- liar.. Ihitil l.itiuiliiiliiial v.iii 'k,,,! -|iimil..-.

/j„ ili.:.

Jnnsi/erje sutur Postitarcallus
i-'/Scutellutny

PtoplturaV

Front coxa

Haltere

Hind coxa

Middle coxa-

Fl... [7J— Lati-ral viiw ..f I'li- tlmrax ..f a muscuiilean lly. with ,tei|{iiati"ii-
Ih^- parts c.imm..Tily uM'.l in laximnmit work. (Afirr Riley and Johannstni

House-fly (.Vhx.; ,l,im,s/iia Linn.).— A cosmopolitan ins.. !
dangerous to luinian lii'f. .\ carrier for typhoid fi'vt-r, tulieriulo--
dyscnlcry and otIuT diseasfs (Fii;. 17,0-

.\iliill.-'.\ two-wint?ud lly uilli four hlack lines on hack of tlnir,:\
bristle of antenna' feathered; vein ending near lip of winR distin.i}
elhowed; no liristlcs on ahdomen except at the tip. Moulh-parts u. ,
for sucking' not for piercing, retractile, mouth-parts and feet specie ;>
adajited for larryinp micro-organisms. Kad. fool with two claws an ■
two sticky pads. Egg-la;, ing begins 10 14 'lays after adult erne'-.-
frompupaiium (Fig. 174).

isjsj.— Minute, glistening white, long ovoid, 'ii inch long. Lai. u.
irregular small clusters. Lach female lays about 120 eggs at a 1 n.

'"I '"•'> l.iv Mn.ral ii,„,,; |,.„,|,

■t";lk'r,„nlr.„„,...,l,r„UL..|„, i„ ,,
"■'"''■• '■"'^'">.' Iniii'. v,.«,.,;>l,l,-.

1 ill .ill,, in .s I;

••|H«nunur..,an,|i„;il..,s„,,„,i„

"I"- IM ,1,1,1 -UMiriKT.

nii)i^i I, ran

ith

>T niariuri',

■ null-.! nii.\icir,-s ,,f hn
Ill iiiMlau'f.

-I ;").- Ill.h in sul,s,an«s n,„r. „r l..„ a dh"'" '" """ """"^^
^ '"P"- Puparium n.arlv ,vli„,| , "'•
■iili ihfsinut: iluraliim j 4 ,|-ivV

l)nra,ion„f;if,.cyde, 0,4 days. ,v„,,.

1> seven t„ (en fenerations .level,,,, I...

''"'" April ,5,1, an.l Oc.I.er ,olh I,

"tTnates as larva „r pupa in the S„u,h

,i; ';"''';'l'l>-"-rea,mm„nlyasa,l.,l, in

J^;-l.. (Consult IWanls an,l

»l-«itls hooks on "House Klies.",

Stable Fly (.V/„„„,,.,, ,,;/.//r,„„ i.inn ■

'»-r.,n.,abK>.r,ls,s,,a,,y proves: d„.,,,„«,,,
''""'• "^-Kesemliles house-(iv In, , h, , • ^.•^|l•

^ 'Men UnKe at fron, en,l ,.f ; iiJ Urr"'''V"'''''''"''"'^^ ''^'«'''
- "'oraN; dorsal surface oT „ '""""'"'"■^'■"■^ Wa<k lines

-^ spots, liite seve : u^ "o oi " '" "T"'" "' "^"'^^ "-''
'-.'Is in moist straw a, ,1 I . • '""""""" -^ '""- "' 'lisc-ase;

-i/„,

vill,,

.l|',"lii,ili; />

I. /I,7„„; /(,

jyj ECONOMIC ENTOMOIOGY

Eins -Laid in an irregular heap of about too on manure and gar-
bage; similar in form to those of House-fly, hatch in 2-3 days.

i«r,a.-Similar in form to that of House-fly, but more trans-
lucent in appearance. Duration 10-20 days.

P„pa.-Duration 6-ao days; puparium reddish-brown, elongate-

""^tws flToccu^ in the open, but often enters houses; breeds rapidly

in oat-straw and other organic refuse. Winters as pupa or larva.

C<,«(ro/.-Apply 0.62 lb. borax to every 10 cu. ft. (8 bushels) manure,

on removal from stables, with a flour sifter or fine sieve, part.cularl>

about the edges of the pile, and sprinkle 2 or 3 gal. water over ih.

heated manure; use fly-traps. (Consult Farmers' Bulls. 540, 734 anH

Sqi, U. S. Dep. Agr., 1913.) ...

Kom7lY(H<BmatohiaserralaKoh.-T)csv.,Lyperos,atrnlans-Lmn.). ■

(Consult drc. »5, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dep. Agr.) Introduced mto
U S about 1886 from Europe, and has spread rapidly smce

' Jrf,^/.-Similar in shape and color to Hous. tly, but about half a-
lartP. June-September. . .

£.»;-Laid singly in fresh cow manure in day time, irregular, o%al.
light n..ddish brown. Egg-laying begins soon after adult emerges.
ia,TO.-White, ii inch long; full grown in 4-6 days
P«;,a.-Puparium dark brown, ellipsoidal, H inch long; pupal
stage lasts 5-10 days.

Probably 6-8 generations in a season. ....

Conlrol.-{i) Killing the maggots by the introduction into the man-
ure of Ume and other drying and destructive agents; (a) appl.ca ion of
creolin compounds in the form of spray, or kerosene emulsion so utio .
or a mixture of H gal. fish oil, H pint coal oil, 4 tbspfls. crude carbol.
acid applied with a cloth rubbed over the parts attacked.

The main factors limiting the number of the common flies are:
(a) The destruction of the larva: and pupa by braconi.l and chal. u\

parasites;

(ft) The lack of food for the larva;;

(c) The enemies of the adults;

(d) Weather conditions-H,ppressive sultry weather; cold, wet
and windy weather; acting on the adults, and preventing the emergence
of adults from the pups.

CLASS,Krc,U,OX AS-D nKSCK.Pno. OF COMMOV XXS^CTS .„

'^or:::^::z^ S't:;:r """•*'^' '-^"-^ ---« - ^-^

"f a dark Wuish-greenSti.hh""''^'''^'^" '''''" '''^house-fly,
>h..rax. The eggs are , a in " ""'' '■'"''' ^'"'"^-^ "" 'h^

in wounds. The mag Jn 1. ^r f k """'' "''"" •'^'•''' ^"''"'•'^ and

"^ 'S::: ^™f Z^lt Tr'^" - ^^- --™ ^Pee-es
li"ttle Flies. ''■'" ''"''«•" '^^ «1"»-. Green or Blue

A laSkisT r:iS'n'''r fr ''^ ^^"""'>*''- --V^naLinn.) -
'.^ eggs arcSo^f m dteL 177"'' r' ^"'""^^ "" '"^ ">--

^" ^.oo eggs, which ha,4 veosoot ",-"'"'' ';""'^- ""''■ '''>• ^°°
'■ration 22 to ,, Javs ^? '''"" -""""'^P'^"™. Duration of a gen-

-.-•es With a prXs tio:'S:rt':f5- ' ^"'"^^ -'"™-
-ag of 3-4 days and a'pupal ::^:lit ',/'''■ "' ""^'^ '"^•'"

.Ja.vs and a pupal'stage of 5 ^6 Is HH ' T' '^""' ^'^^"^ ''f "^

Phonaia regma Aleig fs a larl\ , "'''""'''^* ^« '^^^a and pupa.

l-uses, and hre^s in g'fbage ' '' ''' "'^" '" '"'y ^P""« '"

Pant::!^ ?S: fgron'L'ea^'Tf ;"^--'-«« ^^-■) '^e.uents

'^"ci:2^tie^::;jr^ -'-t --in^^-ith^ru;:

™Hy yellow hai on d rsunT o^.h" TT ''™^'=^- " ''^ ■'"'"'

^'"'1 garbage. ^ "'""''■ '■■"''=''''>• ''^^eds in manure

ANTHOMYID^ (ANTHOMYIDSl

'""^.;'S:rtt J^^;,-^: -- - -• -ggots are
M^..'got and Seed Corn Maggot '"'" '"'"' '^'^''^S"'' «"-"

2 74

KCONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

Uull. Smaller Hun House-Hy; ■' U inch Iohr; Krcy.sh, wah t hrc.
blackish, rather broad bands on back uf thorax ami a .lark stnpe alon.
back of alKlomen; a number of stiff hairs on body and legs; eyes red

p.j. „,_Mal.- uf tlio cablKiBe root maRKnt fly UnlarKi.,! ab.mt 3 t..^-
iPkoto'by J. r U„J,,.v.,;.. Af^er C.bso,. and Tn-h,r.u. ,M. ... l-<n. '■
D^pi. Agric. Oita-iva.)

I-lu. 176.- W-nvAv of llu- ^■.^^\y.iv.
{Fhoto by J. r. Wddy^i-orih.) AJte
Dept. A^ric. Ollnu-a.)

Knhirwed about J !i
'li,-r>ie. Jini. 12. l:nl

dish-puri.le. Hibernates sometimes as adult. I're-oviposition ,..
about 6 davs (figs. 17.=; and 176).

/•Kfis.-Elliptical, white, 1 2.5 i"'-l< '""t!; 5° <'° deposited .^epar.,
„„ Ihe surface of .round or on stem of ,,lant; stage lasts about a we,

CLASSIFICATION- AND DESCRIPTION OF COMM.

j.f::p:,:«* *s,ts «-,;XI»^

fleshy tubercles and 2 conspicuous rcl.lish l«o-,,o,nle,l

^ ^^^ZZT' "'■'' '- '-' "-.^Hes.„u,.,.o.n^

•■""erclos and central spirackV AH Z h T"' ''"'"■""•' ^'"•">W".on, „f ',|,.,

Ufe-hislory.~-X,UU appear in May. when cal.ha.es are hcin.
'"'' ''"'' '''^I''«" «gK^- Maggots hatch in a week ami f^. V '

.-'ah,y three or four, hut the ,at:]rS: :hS^::r'"

i;8.— r;,ba

«'t "l.-iKKOl. s,M.- view. Knl.irK.vl
Irehrrni. l:,il. Ilr. Can.t

(.1/'.T(,;7,,„„ „„,;

Co„,rgl.-V,^ "Single-ply tarred felt" paper dislcs wh n
*"ts are set out; use cheese cloth fr,m,.s., , •'""'*''

»- '■. a Cyn,p,d; and y>„,„A,-,/,-„,„ spp.-.a-„nsul, Bull. .tlOnf br!

276

FfdNnMIC ENTCIMDI.OC.Y

Hull. 411), X. \'. Awr. Kx|i. Sin.; C'drmll Iniv

l)f|). .\t;r. faiKicIa, 191I1;
Hull. 78.)

Onion Maggot (I'liorhia rcl>arum M^'. = Ilylemy'ui aitliqiM Mr.
.\,li,ll. SliKlUly larnt-r than Cal)lKi«e Root Ma^'gol Kly; liody an'
la's with many black bristles; hack iif llicirax of male with four indistin. '
(lark colored bands; abdomen with a distinct blackish band dow:
the middle; May-June. Probably three broods a year. I'reovipo-;
tion ]icriod aliout 10 days ( Fif?- iSo).

I'll.. 171).

£,i;gs.^Cylindrical, white, distinctly ridged; groove not so dee;
long as in /'. hrassicce; duration 1, to 4 days.

/.(jrrci. -White, cylindrical, rounded, truncate at posterior '
-'.-, inch long; central tulierdes of blunt end single-pointed, with a
of additional tuljercles. Duration .' ,i weeks, occasionally 4^5 "-'
Young larva works its way down witliin the sheath of the plant t.
forming bulb, in which it feeds.

i'H/>i/.— I'ujiaria formed in soil or in outer layers of onion. !•
il.^-^ inches below the surface. Suitimer duration about 2 w
hibernates.

'I.A.SSIPK ,VTI(

"N- AM

' t'^:s^ Hu'iiiis

The Biirred-i

'f (ciMMcjN I,,.;

■•itRi-il Onion

iiJ"n,)ust,)„ni„ns(Mid,i„;

:in).

■'%,?"< (/■//,

>iil:<l>s.

'•'"•'( Wic.l.

) is al>„

-1 molasses',,, k^l' ..m::' ^Ij^.Tl^i:;-""^""-' "f -'iium arseni,.
™;h. "'"> '■'"^■''"-. Pyr..,hrum an,l carl,,,!,-,

"^- ''q'- -Vic. Can.,. ln\Ju P^ -'V- '''""^"" ""'I-'-' I'nt
'-"T tibi.x. of „,alc. wi.h a nnv , hT''";'""""^ inner si.le of p„."

. ,f «:ti;::r7ii;;;-:,;v--'"' "'"•■—

- ">e head Caudal tuhe.c es s t ,. '" /'' "■','"'■'' ™'' ^""' ''"-„.
'""-fa-Mi.ional.uhereles. F e Ln '„ 'V'"" "■«^-"'" "'"^ -

•lurahon „ .lays. "^' ''«'" '"■"«" <" 'lark re,l,lish-l,nnvn-

Nunil,cr of fenerations „„t vef In

"l-n a v^t period follows immHia i:'"f„ "/^^ ""'- "'-' «"-re
0/«/r„/.--r,irt-„,,t Use miner- If ,-, ' """"'^ ""^ *'■■''•

Raspbeny Cane Maggot^ 'll""'f"^^ '-''"'- acid emulsion

-"•-', n.s:::::;:-;^w-,;;;;i.si,oo,,an,uunneis

I'-' "-ood beneath the bark, ft co,,,,', ^ "•' """■" " ?'>'"-

■" ""'es full grown in June V,i\Z '"■""""-' ''"""»•'• 'nd

/'«^--FornH.dat(nvere2 ::;r^'';-^'^'>-

< "'"^"/.^-Cui off and burn I , '" ■''""' '■""' i"'^■•
Beet Leaf Miner rA,:,,' ,):';''« -'^ - -- ai observed

-- . There are several gene, ■ ' , '"^'"^ ""^ '"^"'-' "" Ihe
'--«' .n the pupal conditi,', , ; ,,: ^ ^•"^"' -"' "'^ "in-er i.
•«; are placed on the lower .Ide f , "" '" '" "■^' '"''■ The

^ - 'eaves; hfe-eyele about a 1^^ "" ''■"•" ^"" '"^ ™^«- n.m:
' '»ifroi~- Pick 'in. I J . .

J ILK lino hum ir-*^ 1 ! ■

'"-■"-' '--.- "here practicable; use

,.)^ |.;(iiNciMic i;n loMiil.oOV

spiiuL.h a. u lr:i|. .n,,,; |.1..«- 'k-^V ■'"'I harr.nv a. su„i. as crop ;

nmovccl. .

Lesser House-fly (Iloimilomyia aininihns l.inn.). Iliis liy i-

smaller llian .!/»«■,; ,hmirslir,i. an<l mi>y l)e ohscrvtil in houses in can;,

summer As an Anthomvii.l it can l>c readily (listinnuistied from lh.

true musci.ls l.y the venation of llie winRs. In this species tiie mi<M!.

lil)ia> are witliout a tubercle.

The larva, • -, inch lont;, is markedly dilTerent from ,,iat of Mas. :
n has a flattened liodv with a double row of spiny processes, li
lives in waste vegetables and animal matter, and no doubt is rcsponsibu

'rt^f"^

Fi,, ,»„-"tIu- little l,.ais,-fly ^IIow.•l<,•«yia /.r.-rio. Fcmafc at Iftt; m.tl.: .
mtl, c'larRv.l anfttna; larva at rifihl. Alloular^c.,!. Ufler Howard.)

for the transmission of certain diseases. It becomes full growi
about a week, sometimes prolonRed to i, or 4 weeks.

The Little House Fly illonialomyia brevis Rond.) occurs al
oull)uildini;s an<l breeds in human excrement. It acts, no do
as a disease carrier (Kis. 180).

The Latrine Fly (Jlnmalumyia st.ihiris Vah.) is also under suspi
as a carrier of contagion. Middle tibix with a tubercle.

TACHINIDjE ^TACHINA FLIES)

These flies are useful in thai the larva; or maggots are par;i
within the bo.lies of injurious caterpillars. The female lachina fly
her cKgs upon the cater|,illar or upcm the leaves of the food i'
an<! the maggots on hatching bore their w:iy through the walb

""""■" '»•"- M , ,^„

HIPPOBOSCID^ SHEEP TICKS i

Sheep Ticks M/, /„/,/„,,.„, „,/,„,, ,• , ,,^ , , ,
H,- ar.. „fu.„ vc.n- i„i„n„„. ,„ ,,„,;, ;,',,, ^ J 7' ''^ ':"''""'^"-

'':'•; '''-I'-'' -v,..d kinds. ..„„,,,, ,,;,''' ■''''^,!"^'''-« I

I.ifi-lii.st(irv. Karli f,-ni il,. nr,„l

^•'r'^-'""^ ■M";:;:!;/::;:;;;:^ ;:'',:::%:;''- "'^-

^'"l'a.a,ul reaches sexual n,a,„ri,v , „/,■.,,"'' f'T""""'"-
^n.r f.r, nidation ,1,. u-nn,!,- ,1,.,,,;;,: ,|„ i,,^;. '"■ '" ' '" '° ''">-^

ORDER SIPHONAPTERA .FLEAS)
Pulicide ./•■/,■„,,. ,;c„„s»|, l-arnurs- JJull ,s„- -■ s ., .
«o siKva-s „f .Icas arc f,.„„.l inU^n,,, is'.';,'-> "'■"■ ;^-'

M.- are n,„st numorcus in ^^ ,...'„: 7 ''^"' '" ""^ ^'"""""'■
H.unan Flea r/.„/„ .,.„,,■ ^^ ',',"'">■ ^':^^"--

.^"-;^.a.in.au,..,,,,,,.,„,,,;;;:;-;;;;--.■lMn,.,Min.

::::r"' "°" """""■""'■ ' •"■''■■-■^■•« :-::::!.: :::i,':::.

280

KCDNIIMIC KNTOMOI.lKiV

Pupa. Formed wIktc larva lives, often emlosed in a small .ilk
cocoon, covered with dust. Duration about 12 days in warm con-
ditions, hut mav lie more than a year un.ler unfavorable condlUon^

Cat and Dog Flea (I'lik-x svrr,ili<rps iWr^.^Clnmcrplialus nitu-
Curtis). Ailull. Like that of House Mea hut with a comh of s[>ines on
border of head and j.ronotum. Adheres quite chisely to its host.

Egl-s. Laid loosely amonK the hairs of host; small white and oval,
hatch in about 2 weeks. Collect on mats.

Lana. At first white, footless, maRKot-like; head pale yellow,
feeds on decayinK particles of animal and vegetable matter; matures n>
summer in about 12 <lays.

/>!(/)(;.— Duration 12 to lO days in summer in a cocoon. Ihis fle.i
may be found in winter in any of the stages. Several broods cad,

season.

Coitlrol. Hathe the animals fretiuenlly in a .? per cent, creoln
solution (4 teaspoonfuls to a (|uart of water> ; provide them with sleep
ing mats and have Ihcse mats beaten or shaken regularly once a week,
keep the kennel clean; du-l fresh pyrethrum thoroughly among ll..
hairs of the animals and on the floors; remove carpets or mats an^!
give floors a thorough cleaning with soapsuds and later with henzin.
dust powdered alum upon the carpets, etc.

Treatment of bites with a ^ per cent, carliolic acid solutior,
menthol, camphor or carbolaled vaseline will allay the irritation.

COLEOPTERA (BEETLES)
Chief Groups of Beetles
.\. Utail of the urdinary form, not prolonscd into a narrow beak; maxii
divideil; palpus llcxiblc, usually 4-iointed; larva' rarely without Ub^
Twr Hctles Cl'ig. 181).
B. .Ml tarsi with the same number of segments. — Istmuni.

C, fiiurlh and fifth tarsal sCKments not grown toRcthcr.— Prn/.]"

a-'ig. i8.!i.

J). First lline ventral segments of abdomen grown togell

most with thread-like antenna?.— t'jrnitOM or iVcrfm '

K.ctles.

Dl). First ventral segments of abdomen not grown togclh'

E. .Vntennie cluli-shaiied.- (V.niVorniii or Clult-li

(Fig. iS.i).
KE. Antenna- scrrati-.— .SVrriVorn!,! or Saw-liorns (Fig, t

' ' ■ '"urll, and iif,|, ,;,r.;,| „.,.„„„„

.^^

I'i'.. ISI.— Ventral uspi.ct ,1 a car-.b, i „■■ , ■

„„ *'^'^'- "'"arsi 3-Jointnl; anIcnn.T cl.ui, „rn r ■

BB. Fore an<l middle tarsi vJoinLl In ^ '"■' ^'•'■' "•■'I'iJ.r. p .,s,

^^ Head often rr.Io„.ed i„,o ^ C m 1 ' T-' ^ •'•""'"'- "-''-'"'■

-^e t.a„ 3>inted. larv. Mei^C^rtrir; ^^ ^^

2Sj

.(iNdM.I' KNri)MI>l,llC.Y

(Trie/ /•■.imj/iVi "//*(■ f.irnm'M (.V""/".-

\ |,,Ksaila|it(<l ("rrunnirm;tiTrc*lri.iliiinl.'nn:i' iij.imliil.

It. Anlcnn^ inscrl,..l ..n (rnnl .,f hr.d al..n,- ihi' Im-.-I Hw "K.n.M.I.-.
CidndtUd.T CriK.T ll.-.lli's), p. .•»4.
HI). .\nlc.nn»- ins.rt.-.l .,n si.ks .,( lu..! I.Hw,..-n the l.a-,- ..I ll. m.„.l,l.l.
anil Ihi- (>!■-. CirMilir ttir.iun.l It.ttk-^). p. jNj.
\ \ I.IKS ailiiptcil iiir swimminii; a(|u:ilir.

H. W ill, ,.iily two c.vrs. -/>,v(/>. hl,r ( I )iv ini! Ilcitlisl.
Illl. Wilh turn i'y>>. Oyi'ii'l" (\Miirlii;i« ll«tk-s).

F„. .»J.-Tarsi ..t c>.k-"Ptcra. .1. u .plinutarsa,

I. L.'plinutarsai /i. Coccindla; (', 7'en.'

t*iff Families of the Chnicornid Croup:

A. Legs nued for swimming; aquatic.-//.vJ™/./.i/W« (Water-.cavongcrv
\.\ LegsnottUled for swimming; terrestrial.

B. Klytra short.— 5(af/iJ''''"'''<' C*'"'^ IK-otles).
BH. Elytra as long or nearly as hmg as h.Kly.

C. Alxiomcn with 5 ventral segments.-»r,«..(;./,f (l.ar.ler Ikil

p. 201- t..| f ■ J n-

CC. .\lnloiwn with h i>r more ventral segments. -6i(Mi</<r (t. .i'
Beetles), p. J93-

AA. lliM.i ,„„

A. "™l;n-.-rt,.,|mlho,;,.,„pl„,„m|,„un.l,.>,,

H- .w„ ..„...„. ,„ ,.,„,„„,„ „,„ ,„,^„ :^ ^^^^^^ ^^,_^^^ ^ ^^^^^^

" "'■•"' """"al.irWni, |,ui pariaiiv „,,,.r,.,M,v,i ■ ,

Hi,,,, ■ ' "^■'l"l.i"'in.,lk„r,|. /.„m/,,r/,/,r(|.ir,

"'Km.' ■■-". ...*,c„„.,„„

I'"- ■«.!. -Forms uf .„„v„„.v „t l„.,.t|,, , ,., .. ,„ , ^^,

A
AA

( /;/,/ /•
A

AA
A

nil. Hcail hcnl noarlv at rii;l,l aiiul,

^I'.'atl. Waul, n;.,,,,, ,', , "'•',: "■ "'"'^'i »'« -mall. -PtMd^
■■•milhs of l/„- Um,lli,on,i., Or.,,,/,- ' ' ' " ' '
. An,enn,pclho«v,l; lamella r„v,|. /.„M,„;,/,MSfaL. M ,i ^

Antenna.. noe.ll,owed; lamella. „,„ livnl s , ', "''• <" "'■

'■.'»-/,■« »/ //,e /V,w„/l/,„(. GV,.„A "*""'"■ ^'--^'f ^'h-'"^'- 1' 30, ■

Body and antenna- shurt

;p::;'^:!:v::;:;r^ -:.:.-:',,-----. -...on,

llody ami antennir lone -Y-r,„„,;,,,,.; r ,

-»"■'-■" of, I. n,,„o.,.jcro.:r "■""'''-''"""•'J «"'i-.'. p. 3=0.

■ Head with distinct nn.' ' ,„fi .„„| ..l, t, ., ■, ,

Beetle..-,), ,,, 3,;. "" '""' ''•"'" "^■>^'We.-.l/,-/„Wa (Blister

Hea.l -,viil„,ui ,|is,in,i „ i„„|,. ..,.,,, ,,., . „ , .

Beetles), p. 3,8. ' ""■'"'• '^"" '"•""'«.'( Karkling

jK4

Kl ilMlMlC KNToMfll.ix.V

</,„/(„.i.M ..((/..■ Ww„„f/,„r,,(,V,..,^' ,,,,,,,

II. H.-ak -liurl ami l.rua.l; ani.nn.i- ^liorl, K.iil. ulalr an.l .Ulhl»il, lilii.i
uffn Willi sivrral liilh ixlirnally; h.uil harn.wiT than |ircilh"rat
i^yr. nal, .marninah- .ir ilivi.lr.l; lii-t laMl joinl muill «h..rliT ilia,
,.',niliim-.l Unt'lh ii( tlif .i1Ik-«. IfiJ'r (Hark lliilli..], |p. svi
mi. Il,.ik u-uallv I..I1K an.l w.ll ,l.v.lu|.nl; Iialpi -mall anil ...ni.alr.l
anl.nna usually , liilil.nl. lilii.f »illi"Ul Iv.lh i il.riially; suhmi-nlun,
lirolurv.l iiiliia milar |«ilunilr.
<:. Dcir-uni "( la-l MUmi-nt .i( male iliuilcil IransMwly.

I), Man.lihli- Willi a «rar im anUTi..r a-|Hi t. <)li,>rli\ttihid.

V- M'<- . ,, ,. .,

111). Man.lililc- willi.ml >tar ,in aiiLThir a-|»i t. C nr. u/wili./.

(Ciirculi.isl, |i. im.
(T. Il.ii-uiii ..I la.l -rmmnl ..( ;">lli ->>:•■- Uh.livi.lnli lllmf n..i
-crraliil. (..tl.imlriilir ((.rain \\ itvil-i, I' HT-

^^^J^ 5

J:.^^

Ph.. l«-l. StTiaii
in.-i,tinati-: X. Iliibilhit

;tiitfiwi;r

;. Ill"

1(1 11

iililualiiin-: I. sirraU'; -'. pcminalf; I
;. ». iriL'^iuIarly siTralf. aiil)rr!;*i:liilU'

lavic.irn Ivpi-. (Mm Lnonlf isn.l Itaru )

CICmDELIDiE (TIGER BEETLES;

TiRcr bci-lles, Ixilli ailull anil larva-, are pri'ilaceous tfudinf; U|i-
talcrpillars and "lliiT unwary insects. The adults are active, ali ■
irc.iturcs, anil are must e.inimimly ohserveil on sandy grounds ar
roads. They are liriUiantly marked with metallic colors.

The larva' live in vertical liiirrows and there lie in wait for tin
prey. They have strong jaws and large ilirt-colored heads, ai
the fifth abdominal segment bears a hump with two backward-curv
hooks which serve to anchor their owners in the burrow.;.

The majority of the species belong to the genus Ckindda, and i
most abundant forms are C. >cxgutUU,i Fab., ('. iiilf^tirh Say, C. npn'
Dej., C. Iiirlicollis Say, and C. pundultila Oliv.

I ARABIDiE GROUND BEETLES.

I ■»'««"« (,V«,„,„ill.-,l.n,„„r.„„l II,,,,,,.

* ■^"■''' «^''->ili,-,mi„K,|„.,',n„ ll,.. , „ ,,■

"I'-"-" ' '•■ -..;:::;,::.;:;;:

!'■ •^'■'■«iri"fil.vlniinl,rri,i,i,,| ji ,

■i'luli' liri.llj

-;™^^;;:;.:u:;:iT::::::,;::::-i;;r---...
J pr;ir;:ir'z-^ -

,^;:::;i ;:;,'■" ' > p"-^..h> ':;,";;,„::::;,

Ph..

It; l'r..slirru, „f l,i.,.(ii., ,, ,•„ ,

'< ••■<al .av.tiM S..,.arau.,r,„;d'.,„ "..'himi'"; "' .'-"""■"^ ""J "

■'•'I l„.|,i„,i. Ulflft lluliham.) '""•'• '•■"«al i.av,t„.s 3i.i.,,r:il,..l

.,=:=HS'-~'~i^s.:^

I'l' Kly'M always ..nlir,.; man.lil.K.. „i,h„„l . |,rl ,l

s;»";;*r,;;:,;: • '•-■""

«. H.n,l coxa., n,. ,,epara..l. Ial,r„m „,„ u.rk..,i:tMHMir.

> \. .Mici.ll,

286

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

Gr..un.ll.cclksare common insc-ctsan,l, with lw>..,rthreeexccpt.ons,
prey upon injurious forms an.l do not feed upon fruits, leaves or see.ls.
(See Part I, Beneficial Insects.) Following are the speoes most com
monly met with:

Some Common Carabids

Murky Ground Beetles:

PleroslkhH^ hicubtandus Say .-Color usually green or hluish no.
polished; length .0-.4 mm.; thorax wi.lened posteriorly; str.a- of elytra

PU- .86 -A carubid b.o.lo ll',.r.,>,Ulu.^ l,uMnnJ,.s) (AfUr Cil>..« a«i Trr,...,:.
iMl. Hut. 1-'. "'7' -Ic-Cun.)

smooth; 4 <lorsal punctures; legs usually reddish; under surface pun>
tured; three basal joints of antennx distinctly carinate; basal >mpress,o.

of thorax double (Fig. i8ft). , • , ,1

Gahntajanm Fab.-Black, clothed with short hairs; length . ,

22 mm ■ legs, palpi, thorax and base of antenna, reddish-brown; he,

black, strongly constricted behin.l; prothorax half as wide as wir

covers; elytral striiE fine not punctured.

Lebia grandh Hertz.-Length g mm.; head and thorax leddish-;.

CLASSincAT.O.V AND DESCmPTIOX OF COMMON' .XSKCTS .87

l-v; umler surface an,l k-^s pale lm,wnisl,-vell,uv; alKlonuM, hlu k^
b; ra .lark l.lue and deeply striate; a,Ue„,ue pale; head i.lw^,^

Ilarpahis calisiiwsus Kah. -i>itclu- M-iik l,.n„tl. ,

:2:,:;t' A.rJr;: """" ""- ^-i '"-■"-:

/'"''pfliis pcii:isyk,i,ii,u.s Dei.—hUirl: |,.n„th ,, .-
. n 1 'Cfcs red.hsh-jellow; under surfaec red,lish-l,r„vvn to pieeous-
Mdes of thorax gradually curvcl; region of basil anLdes . ,n P^
pressed, densely punctate; mentum too.he.l. " "*-'-■ ''"

Metallic Ground Beetles :

C'<(/,«,™a s,n(/>;/»r Fab. -(Searcher) Len-ih ,s .„ .■ , .

;hora. blue; .ar.ins reddish!,,ron.ed:'id:::;d'i Zd: t;^
Wue, alKlomen ^-reen and red; elvtra metallic ^reen u-l,h 77 *'

-i^'H, punctured; third joint of antenn. ''^frXl ''' "'"""•
Cal,,u„„a ...lidum Fab.- (Fiery Hunter). LenRth .. mm ■
■l-k above and below; elytra black with si.v rows of golden sp";
-P y s.r,ate and finely punctate; head and thora,. ffnc^K ruTKe'
"iirdjomt of antenna' compressed ' ^ '

C,^oso,„a sya,pha,Ua Linn.-A Furopean form imported to combat
.■ (..vp.sy and the Brown-tail moths. Both larva and a ults are
.laceou.s and freely climb trees in search of their prey. Th e«^
■'" <lep..s.ted m the earth and the mature larva, seek the ear haiah
;.".i instruct pupal cells. The adult beetles emerge la n sprfn

COCCINELLID^ LADY-BIRD BEETLES)

>C-u„.u,. Bull. .,s,, conn. AKr. K.vp. .S,. .„„ ■Coicoptcra of Indiana.".
.ady-b,rd beetles are essentially fee.lers on ,,lant-lice and scale

' "union Lady-binh:

Two-spotted AdaUa (AJath, hipu,utata Li,m.).-.Umg-covers red
' ''"'' ^'"" '" "-' -"- "f -i.: ll...ra.x black-margined wUh

288

KIOMlMIC KNTOMOl.OCY

yellow; lawl black wilh two yellow s|)ol. helweeii eyes; le^s and un<li ;
side of boilv l)laik. Feeds on i)lant -lice. Common. K^K staKclasI
about a week, lar%?.l sta^e aboul ,< weeks, and the impal sla^e about ,i
week. Oi-.e-eighlh to one-fiflh inch lonK (Kit;, if*'"*)-

Twice-Stabbed Chilocorus iCIiilmnrKs hhuliinus Miils.). WItv.'
covers black with a red spot near centre of each; head, thorax and kr-
black; under side of thorax black, an<l abdomen re<l. Larva S|>iny
pupa black and spiny. Fee.ls on scale insects and ,)lant-lice ( Fit,'. i8S

Two-spotted Hyperaspis illyfcrnspis signala Oliv.V— Wing-cover-
black with a red circular spot and a smaller yellowish spot on each; Ihor.i

<1 ludv-t'iril in all its stawf-;
iAjWr lirilh'n)

und head black. In male the head and margins of thorax yell..
Larva while and woolly. Feeds on cottony maple scale.

Spotted Megma(.Uci;i7/(i nuuulata \)M. = McgnUifuscilabris Mul
—Wing-covers red with six black six.ts on each; thorax red with i.
triangular black spots; head black with a red median stripe; legs .i
under surface of body black. Larva blackish with white lines :-
Idack spots. Feeds on iilant-licc. One-fourth inch long.

Pitiful Lady-bird (Paililia misclln Lee), lilack, small. Fee<l-
San Jose Scale iFig- iS.)).

Convergent Lady-bird {llippodnmia convcrgan Guer.).— W
covers reddish \ellow wilh six black dots on each; thorax black '

'2F. ^A

.x-s,rK-AT,ox .x„ .,s..n.n,.v ,„ ,.,„„,„ „,,,,, ^,

,s„

'0

;'. ttu- lonviTKOnt lady-bcciU- (//;«»„/«.„, '■'ily-lK-cll.. (.l,;,i/,„ /,

1,11,1 •

■ inlesH'J pear, slir.u-'
.'Jy onlart'Od. (/)/(.

sll-.«-in„ b«-tlr, and tlai'r i ,rV ,' f '■,,'""'■'■ ''• '<''-^"<;
if" Ho-u.,,ird and Marlau B.'.n ' I'^'^'y "''V" "■•-■ -

•■■ O ... l.KI., t . .V. [>, p,

2 90

F.CilXOMIC KNTOMOI.OC.Y

marKins vcllow and Uvo cUlique ycll.nv .hislu-s; head black will.

yullow Lflweun the eves; le^s and un<lcr surface of l.o<ly hlack. Larva

ye1h)w with l)lack spots and cross l)ands. Feeds on plant-lice, etc.

bne-fourlh to one-third inch Ion); (Fin. iSS).

Thirteen-spotted Lady-bird (llifptHUimia i>,-pun(laUi Linn.).--
WinR-covers reddish-vellow marked with i.; spots; thorax black with
velknv mar-ins; liead i.lack with yellow mouth-parts. Lnder surface oi
i,odv and femora black; tibia' an.l tarsi yellow. Feeds on plant-hcc.

■Till- scjuafh iMly-bird bi-t-lle (EpUadma ImnalU).

Five-spotted Lady-bird {Coawelhi 5-».o/u/«).-\Ving-covers re< wi:!.
five black ban.ls; thorax with fr.mt lateral margins yellow; head bla- -
with two yellow spots between the eyes; le^s an.l under surface bla. ..
Feeds on plant-lice. One-fourth to three-eighth inchlong <t>g- >; '

Nine-spotted Lady-biid (CoaincUa ^-mtala Hefbst.).-\\i- ;:-
covers red,lish-v .How with <, black spots; thorax black with front m r-
nin or red vellow; hea<l re.l or yellow; legs and under surfa. o bla
I arva with black markings on thorax and white markings on abdoni :..
Feeds on plant-lice. One-fourth to three-eighth inch long.

iA<« i

c.As.,nc.no.v A.0 r.KscK.PnoK op common ,.skcx.s .,,

"al margins with a Wack n in ' 'h T" ''''' *''"■ «■'''<= "''>'•'•• ''"-

femora Uack, (il.i.e an,l tarsi 1 row„ . tt '7"'"'''^ "'"«'"-^'

-ith sharp spines on each , "em F , '^ ""'^ '"«^' '^'''^''
^■ishth inch long (Fig. rHy) ^ ""'' "" P'^nt-lice. Threc-

Squash Lady-beetle (/i^/W„„ A„,„,.^ P
"'■currmg n the east as far north as Canar Tu , , "'"■' '"'<'''
.h.s la,ly-beetle feci on the leaves f „ i, /"S..^""'! f" '""•" "'
yellow with four Mack snots nn ,t, .,''"'"'■ '^■'- The adult is orange-
-ver. The larva' "veM w an I '""l'""' ^""" "" ^^^^ wing-

-pines. The adult: hi ^ ™: 'T" ''', ^"'^ "' ^^^^-^ >"-'
«rouncl (Fig. xgoj. ''' '"'""'" ''™'^^'h leaves on the

DERMESTID* (LARDER AND CARPET BEETLES)
Larder Beetle (Dern,csles hnhrius Linn ) s,^ .■
-at pantries, and where skins and featht^aL k^r "" " '"' '"

^.i^^^-^'SiieZthff^is^ir'^^''^'^^^""^'^^^

^...-Lald on nteat, or in^^^tl! il^X';-;-- ""'-nates.

-tr^t;rfXrs:s::':?trr--^^

burrowing into it and pupating there '" ^' '^^^'- '"'«

( ,.«/«/. -Trap or collect the beetles- cle-in th

.vn.p the hams ver, closel,; fumigat'th; ir''^ '•^""■^ '''"-"^'''>'^

Buffalo Can,et Beetle (..l«//.„„„ ,„ ^y,,,/" ,,,, ^.^^ .

."-I of carpets and woolens. Introduced !r.,^\. ' '"'""'

i'H'-ipally a museum pest (Fig "~''' ^"'"^ ^-"^"Pe, where it is

r^'^^:'^:^:::::^ ^Si- '-'• ■""- -^'h h,ack. white and

■' "ees, and other shelters n '' '"' "^ ''""^■^' ""'^^^ "^ark

^-"e,e..Proij^::„;:-:ri:t;:r- "-''-'

'?A'J.— Laid m convenient r.l-,,.,. '""rm.

''^' h in a few days. ' '' "" '"^P"^ "^ "^her woolens.

/ ,/n'a.— A stout active grui) i ; m.'- I n ,

-■ forming tufts at the 1;,,;/!:^ l" f*" ":"':''_ «-"h stiff brown

■forming tufts at th/sid^ld a; r-XfbS

develops

.U- h-

292

rXDXOMIC ENTOMOLOCV

rapidly, l>ul may be retarded l,y cold weather or hy lack ..f f.""l
Normally six moults; feeds on woolens.

Pupa Yellowish, formed within a larval skin.

On(r«/.— Use ru^s; remove and beat the carpets, and spray then
with Kasoline; scrub the floors with soap an.l water; spray floors wii
Msoline, and fill the cracks with putty.

Black Caipet Beetle (.l//(i,i;fK».v pheus Oliv.). Iniroduce<l in.i
Kurope. Injury done Ijy the larva.

AdiJl.-\ small black oval l)eetle, smaller than the Buffalo Carp.

Beetle, ] ir, inch long. , , ,

£gjj —White, broadly oval; laid about the edges of the carpet or .

woolens.

F,c;. l9l.-BufIalo carpet beetle (^nll,um,^ srropl„.Iari.ry a. >^^va ,1.
view; b. pupa within larval skin; c. pup.,. ventral v,ew; d. a.lull. All enl,.r,
(From Riley.)

Lana.—\ reddish-brown active grub, i.-J inch long, with a In
bushy tail of reddish hairs; l)ody cylindrical with closely appn-

hairs. , . . , i

/'»/>(!. — Duration 6 15 days; clothed with a coat of whitish h.-
A museum iicst; a house pesl feeding cm woolens, carpets .

feathers. I'robably requires 2 years for life-cycle.

Raspberry Bytuius {Hylunis unicolor Say). Adult.'— \ small bi -

dermestid beetle, I7 inch long; body covered with pale tawny 1;

May-Julv. Feeds on young leaves and buds.

£ggs.-Laiil in June on the unripe fruit, one egg on a berry ar,

tachetl by one side to one of the carpels.

Laroa.—\ small white plump cylimlrical grub, 1 i inch long; -■

im&::

'■'.ASS,K„-AT,OX AX» msc.U'noS OF ,OM„,.X .XSKCTS ,g,
^^. j-.>«.-Vdlo„.,sh, formcl in an car.hen cdl in .,„.,n.un,l, where it

SILPHID^ (CARRION BEETLES)
Spinach Cairion Beetle (.V,//./,„ 6,V„/„.„,„ ,.,, , .,.,,^, ,,. ^. , , ,

.S. o^ara L. is also an injurious species in the West.

ELATERID^ (CLICK BEETLES, WIREWORMS)

< ."«.«..»£,„,,„„„> G™™ (After Leconte and Horn) :

j;j^^^xs,^rL.!!S:;t-^''-— - "

"B. t >pcu. „. front flatte„„l; n,ou,h hori.ont.l or anterior.

D. Tarsi simple, li]iform.-C„rv,n/«Vr,,
I'lJ. rars, >vi,h the second and thir,] joint, lobcd beneath.-

- 1 jupf/fs.

WiRKWdR.MS

^'I' '",:;" "f ^"^1^ '^''^"- --^ ^nown as " Wireworms" of which

; - ral speces are injurtous lo the roots of cereal crops, Perh-I 1 e

-*s:wi?ai

294

ECONOMIC KNTOMOI.dC.Y

■,rrrr

coloratus, Mdanolus communis, Cryplohypmiis „hhni<ilHs, uml Corym
bites spp. (Consult Hull. 156, »ur. Knt., U. S. l)f|>. Ak., 1015.)

.IrfW/s. --Slender oval hard IjitIIis (the "click" or "snappinK
beetles) with serrated antenna-, moslly brownish in color, sometim(
black or Rreyish, or even metallic. In .\«rioks tmincm Say, the " whea'
wireworm," the Ihorax is very convex, coarsely and densely punctai.
and the front or clypeus convex. It is dull brownish yellow, dusk;.
beneath, sparselv pubescent, and about > .J imh h'nK. Di.isterii,

Fig. ig2. — Agriotes muncits
(After Forbes.)

1(J3. — MeUmotus cribitlo^KS
[Aftfr Forbfs.)

ehgans Fabr. is dull reddish brown, about '3 inch lonK, s|)arsely p
cent, head black, a median Wack spot on thorax, a black spot in
of middle of each wing-cover, and a black cross-bar near the
Asaphes decohmitus Sav is shining black, about half an inch long,
hind angles of thorax divergent. MeUinoltis communis Gyll. is :
1,2 inch long, dull brown, and with a more or less distinct medi.i
pressed line on basal half of thorax (Figs. iy2-i95).

l^.n;
a' '•":

'lASSIFICArii

'N .\M' m:s,H,n,ns ,„ ,,,MM,,N ,v„.,.,s

when fui, ..jt'Z' I \ :::::. ^•^"■^r ="■ '-' «

' iipii.~.\ soft white i„„ V a-i-mhliM.r tl„. .. i u ■ r '

i/H

2(;6

i;( iiNoMir KsriiMiii.dC.v

miiiicus is ivlimlriciil, |mli- brownish-yellow
last segment which taiicr-
inch Uinc when full (trowii
The larviu spend i lo 5 year-
■ cereal and forage
M. tissilis, M. crihitliisus.

The urul) of .l,i;n'ii/cv
lii(!hly polished, willi two hlaik pits on
uradualiy lo a lirown point, ami ahout an

.\[(l,iiwliis spi). (Corn ll/rruwmd. Tl
in the soil, and feed on eorn, and other cereal and forage rr,.p-.
fon,mon species observed: .1/. u.mmunh. M. Jhsilh. M. rrMosus.

Hvslop reports that larsx- of M.hnoliis are larKely contine.l 1^
poorlv drained and heavv sour s..il. They spend .' to , years m Ih

,- -ri, . ,irv l-.rii u-ircworin [(nrvmhites noxiw^i: ii. athilt; h. l;ir

l,l/(rr n'dllun. f. .S. Iliir. I.iil )

soil; pupate in July Aujiust, adults transforming 12 22 days lai^
l)Ut emerging the following spring. , , ■ ■

The grub of Mclaiwlus commimh is smt>olh and shmuig and 01
light br.nvn color; the last segment ends in a blunt tubercle.

The grub of Ptastcrim clegans is one of the smallest wireworr

jcing

I ■', to 1 'i inch long, and

I of a light \va^y yellow color.

segment has an acute ap

-al notch, is nc;

arlv Hat, and roughish alu

(I.ASSIfK.MI.lN AM. l.KMkMTln.N „F ,,,„m„.v

INSKc IS J()7

.,.i cal^nout i'rr '''"""""r " " " ^' ' '"' '' '"■'«■ «"" - -1

|>iiai notch <>n U,t se(,'mfnt; dark »a\v vfll.iw

luno. I'upal slaKc lasts al»iul 3 w..t.ks. '

i'ryfilohypinis ahbrcvialiis Saw \

malun-! in May

l"it..l States an,l Cana.l. \;i;,l, 1 11'";"' "'"T*"^"' '" '■^"^"■">

.■attend; .lark l>r„w arv'- L ;:;:' "\';"' '""f ''"'■"' •''""

Lon/u

l-l/;.v llu((„»,)

"1 Drasteriiis elci;iiiis
'lays later.

Ctirymbilcs cariciniis, (

Pupates in August September; adult emerges ,

! :-

1

f , , ■ '«'•■"'/'■•■•, f- cyliiulrifonnh feed on flower

of apple an.l pear in Canada.

'"■"^™' ^;'^-''"'"0' «/ ir,>.-.«„„.,. ---The full grown larvc chan.e
|;"P:^ .n the soil in July and August. These itcome adult >e 1
.Nout a month, but remain in the ground until spring in the r up
;. On^eme^mg they lay their eggs in grass lanils i^ the e:::^"'';;
'■>al>lc tlKit the larval stage of most species lasts 2 vears
'■ sjiccies J or even 5 years.

, but

2t;8

KciPNiiMir kmiimii|(m;v

i.inlrol. I'ri)fi-.s.irs ('(.m^loik, SliiiKirliiiKl aii'l I'orlu'S «vc r.i
yi'iirs iiKi) liirrifcl (in a l.mi! •»> ri*'^ "' is|«'riniiTils in the hope- nf lin.liii.
i)ut 11 siilisfiK lory nuth."! of tuMlinK wianvi'rms. Thi-st fxperimi'tii
were carritil nut alonn thriT lini-s;

1. Hv lilt protiiliiin of llif sft'd.

2. Hy llu- (Icslrurtion nf Krulis l>y cultivation and clean falluv,
and imnninc crojis, and liy the use of insecticides and fertilizers.

V Hv I rapping the adult click lieelles.

The following sulislances were used as a protection for the seed.

1. .\ coating of Paris Green ami llofr.

1. A coatin); of tar.

j. Soakinn the seed in a solution of salt.

4. Soaking the seed in a solution of copperas.

i;. Soaking the seed in a solution of chloride of lime and copper;i-

f). Soaking the seed in a solution of kerosene oil.

7. Soaking the seed in a solution of spirits of turpentine.

8. Soakinn the seed in a solution of strychnine.

9. Soakinf! the seed in a mixture of I'aris green and water.

10. Soaking the seed in an alcoholic solution of arsenic.

11. Soakinu the sce<l ir .1 ■' 'lion of arsenic and boiling water

1 2. Soaking the seed in an alcoholic solution of corrosive sulilimaii
1 ;. Soaking the seed in a saturated solution of potassium cyanide

In almost every case the wireworms fed upon the grain or seed llm
coated without injury to themselves, and the investigators were for. c'
to the conclusion that it was not practicable to protect the seed i.}
means of these substances even were it possible to use them witli-i;
])reventing or retarding the germination of the seed.

Buckwheat, mustard and ra|)e. which are supposed by many I- !-
immune crops, were found to be not entirely so. for the wirewoni.
in some instances fed upon these plants almost as readily as upon ci ->;.
plants.

Insecticides were also used in the effort to destroy wireworn;-
Thc following were applied directly to the soil:

1. Kerosene emulsion, and pure kerosene.

2. Crude petroleum emulsion, and pure crude petroleum.
V Poisoned dough.

4. Bisulphide of carbon.
!. Salt.

<>(• tilUMoN INSKcrS

-'')')

CLASSiru ATI„N AM) DKS( KIITKIN

6. Mui iite of poia^i.
?• I.imc.
S. Chloride of Ijnu'.
<). Oas lime.

,o„n. .....x, .,....? "' )"y ''""'"'"I value. Such a UrK.-

■"""""' W""!'! have to he used in

many instances as to completely

1., ,, ,11 - ""■^" "' nianv insti

Itstnn all vexelation; ami the cost would 1... • •

Ihrir application impracicahle "'''"'"'' "^ '" "'■''^'■

The following methods were found of value-

in infested spots ' "' '""^""'"' ''""«'' "'''^•''■' "•"!" Imr.ls

... the ilSr:;:t'l';;i'': ''^^ ;-'^ ^''^^^'' -- "^ '--->

iransformed puna- which d , "'*'" ""'"'"^^" "^ ""^ "-^"Iv

'ie.royed.'ri;tt;^.;'i:si::^:ire/s^f'is---

-hey appea'r'a adult ,eZ' u'i"' 7 "^ ^"'l' °' "'''"'^ •"^'-'^
-ansformin. ,„,o pu, e i "fal h 1 7hev I "'' "'""'^'"^ ""^ '
.urhance of anv kind When the worl ' ""' ''■""'"" '" '""

.specially in spots on Z^l^:^:^:^^ '" '""f """'

^.™;n^r ::r:lr;^;^:SitS'? "^""' "r •"

I' is frequently observed ,.,, '^ '''""' '''"'"^ f"""'' very effective.

». «»vj:;'xi^:r~s "= rr ■%':''"'

crops in the folloivini; season in «i,it,. nf ,u„ , ■
^^-ui' Bull. 3,5, Cornell; Bull. 44, HI." Agr! Exp. Ll )' "'"^'""■■^-

Ji'l^ ^'.

300

KCdNOMic i;nto.vi()1,(j(;y
BUPRESTIDiE (METALLIC WOOD BORERS)

I'pimtTji

Ctiiiiiiu'ii OriuTj (altiT Hlatrlilc.\ I :

.\. Hind tcixal pUiU's dilattil niMr b;v-e.

li. Prosternal sjiine obtusely anKulatid b.hind Ihi'
mctalhorax triangular, uninM-rrd-
C, Mentum cntiri-l.\- horn-liko, c'lytra without yellow markings.
DicrrC'i.
CC. Mentum mcmbranou- in front; dylra usually marked ydlow.

Huprisli^.
nil Prosternal spine aeutely anRulaled behind llie n.Na-: epimera .1
mitatlu.rax parllv covered by abdomen. C;lypcus eonlra. led, se ul.
lum large, first joint of hind tarsi elouRate. -fAryjodiX/ir;,!.
\ \, llinil coxal plates scarcely dilateil near base.

«. llin.l tarsi %vith first j.iint as lonK as the three follonins, anlen.,..
free; tliora.\ truncate at base; clypeus not narrowe<l. - .Isn/iiv.

Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer (Chrysobolhris fcnwrata Fab.).- (Con

suit Bull. 4.17, t". S. Dep. .\gric.)

This liorer attacks shad,
and forest trees as well ;i-
orchard trees, and is of comnn n
occurrence. It attacks un-
healthy trees by preferentc
(Fig. 197).

Adult.— .\ dark flatteni-!

inetallic brown buprcstid beci!c.

^2 inch long; wing-covers p;ir-

allel, thin, tapering to a p"i:ii

Fig. ,„7.-FIat-hea,ied ap„le-iree borer behind, Under Surface greeni-h-

(t/irvsoftoi/iris/fmoraru): o. larva; /^. beetle; }j]y^| under surface of bodv
J, pupa. (Aft,rCHi,U.de«.U.S.li.rr.„,, ^^pp^.^j..,,^„„^^. j„„,.

£jgs —Yellowish, ribbed, ',-,o inch long; deposited in crevice- .:
the bark, often several together.

/.ari'ii.— Light yellow, i inch long when full grown; thorax lir^.u;
and flattened; abdomen flattened and often curved. Head small ;k
concealed by thorax; tunnels formed immeiliately under the b.rk
sometimes girdling the trees. Matures in a year and winters as a nil
grown larva.

yw/ia.— Yellowish; duration aliout ,5 weeks, in spring.

ParasiVej.— Certain braconids, :cnneumonids and chalcids.

Cr.ASS,KICAnoN- AXD DESCRIPnOX or COMMON- .NSKCTS ,o,

r„«W.-Ai.|,licati„„ of alkalin,. washes, „f soan w-ishln,, ■ i ,
crude- carbolic aciil i„ Mav .,„,| r,,,,, ■ • "'i-h'nK scnla and

Wi^r"^"' «"'='^''«"y Borer (.!,.//,„ ,„„■,„„;, ,..,,, ,

...c ._,-.,.. )„,nch long. June-Julv Native > ■•^". "".Icr

A«J.-.— Laid i„ July on %-oun« canes

xsxti'r™ - -* - '" '•'-"■ """""

/'/-/"'.--Korme.l in May t.ronn lar^a in the Inirrow.

-al at tip; hind angles'of ^h,lax ca^^e l^aSi,::"' kL^^*^"'^"'
lioies semicircular. -"a>junc. KmerKence-

^m- -Laid in crevices of the hark. Hatch in June

-K:;.:;w:t^te;s^^^^^^^^

CWr ,/ R ' ^ "*''• '•"'""'"'' '" "P "f abdomen,

^.rwh™ the t,,, dies usually most o? the tree i, a^ , '^ ''''''"'■"■

'• ^tt^'T^^' S:: """■;"": ^-'-'-mctive

^.^^. and the ,rub. 1^ ^ b "^ ^^^^ ;: :,^ ^r "« 7 '^"^
"I'c-n girdling the tree. '^ Rrowing layer,

■»A,;

SCARAB^IDiE (SCARABiEIDS'

'» ■• "'" '-""'i-idlins ■ind Skin Bnlhs.

302

KCONOMIC ENTOMOLOUV

L'.l.

nht

; uppiT ^urfiiic of licii

AA. Al)(li)minal spiniilos n.il situated
rari'ly ililaUd. Luif-iluifrrs.
Common Ei omimic Gimrn oj /.nij-rhiilrn faftcr Ulatchlcy);

A. Ahdominal s|)ira(ks in part situati-d iin superior p..-tion of ventral siKment..
till' rows of spiratk-s fet'l)Iy divt'r«inK.
H. Korm sk^ndcr, elonRatcd; dull yi-llow; dytra dinsdy .ovtTvd with
scales. — Matrodattylits.
HIi. Form robust, heavy; brownish; six \eiitral seRments.

C. Small, ventral sejsmenis free; elytra with regular indislind
grooves on disk. —Strii'l.
C'C. Medium sized, ventral segments connate; elytrol disk withoui
grooves.- y'/iy//i)/i/iusa = /.111 /irl«v/cr«j.
A.\. .Vbdominal spiracles (exceptinR the three front ones) situated on dorsal
portion of ventral segments, formint; two rows which diierge strongly.
H. Tarsal claws unequal in si/.c.

(;. Klytra with membranous margin; antenna' g-jointed.—^inoiMii
C'C. r.lytra without membranous margin; antennie lo-jointed.
I). i;iytra with black spots. -Pdidnota.
1)1). Klytra without spots.— C'r'lii//'ii.
HII. Tarsal claws equal in size.

C. I-ront co.xie transverse; body above convex.

I). Head and thorax unarmed in both sexes; mandibles narroii
brownish yellow. -Cydoirpfhilo.
1)1). Head or thorax (or both) armed in bolh sexes; mandibh •
toothed on outer side; dypeus bidentate; dark reddi-!:
brown. - Ligyrus.
CC. Front coxx conical, prominent; body not convex; antenna; i.;
jointed.
I). Side-pieces of mesothorax visible from above; sides of elj Ir.i
more or less sinuate; thora.x triangular; never uniform blai 1
— Euphoria.
1)1). Side-pieces of mesothorax not visible from above; sides ■ l
elytra not sinuate; hind coxa' contiguous.
E. Hody almost glabrous; size large; color uniform.

05WI0l/lT?M(I.

Eli. Hody pubescent; size smaller; color variegated; thiir n
rounded at base.— rriV/i/iis.

White Grubs {Lachtwslmta = l'ltyllophaga, spp.).— White grubs ;i c
tlie larva^ of May or June beetles, the majority belonging to the gei ;-
Pliyllophaga or Lailmustcnia. The following species: L. ftisca, Kn-
L. anxia, L. caUcata rugosa Melsh, L.jiUilis (gibbosa),l..Jenida (arciM
Smith, L. implidlii Horn, L. Iiirlkula, L. jrakrna Harr., L. Iri ■>
Fab., 'and L. ilUai l<.noch are perhaps the most abundant (Fi s.
igS'and 199).

cLAss.ncAT„« AXD DnsCR.PT.ox OP rouMox .xsrrrs

larva. (,l//,r /.■„,/,„,)

,504

ECONOMIC KNTOMOI.00Y

Adiills. Rohusl, pale rcdilish, or ydldwish-bnjwii tci iiin-cius lariu
licorn l)ceUes, with lonn dense hairs on the slernum; aliout -'.i inch Ion.
On cmerKinK fri>m the ground they lly alwut at night in search of foo'i.
pair in the trees and retreat again to the earth liy day and remain l;
hiding. Food plants various.

Eggs. — Oblong-oval, pearly white, translucent; about '» inch 1o)il',
deposited singlv from i to 8 inches below the surface of the soil within
oval cavities in the centre of balls of earth. Hatch in about 2 week-.
Lame. — Large, soft, white grubs with brownish heads; hindir
portion of body thick and smooth; ventral surface of anal segment wiii
a triangular i)atch of brownish hooked hairs and with a median doulil.
row of coarse hairs; anal slit in the form of an obtuse angle.
Pupa. — Whitish, bodies in oval cells.

Lifc-hisliiry.—Thii eggs are laid in May and June; the grubs li.
throughout the ne.\l two seasons an<l in June or July of the third \ 1 r
they change to pupa\ Two or three weeks later they change to a^'i ^
beetles but remain in their pupal cells until the following spring. I:
other words, larvie hatched in June, 191,5 change to pupa> in July, mi ;
and the beetles emerge in May and June. iqi6. During the winter i!u
grubs descend for protection. The life-cycle of /,. tristis is 2 yc;!r-
longer for all forms in the North than in the South. Not known 1
breed in manure.

t'ott/rn/.— Fall plowing; utilizing hogs and poultry; rotation <■:
crops; collecting the grubs and beetles; spraying trees upon wliut
beetles feed (see Part IV).

Of related genera Ligyrus gihhosits, L. rcllcliis, Cyclocei/lmla imi«:^ :<■■
lata, .llhrhina nilida. and Euphoria have a i-year life-cycle, wlm
Colalpa lanigcra and Polyphylla require 4 or 5 \ears. (ViM/n
lanigera is in some districts destructive to raspberry, strawberry, "r:
and grass.

Natural F.nemics. Pyrgota untlala, Tiphia, ,\silids, carabids; 1 ■'■•••■■
and blackbirds; annelids; skunks, i'ordytcpi.

Biological facts of importance have been obtained in recent i;i"
(see Bull, no, 186, 187, 111. .\gr. Exp. Station, and Farmers' Bull u:
U. S. Dept. .\gric.) reganling the habits of White Grubs. Thesi nu;
be summarized as follows :

L. Irhlis und L Uirilit have a life-cycle of 2 years, bii niJ'
L years.

(.j) Some ^ppcies.

■ f.i

'■'--.Pn-..r,.,. ..„ „,sc„p.„,„ ,„ ,,„„,„^ ,^^^^,.,^^

fo.S

"^ir^-rr^^^^ —

^"'""^ 'n IlK. f;r„un,l. ■ '■">"-' '"""'"■'■- "f II"- Iv.i.l.r |,„|,,o an.l

f«) As Krulis arc small llic ilr,| ,,,,r ■,„ I I
-' -"^...l«,l.s,.,vs l.r«. „„„„„;;■'" ■""' '""■ "■■■ -'""•' >.-. Pl""i.,. „, ,„

' «imc«rul,sarcm,,s,al,u„,l.,,,i,,,h,.,,™l, ,„ , ,,

,, ' , '"■ ;"'■" I'-lcs prcVr ,„ |a>- ,|„.ir ' ' '"■^■^■

''"■'"•*!• ' -" '''"•■■' ■""' '"'<'. 151 n„.a,l,,„. ,n,,,.

'i'-- narrower ,h.„ wi ^ ;,^"'';;"7" "" ' ,"""^ """^--^
i«^!'rr.- -Resemble whl^ N'Hlurnal; July Septemher,

'-">• scales :: ^i:;r r^x:' '\ "-"■ r'"'^" "-"■ -•••

'■'^■■. mature in fall. ' ' '"^>"'« »""'l ■"' ^'Pplc. . Iu•rr^ ,

l'lack;hibernales '*■ '" '""'>■ '''^"^^l< =""1 h^urv; le,s

W:5:;;i:,r;::'';;^- ''-;;". ve...able .aner.
^I'-rt; spiracles prominent , t ""^"' ■^•■""'"'l^-'^ and le;;s

-^'nen/; anal s i T~ '' ' 'i ','f'"- "" ''^"'^ -'-'^ ''- >l-uc?c
«■-' or decaving vSabl"' " '"""""""" ^ "^ ''-">■ n- nuten

"'•■ni^, ro;es, etc st oi n.. ^"m ^ '""'"""' '"»'""-■ I"-'-,

WttA.— AlonK-legKodvellowish-brounbee.I,. 1 ■ 1 ,
™ .I'^l' '-'-; '^K^ spiny and Ion , 5' ;! :;'; "'«■ ^-,7"

■""^ior,,--,„.eeUs. Toxic to chickens andSlJr '"'"' J"'>-

JSBWi

l,0(l

I-riiN(iMII' F.NTOMiiI.iiCY

the surface of the Kriniiul; tiatili in .' ,) week^.

/.iirfiJ. -VeHowish-white with a |>iile liriiwn heail; ;' t imh loni;
when full urown; white-f{rul) like; mulures in autumn ami hihernalc
in the ground, l''eeils on the roots of grasses in sanily areas.

/'h/iu.— Pupal stage entered in spring ami lasts for 10 ,;o day-
i'_i inch long, yellowish brown.

Control -Siiray trees with arsenate of lead sweetened with molasse-

CHRYSOMELIDiE iLEAF BEETLES)

, (.VniTii (iifler I.eomlc ami Horni

.\. Hi

;iil pri'dinfil; tluir:i\ luirn

IT lluin

■lylra; nuiiidihU'^ >inilile, puinlc.l.

lOiortTinil.

i). 'I'lliirax i>liiiilri. ..1, iicl r, .nitric
1)H. Th..ra\ n.n~lri. tc.l. L.ni.i.
.\\, lleail in-rrtcl in llii- tlinras l.i llu
mandilpks with M-\Lral ti-tili.

Ilie chir

H. I.a>t ,i..r;.al ;
(.', .\iilenr

irlll 111 aliiliinirll lint i\|li

!). fniiil i"\;i' tt
1)1). I'riint ii>\,e
(tllininlpiili).
una' ratlicr cii

!.■ pli)ti>!<ir\a (Ctuysomdini).

tarsal jni

It i>i-k,i«'.i. -/■■;./

fC. .\nl

at U:

1). Ilinil IIiIkIis r-loniliT an
(.(lalcriR-ini).

■; [runt r.ixa' ainiVal,

.1 (runt iii\al tavitifs <i|>on Ijchinrl

!■:. .\11 the libii" willioul terminal spurs. —Gui'iTncrHa.
V.V.. .Mi.lille ami himl tiliiie witli terminal spurs.— W/nftrrii
1)1). Iliml tliislis thickened, -(Halticini).
v.. I'Viint eoxal cavities iipen hehiml.

I-'. Th.)

ivith a leeUe transverse impres

hasal hall; liin.t libi:e uitli a shurt terminal -I

fi'. Thorav uitlnait a Iran-vcr-e impression near

G. First join

it of liind tarsus short anil r.i

broad; claws al>pemliculate. — Di.<o/iy<lid
(;(;. first joint ol' hind t;irsus long and sler
claws simple; elytra usually will" a ye

stripe or .spot.s

-I'll- :ioiretil.

I.i;. front CDxal cavities closed behind.

V. .\ntenn,-e n-jointed; claws appcndiculate,
G. Thorax with a distinct transverse impn
near base,
H. Klvtra without hairs.- -Crcpidndc

Mw mm^

fl.AHSIFlCATIO.S-

A.NU DESCRIPTION OF COMMON- INSECTS

.i°7

""• ">"■'■ "ilh f"»s „t Miir hairs -
J'-pUrix.

r.c. Tu^ „i„ ,^^_^^^.^^^_^

mar base; .Ijiral ,,u,„,ur« amfus.,!.--
'■'■■ Anu.„„,e ,o-joi„,e,l; hind tar^i ;„,„,,,, „„ ,^^

•" -^'luash, melon an,l cucumlM r n"' "'""■'■' '"-'''• ''^'^'^uctive

-.1 larval stages, ul ,,^ "'',""' ^ '" ""'-^' ^'"'"«' ''""' '" -''">t

- -•■>... ~bln„t.,i .urun.lKT 1,001

up,,, rf. okk; ,, ,ouli.turo „f sa„u.-

-■l.l>- ma«,„„o,l. (.l/,,rc/„V„.„j,„,;

■ ill 111 I.

:"'.t:;i'-,.^;^-^-:--:„,t^j;.:

-"=^ "f each ^^^''^Sitlli-^' t'" ^ '''"^'^ ^'^'"^ ""-»
HiLernates. ' ''''"'^' ""'''■•'• '^"''f'-'"- mostly Wack

-*s;^:*t;; -;:;;--;-«-« o.,,..,

"> uures in about a month ' *^ °" "' '" "'^ ^"t^. »"'l

"" I- :iS-:,f^tt " '"" '"""-'^ " '■''''■ '■'"^ -'""^ hibernate
"'■sh, etc., but appear aga.n in April or May. They attack

,,oS

KCoNdMIC F.NTOMoI.iir.Y

(luurliils wlii'D si't out i>r a|)in'ar almvi' uroiin.l an.l lalcr (lc|i"sil i't,T^ "'
llR'sciil (ir u|)ciii ihephiTils. ik-t-llisdf IIk'm-iuihI linniil appi^ar in July
Conlrot. Spray llic wirly ami laic lnrlKs will arsi-naU' <ii Uail :i-
■.ummcr liccUfS do mil fal mutli. Keep vines well ccivered witli
Hcirdeaux; use tra|) squashes; place cheese-cloth screens over phint>,
ilust plants fre(|uenlly with lime, ashes, tohacco dust, etc., to whit h ;i
little turpentine or crude carliolic acid has Ijeen added.

Twelve-spotted Cucumber Beetle {Dinhroliitt diimhiem-puiKlnt^i
Oliv,). This beetle is a pest of cucurbits and vegetable crojis in lli.
north and of corn in the south where it is known as the Southern Corn
root Worm, Hudworm or Drill Worm. There are two broods in tlir
north and probably more in the south.

Adiill. One-fourth inch lon^. bright t;reeri markeil with twcK.
blaiksiiots; practically omnivorous; hibernates; .May July; October
November (Ky.).

E^f,s. Dull yellow, ocal, i .;ii inch long; laid sint;ly just beneath tin
surface of the soil; .April June; hatch in 7 10 days.

/.urM.-- Slender, thread-like, delicate and soft bodied; yellowisl
white; matures in about a month. Injures the roots, crown an 1
Rrowint; bud i>f the younn stem. Hreeils chielly in grasses and corn an'
on weeds.

/■h/iii. — Formed in the soil; duration aljout a week.
Western Com-root Worm {D. loiigicornis Say) is a corn pest in li"
northern .Mississippi valley. The eggs of this species are oval ai.i
dirty white; they are laid in the fall just beneath the surface of the soil
winter over and hatch the followinK s])ring after the corn begins i.
grow. The larva- feed on the roots and often kill the plant; they re;i. ''\
maturity by .\ugust 1st, and pupate. The greenish-yellow adults enui :.
in the autumn, and may be found feeding upon pollen and silk ol 1 i'
corn plants; also on clover, beans, •.ucumber, thir-tle, golden r !
sunflower, etc.

Colorado Potato Beetle (I.cplinolarsn deccm-Umala Say).— The n -:
serious insect pesl of potatoes. .\ native feeder on wild Solanum- in
Colorado, migrating eastward, reaching the .\tlanlic in 1874. Koi ui
nearly everywhere the potato is grown in L'nited States and Cana^ :

Adull. .\n oval, con\e.\, robust ochre-yellow beetle with ten b! if
longitudinal lines on wing covers and about 14 siwts on thora.x; ' 1 ' ,
inch long; hibernates.

"r,i

oviil irll

/•-',W. Orange, oval, lairl i,, clnm.Tv ,,f ,,

sjr^sr,-:- ---;::;»

"-:S'*»";u»z,:™rvr:^

.i'lull> aiipcariiiK in (ulv an.l ih,. f-,ll .„i i, . ' ' ""^ ■■^"mmiT

-•«- an,, ,, „s :^ acun ! va ,; : ^n " " M "r''""'"« '"

(■»«/„./.- Sprav with ar.c.ni,-,! 'li'vWupnunt.

/■■/,.«,/, , ,/// ! '"^''""•'' - ' ^'•"^ Kreen „r arsenate „f lea,!

i;rnsl,cak. "'"'• ''"'y-birds; the crow an,l

Red Turnip Beetle (l-,„omo,celh ,„lo„i,,is Fal, ) \n i„' ■
I'-' "f turn.p, cahl,aKe an-1 radish in the I V i i n ^""""

I" ■ ' e. July an,l August ,o Oc„„,er an,, X,,;. Vlle, """ ""''""

^^^^A^..- BrlKht .,1. ,ai„ l.neath d,.„. of eanh, where they pass the

,.i:""-^'"'--"^ sU.„-shape„; ,„ac.; ,, inch lo„« when full

S;;:'',::;::::;:: ■'" '"^'' '»'"-^--'-e ,.f the ,.oun,i.

Eta Leaf Beetle (Gakrua-IU, UUeoU, Mullerj..- (Consult F..!,'
Insects AffoctinK Park an,, \Voo,llan,l Trees-, In.VT , .
K'.r,>pc into Lniie.i Stales al„.ut ..S. , lntro,kue,l from

-vi especially in the H.ls^n V , 'v^a; n^T; ""' '" ^?"' '"'^'^""'
Th,. ,,i„i..- ... :.. , . \'""->. Ms not >et ajipearccl in Canada.

-kdel.

■regular circular holes in the 1,

leave.-

■nize the under surfaces. Tw,> l,roo>,s.
i./rtft.~One-fourlh inch Ion"- !ieT,l il„r,v i ■

; median black hne of

and the ^rulis
IK margin reddish-

.vmg-covers separated from lateral black

.^•o

i;c iimiMK: knthMiii ikA'

stripc> l.v KriTniHh-vi'll..w "r whilr al the l,ii-.r; and .L.TiviaU'd l>la. k >|u.l
in each winn-roviT. Kyi-s and nu-dian s|)ot „n head . oal Wa.k , a dorsal
and Iw.i lateral Mark spots <m thorax. Antenna- n>Mvn yellow with
brownish markings; le^s yellowish with lihix an.l tarsi marke.l with
l.rown Vn<ler snrface ..f head and prothorax yellowish, that of meta
thorax and ahd.mien 1,1a. k. Hihernates under rul,hi-h and in sheller-
ICggi. OranKe vellow, fusiform, atta.hed l.y larger end; laid ip
irrenular rows in clusters on under surface o( Uaf in June; se.ond l.rood

in Julv; hatch in s '' ''•■»>''■

lana When full i;rown I j inih lonw, somewhat llaltene.l, slniied
(lorsally and laterally with yellow stripes; tuherdes prominent; under
surface yellowish. Ulack dominates in youm; stages. Duration 15

20 davs.

/'»/>,!.— Hri^ht oranne yellow, ' .-, inch Iouk; dorsil .urface very con
vex. Duration 7 .'4 days according to tem|ierature.

C'»H/rrt/. -Spray when leaves are fully unfolded, and i wc. k
later with arsenate of lead (.5 U). to 40 or 50 nal. water).

Western WUlow Leaf Beetle {CnihrmeUa deana Say). .\ seriou-
pest of willows and poplars in some of the prairie (irovinees and stale-
Breeds chiefly in willows.

.li/«//.— Small, dark yellowish or brownish, rather llat; ■'ic, mcl;
long. Hibernates. May June.

Eggs. -Laid on the leaves of willow and po|ilar.

/,an>a.-Both larva and adult feed on the leaves.

CoM/rn/.— Sprav the grulis with arsenical and lime. When adiili-
occur in large numbers kee). them from the most valuable trees with
smudges of damp manure, etc., and spray with lead arsenate (4 11). i"
50 gal. of water).

The following four Chrysomelids also are injurious to willows ail
cottonwoods in the northern prairie secticms:

Cherry Leaf Beetle {GakrmdUt cavicollis I.ec.) did consiilerable r ■
jury in 1915 to cherry and peach trees in New York, Pcnnsylvam;!
ami West Virginia. The adults attack the leaves.

Streaked Cottonwood Leaf Beetle (Una scripta lab.) having d II
reddish or greenish-yellow elytra with elongate black spotS; and si. . -
of thorax vellow and disk dark metallic green.

Unspotted Aspen Leaf Beetle {Una Ircmulct l"al).) with dull yeli v
elytra without spot-*, an<l thorax green.

■K^Tff?

Interrupted Cottonwood Leaf Beetle , /./„„ ,„/ ^,, ,„,, , ,,„, |,„

iMriil-.

Fru. Tee Leaf Syneta ^^>„/„ „//,,,,/„ ,,,, , ^ ^,„,,,|, ,

'■'l"w„-wl„U.l,.all,..., I,, I,, „.,,,.,„,.; „..,i,„„i„i„n,.u,„. u,

lr.T-i",lu..|,r„„. i„ liriti,h(uluml,M;,n.|(.r, „

I'M, jiii Til,; ciM,,i. r.i.ii norm i/,,//,, :,„,,,/„, „ ,„. ,, ,
.■ undcT l,,l.l ,,, l,,rk uTicl .nu, h ,.,ilu™.l .t ,1 , ' ' '"'■" "■""'■''

Grape Root Woma ,7/,//,, „7„/,/„ W,m„. a .uuivc Anurican
"i^ect, and widclv ilistrihuU'd (Ki.. -o,)

I, ,i;':';f ;, -^ "?" 'rr"':'* '"^"^^' • "" '' '""^- '— ' -i- « imi>i>

" , bu.l> >tout and 1.KS I..n,; Jun. July; ca.ing h,,!., i„ „„ ,,,,,.

/^«..-\yhitish-ycllovv, cyli„dri,al. > ,, n,. I. !„„,; laid i„ „,ass.s „f
- +0 liencalli old bark; hatcli in ., i j d;n .

/-<i™. -Voung grul, feeds „n rouN an.'l Ur„„,c. luarlv f„l| „

^'laDILiitQ^"-

.»"J

K( ciMPMll lAlilMnI.dC.V

l,y (all. WiiiliTs cl«-|ur in Ihf s.iil, l.ul ri'suiiu's iiTilinn in llu' >|.rin^:
ImiII uniwn iiruli ', inch \iin\t, whili^h.

/'„/>„. Kornu'cl in .m .arlluM, ..11 -• ( inctu■^ li.-l<.w Mirfa.i', ' , in.b
Ichk; whilish; lu'a.l, th.irax. and li|. .'f alxlnmin pinki.h an.l spiny.
l)urali.>n ali.)Ul J weeks in Jimo.

Coiilr,,!. Spray wiili ar^Mial.' ..t l.'ail ami m..lassfs in lal.' J.in.
anil early July, -lir llu- mpiI in Jiuu'.

.1.111,11. .Ml oul.irKva. l.l//.r <;ii».ii.i.'«.)

Asparagus Beetles. Tlu Uvo species of .\s|.araKus Beetles liav.
come frnm K urope. Thev injure the tender shoots in the early season,
rendering them unlit lor market, anil later they eat the leaves of llic
tall seeillin»;s.

Steel-blue Asparagus Beetle (Crioceris asl>aii »'

A small lieelle i, inch lonj;, hlue-lilack . thorax
yellow anil black with oraime margin. Feeils on the Inli;. ,,

/•;,!;«.!.- Dark brown, oval; ' m inch long; laid on end on the bu,!>
ami stems of leaves in a row in early spring; hatch in 3-8 da^-

(Fig. 202).

/.umi. Hea.l and legs black ; body dark grey or olive; I ,.J inch Ion.',
soft, tleshv, and wrinkled; matures in 10 I4days. Feedson the foliaL-

Piitm. -Vellowish in a rounded earth-covered cocoon in the groui I
just beneath the surface; bi'etle emerges in ab.mt a week.

I',iriisil,s. elf. -}fi'xillit imuuliila. lliplmiUimia amirrgviis, Pinli :•
sp., and Tilnulidnis aspurasi Cwfd, a chalcid.

msmrarm^

wwjrmin-ir"

<I.\SS,FI,A110N VM. l..:s.R„.n„V OK .„M„„N ,x^k. l^ <

Twelve-spotted Asparagus Beetle. (>/,„,n, ■.../.,„„/„/„. u„li
Uu.Ks „run«i:-r..l will, ,, |,la. k s,„„., 1^,,,!, „„ „„. („,|.,^,^.

l.aiil sillily ()ti siilc

mc)>lly lu-ar ilic cn.K ,,f ,,|,|
li.-.i.l lir.,wrii>h aiiil l„i,K v.-ll,iwi,|i.

niot-- of >iraw-

■hiKils.

I.iin.i. ■rhri-c-u-rilli iiuli Imi
I'n'iU within the Krowinn liirr\ .
I'lipii. -As in C. ,ii[iar,ni.

Control. -Allmv >hi.krns ,!,.■ run of ,1k. pahh; kir,, all a-naraRus
. ul .l„wn .•xcq.t ihe markHaMe sh,„„s an,l . u. ,!»■... .v.tv .lav, ,r .«.,
. Uv M,me sho..ts ,.. ,r,.«: as traps an,! spray th.s. with ar^tna... ..i
I .i-l, -lust a,r-sla.kc.,l l,me -ncr th. plants «hil.. thcv are w.t with
.l.w; heat .,r l.rush the larva. fr„m ,1,.. plan,, ,„ .he hare ,n,un,l
where many will ,lie.

Strawberry Root Borer i / y/,„/,/„,n,,v ,,„„.//„, Kahj \,i„lt
N„all ■ , ineh l,.,„; hku k ,„ re,l,lish.yell„w: hia. k sp„ts „n winK-cvJrs.
\UKUst. Hihernales un,ler mulch. One hr,.,),l a year.

/■.\%'.v. ^Lai.i in spring (.May June- „n „r near I'hJ surface of the
.'r,iun,l.

I.ono. Full Kr,)wn In Ji,l\ \uj.u>i; fi.;-,!
i'erry.

/'»/><(. Forme,! in a >mal! snio,>lli-line,| earthen cell
Other .Strawl,erry Ko,.t liorers are (,>„/>/,„;>,, /,„A,,,,,„ m,|, ,,
■nelalhe eo|,per-r,.lore,! Chrysomeli,!, an,! ( W„.v/./,> hrunuea F'.!.

C,-H/r„/.--A<!,.pt short rotati,.,.; apply lea.l arsenate (4 „ 11, in
IJO gal. water) t,i the leaves when heetles appc.ar

Bean Leaf Beetle iC.roloma lrif„r,„la F,.rs,.i. An injurious hean
pest m the Kastern .Mi,l,!le an,! Southern States. The heetleseat large
holes in the growing leaves, an,! the grulis fee,! ,.n the n.ots and main
-tern just helow the surface of the groun,!. One hroo,! in the Nortli hut
more m the South.

■ Ui,lt.~.\ small yellowish-re,! heetle marke,! with l,Iack- 1, inch
!""g; sluggish; hihernates.

/^.irp. Orange-c„lore,l; lai,! in du-ters of „ ,, „,ar the luan
I'l.mt just helow the surface; hatch in 5 S ,!avs.

Una. Thrc.e-tenth inch long, cyiin,lrical, milk-white; hea,l .in,l
m il segment dark. Full grown in (> 7 weeks,
I'upa. White, ,!uration 5 X days.
Control.— Li;m\ arsenate spray.

mr'^--yrTW

314

IXONOMIC KNTOMOLOCY

(Consult Hulls. 19 anil ,(,i.

Flea Beetles

U. S. Dcpt. Afir., Div.
I)iv. Knt., Can.)

I'"nt.; 31 1 Maine; Circ.

Flea Beetles are minute l>ectles belonging to several genera of the
Chrysomeli<la; familv. They are leaf-feeding insects, and are char-
acterized by the large femora of the hind legs, which enable them
to leap like lleas.

The following species are the most injurious to cultivate.l plant:
Potato Flea Beetle (Epilrix cucumcm
Harris). -The adult often injures the leaver
of potato, tomato, cucumber, etc. (Fig. 2o^i.
AdM.'-.S. shining black minute beetle,
1(5 inch long; antenna- and legs re<l(lisli
yellow; hind femora pilch black; thora\
sparsely punctate; covered with short fuscoii-
hairs; emerges in .Xjiril and May; again from
July- September.

Errs. Laid on roots of food plant in June
and July.

Larva.'- \ slender whitish grub feedini;
on the tubers and roots, sometimes causiiii;
pimply potatoes; 3 weeks.

Pupa.— In small cells about the roots.
Life-history.- -.\duU beetles hibernate under rubbish, emerge in
spring to lay eggs and to attack the leaves. Probably two or more

broods. ■ 1. T)

Control.— Keep leaves covered with Bordeaux; dust with Ian-
green and land plaster (1-20) in early morning.

The Western Potato Flea Beetle (E. suhcrimta) is quite injuriou-

Tumip Flea Beetle (Phyllolreta villata Fab.).— Also called ihe
"Turnip Fly," frequently injurious to the seed-leaves of turnips arel
radish in June. Two or three broods a season (Fig. 204).

Irfii//.— .\n active shining black beetle, ' in inch long; each wiikj-
cover with a wavy yellow stripe; femora black ;tibi;e and tarsi brown i-h
yellow; fifth joint of antenna' broadened.

Larva.- -.\ slender while grub, 's inch long, feeding on the root ei
cruciferous plants.

Fig. 203. — Potato fle;i
beetle; line at side imlicali'S
natural size. (After CftU-
tenden. Bui. 19. N. S. Uiv.
of Enl.. U. S. Depl. of
Agric.)

!!'.

l:i:

CLASS,F„AT„.N AND DKSCRn.,„,N- .,K ,„.MMoN ,NSK( TS ,,,5

Conlrol.-Dusl the plants with a mixture of . \h Po ■
lb. land plaster on first appearance of 'fl'' '' '^'"' *^"^" '■""' ^°

l>ee?r.TTn'?h*io?" wrt-er*'''* "'^-^ ^-'')-^" -a-
Zr ''; "^r"'" ''^ '"'^^^-^^'"^•> -" ^^-^ adultT eton Se 1 a ™

.oo^;^sif^:e?t::e^£:;r's-^:;;^"^^^^

Pl«. 204.-Turnip flea bcclk-.
EnlarKed 12 times. (,!/,„ k,,,^,
f. A-. £)«/.(. Agric.)

Fl<;, 2os.-Horsc-radish flea beelle.
tnlarKcd 9 times. (.I/,.., Chitlcaden.)

toward the front; lutuS oi Cax th'a^ v""'r'"%""""'"^

'""sit* :, r " °^ ^•''-^ --' fo- trha- n: ier ^^^'"^"'

Smartweed Flea Beetle (.Sv,v/,.„« /,„^,„„,-,„ ,.,,"?■
=-ls on leaves of sugar beets, young apple and pear iree^ ^^'^

5i6 EroNOMU: ENTOMOLOGY

.Wk;/.— Bluish-bUtk, ' ,-; inch long. Natural hosts are smarlwcc
and dock.

Eggs. — Laid in autumn.

Pale-striped Flea Beetle (Syslcna hlnmla Mcls.).- This Flea hcTll.
attacks a large number of vegetable crops in June- July.

Grapevine Flea Beetle {Uallica cluilybea 111.).- (Consult Bull. 157
Cornell .\g. Exp. Stn., i«qH. ) The early adults injure the buds of grapt

Fk. jo6— The grapevine flea beetlu {Hallka chalyhea): a. ailvilt ticelle;
beetles and larvx on fnliaKe — natvir.al size; d. beetle feedint;

larva or Rrub; (. ueeiita u.i^^ .«..«," ""~ „ ,.

bud; f. diseased beetles. (A/I.v Marlall. U. S. Bur. hot.)

and Virginia creeper while the larva; and late adults riddle the lea\ v-,
A native insect (Fig. 206).

.l(f»//.--A polished steel-blue, or sometimes purplish, flea beetle, ',
inch long; antennae and legs brownish black or piceous; thorax distin. : !-
wider at base. Hibernates.

TTggs.— Orange-colored, long-oval; laid in crevices of the bark i. :ir
base of buds, or on the leaves. One-thirtieth inch long.

/.<jrM.— Lightish-brown, -'k, inch long; head and thoracic si i i
black; 6-8 shining black dots on each segment, a brown hair on each 'l;

CLASSIFrCATION- AXO DESCRrPTrox or COMMON- ,s-s,.„ ,r7
an elonRak- m'Mk dot ori l);uk- Iw^ l,l,..i..

/-"A'. Dark yellow, in u s„,o„,h oval cull i„ ,|,, .-round

»..'Si;riSs-=- --;-£;£».

Control. -Snrav eark- on ,h "' ' ' ^'■'■'' " '"" ""'' '"■"'"'•

with arsenate Tw:^-^^^ T^'T " "" ''"'"'^^ '" •^>'^''

Hibe^le:^ -all beetle, -,: inch Ion,, ,reen, copper-colored o,- ,,U,e.

/i«J. -Laid on leaves of Evening Primrose.
_^^^ W^Leed on leaves a,„. pods of ,,ve„i„« Prin^rose and allied

/'»/!«■.— Formed in the ground

One brood in the North, but more in the South,

i^h -r^rtfretarif ^''■''"'"'' r"" •■^""•^ ---'- '-- "--

-Hi has Len reported a ''''"■ '^" ' '"'" '" """' '""' "' "'"""■
trihuted beftl in Euronf n ';^^"'''*^<' '»-/'M Linn.).- A widely dis-

i>. adiacen\ oTha^Zr^:::^;!";:: i^.rL:'' '"^" '^ ''' ^'-^ '--■

Spmach Flea Beetle (Dhonycha xanlhomelccna Dalm ) - Tni,,.'
•" ^usar beets, spinach and lamb's ,,uarters (Fi, .0,)

Put,a 7^1 .''"""" '" -f"™ -J"l>- »"-' September -October

£aM ^tareivi":""''*'^"^'-^^
m ..nnrm„ u <""/'"" *"«<;;-i'<H<;/<, .Sa\-) occurs neriodicallv

3i8

KCONOMIC ENTOMOIOCY

Mangel Flea Beetle {J'svlliodes pundulata Mtls.). -I'ceils on ih.
leaves ol mangels, l.ects, rhubarb, hops, radish, etc. Probably Iwn
broods in a season.

.lJ«/(.-Shiny black or dark brassy-green, upper surface finel>
punclulated or pitted in regular rows; ,1 ,'„ inch long; femora, tarM
basal joints of antenna; pale obscure yellowish; hibernates.

Eggs. — Minute, oval, yellow.

Fig. 207.--Spinach flea beetle: a. a.lult beetle; b. egg mas,,; M. seulpture ..
egg '? full grown grub; d. pupa; e. newly hatehed grub, /. abdommal scsmrnt ..
same » r rf 5 times natural !i.e; b. e. more enlarged; bb. J. more enlarged. (,1V-
ChiUmden. Ii,.l. IQ. N. S. Div. of Enl.. U. S. D,pt. of. Agnc.)

/.area.— Slender, white, with dusky markings; ?-{« inch long; Um-
in the ground feeding on roots of sarious plants.

Pupa.' -White.

fuH/rti/. -Spray hop vines with whale-oil soap solution (i to y:
collect by means of tarred shield and feather duster.
LUCANID^ (STAG BEETLES)

Stag Beetle (Lucanus dama Thunb.). AduU.-.\ large br...M.
lamellicorn beetle; male with large sickle-shaped mandibles an^! i
smooth broad head; the female with smaller mandibles and a narrower,
rough head. July-August.

Eggs. 'Large, globular, white; laid in crevi.es of the bark near lie

roots.

CLAS.SIFlrATIf).V AM) DKSCRIPTK.N- OK ,„MM.).V IVSK.TS .^ig

Im. Like while Rrul,s; live in .lecavinw «•.»„!.
I'lipa.-ln an oval ™c„„n mu.le of frawmenls of wo,.,l.

BRUCHIDiE (PEA AND BEAN WEEVILS)

black beetle l^ ,,,ch long, with characteristic hiack and white
nmrkm«,s; sules of thorax notche.l; ahdomen
projects hcyon.l the wing-covers. Two hIack
spots on uncovered portion of ahdomen; an-
tenna.- ii-jointed; hind femora thickened and
prolegs with two spines. A native of the old
world (Fig. 20S).

£m-— Yellow, I .,» inch long, spindle-sha|>cd.

/.un'ii.^White lleshy wrinkled gruh, al.out
'., mch long when fully grown; , riairs of
minute legs.

Pu^a.— White, becoming hrown after thresh-
ing or fumigating; thora.v; with notched sides-
lormed in the pea.

Ufc-lthlory.~Mu\t winters over and eggs
are laid on the forming pods. The larva bores
through the wall of the jio,! and enters the seed,
where it feeds and grows. The pupal stage
la^ts about a week. Mature adults develop in ,
.\ugust, the majorily remaining in the mature '
-fi-d all winter. .Several grubs mav inhabit ,'
a single seed.

r«»/r„/. -Fumigate peas with carbon bisulphi.le; ,lrench see.l with
U-msene; store the peas over for a .sea.son in tight sacks before planting;
Mise the temperature to i4s''F. to kdl the weevils.

Bean Weevil («.„„„„ „i,,,,„, Say). ..|</„/,_a small brown beetle,
nnrk H .1 "^' ^""K-™"'^-^ shorter than the bodv, and

marked with ten impressed and dotted longitudinal lines which are
'-ken up into pale yellow <lashes and dark brown spots'' (Fletcher)-

TlZ^tT^ *"' ""•' '"'"• "'" "f '•l^"™-". antenna- and legs'
.1 reddish tmge; antenn.-e enlarging toward the tip. Probably a
.1,1! ive of Central or South America.

-i-vil:
f i.iii

Ju». — P.-a
. L!ie Krut); h.
under surfuLc;
■-' pupa. uppLT sur-
d. tilt; .-idtilt wfi-vil.

320

E(( INOMIC F.NTOMOI.OGV

/■;,i,X(. Cyliiidriiul tival ^-ruy ohjecls, > .-„, imli Kiiik; hiid «n or in iti.
VdunK ))(>ils .>r stDri'cl liiMii^; liiitdi in 5 -'O cl:iys.

/..imi. A sMKill v.hili>h lUsliy wrinlilt-.l Kruh; nKitiircs in 11-4
(lavs.

/•h/iii. -White and clclicalc; lmuIosccI in an "val pupal ihaml).-
williin the Ijean; iluration ; iS days.

IJjc-lmhrw Tlie larva enters the seed, svliere it feeds and grow
until autumn when it chanRes to a pupa, and a little latei to the hcetU
Propagation may take place for several generations in the dry bean-

Om/ro/. -Fumigate with carbon bisulphide or su|)erheat as for p. 1
weevil.

CERAMBYCIDiE (LONG-HORN BEETLES i

; kihriim united with ilypius Im.iy l.n.a.: aiul a.-pn--.

A. I'hiirax niarniiK-il;
— rr/Dnimr.

n. .\nlinn:i; il-j.iinlfil; body elongate, parallel. -(W//.>m'»w.
liH. .Anlennx- i.'-iO-ji)inleil; liody stout, hn.ail. -''ri"«").
\ \ Thorax not marginc.l; labrum free; body oblons ami cylindrical.

n. I'ront tibiae obli,,uely j-rooved on inner side; last j.mit of palpi poin!^
at l'n).—l.<if>iiin<f.

C. i;lylra spined; size small. -/'-'fWnTOS.
CC. Klytra not .spinose; large size.

I). Scape of antenna; with an apical scar; body elongate.
.\ti>iitilidnnnus.
1)1). Sia[K' of antenn:c without apical scar.

!■;. Tarsal claws divaricate and aimpU.—SuperJa.
I-'.IO. 'rars.il claws divaricate and cleft.

!■■. i;yes not divided; thorax cylindrlcul.— t/in....
IT', ifyes divided; tliorax wiili blunt tubercle on c.
side and marked with f.mr black spots.— rWM,,'
nil. I'roni tibia- nol gnioved; last joint of palpi not pointed at ti|
( '>Tiinili\rittii\
C. Base of antenna- partly cnvelope<l by the eyes; front cox.t n
conical; eyes linely granulated; scutillum rounded bel> 11
tibial spurs large.

1). Head small; process between hind co.va- rounded.
1;. Thora\ transversely excavated at sides and
three yellow cross bands.- C"' nc.
Kl;. Thorax not e.xr.-ivated at .il and without \C
cross hands. --/'/m'MiKidi.v.
1)1). Hea<l large; process between hinil toxffi acute.— C/y/nt.
(.■f. Hase of antenna- not enveloped by the eyes, tiont coxa; conic
Di'xmoftrus.

CLASS,F.CAT,0^, AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON INSECTS 3.,

a., pea. i o.,„.,, , [rrKtSVoZr ^^ ^J ""'"^^

i.sh.brown and wUmI £ din,." H / """" ^"'^« "^'" >-"«-
thorax and win,-coveT° Z "J ";' fn """" ?'"'"'"' "■™"«'>
and July, usually i„ dayltim". "^^ "^''" '""'"^' '" ^'^>' J""^
•^«f'-— Kmbedded sinslv in inri<;inn« ;„ .1, 1 1

!■'(;. sog.-Round.headed apple-tree borer- « * 1= ,

s«Hsr isxrr -tr-rrr "r *■

.^22

KCOMIMIC KNTOMDI.nr.V

wasli in earlv Juru- In trunks; apply proleclors to trunk; ^pray with
urM-nital to kill adult. Wooclpt-iki-rs (li'>lr.iy larKc numlii-rs of tliu
larva-.

Sapinlit triilailiiUi Oliv. i^ llu- wcll-knnwn I'lm-linrcr. Ihu Kriili
Hirdles the Irtu hy liurrowinn under the liark.

Raspbeny Cane-borer (Obi-reti himuiulalu Ohv.i. .Ic/h/(. A
sicndur black ceramhycid lii'ctle, < -^ '"^^^^ Ion)?; |iroth(irax yellow, with
two or three hlack spots; antennx lonj;, liody cylindrical; June. A
native American insect.

Eggs. LarKe, elliptical, yellow. KuK placed in pith of tip of cane
in a slit helween two rin^-like cuts alioul an inch apart. Hatches in
a few (la)s.

I.arvti. A dull yellow ^ruli with a small dark-brown head; i inch
lonj?; holly cylindrical and segments connected. Hurrows downward
in the pith, often opening at surface of stem. Hibernates near basi
of stem as a larva.

I'lipii. -Formed in burrow in spring. I'erhaps this insect require-

two years lo complete its stages. Wilting occurs in July-Augu>t

Conlrol. —Cul off and destroy the wilted canes as soon as observed

GiantRootBorer(/v;«H«s/u//c(i///sl)rury). Irfii;/. Alargepiichy

black, long-horned beetle : thorax with three teel h on margin ; wing-cover-

thicklv punctate.

Larva. Two to three inches long; yellowish-white; a small, horn.\ ,
reddish-brown head with hard dark jaws; three years; matures ii
June- July, boring into roots of black berry, grape, apple, an

cherrv.

Locust Borer iCyllnie rohinia- Forst.). Heartwood of infected tre>
shows longitudinal galleries often so numerous as to give honex
combed ajjpearance to the wood.

.1 (/»//. -A black long-horned beetle, with three straight yello..
bands across thorax and five broken or irregular yellow bands acrci--
wing-covers; :'4 inch long; found on golden rod in August-Octobi-

£j,gs,— Snow-white; deposited in the fall in crevices in the baik
of black locust trees; hatch in 8 lo days.

/„„,a.__Makes winding tunnels deep into the wood; matures in k—
than a year; -'^ inch long, dull white, somewhat flattened and clu ■■
shaped. Winters as a \oung lar\ a in the soft inner bark.

P»/>d.— Formed in July -August and stage lasts 4 or 5 weei-

t P.r.. „„._Th. hickory borcT ,Cy„.„. p.^a) „„ ,,,„,, „, ,,,„„^ ,. ^,_^^.

* ^V/,, Drury b.,res in hickory an,l eln,. A.lul, is Lv..,v
;aa^«..hn,any,,a,eye,,o.,i„esa.o.sn.n,„ J' :;:;::::

Sugar Maple Borer (Plaelomlm ./,<,,■„,,- s.,v>_,
"iniy trees arc attacked. " ' " ' ■M'pati'iiily

■l.W/.--Nearly an inch long; black marked wi.h yellow. .-\n,..n„..

.^24

F.CdXOMIC ENTIIMOLDCY

and eyes retl.lish black; legs yellow; under side of l>o<ly ri.<l.lish-yello
variegiiud with brown. Thorax black with two ydlow spots on I'x :
si(U- wing-covcrs blaik with yellow tips, a yellow sp„t on each shouhl.
a vi-llow curved band, a zinzan yellow banil forminn the letter W
a median yellow ban<l arching backward, and a black curved ba' ;
and spot on the yellow tip. June July.

A'^gs.— Deposited in summer in slits in the bark of larger limbs.

/'<in'<r. - Whitish, llattened legless grubs with brownish mom h
parts excavating shallow burrows, often .several feet long, in ini .,
bark ami sapwood, and often girdling ihe tree. When full gr...-,
about 2 inches long.

Pupa —Formed in the end of the burrow.

Conlrol.—Exnmine trees tor "sawdust" and probe the burr, v

to kill the grubs.

Oak Twig Primer (Elaphidion vilhsum l-ab.). Adull—.\ slen. , r
dark brown beetle, ^'« inch long, sparsely covered with whitish h,. r
ti|)s of wing-covers with two teeth. July. , , , , ,

£g«i.— Laid on smaller twigs, between the twig and the leaf sli.k
Larva —At first it makes burrows in the wood under the bark; l.,ur
channels at centre of twig, and finally a deep circular groove wl..!:
causes twig to break off. It usually changes to a pupa in the scn. r>.i
twig, but sometimes part of the larval and the pupal stage is pa ho

outside of the twig. , , , , , ,i

Co»i/ro;.— Fallen twigs containing the grubs should be promi.i,}

gathered and burned.

Pine Wood Borers (Monohammus spp.).— Several species of M « •
hammus are well known as pine and spruce wood borers. The> .m
large insects with long legs and long antenna;. The following s,. . :•■
are common: M. sn.lellalm Say, a bronzy-black form M. co,,:r.-
Kby a brown form and M. lUiihlor Fab., rare in the North. 1..:-
are preserved from their ravages by putting them in water o^ :,.
covering the log piles with a thick layer of spruce or balsam b.r;..;;-

MELOID^ (BLISTER BEETLES)

Blister Beetles.— (Consult Bull. 43, I>iv. Ent. U. S. Dep. .'
iqo!- Bull. 10, 111. Agric. Exp. Stn., 1900; 42d Kep. Onl. Ent
Blister Beetles are characterized by a long cylindrical soft

CLASSIKUAri.,.N AND UESCKIPlmN OF roMMo.v ,NSHTS ,,r-
.rva on ha,ch.n« from the e«,s is l„„«,.,,,.,, Iar„e-h ^U a. i

:;:^::r:in:-t-::r':2i^r:^,:-:r'-
-;^o. or economic i.po...„ „. c in c:::^: s: ;;ir::

^--- PCS. of garden ve^CaMes an,l flowers; occurs from Juno ,o

^. Grey Blister Beetle r/;/>/„„^. .,W™ f,,^,,.),- Tniformlv .rev
;. .nd^.^^a^pest of i.eans. potatoes, vetch ai, alfllL;:: ^ ^i;

3. Striped BUster Beetle (EMcaiila viliala Fit. ^ n^ ,i,- i • ■
... w J four ..,ac. s.ipes ol ,L.; tf.: t^S:-" i^ :?'

:::Si;=;^:-;;:^x^--i„e.,.i.H.fe.

.. Spotted Bhster Beetle (i;pi,a,Ua »u,nUa,a Sav).-l\Vi.h a II. V
«ly which, excepting small areas on the wing-co^e;,, is o erCl h

^■i^o.:^;^"'-'-^'''--'''"-. '-"-'- ^i.^^^in";^

■nch long, hea.l, Ihorax an,l body n.e.allic golden green; wing-

M<>

KioNiiMic »:Nri)M()i.o<;v

rovers varialile in c.lor -purple, Krccn or coi>pery. Often Hestru
live in Ihe West U> leKuminnus crops. June August.
Ctiiilrol. Spniv willi arseniiiil solution.

CUCUJIDiE

Saw-toothed Grain-beetle iSihaniis surinamensis Linn ). \
widely (lislril)Uteil l)cclle, (eeilin« on siored Krain ami their produi i
and on starchy kooiIs l'Ki»!. -Mil.

.[dull. -.\ minute llalleiu-d ch<»<>lale-lirown lieelle; marv •
of thorax with six tooth-like projections; i,,, inch Ion)?; two Kroov..
in thorax; hcail ami thorax finely puiulatc; winK-covcrs punctur,!
and lined. There may l)c four Renerations in a season.

/.ariw.— Flattened, with transverse, rectangular, ycllovvi i
chitinized spots aliove; (> legs; active.

W

-Th,

a

iMi.tlR'.l urain-btialc i Sihanm siirinamtnsi^l: ,i. a.l"
.ill inlarKu.l; d. antenna of bfclli-. lAfter CliilletdrH.

/'H/)u. White, occasionally enclose<l in a delicate cocoon v,
of particles of food.

OSTOMATID* - TROGOSITID*

The CadeUe (Tnubrmles manrilaima Linn. i. Feeds on si
(irain and also on other injurious grain insects.

AdiUl. -\n elongate oblong depressed beetle, nearly 1
elytra longiludinally ridged; head aii.l thorax finely punctate; :;
long; found in granaries.

jSI-^"

«'ASS,K„vn„v VM. ,.KS.K„.„„v„K.„M„,, „,,,,., ,,^

I iiP-i. While. f„rnu-.l in a luiinnv in w,„„l,
PTINID^e ,DEATH.WATCH ANr o STORE BEETLES,

• 70, I ■ ■>. I)q). .\(;r.l .|,/,,//. ,\ ,vliri.|ri, il i,ii„i,i 1 .1 ,

'W.KS of apple, ^rape, pear etc ' ''"'"*'' """

^^^^.v. -Ui,l in Atay in ,lea,l s „f .,„i,a., ,„„ ,,ca,l >h.„„s „f

,^ A,,™. -„evel,,.s .luri„« summer, >ran.f„rn,in« ,„ pupa an,l l,ee.le

^^l^J7::'TnT"T '"'""' '"•'""«'"« •" "^- f=-ilv are:

I-eas; also l.„ok,s and manu.erip.sA cVc^;! ,''"'"/"''
^^rrirornr Fab.) which infest.s „W,a e„ „ everv ^'•""<'*"«''

LYCTIDiB , POWDER POST BEETLES,
".theinfesu.„n,atena,n,ayhe:e;u::;l,„p„:„:!:"' ""'^ '"^ ''""-

-f-nir;!'\;;:rr'v'f"7'^'^'" =*"" '"- ->• -"'--^i-'

^'leu pans, painl rest of infested surfarn unit, !,„.„ ■ •

>-eral applications a, lon^ as l,orin« dust a„ ' """'

TENEBRIONID.E DARKLING BEETLES,

'"-le, :'. mch lon. somewhat „a,te„ed; head and thorax .i",^

!5rr:r

3»8

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

punctured; wing-covers ridged lengthwise; April-June. One genera-
tion each year; nocturnal. ..... i

£m— White, bean-shaped, yio inch long; deposited in the meal.

iarta.-Cylindrical, waxy and slender; i inch long, resembling
wireworms; yellowish, darker at each end. Mature m 3 months.

/•uia.— Duration about 2 weeks.

The Dark Meal-wonn (Tenehrio obscurus Fab.) is dull pitchy
black and has similar habits to the preceding. ^

Co»/r<,/— Subject infested rooms to a temperature ol 120-125 l"-
for 6 hours; fumigate with hydrocyanic acid gas or carbon bisulphide.
Confused Hour Beetle (Tribolium confusum Duval). Adult— .\
small, shining, reddish-brown beetle, W inch long; flattened, oval;
head and thorax finely punctate; wing-covers ridged lengthwise
and sparsely punctate.

E!!S —Minute, white, hatching in 6 days.

LarM.-Cylindrical, wiry, yellowish-white, H inch long; mature

in 24 days.

Pupa.— White, matures in 6 days.

CURCULIONIDiE (WEEVILS)
Common Economic Genera:

broad. — Ithycerus. j , .

BB. Antenna elbowed, rostrum with distinct scrobes, gular peduncle lonp.
front coxae contiguous. ^

C. Mandibles usuaUy emarginate, s-toothed at Up.-Phylonom.u!.
CC. Mandibles bi-emarginate, 3-toothed at tip.

D Lateral angles of first ventral segment uncovered.-iiiw
DD Lateral angles of first ventral segment not visible.-l'.jsoir
AA Claws appendiculate, toothed or cleft (except in Tyloderma).

B Ventral sutures straight, hind angles of prothorax rectangular . r
■ rounded, prosternum short, broadly emarginate; eyes roundel,
distant.— /4B(fcmomi«.
BB. Ventral sutures more or less curved.

C Beak received in or upon the breast in a pectoral groove confin, 1
■ to prosternum; beak long; tarsi dilated; front coxa; contiguous.

CC Pectoral groove extending into the mcsosternum, shar;
limited behind; front coxa: not contiguous; metathoracic cpim. 1
distinct, mesosternum feebly emarginate.- ryWtrma.

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON INSECTS 329

CCC. Characters similar to CC, but raesosternum is deeply cmarginate
Claws simple and divergent; ventral scgmenls 2r4, equal: sutures
straight.— C;-vWor/ivni:*i«. '" '>"' I'- ■ ■"-!',

'in ^Tuyny nciiji

Poplar and WiUow Borer (Cryptorhynchus /apa/Ai Linn.).— (Consult
Cornell Bull. 388.) An introduced beetle from Europe, infestinR
poplars, willows and alders from N. Dakota to Maine and Quebec
Adult.-~A sooty-brown snout-beetle, }i inch long, spotted with
grey; beak curved and as long as head and thorax; body thick and
punctured on the surface; ends of wing-covers, sides of prothorax and
two oblique bands on wing-cover light grey. After emerging the adult
feeds by puncturing the bark of young tender shoots. Mating and egg-
laying occur 10-14 days after emergence. July-October.

Eggs.— Crea.m colored, oval; laid in holes made in bark of branches
2-4 years old. Hatch in 18-25 days, in August-November.

Zarta.— Burrows in the cambium until nearly full grown, then in the
wood; a soft yellowish fleshy cylindrical footless grub with a pale
brown head and darker mouth-parts; }i inch long. Mature in June.
Pupa.—When ready for pupation the larva enters older wood and
makes a nupal chamber (i to several inches long) which is filled with
fras. Pupa whitish-yellow, with brown spiracles; small spines scattered
over dorsal surface and a pair of strong incurving brown spines at tip
of abdomen. Duration 10-18 days.

Ci?»/ro;.— Spray trees with arsenate of lead every fortnight between
July 15th and September 1st; apply carbolineum to nursery stock in
early spring; cut out grubs from moderately infested trees; cut down
and burn badly infested trees during winter or before July ist.

Plum CuicuUo [Conotrachdus nenuphar Herbst.).— This snout-
beetle IS a widely distributed native insect and is a serious pest of
plums, pears, apples and peaches, cherries and apricots on account of
Its punctures and the dropping of infested fruit (Fig. 212).

Adult.-A stout snout-beetle, }i inch long, brownish, and marked
with grey and black; four black-ridged tubercles on the wing-cover-
hiliernates and emerges just before the fruit buds open. Feeds
1" some extent on the buds, but mostly on the young fruit as soon
a^ It IS set. Female begins to lay eggs in the young fruit as soon as it is
f.'rmed Lives about 2 months, laying 100-300 eggs. Makes two
kinds of punctures in the fruit: egg-punctures and feeding-punctures

i.i°

KCONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

Eggs. — Oval, white; laid in cavities made by the snout of the beetif,
protected in the'tiole by a crescent- 'lap.d slit. Hatch in 4-6 days
Deposition occurs mostly in June b, continues through July and
August.

Lana. — Whitish footless grub, mature in about 15 days; it thei,
bores out of the fruit and enters the ground where it forms an earthen
cell and remains for 2 weeks before pupation. Infested fruii
drops prematurely (except cherries).

Pupa. — White; formed in a small cell i 2 inches below the surface
duration about 10 days; first adults emerge about 10 weeks after th.
apple blossoms.

Fig. 212. — Plum curculu

a, larva; b. adult; c, pupa. iCkiUtnden, Cir. 73. lir
of Eat., U.S. D. /I.)

Life-kislory. — Insect hibernates as a beetle under rubbish, etc ,
and emerges early to feed on buds, etc.; eggs deposited in young fruii;
larvae tunnel in the fruit for about 20 days, then enter the ground t"
pupate; pupa stage lasts about 10 days; adults emerge to punctun
the ripening fruit, and hibernation begins about first frosts. Larvfe onl\
in fruit that has fallen. Punctures produce gnarling of fruit. Tin
beetles that emerge during the summer deposit no eggs.

Co»/ro/.— Spray thoroughly with arsenate of lead d to 40 ga!
as leaf buds are opening, and again before and alter the blossoming j 1 -
riod in the case of the apple. In the case of plum and cherry t'u
applications should be made after the blossoms fall. Practice clcn
cultivation and remove rubbish.

Apple Curculio (Anlhonomus quadrigibbus Say). — (Consult Bill.
9S, 111. Agr. Expt. Stn.; Cir. 120, Bureau of Ent., U. S. Dept. A;- '

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON INSECTS ii^

C««/r«/.-Spray with lead arsenate (,} lb. ,o 40 oal ) just after

■£««!— Yellow, oval and pitted.

s,rin''"!i'~f ^'"u"' '""""' «™'' ^"'' * brown head, and a whitish
stnpe edged wth black-red along the middle of the back tapers o
each end; hes curled in the ground. Hibernates ' ^ '"

sm,Vhr7^°™°" '.' "'■"' '"'' '^' P"P^ has "a vellowish-green head
small black eyes, and a dark green abdomen." '

J-'f^-^i^'ory-One brood a year, and winters as a partially grown

P, n!l / T'"^ "/''"■""' "^ S^"^"-' =>"'' '-^^^hes maturity fn lune
Pupal stage beneath the surface does not last long, and adu^t beetles
merge m June and July. Eggs laid in Septembe and Oc L Id
the grubs are partially grown when winter comes '

C<.«/r<,/.--Plow under infested fields after second season so as to
destroy early stages of insect.

The Lesser Clover Leaf Weeva (Phyl„„„mus mgriroslris Fab ) -
More injurious in Canada than the preceding ^^•

.l</«//.-Brown on emergence, later becoming green; snout black-

iarra.-Greenish straw-color; head light brown; pale dorsal strioe

iS^

ECONdMIC ENTOMOLOGY

It

Pupa.— In an oval open mesh cocoon usually in flower head; about
7 (lays.

/,iye-Ais(ory.— Hibernating ailults come forth as soon as clover
appears in spring. Epg laying commences immediately and extends
over several weeks. One generation, but all stages found during the
summer.

Alfalfa Leaf Weevil {Phytommus poslicits Gyll.).— (Consult Farmers'
Bull. 741, U. S. Dep. Ag.) A Kuropean beetle, introduced about
1904 into the West, puncturing the .,tems and eating the leaves of
alfalfa. The larva: also feed on the tender growths, causing the tops
to appear white.

/Irfii//. — Adark brown snout-beetle, ?i 6 inch '<>"«: I'ody covered with
black and grey hairs; hibernates in crowns of alfalfa or under grass,
rubbish, etc.; oviposits in April and June.

£g^j__Small, oval, shiny, yellowish; laid in punctures in stems of
alfalfa; April-July, hatch in 10 days.

Larva.— \ green, worm-like grub, H inch long, tapering toward both
ends; head black; a light stripe down the back. May-July.

Pw/ia.— Cocoons globular and composed of network of white threads :
spun in dead leaves or rubbish on the ground; duration 1-2 weeks.

Co«(ro/.— Disk alfalfa fields in early spring and cut about middle
of May when most of eggs have been laid; use a bush-drag to kill the
weevil; collect the weevils; destroy weeds and rubbish; spray in April
with arsenite of zinc solution (4 lb. to 100 gal.); pasture or graze in-
fested fields after eggs are laid.

A Clover Leaf Weevil {Tychius picirostris Fab.) is injurious to some
extent to clover heads on the island of Montreal. The adult is a black
curculio Jfo inch long, and is an introduction from Europe where il
attacks the llower heads of red clover, plantain and Genista.

Strawbeny Weevil (.Inthonomus signatus Say).— (Consult Cir.
21, U. S. Dep. Ag., Div. Ent.) AdiUt. A small weevil, Ho '"'''
long, from black to dull red, marked with a dark spot on each wing-
cover. Snout half as long as body, slender and curved. Hibernatt-
July-May (Figs. 213 and 214).

Eggs.—'Lii.\(\ in buds in spring; hatch in 6-7 days.

iarM.— Feeds on pollen and harder parts of buds. Matures ii
.^-4 weeks.

i'Hpa.— Formed in a cell in the bud; duration 5-8 days. Injur

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON INSECTS 3,,,,
isjone al.,0 when the egg is laic.; .hen the te.a.e cuts the stem of the

::4

7'^i^ ¥-W

'7^ . :

Fic. 213.—
strawberry weevil
(Anthonomiis sig-
nalus). Enlarged.
(A/Ur Riley and
Chitltnden.)

h .,f .?; V~^'"-' «''"'1J<:"> weevil: „,
outlme of e„K; d. larva; ,, head of larva/

lures' *;;';; "??■"' '" ■^'"'"■=''« »"■' >'-"-

lureb. (Ajur Chillrnden.)

Control.— -Plant mostly pistfhate vir;„t;„. i . i
varietiesastrap-crops; Jer Jslwirr;;:' "'"' ""'^' ^'^""'"""^

Cotton BoU-WeevU {Anlho.
nomus grandis Bob.).— (Consult
UuUetin 51, and Farmers' Bull.
,H4, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. of
Agriculture.) A serious pest of
cotton in the Southern States.
Adull.~A small brownish
weevil, Ij inch long, with two
teeth at tip of femora of forelegs;
female lays about 140 eggs.
Hibernates in sheltered situ-
ations (Fig. 215).

•Em-— Small, oval, white;
hatch in about 3 days.

Larva.— A white, footless
1,'rub with brown head; matures in 7 to 12 davs (Fig 2,6)

i'«^..-Soft, white; stage lasts 3-5 days: Average duration of

Fig ais.— Cotton holl-weevil: o. beetle
from above; 4, same, from side. About s
t.mes natural s,.e. (..!/,„ „•. D. HunlJ.
t, . .5. nur. r..nt.)

334

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

Fig . 2 I 6.~C()ttfm hnll-wfcvil:
larva at left, pupa at ritiht. About
S times natural size. {After Hunter.)

generation about 4j days and there are prohalily not more than
four or five generation^ in a season.

Lije-hislory. — "The egg is ileposited liy the female weevil in a
cavity formed by eating into a cotton square or boll. The egg hatches
in a few days and the footless grub begins to feed, making a larger
place for itself as it grtiws. During the course of its growth the larva
sheds its skin at least three times, the
third moult being at the formation
of the pupa, which after a few days
sheds its skin, whereupon the trans-
formation becomes completed. These
immature stages require on the aver-
age between 2 and 3 weeks. A fur-
ther period of feeding equal to about
one-third of the preceding develop-
mental period is required to perfect
sexual maturity so that reproduction may begin" (Hunter and
Pierce).

Strawberry Ciown Borer (Tyloderma fragaria Riley). Adult. —
A'small dark ^^out-beetle, '5 inch long; head and thora.x black; each
wing-cover with 3 black spots. Hibernates.
Eggs. — Probably laid in the crown.

Larva. — Small white grub mining out interior of the crown; '4
inch long; legless; head yellowish-brown. Matures in August.

Pupa. — Formed in the larval cavity. Adults emerge in late
summer and fall.

Potato Stalk Borer (Trkhobaris trinolala Say). — Burrows in the
stalks of iiotatoes.

Adull. — A snout-beetle, '4 inch long, dull black to light grey; three
black spots at union of prothorax and wing-covers; snout curved and as
long as prothorax. Front of prothorax orange-yellow. Hibernate^
in burrows in the old stalk.

Eggs. — Small, oval, pearly white; laid singly in punctures in
stalks.

Lana. — Yellowish-white; head light brown; legless; ^^ inch long
Burrows in the stalks.

Pupa. — At first ycUowish-whitc, later dull brown; }i inch long, or,
closed in oval greenish cocoon of fras; duration about a month.

Cr.A,SS.F,rAT.ON- AND DESCKIPTiON OF C.MMON ISSK.TS

J.?5

"111 slalks and rulilusl,

as sDoti as rnip is

<■ imlrol. —Uurn all lliu
liarvcsted,

chieST.t'T"""''""'* ^""' '^''•""'"'" *''"'- ra.,., occurs

Adult.~\ slender, Ijlackisli-bronze weevil I ;. i, i
August. Feeds on the leaves ""' ^'''^^''' "'i '"'h long. April-

^J,,s.~Sr.oo,K shining, yello.ish-white: I aid in holes in the

.he^Cr'' "'"'""' '^''"^' ^^"'"^ '^^"'■' '^ '-h I-K; burrows under
Pupa.—l'otmed in the spring

r ^Tr^SfM'""'""'': ''"^'""" Sa.v..-(Consu)t Bull. „„

^.male. Hatch in 6 da^; "^ ■^''""' '5° '''"' '^>- ^'■'^''

irX^htr: [r:;:™- !"-"'-"; -^^•^ ^^-^ ii.Ht .rown

head; >

4 inch long; body sparsel> covered

wilh

short (ine hairs;

mature in 10-12 days

«.h a delicate membrane. Duration all! T,Z '""" ""' '""^"

".. parasites ., „«,;,„.y,,, ,„, ,/,,f:C„ ' ' '^'«"^"'^"'-- Also
:..... Cb^ '^'Zkf" ^^^"'^^' ™ '"^ '-appearanceof the beetles.

3.?6

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

OTlORHYNCHIDiE (SCARRED SNODT-BEETLES)

Strawbeny Root Weevil (Oliorhynchus mains t,mn.).—Adull. A
small brownish-black snout-beclle; ,'4 '"ch long. June and August
September (Fig. 217). . ■, u 1

/?g|j.— Female lays about 50 eggs in 4 to 15 days m the soil. Hat. i
in 21 (lays. End of June to end of August.

Pir, 217— Strawberry root weevil I.OIiorhyfichu! mutus) and its grub. (,1 1 r
Trthent, Bui. 8. Div. Ent., Dipt. Agric, Can.)

Larva.— A small white grub H inch long; feeds on roots of straw
berry, clover, timothy, rhubarb, rumex ; lasts about 7 months. Winttr^

partly grown. . , , . j

PMfo.— Four to eight inches below surface; lasts from 21 to 24 day?

May-June.

Control.— RoMion of crops as two- and three-year plantations sutler
most; thorough cultivation; growing of suitable varieties; use .1

chickens. ,_ . , , , ,

The Black Vine Weevil ortheCyclamenBorer (Ottorhynchus sulcdm
Fab.).— Occurs from the Atlantic to the Pacific in Northern U. S. :»^l
Canada, and is injurious to roots and crown of strawberry, als. t.i
Gloxinia, Cyclamen, Primula, Maiden-hair fern n greenhouE^s.

Adult.— A black beetle, % inch long, with patches of yellowic-h h.ur-
on the wing-covers. Wing-covers joined together and wings ab> nt

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON" INSECTS

337

It appears in April ami Mav an.l attacks the foliaL-,. „f „. ■
norturnal. •>' "' ^''"'"us plants;

/,.mw.- U-glfSs, white to flesh t..l<)re<l, usually i„rv,.,l- K i i
l)0( y th ckcst at th^ n,: l.ll„. 2 • l , """^"^ iur\eil, hea<l lirciwn,

venules ..po.. ... 'c ^^i^^ r:;:^st^^.;!r

r-eacn Leaf Weevil (. I namels eranulatus Savl —ti,: ■, • ■

>..' inch long, dark brown oval roburTni 7'"'' " "''""'

CALANDRIDiE (GRAIN WEEVaS)
Granaiy WeevU (C«/a«</ra ^r«„«„-« Linn)-4dW/ a .n .
weevtl, .„ ,neh long, convex, brown; thorax puncltet win'g "

ff^JJ^t ^ t; S::^:' '"''-""'' '" ^ ™. -h requir.

3,58

ECOSIIMU F.NTOMUI.UdY

|.;^g,,,_Miiiuli\ while, (le|>c)sileil in cavity "f kurnil.
tund— Small, mhusl, whitish, U'rIiss; oni- lurva l» a kernel iil
wheat, but several in torn.

/"M^a.— White, clear ami transparent.

CuM/r,)/.— Superheat for 6 hours at uo°-iJ5°F.; fumigate with
hydrocyanic aciil gas or carbon bisulphide.

The Rice Weevil {.Calandra oryzir
is also of economic importance, espv
cially in the South (FiR. 21S).

Cora Bill-bugs {Sphawphorus spp.
— Adults. Snout-beetles, dull black
surface marked with small pits an
narrow gr<H)ves; irregularij' oval an
rounded; '4-:'t inch long; hibernal'
under rubbish; single brooded (Fig. 2111

Eggs- — Lai<l in -'^'■'y ""'1 J""*-' '
roots and stems of grasses.

/.(iriu.— Thick-bodied, oval, foolh
grub, with a hard brown head; feedii;.'
in corn stem or in root bulbs of grasM
June-August.

.v. maidis— Uoes injury to ecru
both as grub and adult. The gr '
burrows in lower part of stalk, and lu
adult occupies the burrow. Otln
species make holes and slits in the leaves of corn.

SCOLYTIDiE OR IPIDiE BARK-BEETLES)

Three common Fruit Bark-beetles are Eaopiogaskr rui^uh>'i^
PhlhoropUoeus limimris and AiUsandrus pyri. which may be i-
linguished by the following cl\aractcrs:

A. Venter of abdomen with caudal part bent abruptly upwji''
.\ntennal club flat and marked by angulated sutures.- /w- .^
togaster rugulosus (Fruit-tree Bark-beetle).
A.\. Venter of abdomen normal, regularly curved.

B. Antennal club lamellate, of three separate, laterallj- ■"■
duced segments; head visible from 3.ha\e. —PhlhoropM 1 «
liminaris (Peach-tree Bark-beetle).

Flu. Jiy.— Tlie maize bill-buy
iSphenophorus maijis). Four llnu's
enlarKed.

<>.ASS,K„ x,„.N ,,s,> „KS<R„.„„>; „r , „„M„X .ssK.IS ,, ,„

I..-M..I ,n pn.,h.,ra.x wh„s.. a„„.ri„r marKi,, is ,u-arlv
h.^,...,„al an,l i,.visil,l. fn„„ al„.v... ,,„,.„„/„. ^.^
(Sh„i-l,„lc HurcTK (Omsull Farm.rs- Hull -„ . ,

<lucecl from Kurnpe; .Kiurs In mnsi Mau> cast of th.. H,„i.; i ,

small LtTtlc, also calli.,1 ih. Shoi-hol ■ HoV ''■ "'"

Pig, J20.— The fruit tree bark heetle IF,

• All cnlarKo.l aho

atlult '

£««J.--Deposited in little pockets in the broo,| gallcrv or chan>i,..r
l.'tween the l.ark -,nH .apwoo.l; hatch in , to 4 <lavs (Fil'.;.,

^.n^::^=::;;:rSont^:-^;rr:n^^^

.0 da>s. Adults make the.r way out through little round holes in the

.•ififrh?\l^''f 'y'""' ''^ •"' ""'^^ '"•" «-"ations in a
Ha»on m the North and more in the South. Second hroo.l hrva-

i ..rasitized by C hiropachys colon Westw. , a cha Ici.i

C««/r»/.-Remove and destroy dead or <lyin« trees before Mav or

,U0

KrciSdMIC ESTOMOIOCY

Peach-tree Bark-beetle (J'hlhornpliliKiis limimnis Harris).
(Ciinsull I'arnu'rs' Hull. ^Ul,, V. S. I)f|il. .\(,'.l This ii;ilivi' lion
(Ills its tunnels lii'lwivn llic liark anil Ihi' whihI nf \km\\ and ihirrv
I'wu liriioils a yiar. Cnniniiin in wilil dicrry in siimi' Imaliliis.

.\iliill. Iiri>wnlsli-I>lu( k, ' i'd ini i
lonK: lu'ail lar^i' ami vi.^ihlv from nli<n<
anti'nnal tluli lanit'llalf. uf thriT scpara''
lateral]) iirnduti-fl st'iiments. Hreeils i
weak anil living; linilis, liul in fall liuh

il %

Flti. 221. — Oallorics nf the
fniil tree bark bcctli.' un tAJK
uiidiT b.irk; a, a. main Kalli-'ries;
6. b. siiie or larval Kallerios;
c. c. imp.ll cells. Natural size.
(«a/2i'ii<r«.)

Fir.. 22J. -Shot-li'ilf \n)toz t^Anisandrit
pyri). {.\fti-r .Su'iiiiir, liul. 14. I'lH.. litii
Can.)

link's in hcallliy linilis frnm whieh nitich sap e.xudes fiillowing sea>"
Hibernates.

/'M*- — Small, while; 80 to 160; laid in niches along sides of i-'
tunnel or brood chamber in spring. Hatch in 17 20 days.

Larvit. — White; head yclowish, mouth-parts dark; mature in 25
days. Form galleries off the egg-tunnel.

I'lipa. — Formed in ei.'arged end of larval galleries; adults api v.
through holes cut in the bari: above the pupal cells; duration 4-6 d. y

Shot-hole Borer (Anisaiiilrus pyri Peck). — This borer cuts roi 11
black tunnels deep into the wood; in small branches or stems one ' •<
sion of the tunnels partially girc les the wood (Fig. ^22).

AJiUt. — Cylindrical, black, Js inch long; antennal club glol 1

tI..\S.SIFI(,\r|.i\ AN

1) UKSCHIPTIiiV or

un.l

CDiiMii.v ixs>:<

as to l)(.

truncate al t

,(4 1

ni-arlv

ip; proniiium
"■r'i.al. Malt

itronxly Ihiu .1,

>wnwaril in fr,,n(

- cun„us. hum,K.,| l,a. k, J,!" '""''"' """"" """' ''■"'"'^'' "'"' « *"'
^•'«'.- '-ai'llrcfinKMllerirsin June.

•IJ-I -I,.,rv,,
l"viT r.,„t l,.,r,.r

SKn.winKon walls of lunml;

'■'Ii 'clale in
i>:li I'lJ ranee

/.un-ff.— Feed on hm
reason.

/>«/,„ K,.rme<i in tunnels and adults emerr.
'"'le cut by mother l,eetle. '

Clover Root Borer (//*./,„,„ „a,,,„,„ „,^.,^
.j/«^ A small dark l.r..«.n cylindrical h<^.J':,,':

£m.-llinute, white, elliptical and shining
/.</.-A,V«.y.~There is but one brood each veir

C.«/r„/.-ri,nv up imcted closer lieMs after the h.v i

br.ak up dover sod after ta'.ing one crop. "• '

Fo^stBark-beetles UMnUoCon,. spp. chie.,y).-(ConsuU bulletins

''UP.T c.f th,.
t_l'>V(.T ror.t l,.,r,T.
linLiriiocl. (.1//,.,

* taken otT;

M2

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

by Hopkins and Swaine.) Reference can be made here to only a few
of the economic wood-boring beetles that do an immense amount of
injury to the forests of the United States and Canada:

1. Drndracliiniu biirralis Hopk., Attacks spruce of the western forests in Alberta
iind British Columbia.

2. D. brmitimts Lee, Western yellow pine.

3. D. ing.lmanni Hopk., Kngelmann's spruce of the west.

4. D, montkolii. Hopk., Western pines {Figs. 226 and 227).

5. D. murrayana Hopk , The loilRe-pole pine of the West; not injurious.

6. D. obesiis Lcc, The Sitka spruce.

Fit;. 226. -The wes-
tern jiine Ijorer (Uendrac-
tonus monticolfx. {After
Swaine. BtiL 14, F.nt. Bur.
Can.)

Fig. 227. — Larva of Dendroctonus mcnlicolo
i.\fter Swaine. hul. 14. F.nt. Bur. Can.)

'i-

D. piii-aperda Hopk., Kastern spruces.

n. pscitdolsiif<t Hopk., The DouRlas fir and western larch.

D. simplex Lee. Larch (Eastern).

D. valens Lee, Pinus and Picea.

Dryoeales confasiis Sw , .\Ipine lir of British Columbia and .\lberta.

l'iih%raphiis riijlpeniti.i Ky , Spruces IhrouRhout Canada.

Pilyokteines .sparsus Lee, Balsam fir in the east.

The bark-beetles are small (1-9 mm. long), brownish or black, a
usually cylindrical beetles. One group, the Ambrosia bark-bee'
make their tunnels in the wood whose walls are stained black by
growth of the fungus Ambrosia which nourish them. The ot 1
group -the true bark-beetles make their tunnels in the bark
between the bark and the wood.

simple transverse, irregular Xn!', ''"'^ '"■■'>' ""= ^™P'^ lonRiludinal,

cave, pith or ambro:r;\lX.:T ^ ^'"^••Z"^''^''' -'-'<"•
a small cavity, the nuptial chaml,e™ h' ?'''Tt ""''"''' '"'"'
The eggs are laid in niches on'th; ILtnT ""'''"" '"'''^•

larva; make slender mines learifnV , ' ^'W-lunnels, and the

ends o. these mines r th:tn;:^;e:Tu ^U: ^s '^Tll i'' ]''
.n emergence, bore round holes through h .ark "'"" '^'^"'^^'

With most of the destructive l,ark h. i u •
or a partial second one, each a^on Th "' ""' "^ ''"' ™^' ''"""'•
and larvx. in the dying tees entered bv th' '"" '""'r"'" »' "''""^
same season. '"' """<^'"^>' ""•' Parcnt adults early in the

While most of the bark-beetles breed in H. •
some species attack sound tree TbrlaH. " ^ T^ '^'"' '"''■
"primary" and the former "secondarv' ''"'" ''^'^' therefore, called
ever, fall into both class asThev" T""""' ■'^""'"^ ^Pecies, how-
and dead and dving trees '" ""='''' '"'"' »""''

..ev^i:::^:;ti:bS;:' xi^::'.^;-;-'^ - ---- ^^e

as cold and wet seasons- (A) certain h/r " '^""''"'""^ such

(0 certain predaceous -.1 "".^S^r 17^ ^"^''^^^
sitic fungi. I'etKcrs, and {ej certain j.ara-

in sS::;;hr::r^!:r;s^::; ^tr'*^-^--''- ■--

especially in districts »vveni bv fi '' mentioned above,

operations where mu^r^lh":; "T'Tt '" ""'-^^^ '""^'"'"'^
l>urned in winter or the trees'iniu ed 1 ' / "• '^' ^'^^'' ''

winter after the f,re. and "! Mr:!i':^ '"^' "^^"' ''-'■"^ 'he first

spring opens.

=. o. .ne oeettes will be destroyed, if the slabs are burned
The cutting and barking of infested trees, wi.h Zu^lt

■inter or c

bark during w

lire. Sometimes cut

lo destroy the beetit

-arly spring, ma>- be adopted as
ing and charring the bark

irning of the

a control meas-
>*-ill be found sufficient

HvMi;\(iprKR.\ (.A.N-is, Bkks

W'.vsps, Fr
Principal Groups and Families

li. Ab,l„mcn sessile or joined broadly ,„ ih„„,.

M. )

< ^

k \ h

344 ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

C, Tibia of forelegs with two apical spurs; female with saw-Iikc
ovipositor. — Tenihredinida (Saw-flies) (Fig. 228), p. 345.
CC. Tibia of forelegs with one apical spur; female with ovipo -itor
fitted for boring. — Sirkidie (Horntailsl, p. 350.
BB. Abdomen joined to thorax by slender petiole or stalk.

C. Fore wings with few or no cross veins, hence with no closed cells,
D. Ovipositor issuing before the apex of the abdomen; anten-

Fic. 228. — Venation of a tenthredinid
(Janus). (After Comslock.)

Fit;. 229.-

-Venation of the hnniiylirf
[After Comslock.)

nx elbowed and with one or more ring-like segments nv\>
to \ast.—Chaicidid(S (Chalcis Flies), p. 353.
l)i>. Ovipositor Issuing from the apex of the abaomen; antenn:i
straight, or if elbowed without ring-like segments. — Proii
otrypidcF, p. 351.
CC. Fore wngs with one or more closed cells.

Fig. 230. — Venation of an ichncu-
monid. {.After (omstntk.)

231,— Vonatinn of a bra^
{Afler CnmsUick.)

1)

Fore win^s wiihout a stigma; antennit; with not more tli 1
16 segments and straight.— Cyn;>-'rf(F (Oall Mies), p. 351
IJU. Fore wings with a stigma; antenns with more than
segments and straight.
E. Fore -vin^ with vt-in l>el'V(en Media r and ist Medi;i
wanting. ~-ZJrdCf>nf(/(r (Braconid I'll.-;') (Fig. 2,u\
3S3-
EK. Fur.- winK wilh \('in between Media i and 1st Medi..
present. -/f/(MrHm<j«frf(f (IchneunKin Flic^ (Vig. :,

A.\. Tn .hantt-r simple; female usually uith a sting.

I

riv;«-/ 4, .jfe-

CLASsmcATxoN AND nKscKzrrioN or common ,n-skcts ,45

B. Fore mngs without closed submarginal cells.

■•:^Sfs:-rt:::---;:«^^;co.e.

''■''■■ !iZ ,""'"*'' "'" '"'''"' ''■"'-'">»•'•-: hind .angle, „l
I ronol.m rom„,.- fr™ a„,l hdnw (he lcgu"r \h
!"«„ a„pc.„dcd or pedunculate, oval or bnn,l ' ,"

the old families in.o Z le" wUh new .7 " ""'r ^^^ "^ '"='">' "^

TENTHREDJNID* (SAW-FLIES)

Currant Stem Girdler(y.„„, /„/,,,, K,-„„.„,__

:i:ni^^ *n,'r^ '"^"z-"'" -^"-^ :^^
.»t^iXa::,z;.S^rj:r-^^''^'

! mnels ,n the pith. Winter, in a .,!ke„ ,oc,k,„ ' '''""^'

i«^a.-l'(,rmed in April; white. Wilti>,i, „f , „„ . • „

,?46

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

Imported Currant Worm iPteronus ribesii Scop.). — Adults. Four-
winged saw-flies, )^ inch long; female with light yellow abdomen marked
with black; male smaller and darker; May and July.

Eggs. — Laid in rows on leaves along the mid-ribs; hatch in 4 t"
10 days.

Larva. — .At first the caterpillar i.s whitish and with white head
after first moult the body is green with black spots on side of body
When full grown, 'ji inch long, they lose their black spots an<l desceml
to ground to pupate. Two or three weeks.

Pupa. — Formed in an oval brownish silken cocoon on the surface (ji
the ground. Pupa of second brood winters over.

Life-hislory. — Two broods a year; adults emerge in spring i\nr
again in July. Broods overlap.

Control. — Dust or spray with hellebore or with an arsenical poison

Larch Saw-fly (Lygceonematus eriikuinii Hartig.). — (Consult Bull
10, Div. Ent. Dep. Ag. Can.) A serious pest of larch introduced fron
Europe.

.Adult. ~\ large thick black saw-fly, with second, fifth and part ■ '
sixth abdominal segments bright red. .April May.

Eggs. Laid in slits in terminal shoots June-July, wiiite, cylii
drical, tapering at each end; } 20 inch long; hatching in 8-10 day<.

Larva. — Feeding on leaves in June-July; mature in 20 day> whc
they descend to ground and spin cocoons; hibernate Full grou
larva with jet-black head and glaucous green body .About eu'
segment, except second, double parallel row> of minute dark d«>f-; ti\
moults.

Pu/XB.— hi dark brown, oval. eloni;ated cocoon--. ?,■ inch \n\
beneath the surface

Parasites. — Pteromahis tiematiridus Pack., a chalcid, au'! Mr. A*"
teii/lirrdiiiidis, an ichneum^nid

Birch Saw-fly (flylotoma peduralis Leach). — IJefoliates bircf
in Quebec and Prince Edward Uland, while Fir San- fly {l.nph.i
abietis Harr.) and .thbolt's Pine .Vn-u'-/'' ' (/.. abbotii Leach) do liam
to firs and pines respectively.

Raspberry Web Worm \Pamphiliuy ild.hiri MacG.) -Injur,
in New Brunswick.

\duU. Thrce-cighr in( h long; head atn! thor;ix black witli vvl
markings. .Abd'-men of male bhick with a broa<! nudian transvt

CLASS.KKAr,„N AN-,. .KSC«,PnoX o. COMMON .XSPCTS ,4;
/-arm.- Smooth, hrmht erecn " ; inrh 1 f j.

■9>6., The green worm-like larva of this aw flv f, ^ "^ '^'''■•
apples 10 hiNernate. It, natural f, J 1 . " ''" ''"""*" ■"'"
plants. Four broods a vea "'"'' "' ''"'^ '"'^ ^'^i»'«l

legs bluish-black- tarsi veil.nvi h ? ^ ' "''"«" """''>■ ''""™.

Kreenish-while. Matures in r„lv i ^ I"'"'''*?"' ''^R'*

sil^^n cocoon a, ba!:::;;:. ^^r^^S^ !"™^ ' '""«^' ^^
^"/-a. '•"rme.l in spring in cocoon

fe. .le with ,1 W ; ■"'■"'•' '''""■ -^ ^-^-".V. U inch long

/■•WS. Pear-,bat)er(, veliov.. h ^h,,„ 1 ■ , ,
"PP- cuticle ..f lea/; ha. h ,n - I T^'^" '"'" ''"'■ '"^"'^^ """"

S^-lk-lTT -•^''- ■ ""•' '■'^""'' ^ '"* 'lavs.
H>.i t^.!!"^., ^1:7^"- 2"-"; Nonon,.-. -(Consult

■<-;nigh,s„o,.,n^..,.,,_, 'Xuu:^t.r' "■'" '

t-m- Inserted ben,.,(, epidermis ,rf i«.f, ^f,h i,V weeks

34S

KCON'OMIC KNTOMOLOOY

the hack; ciiilcd when at rest; 8 pairs of prolegs; full grinvn in a rriDnth;
entering soil and fcrminK a cocoon. Hibernates.

Pupa. — l-'ormecl in May.

Rose Saw-fly Slug {Endclontyia roste Harr.). — This insect is often
injurious to the leaves of roses. The slug-like larvie eat the upper
surface of the leaves. The pupic are found in the ground. There
are two broods each year; June and August.

Cheny Saw-fly Leaf Miner (Profenusa coUarts MacG.). — (Consult
Hull. 411, N. Y..\g. K.vp. St.) This insect has been injurious to cherries
in New York State for several years. It profiuces blister-like areas
on leaves. The adult is a small saw-lly '7 inch long, appearing in
May, and the larva passes part of its existence in the leaf as a miner
and in the ground in an earthen cell. ru|)alion occurs in late .\[)ril
or early May.

Plum Web-spinning Saw-fly (.Wurolomn iiKoiispinni Norton 1.
I'"orms ugly nests in the leaves of plum and c herry.

Ailiilt. — A saw-lly, I 2 inch long; wings hyaline wilh a f;.int fu>cous
band behind stigma; body, co.\;e and tarsi black, legs reddish. Ma\'
June as leaves expand.

E^gs. — Smooth, elongate, yellow; deposited in two or three row-
along mid-rib of under surface of leaf. Hatch in about 8 days.

Lana. — Three-fourth inch long, grey above and yellow or pinkisli
below; hea<l yellow; thoracic shield and anal segment black; full grown
in a month; feeds on leaves under webs. I'asses the winter in an
earthen cell 0 inches below the surface of the ground.

Pupil. — In early sjiring pupa forms near the surface.

Pear Slug {liriocampoidcs limacina Retzius, Caliroa rrriisi l.inn.).
(Consult Circ. 26, IJiv. Ent., U. S. Dept. of .Agriculture.) The slug-liki
larvoe of this European insect are often found feeding on the surface-
of the leaves of pear, plum an<l cherry.

Adult. — A glossy black saw-lly, } r, inch li>ng; wings with a smoky
band across the middle. May and June, and August. Two genera-
tions in the North but one along the Lower St. Lawrence.

Enf^.t. — Deposited beneath ihc upper surface of leaf in a cut ma<li
by ovipositor; hatch in 2 weeks.

/.tint:. — .\t first white with yellowish-brown heail; later, darker
with brownish-black head: body covered with slime like a slug; anterio'
))ortion of body enlarged; 7 pairs of prolegs. EuU grown in aboir

CLASSIFICATION- AND DESCRIPTION „f

CIIMMON INSrCTS ,^4,,

<l" n,.l pupal, until sprinx. ""'>n,,,U, l,ul M,nu- larva.

I'irasite.- Pcnlarlhron miniUum

C»«/r»/.-Rc.a<lily cnlr,,!!..! In- ar.cnirils „r ,„l .,
"""^ "r In- ,lry hdlebore or air-slake '111^. "''""--^'|. -lu-

.?50

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

|)r()l>al)ly with spftit-s of Afirufiyron m ils host plants. A serious
|)cst in the West on wheat and rye (Figs, j j2 ami 2,j,()-

Adiill. — A shiny black 4-winKe(l lly, 'i inch long; abdomen with
three prominent yellow rings; legs yellow. Kemale with a short
stout horn-like ovipositor. It rests head downward on the stems of
grasses, with its wings very close together over the body. June lo-
July lo.

Eggs. — Minute, white, cylindrical.

Larva. — Dull yellowish-white, ,'^-' ^ inch long; first two segments
swollen; end of abdomen with a short blunt projection. Always
occurs within the stem. Bores downward in the stem, reaching base

Fit;. 3.13-

-Full Krown larva of the weslern wheat-stem saw-fly (Cephus occidfnlalis
(Afirr CriddU. Bui. II. t-.nl. Br. Can.)

about August ist and cutting the stems through level with ground;
remains all winter in stub until following May.

Pupa. — Formed in May in stub inhabite<l by larva.

Control. — I. Plough infested stubble 5 inches deep in fall, with
attention at least 10 worst infested fields.

2. All infested grasses, such as wesiem rye grass, timothy and thi
prairie grasses next to growing crops should be cut between July lotli
and August ist.

SlKICID.* (H0RN-T.\ILS)

Pigeon Tremex (Tremex columba Linn.). — Injures elm and maple

.Idult. — F'emale a large 4-winged fly, 2 inches long, with a prominen'
yellow horn at end of abdomen; head and thorax reddish-black, ali
domen cylindrical, dark brown, with seven yellowish band-like mark
ings; male smaller, without horn. June-August (Fig. 2,^4).

Eggs. — Oblong oval, jointed at ends, '20 inch long.

ian'a.^Largc, soft, yellowish, cylindrical, with six true legs an
a horny point at end of abdomen; boring into wood. Parasitized h

CIASSIFICATIO.V AND DESCRIPTION OF C.MMON INSKC.S

Thtilessa luiialor.

351

with a long ddicalc

a sli'iidcr, Ijrown and

Pupa. — Formwl in bu

oviposilnr.

rrow within a <

yiHow, wasp-liko I, hn-nimoi.
i>i»"n made of silk ami chips.

C'vNipiD.t: (Gall-fliks)
The injury done l,y Cynipids to economic plant, is not serio,,-

the stimulus of the larva-. The galls
are closed and are very varied in
shape.

The Mossy Rose-gaU on Sweet-

brier, produced by Rhodites rosw

Linn., is many-celled and consists of

a number of hard kernels embracing

the stem, covered with reddish-green

mossy fdaments.

The Pithy Blackbeny-gaU, pro-
duced by Diastrophus turgidus on

blackberry canes consists of an elon-
gated, many-celled, ridged, woodv',
reddish-brown gall.

Kthy Blackbeny-gaU Fly {Dias-
trophus turgidus Bass.). Adult lilack i ' ,n 1, i
antenn. red; four wings, transparent !-■" '"' '""'^^ '"'' ^""
tarly summer.

/.an'a.-White, i,„ inch long, mouth-parts and spr
hibernates in cells of gall. ^

Pk/iu.— Formed in spring.

C™w.-Cut out and burn infested canes during the w,iiu

Several species infest oaks, viz., AmphMips spp //„/„;; ,„
■U.'lr.cus spp., and Cynips spp., each producing l^.^.":^!!:^,

PROCTOTKYPID* (PROCTOTRYPIDS)

theImalToT^"' "' ""' ^^'""^' "' '^'^" ""= S"'"f> ProCotr.pMea are
Ihe smallest of insect parasites. They are usually black and withom

Fli.. •'.M—PiKfon lremex( rrfwfi
.olumb,,,. ,1, a,l„,t; „_ ,^^^^

parasuu Urva of rWwsa attached 1.
.Natural sue. (After Riley.)

I •

and almost without veins,
'■•■ddish,

3S»

ECONOMIC ENTOMOI.OOV

I

metallic lustre. Si)nieliincs they incur as secondary parasites (in
primiiry parasites. The larva: live within mher inseits, often
within insect en^s and sometimes within larv;c or pupa'. The larva
of I'olyf^notlts develop within the dij;esti\'e tract of i.(all midges, and
I'rirhacis in the nervous system of the same midue. / elenomiis is a
common form infesting the eggs of many butti rllies and moths. Ano-
t>edim is parasitic im the clover seed midge and the wheat midge, ami
I'lalygasler on the Hessian-fly. The eggs of rroctotr>i ids are ivat<-.
with a peduncle at the end."

The ncuration of the wings shows great diversity. As a rule llu
hind wings are veinless. In some suli-families the veining of the fori
wings resembles that of the Hrai oniils and the Chrysidids and Scoliid-
and in others the Chalcids. (Consult .Ashmead's Monograph of the N
A. Proclotrypidae and Brues' ScrphuUlea mllymrnoplera of Connectkul

i'.UIIl.V PtLKCINID.E

Pdecinus obturator Drury is a long black hymenoptcr .(femaii
3-2} f, inches long), parasitic on white grubs (Lachnoslerna). It i
sometimes grouped with the I'roctrypids under tin. Serphoidea.

ICIINEUMONID^ (ICIINEl'MON FlIES)

These insects form an important group of parasites upon injuriou-
forms. The females lay their eggs either within or upon the ho i
larva, and the maggots feed within the host until maturity, feeding upi "i
its blood by osmosis through the skin; in some cases, by attackii.'
muscle tissues and the fat body, and getting air, probably by attail
mcnt to the trachea. Cocoons are often spun on the back of the \\a^' .
from which emerge the adults. Some commfm genera are Ophi< 'i
(light brown with compressed abd 'men), parasitic on Polyphenui^
larva, Thalessa (with a long flexible ovipositor) on Pigeon Tremi .
Pimpld conquisitor on the pupie of tent-caterpillars, the cotton-wor 0
and the Brown-tail, P. inquisitor on tussock caterpillars (see Howaf -
fnsect Book), and Tragus parasitic on chrysalids of Papilio.

Bkacunid.* (Bkaconid Flies) (Figs. 235 and 236)

Braconids are, as a rule, smaller than the Ichneumons, but like 1 ■'■
latter are valuable parasites. Apkidius and Lysiphlebus parasil 1

ClASSiriC.MION ANt)

""•:m«h.ti,.n ,,k ,,,„„„^ ,^^^,_,^,^

'"■■ 2.1 V— A toi

mate «■„,„, r,.«,s,,*„„,.„, ,,.„„, ,^^^^.^^_ _^^^^ __^ ^^^
•Viitur,.] siic. iMur iuh.m.',

ApatlteUs co^nr^natus.

i''<i- ajd.— BassK

The Kreat
njurious

^ eanvitiiU'i. A l.r-i..,.„; i

CirAi.<imi).f: (CiiAi.irn I-mi:si

tie Kreat n,aj„rily „f Cl,alci..lli.s arc lanellci,! •,

'■jaasmry.

MICROCOPY RESOIUTION TEST ChART

ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No, 2,

1.0 !-!ia iiiiM
^ 1^ IIIIM
u_ I "^ llllffi

1.8

lli:?^ mil '-4 il 1.6

^ -APPLIED INA^IGE

354

E((J\OMIC E.NTOMDLOOY

and Ijorlius. They arc recognized l)y the Ijranched single vein of the
fore wings. Their larvx attack many species of caterpillars. Among
the mure common forms are I'leromuliis piiparum on the pufia- of the
White Cahhage Bultertly; A/i/irliiius on scale insects; Monodontomerus
arms on the Brown-tail and Gyjisy Moths; Tri(hof,ramma on many
caterpillars, and Vithipisllm nentaliciJa (in the Larch Saw-flv. Telra-
sticlius, Dibrachys, Corcophagus, Sculdlisk:, Prospallella, Eupelmus and
Aphyciis are other valuable economic forms.

The four following species are injurious:

Wheat Joint Wonn (fsosoma trilhi V tch.).— (Consult Farmers'
Hull. 1,2 and 1006. U. .S. Dept. of .\gric.) Adul. A minute Mack
4-winged ant-like fly; 1 5 inch long. May. Injurious in the East
on account of the larva living in the stems of wheat, sucking the
juices and causing a swelling in the stem. Infested plants contain
one or more hard woody cells in the stem just above the second or third
joint from the ground, in which live the larvx- or grubs. On nearing
maturity the stems fall or break at the places of injury.

/W-— -''fnall, white, round-oval. Inserted in daytime, singly at a
place, in the stem by the sharp ovipositor, but of en as many as 15
into one stem. Each female may lay as many as 70 or mo e eggs.
Hatch in about 14 days.

Larva.— X yellowish-white maggot, ' ;, inch long, tips of jaws brown,
,5 to 4 moults;. full grown in ., weeks; hibernates in wheat straw;
forms cell in stem. Most of the larva! change to pupa; late in Autumn.

P«/>(i. -Yellow to black; 1,5 inch long.

Parasites. -Ditriponolus aureoviridis, Honioporus chakidepha^us.
f.Hryloma boUeri parra, Eupelmus epicasla Walk., all chalcids.

Control— Rotation of crops; burning and deep plowing under of
stubble when practicable, or harvesting of stubble in spring, collecting
with horse-rake and burning; preparation of good seed-bed.

Wheat Straw Worm (Isosoma grande Riley).— A pest west of thi
Mississippi; adults emerge in April May from stubble and lay eggs,
and the larva; eat the forming heads of wheat. Adults appear again
in June and lay eggs above the upper joints. Larva; pupate In
October and winter is passed in the stubble.

Species of Isosoma (Females) (after Howard)

\. Mesonotum smooth, poiislu'd, shining. -^Tdtd/f.
.■\.\. Mesonotum rufuione; abdomen laager than thora.t.

inch lon>;.

li-S^ l>rownish-vi-ll„vv; winirs rl,-,r i "r '

'•'>-^ her egKs in M.,j. ,,„,, jj, - ul , ; ""'■T '^"''' ''"'' 'he adult

^M'Pearin JuIya„d4ust;i.uT;,,Je:i, 2 ' "'""-^ "' ""'^ '-'""'

^I'nng. There is much overla,,, ilT "'■'•■ ""' "" 'h*-' f"ll"win„

'- "ifficul. ., determine. iTr;t iT "" ""= """'^"^ "' '-""
i- year, .uth a p^siWhty „f ^.u,! "'""^' '^^ "^^^ generations

if,.'!' '^'' ~'''"l<"'lhr„„
"•""».. a chakij para-
"■■"f"ii!lnul,n.,,h.

y,(>

KCnxDMic ext()MOL()(;y

Grolp Vespoidea (Wasps)

The true wasps are divided into Uic Solitary Wasps {Eiimcmil<r<
and tliu .Social Wasps (Vcspida). The former have similar haliits to the
l)if!Ker Wasjjs (see below), forming burrows in the earth, in wood or on
twigs of shrubs. In the latter class two genera are common, I'oUsI,.
with a .s|)indle-shaped abdomen, and black ringed with yellow, and
Vespa, the common hornet or yellow-jacket. The paper nests attache I
to buildings, trees or in the earth arc constructed from bits of wood made
into a pulp, and are provisioned with spiders or insects. The nest ol
Polhlcs consists of a single comb, attached by a short stem, but that
of Vcspa consists of several laj-ers of combs with a papery covering.

The White-faced Hornet is well known as the maker and owner o.
the large i)aper nest. It jjrovidcs its young with no.xious larva,-, and un
doubtedly does much to control insect life. Occasionally, however, ii
may injure grapes or peaches by eating holes in them. The life-histor>
is quite similar to that of the Bumble Bee — males, females and worker-
(undeveloped females) making up the colony. Only the females sur-
vive the autumn and hibernate.

Group Spiiecoiuea (Digger W.\sps)

The Digger Wasps contain a large number of families. (See Com
stock's Manual of Insects and Ilymenoplera of Connecticut.) They ar.
solitary and store their nests with paralyzed insects or spiders. Th^
nests vary in structure; some arc made of mud attached to ceilings ■
buildings, some made in the pith of elder, sumach, etc., and others v.
sandy banks. The more common genera are Tiplihi, Pehpnii
Sphecius, Stigmus and Trypoxylon.

Group Apoidea (Bees)

The bees are grouped into two families, the AndrenideE (Shoi"
tongued bees) and the Apidce (Long-tongued bees). In provisionii ■-•
their nests with honey or pollen, or both, which they collect from flowei-.
bees are of great economic importance in the cross-fertilization of ma- y
flowers. (See Part I.)

Most of the Andrenida are miners and make their nests in i r
ground. They are solitary, each female making her own nest, 1 i

CLASSIFICATION- AND DESCKir

TIO.V OF Common insects

frcfjuently the nests are close (oRethe:

\ndrcn

'r. Some of the mi

lore common

Rencra ;

To the lyb/J^ belons Ihe Leaf-cutt'er'l,ees (MeRachih\ Carpenter

ri : r.?'"' •'■^■'"'"^"'' ^"^■^'-'-"■^ <''"■"'-'«'. numu «

oi but " '■ I ""• *" " -"'^^ ^-'--™'- I'""- "f '--cs cut from
msc bu hes an.l various ,,lants. These cells are place.l in burrows
made either in the ground or in soft wood

sand etth ?°";' ''T^' "' '"^'" ''''' "'"^ ^"^^ """1--' "'

< ether rs' 1^1 "f '""''" "^ ''"'^ "' ^™"''' ^'' «'"''' '"-'"'v

"Humble b^frr? "' 'r-^'"' ""'■ ''^■""«»''' ^"'' Sladen's
Humble bee for details regarding the habits of bees )

formU^ r"*f- t^""-''^" ■^'"'"- ^ ^™''^""" f«"" »»'i<a.v

A. Solitary bees.

n. Queen ,lics after CKK-layinR an.l providing food for larvae
L. .\esls quite a|iart.~/'™,,„/,/j, Ceralim.

aT '" ™'°"'''»' '"" f^alcs work independently.-. I „^„.„„
A nthrophora, Osmia.
CCC. Females hihcrnate in companies,— r ,p,i
CCCC. T«o or more females use a common ,. :. „r /efuge -U„ll,H,,
I arjurgits. ' '

'"'■ ofT/i-r:"" '" "' "■' '"^ ^■"' ''■"'''' °^" '"^ nest.-Species
A.\. Social Bees.

B. Fertilized female hihernates alone.-B„„H, Rm
Permanent soc.ctie.s with perfect combs.-//c.nf3, Hm.

ble 8*^3 ZfT-l'"'""!"" ^PP-^- -^I^^™ *" -^—-c standpoint Bum-
over Th " """".'''"?"' ^^ '-'^^"'^ '■" P«"inati"n of red and other
^ IdeserT t ''^"-™"'"'"K 'l"^'^" starts her nest in the spring usually

and nectar and on them in u wa. cell lavs her first eggs Next she
constructs a "honey-pot" for holding the honev colt led at le
ntrance to the nest. The larv.-e feed on the pollen, an wh™

which they spend their pupal period of about ii days. The first

3S8

KCONOMIC ENTOMni.OOV

brood arc small workers who relieve the queen of further work
except that of eKR-layinR. Later broods are large workers and thi
last brood consists of males and females. In the autumn all succuml-
except the young queens.

The males and females of Bombus arc reared after the workers near
the close of the summer, and mating occurs then. The number oi
workers is relatively small, ,?oo in some of the unilerground-dwellini.'
species to 60 in some of the surface-dwelling species.

The more common species are B. borealis, B. tcrricola, B. Icniariiis.
B. pennsyhanicus, B. vaf^ans, and B. fervidus.

Honey Bee (Apis mellifera Linn.). — There are three kinds of in
Hividuals — quern, drones and neutral -dvrkers. The queen is the mothti
of the colony and lays the eggs; the drones are males and relativeh
few. A colony at the beginning of the season contains p,ooo lo
40,000 workers.

//o«f v.— Obtained from nectaries of flowers by workers and carrier
in the honey sac in the abdomen. Nectar is stored in cells and thi
surplus water is evaporated by currents of air to 10 to 12 per ceiii
Finished product is stored in wax cells about the brood chambers.

Wax. — Made from honey and sugar. Gorged workers hang ii
dense masses and plates of wax appear beneath the abdomen in aboir
24 hours. The wax is then transferred to the mouth and there masti-
cated with a fluid excreted by the cephalic glai.ds. Twenty pound-
of honey are required to make i pound of wax.

Propolis. — Obtained from buds and used to strengthen the cell-

Brood. — Egg hatches in 3 days. The grubs are nursed by worker-
on fluids from the mouth; later they are fed on pollen, honey and water
after 5 days the grub spins its cocoon, and 13 days later the wingc !
bee emerges.

Duration of Stages. —

Etig

Pupa

Total

Queen j days | 5V2 days | 7 days isH day

lirone .^ days j 6 days I 15 days 24 da\

Worker ^ days , 5 days 13 days 2 1 da\

The queen grub is fed on royal jelly — the nutritious fluid excrete
by the nurses.

C..ASS,r„..VT,OX AND DKS. k,pt,„x oP .■n„M„x ,nsk. rs

,i5')

workers then rear new ,,uc.cns ami, h-oM '' ''r"^""''"'- Th''

-H workers ...... ,.l,,,;:;:::^:^:;;;—^-;-era,.^^

nomerion ,s known as s:.„rm,„. Frenueni 1.1 K- ' ' '"' '"''''■

or thrice ,lurin« a favora.Me Ls.,n ' Th ' .1 ^^ ""^■. "™^'" '"'■'^

mates bnt once, in,, tZy^X:!^'''"''"'- '"^^ ''^"'"'>
the th„usan,Is of e««s .,i^, ,:,, cc wS T '^^r^'^""^ '" '-'"-■
lay so„e, relative,, U:. ^nfeiti,!.., e;:':;^ch I.n:,^!::; "'^'■

Color of
abdomen

tion

Quality

as a
producer

t'api.iuHs

of tOlIllj

honry

H (-marks

''"™'' «l->-k Cross IW White iKir,

nnjic I first raie inlroilunil into
_ America.

"""" V-^llow Gentle Best ' Fairlv M ,

stripes "'■' •^'°*' P"P"l"r race.

^ ^ white

Carniolan. Crey Cent,; Go;;,!^ White Son,,. ,

•iniie Some advocates in the
Cnited States

Caucasian...., ^^ ,^^, ,„„, ^ ,,,^;- ^ce.. .tro,....

_ _ *'0od for amateurs

""""i - «'-" «-'^ Cood WhU,,^ Hecent

"'""'" "^"°" ''^"- '-°-> -ater. Xo. ptacticalK- ahardoned

_^ in Lnited States.

GROUP FORMICOIDEA lANTS)

Family Fokmkid.j;
(Consult Howard's /mccis, tthetler-s («/, ,nH u ■

. "netlirs .In/ and fom,co,d,:a in llymcnopiera of

.V'°

i;((lS(JMIC KN1'(1MI)I.()GY

ti'

1-1 fi

Till' mails and fi'mak's male in ihv air, after which the males <lie anil
Ihe females tear off their wiri^s. They then huilil small cells anil com-
menie et;K-liiy'"K- Ihese eKKs anil their larvie are first tenilcil by the
i|Ueen li'it later l>y the wiirkers, 'I'he larva' arc white and legless, and
at mad iiy spin et!),'-sha|)ed iiimuns. Hi)w i|ucens arc develi)|>ed is
nut k A-n, Imt they and the workers may live for many years. The
fund of ants is quite varied, l)ut is usually of animal oriKin, espciially
nedar and dead insects. On the whole ants arc beneficial.
As to general habits ants may be cla.ssified into;

1. IlHHling anis which prey upon insects, other ants, etc.

2. Shn'C-makini; ants which capture other species and make slaves
of them.

,V Honey ants which collect honey and store it in certain members
of the colony — mostly western forms.

4. I.eaJ-cullinf, anIs which bite off bits of leaves, take them to their
nests, and Kniw (unRi upon them — mostly tropical forms.

5. Harvesting anIs which collect and store seeds for food supply in
underground granaries — mostly southern forms.

The colonies or nests occur either in the ground or in decaying
wood, and consist of irregular cavities that intercommunicate. Often
above the nests are dome-shaped hills in which the eggs are hatched,
and the legless larviE and jiupic nurtured.

Ants belonging to the sub-family Camponotina are stingless, and
here belong the genera Lasiiis, Camponotus and Formica. Those belong-
ing to the sub-family Myrmicina are stinging ants, including the genera
Solenopsis, Teiramorium, Monomorium, Cremastogaster, and Myrmica.

House and lawn ants may be classified, iccording to origin, into:

1. Tropical old-world ants, represented by the little red ant or
Pharaoh's ant {Monomorium pharaonis Linn.), the crazy ant {Pre
nolepis longicornis Latr.), a related species Prenolepis vividula N\i
and Plagiolcpis longipcs Jerden.

2. Introduced tropical new-world ants, represented by the Argentin-
ant (Iridomyrmex humilis Mayr.), and Premlepis fulva var. pubeti
Kovcl.

,i. Native Temperate N. .\. ants, represented by the thief ail
(Solenopsis molrsia Say), the carpenter ant {Componotus herctitaneu .
var. pcnnsylvanicus DeG.), the little black ant {Monomorium minimu ■:
Bckley), the .Imerican lawn or corn ant (Lasius niger var. american: <

u( march bduw. All cnlarKed. th/ leucre 1 il ' f' '""'• "■■""" "' *"'■''-■■" i" ""'^
sea'.. (.!/,„ .u„,;„„, u. S DepiXgrU, '""'"'"'""'' "" ''"™ '" Iho same

.•lrf«/fa.— Worker neuters, winged males a.,.1 f ,,,..1 i

less females constitute an ant colony. """' ""'' ^•'"«-

362

ECOMlMIC ENTOMOLOGY

Eggs.—LaU\ in immense numbers by the solitary queen mother
minute, oval, whitish; careii for by the workers.

I.arvce. -Fed by workers

Pupa. -While, cared for by workers; eRg-like but much largii
than the true eggs.

i 1

Flc;. 2,}Q, — Thf little red, or , haraoh's ant (Monomorium pkaraonis): a. queen r
female; h, wi>rl<er. Both drawings enlarged to thu same scale. (Afltr Marlall.

Control. —Destroy nests with hot water or carbon bisulphide; du-l
with sodium fluoride; trap ants in sponges soaked in sweetened wal r
or in a syrup poisoned with arsenate of soda. Formula: sugar, i H ;
arsenate of soda, 125 grains; water, : qt.; boiled and strained.

Lawn or Com Ant (Lasius niger var. americanus Em.). — This ai 1.
which is very abundant in the corn-growing districts of the Centi il

In llu. .„n,r„l „f ,hi. ,,,,,i,l. ,|„.r..f„r.., ,1,. I,.., nu.|l„.,l is ,„ „l„w

ari(ll<)|,r:ulisi. IT, |. r„t;iii(

lay siTVf as liTipcrary fooil-planis.

NKAR KK,.AT,VKS ''{^^^^^^^^l^^i^RlniS Tc, ,.,,,x,s

Class Cri

sj.ui:a

Sow Bugs, PiU Bugs or Wood Licp >;,>„ i

.arrels; under hoards. s.„nes and ruMnsh; in Kr«-„-
t-uses and rockeries. They usually feed a. ni«h"

and to the roots of strawherries.

The eggs are lai I in early summer. The in-
cubat,„n period v. ies with the different species-
'" ■'"«'"/'"""« -'■'/,?-,. Latr. ahout 70 davs. The
young are carried in a pouch forn.ed of mo.lif.ed
plates on the ah.lomen of ,h. female. Other
»pec,es are />„,„///„ fe„-, Latr., .,. „„,,,>«,„
nd On,uus asellus Linn. They have seven pair
"f legs, and antenn.-e which are 7-jointed (Fig. .40)

.r^: "p rh "::" I-atoes covered with a thin coatin, of Paris

.nolasse,s-or ngeMe" ink^ ^'""'' "-' '-"-''-is-green-

nge ju.ce, .spnnklmg or spraymg with kerosene emulsion;

Fk;. 24
ff//io/<»-Mi. a toinni

'■'"is I

/'or-

i(>*

EConomh: KNTOMOI.OGV

sprinkling Purls Krceii on the floor of Krci'iihouscs anil lovcrinj; it willi
(lamp twards; trapping Ijy mvans of invcrlei! flower [X)ts containing
ilamp hay or moss; tlushinK irevices, edges of greenhouse licda, benthe-
and ground beneath with hot water or steam; fumigation with NaC'N
or KCN {}'i-yi oz. of cyaniile to every too cubic feet of space).

Class Ara( iinida

ORDER ACARINA (MITKS AND TICKS)

Abdomen unsegmcnted, sometimes with annulations; without i
deep constriction between cephalothorax and abdomen; legs usually
well develoiwd; body more or less depressed.

Chief Fimlllea >nd Genera

Eriophyida - KlonK-itcd annutatcd forms. Enophyes — on plants.

Argitsida « /irgm, Ornilhodoras — on birds anri mammalfl.

Ixod'utct " I Kodcs, Dermacentor, Rhipkcntor, .Uargarapus, Buophitus, Ambtyomii: :

--on mammals.
Dfrmitnyssida — Liponyssus^ Dcrmanyssus — chiefly on birds.
Ciamasida ■ Lalaps — on Arthropods and mammals.

Tarsontmida = Pedicutoides, Tarsoncmus — on man and Krain and other plants.
Tyroglyphida - Tyroglyphus, Rhizoglyphus — on d-icd fruits ami bulbs, and man
Sarcoptida ^ Psoroptes, Sarcoples, Chorioptes — producing itch on mammals ani

birds.
Tetranychida " Tetranychus, Bryobia — on plants.
Tromhidiida ~ Trombidium. Harvest mites.

(Consult Handbook of Medical Entomology,hy Riley and Johannsen, pp. 251;

Family Dermanyssid^e (Poultry Mites)

(Consult Bulls. SS3 and 801, Dur. Ent., U. S. Dep. Agric.)
.\ most common form is the Chicken Mite (Dermanyssiis gallii •
DeG.), a flattened, elliptical mite, with 8 legs, J^q iiK^h 'ong, distinct'}
reddish aftei feeding.

The eggs are oval, smooth and pearly white, and laii' in cracks ai i
crevices of the wood or straw of the nests and roosts. They hat li
in 48 hours at summer temperature and young mites become mati t
in less thai, 10 days. They are most active at night. The you .;
larva on hatching is white and has 3 pairs of legs. In about 34 hoi ^s

CLASSIFICATION AM) DKSCRlPi 1,,^- ,,,

<iiMM,,\ INSKirs ,f,,

it moults an,l thi, nymph (f.r.l stage) with 4 h'«s moul s in alH.ut
.l-m, t ;. 1 ," "'"' '"""«'"■ "^ "'"- "hriv.. 1...S, in

"-HT in,l wall,, (J) spray or pjun^ lh.se „ilh a ,- ,Kr ret.l , res..l t r,„l.

or with kerosene emu sun. Two or ilir.... , 1; .•

at intervals of a few .lavs. '""'""■"'- 'I" '"'""^ ^re ne. essary

be 2w to"Xi;" "'"'T^'r' ' "" ""'•" ^"''""'^ »-•' ^"""1-1
'c acKiKl to each gallon of whitewash, li is often -olvintn

to scatter a mixture of three par. f .Irv shk .,1 1' ^''^•'"'"K'""-*

Dhiir ii.ti, .1, I '<.<.|Mi. ■' "r> J'lakeil lime and one iiart su-

pnur wjth the doors and windows closed.

Family .\R(,.\siD.f:

ears^'o'TTnf'^'^'"'-^'^:""""''"" '"'^"'"'■^■- ""d attache,! to ,he
ears of <|„mcstic animals and jack rabbits occurs in ,h,. I \T

some. Treated by an m,ection of a mi.xture of two parts pine tir and

izts'zvt:/ '"" ''- -■ ^^•""-" ^■-'""" • '"'in

Family Sarcoptid.e (Scab and Itch Mites)

The Poultry Itch Mite (Sarcoptes mu,a„s Robin) produce, "scalv
leg of fowls, turkeys, etc. It may also attack the'combTn.i 1^ k'

and t^Ts T '"""^r^- ^''^- ""■•^■^ '"'- ""'•- "•«-• -ales of Lto;
and leg and burrow deeper an.l deeper into the tissue, setting up an

irTthlToeT''' '^ ''~'- '"'" -"'^""- -"^■•"^ '-e^rsrof

- appiy4 sulphur oini^ ^SiSr ,;:::: :z:^

Itch M,te of Man (Sarcopies scabiei Latr.) -This nest hTT'
under the skin where eggs are laid. In a,»ut a wee the'eLs "h
^nd the young nutes become mature in about 4 weeks. The leS

366

ECONOMIC KNTOMOI.OGY

anil Ijlistcrs formed arc very irrilalinf;, and llic disease may sjiread
rapidly.

Sheep Scab Mite (Psoro/y/cs commuuis var. ovis l-'urst). — This mile
burrows under the skin of sheep forminj,' larfjc areas of crust called
scabs. From these areas, conmionl.\ contined to the neck, back and
rump, the wool falls away. The disease is contagious. Kach female
lays 15-24 eggs which hatch in 2 ,5 days; the young miles mature in
15 days, diet- Farmers' iiull. 7n, l\ S. Dept. .\gr.J

!H

K.AMtLY IxoniD.s: (Ticks)

Cattle Tick (Margaropus annulalm Say).— In th • Southern Slates
this tick causes large lo.sse as the agent responsible for the Texas

Fig. 241. — Rocky mountain spoUcil fever lick i DcrmacfitUym-nitslits) \ r. unenf:orj;ei]
female; 2. unen^urged male. {War Book, V. S. Drpl. Auru.)

Cattle Fever. Il is a dark 8-legged creature. The engorged female
drops from cattle to the ground and lays its eggs. The young licks
(seed licks) on hatching crawl up nearby herbage and drop on Ihi
backs of caltle as they brush by. .Attached lo the skin they feed
until they become mature.

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Tick yDnmamitor leiiiislus Banks'
— This tick, vyith others, is able to transmit the so-called ''Spotter
Fever" of man in the Rocky Mountain states. It is jio.ssible that th.
ground squirrel of the region serves as a reservoir of the virus. Thi

I

^ IS ui luiie eionomjc miporlancc.
Family Tktranvc,,,,,^ (R^n Sp,„„:rs)

pes. on -es^.iX,;;^:^^::^;t^H^^'^^"■^'•' ,^™'^™'"

vegetable ganlen; and on manv .,„ i ^"■'"''""'"; cucumbers in the

in Western Colorado ofr^rrra'rrr"',-; "'" •■' '"'"'"' "^-
in the Southern States on coUon ^"''"""' "" '"'"^- '""'

.-e amher palpi ,1 i^^^r .^X^ ^ "T^, '''
color of n,a e rust, salmon, body .l,, inch'Cg ' ' ■'" ™" '""«^

ren,fS;;^S^<^'r::'r '"^;:"7-^ --'- -- '^Id ., each
.emperature-3 ,;da,. Laid in "™''\"™ "-'™' ^"Hes with the

2-4 days. ^ *^'^"'' •""'• ''^^'^^■'- '" color; duration

.lurfr;.^^::t;f"^'-^'^^"^^'-""'>- ^--^ -^^^ --^ .on^ate;

kerosene emulsion; dust with fin.l, , , ""'''''"'''s^'""! sulphide,

■>^<^cicati.of wX^iJSrm:::^ r; ;::t;^ -'- -""-
^.•«s°^"r;::^tr:^:rit?rr-'--';T-

-'her orchard and forest trees In nunr, ?' '''"■'^' '"'"'^ "'"'

- become yellowish IrT^^'^TZ:^ l^T' T""^ "■^'"

■ ne Hmter is passed in the egg

,^68

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

stage, and the small round red eggs can be readily recognized in the
crotches of fruit trees. There are several generations in a season. In
autumn it sometimes invades houses.

Illk f

m

Family ERiDPiivin.?; (Blister Mites)
(Consult Bull 283, N. Y. Ag. E.\p. St.)

Pear-leaf Blister Mites [Erhphyes pyri Pgst.).— This introduced
mite is responsible for the reddish or yellowish blisters on the leaves

Fig. 242. — Pear-leaf blister mite {Eriophyes pyri). (After Nalepa and Parrott )

of pear and apple. These blisters turn brown later in the season,
and badly infested leaves drop. Nursery stock is often badly injure!.
The mites live in colonies beneath the epidermis, forming blist. r-
'ike galls. Within these galls the minute oval white translucent ef;--
are laid and hatched, and the young mites grow to maturity. Th v
then leave by a minute opening on the lower surface and go to n »

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OP COMMON INS.CTS ,6,
leaves where new blisters are started T>,„ ■ . •
beneath the l.ud scales. 11 e a luTmi. ' 7", T '^"""' "^ '"''
)U^ inch long (Fig. ,,,). ' ""'' '^ "'""■• '•'™«^">'. 4-lcm-l,

tWra/.— S,)ray with lime sulphur, wash l.,.f„r,. I,..,f i „ ,

Banks on peach. ' ' ' '*>*""/"'> <»rH»/«,

F.VVII1.Y •rARso.NKMin.i.:

Cyclamen Mite {ratsonemus palliJusl-Vhi, mite is r.-n, r, , f
many scattered sections as destrucfiv , '"" "'"^ '•" "■Porle.l from
the tiowers and flower buds and all' ''''""""'■ " "^■■^'^"•"

stages may be found there. .-Attacked
flowers become distorted, streaked and
flaccid and die prematurely. In many
cases they die before opening. Infested
leaves curl.

The adult mite is pale brown 'fj.-
inch long; the eggs are oval and trans-
lucent.

Co«/ro;.— Spray plants with nicotin
and soap solution when the younge
plants are transferred from Hats to pots
and every lo days thereafter.

Class Dipi.opoda

^4.!.— A common millipid.
(A/ler Fobom.)

Millipeds.-Millipeds are often termed " thousand-leirs " 'V-,!!
worms," or "false wirewnrm^ " Ti, .• ''"" "^R^' galley-

„;i„ ""»'- wireworms. They sometmies occur in rich I'-ird..,,

abou'VfeLrfor'Ihe v"'^'^ '"f"^ '"' '" "^^^ ^''""^' =""' '' -quires

night feeders Tl' T * ™' '" '•^■'''' '"^^""'>'- I'''"' are

ugntieeders. The most common injurious forms bclonir tn tt,

^am.hes Julid^ and P„lyJesn,iJ.. jj„s <.«.*.„ "s da k I wn .r

^.lack^above with sides spotted with yellow, and is from/to IT^^Cs

37°

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

m i

long. Julus virgatus injures lettuce and J. ccerideocinctus the fruit
and roots of strawberries. The young millipeds have only three pairs
of legs. Spiroboliis is from 3 to 5 inches long. Polydesmus canadensis
is a deep brown flattened form.

Oxidus gracilis is a common pest of greenhouses, sometimes occurr-
ing in millions in an abundant supply of decaying vegetable matter.
It attacks sprouting seeds, and burrows into the decaying spots of roots.
In color it is chestnut-brown marked in parts with lemon yellow. Gos-
sard says that the whitish eggs are laid in April and May in the soil
in masses of from 100 to 300 or more and hatch in about 20 days. So
far as known there is but one generation a year.

Control. — (i) Trap with slices of beet or potato; (2) mix thoroughly
with the soil tobacco dust, gas lime (3 tons to acre in fall), or soot; (3)
give the soil a thorough drenching with kerosene emulsion or two or
three light dressings of nitrate of .soda (100 lb. to acre).

BRANCH MOLLUSCA

Class Gastropoha

Garden Slugs (Limax spp.). — Garden slugs are mollusks and not
arthropods, but may be treated here. They are frequently injurious
in moist situations to garden and greenhouse produce. They dishkt
sand, sawdust and ashes as these dry up the secretion of mucus. The\
spend the winter in the ground encased in their own slime. Somr
species, however, winter in greenhouses and remain active through-
out the year. They are active at night, and feed upon green succuleni
leaves, mushrooms and ripe fruit.

There are three common injurious species: L. maximtis, L, agrestic
and L. flavus. Slugs differ from snails in the apparent absence of .1
shell, but in reality the shell is reduced to a thin horny plate embedded
in the mantle.

The eggs are large, round, transparent, yellowish, occurrin-,'
in gelatinous clusters under boards or refuse. They hatch in sprin.'
and the slugs become half grown by fall. The adults may live several
years. Blackbirds, toads, moles, centipeds, and poultry destrov
siv s and snails.

Control. — (a) Trapping by placing out shingles or boards is qui^e
effective. Examine the traps every morning and crush the slugs cc -

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON INSECTS 37,
lected under them, (b, Lin.ing the soil is also useful (c) If slue,
have , .ed on the plants dust them with a mixture of lime pi t and

,t I ? ""' "''""' '^'■' "''"'^■^- (<" l-'«^ 'he hran-arsenic-

weather. (/) I se poultry. (See Farmer's Bull. 959, U. S. Dept. .\g.)

Nematodes or EEtwoR.iis

Conunon Kelwom (Helerodcra radickola Greef;.-EeIworms
. IthouKh not closely related structurally to insects may be cons^d "d
h re ,„ eonnecon with them. They are common pests f roots anj
und rground parts of plants, producing root-knots, galls or rough
warty surfaces. Tomatoes indoors and potatoes ou doors are often
.njured especially when grown on sandy' soil. The males arrr^ro-

The^'femar" ^"",T"""^ ""'"'^'"^ '"''• "^^ '"e name el worml
'bou r;;!" «"f "■"«•-;'>• white and pear-shaped or roun.led.
aoout halt the size of a pm head.

i,/<.-to„,y.-The eggs are oval-shaped and are produced by
the females m great numbers in the knots or galls. Thev hatch in

^hf rotTor:' r ^"T ^^'""™^ ^^^^ "^- quartersISeed^:
the roots of plants producmg the characteristic deformities Thev
may pass the winter in their host; or it may be on other plants The
.voung forms may even encyst themselves in the soil

attacks (Gdbert, Farmers' Bulletin 6.5): Soy bean, beet carrot

oulsh ?t "''' "'■""" ''"'"' ^"^"""-' ''^»"«. peach, pouto,'
squash tobacco tomato, watermelon; less severely; alfalfa, a paragus
Lima bean, cal.bage, sweet clover, cotton, o.iion, garden pea radlh
spmach, strawberry, vetch. The following plants are largerimmune:

CW™;"' fTT, "'f'-^-"' "''^'"' ^"•' ™* P-^ (some varietie" :
C««/r«/.-Infested soil in greenhouses may be sterilized by steam
arbohc acid (,:.o) or formalin; mix the soil intimately with gat
bme; rotation of crops; sum^ner fallow; plant clean nurservLck

If 1

PART IV
THE CONTROL OF mjURIOUS INSECTS

The effective control of injurious insects demands a knowled^r
o he habus of the insects themselves so that they m y be aUacked
at the most vulnerable point. As insects differ greatly in thetr habits
and hfe.h,story, methods of control must also dfffer greatly Tot onK
w..h regard to individual insects but also with regardio e ^^ ht
reattacked. For example, it is obvious that insects that IW^Ziwt
the ground and mjure roots must be controlled in a different lylnZ
msects that feed on foliage. Moreover, insects that attack the c a

hatlu : Ir, ''^'"'^' '"""'">■ ""^ '^^="-' '" '"^ ^'"e way as in ecu
tha attack the fru.t anri leaves of gar.len or orchard crops

It has been said that the aim of the economic entomologist shouhl
be the control o mjur ous insects at a prof,. It may not be po, b e

for esthr '™ '" "' ''''''' '"' '"'"''' ■""«' '- "" '™'led some m
o esthe„c reasons, not entirely for the losses they cause. Moreover

InTulT ,T""^': '" '■'"" ""^^ ""'"y ^"-^"^d ""■"- "Lets

out ,„ he h /l"""'^ '"'"" " ''°^^ ""' P^y '» ''^-' "■e". may turn
out to be harmful m some indirect way. ■

The term "at a profit" used above is rather indefinite It is
sometimes imposs.ble to say whether the control of injuriou 'in c
.s profitable or not for there are many factors to be consider d A con
trol, seemmgly unprofitable from the money standpoint for a parUcX
year, may be profitable from the standpoint of the health of the "e
and 0 future production of fruit. Moreover, orchardists recogn z th
cumulative effect of continuous spraying. ^cognize the

Factors of Insect Control

grou'ptdSotrr'"^ ''" "^ ™"'™' " "-'"- -— y -^e
I. Climalic.~rbe range and number of insects are strontdv
ii.-.....ced by temperature, rainfall, winds, etc. (see Part I). '
373

UVfC

If jt

'111

K

m

374

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

2. Food Supply.— \n important regulator of insect life (sec Part I).

3. faraij/M.— Protozoa, bacteria, fungi and insects.

4. Predatory /l»;ma/j.— Birds, insects, snakes, toads, annelids, etc.

5. Cultural or Preventive Methods (see below).

6. Artificial or Remedial Methods (see below).

The first four factors are, however, almost wholly beyond man's
control.

Methods of Controi,

The main practical methods of control of injurious insects may,
therefore, be grouped into two general classes; (a) Cultural or Preventivi
Methods— those practices of culture or of handling the crop thai
prevent, or interfere with, the development of injurious insects; and
(A) Artifi<:ial or Remedial Methods— thme which deal with injurious
insects when they appear by the use of poisonous or contact substances,
or other artificial means.

A. CULTURAL OR PREVENTIVE METHODS

For most farm crops Cultural Methods are the only practicalili
methods. They are essentially Preventives. The most important
cultural methods are the following:

I. Rotation of Crops.— The growing of crops year after year on
the same land permits many insects which feed on the roots to develop
and multiply. On the other hand, a good crop rotation makes il
impossible, or very difficult, for an insect to pass through its life stagc^
without being seriously disturbed and its food supply destroyed.

(0) Some rotations are preferable to others when wireworms and
white grubs are abundant. For example, where corn is the chiei
crop a rotation of clover, corn, oats is better than forage grasses-
corn, oats. Professor Forbes, of Illinois, advises plowing the gras-
in early tall, and sowing clover either with barley, wheat, or ryi
The clover is allowed to stand 2 years and is followed by cornd
roots. As certain crops such as clover, barley, wheat and rye are not s
liable to attack as corn, potatoes, mangels and oats they are betti -
adapted to follow sod.

(i) Moreover, if sod infested with white grubs is broken up earh
sown to turnips or rape, and pastured with hogs in late summer an

THE CONTROL OF INJURIOUS INSECTS

375

the crotandt7::,.Tj''^r"'-^ ^^^ '~t of .he s..i,,
product's and the Taste Ic X"h ""1"' T"''"" '" '"^ ^^'-^
injurious insects. It LtThe^Xt -^ or^ 7 t/air , ™"^
under certain conditions, which practice is If '.if. ^ '''"^
of dealing with wireworms w ite'^^ub cu.wo™ H ' T"""''
It means high fertility of soil 1/ !' '"•.""™' «"') Rrasshoppers.

Timely plowing, planting, and harvesting are often .ft. ,■
agamst some of the worst insects nl ,h. t ^ effective

wee^dSrttj M^^s^ira :!" ^'^.^-'^ r- -"

places. Such insects are Hessian V"Taxse""chT "^""'^
W worm, tarnished plant bug, squash br^'al.t er 7c' '""^

wee^r-::^^-:L5:ri;^;----r^^^

and^^the grass is fed or moJn ^w cutw^t^ iL^-L^;^;™-
the growth of plants that are attaS.lIt ^S ~ i: '-'-

M<>

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOOV

as the Hessian-fly, the |iea-weevil, the codlir, .ii..;K. the San Jos^
scale, the plum curculio, the apple maggot, grasshoppers and many
others (Fig. 244).

4. Xalural linemks oj Imeds.—{a) Farmers and fruit-growers
can do much to encourage the presence of insectivorous birds among
the crops. These birds are most important in keeping injurious
insects under control.

Pro. 344.— The San Jos^ scale. (.Afltr Alwood.)

(fi) Frequently, too, hogs and poultry can be utilized to advantag.
in destroying white grubs, cutworms, grasshoppers, asparagus beetle^
etc., in infested fields.

((■) Lady-bird beetles, ground beetles, and other predaceous insect
should be protected as far as possible (see Section relating to th'
Utilization of Parasites, p. 401).

5. Restriction and Exclusion of Foreign Insects. — It has been fr<
quently pointed out in the preceding pages that many of the mo^

THE CONTROL OF INJURIOUS INSECTS 377

destructive insects are imported forms. Until recent years no effort
had been made to exclude foreiRn insects, but now a r^i,l inspection
o plants whict, may harbor dangerous pests occurs .tL^uZ

cS; acfdX """ " "" '""^■"'^'' '" '"""'""'"" *"•• •»■''"'-

That such restriction and exclusion are very im,K,rtant is evident
m vew of recent experiences with the brown-tail moth, the white

haTd"^! r! '• ";,*':'"'"^''"-" ''"i'-fly. and others. On the other
hand U IS ,-, .^ble to import foreign species that prey u,M,n other
forcgn mse. .s already here as was done in the case of the gypsy moth
and the cottony cushion scale.

B. ARTIFICIAl OR REMEDIAL METHODS

Artmcial methods may be conveniently classified as follows-

1. The application of poisons against biting insects

2. The application of contact substances against sucking insect

3. 1 ne use of poLsonous gases.

4. The application of repellent substances.

5. The use of protectors.

6. The use of traps and trip crops.
7- The use of ditches.

8. The use of hopperdozers, etc.

9. Collecting, digging out, jarring, etc.

10. High and low temperatures.

I. The Application of Poisons for Biting Insects
(Consult Farmers' Bull. 908, U. S. Dep. Ag.)
The three essentials of a good insecticide are:
(0) Effectiveness against insects.

(i) Cheapness, both with regard to material and application
(c) Harmlessness with regard to insect hosts.
With regard to Effectiveness, an insecticide must be applied-
(a) In the proper manner.
(*) At the proper time.

When the application of the insecticide is mo ' e form of a

spray some form of pump is necessary. In smaU u.i and gardens

M»

KCONOMIC KNTOHOLOOV

cheap hand-pumiw arc usually sufficient; but for orchards pressure-
pumps, operated cither l>y hand or by |>ower, are essential. With or-
chards over 5 or lo acres or with high trees power-pumps or sprays.
■ apable of givinK a high pressure of 150 to 200 lbs. arc now f{enerall>
used. An im|M>rtant feature of all spray pumps is the uj^tVo/OT' for ki:epinK
the chemicals In the tank well stirred. Moreover, it is very essential
that the spraying be done IhnrouffUy and at the proper time.

I' heroughnfis of spraying,, while largely a matter of [lersonai atten-
tiii is r.ocured with greater convenience with a pump of high pressun
anil ith suitable nozzles, exUmion rods and hose,
so that every part of the plant, the tips of the
twigs as well as the larger branches, is drenched.

The proper lime of application is determined
by the habits of the insect, and herein lies the value
of a knowledge of the life-history of the insect.

Fit;. 245. — Knapsack sprayer.

Pig. 346. — Bucket
force pump.

SPRAYIHC EQUIPMENT

Outfits for spraying may be classified as follows:

1. Atomizer sprayer, useful for treating individual plants.

2. Bucket with force pump, convenient for smal' areas (Fig. 246
.5. Knapsack or compressed air sprayer, operated either by hand n

by compressed air, useful in greenhouses, stables, poultry houses, «■
(Fig. 245).

TIIK CONTROL OK INJIKIofS INSKCTS ,79

4. Ilaml;atl sp,ay,r, a small Larrd mcunifl on .1 han.l carl and
"I-eratcl l.y a han.l-pum,,. Iscful in Kanlcns

,n,-ll '*""'' ''"••^■•■'- "'"' f""^' l>"mp „,«.ral..,l In l,,.n.|. Iscful ,n
small orthar.ls and garden*.

'.. Tank spr,n,r, «i,|, prrsMir. |,um|, ...Hralnl ..illuT l.v hand cm-
prc-sscl a,r, ,ra..,„n «.ar;n«. «as„li,u. n,o,„r. „r liquid .arl,.,n d^xi.^-.

Flc. >47.-An u,,.l„.datc spraying outfi, m an appl. „rc h-,r,l u.i„„ ,h •■

In or. har.1 sprayinR every oullit sh,.uld I.e j.rovided with a ,*,„. /
so .hat the .ips of the .ranches .ay be trea'ted prorL:.; (^■•;r::;r:

Other accessories are strong h„s,; al,le to withal .n,l =
about 300 lbs. per s„uare inch, halflinch hose M^^ l^:,;!";;,"'
and exlatnon rods with drip guards and aU-offs. ^ '

38o

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

The essentials of a good nozzle are:

I. Simple in construdion, adjustable, liglU ani free from projectiiif.

pans.

2. Xot liable to dribble on account of wearing of packing or springs

3. Easy to clean.

4. Not liable to clog.

5. Giving a unijorm spray when pressure is constant.

-- .,,'^p^^. ■ .- ",-,

. It

V , - « .

■ "■ /

*

Fig. 248. — Spraying large orchard and shade trees by means of a tank platform ai
two lines of hose.

NOZZLES

Three types of nozzles are used in spraying operations — the Bm
deaux, Vermorel and Disk.

The Bordeau.x nozzle has its opening adjustable by means of
stop-cock so that various forms of si>rays can be employed. Tl
spray is made by a straight stream hitting a lip and breaking up in
a fan-shaped spray. It is well adapted for vineyard work where Hi
deaux and arsenicals are used. When clogged it can be readily clean,
by reversing the stopcock. "Perfccto," "Niagara," "Sencc,
are trade names.

The Vermorel nozzle has a central opening in front of a chamb'
into which the liquid enters at a tangent. It gives a tine cone-shap

THE CONTROI. OF INJURIOUS INSECTS

.?8r

spray but is very liable to clog. A needle operated by a spring can be
used to clean the clogged nozzle. It is unsuitcd to large orchards or
with large outfits. "Huena," "Cyclone," -Kureka," "Dewey,"
"Spramotor," "Vajior Mist" are trade names.

The Disk nozzle, known under several trade names, has been evolved
from the Vermorel for modern power outfits. It is larger and has
a disk plate at the orifice which may be changed when desired. The
chamber is broad and Hat an<l thi> liquid enters it bv two si)iral grooves
As a result a strong rotary motion is given to the'liquid which breaks
up into a fine spray as it leaves the large opening. ]( is the most satis-
factory nozzle at the jjrescnt time. Trade names are " Friend " " Cy-
clone," "Jumbo," "Atomic," "Mistry," "Tower," "Simplex "
• I'lger," "Whirlpool."

The "Nu.system" or "Spra-gun" Nozzle is an improved form of the
Disk. It has a large chamber, entered by several spiral grooves, at one
end of a heavy brass rod, and an adjuster at the other end. Near this
end is an opening for attachment to the hose (Fig. 247).

COST OF SPRAYING

The cost of spraying depends on: (i) the materials used, (2) the
location and size of the trees, (3) the outfit and (4) the rate of pay for
labor.

Many carefully kept records are now available for comparison
but the following cases will suflSce here: '

Case I.— Cost of spraying 500 20-year-old apple trees in Okanagan
Valley, B. C, averaged 8 cents per tree.

Case 2.— In Dr. Hedrick's e.xperimental lo-acre orchard, Geneva,
N. Y., about 30 years old, the cost of spraying averaged per year for
10 years 41.8 cents per tree for 2-3 sprayings.

C'«5C3.— Five-yearaveragecoslofs])rayingeightorchardsinIndiana
the trees being from 18 to 23 years of age, a first dormant spray with
lime-sulphur, and four other summer sprays mostly with lime-sulphur
and arsenate of lead; 41 cents per tree, S16.89 per acre, and 17.98
gal. per tree (Hull. 194, Purdue I'niv. Agr. Exp. Stn., iqi6).

Case 4.— Cost of spraying in New Hampshire (labor and material
arsenate of lead and Bordeaux) 11} i cents per tree per application.'

Case 5.— In 1916 the average cost of spraving eleven widely
separated orchards in Massachusetts was 52 cents per tree, and the

MU1.IM

382

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

average iirofit was $4.50. These results are intereslins as they were
obtained from farmers under (ir<linary farm conditions.

DUST SPRAYING

Durinj,' the last 6 or 7 years there has lieen a revival of dust
spraying, especially in New York State. Professors Reddick and

Fie;. 249. — .\ (lust .sprayer in ciperaLion in an oreh;irii. (("W^/fM- of ihe \ia^,ii
Sprtiyrr (.0.)

Crosby of Cornell I'nivcrsity carried out a series of experiments froi
191 1 to iqi7 with dust sprays against insects and fungous diseases ■
the orchard. Different mixtures were used:

1. Sulphur, 80 per cent.; arsenate of lead, 20 jier cent.

2. Sulphur, 40 per cent. ; arsenate of lead, 10 per cent . ; finely grmii '
gypsum, 50 per cent.

THE CONTROL OF INJURIOUS INSECTS

383

; arsenate of Irail, lo percent.; hydratcd

3. Sulphur, 40 per cent.
lime, 50 per cent.

In every case the sulphur was finely Rroun.l s„ that it could pass
through a .00-mesh screen. The results were very staisfactorv
comparmg very favorably with those ol.iained from the licjuid spra'v'
The cost o the materials in dust spraying, howe^■er, was high but
he cost of labor was lower than in liqui.l spraying. The onlv objec-
tion, at present, to the complete substitution of the dust meihod for
spraymg is that there is no known dust preparation that will kill scale
insects, or that is effective against a|.his, pear psylla or red bugs.

The d t method makes it possible to protect the orchard at
critical times, as a large orchard can be treated in about one-fifth of
the time required by liquid spraying (Fig. ,40).

POISONS FOR BITING INSECTS

(Consult I'armers' Bull. 90S, V. S. Kep. ,\.,'.)
The most important poisons used for the destruction of biting insects
are (a) Pans green; (A) arsenite of lime; (,-) arsenate of lead; (dj arsen-
at; of hme; (e) hellebore; (/) sodium fluoride. When leaves or other
portions of plants, dusted or sprayed with suitable quantities of these
substances, are eaten by insects the latter are poisoned. As a rule
better results are secured by spraying the plants than :.v dusting
them; sometimes, however, It is impracticable to si>rav and resort

must be had to dusting

(a) Paris Greeti.'-Pure
composed of 58.65 per cent
oxide, and 10.06 per cent

Paris green, ,}Cu(.\s02)2.Cu(C2H.,0.)2,
-rscnious oxide, .ji.^q per cent, copper
,. , , , , , • "^ ^"'^' '* «'lul>le in ammonia but only

slightly soluble in water. In commercial forms there is usually a
small amount of free arsenious acid, so that it is neccssarv to add lime
to prevent mjury from the burning of the foliage. The amount of
hme used should be at least equal to that of the Paris green but when
It IS added to Bordeaux mixture the excess of lime renders the addition
" hme unnecessary. One pound of Paris green is sufficient for an acre
of potatoes. Paris green jmrticles are heavy and sink rea.lily in
'Paris Green first came into use as an insoctidde about .870 in the early effort
10 control the Colorado potato beetle, and lead arsenate was first used in

384

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

water. The finer the particles the longer they remain in suspension,
consequently it should first of all lie made into a thin paste in a small
amount of water, and after it is in the barrel it should be kept in
suspension by a mixer. // cannot be used with lime-sulphur solution.

The usual formula employed is: Paris green, i lb.; best stone lime,
I to 4 lb.; water, 160 gal. imperial or 200 gal. V. S. measure. The
Paris green is made Into a paste with water and stirred into the lime-
and-water mixture. When used as a dry application for the potato
beetle, i lb. of Paris green is thoroughly mixed with 20 lb. cheap
flour, air-slaked lime or finely sifted land plaster.

(A) Arsenite of Lime. — White arsenic (AsjOs), combined with
washing soda or sal soda (NaaCOs) and quick lime (CaO), Is frequently
used on account of its cheapness. The combination is made as follows :

Dissolve I lb. white arsenic and i lb. sal soda in i gal. of water
by boiling in an iron vessel for 20 minutes. Add this while hot to
slake the lime; then add 2 gal. of water. Use 2 qt. of this to 40 gal.
of water. AS2O3 + Na^COj + Ca(0H)2 = Ca(As02)2 + CO2 +
2NaOH; or rather AS2O3 + NajCOj = 2NaAsOj + CO2; aNaAsOj +
Ca(0H)2 = Ca(As02)2 + 2NaOH.

(f) Arsenate of Lead, — This insecticide is preferred by many fruit
growers to Paris green since it adheres better to foliage, is less likely
to do injury, and no lime is required in standard preparations.

The commercial form consists of a mixture of the neutral triplumbic
arsenate [Pb3(AsOi)2] and the acid plumbic hydrogen arsenate (PbH-
AsOO. The neutral product may be prepared by dissolving acetate
of lead (11 oz.) and arsenate of soda (4 oz.) In 120 gal. water. Thr
reaction is as follows :

3Pb(C2H302)2 + 2Na,As04 = Pb3(AsO,)2 + 6NaCjH,02.

When lead nitrate is used instead of lead acetate more of the aci.
arsenate is formed.

For fruit trees 2 lb. of arsenate of lead (paste) to the barrel (41
gal.) of water is the usual strength. For the Potato Beetle 4 lb
(paste) or 2 lb. (powder) to the barrel should be used. Acid brand
are apt tj burn the leaves.

Commercial arsenate of lead Is put up In the paste, the usual forn
and the powder form of which but half the amount is required. Th
former contains about r5 per cent. AsjOs; the latter has about 33 pt

THE CONTROL OP INJURIOUS INSECTS

385

suspension The powder

cent. AS2O;,, but does not remain well
form is used in dust spraying.

Sometimes a gallon of molasses is added to 40 gal. of Ihe solution
with good effect against fruit-.lies, rose-chafers and grape root-worm
beetles. Arsenate of lead can be used safely with the lime^ulphur
mixture for summer sprays.

W ArsaMle of im«.-Recently arsenate of lime or calcium
arsenate has given good results against certain chewing insects It
may be prepared according to tne following formula-

Stone lime (90 per cent. CaO), 55 lb.; sodium arsenate (dry pow-
dered), 65 per cent. As.Os, 100 lb.; water, 26 gal.

2Na,.AsO, + 3Ca(0H), = CasCAsO,)^ + 6NaOH.
The lime is slaked in a small amount of water; while slaking is taking
place the sodifm arsenate, dissolved in hot water, is poured in; sufficient
water is added to prevent burning. The calcium arsenate formed in
this way contains about 18 per cent. .'^s-.Os.

The killing action is about equal to "that of lead arsenate, perhaps
a httle slower, when used at the rate of 2 lb. to each 50 gal. of water
It can be used with lime-sulphur as a combined insecticide and fungi-
cide. It can be prepared more cheaply than lead arsenate '

Arsenate of lime, when used alone as a spray, is liable to burn

the leaves, but when used in combination .sprays with Bordeaux

mixture, lime sulphur, and sodium sulphide ("Soluble sulphur "

Sulphoc.de ) It is as safe as any other arsenical and probably

the cheapest of all insecticides.

(e) He!lebore.~Thh substance is sometimes used as a substitute
or arseriicals on fruit which is nearly ripe. It may be applied dry or

liquid; dry with five parts of flour or air-slaked lime, liquid at the
rate of i oz. of hellebore to 2 gal. of water.

Although an internal poison to insects it is harmless to man in llic
quantities named. It is too expensive for use on large areas

(f) Sodium Fhwride.-Aci^ both as a poison and a contact substance
Applied as a fine powder or dust pure or mixed with flour or lime
Effective against ants, cockroaches, etc.

'Some chemists maintain that .ar.en.-.lr of lead, ivh.n addcu I. Bordeaux is
is

,586

ECONOMIC ENTOMOi-v^oV

2. TiiK Application op Con-tact Scdstances Aoainst Sucking
Insects

(Consult Farmers' Hull. goS, U. S. Dep. Ag.)

The main substances used as Contact Insecticides against sucliing
insects are: (a) Lime-sulphur wash; (6) whale-oil soap; (c) kerosene
emulsion; (d) tobacco decoction; (c) miscible oils; {f) pyrethrum; {g)
lime dust; (A) commercial sodium fluoride; (i) carbolic acid emulsion,
(j) other substances.

(u) Lime-sulphur Wash. — This wash first came into use in the control
of the San Jose scale on dormant wood where its beneficial effects
were evident also against other insects and agiiinst certain fungous
diseases. It cannot be used on potato leaves.

It is prepared in two forms — home-made lime-sulphur wash and
commercial lime-sulphur wash, diluted tor use on dormant wood
and on summer foliage as required.

I. Home-made Preparation (BoiledJ. — ^Lime (best), 20 lb.; sulphur
(flowers), 15 lb.; water, 40 gal. (imperial).'

ir. Coventrated Formula (Stock Wash). — Lime, 50 lb.; sulphur
100 lb.; water, 40 gal. (imperial) or 50 gal. U. S. measure.

Heat water (20 gal.) to near boiling and add the fresh lime. While
slaking is in progress add with frequent stirrings the sulphur which
has been made into a paste. Add water to make up to 40 gal. and
boil for an hour replacing the water lost by boiling. Strain through
a 20-mesh screen, and place in storage barrels. By means of a lime-
sulphur hydrometer the amount of dilution can be determined for
each spraying. "For use before buds burst" dilute to sp. gr. 1.03;
"before blossoms burst" 1.009; *nd "just after blossoms fall," 1.008.
To get the amount of dilution divide the reading after the decimal
point of the stock solution by the reading after the decimal point
of the solution desired. For example, if the hydrometer reading of
the stock solution is 1.3 and that of solution to use "before buds
burst" is 1.03, the amount of dilution is 30 divided by 3 = 10. That
is I gal. of stock solution makes 10 gal. of spray (Fig. 250).

Some recent experiments go to show that the lime-sulphur applica-

'The capacity of a barrel is expressed in all cases in imperial gallons (40};
sometimes the equivalent in U. S. measure (50) is also given.

THE CONTROL OF INJUKIOUS INSECTS

387

lion 10 clays or 2 weeks after'the
blossoms fall should be diluted lo a
sp. gr. of 1. 005 on account of the
tenderness of the apple pedicels.

The amount of spray liquid
varies with the size of the tree. A
thrifty 9- or lo-year-old tree on
the average requires i'4 gal. for the
dormant spray and i gal for each of
the later sprays. A 30-year-old tree
requires 5 gal. for the dormant spray
and 4 gal. for each of the later
sprays.

In boiling lime and sulphur to-
gether according to the formulE
given above, two sulphides of cal-
cium (CaSi and CaSt) and the thio-
sulphate of calcium (CaSjOj) are
formed. These are soluble in water.
If too much lime is used a sediment
will form. Only the best stone lime
should be employed, and the boiling
should not be too prolonged as in-
soluble compounds are formed.

3Ca(OH)2 4- iiS = CaS,-|-

CaSa -f CaSjOa + jHsO.

When the hydrometer has the
Baume graduation marks ranging
from o to 36° the mixture for the
San Jose scale (dormant stage)
should test between 4.5° and f
Baume, and for the summer spray-
ing about 1° Baume (Fig. 250),

The following table of dilutions
of lime-sulphur has been calculated
for both hydrometer graduations:

c«oc«ntT»t«g

Fig. iS».— Diagram of hydrometer
in use. I. For concentrated solutions
and graduated from 1.21 to 132
specific gravity, with surface of liquid
indicated at a-4.- 2. for diluted solu-
tion and graduated from 1,00 to i 10
specific gravity, with surface of licjuid
indicated at c-d (After Corby )

388

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

it
1^

For I Bal. of lime-tulphur uM loUowiim

1

Kalloiu of T.-»ter, to make a aummer

specific
gravity

Baumi

Tij make a dormant (pray
ti-sting 5" Baum* or i.oi
SI., gr. For I Kal. of lime-sul-
phur use Kal. wat<T

spray teatina

1 .009

1.008

1.007 I 006 1.005

i

ap. iir. : tp. gr.

•p. gr. »p. gr- "P- B'-

.3.8
..30*'
1 29S
..283
1.272
1.J61

35

9K

34

39

44; 53

6a

34
33
32
3.
30

9

m
m

8

7«

33
32
30
29
28

37
36

34>!

33

3.H

43 1
41 j
39

38
36

SO
48
46
44

42H

60

S8

SSH

S3H

51

1 .350

29

iV*

27

30

35 1

40H

49

.239

. . 22Q

28
27

Ih

26

24

29

27H

33

33

39
37

47
45

I .218

26

6«

23

26

30 35 ' 43

I 208

25
24

6

32

25

29 33H 40

I. 98

sH

2.

'\.

27 : 33 39

I. 188

23

sK

20

22H

26

3° : 37

I . .79

22

5

19

31

35

29 , 35

I. 169

21

*H

iS

20

23

27 ' 33

I. 160

20

4K

.7

19

32

26 1 31

I IS.

1,142
.133
1. 124

..US

19

4
3«

.6

IS

18
.7

21

■9

24 ' 29
22H 27

17

3H

14

isM

.8

2. 36

i ■"
i '5

■ 3
1 . '«

13

.4^

17
IS

20
l8

1 '*

III. Commercial H'ajA.— Commercial washes are now sold which
are quite reliable. Directions are given as to dilution. Usually they
test about 1.290 sp. gr. or 33° Baumd.

Lime-sulphur when used at summer strength acts also as a stomach
poison, but more slowly than arsenate of lead. Flour-paste as a
"sticker" is often added, especially in summer sprays (8 lb. flour
boiled into a thin paste in 8 Hal. of water, mixed with 160 gal.
of lime-sulphur). .

It is to be noted that Lead Arsenate, not Pans green, is to be used
with the Lime-sulphur Wash. When Paris green, a copper-aceto
compound, is added to lime-sulphur the copper is attacked and free
soluble arsenic is liberated in quantity sufficient to kill foliage.

IV Lime-sulphur (Self-boiled).— Prepared by slaking 8 lb. best
stone lime in a small quantity of cold water; while slaking 8 lb. of

THE CONTROL OF INJURIOUS INSECTS

389

finely powdered sulphur are added with constant stirring, also sufficient
water to prevent burning. Then add water to make 40 gal. This
liquid is a mixture of Hme and sulphur, for liltle combination takes
place, and is a good fungicide against brown rot of stone fruits. It is
not used to any great extent by fruit growers.

Sulphur and £»me.— Flowers of sulphur and hydratcd lime in equal
parts, when blown upon citrous trees, keep in control red spiders and
mites.

Recent experiments in Nova Scotia show that arsenate of lime is
preferable to arsenate of lead as a poison with lime-sulphur solutions.
When standard arsenate of lead is added to lime-sulphur a double
decomposition occurs with the formation of lead sulphide and a crude
arsenate of lime, 5 per cent, of which is soluble.

When the soluble sodium sulphides, such as "soluble sulphur,"
"sulfocide," "spra sulphide," etc., are used in combination with arsen-
icals of copper, lead and zinc soluble arsenical salts of sodium are formed
which are unsafe as apple sprays. However, when used with arsenate
of lime and water-slaked lime (3 lb. soluble sulphur, i}i lb. arsenate
of lime and 5 to 10 lb. water-slaked lime) no injury results to apple
foliage.

In Nova Scotia it has been found that when the common poisons
are added to Bordeaux mixture their killing power is usually decreased
by about 50 per cent. Sodium arsenate, however, retains its power
after its addition to Bordeaux if prepared as follows:

Dissolve I lb. sodium arsenate in water and with this solution slake
5 lb. of fresh stone lime and make up to 20 gal. Dissolve 4 lb. blue-
stone in another 20 gal. of water and pour the two together.

Sodium sulphide, on the other hand, increases the killing value of
poisons.

With the advent of high power sprayers complaints have come in
regarding injury to and drop of the leaves and fruit of trees sprayed
with the summer strength of lime-sulphur, especially with the later
sprayings. This result is due to the destructive action of the lime-
sulphur on the contents of the leaf-cells. Experiments showed that
when the upper surface of the leaves only was sprayed no drop of
leaf or fruit ensued, but when the spray was applied to the under surface
much drop followed. This result does not follow the application of
sodium sulphide or Bordeaux.

390

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

The "spray gun" may be safely used, however, at a high pressure
by the long distance method of spraying in which only the upper side
of the leaves becomes wet.

Bordeaux frequently causes "russetting" of the fruit, and for this
reason fruit growers began the use of the summer strength of lime-
sulphur. The latter, however, causes a drop of the fruit, and the
soluble sulphur-slaked lime-arsenate of lime combination is recom-
mended as being free from injurious effects.

A modification of the 4:40:40 Bordeaux formula is now recom-
mended in Nova Scotia for the later sprayings in apple orchards:
3 lb. bluestone, finely pulverized; 10 lb. lime; 40 gal. water.

Many evidences point to the conclusion that in mixtures of Bor-
deaux and arsenious compounds the lack of injury to foliage is due to
the formation of a copper-arsenide compound rather than to the sup-
posed neutralizing action of the lime.

Soluble Sulphur— A patent preparation containing about 60 per cent,
soluble sulphur and 40 per cent, inert matter. It is used as a substitute
for lime and sulphur. Its value has not yet been definitely determined
on accent of conflicting reports by growers. It has the merit of
being easily handled.

(ft) Whale-ail Soap— Potash whale-oil soap of a good grade,
when dissolved in warm water at the rate of 2 lb. to a gallon
of water, makes an excellent spray for early spring treatment of or-
chards—just before the buds swell. It is also valuable as a summer
treatment against aphids and pear psylla, but it should be diluted:
I lb. of soap dissolved in 4-6 gal. of warm water. The soap has an
invigorating effect on the tree, but the cost prohibits its use in orchards
on a large scale.

Against scale insects on palms, rubber plants, cycads.and oleanders
in conservatories whale-oil soap is used at the rate of 1 lb. to each
gallon of water; on ferns however, fir-tree oil or lemon oil (1-15 or
20 water) is used as these plants are readily injured by whale-oil soap.

Soap Solulion.— This solution is made by dissolving i lb. of
hard soap in 5 gal. of water. It is effective in controlling plant-
lice and other sucking insects on house and garden plants.

The addition of soap solution, 3-5 lb. in 80 gal. of tobacco ex-
tract solution, is recommended for plant-lice.

THE CONTROL OF INJURIOUS INSKCTS ,g,

Sulphur-soap Mixture (for Red Srmler).- Prepared by dis,olvin.
. b. laundry soap >„ 8 gal. water and adding ' , 1.,, Howers of sulphur
The under side of the leaves shoul.l be sprayed.

(<:) Kerosene Emulsion.-A soap emulsion of kerosene has for
many years been used against aphids and other sucklnR insect. It
.s prepared by dissolving -^ lb. of soap in . gal. of warm water, an
aiding gal. of kerosene to the hot soap solution. The whole is
thtn agitated until a creamy emulsion is formed. This stock solution
when properly made keeps indefinitely. When required for use the
stock solution IS diluted with ,o times its volume of water

(</) Tobacco Decoclion.-A strong decoction of tobacco stems or
eaves is an excellent remedy against aphids, either in the field or
m the greenhouse. The decoction is an extract and is made by
steeping refuse tobacco in warm water for several hours until a deep
br.>wn hquid isobtained. Twopounds of tobaccoare treated in .gal of
water and afterward made up to 5 gal. It is a safe remedy.

Several tobacco preparations are now on the market, the most
valuable for orchard spraying being "Black Leaf 40.' This concen-

d luted with water. ■ part to ,oco, when used against plant-lice and
othe sucking insects. It can be safely used with lime-sulphur, ar-
senate of lead or soap solutions. ' '

''Nico-fume" contains 40 per cent, nicotine sulphate and is much
used in greenhouses by vaporizing it at the rate of ' .', oz. to 2000 cu ft

.ive?off"t ^V "" •'"'° "'''' '" greenhouses. Dense fumes are
given off when they are ignited.

W Miscible 0,7..-Certain proprietary mixtures containing mineral
a kah to make them miscible with water are valuable in the control

Int '"" H ^t^'''" """" P-Pa-tions are more satisfact ry
than those made at home and less likely to be injurious to the trees
There is always a certain amount of risk in using these oils, but the
danger is lessened if they are used on dormant trees in fine weather

B\traYd''?U-^TcaL^.^^ "''^'''^'" "'-''' «-""'- " "^^'"'^

(f) Pyrelhram.-VytclhTMm, known also as Buhach, Persian .ind

Dalmatiar: insect ■ .wders, and by other trade names, is used fre-

39»

ECONOMIC ENTOHOLOOV

quently on aphids, ulugs, and some hounthold pe«U, where operations
are confined to a small area.

It may be used cither as a spray or in the dry form. As a spray
it should first of all Ire made into a paste in a small quantity of water
and afterward diluted to the proper strength, viz.: i oz. to ^ gal.
of water. When used dry, i |>art of |)owder is thoroughly mixerl
with 4 (Mirts of flour, ami kept in a tight can for a day. The mixture
is dusted on either by a bellows or through a coarse bag, on account
of the fact that the essential ingredient is a volatile oil.

Pyrethrum loses its strength on exposure to the air; the can must,
therefore, be kept tightly closed.

(g) iJme.— Air-slaked lime is effective against slugs and other
soft-bodied larva. It should be applied as a very fine dust.

Some investigators report beneficial effects from the application
of thick lime-wash about onion plants as soon as they are up as a
protection against the onion maggot.

Professor Parrott of the Geneva Agricultural Experiment Station
finds that lime with nicotine is much more effective against aphis,
leaf-hopper and pear psylla than nicotine alone, or soap, or oil emulsion!
(A) Commercial Sodium Fluoride. — This substance, both a noison
and a conUct insecticide, is effective against cockroaches, ciitken
lice and other insects when applied, pure or mixed with flour or plaster,
as a fine dust by means of a dust blower.

(i) Carbolic Acid Emulsion.— For the control of root-feeding
larvae such as onion maggots and radish maggots, an emulsion of
carbolic acid has given good results. It is prepared by dissolving
I lb. of hard soap in i gal. of hot water and adding i pt. of crude
carbolic acid. The mixture is agitated until a thick, emulsion is
produced. This is the stock solution, and is diluted with 20-30
parts of water for use. A tablespoonful is poured about the base of
the plant to prevent egg-laying, and at the same time to kill the newly
hatched larvs.

(/) Scale insects on ferns are treated effectively by the use of i
part fir-tree or lemon oil to 15 or 20 parts of water.

(*) Cattle Dips.— The most widely used methods of controlling
cattle-scab diseases are:

I. Dipping the animals in lime-sulphur or nicotine solutions
twice, 10 to 14 days apart. Dipping plants are arranged sd

THE CONTROL 0» INJCWOUS INSECTS 39J

that the cattle enter one end o( a \al filled with warm dip through
which they swim, and leave the vat at the opposite end. The lime-
sulphur dip is made l)y mixing ij Hi. unslake<l lime and J4 l\>.
(lowers of sulphur in 100 gal. of water. Nicotine di|>s should con-
tain almut 'i',,,! of I |ier cent, of nicotine, and shouhl l)c used
warm, not aliovc loo^F.

3. Spraying the animaU. This method is neither so economical
nor so effective as dipping, but is recommended where but a few
animals are to be treated.

Cattle lice can !« controlled by the following means:
I Hand applications with a brush or cloth at intervals of about
3 weeks, of (0) cottonseed oil and kerosene (equal parts) ; (A) kero-
sene and lard Hi pt. to i lb.); (f) crude petroleum; (rf) any of the
dip solutions.

3. Spraying with any of the dip solutions.
}. Dipping in (a), an arsenical solution, prepared as follows:
4 lb. caustic soda (85 per cent. pure).
8 lb. white arsenic (gg per cent, pure) in fine powder.
8 lb. sal soda crystals.
I gal. pine tar.

500 gal. water (temp. 65 -qo°F.).
(*) Coal-tar creosote, sold under many trade names and to

be used according to instructions.
(c) Nicotine solution, sold under many trade names and to
be used according to instructions.

(Consult Farmers' Bull. Q09 and 1017, U. S. Dcp. .Xnric.)

3. The Use of Poisonous Gases

The more imp.jrtant poisonous gases used to control insects are:
(a) carbon bisulphide; (ft) hydrocyanic acid gas; (<r) sulphur dioxide;
(d) tobacco; (e) formalin; (0 carbon tetrachloride.

(a) Carbon Bisulphide.— This is an ill-smelling liquid which is
readily volatUe. The gas is much heavier than air, and if placed in
shallow pans above or on top of grain or other vegetable foods the
fumes sink, and being poisonous will kill the insects. It is specially
valuable for the fumigation of peas infested with weevils, or grain

.1,94

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

1

infested with weevils and other insects. It is also used for the de-
struction of household pests such as clothes moths, etc.

Two pounds of the liquid is sufficient for too bu. of peas or
grain, or looo cu. ft. of space. It is inflammable.

(b) Hydrocyanic Acid Gas. — This gas is liberated when diluted
sulphuric acid is added to ]i(i(assium or sodium cyanide. It is a deadly
poisonous gas, and great care should be taken in its use as an insecticide.

Ft came into use in California for the fumigation of citrus and olive
irecs. Later it was introduced into eastern nurseries for the treatment
of San Josi' scale on dormant nursery stock, and for the control of
flour mill pests, and, in some cases, greenhouse and household pests.

The formula for nursery stock and household fumigation is: Cya-
nide of potash or soda, i oz.; sulphuric acid (sp. gr., 1.83), i fl. oz.;
water, 3 fl. oz. per 100 cu. ft. space. For greenhouse fumigation at
night the formula is: Cyanide of potash or soda, ' 2 oz.: sulphuric acid,
I fl. oz.; water, 3 fl. oz. per 1000 cu. ft. space.

This gas is lighter than air and diffuses very rapidly.

((■) Stdplnir l-'umes. — The destructive action of sulphur is largely
due to the readiness with which it oxidizes to sulphur dioxide, a gas
fatal to many forms of insect life. .Mites are controlled in green-
houses by the dusting of fine sulphur on the surfaces of the leaves.

When sulphur is burned on a hot plate over a low flame sulphur
dioxide is rapidly formed, recognized by its suffocating odor. This
is, perhaps, the simplest method of deaUng with ordinary household
pests such as bed bugs, fleas, and other forms.

Combined with a soap, sulphur is used as a wash for mange which
is caused by a mite.

(d) Tobacco. — Tobacco fumes are destructive to aphids on green-
house and household plants. They are liberated by the application
of heat to certain Nicotine Extracts, Nicotine Paper, or finely divided
tobacco powders. These ''fumigating'' powders and extracts may
now be had in the market and are convenient methods of dealing
with house plants.

(e) Formalin. — .-Vs a rule, formalin (40 per cent, formaldehyde) is
not effective as an insecticide, although an excellent germici.le. As a
fly-poison, however, it is strongly recommended when used as follc-vs:
Mix I tablespoonful formalin with '^ cup sweet milk or ,1^ cup water,
arKi exjwsc in a shallow plate with a slice of bread in it.

iCM

THE CONTRor, OF INJURKH'S INSKfTS

.^95

(/I Carbon Telrmliloride. — This liquifl although nut si) active as
carbon bisulphide is not ej-^'osive. It may be used for fumiRating
bins infested with ins-.'s. viicn .-pnlied at the rate of z lb. for
every lOo cu. ft. of spa e »■ tqo i;u. "' grain.

4. TlIK Al'PI.lCATIIlN

■^Ki'Ki.i.K.NT .Snisr.\N(i;s

.Several substances are known to act as "repellents" to insects,
and may sometimes be used to advantage in preventing insect attack.
.•\mong such substances are; (a) Bordeaux mi.xture; (bj tobacco dust;
(c) carbolic acid emulsion; (rf) kerosene; ie) turpentine; {f\, coal tar;
(g) naphthaline; (//) zenoleum and creolin compounds; (;) tanglefoot;
(j) carbolineum emulsion; (k) soap-carbolic-Paris green wash.

(u) Bordeaux Mixture. — This fungicitlal mi.xture keeps awav flea-
beetles from potato leaves and striped cucumber beetles from pumpkins
and squashes when applied as a fine spray. It is prepared as follows:
Copper sulphate (bluestone), 4 lb.; quicklime. 4 lb.; water. 40 gal.

CuSO,, 5H2O -f Ca(OH), = Cu(OH)., + CaSO, + sHjO.

2[Cu(0H),, CuSO.] + CO. = .'CuSO, + Cu(0H)3 + CuCO;, + H.O.
In mixing solutions of these two substances care must be taken that
they come together in a large quantity of water, and that enough
lime is present to act on all the bluestone.

(b) Tobacco Dusl. — In the case of certain garden crops fine sprin-
kling of the ground when moist with refuse tobacco dust not only
fertilizes the soil but also repels the striped cucumber beetle and the
melon aphis.

(c) Carbolic Acid Emulsion. - CarXntWc acid is a repellent, as well as
an irritant and stomach poison, and in various forms is used for the
control of insects. Reference has already been made to its use as a
contact insecticide. .As a reiiellent it is added to a solution of wash-
ing soda or lye as a protective wash against borers in orchards and
shade trees; as an emulsion with soap against root-maggots of cab-
bage and onion; and often also used in poultry house against biting
lice and mites.

(d) Kerosene, (f) Turpentine and (/) Coal tar are sometimes mixed
with saw-dust, sand, or other materials; when i)lace(l around plants or
seeds they arc said to itavc a repellent actititi toward insects.

•igfj

ECONUMR ENTOMOLOGY

(j?) Aaplillialine.—Thh. sul)stance is (lie liasis of camphor balls,
and is commonly used as a preservative of household goods and wearing
a|)parel against the attacks of clothes moths ami other insects.

(h) Zenohtim and Creolin Cimipniinds. -Some excellent com-
pouniK of creolin and related substances are prepared as repellents
against llies that bother cattle, and against biting lice and mites of
poultry. 'I'lu- cow horn-(ly may be controlled by the use of such
substances.

(i) Tanglrfoot. — A stic'-v substance; is used as fly-paper and as
sticky bands for trees to prevent caterpillars such as those of Gypsy
moth and Tussock moth from ascending.

0') CarboUneum Emulsion.— Vscd against bark beetles, shot-hole
borers and poplar borers. Four pounds naphtha soap are dissolved in
4 gal. of hot water, the carbolineum added, and the whole agitated to
form an emulsion. For use 3 gal. of hot water are added and emulsion
is sprayed on the trees while warm.

(k) Wash for Tree Trunks. —To protect trees against borers the
following wash is of value: Dissolve i lb. of hard soap or 2 qt. of soft
soap in a pail of water, then a<ld ' 2 P'- "f crude carbolic acid, and 2 oz.
of Paris green; thicken with lime.

^

5. TnK Use of Psoiectoss

Various forms of protectors are used to ward off insect attacks.
The application is confined mainly to the street, orchard and garden.
The following methods are those most commonly in use: (a) metai or
sticky bands; (A) cheese-cloth or musUn screens; (c) wire-netting; (d)
tarred felt paper.

(a) Melal or Sikky Bands. -To jjrotect trees from the attacks of
climbing caterpillars such as (he tussock and canker worms, special
bands are placed about the trunk a few feet above the ground. The
caterpillars are prevented from passing up, and they often collect
in large numbers unilcr the llajis or rim of the hand where they are
readily destroyed. The g\psy, the tent-caterpillars, climbing
cutworms and walnut caterjiillars are also kept in check by this method.

(A) Checse-clolh or Muslin Screens. — Such devices are often effect-
ive against cucumber beetles, flea-beetles and the radish root-maggot.
As these insects are most injurious while the plants are just coming

Jm^smmh

THi; c'ONTRor. OF INJlRlDl'S ixsKcrs

397

above the ground, the frames holding the sircens should he i)laced in
position soon after the plants are set out or the seeds planted. They
can he readily removed for a short time whenever weeding, cultivation
and watering are necessary.

(c) U'ire-nelling. — Wire-netting is often placed about trees to
protect them from the Peach-borer, and the Round-headed apple tree
Uorer.

Fig. 251. — Tool and dtvitf fur cutting,' disks. (.\/t,r lirittvn.)

(d) Single-ply Tar Felt Paper Diskx.— Vied to [)rotect cabbage and
cauHflower plants against the cabbage-root maggot (Figs. 251 ^5,^).

(>. Tin-: LsK OF Tuxps, Trai' Ckofs, Ivrc.

The following forms of traps arc sometimes used to advantage:
(a) boards or chips; (A) sjiccial crops; {<) poison baits.

(a) Boards or Chips. Squash bugs, cutworms and other insects
may be readily trapped in large numbers by placing small bits of
board or chips or bunches of grass among the rows of plants where
these insects hide.

398

ECONOMIC KNTOMOlOllY

(A) Special Crops. — Such crops have been found advantageous in
the control of Hessian fly, army worms, squash Ijugs, cucumber beetles,
and asparagus beetles. In the case of the Hessian tly narrow strips
arc planted early so that the flies may deposit their eggs on the wheat
before the regular planting of the field. These trap strips are then
destroyed. With the army worm, a similar narrow strip on the
border of the field may be poisoned with an arsenical spray. With
cucumber beetles and asparagus beetles, a few
plants may be set apart to trap the early beetles
nd then destroyed.

(f) Poison Bails. — Such are very effective against
grasshoppers, cutworms and other insects. The
Criddle Mixture, made by mi.xing thoroughly i lb.
of Paris green or white arsenic, i lb. of salt (dis-
solved in water), and 15 gal., by measure, of fresh
horse droppings, with sufficient water to make the

Fig. 252. — Wood form for cutting hexagonal disks
for the cabbage-root maggot. (After Britlon.)

Fir,. 25J.— Tuol
for cutting cards of
tarred building paper.
{After Slingertand.)

whole mass moist but not soggy, is used in the West against grass-
hoppers. When the mixture is scattered about grass lands and the
edges of grain fields in hot, sunny weather the grasshoppers are readily
poisoned.

Another bait, first used in Kansas against grasshoppers, is now
usually employed against cutworms, army worms and grasshoppers.
The formula is: i lb. Paris green, 20 lb. wheat bran, 2 qt. of cheap
molasses, the juice and pulp of 3 oranges or lemons, and 2 to 2' 2 ga'-
water. The bait, sown broadcast in early morning, will show results
in a few davs.

THE CONTROL OF INJURIOUS INSECTS

W)

Professor Sanders of Pennsylvania recommends the followinf;
|M)ison bait spray against the adults of the onion maggot: 5 grams of
sodium arsenite dissolved in a gallon of boiling water into which is
thoroughly mixed a pint of molasses. This bait is applied as a coarse
si)ray of large drops once a week across the onion field throughout the
summer.

For cockroaches and ants in kitchens and pantries ix)wdered borax
mixed with sweetened chocolate, scattered in the evening about the
haunts of the insects, and powdered sodium fluoride, pure or mixed
with flour or plaster, applied by means of a dust blower are effective.

Sponges filled with sugared water attract ants that infest houses,
and large numbers can be readily destroyed.

7. r)lTCIIK.S, FURROVV.S AND TrF.NCHES

When fields are threatened with the army worm or grassho|>pers,
a ditch or deep furrow made in front of the advancing army has had
excellent results. The insects falling into the ditch may be destroyed
in large numbers.

8. The Use of Hoppf.rdozers, Etc.

In the grasshopper-infested regions of the West hoppcrdozers or
hopper-catchers are used to great advantage. Various devices are in
use, but they all agree in principle. They are essentially machines
for gathering up the grasshoppers as they are drawn across an in-
fested field. Attached to each machine is a contrivance for destroying
the insects when collected by means of coal-oil, or tanglefoot, or pitch
tar.

Best results are secured by using the dozers when the hoppers
are small. If infested fields are gone over frequently the damage
will be reduced to a minimum.

cj. Collecting, Digging-cut, J,\rring, Etc.

Under this head are collected a number of mechanical methods
which the careful farmer and fruit grower employ to good advantage.
Sometimes much damage can be averted by the timely picking of the

40O

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

eggs, larvie, or adults of insects such as the tobacco and tomato worms
(Sphingida), corn ear worm, potato beetle, celery caterpillar, white
grubs, cabbage butterflies, asparagus beetles, etc.

Again, it is often wise to cut out, burn, or otherwise destroy certain
insects whenever they appear. For example, web-worms, tent-cater-
pillars, stalk-borers, etc., may be effectively dealt with at certain stages
in this way.

Sometimes, too, under certain conditions, insects can be controlled
by jarring and beating the infested plants. When poisons are objec-
tionable, this method of dealing with potato beetles, currant worms,
plum curculio, etc., is recommended.

10. High and Low Temperatures

In flour or meal mills it has been practicable to raise the temperature
to 120° or 125° for 6 to 8 hours, when it is found that all the insects —
eggs, larvse and adults — are killed. On the other hand insects are not
able to develop at cold-storage temperatures, hence products kept in
cold storage are kept free from injury.

THE ACTION OF INSF.CTICIDES
(Consult Tech. Bulls. 11 and 21, Mich, .\gric. Coll.)

Until recently the mode of action of insecticides was not well under-
stood. It was commonly stated that contact substances kill insects
by stopping the breathing pores or plugging the tracheae, producing
death by suffocation. Recent investigations, however, go to show that
insects are not readily suffocated. The death-producing action of
chemicals is mainly due to their absorption into their tissues. The
volatile portions of kerosene, carbon bisulphide, gasoline, creolin, pyr-
ethrum, etc., are effective long before the liquids have time to pene-
trate the chitin or the spiracles into the tissues.

With the penetration of the volatile substances the nervous system
is seriously affected, and results resembling narcosis are produced,
where there is a disturbance of the respiratory activity. Insect
tissues soon become saturated when exposed to the vapors of the
substances mentioned, and death ensues through the inability of the
tissues to absorb oxygen in the presence of these vapors.

'•""'^J

THE CONTROL OF IXJURIolS INSECTS 401

In the case of lime-sulphur, its elTectiveness is clue to its rcduciriR
power, and with scale insects to its softening action on the wax al.oul
the margin of the scales and to its elTect on ihe waxen covering making
It less permeable to oxygen.

Alkaline washes, corrosive sublimate solution and other liquids,
which are able to dissolve or precipitate certain constituents of the
tissues, pass through the chitin slowly.

Moreover, gasoline, carbon bisulphide, hydrocyanic acid gas, sodium
(luoride, etc. act strongly on the oxidases and other enzymes in Ihe
tissues of insects causing serious disturbances.

Fat or fat-like membranes absorb the vajiors of gasoline and
chloroform, but in doing so become less permeable to oxvgen; and waxen
membranes when wet with lime-sulphur also become less permeable
lo oxygen.

Non-volatile linely powdered solids, such as borax, hellebore, sodium
tluoride, etc., in addition to being stomach poisons, are effective also
as contact insecticides because they adhere to exudations on the body
wall, and later become dissolved and absorbed through the integument
into the tissues.

TitE Utilization of Parasitic Insects

The economic use of parasitic insects shows three phases: (i) the
utilization of the native parasites of the district; (2) the transportation
of the parasites from one district to another; and (3) the importation
of parasites from one country to another.

1. In the great majority of cases of insect outbreak the native para-
sites are able to control it in time. In fact injurious forms are mainly
held in check by their parasites. Occasionally, however, through the
operation of some obscure factor, the multiplication of parasites is
prevented; then the injurious forms are permitted to reproduce with
much less check an<l much loss occurs before parasites are able to
"catch-up" again.

2. Some successes have been reported whcr» jjarasites were trans-
ported from one locality to another. LeBaron of Illinois in 1872
introduced Aphdinm mali, a parasite of the Oyster SheU Scale
Webster in 1907 transported Polygnolus hiemalis from Marion Pa
to a field of wheat infested with Hessian fly at Sharpsburg, Md' and

402

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

observed that later in the season nearly every 'flaxseed" was para-
sitized. W. D. Hunter introduced parasites of the Cotton UoU-weevil
from Waco to Dallas and from Texas to Louisiana with considerable
success (Fig. 254).

3. Several conspicuous successes have attended the importation
of parasites from foreign countries. Perhaps the mtroduction of the
lady-l)ird, .\ovius cardinalis, from Australia to California in 1888
for the pur|)ose of controlling the Cottony Cushion or Fluted Scale of
the Orange {Icerya punhasi) is one of the most interesting cases.
'Ihis scale was brought to California about 1868, probably on Acacia

Fig. 254.-

■Folygnotus biemalis, a parasite of the He.ssian fly: adult. Greatly
enlarged. {From Webster, I'. S. Bur. Enl.)

lalifolia. It began to multiply rapidly in the orange and lemon groves
in spite of every measure that was tried against it. Dr. Riley, U. S.
entomologist, and his staff made the scale a subject of special study
for 4 or 5 years and he became convinced that it was a native of
Australia. Accordingly, two entomologists, Koebele and Webster,
were sent to that country to collect possible parasites, and to send them
to California. Novius cardinalis was found at Adelaide and small
shipments of it were sent. The lady-birds began to feed on the
Icerya scale insect as soon as they were liberated, and to breed rapidly
— the result being that wiliiin a year the orange growers confessed
that their groves had b> on saved. Later, Novius cardinalis was sent

THE CONTROL OF IN-JURIOUS INSECTS 40 (

t<. New Zealand, Portugal, Cape Colony, Florida, Hawaiian Islands,
Italy, Syria and Egypt, and equally good results were secured. Dr.
Howard gives the following reasons for this success: (,) \ovius pro-
duces in one year double the number of generations that herya does;
(s) Novius feeds preferably on eggs of Icerya; (,,) the absence of para-
sites of Novius; and (i) Kovus is an active insect, while herya is fixed
to the plant.

Another interesting example of successful parasitism through
importation in 1901 is that of ScuMHsIa ryanea, a chalcid insect from
South Africa to control the Black -Scale of the Olive (Ucanium ol«e) of
California.

The West Indian Peach Scale (Diaspis pcntagona) occurs in the
Southern States but is not very injurious on account of the presence of
a parasite, Prospaltella berksei. Specimens of the parasite were sent
to Italy where mulberry plantations were seriously injured, with the
result that it is now well established and holding the scale in check.
The recent attempt to control the Gypsy and Brown-tail Moths
in New England has been of great value to entomologists in demon-
strating the many complicated factors that exist when foreign parasites
are introduced. From 1905 to 1913 more than thirty species of para-
sites were imported from Europe and Japan and a number of the most
important ones have been acclimatized and are rapidly spreading.

The present improve lent in Massachu.sctts "is due to at least
four main causes: (i) The perfection and standardization of the methods
for artificial repression; (2) the death of a large proportion of the
more susceptible trees or their removal from the infested woodlands;
(3) the importation of parasitic and predatory insect enemies; (4)
the development of the 'wilt' disease" (Fiske).

The problem of the control of insects such as the Gypsy Moth and
the Brown-tail Moth by jiarasites is a more difficult one than appears
on the surface. From extensive studies of the life-history of the Gypsy
Moth it has been determined that the probable potential rate of in-
crease is 250-fold annually. On account, however, of the heavy death-
rate from various causes the actual rate of increasi is only 6- to lo-fold.
The problem was then to secure sufficient parasites to keep the insect
in control. In other words, if the increase annually be 6-fold, five out
of every six insects, either egg, caterpillar, or pupa, or 83.3 per cent,
would require to be parasitized. If the increase be 10-fold, nine out of

404

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

every ten, or yo |>er ic:U. must be parasitized. To rely entirely upon
egj5 parasites, suih as AiMslalus or Schedius, to destroy such a large
percentage of the eggs was out of the question, for these parasitized
only the upper layer of eggs in each mass. It became necessary,
therefore, to call in the aid of the para-sites affecting the caterpillar and
the pupa. Consequently efforts have been made to secure a sequence
of parasites from foreign countries so that every stage of the moth is
subjected to attack, and which would bring up the death-rate to 85 or
90 per cent. (.Sec Bull, g:, U. S. Bureau of Ent.)

Fit;. 255. — Apanleles lacteicolor: adult ft'iiiulc and cocoon.
Howard and Fiike.)

M uch enlarged. {A/lfr

The task of importing the foreign parasites of the Gypsy and the
Brown-tail Moths to the United States has been a most arduous and
difficult one. In the first place it has involved much labor in getting
competent collectors in E;urope to gather sufficient parasitized material,
for the plan of the utilization of foreign parasites on a large scale in the
control of injurious forms is recent in conception, and was put into
operation for the first time by the U. S. Bureau of Entomology in the
fight against the Gypsy and the Brown-tail Moths. In the second
place, many difficulties in transixirtation have had to be overcome.
In the third place, the work of sorting out the various parasites and
herding them in sufficiently large numbers in the laboratories for

THE CONTROL OF INJURIOUS INSECTS

405

I'lii. JSfj I'lirumiilu

iilult ft-mali'. Urcatly i-nlarucd.
(J«i/ Fi\kf.)

(A/ler Howard

Flo 2c;7

-Mof-adnnlnmeni artHi : adait female. Creally cniartjed.
and Fiskf.)

{AJltr Howard

4o6

ECONOHtC ENTOMOLOGY

colonization purposes in the field has been much greater than was
anticipated at the outset. In the fourth place, the habits of many of
the parasites were not well known and had to be determined for
American conditions. As a result, many of the parasites reported
favorably in Europe were found to be secondary parasites, or unsuiteil
for the task in hand (Figs. 255-357).

The parasites of the Gypsy and Brown-tail Moths may lie grouped
as follows:

(I = Imported, N

Native, C = Chalci.l, T •
neumon, Ca = Carabid.)

Tachinid, Ic = Ich-

II.^I

Kkk iMr*\jI('»

Larval paraaitt-s

I'lipiil p.iri!titi«

Gypsy

.\nustatUE bifasciatus

Cumpsilura condnnala

Monoiltnitomcrus

Moth.

(C.I.)

(T.I.)

a.TfUJ. (CI.)

Schedius kuvanx

Blepharipa scutellata

(C.I.)

(T.I.)
Calosoma sycophanta

(Ca.I.)
Pteromalus cgregius

Brown-tail

TrichoKramma prt-tiosa

Manu(l<in(omerus

Moth.

(C.N.)

(C.l.)

aureus (C.I.)

,

.\pantelet, lacteii-olor

Pimpla conquisitor

(B.I.)

(Ic.N.)

Meteonis versicolor

Chalcis compsilurs

(B.I.)

(C.N.)

Zygobothria nidicola

(T.I.)

PalM favida (T.I.)

Oeiodes nigripcs

(T.I.)

Calosoma sycophanta

(Ca.I.)

From Melrose Highlands, Mass., where the parasite laboratory is
located, not only have the parasites and the predaceous Calosoma
sycophanta been distributed throughout the infested areas of New Eng-
land but also into New Brunswick and other eastern provinces lying in
the probable zone of infestation.

Hewitt introduced into Canada in 1910 the European ichneumonid,
Mesoleius tenlhredinidis Morley, to combat the larch saw-fly. The

I

THE CONTROI. (IK I.NJl'|||,ns INSKt TS 407

renults have l«.-en fairly satisfactory. In iqoS the egg parasite Tflra-
sl.ckus xa„lk,mel^„<r. of ,he elm leaf Leetlc was intro.luce.l into New
Kngland from France. The results are not conclusive although the
parasite has multiplied and spread slightly.

Other examples of the introduction of parasites to n.ml.al injurious
msects miRht l,e cited of which many have been unsuccessful. The
valuable experience gained in the Oypsy an<l Hrown-lail experiments
will no doul.t l,e utilized in future work of this nature and more successes
will probably be recorded.

I.ilir.w

iS.Ji

Mil.L

C.n

1'n Iv I'llMi^llini;

niMI.IOdRAI'IIV

(irncral
llKKlt>K, .\.: (ill liiMlli. ,,;o,,. SoLiila liililrl,,
CnxsTrxK, J.ll.: A .Nfanual f..r Ihf Slu.lyof Insirls

C,,., Ilhaia, .\. V.
O.MST.H K. J. 11.: TIr- HiriKs „I lnsu.1-, ,g,S. c:„msl,., k I'ul. C,
CoMST,K K, J. II,, an.l .\. H.: In^oct l.ifc. ,90,. .\pplH.,r, ami C, . .\ y
KscilK.MH. K.: l-or,t InsokLn .Miitdcur,,,,,,,. ,5,4. J.^ul I'aroy, HiTlin
foLso«, J. W . : KnlomoloRy wilh .Special Reference to il.. Biological an,l T, onomic

.\spects. 3(1 Ed. 19,7. niakislon-, .Son and Co., Philadelphia
HtN.sEccY, L. K: Les In.sectes. ,904. .\Iasson and Co., Pari.
HowAKD.L.O.: The Insect Hook. 1904. Douhleday Page and Co , \ y
KEL1.000, V. I..: American Insects. 1904. Henry Holt and Co , .N. y
P ■ A Text-book <,f KntomoloKy. ,«9«. Mac.Millan and Co.

■ '_^ ■■ CKSOS-: IClemenlary Kntomoloity. ig'l. (Jinn and Co.

■ ' ™'*- 'S'S <)')■ Cambridge .Vat. IIi,t., Mac.Millan Co
l.on .■ ''

Smith, J, 11.: (.lossary of KnlomoloRv. 1900, Hrooklyn Knl. S.k-.

B,\NKs, .N.mha.n: Index of .\merican lOconoraic Kniomology. 1905^,4 .\m

-Vssoc. Ec. Entom.
Chittenden, F.H.: Insects Injurious to Vegetables. 1907. OrangeJuddCo N V

Essie, E.O.: Injurious and Benctkial Insects of California. 1915

Felt, E. P.: Insects AfTccting Park. -ind Woodland Trees. :, vols' ,00- or, V V

State .Museum, Albany, N. Y. ' ' " •" ' '

HEitMS,W.B.: Medical and Veterinary Entomolouy. 19,5. .Mac.Millan Co N" V
Heerick, O.W.: Insects Injurious to the Household. 1914. Mac.Millan Co ' X y
Hekiulk, G. W.: Insects of Economic Importance. 1915. Carpenter and Co

Ithaca, N. Y. '

Hewitt, C. G.: The House-fly. 1914. Cambridge Univ. Press.

4o8

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

IF'

"^Tllm^h.' ' """"-"''^ ""'' """ ■^'"^y ""P""^ ■"^<^^»^-- '9. - <;amb. Science

Howard, L.O.: The irouse-fly: Disease Carrier. ,q,,. Stoltes X Y
O'Kane, W. C: Injurious Insects, igrj. M.icMillan Co x'y
ORV.EROD F..EVVOK: Te.xM.ook „f .^.ricultural Kn.omol'ogy. ,8,.. Simpkin,
Marshall anil Co., London.

k^I'p7;„'V,^'"'''"''"™',';"'t'','«-- ■""• '"■■^'"""' '■''•■''"»'. ''wi^Jciphia.

rub Co '""'"'"" "' ''*'""'"' '•""™'"l"«- "l-S- L'oms.ock

'''"W"" '"^'"■"''^^'^""^^'^'"■f'-''— l<)rchar,l. ,0,.. Wileyand
Saunders, W.-: Inserts Injurious lo I-ruils. i8«j. Lippincotl
Sm>,oerla« an,l Croshv: Manual of Fruit In.secls. ,,,4. Mae.Millan Co

iN. 1 . ■'

Smith, J. H.: Economic Kniomulogy. i,S(/i. Lijipinrott Co
Smith, J. B. : Our Insect Friends and Foes, igoo, l,i,,pincott Co
W ASHBlRN, F. L. : Injurious Insects and Useful liirds, ,gi8. Lippincott Co.

Special Systcnuilic
.Aldr,ch,J..M... Catalogue of X. .a. niptera. tgoj. Smithson Inst
-AlDRicH, J. M.: Sarcophaga and .-Vllies. Thomas Sav Fountlation
Barnes and McDonn,„-.„: Check List of I.epi.loptera of Boreal .Vnerica
BL.vrc:Ht,EV, W S. : ( ok-optera of Indiana. .Vature Publ. Co., Indianapolis.
Blatchlev, W S.: Orthoptera of Indiana. Xature Publ. Co., Indianapolis
Br.ATCHi.EY and Leng: The Rhyncophora or \Veevil5 of V E America

r^^r '"'V'^'T''l'- ^"^ '" ""^ '•'""■■''" "' •^■"'h ^"'"'•"n Insects, tg,,
t^ESSOv,! r.: Famthes and Genera of the Hymenoptera. Philadelphia.
IIoL,.,VND,W.J.:TheMothB„ok. ,gc,. Doubleday Page Co VY
Holland, W.J.: The Butterfly Book. igo,-. Doubleday Page Co >f V
I-ECONTE and Horn: Families and Oenera of the Coleoptcra
Euiz, F. K: Field Book of In.sects. rg,S. Putnam's Sons V Y
Sladen, F. \V. L. : The Humble Bee. tg, .. .\Iac.\Iillan Co., London.
\ AN Di.zKK, h. P.: Check List of the Hemiptera. igrli. N. Y Knt Soc
Mereck elal: llymenoptera of Connecticut. ,,,7. Conn. Geol. Survey
\\ARD and Whipple: Fresh Water Biology. igrS. Wiley and Son.
Wheeler, \V..\L: .-\nts. .gro. Columbia Univ. Press XV
WiLusio.v, S.W.: .\orth. American IJiptera. r,o8. Hathawav V Y

Publications

Annals of the Entomological

Society of America.
Canadian Entomologist.
Fntomologicul Xews.
Journal of Economic Entomology.

Psyche.

Reports and Bulletins of Federal,

State and Provincial Departments

of Agriculture.
Review of Applied Entomology.

THE CONTROL OF INJURIOUS INSECTS
OI.OSSARY {After Smilh)

409

Acalyptrata.
Acalypters.
Accessory GUnds,

Androconia.

Aculeata.
Agamic.
Alate.

Alternation of
Generations.

AlulK.

Alulet.
Amnion.
Anal Angle.

Anal Area.

Anal Plate.

Apterous.
Arista.

Aithropoda.

Brachycerous.

Ciectun.

Calypter.
C cecum.
Capitate.
Carabidoid.
Cauda.

Those muscoid .lifs in whicli alul.T arc absent or elcmcnlary.
Any glands opcninR into Ihi- ilucts of (he reproductive syslem

Specialised, usually small scales of [K.-uliar form, found

localized on some male butterflies,
Hymenoptera; the stingers, includinj; bees and wasps.
ReproduiinK without union with a male.
Winged.

Periodic productions of parthenogenetic females in a species
that occurs in both sexes. These females produce both
sexes. Examples occur in Cynipida: and in some Homoptcra
A pair of membranous scales above the halteres, behind the
root of the iving, one above or before the other; the anterior
attached to the wing and moving with it, the posterior
fastened to the thorax and stationar>.. Occurs in Diptera
•Synonyms calypira; squama; squamula; lobulus; axillary
lobe; aileron; scale; tegulae. In Coleoptera a membranous
appendage of the elytra which prevents dislocation
The lobe at basal portion of wing in Diptera (posterior lobe)

Sometimes used for alula.
The inner of the two membranes enclosing the embryo

(Fig. 36). '

That angle on the secondaries nearest the en.l of the abdomen
when the wings are expanded. The angle between the
inner and outer margin of any wing.
In Orthoptera and N'europtera the hinder or anal portion of a

wing within the anal vein.
In caterpillars the shield-like covering of the dorsum of the

last segment (I-'ig. 18).
Without wings.

A specialized bristle or process on the antenna: of certain

Diptera (Fig. 180).
.fointed animals having jointed appendages,
lla.ing short three-jointed antenna-, Diptera (Fig 144)
.\ blind sac or tube supplied to appendages, opening into
the alimentary canal at the junction of the mid and hind
gut (Fig. 29).
In Diptera, the alula when it covers the haltere.
See Ca?cum.

Terminating in a little head or knob (Fig. 88).
Resembling a Carabid (Fig. 40).
The tail; any process resembling a tail (Fig, 87),

4IO

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

•11

Caudal Seta.
Chaetotaiy.

Chitm.

Chrysalis— id.

Cilia.

Clavate.

ClavuB.

Clypeus.
Coarctate.

Corium.

Cornicles.

Costa.

Coxa.
Coxal Cavity.

Crenate.
Cuneus.

Dorsum.
Ecdysis.
Ecology.

Elytra.
Embolium.

Empodium.
Entomophagous.

Thread-like processes at the end of the abdomen.

The science dealing with the arranscment and nomenclature

of the bristles on the body of insects.
The material of which the hard parts of the insect body are

formed.
The intermediate stage between larva.' and adult in the

butterflies (Fig. 39).
Fringes.

Club-shaped; thickening gradually toward end (Fig. 8;).

The club of an antenna; clava and clavola; in lleleroplera

the oblong sclerite at the base of the inferior margin of the

hemelytra; the knob at the end of the stigmal or radial

veins in certain Hymenoptera.

The anterior median portion of the head to which the labrum

is usually attached (Fig, 4).
Contracted; compact. Applied to a pupa in which all the
appendages are concealed in a hardened covering which is
usually the last larval skin (Fig. 39).
I'he elongate middle section of the hemelytra which extends

from base to membrane below the embolium (Fig. loi).
Glandular tubes on the abdomen of plant-lice which secrete

a yellowish waxy liquid (Fig. 88).
.^n elevated ridge that is rounded at its crest; the thickened

anterior margin of a wing.
The basal segment of the leg (Fig. 19).

The opening or space in which the coxa articulates. In the
Coleoplera the coxal cavity is said to be dosed when the
epimeron extends behind the coxa to the sternum. It is
described as open when the epimeron does not reach the
sternum (Fig. 185).
Scalloped.

lleleroplera; the small triangular area at the end of the
embolium of hemelytra; Odonala, the small triangle of the
vertex between the compound eyes (Fig. loi).
The upper surface.
Moulting or casting of the skin.
The science of the relation of organisms to each other and

to their surroundings.
The anterior leatheiy or chitinous wings of beetles (Fig, iSi).
The narrow sclerite extending along the anterior margin of
the hemelytra, from base to cuneus or membrane, in Heler-
oplera (F'ig. lor).
The small process between the pulvilli in Diptera, The bi-
fid pseudotar-i between the claws in Coleoptera (p. 14).
lii^cct-fecding, :

THE CONTROL OF INJURIOUS INSECTS

411

Epistemum.

Enicifonn.
Evtgiiute.
Ezserted.
Foveol«— a.
Frenulum.

Front.

Frontal Lunule.
Geu.
Genitalia.
Halteres.

Hermaphrodite.
Heterogamy.

Hibeinaculum.
Histogenesis.
Histolysis.
Hyper-
metamorphosis.
Hyperparasite.
Imago.
Instar.
Integument.
Labium.
Labrum.
Lacinia.

Lamellate.
Larva.

Macrochtetee.
Maggot.
Handibulate.
Maxilla — le.

: sck-rite Iictween the

The anterior and larger lateral thoracic

sternum and notum (Fig. 18),
I'alcrpillar-like in appearance (Mg. 38).
Ivxtruded by ever^ion; turned inside oul when cxirudiil.
I'rotrudcd.

A pit-like shallow depression.
The spine, simple in males, compound in females, arisini;

from the base of secondaries in many Lrpidnplrra, whose

function it is to unite the wings in flight (l-'ig. t.'ol.
.\nterior portion of the head between the base of antenna;

and below the ocelli (Fig. 2).
Diplera; an oval or crescentic space above the Ijasc of antenna;

in Cydorrlmpka, bounded by the frontal suture.
Cheek; that portion nf Ihe head below the eyes on each side

exlending 10 the gular suture (Fig. .0.
i:xternal organs of re|iroduclion and their appendages (p

The pnisers or balancers; capilalc mo.ahle lilamenis in
Diplrrj, situated one on e;icli side of the thorax and repre-
senting rudimentary hind wings (p. 15),
\ bisexual individual.
.Alternation of generations, two sexual or

parthenogenetic.
A tent or sheath in which a larva hibernates.
The formation and development of tissue.
The degeneration and dissolution of organic tissue.
The case in which an insect passes through more than the

normal stages of development (Fig. 40).
-\ parasite that is parasitic upon another parasite.
The adult or sexually mature insect.
The period or stage between moults in a larva (Fig. j8).
The outer covering to the insect body.
The lower lip (F'ig. ;).
The upper lip (F'ig. 4).
The inner lobe of the first maxilla, arliculateil to the stipes,

bearing brushes of hairs or spines (Fig. 6).
Divided laterally into distinct leaf like plates (Fig. rSji,
The second stage in the development of the insect, follows

immediately after the egg stage.
The long bristles occurring singly on the body of Dipttra.
The footless larva of Diplera O'ig jX).
With jaws or mandibles.

Jaws; one on each side of the mouth immedialciv beneath
the mandibles (Fig. h).

sexual and a

412

Mentum.
Mesenteron.

Mesonotum.

Metabolism.

Metonottun.

Meta thorax.
Hicrochatte.
Monilifonn.
Nectaries.

Nymph.

Obtec*.

OceUi

Oog'O' s.

Ova.

Ovipositor.

Pedogenesis.

Parthenogenesis.

Pleura.

Polyembiyony.
Pulvillus— i.

Pupa.
Puparium.

Pygidium.

Reticulate.
Rostrum.
Sclerite.
Scrobes.

ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY

.\ labial sclerite bearing the movable parts (Fig. 7).

The middle portion of the primitive intestinal canal; the

mid-gut (Figs, i, 36).
The primitively upper surface of the middle thoracic ring

(Fig. 18).
Transformation, changes of food into tissue and of tissue into

waste products.
The primitively ujiper surface of the third or posterior

thoracic ring (Fig. iS).
The third thoracic ring or segment (Fig. 18).
Small bristles, as opposed to macrochieta;, in Dipiera.
Beaded like a necklace (Fig. 183).
A term which was applied to the cornicles of the Aphids

under the mistaken notion that these structures secreted

the honey dew (Fig. 88).
The larval stage of insects with incomplete metamorphosis

(Fig. 88).
Wrapped in a liard covering (Fig. 30).
A simple eye.
The process of egg-formation.

The structure by means of which the eggs are placed (Fig. 23).

Rf-production in the larval or the pupal stage.

Reproduction by direct growth of germs from egg-ci j

without fertilization by the male.
Plural of pleuron or pleurum; the lateral sclerites between

the dorsal and sternal portion of the thorax; in general,

the sides of the body between the dorsum and sternum.
Production of more than one embryo from one egg.
Soft, pad-like structures between tarsal claws; the cushions

of short stift hair or other clothing on the under side of

tarsal joints; rarely fleshy lobes (p. 14).
The intermediate stage between larva and adult (Fig. 39).
The thickened larval skin within which the papa is sometimes

formed (Fig. 39).
The last dorsal segment left exposed by the elytra. In

Diaspinx (Coccidae) the compound terminal segment

(Fig. rn).
Like net-work.

A snout-like prolongation of the head.
Any piece o( the body-wall bounded by sutures (p. 2).
<;rooves formed for the reception or concealment of the

appendages. In Rkyncophora grooves at the sides of the

rostrum to receive the scape of antenna.

THE CONTROL OF INJURIOUS INSECTS

41,?

Sensoij*.

Spennitofenesis.
Spinneret.

Spiracle.

Stemite.

Suctorial.

Sulcus.

Suture.

Tergil.
Thoru.

Tnchet— c.
Transition Zone.

Truncate.
Veoatioa. '
Viscera.
Vittate.
Viviparous.

The circular openings covered by membrane on Ihc antenna;

nr legs of plant-lice,
development of the spermatozoa.
Any organ consisting of an internal tube, terminating in a

pore, spine or process, producing a silky or waxy fibre.
A breathing pore opening to the trachea (Fig. iH).
The \entral piece in a ring or segment (Fig- ■?).
.Adapted for sucking.

A furrow or groove; a groove-like excavation.
A scam or compressed line indicating the division of distinct

parts of body-wall; the line of junction of elytra in Culcop-

tera.
Belonging to the primitively upper surface.
The second or middle portion of the insect body, bearing the

true legs and wings; made up of three sections, the pro-meso-

and meta-thorax (p. 14).
The breathing tubes of insects (p. .'j).
The transcontinental belt in which the austral and boreal

elements overlap; it is divided into a humid or Alleghanian

area, a western arid area, and a Pacific coast humid area.
Cut off squarely at tip.

The system of chilinous framework supporting the win^^s.
The internal organs of the body.
Striped.
Bearing living young.

INDEX

Abbott's sphinx, 178
Abdomen, 17
Acalyptrata, 241
Acanthiidte, 159, 167
Acarina, 364
Accessory glands, 29
Achemon sphinx, 178
Achorutes, 96
Acridida;, 107
Acronycta, 87, igS
Adalia bipunctata, 287
Adult stage, 38
Aedes, 243, 245
^geriid^, 174, 216
Agaristidfe, 183
Aglais antiopa, 176
Agrilus anxius, 89, 301
bilineatus, 301
ruficoUis, 84, 301
Agriotes raancus, 293, 295
Agromyza simplex, 263
Agromyzidae, 242, 262
Agrotis c-nigrum, 185
fennica, 192
unicolor, 185
ypsilon, 186
Alaus oculatus, 78
Alder blight, 149
Aleyrodes citri, 152

vaporariorum, 90, 151
Aleyrodidae, 122, 151
Alfalfa caterpillar, 176
insects, 73
leaf weevil, 332
looper, 194
Alimentary canal, 24

415

Aliorhina, 304

Alsophila pomctaria, 78, 8r, 87, 20^
Alypja octomaculata, 183
Ambush bugs, 43, 159
American cockroach, 104
frit fly, 71, 26r
dagger moth, 87
grass stem maggot, 261
Ametastegia glabrata, 80, 347
Ampelceca myron, 86, 178
Amphibolips, 351
Amphicerus bicaudatus, 82, 328
Amphidasis cognataria, 206
Anamctis granulatus, 337
Anaphothrips striatus, 72
Anarsia lineatella, 83, 86, 215
Anasa tristis, 8, 46, 77, 160
Anastatus bifasciatus, 200, 404, 406
Anatis i5-punctata, 291
Anatomy of insects, 2-30
Ancylis comptana, 86, 232

nubeculana, 79, 218, 230
Andrena, 357
Andrenidse, 356
Androconia, 17

Angoumois grain moth, 74, 214
Anisandrus pyri, 341
Anisota, 179

Anobium tcsselatum, 328
Anomalon exile, 204
Anopt-dius, 352
Anopheles and malaria, 50

maculipennis, 92, 243, 244
Antennae, 10, n
Anthomyidse, 242, 273
Anthonomus grandis. 313
quadrigibbus, 80, 335
signatus, 84, 87, 33a

I i

4x6

Anthrax, 53

Anthrenus scrophulariie, ga, 291
Antique tussock moth, 203
Ant lions, 43, gg, 100
Ants, 92, 359

Apanteles glomeratus, 175, 353
lactcicolor, 202, 404, 40(1
militaris, igo
Aphelinus mali, 354, 401

diaspidis, 129, 354
Aphidids, 122, 136
Aphidius, 35a
fletcheri, 149
TApx, 148
Aphida, 68, 136
Aphis, 138

abietina, 149
avenx, 59, 71
bakeri, 142
brasaicae, 77, 148
forbesi, 148
gossypii, 47, 77, 148
maidis, 72, 142
maidi-radicis, 72, 142
mali, 78, 143
malifoliie, 144
persic»-niger, 147
pomi, 78, 143
pseudobrasaica:, 148
rumicis, 74, 148
sanborni, 85, 147
sorbi, 78, 144
varians, 147
Aphis-lion, 43, 100
Aphycus. 354
Apida;, 356, 357

Apis mellifera, 10, la, 19, 40, 357, ^,8
Apoidea, 345, 350
Apple aphids, 78, 80

bud aphis, 78, 80, 142
curculio, 80, 331
ermine moth, 233
fruit miner, 233
insects, 77-80
leaf hucculatris, 80, 2^6
leaf crumpler, 79, 213

INDEX

Apple leaf hopper, 155
leaf miner, 79, 235
leaf rollers, 78, 79, 2^9
leaf sewer, 79, 318, 230
leaf skeletonizer, 79, 313
maggot, 80, 266
red bugs, 165
seed chalcid, 80, 355
sphinx, 79, 178
tent caterpillar, 79, 87, 203
worm, 219
Apple-tree borer, flat-headed, 78, 300

round-headed, 78, 320
Application of poisons, 377, 386
Aptera, 94
Arachnida, i, 364
Arctiidx, 173, 181
Argasida;, 364, 365
Argentine ant, 360
Argyrcsthia conjugclla, 2^2

thuiella, 233
Argyroploce consanguinana, 226
Armadillidium vulgare, 363
Army beetles, 325

cutworms, 187, 19a
worms, 71, 190
Arsenate of lead, 384

lime, 385
Arsenic, white, 384, ^g^
Arsenite of lime, 384
Arthropoda, i

Artificial methods of control, 374, 377
Asaphes decoloratus, 293, 297
Ash gray pinion, 197
Asilida;, 240
Asparagus beetles, 3C, 6r, 63, 312

miner, 263
Aspen tortrix, 230
Aspidiotus, 123
ancylus, 126
forbesi, 127, 128
heder«, 134
ostrexformis, 128
perniciosus, 78, 80, 126, 127
Aspidisca apiendoriferella, 79, 232
Aspidistra scale, 90, 135

417

As!>usi»in Uujii, 4.J
AiileroIcLanium vari«>l«)sum, i,iO
Atropos divinatoria, lo.i
AHagenus piccus, 2i)2
AuLht-norhynchi, i-'j
Aulacaspis rosa', u.i, i^'^
Austral zones, 6i
Australian ccickmacli, 104
Autographa brassica*, ig.^

californica, 104

simplex, ig4
Auttimcrii lo, i,So

\i

Babesia bi)vis, 56
Bachmetjew, Dr., sg
Bacillus amylovnrus, 46

pcstis, 55
Bagworm moths, 174, 207
Baits, poison, 398
Baker, A. t'., 141
Han'led Ilea beetle, .^16
Bands, metal, ,)gO
Bark beetles, 339
Bassus earinoidea, 226, 353
Bean aphis, 74, 148

insects, 74

leaf beetle, 313

weevil, 74, 319
Bed bugs, 92
Bee flies, 240

moths, 212
Beech tree blight, 149
Bees, 345, 350
Beet leaf hopper, 155

leaf miner, 277
Beetles, 280

Bcmbecia marfjinata, 84, 21S
Beneficial insects, 39-44
Berlese, Prof., 40
Bethune, Dr. C. J. S., xiii
Bethune's green fruit worm, 197
BibUography, 407
Bill bugs, 338
Biosteres rhagoletis, 267
27

Birth leaf skelctonizer, SS, j^t.

saw ily, 34'*
Birds, 44
Biting lice, iof>
Black ants, 92

ap[)!e leaf hop(>cr, i.Sa

army worm, 192

bodied cherry fruit fly, 266

carjH't beetle, 292

chrysanthemum aphis, 149

'lit's, S3, iji

horned tree cricket, 116

leaf, 40, 391

peach aphis, 144

snouted rose beetle, ;^;i^

swallow tail, 174

vine weevil, 336
Blackberry crown borer, 21S

insects, 84
Blastoderm, 30
Blastula, 31
Blatta, 103, 104
Blattidx, 103
Blaltoidea, 102, 103
Blcpharipa scutellata, 200, 40?)
Blissus leucopterus, 71, i(ti
Blister beetles, 77, ^2-i

mites, 368
Blmid gills, 23
Blow fly, Si< 92, 273
Bluebottle Ily, 273
Body louse of man, ^6, 168
Bombus, 357
Bombycida?, 179
Bombyliid^e, 240
Bombyx mori, 40, 1 79
Book lice, 103
Borax, 399
Bordeaux mixture, 395

nozzle, 380
Borers, 78, 88, 8g
Bot fiies, 60, 254
Box-elder plant bug, 159
IJrachycera, 239
Brachycolus tritici, 141
Braconid flies, 42

4t8

INDEX

nr«conid«, 42, 344, 35}

Brain, a8

Bramble flea-louM.-, K4, i^j

(fown-boriT, 84, jiS
breeding cages, 67-<»g
Hnmzc apple tn-e wi*i-vil, _^^■i

birch borer, 8y, .joi

cutworm, 188
Hrown tall moth, 60, f)4, 8H, >oo, 401
Hrucc's measuring worm, 207
Bruchidx, 283, 31Q
Hruchophagus funebris, 73, 355
Bruchus obtectus, 74, 31Q

pisorum, 74, jicj
Bryobia pratensis, 80, 367
Bucculatrix canadensisella. KS, ^30

pomifoliella, 80, 336
Bud moth, 23, j6, 36, 78, 71). 22s
Buffalo carpet beetle, 92, 2gi

tree-hopper, 78, 157
Bumble flower beetle, 80, 305
Buprestids, 2S3, 300
Butterflies, 94

Butterfly, mouth parts of. g, 10
Byturus unicolor, 84, 3qj

Cabbage aphis, 77, 148

butterfly, 63, 175

looper, 193

plant louse, 77, 148

root maggot, 36, 76, 273

worm, 76, 77, 175
Cacoecia argyrospila, 220

cerasivorana, 230

conflictana, 230

obsoletana, 232

rusaccana, 230
Cadelle, 76, 327
Caddice flies, 99
Caesar, Prof. L,, 60, 229
Calandra granaria, 75, .m?

oryzK, 75, 337
Calandridae, 284, 337
Caliroa cerasi, ^^H

Calliphora, ^70

erythrocephalft, 373
vomitdfiu, Qj, 373

t'.illlplcru!*, 137

t'allosamia pnimelli.a, S:. iSo

<"alosuma mjidum, 387

stTututor, 387

syiuphanta. ;oo, 20.\ 2X7, 406
(iilyptrata, 242
(.'amnula [K-llucida, 113
Campodeida-, 95
<'iimponotina', ^tio
Camponotus, 360
Canker worm, fall, 78, jo.i

spring, 78, 20s
Cantharis nuttalli, 325
Capsidx, 159, 163
Carabida-, 41, 282, 285
Carbolic acid emulsion, 392, 395
Carbolineum emulsion, 396
Carbon bisulphide, 393

tetrachloride, 395
Carnivora, 280, 382
Carolina locust, 113
Carpenter bee, 357

moth, 88, 237, 238
Carpocapsa pomonella, 80, 219
Carrion beetles, 293
Case bearers, 234

making clothes moth, 236
Cat and dog flea, 93, 280
Caterpillar, 34
Catocala, 198
Cattle dips, 392

insects, 91

louse, 91, 169

tick, 366
Cecidomyiida;, 239, 245
Cecropia moth, 79, 180
Cclerio lineata, 1 78
Celery looper, 194
Centipedes, 1

Cephus occidentalis, 71, 349
Cerambycidx, 283, 320
Ceramica picta, 7t>, 188
Ceratina, 357

. "5. 247

Oratitis tapitiilii. ih^
t'eratopogon, 2^2
Cerd, 17

Cercopoda-, i;i, 1 ^^
Cereal insects, 71. 7 j
Cerfiji bubalu!*, 77, M,(, 1^7
Ctrodonttt doraalis, if)j
CeuthophUus, 114
Chfftopsis cenca, 377
Chaitophorus, 130

ncKUntlinis, i4q
Chalcid flk-s, 42
Chalddida!, 4>, .,44, 353
Charts of life cydcs, 221,
Checkered beetles, 283

tiger moth, 183
Cheese-cloth screens, 396
Chermes, 139

abietis, 8g, 14Q
cooleyi, 148
funitectis, 148
pinicorticis, 90, 150
similis, 89, 150
Chciry aphis, 139
ermine moth, 233
fruit fly, black-bodied, 83, 265
fruit fly, white-banded, 83
insects, 83
leaf beetle, 82, 311
leaf miner, 348
saw fly* 348
tree tortrix, 82, 230
Chicken Jice, 91;, loi

mite, 91, 364
Chilocorus bivulnerus, 2S8, 289
Chilopoda, r
Chin flies, 259
Chinch bug, 61, 71, 72, 161
Chionaspis euonymi, 12M
furfurus, 78, 81, 125
Chironomidff, 240, 252
Chorizagrotis auxiliaris, 187
Chrysanthemum black aphis, 149
Chrysidida;, 345

Chrysobothris femorata, 78, 8{;, too
Chrysomdidac, 283, 306

INDEX

Chrys4im|)hiilus. i .■ t

aonidum, 134
Chrysomyi.i, jfiM, .'7^
Cirada, i^rj

septemleccm, 15'.
tibian, 8.', r 57
Cicadellida-, i.-j, 1^4
Cicadidff, 122, i ^r,
Cicadula 6-notala, 7.', 1^4
Cicindda, 284
Cicliiddida'. 41, 282, 284
Cigar casi'-bearer, 78, 234
CiKarette beetle, 328
Cimbex americina. 88, 347
Cimex Icctularius, 92, 167
Circular scale, 134
Circulatory system, 23. .-4, 71, igo
Cirphis unipun( ta. 2^:^, 24, 71, 1,^
Citheroniida-, 1 79
Citrus mealy bui,', 133

white fly, 152
Cladius pet ticornis, 349
Classification nf insects, 93
Clavicornia, 280, 282
Clear winged locust, 113

moths, 174, iiO
Cleridx, 283
Click beetles, 293
Climatic factors, 6r, 373
Climbing cutworms, 81, 192
Clothes moths, 92, 236
Clouded a[)p!e capsid, 165
Clover aphis, 142
cutworm, 189
hay worm, 73, 20S
insects, 73
leaf midge, 73, 24S
leaf weevil, 63, 73, 332
mealy bug, 73
mite, 80, 367
root borer, 63, 73, 341
root mealy bug, 133
seed caterpillar, 73, 228
seed chalcid, 73, 355
accd midge, 73, 246
Club-horn beetles, 280

.\U)

430

INDEX

Cluster fly, 5,1, 27,i
(uttl tnr, .)(>5
CocciUiT, w;
(.'«H.i.ina', I2J, ijy
CiKcinclU, 5 notatu, 2i)o

g-ni)taU, igo
Ct>ccincUi(lic, 281, J87
Coccobacillus acridiorum, 40
('orcophagus, 354
Cuccus, lij

hcspcridum, ij4
Cockroaches, ga
Codling moth, $9, ^, J'y

records, 3ii
Ciecal tubei, a6
Ctelopiatha nematiridu, 354
Colcufitera, 94, 380
Collcmbola, 93, 95
Colopha, 13S

Colorado potato bcttif, 77, 308
Common striped cutworm, 187
Compsilura cum Innata, 200, joj, 40^
Comatock, Prof. J. H., i^., 29.S
Conchylidx, 174
Confused flour beetle, 75, 3^9
Conopidic, 341

Conotrachelua nenuphar, 81, 83, 330
Contact insecticides, 386
Contarinia johnsoni, 349
Control of insects, 373
Convergent ladybird, a88
Co-operative measures, 375
Coptciisca splendoriferella, 332
Cordyceps, 46, 304
Coreida?, 159
Corimclxnidx, 159, 167
Corn ant, 363

bill bugs, 72, 338

ear worm, 73, 195

feeding syrphid fly, 351

insects, 73

leaf aphis, 73, 73, 143

leaf miner, 363

root aphis, 73, 140, 141, 142

seed maggot, 73, 277

stalk bnrfr, sii

Corn wJrvMiirm, ;/, jti

Curnlilrs, 1 (7

Corymhilis, 7H, j,j~

(.'r>iimii|M-pla liirnifi'x, 1(17

Cossida*, 174, 2j7

Cost of spraying, 381

Cotalpa, 302, 304

Cotton boll wt-evij, 59, 333
worm, 196
•wood leaf hi'itjcs, 310

Cottony grass scale, 130
maple scale, 8g, 130

Crab-louse of man, 168

Crambidr, 210

Crambus hortuellus, 211

Cranberry girdlcr, 211

Crane flics, 34a

Craponius inirqualis, ^h

Crcmastogastcr, 360

Creolin, 31/)

Crepidodera helxinc. 3r i

rufiites, 316
Criikft like grasshnpptrs, ir4
Crickets, 107
Crioceris asparayi, 04, 312

i2-punctata, 313
Crop rotation, 374
Croton bug, 105
Crustacea, i, 363
Cn ptohj-pnus, 397
Cryptorhynchus lapathi, 339
Ctcnocephalis canis, 280
Cucumber beetles, 77, 307, 308
Cucujida:, 327
Culex, 52, 343

pipicns, 92, 243
Culicidae, 239, 343
Culicoides, 252
Cultivation of the soil, 375
Cultural control methods, 374
Curculio, apple, Ro, ^^2

plum, 330
Curculionidfe, 284, 329
Currant borer, 84, 217
fruit fly, 85, 26s
fruit miner, 85, 26$

Currant inwtij, 84, K^

Icctnium, II4

moth, 30ft

plant liiuK, 85, 14 5

npanworm, 85, 206

«lrtn iiinllir, N4. j4j

worm, K5, 146
Curlcii scale, ijd
Cutworms, 71. 74, 76, 77, ,«,

• llmkinK, Hi

control of, 185
Cytlamcn Ikiht, .», j ,rj

mite, ,jr.y
Cyilocephala, .)oj, J04
Cyclorrhapha, jjg
Cyllcne robini.T, Sg, uj
Cymatophora ribearia, «s, jod
Cynipidw, 344, ,5,

Cynomyia cadavcrina, 173

I)

Dactylopinx, 13,1, 131
Dagger moths, 197
Uamscl flies, Qg
Uanaida;, 177
Uanais archippus, 177
Dark meal worm, 76, j..g
Darkling beetles, 328
Dark-sided cutworm, rSo
Dasyneura leguminitola. 73, 346
rhodophaga, 90, 34s
trifolii, 73, 348
Dalana integerrima, 88, igg

ministra, 79, ry8
Davis, J. J., 66-A8, 14,
Death watih beetles, 33S
Dendroctonus, 343
Depressaria heracliana, 315
Dcrmacentor variabilis, 367

venustus. ^6, 3^.6
Dermanyssid», 364
Dermanyssus gallin.-e, 364
Dermaptera, 103, 100
Dermestes lardarius, 92, 291
Dertiiirstida;, 3S3, ^yi

ISDKX

Desmia luneralis, 309
Development o( initcts, 10
DeJiiidiP, 343

Diabrotica longicornis, r>4, {o8
' -' punctata, 64. (o8
vittata, 77, 307
Diacrisiu virginica, r.Si
Dialeurofles ritri, 1^3
Diamonrl back moth, 7ft, m
Diapheromera fcraorata, 10(1
Diaspina', r33
Diaspis, 133, 403
Diaslrciphus turgidiis, 3;!
Diatrafa sattharatis, 3ti
Dibrachys. 354
Dicerca, 83

Dichomeris liguldla, 79, 3ji
Differential Iticuat, tii
DiRcslivc system, 34 3S
Dinger wasps, 359
Dingy cutworm, 193
Diplopiida, r, 369
Diplosis tritici, 73, 3 19
Diplera, 91, 239
Diseases by insects, 46, 49 ,7

of insects, 45
Disk nozzle, 380
Disonycha xanthcmuia'na, 317
Dissosteira Carolina, 109, ir3
Distribution of insects, to- (,4
Ditche*, 399
Diving beetles, 283
Doane, I'rof. R. W., 55
Dobson flies, 99
Dock false-worm, 80, 147
Docophorus icterodcs, 101
Dog day harvest fly, 15;
flea, 380
louse, 169
I >oublc host aphids, 1 50
Dragon flies, 99

Drasterius elegans, 39), 29s, 296
Drosophila ampelophiia, 3to
Drosophilidaj, 242, 360
Drug store beetles, ijS
Dryocu;tes confusus, 343

4Jr

ik;.-||->

422

Duck lice, roi
iJung-cating bcetk-s, ,ioi
Dust spraying, 3S2
Oytiscidae, 28^

E

Karwi^s, 102, lo't
Karworm, corn, nj^
Kcco|)toK:i^*cr ruKulosus, 78, jjc,
Kfdysis, ^^4
Kcological stiirntcs, 65
Kctobia gcrmanica, 92, 103, 105
Kciworms, 371
Kijjht-spotted forester, 18^
Klaphidion villosum, S(j, 324
Klateriihe, 283, 2()3
Llm bark lousf, Sy, 130

borer, 89

leaf beetle, 6^, 88, '309

saw fly, 88, 347
Kmbryology, 30-33
Kmphytus, 87, 349
Empoa rosa', 156
Empoasca mall, 155
Empusa, 46
Endelomyia rosii*, 348

acthiops, 349
Knglish grain aphis, 71
Knnomida', 206
Ennomos, 88
Entomobryidas, 96
Entomophagous, 40
Entomophthora, 46
Entomoscelis adonidis, ;fi, 309
Ephemerida, 97, g8
Ephestia kuehniella, 74, 213
Epicauta cinerea, 37, ^H, 77, 325

marginata, 326

pennsyl\.anica, 77, 326

vittata, 37, 326
Epicerus imbricatus, 78, 82
ICpilachna borealis, 290, 291
Epitrimerus pyri, 368
Epitrix cucumeris, 77, 313

subscrinata, 314

Epoch ra, 264

canadensis, 8:;, 2()5
Erannis defoliaria, 207

tiliaria, 88, 206
Eriocampoidcs limacina, 8.-, ^S
Eriococcus, 124
EriojH'ltis festuc;i', 130
Eriophyes pjri, 308
EriophyidiT, 364, 3dM
ICriosoma, 13S
Eristalis, 2.>r
Eruciform larva, 33
Erythroncura vitis, 155
Kscherich, Dr., 34, 35
Estigmene atuca, i8[
Kucosmid;e, 218
Euonymus scale, i.'S
Eupclmus, 3.i;4
Euphoria, 302

inda, 80, 305
Euproctis (.hrysorrha-a, 88, 200
European corn borer, 72, 212

earwig, 106

fruit Iccanium, 129

grain aphis, 71, 141
Eurymus eurytheme, 176
Eutettix tenella, 46, 155
Euthrips tritici, 122
Euxoa auxiliaris, 58

excellens, 188

messoria, 186

ochrogaster, 187

tesselata, 187
Evcrgestis rimosalis, 209
Evergreen bagworm, 307
External anatomy, 2-19
Eyed clater, 78
Eyes, II

E

Factors of insect control, 373

Fall army worm, 192
canker worm, 205
webworm, 79, 87, 181

False tarnished plant bug, i()4

INDEX

42J

hannia canicularia, SA

scalaris, .^j
Fat bodies, 24
FeathtT lice, 100
I'flt tar paper, 307
K-ltia ducens, ig^
Fcrnald, Prof. I(. T., fij
Fevers, 49-52
Fidia vititida, S5, ^u
Field stations, xji, 04
Fiery hunter, 287
Fifteen-spotted ladybird, .-.ji
Filariasis, 52
Fir sa^^' tly, ^46
Fire flies, 28,5
Fish moths, g^
Fiske, W. V., 403
Fitch, Asa, xi, xiii
Five-spotted Jadyhird, .njo
I'lat-headed apple tree horer, 78, joo
Flea beetles, .^r.^
alder, 31.S
banded, 31O
cucumber, 77
grape vine, 316
horse radish, 315
mangei, 31S
pale striped, 3i(>
P**tato, 77, 314
red-headed, ,^16
red-legged, 317
smartweed, 316
spinach, 317
strawberry, 86, 317
turnip, 76, 315
western potato, 315
willow, 317
'■'leas, 55, 279
Flesh flies, 242
Fletcher, Dr. Jas., xiii
Flit's, 53
Flour beetles, 75
Flower flies, 43, 240, 250
Forbes, Dr. S. A., 40, 48, (,o, 141, j,,s
Forbes scale, 128
Forest bark beetles, 342

Inresl tent-ealerpillar, 87, J04
lorticula aurieularia, loO
Furmalin, 394
lormicidii', 359
Inrmicoidea, 345, 350
Four-lined leaf bug, S5, n^
Fruit aphids, 143

bark beetles, 78, Si, 33y
flies, 264
leaf syneta, 31 1
lecanium, 81
tree leaf roller, ;8, 22g
worms, green, So, ig;
FrogiioppcTs, 7;, 153
Fulgoridx, 122
Fumigation, 3^4

(Jiid flies, 53, 2i,2
(iaierita janus, 2S1
(iaierucella clavicollis, 82, 31 1

decora, 310

luteola, 88, 309
Gail flics, 45, 351

gnats, 45

lice, 45

midges, 45, 245
Oalleria mellonella, 212
GalleriidT, 212
Gamasida', 364
(ianglia, 28
Garden aphids, 148

slugs, 370

stalk borer, ig6

vegetable insects, 7;
(Gastric cceca, 26
Gastrophilus ha-morrhoidalis, gi. 2^4,

intestinalis, gi, 254, 258

nasalis, gi, 254. 259
(Jastropoda, 370
Geese lice, 10 1
(ielechiidie, 214
(Jenitalia, 17, 18
(ieoraetrida.-, 204

424

INDEX

Oeomt'truls, 1 70
(Icomctrina, 170, ^04
(ierm hand, ,?i, ^2
(ierman cockroach, gj
(;iant root bon-r, 8,^, .^jj
(iizzarfl, 24
(ilassy cutworm, iS.S
(llossary, 409
(Jiussina, 54
(ioat moth, 238
(loliien oak stak', r,io
(lonapophysfs, 17
(Joniocotcs abdominalis, loi

burnetii, loi

hologaster, 101
Goniodes dissimilis, 101

styiifer, 102
Clooseberry insects, 84, 85
(jortyna, igfi
Gossyparia, 124

spuria, 8g, 130
(irain aphis, 141

weevils, 337
Granary weevil, 75, 337
Grape berry moth, 86, 22H

blossom midge, 249

curculio, 336

insects, 85, 86

leaf folder, 209

leaf hopper, 86, 155

phylloxera, 85, 86, 148

root worm, 85, 31 1

sphinx, 86, 178

vine fidia, 85, 311

vine flea beetle, 86, 315
Grapholithid;e, 86, 17S
(iraptolitha, So, 197
(Jrass feeding froghopper, 153

stem maggots, 260

thrips, 72
(Jreasy cutworm, 186
Green apple aphis, 78, 141, 143

bottle flies, 273

bug, 142

clover worm, 195

fruit worm, 80, 197

(irecn g(ioscberr> aphis, 147

peach aphis, 83, 144

rose aphis, 149

soldier bui:, j66

Ihrips, 1 H,
(Jreenhouse insects, 90

leaf tyer, 210

orthezia, 13^

scales, 90, [33 135
(Jround beetles. 40, 41, 2Sj, 285
(Jrul). 34

(Jryllidx, 107, 114
(iryllotalpa, 1 14
(Jryllus pennsyhanicus, t r5
(Jypsy moth, 64, 87, 300, 403
Gyrinida.', 282
Gyropidx, 100

H

Iladwen, Dr. S., 256
Hiematobia, 268

serrata, 91, 272
H;ematopinus, 168

asini, 169

eurysternus, 91, 1(19

piliferus, 169

urius, 91, i()9

vitull, 91, 169
Halictus, 357
Halisidota, carya?, 64, 183

maculala, 183

fessellaris, 87, 183
Ilaltica chalybea, 86, 313

ignita, 316
JIamamelistes, 138
IIandmai<l moths, lyS
Ha[)Ioptilia fletcherella, 234

malivorella, 235
Haploplilida', 234
Hard scales, 124
Harlequin cabbage bug, 63, i()6
Ilarmologa fumifcrana, 231
Harpalus caliglnosus. 287

pennsyivanicus, 287
Ilarpiphorus maculatus, 347

425

Hawk moths, ii>i)
Hay wtirm, clnvtr, 7 <,

Uv.u], 2

Ilc:i(l-!.iusL' of man, k.S
Hcurinn, <'rj,'ans i.f, 1 1
Ilcdnchnjicatfrpillar, iS[
Hdiothis ol)S(ilL-ta, 7,;, kj^
IKli'ithrips hiuniorrlioidatJ

Htlii)Ztlu];(.-, _>^i
}Iclk"I.nrc, .5S5
IlfrntTocampa Itucn>li[;m;i
Ik'niiihi(ma:-piri at^pidistnc
Hi'iniptiTa. 4,^. 04, i^S
HcniisphtTitai sialr, 1 ^j, 1
IlfSpiTifhv, ii'ii
Hessian lly, .^ij. ,-(), fio, 71,
Ht.'tt.T<)cur(l\lus malinus. m
HclL-riHiiTa radirinila, ,^71
HttiTonifra. 2S1, ;s^
HctLTi>nutat).i|ic, ^i,
HflLToptL-ra, 15S
Hewitt, Dr. C. (;., 5S^ 4o(.
Hickory ti^t-r moth, iSj
Hippoboscida-, 271)
Hippodamia cnnvcrjicns, 2i

13-pUnCtata, _'()0

HistoKcntsis, ,57
Histolysis, 37
Hog louse, qi, if.q

pt'sts, 01
Holcaspis, 351
Holomttaholit , 33
Homalomyia brcvis, 27S

canicuiaris, s_^, 27.S

scalaris, 53, 27S
Homuptera, 94, 122
Honey bee, 10, 12, 19, ^n,
Hookucrm disease, 50
Hop merchant, 176

plant louse, 145

red bug, 165

vine loopcr, 195
Hopperdozer, 3gg
Hormaphis, 13S
Horn fly, ^S, 53 63, 27J

tails, 350

Ilornt t, wUhc fani!. 3^0
yi-l|.n\ j:i(k<I, 5^6

Hnrsf bui lly, „i. :;S j,-,,
l'i<-^. ><. J40, J, -J

in>., 1.. .,,
lo„.,, „„,

, UiJ

Ilea, j;,,, .-No

lly, 7, iS. .^.„,. ,;o

bold p,Ms, „ .

^ Mnward, Dr. I,. O , \ii, ,o;

<)0, I ^;

Hum. in il. ;i. 27,,

HuntiT, I'rut. \V. 1),. 40.?

U

M>a.l;iphis. i.iS

l[>.l|n[)t.TllS, 13S

-45

ariiridini--, [47

5

Hydnn\anii a(idK>i>-- ■;'j4

Ilydruria, i';0

Hy.lrophilida-, jSj

Hylastintis obscunis. fi4, 7,^, ^41

Hylemyia anti(|ua, 27O

ilyiotiima jHTtnralis, 341)

Hymrnr.ptrra, 04,343

Hypi-na humiili, 105

S, ..S,j

Hyperas|iis signata, 2,nS

Hypfrmelamorphnt.is, 3S

Hyj.iTparasilism, 43

Hypiiantria, ttxlor, 79, 87

HyjiudiTma bo\is, 91, 2^7

lineattim, 91, 255

HypsopyKia, foslalis, 73, :Ho.

I

Icrrsa jiiircliasi, 402
Irlinturion tlit-s, 41
357. 35^ Ichneumonida-, 41, 344, ^^,

IdioctTus titthj, 155
ImaKJtial buds, 37
Imago slaKc 0^
ImbnVatfd snout bcetlf, 7.S
ImiH)rted cabbage worm, (13, ()4,
turrant borer, 84, 217
worm, 346
Imomplctf metamorphosis, ^^
Indian euphoria, 8c, 305

426

IN'DEX

liulian meal moth, r*, 214

Insect behavior toward stimuli, 57, 58

Insects and birds, j4

as carrit'rs of [>lart diseases, 46 47

and disease, 40-57

distribu*i(>n of, 60 64

and plants, 45

in relation to temperalure, 5g f>o
Insct:tary, 66-68
Insecticides, ,577

action uf, 400
Insectivorous plants, 45
Internal anatomy, I'^jo

changes, 37
Inter-relations in nature, 45
Tntromittent organ, 2R
lo moth, Hi, ifio
Tpidx, 3S4, 3^(>
Isaria, 46
Ischnoptera, 103
Isia Isabella, iSi
Isomcra, 280
Isoptcra, 102
Isosoniii jjrande, .ivl

hordci, 355

secalc, j55

tritici, 71, 354
Itamera ribearia, 206
Itch mite of man, 365

poultry, gi, 365
Ivy scale, 134
Xxodida', 364, 36(1

Janus integer, 84, 345
Jarring, n)<>
Jassoidea, 122
Joint u-orrn, 71, 354
Julida:, 36g
Julus I anadensis, 369
ciLTuIeocinctus, 370
^fi^atus, 370
Juuk|iirig plant lice, 122
Jnv.v- htetU's, 303, ^o^

Katydids, 1 14
Kellogg, Prof. V. L., 5
Kermcs, 124, 131
Kerosene, 395

emulsion, xi, 391

Labia minor, 106
Lace wings, 43, 99, 100
Lachnosterna, 80, 8r, 302, 303
Lachnua, 136
Ladybirds, 40, 41
Lamellicon ■ 1 2X1, 2S3
Lampyri i:e, 283
Languria mozardi, 173
Laphygma frugipcrda, 102
Larch saw fly, 8S, 346
Larder beetle, 02, 282, 2<)i
Large blue bottle tly, 273
Larger corn stalk borer, 211
Larva.', classification of, 34-35
Larval stage, 32-35
Lasiocanipida', 1 74, 203
Lasioderma serricorne, ,^2S
Lasius nigcr, 48, 140, 360, 362
Laspeyresiii interstinctana, 73,

nigricana. 74, 22()

prunivora, 80, 227
Latrine tly, 53, 278
Lead arsenate, 384
Leaf beetles, 80, 2S3, 306

bugs, 150, i(>i

chafers, 283, 302

crumpler, 78, 83, 213

hoppers, 122, 154

horn beetles, 281

miner tlies, 262

miners, 79, 235

rollers, 78, 229

sewer, 79, 218, 230

skeletonizer, 79, 236
Leather jackets, 71, 242
Lebia grandiF., 3S6

Lecanium corni, Si, lag

nigrofasciatum, 83, 00, 129
oleK, 403
ribis, 84
Legs, 14

Leopard moth, 88, 2^7
Lepidoptera, 04, lOg
Lepidosaphes ulnii, 78, 81, r.>4
Lcpisma domestira, 05

saccharina, 94
Lepismidx, 94
Leprosy, 56

Leptinotarsa lO-Hneata, 77, 30S
Leptocoris trivittatus, ijg
Leaser apple worm, 80, 2^7
bud moth, 215
clover leaf weevil, 1,^2
house fly, 278
leaf roller, 231
migratory locust, 1 1 1
peach borer, 217
Leucutcrmes llavipcs, 103
Lice, biting, 100
sucking, 5''
Life cycle charts, 221, 225, 247

zones, ()i, 62
Lig>T;is, 304
Limax, 370
Lime, 389

sulphur, 386

tree winter moth, 8S, 206
Lina interrupta, 310
scripta, 3ro
tremulsE, 310
LiotheidiE, 100
Liparidae, 1 70

Lipeurus polytrapezius, 102
squalidus, 102
tadorna?, 10 1
variabilis, loi
Little house fly, 278
Locust borer, 89, 322
Locustidie, 107
Locusts, 107

Long horned beetles, 320
grabbhoppers, 1 1 4

DEX 427

Long tailed mtaiy bug, 133
Longistigma, i3f»
Loopers, 193, 204
Lophyrus abbotti, 346

abietis, 346
Losses due ti> insects, 38 39
Loxostcgc stirticalis, 210
Lucanid;e, 2^_^, 31S
Lucanus dama, 82
Lucilia, 270

CKsar, 273
Luna moth, 180
Lycaenid.T, 169
Lycophotia niarj,'arit()s:i, 1.S6

scandens, ig2
Lyctidie, 32.S
Lyctus, 32S
Lygxidic, 1 59

Lygroncmatus trichsonii, 88, 346
Lygidia mendax, 165
LvRus communis, 164

invitus, 164

pratensis, 84, 163
Lyraantriidx, 170, 200
Lyonetiid.e, 23O
Lyperosia, 2f)8
Lysiphlcbus IrJtici, 352

M

Macrobasis unicolor, 326
Macrodactylub subspinosus, 82, S3, 305
Macro lepidoptera, i6y
Macrosiphum, 138

granarium, 71, 141

pisi, 73, 149

ros;e, 149

sanborni, 90, 141)

solanifolii, 77, 149
Magdalis (rnesccns, ^^s
^laggot, 34

apple, 266

onion, 276

seed corn, 72, 277

wheat stem, 71, 72, 260
Malacosoma americana, 79, 87, 203

disstria, 87, 204

428

Malarial mosijuitd, 50, .'4,^, 244
M:illnphana, (^4, 100
-Mamliliuliiti' numtli parts, 5

siKtiirial mouth parts, 10
-Mani,'cl Ilea In'ctlc, .117
Mansiin and Rdss. 50
Mantids, praying, lo^
Mantis ri'li;iinsa, ro'»
Mantnidca, loj, loi
MapU' .scsiiiti, J 1 7

worm, 1 7(j
Mar;;anipus annulatu.s, -,(>, ,^60
MarKUcritt' lly, ;<>.'
Mash, iH)is()n, is^, ^g.S
Mason bi-es, SiT
May Id-ctli-s, ,So, Si

tlirs, 1)7, .)S
Mayctinia (li-stnutur, 71, J45
Miaciow froj^hoppt-r, 15,5

ffrasshi)p[H.'r, 1 14

maggots, 71, 242
Muai snout moth, 75, 208

worms, 76, .^27
Mealy buj^'s, 131

plum loust', 147
Measuring worms, 207
Meat fly, g2, 273
Mecoptura, 97, 100
^Mediterranean flour moth, 74, 21.?

fruit lly, 2f)4
Megachilc, 357
Megilla fuscilahris, 2S8

maculata, 288
Megorismus netcheri, 149
Melanoplus allanis, 108, iii

bivittatus, 108, 112

difTerentialis, 108, 112

femur-ruhrum, 71, 108, 109

sprctus, 108, log
Mtlanotus communis, 294, 296

cribulosus, 294
ilelittia satyriniformis, 217
Meloida;, 38, 283, 325
Melon insects, 77

plant louse, 77, 148
Melophagus ovinus, 91, 279

Ml nibracida-, iJ2
Menopon pallidum, gi, 100
Merodnn etjuestris. j>i
MtTomy/a americina, "i, 2(10
Merrium's life /oiii-s, (ti
Mi'Sotlionis, ig7
Mesogramma |Militus, 7:, 251
Mtsoliiiis tenthrcdinidis, 406
Metallic ground beetUs. 287

wood borers, 8g, 300
Metamorphosis, 33-38
Meteorus, i(j7, 353, 406
Methods of stud\ing insects, 64-69
MicroeeiUrum, 1 14
Microgaster, 4:, 3-i3
Microlepidoptera, 1 74
Midaida-, 240
Midas flies, 240
Mi<iges, 252
Millipeds, i, 76, 3(H)
Mineola indigenella, 7S, 213
Miscible oils, 391
Mites, 364
Mollusca, 370
Monellia, 136
Monocteniidx, 205
Monodontomerus a-reus, 200, 202, 354,

405, 406
iMonohammuB, 58, 325
Monomorium minutum, 92, 360

pharaonis, 92, 360
Monophadnus rubi, 84, 347
Mosquitoes, 243

house, 8, 92

malarial, 50, 92
Mossy rose gall, 351
Moths, 94, 169
Mottled umber moth, 20?
Moulting, 34
Mourning doak, 177
Mouth parts, 2-10
Mud wasps, 356
Murgantia histrionica, 63, 166
Murky ground beetles, 286
Musca domestica, 8, 53, 269, 270
Muscidae, 242, 268

Muscina, 268, 273
Muscoifiea, 34 r
Muscular sysU-m, u)
Myrmicin^, ,^6o
Myzocallis, 137
Myzus, 13H

cerasi, 144

IK-Tsica, X3, yo, 144

ribis, S5, 143

N

Xabula.', 150

XaRana, 4q, 54

Naphthaline, 3q6

Narcissus fly, 251

Natural encmit-s of insects, 376

Negro hup, ifi?

Negundo plant louse, 149

Nematoccra, z^g

Nematodes, 371

Nemobius, 115

Nephelodes emmedonia, iKS

Nepticula pomivoreila, 2iH

Nepticulid-Te, 238

Nerve winged insects, 94, g6

Nervous system, 28

Neuria procincta, i«S

Neurocolpus nubilis, 165

Neuroptcra, g6, gg

XeuroptcroifJa, 94, 96

Neurotoma inconspicua. 348

Nezara hilaris, 166

pcnnsyl\anica, 167
Nine-spotted ladybird, 290
Noctuidae, 173, 184
Nose flies, gi, 259
Notodontida^, i 70
Notolophus antiqua, 203
Novius cardinalis, 40, 402
Nozzles, 380
Nymphalidie, i6g, i;6

O

Oak twig pruner, 324

Oat aphis, 72, 78, 80, 141, 142

Oberea bimaculata, 84, 322

Oblique-banded leaf-roller, 78, 8j, 230

Odonata, 97, gg

fKianthus, 47, 83. 84, 115
niwricornis, 115, nd
niveus, u^, 1 if>

(Kdoiwdina', 109

(Kstrida?, 241, 254

(Kstrus, 254, 256
ovis, 90, 2(k>

O'kane, Prof. W. C, 2^)8

Oleander scale, 134

Onion maggot, 77, 276
thrips, 121

Oniscus ascllus, 363

Ophcltes, 347

Ophion, 352

Orchard tent caterpillar, 79, 87, 203

Oriental cockroach, 104

Ornithodoros megnini, 365

Orthezia insignis, 135

Orthoptera, 102, 107

Orthopteroida, 94, 102

Orthorrhapha, 239

Orthosia hibisci, 197

Oscinidx, 241, 260

Oscinis carbonaria, 71, 261

Osmia, 357

Osmoderma scabra, 82, 305

Ostomatida;, 327
Otiorhynchid^, 2S4, 336
Otiorhynchus ovatus, 86, ^^^d

sulcatus, go, 336
Ovaries, 28
Oviduct, 29
Ovipositor, 18, ig
Oxidus gracilis, 370
Ox warble fly, 91, 257
0>'ster shell scale, 78, 1 24

P

Paidogenesis, 30
Paleacrita vernata, 20,^
Pales favida, 202
Pale striped flea beetle, 31O
Palmer worm, 79, 215
Pamphilius fletcheri, 346

430

INDEX

Papaipema nilela, 87, iq6
Papilio polygenes, 174
Papilionids, 169, 174
Paralacoris hawleyt, 165
Parasites, 43

Parasitic insects, utilization of, 401
Paris green, xi, .^83
Parrot, Prof., 392
Parsnip web worm, 215
Parthenogenesis, 20
Pavement ant, 361
Pea insects, 74

moth, 74, 226

plant louse, 74, 149

weevil, 39, 74,319
Peach aphis, 83

insects, 83

leaf weevil, 337

tree bark beetle, 339, 340
borer, 80, 83, 216

twig borer, 83, 215
Pear leaf blister mite, 368

psylla, 152

slug, 82, 348

thrips, 119
Pediculus capitis, 56, 16S

pubis, 168

vestimenti, 56, 168
Pegomyia vicina, 277
Pelecinidie, 345, 352
Pelecinus obturator, 352
Pelidnota punctata, 86, 303
Pellagra, 56
Pelopoeus, 356
Pemphigus, 134, 138

imbricator, 149

per ulicaulis, 149

tessellatus, 149
Pennsylvania field cricket, 115
Pentamera, 280

Pentarthron minutum, 226, 340
Pentatomidie, 43, 159, 166
Pcntilia misella, 288, 289
Pepper and salt currant moth, 266
Perillus circumcinctus, 43, 167
Periodical cicada, 1 56

Periplaneta americana, 103, 104

australasiz, 103, 104

orien talis, 104
Perunea minuta, 331
Persian insect powder, 391
Pharynx, 24
Phasmidx, 106
Phasmoidca, 102, 106
Phcnacoccus, acericola, 124, 133
Philxnus lineatus. 72, 153

spumarius, 153
Philopteridie, 100
Phlyctxnia ferrugalis, 90, 210
Pholus, 179
Phorbia brassies, 76, 273

ceparum, 77, 274, 276

fusclceps, 72, 277

rubivora, 84, 277
Phormia, 270, 273
Phorodon, 137

humuii, 145
Photomyza chrysanthemi, 262
Phototaxis, 57-59
Phthorophlceus liminaris, 340
PhycitidE, 213
Phyllaphis, 136
Phyllocoptes, 369
Phyllophaga, 302
Phyllotreta armoraceac, 314

vittata, 76, 314
Phylloxera, 139

vastatrix, 85, 147
Phymatidse, 43. 159
Phytonomus, 329

nigrirostris, 337

posticu*- ^^,^,1

punctatus, 73, 331, 3^2
Phytophaga, 2S1, 283
PieridiE, 169, 175
Pieris napi, 176

rapK, 64, 77, 175
Pigeon tremex, 350
Pill bugs, 363

Pimpla conquisitor, 204, 226, 231, 35^,
406

inquisitor, 203, 204, 231, 353

431

Pine bark aphid, 150

uw fly, 346

wood borers, 325
Pistol case bearer, 7H, 235
Pithy blackberry KaH, 351
Pitiful ladybird, 388
Pityokteines sparsus, 34J
Plagionotus speciosus, 8g, 324
Plapie, 55
Plant caters, 381

lice, 123, 136
Plath>'pena scabra, 1Q5
Platygaster, 38
Plecoptera, 98

Plodia interpunctella, 74, 214
Plum aphis, 80

curculio, 80, 330

insects, 80

scale, 81, 120

sphinx, 81, 178

web-spinning saw fly, 348
Plutella maculipennis, 76, 332
Podisus spinosus, 167
Poduridx, 96

Pcecilocapsus lineatus, 85, 163
Poison baits, 398
Poisonous gases, 393
Poisons, 383
Polistes, 356
Pollenia, 268, 273
Polychrosis viteana, 86, 228
Polydesmus canadensis, 370
Polygnotus hiemalis, 352, 401
Poiygraphus rufipennis, 342
Polyphemus moth, 79, 180
Polyphylla, 302, 304
Pomace flies, 260
Poplar borer, 89

leaf gall louse, 149
Porcellio laevis, 363
Porosagrotis, 188, 193
Porthetria dispar, 87, 200
Potato beetle, 77, 308

flea beetle, 77, 313

insects, 76, 77

plant lo':'^-, 77, !4g

Potato fttalk borer, 77, 196, a^
Poultry itch mite, 365

mites, 364

pests, 91
Powder post beetle, 328
Praying mantir's 105
Predaceous beetles, 40, 41

insects, 40, 41
Preventive methods, 374
Prionus laticollis, 83, 333
Prionoxystus robini^, 88, 338
Proctotrypidff, 42, 344, 351
Profenusa collaris, 348
Promethea moth, 83, iSo
Prosopis, 357
Prospaltella, 40, 354, 403
Protectors, 396
Protoparce, 177
Proven triculus, 34
Provisional larval organs, 35
Pseudococcus, 124

citri, 133

longispinus, 90, 133

trifolii, 73, 133
Psila rosz, 76, 263
Psilids, 242, 262
Psithyrus, 357
Psocide, 103
Psorosina, 79, 213
Psoroptea communis, 3A6
Psylla pyricola, 152
Psyllidx, 122

Psylliodes punctulata, 317
Pterocomma, 136
Pteromalus puparum, 175, 354

egregius, 202, 405
Pteronus ribesii, 85, 346
Pterostichus lucublandus, 286
PtinidsB, 283, 328
Pulex irritans, 279

serraticeps, 93, 280
Pulicidx, 279
Pulvinaria, 124

vitis, 8s, 89, 130
Punkies, 252
Pupal stage, iO, 37

433

I'upipara, 342

Purple-backed cabbage worm, 309

Putnam scak', 127

Pygidia, I a;

Pyraliciidic, ao8

Pyralids, 174, 207

Pyralis fariti.ilis, 75, 30K

Pyrausta nubilalis, 72, 73, 212

Pyraustidx, zoSp 313

Pyrcthrum, 391

Pyrrhocorida, isq

Kachela bruct-ata, 207
Railroad worm, 266
Raspberry byturus, S4, 293

cane borer, 84, ,^22
maggot, 84, 277

insects, 83-84

saw fly, 84, 347

webworm, 346
Recurvaria nanella, 215
Red bugs, 159

apple, 165

backed cutworm, 187

humped apple caterpillar, 79, 199

legged flea beetle, 316
locust, 71, 108, 109

necked blackberry borer, 84, 301

spider, 76, 367

tailed bot fly, 91, 359

turnip beetle, 309
Reed, Major Walter, 53
Relatives of insects, near, i, 363
Remedial methods of control, 374
Repellents, 395
Reproductive system, 38-29
Respiratory s>'stem, 22-23
Resplendent shield bearer, 79, 232
Restriction and exclusion of insects, 376
Rhagoletis, 364

cingulata, 83, 365

fuasta, 83, 366

pomonella, 266

Rhodites rosx, 351
Rhopalosiphum, 138^
Rhynchitei bicolor, 334
Rhyncophora, 381, 338
Rice weevil, 75, 337
Riley, Dr. C. V., xi, xiii

Dr. W. A., 353
Rise of economic entomology, x
Roaches, 104
Robber flies, 340
Rocky mountain locust, xi, 61, 108, 109

spotted fever tick, 56, 366
Root aphids, 144, 147, 148

borers, 83, 321

crop insects, 76

maggots, 7a, 76, 77. 373

webworms, 210
Rose beetle, 82, 334

chafer, 82, 305

leaf hopper, 156

midge, 348

sawfly, 348

scale, 128

slugs, 348, 349
Rosy apple aphis, 78, 80 144
Rotation of crops, 374
Rough osmoderma, 82, 305
Round headed apple tree borer, 78, 320
Rove beetles, 383
Rust flies, 363

fly, carrot, 76, 362

Saissetia, 123, 134

hemispherica, 134
Salivary glands, 24
Salt marsh caterpillar, 181
Samia cecropia, 79, 180
San Jose scale, xi, 3, 38, 48, 60, 63, 64,

78. 80, 126, 137
Saperda Candida, 78, 320
Sarcophagidae, 343
Sarcoptes mutans, 91, 365

scabiei, 365

INDEX

4J.?

Sarcoptiilu', 364, 361;
Saturniido', 180
Saturniina, 174, ijg
Sttunden, Dr. W., xiii
Sawflies, 345
Sawhorn beetles, 3K0
Saw-toothed grain beetle, 75, .u?
Scale insects, 132
Scarabeidie, 283, 30;
Scatophagidie, 341
Scavenger beetles, 40, 301
Schedius, 404, 406
Schizoneura tanigera, 77, 145
Schizura concinna, yg, igg
Sclerltes, 3
Scolytida, 339
Scorpion flies, 100
Scotogramma trifolii, 189
Screens, muslin, 3q6
Screw worm, fly, 373
Scudderia furcata, 44
Scurfy scale, 78, 125
Scutelleridx, 159
Scutetlista cyanea, 354, 403
Searcher, 387
Seed com maggot, 73, 277
Seidemia devastator, 188
Sensoria, 134
Septis arctica, 188
Serpentine leaf miner, 2^8
Serphoidea, 35a
Serricornia, 280, 383
Sesiidx, 316

Seventeen-year locust, 15O
Shade tree insects, 87-89
Sheep bot fly, gc, 260

insects, 90

scab mite, 90, 366

tick, 91, 379
Shot hole borer, 341
Silk worm moths, 174, 179
Silpha bituberosa, 393

opaca, 393
Silphids, 383, 293
Silvanus surinamensis, 75, 337
Silver fish, 93
28

Slmulilda-, 340, 251
Simuljum, 53, jsi
Sipha, 136

Siphocorync avcnx, i\H
Siphonapteru, 94, J7y
Siphunculata, 94, itt-j
Siricidii', 344, 350
Sitka spruce ha\1 Iuusc, 141)
Sitodrcpa panicea, 338
Sitotroga cerealella, 74, J14
Six-bpotted leaf hopiier, ji, 154
Skip[Hrrs, 1^)9
Sladen, F. W. L,, 48
Sleeping sickness, 54
Slugs, 348, 349, 370
Smell, organs of, 11
Snout beetles, 281, 328

moths, 307
Snowy tree cricket, 1 lO
S<»ap, 390

Sodium Hunride, 385, 393
Soft scales, 129
Soldier flies, 340
S<t|t'nop8is, 360
Soluble sulphur, 389, 390
Span worms, 304
Sphcroslilbe coccoplula, 4tt
Sphecius, 356
Sphecoidea, 345, 356
Sphenophorus, 73, 338
Sphinx, 79

abbott's, 178

achemon, 178

drupiferarum, 81, 17S

grape vine, 178

pandorus, 179

plum, 81, 178

tomato, 177

twin spotted, 179

white lined, 178
Spinach carrion beetle, 293

flea beetle, 316
Spinose car tick, 365
Spirobolus, 370
Spittle insects, 132, 153 "
Sporotrichum globuliferum, 46

434

INDEX

H I

SfMittcd cutworm, 1S5
fever, 56
halitidoU, iHj
legged cutworm. 19.1
megillA, iHS
paria, 86
pcHdnota, 86
Smartweed flea beetle, 31s
Spray gun nozzle, 381
Spraying, 377, 381

equipment, 378
Spring canker vorm, 205

grain aphis, 14s
Spruce bud worm, tji

gall aphids, Sg, 149, 150
Squash bug, 77-160
insects, 77
ladybird, 290
vine borer, 217
Stable fly, 8, 10, 53, 92, 271
Stag beetles, 82, 318
Stagmomantis Carolina, 105
Stalk borers, 87, iq6
Staphylinidc, 382
Stegomyia fasciata, 52
Stem girdler, currant, 84, 345
Sternorhynchi, 122
Sternum, 14, 17
Stigmus, 356
Stimuli, 57
Stink bugs, 166
Stomach, 24
Stomozys calcitrans, 8, 10, 53, 93, 368,

371
Stone flies, 98
Stratiomyiids, 340
Strawberry crown borer, 86, 335
flea beetle, 86, 307
insects, 86
leaf roller, 86, 332
root borer, 86, 313
louse, 148
weevil, 87, 332
saw fly, 347
thrips, 87, 122
Striped cucumber beetle, 76, 307

Structure of insects, 3-30
Sucking lice, 167
Suctorial mouth parts, '>-io
Sugar beet webworm, jio
maple borer, Mg, U4
Sulphur, 394
soap, 391
and lime, 389
Swallow tails, 1 74
Sweet cherry aphis, 144
Sympathetic ner\'e system, 2H
Synantfaedon acerni, 317
exitiosa, 80, 316
pictipes, 217
tipuliformis, 84, 317
Synchlora crata, 84
Syriphide, 240, 250
Syrphids, 350
Systena blanda, 315
frontalis, 86, )i<;
hudsonias, 3 1 5
tenia ta, 315

Tabanida, 353
Tabanus, 8

atratus, 91, 353
Tachina flies, 43, 378

mella, 303, 304
Tachinidfe, 43, 343, 378
Tseniothrips inconsequens, 119
TKniopteryx, 97
Tanglefoot, 396
Tapestry moth, 93, 237
Tar-felt paper disks, 397
Tarnished plant bug, 84, 163

false, 164
Tarsonemidfe, 364, 369
Tarsonemus, 3O9
Taste, organs of, 1 1
Telea pol>-phemus, 79, 180
Telenomus bifidus, 352
Temperatures, high and low, 400
Tenebrio molitor, 76, 328
obscurus, 329

435

Tt-netiriunidv, 383, 3j8

Tencbroidet mauritanicus, ;(», .f j?

Tent caterpillar moths, 79, 174, 2o_\

Tcnthreflinidit, ,144, ,j4s

Tcrgum, 14, 17

Termitidar, lOi

t crrapin ik'air, 90, 1 n^

Tpstes, 38

Tetramorium, jte

Tetraneura, 13s

Tetranychidr, 364, 307

Tftranychus himaculatus, 367

Tetra&tichui, 354, 407

Thaleaaa, 353

Thick-headed flies, 341

Thirti'en-sfKitted ladybird, 390

Thomas, C, xiii

Thorax, 14

Thrips, 73, 118
tabaci, 14, 121

Thyridoptcryx ephcmerxformis, 307
Thysanura, 95
Thysanoptera, 94, 118
Thysanuriform larva, a
Thysbe, clear-wing, 179
Ticks, 56, 366
Tiger moths, 87

beetles, 41, 384
Tinea pellionella, 93, 236
Tineids, 174, 336
Tineina, 174, 236
Tineola biselliella, 92, 337
Tiphia, 356
Tipulidffi, 339, Hi
Ti:M:heria malifuliclla, 79, 235
Tischeriidte, 335

Tmetocera oceliana, i,if 30, 78, 335
Tobacco, 391, 394, 305
extracts, 391
sphinx, 177
Tomato sphinx, 177
Tortricidae, 339
Tortricina, 174, 218
Toxoptera graminum, 13S, 143
Tracheal gills, 23
Transition zone, 61

'l'ra|« and trap rrop», (117
Tree crickets, i itt

hoppers, 132
Trcmex columha, 350
Tribolium confusum, 75, \:t)
Trichobariii irinotata, 77, ,((5
Trichodvctes »calari», gi
Trichf*'!-, tidic, 100
Trii i.i.j,rai'mij, 354, ^of>
Triohr.iM.iflfa qj

liI»<-''-»'lla, ;

rrimihi, '.-.i

I 'i'lofuiii t'turiiium, r 2

Iirltla.r 10?
Trioza irijiuiictjla. S4, 1:3
i'rogd itidi-, ^7
Trt^u;*, 'S,--
TrombiiJliiiT, _i'n
Propisni., 57, SD
Tropcea luna, iHo
Trypanosomiasis, 54
Trypeta pomonclla, So, 266
Trypetidar, 243, 364
Trypoxylon, 356
Tsetse flies, 54
Turkey lice, 102
Turnip Iicetic, red, 309
Turnip flea beetle, 76, 314
Turpentine, 395
Tussock moth, 79, 87, 170, 202
Twelve-spotted cucumber bettk-, 308

asparagus beetle, 313
Twice-stabbed chilocorus, 288
Twig-borer, apple, 338
Two-lined chestnut borer, 30H
Two-spotted adalia, 287

hyperaspis, 288
Two-striped K -u .t, 1 1 2
Twin-sp<jtte<l sjihinx, 1 -ij
Tychius picirostrid, ^\s
Tyloderma fri^jjaria', Sd. 335
Typhoid fly, . i
Typhus fever, 56
Typophorus canellus, 313
Tyroglyphidie, 3f)4

436

Uniher nmih, motllLcl, 207
Umk-rwinK moths, igM
Upper Austral zone, 61
L'tiliicatidn of parasitic insfitji

Variable currant aphis, 147

VaricRiited cutworm, 186

\"enation of wings, 15, i^jo, |.;S, 170-17,1,

240-24[, 344
V'espa, 356
Vespidap, ,^56
\'espoitlea, .^45, 356
Violet gall fly, go
Vermort'I nozzle, 380

Whtat thrip>, 1;:

wincworm, 2(>5
Wheeler, Dr. W. M., S'j
Whirligig beetles, 2S.'
While ants, 102

banded iherry fruit \\y, .''i^

tedar twig borer, -'33

cutworm, 192

fly, oo. 12 2, 151

grubs, 56, 71, 72, 77, 302

lined sphinx, 17S

marked tussock, moth, 202
Willow Ilea beetle, 311
Wings, 15, if*

Winthemia 4-pustulata, 1.S4, iqo
Wire-netting, 397
Wireworms, 71, 72, 77, 2^)^
Wood lice, 3<\i
Woolly aphis of apple and elm, 77, Sq,

\\

ma pi

; leaf scale

i.i.i

'ail

W-marked cutworm, 1S5

Wash for tree trunks, 3(;0

Walking sticks, lod

Walnut caterpillar, 8S, log

Walsh, h. I)., xiii

Warble flies, qi, 255-258

Wasps, 356

Water scavengers, 2S2

Webbing clothes moths, 82, 237

Webster, F. M., xi, 63, 401

Webworms, 210

Weevils, 329

Western corn root worm, 30^
hemlock Woolly apliis, i4()
wheat stem sawlly, 71, 340
willow leaf beetle, 310

Whaleoil soap, H)Q

Wheat insects, 71
jointworm, 354
midge, 72, 240
plant louse, 71, 142
stem maggot, 71, 72, :fio

sawfly, 349
straw worm, 354

Xiphitlium,
Xylocopa, 357

Yellow bear caterpillar, 181
fever, S3

headed cutworm, iSS
mealworm, 7(1, 328
necked caterpillar, 70, 108

\'p))nomeuta malina, 233
padella, 233

V|«)nonu'Ulida', 23,1

Zebra caterpillar, 76, rSS
Zenoleuni, 396
Zeuzera pyrina, 88, 237
Zophodia grossulariie, 85