CIHM
Microfiche
Series
(l\/lonographs)

ICIVIH

Collection de
microfiches
(monographies)

m

Canadian institute for Historical Microraproductions / Institut Canadian da microraproductions historiquas

1996

Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes technique et bibliographiques

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[Z

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Ca document tsl f il'jni au uux de rWuction indiqui ei-dtttout.

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Un daa symbolas suivants apparaltra aur la
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1

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MIOIOCOrY nSUlUTION TIST CHART

(ANSI or.d ISO TEST CHART No. 2)

^PPLIED IM^BE In

1653 Ea;1 Moln Street

Roches'"', New York 14609 USA

(716) 482 -0300 - Phone

(715) 288 - 5989 - fo.

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA
MANITOBA, SASKATCHEWAN, ALBERTA

MACMILLANS CANADIAN SCHOOL SERIES

SELECVED WESTERN FLORA

MAiNITOHA, SASKATCHEWAN,
ALBKKTA

BY
H. J. HAI.es. B.A.

rilNVIPAL, noilMAL •CHOOI., BKAHIJOII

Ad™o»,«d „r THE Adv,«„t Board o, t.ik D,p»,tm.„
OF EnuciTioM FOR U.K IV H,o„ School, aki.

COLLKOIATI I»«T1TUTM IN Ma»1TOBA

Sotmto

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY OF CANADA, IJMITED

1915

' I

roPYRIlillT, ('ANAriA, 19IA,

Bt TrrK MAl'MILLAN COMI'ANY OP CANAftA, LIMITED

^\ I LIBKAKY
UNIVERSITY Of OUILW

PRKFACE

r..!, Hon, coMiHin. HI f„,„ill. ». M Km-m, .n.l mnr,. th.n ««. .,«t.|,,.
WhII.. inaklMK ■„, d,.li., lo l« ; « ,,„„|,l,.te flora „f ihr frrlmry ,.uvi-
1 1, b.-lte>...l ll,»t It .onUiiiH „U the .,H.cl..» l|k,.|y to b.. ».u,ll«l by «l,„ .„U

'"'"■ '"-'' •'*^' " "•"' ••"IM«t.. I,.»ellut,.H „t tl,^ ITalri.. ITmlMce.

The «r™i,tTi„.„t nf f,u,„|i..« f„ll..w, , „)„ „f Kngler * l-rmiil

whlo ■ l,„, „„w ,•...„ „l„„„t u,„v,.rHall,v a.l,.|,t-,l, .,,,1 tl... immei.claiuro

l™ U-p. i»:..l. „ ,-„i,f„n,, ,« cl„«.|y „ ibi,, ,„ ,|,„ vi,.„ii» rulv»

Uw capitalizali,,,, i, ,!,„, „( ih.. m.l.l K.WH,,!,. «l,lcl, in „„w brin,,
largely follow..!, ,„,! .llft,.,-s from that of ,„a„y of .l,„ ,.arll,.r floraa In
that adjertlv™ ,l,.rlv,,l fro„, i.ameK of pl..-.., are «iwlle.l without the
capital,

III tho ,l,«rlptlo,w the al.u Ir lM.cn to introiluce only ,unh character-
l«lc» ,u. can Ik. ol«,rv..,l by tl,. .Klnnor, an.l a>. far a. ,H,«,lble to briuK

"u the ,K.lnt» of contraat WL.een .,h.,1..» f„u„d |„ the ,amc hK-allty
Whi e the .ie,crlptl.,>w have .„.«tly l«e„ written with the plant In han.l

yet full reference luu. been n.ade i., all the well-known flora- covering
he ana. The author wlahea eH,)«clally to ackn, .,lge the help .lerlve.1
rom the foUowlng: -liray. New Manual of 1. .y,- revh«.l oy Bob-

i>»on ami Fern.1,1 ; •• Illn^trated Hora," llrltt .. & Br.,wn, both flm

and «i.cond e<lltlon»; (iray» -Synoptical Flora of North America"-

liper. '■ Mora of \V;«hington" , and -A New .Manual of Rocky .Moun-

tain Botany," Coulter 4 Nelson.
Thaiikx are al*, ,!„, t., the following pen.nnH f.,r help: .Mi», M K

MocKi,e and Mr. O. s. Jonn.on for checking the liata for Alberta .nd

ng the key ; ITofe».,r B. L. Bobinaon. Harvard Univeralty, for conflrm-
h.g a »„t of namea ; Mr. J. M. Macoun, Curator of tl.e Herbarlun, of the
Geological Survey, Ottawa, for conatant and invaluable a*,i«tance in fur-
niahing descriptiona an.l conflnning the detern.lnation of apeclea ■ and
to manyex-atudenta of my own who have ao kindly sent apecimena for
Irtentiflcation from all parts of the Canadian West.

Special mention should also be made of the assistance received from
1 rofeasor John Macoun'a " Catalogue of Canadian Planta."

Braniion,

Auguat 1, 1015.

B. J. II.

ANALYTIC KEY TO THE FAMILIES

OP THE

COMMON PLANTS OF MANITOBA, SAS-
KATCHEWAN, AND ALBERTA

the'flLty r' *" *"'"'™ "''"'' ""■ *™"' ''"'™ "' "^'"'™'^'"«'™ from

DIVISION I. PTERIDOPHYTA

Fcrn-Ukc or rurt-like plants without true flowers and reproducing by

means of spores. * "^

A. Rush-like plants with jointed stems, the joints surrounded by eon-

spicuous toothed sheaths ; the stems terminatiuK in eonieal spikes.

AA. Pern-like plants with leaf-like fronds. EvUetaaa. p. 4

JVondsfrr,maereepingrootstock Polypodiac^.p. i

Fronds from fleshy roots OpA<o<,to,a.«,, p. 2

DIVISION II. SPERMATOPHYTA

Plants with true flowers and reproduoinR by means of seeds.

SUBDIVISION I. GYMNOSPERM^

angora' " ''""''" *'"" "^''^''»P'<' ^^"^ ""<< "vules not enclosed in
A. Flowers in catkin-like spikes which become cones in fruit . Pinacea, p. 4

SUBDIVISION II. ANGIOSPERM^

a fmit"'' """""* ""' °™''' ^""^ '" " "'"™^ '"'"»' "'"'* "'"""•™ ""»

Class 1. MONOCOTYLEDONEiE

Stems, when pre».„t, without central pith or annual rings; seedl
with only one cotyledon ; leaves usually straight-veined.
vii

VIU

ANALYTIC KEY TO THE FAMILIES

A. Small, cllipttcul or flask shaped, aquatic plants without true st4?m»

or leaves, and swimming freely on the water . Lemnacea, p. 14
AA. Plants with true stems and leaves, the latter somctimea reduced to
seales.
B. Perianth free from the ovary or wanting.
c. Perianth wanting or scale-like.

D. Flowers enclosed in husk-like scales (Rlumcs) ; grass-like
plants with joint{>d stems, sheuthitig leaves und
1 -seeded fruit.
Stems hollow ; leaf-sheaths split . . Oramineee, p. 10
Stems generally wJid, often triangular; leaf-sheaths

not split Cyperacea, p. 13

DD. Flowers not enclosed in glumes.

Rush-like marsh plants with an ovary of 3 carpels

Juncaccte, p. 14
Leafy immersed plants with perfect flowers

Nnjeuiacca:, p. 8
Flag-like marsh plants with flowers in dense cylin-
drical spikes TyphacetB, p. 7

cc. Perianth always present, either colored or herbaceous but
never sealc-like.
>. Pistils numerous in a head or ring Aliamacea;, p. 9

BE. Pistil one ; compound.

Stamenn 3 ; marsh herbs with rush-like leaves and

flowers in spikes .... JuncaginacefP, p. 8

Stamens 4 mianthemum, p. 17

Stamens 6 ;

Divisions of the perianth alike.

Rush-like plants JuncacetE, p. 14

Not rush-like Liliaccie, p. 15

Divisions of the perianth not alike ; leaves net-
veined TRILLIUM, p. 19

BB. Perianth adhering to the ovary.

Immersed aquatic herbs Hydrocharitacea, p. 9

Terrestrial herbs.

Stamens 2 ; flowers irregular Orchidacea, p. 22

Stamens 3 Iridacea, p. 21

Stamens 6 AmaryllitUiceca, p. 21

Class 2. DICOTYLEDONEiE

Stems with a central pith ; if woody, the wood arranged in annual
rings ; leaves net-veined ; embryo with two cotyledons.
A. Corolla absent.

B. Flowers monoecious or dioecious ; one or both kinds in catkins or

cutkiu-like ctustero.

ANALYTIC KEY TO THE FAMILIES bt

Fertile flowm. only, in catkins Urlicacm. p M

Sterili- flowcri, only, in ralkins ; thi^ fertile lu a cup-like in-

„™'"""'., fae»cOT,„.31

Both uterilo and fertile flowers in catkins.

Ovary nmny-„vuled So(iracr«, p. 15

Ovary l-a-secded; cell 1-ovuled.

Calyx regular, succulent in fruit f Ximr™, p. 32

Calyx wantinn ; two or three fertile flowers in the axil iif

each scale Belulacm. p. 28

BB. flowers not m catkuis.

C. Ovary or its cells 1-1-ovulcd.
D. Pistils more than one, distinct.

Stamens on the calyx ; leaves with stipules . Romceir, p. 60
Stamens on the receptacle ; petioles spreading at the l,aso

RanuncutaeeiF, p. 44
DD. Pistil one, either simple or compound.
B. Ovary superior.

Stipules sheathing the stem . . . Poiaaonacca. p. 35
Stii)ule8 not sheathing the stem.
r. Herbs.

Style or stigma 1 ; flowers unisexual Urlicncea, p. 32
Style 2-3-branchcd ; inflorescence not a spike

Euphorhiacea, p. 81
Flowers small in dense heads or spikes accompanied

by scarious or colored bracts Amaranthacea, p. 39
Flowers small; densely clustered; no scarious

„^ ""-arts Chenopodiacai, p. 37

r. Shrubs or trees.
Leaves opposite.

Fruit 3-cellcd Rhamnacea. p. S5

Fruit a double samara .... Aceracca. p. 83

Fruit a single samara Oteacea. p. 107

Leaves alternate ;

„ .^'-^ '.'■■■' ^ Vrlicacac, p. 32

EB. Ovary inferior or apparently so.

Aquatic herbs Haloragidacea:, p. 96

Terrestrial.
Herbs with colored calyx.

Leaves opposite, simple . . . Nyclaainacco!. p. 40
Leaves alternate, simple . . . commandka, n 34
Shrubs.

Leaves silvery or brownish scurvy £(ea»nacOT, p 93
cc. (Jvary or its cells many-ovuled.
D. Ovary superior ; calyx present.

Ovaries 2 or more Banunculacca, p. U

Ovary single, of 1 or 2 cells.

ANALYTIC KEY TO THE FAMILIES

Nymphacea, p. 44
. Malvacea, p. 89

Caiyx of aopiirate Hcpals CaryopkyUacca, p. 40

Calyx 5-toothed olux, p. 1U5

AA. Calyx and corulla tmth prewiit.
B. Corolla of Meparatc parts.

C. Stamens more than twice a.s many us the sepals.
D. Calyx free from ihv. ovary.

E. Pistils several or many ; distinct.
Aquatic hcrl>8 with peltate leaves
Terrestrial plantH.

Filaments united in a tube

Filaments m»t united, inserted on the ralyx

Ri- «icwr. p. fiO
BB. Pistils forming 1 ovary but may nave several styles
or stigmas.
Ovary 1-celled, eimpie.

Ovules 2 Rosacea, p. 60

Ovules many Ranunculacece, p. 44

Ovary compound.
Ovary 1 -celled.

Sepals 2 ; succulent plant* with watery juice

and free central placenta . Portulaeaccce, p. 43
Sepals 3-5 ; placenta parietal . . Ciatacea, p. 8'J
Ovary several-celled.

Tcrrestribl herbs ; filaments united forming a

tube Malvaeece, p. 89

Aquatic or marsh herbs.

Leaves pitcher-shaped . Sarraceniaceee, p. 57

Leaves peltate Nymphacea, p. 44

Trees with 2-celled anthers . . . TUiacea, p. 89
DD. Calyx adherent to the compound ovary.
Ovary 1-5-cclled.

Fleahy-stcmmcd plants without true foliage

^actacea, p. 92
Leaf-liearing plants.

Calyx 2-parted Portulacacea, p. 43

Calyx of more than 2 parts.

Leaves opposite, without stipules Saxi/ragacete, p. 58
Leaves alternate, with stipules . . RosacetF. p. 60
Leaves opposite, with stipules ; rough-leaved

herbs Loasacea, p. 92

cc. Stamens not more than twice as many aa the petals.

D. Stamens of the same number as the petals and opposite
to them.
Ovary one.
Ovary 2-5-celled.

Calyx minute, petals valvate in bud . Viiacea, p. 86
' Calyx 4-5-clef t, folded inward in bud ^^rnnocece, p. 85-

ANALYTIC KEY TO THE FAMILIES xi

Ovao' l-crlli>ri.

Anthrrs opening by lids .... BerberiHaceiB. p S(t
Anthers not opening by lids.
„n «. S'yl" I. unbranehed, stigma 1 Primulace^, p. m

DD. Stamens not of the name number as the petal., or if of the
same number alternate with them.
B. Calyx free from the ovary.

r. Ovaries 2 or more, separate or slightly united.
Stamens united, with a large common stigma

Aaclepiadacea, p. 11)
Stamens free frf)m each other.
Stamens on the receptacle.

Leaves fleshy CroMufaaw, p. 5«

Leaves not fleshy.
Ovary 5-lobed with 1 style Pnmulacen; p. 104
Ovaries distinct, styles and stigmas sepa-

™^^ Ranuncutacea, p. 44

Stamens on the calyx.
With stipules Romcm,p.w>

Without stipules .... .Sox^/roeacca', p. S!(
TT. Ovary 1.

Ovary simple with 1 parietal placenta.

Legumino4a;, p. 68
Ovary compound.
a. Ovary 1-celled.

Corolla irregular.

Petals 4. stamens 6 . . . FuTnariacea:, p. 50
Petals and stamens C . . . Viotacai.p.w
Corolla regular.
Ovule solitary.

^'l™'*' Anacardiacm, p. S2

_ ""'" Cmcifera:. p. 51

Ovules not solitary.

Ovules at the bottom of the cell

CaryophyUaCBB, p. 40
Ovules attached to the sides of the cell.
Leaves glandular hairy Drotoraaxe, p. 67
Leaves not glandular hairy.
Petals 4.
Stamens 6, equal, pod on a stipe

Capvaridaeea, p. 60
SUmens 6, 4 long and 2 short,

pod sessile . , Cmcifera, p. 61
Petals 3 or 5.
Calyx 5-lobed, lobes equal

Saxifraffacea, p. 58

ANALYTIC KEY TO THE FAMILIES

f 'aly X of 3 ofjual or 6 uiKHjual lobt's

CUtacere, p. 8V
oo. Ovary 2-8evpral-n'llr(|.
Flowers irremilar.

AntherH opoiiinB hy a \htrf at tin- top

PolygalaccfF, p. 80
Authcra oporiiiiK down tht side

BalHaminacetF, p. K4
Flowers reKular.

StamrnH juNt as many or twice as many as the
petals.
OvulcH 1 or 2 in a roll.
HerbM.

Flowers unLsexual . Euphorhuicetit, p. 81
Flowers f)erfeet.
Cells of the ovary the same num-

bi>r as the sepals (feraninretF, p. 79
' Cells of the <ivary twiee as many

au the scpaU ■ Liiuicciv, p. 78
Shrubs or ixwA.

Leaves compound or patniately

lobed Aceracetr, p.

Leaves simple, alternate ; a ctim)>-
ing shrub . . cblastkus, p.
Ovules several or many in a cell.

Leaves compound, of three obcordate

leaflets .... Oxalitlacea:, p. 78
LcavRS simple.

Style 1, stamens free from ralyx.

Kricacetc, p. 100
Styles 2 or 5 ; leaves ((ppositc from

swollen joints Caryophyllaceir, p. 40
Stamens net just as many or twice as many
as the petals.
Trees or shrubs.

Stamens fewer than the petals

Oleacew, p.
Stamens more numerous than the

petals Acerace(F, p.

EB. Calyx attached to the ovary for at least part of its
length.
Tendril-bearing, herbaceous vines Cucurbitacea, p, 132
Not tendril-bearing.

Ovules more than 1 to a cell.
Ovary 1-celled ; sepals 2 . , PortulacaceeE, p. 43

.83

.82

. 107

.83

ANALYTIC KEY TO THE FAMIUES xiii

Ovary l'-nmiiy-ccll«l ; atumons on the calyx,
tityle 1 ; ntumins 4 8 . . . Onagracev, p. S3
Styles a or a ; slunieiu 5 or 10 Saiifraaacra; p. S8
OvuU-M only 1 m a cell,
titamenit 5 or lU.

TreiM or shrubs chat.kuub, u. 67

Horhs.

Fruit dry, styles 2 . . . VmhMHerir, p. 97
Fruit Ixn-y-like ; styles 2-S Araliaceir, p. 1)7
Stamens 2, 4 or S.

Style 1, stigma 1. fruit a drupe Cornaear, p. 100
Style 1, stigma 2-4-lolM'd; fruit dry

„ ^ , ^ . OHttgraceit, p. 93

B. 1 arts of the rorolla more or less united.

r. Stamens more numerous than IoIh's of eorolla.
Ovary 1-eelled

Plaeeuta 1, parietal Legumino,^, p. 68

Phieenta 2, parietal Fumariacea, p. SO

Ovi..-2-cellcd; cells 1-ovuled .... Polygalacex, p. HO
Ovary S-many-ct'lcd.

Stamens free from the corolla.

Style I ; leaves simple Ericacect. p. 100

Styles 5; leaves 3-foliate .... Olo/Waceir, p. 78
Stamens attached to the corolla.

Trees or shrulra; style 1 EricaaiF. p. 100

Herbs; filaments united in a tube . . MalnaceiF. p. »9
cc. Stamens not more numerous than the corolla lobes.

D. Stamens of the same number as the corolla lobes and

opposite to them I style 1 .... Primulace^. t^ lot
DD. Stamens alternate with the corolla lobes or fewer.
B. Ovary free from the calyx tube.
F. Corolla regular.

u. Stan:enn us many as the corolla lobi's.

H. Ovaries more than 1, or if 1, deeply lobcd.
Ovaries 2, or if 1, then 2-horned.

Stamens united . Asclepiadaceir, p. Ill
Stamens distinct . . Apocynaceir, p. IIO
Ovary 1, deeply 4-lobod.

Leaves alternate . Boraginaceir, p. 114
Leaves opposite . . . Lahialir, p. 117
HH. Ovary 1, not deeply lobed.
I. Ovar>' I-eelled.

Seed 1, corolla dry Pianlaginacea. p. 127
Seeds several-many.
Leaves entire and opposite.

Gentianaceec, p. 108

XIV

ANALYTIC KEY TO THE FAMILIES

Leavei more or lew divided, or
compound.
Corolla white, bearded within,
leaves compound of 3 leaflets

MBNTNANTHBA, p, 100

Corolla white or purplish, not
beardrd within, leaves
toothed, IuIkhI, or divided

Hydrophyllacetr, p. 121
11. Ovary 2-10-eelIed.

LeaflcM twining parasite cu«ctJTA, p. 112
Leaves alternate.
Stamens free from the corolla ; style

1 Ericacea, p. 100

Stamens on the corolla tube.
Stamens 4.
J Leafy stemmed, leaves opposite

Verbenae&e, p. 117
Stemless, corolla dry and mem-
braneous Plaritaginaeetr, p. 127
Stumens 5.

Fruit 2 or 4 seed-like nutlets

BoraginacctF, p. 114
Fruit a pod or berry; few-
many-seeded.
Style or stigma 3-branched

Polemoniacea, p. 113
Style 2-branched ; pod4-secded.

ConvolmUacea, p. 112
Style and stigma single, fruit a

berry . . . Solanacea, p. 120
oa. Stamens fewer than the corolla lobes.
Stamens, with anthers, 2 or 3.

Ovary 4-lobed Lycopua, p. 120

Ovary 2-celled.

Stemless herbs . . . Plantaginacea, p. 127
Leafy sten.med herbs with capsule flat*
tcned and notched at the apex

VBRONICA, p. 125

Trees Oleacea, p. 107

IT. Corolla irregular.

Stamens, with anthers, cither 2 or 4.
Ovary 4-lobed, splitting, at maturity, into 4

nutlets LabiaUe, p. 117

Ovary 1 -celled.
Stamens 2 ; aquatic, often free swimming

Lentibulariaceae, p. 125

ANALmC KEY TO THE FAM1UE8 XV

Stampus 4; root pwuite without green

'"''"«« Orobanchacar. p. Ia6

Ovary 2-ceUeiJ ; seedd numeroua

,. „ HcTophulariactir, p. 122

M. Ovary adhering to thi eolyi tulw.

TendriMxwing. troiliuit or Himliing hrrlm

-, J ., , CucurbUaceir. p. 132

Tendrils absent.

Stamens separate.
.Stamens as many ns the lolxti of the eoroHa.

Stamens free from the eorolla ('(imptmulaeeir, p. 132
Staniims mserted on the eorolla tube.
Leaves opposite or perfoliate

Caprifotiacea, p. 129
Loaves opposite with stipules or whorled

without stipules . . . Bubiacea, p. 128
Stamens 1 less than the lobes of the corolla

Linnaa, p. 130
Mtamens united by their anthers.

Flowers separate. coroUii irregular and spilt

down one side i»ArfvaeOT, p. 133

Flowers united in head.i on a eommon rceep-
taclo and smroundcd by an involucre

Compoaita, p. 134

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

MANITOBA, SASKATCHEWAN, AND ALBERTA

DIVISION I. PTERIDdPHYTA.
(Vascular Cryptoorams.)

I. POLYPODlACEiE (Febn FAuitr)

oovcrod byasoale oalledan indusium ;
son arranftpd in lines or olustere on tho
back or margin of the frond division.

1. ASPfDIDM. Wood Fern.

Fronds pinnate; fruit dots round,
homo on the back of the fertile
fronds which scarcely differ from
the sterile; stipes not jointed.

1- A. cristttnm, (L.) Sw.

Fronds lanoi-olatf to oUong, the pinna
oblong to triangular, doeply cut into 6 to 10
(nut dots about half wav hetw<-<.n the •
almost rounded and smooth ; stipe an<. ..".,.
scales. Moist cold woods, Man. «,d wes; ard
' 1

P'a. 1. — Prothallus of a Fern.

'rs of sharply serrate segments ;

J the niidvcin, the covering

ck covered with light brown

BCLECTED WESTERN FLORA

2. CYSTdPTBRIS. Bladder Fern.

Fruit dotii on the lionk of thx rrond, the oovering iuflatod. Deli-
mto renu with ;^ -.'{-pinnate frundii.

1. C. lltcUll. a.) MCRNH.

Fniada lanraoUtit, 'i ur 3-piiiiiiili% the pinnulea cut-toothed. CooUm, Alta.

3. PTfiRIS. DRArxEN.

Sponi (««> B nontinuouH lino on tlie husit of tiic frond around tlie
margin, and oovcnKl by tlio odgu of thv frond folding backwards
over it. Fronds 1-3-pinnato.

Flo. 2. — Fruiting Frond of
Fern.

Suri St a. One sonu with ita
indufliuin at b.

Fio. 3. — Aapidium crietatuin.

1. P. aquUIna. L.
Frond stout, 1
rootstork h!ack, widely spreading.

Hrakb.
ft. liigh. 3-forked at tlie top. eaoh hraneh 2-pinnate;

Rocky Mts. and E. Man.

II. OPHIOGLOSSACE.S.

More or less fleshy or suei- alert plants, consisting of a frond-like
stem and leaf growing from a short rootstock or fleshy root. The
frond consists of two parts, the one fern-like and sterile, the other
a spike or panicle of rather large sporangia, which open at maturity

OPHKXJLOfWAlE^

3

hy . tr.i,»y..r«. ,lii. fh.. -iM.r... «„, devHoM fr„m th.. nmii. tiwue
of th.. Iruiung .1,.,,,, ,„,l ,h.. „„„hallu. i. und..nfr..und.

1. BOTRtCHIUM. .\l«oN«„KT.
Fli'«li.v pliintH fn.ni a ,|,orl. ..r.,.t r<M,(,t,Kik. Tho
Html,. ,K,rl,„„ t,.rn«t..|y.,r„i„„a„.Iy ,.,„„,«,„„,,. „,,
rrrli ,K.rli<..i ,>innul..l.v divid.Kl, will. „.H,i|.. „.,„,.
™t- «t),.r»nwu in ruWH on >h.. xi.l,., „r th., l,rBn.,h.«-
«pon'« yellow. ■"iMiii™,

1. B. »lr«i»l»«u«. (L.) Sw, HATTLi;.MAiit ¥tH«
.Hi..ril,, ,»,r.i„„ «.Miip, „„„,,,^rt ,.l»,v,. ,h., ,„i,|,||,. „,

piuimto, ,.„,l ,1,.. |„„B„,» |,i„,„.,i(i,|; ,„„i,„ ■ -;

|.lnimt«. Ch.I rich wo., !« Maii.-Alt.i.

•'. B. Lunlria, (I..) Sw.

Tm; »t,.ril,. ,„.rl „l ,!,« fr,,,..! almo.t i«.i|e, l.pi„„ato
th.. .iv„,.„H ,.„i,r.. B„d H.,i„..what fan-,hap<.d viry
.urrulrat. Foothills of Becky Mt..

Flo. 4. — lio.
t r y c h i 11 ni
I-'iuaria.

FlQ. S — Erjuiantum arvenae.

"■ """ "^'- '■ '"" •""' 1:^t:^' ■• - '• ■''-'■^"- - -

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

stems

III. EQUISETACEiE (Horsetail Family).

Rush-like plants from a perennial creeping rootstook;
hollow, jointed, and sheathed at the joints.

1. EQUIS^TUM. H0R8BTAIL.

Stems simple or branched, the nodes solid and surrounded by a
toothed sheath; fruit borne in a terminal cone-shaped organ formed
by a number of shield-like bodies, closely fitted together, and
bearing the sporangia on their inner surfaces.

1. E. arv6nse, L. Cummon Hursetail.

Fertile stems 2-10 in. hiRh, simple or with very few brunrhes, destitute of
chlorophyll; sterile steniH green und prufuscly bruiiehed, the branches
springing in whorls from the nodes. Wet places, common.

2. E. fluTifttile, L. Pi^es.

.Stems 'S in.~4 ft. high, sparingly branehed, all green and lM>aring on the
top the fruit, which soon falls off, leaving a withered tip. Deep, damp soil,
common.

DIVISION XL SPERMATOPHYTA.
(Phanerogams, or Flowering Plants.)

Plants bearing flowers with stamens or pistils or both, and
reproducing by seeds.

SUBDIVISION I. GYMNOSPERMiE.

Seeds naked at the base of a scale.

IV. PINACE^ (Pine Family).

Trees or shrubs with a resinous juioo, and mostly entire needle-
shaped leaves; flowers borne in a scaly catkin which at maturity
becomes a cone, or else berry-like by the scales becoming fleshy;
seeds naked, at the base of each scale; mostly evergreen.

1. PiNUS. Pine.

Cones formed of imbricated woody scales maturing the second
year, and spreading when ripe, allowing the seed to fall; leaves
never springing singly from the branch, when in 2*5 the pair forming
a cylinder, when in mure than 2, each triangular.

PINACEiE 5

1. P. Btnkiitiu. La-ub. Jack Pine.

Leave, in 2'8, stout, about 1 in. l„ng, divergent along the branches- cones
usually curved, the scale, blunt or ending with a minute prickle a low t^r
Sandy soU, E. and N. Man., N. Sask., and Alta.

2. P itrAbui, L. White Pine.

ends of the branches; cones 3^0 in. l„„g, .y,i„jri,„,, „„d,i„^' „„„„ ^i,"'^'^"
curved. A lofty tree with white wood, the n.ost valuable
tnnber tree of all the pines, but now scarce, S. E. Man.
3. P. lylTiitril, L. Scotch Pine.

Leaves in 2's about 2 i„. long; fascicles given off all
along the branch, but more
clustered at the end; cones
1)3 in. long, the scales thick
and rigid with a tubercle on
the centre; bark gray. A
small tree, introduced, hut
thoroughly himly in the
prairie region, lieing exten-
sively usedfordecorative pur-
poses and for wind-breaks.

Flu. 0. — Cone *■ P- «»ta»««, Ait. Ueo or
of Pinua Norway Pine.

Btrobus. Leaves in 2's; cones erect,

about 2 in. long, conical, the
scales somewhat thickened, but smooth; bark rather smooth, reddish A
tall, graceful tree with somewhat hard wood ; valuable as timlior. .S. E. Man,
5. P. •Ibiciulii, Engelm. White-bark Pine.

Leaves in ,5's, U-2J in. long; ones oval, sessile, dark purple, the scales

maturity. A low, -nueh branched tree with n,ugh gray bark. R,«ky Mts.
0. P. Mnrrannt, BaBour. LonoE-POLE Pine, Black Pine.

Leaves in 2's about 2 in. long, somewhat rigid; cone, small, oppressed
often persistent, the scales amid with prickles. A rather tal and .rftci
very slender tree usually growing in thick groves; the source fr," w lb
the western Inomns secunM poles for their lodges. Rocky Mts and elt tn
Meridian 1 H" and a small area in the Cypres, Hills

F'"' 7. — Pinus sylvestris.

') 1

2. LARIX. Larch.

leaves aoft, many in a fasciele, and dwiduous; eonus lateral
the fertile rod while in flower. laierai.

6

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA.

1. L. luictnt, (Du Roi) Koch. Tamarack. Hackmatack.

Cones roundish, connating o( a few scales. A slender tree with reddish
bark and hard resinous wood. (£.. Americana, Michx.) Swamps, Mun.-
Alta.

3. PfCEA. Spruce.

Leaves about } in. long, scattered on all sides of the stem, needle-
shaped, stiff; cones pendulous, maturing the first year; otherwise
resembling Pinus.

1. P. Miudinsii, (Mill.) B. S. P. White Sprdce.

Branchlets smooth, leaves slender, somewhat pale green; cones cylindri-
cal, deciduous. A fine tree with white wood, much used for hoth timlwr and
decoration. (P. n'ha. Link.) Wet or sandy places, Muu.-.\lta.

2. P. muUna, (Mill.) B. S. P.

Flo. 8. — Picea mariana.

Black Sprdce.

Branchlets pubescent, leaves shorter,
stouter, and darker green than in the
preceding; cones smaller, almost glob-
ular, persistent. \ valuable tree much
resembling the preceding and found
in the same range. (P. niffra, Link.)

3

P. Engelminnii, (Parry) Engelm.

Leaves J-1 in. long, four cornered, distributed singly and evenly along the
branches ; branchlets slightly pubescent ; cones oval, about 2 in. long, the
scales thin and blunt. A tall conical tree with reddish bark, but becoming
shrubby at high elevations. Rocky Mts.

4. Abies. Fih.

Leaves flattened, arranged on two sides of the branch; cones
erect, maturing the first year, deciduous,

1 . A. balolniM (L.) Mill. Balsam.

Leaves narrowly linear; cones cylindrical, violet-colored when immature.
A conical shaped tree with rather smooth, gray bark, containing numerous
blisters of resinous juice. E. and N. Man. to Lat. 5s° and north-westward.

5. THtfJA. Arbor VitM.

Loavesappreased, imbricated, some
awl-shaped and others .scale-like;
cones of few scales, spreading at ma-
turity.

1. T. ocddentUis, L. White Cedar.

Leaves appressed in 4 rows on flat
branchlets; scales of cones blunt. A Fit). 9. — Thuja occidentalis.

TYPHACEyE 7

tree with gray, ihreddy bark and light, but very durable wood, the latter
with a strong resinou, odor. Swamp». S. E. Man., and al»ut the mouth
ol the naskutrhewan Rlvpr.

0. JUNfPERUS. JiLNiPEH.
Loaves cither needle-shaped or seale-like; fruit oompo.so(l of
d-b fleshy scales, each containing an ovule, and coalescing to form
a sort of berry.

1. J. communis, L. Common Jdnipeb.

Loav™ sharp-pointed, linear, arranged in whorl, of .); fruit axillary
An erf. t shrub often widely spreading. Wooded banks. Man.-Alta.

2. J. harizontlliB, Moeuch. Orounu Ceukh.

Leaves seale-like; fruit terminal. iH.rne on short re-eur%.ed pedunrles
A prostrate shrub spreading over the ground like a mat. (J. Sahina var
procumbsu, Pursh.) .Sandy hills, Man.-Alta.

7. PSEODOTStJGA. Dodgla.s Fir.
Leaves short-petioled and arranged on the branches like teeth in a
oomb ; cone oblong, drooping, maturing in one season. A large, rough-
barked tree.

1. P. mncrontti. Raf.

An eie^edingly large tree. 100-240 ft. high amf 1-12 ft. in diameter, with
very th.ek rough bark; cones somewhat fringed i.om the projection of the
bracts b,.yond the scales. East side of Kocky .Mts. from Lat. 53° southward

SURDIVISION II. ANGI08PERM.S.

Seeds encIo.^d in an ovary.

CLASS I. MONOCOTYLEDONE^.

Parallel-veined leaves, endogenous stems, monocotyledonous
seeds, and flowers mostly in 3's.

V. TYPHACE.ffi (Cat-tail Family).
Perennial marsh herbs with long, nerved, sword-shaped leaves
and monoecious flowers; iiulorescence a spike borne on a long stem'
the flowers destitute of floral envelopes

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

1. TYPHA. Cat-tail Flag.

Flowers in a long and very donae spike terminating the stem, the
upper part eontaining the sterile, and the lower part the fertile
flowers. At maturity the sterile flowers fall off, leaving a part of
the stem projeeting beyond the fruit; seeds attaehed to bristles
forming a copious down.

1. T. UtifAlit. L. Common Cat-tail.

Htout, with flag-like leaves and conspicuous spikes. Marshes, Man.-
Alta.

VI. NAJADACEiE (Pondweed Family).

laimersed aquatie herbs with jointed stems, and loaves either
sheathing or stipulate; flowers perfeet with 4-6-parted perianth,
1-6 stamens, and 1-6 distinct 1-oelIed ovaries, each usual'*' 1-ovuled.

l: POTAMOGfcTON. Pondweku.

Perianth 4-parted; stamens 4, opposite the segments of the
perianth; anthers 2-celled; ovaries 4; style short or wanting;
fruit drup-j-like when fresh. Immersed aquatic herbs, generally
rooting at the joints, with alternate leaves some of which frequently
float on top of the water.

1. P. pectlnatus, I,.

Stem thread-like, branched; leaves very narrowly linear; peduncles
thread-like; flower spikes of 2-6 whorla somewhat widely separated. A
common submerged plant in still or slow-runmng wator, Man.-Alta.

2. P. perfoUituB, L.

Stem branching; leaves round, ovate, or lanceolate from a heart-shaped,
clasping base, usually obtuse and crinkled on the edges; peduncles thick
and spongy. 81111 or slow-running water, more local than the preceding,
Man.

3. P. zotterifdUus, Schumacher.

Stem branching, with a flattened wing; leaves linear and grass-like,
usually floating on top of the water for part of their length; spike cylindrical
and shorter than the peduncle. Still or slow-running water, Man.-Alta.

VII. JUNCAGINACE^ (Arrow Grass Family),

Marsh plants with cylindrical leaves, and perfect flowers in a
raeeme or spike suppo: ,.nd on a naked soap<>. Perianth \i or 6-lobed,
carpels 3 or 6, united; fruit a follicle or capsule.

ALISMACEiE — HYDROCHARITACE^

9

1. TRIGL6CHIN. Aiiitow (Ikass.

Perianth 6-part(.d, grHmish; stani.'ns :f-«, with short filaments-
pistil a 3 or 6-celled ovary, splitting when rip.> into 3 or 6 carpels
ai-ound a central axis. Low herbs with rush-like leaves sheathing
the soape at the base.

1. T. mMltimi, L.

Scape 6 in.- 2 ft. high; leaves rather fleshy; carpels mostly O-grooved on
the back. Wet alkalicie ai>il, Maii.-Alta.

2. T. palOitril. L.

Scape 2-lJi in. high; leaves slender. Marshes, Alta.

VIII. ALISMACE,fi (Water-plantai.n Family).
Marsh herbs with scape-like stem.s and radical pctiolate leaves,
the petiole sheathing the stem at the base; perianth of 3 herbaceous,
pi-rsistent sepals, and 3 white, deciduous petal.-; stamens 6 or more-
ovaries distinct, 1-celled, and usually t-ovuled.

1. SAGITTARIA. Akhow-head.

Sepals spreading in fruit; petals imbricated in the bud; ovaries
crowded on a globular receptacle forming winged achenes when ripe.
1. S. l«tiMli«, Willd.

filabr,)u»; scape angled; petals waxy white; lower whorl., of flowers
fertUe; leaves mostly arrow-shaped. In water ..r wet places, easily rwog-
nize<l hy Its arrow-shape.l leaves and large while flowers, ('oninion and
exceedingly variable, Man.-.\lta.

2. ALfSMA. Water Plantain,

Flowers small, the whitish petals rolled inwardly in the bud-
ovaries many, in a circle on the flattened r.«cptaole; scape with
whorled panicled branches.
1. A. Plant4go-«qu4Hc«, L.

Perennial, from a strong cor.i; leaves ovate or oblong, acute, and some-
times heart-shaped at the base, somewhat n-senilJiriK those of the plantain-
panicle very loose. Tommon in si allow water, .Man. -.Vita.

IX. HYDROCHARIXACEiE (Froqs-bit Family).
Aquatic herbs with regular peifect or dioecious flowers; stamens,
when pn-sent, 3-12, united in our species; stigmas 3; fruit ripening
under water.

tVT'^

10

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

SL0D£A. Water-weed.

Flowers dioecious, or the fertile bearing stamens; sterile flowers
minute, the fertile ones larger, with a ti-parted perianth. Slender,
submerged, perennial herbs with somewhat transparent veinless
leaves arranged opposite or in whorls.

1. E. ctiiAdiniis, Mirhx. Canadian Water-weed.

Leaves liiioar to oval ; stnnipijs 0 in stcrilo flowers, 3 or 0 scasilc anthers in
the fertile; u Kooii iu|uariuni plant, not nneoniinon on the Ixittom of nlow-
runninK or still water. {AymchariH mnaitemis of Planchon), Man. and west-
ward.

X. GRAMInE* (Crass Kamilv).

Herbs with hollow stems, closed at the nodes,
and two-ranked parallel-veined leaves; leaves
divided into blade and sheath, the sheath en-
veloping the stem with the edges overlapping;
flowers .small, perfect, without distinct perianth,
and aiTanged in spikelets consisting of a short
axis, or rlmnhis, and 2-many bracts arranged
in two vertical ranks; the two lowest bracts
(glumes) empty, and each succeeding one
(lemma) bearing in its axil a single flower; the
flower usually subtended by another bract
(pahit) with its back to the rhachis of the
spikelet, the two bracts enclosing the flower;

floral envelopes wanting; stamens li; ovary 1 -celled and 1-ovuled;

fruit a caryopsis; spikelets arranged in spikes, racemes, or panicles.

Flo. 10, — Diagram
showintc the strue-
ture of a spikelet
of gra&s.

ff. Klunie: t. lemma; p,
pulet ; /. flower.

1. h6rDEUM. Barley.

Spikeiot 1 or rarely 2-flowered, thre*^ together at each joint of the
flat-jointed rhachis, the centre one sessile, perfect, the lateral pair
usually pediceled, and generally reduced to awns; the spikes becom-
ing disjointed at maturity, the joints fall with the spikelets attached.

1. H. jubAtum, L. Squirrel-tail or Skunk-tail Grass.

Biennial, cither erect, or with the stems deplining at the base; the lateral
pair of spikelets and the (tlumes of the perfect spikelet reduced to spreading
awns; spike nodding. Waste ground and damp prairie, often a troublesome
weed, and frequently, but wrongly, railed fox-tail. Man.-Alta.

ORAMINE^

11

2. fiLYMUS. Wild Rye.

Spikplets 2-0-floworc(I, in pairs, sessilo, arranBod alternately at
notehos in a nontinuous rhaohls; glumes rigid, f.irniinL' awns.
Tufted perennials.

1. E. csnftd6nBii, L.

.Spike ix».Ttod on a long stem above the mnicwhat <-oar«e, either uroen or
Blau,-ous leavea; Hpikclets not ,lo«.l.v arraimed on the rha.hi»: spike nodclino
at matunty, A ,-oar.,e. tufted, 1„. ,r,l,.d Kra,., very eonmio., in light .soil and
Ui wuHte plaoes, with spikes somewhat resomhlinn he.ads of rye. Man.-

a. ANDROP6gON. Ukakh (iuAHM.
Spikelets in pairs, one sessile and perfeet, the other iwdieole.l
and sterde, arranged at joints of the rhaehis; bracts eontaining
perfect flowers awne<l.

1. A. furc»tui. Miihl. Forked Bearu (imas.

Stems stout, in tufts, and branehinn ahov..; leaves often hairy on the sur-
face near the ba.,e; raoemes purplish: joints of the rhaehis hairy. Dry
Kround, fairly oomnion, Man.-Alta.

4. STiPA. Feather Oiiass.
Spikelots 1-flowpred; glumes sharp and narrow, often terminating
in a bristle; braet below the flower .continued into a persistent awn
abruptly bent and twisted. (Joarse perennial grasses.

1. S. comita, Trin. ami Kupr.

Stem erect, simple. 0 in. to 3 ft. hiuh; sheaths loneer than the internodes
the upper inflated and often enrlosing the base of the somewhat loose and
spreading panicle. Dry prairie, Alta.

2. S. virfdul*, Trin

.'ftema erect, duatered, sometimes branched, 1-3 ft. high: sheaths shorter
than the mternodes: panicle strict, erect, and rather den.sely flowered
Prairie, Man.-.\lta.

5. BOUTELOUA.

Spikelots 1 or 2-flowered, arranged in 2 rows along one side of the
rhaehis which often projects: usually short-awned. Annual or
[lerennial grasses with flat leaves and conspicuous ono-sided spikes.
1. B. oligo»tachy«, (Nutt.) Torr.

.Stems 0-18 in. high, simple, erect oi ascending, smooth: sheaths shorter
than the mternodes: spik.- 1-3 on a stem, each l-l- in. long, .sometimes
curved, the rhaehis terminating in a point which is more or less hidden b^• the
crowded spikelets. Dry prairies, Man.-Alta.

12 SELECTED WESTERN FLOR.\

6. PHRAOMtTES. Reed Qhahs.

Spikelets 3-7-flowered; braflta narrow, purpliBh. Tall, leafy,
perennial ffrasscH with large, terminal, rather soft-hairy panicles.
1. P. eommftnis, Trin.

Btems very tall, atom, erect, 4-12 ft. high, from a crccpinx rootntork whirh
frequently runs a long diiitHnce on the surfaro of the fcround; lt>av<>M lurRf,
flat, with overlapping dhcuths; panirle large, 6-12 in. long. MurHhes,
Man. -Alia.

7. AGROPYRON.

Spihelets 3-many-flowored, sessile, and alternate in the notches of
thd rhaohis; flowerint: soales rigid, sometimes awned, the two lower
en^pty; stamens 3; styles short and d'stinct ; .stigmas feathery.
Mostly perennial grasses with flat leaves, and spikelots in elose strict
spikes.

1. A. ripciu, L. Beauv. Couch Grass. Quack Grass.

Bright green or more rarely glaueouH ; rootstock long iiihI 8tout, often with
very conspicuous 8ral«s, and bright yellow i^h gn'<*ri interiKMlis. An introducfd
form, often very troublesome owing to its habit of Hpfading by the root-
stork. Cultivated fields and waste places.

2. A. Smfthii, Rydb.

Resembling the preceding, but glaucous throughout with t luish green
leaves; rootstock more slender with less eonspieuous scales, and internodcs
not yellowish or greenish. (Agropyron repens, v:ir. glaucum, Hrhribn.)
Moist land, Man.-Alta. A somewhat troublesome grass in cultivated fields.

8. l6lIUM. Rye-orass.
Spikelets several-flowered, solitary, alternate in the notches of
the rhachis; flowering scales rigid, the lowest empty in the lateral
spikelets, tne two lower empty in the terminal spikelet ; stamens 3 ;
styles short ; stigmas 2. Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves
and spikelets in strict terminal spikes.

1. L. temul£ntum, L. Darnel.

Stem erect, 1-3 ft. high, simple, glabrous; sheaths shorter than the in-
temodes ; spikelets 2-8-flowerod, the empty scale long and strongly nerved ;
flowering scales without awns. Often a troublesome weed with bitter poi-
sonous seeds. Introduced locally.

9. AVfcNA. Oat.
Spikelets 2-many-flowered, the lower flowers perfect, the upper
often staminate ; glumes long, usually exceeding the flower ; lemmie

CVPERACEiB

13

bearing long, ofton twi«U«i awns, oxcopt in the cultivated forms when
the awna are straight or lacking. Annual grauoa with flat loaves
and spikelets in large loose panioles.

I. A. Mtu, L. Wild Oat.

.Slom 1-3 ft. high, .inipio, i-roct, «m,.„th : .heaths ...motini™ roughi^iiiHl
..ward, the top; spikrlct. 2-l-flnw<,r«l ; ffloworing .ral.., ..ovLnni with .tiff
brown ha.r,; awn long and twi.t«l. A tr«ublci«,mc annual wood in culti-

VUtod fli'IUB.

XI. CYPERACE^ (Sedoe Family).
(ira»8-like or ru.sh-like herbs with solid stems; stem leaves when
present, a-ranked. with closed sheaths; flowers in spikes each in th.i
axil of a bract, and destitute of perianth, except in some cases a
few bristles; style 2-cleft; ovary 1-oelled; fruit an aohone.

1. SClRPUS. Bulrush.
Spikelets few or many-floweri'd, solitary, or in terminal clusters
surmounted by an involucre of one-several bracts, which often
apiK.ar as a withered continuation of the st.™; p..rianth of a few
bristles; stems sheathed at the base, but blades of leaves not always
appearing.

1. S. TtUdui, Vahl. Great nuLBPSH.

,.. .^'7' ^'V!i ^''^' """'• """"""K '">"' a »»">■>« «-«ly rootstorki shouth.

.dl , ''?rK'""'T."' ""• ""i""™- '^ """' '"^-^ '•■'•''• ™"'"'<«' """-J th"
edgos of lakes and deep ponds. Man.-Alta.

-'. S. rubrotlnctul. Fernald.

hl.n'''^' 'T\^ "'" P^"™'''"'!' 1-3 '«• high; upper .heaths green, leaf
biHde. broadly linear, the upper rising atK.ve the flower .pike; shiath,
n.o.tly red-tm.ed at the l,a,e. Mar.hy places. Mun.-AIta.
3. S. occidentMis, (Wuta.) Chuae.

nrm!.r-"fl '" ^■, ■"''"""■ '•"' '"™"' fi""" "nd darker green; hasal sheath.
tr"'M!r-Al'a™ """ *'"■ """ ■""' "'""■' "' "■" '-•'• ^^^'^ "'
2. CArEX. Sedije.
Perennial grass-like herbs with mostly ,3-ranked leaves and tri-
awfular stems; flowers uni.sexual, the staniinate ami pistillate in
separate spikes or different parts of the same spike, the staminate
tons sting of 3 stamens in the axil of a bract, the pistillate of a single
pistil with a 2 or 3-parted style developing into »n achene A

14

SELECTED WE8TEUN FLORA

very common K..nu», making up a larKi' imrt or our grasH-lik.. mar»h
ptontM, but very diffl.mlt to (li.t.Tiriini. as to «p,«,i,.,. Th.. Ix'itinmr
will KcntTBlly do well to (content hlm«.|f with th.. imiw.t to r...«>gnije
thi. x.'nuH, and ir at tempting Kp.K.i<.» »hould Iw cariiful to get fully
matured apecimvna.

1. C. rottrtia, Stokn.

St..n,.»t„ul. 1-:) (t, hiKh. .|K,i,Ky ,,t tho ham.; l,-„v,.« Ioi.k ,u,<I flat r.-
K...l.l..m»<-.mr«.Rru»,; fl„w,.r» in ,„ik.-». th,. (,.rtil,. .lrv.J«|,i„» i,„« lura,,
•omiiwhut nuiik-HliiiiM'il iii.hi.nci!. Muraliua, Mun.-Alu.

2. C. trlchoctrpa. Muhl.

Stout. I-.l ft. high, rough. Bhurii-unglo,!; 1(
the htindtt; Mpikes 2-.^. Hcutti.ri.||.

Var. arllUta. HaiU.y. A coiunion w...li.rn form, .toul.ir ui„l <.our«.r than
the type. MnrBhes. Miiu.-Altu.

'".r.v rough, often eiitliiig

XII. LEMNACEiB (Duckweed Family).

Small plants eonslsting oi a loaMik« frond floating fr«.|y on th..
watri-, producing on.. .)r m.)n> small mona,...iou» flow.Ts ..n its
margin, and roots hanging from tho lower surfa.-.'. Th.' small.'st
flowonng plant, often very plentiful, and uovering tho surfac. of
stagnant water like a gnwn scum.

1. LEMNA. Duckweed.
Flowers usually three together surrounded by a bract.

1. L. triililet. L.

Fronds prtKlueed into a stalk at one end, oliseurely 3-nerved, generally
several adhering. Stagnant water. Man.-Alta.

2. L. minor, L.

Frond ovale, usually separated. Stagnant water. Man.-Alta.

XIII. JUNCACE^ (Ul'.sh Kamily).

Grass-like or rush-like plants with very small, regular, perfect
hypogenous flowers. Sepals 8; petals H; stamens 3 or 6; ovar^
3-celled, or I-celled with 3 parietal placenta). A rather curious
family with flowers resembling the lily in structure, but the whole
plant having the appearance of a sedge.

U LI ACE A

1ft

I. jtJwcns. in»H.

SUmenii moHtly .'), oppmitc i\v wi«l«; napsulu .'i-«<'lli'<l. hut fn>-
qui'ntly appanrntly I-wIIiyI, thf diviaiuna not rvuihinK thi' ovntre.
liuah-likti ix'n'nnimU.

1. J. nodtiut, L.

Sti'm iTi'it, 0-ls in. hiiih, fnini a viTy ali'iiiliT tulHT-liouriiiK ri«it»li)rk;
uniliilly with 2 or 3 alt'iiiicr liiivua. C'uniliiun in wut, aunily plwra, M»n.-
Altu.

i. J. btltlcul, Willd.

Wtoni tTiTl, 0 in.-:) ft. hiitli, ■tuut. risinn at intiTvuU frmn n crii'iiiiiK niiit-
•liiok: Ipuvca rixlllrpil to hludclcn >hi'iilliii; .imnii'li! i>|i|>i'uririii hil.TuI;
(liriniina of the piriuiith slinrp. hrown with grwn niidrih. Sandy and
allialino ahoroa, Man.-Alta.

XIV. LILlACEiE (Lily K.^mily).
Herbs, with ri'i^ilar syiiimi'tiHrtal flowrra; Ihi'ir jwrla ~ i..xncpt
in Maianthfnium — alwaya in U'a or (ia; leaves parallel-veined
1'xe.ept in Trillium and Smilax; diviaiona of the iH'rianth similarly
colored — except in Trillium and Caloehortus — and frw) from the
3-oelled ovary; stamens (i; fruit a iwd or berry.

1. LiLIUM. Lily.
Perianth Ixtll-ahaped, of ti similarly eolort'd
parts, <leeiduouB, the (i stamens adhering to the
base; anthers linear, attaohed to the filament
near the middle; style club-shaped, atigma
3-lobed ; capsule oblong with seeds densely packeil
in 2 rows in each cell. Herbs with simple stems
springing from bulbs, anil bearing showy flowers.

1. L. phiiad^lphicum, L. Wild OHANOt; Lily.

Sli'm (i-lH in. hiKh; leaves linear to lalin-ulute;
flowers erect, showy, reddish-oraiiue with purplish
spots inside. Moist prairie and edges of thickets,
Man.-Alta.

2. fritillAria

Perianth bell-shaped, of ii deciduous segments each with a pit or
gland at the ba.se ; stamens fi, hypogcnnii>i, the filaments flattened and
the anthers linear ; ovary cleft at the top with 3 stigmatic lobes ;

Fni. II. — Lilinni
philadelphiciini.

16

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

oapiule n-m«Ied, manyiwedod. Horbn •prinRins from waly bulba rad
bewing large nodding fliiw«ra.

1. r. ladlca, (Punh.) Spreni.

Stem niniplo. 4-K In. hi|h ; l..ilb very K-aly, |„avM 3-«, ralKcr mttrml
flowon 1-0 on th.. .Urn,, uwully ...litury, ncMldiug, y,.M.,w tingi^.l with purpl...
H. All». " MrLi-al and Utiibridgo tho only known itationa cart of tho Rwky
MU." — Macaun.

3. ZYOADftNUS.

Plowpm pi-rfcot; prrianth upwading, iMmiiitinK after it wilhpni-
•KpalH with oonKpiduuiiM glandH near tho l>aM>. ViTy nmiHith pcn^n-
nialH with nimplo »U'tm, u«ually fn>m a bulb, and Iwaring a paniolu
of rather largv, oonspiououa, whitish flowers.

1. Z. cUorintbas, Kii-hardi.

Htcni 1-2 fl. high; l.,ovo« mmowl, uraiw-liko; periunll. .nheront with
tho lm».. of thi. ovnry; ..npali nmrkfd with ii larRo hourt-.huii...! kIuiuI, the
inuor nurrowod to a cluw. (Z. rf^„. Punh.) Low, gruwy land, Man.-
Alta.

2. Z. vtstnoini, Wats.

Differinit from tho prc-cdini, hy havin.i tlu .. .ianth frc. i;„n, the ovnry
the ...pal,, with br.»d. short .law, and the ilnnd at the base not weU deSned.
W. .Sa»k. and Alta.

4. SMILAClNA. Fal8e Solomon's Seal.

Smilacina stcllata.

Perianth ti-parted, spread-
ing, persistent; filaments 0,
slender; ovary 3-eelled; stylo
short with an obsourely 3-
lobed stigma. Perennial
herbs with simpli. stems from
a envping roDtstoek, simple
sessile leaves and white flowers.

X. S. itelUta, (L.) Dcsf.
Stem 6-15 in. high from a
slenili-r rootstock; leaves usually
arranged on opposite sidea of thu
stem; raceme simple, few-Bowered;
stamens included; fruit a globu-

UU/iCtM 17

w *^'?: ""''^ ■' ""' ""'' ""■" """ « ''"'''• M"i"' «''l. rnini>...n
Mftn.-Alta.

2. 8. rutmtu, (L.) I>i'>(.

Flowor. alm<»t ....ilc in u torminiil r,i«.n>,-likr p„„i,.|..; ,(,,„,o„, „„,„„| .
r.«.l.l,H.k .tnul m„ n,..hy: l-rry r,.,l „r .,«,.k|,,l; „„.,.r»i«, „.„„,,,,i„,'
thg procmUng. Muint. ri<'li wi«»l«. Man. Attn.

Flo. 13. — Sniilnriiui mrfltnoKa.

4. haiAnthemum.

Perianth 4-part..(l; stam.ns 4: ..var.v 2-,«.|l,.,l; stigma 2-part«<l
IMW herbs witli few-leaved steins.
I. M. cuMdfoie. I)p»f,

Stem lender, s.nm.lh or .lightly h,«r>-. usually lH.,.rinK 2 ovate or ovate-
lanowlate loaves. Moist woods, conuiioi,. Muu.-Altu.

r>. TOFlfiLDIA. False Asphodel.
Perianth spreading, persistent, white or gr..eni.sh; stam - 6
liliform; ovary 3-lobed above; styles 3, short, reeiirved. Tufted
perennial herbs «ith short rootst.„,ks, „l,.nd..r, simple, erect stems
linear leaves clustered at the has,., and flowers in a terminal raceme
or spike.

c

18

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

1. T. glutindin, (Mirhx.) INth.

Sti-rii 4-16 in. hJRh, puhi-sreiit, coverfd with dark glanda, and sticky to
tourh; l<!;iv('rt short, linear; wood:* with a cnioked tail at each end. Cold
boRs and borders of mountain streams or lakes. From Hudson Bay west-
ward, and in tho Rocky Mts., and valleys of streams flowing eastward.

0. caloch6rtus.

Perianth sopmonts narrow, separate, tho three outer sepal-like,
the three inner petal-like, bearded or spotted, and glandular within;
stamens 0, hypogenous; ovary 3-colled; stigmas 3, recurved;
seeds flat. Perennial herbs from coated corms, with narrowly linear
leaves and large showy flowers.

1. C. NuttaUii, T. and G.

Stem '.i-V2 in. high, few-leaved, usually branched; leaves narrowly linear,
the lowest Kenerally. with a bulblet in tho axil; flowers, white, purplish, or
yellowi.sh, yellow within, with a gland at the base of each petal. Foothills
of Rocky Mts.

7. Allium. Onion.

Perianth of 6 colored sepals, distinct or but slightly united, and
often persistent when dry; stamens 0, filaments frequently dilated
at the base; stylo persistent, thread-like, and stigma only slightly,
if at all, 3-lobed; capsule 3-valved. Strong-scented herbs from a
coated bulb, with round scape-like leavtss and flowers in a simple
umbel, some of the flowers being frequently replaced by bulblets.

1. A. Schcendprasum, L.

Scape H-2i) in. high, i tthcr stout; bulbs narrowly ovoid, clustered, and
fibrous-coatod; unil)el globular, many-flowered; flowers rose-purple; seg-
ments of the perianth lanceolate. Moist places, Man.-Aita.

2. A. steliatum, Ker.

Scape 0-15 in. high, slender, rather stiff above; bulbs narrowly ovoid,
usually solitary, membranous-coated; leaves somewhat flat; umbel several
or many-flowered, erect; flowers ro>?-pink; segments of the perianth ovate.
Prairie, Man.-Alta., widely distributed, but never plentiful.

3. A. cirnuum. Roth. Noduinu Wild Onion.

Scape slender, 8-20 in. high; bulbs usually clustered, not fibrous-coated ;
leaves mostly shorter than the scape, flat o' grooved; unilit^l many-flowered,
noddintr; flowers white or pink; segments of the perianth ovate. Prairies.
Man.-Alta.

LILIACE^

19

4. A. reti:ulttum, Don.

Scape 3-H in. hi«h;

fibroa; unilK'!
Man.-Alta.

bulb usuaU.v military. ciivrriTl with a network i,l
iil-flowercd; flowers wliitu or iiinkisli. Dry prairie.

.. DiSPORUM.
Perianth c,' (! pin^il d ciduou.s scgmonta; stamons (>, witli fila-
mpnts longer than tnt anthers, e.xserted; style slender; stigma
3-eIeft or entire; ovary 3-(«'ned, usually with 2 ovules in a cell;
berrj' red. Rather hairy liranching herbs from slender rootstooks,
with terminal drooping flowers.

1. D. trachycirpum, Wats.

Stem l-i; ft. luKh; leaves oval to lanecolatn. .seareely at all rordate-
flowers yellowish white; style 3-lohcd; berry leathery and roughened!
Poplar groves, Man.-Alta.

9. STR^PTOPUS. Twisted Stalk.
Periantli somewhat bell-shaped with the 0 separate segments
spreading or recurved, the inner 3 keeled; stamens G, filaments
short, anthers long and arrow-shaped; style slender, 3-cleft; ovary
3-celled, the ovulis in 2 rows in eaeh ceil. Branching h(Ths with
sessile, clasping, alternate leaves, and flowers solitary or in pairs
from the axils.

1. S. unplexifAlius, (L.) DC.

Stem glabrous, 1-2 ft. high, usually branehing below, from a short, stout
rootstock elosoly covered with fibrous roots; leaves large, pointed, glaucous
beneath, clasping, with a cordate base; flowers greenish white, the segments
of the perianth narrow; peduncles often J-flowered. Cool moist woods,
never plentiful, Man.-Alta.

2. S. rdseus, Michx.

ResembUng the former, but the leaves narrower and only slightly, if at
all, heart-shaped at the base, green on both sides; peduni-lea usually
1-flowered; flowers purple or rose-colored. Same range as i.reccding, but in
rather drier soil.

10. TRfLLroM. Wake Rohin.

Sepals 3, spreading, herbaceous, persistent; petals 3, colored,
withering ; stamens 6 ; ovary 3 or O-angled ; fruit a berry. Low
perennial herbs with simple stems springing from short root-
stocks, and bearing at the top awhori of 3 broad net-veined leaves,
and a large terminal flower im a fairly long |>edunch..

I'il

II

20

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

1. T. cirnuum, L.

Flower white, ttirniiiKPink; petals recurved ; pedunelo curved downward
BO that the flower i.i u»4Ually hidden by the lurRO foliaKe leaves. May or
June. Moiat woods. Man.

11. POLYGONATDM. Solomon'h Seal.

Perianth 6-lobe<l; stamens (i, inserted about the tnichlle of the
tubular pjTianth, inclu(le<l; ovary .•{-<Hllod with two ovules in each
nell; styh^ slender, jointed, and easily dropping off at (he joint;
berry black in our species. Perennial herbs with simple stems from
knotted rootstocks, bearing nearly sessile or half-<dasping simple
leaves; flowers axillary, greenish, nodding, on jointed pedicels.
1. P. commutltum. (R. ami S.) Dietr. Gheat .Solo.mon'» .Seal.

Stem stout. 1-4 ft. hiRh; leaves ovate, elaspiuR below, sessile or nearly so
alM»ve; peduncle several-flowered. Wooded river hanks. Man. and west-
ward.

12. sm!lax.

Leaves simple, Jirominently ril)be<l, jMftioled, net-veined; flowers
diceeious; perianth segments similar, separate, deciduous, greenish
yellow; stamens of pistillate flowers on the ba-se of the perianth;
ovary in fertile flowers .'i-celled, with 1 or 2 ovules in each cell;
stigma almost sessile; inflorescence an umbel on an axillary pe-
duncle; fruit a b.rry. Shrubby or hiTbaraious plants with tendrils
on the petioles.
1. S. herbicea, L. Carrion Flower.

Stem herbaceous, often tall and elinibinf;; leaves ovate, smooth, 7-9-
nerved; peduncles usually exeeediiiK the leaves; fltjwers carrion-scented;
berries black with a bloom. Rich woods and thickets, Man. and Sask.

13. ERYTHRONIUM. Dootooth Violet.
Flowers large, nodding, usually solitary ; peri-
anth of 6 separate, narrow, colored, recurved
segments, each with a gland or groove, and some-
times two short projections at the base ; style
long, 3-cleft at the apex ; capsule oval or elliptical,
l}-celled with several st«)ds in a cell. Low herbs
from deep-st*ated corms or bulbs, and bearing
2 leaves at or near the base.
1. E. pMrTifldrum, (Wats.) Gooding.

Segments of the perianth bright yellow, greenish at
the base, strongLv recurved : anthers white or yellow-
ish. (K. grandiflt^rum, var. parvifl6rum Wats.) a subalpine species.
Rocky Mta.

Fig. 14. — Ery-
thronium gran-
diflorum.

AMARYLLIDACE-E — IRIDACE^

21

2. E. grandifldnim, Piiri^h.

Ri'scmbling tin- preceding but with liirK(.T flowerii and purple alithfTH.
Rocky Mt8.

14. CLINTONIA

Perianth divisions similar, deciduous; anthers attaohod mar Uic
centre. Stcmles,s or short-stemmed herbs witli flowers in umlK'ls iin
a scape sheathed by the bases of the 2-4 large oblong leaves.
1. C. borralis, (Ait.) Ruf.

Flowcr.s Kri-<>iiish yrllow in tcrminul itr latrnil unibcls ; scape 4-10 in.
long ; fruit a blue berry, fool woods, E. Man.

XV. AMARYLLIDACEiE {Amaryllis F.^mily).
Bulbous herbs with flat linear root leaves, closely resembling
Liliac^effi, except that the periantli is adherent to the ovary and the
flowers are usually borne on a s<!aiH'.

1. HYp6xIS. Stab Grass.

Perianth spreading, withering, persistent in fruit; seed globular.
Small stemless herbs with grass-like leaves and a few-(lowered scape.
1. H. hirsiits, (L.) C'oville. Yellow Star CIrass.

Leaves lonRer than the Hcai>e: perianth hairy, greenish outeide, yellow
within. Moist prairie, Man. and .Sa.'*k.

XVI. IRIDACEjE (Irls I-'amily).

Herbs with equitant, 2-ranked, lin(-ar leaves anil perfect flowers;

parts of the perianth petal-like, the tube adnate to the ;j-<«'lled ovary;

stamens 3, distinct, with e.\torse anthers. Perennials from fibrous

roots or rootstocks; flowers front a spathe of 2 or more leaves.

1. Iris. Klkur-de-lls. Plao.

Flower tube prolonged above the ovary, stamens distinct, the
anthers sheltered by arching, somewhat petal-like branches of the
styli:. Perennials with sword-.sliaped leaves and large! showy flowers.
1. I. versicolor, L. Larue Blue Flau.

Stem stout, angled on one side; leaves glaucous: fruit large, triangular
flowers blue, variegated with greon, yellow, and white towards the centre.
Wet ground, E. Man.

2. SISYRiNCHIUM. Blue-eyed Grass.
Perianth spreading; fruit globular, 3-angled. Low, slender
perennials with grass-like leaves and 2-winged stems; flowers from
a 2-leaved spathe.

I

22

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

1. S. uguitifAlium, Mill.

Stems 1-12 in. high, atiff, gluucous, distinctly winRcd; flowers bright blue
Moist prainc, Mnn.-Alta.

2. S. nptentiiaiUle, Birknell.

Rosonibira the preceding but very much smaller, with relatively larger
capsules. Moist prairie, Maii.-Alta.

3. S. mucroafttum, Michz.

More tulted than S. angustitolium, and altogether more slender, with
narrower leaves and stem very .^lightly winged : spathe often red or purple •
bracts thu,, the outer sl,.nder and much prolonged, enclosing the inner and'
more scarous bracts at the base ; flowers deep blue. Man.-Alta.

4. S. campiitre, Bicknell.

Resembling S. mucronituni but stiffer, the stem not winged th, „
more one-sided ; flowers pale blu.. or white; the ont.T hraet n.>t greatly
longnl. about twice the Icnptn of the iuuer, not clasping the other brae
the base. Prairies, H. Man.

spathe
pro-
bracts at

XVII. ORCHIDACEiE

(Ohchid Family).

Purennial herbs with porfcet but jK-cmliarlv imgular flowers
Perianth usually of 6 divis; ,ns, hut somotimes apparently only of
5, the tlu-oe outei mostly of the same color and texture as the inner
Of the mner divisions one called the lip differs from the others in
shape, and is frequently prolonged backwards into a spur This
hp 18 really the upper petal, but in our sp<wies, owing to a half turn
m the pedicel or ovary, it appears to be the lower. Rising from the
base of the lip is the column, composed of one or two stamens with
sometimes the rudiments of a third, variously joined to the stylo
The anther, usually single, is 2-oelled, each cell containing the pollen
masses or grains; stigma rough and sticky; fruit 1-celled with 3
valves. A very large family containing many beautiful flowers.

1. CYPRIPiDIUM. Lady's Slipper.

Lip large and inflated; ? fertile stamens, one on each side of the
column, and each bearing a 2-cellod anther; pollen loose and
pulpy or granular, but not in masses. On the upper side of the
column there is a somewhat petal-Uke sterile stamen. Flowers
mostly solitary n^d showy.

ORCHIDACE^

23

Flowvrs yoHow.

1. C. ptrnfl jrum, Siili»li. Small Yellow Lady's SLirPER.

Sti'iii N-15 in. hixli. leafy. 1 .icverul-flnwiTwl; thf ciutiT ilivi»ioii» of the
perianth liurpli.sh, and tiie lip stronKl.v marked with |)iiriili»li »pnf.s iir line.i,
and not as niueli inflated aH in the next apccies; u.'<ually slinlitly fraKrunt.
Luw woods. Man.-.\lta.

2. C. pub<>cens, (VVilld.) Knight. Lakuer Yellow Ladv'h Slipi-eh.
Soniewliat larger than the preeeding. more hairy, and with l.-irRer lip leas

strongly marked with purple; often growing in clusters. Low woods or
moist jtrairie, Man.-.\lta.

Flowers pink,
a. C. hirsutum, Mill. Showy Lauy'm Slipper.

Stem stout, leafy, 1-1! ft. high, hirsute, usually in elumps; leaves ovate,
.■<e,,als rounded, rather longer than the iii-tals; lip oblong, mueli inflated,
white marketl with rrimson. (C. ipectahiU: Salisb.) Moist woods. MaiL

4. C. passerlnum. Uiehards,

Stem (i-10 in. high, softly puheseenl; leaves lanceolate; upper sepal nearly
circular, yellowish; lip globular, pink, spotted with crimson at the base.
Wooded valleys of foothills of Rocky Mts.

2, HABENARIA.

Flowers small, greenish in our speeics, arranged in a spike or
raeeme, each in the axil of a hraot; lip entire or toothed, but not
fringed in any of our siieoies; pollen in masses.

1. H. bractelta, (Willd.) R. Br.

Stem rather stout ; lip 2 or .'J-toothed at the apex, more than ', *-ice the
length of the spur; flower bracts 2-4 times the length of the tlowera. Moist
thickets, Man.-Alta.

2. H. hyperbdrea. (L.) R. Br.

Stem more slender than the preceding; lip entire, lanceolate, curved
upward, and about the same length as the spur; flower bracts not projecting
above the flower. Cold moist woods or bogs, Man.-Alta.

a

M

n

3. 6RCHIS.

Sepals and petals almost equal; lip spurred at the base, turned
downward to join with the l>ase of the eolumn; pollen in coarse
waxy grains eohering in two largo masses; leaves 1 or 2; flowers
pink, in a raceme.

ir'

24

8ELKCTED WESTERN FLORA

!■ O. rotundif6U«. Hanks.

StemlcB!!; leaf Buiitarv scano 4-H .„ t- i. n
Mofat wood, and bank. Alia **■■ "'""'" "'"''• «P 3-lobed

4. EPIPACTIS. Rattlesnake Plantain

dark gr^enl'-sometLr :: ,M itl ^^ a"« 1 " """"" "'
and a .ape bearing a raceme „, tSh'Zny ^^L"""'"^'-
I. E rtp..., (LO Crantz ,■ var, opWold... (Fcrnald), A. A. Eaton

5. CALfPSO.

1- C. bulbtu, (L.) OakM.

narrow, (r^'satb , B ";'"' "' ■^"''"""'^ P"""^ -"d -'■«'

oreo.M, saiisb.) Bogs and niOBsy woods, Rocky Mts.

6. LISTfiRA.

Sj-pals and petals nearly alike, spreadinR- lin 2-lnhed ^r^ ■

1. 1. conTiUarioldes, (Sw.) Torr.

flowergreeniJrye^o'w ^Th It i"""™ *'-"= l""™^^ '-™» ™«"h, ovate;
«ood8, Rooky Uf "^ "■"' """"' '''°"" """> ""= "P- Ri-'h

7. SPIRlNTHES. Ladies' Tresses.
Iht^aiZ""'"^"' ^""'i*' """ "PP*^ ^"P"' """"1 'rit.J. the petals

BALICACE^

26

stigma on tho front and tho anther on the back; pollen massps 2.
Sk'ndtT hcTlis from flinhy or tuberous roots bearing spikes of small
spurless flowers in 1-3 more or less spirally twisted rows.

1. S. RwmanzofllAna, Cham.

.Stem 3-15 in. high, leafy below and hractcd above; leaves uhluliR to
linear; scape pubescent above; epike dense, the flowers appeurinR iii several
rows; flowers yellowish white, the Up constricted near the middle, and tho
apei recurved. Wet places, Man.-Alta.

2. S. grlcUis, (Bigel.) Beck.

Stem slender, s in.-2 ft. high, from a cluster of spindle-shaped tuberous
roots; flowers white with a greenish lip, fragrant, in a single row, usually
spirally twisted around the axis. Open woods and grassy slopes, N. Man.,
westward an<l northward.

8. CORALLORRHlZA. Coral I{oot.
Perianth gaping, very slightly spurred, the .sepals and petals
colored alike. Reddish or yellowish saprophytic herbs, without
gre»'n loaves, springing from branehed and knotted rootstooks;
flowers in a raceme and about the color of tho stem.

). C. trfSda, Chatelain.

Stem rather slender, 4-12 in. high, glabrous, yellowish, with a tew scales;
lip whitish without red nuirkings, notched at tho apei, and a .small toolh
on each side near the base ; spur obscure. Cool, moist woods, Man. -.Vita.

2. C. macullta, Kaf.

Stem stouter than the preceding, (i-ls in. high, clothed with .si^veral
Bcalcs, reddish purple; lip white, spotted or marked with red, deeply S-lohed,
the middle lobe broad, rather square, and curved downward at the apei.
Red River Valley at Winnipeg.

CLASS II. DICOTYLEDONE^,
Nct-veincd leaves, exogenous stems, and dicotyledonous seeds.

I '1

H

XVIII. SALICACF,flS (WiLLo\v F.t.MiLy).

DicBcious trees or shrubs with both kinds of flowers in catkins,
without perianth, and each in a bract or scale; fruit a pod, 1-colled
and 2-4-valved, with numerous seeds furnished with long, silky
down; stigmas 2; leaves alternate, stipulate, the stipules often
deciduous or scale-like.

26

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

1. SALIX. Willow.
Sterile flowers Sf..n..™lly „f 2 n.or,. ..r l..s, ,|istin«l sta.n,.,» with
1 or 2 «nall glandn at the l,u»e; fertile flowers ,. Hin^le „i„i wi7h •'

»hrul,» wMh long »up,.l.. hranehes, lo„„, poi„t..,l and entin ^v e
and ealk.ns usually appearing befon. the leaves.

Fio. 15. — Catkin.s of n Willow.

A staminate flower ia shown at j*. and
a pistillate flower at p. The staini-
nate and pistillate are on different
plants.

Klo. Hi. — .Siilix
aiiiyKtlttloidt's.

Fin. 17. —
Salix lorit;!-
fuliu.

1. S. •mygdaloide., Anders. Peach-le.ivei. Willow

Lcivc, l„n,.,.„lato or ovato-lanetKilate, ,.al„ heneath, petioles slendt-r

2. S. longifSli., Muhl. Sand Bar Willow.

vn,!r™' ^"11 "'""i ""■■''""'■ ""'"""« "" "'"■'■ ""'• "'""^ "■■ i'^-x hairy when
young smooh and Kreon when older; „ip,„e., ,„,„a, deeidnous; eatkin"
slender, tisnally elustered at the ends of the hran.hes. A shrol, preadi^

flal: Ma'^AUa. """■ '"™''"' '""" '""'""'■ **"'"'>• »''"-= ^ '"'""^'
3. S. cindida, FlOgge. Saoe Willow.

Leave, oblong to lanceolate, somewhat rigid, downy atave when young
and dense y tomentos,. beneath, the margin almost ent re and turned mZ
oatktns ey indru-al, densely flowered : style and sta„„.ns red; eap.sX do^ely
whi e-woolly. A low shrub with hoary leaves, the voung sCs wWl.^
wooUy, becoming red when older. Cold bogs, Man -Alta

SAUCACEvE

27

4. S. cordit*. Miihl.

U'iivfs pulK'scciil „|i,.n yoiiiiK. •.l>li),iK.l,ii„.,.,il,iti'. Hornit.., urni.n on Ix.lh
«i.;i'» ..r paler iH^r.ratl., ,.,-ut.- ul (1... u|...x uiul Kulwi.r.li.f ul Hi.' I,,,,,.; sli,,,,!,.,

'"■■«'■ '"""■' "■"■"'"If. usually uiT»i«i™i: ratkins UM,.-ariiig l„.f„r,. tho

li'uv™, with two hructH at Hie haw, thi' »tiTili'
alwut 1 iu. loiiK, tho fiTtily iH'f-oniiriK nnich
lonxrr in Iruil ; alurnrns L"; stylo short. A
largo iihru'' <1 IJ (t. luKh. usually KrowinK in
clumps. Moiht pla<o.i, Man. .\lta /\}

Vni. in. — Salii
oundida.

Fl.i. I'.l.— Salix
<Ic-.ortoniin.

Flo. JU . — Sulii
cordata.

."». S. desertdrum. Hiohurds. Desert Willow.

Louvos oblonK to hin.oolato. taporinn to IxJth I'lids, pulwsoont at loast whilo
young, ontiro or nearly .so; stipules early di'eiiluoiis: catkins uppe.irinn with
the leaves, will, leafy liracts at th.' hase al,out i in. long; stamens a; stinnia
L'-clett; capsui .lensely tomcntose. A tall shruli with purpli.sh groen twigs.
»ry slopes. Cypress Hills to Hocky Mts., and northward.

2. POPULUS. Poi-i.An.

Flowers from an irregular oup-shapcil disk;
hracts irregularly out at the apex; stamens
8-60, distinct; stigmas 2 or 4, long; seed pods
2-4-valved; catkins appearing before the
leaves. Trees with broad, often heart-shaped
leaves on flattened petioles.

1. P. tremuloldes, Michx, Americ.\n Aspen.

A slender tree' with smooth greenish white hark;
leaves heart-shaped, sharp-pointed; petioles h)ng.
^lender, and flat. The rommoii ' white poplar ' of
the prairie region. Man.-Alta.

flu. 'Jl, — PopuIuB
tremuloides.

28

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

2. P. bdumlfm. L. Bauiam Poplar.

.J!;^"" '""' **""" ""■ ""•"«'">''• »■'"■ '»■" •'■"•k l>or„mi.,B roughor n, tho
troe in™.««» „, ,u,.; lm,l, lurgu ami ,m™r«l wi.h » fn«r,>„t „,«»; leuv,
ovHte-U„r„,lal,.. t„,„.r.,>.,i„t.„l. Th,. tr,., ,.,„„,„„„ly ,.h|1„| |,1,.,.u ,.,„1,„ ,„
Balm of („lo,.d, ,„„! w..ldy di.trilmt.cl over thr i.rairio «.«!„„. Ma„ Aim.

3. P. dtltoldti. Mai»h. CuTToH-WDoii.

A largo troe with vury ro,mh Imrk and l,ro,id d,.|<.,id hav™ „„ fl,„„.„,.,l
pctiolo, ofton ti„K,„l with rod; -tn.non, about (Kl; ,.,..ki,„ lo,«, ,.a«llv drop.
pinn. and .proadmg tho «.«!-, which. lH.i.,K f„r„i«hod with co,„„u» down
bocomo very noticcablo. Kivor valUya. Man.-Alta.

4. P. alba, L. White Poplab.

Loavr. oval, roarsoly .inuato. tooth,.,l, dona..|y whiti-w,„,llv wh.n young
boooming .nunith .ind dark urcii, ahovo. A
(air aiiiil troc with tho hranchin wliiti-woolly
whon younn; ofton sproading from thi' root.
Intniducrcl, but fnquontly used tor orna-
niontal pur|ioso» in Manitoba.

Flu. 22. — I'opulua alba.

XIX. bbtulAce.«

Flo. 23. — l>opulu» balsami-
fera (Western form).

(Birch Family).
Monoecious trees or shrubs with alternate simple leaves and decid-
uous stipules; the sterile flowers in calkins, the fertUe often in dense
oyUndrioal spikes; ovary 2-oelled; styles 2.

BETULA('E.E

29

Fio. 24. — Pr>i>ulu!4 doltoides.

1. c6rYLUS. Hazelnut.

Sterile flowers consisting of 8 stamima ami a pair of analy bracts,
in catkins in tlie axils of the branches of the preceding year; fertile
flowers clust«nKl in a ac*ly bud at the emls of the shoots, easily
recognized by the long, slender red stigmas appearing Uttore the
leaves in early spring; fruit a nut with much thicltcned coty-
ledons and enclosed in a leaf-like involucre. Shrubs with thin
douhle-tcMithed leaves folded lengthwise in the bu<i.

1. C. americinft, Walt. II.\zf.ln(JT.

Involucre i»f 2-t(M)tlied and somewhat distinrt liracts opening down to
and disclosing the Klolivilar nut. Tlii<-kctH, Man. and Sask.

2. C. rottrlti, Ait. Beaked H.^zelsut.

Bracts of the involucre united and prolonged alMjve the nut into a tubular
Ijcak densely covered with minute bristles; nut ovoid. Thickets, Man.-
Alta. •

2. 6STRYA. Ibonwood.

Sterile flowers in slender drooping catkins with several stamens in
the axil of each bract ; fertile dowers in shorter catkins, two in

I

H

•n

"" 8BLECTED WESTERN rLORA

1. O. Tirdailu, (Miller) Kooh.

3. BfiTULA. nmrn.

tlK' ratkiii, no rudimentary <,al.vx
l>ra<a ;Wo1m.<1; „var.v nakLdi iKw.ni-
ing a wing,.,! nutl,.t. Tn^'s or »hrul„
With smooth out,.r bark, separabl,.
into Hheeta.

1 B. »lb«, L. White o,- Canoe BiiiiH.
nran,l,l|.t» nn-,; l„„vc» ovuto, taiuT-
"« to a p<„„t. uniyiually d„uhly M-rrct..
iml,. gn'on Iwnnatli. .Ughlly hairv . „
tho vrins; fruiting ratkins gonerallv
■IroopinK mi sli^ndiT l)odun,.|o«. A siii;."
to nii'diuni-aijied graroful trco ir i.
raiiRL.. but the aju-rie^ vari<« widely. < ,
taiiiing many varieties ranging' fro,),
«hrul>H to largo trees. Acrosa tl,e <on-
tinent.

F.O. 2a.- Betula alba "' "• ""^' '- '''^"' ''"''''

\<iung branehlets and lower side...

TAOACEM

31

3. B. glaadttltea, Mifhx. Owahi- Hmi ii

Itriitii'lili-iNhnmii, riiiitcli.Kltirtiluhtr.
not |iiilM-Nr'riii, i-riTt : li-iivi'i mIkivuIh
(ir (irliii'tilur, cnurwly m-nitti- ilrniutc.
illnhntUH on )M>th i*u\vn uikI tiliinitiitur
iH'hi'iith; fniititiK ctitkin i>n>i>i. } In I
in. loiiK. A shriih J 1 ft. Iiiuh. tlml-
mm Hiiy to Itoi-ky Mts. itri<l ^niitliwunl
in tho TiiniinlainH iitifl fontliillH. Wlicn
ulpitiu (iftrn prorunilM-iit.

Fi(i. 2fl.— Betula
puniilu.

Flo. 'J7. — Ite-
tiila kIuikIu-

Fio. 2K. — AInuf* inranti.

4. ALNUS. Aldkh.

Sterile flowers with 4 or r> l>ra(^tl(>ts and usually 3 flowers to caoh
sfiale of the catkin, cmih flower with a .'K'Hparted calyx and the same
number of Mtamens; fertile catkins eyiimlrieat or ovoid, made up of
■leshy scales, with 2 or A flowers in ilie axil of eacli; ealyx of

bracts. Small tre«'s or shrubs usually (jrowinff in tOumps.

1. A. indna, (L.) Moeni^h. Ta« Aldkh.

Flowers developed Ix-fore the leiivt-rt; rutkiri.s duistcri'd; fruit winKU'».s;
leaves hnmdly ovate, serrate, or doubly w-Trate, di)Wiiy U'lii'utli. Hordera
o/ Htreanis or wet places, Maii.-Alta.

(3

n
B

Ml

XX. FAGACE^ (Beech Family).

Monoecious trpes or shrubs with altprnatc pinnatply-veined
leavos and deciduous stipules; sterile flowers in eutl<ins or clusters;
fertile flowers solitary or in small dusters; ovary ,{-7-<*lled ; ovules
1 or 2 in each cell, but only one ripeninR; styles S; the l-»eedod
nut at least partly enclosed in a hard covering composeil of more or
less united bracts.

Ir^

32

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

1. OnfRCUS. Oak.

Sterile flowers in slender naked oatkins; stamens 3-12; calyx

2-S-parted; fertile flowers not in oatkins but sometimes clustered;

ovary enclosed in a scaly cup-like involucre forming a fruit called

an acorn. Trees with heavy durable wood, rough bark, and usually

sinuate-pinnatifld leaves.

1. 0. macrocirpi, Mic-hx. Bcr Oak.

Leavof lyrately pinnntifid or deeply sinuate;
cup deep, ulnioat eiidusing the nut. and furnished
with a fringe of bristles around the edge. A
valuable tree in moist climates, but in our range
seldom reaching large size. Rich soil, Man. north
to Lake Winnipegosis and into eastern Sask.

Flu. 29. — Quercus ma-
crocarpa.

XXI. URTICACEiE (Nettle FAMiLr).
Herbs, trees, or shrubs, with alternate or opposite stipulate leaves
(stipules often deciduous) and monoecious, dioecious, or (in the elm)
perfect flowers; calyx free from the ovary; ovary 1 or 2-oelled
forming a 1-seeded fruit; stamens as many as the lobes of the
calyx.

1. CLMUS. Elm.
Flowers perfect; calyx 4-9-cleft, bell-shaped; sta-
mens 4-9, with slender filaments; ovary 1 or 2-celled
with a single ovule in each cell; fruit winged all
around. Trees with tough wood and rough scaly
bark.

1. U. americina, L. American White Elm.

Buds and branchleti smooth; leaves oliovate or oval,
abruptly pointed, soft-putwscent lieneath, and usually
oblique at the base; flowerf in close fascicles. A rough-
barked tree, usually with long spreading branches, and
often with drooping branchlets, much used for ornamental
purposes. Rich moist soil, especially along rivers, Man.
and E. Sask.

2. CELTIS. Hackberry.

Flowers moncBcious with sometimes a few perfect; calyx 5 or 6-

parted, persistent; stamens the same number as the calyx lobes;

ovary 1-oelled with a single ovule; stigmas 2, long, recurved; fruit

a drupe. Trees with large pointed leaves, very oblique at the base,

Fia.30. — Ul-
mua ameri-
cana.

URTICACEJS

33

and bark prominently marked by broken spiral layers of very much
thickened cork; flowers greenish, the fertile solitary or in pairs, the
sterile fascicled.

I. C. occidentftlis, L. Hackberrt.

Leaves ovate, pubescent, particularly beneath, usually taper-pointed and
oblique at the ba-se, variable in texture; fruit dark purple when mature,
edible. A tree with soniethinR the appearance of the elm, but easily distin-
Ruished by its larser leaves and the thickened bands of cork in the bark.
Very local and usually growing in colonies of fairly mature trees. The
south end of Lake Manitoba.

,iMi

i "ISI

n

Flo. 31. — Humuluii Lupulus.

3. HtMULUS. Hop.

Flowers dioecious, axillary, the sterile in long loose panieles, the fer-
tile in short spikes (hops) with foliaoeous bracts; calyx of sterile
flowers 5 sepals, that of fertile a single bract; stamens 5; fruit an

34

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

Rough, twining, perennial

aohene enclosed by the large oalyx scale,
herbs.

1. H. LJlpttlui, L. Common Hop.

Leaves 3-5-lobed; the calyx of the fertile flowers sprinkled with some-
what resinous grains niving it a peculiar (hop) aroma. Moist places, Man.
north to Lat. 53", and westward in river valleys.

4. DRTtCA. Nettle.
Flowers monoocious or di(Bcious, in clusters; in sterile flowers
sepals 4, stamens 4; in fertile flowers sepals 4, in pairs, the 2 outer
smaller, spreading, the two inner enclosing the flattened aoheno
Herbs with opposite leaves, greenish flowers, and armed with
stinging hairs.

1. n. grtcUis, Ait.

Perennials; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, serrate; flowers in loose
pamcles; sparingly armed with stinging hairs. Moist ground, Man.-Alta.

2. U. diiica, L. Stindino Nettle.

Resembling the preceding hut stouter, the leaves on shorter petioles and
the stems densely beset with coarse stinging hairs. Introduced, but fre-
quently found in waste places about towns.

XXII. SANTALACE.fi (Sandalwood Family).
Herbs, shrubs, or trees (in our species somewhat woody herbs)
with entire leaves; oalyx4or 5-cleft, its tubecolierent with the 1-oelled
ovary; ovules 2-4, suspended from the top of the column of a free
central placenta; fruit indehiscent, and only 1-seeded, owing to all
the ovules not developing.

I. COMAndRA. Bastard Toad-flax.

Calyx urn-shaped, erect, having a disk adhering to the base-
anthera connected by hairs to the calyx tube. Smooth perennial
herbs from a woody base, with alternate leaves and greenish flowers.
1. C. RichardlUnt, Fernald.

Rootstock spreading near the top of the ground
high; leaves lanceolate, ascending ' "
■oil, Man. and Sask.

.. stems leafy, 4-10 in.

inflorescence a sort of corymb. Dry

2. C. pUUdt, A. DC.

Leaves linear or nearly so, glaucous, acute.
Alta.

Dry soil, S. Man. and Sask.-

POLTGONACEiE

35

3. C. Uviilt, Richards.

Stems slender. 4-10 in. hiRh; leaves nval. thin, short-petioled; c.vnies
axillary, not numerous, and few-fl<iwered ; fruit red. Rliihular. the ealyi
teeth persisting as a crowi . Hogs and mountains, N. Man.-Altn.

XXIII. POLYGONACE.ffi (Buckwheat Family).

Herbs with alternate entin> leaves and stipules sheathing the
stem above the swollen joints; flowers perfect, usually with per-
sistent calyx; ovary l-celled with 2 or 3 styles or stigmas, one-
seeded; fruit usually a a or 4-angled aohene.

1. RtTMEX. DorK.
Calyx of 6 sepals, the thret> inner slightly colored and enclosing
the 3-angled aehene; stamens 6; styles 3. Coarse herbs with loose
racemes of small dull-colored flowers.

1. R. vendsui, Pursh.

Stems 1-2 ft. high from a creeping rootstoek; leaves ohlong to lanee(,iate,
petioles slender, stipules dilated; ruecme short and dense, appearing pink
in fruit from the color of the sepals enclosing the aehene. Light soil, W.
Sask.

2. R. occidentUis, Wats.

Stems stout, erect, 2-4 ft. high. u.sually tinged with purple; leaves large;
sepals enclosing the aehene large and blunt-pointed. Damp alkaline soil
Man.-Alta.

3. R. persicuioIdcB, L. Golden Dock.

Stem 8 in.-2 ft. high branched, finely pubescent; leaves linear to lanceo-
late, wavy on the margin, the lower heart-shaped at the base; inner sepals
with 2 or 3 spines on the back. Wet alkaline soil, Man.-Alta.

4. R. mezicinus, Meisn.

Erect; leaves lanceolate to ohlong, i)ale,
glaucous; panicle strict, dense; calyx brown.
.'Vlkaline soil, Man.-Alta.

5. R. tcetosiUa. L. Sheep Sorkel.

Stem low, 6-10 in.; leaves, or at least
the lower ones, halberd-shaped, sour to the
taste; sepals not sufficiently enlarged to en-
close the aehene, dull reddish in fruit. Sandy Flu. 32. — Rumex aceto-
Boil, introduced. sella.

t i

■rt

M

36

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

2. POLtGONUM. Knotgrass.
Calyx mostly 5-parted, the divisions often petal-like, and usually
withering; styles or stigmas 2 or 3; acheno angled according to the
number of stigmas. Slender or prostrate herbs usually
from fibrous roots.

1. P. aviculftre, L. Knotorass.

Leaves sniuU, lanceolate, with the flowers in the axils; arijuls

small, Krecn with pink Iwrdors; stamens 5 or 8. Slender or
prostrate herbs of u liluish green '-olor fomiiutE a mat
on the ground. Very common around dwellings ; iutro*
duced.

2. P. amphlbium, L.

Stem slender, ascending or prostrate; leaves ellip-
tical to lanceolate; pike dense; flowers bright rose-pink.
Aquatic herbs but
continuing to grow in
the mud after the
water has dried up;
the leaves iong-pcti-
oled. floating, and the
spikes of rose-eolorcd
flowers protruding
from the surface of

the water or standing erect above the decumbent or prostrnte sterna.

Man.-Alta.

Fio. 33. — Polygonum avieulare.

3. P. ConT61vulus, L. Wild Bcckwheat or Black Bindweed.

A twining or procumbent annual with slightly halberd-shaped leaves and
irregular racemes of small whitish flowers; achene 3-angledt black. A
common introduced weed.

4. P. Tivfparum, L.

Stem low, simple, glabrous, erect, from a rorm-like rootstock; root leaves
oblong, petioled, cordate; stem leaves linear or lanceolate, sessile; raceme
terminal, strict, rather di;nse, with some dark-colored bulblets just below
the base. Swampy places, W. Altu.

3. £RI6gONUM.

Calyx G-parted, colored, persistent; stamens 9, on the calyx;
styles 3; achene triangular. Mostly perennial herbs with the
flowers on short pedicels mixed w^ith narrow chaffy bracts, and sur-
rounded by a 4-R-lobed involucre.

CHENOPODIACE.B

37

E. flivum, Nutt.

Hteni ttiniplo or tufted, woody, nioro or Iohh rrocpinKi srapo L*-10 in. hiRh,
erert; leaves linear to oblong, rrowded on the short stem: the whole plrnt
white-wof^ly throuKhout; flowors 'n heads surrounded liy an involucre,
the heads arranged in an umbel w.th leaf-like bracts at the baae. Dry
gravelly ridges, \V. Man.-Altn.

XXIV. CHENOPODlACEiE (Goosefoot Family).

Coarse and Honn^what sut'oulcnt hcrhs with altttrnato rxstipulato
leaves and minute (jrwnish flowers; ealyx U-Vparted. or of a single
sepal, or wanting; stamens about as inany as the lobes of the
oalyx; ovary 1-eeIled becoming a 1-seeded iilrielo mostly enelosed
by the persistent calyx. A family euntuiaing many of our most
prevalent weeds.

1. CHENOPdDIUM. Goosefoot.

Calyx 5-parted, enclosing the fruit; stamens mostly 5; styles
2 or 3; seed with its longest diameter a<Toss the flower. Weedy
plants, generally more or less covered with a white mealiness; con-
taining many weeds, mostly introduced.

1. C. capititum, iL.) Aach. Strawberry Bute.

Stem aseending, liranrhed; leaves triangular to halt>rrd-shaped and sin-
uate-toothed; flower spikes interrupted, the calyx becoming fleshy in fruit,
making the spike look like clumps of strawtierries. Moist sandy soil.
Man.-Alta.

1

r>

2. C. rQbrum, L. Coast Bute.

Stem G-18 in. high, angled, much branched; leaves rather thick, not
mealy, pointed at both ends — the upper lUmoat linear — sparingly and
coarsely toothed; calyx loI)es 2-5, somewhat fleshy, turning dull red in fruit;
stamens 1 or 2 ; flower clusters scattered in leafy spikes in the axils of the leaves ;
seed black, shiny. Alkaline soil, Man.-Alta.

3. C. htimile. Hook.

Resembling the preceding but dwarf, with somewhat spatulatc leaves.
Alkaline marshes, Man.-.\lta.

4. C. hybridum, L. Maple-leaved Goohefoot.

Stem erect, widely branched, l-.'J ft. high; leaves thin, somewhat tri-
angular, taper-pointed, the margin with a few larj^e pointed tcrih; racemes
loose, leafies-i; cilirTC not cnvcring the fruit. Wiiate places, Mrtn.-.\lta,

II

38

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

■>. C. fUficum, L. Oak-leaved GootiErooT.

Stum low. «prco(liiiK. iiii-aly; IcavcM ohlong, pale
Ixncuth. Kinimti'ly-toothed; flowiTa in aniull nxillary
»pikcs. Waste plarm and alkaline soil, MaM.-Alta.

6. C. Album, L. Lamb'h Quartbhs, Piuwced.

Erei't, 1-4 ft. hixli. KeiuTulLv nicaly; loaves valT-
illR fnini almost linear aliove to ovate U'low. the
lower aMKular-tootlied: flowiT ('lusters dense: IoIh's
of the ealyx i-overinK the seeds. \ eonimnn weed in
eultivated Kround.

2. AXYRIS

Flowers moniBoious ; sterile very small with
a-'j-parted oalyx and 2-.") .stamens, fertile with
3-J-parted calyx, 2 stigmas and flattened ovary,
rather hairy and arranged below the sterile;
utriole enulosed in the perianth.

1. 'A. uUTUtoIdm, L. Rdbsian Pigweed.

Erert, 1-2J ft. high, slightly puheseent, mueh
branehed; leaves ovate to laneeolate, mostly entire,
on slender petioles; flowers in dense leafy elusters
the minute staminato ones towards the ends of the
stems ; fruit oval, flattened ; seed hlaek hut not shiny

An unsightly we,«l in waste plaees about towns in Man., and extending

westward along the railways.

3. Atriplex.

Herbs resembling the last genus cxeept that the flowers are mo-
noeeious or dioecious, the sterile resembling the flowers of the Che-
nopodium, with an undovelop<.d pistil, the fertile eonsisting of a
naked pistil enclosed by a pair of bra<!ts which become enlarged in
fruit; the long axis of the seed lengthwise with the flower.

1. A. irgintea, N'utt.

Low, mueh branehed, gray-scurfy; leaves varying fro.n deltoid to hastate-
sterile flowers in tcrmin.al spikes, the fertile in axUlary elusters; braets of the
fertile flowers united, with their margins toothed or wavy. Waste plaees
Man.-Alta. '

2. A. Nutttllii, Wats.

A whitish or pale green seurfy shrub 1-2 ft. high, with rather stiff, ercet
branehes; leaves linear to oblong or oblanceolate; flowers in dense clusters

Flo. U. — Cheno-
podium album.

AMARANTHACE^ 39

along short uQUry brunches; rruiting bractlcts toothed or spiny. Dry
or ttlkuline soil, W. Susk. ulid Alta.

3. A. ptlula, L. ; vnr. huttU, Gray.

Annual, croet or sprrading, 1-2 ft. tall, pale green nr slightly seurfy;
leaves on sleniler piaiiiles, the lower lirmuUy triurig- hir, the upper lanceolati' ;
flowers in interrupted leafy spikes; fruiting lirartlets often tutereled!
Margins of alkaline sloughs, Man.-Alta.

4. HONdLEPIS.
Flower small, calyx of one cntiri' bruet-liko fleshy sepal; utricle
somewhat flattened, containing a very much flattened seed.

1. M. NuttaUlina, (R. and .S.) Wats.

Stem l>ralieheil from the base, the lower branehe.i often n'sling on the
ground, pulir green, ver>- slighiiy. if at all, mealy; lower leaves hastate,
passing aljove into leaf-like braets. Alkaline soil, Man.-.\lta.

5. SALSOLA. Saltwort.
Flowers perfect; calyx .'>-parted ; stamens r,; styles 2. Branching
herbs with fleshy linear leaves, at least while young, and sessile
axillary flowers.

S. KAli, L. Common Saltwort.

Annual diffusely branehed ; leaves alternate, awl-shaped, becoming stiff
and priekle-pointed. Var. Tenuilolia, G. F. W. Moy, Russian Thistle, intro-
duced from Europe, has become a most troublesome weed.

XXV. AMARANTHACEiE (Amara.nth Family).

Coarse weedy plants very mu5h resembling the preceding family
except that the flower is enclosed in a numlxT (usually 3) of dry
persistent bracts, which often change color, making tho plant
showy. Mostly tropical.

H

1. AMARANTHUS. Amaranth.
Bracts surrounding the flower 3; stamens 2-r>, separate; stigmaa
2 or 3; fruit dry, containing one black shiny seed. Coarse annual
weeds, or, in one case, an ornamental plant, owing to the coloring of
the bnicts.

40

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

1. A. ratroflfiui, h. Uedhout Piuwekd.

Rough, Ijuljcaicnt; leaves ovate, long-petioled ;
flowers in a spike made large and somewhat rigid by
the presenee of the stiff sharp-pointed hroeU. A
common weed in eultivateil ground.

XXVI.

NYCTAGINACEiE

Family).

(Four-o'clock

Fio, as. — Ama-
ranthus retroflexus.

Herbs with oppositfi entire Ipavps, stems
swollen at the joints, and ealyx nolored like a
corolla, the persistent base beeoming restrieted
above the 1-nelled ovary forming a nut-lil>e fruit.

1. OXfBAPHUS.
Calyx tube short; stamens 3, hypogenous;
style filiform with a somewhat elub-shaped
stigma; fruit several-angled. Perennial herbs
with rose-colored flowers, ,S-.') in a cluster, sur-
rounded by a saucer-shaped involucre.

O. nycUgfntul, (Miehx.) Sweet.

Stem smooth or nearly so; leaves ovate, petiolate except at the top; in-
Boreseeneo axillary, <-on»i9ting of a single cluster in each axil liclow, hut
becoming crowded alx)ve; i volucro broad. Sandy shores, local and rare
Wood End, Souris River, (Dawson) Delta, Man.

O. Uniktui, (Pursh) ,Sweet.

Stem glandular, hairy, lanceolate, sessile or nearly so; fruit not so sharply
angled as the preceding. Dry sandy plains, local but more fre<iuent. (•.and
HUls along the Red River Valley, Qu'Appellc Valley, sandy pin es W. Sask.

XXVII. CARYOPHYLLACEjE (Pink Family) .

Herbs with opposite entire leaves; stems swollen at the joints;
flowers with or without petals, 4 or 5-merous; stamens distinct,'
never more than twice the number of the sepals, and arranged either
on the receptacle or on the corolla; styles 2-5; fruit a 1-5-oelled
pod with the seeds attached around the base of the central column.
A large family containing a few more or less troublesome weeds and a
large uuinber of our most beautiful cultivated flowers.

CABYOPHYLLACEiB

41

1. STBUARIA. CnirKWEED.

Sepals 4 or 5; petals when present white, deeply 2-flleft so as
frequently to l(M)k like 10 p»'tals; Btamens not more than 10; styles

3. Low annual or p<>rennial plants with white star-shaped (lowers.

I. S. boretUs. Iligel.

Stems wcuk, roilinini!, niuny limra (orkrd, mid ending in Icify cynioa ot
small und iiiionsiiieumis flowers. Dump shiidy plueea, Mun.-.Vltu.

1!. S. I6ngipes, (ioldie.

Kri..l (,r nearly sii. 4-10 in. IukIi, ulal.rnus: leaves linear to luneeolate.
gradmUly narriminn from near tin- hase. shininn: irifl..res(i-nic lerminal;
pud iivoid, protruililm iKTond the sepals, dark. shiuinK. Ury soil, Man -
Alta.

.3. S. longifdlia, Muhl. Lono-leaved STixrHwoRT.

Stem erect, weak. Renerolly roughened on the angles.
G-15 in. high; leaves linear, taptired at Isith ends;
infloreseenee a leafy eyme; fruit pale. Damp grassy
plaees, Man. -Alta., not eommon in our range.

4. S. midis, (L.) Cyrill. roMHox Chickweed.
Low, annual, or sometimes living over winter; stem

hairy in lines; leaves ovate, some on hairy |H>tioles;
petals 2-eleft and shorter than the calyx. An in-
troduced weed becoming common on neglected lawns
and other waste places, where it forms n close mat on
the ground, smothering out the grass.

Flo. 30. — .■<tellaria
media.

■■i Ml

i.'

2. CERAsTIUM. MonsE-EAB Chickweed.

Sepals r, (4 in one species); petals the same number as the
sepals, notched at the apex but not deeply oleft; styles as many as
the sepals and opposite to them; pod 1-cellod.

1. C. UYintt. L. Field Chickweed.

Flowering stems erect or nearly so and almost destitute of leaves; the
other stems ascending, leofy; leaves linear to lanceolate, usually hairy;
petals much longer thon the calyx. Dry places, common, Man.-yVlta.

2. C. vulgfttum, L. Common Mouse-ear Chickweed.

Stem low. spreading, densely viscid-pubescent; leaves ovate to spatulate ;
flowers clu-stered. and pedicels longer than the calyx. An introduced door-
yard weed, but not yet very common in the West.

U

42

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

3. A0R0ST£MMA. Corn Coc«iji.

Calyx .'Voleft, the long narrow diviaioiu muoh ex-
'%-^ ceeding th« h large petals ; HtamonH 10; HtylcH 5 op.
S=ns posit,, the p<.talH. Soft-hairy annual or biennial

herbs w^iiurring in grain orop«.

1- A. OithlfO, L. PlIRPLI: CoCKLB.

Erc.t. 1-:J ft. liigh, littli' if ttt i>ll bmiirhnd ; l™vp» linoac
or iiiBrly w. ; fl.,w,.r» l.irgp, «nlitary. imrpliih r-il <ift,.ii
ii|."lt«l with blaik. u.kI i>nl<T t..w.ir.l» the cntrf .,f the
Huwirs. A fairly ciimmmi i'itrii<liii!i.<l wi«l in (-ultivHr-i

rr(i|»

4. SILfiNE. CATi'HrLV or (Campion.

Calyx S-toothcd, usually strongly marked with
not less than 10 nerves; stamens 10; styles ;(; flowers
mostly solitary or in cymes, but ooeasionally ra-
eemose.

Flo. 37.— Calyx not inflated.

AftroHtumma , «

githugo. '• »• "ocUfldri, L. NniHT-FLowERiNo CATCHrir.

Stem tiill: lowor luav™ lurgo ami sctiipwhat siiatulale.
upper smallBr ami narrower; both Mteni and leavi^s visei,|-pulH.»eenf flowers
few, larije. white or pinliiah, sw.H.t-secnted, and ope-ing at night ' A field
weed in cultivated ground, introdueeil.

2. S. MtnziisU, Houk.

Stem low, weak, forked-branched; petals 2.clc ., flowers small, white in
leafy cymes. N. Man.-Alta.

Calyx much inflated.

3. S. latifUia, (Mill.) Britten and Rcndlo. Buddbr Campion.

Stem weak, growing in plumps, glaucous; leaves oppo.sit,.. ovate-lance-
olate; calyx much inflated ; petals 2-clef t. An introduce,! weed occasionally
found about dwellings.

5. LtCHPnS. Campion.

Closely resemWing SilSne but with 5 stylos, and the pod ooenine
with 10 teeth. ' •- »~ s

1. L. Uba, Mill. Wbitb Cooiclb.

Leaves ovate to oblong; flowers white, opening in the evening, A
biennial weed m cultivated ground distinguished from Sil^ne noetiflora bv
Its 5 styles.

PORTULACACEiV

43

6. ARBITXRIA. Sandwort.

SepaUA; potaUT), not nntnbiidat thxapcx: Ktamcn 10; iitylraa;
pod nhort. Low tufU'd ht'riw with whit<i flowpn.

1. A. Ul«ria«ra. L.

Sli'in n.it niu.h limnphi-il. viTy .linhlly liulx.Hocnt : lciivi>» ovul ti> iihliinK;
IKHiuncl.'!! UHUiilly a-flow.Tod. Miiiiit plucm, pruiri™. wimiiion, Maii.-Alto.

2. A. T4nu, L. ; var. propln«iia, Fi'rtiiilil.

SUtnis nuniiToUK. sU'lidiT, 1-3 in. Iiiilh. tiifti'il iir nmllml: li-avi-« awl-
nhapfd; flowirs -J-ri on a ttnn; x.pul, l„ngir than thu snncwhat obscure
petals. Rooky Mt.^

7. SAGINA. Pearlwort.

Stipals 4 or T); petals 4 or .I, united, or noni-; stami'n.H mostly as
many as thi' sepals; pod many-seeded. Small matted herlis with
tiiread-like leaves without stipules, and small terminal flowers.

1. S. daefimbeu. (Ell.) T. and O.

Annual; stum ascending, smooth. 2 or a in. high, leaves narrowly linear;
peduncles thn>ail-like. risinn aJMive the leaves; flowers ,5-parted. Rocky Mts.
On the open prairie ao miles east of Hand Hills. (Macoun.)

8. SAPONARIA. Soapwort.
Ctdyx 5-partpd; petals ,'j; stamens 10; styles 2; pod mostly
l-o«llud or with some inoomplcto divisions. Wewly annuals.

1. S. Vacclria, L. Tow-cocitLE.

Glabrous; leaves lanceolate; flowers red. the calyx with five sharp angles.
(.VaccAria vulgarit. Host.) Local, Man. and Sosk.

XXVIII. PORTULACACE.S (Purslane Family).

Suooulent and usually spreading herbs with regular but unsym-
metrical flowi'rs. Sepals 2; petals ,'> or none, opening in the sun;
stamens 5-20; styles 2-,S, often united below; pod 1-oelled.

1. PORTULAcA. Purslane.
Calyx 2-parted with the tube adhering to the ovary; petals 5,
inserted on the ealyx; stamens 7-20; style .V8-parted ; pod l-«elled,
many-seeded, opening by the removal of the upper part like a lid."

■■A n

iijt 't!l

H

44

SELECTBD WE8TERN FLORA

I. P. elntCM, L. ClIMMUN PuHKkAMI.

HUtni ■pntodinx, •urrulimt: liinvm flcuhy, >niiKith. nppaaitr^ tlnwen
•M«ili>. with pulii yrll.iw liiit ini'olmpii'Uiiua |i«lal», Mxin wilhnrlli«. A
truublMunio sartlon wm*U, iiUnxlurod.

XXIX. NYMPRCACEiB (Water Lily Family).

Aquatin ptrxniiial hortw with horizontal, t\mhy, anil apparently
vndoRi'noiin riHitBtoflkB. floatinK or cmi'nifd Ii'bvcm, iiml ^4olitar.v
axillary flnwi'm. H«palii .'i-.l; ix'talu .l-many; iitamfnii .'•-many;
aarpi'lH .l-niany. diidinia or united; HtiKuiaH distinet, or (aa in our
apeciiea) united into a lanp- raiiinte diHk.

1. VYUPBjkA. Pond Lily.

I«av(w cordate with a dwp HinuH at the bane; floweni showy yellow
or sometimeH tingml in plaoiw with purple; HepaU '> or (!. thick, eon-
oave; petals and stamens many, the one gradually merffini; into the
other, hypoKenous; narpels many, united; stigmas united into n
disk of X-24 rays.

1. H. Idftni, Ait. Larue Yellow Pond Lilt.

FlontiiiK loaves larico, nrhiriilur, lhi<k, with n <1m<p sinus; ■ulinioriiecl
leavps, if preni'nt. Ihin; siilinn'rui'il l"irH 'it llii' pliint often piiliesi'i'iit :
flowers largo, yclliiw or tiimud with puriilc. Slow streanis, Man.-Alta.

XXX. RANUNCULACEiE (Ckowpoot Family).

Herbs or woody vines, witli a colorless, bitter, and sometimes
poisonous juice; parts of the flower all separate, and inscrti^d on
the receptacle; petals 2-1,'), or wanting; sepals 3-L'>, and may be
colored like the petals; stamens numerous; fruit a dry pod, acliene
or b' rry; leaves urua'dy lobed or finely dissoct»id, the petiole clasping
the su^m by a spreading ba.se.

1. RAHttNCULUS. Buttercup.

Sepals usually ,5; petals ,'5 or more, with a pit or gland at the base.
Mostly annuals or perennials, with alternate leaves and somewhat
solitary flowers.

RANUNCULACEA

45

Fm. ;w. — Kluwitr nf »
ItuttLTcup ill Suctiuii.

* AqOATic.

t Prtalh whith.

1. R. M**tU*< I" White Watek rHowrofvr.

L«uv*<ii (inrly lUmMM'lifl. iiu)iini'rKt>fl, colliiiMing
whrn withdrawn frt>ni thu watrr. ('iHimiitn in
iUitfiiuiit nr Hlow-ruiiiitiiK wiitcr, Miin.-Altu.

•i. R. eirdnfttni, Sibthorp.

Ki'McmliliiiK Ihi' |(r'-r*.-,t= >K but thr It^vf with
Itnmd Ntipuh>M utiil rinid. n^'t rnllnpHinitwht'ii tiik(>ii
fnxii thi' wiitiT. A mrcr fnrm but tint uiM-ominoii
in th<' iiriiirir ri-tcion.

tt Pr.TALH TELU>W.

3. R. dalphlaifdUui, Torr. Yelluw Watbii CRowroor.

LcavcN fithor ftoutinK or ininH'rH(.'d, nil ri'pcntiHlly .'t-forktvl intn hmg
thrrud-likt! diviMioiiM. ronmioii in tlow-nuuiiiiK water, but contiiiuitiK to
Krow ill the mud if tho v^utor dricrt up, in whirh rii»» tho Imivi-ii urn nut rut,
aud the flowors ure inmllor. (A. muUifidua. Punh.) Miui.-Altu.

** Tkhrehtrial, l)ut oftim growinK in wet place*.

t rREEPINl).

4. R. CTmbAllria. Punh. Sbamidb CRowFodT.

Smooth, (4pri>u<lina )>y nu'uiiH of long runnrrM; twiip^vH ni'voral-flowrn-il ;
leuvea ruundofl, cronatc, unil rlustrring at thu ban*!. Very roininoii in low
places, prufcrriiig ulkalinu wiil, Man.-Altu.

5. R. FlAmmnU, var. riptuu, (L.) Moy. Crbepinu Hpbarwort.

Htcm Hl(!iul(>r, rrfcping, rofitiiig at the jointm, pubcrirctit or (tlabrous;
podunelcs onn-t; loavi-x linear or lu-ftrty twi, usually ciitirc. narrowing into
petioleH : flowf'nt flnmll, itolitury, bright yellow, the p4>tulH greatly exeeeding
the calyx; aphenes flattened, beaked. Sandy chores of lakca and rivers,
Man.-Alta.

6. R. ikptOM, L. CREEPINii BniTEBCUP.

Stem creeping and rrK)ting ut the joints* ; leaves 3-parted or 3-lobed, the
fiivisions or lobes variously eut or toothed, U!4Uully morr or lews pubem-ent.
s>)iuotiinL-8 Hpotteil with white ; flowers large, yellow. Low ground and along
tlitches or stn'ums. "Numerous phires on the great plains." — Macoun.
"Swamps, foothills of Kocky Mts." — Dawson.

Xt Erect, or nearly so.

7. R. wcmltrkttu, L. Cur»ed Crowf<jot.

Annual, glalirous; leaves deeply 3-lobed or 3-parted; stem large and

hoUow. often npp^^aring rathernskwl; flowers araall and pale yellow. Com-
moD around the edges of ponds, Man.-Alta,

1 J

la M

II

46

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

8. R. Acril, L. COMMUN KUTTERCUP.

Tall, erect, hairy; loaVLS deeply deft; flowers large and bright yeUow.
Introdueed, but fairly comnioi: along the railwayB.

9. R. abortlTiM, L. Shall-flowergu CBowrooT.

Biennial, slighUy hairy; root leavea round or 3-Iobed, stem leaves 3-5-
parted; petals small, pale yellow, making the flower very ineonspieuous.
Cool, moist woods, Mau.-Altu.

10. R. rhomboldeui, Goldie. Dwabf Buttebcup.

Low, hairy; root leaves entire, roundish, crenate; stem leaves 3-5-lobcd
the lobes lM!coming nwre deeply divided and the petioles shorter until the
upper leaves are 3-5-purted and sessUo or nearly so. Conmion on prairies,
ApnI-June. Man.-Alta.

11. R. Mtctunii, Brittou.

Annual, stout, hairy, reclining; stems few-leaved; achenes with a stout
beak. Moist plaeca. Man. and westward.

12. R. Ufinii, R. Brown.

Stem 4-12 inches in height, pulieseent or glabrous; leaves various but at
least the upper cut into linear lobes; flowers few-several; petals light yel-
low or wanting; achenes short, woolly, with a short recurved style not
more than one third the length of the ovary and sometimes persisting as
a beak. Sask. and Alta.

2. ACT.SA. Uanehkrhy.
Sepals 4 or 5, falling off when tbo flower opons, makinff it appear
to have only one set of Horal envelopes; ptitals 4-10, small; stamens
numerous; inflorescenoe a naked raceme; fruit a large ami poisonous
berry. Erect porfmnial herbs with large compound leaves and
terminal racemes of small white flowers.

1. A. rUbn, (Ait.) Willd. Red Baneberby.

Racenie ovoid; petals somewhat broadly spatulate; berries bright red.
Rich moist woods and occaKioniUly in wa-ite places near the woods, Man -
Alta.

2. A. Ub«, (L.) Mill. White Banebeuby.

Raceme more slender than in the preceding; [letals slender, like modified
.tiimens; terries white on much thickened pedicels. Rich woods only
Man.-Alta.

3. THALfCTRUM. Meadow Rue.
Apetalous; sepals 4 or 5, greenish. Perennial herbs with 2 or
3 temately compound leaves, both the divisions and the leaflets
stalked. Flowers dioecious in our species.

RANUNCULACE^

47

1. T. didicnm. L. Karly Meadow Rub.

HtcniK nniixith. 11' IK iiiihin high; IcuflotH thin, light green, drooping;
Bcpals ptirpliNh or greeniiih whiu^ C'unmion, Mun.-Alta.

2. T. (Uiyctrpum. Fiseh. unil Lall.

Stem purplinh, 1)-^ ft. high: liiifletK nioatly^i-toothiil, often finely pulioK-
cent l>eneath; 8ep»ls and thread-like filaments purplish white. Comniou
about the edge of groves, Man.-Alttt.

4. MYOStlRHS. MouHE-TAiL.

Sepals 5-spurr«d; petals 5, on a slender claw; stamens 5-'20;
achenos numerous and erowded on a very long, spike-like re<mptaiile;
flowers greenish. Low tufted annuals with linear root leaves and
naked 1-llowered scapes.

1. M. mfnimus, L.

Fruiting spike i-2J inches long. Moist rich ground. Southern Man.
and westward.

5. ANEMdNE. Anemone.

Sepals usually few and petjl-like; petals wanting or stamen-like;
fruit an achenc someti ins with along tail. Perennial herbs with
radical leaves and a whorl of 2 or 3 stem leaves forming a sort of
involucre below the flower.

1. A. ptteni, L. ; var. WolfglntUni, (Bess.) Koch. Pasque Floweb.

Flower erect, solitary, appeiiring in early .spring before the leaves, silky
pul»scent; involucre deeply cleft; leaves of 3 divisions, the middle division
stalked, and each division deeply cleft; sepals 5-7, pale blue, spreading and
turning whitish with age; fruit an achene with a long feathery tail fortned
from the elongated style. Prairies, early spring, connnon, Man.-.\lta.

2. A. multlfida, Poir.

Stem hairy, 4-12 in. high; involucre of 2 or .t short-petiolid leaves
bearing one naked and one or two 2-leav<Hl iiedundes; flowers red or occa-
sionally groHiish white; fruit head globular. Dry prairies, local, Man.-
Alta. and northward.

II

3. A. cyllndrica. Gray.

Stem slender, C-15 in. 'iigh, puhesrent; flowers 2-0, bornoon lonfj. upriKht
pcdunrlfis sprinRiiiR from an invotucn' roriip<»sed of 2 or 3 times us many
3-parted loaves as there a-c pcdunoles; root U>av('» lonK-petioled; sepals
5, greeniah white; fruit hcaa -yiindrical. Dry prairies, Mun.-AUu.

nr—

48

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

4. A. ripArift, Fenmld.

Hnsembling the former, but more slender and less pubescent; the sepals
white or rarely nridish ; the fruit head only sub-cylindrical. Same range as
preceding, but flowering somewhat earlier, and not so common.

5. A. cmnadfinsit. L.

Stem hairy, 0-12 in. high; involucre at first 3-leaved with one naked
peduncle, but later two other peduncles appear, each bearinu a 2-loaved
involucre almut its middle; these may branch similarly; radical leaves 5-7-
parte.1; sepals large, white; fruit head globular. Common around the edges
of groves or on damp prairie, Man.-Alta.

0. A. qiiinqutfWa, L. Wood Anemone.

Stem low, smooth; involucre of 3 petioled leaves each in turn 3-parted-
peduncle short; flower large for size of plant, white or tinged with purple-
carpels with a hooked beak. Moist woods, spring, Man. and westward.
7. A. puTiSAim, Miehx.

Stem slender, 4-8 in. high from a creeping rootstock; leaves 3-parted, the
divisions 2-3-lobed; flowers solitary, white. River banks, Alta. and north-
ward.

6. CLfiMATIS. Virqin's Bowkb.
Perennial, more or less woody vines climbing by means of clasp-
ing petioles of tlie leaves ; sepals 4 or 5, <etal-like ; stamens numerous ;
pistils numerous; aohenes with a long, plumose stylo.

1. C. TirginUui, L.

Loaves 3-partcd, leaflets acute, thin, dark green above; flowers small, ,n
cymose panicles, di<Bcious, but the pistillate usually with a few sterile sta-
mens. Climbing over shrubs in moib. woodland, south end of Lake Win-
nipeg. (Drummond.)

2. C. lifusticifAlia. Nutt.

Similar to the preceding, but leaves 5-foliate, the leaflets smaller, paler in
color and thicker in texture. " Climbing over bushes or sand at the source
of the Qu'Appelle." —Macoun. Southern Alta.

3. C. TerticUUrii, DC.

Stem woody, climbing, smooth; loaves 3-parted ; flowers large, each on a
separate peduncle; sepals thin, spreading, pinkish purple. Through the
wooded district, Man.-Alta.

7. CALTHA. Marsh Marioold.
Sepals 5-9, large, deciduous and petal-like; petals wanting; sta-
mens numerous; carpels few to numerous, sessile, forming in fruit

49

pori'nnials with largo

RANITNCULACE^

a many-sowlwl follicilc Stout glahrous
round to hi^art-simpcil leaves.

C. ptlfiiMs, L.

Stem hollow, furrowed, low; leave, round or kidney-shaped, en-nate
dentate or entire, the upper ».„.,i|e or slmrt-ix-tioled; flower, brlKht yellow
Wot places, Bpnng, Man.-Alta.

8. AQUILfeGIA. Columbine.

Sepals 5, petal-like; petals 5, longer than
the sepals, produced backward into largo
hollow spurs; pistils .j, with slender stylos;
pod a many-seeded follicle. Per^innial herbs
with decompound leaves and large showy
flowers.

1. A. c*iud«niii, L. Wild Cohimbine.

Stem short, ereet, 1-3 ft. hinh; flowers large,
searlet lined with yellow, nodding; stamens and
styles longer than the sepals. Wtwded regions,
Man.-Alta.

Flo. 39. — Aquilegia
canadensis.

2. A. brevfityla. Hook. Small-plowered CoLnMBiNE.

Stem slender, oreet, with few loaves; flowers small, blue, the spur, short
and slightly ineurved, making the flower, no longer than they are broad
Cool woods, Qu'Appelle and Sask. valleys. .Southern and Central Alta.

3. A. a>T(sc«ng, Wats. Yellow Colcmbine.

Slender, 1-2 ft. high, branehing; flower yellow or yellowish while the
sepals sometimes tinged with searlet without. F.>othill, of Uorkv Mts
and eastward.

9. DELPHINIUM. Larkspur.

Sepals .'>, petal-like, irregular, the upper one prolong(Ml with a
spur; pi,tals 4, UTegular, the upper pair prolonged into spurs which
are contamed in the spur of the calyx, the lower oair with short
claws; flowers m terminal racemes, showy; fruit a many-seeded pod.

1. D. KOpuIArum, Gray. Rocky Moii.ntain Larkspdb.

Stem 1-0 ft. high glabrous at least below; leaves 5-7-partod, the divisions
of the lower wedge-shaped, th.ise of the upper linear; only the lowest p..tiole,
spreading at the base; flower, blue or rarely white. Calgary to Koeky Mts.

I "I

:■: •iil
^- '''I

11

J:ll

I

50

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

2. D. uftrtum, Miihx. Phaiiiie Larkspdr.

Kt.ni 1-2 ft. hiKh, Krayish, pulK'scint; Uvivcs deeply :i-5-purtcd, thudivi-
81.U18 Ills.) dwply I'lftt into n.irrDW linear l.,l),.»; flowers aky-hliie. South of
Lake Winnipeg (Ur. Houghton). Plains near Wood Mountain (Dawson).
Cypress Hills (Maeoun). Prairies and foothills of Alta.

XXXI. BERBEftlDACEiE.

Shnib.s or herbs with colorless juioe but sometimes yellow wood;
leaves with petioles dilated at the ba.se or stipulate; flowers regular,
hypogenous, perfect, symmetrical, usually :i-merous, the parts di.s-
tinct, deciduous, and each arranged in 2 series.

1. BERBERIS. Barberry.
Flowers small, yellow, mostly in racemes and scented, the fila-
ments sensitive. Shrubs with yellow bitter wood and inner bark.

1. B. ripens, Liu'lL

Dwarf, less than 1 ft. hfeh; leaflets .3-7, glauoous, obtuse, weakly spiny-
toothed. Crow's-nest Pass, Hocky Mts. (Dawson).

XXXII. FUMAIUACE.£ (Fumitory Family).'

Smooth succulent herbs with compound much-dissected leaves
and irregular flowers. Sepals 2, small; petals 4, in two pairs, the
one pair with spreading tips, and one or both spurred, the other pair
narrow with the tips united over the stigma; stamens 6, in two sets
of 3 each, opposite the larger petals, hypogenous; pods 1-celled and
1 or many-seeded. Harmless herbs.

1. CORtDALIS.

Corolla 1-spurrcd, deciduous; style persistent; pod many-seeded;
flowers in racemes. Leafy glaucous herl)S.

1. C. atirea, Willd. Golden foRYoALia.

Usenlly spreading; eoroUa golden yellow, about ! in. long, spur barely
half the length of the body of the corolla. Waste plaecs and newly cleared
Ian<l, Man. -Alta.

Var. occidentUii, Engelm. With spur almost ag long as the body of
corolla. Prairies, Alta.

CRUCIPER^

61

2. C. itnipinrireni, (L.) Pith.

Ulrirt. ,.ro,l, (J :!4 i„, hiKh; ,„rollu pir.k lippH with v.Olow ,„,,r ,h„r.-

flow™ ,„ ,„.„„,..„ r„,.o„„.,. Kooky ,„„,.,.,, N.'M.„.-A.ta ::; :""'

XXXIII. CRUClFERiE (Mustard Family).
Herbs with a pungent juice, alternate leaves and cross-shaoed
corollas; sepals 4, deciduous; petals 4. hypogenous, aTanged^n
form of a cross; stamens 6, in two groups, 4 long and 2 shorf- nod
usually of two ceUs separated by a thin partition, and hearing several
LmeTecds """ """"' ™°"""'"« '•""" "' "^ mosUrou We

1. drAba.

Pods oval or oblong, flattened; seeds in two , : vs in each cell

y^lW flower '^"^^ ^"''" '""''•«'' "' ^'--- -" -'" "'^■'^ -

1. D. nemertM, L.

,„r^r™ '""^""hut lanroolatn and more or less toothed; pods oblonK on

2. ERYSIMUM. Treacle Mustard.
Pods linear generally 4-sided, valves strongly keeled; stigma

o^t:tr;r;ioa'''"'"''*' ''"^'' "'"'^'- ^'^ ^"""'^ ■--• -"-

1. E. cheiruithoMes. L. Wokm-seed Mustard

Stem slender ere.t. branehinR, 8 i„.-2 f,. high, rough; leave, laneeolate
enure or slightly toothed, ,he lower short-petioled. th^ upper^"2 bui
not claspmg; flowers small, yellow: pods short, obtusely 4-anKli ^p„adto '
on short pedicels. Moist ground and waste plaees. Man.-Alta

2. E. Ssperum, DC. Western Wall-flower. Prairie Rocket

Stout, erect 1-2 ft. high, sin.ple or branching, rough; upper leaves sessile
u^ally enure lower leaves petioled, lanceolate or linear, 'and enTor d^t

short pedicels. Dry sandy prairie, Man.-Alta.

3. E. puTifltoum, Nult.

Stem erect, simple o- sparingly branched, roughish, 1-2 ft. tall- leaves
oblanceolate to linear, the upper *ssile, the lower on slender petZs

H»„d HM ^ " Z"T' '"'■'''"'''"' "■' '•■"" P"^'""'''- Touchwood Hills
Hand Hills, Cypres, HllU. and .similar localities.

) III

i.l

H

52

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

3. THLASPI. Penny Cbesh.
Pod oboordati), Hattimiid, with thu partition forming the short axin ;
seeds 2-8 in a cell. Low plants with the stem loaves clasping, and
racemes of small white flowers.

1. T. anr^nie, L. Fhenchweed or Stinkweed

A smooth nnnunl or winter annual with wings on the pptiolcs of the lower
leaves, and a hroaiily winged pod with ii deep noteli at the lop. Fields and
waste places, a very trcmlilesonic introdueed weed.

!• lu. 40. — Capsclla
Buraa-pastoris.

4. LEPlDIUM. Pepper Orass.
Pods small, round, slightly notched at the top, flattened as in the
pn ceding, with a solitary seed in each cell; flowers minute.

1. L. ipttiliiin, Willd.

Leaves toothed or pinnatified ; pod slightly winged ; petals usually want-
ing. Dry waste places, Man'-Alta.

5. CAPS£LLA. Shepherd's Pdrse.

Pod triangular, flattened, wingless; seeds nu-
merous ; petals white.

I. C. B&ru-putMs, (L.) Medic.

Stem leaves arrow-shaped, sessile ; root leaves form-
ing a rosette, but extremely variable. A common weed
in cultivated places, particularly about dwellings.

6. NESLIA. Ball Mustard.

Pod globular, slightly beaked, with a single seed ; flowers yellow.
1. N. ptnicultu, (L.) Desv.

A slender annual with simple stem, sagittate clasping leaves, and an
elongated raceme of small yellow flowers. Grain fields and waste places
mtroduced. '

7. BRASSICA. Turnip, Mustard.

Pod stout, sometimes 4-sided, with a stout beak; leaves lyrate
to pinnatifid ; annuals or winter annuals.

1. B. irvinsis. (L.) Ktse. Wild Mdstabd, Charlock.

Erect, 1-2 ft. high, usually hairy, branching above ; lower leaves petioled
lyrate ; upper loaves sessile, entire or nearly so ; flowers large, bright yeUow ;

CHUCIFEB,E

63

pod ponntrictcd between tho »ei.,l»,
mill tipixHl with u fluttoni'<l, nftcn
I-»oc(led boak. A trouhlcsomo
field weed, introduced.
2. B. nitri, (L.) Koch, Hlack

MUHTARO.

More slender and not so rough
an the preceding; lower leuvca
with a large temiinul IuIm;; |).k1»
short, erect; iioeda hluck. The
niUHtnrd of commerce, frwiucntly
introduced iih u weed.

8. Arabis.

RCK'K CrKSS.

Flo.

41. — Brasaiea
arvensis.

i'lu. 42. —
liraaaica
nigra.

Pods linear, long and flat,
often apprpssed, mwIs in 1 or
2 rows; stigma 2-lobiid; leaves
pinnatifld if at all divided, tho
root leaves mor^ or le.ss petiolate, often forming a rosette, the stem
loaves sessde, often elasping. Usually annual or bienn al herb^
glabrous or nearly so, with white, yellowish, pink, or purple flowed

• Seeds in one now in the i,ei,l
t Seeds oblono ob ellipticai,, s.«.4ll, not winoed
1. A. Ijrrita, L.

Root leaves lyrate-pinnatilid in a rosette; stem leaves spatulate or linear
base tapenng; flowers with white petals hut yellowish Lpah, the pelaU

2. A. gUbra, (L.) Bcrnh. Toweb Mubtabd.

Biennial tall. 1-3 ft., erect, glauc„u„ above, slightly puliesccnt below
stem usually simple; root leaves pe.ioled, ..blanccolate to „blo ,g dc^taT'
and hairy; stem leave, «,.ssile, lanceolate with ...gittate base, glabrouf c" t1 e

slU^lvr" TJ"'^'^. """"'"-•^ «"""» ^""'""'h «W'=. th" petals ly
slightly longer than the calyx; pod, linear, erect, and appresscd A ^
fMta. Lam.) Waste places and field,, Man.-Alia '""'""^- ^- ^^

tt Seeds orbicolah and winued.
3. A. Ursittl, (L.) .Scop.

Stem erect, u.yially simple, rough, hairy or nearly glabrous; root leaves
ohovate or spatulate, dentate, on margined petioles; stem leav .Z .^Ite

white: pods linear, oppressed. Kueky or sandy banks, Mau.-Altl

54

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

«• A. ljr».m. WiitK.

Perennial, «lon.« «,.vcral from the ™nio root, 1-™ t|,„„ i f. hi.! • I

^;::C"uT'-'V"^'- •'••■■-— ■';;M'..«t:;:;;;;..r::

ROWH IN THE CELL,

•' S««DS I.N

fi. A. Dniinm6ndU. Gray.

0. A. brachTctrpa, (T. und G.) Britton.

Hn™,l,li„g lh„ pro.,.dinR in ,i,„ and goumil hahit. but th.. root loav..,

7. A. HolbotUU. Hornoni.

Ston,, 0 i„.-2 ft, high, branched, or n.orc than ono »tn„, fr„„, „„. ,„„,„
ro« to of root loaves, pub<*,eont at the b,.,e, glabrou, above "el, ,?v!
«>».le, oreet, clamping,- lower leave, »p„„„a.e and "plr ,«ry Jth d
flower, p,„k, purple, or whW»h; pod, mostly on one »ido 0^00.2^0:
ing and spreading. Rocky and sandy plae,.,, Man.-Alta.

9. SlStMBRIDM. Hedge Mustard.

.J'^'i'T;''*uf'""^' """""'^hat 4-sided, valves nerved- seeds
sm,U^. slightly oblong, in 1 or 2 rows in the cell; leaves -nerX
divided; flowers small, whitish or pale yellow. generally

1. S. tlUuimam, L. TnMBLma Mustabd.

D,nl!rifid''?"M'"'' "■" ^""^'^'"' "''*'■'»■ "P^ding; stem loaves deoply
pmnatlfld, root loaves not so deeply rut; flowers palo yJlow; pod, v ory Z«
ngid, standing out from the stem, and scareoly thiekor than (he .
Annual or biennial weed, introdueed, ahundanUntst: places! '"""""■

2. S. caniictnt, Nutt. Ghay Tanhy Mustard.

smifTI'"^ times pinnatifid, whiti . with n.inuto soft hair,; flowers very

Zf '.r r ; '" r* '""'"""■ P'"'» "■'-^'" ■>■■ elub-,hapod, a„d sWe^
than the pedicels. Waste places, Man.-Alta. snorter

3. S. incllum, Engolm. Green Tansy Mustard.

M.n .it n^"' """^ '" *'"' Pedicel, in length. Waste places

Man. to Alta., usually represented by the following varieties '

CRUCIPER^

55

Var. mip.., 0,a,. ,s,e„.,„ „.„ , ,„,„„.„. ,„„^„^ , _ „,,, ^^^^^

pou-r^iufHsx^'r^:- /^■'" --• -"^'^ -"■ •

10. CORRlHOlA. Ha-eVkah MimTAuo.

cnMii^^Lr'" '" " '■""^ ""^ '" -•" -"= — ^

1- C orientUit, (L.) Uumori.

11. brAya.

1. B. hQmiUi (O. A, Mry.) Robinson.

Pubescent with branched hiiirs- ><»........ n

low, 2-8 i„. high: lo„v™ n^ilv tl . T " ""■""' '""" '*"' •""■"■ """•

aowe„p„,„:L.HHrx:^z^ir;L:';^-t:;::rtrr^

12. RADlCULA. Water Cress
1. R. palfittrii, L. Maiwh Cress.

Var. hhpid., R„bin»n. Hairy, with globular pod,, not common.

13. CAMfiLINA. False Flax.

1. C. Htlva, (L.) Cranti.

IS

-rp«

66

BEUCCTEU WESTERN FLORA

14. LBSOUBRfUA. Ulabokk-pod.
Podn globular and inflati^d, with a ii«mi-tran»i)ar..nt partition-
am<d» flat, in 2 rows, never numcrom. Low, rather hoary herbs
with yellow flowers.

1. I. tudoTleUu, var. im6n. fVuta.

.St< m low. slindir, (liviimborit : luavra linear. thi. Iiusul fiirmiiiK a runctto
grwnUh Btclluto pub«ici.|.t throuKhout ; |m«Is k1„i„™, ,„ „v„i, ,lr,„,pi„. „n'
rcturvi.d pMic.-l» ; o,-\\n 4-0-ovul™l. Smidy biiiika, Mun. uud 8iuk.

2. L. MuoOaii. Omnc

St,™, »l,.,„|,.r. tultrf, Homntimra branched ; basal leaves oblong to oval, in a
dense rosette, stem lc8V.« few, oblaneeolate to linear ; densely silvery stellate
pubescent throughout ; pods somewhat broadly ovate. Man. and Hask.

3. L. alplaa, (Nutt.) Wats.

Stems very low from a branched rootstock ; leaves all linear, crowded at
the base; pedicels slender, much longer than the pod: p.k1 ovate very
sUghUy compressed. Gravelly knolls on top of Cypress HUls (Macoun).

15. physAria.

Resembling Lesqucrella except that the fruit is double, the two
parts separated by a narrow partition.
1. P. didymoctrp*, (Hook.) Gray.

Densely whitish, pubescent with stellate hairs; stem slender, spreading
cauline leaves entire, spatulate; root leaves rounded, petic.led, more or less
toothed or lobod, or entire; flowers pole yellow; fruit inflated, double
Sand or gravel. Rocky Mts.

XXXIV. CAPPARIDACKiE (Caper Family).
Herbs with oross-shaped e irolla, and in other ways resembling the
Cruoifene, but the stamens are all the same length and the pod
is l-celled with 2 parietal placenta ; leaves alternate, palmate.

1. CLEdME.

Petals with claws; stamens 6; reooptaclo produced betwwn the
petals and stamens; ovary on a stiptj; pod linear to oblong, with
numerous seeds.

1. C. lerrullu, Pursh. Pink Clbome.

Erect, glabrous, branching; loaves .1-folinte, the lower on long slender
petioles, the upper sessile or nearly so; leaflets entire or sparingly serrulate
flowers white or pink, showy; pod ou a stipe as long as the pedicel, (c!
iMeiirifilia, T. and G.) Dry and often alkaline soil, Man.-Alta.

BARRACENIACE^ — OROBGRACK^

67

XXXV. SAHRACBHlACEiB (Pitchkh-plant Kam.ly).
Bog Ptont- with hollow pitoh..Mh»M or lru.„p..t-«hapt,d lt,v«i.

1. SARRACfiniA.

8..pul» r, p,.™uu.nt, ..,.l,m.,l. with :) l,TO.,tl..t» at tl„. l.iw,.- wtalH I

Hliap,.d l.,«iy, ih,. rayH t..rmi.mling b,.n..Bth a» ninny «tiK„iat
Y,.l ow,»h or purplish ,M.n.„„ialK with hollow h.av..» and lareo'
solitary. n,Klding flow,.r» on a long naked «oa,M,. ^ '

1. S. purp&rta, L. I'itciick-Plant.

Leave. ,.itchor-.ha,«.,l, hrmully m,„„d .,„ „„„ ,i,j,, „i„, „ ,

erect h,H«^ at .ho t„„ which i, t^«,t with bri..lo» poi„,i„« dow ,w. v '

-picuou. bo. p.„„t» with «roe„i»h purple Sower,' U.^mZ'^^L. ^y

XXXVI. DROSERACKiE (Sundew Family).
Horb»withrogiilarhypog..nou>.flow..rs: nalyx and oorolla each of
Lu!7 1 t^ "'L'' '™'" 'P"" '" *"""• "'•.•n „p<.n oovt.r..d with
the tip. A small and peculiar family of inscoti v orous bog plants.

1. DR6sERA. Sundew.
Stamen, 5; styles 3 or 5, forked so a., to ap,K,ar like 6 or 10
Low perennials with reddish succulent loaves and flowers on a naked
soape in a l-sided raceme, or solitary.

1. D. rotundifiU., L. Rodnd-i,«av«d Sundew.

.V. MarZ"" "' ""■"''" """' '""*• """'■-" "'"'° " P'"''"''. Peat bog.,

2. D. tngUca, Huds.

Leave, erect, Bpatulate to lin.-u-; ,rapc :}-3 in. high, l-S-Bowered-
flower, white. (D. lon^olia. L. iu part.) Cold lK,g,, N. Man.-Arta

3. D. Uaeltis, Goldie.

Leave, linear, erect, petiole, naked; ecapc 1-4 in. high, I-tJ-flowered ■
flowers white or pink. Gold tog., N. Man.-Alta. o-nowered.

I i>l

^

68

8ELE(,'TGU WEHTEUN FLORA

XXXVII. crassulAceje.

Shrubliy or KUn^ulcnt hiTlw »itli I'x-Htipiilati' Iraviw, buiI Howith
moKlly in oynicK; calyx 4-.>-<i|cfl or imrtcd, |»>r»i»ti>ril, fri<' Irimi t!ic
ovary; ix'tals thcKainc niiinlHT ax Ihr calyx loin a, iimstly ilislmi't;
Hiaiiii'iiH an many or lwi<'i> aH many an the iMtalw; ifariHlii tlic sanu>
nunilwr an the wpalH, fnv at leant aliovc, with a Mtalc at tins I>u>h< of
I'anh.

1. SfeDUM. Stonkchop.

Calyx 4-5-lol)C'il; iHital.s 4-."i, distinct; atanicnK S-IO, iH'riKinouii,
luiir of Ihcni usually attiichcil to the ix.tals; oarix'ln 4-.'>, dintinnt,
or united at thi' haw, the wale at the ha^M• enlir«'. Kle»hy, glaliruuH,
often tufted herl>», with alternate or uverlappinR leavi^ii.

I. S. tttnop^talufii, PiifHli.

I'lTctiliiiil, itluhriiun, tudcd: iliiwcriiiK ati'ins 3-0 in. hixh: Icuvca ultcrnntc,
or iivcrluppini! o" the «tcrile liruucheii; fluwcra yt'lluw. Uruvclly hilln,
Kocky Mis.

XXXVIII. SAXIFRAGACKJE (S.wiFRAciE Family).

Herbs or shniba strongly re.semhiing the Rosanete, but mostly
differing in the following rc'spects : leaves opposite as well ax alter-
nate; no stipules; stamens a deflnilonumlwr; carpels fewer than the
sepals. The calyx is usually persistent, and may or may not adhere
to the ovary.

1. MITfiLLA. MiTEKWOBT.

Calyx short, .Vi^left, adhering to the ovary at the ba.sc; petals .'j,
sleniler; stamens o-lO; styles 2, short; capsule 2-lK>aked. Low
p<'rennial herbs with rounded heart-shajwd leaves on slender petioles
springing from the root or rootstock, and slender, almost naked
(lowering stems.

1. M. nfldt. L.

Leaves deeply iind diiubly rroimte; .itrm uaunlly leafless and few-flowered.
Moist wnods alsnit Lake WiniiiiM-K. westward to Alta.

2. PARNASSIA. Ouarb of Parnahsi's.

Sepals 5, united at the base, persistent; petals .'». whit^ with green-
ish veins, spreading, Iwaring what resembles a tuft of sterile stamens
at the base; fertile stamens 5, alternate with the petals; ovary

SAXIFRAOACE.*

m

1-.H.II...I. «KHlH n,in,..nm«. SmcH.th ,».„.n„i«l h..rl» will, ,.„,i„,
t J« ZjrZr """"" "" '""• """'"'■'""' """"" "■'""'' ""••"

I. P. palAitrii. L.

Sl,.n.|,r 1 ,■ i„ high tl„. r.H,t l,.av., I,r,„„| ,„„| „„.„||y „,rUalo at tho

:!. P. parriSAM. DC,

M.T,. ,l„„,l,.r .h,>., Ih., tT,..-.,lin,, ,1„,„ ,1.- «,„.,. |,,.i.ht K„l «i,h a
lapcriMK lo t|,„ !,„„, wl,i.h IH not r.„ 1.1... W,.| , ,„ ,.< M .ii. Altu.

3. HBUCnftRA

AlI'M l(,.

IH.tal»; .vary 1-„..1I,kI: „t>l,.^ 2, I, ,,,1. r; p,,,! -J. ,k,.,| Kr.„l

l«.r,.m.,al h,.rl« with larg... ruunJed, h,«rt-,l..,«-l l«avo» on long
IK'tiolcH mostly from tho root. *

I. a. hhpida. I'urnh.

"..■^pctal,. o.«,rtccl; l,.avc., round...!, .l,Kl„ly I0U..I. Dry prairi..' Ma.°-

4. RIbES. Cuurant, Od.ihf.behry.

Calyx .WoW ofu.n c„l„r<.d. th.. tub.. a.lh..rinB t., th.. ovary
IHtaU ,,, »mall m«.rt..d on th.. throat ..f th„ .-aiyx; stam-nH r
a^t..rna ow,thth|,p,.tals; ovary I....|l..d: »tyl..s2, di»tim.t or uniU.d;

shrubs with palmatoly divid.'d l.'av.is and edible fruit.
1. R. C]rn6ib>ti. L. Phu-kly (ioi.sEnERKV.

•X. :;rh v""'^ "",''■■",'"• """"'"•"" ■ ■"'■'•"•■ ■'-' round.'.,™ .,,:

rdat,. at th,. I,,,*., d..oply .■)-5-l„l„.d, rr,.„a.,-,l,.,„a„. or in,.i„.,l; ,,„i„,., „f

;::'i:r;;Zn""'^"'"'' """ ""-'"""■^"- ■■ - ^'- ■"■■'""^'

-'. R. oxjUMtholdei, L. .s.vi,ioih tl,KmEBEnRv.

L..nv,., thj,, aud Iralh.Ty, »„„,owl,a. Klahrous; „,,in,., f,.w „n,l |„n.-
flower, greenn.h y,.ll„w; stan,,.,,,, ,.„ualli„« ,1„. ,.„|y, |o,„.,; ,„ t ™™fh
ur armed with a few whitish pricUes. Moist place,; Man.-Xlta

15

ill

60

SELECTED WESTERN *'LORA

3. R. fl6ridum, L'H£r.

Leaves sharply 3-
5-lobcd. doubly ser-
rate ; flowers largo,
yellowish; racemes
d r u u p 1 II g, downy;
calyx bell'Shapcd,
smooth. Moist thick-
ets, Man. and E. Soak.

4. R. hudtoniAnum,

Richards.

Wild Black Cuhhant.

FiQ. 43. — Ribea
floridum.

Fiu. 44. — Ribes hudsonianum.

Similar to the preceding, hut the racemes upright nr spreading; calyx
whitish, the tubes shorter than the i> ^vi hiding lobes. Moist woods, Man.-
Alta.

5. R. proitrAtum, L'H^. Skunk Rgrrt.

Stems reclining; leaves 6-7-lolM'd, smooth, doubly serrate; racemes
erect, slender; fniit glandular-bristly, giving the fruit a disagreeable taste
which suggests the smell of a skunk. Damp woods, Hudson Bay-Alta.

XXXIX. ROSACEA (Rose Family).

Hcirbs, shrubs, or small trtws with altornat(> stip-
ulate) leavuB and regular flowers. Calyx gem-rally
of 5 sepals united at the base, frequently having
5 alternating bracts; petals the same lurnber as
the sepals, inserted on the ealyx; stamens nu-
merous, distinct, inserted on the calyx; pistils I-
many, and either distinct, or united with the calyx
tube to form a fleshy fruit. A largo family of

Fi«. 45. — Scr-
tion of Fruit
of Rosa.

hoi;ace«

61

plants furnishing many of our most valualilit fruits and rtowers.
Closely n'simbling the Sttxifraga<«'u; iu Um- flowiT, an<l tlif Li'gunii-
nostc in the loaf.

• OVABY NEITHER ADHKRINU Tu THE CALYX TUUE. NUK «URRODNDED BT,
NOR ENfUIHEO IN IT.

1. Pnumi, pistil solitary, beconiiiiK n dnipp.

2. SplrM, pistils 5-S, forniiuK scvi'ral-soi'drd folliRlrs.

3. Gram, pistils numerous, im a dry roccptiiile forininn dry acholics with
styles cloiiKatiiiK at maturity.

4. Dryms, same as prcci ...ir, but shrubby.

5. Potentilll, pistils numerous on a dry receptacle fomiinn achenes, but
the styles not ctonRatinK at maturity.

6. VnguU, pistils numerous in pits on the surface of a fleshy receptacle.

7. Chamcrhodus, pistils o-20 on a dry rer-cptaele.

8. Rubai, pistils numerous as drupelets <»n a fleshy receptacle.

•• Ovary inclosed in the calyx tube, but not AniiERiNO to it.

9. Adlmonil, pistils 2, enclosed in a dry calyx tube armc<l with hooked
prickles around the top.

10. Rowa, pistils, many, enclosed in an urn-shapc<l fleshy calyx tube.

•" Ov.vBY ADUERINU To THE CALYX TUBE To FORM A FLESHr FRITIT.

11. PyruB. fruit a large fleshy pome.

12. CntBiui. fniii u small drupi'-like pi>mc with 1-5 bony kernels.

13. AmelucUer, fruit a small and berry-like pome with 10 hard seeds.

1. PRUNUS. Plum, Cherhv.
Calyx 5-nleft; petals 5, separate, spreailing; stamen." l.'j-20;
pistil solitary; fruit a fleshy druix. Small trei's or shrubs with
white flowers and edible fruit.

1. P. nigra, Ait. Wild Pldm.

A short or small tri^e armed
with thorns; leaves thin, ovutc.
doi:My crenate or serrate, usually
Rtandular at the points of the tiTth :
fruit yellowish red, somewhat o!»-
long. Thickets, Man. west not
far past meridian 1(K).

:;. p. virginilu, L

C'HKRRY.

Choke

Fio. 40. — Section of Flower of Prunus.
Bt, MtJKnia ;

f. style : Bin. MtamenH ; m. neiwl ,
I), iwttil ; o. ovary.

A tall shnib with (jra.vish brown li:irk: leaves .iv.il. olilnnu, or i)H)vate,
Wunt, sharply serrate nr double wrrate; ftow.T.i on ali.irt |>i.,lic,-la in axillary

Tff"

62 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

ruci'nicH; fruit red, turniiiK dark crimson or
brown, und very astriiiKcnt. Muii.-Alta.

3. P. pennsylTftnica, L. Pin C'heuhy.
A tree U)-30 ft. WikU. with smooth reddish

brown barlt; leaves oblonts-lnnceolate, pointed,
finely and sharply !*rrrate, liright Rreen and
smooth on both siden; flowers in flusters on
IfuiR pedicels: fruit linht red, sour. Man.-
Alta.

4. P. pOmila, L. Sand Cherry.
Stem dwarf or trailiuK; leaves o!M)vat(',

tapcrinR to the base and toothed near the
apex, pale beneath; flowers 2-4 in u cluster; fruit dark red or almost black,
sour, und a»trinRent. Sandy land, west to about meridian 1()6.

47. — Prunus nigra.

2. SPIR&A. Meadow-sweet.

Calyx 5-cleft, persistant; pt^tals Ft, deciduous; stamens 10-50;
pistils 5-8, forming follielos containing several seeds each. Shrubs
or shrubby pttrennial herbs with simple pinnate leaves, and whi'e or
rose-colored flowers.

1. S. salicifdUfl, L. Common Meadow-sweet.

Smooth or nearly so, 1-3 ft. high; leaves wedge-shajied. serrate or doubly
serrate; flowers white in u crowded tenninal panicle. A somewhat herba-
ceous shrub growing in low ground, common, Man.-Alta.

3. G^UM.

Calyx bell-shaped or flat, 5-cleft, with alternating bracts; petals 5;
stamens many; ae.henes many on a dry receptacle, the styles per-
sisting and elongating, feathery or naked, straight or hooked. Per-
ennial herbs with lyrate or pinnate leaves, and differing from the
Potentilla chiefly in the elongation of the styles.

1. G. strfctum. Ait. Yellow .\vens.

Stem ereet, stout, hairy. 1-3 ft. high; root leaves interruptedly pinnate,
of 5-7 leaflets; stem IcHve!-, sessile or nearly so. 3-5 leatli'ts; flowers yellow;
Btyle>i long, jointed and iM-nt near the middle, the upper i>ortion hairy aiitl
deciduous, the lower part naked and Iwconiing elongated and hooked in
fruit. Moist prairie and thickets, common, Man.-Alta.

2. G, macrophyUum, Willd. Larue-leaved Avens.

Stem ereet. eoarse. hairy, l-l> ft. high; leaves ns in the preceding except
that the terminal leaflet of the root leaves is very large, with a rounded

ROSACEA

63

ho„rt-,l,u„od l,„,o; oDuTwis,. .1,,. |,|„„t u ,„,„ll..r un.l n,.,re hmrv. Moi»(
prainn or niiiiirituin wcmla, locul, ,Sa»k. unci Alt:i.

a. G. trifl«rum, I'ursh. Thkke-ki.dwkiiku Avkn».

Low, »„ft-h,iiry: root Icuvea i„l,.rni|>l<.,lly „i„„ati-, IcaflLas numerous-
flow,.r» usually .1 on a lonK pedund,.; fl„»-,.rs reddish purple, the l.raet, on
he ealyx lo„K,.r than the IoIm-, of the ealyx; styl,., persistent, for,„in« long
feathery tails t,) the aeheucs. Dry prairie, con.nion. Man.-Aita.

4. DRYAS. MousTAiN Avens.

Calyx 8-<.>.lob«d, pi.raistont, without liraets; p,.tals 8-9 larger
than the calyx lobes; stamens nutnerous; „ari«!« numerous on a
dry reeeptacUe; style t.'rminal, iMTsistent. eioneatetl into a feathery
tail in fruit. Low. H,fte<l, shrubby plants with simple, iH-tioled
stipulate leav.s, and rather large white or yellow flowers.
1. D. octoptttla, L. White Mountain .\vens.

Stem prostrate a.,d woody at the l,a.,e; l,.aves ovate, eoarsr-ly .Tenate
Klahrous alMve. and densely white-tomentose heneath; stipule, lineer'
flowers white, about 1 in. aeross. Hoeky Mts. ' '

■2. D. DruniIll6ndU. Riehards. Dklmmo.m.s Moint.wn .Uexs.

Similar to preeeding, hut the leaves rather dentate than erenate; the .,eap«
pulieseent; flowers ydlow, with Klandular-i.ul,..seent .lepals. Roeky Mts.

5. POTENTfLLA. Ci.mjikfoii..

Calyx flat, deeply ,Veleft, but appearing lO-eleft Ixeause of ,',
i.rae.ts alternating with the lobes of the ealyx; p,.tals ,-,, roundish-
stamens numerous; pistils numerous, forming aeh.-ues eolleeted ,m a
dry n>oeptaele. Herbs - or in one ease a shrub - with .M.mpound
leaves and large solitary or eymose flowers.
1. P. Mgau, Pursh,

Sten, ere,.t, stout, 1-2 ft. hinh. hairy and rather elanmiv towanls the top ■
i™Hots7-lI, downy iK-neath; stamens al».ul :ill: flowers larKe, white in a
floa<! eyme. OiM-n prairies, and thiekets, .\Iaii.-.\'. ,\lta.
■i. P. monspeliinns, L.

Stout, erei-t, euarse, hairj-, 0 in. to 2 ft. hiKli; le„ves li-fuliale leafleta
olmvate, variously toothed; flowers yell.iw, rather small, i.-i a ilo»- l,.afy
eyme. (P. nomgica, L.) Conimon in eultivali-d (tniund an.l wast., pl-u-es
aeross the prairies.

:i. P. riyUii, Xutt.; var. millegrioi. (Knitelni.i Wats.

ResemliUiiK the preeethuK. Imt more sleinler >ui<l liraa.-l,..,l .-it her ereet or
ascemlinK, and the eyme less leafy; petal.-, miriul.-; a,-he,cs .mall. liKht-

I

TT^

64

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

colored. Cumnion in thi<>k musses iilxmt th<> iiiiirKins of puihIh in M:in. aii<l

S. Sask.

4. P. penniylvftnica, L.

Stem erect, or reclining ut the base, G in. to 2 ft. hiiih; leaflets 5-9, whitr-
tomentoHC beneath, green above; flowers yeUow in a somewhat open cyme.
Var. itrilOU, Purah. Stems lower, mostly reclining, white sit ky-torncn lose
throughout; leaflets deeply pinnatifld, the margitk.s of the lobes revolutc;
pynie short and rlose. The variety more plentiful than the type. Man.-
Alta.

5. P. HippiAnt, Lohm.

Densely silvery-silky throughout, the upper surfaces of the leaves darker;
Btcm ascending, slender, branched above into a diffuse cyme; leuflet:^ 5-11.
incisely toothed, getting smaller towards the stem; carpels 10-30. Com-
mon, Man.-Alta.

6. P. eflfflM. Dougl.

Tonientose throughout, and more or loss covered with scattered hairs;
stem reclining, diffusely branched aliove; leaves pinnate, leaflets ri-ll,
smaller leaflets alternating with the larger; carpets 10. Common in part.<4 of
Manitoba and Eastern Saskatchewan, but not well differentiated from the
preceding spet ies farther west.

7. P. pftlflitriB, (L.) Scop.

Stem stout, ascending, glabrous; leaves pinnate, of 5-7 leaflets, serrate;
flowers purple in an open cyme. Bogs across the northern part of the prairie
region.

8. P. fruticdsA, L. Shrubby Cinqcefoil.

Stem erect, slirubl)y, much branched, 1-2 ft. high; leaves pinnate, mar-
gins of leaflets revolute; flowers yellow. Sandy soil, ,ommon. Man.-Alta.

f>. P. tridentitA, Ait. Three-toothed CiNQUfct'oiL.

Stems low, 2-S in. high, tufted, rather wnody at th'* base; loaves of three
leaflets, wedge-shaped to oblong, smooth, coarsely ;i-t(K)(hed at the apex;
flowers white in a few-flowere<l cyme. In wooded districts but not eonunon,
Man.-Alta.

10. P. anserlna, L. Rilveh Weed.

V^'idely spreading by slender runners; leaves all rndical of 7-21 leaflets
wiih smaller leaflets between thv larger; whit-; silky-toincniom* beneath.
usuall.^■ green ubovi*; Rowers larKe, yellow. Very eonunon on low alkaline
ground, Man.-Alta.

Var. cODColor, Ser. Leaves '■anes<'ent alwive as well as below, W. Alta.

U. P. NuttallU, Lehm.

Stems several from a perennial r.>ot, ascending; leaves .VD-foliate, preen
alx>ve, whitish beneath, deeply tooth<?d; flowrrs in u small compact cyme.
hi<w lying prairie, Man.-.Mta-

ROSACEA

6. FRAGARIA. Stiiawberrt.
Flowers very muuh as in Potcntilla,
but often diawious; rtccptafle much in-
larged in fruit, bearinK the achenes wtat-
tcred oviT its surface. Steniless perennial
herbs with .i-foliate leaves, white flowers,
and slender runners.

1. F. viriiniint. Duchesne,

Leaflets not deeply tiKithod; flowers ar-
ranned in a rather flat e.vnie ; iiehe.iea sunken in
pita on the surface of the enhirKe.l reeeptai-le.
Moist rich ground, eonnnon. Man. Alta.

65

2S»

Viu. ts.

- Frawaria virgini-
ana.

7. CHAM.«'RHODnS.

Calyx ,w.left, without braets; petals :,, about as long as (he ealvx
lol«»s, whtte or purpb.sh; statnens r,, opposi... ,1,., p..,a|s: earp;.|s
5-20; styles lateral. Ereet pubeseent herbs with 3-foliate leaves.
the leaflets usually eut into linear segments.
1. C. er«cM, (L.) Bungc.

Erect, 1-3 ft. high, Klai„lular-,.ul,eseent; root woody flowers small
crowded in eymes. Light gravelly .soil, .Sask, and .Vita.

8. RUBUS. Hhambi.e.
Calyx de<.ply .T-parted, without braets, persistent, the lube short
and broad; p,.tals ,-., deciduous; stamens numerous, on the caly,
distinet; styles n.arly I.Tininal; carpels nunuToits. colleet.d o,, a
eonvex ot- ,.|„ngat..d ,„ore or hss succleut reeeptaelc. and ripening
into small dru,H.s forming an aggregate fruit. Perennial herbs
shrubs, or vuie.s with altirnale stipulate leaves, an,l fre,|„ently
armed with prickles. ■'

1. a. I<U«UI. L. (var. .Cul..tlssimus. C. \. Mey.) Heo H>.sei,KKMY
Stem, upright, shrubby, -.-r, It. hi„l,, u.sually ever,.! will, weak ghonlular

pnekle. (or on the older stc.s hooked prickle., ; 1 .,.« :,.,„„„„. ,1 1,.,,,,,,'

ovate and sharply s,.rr.,te; flowers while, ,l,e pcals as long as ,1„. le al

ealyx hairy; fruil re.l, separating fredy fr the elongatcl reecp, cc'

(oinni.-n 111 iwwiy hurnid wooils, Man .\lla,
-, H, ChamamdruB L. ('i.oi-n H»:iiiir.

Herl„u.eous crcping as a r.mtato.k, seialing „p hraliches ,) 10 i„ high
oflei, hnaly pulKiicent ; leaves simple, orbicular, somewhat 5-lol,ed, scrr.ite'

I

4
1

66

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

wrinkled; flowers white, solit .ry, dioeeiuus; fruit r.«l or yellowish, wparaling
from the dry rcceptBele. In great 1>ok at I'oreupine Mt». and >iniilar loca-
tions, but not eommon south of Lut. fiS*.

3. R. tiMAnii, Hiehards. Dwakf Raipberht.

Stem ascending and short, or trailing and longer, unarmed, herlinroous
above imd woody towards the base; leaves :) .,r rarely 5-foliate, leaflets
rhombie-ovate and sharply serrate or double-serrate; flowers white the
«-r petals ercet and longer than the roflcscd sepals; pedumles l-;f-flowcred-
fruit red, not separating from the receptacle. Wet woods, common, eitond-
iQg far northward.

4, R. ftrcticufl, L. Arctic Raspberry.

Stems somewhat erect, 3-10 in. high, unarnie.1; leav.s 3-foliate leaflets
oft.n se.«Uo, obovate. coarsely and unevenly .-.crrate, or sometimes slightly
lobcd; flowers large, pink, ..r rarrly white, terminal an-i usually solitarv
fruit red, not separating easily from the receptacle. In cold peat Ijogs in the
spruce woods along the northern Ijorders of the prairies.

9. AGRIHdNIA.

Agrimony.

Calyx 5-oleft, tube somewhat hpitiiaphciieal, tho throat armoil
with hooked bristles and enclosing the two achenes; petals 5, yel-
low; stamens 5-15. Perennial herbs with pinnate leaves,' and
traall flowers in a spike-liko raceme.

1. A. atrUU, Michz.

Stem erect, 1-2 ft. high, usually simr.le lielow the flowering branches
softly pubescent with appressed h,iirs; leaflets somewhat ribbed and nar-
rowing to a point: cilyx turned abruptly outward in fruit. Damp ground
about thickets, extending westward almost to Rocky Mts.

10. r6SA. Rose.
Calyx tube cup-shaped, drawn in at tho throat and bocoming
fleshy in fruit; [M.tals and stamens inserted on the edge of a disk
lining the calyx tube; ovaries becoming bony aohenes attached to
the hollow rewiptaoio inside the calyx tube. Prickly shrubs with
largo showy flowers.

1. R. bUnda, Ait.

,Slciii» I r, It. high, .ilightl.v prickly or ii.ikcl; stipule .hlatiHl, suriH'limcs
glandular-toothed; leaflet-' 6-7, oblong-lanc wilate; flowers large, white or
pink, solitary or in corymbs. Kastcrn Mm.

ROBAOEiE

-'• «. •cicuUrii, LiiKjI.

dilali.,1 Klu,„iul,.r-r,li,„v ,„ r,..in„u,; hall.t.

Thiekot., Man.-Al.u., not woll defined.
3- R. praUncoU. Oreene.

Stenw low, very prickly; ,ti„„lo„ narrow
more or 1,.™ pl„„,|ul,r-„,o,h„,i. leaflet, 7-11'
elliplieal to ol,l„„e,.„late, pr„,„i„e„,|y veined-
flower. p„,k turning white, u.ually in eoryn,l.».'
(«. arkansdw. Porter.) Prairies, Man - \lta

67

Fill. .V). —

Stipille.sof
RoNi pra-
tinculu.

n. PT?Hns.

.tvT." 2- Wn^*^ ■ ^'"f' V"*''"'" -■ ^"""dish; »tan>,.„.s numorous-
cym« ''"""' """ '"'*'"^ '" """-'-«k.. or eorymb-II^o

1. P. .mericta., (Mur»l,., DC. Am.b.o.k Mc„«t^,k .^«,

flow';z.;ut^:::rfl;t:y',e!'^;ni;r'"''^'''r"^^

KasternMan. "^'^ """^^ ""■» '■'"■"'•■rry-l.ke. bright red. Dan.p woods.
12. CRATiEGUS. IIawtbobn

red or yellow pomp containing 1-r,
horny nutlets. Thorny shrubs or
small trees with pink or whitu Howri^
in corymbs, and simple leaves usually
lobed.

1' C. cocclnea, L.

Leaves on slender petioles, l.rondlv f .,
ovate, tupe.-inK towarils th>- apex to '•, 01— Cratagus eoeeinea.

»hnrp point, shui ply ineised or serraf tnn.eate „r .r

stamens about 10- I'n.it red.H.I,, l '"''''"''''''''' ''''' ''''«:

.hieket, west aln.o,', ^ Ihe kteky .MtT" "''"' ""-■ '"^ "^ - '"

i:i. AMELANCHIER. .IrNKnEm.v

I

U i\

B

1

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

ovary r>-c)>ll('<|, radh ni-ll 2-iH<<'fl(<(|, and
partly diviilcd into 2 hy a fnlw parti-
tion. Hhrulw or iiniall trees with al-
ternate, hiniple, petioled leaves, white
flowers and red or purple I'dihle fruit.

1. A. ilaUAUa, N'utt. Sahicatooh.

A Hhruh 4-12 fr. hiich; Milvrry-tonirntono
when young, ufterwinrds iMTuniinK ululiruto
throuiihoul ; Icnvin thirk, uliiiiint iirbiculiir,
hlunt or rounded nt the ni>ex, >ul>->'ordiite
ut the buse. euitrsely dentute iitHjve the
middle; raieniesxhort; pi'tHlmibluneeiiluti':
fruit puriile. eovered with u bloom. Kith
woods, Miui.-Altu.

XL. LEGUMIN6s.« (Pba

Flo. 62. — Amclanchicr t'ni- Family)

foUa.

Herbs, shrubs or trees with alternate,
stipulate, compound loaves and peculiarly irregular flowers; calyx
S-parted; corolla of 5 petals, the upper, or »/« ndard, larger than tho
others, enclosing them in the bud and later spread-
ing; the two lateral petals, wingt, more narrow
and often more or less joined to tho lower; the
two lower petals united to form the keel, and
enclosing tho stamens and pistil; tho whole form-
ing what is known as a papilionnceouK corolla;
stamens usually 10, and arranged in groups of y
and 1, but more rarely distiniit or all joined to-
gether; ovary 1-oelled, forming a lejrume in fruit.

Flo. B'l — Pistil
of Gardtin Pea.

• Stamens HrnaaLT distihct.

1. Thtrmopsis, Bowers yellow, lenvct 3-foliate.

*• Stamens au. united in one urocp (monadelprocs).

2. Amoivht. stamens joined nt the base, eoniUa of u sinsle petal.

3. Ptlalostemon. stamens 5, their Blaments united in a tul,.- split down
one side, and liearinx 4 petals nttaihcd to it.

4. Lupinui. stamens united in a eloscd tulw, anthers of two kinds.

••• Stamens in two hhuvth (diadelpuoiw), usually in ohodps or

i) AN» 1.

t Leaves palmately .'J-S-kuliate.

6. Pi«ralM. leaves ;i or 5-foliatc. glandular-dotted.

LEOUMINOS^ an

n. M.lUotu.. Luv... 3.,„iu,o. Bower, in ruoem™.

tt LeaVK- PINNATttr 3-roUATC

111. A.tr.|.lu., ko..l l,l„nt.,.,i„t„|.

. O'yt'opi., k„.i ,..„ii,„ i„ „ .,„.,„ ,^„^

Jtl.BAVKM IVEN-PINN..TE, THIS TIlliui.,.. ..

XT A TONUKIL. "»»">'*>. WAFLET B.INO ..PLACID

It T^H!' "" '" '''""''^^'' "'"' " "'" "' hnir „, the end
>.. UU,y™,. ..,,e a..t and l^ardcd down ,l,e h.™" ,ide.

THERMdPSIS.

equalling the wings'^J^ k^™"; '^,"."'°''"'' "' -"ularand about
'liHtin-a; p„d flat «.,1dl?. TL k "^ ' """'"' '"• '""""""d "nd

1. T. rhombifSli., (\utl.) Rirhurds.

-urved and stalked. Dry oZZ::l. H-W,' 'Z^l-Si^a"'"''"^ '"""'"-
2. AM()RPHA.

^!l

13

j*t'

70

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

1. A. cuIkiu, Punh. Lead Punt.

En'ct, 1 a ft. hiiih. whitiiih-|ml»*H.|it ; IruflcU M»-S1 , ol Joni to ellipticiil ;
flowoni liluiah purple; ipikrai duntorod at tho •umluit. In liuiichi'a on unily
prairie, Man.

2. A. mierophjUa, Punh.

Lf>w, lew* than 1 ft. high, nearly Riahrous; leaflota rigid; ftowers purplish;
ipikeH flolitury. MoiMt prairien. RcU River Valley.

3. A. fmtlcAH, L. Fauc Indioo.

A rather tall shruli, not »o puheaeent a> A. cnneterm; flowers violet-
purple; IcoAotH 9-2fi, rather srattered. Along the Hed River.

3. PETALOSTiMON. Prairie Clover.

Calyx 5-toothod; petals on sicndor nlaws, four of thorn alike and
borno on the sheath of the tnonadelphous stamens, the cithttr, th(<
standard, attached to the ealyx tulnt; pod l-2*seeded, enelosed in
the ealyx. Perennial herbs with odd-pinnate leaves, minute stipules,
and small flowers crowded in dense terminal heads or spikes.

1. P. parpirtus, (Vent.) Rydli.

Hmoothish; leuflctn 5, linear; heads short, eylindrienl; flowers rose-
eolorcd. (P. violaceni, Miehl.) Dry prairies, Man.-Alta.

2. P. ctniUdat, Mirhi.

Smooth; leaflets 7-0, laneeolate; heads oylindrieal; flowers white. Dry
prairies, Man.-Alta.

4. LUpInUS. Lupine.

Calyx 2-lipped; sides of standard recurved; stamens monadel-
phous, tho tulHi entire; anthem of two kinds, alternately round and
oblong; pod flat and often constricted iMstween tho sei^ds. Herbs
with palmately compound leaves, the stipules adhering to the bane
of tho petiole, and raoitmes or spikes of rather showy flowers.

1. L. argfoteut, PL:?h. Bilvert Lupine.

A iHsrrnniul shrubby herb, 1-2 ft. high, mui-h branrhod anil densely silky-
pubcsrent; ioafii't- 6-8, rounded at the nliex and tapering tfiwards the base;
flowers )>luii4h pirple or ycl'i/ffish; pod silky-pul)cs[Tent, 3-5-8ce(h'd. Var.
argophyllus. Wats., more silky than the typo, is reporte<l fnmi Cypress Hills.
Wood Mountain, foothills S-W. of Calgary, and similar localities of N. Snsk.
and Alta.

2. L. Until, Wats.

Dwarf, rlustered. perennial, 3-fl in. high, from a rootstoek: villous
throughout; leaflets oblong to laneeolnte, shorter than the petioles; flowers

LEQUMINOBA

71

.'i. L. puiOlai. I'urah.

Ann,„.l |,„, 4-„ („, ,,i,,,, .,„„, ^^.„ |,„„,,,„„, ^^^

«..wor. ,..u., .„ ,„„„..n.u. .lc.,.«. .h..„.,„„.,„j^ „ .rp^L7'L.lw:

r>. psorAlea.

Calyx .'■►.t,K,lh<.d; Htamcns usually .iitt<l..lphou«, half th<. anthen
»n.all..r than tl... „,h.,„,- p.nl .hi.k. in.l..hi«,,„,; l.^,.^. « .t!^
pr,.je„ ,„K l,„y„„., th.. ,alyx. P..r. nniul h..rl,» usuallv n.uXnH

1. p. UiophjUt, Pursh.

Krnc,. 0 Ih in ;,i,u. hranohn.!. whili.h .ilky.p„.«.^o„, ihmu.houf
■"■'"'•• «"»'"■" ■'■■'I' I'lu.', in intLTTupM ,pik....'

leiivi'M liiiiMr to (ihuvute
Dry Moil. M.m.-Alta.

:.'. P. UnceoUta, Pumh,

.pike. fn.i. riolmlar. S.„,,y ..li., W. s,:;,' ,.:„; Au!' ""• '" "'""'

3. p. eKaKnU. Pursh.

Rough hairy. «t,,ut. n-12 in. high; h.nv™ paln,„lcly 6.foli«l«. |™flet.
.l».vatB: fl„„..r.„alt. bluo; racen,. Hpik.Mik,., ,hort. a™«,^ ■ a 'l..^ ,^

6. TRIFdLIDM. C'u.veb.
Calyx .5^1eft, teoth bristle-lik,.; corolla papilionaocoun, the petals
more or !,,», umU,d to the stamen tub.,; stamen, usuallyX.'
Phoua 9 and . but th., «,paration of th.. fnth slamon not iway
cmplot.,: pods small, straight, and m..,„branous, in.lu,l.,l in ?ho
p.™st™ oalyx and withered eorolla. DIffus,, herbs with palmat 1
J-fohatc leaves and flowers in heads. ^

I. T. ripeai, L. White Clover.

in fr'lTl'"' ""^"'l'- """""'"'I' '""fl-'" """-h"! "t tho apoxi fl„wor» whito
.n small loose heads. A co.nmon l„,p„rtatio„ in lawn grass mixture.

2- T. pri«t(on, L. Red Clgveh.

Pcrenmal ,lcn„ ascending, hairy: leaflet, „vate. «,n,etin,es notched at
the apex, w.,h a pale spot „n th. upper surface; stipule, broad; head, ^oid!

til

i

I 4

MIOOCOfY nSCHUTION TEST CHAHI

(ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No, 2)

13.2

1.8

[•25 mil 1.4

1^ i^ 11^

_^ /APPLIED IM/iGE Inc

^BT 1653 East Uam Street

BTiS Rochester, Sea Yorh 1 4609 'JSA

'.J^ (716) *B2 - OiOO - Phone

^^ (7'6) 2B6 - 5989 -Fa.

72

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

Fig. 54. — Medi
caKo tiativa.

of red or rcddiah-whito flowers. Commonly introiluced as a fodder plant,
Imt Tiot hardy cnouKh to hecmiic very widoaprcad. Frequently found
around fields in the Red Kivor Valley.

7. MEDICAGO. Mkuick.
FlowiTS aa in Mi'lilotus; pod l-scviTal-sct-dcd,
curved or twisted; leaves 3-foliate, leaflets toothed,
stipules often cut.

1. M. MtlT«. L. Lucerne, Alfalfa.
Ercrt, smooth, perennial; leaflets oliovatc: flowers

purple; pods twisted. IntrodueiHl into America from
Europe and now lieing larnely used aa a (odder plant.

2. M.lupullM, L. Ulack Medick, Nonesuch.
CrcepinK, pubesient, annual; leaflets toothed at

the apex: flowers yellow, in short spikes; pods 1-
seeded. Waste places, not unconunon, Man.-
Alta. '

8. MELIL6TUS. Sweet Clover.
Flowers as in Trifolium, but with eorolla
free from the stanun tube, and arranged in
long terminal racemes;
pod more leathery in tex-
ture and with fewer seeds.
Annual or Inennial herbs
with rigid stems, and 3-
foliate leaves fragrant in
drying.

1. H. offlcinilis, (L.) Lam.

Yellow Sweet Cloveb.

Erect, tall; leaflets some-
what broadly ovate, closely
serrate; petals yellow, all
nearly equal in length.
Waste pround, not uncom-
mon, introduced, Man.-
Alta.

2. M. llb«, Desv. White
Sweet Clover.

FlQ. 55.— Melilotus Erect, tall; leaflets nar- Fio. 56.---MclUotU8
officinalis. rower than in the preceding; *"^'

LEGUMINOSiE

73

rorolla white, standaril loiiBor than th<'
coiiiinoli, introducird. Mati. Aha.

)thcT pptals. Waalo \iUrca, fairly

U. AMPHICARPA. Hixi Pkanit.
Flowirs of two kimls, — small white or violet iiei^i'et flowers in
axillary racemes, and solitary apetalous fertil. (lowers on liliform
ereei)ing branches from
the bas(! and generally
unilerground; calyx 4 or
rarely ">-toothed ; sta-
mens diadelphous; pods
of the upper flowers
curved and stalked, those
of the lower pear-shaped,
1-seeded. Low slender
perennial herbs witli pin-
nately 3-foliate leaves.

Flo. 57. — .Anijihirarpa iiinnoica, shoniiig a
leaf, and u cloitit^tguniuiis flower ut o.

I. A. mon«ic<. (L.) Ell.

Leaflets thin, broadly ovate, acute at the apex and rounded at the base ■
upper flowers purplish white in nodding rucenica: pods of the perfect flowers
pubescent along the margin. Rich moist woods, Ued lliver Valley.

10. ASTRAGALUS. Milk Vetch.
Calyx 5-toothed; corolla papilionaceous, the standard long and
narrow with reflexed sides; keel .blunt; stamens diadelphous; pod
several-seeded, often turgid, and fri'quently appanntly 2-<!elled
by the intrusion of one or both sutures. Perennial herb.s with odd-
pinnato leaves, and flowers ir spikes or rmieme.s. A very largo
genus, and impossible to determine all the species without matured
pods.

* Pod succulent .\Nn ixuehiscent.

1. A. caryocirpus, Ker. Ground Plum.

Tufted, ascending, minutely pubescent with appressod hairs; flowers
purple, in a short spike; fruit glabrous, ovoid-glribular, with very thick walls
and completely diWded into 2 cells. Prairies, roini.ion. Man.-Alta.

** Pod dky and dehiscent.
t Pod completely 2-celled.

2. A. canadensis, L.

Erect, 1-3 ft. high, somewhat pubescent, leaflets 21-27; flowers yellowish
"hitc, in a long, dense spike; pod sessile, erect, ven,- slightly grooved on the
lack, almost straight and piiintcd. Light soil, cunmiuii, Mau.-Aita.

I

H

m

74

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

3. A. cdlfirtem, Pall.

A»rcn<lii,g or .ic.un.l»Mt. n.iliutoly i,ul«.«oent or Rlahrale; leaflets 15-25,
linear-oblong; ,.edu„nk.» ex.ecdi.« the lenvos; flo.er. purplish ... .len«>
8hort Bpikes; pod seHHio, pointe,., coriareous, deeply furrowed on the tiaek.
Moist prairie, ron.n.o.i, Man.-Alta.

4. A. hjIK)gl6ttit, L.

Resembling the prewding. hut more diffusely brnn.hed; pod mjmbran-
ous, oblong, and densely vill.ius. Dry prairie. Man.-Alta.
tt Pod incompletely 2-celled.

5. A. racemdtus, Pursh.

Erect or asrcnding. 1-lJ ft. high, finely pubeseent, branehed at the base
■omewhat ligzag; leaflets 17-21, linear-oblong; peduncles equ.dl.ng or
exceeding the leaves; flowers long, yellowish white, in a loose '^^<"]"-°^
sp[ke; pods st,dked, triangular in section, imperfectly 2-celled by the .ntru-
sion of the dorsal suture. Prairies, S. Man. and S. Sask.

S. A. lotiflAnis, Hook.

Low. gray with appre.,sed hairs; leaflets 7-13, lance-oblong; flowers
yellowish white, in few-flowered heads; peduncles n.ay or n.ay """•';'•"'«' '^f
feaves in length; pod sessile, oblong-ovate, villous-pubescent, shghtly keeled
and often curved along the dorsal suture, ventnd suture ne..rly strmght.
Rather rare, Man.-Alta.

ttt Pod not at all 2-celled.
7 A. Drumm6iiilii, Dougl.

Erect. 1-2 (t. high, growing in clumps, loosely woolly-pubescent; leaflet^
19-33, rounded or obtuse at the apex, tapering to the base; flowers yellow.sh
white, the keel often tinged with purple, in somewhat loose 'P'kes, the
peduncles cuaUing or frequently exceeding the U,ayes n. h«ght ; pod I-celle 1
Tlked, pendent. Cypress Hills, Red Deer Hills, Hand H.Us; probably
hilly regions generally.
8. A. pectinitui. (Hook.) Dougl.

Ascending. 10-18 in. high, much branched, canescent or glabrate; eaflets
n-21, vcrv narrowly linear; peduncles may or may not exceed the loaves
flowers yellowish white, in loose spike-like racemes, s.andanl n.uch lonRer
"rn the wings or keel; pod 1-celled, sessile, oblong, leathery .n texture,
keeled on the upper suture and terminating in a long po...t.

9 A. aborigtaJrum. Richards.

Erect, (^-12 in. high, somewhat branched, canescent with fine appressed
hairs, or glabrate; leaflets 7-13, linear or oblong; flowers wh.te.t,nged».tl.
purpe or violet, in loose racen.es, the peduncles exceed.ng 'h" -^-^"
height; pod 1-celled. inflated, on a long stipe, dorsal suture shghtlj .ntruded.
On gravelly ground across the prairies and far north.

LEGUMINOS^

75

10. A. flexudtnt, (H(>«ik.) Dougl.

Asrcmling, or rarely erect, hmnrhcd at the base and looacly ttpreiuliiiK,
1IH15 in. high; leaflets 'J-lil, linear, oblonR, oroblaneeulate; floweri purple,
in a very loose raceme, peduncion exceedint; the leaven in heinht; pod
1-celled. scjisile, cylindrical, roninion across the prairies, u.'tually ttrowing
in patches, Mun.-AIta.

11. A. ten«Uui, Punh.

Slender, decumbent. G-12 in. high, diffusely brnnrhed; leaflets 11-15,
linear to oblonR, pale green; racemes axillary, very hMiso-flowered. on short
peduncles; flowers smaii, yellowish whito or pinkish; pod l-celled. flattish,
oblong, pointed at Imth ends, on a slender stipe. (.1. muUi/loruii, dray.)
Prairies from W. Man. to Rooky Mts.

12. A. missouriiniis, Nutt.

Stems very low, tufted; leaflets 7-21, elHptical to obovate, usually obtuflc;
whole plant densely hoary-pubescent throughout; flowers violet-purple,
few in heads or short spikes; pod 1-relIed, about 1 in. long, wrinkled, sessile,
oblong, tapering to a point, leathery in texture, circular in s('ction with the
ventral suture slightly keeled. C.lny and alkaline flats, Sask. and Alta.

13. A paocifl6rus, Hook.

Dwarf from a woody rootstoek. densely whitish-pulniscent, leaves
crowded forming mats on the ground; leaflets 7-11, oldong to lancwdate;
flowers xiolet, 2-5 to a peduncle; pod linear, minutely silky-pubescent, less
than i in. long. W. Alta.

14. A. triphylluB, Pursh.

Stems numerous from a woody rootstoek; ' -s usually 3-foliatc.
crowded, on long petioles exceeding the peduncles, '/cry-silky-pulwscent,
flowers white or yellowish in crowde<I heads or spiken; pod enclosed in the
calyx, soft, hairy, somewhat conical. Dry gravelly ridges, Sask. and Alta.

i3

I

11. OXtTROPIS.

■itemlcss herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves of numerous leaflets,
.n an oreot rootstoek, and with flowers n'sembling those of

. ..itraga.1 us except that the keel terminates in a sharp beak and the

spike is borne on a long naked scape.

\. O. Lambftrti, Pursh.

Silky-pubescent with fine appressed hairs, 0-14 in. high, growing in
clumps; leaflets 9-19, mostly linear: flowers in short dense spikes or heads,
showy, reddish purple or yellow^ish white; scapes exceeding the leaves;
pod sessile, erect, incompletely 2-cclled. leathery in texture and densely
silky-pubescent. Dry prairies, Man. -Alta.

l,i

76 SELECTED WESTFKN BXOIIA

L\ O. ipliadeni, DiiurI. *

Di'iisiOy while' »ilk.v-vill<ju», 0-12 in. liiBh. in rliltn|i»; liMflcIs iiunicroui,
uaimily ill fu!>e-i(lf« (if :t 5; flowcrn viTy uliowy, in <li'iim' .■•iillviM, roni-pink
1.1 pnrpli-; mjilioa ^-xcirdiim Ihr lo:ivi>«: pixl LTuit, J-collud iir nearly ^ ,,
villcui»-|)ul)cwcnt. Dry priiirifs, Miin.-Alt:i.

:i. O. defliu. DC.

Low, with leuvc's proBtrate iwul »rii|«'.s ascuncUim, never innre thnn 1 fl.
liiuh. IdOBiay puliesrent throUKluMll ; le;illel» 2a-:«. liinr-eiiliile tii r>l,liiliK;
llriwerH sniiill. arareely «jen. in :i shiirt elciao »pike which lioi'iinn's innih
Icnuthencd in fruit; aeapos exeeediiiK thi> leaven: poll 1-eelled. lonner than
the ealyx. Handy Boil, loeal, Man.-Alta.

12. HEDtSARUM.

Calyx r>-eleH; standard ami kwl lon^iT tlian the wings; stamens
(liailxlphous, 9 and 1 ; pod flat and jointed, being eoniiiosed of sevo-
ral separable parts. Perennial herlis with a tenileney to heeome
shrubliy, with odd-pinnate leaves and showy flowers in axillary
racemes or spikes.

1. H. borelle, Nutt.

Erert, 1-2 ft. hinh, smooth; leaflets 13-21: flowers purplish red to whitish,
dellcxcd, in a hins raecine; ealyx teeth shorter than the tulie; pods of [i or
4 joints. Prairies. \. Man.-Alta.

2. H. Ma^kinzii, Riehards.

RcseniblinR the precediiiK, but the stem fre'i'ientiy ileeumbent, minutely
pubeseent; leaflets 11-1(1; flowers stiRhtly larit.r, vioiet-plirple, ealyx teelh
loiiRer than thi' lube or at least equalliiiK it; P"<1 3-Hointed. Prairies.
Sask. and Alta.

13. GLYCYRRHlZA. Liquorice.

Calyx .'j-toothed, the two upper shorter or partly united; corolla
lonR and narrow, the standard reflexed at the sides; stamens
diadelphous, the anthers alternating larger and smaller; pod ovate,
compressed, sessile, covered with pri:<kles, hooks or glands. Per-
ennial herbs from thick sweet roots, with odd-pinnate leaves,
flowers in axillary spikes and foliage spotted with glands.

1. G. lepiddta. (Nutt.) Pursh. Wild Liqcomce.

Ereet, 1-3 ft. high, hranchinB; leaflets 15-19, sprinkled with scales or
dots; flowers whitish, in pcduucled 'pikes; pod= nhlnns, covered with
hooks. Edges of thickets or moist ground generally, eommon. Man.-Alta.

LKGUMINOS^

77

14. ViCIA. Vktiii, Taiik.

Calyx .'■)-tootli<Ml, soimwlmt unequally; winds of ..orollH ailhiTinK
to tho kwl at the middle; stui .ns mostly diiidilplioua, <» and 1,
the stamen lulie oblique; style nliform with a lull of Imirs at the
summit; pod . 'hiseent, 2-valviKl, several-s<K'(led. llrrlis elimhinK
hy tenih-ils whirOi replaee the terminal lealhts; llowers axillary.

1. V. imericlni, .Miihl.

SiiiDolh. a-:t ft. loiiK, trailinK .or rliintjing; Iriivm nearly semile. of ll>-14
oviili^ loiiflela; flr,wer« iiurple; jicduncles 4-N-ni)werc.l. CcinjriHjn in wooded
di»tri<'ts nrro.sa tho iirairies. (Var. linearil, Wal».), shorter, with linear
leafleta, is coniinou in cijon Kroand. trailinK rather thauelinilang, M . -
Alia.

lo. LATHYRUS. Evi.:iila.stin(i Pea.

Similar to Vieia, e.xeept that tho style is somewhat paddle-s'. [K-d
and hairy on the inner surface, and the filament tube is not oblitiue.
Smooth perennials.

1. I. m«rltimu>, (L.) Bigcl. Beach Pea.

Stout, Irailinn, with 0-12 thirliish ovate-nl.lonK leiiHets, and large leaf-like
stipules; flowers large, pur|)lo, peduneles fi-KI-Howered. Trailing on tho
sand on the shores of Lakes Manitoba and Winnipeg.

3. L. paKistrii, L.

.Slender, glahrons, 1-3 ft high, the .item more or less winged down the
two si.les; stipules somewhat sagittate and linear: flowers purple, pedunc.les
3-5-flowered. Clindung on grass and bushes in moist lliii.kets aeross the
prairie region. Some varieties are found more slender than the type
Man.-.\lta.

<i. L. vendsus, Muhl.

Stout, somewhat pubeseent, l'-:i ft. long; stiiniles small: leaflets 8-rj,
oblong-ovate, obtuse: peduncles shorter than the leaves; flowc.rs |)ur[>le, the
ealyx persistent; pod linear, sessile, glabrous. In niixeil woodland and
prairie regions, Man.-.\lta.

4. L. ochroleucus. Hook.

Slender. 1-2) ft, long; stipules half eordiite, large; li.aflets (i-10, thin;
peduneles 7-l(l-flowererl, shorter than the leaves; flowers yelloviish while.'
Sparsely wooded districts, Man.-Alta.

nim

78

SELECTED WESTEUN FLOKA

XLI. LIWACEiE (I'LAX Iamilv).

Annual or |H-rcnnial hcrh.s, often woody at tin- \msv, with n'^ulur,
IM'rfii!t, syn»n»'trical, hypojffnous Mow^th, and Minij'I'" st'ssilc h'uvcs :
Hcpals 'i; petals 5; stajm-n.s 5, monadelphoUH; ovary 4 or "wullud
and 8-U»-setjdt'd.

1. LINUM. Flax.

Sepals '», iH'rsistent; p*'tals 5, alternate with the sepals, deeiduoiis;
stuinenH it, alternate with the [M'tals; styles 5; ovary "Heelled with
2 seeds in eaeh eell, or more or less twmpletely lO-i-elled will* I sci-d
in eaeh eell. Tough fibrous hi-rbs, soinetiiiU's woodj ut the hase,
with simple sessile leaves either opposite or alternate, and perfi-et
flowers.

1. L. LewfiU. Pursh.

Perenniid, l-l! ft. hinh from a woody root, Klnl>rous and Rltiurfujs through-
out, the stems Miniplo or hriiiic-hing uIh>vp, Imt KrowiiiR iti ('himp«; Iciivcs
liiiL'iir, acute; flowers few, l>lue, rather larRc, the petals very deciduous
(L. percnne, L.) Dry piuiriea, Maii.-AIta.

2. L. rfgidum, Pursh. Yellow Flax.

Usually perennial, Klahroun or minutely pubcseent or rounhenod on the
anifilcs, 4-12 in. high, branched, but often grovinB in tufts or mats, the
branches stiff and angled; Ict-ves narrow, erect; flowers large, yellow.
Dry prairies, Sask. and Alta.

3. L. BulcAtum, Riddcll.

Annual, glabrnun; stem sparingly, if at all, branched towards the base, hut
profusely branched towards the top, the branches all rising to about the same
height; branchlets more or less grooved: leaves linear or lanceolate, sharp-
pointed, the h>we8t entire, the upper .-mailer an<l serrulate, usually with
dark glands in place of stipules; flowers yellow, about i in. broad, rather
scattered in few-flowered raremo-like or corymb-like clusters. Dry sandy
soil, rare; Qu'Appellc Valley west of Fort ElHce. (Macoun.)

XUI. OXALIDACEJE (Wood Sorrel Family).

IjOW herbs with a sour watery juitw, regular flowe a, and delicate
palmate leaves of throe obcordate leaflets; sepals 5, often unequal;
petals r», pink or yellow; stamens 10-15; ovary 5-celled; styles
united or distinct.

OERANIACE.E
1. dXALIS. Wood Hohkkl.

79

S.piil« ,-,, iHTsist.'iit; iK'tals r,, uiiiti^d at th.' I.iu«.; staini'iis 10
monmlclphous, alt..rnat,.|y LinpT an<l »hort.r; Hlylcs .",, ,|i,tiiwt'
pods vnvl, ofti'n on l>fnt iMdiiils.

1. O. alrlcM, L.

Sl.n,, „„mll.v ,„„r,. thun ,„„.. ilo,.u,„l„.„t: ],-.,y„ „„|,. „r,.,n. ,..„»i.iv,.;
fl,.w,.rs y,.|l,.w. ,„.,|,„„.|..» .,„.,tl.v l'-ll„w,.r,.,i. th,. ,l,.n,.xe,l pwlird, :„„1 ,l,.<,„
covercil with upijrisacil haira.

1'. O. cornicullti. L. Lauv'h Sukhel.

S.,.„„ r,.»..,„l,linK Ih,. „r,,.,.,li„„: !,.,„ ,,„ „„.,■„ „f„,, ,i„„,| „i„,

purplf; fl„w,.rs .vdl„« , tin- ,H.lu.,.i,., „.v,.r,.l-(l.,w,.r.,l, ,h,. ,„.,li<-,.U u„.,.,„li„K

an.l »pr<,a,l„«, „,,h v,.r>- li„l,., if a,,v, pul ,„.,.. Dry „,i|, „,„„„ „m

prmrira. bonic confuMon rxial, rfdardinn this ;„„| the pwediug spends.

XUII. GERANIACE^

((iEiiAxuM Family).
Horlw with palmotcly lobod or d..ft, usually »tipulat.. I,.av<.«,
and iMTfrat, regular, hypog,.nous flow.-, .., ..ilh.T solitary or in axillary
clusters. Sipals .5, p,.r»ist™t; p,.tal» o, hyp(.K..n,.us; stanirns a.-
many or two or throe times the number of sepals, distinct; ovary
0-lobed and 5-celled.

lid
1 1 I'l

'. GERANIUM. Cranesbilu
Sepals r,, imbticated; p..tals r,, hypogenous, imbricated; stamens
10, o long and 5 short; ovary .Vlobed, .V,.ell,.d, beak-like, often
tipped with the persistent style; ovules ;> in each cell.
1. G. nuculltum. L.

lunZZtl' "'■'''■,'•*-'- '"■ "«'■• '""^■■- I'-™ i5-.«r,„l. the divisi,,,,, still
urther nut towards ho ends; fl„wors I.tk,.. light purpl,-, petals .H-ard-l at the

to be looked for m eastern Mauitolia.
L'. G. oroliniinum, L.

Low, much brum-hed. and hairj-, with spreading. 3r,metime., glandular
hairs; leaves deeply eut into many ol,l„n„ s.-^n.-nts; fl.mers pale pink in

:^:^^-^z' '"'" " "'■"" "•'"•■ ^'-'^ '"■"■' "-''^ -

■i. G. inclsum, Xutt.

Rather eoarse leafy-bra,„h,,l; pedieel.. p.-duneh,, „r entire plant glan,!-
ular-hairy with short hairs; leaves 3-S-eleft. or the lower stiU n.ore divided ;

is

(;U
1:1

m

80

SKLKt'TKU WKSTKItN FLORA

IH'liiN piirpit': hruk nf ilii- fruit vrry uluriiluliir.
iiimI i'iif«twiiril In ('y'>ri-.-.H Mill.o iiikI W'immI Mt.

KtmUiillr* of Hurky Mtii.

4. O. RIchftrdiAnll, M>«-li. Jk Shy.

Stciii «li-inliT, fliKl.tiy lJul>^•^*(■^■nt; iii-diii-N, |»f(|illli-lo«, itlxl >nnH<tiiri{'!« llii'
UIMMT iiiirt villoiiH with whitf h;iirr< lippi'tl uitli purpli- uliuuh; li-:i\(-:^ ii^tiiiilly
few. ;t .l-piirtfd, tln' pjirl?. ff lUv Inwcr furtlu-r iliviiird, tin- trriniimi lulu-
linicli luriKiT tliitli tin- later in tin- il|»p< r; flawrr- white vriiitd with red;
iK'iik of l'i<> fruit Hoiiii-wluit t{hiii<liilur-hiiiry. Footliill.t of Uoc-ky Mtit. itiid
pruiricH of S. Hunk, and Altu.

&. G. putfllum. L.

.\niiiiiil. ftctii sh'iidiT, wciik, sprt'iifliiiK, put. xcrrit ; liMVPRon lonjt pctioh-n,
round, ;ind cut into 7 or \t IoImti. whir-h im; either entire or ;i-tfK»thed at the
upcx; poduncle.s rather ^hort. -'-Ilowen-d ; flowerH ninall. pate re<ldi>h purple,
the Htiimenw witJi anthem (tfteii '» inj^tciid rif i(); capMulu hairy, hut ihe long
slender heuk naked or nearly mt. Incrodueed aUiut towns.

2. ER6DIUM. STdllKHUlLL.

RcHombling the Geranium, l>ut tiu- short stumcnH sU'rile, and tlu-
stylos, in fruit, Hpirally twisted.

1. £. cicutirium, (L.) L'H^r.

A low hairy uiiniial with leaves 1 or 2-pinnate, and sepuln tipped with
bristles. Portage la Prairie, Introdured uhout towns.

2. E. motcbitum, (L.) L'H^r.

Stouter than the preoeding. with leaflets less divided. Introduced, rare.

XLIV. POLYGALACEiE {Milkwort Family).

Herbs or .shrubs witli very irregular liypogemms ilowers arranged
in a variety uf ways. Sepals '», tin two lateral ones large an<l
colored; p«'tais 3 or 5, hypogenous, more or less united; stamens
4-8, gvneraliy in 2 sets; ovary 2-<felk'd with a single ovi.lu in eaeli
cell.

\. POLtGALA.
Sepals .'>, persistent, tJ.o upper one and the two, lower sniLU a. id
greenish, the two later; i ones large and eolored; jM-tals ;i, hypog-
enous, eonneeted with the stamen tube, the lower tme ke^'I-s laped;
stamens (i or S, their fihunents united into a lube split down the baek.
or joined in 2 sets to the petals; ovary 2-<H'lled with a single ovule.
Low bitter herbs with bimplu entire leaves.

EIPHOBDIACEiE

81

1. P. P«.««M., Wi.l,|. F,.„w,;„,.„ «•,„,: .,:..

i-w^r'zrl^r:,:;;:';;;;;;::::;:,;;:';:''^ ^■7"""-^' - ■ •■'•

imr„i,. flow,,, ,;,:,::.",'■,:"'"■""■ """; • ■'■ '-■* '"""• --•

ci.v H.Hwia. K. .M„i,. ,„„| »,..t«„r.l.
■■:■ P. statu, I.. S,;NK. » SN,liK»„„T,

ro.^;:i:'"i;::;:;..t;;;::ur,;;:.r:T;'''" :r '- """"^

XLV EHPHORBlACEiE

(SpitUiE KAMiLr).

styles as „,a„v as .iM.l™n,^''''''^ T'""" ' '" ' '"' '"-'^ -•".■

EUPHdRBIA. SptRcE.

-ily nustak™?;r ;!,«:.;".. ;:Z "■*•"• '•"""•'^ *'"'■'■ ""'

v..lucro, <.a..h on., jus a s .u..; " ■'"..»r.,us in ,.«,.!, in-

H..w..rs solitary „'h,i,;^'^r ■"'"■" "•"'" " ;''"""■ ''™'': f-.il..

l-w sp„.a.li„„ herbs with a hi,,..; n.ilky jut " * "' "'" "•■'"'■'•'■
1. E. glyptoipirmt, Knuclni.

"-....ex; sti„uh.,d;w to ,ri,„. ':'■;■ T "" ""^"'^"" '—I"

■."t pitted Ciravclly »„i| M„,, - . .,.[,../ ' -'' ''-■""''"'l '■"'

sou, :Mun. . ,.,., l„.r„„„„K „ „„„.,„.„ dooryur,! weed.

-'• E. MrpyllifM,, Pers.

n ;
I'.n

i2

I,

I.,

82

BELECTED WEHTKllX FU>liA

XLVI. ANACARDlACBiE.

Tr"*'H or Mhruln willi uti ucriil. ruilky.nr sfHiicwIml n'siiioiis juirr,
a1ti<rnati' f'XKtipulutc lt'uv«-M, aii<l ri'tfulur, •'•-rnrroiis, t;i>ncriilly iNily*;-
UMKiilH Mowitn; nv'iiry l-4'4<lli-d uml l-oviilnl; slylf^ or sliKnius '.{.

1. RHOS. SirvArH.

(*alyx r»-purt(>cl; ix'tats .'i; stumi'tis .\ iiiNrrtcil on u tlink at tin-
hottnin ()r thi" t-alyx: rtnwrrs jfrrcnisli nr yi-llowisli; fruit cirti|H*-liki'.

1. R. loiieodladron, L. V>>i»

: pDiwiN Oak.

Lnw, iTcct fniin It rrcopintt riM)(-
ntui-k, iiNiiiilly ttliihnitc; 1i>uvi>h '.i'
folmlf, nviiti' tn rhnnihic. nitlitT
thick, nfini irrt>Kular[y fcw-loi»tlii'<);
tH>rrii-x wliiti.nh, piTnintiiiK Itinnmli

tlu' willtlT. I'fliMOIHtUM to till' loiirli

to litany [tfopti'. Cotiiniuii in thii'k-
vtti. Muti.-AUii.

2. R. cantdinsii, Murith.

A Mliruli :*-7 ft. hinh. wppntpd;
lpave« thin. iMnliute, [Mtft-iJulMWfni
when yrmiiK; Iciiflrts oviito or oImi-
Vii'e, thp teniiiiml sonu-tirru-s ;*-('lf'ft.
uml all courBely t<M>thril or inciHcii,
l-;i in. loiidE; rtowiTH yfltow; ilru|><'.-<
rut her hirKf- ( Viir. trilobata, ( N'utt . )

Gray.) Loiiflets small, usuiilly alMiut J in- long. IoIm ' or im-iscd, niontly

at tho Miititniit. S-\V. Simk. unci Alia.

RhilH tozicoi

XLVII. celastrAceje

Siirubs with altrrnato Hitnplo loavtw and rogular flowers; appals
and petals 4 or 5, inferior; stamens as many as the petals, alternat*'
with them, periKinous; seeds with an appendage (aril) (frowiiif,' up
from tho point of attanhment, and sometimes covering the seed-

1, CELASTRUS. Bitter-sweet.

Flowers polygamous, with a tendency to bo dicecious, in raceme-
like clusters terminating the branches; petals and stamens .'),

ACERAf'E.f: 09

1 C.Klnd.... L. c-,.,«,„.v„ »,„««.»»,:„

l.>-;iv.-».,v;,|,..„(,|„„„ ,,,„| ,1,^,1^, ^^_.^^^j
very tall uriil twinina ar.,iii„| il.

h-mi

Al«i„„,„ ,|,r„l,„r„.„ Kn.winn
'f In-.-. M„i,i w.i.«|.,. M,,„.

Xr.Vm, ACERACEiE fM„ 1.^,,,^)
"vnrj- L'.|..l.,.,| will, 2 sIvIls .h .1 7' "'""""I" '""K:

1 ACER. ArAPLK.
f.Jli;""'^ "'■"""• "'"' '"'^'"« •^"'™">- "■■■ - ..ra,....ri„i«s ..f ,„..
1. A. •.eeh.rlnum, L. S„,v,:„ M.p,,,;. s„„ M,n,

(trr,.ni,l,. „r,.,.„li„K tl,.- I,,,,,., ■ „ "'"• -l'"l-»'"Mt l«.m.ath: B w.T,

»l.at ■,,„„„„„ al„„„ Winni,,.., aa,l
PortaK,. la Prairi,.. It thrinn wll i„
111- H.'.l Rhvr Vall,.y.

2. A. ipicltuill. Lain. Molntain

MaI'I.K,

A -l.ruli „r wry small tri.. witl,
somewhat Kri'i.aish hark. Li-avca ;j.

Fm. 59. _ Arnr niKundo.

Fio. 80. — Acer sacrharinum.

i3 :
(a '

« !

84

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

lobod, or obscurely S-IoIkiI, nerrate, glabrous above and whitish-pubescent
below, at least when young: rocenies dense, upright. Moist woods througii
Manitoba.

3. A. Iftitindo, L. Box Elder, Manitoba Mapli.

A fair-sized triw with rough gray liiirk. and eoinpciund leaves, of .1 or .■■)
leaflets; leaflets smooth when old. ovate, irregularly toothed; flowers small,
clustered, appearing before the leaves, drooping on long slender pedicels.
Common as far west as Meridian 112°, and north to the Sask. River.

Fki. 61. — Acer spicatum.

>r glabrum.

4. A. tljlbrum, Torr.

A shrub, or low rather spreading tree with smooth light-brown twigs;
leaves mostly small, .-i-S-lolKd or :i-foliate, the lobes or leaflets unciually
but somewhat sharply serraU:, glabrous or almost so. (Var. tnp«rtitom).
a form in which the leaves are mostly 3-foUate. Rocky Mts.

XLIX. BALSAMINACE.* (B.\lsam Family).
Succulent herbs with alternate, simple, exstipulate leaves and
irregular flowers. Sepals 3, two small and gr.«n, the other large,
petal-like and spurred; petals 2, each 2-lobed; stamens 5, with
short flat filaments; ovary 5-celled.

1. IMPXTIENS. Touch-me-not.
Herbs with orange or yellow flowers and seed pods which burst
suddenly on being touched.

BHAMNACEiB

85

I. pUUdi, Nun.

ME-NOT.

Pali Touch-

Flowcre palo yellow, very little
dotted; spur shorter thiin it ia
wide; larger than the next apeeies.
Wet shody places, Man. and Sask.

2. I. uaari, Walt.
Touch-me-not.

Spotted

Fm. 63. — Inipa
tiens pallida.

Flowers oranRe, thiekly spotted
with reddish brown; spur longer

^^.a^Stn^rnh:"'""'^'- "■ "'"■■ ''""•' ^'^ ""«'^P'»-. Man.-

L. RHAMNACE.£ (Buckthorn Family).
Shrubs with simple, altornato, stipulate loaves (the stioules small
and very deotduous) and small regular flowers, (^alyx 4 or ,>toothed •
petals 4 or .■; on the calyx, or none; stamens the same number as
the petals and opposite to them, inserted with them on the ealyx-
ovary 2-5-oelled with one ovule in each cell ; fruit a drupe or capsule.'

1. RHAMNUS. BtlCKTHOBN.

Calyx 4 or 5-toothed, petals 4 or .'5, clawed; stamens same number
a,, petals; ovary ,t or 4-eelled; style 3-4-cleft; drup.. berry-like,
fleers P''^'^'^ ""'"^ '""ves and (with us) usually ditBcious

1. R. ilniftUa, L'ffir.

A »n,all 8hn,l, with ovate or eUiptiral leaves, eaeh with B or 7 pairs of

llL Alta "'""^"""K with the leaves. Moist wooded regions,

2. CEAN6THUS. Red-root.

Calyx .Vlohed, the tube adhering to the ovary; petals H, hooded
c awed longer than the calyx lobes; stamens ',. the filaments
elongated; style short, 3-cleft; fruit dry, :{-lobed, separating when
mature into 3 nutlets. Shrubs with alternate pe.tioled leaves and
White, blue, or yellowish flowers in terminal or axillary clusters.
1. C. TelutlnuB, Dougl.

A large shrub with orownish twigs; leaves broadly elliptieal, ,-)-ner».ed
dosely serrate-dentate ; dark green, smooth, shiny alx,ve and slightly eanSi

Mil

■in

B i

II

86

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

cent beneath, 2 or 3 in. long; flowers white. (Vnr. lavigatuB. Torrey and
Gray.) Leaves glabrous, light green, rather glaucous below. Crow's
Nest Pass.

2. C. ovAtui, Desf.

Leaves elliptical to lanceolate, finely serrate, glabrous; flowers clustered
on short peduncles. Dry sandy soil, E. Man.

LI. VIjACEiE (Grape Family).

Shrubs erect, or climbing by tendrils, with v;atery sap, alternate
petioled leaves, and small greenish flowers in panicles, cymes, or
racemes. Calyx 4 or 5-toothed, sometimes minute; petals 4 or 5,

FiQ. 65. — Psedera vitaces.

VITACE.E

and
ow's

ered

87

)r5,

I.PS^DERA. V.KO.x,. rH..P.„. WoooB,...
1. p. Titicei, (Knerr.) Greene.

Fiu. 66. — Vitia vijpina.

-s ft.!

13 j

"W

as SELECTED WESTERN FIiORA

2. VlTIS. Gbape.

Flowers perfect, or staminatc with rudimentary ovary; calyx
5-parted, teotli very short; petals 5, separate at the base and falling
without opening; stamens 5, on a disk with glands between them;
berry pulpy. Vines with simple leaves, clustered flowers, and
climbing by tendrils without adhesive disks.

Flo. 67. — Tilia americana.

1. V. vulplna, L

Glabrous, except a slight pubescence on the veins on the lower sides of the
leaves; leaves thin, shiny, 3-7-lobed, deeply and sharply toothed; berries
Uuish black with a bloom. (K. riparia, Michx.) River valleys, Man.

TIUACr,^ — MALVACE^ — CISTACE^

89

LII. TILIACE^ (Li.vDE.v Family)

1. TiLIA. Basswood.

Urge trees with soft whTZd/aad c™;s o" ^.^°'' mdehiseeat.
scented flowers. ^ cream-colored, sweet-

1. T. amaricim, L.

Leaves large, glabrous, heart-shaMd «.!»».« ui-
woods. Red Hiver Valley. "^"^'^^ «"»'«• '>''l«l"e; 'ruit ovoid.

Rich

LIII. MALVACE^ (Mallow Family)

I. MALVASTRUM. Fal.se Mallow

1. M. coccfneum. (Purah.) Gray.

.ii«::;Sh::r;Z:e'::;";:^ «-.«rto,l ......ate leave. a„„ „,„i,h

westward. '^"""- "'^ ""''■ '"•""' ">» Red River Valley

LIV. CISTAcE^ (Rock Rose Family)

reS:l^e:r;:Hr: t:^^:^,::?.— ,"3 -^ -^

B.stent. When 5 the two outer smaller; petals'3 »; s"'; w^atl^"

: I

t,3 •
mil '

Si3 i

90

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

stamens numcruus, hyiiogcnous; stylii HiinplK;
3-lobcd; ovary simple, sessile, 1-several-celled.

stigma entire or

1. heliAnthehuh.

Flowers of two kinds, the earlier with large yellow petals, numer-
ous stamens and many-seeded pods, the later with small iX'tals or
none, and small few-seeded pods. The early flowers open only
in the sunshine, hence the name. Woody hi'rbs, more or less
branched.

1. H. canad6nie, Michx. Frostweed.

Erect, hoary-pubescent, with some slender hranrhes; leaves alternate,
lincar-obionK; early flowers larjie, solitarj', terminal. l)Ut later overtopped
by elongating branches; later flowers clustered, axillary. The plant gets
its name from cr>-stals of ice bursting through the bark at the base in the fall.
MacGregor, Man.

LV. VIOLACEiE (Violet Family).

Herbs with alternate stipulate leaves and irregular, axillary , nodding

flowers: sepals ,5, persistent :
petals .'), irregular; stamens
5, hypogenous; fruit a 1-
cplled pod opening by 3
valves, with 3 parietal
placentae.

1. VlOLA. Violet.

Petals unequal, the lower
spurred at the base; some
of the stamens with spurs
projecting into ihe spur of
the corolla; producing in-
conspicuous flowers at the
base which never open.

* Plants without stems.
1. V. cucttUita, Ait. CoMMO.N

Blue Violet

Leaves all without div-isions.
all except the earliest pf>inted,
crenate or dentate, cordate at

Fio. 68. — Viola cucullata.

VIOLACE*

91

the Icvea. W ct pUcra, common, »,uu»hat vuriahle, Man.-Alta.

2. V. pedatUdi. Don. Bird-ioot Violet.

L-avc» imlniafly parKxl and variousl.v .l.-ft into narn.w lol«..- n™l..„ i
cxceodin« the l..av.« bearing .how.v viole Rj^rTZutZ^t^.':, T " ?
( r. rfe/,Mt„i/„,,„, Nutt.) Moia. prairie,. Man -Alta "'"'•

3. V. bitnda, Willd. Sweet White Violet.

Leaves aeuto, midrihs and petioles tineed with red nin..... i i

4. V. piltiitrii. L.

.li.hir'"'""'' l"""a " '""""' ■■"'"»">'■'': leave, round or kidney-.haDed

**Pl.ANTa WITH STEMS.

5. V. NutttUii, Pur«h.

Slightly, if at all, puhesrcnt, leave, ovate to l»",-eolate eniir„ „, i
,l«htly crenate, tapering into winged petiole,; petal, y^.w .en irid
with purple on the o„„ide. Dry prairie,, oeeurn'^g locally, Mrl'-^ur

6. V. pub«.cen., ,\il. DowjfY Yellow Violet.

Stem, often solitary, softly puhescent; root leave, long-petioled usudlv
gone before the flower appears; stem leaves '-4 „„ ,h„., T.' ^

,ummit. blades ovate to'emf;,rm; Ptary;ulw veined Sturoir .'h"
lateral bearded. Rich wood,, Man. and E. Sask "^ ' "

7. V. ctntdiiuis, L. Canada Violet.

Stem 4-12 in. high, minutely pubescent: leaves large, heart-shaoed
poned serrate; flowers white, lasting throughout the sunn, cr h" spr.fd

^th' i'X ^^riotMr-Aur "'"■ '-' ""- ""-" --» '--^«^

S. V. arenlria, DC.

Stem, low, growing in tufts; leaves thickish. den«.ly pubescent on both
surfaces, ovate, narrowing to an obtuse apex, and on[y ^igh Iv if at^ 1
cordate at the base; flowers small, blue, with short blunt spur (K c^J^
var. pnberul., Wat..) Sandy soil, Man. and Sask.

9. V. idanca. Gray.

Glabrous or neariy so, very short-stemmed; leaves rounded to ovate

D;^s:ii:';v.iasr.:rii'.r '""""■'• <"• ""•- -'■ •■"■■'"• ^'-'

is
■I)
a

..i !l

mat J.

ill

nr

02

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

LVI. LOASACEiE (Loasa Familt).

Erect or climbing horlis armed with hooked or stinging hairs, with
alternate or opposite exstipulate leavi's and regular iMirfwt flowers
either solitary or elusteri^d. ("alyx 4-.">-<^left, its tiilu! adherint' to
the ovary; petals as many or twice as many as the divisions in the
ovary; stamens numerous, in clusters opposite the iM'tals, inserted
with the petals; style entire or 2-3-lobed, ovary 1-celled, with 2 or
3 parietal plaoentie, and crowned with the persistent calyx teeth.

1. HENTZ£LIA. Bahtunia.

Calyx .l-lobcd; petals .I or 10, spreading, diwiduous; stamens 20
or more; styles 3, somewhat united; capsule few-s(wdcd. Erect
herbs with alternate leave.< and showy terminal flowers.
1. M. decapitll*. (Pureh.) Url.in mid CAg.

Stout, 1-2 ft. hlKh, rouRh-pulioaicnt I Icavra ovate to hiliri!olat<>, sinuiitc-
pinnatifid, the upper sessile, the lower pclioKl; flowers nuistly solitary,
yellowish white, upcniliK iu the evciiinR (Jtf- ornala. T. and O.) Clay
hanks, S. Alta.

' I:

LVII. CACTACE^ (Cactus Family).

Mostly leafless plants, the thickened fli-shy stems usually covered
with prickli's. Flowers sessile and solitary; sepals and ijctals
numerous, adhering to the tube formed by the union of petals and
sepals; ovary 1-celled; style 1; stigmas many.

1. mamillAria.

Oloboae or ovoid, covered with spine-liearing tubercles with the
flowers springing from woolly or bristly projections between the
tubercles.

1. M. viTlpara, (Nutt.) Haw.

SinRlo or in eluinps; tuberrloa with 5-S brownish hpines surrounded by
12-L'O Kray ones, often dark on the tips; flowers reilrlish or purplish with
fringed petals; berry ovoid, anreulent. Dry sand hills. S. W. Man. and west-
ward to S. Alta.

2. OPOHTIA. Prickly Pear.

Sepals and petals not united; stems in joints, flattened, with very
small, awl-ahaped, deciduous leaves and clusters of bristles or spines
in the axils.

ELEAONACE^ — ONAORArE.*: g3

O. poljrMlnllii, Haw.

...n,Hi„,.. ,.„„,„. „,„„ ".7 „ V , ;., "";;;:u"r"'' ?"""" "■""^■

|.r..iri,»,w,.ll,ill,i,|™, W. M„„.-A|(,;. ''* "'"' """">•■ l>fy

U'lir. ELEAGNAcE* (0,.f.astf... FAMn.v)
as nianv or Iwic,. at, manv 1^ ti. i •""''" *»»'"•»; stuiiifna

urr..n..., ..Win, ^^^x^nis; :?^: ::i;^^r "--""« -

I. eleAgnhs.

<■ E. «I«nl«. P„r,h. .s„.vK„„K„„v; tt,„.F Wllo,

...-^:;;'"':r'™:;,:'^.*--;x;;:;;;'r;rrT-

Iiruii:,, :„u„.-Alt.i. .• ir.iKram, Iriul dry. Common on rich

2. SHEPHfiRDIA.

1. S. cinadiniii, (I,.) Nmt
-'. S. ugSntet, Nutt. nurF.,..<. IIekht

:,3 .

LIX. ONAGRACEiE (Evemng Pr,.mrose FAMur).
m«Wn!? '^'h either alternate or opposite leaves and regular sym-
metrical usually 4-parted flowers; calyx adheres to the ovYr'vT-.

oZ72orZT,"' T'rr'^y - the calyx lobes or " tals;'
ovarj 2or4-celled; style slender; stigina often deeply lohed'

94

SELECTED WESTERN riiOKA

1. BPILdBIUM. WiLLUW-HKKB.

('alyx tube iwaroi'ly, if at all, prolonici'd hvyunil th( ovary; pt'taU
4, ahading from violnt to whiti>; p<hI uliindnr; Mmlii many, tuftml
with downy haini (a noma). Innwunt iM'rcniiial IutIm with Mnmili-
flowiirH.

1. B. UinitUWum, (L.). OaaAT Willow-iierii.

Calyx IuIk- not proliinKcil lieydiiil thn iivnry, |i<!lul» liirno, not niiti-lu>il
«l the alH!«, nsddiiih puriilc; nlfgnm ,l„.|,|y 4.|„|m,,1: Hiiwith in showy
tonninni rurenic-H. Coninitm in nt-wly Imrnwl umiirul, Miin. Altu.

2. B. m4U«, Torr.

Erert. hriini-hml, 1-3 ft. high, dcnm-ly piilx-riceni; ralyx tulw slightly
prolonged Iwyoud the ovary; iietain notihral at tlir ap<x; atamenii and style
erect; atignia entire or nearly «); (lowi>ni aniall, pinli, a-jlitary, in the upper
axila. Wet plarea, loi-al and not ronunon.

3. B. (Malum, Raf.

.Slender, ercet. 1-L' (t. high, hranehed, nnnutely hoary-pulmjieent with
incurved haini; leaven linear or nearly no, aiuto at iKHh ends, opposite or
alternate. ertK't; flowers pink or white, small, ereet. in the upiieruils;
utignia entire or nearly no. (E. palmlre. var. lluu*. Gray.) Peat bogs
and wet plarea. Man.-Alta.

4. E. paltitr*, L.

Dcpunibcnt, wT'.h a tcndenry to root by proatralo branches, minutely
puhesrent or glai,. jte; leaves thin, green, mostly apposite, oblong to lanroo-
Inte, somewhat spreading; flowers small, pink or whitish, few, in the upper
axils, usually lodding, at least when young. Bogs and wet places, Man.-
Alta.

r. E. (denoclnlon. Haussk.

Ereit. 1-3 ft. high, minutely pubescent, sometimes sticky; leaves ovate
to lanceolate, almost sessile, sparingly toothed; flowers pink, nodding nt
first; seeds with a white coma. Moist ground, Man.-Alta.
3. E. UtifiUum. L.

Erect, branched, 9-18 in. high, glabrate below, canescent above; leaves
ovate to lanceolate, sessile, those on the branches opposite; flowers perfect,
in leafy racemes; coma white. River valleys. Alta.. and north and east to
Hudson Bay.

2. (ENOTH£rA. Evening Primrose.
Calyx tube muoh prolonged beyond the ovarj', deciduous ; calyx
lobes 4, reflexed; petals 4; stamens 8; pod 4-valved, many-seeded;
stem haves .aUcrnatfi; flowers yellow, whitr, ur pink.

■ONAOKArE<«

05

1. a. U«.,Ui. L. f„««,., Kv.Nm,, |.„,«K,.«.

ve,"r:;;::^,';::';:"::'v;,"'s ':;:,i;:' ;■ '■- -- --' --« .h, «„,

"'"""""" '"'"'"• " 'I Kr,„„.,i. ,.,„„■„ M,„, v,;;'

WhiTI-KTEUMKU Kvcninii

-'. a. piiiid*. i,i,„ii.

I'KIMHIMK.

will... nf. „.,„, Kl,r,.,ld,. |,:,rk; l..„v,., li,„,„ i„

*...«. ... tly .™,il„; a„w «,, ,.,„,„,, J ,, "

^.rnln« .,„.k. («, Mr..uli., ,,r,. ,„„iri™, «„„"_■

3. 01. trOobi. .Vutt.

I'tToiumd. Kl,.l,r.,u,. Hi,.ml„„ „r noarlv ,.,; |,.„ve.
P.n,mt,hd ,.r ,i,.,„.t,st,„,th,,l. „...i,.l,.,I, fl,.*,.;, «' ,i^

::ii""VM '"""".""■■" •■'-'■" ^ """ »'-" <c

»Ml, M. H. iMuii, uiiil (j tiiuk.
*■ <K. cmpitAii. .Vutt.

.Stcml...,, per.,m,ial from woody mot; loav™ „v,d to
■ I'luM-eclato, tap..ri„K to , »l,„„l„r pHinl,, of.,',"

d,.o,l.v cut; fl„w..r» H-hite. the , , uU, hmad and ,1^
cordate. Dry hill.,, ,Sa,k. a„d .\lta.

Fi<..0!l.-(E,ic,th,!n.
laeniiiri (Fruit).

5. (B. urruUu, Nutt.

3. GAtTRA.

petals 4, clawed, rose-colored; stamens H ,.rtMn ,,-„ i i

1. O. cocefntt, Pursh.

-' "I

L

OG

SELECTED WE8TEKM FLORA

4. CIRCftA. Kni'Hantkr'ii N'iiihthhadi.

Calyx IuIh> huiry, HliKhtly pntlonipi'd. ilf<M<lui>ur«. 2-Io1h>4|, thi* loU-it
ntfl(ix«*d ; [Httaltt 2, olMionlato; ittaiiii-iu 2, altcrnaU* with thi> iN'taU:
fruil 1 -^-iH'lU'd, Miiiul), cli'iiHfly iMiviTi-tl with htHilfcil huirN, Uiw
lN<nmniul hcrlm witli op)HiMittt U'uvfN uiitl Hiiiall whitt' Howt*rH in
titrniiiial or axillary raaTincn.

1. C. alplu, L.

HluDfler, .'J'N in. hiffh; Iruvr* ovntc. hIcihIit |M>tiol(>(l, more at Ici** rf>rilnti>,
itroiiitly dLMituU'; fliiwen Hinall, wlr'te; fruit (-overuil with wuuk houlu-
MuiHt w(>udi4, Uofky Mtj*., northward and eaitward.

LX. HALOKAGIDACEJB (Water Milfdii, Family).

Aquatic or niarKh plants with inconHpitmoUH M'HHiItt flowcrw in the
axila <>r thi' li'avt'H. Calyx tulu' adhi'riUK to thi' ovary, tho tittli
niinuti* or wanting; pi^tals Minall or nf>nis xtaincnit 1-H; fruit 1-4-
•»<ll>id, imh'hiKia'nl.

1. HYKIOPHtLLUM. Waver Milfoil.

Fiowera monattiuUH or pcrfcoi; t^alyx 4-parti><t or twithod; pctats
4 or uonii; Htainttn><4-S; fruit 4-lolH'd and 4-<M'lliHl. l*('n>nnial watir
herba with the leaves often in whorU, and the HuhmerKcd ones nut
into i<ii|>illary division.H; flowers in the axils of the upper leaves,
usually atmve the water.

1. M. •plcitum, L.

LeiivoH sonu'whut rigid, not entirely rolIapKinK when renioveii from thf
water; stuiiiinutc flowers (xirplish, in r-ltistprs, more or less whorled on the
upper part of cho stem. Slow struuius, Mun.-Alta.

{£, M. T«rti»Ultum, L. ; var. pecdnitum, Wullr.

Much re8end)linK the preeedin^. Iiut the leaves entirely eoUupsinK when
withdrawn from the water ; stuniinate flowers pule green or pinkish, and the
fruit of four distinet eurpels. Ponds, loeal. Marshes of Porcupine Mts.
(Macoun.)

2. HIPPfJRIS. Mahe's-tail.

Flowers p<irfect, oalyx entire; petals none; stamen 1, on the
oalyx; style thread-like and stigmatio down o'le side; fruit 1-eelled
and 1-seeded. Aquatie herbs with simple erect stems and linear
leaves arranged in whorls.

AHAUACEM — tlMBKLLIPER^

87

I. R. Tul|«rii. I..

HlMiii. H Is in. high; Imv,-, ll~U> in s whorl
Mm. -Alia.

W(!l (iluim, viTy romniun,

l.Xi. ARALIACEJB ((ii.NHK.Mi Familv).

Il..rl«, »hrul,» „r tr...« with altrrnut.. ,>r wh«rl...l l.-avm. ami n,.rf.,-t
or ,-,lyK«,„.,UH «.,*,.«. ,.,u»|ly in u...l».|». Calvx IiiIh. a.li'm.. to
Ih.. ovary ; ,tKm..nH alternat., with th.. |M.tal», on u .li^k on thv ovary •
ovary l-iwvi.ral-wll.itl. ovary,

1. arAlia.

Pm.nnial h..rl« (with u») with ..om,H,..n.l l..av..» an.l »m.ll, per-
rwt, Kn.,.nwh-whit.>(lc.w.T»iniimlM.|»; fruit a l«.rry.

I A. nudicaAUi, L. Wilu Hahhapahilla.

d.v, M ,„,„ :t-5 |,.„fl,.,»; „„,lu.,.l.. «h.,„..r ,1 ,h„ ,„.,i„l,.; ,|,.J ,^ ^ ,i h

u-Uttlly ,„ 3 un,lH,l,; (ruit dark ,.urpl„. W.kxI,. Man.-.\lta.

LXri. UMBELLlFERiE (Parslev Family).

Hi.rh, with hallow »t..m»,alt..rnat.., usually ..om,H.un.l |„av. s with
»h.ath,njf p..tml..H, and Hn.all «ow..r» in „i,npl.. or -on.poun.l u.,,.-, l"
Calyx a.lh..nnK to the ovary, th- .-. u,..„ usually minut..- .h" ; o"

carpels adhering to ..a<th other hut 8,.paratinB when ri,H.. A larite
ramily oompri8ing many of our most useful garden vegetal.l.s and
aromatio hcri«, but aUo with some poisonous members. Extrenrely
difflouU for inexperienced students. «-AiriHieiy

1. SAKfCtJLA. Black Snakeroot.

ri,^'ln!5 '"""' T"?! ""-'P"'^""'"'; •^'"•p,.I» not .separating when
np, and covered with h.,oks. Olal.rou, perennial herbs with pal-
matoly lobed leave- and irregular umbels of gn^enish flowers.

1. S. marilindica, L.

Erect, t-Sft. high: leave., 5-7.pnr.od, the divi,i„n» s,.r „te, basal petioled

loDsa than the huok. ou the carpels. Klch woods, Man.-Alta,

"I

i

98

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

"4

2. OSMORHHlZA. Swekt Cicely.
Calyx tofth wanting; pt'tals incurved at the ap<'X; fruit narrow,
linear, bristly on the ribs, with short l)ealt but taix'ring to a long
slendiJr base. Perennial herbs from fleshy (flustered roots, with
decompound leaves and small umbels of white flowers.

1. O. ClaytSnii, (Mli^hx.) CMarkc.

Rather sU'tulcr, 1-2 ft. hiKh, pubosront; liavus 2 iir S-toriuitf, hairy,
leaflets doeiily rut; style very short. Uieh damn wuiiUs, Muii.-Alta.

2. O. longistjlis. (Turr.) DC.

C^oarser than the prereding, 1-3 ft. high, glabrous or nearly so; leaflet
less deeply i-ut; style longer. Rich woods, less common, Man.-Alta.

3. O. obtuu (Coult. and Rose) Fcrnald.

Slender, 12-20 in. lugh, glabrous or nearly so ; rays o( the umbels spreading
or the lateral deflexed. (O. iimla. Torr.) Rocky Mts.

and eastward.

3. CICU'TA. Watek Hemlock.
Calyx teeth prominent; fruit orbicular; herbs with pinnately
compound leaves and white flowers.

1. C. mAculita, L. Spotted Cowbanb.

Stem stout, 1-6 ft. high, marked with puiplc lines; leaves 2-3.pinnate,
the lower on long petioles. A coarse poisonous plant freciuent in wet places,
Man.-Alta. This includes C. nrom in early references.

2. C. bulblfera, L.

Similar but more slender, with narrower leaflets, and bulblets clustered
in the iwils of the upper leaves, which are often simple or but little divided.
Swamps, chiefly northward.

4. SiUM. Water Parsnip.
CaJyx teeth minute; fruit oblong. Smooth perennial plants with
simple pinnate leaves and large compound umbels of white flowers.

1. S. cicut«f«lium, Schrank.

Stout, 3-8 ft. high; leaflets 3-8 pairs, sharply serrate, the lower finely
dissected when submerged. Wet places, Man.-.Mta. and far northward.

5. ZfZIA.

Calyx teeth prominent; fruit oblong. Smooth perennials with
U>rnate or ternately compound leaves, — sometimes the root leaves

UMBELLIFER^

99

not divided, — and (lompound uml.els of yellow flowers, the central
fruit of ca<^h umliil sessile.

1. Z. auret, (L.) Koih. (Jolden Albxandeb.

Hmliral l<.,ivi.» J „r .i-tcnmtu with long petioles, lealicts sharply serrate
Banks of streams. Man.

2. Z. cordlu, (Walt.) IK).

Hoot leaves loiiB-pelioled, eordate. erenately toof.ed. but rarely lohed-
sten, leave.. ,.r.;ui,t the liiKliest, ,l-foliate, with the leaflets serrate, or more or
less deeply cut. Prairies, Man.-Alta.

«. MUSlNEON.
Calyx teeth prominent, ovate; petals with a elaw; involucre
wanting; fruit ovate to ol.long, slightly .compressed. Low, some-
tinies stemless, perennial herbs with pinnately decompound leaves
and yellow or white (lowers. (Musenium, Nutt.)

1. M. divtricitum, .\utt.

.Sten, leafy, decun,l,ent, l.ranehe,!, B-IJ in. high, glabrous: leaves bi-
pinnat.nd the rhaehis winged; u..,l,els on long peduncles; flowers yellow.
Dry hillsides, Man.-Alta.

:« liil

7. HERACL&UM.

Cow Parsnip.

Calyx teeth obsolete or very small; ptdals clawed, the outer often
2-lobed; fruit broadly oval, much flattened dorsally. Stout, erect
usually pubescent, perennial herbs with ternately compound leaves
and large umbels of white flowers.

1. H. linitum. Mirhx.

Very stout. 3-« ft. high, woolly-puliescent; leaflets broad and irregularly
cut. Wet ground, Man.-Alta.

8. LOMATIUM.

Calyx teeth obsolete or nearly so; fruit oval to oblong, dorsally
flattened. Stemless perennial herbs with bi-pinnate or finely
dissected leaves, and compound umbels of white or yellow flowers.
1. L. OTitntUe, Coult. and Ro.se.

Peduncles .'i-x in. high: leaves bi-pinnate, the di\-isions generally pin-
natifid into linear lobes, finely pubescent: root often swollen in places
flowers while or pinkish; umbels with 5-8 equal rays; fruit glabrous, broadly
oval. Dry sandy soil, S. Man. and westward.

100

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

-■'•t

2. L. macroc&rpum, Nutt.

Closely resenihUng the preceding, hut often higher; root never swollen;
umbel 3-10-rayed; flowers always white. Ury plains, Sask. and Alta.

3. L. fonicuHctum, (Nutt.) Raf.

Pedun. leg 4-12 in. high; the whole plant fiiiely and densely villou when
young; leaves finely dissected, the primary divisions almost always in 3'b;
uniliel of 5-15 rays; flowers yellow, the ovaries densely pubescent. Dry
plains, local, Mau.-Alta.

LXIII. CORNACEjE (Dogwood Family).
Shrubs or trees with simple entire leaves and regular flowers in
cymes or heads. Calyx tube adhering to the ovary, tiwth 4 or .')
or none; petals 4 or 5 or want! ■;;; stamens as many as the petals
or more, in.serted with the petals on a disk on top of the ovary;
ovary 1 or 2-colled; style 1; ovules 1 in each cell; fruit a drupe with
a 1 or 2-aeUed stone. i

1. c6RNUS. Dogwood.

Calyx tube bell-shaped, minutely 4-toothed; petals 4; stamens 4;

ovary 2-celled; drupe globular with a 2-oelled stone. Shrubs with

opposite or whorled entire leaves, and small white or greenish

Bowers in cymes, or in heads surrounded by a corolla-like involucre.

1. C. cuudinsla, L. Bunchbebet.

Stem simple, low, 4-H in. high, from a slender rootstock; leaves sessile or
almost so, the lower scale-like, the upper large, in a sort of whorl; flowers
■maU, greenish white, in a terminal head surrounded by an involucre of white
petal-like bracts; fruit deep red. Common in cool woods, Man.-.Uta.

2. C. itolonlle™, Michx. REn-osiEB Dogwood.

A shrub 2-12 ft. high, the twigs bright red or reddish, only the youngest
at all pubescent. Leaves opposite, petioled, ovate, acute, often pubescent
with fine appressed hairs, whitish beneath; flowers white, in cymes; frmt
white, l)erry-Uke. Common in wet places, particularly along streams.
Man.-Alta.

LXIV. ERICACEiE (Heath Family).
Shrubs orwoodv herbs with regular perfect flowers and simple ex-
stipulate leaves. Calyx free from the ovary, mostly 4 or 5-parted;
ooroUa 4 or 5-parted, or lobed; stamens as many or twice as many as

ERICACE^

101

the petals or lobes of the corolla; ovary 3-10-ocllod; style 1. A
large family divided into a number of well-marked sub-families, but
mostly represented only in wooded regions.

1. PtROLA. Shin Leap.

Calyx 5-parted, persistent; petals fl, with points usually turned
mward; stamens 10; capsule .5-valved; seed minute; stigma
iMobed. Low, smooth, somewhat woody, evergreen p<Tennials,
with clusters of i)etioled leaves, and a simple flow.T scape rising from
a slender creeping rootstmik.

* Style straight.
t Stylk included.

1. P. minor, L.

Leaves rounded, with margined petioles; flowers small, white, crowded on
the scape. Cool woods, Kocky Mts. and northward.

tt Style long and exberteo.

2. P. ucfindi, L.

Leaves ovate; flowers grceni."h white, crowded aU on one side of the scape
Rich woods, Man.-Alta.

*• Style strongly declined, apex turned dp.

3. P. chlortnthi, Sw.

Leaves small, rounded, thick; flowers small, ureenish white, fe i on the
scape; stylo not much exserted. Sandy soil in evergreen woods, Mao -
Alta.

4. P. elUptict, Nutt.

Loaves thin, elliptical, longer i the petiole; flowers white in a many-
flowered racemo. Dry woods, i^ . and Sask.

5. P. americina, Sweet.

Leaves orliiculnr or nearly so, thick, shiny; flowora white, in a long, many-
flowered raceme. (P. rotuiulifoUa of man.v authors.) Dry woods, swamps,
or mountain tops, Man. -Alta., especially northward.

0. P. asarifMit, Michx.

Leaves often longer along the transverse axis, crjale at the base, thick
and shiny; flowers pink or rose color. (P. rotundifolia, var. •urUoUa
Hook.) Cool dry woods, Man.-.\lta. '

102

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

2. VACClNIUM. Blueberry, Cranberry.

Calyx4or 5-lobed oreleft, persiatt'iit; corolla 4 or 5-oleft; stamens
8-10; fruit a berry crowned with the persistent calyx teeth,
4 or 5-celled or 8 or 10-ceIled, many-seeded. Shrubs or vines with
solitary, clustered or racemed flowers.

• Cowberry — Creeping or tufted shruba; 'flowers in clusters; corolla
4-toothed; filaments hairy.

t. V. Vltii-IdA«a, L. Cowbkrhy.

Low, 4-10. in. high; stems creeping, with erect branches; leaves dark
green, olmviite with levolutc margins, evergreen, shiny aliovc, hristly (lotted
beneiith; corolla 4-cle't, white or pink; flowers in short, terminal, nr)clding
clusters; fruit dark red. sour. Rocky Mis. and northward in the wooded
districts.

** Blueberries — Low, ascending or erect shrubs; flowers in racemes;
corolla S-toothet"; filaments hairy.

2. V. penntylTinicuir, Lam. ' Low Blcgberry.

bteii; ls'.v, 8 loin, high; branches green, angled, warty; leaves lanceolate
or oblong, smooth, serrulate, the teeth hiistle-pointed ; flowers while or pink,
in short racemes; berry blue, black, or reddish, usually with u bloom. Sandy
barrens and swamps, N. Man.-Hocky Mts.

3. V. canadinte, Kalm. Common Bldebbrry.

Stem 6 in. to 2 ft. high; leaves oblong to elliptical, entire, pubescent;
flowers in few-flowered clusters on naked branches in the upper axils; pedicels
shorter than the greenish white corollu; fruit blue or l>lack with a bloom.
Sandy barrens, northward.

*** Bilberriea — Low shrubs, flowers solitary or few on drooping pedicels;
corolla 4 or 5-toothed; fii-.^^iuats naked.

4. V. caspitdsum, Michx. Dwarf Bilberry.

Stem dwarf, tufted, 3-12 in. high, with smooth round brunches; leaves
obovate, serrate, smooth; corolla urn-shaped, pink or red; l>erries blue,
sweet. Grassy woods or plains and exposed mountain ridges. Cypress
Hills, Rocky Mts. from Bow River northward.

5. V. uUgindBUitt, L. Buu Bilberry.

Stem 1-2 ft. high, branching; leaves olmvate or oblong, entire, slightly
pubescent beneath, dull green; parts of the flower mostly in 4's or H's;
flowers in bunches uf 1-3; Ijerried black with a bloooi, sweet. Northern
swamps.

ERICACE^

103

*"* ^2'^"'~'^''"'' "'"""'"'' """'"" »'•"''"• ■">'""» ^-PTtod; l^rrie,

6. V. aifc6ccoi, L. Small Ciianbe.iht.

Stem, very -lender, trailing, «ith slender ereet hmnehes: leave, ever-
peen, oblong or ovate, ,nmll, with revolu.e n.argin,, and while,,.,! lK:n,.atl, ■

espeeiaU> when young. Sphagnum l,og«, N. Man.-Alta.

7. V. macrocirpon, Alt. Larue CRANBEnnT.

Stem» .omewhat .stouter than the „re,.e,ling; l,.aves larger an,l ™.ar,.ely
revolute; flower, in lateral ,.lu,ter»; herry larg,., turning .U-ep red at ll I , n
one side. Bog», northward.

3. MON&SES.
Calyx 4 or r,-parted persistent; petals 4 or 5. .sproa.ling; stamens
8-10; ovary 4-o^el|..d; stylo straight; stiB,,,a4or .%i„l„,l; ,apsul^
many-soeded. I_«w, pen.nnial, somewhat woo,ly h.Tl.s. decMunbent

whitflowe'r's." """■^™ '"""""• "■" ™'""^' ■'""""■«'' "-■< -
1. M. oaiflSrt, (L.) Gray.

N. Mln'-Aui" '"'"'"'■ """"■ '"""■ "'""' '"■ "'"■• '''""•»"' f "''' ««"1».
4. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Beabberrv.
Calyx 4 or .-.-parK.d, p,Tsistent; eorolla 4 or .Vlohed. recurved-
stamens 8 or 10, included; ovary 4-lOK-elIed; style »l..nder- fruit
a drupe wth 4-^10 hard nutlets eoheriuK t„ form a sort of 'stone
Shrubs with alternate leaves and nodding pink or whiu- Howers
in terminal ratwmes.

1. A. dv>-<irsi, (L.) Spreng. Bearberry.

hl^^T^l^r"'."'","""'"' *'■'"''• °'"'"'"'' "■'"'•''• «"">""' -nd »hiny;
fruit red, inedible. Sandy hills, Man. Alta.

2. A. alpln«, (L.) Spreng. Alpine Heahhehhy.

Low; leave, deei.luou,, wrinkl,-,!, prominently veine,!, otovate; fruit
Mack, edible. Alpine in habit, Roeky Mts.

">. KALMIA. American- Lairei,.
Sepals r. ; lobes of (he corolla r> ; filaments long, and ant hers often
imbedded in depressions in the corolla; ci^nsule .^-celled manv-
seeded. Evergreen shrubs with opposite leave, an.l showy Howers.
I. K. poUfolia, Wang.

A straggling bu,l, 1-2 ft. l„gh, „„h larg,-, ros.-purpl,. flowr, in l,K.»e
ternunal coryinlw. Cold bogs. E. Man. ami northward.

■ it

3 I
.« )

1 ;

ii.

-<>l

104

SELECTED WESTEUN FLORA

6. l£DUH. Labrad Tea.
Calyx small, 5-toothed; petals 5, spreading; capsule 5-«elled,
many-seeded; flowers in terminal clusters. A low shrub with alter-
nate entire leaves with strongly revolute margins, and covered with
rusty wool beneath.

1. L, groenlindicum, Oeder. (L. latifolium. Ait.)

Erect, 1-2 rt. high; leaves linear to oblong; stamens mostly 5. Dogs and
swamps, N. Man. -Rocky Mts.

2. L. pllfiitre. L.

Lower with narrowly linear leaves and 7-1 1 stamens. An Arctic species
coming south to Hudson Buy.

7. M0N6TR0PA. Indian Pipe.

Calyx of 2-.5 bract-like scales, diwiduous ; ijotals 5 or 0, erect, often
withering persistent; stamens 10-12; capsule .'>-<!elled, many-st exiled.
Succulent, white, yellowish, or reddish saphrojihytic herbs, destituti!
of chlorophyll, with solitary nodding flowers, and leaves reduced to
scales; usually growing in clumps from a mass of fibrous roots.
1. M. unifltri, L.

Smooth, waxy white, or occasionally tinged with red. urjing Mock.
Rich shady woods, Man.-Alta.

LXV. PRIMULACE.ffi (Primrose Family).
Herbs with simple leaves and perfect regular flowers, either soli-
tary or in terminal or axillary clusters; calyx usually 5-parted,
free from the ovary ; corolla usually ,5-oloft, gamopetalous (want-
ing in glaux); stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and
opposite to them; ovary I-eelled with a free central placenta;
seeds few to many.

1. PRliiULA. Primrose.

Calyx 5-lobed, persistent; corolla 5-cleft, usually salver-form, the
tube longer than the calyx ; stamens ,5, inserted on the corolla tube, in-
cluded; ovary superior, capsule many-seeded. Perennial herbs with
a rosette of root leaves, and flowers in an umbel on a simple scape.
1. P. fuindsa, L. Bird's-etb Primrose.

Scape 3-18 in. high: leaves spatulatc or oblong, obtuse at the apex, and
soriictiiiics laperinR into petioles, mruly white, .it least when young; flowers
pale lilac or pinkish, usually with a yellow eye. Moist ground, N. W. Man. -
Alta.

PRIMULACE^

105

2. P. miitiiitoiM, Michi.

Scape 2-S in. high ; leaves spatulatp or wedge-»haped, rather thin with
pronunent veins, and nut mealy us in the preceding; ooroUa pah. pink or

rX mL " '""* '"''"• ^^''" '""''"'• '"""'■ '"'''° ^""'""•'^ •""' "•"" «»

2- LYSIMACHIA. LooftEHTRiFE.
Calyx 5 or G-partcd; corolla wh,...l-sha|x.tl ur iM-ll-shapod n-T-
parted, tub,, v,.ry short; stam.ns .5-7. on th.. corolla; styl,. thread-
like; oapsulo ovoid, few to several-seeded. .U.afv stemmed ix.r-
onmals with yellow flowers, solitary or clustered in the axils of the
leaves.

I. L. thyriifl»r«. L. Tuftbd LoosF.sTRirE.

.St,.,,, sin,ple, s-l>4 in. high, .„„,„,th or slightly pnl,e„e„t when yo„„g ;

alMtut halfway up

„ . ■ ' f*... ■"..■'■'HI '" niiK„Liy puoe

flowers in heads or spikes in the axils of son,<^ of the li.ave
tfce stem, Wet places, Man.-Alta.

3. STEIRONiMA.

Calyx 5-parted, persistent; corolla .5-parted, whe<.l*haped, with

no tube; stamens 5, distinct or united at the base; capsule several

or many-seeded. U-afy perennial herbs with opposite simple

loaves and nodding yellow flowers on slender peduncles in the axils.

1. S. cilMtum, Raf.

hJ^'h ""'a' f ";;:'«•, '"'""'' '""'•'•"'""' '" "v-ate, tapering to a point, and
aIL ^ ""''"°- Low-lying thickets, Man.-

2. S. Unceolitum, Gray,

Stem erect, or recUningand rooting at the joints; leaves lanceolate, usually
tapenng into a petiole generally n,argin..d but never .iliate, the lower leaves
somet,n,es broader on slender petioles. Low ground, local, or doubtful.

3. S. qmdrifldrum, (.Sin,s) Hitchc.

Stems slender, 4-angled, 8 in. to 2J ft. high, branched towards the base-
upper loaves sessile, bnear. ,n,ooth. shining, an.l rath,.r rigid, low.-r l,..,v,.s
spatulate; corolla longer than the calyx. (S. l„,^ifoUum. Gray). Hanks of
streams, E. Man.

4. GLAtrX. Sea Milkwort.
Calyx iKjll-shaped, 5^!left, the lobes p,.tal-like- corolla wantine-
stamens h, nn the calyx and alternate with the lob .-; capful., few-
seeded. lx,w, succulent, and leafy perennials with opposite sessile
leaves, and sobfary flowers in the axils.

106

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

1. G. mirltimt, L. .^ j i

ing or erert, 3-6 in. high; leave. Unuur; flower, white or pmk. Conunon,
forming nmt., on low ulkuline mnl. Mun.-Alta.

5. ANDR6SACE.

Calyx 5-«left, with a short tub-; corolla salvor-shaped or funnel-
shaped, the tube shorter than the calyx, .-.parted; """^'"^ ;;■ °»
the corolla-tube, included; capsule few to ™«»y-«'f"^^-^ «7"
herbs with clustered root leaves and very small flowers in umbels.

1. A. occidentilii, Pursn.

Annual, sn.all, L-:) in. high; minutely pul«..ent; lB"ve. ovate '» "'■'»■•«•
entire; ,cape one or more; flower» white, with leafy ealyx lobe, longer than
the corolla. Dry sandy ground. S. Mau.-.\lta.

2. A. pub«rul*nU, Rydb.

Resembling the (orn.er, h4t pube*:encB even less marked; seape. often
sev«al;Teave! oblan.eolate, aeute, in a rosette; calyx lobes lanceolate acute
To-'gly keeled; coroUa white, about equal in length to the calyx. Dry
»>il, Man.-jVlta.

3. A. s«pten«rion»U«, L.

Glabrous- leaves lanceolate to oblong, irregularly toothed; scape .-6
in. Wgh! corolla white, longer than the calyx. Dry phuns and gravelly
ridges, Man.-Alta.

4. A. iubombeUiU, Small.

Almost glabrous, 2-3 in. high; peduncles several, often spreading, and
.honeTt an the pedicels, which lengthen in fruit; leave, oblong, -th« thu=k
cSa white, longer than the "^yx. Dry soil and alp.ne regions, Man.
Alta.

6. DODECATHEON. American Cowslip.

Calyx 5-elett; corolla 5-parted, with a short tube, the lobes re-
flexedi stamens .1, united at the base, filaments short anthers long
and Ited into a cone or beak, exserted; style thread-like, exserted
^sule oblong, many-seeded. Glabrous perenmal herbs with ba^l
teavetand ratiier showy rose-pink flowers in an umbel supported by
a naked scape.

1. D. Me«dia, L. Shooting St.^h.

Leaves obtuse at the apex, narrowing into margined petioles. Moist,
slightly alkaline soil, Man.-Alta.

OLEACR.K

lor

!i

7. TRIENTALIS. Stab Kuiweh.

Sepals mostly 7. iHTsistcni, .•(irolla rotate, without a tube; Hla-
mi'iitH unit(>il at thi' liasc. I^w |{lal>rou« ixn^nnial htrh« with
ah'tidiT iTi'ia sti'ins, ami ovate to laiimolalc U-avn ehmtcred at the
top.

1. T. amcricjina. (Pers.) Purali. Stak Kuiwek.

Poduncl.-M t,m or more, ali-ruli-r; flciiviTa whili'. stiir-slmpi'd: ro«t«tock
«lender, apreudini!. Woods about Luke Munitolm and cuatwurd.

LXVI. OLEACEjE (Olive Kaviii.y).

Trees with opposite pinnate leaves; ealyx 4-cleft or wanting;
stamens usually 2; ovary usually 2-t*lled with 2 ovules in each cell.

1. FRAXINUS. Ash.

Flowers dicBoious, monie<!ious, or polygamous; calyx small,
4-<!left, or obsolete; petals wanting in our species; stamens 2,
fruit a samara. Valuable timlxT trees.

Mursh. ; vur.
Surg. (iHEEN

1. F. penasylTftnica,
UncMlata. IBurkii
-Ash.

Leaflt'ts 5-9, pt-tioird, ol>loiig to
lani'eolato, ucutf ut ]lu; apex, grt-in
on both sides ; flowers dia'ciim.s, the
calyx of the pistilluti- persistent ; ari-
thers oblong ; fniit a aaniuru, the
body round, wwigi-d for about half its
length and rliarly distinguishabie
from the wings. (F. viridia, Mirlix.)
Along streams, Man. north tit Lat.
54°, and S.E, ."iask. to .Meridian 1 1(1°.

2. F. nigra. Marah. Black .Vsh.

Leaflets 7-11, lanceolati', sirrate. sessile and roun<led at the base, midrib
slightly hairy when young ; fruit flat, the bidy wingi'd throughout, and the
wmg and l«.dy n.>t cle;irly distinjjuishaU.-. .\ large tree with light but val-
uable timber. Low woods and swamps, N. and E. Man. and the Red Hiver
Valley.

'0. — Fraxinu^^ pennsylvanica.

108

SELECTED WEOTERN FLORA

I.
■ t

Fia. 71. — FraxinuB nigra.

LXVII. GENTIANACEiE (Gentian Family).

Smooth herbs with a bitter watery juice, opposite, simple, entire,
sessile leaves, and regular perfect flowers. Calyx inferior, 4-12-
lobed or toothed, persistent; corolla gamopotalous, 4-12-lobed;
stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, alternate with them, and
situated on the tube; ovary 1-celled, many-seeded.

1. CENTAtRIUM.

Calyx 4-parted; corolla 4 or 5-cleft, funnel-form with slender tube,
style slender, anthers exserted. Low-branching annuals with
reddish Sowers, mostly introduced from Europe.

OENTIANACEA

109

1. C. unbaUttsB. ( iilili. Centaukt.

Krprt, B-lx in. hiKli, hruiiihwl, llii' brnnc-hra all rndini on llip mnip IrvH:
Ibsv™ linimr nt thn l„i). uming l.rimilfr iliiwii tho .t«m; Oowtn roK-purpla]
in flut-tnpiied ryniei. Suili., inlrudured.

2. HALfiNIA. Spi'HKED (Ientian.
Calyx 4 or .Vpartrd ; <)..n)llB 4 or rn-Mt, without folds iM'twi't'n lh<i
lobi.s; caith lolm with a »|)ur at thi. haw.; xtiKiiiax 2, ix.reiHti'nt ;
capMuUi flattened. Mmall hi'rhn with yellowish or purpliiih tlowi'm.

I. H. dtfliit, (Urn.) (irisoh.

l-i'ufy unuual with the lowir li-nvrn |ietii.|p(l, »iintiilnti-. the upper Uncej-
latei rorDlla 4-l<>l><'(l. iiiirplinh-whitn. CcmiI wrHidn, Man.-Alu.

M. trifoUtU. L.

Rootstock thick;
Bogs. Miin.-AIta.

3. MENYANTHES. BicKBKAN.
Calyx 5-part«d; corolla 'mlcft, short, the uppj'r surfaci's iH'ardnd;
style slender, persistent; stisrma 2-loli<'(l; iwpsule niany-sm^ed.
Perennial glabrous marsh herbs with :t-foliale leaves on long sheath-
ing jHitioles, and white or purplish flowers.

I

flowers in u raremn on a long scape-like peduncle.

4. GENTIANA. Oentian.
Calyx tubular, usually "wUft; oorolla 4 or .')-lobed, ofter with
plaited folds betwwn the lobes; stamens on the corolla IuIh.; stig-
mi^ii p«(rsistent; capsule with Innumerable small seeds. Low herb;
with showy, usually blue flowers, and blooming in late summer.

• Without folds or plaits between the lobes or the corolla.
t Corolla Larue, blue.

1. G. crinlta, Froil.

Erect, leafy, 0-lH in. hinh; leaves lanceolate or ovate from a heart-shaped
or rounded base: corolla large, blue, stronnly fringed around the auniniit.
Low-lying prairie in late summer, Man. and Sask.

2. G. pr6ceri. Holm.

Erect, more slender ami not so high as the preceding: leaves linear or
Innce-linear: eoro'la h|.- eiliale-frinB.-.| on the sides ,jf the lobes and finely
dentate around the ■ ummit. (O. aerrattt of some authors.) Moist ground,
late summer, Man.-Alta.

110

HELECTEU WGHTKKN KUIRA

3. O. pfaplnqut, Ki<'liiirilN.

Hl..n. .l.-n,l..r. l.m„.-l ; l-,.v™ .n»t„lal- 1-1.,*. .I;'""^''""' 'I ""f;;;

and Alpiiui «w..iiii>». llii<l«»> »">■ '«' '<"'''>■ ^"»-

tt <'0«(11.LA «MAL1., WIlITt IIH TBLUIWIIIB.

4 O AmutUl. I... vur. IcftU, (.Miilil) llinlir.

Kr...t, n- IH in. luKh: "|.1"T Lhv,., I,..,.- ,..-. l.ut Ih- v-ry l...,.l "fl.n

„l«vi.l" ..r .puti'lut,-; n..w,r. .i...ill, I lu-l.-ml i» I .xil- "1 ll... upper

louvoK. (O. /i/A>". Cluilii.) Mi>i»t KruBKV |ilu. r

, Mull. .Mill.

" With kcii.i.k "K tuaith i>tr» k>:n Tilt Lout" «>> niK <-.,K"!.i,a.
\ <'oHoi.i.A urtN.
5. O. afflliil, (inHfli.

l,lu... i,..ni..r,„i.. ill r,.,-l lik,. .In.t.T. pl.i... •«""'■'■"""•,••"'",""

with proi,.,li„n» »n„..lin,t.» «,uullil.K ll.u lul--- Oumv -1 "■ lat-' -"■'■■■"•"•
Man.-AUu.

U COBOU-A I LIMEP.

8. O. Andrtwia, liriwh. Cuheu (itNTiAN.

Stem iipriKhl or ,i..on.li.m; 1.mv.-» nv.l.-lun,-e.>l,.l- ; .„r„ll,. .low.! ..t th«
n«.«t™ thl iL; «|u„llo,l hy the projeHion. of the pliiU,, l.lue with wh.tnh
folds. Dump »<>il. M»"-

LXVIII. AP0CYNACE.« (UociBANE F.\mii.y).
P..r<.nnial horlw with a bilUT milliy ium: (>l>I>«»it<' ••ntin. loaves
and regular flown.; ealyx 5-imrt..<l, fr.- fn.in the ..vary; eorol la
5-partea, twisted in the l.nd; stamens ilistinet, on the corolla; seeds
often having a tuft of ilown.

1. AP<)CYNUM. DoiiBANE.
Calyx twth sharp; ■■orolla l.ell-slmp.d with an appendage on the
tulH. at the has., of eaeh lobe; stamens o, on the l.ase of the e.-rolla,
fllanients shorter than the anthers, anthers adhering to the stignm;
flowers pink or white in eymoso clusters.
1 A »ndroM»mU«Uum. L. SrREAOiN.i Doobane.

St™> smooth, erect. branrhinB. 1-2 ft. luRh; leave, ovate to oblong,
spreading on slender petiole.,. „,u.Uy pale nnd somewhat pubescent beneath;
flowers pink. noddiuK. in cyn.es with the .entral flower the largest, and all the
cymes opening at the same time. Dry thickeU, Man.-Alta.

AHC'LEPIADACEiC

111

'J. A. MaatblauB, L. Indian Hemp.

Stpiii» miioiitli, iiMiully I'ni I tir iiarradinii; li-nvm iinili- to luniiKiliile,
umially uliprianicl, niiiii'liiiii-ii Klixhtly |iul» ■ ■iil Ihmii-iiIIi. thiiw iiu llif iiiuin
Ktl'lli prtioli'fl; fliiwi-FH wditP. ill ryiiiPH, Ihr I'flltntl ryilic t f fircl I" ilowlT.

Viry viiriiilili' iinil reiiriiiciitiHl hy u lurco nuinln'r at vurii i». Moiit upen
pluouit, Muli.'Altu.

LXIX. ASCLEPIADACBJB (Mii.Kwt:i:i> Family).

Piri'iiiiliil lurlis with milky juicf, iiKUully iipiNisilt' liiivi», and
n'Kulur llimirs arruiiKi'd iiiiwlly in iiiiil«0». Culyx fnf fniiii tliu
iivary, 'wliri; ciirollu .Vpurlril willi h .VIoIkiI crciwh U^iwicii (hii
<M>n>lla unil Ihc ntainciiH, unci ultui'liid to lithir iiik'; HtuiiunH H,
inwrti'il on llii> huw (if llw iiirolla, H)i(irt iinil nHwIly inoiiadi'lpliou.;,
lhi> ixillvn in wuxy niaKscs; fruit n 'J-niuny-miili'd folliolc.

I. ASCLfiPIAS. Mii.KWKKi).

The ty|M> hikh-Ii's Imvinu llii' <-linrucli'ri»tii'» uf the family, tiiil thii
wuwn uttui'hi'd t<i I hi' stami'n tiilm and niaili' uf "i liiidii's iMinri'd
with I'lini'avi' iir spri'adiiitt hiiiiils, iwh hiivinK within it a nli'ndiT
horn; fiillii^li's largi', im licnt iM'dintls; sind with iliiwn attaidud.

* Ft.l)WEHH HKI).

A. incarnlu, I,. Skami' Milkweed

Xniiwith. iTi^il. 1-4 ft. hilth, linify; loiivi« ohlciim to hilirniljiti', llaimlly
tiiiM'riiiK III II piiint ,ii„l „fii.„ hi'iirt-.-lmixiil ;il llii' I.;imi': In"' I- .. -ari-ely ua long
an the horn. Wpt phifeii, Mun. uiiil wpstwitril.

•* KLI1WEK.H OIIKKNIHI! WHITE OH TINUED WITH PItRPLE.

2. A. lyrtaca, L. Common Milkwkkh.

Stout, tiill, 2-4 ft. hiiih, Moflly |iiil««|.|it; h-iivi's olilonu to oviil. ilrnaely
pnlH'.si'ciit livmiith. .soon nniooth uIkivi'i ronillu whili.«h lo piinilisli with i>
tooth on fiiili .liili'of till' horn. ( A.Ciiriiuli, Di'iw.) Kii h aoil, M,in. :>iiil ,Sii»k.

■I. A. OTllUtlia. Di'iir.

Low. li-IS ill. liiuh. .siift-puhoMci'iit: li-iivi'.s oviitc to l:iiir'i<oliit«\ sliort-
petiolpil, downy briii'utJi: flowiTs ifn-i-iiii^h-whiti-, soiiii<tinu>s tinKcil with
purple on the outnide. the horn iilHuit the length of the lohen of the forolhi.
Rieh pruirie.H. Mun. mid ."^aak.

4. A. vertlelUlU. L.

Steins slender. 1-2 ft. high: leaves linear, whorleil: flowers Kreeninh-
white, hoods ahout half the length of the horn. Around thickets, Man. and
Sask.

I ,,

i. I'

i i

112

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

5. A. specUM, Tnrr.

Stout 1-2M' hinh; stem, leaves, and oalyx finely ranpsoent-tomentose:
leaves th'iek, oval to ol.long, ver>- slightly rordatc; rornlla purplish-white, the
hood sUghtly longer than the l..bes; horn short, ineurved; follielcs densely
woolly and somewhat spiny, erect on recurved pedicels. Moist places, Man.-
Alta.

LXX. CONVOLVUlACEiE (Mobning Glory F.\mily;.

Twining hcrlia with altprnato leaves, sometimes reduced to scales,
and regular flowers. Sepals .5; corolla .vlolied, often twisted in the
bud; stamens .5, on the tube of the corolla; ovary superior, 2-3-
nelled.

1. CONVOLVULUS. Bindwekd.

Calyx of r, sepals often with a pair of bracts enclosing the flower in
bud • (wroUa funnel-form, obscurely .globed ; stamens .5, included, in-
serted on the corolla tulxs ovary 3-celled, or somewhat 4-<;elle<l by
partial partitions lietween'lhe seeds, or more rarely l-<!elled. Twin-
ing iierennial herbs with large flowers and entire or lolied leaves.

1. C. sftpium, L.

Stems ulabrouB. twining extensively; leaves
halliord-shaped; flowers showy, white or pink.
Moist soil, especiully along streams. Man.-Alta.

2. cOSCUTA. DoDDEB.
Calyx .')-parted; corolla bell-shaped with
a spreading ,5-cleft border; stamens a.s many
as the corolla lobr-, and alternate with them,
each with a soalrliko or fringed appendage
at the base; ovary 2-cellod with 2 ovules in
each cell; styles 2, usually distinct. Annuals
with yellow stems, and leaves reduced to
minute scales, rooting in the ground, but later
becoming entirely parasitic on the plant
around which they twine.

1. C. GronSyii. Willd.

Corolla lobes olituse, spreading, shorter than or
equalling the tube. Wet shady places twining
Flu. 72. — Cuscuta around other plants, ver>' often on fr! SoUdagos,
Cronovii. Man.

POLEMONIACE^

113

'2. C. arv£nsis, licyridi.

Corollii lul«s »h:ir|). iricurvrd, IciuKcr than tho luhi'. Ilry siinily riilni's.
fliiiiliiiiK ,m auc'li plants as Luu,iclcami<i Juiwra, and ArlemUiu/rigiJa. Man.
and wi'stward. (Macuun.)

TXXI. POLEMC "IIAC^jE i?-<ox Family).

Innora-nl, and often orn: !;..■, i.-il lurlis .ith usually simple leaves,
either opposite or alternat - .'j-.l r-i'Mh (lowers. Calyx inferior,
tubular, iV.'left; eorolla gamopetalons, funnel-form or salver-
shaped; stamens r,, insiTted on tlie tube of the eorolla and alternalo
with the lobes; ovary mostly a-celled and many-ovulod.

1. PHLOX.

Calyx tubular, .'>-eleft; corolla r>-lobed, salver-shaped, with a
narrow tube; stamens short, included, in.serted uneciually on the
corolla tube; ovary 3-<!elled; style slende.-; ovules 1-4 in each cell.
Perennial or annual herbs, either er..et or diffuse, with opposite
entire leaves, and flowers solitary or in terminal cymes.

1. P. Ho6du. Uichards.

Low. diffuse, and branched, forming a mat on the Rround from a woody root;
leaves erect, crowded on the stem, linear, rigiil; Howcrs whiti-. solitary, and
se3.sile, at the ends of l)ranclic.s. Dry sandy prairie, Man.-Alta.

2. P. caniscens, T. and (!.

Resembling the preceding, but the corolla tul)e yellowish, hairy at the base
within, and twice as long as the calyx. Turtle Mts. (Dawson), Cypress Hills.
(Macoun.)

3. P. alyssifdlia, fJreenc.

Stems stout and prostrate; leaves oblong-linear, thickish. hard and white
on the margins; flowels few, large, purple or white. Gravelly hills, S. ."^ask.
(A. NeLson.)

4. P. pil6sa, L.

Slender, erect, 1-3 ft. high, usually pubescent; leaves lanceolate to linear.
<alyx teeth siiarp and narrow; corolla lobes scarcely or not at all notched;
flowers pink to purple, in conjpact leafy cymes. ( >pen sandy woods. Vicin-
ity of Winnipeg. (Bourgeau.) West to the Sa.skatchewan River. (Oray.)

2. GfLIA.

Calyx lobes sh.arp and narrow, the tube thin and dry; leaven
usually alternate; ovules solitary or few. Otherwise as Plilox.

r.r.

114

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

1. G. lineiris, (Null.) (Imy.

Aniiuul, crivt, vi-cicl iinil liiicly pubusc
whitish-purple in
Dry prairios. Man

nt, Irafy. :t-13 in- hiKli; flowers
leafy liead-hkc duster. {CoUumia Hnmria, Nutt.)
Mta.

3. POLEMONIUM.

Calyx horbacpous, .Wloft to about the middle; stamens equally
inserted near the base of the corolla; ovules few (,r several in a cell;
seed mucilaginous. Perennial herbs with alternate pmnate leaves,
and flowers in a corymb-like cluster.

P. ptilcherrlnum, Hook.

Stem rather .ilender. 4-12 in. hish. minutely pubescent or Rlamlular ami
sticky leaflets 0-21, oblong to Lmcoulate; flowers on slender pedK'cls in
clusters of small cymes; corolla l.lue with a white tube. (P. humile. var.
pulctaellttm. Gray.) Rocky Mts.

LXXII. BORAGINACEiE (Borage F.\mily).

Rough herbs with entire alternate leaves, and regular symmetrical
flowers arranged on one side of the stem which is rolled from the tip
and straightens as the flowers open f , ,m the bottom upward C alyx
inferior, .^parted, persistent; corolla gamopetalous, usually regu-
lar .Wobed, sometimes with scales on the throat; stamens as many
as the corolla lobes and alternate with them, inserted on the tube;
ovary of 2 carpels ea.!h containing 2 ovul.'s, sometimes the carpels
deeply grooved making it appear like 4 carpels.

1. LAPPULA. Blue Bur.
Corolla salver-form, the tube closed by scales in the throat;
stamens included; nutlets fastened to the base of the style, their
backs armed with barbed pri.!kl.-s. Rough weedy annuals or bien-
nials with small blue or whitish flowers, and fruit acting as a bur.

• Racemes without bbacts, pedicels reflexed in fruit, calyx-lobes

short and reflbxed when old.
1 L. AtMa. (Wahlenli.) Garckc; var. americtna, (Gray) Greene.

Ercet, 1-3 rt. \mh. pubescent, diffusely branched; loaves obloM, tapenng
to l»>th en,ls; nutlets keeled and roughened on the back and a cw pnekles
along the middle. Waste ground and around thickets. Man.-Alta.

BORAGINACEjE

115

1'. L. floribunda, (Li m.) (irooni^

Kri'it, 1 :t tt. liiith;
flowers hluc. nunuTrfms,
keeled, roUKh on the hi
flat prieklcrt, Hometinie?
appcaruiiee. Man.-Aitj

leaves linear-laiir-eiilate to ohIonR, rather ere-t ;
rowded ill a somewhat dense strict raeenie; nutlets
■k, anned ahuiK the margins witli a siiiKle row of
eoiifluent at the base, giving them a saw-tooth

" Racemes with dhaots, FHDiTiNa pedicels not reflexed, calyx-
lubes LEAF-LIKE.

3. L. echinita, Cilib.

Ereet, pulsseent. fl in. to 2 ft. high; nutlets roughened on the baek and
with two rows of slender priekles on eaeh margin, (i. lappula, L.) Waste
eultivatcd gruuiid, intrndueed, Man.-.\lta.

4. L. Keddwskii, (Horneni.) Creene; var. occidentilis, (Wats.) Rydb.
Erect. 0 in. to 2 ft. Iiigh. branchirf; leaves linear-oblong, small, gradually

passing into bracts; nutlets with a single row of 7-11 flat prii-kles often united
at the base. Waste places, Man. and .Sask.

2. ONOSMODIUM.
Calyx ."j-clcft, the lobes linear and erect; corolla .'Vcleft, tubular,
the lobes acute and scarcely, if at all, spreading; stamens inserted
on the throat of the corolla; style tlu-ead-like and much exserted;
nutlets bony. Coarse iierennial herbs with sessile rili-veined leaves
and whitish or greenish Howers.

1. O. occidentile, Mackenzie.

Stout, somewhat rigid. 1-2 ft. high; densely gray pubescent; leaves
lanee<jlate to ovate, sharply ril)-vcine.l; niitleta smooth or neariy so. (().
carolvMnum, var. moUe, dray.) Moist ground about thickets Man -
Alta.

3. MERTENSIA. Luncwort.
Calyx ,5-cleft; corolla ."i-lobed, the tube mucA longer than th(i
calyx, open at the throat, but sometimes with a small crest at the
base of each lobe; style long and thread-like; nutlets wrinkled
when dry. Smooth or softly pubescent perennial herbs with entire
leaves and small clusters of rather large blue flowers.

1. M, panicullta, (Ait.) Don.

Erect, 1-2 ft. high, more or less hairy; leaves ovate to lanceolate, thin,
taper-pointed; corolla funnel-form, much longer than the calyx, with small
ercsts in the throat. N. Man. and westward in sparsely wooded districts.

,• I!

Z - tf
i.

a* I'l
^ •

116

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

2. M. UnceoUM. (Pursh.) DC.

Krert 1 ...-U'lied, »-lU in. hinli; U-iivcs »i.:ituhili! to liiiciir. rather tluok,
n.inut.-l- „ulH.»,-.-nt ..„ tli. u„|,..r surt.iro, thu wh..l,. plm.t ,.tl>t.rw|.e glal.rous ;
Jl.,w,.r, in u loose pnni..le, the eorollu tul,e hairy at the lm«e and never n.oro
than twice the length of the calyx-tube. Dry Inlla. h. Sask.

4. LITHOSPfeRMDM. Puccdon.

Calyx and corolla 5-eleft; throat of the .orolla open, nakod, or
with a seal.-likn fold opposite each lobe; slam.ns iiflu.led; iiut-
lets bony; Howers solitary in the axils of the leaves or Icaf-hko
l.racls. Uoughish herbs from a thick, often red root.
1 L canSscens, (Miehx.) Lehm. Hoarv PurrooN.

Soft-pu.«»ce„t. n,orc nr le.., hoary; leave, oUong to ovate, "htu^". some-
what downy beneath, and rouBl.ened with appressed ha.r» al»ve flowers
Grange, «e.s»ile, with a naked throat. Dry prairies, Man. and westward.

2. L. »ngintif«lium, Miehx.

Erect, or spreading by diffuse branches from the base, minutely rough-
pubescent ; leave, linear; flowers pediceled, orange-yellow, the earher showj ,
the later im'onspicuous and paler. Dry soil, Man.-Alta.

3, L. pildsum, Xutt.

Hairy, son.ewhat pale green; stems 3-18 in. hish. stout, often clustered;
leaves lanceolate to linear, usually tapering to both ends: flowers small,
dull yellow, crowded; lobes of the calyx densely hairy; throat of the corolla
slightly pubescent below each lote. Gravelly ridges. W. hask. and Alta.

5. OREOCARYA.
Calyx deeply .5-parted, the divisions spreading in fruit; corolla
5-lobed, salver-form, crested in the throat; stamens .5, mcluded;
ovary dividing into 4 nutlets, th.^ir margins sharp or sometimes
winged. Hairy perennial herbs mth narrow leaves and small
white flowers.
1 O. glomeriU, (Pursh.) Greene.

Stems erect, 6-lS in. high, rather stout; leaves spatulate below, linear
above, the lower tufted; flowers in sn.all axillary clusters closely grouped at
t.^top of the stem; the whole plant densely hairy. (B"'™"'""' *"'-''-
him, DC.) {KryniUkia ',lomemta,GTay.) Drj' sod, Man.-Alta.

G. MY0S6TIS. Forget-ve-not.
Calyx 5-oleft, the lobes erect in fruit; corolla .5-lobed, salvoi-
form; stamens 5, included; ovary dividing into 4 glabrous nutlets.

VEIIBENACE.'E — LABIATE

117

I^)W pul)««<!ont perennials with alternate entire leaves and small
blue flowers often in one-sided bractless raeenies.
1. M. •]p<stri>, Srhiiili;;

Perennial, »k.nder, tutt. I, asren.linn. 4-N i„. high. Hoflly ,.ulK!»oent;
leaves ohlong t,. laneeolate; raemnes l.ra.tless when fully ■„alur,.,l, ,le„.„.|y
H..wer..,l; fl„„ers lilue. (J/, aylvalim, var. ilpe.tris, Koel,.) Uo.'ky Mt
foothills.

LXXIII. VERBENACEiE (Vervai.v Familv).

Herbs with opposite leaves, somewhat irregular flowers anil didyn-
amous stamens. Not unlike the Labiateie, exeept that the ovary
ir not 4-Iobed and the plant is not aromatie. Mostly tropical.

1. VERBfeNA. Vehvais.
Calyx ."i-toothed, one usually short; .corolla tubular or salver-
shaped, unequally .><;left; stamens 4, didyna.rious, included-
style simple; stigmas 1 or 2; fruit composed of 2 eariK.ls, each of 2
ovaries which sejiarato into 4 nutlets.
1. V. htBtltl, L. Blue Vervain.

Tall; leaves lanceolate, or the lower lobed; flowers blue, in long, slender
pamclcd spikes. Damp ground, Man.

LXXIV. LABIATjE (Mint Family).

Herbs with square stems, opposite leaves, two-lipped corolla
stamens either 2 or in 2 groups, and a dccjily 4-lol,ed ovarv forming
4 nutlets in fruit. The foliage is frequently glandular, giving to
many members of the family a pleasing aromatic odor.

1. TEUCRIHM.
Calyx 5-toothed; corolla apjiarently without the upper lip on
account of a deep cleft in the upper side, which makes the two lobes
on each side of it seem to join with the large lower lobe to form the
lower lip; stamens 4, ex.serted from th.^ cleft in the corolla; stylo
2-<!left. Slender iierbs.

I. T. uiudinse, L,

.Somewhat slender, 1-3 ft. InBh, more nr less puliesrent. with a rather dense
spike of pink or purplish flowers, liich low land, Man.-Alta.

1 -'

i I

4 !

118

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

2. SCUTELLARIA. Skillcap.

Calyx bcll-shaix^d, 2-li|)iwd, thy upper huvinK a pceuliar crest
on the back and usually deciduous in fruit. Corolla with a (•urv«>d
tub«, th(f upper lobe usually entire, the lateral j(»ined to it, the lower
IoImi spnmding and notched at the ajxx; stamens ascending under
the upptT lip.

1. S. galericuUta, L.

A .^lender horli from a stoloniforoua rootstock, croct or IcaninK for support
uii Hurrouiiding pluiits; flowers violct-hluc, tHiIitury in the axila of the upper
Icav'cM. Low places, Man.-Alta.

3. agAstache.

Calyx 5-toothed, the upper teeth longer than the others; corolla
2-lipped, th(( upp<'r erect, the lower ;j-<ih'ft, the central lobe liroader
and crenate; stamens 4, the longer pair declined. Tall ptTennials
with serrate leaves and small flowers in a dense, sometimes inter-
rupted, terminal spike.

1. A. Fanfculuin, (Pursh.) Ktzo.

A tall, rather oiiiooth herb with blue flowers and foUage having the odor
of anise. Around thickets, Man.-Alta.

4. NfiPETA. Cat Mint.

Calyx 5-toothed, tubular, the teeth unequal; corolla 2-lipped, the
upper erect, 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed, the middle larger than the
others. Rather low perennial herbs.

1. N. hedericeA, (L.) Trevisan. (irtouNn Ivt.

Low, creeping; leaves round or kidney -shaped; flowers blue. Intro-
duced, but becoming common in shady places alwut towns.

5. DRACOC^PHALUM. Dhacon Head.

Calyx 5-toothed, tubular; corolla 2-lipped, the upper arched
and notched, the lower 3-<deft, the middle lobe notched; stamens4,
ascending under the upper lip; flowers small, whorled, in short, very
leafy spikes.

1. D. parvifldnim, Nutt.

Tht^ upper tooth of the cMyx .'ilmnst aa Kmp .is the enrnll.i; flnwera lii^ht
blue, crowded in a dense spike, and sometimes in the axils of the upper leaves.
Leafy annuals or bionniab. Newly burnt or cultivated ground, Man.-Alta.

LABIATE

119

0. PRHNfiLLA. Sklf-IIeal.

Calyx 2-lipp,.d, „l„,od i„ fruit; ,.,r.,lla 2-li„|«.,|, th.. ,,„,mt ..nlif
ar^he.1 and th.. lower 3.|„h..d; stumens 4, as,...„di„« ,„d. " .i

too h iH^anng ,h.. anth.T, th.. oth-r with no,,,.. Low. oft,.,, pro,.,,,,,.
IxtMlarr^pikTs """' "' "^'"'"^ '^"""" '" '^™"' '™'^' '™'"'"" "'
1. P. vulgirii. L.

Lcavns ovate or oI,1„„r, puhoso.;nt or «nooth: roroll,, violH-purpk-
calyx purpl,ah; proeu,„t,ent or erect. Moist gra».,y pi,.,.,,.,, Muu.-Alta

7. PHYSOSTilGIA. False Dra„on Head.

f alyx (^..ally 5-tooth..d, sliKhtly inllat..,l in fruit; „or„lla ,nu..li
lo..K..r thai, t,... calyx, strongly 2-lipi».d, th,. upp,.r «,.n,.what arch,,!
en ,r... and ,h. lower ;j-h,h..d; sta,u..n.s 4, a.*..ndin« un.l,.r t, !
arch of th,. upp,.r l,p, tho tilam,.nt.s pulH..so..nt. Kr,.ct. usually
glabrous h,.rb.s with ..„ti,^ s,.rrat.. l,.av,.s, and showy flow..rs n
naked, ofti.n panicled, tf.rminal spikes.

1. P. virginiina, (L.) Benth.

nnlf""' ',"■* ''■,'■'''•■; leave, thirkish, sharp-serrato; flower, rose-color or
pale purple. Edges of ,treu„„ or lakes, Man. and westward.

2. P. p«r\rifl«ra, Nutt.

Ste,,, l-:i ft. high, simple up to theflowers; leaves thi.,, lanceolate, .serrate
pla*" mIL. .'(ul" " "'"-""'"''' " ^'■""' ^■"^'■■^ ■^"'"^ ^>'""-- VVct
8. STACHYS. IfEDiiE Nettle.

Calyx 5-toothed, the tei.th about equal; corolla strongly 2-lip,„.d
the upp<.r er,.e.t, ..ntir,., slightly areh,.,l or oonoav,., th,. lowr spn'ad-
ing, jKileft, th,. middle lob,. so,netimes „otoh,.,l, tub., sniall, no long,.r

?r, TJ"' '"""""' *' ''»«■"'""« ""'''■■• th.' upper lip of eorolia.
hreet or diffuse fxri-nnmls with flowers in spikes, both terminal and
in the upiXT axils.

1. S pdlistris, L.

Erect. pul,e.,ee„t. fron, .a .,on,cwhi,t tuberuus rootstook, i„.„ue,„ly
stolomferous; ealyx hispid, with son.ewhat spiny ,eeth diverging i, fmit
corolla purplish or reddish. Marshy ground, .Man.-Alta

( I!

i;

' ' ''

ill

j i

120

SELECTED WESTEHN FLORA

11:
If;

U. HONARDA. Horhe Mint.

Calyx 5-tootUc(i, tulmlar, hairy in llic throat; corolla clonuatiil,
in'aduHlly wiili'ning, 2-lipp('<l, tlw up|H'r lip rri'ct, usually entire,
till' lower :1-IoIh'(1. s|),-i'ailinK; fertile stamens 'J, usually exserteil.
Aromatie herbs with dentate or serrate leavi's and showy rediiish-
purple flowers in dense terminal clusters, the liracts sometimes
colored.

1. M. m6Uil, L. Wild Deiuiamot.

Throiit of the ciil.vx di-uscly lmir\': uppiT lip of the rorollii litiiry o;i tin-
outside; leiivi's oMotiK tn i>v;ite, riilhiT t;ipf'r-iioiiit(;d, suiiK.-whut ("ilifsctilit,
especiully beneath. .About thickets, Muii.-AUii.

10. LtCOPnS. Water Horehocnd.

Calyx 4-toothed, naked in the throat; corolla equally 4-oleft,
or one lobe slightly broader than the others; [iirfect stamens 2,
the other pair rudimentary or wanting. Perennial stolonifiruus
herbs with small whitish or purplish flowers in dense axillary clusters.

1. L. lOcidul. Turrz.; var. americinus, Ciray.

Rather stout niid strirt; Icives oblonR to lanceolate, sharply serrate,
sessile. Wet places, Man.-Alta.

2. L. americinus, Muhl.

Somewhat slender, Kliibrous. stoloniferous, and sharply 4-anKled: leaves
oblong to lanceolate, irrcKularly and deeply rut, or the upper narrow and
more sinuate. Wet places, Mau.-Alta.

11. MfiNTHA. Mint.

Calyx equally 5-toothcd; corolla irrpRularly 4-toothed, the tube
shorter than the calyx; stamens 4, equal. DiiTuse or stoloniferous
herbs with thick glandular lea\es and whorls of white or purplish
flowers in terminal spikes, the foliage having a strong mint odor.

1. M. arv^nsis, L.; var. canadensis. ^L.) Hrtquet.

Diffusely brar.chinu; leaves oblonp to lanceolate, narrowed at the base,
pubescent. (Af. canademin, L.) Damp places, Man.-Alta.

LXXV. S0LANACE.£ (Xichtshade Family;.

Succulent herbs with alternate exstipulato leaves and regular
perfect flowers. Calyx gamosepalous, mostly 5-lobed, persistent;

HYDROPHYLLACE^

121

"onilla BamoiH'talouB, pniTally .Vloln'd, mostly rolBt..; stamens a*
many as tlw lolu.s of the iMirolla, altiTnalc with llirm and insert. •<!
on tlu' tulH'. all .(lu-il ami ixTfrel; style slender and simple: ovary
suiMTior, 2-<!elliid, many-secdi>d.

1. SOLANUM. Xkihtsmabe.
Calyx r>-partod; eorolla wheel-shaped, .Vparte.l; stamens .\
ixserteil from the short I'orolla tube, the antliers eonverRinK around
the style forming a sort of iM'ak; fruit a IxTry, usually L'-<«lled. A
very large (jenus, l,ut mo tly wumi climate plants, repttsinted with
us hy a few spreading atmual herbs.

1- S. triSArum, Null.

Low, »|,rfiidinK; U':iv,'a pitinutificl; rwilunolpa 1 -.l-floworwi: rorolla whiti- ■
tru.t Krwn. turnini! wl,ili,h, ahoul the size of „ .-hiTry, l,„t rescinblinn the
tomato. A roiiioioii weed. Man. -.\lta.

ii. S. nigrum, L. f'oM.\io.N \iohtsh.\de.

More Klaliroua, stem rough on the ani!le«; loaves wavj-toothod; Howers
w ute, in uinhel-like eluaters; fruit hlaclt. Rich siiady ground, local, Man.-
Alta.

ill!

LXXVI, HYDROPHYLLAcEjE. Waterleaf Family.

Hairy herbs with alternati- leaves, and regular flowers in racemes
spikes, or heads. Calyx an<l .uirolla each ".-parted; stamens r,
mserted on the l)a.se of the eorolla tub.- alternate with the lobes-
ovary suiHTior, 2-ceIled or l-nelh'd with 2 placenta; styles 2, somt-
times partly united; stigma ^mall.

; Uu

1. PHACfiLIA.
Calyx somewhat inflated in fruit; eorolla lM.||-shap<'d, whral-
shapj'd, or funm.l-shai.ed, often with apijondaces opposite the lobes-
ovary l-«ellod with 2 plaei,ntie. Annual or biennial hairy herbs
with alternate, entire, t.oothed, pinnatifid, or dissected leaves, and
blue, purple, or wliite showy flowers.

1. P. linelris, (Pursh.) Hojz. (P. MemirM, Torr.)

Stem 4-12 in. IiIkIi, hranelieil; leaves linear or laneeolato and entire
or some deeply eleft; flowers violet or white, in spikes or raeeme.« whieh are
■ urved at first but afterwards cruet. S. Alta. and Kocky Mts. in Crow's
Nest Pass.

122

KELECTKU WKrtTEUN FLOKA

2. P. ■•ricit, (<Iruliaiti) Cnty.

Stem 4 I'J ill. hitch fntm u hnttirliiiiK rixitHlofk, li-iify to the top; Iphvph
pinriiiti-ly pitrtt'd into duumtoiis narrow IoIm-h, tUt'st- hriiifi sotnrtiiiirH further
piniiutifiil, thr ur)p<T iii'iirly w?*Hilf; (lowers violi-t-hhii' or whit • on nhort
Hpikt'M, tTfiwili'U in u cIomc inuiiclf. S. Altu. iiinl Uucky Mts. north tu lluw
Hivcr.

IJCXVn. SCROPHVLARlACEiE (Finwonr Tamily).

Hrrhs with cxstiimlutc h-uvrs and pcrfrct, coniphtc, Imt irrcKUlar
flowcrH. Calyx infcriDr, iMTsislml, 4 or .'wlt-n ; rnroitu ^amniM'talous,
2-IipiH'<l, or, ill soiiii' cases, aliiio^l n-nuhir; slmnciis 2- .'>, (liclyiminous
ur i'quul; fruit usually a inany-sH'drd capsuli'.

Fiu. 73. — LiiKiriti
vulgaris.

I. LINXRIA. Toadflax.

Calyx .Vpartcd; corolla 2-lipiM'<l, spurred at
the base on (he lover side; staini-ns 4, didyna-
nious; capsule thin-walh'd. Herbs with alter
nate upiMT (caves and showy flowers.

1. L. vulgaris. Hill. Huttkh anu Eiion.

.!. "t, Blalirous, leafy; Il.i^'c.i pale, linciir; flowers
.'i'l 1 \ showy, iu a dcnau ruccmo. Intrudui'ed to
.-'oine (.'xtcrit.

I !

2. PENTSTfeMON. BEAiio-TONfiUE.

Calyx .Vparted; <'orolla tuhular, cxpuudinf; above, 2-lipprd, the
upiMT lip 2-lolM'd, the lower Il-Iobcd; stamens 4 fertile, and 1 sterile,
whiidi is usually bearded down one side; fruit a niany-.seede(i eap-
sult'. Perennial herbs with opposite entire leaves and showy
flowers.

1. P. gricilis, N'utt.

Stem crcft or ^liKlitly hont nt the hasp, fi-15 in. high, minutely pubrsrcnt;
stem leave's linear to iane?olatc, scssilt', more or Icsa tiMithrd; root Icavo.^
ohlonK to spatulato, obtn.-ie, taperinR into it potiole; roniUa purple, open at
the throat, the .sterile filament bearded for half its length; fiower cluster
ioc^e. Dry prairies, Mau.-Alta.

2. P. aibidus, Nutt.

Stems rather stout, 0-10 in. high, clustered, several from a branched erect
rootstock, erert or reclining at the base, slightly pubescent; leaves oblong to
linear; calyx viscid-pubescent; corolla purple or whitish, diluted at the

8l'H()PinrLAUIA( K.K

123

.ll«htl>- l«ur.l,.,l; fl„w« rlu.l,.r ,„.„.,* uu,l ,l,-,m: l>r.v prairi.,, M,,.,. „.„l

1. P criltltui. Nufl.

lluthir .■.torn, li I.-, in. Iii^h. vill.,u» ji
li'livrs I'litin-. the !i|>p,.r li[ii-:i

I vNii.l Icwiinla ttw iipixT iKirl i>f

cir liiri.Tolai.-, witiii.wh.it ■ l.i:.|iiii((.

, . .'""K i"'" IH'liol,-: (l,,„,r» ,,Mr|,l,-,,r ri-(l.

"i",„,, ,,.»Ml,., tl.,. l„„-,.r lip vJM„„s within, Ih,- .l,.ril,. lil;„n.M,l ,l,.„s,.lv l.„«.

liiarrlcil alijiiK "111' »iiJi', cjaiTti'il. curli'il upwiiri' '

till' Mtl'lll

ttii- Idwrr itliloriu t

ilmluliili'. ta

wanj.

I'rairifM. Man.

anil w(-Mt-

4. P. icumioltul. DiiiikI.

Sti.„, ,,l„„t. l,.af,.. (1-JII i„. hi^h. Blaliroiw ami Klaurnu, lliri,i,Bl,„„| •

ivuv- i.iMr,., ,1„. i,pp,., |„„ „, ,.,„,„;„„ „„, |„„,,.^ „|,,„„^ , ,^^|

ti..l,-.l; fluwiT .liiiti.r tiarruw. „fl,., ,..,i,|,.d, tl„. ,„.r,i,. filani,.,,! .-xpanili-d

tiiwiTil. ,1,0 ,i„i,„.i, an.l l,i.ardi.,i all arouiul. Dry KraVLlly. ,l„p,..,, Man.-

a. MfMHLDS. MdNKKV Fi.i.wkh.
Calyx ->-anKl..(I, rMni.lh.il, thi. upinr llir larKisI ; ,„ri,lla L'-lipi),.,!
tlumpiHT r,.(l,.x,.il, „r at l,.u»l ..r,..l, i|„. Ii.w.t spnading, 3-li,l.,.d.
lliTlis with iippcisiti. Icavia and showy tlowcrs.
1. M. ringeni, L.

(llalirollH, atrni t'roci, stent, 1 .( It. liiBh,
iiMiinu. rlaspinit; Buwirs larni-. hini' ,>r pnn.lr

UIUHT k.mi.». Wft plac-ca, Man. ami woslwaril

'inari': Iimvi'm lanc'i'i>lalr to
■nlitary from thi' axil.i iif tho

4. orthocArpus.

Flower a.s in Ca»t<.ll,.ja ...wpt that Ih,. ,,„p,.r lip of th- .M.rolla i,
no longiT than th,. Iow.t. Annuals with alfrnatr l>.av..s and tho
flowiT.s in leafy si)ikts.

1. O. loteui. Null.

Leafy, erect, puheaeent; leaves usually linear but often :i-eleff spike
dense with uneolored, usually :).elefl l.raets; flowers yellow. Prairies
Alan.-Alta.

."). PEDICULARIS. LdtsKwonT,
Calyx 2-r,-toothed. eleft on the l,«v.T or the up|MT side; corolla
^-lipped, the uppi-r laterally eonipressed, curved, sotiietimes pro-
longed to a beak; lower .reet, ;i-lol.ed; statnens 4, ilidynanious
enclosed in the upp^T lip; capsule many-seede.l. Kerbs with
alternate pmnatifld leaves, and yellowish, reddish, or white flowers
in doaso terminal spikes.

#.5

124

HKI,K( TKI) WE.STKUN KLOUA

t:

ff:

,.|i-t

1. p. irnnlindlci. Idli.

I'liimri. r.il or puriilr. Ihi' iipiwr lip iini.lu I iiiln u Imju ln'iik wliirli

lurviv. (ir«l dimriwiircl iiiul tluii "UlwiiPil. Swiiiii|.«. Iluilxili ltay-Uc«k.\

MiK.

2. p. c>Mtf<aill. L. CoMM.iN I,iir»KwiinT.

Hiiiry; niviun t'lftt-il. nitnpli'. iiNci'iiditiK '»r i-ri-f't, ft-I.'i in. hinh; lnitvi>
ohlipiiB-lulicii.luti-, till- limiT iiihiuilrly |iiirlr.l iiiiil I'Ti sl.'niliT |ii'liiili». lli.
upln'f iilniosl Mwil.'; (li)WiT» yr.lliiwish iir rcilili.li, llii- till-' inucli l.inu' r
tlmli thr lalyx, llic uplxT lip urrlli'il liut ll"t iK'uki'il. Miiint winula anil
ilhiiilt tliir'k*'!^. Mull.

•i. P. Iincaollu. Mii'hx.

I'wnilly >.ino.illi; «lviii .-111111, cri'il. l-:i ft. hitth; Inivcn iil lrii«l piinlv
op|iii!<ili> anil (loillJy piiiiiiilifiil; ralyx L'-I"l»'il, Ihi' Ini'i-" li-iify on H"' "lar-
Kini; ronillii yi'lliiwi-li. tin- upixT l*>ln' riirvi-il in iiml I'lnlinK in a wIuti
iH'wk. till" InwiT lip atlcfiiitiiiK iiiul partly i-ioaiiijt tin' throat. Kicli dump
pruiric, Muli.-Alta.

0. RHINANTHUS. Ykli.ow Kattlk.

("alyx 4-toothi'(l, (liiltciuil. thin ami iiitlutid in fruit; cnriilla
2-lipiM'(l, till' upiHr lip arcliiil, llattiiicil, with a tiuith iin im-h siili
near the |«)int, Ihi' lower ;i-li>l«'(l; .'*tanii'ii» 4. iliilyiittmnus, uiilhirs
hairy; capsuli' riiund, llattiiicd; sfiils wiiiKcil. Annual hirlw with
oppositu leaves and yclliiw flowira I'riiWMcd on a iine-sided spik".

1. R. CrliM-gtlli. I..

Stt'iii ulcndiT, li-ls in. lliKli, hrani'linl, thr hranrht's minicwhut rroi't ;
IcaVPH laiirpiilutc to ohloiiR. couriii'ly MiTrate-ili'iitjil.'; ('Driillu yi'llnw with :i
purple spot on one or Iwth lipn, the tiihe loiiKcr tliun the i'aly.\; eapsulr
flut. Moist plucen, Hoi'ky Mta. und eu.itwurd und northW'.ird.

7. CASTILLtjA. Paistkii <'rp.

Calyx tubular, oompn'sseil, .split on upiM'r and lower sides;
corolla 2-iipp('d, enclosed in the calyx, tlie upper lip archi'd, usually
keeled, ooniiiresseil laterally; stamens 4, didynanious, eiiclosi'd in
the upper lip of the corolla; slyh threa<l-like; capsule many-seeded.
Herbs with alternate leaves, and pale yellowish, ri'ddish, or while
flowers in dense leafy-l)racted spikes, the bracts often brighlly
colored.
1. C. cocclnel. (I>.) SprciiR. Sc.iklet Painted Cup.

.Vniiual or luonnial, hairy; stem simple, l-'^ ft. hiuh; rmit leaves mostly
entire, stem leuvcs deeply cut: hrui'ta bright scarlut or more rurely yellow.
Moii^t prairie, Man. and S. E. S,isk.

126

liriirtu

LENTIBULAniAfK.B

■J. C, plllldi, (1.) Sppiim . vir Mpltnlrionllli, iLimll j dray.

'' '<">•''■ »Mi""lh .•xr,],l „! III,. I,,,,, |,.;,v,., ,.,„,„. „r iirarlv .,

yi'llimi-li ur n'il,li..(i-piir|.l.\ l.iil nnl l.riulil. M,,l.,i „,i|. .M„m.-.\||„.

3. C. itltilUlin. Piir.li

Pcrc'i'iiiiil. Iiiiiry. .I..|ii. l,..iry. „fi,.|, hrmnhnl .il llii' Ini«i>, U 111 in. hiuh :
li-iivi'« .s,.».,i|,.. th,. |,n,,,r li,|,.„r .,,,,1 ,.„,ir,. n,,. ,,,||,.^_ ,l,.,.,,|v ,.,„, (l.iwiT*
yi'lliiwiali-nrfiii, nul sh.my. Dry ,i,ii.|y |.rlliri(.■^. M.iii. :iii.l Sa«k.
1. C. minilM. DoiikI

Sli'iii. -c.viriil frniii ;, ,hnrl r«il.st(i,k. N in. I.. J fl. hiuh, nio.silv ..iin|.iis
li'iiycs l:in.fc,l,ili. I., |ii„„r, nr.ly .(-..li-n ; l.nuls l.riahl r.d. ,|,i'l,.'« .li..rt
iinil .li'ii.i,.; ll„. wliuU; iihilit Bhil.r.m.i up I., ll„. IIuwith. Muisi unmud,
Mun. Altu.

K. VER6NICA. Si-Ki i,wKi.i,.

Tulyx 4-i)arliil; .Miriillu iincqimlly 4-|)urliil, th.. lowir liilic th,.
ainallivst, riitatr; staiiifiis 2. on thi. liu«. iif thr iipiMT Icli.. iif ;l.i.
iMiriilla, thi' anthers uniti'd; styli. shiiihr: <nary l'-.-illi..|. c'ap.^m..
llattiiiiil, smn.tiinis h<art-.«lia|«(l. Mostly h.riis with .small him ,
purph'. pink, or whiti' Ihnvirs.

1. V. AntglUli-iqulUci. r.. \V.^T^:ll Spkedweli..

Sniiiiith. the. Idwcr part nf the sti'in pro>trati- anil roolini; at tin- inints,
thi- upper part rre.t: leaves entire .,r nearly »n. iho.e of the flowerini! stem
laneeolate, wssile. elaspingat the hase, thiae preilueiil later iirUeular, iipiivate,
.mil peti.ileil: a.iwers liluish or purplish; <-iip.<uk- llattee.ecl, nearly orl.ieulap.
l)r^•inK streams anil ditelies, Man.-Alta.

L". V. tmrricliil. Selmein.

Similar ti. the iireeeilin-j. I,ut all the leaves (ihlnnn !<■ I.aneeolate. ilistinelly
petioleil, and sharply .nerrate. .Streams and ditelies. .Man.

3. V. sr..',!'

-.Vita
Marsh Speedwell.

" in. til 2 ft. hiuh, alal.r.ius. riiiitiiiK liy leafy she

Its

'■"'"' ' ■ ■ aear. sesaih^ and slilllitly elas|,iiiK, denti.iilate with

few teeth; tlovn ,. |,lue on slender pedieels in axillary raeemea exe liim the

leaves: eajiaule liiiujer aeriiss the transverse axis, deeply notihed al the
summit. Wet plaees. Man.-.Mta.

LXXVIII. LENTIBULARlACEiE (Bladdehwoiit r.vMiLY).

Aqiiatiii lierhs, frci^tloatin-! or rooting in tlie mud, willi leaves
nlustcred al (he liasc.,orliornc on immersed Hoating stems, and irreg-
ular flowers earriid aliove the wau-r on erwd seapi's. Corolla

126

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

I )

t'i

2-lii)pcd, the uppor criiit, thi! lower largiir, spreading, spurred at the
base, with a projeetiDti almost closing the throat; stamens 2, the
anthers united; ovary l-<«lled; fruit a many-seeded capsule.

1. DTRICULARIA. Bladderwort.

Calyx 2-lohed, the lobes nearly equal; corolla bearded in the
throat; flowers in racemes. Herbs, free-floating or rooting, with
finely dissected leaves, and bearing small bladders which serve to
float the plant or to secure food.

1. n. vulglris, L.

Free-floating, senpc stout, almost naked, 3-12 in. high; leaves 2 or 3-pin-
nately divided, crowded, ijorne on branches (i - 12 in. long, and bearing many
liladdcrs among the leaves; flowers showy. Stagnant water, Man.-Alta.,
common.

2. U. intarmidil, Hayne.

Scape slender, 2-8-in. high; branches floating, short, 3-R in. long; leaves
somewhat scattered; bladders usually Ixjrne on loaflcis brandies; flowers
yellow, with a spur nearly as long as the lip. Shallow water, or creeping on
the mud, Man.-Alta., not common.

2. PINGUlCni/A. BCTTERWORT.

Calyx 2-lippcd, the upper 3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft; corolla
2-lippod, the upper 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft, the lob<'S all spreading,
spurred, throat open. Small stemless perennials with 1-flowered
scape and 3 or 4 fleshy, somewhat greasy leaves at the base.

1. P. Tulgirii, L.

Leaves spatulato to elUptiesl; corolla pale violet, striped with yellow on
tiic throat. Bogs and wet rocks. Rocky Mts. and foothills.

LXXIX. OROBANCHACEiE (Broom-rape Family).
Low fleshy herbs without green foliage. Calyx 4 or 5-toothed;
corolla 2-lipped, persistent; stamens 4, didynamous, on the corolla
tube; capsule 1-celled, many-yeeded,

1. OROBANCHE. Broom-rape; Cancer-hoot.

Calyx almost equally 5-oleft; corolla 2-lipped, the upper 2-lobed,
the lower spreading, 3-lobed; stigma 2-lipped; flowers solitary or in
spikes on a naked or braoted stem. Viscid, pubescent, root-para-
sitic herbs with more or less scaly brownish stems.

PLANTAGINACEiE

127

1. O. Utciculita, Nutt.

Stoin 2-1 in. liiKh, .Hnily; flowrr.^ solitiiry on loiiR n;iki'<| pntliinrUvs, jiur-
plish-ycllow, lurnc, nt-arly 1 in. Ioiik, Pani-sitir- on rudt.-i of Artfiiiisi:i atul
sitiiilur plunt.H on »uudy hilU und pliiiu:j iAphyUoii /uHciculatum, Gray).
Sask. and Altu.

2. O. ludoviciint. Xutt.

Htenis Htout. 4-12 in. hinh. Hfaly, soniowhiit viscid; flowers purplish, in
dense terminal l>ructed spikes. (Aphi/llon Iwhtviciann, Gray.) Ury <'lay
hanks, particularly along nver.s, W. Sask. und Alta.

LXXX. PLANTAGINACEiE (Plant.\in Family).

Stemles.s herbs with basal leaves, and regular flowers in spikes on
a long soap<). Calyx 4-parte(l, persistent ; rorolla 4-parted, hypog-
enous, gamopetalous, dry and membrane-like; stamens 4, inserted
on the corolla alternate with its lobes.

1. PLANTAGO. Plantain.

Calyx segments mostly equal; corolla salver-shaped; stamens 4,
usually with long weak filaments; style long; stigma hairy; cap-
sule 2-<!elled, oi)ening with a lid; flowers small, whitish, on a naked
scape; loaves prominently ribbed.

1. P. mftjor, L. Common Plantain.

Leaves broadly elliptical, undulate, or somewhat tottthnd; petiole broad;
Bcape 4-15 in. high, often curved; apike dense. A eunmion weed around
dwellings.

2. P. RugfeUi, Dene.

Closely rescnilUing the preceding, but smaller, with thinner leaves on
slender petioles red at the base. Common alH>ut 'IwelUngs.

3. P. UnceoUta, L. Rin (iR.\sa.

Generally hairy; leaves lanceolate; scajjc slender; spike dense with
brownish scarious bracts and sepals. Very commctnly introducnd with grass
seed.

4. P. eridpoda, Torr.

Yellowish woolly at the ha.se; leaves oblanceolate or oblong, thiclush,
on short petioles. Alkaline soil, very e()nim(jn, Man.-Alta.

5. P. elongftta, Pursh.

Finely puhescent; leax-es linfrar *o ahnost thread-like; capsule 4-sceded.
Ught soil, S. Man. and westward.

n

128

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

G. P. PfirihU. R. and S.

Whitf! wilky-woully; ii-iivcs ohlong to liiieur;
pruirif'N, X. Sask. und Alta.

s|>iko slender, dense. Dry

11

LXXXI. RUBlACEA (Madder Family).

Horbs — in our climato — with entire loaves, either opposite and
connected by stipules or in whorls without stipules, and regular
perfect flowers. Calyx gamosepalous, variously toothed; corolla
4 or .'j-lobod ; stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate
with them, inserted on the throat; style either short or long; ovary
1-10-celled, many-ovuled; fruit a capsule, berry, or drupe. Avery
large family but mostly tropical.

-IIS

m

1. GALIUM. Beostraw.

Calyx teeth obsolete; corolla rotate, 4-lobed; stamens 4, or
rarely 3, with short filaments; styles 2; fruit double, of two either
dry or fleshy parts separating into indehiscent 1-seeded carpels.
Slender, often trailing herbs with small flowers, squart^ stems, and
whorled leaves.

1. G. boreftle, L. Northern Bedstraw.

Smooth, erefit, 6-lS in. high; leaves in 4'a, linear to lanceolate: flowers
white, in close panicles; fruit often bristly. Dry prairies, common, Man.-
Alta.

2. O. triflArum, Michx.

Stem diffuse, ascending or procumbent, glabrous but a little roughened
on the angles; leaves clUptiral to lanceolate, slightly roughened on the mar-
gins and often bristle-pointed; peduncles 3-flowered; flo^vers greenish-white ;
fruit covered with hooked bristles. Moist shady places, Man.-AIta.

3. G. trffldum, L.

Stem very weak, slender, diffusely branched, forming a mat on the ground ;
leaves linear to spatulate, usually in 4V-; flowers whitish, solit-iry except the
terminal, which may be in 3's. Wet shady places, Man.-Alta.

2. houst6nia.

Calyx 4-lobed, persistent; corolla 4-lobed, usually longer than the
calyx; stamens 4, inserted on tiin throat of the corolla; style I;
stigmas 2; ovary 2-oelled. Erect, low, tufted hi-rbs with opposite
entire leaves and small bluish, purplish, or white flowers.

CAPRIFOLIACEiB

129

1. H. longUAUl, GaiTtn.

Glabrous. 4-8 in. high; root Iraves olilnni-pnl;uo to Bimtulntp. ahorl-
petioL'd; stem leaves linear, usually aeuto; Honors pale purple. ( //
purpurea, var. longifolll. Gray.) Bry open prairie, .Man. and Saak.

LXXXn. CAPRIFOUACEiE (HoxEvaucKLE Family).
Shrubs, ofton twining, with opposite exstipulate leaves and
perfect flowers. Calyx 3-,->-toothed, joiiwd to the ovary; corolla
gamopetalous, .ij-lobed, sometimes 2-lipp«>d, and often slightly
spurred at the base; staff on.-i r>, inserted on the IuImi of the corolla,
alternate with the lobes; style slender; stigma simple or loljud';
ovary 1-6-celled ; fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule.

1. LONICftRA. Honeysuckle.
Calyx 5-toothed; corolla .'Wlobed, more or less 2-liDp<'d, tube
funnel-form and often slightly spurri'd at the base; stamiMis 5,
on the corolla tulie; style slender; stigma capitate; fruit » In'rry!
Usually more or less twining shrubs with opposite entin^ leaves and
somewhat irregular flowers.

1. I. diftica, L. (Z,, tftouca, Hill.)

Clal)roua throuKhout; upper leaves united at the base into a di.sk pointed
at both ends; flowers Kreenish-ycllow, or purplish inside of the corolla; fila-
ments and styl- hairy; berries red, Wcjods, Man.-Alta.

2. L. glauciscens, Rydh.

Leaves ulahmus and somewhat (jlaueous above, puliesecnt l«?neath, the
uppermost united at the base into an oblong disk; eoroUa pale yellow-
filaments, style, and inside of corolla hairy; ovary glabrous. Man. and
westward.

3. L. SttlUvtntii, Gray.

Whitened above with a glaucous bloom, leaves glabrous; the upper leaves
united into a circular disk; corolla pale yellow, hairy inside; filaments
very slightly hairy; berries yellow. Rich woods, Man. and E. Sask.

4. L. hirsiltl, Eat.

Higher and more twining thdn preceding; leaves large, hairy on both
Bides; branches pubescent; corolla orange-yellow, clamniy-pulK.seent.
Moist woods, Man.

5. I. involucrlta, (Richards) Ranks.

Upright, pubescent or nearly glabrous, branches 4-coinered: loaves
oblong, pctioled, with prominent midrib; flowers yellow, without a spur, and

130

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

surrouiulfMl by 4 Icuf-likc Iiraots; Iwrrics dark purple, not united in pairs.
Uorky Mt. Valleys.

G. L. tattrica, L. Tartarian Honf.yhuckle.

A lar^tt upriKht glabrous ahruh with pink or white flowers and red or
yellow double licrriea. Much used in cultivation, but not eticaped tio far.

7. L. oblongifdUa, (Goldie) Hook. Swamp Fly HoNEYSfCKLE.

Leaves 1-2 in. long, pubescent when young, glabrous or ni^arly so when
mature; corolla yellow, or purplish within, deeply i*-lipped, tho tube swollen
on one side; flowers in pairs on slender peduncles; fruit red, geuerulty united.
Swamps, £■ Man.

Hi

2. SYMPHORICARPUS. Snowberry.

Calyx 4 or 5-toothed, persistent; corolla 4 or 5-lobed, iH'Il-shaped ;
stamens 4 or 5, inserted in the tliroat uf the corolla; herry 4-<!elle(i,
2-8eeded. Low shrubs with simple opposite leaves on short petioles,
and pinkish flowers in short spikes or clusters.

1. S. occidentftlis. Hook. Wolfberry

A shru'' '-4 ft. high; flowers in dense terminal or axillary spikes; corolla
bearded \ hin; stamens and style exserted; fruit white. Dry prairie.
Man.-A'*u

2. S. racemdiuB, Michx. Snowberry.

Similar to preceding, but flowers in short interrupted terminal spikes;
corolla hairy within; style and stamens included. Not a common western
fonn, Man.-Alta.

3. Var. paucifldnis, Robbins.

A low-spreading shrub about 10 in. high or less; flowers in small terminal
spikes or solitary in the upper axils. Local friim Lake Winnipeg to Rocky
Mts.

3. LINN.SA. Twin Flower.

Calyx 5-toothed, the teeth sharp and deciduous; corolla equally
5-lobed, bell-shaped; stamens 4, two of them shorter; fruit a small,
dry, 3-celled, but l-set^ded pod. A slender eret»ping evergreen vine
with rounded leaves on short petioles, and delicate, nodding, pink
flowers borne in pairs on a slen<ler forked jM^dunole. The only
plant bearing the name of the gn^at Linnieus.

1. L. boreiUs, L., var. americina, (Forbes) Rehder.

The only species, and found in cold moist woods across the continent.

CAPRIFOLIACE-B

131

4. vib6rnuh.

Calyx iV-toothcd; corolla 'i-lohi'd, regular; stamens .">, inserted
on the tube of the corolla; ovary l-3-<',i'lle(l; styh> short, 3-1o1m(1;
fruit a somewhat flattened 1-seeded drupe. Knvl shrubs with
simple leaves and usually white or greenish-white flowers in flat
compound cymes.

1. V. O'pulul, L., var. (mericlna. (Mill.) .\it. Hioii Bossi rH.ixiiF.nuY.
Erect, 3-12 It. high,

sinoutli or rii'urly so;
leaves 3-loI)C(l, the lol>c.s
often toothed on the
sides; cymes broad, the
outside flowers neutral,
with much enlarged cr>-
rollaa, pure whit--, the
inner flowers perfect,
KTceiiish-white, with ex-
serted stamens; fruit red,
edible. Woods and thick-
ets, Man. and Sask.

2. V. Lentigo, L.
Nan.ny Berht.

A tall shrub, or some- ''"'• ^'*- ~ Vibenium opulus.

times a small tree 25 ft.

high; leaves ovate, very closely and sharply serrate, on winged petioles;
flowers greenish-white in a broad sessile cyme; fruit black. Woods, par-
ticularly river banks, Man. and westward.

3. V. paucifldrum, Raf. Squ.yshberry.

A straggUng shrub 2-5 ft. high; leaves .■i-lol)ed towarils the apex, serrate,
glabrous above, somewhat pubescent beneath; flowers white, all alike, in a
few-flowered cyme; stamens included. Cold woods and mountain ViiUeys,
N. Sask., Alta., and northward.

5. SAMBtfCUS. Elder.

Calyx 3-5-toothed, the teeth very small or obsolete; corolla
.Vcleft, broadly spreading; stanu'ns '>, alternate with the lobes of the
corolla and in.serted on its tube; stignuis .i; fruit a berry-like drupe.
Shrubs with pinnately compound leaves and numerous small flowers
in a compound cyme.

i

132

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

1. S. nctmtu, L. Red Elder.

Stems wcKMiy, with a warty bark and very large brown pith; leaflets 6-7,
ovate-lunceulate, pubescent beneath; flowers yellowish-wliitc, in a rone-
■haped cyme; fruit bright red ripeaing early in summer. Delta, Man.
Locally, Man.-Alta.

2. S. canadiniii, L. Common Elder.

Pith white : leaflets 5-11, rather smooth, some of the lower often 3-parted,
cyme flat; fruit purpUsb-black. Open places, Man. and Sask.

LXXXIII. CUCnitBITACEf (Gourd Family).

Succulent vines, cither trailing or climbing by tendrils, with alter-
nate putioled leaves and diceoious or monoecious flowers. Calyx
S-lobed, the tube adhering to the ovary ; corolla 5 or 6-cleft or parted,
inserted on the calyx; stamens usually 3, two with 2-cclled anthers,
and one with a 1-oelled anther; ovary l-3-o«Ued; fruit a popo,
usually fleshy but sometimes membranous.

n

•ft)
13

1. ECHliTOCtSTIS.

Calyx 5-oIeft; corolla 6-parted, the petals narrow, united at the
base; ovary 2-oelled with 2 ovules in each cell; fruit fleshy at first,
but becoming dry, armed with weak prickles; seeds large, flattened,
with rough covering. CUmbing annuals with greenish-white flowers
in axillary clusters.

1. E. lobtti, (Michi.) T. and G. Wild CnccMBER.

Leaves deeply 5-lobed. Moist places. Red River Valley to Saskatchewan
River.

LXXXIV. CAMPAHDLACE.ffi (Bluebell Family).

Herbs with alternate exstipulato leaves, bitter and often milky
juice, and perfect flowers. Calyx 5-toothed, the tube adherent to
the ovary; corolla gamopetalous, usually regular, .'i-cleft; stamens 5,
alternate with the lobes of the corolla, inserted with it; style 1,
usually hairy above; stigma 2-5-lobed ; fruit a 2-several-celled cap-
sule; seeds many.

1. CAMPANULA. Bellflower.

Calyx .'j-cleft; corolla .5-lol)ed, bell-shaped; stamens .'5, separate,
the filaments broad at the base; stigma 3-lobed; capsule 3-oelled.
Herbs with usually terminal, nodding, bell-shaped flowers.

LOBELIACE^

133

1. C. rotundinU*, L. Blcebell, Harebell.

Slender pcrenniul. with rounded petidlini haaal leaves, withcrini; liefore
the plimt rcurhes niiiturity, mid stem leaves linear or nearly mo; flowers
larKe, blue: rapaulc opening hy pores at the base. Dry soil, eommon and
variable.

2. C. aparinoldes, Pursh. Marhh Bellflower.

Stem weak, more or less .3-anKled, roughened on the angles; leaves
lineur-loneeolate; flowers small, nearly white, terniinatirg the branches.
Marshy ground, leaning on grass for support. Man. and westward,

LXXXV. LOBELlACEf (Lobelia Family).

Horbs with altcrnatH leaves, bitter milky juice and irregular
flowers. Calyx tulw adhering to the ovary; corolla 2-lipped, with
a split to the base down one side, 5-lobtid ; stamens ,5, f n* from the
corolla, united by their anthers and usually 'ly their filaments;
stylo 1; stigma 2-lob«d, often fringed; ovary 2-celled, many-
ovuled.

1. lob£lia.

Calyx r>-c\f(t; corolla 2-lipped and split down the upper side;
pod 2-celled, many-si«ded; flowers mostly in leafy or bractcd
racemes.

1. L. spidu. Lam.

Stem slender, leafy, usually simple; lower leaves obovate to apatulate,
upper linear and brart-like; floh'ers light blue in terminal racemes. Moist
Bandy soil, Man. and westward.

y 0 D

C D E

Fm. 77. Fi<i. 78. Fio. 79.

BCD

Fig. 7G, Fig. 77. Fm. 78.

Achenes surmounted by different forms of pappua.

A, pappiw of soft briMtlea. senicio: B. pappus on the long benk of the arhene, Tar-
axicuni: r, pappiw of two awiw, bidciia; D. pappiw of a number of acklea,
heleniuiii ; E, puppiu uf u few iimull cbufTy scale:), chicurium.

134 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

2. L. KUmU, L.

Stem low, leafy, oftea branrhed, obsnirely anfflcil; loavca linriir; floweri
light hlun on nlciider pedirolit, each with two minute bructR or glands about
the middle. Wet grassy ground, Mau.-Alta.

LXXXVI. COMPOSITJE.

Flowers small, in a head on a common receptacle surrounded
by an involucre of one or more rows of bracts; stamens r}, in»ertod
on the corolla tube, the anthers united (Ki/nf/nneniom); ovary
l-<!elled forming an achene i" fruit; style cleft at the apex with 2
usually recurved stigmas, or Irequently undivided in sterile flowers ;
calyx represented by a number of bristles or scales (pappun) , or absent ;
corolla tubular or strap-shaped (ligulale), when the former usually
5-toothed. When both tubular and ligulate corollas are present in
the same head the former are in the centre (disk), and the latter
iray-flomcra) are around the margin. Such a head is called radiate,
while if only tubular corolla are present, the head is said to be dis-
coid. A very large family divided by the kinds of corollas present
in the heads into two series, the tubuliflora and the ligntiflora.

, ;>

Fio. 80. — Sortion throuRh a typical
radiate head.

i4. ray-flowpr; B, disk-flower ; Cacheno;
D, receptacle ; E, involucre ; F, stigma.

Fio. 81. — LiKU-
latp fjower.

C, arhene; D, corolla; E, stigma ;
F, anthers forming a tube about the
style.

COMPOSITE

185

SERIES A. TUnULIFLOR.«.

Corolla tubular in pertevt flowers, tho ligulate flowers, when pres-
ent, being arrange<l about tlie mantin (ray-flowers) and having pistils
only, or neither stamens nor pistils (neutral).

* FUJWERS ALL ALIKE AND Tt'BULAR.

1. Eupatorium. flowers fiw in a head; nmrsh herbs.

2. Littril, fliiwers hright roililiMh-purpIc; miilca of tho involucre much
ovcrlui>i>c(i.

3. Antsnnaria, heads dirpciotis, drying without wiltinK.

4. Ciriium. heads iiiany-fliiwered. leaves amied with prickles.

5. Aictiuin. hraits of the involucre amied with hooks.
8. Bigdowit. heads small, 4-7-flowored ; a shrub.

•• Flowers both TnBOL.\B and radiate ^ receptacle naked.
t Ray-plowers tellow.

7. Gutiemzit. heads small, numerous; low. often matted herbs, rather
woody at the base.

8. Grind«U», heads large, flowers all perfect; coarse herbs with toothed
leaves.

9. SoUdlgo, heads small. S-10-flowered, numerous in showj' clusters.

10. Aploptppul, heads many-flowered; papi>iis of numerous bristles of
unctiual length.

11. Chrylopiif. heads many-flowered; pappus in two rows, the outer
much shorter than the inner.

12. Arnica, heads large, showy; pappus stiff, leaves opposite.

13. Sentdo, heads showy, pappus soft and copious, leaves alternate.

14. TuMcetum, marginal flowers short-rayed. pistiUate; strong-smelling
herbs.

tt Ray-flowers not yellow.

15. Townsendia, heads large, many-flowered, rays in a single row; tufted
stemless herbs.

10. Aster, heads usually large, rays showy, pappus long and plentiful.

17. Erigeron, heads numy-flowend usually on nuked peduncles; in-
volucre of two rows of bracts.

18. Petaaites, heads on stems appearing Iwforc tho leaves, pappus very
plentiful.

19. Artemiaia. heads small, drooping, crowded; pappus wanting ; scented
herbs.

20. Matijcaiia, heads large, rays white; strong-smelling herbs.

136

8EUSCTED WESTERN FLORA

••• Flower. crALLT both ttmilar and hadiati; wceitaci. ckaftt

t INVOLUCHI: hard and mure on LKMl KPINT, NOT-urEE IN rHUIT.

21. Ambrori., houd. <,f two kind-; involurrc o( the (frtilo heud l-weded
with a Miiglu row of |)niji<-tioii« utout llw top.

wi^h.!^""' ''•""''■ "',!r'".''''"l»> '»™''«^"' »' the fcrtUe he»l covered
with ipiuea, bvooinlug liur-likc in fruit.

tt ImroLccaa hot hardened in rRciT.

M. I«, head, anall. drooping; flowon. all tul.ular, the nmrginal pi,tillat«
me inticT pcrfcrt.

4-ried^'"°'"'' '"""'" '"'■'"^' '•''3'-fl''«"'f">tllow,fertUe,per,i.tent; aehene,

M. Briuntrta, head, large, ray-flower, pink or purpli.h, chad of the
reeeptaele spiny and proje<'tinK Iwyond the aihenes.

■M. R»db.cU*. head, large; ray-flower, yellow, neutral, deelduou.;

27. UpEchjl, head, large; ray-flower. yeUow or purple, neutral, deeidu-
ous; reeeptaele eyhudnral.

re^ptafleZ"""' '"'"''' '"'""'■ "«;-'''""'" >"'"''*• "'■""J. d«i<iuou.;

28 Cornpiii, head, large; ray flower, yellow, neutral; bract, of the
involucre in 2 rows.

tine"' ""*"' '"""'' '"*"■ "^-^'''"'" y"""' '"■»>■'» <>' the involucre di.-
dr^ and 'to"' ^'"^' """"' "'^'^°^"' "'""'' "' »'"''• '"•'"■" »' ">" involucre

32. G«ni«rdU, head, large; ray-flower, yellow, .'i-toothed.

33. Helenium, heads large, ray-flowers yellow, braeU of the involucre
•preadlng, leaves entire. — "-ui^iv

SERIES B. LIGULIFLOR^.

Herbs with milky juice and all the flowers in the head perfect
with ligulate corollas.

* Flowers yellow.
t Leaves all basal.

34. Tuuicum, pappus homo on a long beak.

35. Agoserii, pappus borne on t lort licak.

tt Leaves not all basal.

30. Cr«pi.,aehcnes not flattened, tapering towards the top; pappus white
^7. Hirtcium. achenea neither flattened nor tapering; pappus dark.
38. SonchuB, achcnes flattened.

COMPOSITiB

137

•• FlowEHH not TELLOIr.

39. Chlcorivm, Hmm iln[i U»<: |,.,pi>ii» uIiim»i wniiting.

40. Lactuei, Huwitb liliu- i.r *liiii«li. |ui|,|,u» pliMiiifiil.

41. Lriodeimii. fl.m,.r» ri.H..-|,irik, nliin :J„„„i |,.afli«H.

plal'in'^*"'"'"'' """'" *''"'"'' '"' ""■■"''»''■ ''■'"■'" '"""•• ""I "PP«f

1. EUPATdRIUM. TiioHoi'oiiwoHT.

Flowers pcrtn-t; imppiis a singli. row ,.f l>ristl.. ,r.>lla .-,-

toothed; aBhimo .>.«ngl«l; hoa.Ls ,{-nmiiy-ll„w..r...l. I'..r..nnial
hprl>» or somewhat rank growth, with glandular foliage and heaiLs of
white nr pui,,le flowers in large coryml)-liko clusters.

1. E. purpjlrtum. L. Joe-Pteweeu.

Stem t,,ll and ...t.iut. , r...t, aiinpl,.; leaves .,l,l,>ng to lanreolate. .) fl in a
whurl; Bowers purple, in largo round-tupped elusters raised als.ve the leaves.
Marshes, Man.-Altu.

2. LiAtRIS. Blazing Stab.

Heads few to many-flowered; pappus of numerous, rather long
often barbed i)ristles; (nirolla .Vlobed, the lobes slen.ler; reireplaele
naked. Perennial herbs with simple or but slightly branehed
stems, usually from a globular corm or tuber, narrow entire leaves,
and heads of purple flowers in spikes or racemes.

1. L. Ktritu, WiUd.

Pappus not very long and not barlK'd; stem rather st.iut, fl-lS in. high-
heads few. somewhat globular, involucre of several rows of purplish-margined
liraets. Dry soil atsmt thickets, Man.-.\lta.

2. L. punctlU, Hook.

.Stem rather .tout, usually tufted, from a thick, often branching rootstoek ■
pappus long and nnich barbed; heads 4-0-flowered, in a dense showy spike
Dry prairie, Man.-.\lta.

3. ANTENNARIA. Everlasting.

Heads many-flowered, all flowers tubular; involucre dry and
chaffy; pappus a single row of bristles. Woolly, dicreious, peren-
nial herbs with alternate stem leaves, and root leaves often forming
a mat.

138

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

1 1 1

12
't

M

I. A. umMiM*, Ryilli.

KlowriMK .I.;.... J-n iu. high; .i™, h-uv... hr,,..,.likr; rm.t l,.av... ..!«,.
vaU., w. h..ut ,ll.,i„,., ,„.,i„,,... whi..-w,».lly .,o„,.„th, gluhmu. „, nearly ».

"'""•"i, .'""•'-"' ""■ '""'I- »■ I- -mil. with a l,„,w,.i,h .,,.,1 at tl,,- .....ftr"

.mi wh.to at th.. a,H.,; I,ra.l. „( ,h.. ....ril. hoad», nmch larger a, .1 ht 1

MOUi throughout. Mau. uixl westward.

2. A. polchlrrima, (Hook.) (ireeiio.

le„^.!^."!' "'"l".'"' '"'?''■ ''"«'"™^™ "•''•"™>l«t.. aeute. .l-veind; .ten,
cnve. I„„„^,late or li.irur. a.uu,. gottiug nnmller up the .ten,- l,»..,.|v

than in the iterlle heuiln. Mwan.py plurc., W. Sa.k. and Alta.

3. A. BtdU, (In'ene.

Low, not 2 in. high, .preading by .tolon»; leave, spatulato to oblaneeo-
ertih'h [ '"V:- ,•"">-"""'">■ "" '-"> "i'l™; '>raot. „( the involuere i„
fertile head- with »hurp tip,, tho«, in .terile head, rounded. Roeky Ml,.

4. A. ttau, (Kat.) Greene.

nrflir'!.'!"' 1 "'' '" ' " ''?''' '*'"''' '"■»"'^"" ""<"' ■^"•^•'11 »' ».n.et,-ne,
prctrate; leave, narrowly ohlaneoolale or «p,aulate. aeute; the whole
plant whllLh vi«id-pube«-ent; head, in either o\,m- or l,«„e ehi.ter,
braet,cf the involuere in fertile head. round«l, rce color to whiti.h ■ .tanii-
nate plant not known. Alta.

5. A. ptrrlfAUa. Nutt.

Slender, s-12 in. high; .tolon. about JJ in. long; whiti.h-woolly through-
out, bawl leave, .patulate; .tern leave, linear to oblong; head, munerou,
in an open corjinb; bract, in fertUe head, acute, tho«- in .terile head.
obtUK. (A. microphuOa. Rydb.) Dry plains, Sask. and Alta.

fl. A. tprica, Greene.

UsuaUy densely matted, flowering .terns seldom more than li in high-
whltlsh-woolly throughout; l,a,al leave, .patulate, ,,arrowe,l into .^.tiole,
and rounded at the apex; stem leave, linear, «!„,ile; bnict, .n thi fertile-
head, obtuM!, white or pink often with a brown „K,t; tho*. in the sterile
heads oval and white. (For ly referred to A. dioica. Gaertn.) S. Man
Bask., and Alta.

4. CIRSIUM. Common Thistle.

Heads many-flowered, the flowers all tubular and similar, perfect •
bracts of the involucre in many rows, spiny-tipped; receptacle
Bairy; pappus of uumeruua long bristles united at the base. Peren-

COMPOSITE

Mlt'llllllll, Wtlltiqll.u/.u.lli' tl.- I

„l,,,i„„„ 1. , ,"'"''" "'■""'"!'"• ""'

AU,. " ""■■"'" '" "■'''"''■ ''""''•■"• •^l""-

■-'. C. milUcuni. Mirh,. Swasip Th.^tlu.

ri!ti, '""","■'■"'*• '■'""■"i'i'l. unu..,l with JI
"...I w,.| pruiri,.. M„„. „„,, „„.t^ J,, """"""•

■■'■ C. .r»«n.l,, (L.) .S,.„p, (•*»*,.* T.,.«T>.K

nwt,l,„k. ,t,.,„ mll„.r »|,.„,l,.r. , ;, „ ,; , , «
l.>av., «„uut,.|y pi„„.aifi,| ,„„, ■,,^'':. > ■

quite ..„„„„„„ i„ ..u|,i>,,„„i ,„„„„, "« ""•">"".«

139
headu

iiuitu

^'* — rirMitini
arvetiHid.

ARCTIUM. Burdock.

1. A, mlnu., Uenih. Common Hl„u,„k.
Stuiii brunrhocj. 2-5 ft hinh- 1^..,,.- 1

t'- «..w..r. A„ u„,i«M,y ieo.,, .:;,:^: C.Z iz zzr "• "■■"' ■"

-'■ A. Upp,. L. Gbiat Bukdock

»|.n a,li„g. \Va«te |,lac.» ul»,ut tuwna.
G. BIGELdWIA. R.vLE,ss Ooloenrod

140

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

tube 5-toothed; stylo exserted, the branches long and thread-like;
a<ihonos generally more or loss hairy; pappus of numerous bristles.
Low leafy shrubs with alternate linear leaves and small heads of
yellow flowers in a corymb-like cluster.

1. B. (nviolenl. Gray.

Htem 1-3 ft. high, dilTuscly hram-hcd and very leafy; leaves narrowly
linear; heads numerous, the bracts of the involucre usually in 4 rows;
pappus of numerous soft bristles. Dry alkalin" soil, S. W. Bask, and S. Alta.

7. GUTIERREZIA.

Heads radiate, few-flowered; rays 1-fi, pistillate; disk flowers
mostly perfect; bracts of the involucre leathery with green tips;
pappus of a few ohafTy scales. Erect, branching, glabrous herbs
with linear entire leaves and small heads of yellow flowers.

1. G. SuMhnt, (Pursh.) Britton aiid Rusby.

Low, 4-10 in. high, slender, diffuse, and very leafy, sometimes growing
in dense patches; the heads crowded at the ends of the ascending branches.
(O. Butkamia, T. and O.). Dry prairies, Man.- Alta.

8. GRIND£lIA. Gum-weed.

Heads many-flowered; rays, when present, fertile; pappus 2-S
deciduous awns or bristles; involucre of several rows of overlapping
green bracts, usually with pointed, more or less spreading tips.
Coarse perennial herbs with sessile or clasping leaves, and large
heads of yellow flowers,

1. G. iquirrdsa. (Pursh.) Dunal.

Leaves oblong to spatulate; involucre sticky, the bracts hooked at the
tips. Gravelly banks, Mau.-Alta., July to Oct.

9. SOLIDAGO. QoLDENROD.

Ray and disk flowers both present; rays in one row, fertile; disk
flowers usually perfect, .^toothed; pappus of numerous rough hair-
like bristles in 1 or 2 rows; heads small, few-flowered, arranged in
terminal or axillary clusters. Erect perennial herbs with usually
simple stems, alternate simple leaves, and showy, often conical
clusters of yellow flowers.

COMPOSITiE

141

1. S. cuudtaiii. L.

Stom stout, 1-3 ft. high: leaves lanoeolnto. 3-nerved noinlerf „t , I,
end ^rrato for half their le-g.h, or the uppeni.ost em ro. Zut Ipu ,;,
cent; heads ,„ dense »,n,ewhat one-sided recurving axillary raeen,^ erowhd
valbr "'"'"'""" *""'' ■""''"'' ''"^^- "-" •" -h soil, mI -Ilta'
a. S. graminifWi, Salisb.

.rs'^ij^ttth^ i;^ ^ou^it;'::; trerr.::^:t:d?

whole forming a flat-topped eoryniWike eyme- hr-.ets of .he 1„ . l
yellowish. (S. ta„c«,fc.to, L.) Moist »il, Man.:Alta "'"™

3. S. rigid*, L.

.Stem stout, 1-2 ft. high, rough and somewhat hoary-pul>e»eent through-
out, leaves oblong, pmnately ■• ined, thiek and rigi.l, ,h.. lower e Zd

ounTf' T "" " 'T'"' '"^■' '■^'"''' "'»ny-flower- J, collee'd in'T, it, ^
round-topped cyme. Dry prairie. Man.-Alt;i

4. S. ser6Una, Ait.

Stem stout, 2-6 ft. high, glabrous; leaves laneoolate to oblong thin
^abrous, sharply serrate exeept at the ba™-, or the uppennost nearfy e^-'
r a„e « "Tl"'' ""Z"™™"* "■■ »»"-»ding branches whieh unite to forL
a large, often leafy, puteseent panicle. Moist soil, Alta.

5. S. decfimbens, Greene.

S'^ CXT;:^t^S: — •— tintrri

6. S. ore6philt, Rydb.

le "ir"Al';i"' "■" '"""''"''* ''"' " '■"■«" '""» "■«' •"•"""y '"""d "t lower

7. S. jfincea. Ait.

Sm«,th erect, 1-3 ft high; lower leaves ellip ieal to oval, s..rrate. taper-
mgmtopetmles; stem leaves narrower, 3-nerved, .he upper entire- racem,,
crowded m a corneal, usually curved panicle. AIk, .t tickets, Man ™ a

142

SELECTED WESTERN FLOItA

10. APLOPAPPUS.

Heads radiate, many-flowered, ray., pistillate, disk flowers perfect •
.nvoluere hem.spher.eal. of «ovcral layers of |i„„ar hraets;"'
alternate, r.g.d .lentate or lohed; pappus ,.f 1-3 rows of more or
ess unequjd br.stles. Itather low branehh.g p..rennial herbs witl
heads in wh.ch both ray and disk flowers are yellow.

1. A. •pinulAiui, Pursh.

SlJKhlly pulH.,r..„t; l,.„vo, pi„n.t,.|,v. or »„n,.li„„., I,i.„in„,.t,.|y „„r.,.,l
the lolK.» bn»tlo-,.,m,tc.d; l,ra,.t» of the iuvolucr. Lri.tle'poiuted- uoho, „
pubescent. Dry prairie, Muii.-Altu. "tntiie

2. A. UnceoUtui, T. and G.

Stem 4-8 in^ high, ereet or aseendins. usually «,„,ewhat leafy, the upper
leave, braet-hke: leaves laneclate to ol,l„n«, the basal .K-tioled; 1,1^^
J 1.) in a raceme or panicle: bracts of the involucre of :i „r 4 rows sharu

Oreeiie.) Moiat alkaline prairie, Man.-Alta. '""».J

3. A. NutttUU, T. and G.

Stem, simple, erect, 4-12 in. high, usually in clumps from a strong .K-rennial
root leaves lanceolate to spatulate, the lower usually p,..ioled the u^rr
«.»s.le, rather ., ff, sharply dentat.-, the teeth .someHilTes c„d , g i^i^
spine.,; heads solitary on the ends of stem, or branches; bracs narrow Tm

K-^'ri^; X "rr kat™" -"-''"'■^- <^*~"' -•"---•

4. A. acluUl, Gray.

Dwarf, tufted, from a much divided woody erect rootstock- leaves

21 T I'i "f ""■' ■"•"'■"•^"'' "'"""^ """^d "« "-e base, but a ™w

along the scape-bke flooring stems, which are not more than .5 in. high
head, usually sohtaiy, many-flowered; bracts sharp, not green on the tfps
Dry clay or gravel ridges, S. Sask. '^

11. CHRYSOPSIS. Golden Aster.

Heads many-flowere,!, radiate; rays numerous; all flowers per-
fect; .nvoluere of several rows of linear overlapping braets; pappus
a double row of bristles, the outer somewhat chalTv, the inner
loDRer and ha,r-like; flowers yellow. I^w, branehiuK, perennial
herbs w.th alternate, ontirc, sessile flowers

COMPOSITE

143

I- C. tU16m, Xutt.
2. C. Uspidi. (Hook.) \utt.

12. ARNICA

papZa JnX "'"'V •"•T"' ''™'"' ™'^"""*' «"'• n"t -^affy
3^ ? ^^ "' '*"' ""'^^' ''""ll""- Perennial herbs with

1. A. cordiMlU, Hook.

Mts. l«.uijiicic8, raya U-IO. hastern slope of Kooky

2. A. IttifAUa, nongard.

achcnea usually pubescent. Roeky Mts. '"^«'"">H showy, bracts and

3. A. folitu, Nutt.

or nearly «,, the L.wer p,.ti;ied ne.iol ,' '^""•^•'"'- '"»"»l»t-. entire

.ten, at the base. CZ^:^;f»'t:^:::^:""""'r"'' "''™"'""< "■"
the lateral beads smaller. Tbick^s IT^pS ^':^ Z"'"'
4. A. ffilgent, Pursh.

the ba.,e, of ,be .,.e„, leave, -..n-eMn e '^ , „T;. ™t ^■,;"''7' •^-"7'>?.

.".iK-scnt. (A.peduncJata.Hydh) (VX^ M >' "f^'r" ">"»<ly
Alta., and far northwarxl (^o<P.~., Murr.) Prairies, Man.-

'.It

lili

144

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

VI. SENECIO. (Jnot'NDHEL, Haowort.

Heads many-flowcrod, usually radiate; ray-flowers, when pres-
ent, pistillate; involucre with the main hraets in one row, usually
with some shorter outer ones at the base; receptacle mostly flat
and naked, often honeycombed; pappus of numerous slender soft
white bristles. Annual or perennial, sonuUimes wo.-lly herbs with
alternate leaves, often much reduced, and yellow flowers.

1. S. palliBtris, Hook.

Annual, woolly witli loow liairs, slcm troct, stout. fi-J4 in. liiRh; li-avra
lunceolutc. irirgularly ti»)lhi<l or cut. the udiht cluapinK; rays IS-a). pule
yellow; heads in a lorynib; papima long, white. Wet plmos, mostly aljout
the edges of ponds, Man.-Alta.

2. S. lOrcus, L.

Perennial; stem erect, rather slender. , -2 ft. hich; sliRhtly hairy at first
Ijccommg glabrous; lower leaves pet iole.l. broadly ovate or orbicular, dent-
ate; stem leaves pinnatcly cut, the ipper sessile and much reduced; heads
radiate, in a cyme or coryndi. Moist grassy places. Man.-Alta.

3. S. biltimita, Muhl.

Rescndiling the prece<ling, but the lower leaves oblong to lanceolate,
sharply dentate or serrate. (S. aureut, var. baliunlts T. and G.) Moist
prairies, Alta.

4. S. cinus. Hook.

Rather low, 0-12 in. high, slender, usuiilly tufted, white-tomcntose up to
the flowers: lower leaves oblong or spatulate, sparingly, if a! all. toothed,
white; stem leaves often pinnatifid, the upper much reduced and often
clasping; rays about K. N. Sask. and Alta.

14. TANACfeTUM. Tansy.

Heads discoid; marginal flowers fertile, their corollas 2-5-toothed-
disk-flowers fertile, .■>-loothed ; achenes .'"wjornered ; pappus wanting
or a very slight crown. Erect, strong-smelling perennial herbs
with l-;5 pinnatcly divided leaves, and numerous small heads of
yellow flowers arranged in corymbs.

1. T. Tulgire. L.

Stonl. 1.1 ft. higli. branching above; leaves 2-pinnate the lolies deeply
pinnatltiil: marginal flowers with very short ;i.toothed rays. A coarse
Btrong-«!rfling, introduced herb sonietimus growing in bunches alwut
towns.

COMPOSITE

1"J. TOWNSfiNDIA.

145

towards^, ^al,":;,;;!'';"'''':'' ''™""''"' "' "»-'.vi- ••"io-
what fringed „^r«rrcs^^^^^

and pink, purpluh, or white rays " " "'"' '"^«" '>'"'-i»

I- T. encipa. (Hirhards) Portor.

Stemless ur iilnUMt no. l-.'J in hitrh f-,

all du.ter.d at th.. l,a e li, „, ' . ",'"■""* "'■"■""'"' '"'"^ l"'"-'

-»i.e. lar«c., ox,.oed.d b^: :Lv",;.T '■,■:"'''''''■ ^ '"■'"'" »""-■-•
ringlo row of rigid bristle, tha of .'h ^ '"■ """""»''■ '''"'I"'" "

Hook, U,y J, W "tk, t' Rooiv'Mtr"""""' "'■"""■ •'•• "^--

16. Aster, astfr.

colorTdtdTstl^rt.:;!?"''^ T""^''' •""'"■»">• ™™-"V
branehinK herbs nith oH„r„o. t ""»tl«-- Mostly perennia

(« whit: oriitraro^ruX' utz fl""" ■' T"

the season. A very large and difficuH gtus "^ """^ '"''' '"
1. A. LindleyinuB, T. and G.

(JIabroua or nearly so 1-*' ft K;«k. i i

or less cordato at the tase "thou „1 ."'' "'"''^ '"'"'"''y ''™"'' 'n"™

flower, blue. Thieke,, Man. Alta "" ' """'"" "' '"'"" "'•*'■ "^-

2. A. umbellltus. Mill.

two row, of bristle,, th,. inner \LTl./,-'v^''r"'' "*""'■• """I'"" "'
head, nu„,erou.s. a ranged Tn a flat '"""""■•''"•. '"""■■ "horl and ri«id;
cultivated ground. MaTandSa"k ' '""'"' ""'•""» " """^y

3. A. commutltas. (T. and G.) Gray.

crowded on the bra^he,. ^^^^^r l^^nX^l^i::;!'-- ™"'

4. A. multifldrus. Ait.

Ray, 10-L>(); same a, the preeeding exeeijt thn, ,h„ i, i

Man.-Alta. """"'' "'■'' ™aller.

Dry soil, local. Man.-Alta.

146

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

iii;.

5. A. punlcaui, L. Porple Stem Ahter.

Stein« »tout. 2-7 ft. high, rounh, purplish hclow; leaves oblong to lance-
olate, rlanplng the stem at the haae; heads large, 1-1 Jin. acroM, showy, with
2()-4() pink or purple rays. Moist soil, Man.-Alta.

0. A. paniculltui. Lam.

Stem smimth, 1-2J ft. high, creet, much branched; leaves narrowly
lanieolate, tapering to a point, usually entire; rays white or purplish- heads
rather seattored on the ends of the branches, the whole forming a s<irt of
large loose pamele. An extrenoly variable species represented with us
mostly by var. bellMUIoni., WiUd. Moist soil, Man.-Alta.

7. A. laiTii, L.

Fairly stout, 1-3 ft. high, smooth; leaves lanceolate to ovate, entire
the upper clasping, the root leaves petioled, those on the branches reduced
to rigid bracts; heads showy; rays 15-20, violet blue. A common and
beautiful species. Dry soil, Man.-Alta.

17. ERJGERbN. Fleabane.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays linear, white, purplish or
pink, pistillate; disk-flowers perfect, tubular, yellow; bracts of the
involucre narrow, over-lapping, in 1 or 2 rows; pappus a single
row of mixed long and short bristles, or with a distinct outer row of
short bristles or scales; aohenes usually pubescent.

* Rats short and obscure.

1. E. untdiiisil, L. Fireweeo.
Stem erect, stout. 2-6 ft. high, densely hairy through-
out; stemleaveslinear, entire, sessile; root leaves spatulate,
more or less tmrthed or cut and tapering to a petiole; heads
numerous, cylindriial. Waste or poorly cultivated places,
a common annual weed.

** Rats coNspicnouB.
t Pappus double.

2. 8. glab«Uui, Nutt.
Stem rather stout, 4-15 in. high, hairy above, rather

naked, branched towards the top; stem leaves small, lanceo-
late, closely sessile: root leaves petioled, spatulate; heads
l-«, terminating the branches of the scape-like stem; rays
numerous, white or purplish; involucre hairy; outer row
of bristles of the pappus minute. Open prairie, Man.-Alta.

C0MP08IT.E

147

3. E. cmpltiiui. Mutt.

se.„ilc.; r(H,t l,.„v™ ,n„tiilut,. , ,' l , ' ""'" ''"'''" °' "''l"-*.

.-.n., „„ p-du,.,.:::: ::;! ; r *:^,':;:-;;';-'» '-«,. »„,,„^, ^

numerous, white, purplish or „i„t . """'' '""■'■"^ '">"

-hort; i..vo,uer;,:„ir;'.""'o;Mrri; "C-AU,.:" '"*"'- "' "■« '"""•"'

4. E. rto«ittt, (Wult.) B. .S. P.

while; pappus an „u er row o,hrt"ir-.""'^ " .' ' ""'' """'""""•

slender deeiduous hrisMos. in^luc^rn^u" : ;" ai;;;'" T' .^l -" "'

Moist grassy places, Man. and .Sask. •frlflo.M, Muhl.)

S. E. phUtd<lphicui, L.

tt Papp0s single.

Plaees, Maa.-Alta. *^ "*^ nun.erous. narrow, piuk. I^w g,a»y

18.

PETAStTES. Sweet Coltsfoot.

receptacle flat, naked- olnn,!! I ^ ■■"* °' ^1""' ''™''t»:
pereLial herb; f^:^*^' th^f ltl„1""rr ■'•"■^""- "^"""^
scaly bra«t« an,l whitish fraLrfi' P'"'*""'"^ » ""^P" with
large leaves later. ^^'" """"'" "^^'^ '" ">« »<"«»n. and

I. P. pdmitui. (Ait.) Gray.

'"""" """"■ "' '-"'>• S-7-Palmately l„b«l. Bogs, Man.-Alta.

2- P. uelttltus. (Iray.

ta^!"' WerS::;: i::::^;::: ^^^^ "--^--"V '-eath, irregulany deo.

19. ARTEMISIA. Wormwood.
aromatic odor, and sn.al, nodding hll IfTdlS flt;^""'-''

148

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

iji'

1. A. IttdoTicUfu, N*utt. WuHTeRN Wukuwuop.

Pureiiiiiiil, whito-wtKilly throiiKhniit; It-nvrs I'litiro iir the; lower variouitly
cut, lan<'fH>latc; hmula m'jtMii \u n\i>nilvr pantcli's. Dry rMjil, Muti.-Alta.

2. A. biinnii. Willd.

HRrlmfrouH. Iik-imiul, ttill. 1-4 ft. hiKli, iTift. strict; Icuvfs dark Krecn,
OTi'>e or twi< f pitiiiatitid into liii<>ur. (fotiif'tiiiicH tnnthtnl IoIn-s; heads siitall,
cntwdt'd on axilliiry s)»iki>s cnllfrtRd in a Itiritt r<iiii)HMtrid s)>iki'-lik<- fluster;
only alixhtty odtiroun whi-n bruised. A common weed iti cultivatf^d Krouiid.

3. A. Mcldft. WiUd.

Low, tuftffd, percnniui, w<K>dy at the base, densely silky-eanesrent thrr)UKh-
out; leaves mueh cut into narrow lolws; heads small, raeemcd. Arid soil,
often covering the Rround, Man.-AUa.

4. A. gUtkca, Pull.

Erect, 1-2 ft. hiKh, wootiy at the haae. silky-pulM-scent or glimrous;
leaves mostly entire, linear; hea<is numerous in u narrow panicle. Dry
prairie, Man.-.Mtii.

5. A. abifnthium, L. Common WoKmwood.

Stem l-li ft. luKh; leaves 2 ;i-pinnately divided; canescent throughout.
A strung-smell inK herl> common aliout towns, intrttduced.

20. MATRICARIA. Wild Chamomile.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; ray-flowers pistillate or wanting;
bracts of the involunre in a few rows, the outer row shorter; recoi>-
taele conical, naked. Annual or biennial herbs with smooth, finely
divided leaves, and rather large heads with white rays or none, and
yellow disks.

1. M. mAtricarididei, Porter. Pineapple-weed.

Leaves 'J or it-pitmately divided; rays wanting; bracts of the involucre
ohIoiiK. (jroen, with white dry margins; disk eonical, extending iM-yond the
involucre. (M. auaveolens, Huehanan.) A Pacific sli>pe sneeies introduced
east aa far as Calgary. The bruised leaves have a pineapf-'e odor.

21. AMBROSIA. Raqwbgd.

Usually monoecious, the fertile heads solitary or in small clusters
in the axils of the upper leave--, the sterile heads in spikes or racemes
terminating the stems; involucre of the sterile heads open, saucer-
shaped, containing 5-20 flowers; involucre of the fertile heads
closed, se(Mi-like, onp-flowered; pappus wanting. Course branriung
herbs with lobed or cut leaves and small heads of greenish flowers.

COMPOSITE

149

1. A. Irada. L. CIheat Hah-

WEKD.

Aiiriiiiil. »tniit. J Id ft. Iiidli,
hairy; li.,,vc» i)|i|,„,ii,., „|| ,.,]
i-i'pl Ilii' iipiiir cl|.,.„|y :t-|„l„.,l;
rx'linli.s iimrKitir.l. Kill, „,j|
— 11 net iiiic'iiriiniiiri wctiI, (..s|h._
riully ,il«uit ilwi'UiiiK.., Mu„
und wi'stwiird.

Peb-

'J. A. puloiMchyi. DC.

ENNrAL KAUWEEU.

Mmh l.riiii(h,.d. reclining,
and siimidinii fnini u iri'i.ping
nM>t»i.irk:lc„v,-,„„|„„i„,.„„^„
plnnalifid. thi- l„l„.,, ,,1 tl,o
uiilMTiMiliri. lli<is,.„fih,. lower
often inri»...l. Dry „,i|, a„„,^
tinii-a a trouliluaoin,. ^..^.j
Man.-AIta.

Fia. H5

22. XANTHIUM.

CoCKLEBUK.

flowors ..pon and lu er-shatd Z >' """'l^^'T ,"' '^e sterile

closed, 2-flowcrcd leathL "^ ' "'^"'"'^'■<' "' "-e fertile flowers

nowcrcd, leathery, and eovered with hooked prickles, often

^-l)eaked. Coarse, weedy annuals with large

alternate toothed leaves, and producing large

bur-like fruit.

1- X. echinltum, Murr.

.Sl.ni rouKh. l-i- ft. high, tinged or spotted with
purple; leave,., n.ugh, rather hard, obseurely 3 or
5-lolH.d, Wnntly dentate and e„v,Ted with scattered
hairs, often glandular Iwuealh; burs two-ln-aked,
usually elustere,! in the axils, densely eovered with
prukles; pri,.kl,., hooked, hairy aUmt half their
length; N-aks stout, hairy, incurved. Sandy
Ill-aches, Man. and Sask.
-. X. glandulfferum. Greene.

pr.ijecl nns. I.ur yell,,,,-, ,:m .so .lensely ,.„vered with prickles the nriekle.
hairy almost to the hook. Dry «,U, Man. and sjk

Flo.

86. — .Xanthiuni
eehinatum.

160

SRLECTED WESTERN FLORA

3. Z. MuoOnli, llrittun.

Likn thu prtxcdiiiK hut with bun almuit 1 in. Iunx und uliout i in. thirli.
LbIio Winnipt'K.

4. Z. commftnt. Ilritti>n.

Diffi'rn fnini thii prcTiHlinK >>y lx!in« niori! ilondor and the bur« aolitury
In the axUl. Moiit (rouiiJ, Man.-Alta.

23. IVA. Marhh Klder.

Heada small, fow-»overul-flowore<l, (Iovhtm ull tul>ular, »tainiimte
and pistillato in th« same li«<ad,s; riwoi)ta<dii ohafly. Coarsr, Komo-
timiw w<MHly, herbs with thicli leaven, imiHtly alternate aliove and
oppoHito liclow, an<l small nodding hea<ls of greenish flowers.

1. I. ztnthUAUa, .\'utt.

Annual; «ti>ni liniiiihnd, pulHuriMlt, 2-S ft. hiiih; Iciivin nIniiiKt all i)|i|>o-
■ite, ovali', im'Kuljirly dcntato, l(mK-|«'liiilicl, larnc. often (1 in. acniss;
heudu nuni<<riius, in a di'nm' lirniinul »|>iki- »u|>|H>rliil by spikiM riniiiK from
the axiln of the upiior leaves; hrarts of the involucn^ II), in a rows. A lame,
Mwmc, and inwinhlly wivd Iweoniing very eoninion alsiut towns anil all
waste plaees, Man. and westward.

2. I. uiUliit, Pursh.

Perennial; woody at the base, herbaceous aliove, simple or branched,
1-2 ft. high; leaves sessile, entire, Hcshy, and oftin glalinms; heads solitary
in the axils of the leaves; bracts of the involucre usually 5. Alkaline Bati,
Man.-Alta.

24. HELldPSIS. Falsk Sunflower.
Heads many-flowered, radiate; ray-flowers fertile; disk-flowers
perfect; bracts of the involucre overlapping in 2 or IJ rows; recep-
tacle slightly convex, chaffy, the chaff extending 'ip around the disk-
flowers; pappus none, or a few small teeth. Perennial herbs with
opposite, petioled, 3-ribbed, serrate leaves and large heads of
yellow flowers.

1. H. icibra, Dunal.

Rough, -'-;) ft. high, usually growing in clumps; leaves ovat« to lance-
olate, short-pctioled ; pa|>pus a sort of crown, or 2 or 3 small teeth. About
thickets, Man. and westward.

25. BRAUH£riA. Purple Cone-Flower.
Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays numerous, sterile, drooping;
bracts of the involucre spreading; receptacle slightly conical.

COMPOSITE

IM

oovered with -tiff priokly ..|mtT whi.l. pr,.j„.t» almw the «,.h..no,
.n, ,„ak.. ,l,„ ,„.a,, ri«i.l „„,| »„i„y t„ ,h,. ,.„..,, ,,,„,„„;„, ,„.^,,_,

»pmy cliHkx and aHnidwhut p«r»intent rny».
1. B. UfuuUtlli. |l,.||,.r.

n.rvo.1; my, purpli..,, pi„k. „r whi.i.h. I)r, „r.,iri... H W. MuJ "l™ Sit

ai. RU0B£CKIA. Conk-Flower.

Heads m«ny.flow<™l, rmliul..; ray-How..rs ni-iitral; .lisk-floweni
perf«.t: .,ra..t., of ,h„ involu.r., i„ 2-. row.; r...,,p a,:., ."laT
cov.T,,l w,th ,.,m..av.. ..hafTy s..al.« whi.-h mix wit I.
«... tiilMvfl„w,.r»; pappus a .Town, or a f.'w t.^ah, or
non... H.m(th p..r..nnial liorhs with altcrnatp l..av.>s
anil large sh.iwy hoad>. with yellow rays and dark
m.wtly purple, diskM.

1. R. hlrta, L. HLAcK-ErtD Suban.

Bienniul, 1-J ft. hwh. uHu,,lly l,r,.„rhinic fr„„i „™r ll„.
I..WP, v..ry r,>uKh throughout: leaves entire or nivirlv *,
the upper oblong. «,»,ile, the lower ,p„.ul„te, pi.tioleU^
head, with yellow ray, and eonieal purpli,h.browu dink.'
Dry nod. Man. and Siisk.

■i. R. llcinltt. L.

St..n. ,miK.th. 2-0 ft. high; |„wer i,.ave, large, long-
p. lioled, pmnately .9-7-parled, the IoIk., vari,„„lv tootheil
upper leave, .f-S-parted or the up|«T„„„t not divided-
head, on long pedunele,. the di,k rather hen.Uph.rieal
"t ar,t, but l>«.oramg corneal or columnar in fruit. Low thicket,, Man.

27. LfiPACHYS.

hr^tr^f r°?"''°r""'' '■■^'""'^ ™'"' ■■'"her few. reflexeil. neutral;
bracts of the .nvoluere few, spreading; receptaele long, columnar^
pappus none, or a .ouple of teeth. Perennial herl.s with aZnale

.z:"Lr:fsr "^^ -'' -"-^ '-'-' "-"^ --.xr

1. L. columntril, T. and G.
W^ranehing; di,k often more than an inch long; ray, yellow. (Var.

vtrr^Jr. 'Dry"pr:::^,''Mr::rir'^-' "-'^ '"- '^- -^ "-o

Fill. h7. —
RtKUx'i-kia
hi r til.

1S2

HELECTEU WEHTBRN FLORA

Liiiht wil, S. W. M.n.

•JN. HBLIXnTHUS. Husri,(.WKK.

ir..u.|H muii.v-ri.iw..pi..l, miliut..; rn.vn xpnwliiiR, m-iitrel- .li^k
fl.iw..rH ,„.rf«.t: r«-i.i.tiu.l.. fl„i, ,.„v,.ri.,l with iM.r«i»i..iit .•huff whi.li
mrUmm Ih.' whrii,.,; ,,«,,,„„ a or inon, lliiii ,l„.i,l„„u, ,,.ttl,.«
fciwt, m.i«ll.v liranchwl, annual or i«.n.nniul li.'rhH with Hiiiiiil..
l..uv.« un.l luiKo »h..wy h«a<l» with yellow ray», an.l yell.m, brown, or
piirplNh iHkIih.

1. R ptiiollrii. Null.

*irii.-wli,il Micnilir: inm-y, ol.luni- l.i Um iliili.

and wi'ntwurd.

"• I'khbnnialm.

t D|«K DItOWNIMII-PirHPLR.

2. H. MiMrrimai. Ell.

Sloiil, ,.r,.,t. l-fl ft. hi«h. .imriuKlv lirnncli..,!; I,.„vi.« nviili. to oLInnii
«li..rt-i„li„l,,l. «.rr,.t,., :f-i„.rw.l. Iliick. rJKi.l. „n.l rouicl, o„ l«,th «,!,.. „n
oi,iK.«it.. ,.„.,.|,t ll„. ,i,,ppriii„,t, vchi,!, iir.. I.md-likf; hoiid.^ lur«,., u«UttlIy
«.lit»ry. (H. rioidiu, Dmt.) Moi.t pmiriiw, M»n.-Altu.

3. H. lubrhamboldaui, Uyilli.

V.Ty H„».|y r..»,.T„l,ll„K tho pr..r-.dii,K. Tho Iolvoh urr Ivk, .hurplv -r-
riitn and th.. .,l,i„ „,u„|ly ti„„,l „|„, „,). ()tt,.„ in.ludfd in H .mVr-
nmiu. iind thi' morn common northorn form. Prairiiis. Muri.-Alta.

tt l)l>*K YGLLOWIKH.

4. H. tiianliui, L.

Htpm iTcrl fmm « prrfpinn, ..flii, tul»rou» r,»>t»tork; 2-10 ft hiiih
Lranchml ,.l»,v,.. rouKli hairy towar.l, th,. top; |,.„v,., n,o«.lv ..Itrrnat,:
al«.vi., nearly all «-»»ii,., lanrrelatc. very rouKl, alK.vi, and pul«-».-i.nt beneath
..•ad» larg... „n 1„„k pi-duncl^; disk y,.lluwi.,h. Edg™ of n.ar-hr, and
thii-ki'ts, Man.-Alta.

5. H. Mixlmminui, Srhrad.

Rc«'ml.linic the preondi.« hut sniallir, »el,lom more than 6 ft high-
heads larR,.; ray. li-:i(l. «,melini,., n.uri. than an ineh lonu: bracts of tl„'
involuer,. long, rigid, spreading: podunolea .tout and rough. Dry prairies
Haak. and -Alta.

6. H. HuttUlU, T. and O.

atem l-li ft. high. u.sually solitary from fasdrled Heshy roots, simple
U'low and l,ran,.h,.d aln.ve; leave, opp„,,i,e below, alternate al«v,, lanee-
olale to oblong, hispid hut not seubrous: braet, linear, hairy on the margin,
and the tip, often turned outward; peduncles all rising to neariv the same
level. Frames, Man.-Alta.

roMP(>srr«

\r,:i

1 R. ptaUu, Null.

HI, - .i„„,|„, I J ,1 ,,igh, ,„,,^,,^ |„„„,„|,„,. ,„ .

::i:;,:;;:r'";-::.;:;:;ti:: •': r '"r «• n™. '.':..'::

K.M'ky

'Jf->. COREOPSIS.
Hnads I ,uiij-fl„w..r<.,l, riulim,.; ray.. .", s n..>.ir„i l. .u .

.nv..,.,.™ ,..,.,„, ,„., ,.™„, ,, „.., ..„■,„ ;,.; „ ,"'■ ,;^;;,";',';;;/'

*''""" "' ">« inn..r; r.,...„t«,.l,. «„, and ,.|mlTy \„„„ • ^

::t,r '■---— «n...^„H^:; ■,:;:;,—;;;;:;

1. C. tinctdria. Nuit
A...,.„.l, ,l„l,r„„.. r -» fl. him,; l..,.v,.K „„n,. .„ ,„, „„,,;^. ,„ , ,

:«). BIDENS.
Heads many-flowpred,
usually radiate; ru.vs few or
absent, neutral; involuerc
doulili., the iiuter row of
bra<!t» large and often leaf-
like; recej.taele ehally, thi'
ehaff falling with the
a<'hone»; pappus of 2-«i per-
sistent liarhed awns. An-
nual .ir perennial herbs with
opposite leaves and yellow
floweni.

1. B. frondtM, L.

.Annual; .stem orrrt, 1-3 ft.
high, almost ginhrom. fri.-
'lui'iitly tiiigi'd with purpii.;
li^vi-s thill. III |i.„„t the l„w..r
pinimt..ly .VS-parti'd: li^aflcts
lanrrolHl.. to ol,lo,«. .,h„r„ly
st'iTatf. usually pubesi.i.n( u..
noath: hfada iiunirrou.s. with
very iiK.onapic.uous raya or
noil,:; coroilua of Ihc <llak-

Hitk-MaRIOOLI).

Fio. 88. — liidena frondosa.

154

M

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

flimiTs oruliKi'-ycllow ; iiutcr hriiPts ot tho inviilurri- liat-likc anil murh
larger than Ihc narrow inniT l>rai-t»; awns of tho achunc «lcndtr and barbed
downwardly. Moi»t places. Man.-Alta.

2. B. ralftU, Greene.

Resembling the prceeding but usually niueh taller: rays generally pros,
ent, yellow; outer braets of tlio involurrc linear or spatulatu, ciliato, the
inner shorter and rather broad. Moist places, Man.-Alta.

3. B. cirnua, L.

Annual, glabrous, mostly erect; leaves oblonv u> lanceolate, sessile,
coarsely serrate; heads numerous, globular, n»ildi:ig: ra>s O-IO or none,
short; outer bracts ciliate. often large and leaf-like; pappus usually 4
barbed awns. Marshy places, N. Man.-/Uta.

31. ACHILLEA, Yakkow.

Heads small, many-llDwored, railialK; ray-flowers few, pistillate;
involucre of 2 or :i series of narrow appressod braets with thin dry
margins, tho outer row shorter; re<^epta«>le ehaffy; pappus none.
Perennial herbs with finely diviiled leaves and numerous heads of
white or pink flowers in flat-topped clusters ending the stems.

I. A. HUlafdUum, L. Common Yahrow.

Stem usually simple, very leafy; leaves Encly dissected; flower clusters
larg-i; flowers white or rarely pink. Dry prairies, common.

32. GAILLXRDIA.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays toothe<I, neutral, or rarely
pistillate; riwcptaele cimvex, usually bristly; involucre in 2 or 3
rows, the tips of the bracas spreading : m'henea top-shajMid, hairy at
the base; pappus ,'5-10 scales tipped with awns. Coarse perennial
herbs with showy heads of yellow flowers on long peduncles.

1. G. ariitlU, Pursh.

Perennial, hairy, sometimes woolly near the flowers; leaves finn, pubes-
cent, varj'ing in shape, and either entire or pinnatifld; rays yellow, often
with a darker tinge at the base; disk purple or brown. A variable species,
dry prairies, Man.-Alta.

33. HEL^NIUM. Sneeze Weed.
Heads radiate ; the ray-flowers fertile or neutral, 3-5-lobed; disk-
flowers perfect, their tubes 4 or 5-toothed; achenes top-shaped,
ribbed; pappus of 5-8 scales. Erect branching herbs with alter-

COMPOSIT<E

155

nat« leaves often deourront, and large heads on long peduncles the
rays Bomctimes wanting. y^iumes, mo

1. H. (tttumnile, L. Swamp Sunfuiweh.

IVrcnnial; ,tem stout. 1-4 ft. high, Kl.>l.rou» or nearly «„ usually wingod
hy the h^, of the l„avc» running down tho »ten, ; branched; leuv,.» „ho ,«
to l,.„ecola,c, «.»»ile, »hurp at the apo, and narrowed to the ha».- ZZ
numer.™, on long p„du„He» i„ a ,„rt „f ,„„»e eorym... Hiver -^

^ \.NDELION.

34. TARAXACDM.
Heads large, >na.,.v-fl„wer.-d, .s„litary on a naked hollow scape;

z:^':z'z: "^ -' """^'^ "•'"'"• »'"■""'- ^^-^'"^ "-'» -<»

of shorter separate
hraets reflexed at
maturity ; reeepta-
f\e naked; pappus
of numerous jht-
sistent bristles
borne on the elon-
gated beak of the
achene. Perennial
stemloss herbs with
a rosette of pinnatifid leaves, springing from

Jit!. 89. — Taraxaeuni officinale.

a strong ta|>-rout.

1. T. offlcinlle, WelKT. Common I).\n»elion.

Leaves eoar»ely pinnatiHd; pappus white; flowers yellow. A eommon
lUtroduced weed, troublesome in lawns. i^ommon

3.'-.. AGbSERIS. False Dandelion.
Heads large, niany-flowered ; bracts of the involucre in 2 or 3 rows-
pappus white, of unequal bristles. Stemless perennials with
tufted .inear root leaves and large heads of yellow flowers solitary
on a naked scape.

1. A. Ctttpidlta. (Pursh.) Steud.

Leaves elongated linear to laneeolate, entire; seape 6-12 in. high; aehene
without a l>eak. (rr»x.«„„ „„p.Vto,„„. ,.„„,,,, Pr„iries, Sask and Alta

2. A. (Uuu, (Pursh.) Steud.

Leaves entire to laneinate. wider than in the preeeding; seape 6-ls in.
high, aehene leaked. iTroxima alaucum, Pursh.) Prairies, Man.-Alta.

156

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

:J0. CR^PIS. Hawk'h Bkaui>.

Heads few to nmny-flowtTtMl; invnlin'rc «»f u siiinlr row of prin-
cipul hra<;tH and a fow short outorom-s; pappus i if many soft hristk's.
Annuals or perennials with toothed or jjinnatifid leaves and heads of
yeUow flowers terminating the branches of the somewhat naked
stem.

1. C. runcmita, T. uml G.

St«m KhilirouM or iicurly wi. l~2 ft. hinh, naki-d or with I or L' »niatl leaves;
root k'Jivt's (jMoiik to sptttuhitc. ciitin' or vt.riously toothed: brads in ii loose
coryiiih. Moi»t pruiries, Miin.-/Uta.

2. C. (legftM, Hook.

SU'iiis several or many from a niuRle tap-root, diffusely hr:ifii-hed; leiiven
entire or nearly so, those from the root spiitiilate, those on the steins jinrjir;
heails rather small; aehenes proloiiRcd into a slender Ijeak. Ciravel iK-ds
alonK riverM, Alta.

:{. C. occidentAUs, Nutt. ,

Stem stout, 4 -H in. high, iisually several fm
l)ratiehinK atnive; leaves thickL-ih, pirinalely
young; head 10-3()- flowered. Iloeky Mts.

ti a stout perennial r<Mit,
divided, tumentose when

4. C. gUuca, T. and d.

Perennial; Htonis «rapelike. or sehloin with 1 >>r 2 leaves, K in.-U ft. liiKh;
gluhrous throuKhout; base leaves spatulate, entire or toothed; heads few,
on long pcdunc-les. Alkaline soil, W. Man and Hask.

37. HIERACIUH. Hawkwred.

Heads usually largfs corolla rays truncated, .Vloothed; rocr])-
ta<;Io flat, almost naked; bracts in l-'H rows, the outer smaller;
achenes variously sha}MHl, and ribbed but never beaked; i>ap|>us
1 or 2 rows of firm, persistent, brownish bristles. Coarse perennial
her>)s, usually branched, bearing rather showy beads of yellow or
orange flowers.

1. H. canad6n8e, Mirhx. Canadian Hawkweed.

Stem stiff, ercet, 1-4 ft. high, leafy, partieiilarly towards the Iwttom,
sliglitly pulM'seent; leaves ovate to laneeolate, the upper redueed and elasp-
intt, the lowest sometimes petioled. serrate or toothe<i; heads numerous in
a .-^ort of hmse eoryinh; I)raets in alxjut '.i rows, the outer spreadinR: flowers
yellow; pappus plentiful, brown. Moi.st prairieH and alMiut thirkets, Man.
-Alta.

COMPOSITE

157

-'. H. •cibrifiiculum. Schwoin.

H,.»,.,,,I,M,,„ ,1,,, „r,.,.,.,linK l.u. ,l,.,„l,.r, 1-J f,. high, r.,th,.r -triH, oft™
.ur, , I .„> ,. h „.ar „r l,„„.,,,h,„.: h,.ui, „,Hu„lly f™. (S.„„oti,„o» i„ h„l..,"
M.^AI,': ""■ ■ "■'"'■'' " '"" ''"""■'■•"' <"""■> -^'x'"' ""■■'"•'-.

;W. SONCHUS. S.,w TiiisTLK.

L',.ui,;;;'t.r','T""n'""-' ";," """■'■''''"-'■ '"" "■•■ ''n-ts ..r ,1,.. i„v.,i,„.r..

llirur llcuds of yellow Howors.

1 S. •rvlnsij. L. Pkrevmal Sow Thi.sti.k.

I'w.n,,iai. from u <l..,.,.l,ran,.hi„K n„,t»t,„.k; »!,.„, J-4 f,. l,i„h „.,h„
nak.,1 uhovo; l„,.v.., runnna,,. ,„ „i„„a,ifi,l. spi,,,.,,,,,,,,, " 'l, " '^

Am ..x,-,.,.,hn«l.v trm.l.l™,,,,,,. w,...,l i„ ,.„l,ivat,,l „r„un,l.
-'. S. olericeus, t,. ('..mmhv Sow Tiiim,E.

Annual; .„.,„ tail J s f,. h«h, s„ari„„lv l.ra,,,-!,, ,„| ra.h.T „ak,.,l

.. "H.;. i..av,.s ,„„„a„,„|, w„h ,nf. prirkle,, th. I.mvr ,„.,i„l,.,l. Ihv „,„».
.■bs|m,„; |„.a,ls ..v.Tal or ,„a,,v. ,„„ sh..«-,-; fl„w,.rs ,„!,. v,.ll„w V "

».«l..ly u,.r„d,.,.,.,l w 1. ra,l„.r , al,„u. .Ivvvlliagn. ' '" ""•

■)■ S. isper. L. SwNv Suw Thi«tue.

spinj. V\astc places, iiitnjduccd. •*

.•«i. CHICORIUM. Chicory.

Head.- 10-20- llouered;

VI,,, iinoluere ecmsistiriK of an inner row .if

S- 10, and an ouKt row of ,-, herl.aeeou. hraets. the ouler .shorter and
.spr..ad,nB,- I.a„„„s 2 or :i row., of ...nall seales. K„,,. l.ranehi, «

1. C. IntybuB. L.

Kl.iwi.

CoMMO.N- ClIIfORY.

iveriiiK l.ra.„-h,.» ..,i(T: leaves partl.v .-laspinir,
like alKivi'. An intro.ln,-e.l plant soniet:

titiK siii.-tller and hraet-
KrowinK in rlunips at.i»nt towns.

40. LACTtiCA. Lkttick.

Heatls several to tnanv-flowered; involnere of one or two rows of

prtnetpal l.raets „„d several rows of shorter outer ones; pappus o

m„,,ero.,s ha.rs whieh fall .<eparately, and l.orne on a prolon^e.

"•"!> "f the atdiene, L..afy herl.s ..id, h,.ads of ditTerent eolored

158

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

1. t. pulchiU*, (Pursh.) Dr. Rlve Lettcce.

.Stem iiiiiiiili', itluiK'iiua, 1-2 ft. hinh; li'iivi's wMsilr, rnliro, or the lower
slifehtly pinnatifiii; flowers liluo. Ootiimoii.

2. L. ipiclU, (Luni.) Hitehe.

Kienniul, sniooth, tall. 3-7 ft. high, «tout, leafy; leaves irroKularly iiiniiuli-
fi<l or eoarttely tfHitlied; heads immeroiu in a deiwr rDtiiitoiiiHl panicle;
flowers purplish; pappus lirown. Damp thiekets. Man. -.Vita.

41. LYGODESMIA.
Heads 3-12-flowered, solitary at the ends of the branches.
Smooth rush-like herbs with leaves linear or often reduced to scales,
and pinkish-purple flowers.

1. L. jtincea, Don.

Perennial from a stout root; stem rigid, mueh branched; leaves linear,
riKid. Kradually ledueed upwards to srules: heads mostly 5-floworcd. Dry
sundy prairies, Man. -.-Vita.

42. PRENANTHES. Rattlesnake Root.

Heatis small, .'V-.'iO-flowered, flowers all ligulatr; involucre of 1
row of ."i-U main bracts and a few smaller outer ones; pappus of
numerous white to brown coarse bristles. Upright, leafy, i)cri'nnial
herbs from a tuberous rootstock with more or less nodding heads of
rather dull-colored flowers.

1. P. racemdta, Miehx.

Stem 2 fi ft. hiRh; leaves oval to lanreolate, sonietimefl pinnatifid, the
lower (H'tinled, the upjM'r elaspinK; ((laueous throUKhoiit ; head.H I2-1.V
fliiwered, almost ereet ; flowers purplish; pappus .straw-<.olt)red. Moi«*
prairies and thiekets, Man.-.\lta.

2. P. Ubt. L.

Smooth, stout, 2-.'> ft. high, purplish; leaves haitate, ovate, or eordnli.,
anil variously tiOTthed or lobed, or the upiJ<.r laneeolate anil entip', the lower
petioh'd, the uppiT »i'ssil|.; heads nodding, K-12-flowered: involoere of
6-S prineipal bracts, whitish green or purple; flowers whitish: pappus
rrddish-hrown. Borders of woods an<l thickets, Nfan. -Alta.

3. P. •Itluiml, L.

Slender, smooth, 3-0 ft. high; heads in small clusters forming a long coni-
cal panicle; h'aves pctiolcd, ovate to heart-shaped, toothed or lols'd, or
X-.Vparted, the <livisions sometimes still further divided; flowers greenish
white. Man. and westward.

ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS' NAMES

A. DC. .
Ait. .
Ander-. .
Asch.

B. 8. P. .

Benlh. .

BiTnh. .

Bigel. .

('. A. Mey.

Cham. .

Coult. .

t^yrill. . .

DC. . . .

Dene, . .

Desf. . . .

D«sv.

Dii'lr. .

Dougl. . .

Duinort.

Eat. . .

Ell. . .
Engelin. . .
Kiiich. . .
Eourn. . .
Fr.«.|. . .
Oilil). . .
(Jrisdh. . .
Ilausuk. .
Haw. . . ,
Hitchc. . .
H..lz. . . .
H<xik. . .
Hornem.
HiicLs. .
Ktzc. . .

I-. ...
Utia. . . .

• Do Candollp, Alphorisn.

• Alton, William.

■ AndcrsDii, \il.s Johan.

■ Asehcrson, Paul.

. Britton, Sterns & PoKBinherg.
Bentliani, (icorgc.

• Bernhardi, Johann.
Bigflow, ./ai'ol).
Me.ver, Carl Anton.
Cliami.sso, Adallicrt von.
Coulter, John Aferle.
Cirillo, Domenico.

De Candolle, Augustin.

DeeaLsstle, ./osepli.

De.sfontuines, Hi^ne.

Desvaux, Augu.siin.

Dietrieh, D. N. F.

Douglas, David.

Dumortier, Borth«lemy.

Eaton, .\ni(i.s.

Elliott, .Stephen.

Engelmann, (iMjrgo.

Fiseher, Ludwig von.

Kournier. Rrigfne.

Froelich, .;o,se|)li .\|i,\s.
'lilibert, .lean.
(iii.sel)a<li, Heinrieli.
Ilausskneeht, ( arl.
Haworlh, Adrian H.
Hiteheofk, Alhert Spear.
Holzinger, John.
Hooker, William Jaekson.
Horneniann, Jitis.
Hudson, William.
Kunlze. Otto.
Unuffius, CaroluH.
Ijiniar-k, .lean Uaptiste
159

160

ABBBEVIATIONS OP AUTHORS NAMES

Liamh. .

. LamlxTt, A.vlmiir B.

Lt^liin.

. Lrt'tiiiiann, .lohaim.

Lller. .

. L'HdrititT dc Brutclh', Cliarlus L

Lindl. .

. Linrtle.v, John.

Ma<' M. .

. MacMillun, (\>iiway.

Marsh. .

. Marshall, Hiiinphn<y

M.<li.-. .

. Mcdicus, Prit'drich C.

M.'.v. .

. M.^y.T, Knist 11. K.

Meisn. .

Mi'i.snc^r, Carl Priedrich.

Michx. .

. Mi(diaux. Andre.

Mill. . .

Mill.i, Philip.

Miu'iich.

Murnchhausen, Otto von.

Muhl. .

.Miililiinhorg, Hoinrii'h L.

Murr.

.Murray. J. A.

Nutt. .

Nuttall, Thomas.

Pall. . .

Pallas, Peter 8.

1>ITS. . .

Persoon, Christian H.

Poir. . .

Poirct', .Jean li. M.

R. Br. .

Brown, Robert.

H.&H. .

Roemer, .J. .J., and Schultes, .1. A

Hx!.

Rafinesque-S<'hnmltz, C. S.

litdz. . .

Retzius, Anders ,J.

Richards.

Riehardsun, John.

Rupr.

Ruproeht, Franz J.

Rydb. .

Rydberg, Per Axel.

SalLsh. .

Salisbury, Riehard A.

Sarg. . .

Sargent, Charles S.

S<^hrad. .

Sohrader, H. A.

S<'hwfiii.

Schweinitz, U^vis David von.

S(!op.

Seopoli, ,lohann A.

Spnmg. .

Spri ngel, Kurt.

Steud. .

Steudel, Ernst O.

Sw. . .

Swartz, Olaf.

T. & 0. .

Torrey, John, and (iray, Asa.

Torr. . . .

Torrey, John.

Trin. . .

Trinius, Karl B.

Turcz. .

Turezaninow, Xieolans.

Vfnt. .

Ventenat, K. P.

Wahlenb.

Walilenberg. Cteorg.

Walt. .

Walter, Thomas.

Wat 3. . .

Watson, Seri'no.

Willd. . .

Willdenow, (-arl L.

GLOSS.VRY

Athene. A dry, ono-s.i'ded indehiwwiit fruit

Aciculir. NeedlH-shaped.

Acuminate. Taporing gradually to ihu ajmx.

Acute. Sharp-pointod.

Adnate. Joined to iinolliiT organ.

Alternate. One leaf at a nodi.

Anther. The part of I he »tanien containing the pollen

Apetalous. Without iwlals.

Aril. A Heshy organ eovering the seed.

Ascending. Kising obliquely.

Asexual. Without stamen« or piatil.

Auricle. An ear-like appendage.

Awn. A .slender spine.

Alii. The point on the stem just above the point of atta..hui..nt of

a leaf.
Berry. A fruit with the swds emhedded in a fleshv pulp
Bilabiate. Two-lipped. '

Bipinnate. Twice pinnate.
Blade. The broad, flat pari of the leaf.

"'"leaf '^ '™^ ^""" '""'™"' ""' ""**"'' ''™''"^' """""'■ "'*" " '""'«''
Bulb. An organ, usually subterranean, made of the thickened bases

of leaves arranged as in a bud.
Bulblet. A small bulb sometimes borne in the axil of a leaf
Bulbous. Bulb-bearing or resembling a bulb.
Caespitose. (irowing in dumps.
Calyx. Outer set of floral envelopes.
Campanulate. Bell-shaped.
Canescent. Whitish owing to Hni' hairs.
Capitate. Knob-like.

Capsule. A dry, dchi.scent fruit of two carpels.
Carpel. The simple ovary or one part of a compound ovary
Caryopsis. A hard thin-<,oated fruit like a grain of wheat "
Caudate. With a tail.

« 161

102

OLOHSAKY

Ctuline. Belonging to the Htem.

ChlorophjU. Thn gmm roloring matter in loaves.

Cilitte. Hairy on the margin.

CUnte. riuV.-;iiaped.

Cleft. Cut pari way to the midrib.

Comi. A tuft of hairs on a seed.

Conntte. United.

Cordate. Heart-Hha|H>d.

Coriaceoui. Leathery.

Corm. The Hwollen, undiTRnmnd l>Biie of the Htem.

Corymb. A flal-toi>|«'<l flo«.T 'luster of the indeterminate typ«>.

Cotyledon. A leaf in the emln ,o.

Crentte. Toothed with nmii'i'il teeth.

Crenulate. The same as ei ■ ale but the teeth very small.

Culm. The stem of a grafts or sedge.

Cunette. Wedge-shaped.

Cuipidtte. Shurp-|Hiinted.

Cyme. A flat or rounded flower cluster of the determinate type.

Deciduous. Falling at the end of the season.

Decompound. More thiia onee eoiiipound.

Decumbent. Reelining, with the ends ijointing upwards.

Decurrent. A part of one organ runnirig down another.

Deflexed. Tui'iied downwards.

Dehiscent. (>|XMiing to diseharge the contents.

Deltoid. Triangular.

Dentate. Toothed.

Depressed. Flattened vertieally.

Diadelphous. Stamens in two gniups.

Diandrous. With two stamens.

Dicotyledonous. With two cotyledons.

Diffuse. Spri'uiling.

Di(Ecious. Having stami:iate (lowers on one plant and pistillate

llowers on another.
Discoid. Heads of tubular flowers only.
Dissected. Much <livided.
Distinct. St>parate.
Divided. Cut to the btt.se or midrib.
Dorsal. On the ba<'k.
Drupe. A stone fruit.

Embryo. Tlie rudimentary plant in the seed.
Entire. Undivided.
Epigynoua. Un the ovary.

ULOSSARY

163

BTM-freen. (Irccn all llic yiar.

Bxierted. Prolo-igwl iM'yoiid diIht urgana.

Fatdde. A thick rluxtcr.

Fertile. Seed cir uporc-lM'arint;.

Filiment. Thr slulk KupiMirtiiig tin. author.

Flaccid. Wittk.

Foliaceoui. Mki' Ii'u\i'h.

Follicle. A <m<-4ilh'(l fruil spliiilnj: down one side.

Free. N'cif joinid In othir orifuns.

Frond. The leuf-lik.' pari (if a fern.

Fuiiform. Siiindli-sharHd.

Gamopetalous. I'<'tul» united.

Gibbous. Kwollen on unv side.

Glabrate. AltiiosI hairliss.

Glabroui. Without liair«.

Gland. An organ for sccrctinK oil or ne<aar.

Glaucous, ("onrcd with a while hliMjni.

Globose, (il(il)ular.

Glume. Hrai'ls on the spikelels of grasses or sedges.

Habitat. I'lace of (jrowlh of u |)lanl.

Hastate. S|«.ar-shtt|M'd.

Head. A iIu.sIit of llowcrs ses.sile on a eominon rt«epla<-ie.

Herbaceous. Ilcrh-like; living onl.v llirough the growing season.

Hirsute. With i-oarse hairs.

Hispid. Uristl.v.

Hypogenous. Inserted below the ovary.

Imbricated. Overlapping.

Imperfect. With stamens or pistil lai'king.

Incised. Cut deeply into sharp lolies.

Included. Not projecting l«'.\oiiil surrounding organs.

Indehiscent. \ol opening to discharge conlents.

Inferior. Inserted lielow anol her organ.

Infleied. Hciit inwards.

Inflorescence. The llowcriiig part of

arrangeiui'nl of the flowiTs.
Integument. The outer coal.
Internode. The part of the stem between tlii' points of inscrtionof

the leaves.
Involucel. A secondary involucre.
Involucre. A whorl or whorls of liracis around a flower or flower

cluster.
Involute. Rolled inwardlv.

plant, or the method of

UA

OLOiWARY

Irr«|tttar. Having tb« iwrlii uiiliku.

Libitt*. ]>nivifliHl with lips.

Lacinitt*. Cut into narrow iHigments.

Laneaolata. Long and narrow with the broader part towards tho

stnm.
Leaflet. A division of u miinixmnd luaf.
Legume. A dry, oniwullud fruit splitting down lioth sidvs.
Llgulate. Strap-shaptHl.

Limb. Thii uxpanding part of a petal, sepal, or Korolla.
Linear. Long and narrow.
Lobed. Homewhat dut^ply cut into IoIwh.
Lyrate. Mnnatifid, thn terminal lobe larger than the others.
Midrib. The central rib or vein of a leaf.

Honadelpboui. Htamens united by their filaments into one gmiip.
Monoecioui. Having staminate and pistillate flowers on the same

plant.
Hucronate. Sharp (minted.

Nituraliied. Well established in a region but not native to it.
Nectary. An organ for seeroting sugar.

Node. The ix>int on a stem from whii'h a leaf or leaves are given off.
Nut. An indehiseent onivsetnled fruit with a hard shell or iMTiiarji.
Obcordate. Heart-shaped with the aiM«x towards the stem.
Oblanceolate. Lanee-shaped with the broad part towards the ap4<x.
Oblong. Longer than broad, with nearly parallel iHlges.
OboTate. Ovate with the broader part towards the apex.
Obeolete. Kudimentary or entirely wanting.
Operculum. A lid.
Orbicular, (^ireular or nearly so.
Ovary. The organ bearing the ovule.
Ovate. Kgg-shaped.

Ovule. The part of the plant which matures into a seed.
Palate. A projection from the lower lip of some corollas.
Palet. A bract inclosing the flower of a grass.
Palmate. With parts radiating like the fingers.
Panicle. A compound flower clu"ier of the indeterminate tyi»e.
Papilionaceous. Butterfly-shai itd. A term applied to tho corolla

of flowers of the pea family.
Pappus. Bristles, awns or brwts on the achenes of members of the

compositie.
Parasite. Orowing on another plant.
Parietal. Along one wall of the ovary.
Parted. Deeply cut.

:iiH\

OLOttflARr

165

P*dic*l. Thf M«lk of a flower in a cluslnr.

Peduocle. Th.i N'»Ik of a xinKlo flower or of a flower rluit.T

PtIUt*. Hhi..|(l.«h8iii«l.

Perfect. Ila\ ,ug li(!th maiiu'ii- uixl pixiilH.

PerfoUate. Uav..« will, tlit. ha«. m .'laxpini; around thr .1. ni that

llii' Htom apiMiars to g,, tliroiiifli th« li'af.
Perianth. Tl... floral ■ nvolop. » when ho moiliflixl that iIhti. is no

(IiHtmction irt<twi'. ij paU atirl pi.iiil«.
Pericarp. That wlm li .'ni'loscn ihii wfii.
Periiitent. RimiainiriK after the growing M>Biion.
Petal. A division of tlie i'orr)lla.
Petaloid. Petal-like.
Petiolate. Having a (M'tiole.
Petiole. The leaf-sliilk.

Pinnate. Leaves <livide<l alone a ttmin lentriil axis.
Pinnatlfid. Ilnnately cut.

PietU. The central, ovule-l».aring organ of a flower
Pistillate. Having pistils.
Placenta. The point of altiwhinenl of ovules.
Plumose. Keathery.

Plumule. The terminal growing point in tin- .mhryo.
Pollen. Contents of tlii' aiilhers.
Pome. A fleshy fruit like the apple.
Procumbent. Lying flat.
Pubescent. Hairy,
Raceme. A flower cluster in which the flowers are home on pedinela

and arranged along a common axis.
Racemose. Resembling a rai*erne.
Rachis. The axis of a coni|M)un(l leaf or flower cluster.
Radiate. Having ray-flowers.
Radicle. The stem in the embryo.
Ray. One of the radiating pedii-els in an umbel, or a strap-shaped,

marginal flowiT in the heuil of a com|xisitie.
Receptacle. The end of the flower-stalk In-aring the flower or luwl.
Reflezed. Bent backwards.

Regular. Haying all parts of similar shape and size.
Renlform. Kidney-shaiM'd.
Reptnd. With a wavy margin.
Reticulate. In a network.
Rhizome. An underground stem.
Ringent. Oaping.
Rootstock. The same a.s rhizome.

MICROCOPV DtSOLUTION TEST CHART

(ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 21

1.0 ^

12.8 |2J

11.25 IIIIII.4

1^

2.0

1.6

J ^PR lED IM^GE Inc

a^ 1653 lost Main Street

S^ Racliester. N#-r York '4609 USA

\^S (716) 182 - OJOO - Phone

^S (716) 288 - 5989 - Foi.

166

GLOSSARY

r 'ii

Rostrate. Di'akcd.

Rotate. A tiTin applied t(i a flat spreading forolla.

Runcinate. ("ut into sharp, backward-pointing divisions.

Sac. A pouch or sack.

Sagittate. Shaped like an arrowhead.

Samara. A simple, indehiacent, winged fruit.

Saprophyte. A plant that lives on decayed organic material.

Scabrous. Rough.

Scale. A small or -"dimentarv leaf.

Scape. A naked flower-stalk rising from the ground.

Scarious. Tliin and dry.

Segment. A division of a leaf or other organ.

Sepal. A leaf of tin' calyx.

Serrate. Toothed, the teeth pointing Inwards the apex.

Serrulate. Serrate, but the teeth very small.

Sessile. Having no stalk.

Silide. A long, narrow silique.

Silique. A two-valved fruit with two parietal placentSB.

Sinuate. With deeply wavy margin.

Sinus. The depression between the lobes of a leaf.

Sorus, pi. sori. A group of sporanges.

Spadix. A spike with a fleshy axis.

Spathe. A bract more or less surroimding a spa<lix.

Spike. A long flower cluster, the flowers sessile on a common axis.

Sporange. A spore-sac

Spore. The asexual reproductive cell of a cryptogam.

Spur. A hollow projection of some part of a flower.

Squarrose. With the parts spreading.

Standard. The upper petal of a papilionaceous corolla.

Sterile. Without seeds or spores.

Stigma. The part of the pistil to which the |)ollen grains adhere.

Stipe. The stalk of a part of a flower.

Stipule. A small, usually leaf-like appendage at the base of the
petiole.

Stolon. A creeping branch rooting at the nodes.

Strict. Ere(^t and not spreading.

Style. The stalk-like part of the pistil, supporting the stigma.

Succulent. .Juicy.

Superior. Free from the calyx, when applied to the ovary; at-
tached to and rising from the ovary, when applied to the
calyx.

Suture. The line through which a pod splits.

GLOSSARY

167

Tendril. A .slender, usually coiling oi^an by which a plant attachea

itself to a support.
Terete. Circular.
Ternate. In threes.

TetradynamouB. With four long and two short Btamens.
Thyrse. A rounded, compact panicle.
Tomentose. Woolly with densi'ly iimttiMl hairs.
Triandrous. With thrt* stamens.
Trifoliate. With three leaflets.
Truncate. Ending as if the point were cut off straight across the

midrib.
Tuber. A swollen undei^round stem.
Turgid. Swollen.
Umbel. A flo««er chister in which the p«»di('e!s all spring from the

same point.
Unisexual. Staniinate or pistillate.
Utricle. A snuill iuHated fruit witli one seed.
Valvate. Opening by valves.
Valve. One of the parts of a capsule.
Ventral. The luwer ()r inner face of an organ.
Vermiform. Worm-shaped.
Verticillate. Whorled.
Villous. Having long soft hairs.
Viscid. Sticky.

Whorl. Leaves in a circle around the stem.
Wing. A thin expansion of an organ.
Woolly. Covered with rather long crooked or matted hairs.

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

{The figurts nfir to pngcu.]

Abiffi bahamea, fl.

ACKHAI'KA, W.

Arer ((labriiiii, H4.

viir. trtpartituiii, S4.

NcRUmio, H4.

Hafi'liurinum, 83,

Npieatum, Kl.
Arhilli-a MilU-foliuni. 154.
Actea alba, 4f(.

rubra, 46.
AKBHtacho Ftemculiim, 118.
Agoaeris cuspidata, 155.

glauoa, 135.
Asrinionia striata, 66.
Agropyron rpponH, 12.

Smithii, 12.
Agropyrum glaucum, var. ropena, 12.
AgroHtenima Githaico, 42.
Alidmacua, g.
Aliama I'lantago-aquatica, 9.
Allium cer-uum, IH.

reticulatum, 19.

Schttnopraaum, 18.

stcl latum, 18.
AIdus incana, .31.
Amaranthace/E, ,19.
Amaranthus retroflexua, 40.

AHARYLLlDACE.e, 21.

Ambrosia piiloatachya, 149.

trifida. 141).
A"^ "lanchiep ainifolia. 68.
'*)a caneacena, 70.
jcoHa, 70.
.crophylhi, 70.
Ampelopaia '/iiingue/olia, 87.
AmphicarpB nionuica, 7'4.
Anacabdiack.e, 8a.
Andropoguu furc-atua, 11.
Androaace occidentalis, 106,

puberulenta, 106.

wpteiitrioimliM, 106.

aubumbcllata, 106.
Anemone caoadeEtBis, 48.

cylindricB, 47.

multifida, 47.

parvifliirn, 48.
patonH, 47.
(|uitK)ucrolia, 48.
riparia, 4S.
Antcimaria uprira, 138,
fanipentris, i;j8.
media, 138.
parvifulia, 138.
piilchcrrima, 13S.
rutica, 138.
Aphyllon faaeinilatum, 127.

ludoviriana, 127.
AplopappuA acHulia, 142.
lanceolatua, 142.
Nuttallii, 142.
apinuloflus, 142.
Apocynace*, 110.
Aporynuiii anilrofueinifoliuiQ, 110.

cannabinum. 111.
Aquilettia canailenaifi, 49.
brevistyla. 49.
flavefl(;etia, 4'
Arabia braohyr ,, 54.
Druiimiondii, o4.
Klabra, 53,
hirsuta, 53.
Holbccllil, 54.
Lyallii, .54.
lyrata, ,">3.
Araliace.e, 97.
Aralia nudicaulis, 97.
Arrtium Lappa, 139.

iiiinutt, 1.39,
ArctostaphyloH alpina, 103.

I'va-urai, 102.
Arcnaria latwriflora, 43.

veriia, 43.
Amica cordlfolia, 143.
fulioHH, 143.
fulgnno, 143.
latifulia, 143.

170

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Artcniit4iii lu(li>virianit, 148.

ANr't.KPIAllAt-K.K, til.

Anf U'pitu* rttrnutt, HI.

inrarnata, III.

ovalifolia, 111.

HpvrioHB, 112.

Hyriara, 111.

viTtii-illiitu, 111.
Ahpidium oriHlatum, 1.
Aittcr roiiiiDiitalus, 145.

Iebvih, 14fl.

IJndlt^yanuH, 14.').

niultifloruH, U.'i.

patiirulutUH, 140.

punict'UK, 140.

iiriitM'llatuit, I4.'>.
AfltraRaliiM ahoriKinoruiii, 74.

ailHurKciiH, 74.

runadi-iirtirt, 7:|.

raryo<-ur|)U>4, 7.'1.

Drumniondii, 74.

fll'XlKMUH, 75.

hypoKluttix, 74.

Intiflorus, 74.

initu«ourien»<iH, 75.

pauciflorua, 75.

pectinatiifl, 74.

ruceniosus, 74.

tonelIu.s, 7.').

triphylUH, 75.
Atriplpx ar(tpntca, ;W.

Nuttallii. 38.

putula, vur. ha.slata, 39.
Avena fatim, lit.
Axyris uiiiarantoidfw, as.

Bawaminack.*:, H4.
HeRBKKIUArR«, .V).
Berlwrw rep«>nfi, FA).
Hctula alba, M.

granflulotta, 31.

pumila, 30.
BETULArE.i:, 2S.
KidetiH fruiidoHu, lJi3.

cemua. 1.14.

viilftata, ITA.
Bigeluwia firuvpolon»i, 140.

BoRAUINArK.R, 114.

Bolryoliium virniniamim, 3.

I.unaria, .').
BouteU.uu olinostariiya, II.
Braiwicu arveiifttN, 52.

nifira, .W.
Brauncriu anKUHtifolia, 151.
Braya hiimilit), .'V.'i.

CACTArE.f:, 92.
Calochurtut* Nuttallii, 18.
CalLlia paluslri*, 49.

f'al.v'pM) fntrtiiU.H, 24.

hiillMm», 24.
Caiiiclina Kutiva, .W.
Campanula aparinoideii, 133.

rotund if olia, 13.3.

f-AMPANULACK.*;, |;J2.

C'apparidac^k.k, .50.
("ApMiKoLiArK*;. I2tt.
C'apHpDa BiirHa-pantoriB, 52.
f'arex rrtdlrata, 14,

trirhocarpu. 14.
rAaYOPHVLi.ArB.li;, 40.
raHtillcja ciM-cinea. 124.

niiniata, 125.

pallida. 12.5.

M-wiliflora, 125.
O-anothuH nviihw, SO.

vi'lutinu!", X5.

CtLAMTHACK.K, 82.

Culaalrus .'<ramlon», S3.
Ci'ltid (H>(>id<>r)tuliM, 33.
CVntauriiiiii iiiiihcl latum, 109.
Cera-ttiuni arvi'niw, 41.
, vulKatum, 41.
Chamarhodus ercctt: 65.
CHKNOpoDiArE.*:, 37.
f'lH'nopodium album, 38.

(-ap)tatum, 37.

xtaucum, ;i8.

huniilc, 37.

IiybriduTTi, 37.

rubrum, .37.
C'liiporinni (ntybufl, 157.
ChryaopHiH hixpida. 143.

villuHa, 143.
C'iiuta bulbitcra, 9S.

marulata, !'S.
Ciroea alpina, S^t.
Cirei^um arvpiwiM. 139.

muticuiii, 139.

undulatum, 139.

ClBTACE.E, 89.

Clpmatit* liRUHtirifolia, 4S.

vertirillariH, 4H,

virniniana, 4S.
rUHmif M'rrulata. 50.
Cummandra livida, 35.

pallida, 34.

Hichurditiana, 34.
CoMPOMiT.*:, 134.
('onritiKia uri<>iitalis, .5.5.
CnNVOLVULACEK, 112.
CitnvolvuluH appium, 112.
Corullurrtiisa macula ta, 25.

triBda, 25.
Coreopsis tiiietoria, 153.

CoBNACE.K, 100.

ComuH ranadenflin, lOO.

Btolonifera, 100.
Corydalia aurea, .50.

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

171

Corydalin var. orridcntalia. M).

wiriiMT\'ircnf<, .'il.
C'(jr>luH anicricanji, 2*.*.

nMtniiR. 211.
C'HAHnrLAr-ft:, ;VS.
rra(»KUM pjMTinfa, (17.
C>.-pi>. ..|,.gu„«. 1,-rfi.

niiK'iimta. 156.
f'Hlt IKKH.t, Til.

rUClKHlTArE.K. I;)2,

Cmtcuitt arvenaiif, li;j.

(innmvii, 112.
rvpEHA.-e*. i;t.
(■.vpritjffiiiini hirsutiiin, 23.

piirviHoruiii, S-i.

npecittlfUt . 'i.i.
f'jMt'tliUTir- fnnriliH, 2.

r)«-Iphiiiiuiii nzur.-iim, m.

scopulurmii, 40.
DiMptiriiiii lrui'iy<unnirii. l'.».
DixlccmluMjii Mcuilia, I0*i.
Driibu titirtinwa, ."il.
Dracorephalum imrviHi.ruiii, 118.
Drosira angljca, '>7,

litifurid, .'i7.

rot unci i folia, '>7.

I)RnftKRA«K.)-:, .57,

Dr.Mw r)riuiiniondii, tW.
<M'(o[wtaIa, t>;i.

KchinocyMtiH |„lmla, i;i2.
KLKAtiNACK.t;. \y.i.
KIcajfiUH urwnli-a, !»;(.
KI(Ml<>a caimilfTi.ijrt, lo.
Klynnw ciuuuliTiHiH. II.
Epilobiiim adcinwiiuloii, 04.

anxiMtifoIjiiiii, 04.

ilimauiii, '.(4.

latifoliiim, 04.

tiiollf, 04.

paluatrc, 1>4.

fir. nr,f„rr, 04.
EpipiictUM r-pt'iiH, 24.

K<iClSKTAC'»;.K, 4.

IC.iiiirt»'tuiii arvi'iinc, 4.

fluviatilf, 4.
KrioKouum flavuin, ;i7.
Khuao:*:, kh).
KrwToii rmiadi-asJH, I4C.

ripupitOHii.t, 1 17.

philiidclpliiiuH, 147.

raiiioaiiH, 147.

HlriyuKun, 147.
Eritrichiiim ,jl.,m'r;!l:^m. 1 Hi.
Enxliiim cidUiiriinii. fM).

iiioMrtiitiiiii,, M).
KryMiiiiiiin anpcnirn. .'il.

•■tn-jriiiithoidcN, .">1.

parviiloruiii. .'tl,
'>ynir(»niiiiu urainhHoriiiii, 21.

pjirvifloruiii, 20.
1-Jipatoriiirii piirpiircurn, 1:17.
Kuphorina jtlyplddjuTriitt, HI.

wri'J llifoliii. HI.
Kl PHOJtBIACKK. K|.

FAdArK.K. ;il.
KraKaria viminianH, fi.'i.
Kraxiimw ni«ra, HI7,

pfnii.iylvanira. var. laiiceolatn, 107.
IritillarJH piidiru. Hi.
Fi'MAMiAcE.t:, m.

(Jaillardia arislata. |.>|.
<ialliuiii lH)r.-al.', 12H.

triHdiiMii, 12N.

triHoruui, 12M.
(iaura r<tf-<-infa, 0.'».

CrKNTIAN.\.K.K, KW.

{i»*ntiuna athniM, 110.

aniarella, var. acuta, 110.

.■\ndri'w«ii, HO,

'■ririatii. 100. .

pUbeja. 1 10.

priK-cra, 10!».

propiriqua, 110.

Krrrntn, 100,
(iKKANlArKi.:, 7(1,
(JiTttOiiiiii rarolinianiini, 79.

iiii'i'<iiiii, 70.

iiiarulatuiii, 70.

piii4iU(irri. ,S0.

ItirdardMoiiii, m.
Cftini iiiacrophyiJuiii, 02.

.Hiricturii, (i2.

irifloriiiii, (W.
(ii)ia litieuria, 114.
(ilaiix tiiaritiriia, 106.
<:iyryrrliisa Icpidota. 70,
tJlAMINKK, 10,
(Jrifidi'lla «iiiarroHa, 140.
CiitH-rri'iia Narotlirip, ! ',0.

Kulx-riariu l>ructfata, 23.
Iiyperlmrea, 23.

HALOHAIllDAI'K.fC, !t6.

IIedy»aruni burruii-, 76

Markeinii. 76.
Hclcnia dcflcita, 100.
Hi'K'nium autuninalc, l.'i.').
Mpliantheinutu canadcnw, !>0.
iri-lianthua Kinatitcun. l.-)2.

Maxiniiliaiiu!*. I.')2.

Niiiialiii, I.M'

jH.|i..lark l.-,2.

172

INDEX OF LATIN .VAMKS

H«liai<thui puniilua, 153.

rii/iitui, ih'i,

walM-rriinua, 152.

aubrhomboideuji. 1&3.
HeliupMia HcabrH, l!W.
Hfrarleuni lanatum. IHl.
HeurliiTa hixpitlil. Tilf.
IlJorariuiii ranaclcnniii, 150.

WAbriuHcutiiii , \57.

umbfUatum, l.'tj.
Ilijipurin vulsarui, 07.
Hcirdcum jubaluiii. 10.
HuuMtonia lunRifolia, 120.

purpurea, 1211.
HuiiiuluH I.upulufl, in.

IlrDHOCHAHITArS.*;, »,
IIVDHUFHYLLACI'V, 121.

lIviMixin IiirHuta, 21.

Iiiiltatit-nH bitlora, 85.

fulva, 8r>.

pallida, M.
tHIDArE.«, 21.
IrJM versicolor, 21.
Iva axillariH, 150.

xnnthifolia, 150.

JlINCACE.E, 14.
•FUNrAUINACB.*, 8.

Junruii balticuH, 15.

nodoBiu, 15.
Juniperua communis, 7.

horiiontalia, 7.
Kri/nittkia glomerata, X16.
LABIATR.e, 117.
I^actucB pulrliclla, 158.

spicata, LV*.
I^ppula deflfxn, var. americana, 114.

L'chinata, 115.

floribunda, 11. "i.

ReiloWHkit, ll'i.
Liirix laripina, U.

nnuricana, 0.
Latiiyrus maritiirm-", 77.

ochroIeucuD, 77.

palitstris, 77.

venoBUa, 77.
Ledum grcenlandicum, 104.

latifolium, 10-t.

paluatre, 104.
Leouminobe.b, 68.
Lemna minor, 14.

triaiilm, 14.

LEMNArE.K, 14.
I.KNTIBULAKlAfE.E, 125.

Lepaohys culuninaris, 151.
I^pidium apptaluiii, 52.
Lesquerella ulpinu, 5(1.

ludoviciana, var. arenoaa. 50.

Macounii, 50.

Uatria punctata, 137.
m-arifMia, VAT,

LiLIACE.K, 15.

I.iliuni philadttlphicum. 15.

l.t.VAlE.fC, 7m.

I.inaria vulRaria, 122.

I.innira bort'alia, var. americana, 130.

Linum l^wiaii. 78.

ptrrnnt, 78,

riitidum, 78.

auifatum. 78.
I.iMtera convHllHrioiiloa. 24.
t.itho»pt'riiiuiii aiiKimtifoIium. 110.

can««*(iB, 110.

piloHum, 110.

T.OAHArK.K, 1)3.

t^tU-lia Kalniii, 134.

Mpicata, \:V\.
LUHKUAI'E.K, 133.
I^tlimii (i-mulciiluiri, 12.
I^jiiiatiuiii fu'niciilucfuin, 100.

macrocurpuiii, 100.

urieiitali'. Oi»,
Jionircra diuira, 12».

uUiuea, 120,

glaurcacpna, 120.

hirauta, 120.

involutrata, IW.

oblunKifolia, 130.

Sullivantii, 129.

tatarica, 130.
Lupinut arKt>nteus, 70.

Kiiigii, 70.

pu.>tillufl, 71.
lypopus arnericanua, 120.

lufidim, var. aiiHTJcmms, 120.
Lyehnia ulba, 42.
I.y«<xicaiiiia junrca, 15S.
I.yMimachia thyrsiflora, 105.

.MALVArE.E, 80.
Malvafltrum coccineum, 89.
Mamillaria vivipara, 112,
Ataiant'i'iiiuni caiindeDse, 17.
Matri<VLiiit niatricarioidea, 148.

auateolena, 148.
Medicago lupulina, 72.

aativa, 72,
Melilotus alba, 72.

officinale, 72.
Mentha arvenais, 120.

cunadenaia, 120.
Meutielia decepetala, 92.
Mvnyanthea trifoliate. 100.
Mertenaia ianct'olata, 110.

paniculata, 115.
Mimulua ringena. 123.
Miteila ouda, 58.
M"narda niQilw, 120.
Moneaes uniQora, 103,

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

173

Momirrpid \iiMHllinnii, ;w.
.Monotrr)pa uniflora. 104.
AtuDrnium, !H).
Miuinptin (iivBricMtum. 0«.
Myowitifl »|ppntriii, 117.

ityUrttir'i, 1 17.
MytwuruH ininiriiuM, 47,
Myriophylliiii, Hpimtum, *W.

viTtirillatum, vur. iKriinatum, Oti.

Najadack.k, H.
S'lmlnrlium imluntrr, S.").
Nfppla hi'ricrari'o. Ms.
N't-nlJA pHtiirulatu, 52.
NytTAut.MACK.t, 40.
NrupMJiACE.K, 44.
N'ymphsa advcna, 44.

(l^nothcra hipnnis, Ofl.

CfpnpitOHa, U5.

pallida, l«.^

mrruliitu. O.*).

triloha. »').
Olkacicii:, 107.
Onaumack.k, 113.
OnoBmodium rnrolinianum, 115.

(*cri(len(ali>, 115.

OfHIOULOHMACE.t':, 2.

Opuntia ptdyaraiitha, 03,
OHCHIDAfE.K, 22.

Orehia rotund i folia, 24.
Oreocarya ttloiiK-rala, 116.

ORODANC-HArE.K. 12(1.

Orobanrhp faarirulato. If?

ludoviriana, 127.
Or! horarpuH luteus, 12,'.,
Oamorrhiwi riaytonii. 98.

loriKiatylii^, !i>4.

ohtuiui, OH.
Ostrya virginianB, 30.
OXALlDArB.K, 78.
Uxalix wjniiculata, 70.

Htrictii, 7!».
Oxybaphus liirnutiw, 40.

Dyi;ta((infUH, 40.
Oxytropw di-l.cxa, 70.

IjimixTti, 7.'>,

ap|<<ndvna, 76.

Parnaasia paluatris, 50.

parviHora, .I').
Ppiiirulariii runadeiwis, 124.

Kni>nlandira, 121.

Iano«>olata, 124.
i*entijU'iiion acumioatus, 123.

albidua, 122.

cristatufl, 123.

grarilia, 122.
IVta!u:*l[-iiiuti Candidas, 7u.

purpureuM, 70.

IVtaoirfM paliitntiiM, 147.

HfMtittaliix, 117.
Pharclia lint<arii<, 121.

Strmu»,i. 121.

wri(^'a, 122.
I'hiox alynMifolia, 113.

paiifwrnii, 113.

H.MMlii, 113.

pil'Mii. 113.
I'hrHKMiilrM rfkiiiiriiiiiiit, 12.
I'hywiria didyniocarim, .'»0.
I'hyjMjatcgia parviflora. 111*.

%-irKiiiiHna, 110,
fimi .i/ft.1. 0.

I'MtiadciiMin, 0.

KnKflinanii, 0.

niariana, 0.

ni'l/rn, (1.
I'l.NArE.K, 4.

I'inRuirula vulnria, 126.
I'iiiUH albirauliit, 5.

Haiilctiana, 5.

Murrayana, 5.

reainiMta, 5.

ittrobua, 5.

aylv'fttriii, 5.

I'LANT'tH.^A'E.E, 127.

PlamaKo liongata. 127.
iTi(ip»>da, 127.
lancpoiata, 127.
major, 127.
Purahri, 128.
Rugelii, 127.

POLE.MO.\IAC'E.K, 113.

I'oli-nionium humiU, 114.

pulcherriiuuiii. 114.
Polynala paurifolia, 81.

(H'prna. 81,
I'oLYOALArKG, SO.
I'oLroosAfTE.u, 3.'>
PolyBonatiim comii.itaturn, 20.
I'oiygoniirii ariiphibium, 36.

Bvirulare, 30.

Convolvulua, 36.

viviparum, 30.

PoLYPOOIACE.e, 1.

I'opnliiM alba, 28.
baJHatiiifcra, 28.

dfltoiden, 28.

tremuloiden, 27.
I'oRTlLArK.K, 43.
I'ortiilaca olcraca, 44.
I'otaiiioKclon pectinatua, 8.

pi-rfoliatiw, 8.

zoHterifuliiw, 8.
I'oU'ntilla aDserina G4.

arKUtu. tl3.

pffutw, (14.

fruticoaa, 04.

Hippiana, 64

174

INDEX OK LATIN NAMES

PntrntilU ininiMpi'lienHia, 03.

Sitrrnjira. (U.

N'uttttllii, IM.

pRluMtriM, tl4,

|M>nnH>ivBnira. (M.

twaWm, ti:t.

lri<l<<ritutii, ^\\.
I'n'nantht''* ttltm, ir>H.

ultiwiiti.-t, l<Vt.

riu'PtiioHu, |.V4.
I'riiiiuitt (HrinuHH, KM.

iiiiMltuwiiiirii, ll).*>.
I'himi i.ArK>:, KM.
I'riini'lla vulKuriM, lilt.
i'riitiUN iiiKru, 01.

IM'iinwylvwniru, Oi.

piiriiilit, ti:;.

virRiiiiiinii, 111.
I'HwiiTa vitawu, »7.
IWiidotHiiBR iiitirronata, 7.
pBoralca arKophylla, 71.

i-Moulenta, 71.

Isncpolatn, 71.
Ptvrin n'luiliim, 2.
I'.vrola aiiipricana, 101.

lUM'rifolia, 101.

chlDrutittia, 101.

t-lliptirii. 101.

minur, 101.

MTunila, 101.
I'lirrmitmit l-iureolnlit, XA'i.
P.vriw iiiiiiTirana, 07.

(iui'rrua niacrorarpa, 32.

JIadirula r«luiitrin, Tm.

U.*.\UNCCLACK.t:, 44.
Itanunculus aburtivu.t. 40.

acriM, 40.

affiniti, 40.

atiuatilia, 45.

cirrinatuM, 4>'>.

cymbalaria, 4.*i.

delphinifoliiiH, 4*>.

Flumtniila, var. reptana, 4.'i,

MHCuiinii. 40.

miiUifiiluH, 4~>.

repetifl, 4.'>.

rhomboiddus, 40,

BCvleratuH, 4.^.

KHAyNA<-|::.I::, S.*).

RhninnuM ahiifuiia, 8>'i.
Rhinanthufl Crista-salli, 124.
KhuH canadensis, 82.

toxicudi'tidroD, 82.
Hibi'B ("ynoBbati. 59.

tluridum, 00.

hudaonianuiii, 00.

oxyacanthoidi'M, ,'t'J.

profltratuni. 00.

HnKk HfiriiliiriM, 07

hlunda, 00.

pratinrttla, 07.
(((MAfX.C, 00
Hl'HIA<'K.«, I2N.
ItllttUH arrllt (iM, (Ml.

('hitinn-iiinr'iN. O-'i

idiriiHi Var, aciiIf-HtiwtiiuiiH, ti.*i.

triflr»riiM, m.
KiidU-rkiit tiirtii, I.'O.
I lariniitii, l.'tl.
Itiiriii')! ricf>1itr«'ll,i, .'15.

iiicxiciinn.'* i{i*(.

((Tfidi'iKiili!", ;15.

|M■n«i^ll^i<lidf■^', ;!■'>.

Vl'llOMIH, '.i't.

Saiiiiiu di-ciiiiilH'TiM, tit,
HHititturia lutifoliu, tt.
SAi,irA( y.y., 25.
Salix ainyKriidiiid.'H, 20.

rundida, 20.
, ronlHtit, 27.

di'wrionini, 27.

liiriKifi'lia, 20.
HuIm>Ii( Kiili, :t!f.

var. tctniifoliu, '.i'.t.
Saiiihurun runiulniniK, l.';2,

raci-iiKiHii, 1.12,
Saiiicula iriariluiidicii, '■t~.

SANTALACKtl, ;t4,

Siipoimria Vin-mriii, 4^1.
S,'irrarpnia piirpumt, 57,

HAKBACKIi|\CK.t:, .'>7.

SAXlKhAOAtK.t;, 5S.

Srirpua occidentuliH, i:(.
rubrotiiirtmi, 13.
validui^, 13.

S«-R()PHt'LAKtArK.t':, 122,

S<>uti>llHria K>d<-rii-u]uta, US.
Srduni HtfiioiH-luluni, 5H,
Sfni'cin Hiifcux, 144,

haltaiiiitii', 144.

ramiH, 144.

paluHtri^ 144,
Sheplivrdiu urKontca, 03.

i-iiiiadfrii'i.'*. !>3,
Sideran^hw^ trriniMiaidea, 142.
Silt'iii' latifoliu, 42.

MciIEH'rtiJ, 42.

nurtid iia, 42.
SiNyiiihriuiii idtisainium, ~>4.

cant'scena, 54.

inrixunt, .54.
var lilip(>8, 55.
\ar. Hurtnegianum, .')5.
SmyrirK-liiuni anguBlifoliuni, 22.

ramperttrc 22.

iiiucroiiutuiii, 22.

septcat rionak', 22.

INDEX or LATIN NAMES

175

Niuni riputvfiiimm, (W.
HmiUrinft rnn-iiKMa, |7.

atcllMtH. HI.
HnilUi hiTharfn,
HOLAMACK.t:, I2li.
H«>lBnuni iiiKniNi, Ui.

triHoruii.. 1:^1.
Kilitlafli) ranii(l)-nNU>, 141.

ilcfunibrtiit, 111,

Kmniiiiifolin, Ml.

jiiim-R, 111.

linrnitnUt, HI.

oifophilii, Ul.

riitUli., Ill

Mrotinu, 111.
Monrtiu 1 arvi-nniit, 137

aitpi' . 1.57,

uttTBri'un, |.'i7.
Hpirantliflfi itrnrilw, 25

Knniantotliantt, 2!i.
Spirra naticifotid, 62.
Stachya palufltriM, Hit,
.Slcironrnm ciliHtum, lOfl.

lanocitlalurii, 10.1.

(iuadriflorum, laV
Hi filar la hon-HliH, 41.

lonKiMiH. tl.

longip<'M, 41.

iridlin, 41.
Ntipa ntiriutti, II.

virjiliila, II.
StreplopuH uiiiplrxiffitiuH, 10.
rOMUH, 11».

Syniphoririirpiw (x-i-idi-ntalw, 130.
pauriHoruM, I:tl).
rapernoBun, \m.

Tanaeotum vulKarc, 114.
Taraxaruiti ofRoiimlc. 15.1.
Tpurriurii ranaiii-n*', 117.
Tlialictruni tlaHycari>ii'". 17.

dioiruni, 47.
Thc-rniopMi.-* rlirjiiil>if<.liii. m.
Thlaapi urvt'ni*c. .'»2.
Thuja iKTidrntJilw, )l.
Tilia uuicricniia, Wi.

TlLlACE*. S!l.
TnHeldia RlutitioHa, 18.
TownacncUa csjtrapa, 145.

sericFii, 14-').
Tricntaliri anifrieana, 107.
Trifolium pratense, 71.

repent*, 71.
Triglochic maritima, 9.

paluatriii, !t.
Trillium rcrmtuin, TO.
Tritximtin i'n.,p„t,tium, 135.

i/tiiurum, IM.

TypliB latifolia, H.

Ifl"l\<>;»., 7.

VUiiwi atnrriritna, ;i3.

I'rtlra dioira. Hi.

KrarilJN, ;il.
I'HTlcvr*: »;, H2.
I'tnridaria iiit^Titir-diu, Ik I.

viilKart>4, 120.

Viirciniiirii (■nnmli-nnc. UI2.
rii-«pi(i>Murii, 102.
iri!iiT<M-ur|>i)n, UW.
o«ypw"(iit, IIW.
|M>nnHyi\ inirufii, 102.
uli|(Jn<MUiii, 102.
Vitii*-Id(rA, 102.
Wrln-na haiilata, 117.
VCHHKKACK.K. 117.
Voronira anifricana, 125.
anitKaNiH-itilUttlicn, 125.
fwutf-llala. 125.
Vil»t'rniiiii I.«'nliij(<), i;il.
ijpuluH. v«r. aitu-rirana. 131.
piiUriHoruiH, l:)l.
Viciii iiiii«'rirfiii]i, 77,
\'iolii iiiluiini, 'Jl.
Hn>niiria, !tt.
Mafiilu, 111.
ranailpnoiri, 1)1,
rurullata, m.
Xuttallii, Ul.
patu.«trin, IH.
IMilatitida, 1>1.
puhfsrenH, Ul.
VioL.%1 *;.K, 00.
\'irA<»:.K, Kit.
Viti... \ iilpinu. HH.

Xantliiuin rcinminrie. ISO.
frhiijutuni. 14!l.
KlandiilifiTiini, 140.
Maroutiii, I'lO.

Zitiu, uuri'a, 0!(.

''onlala, W.
Zymuii-nus phioraiith .t, 16.

tlegans, 10.

venvDUHuit, IG.

INDEX OF roPULAR NAMES

\Thr JiyuriH nfrr to pngi-^^

AltHtiiohV, m.
Aliirr, .11.
Alf»lf«. 72.
Alum KfMil. 51).
Amaranth Kattiily, 3U.
Anianintti, :i1l.
Aniaryllw Family. 3).
Am-monr, 47.

WoikI. 4H.
Arbfir Vit», (V.
Arrow (iraM Family, 8.
Arrow (iram, (I.
Arruw-head, It.
A«h, 107

Ameriran Mountain. 07.

Iliark. 107.

Green, 107.
Aapen, AiiHTiran, 27.
Aiipli<xl.'I. Faint", 17.
Awer, U3.

(loldfi), U2.

I'urph* mem, 140.
AveM, Yellow, 02.

Drummund'i Mountain, 03.

Larite-leaved, 02.

Mountain, (13.

Three-flowcrfU, 03.

Whit«! Mountain. 03.

llaUam Family. 84.
Balaam, 0.
fianeberry, 40.

Ked, 40.

White, 40,
Barberry, 50.
Barley, 10.
Bartonia, i*2.
BasBwucx). 81).
Bastard Toadflax, 34.
Bcarbcrry, 103.

Alpine, 103.
Beard Tongue. 122.
Bvilstraw, 12K.

Northern, ViH.
Bewh Family, 31.
Bellflowcr, 132.

Marsh, 133.

12S.

MrrKamoi. mi1.|. 120.
BillM-rrj, Itt^. ](«.

Dwnrf. 10^.
Itindwntl. 112.

Blark, 3(1.

• Iirrh Family, 38.

Birrh. Candc, 30.

Dwarf, 31

Hwamp, :k).

White, 30.

Hitter Hweei. M2.

( liirihintf, N.'|,
Hlaek-eyed Siwar 15|,
Bla4lderp«Ml. .VI
Bladderwort Fi
Bladderwort, l..(.
BUiinsHtar. 137.
Blile, Coiifit. ,17.

Htrawln-rry, 37.
HIik'Ih'II Family, 132.

Hiuebell, 133.
Hluelierry, 102.
('o>:ininn. 102.
l.ow, 102.
Illu>' Hur, 114.
Boruge Family. 114.
Bos KIdc-r, H4.
Brarken, 2.
Brake, 2.
Bramhi.-. m.
Broom-rape Family, 126.
Broom-rape, 12*1.
Burkbi'an, lOti.
Buekthorn Family, 85.
Burkthorn. 8.1.
IJuekwheat Family. 35.
Buckwheat, Wild. 30.
BufTttlo Berry, 03.
Bulruflh. 13.
liunehtKTry, 100.
Burdoek, 139.
Common, I3U.
(ircal, 131).
Bur-Mariftold, 153.
Butter Mild Kkkh, 122.
Uutturrup, 44.
Common, 40.

177

»

178

INDEX OF POPULAn NAMES

Bultereup, Creeping, 45.

Dwarf, 40.
Butterwort, 120.

CactkiA Family. 92.
Campion, 42.

Bladder, 42.
Cancer Root, 12G.
Caper Family, 56.
Carrion Flower, 20,
Catchfly, 42.

Night-RowcriQR, 42.
Cat Mint. 118.
Cat-tail Family, 7.
Cat-tail, Common, 8.

Flan. «.
Cedar. Clround, 7.

White, fi.
Centaury, 100.
Chamomile, Wild, 148.
Charlock, 52.
Cherry, 61.

Choke. 61.

Pin. 62.

Hand. 62.
Chickwcd, 41.

Common, 41.

Field. 41.

Muuao-ear, 41.
Chicory, 157.

Common, 157.
Cinquefoit. 63.

Hhrubby, 64.

Three-toothed, 64.
Cleomc, Fink, 56.
Cloud Berry. 6i..
Clover, 71.

Prairie, 70.

Red. 71.

Sweet, 72.

White, 71.

White -sweet, 72.

Yellow sweet, 72.
Cockle, 4J.

Com, 42.

Cow, 43.

Purple. 42.

White. 42.
Cocklebur, 149.
Coltsfoot. Sweet, 147.
Columbine, 49.

Small-flowered, 40.

Wild, 49.

Yellow, 49.
Cone-8ower, 151.

Purple, 150.
Coral Root, 25.
Corydalia, Golden, 50.
Cottonwood, 28.
Cowbane, Spotted, 08.

Cowberry. 102.
Cowslip, Amerirao, 106,
Cranlwrry, 102.

Hiith bush. 131.

LarKe, 103.

Hmall, 103.
Craneabill, 79.
Cresn, Maruh, 55.

Water, ."iS.
Crowfoot Family, 44.
Crowfoot, Cursed, 45.

Sedside, 4.'i.

Hmall-flowered, 46.

White Water, 45.

Yellow Water, 45.
CucumlK-r, Wild. 132.
Currant, 59.

Wild Black, 60.

Dandelion. 155.

Common. 155.

Fatae, 155.
Dock. 35.

Golden, 35.
poddiT. 112.
Dogbane Family, 110.
Dogbane. 113.

Spreading, 110.
Dog-tooth Violet, 20.
Dogwood Family, 100.
Dogwood, 100.

Red Oaier. 100.
Dragon Head, 118.

False, 119.
Duckweed Family. 14.
Duckweed, 14.

Elder. 131.

Common, 132.

Marah, 150.

Red, 132.
Elm, American White. 32.
Evening Primrose Family, !
Evening Primrose, 94.

Common, 95.

White-Stemmed, 95.
Everlasting, 137.

Fern Family, 1.
Fern, Bladder, 2.

Rattlesnake. 3.

Wood, 1.
Figwort Family, 122.
Fir, C.

Fir, Douglas. 7.
Fireweed, 146.
Flag, Large, blue, 21.
Flax Family, 78.
Flax, 78.

False, 55.

Yellow, 78.

INDEX OP POPULAR NAMES

179

Fleabuie, 146.
Fleur-de-lia, 21.
Forget-me-not, 116.
Four OX'Iock Family. 40.
Frenchwet«d, S2.
KrogVbit Fsmilj-, 9.
Frost wewi, 90.
Fumatory Family, 50.

Gentian Family, 108.
Gentian, 100.

Closed, no.

Spurred, 109.
Geranium Family, 79,
Ginneng Family, 97.
Golden .Mexander, 99.
Goldenrod, 140.
KayluiM, Vd9.
Gooaeberry, 59.
Prickly. 59.

Smooth, 59.
GooBefoot Family. 37.
Gousefoot, J7.

Maple-leaved, 37.

Oak-leaved, 38.
Gourd Family, 132.
Grape Family, 80.
Grape, 88.
Grass Family, 10.
Gra88, Arrow, 9.

Beard. II.

Blue-eyed, 21.

Couch or Quack, 12.

Feather, 11.

of Parnassus, 58.

Reed, 12.

Rib, 127.

Rye, 12.

Skunk-tail, 10.

S(juirrel-tail, 10.

Star, 21.
Ground Ivy, 118.
Groundsel, 144.
Gum weed, 140.

Ilackberry. 33.
Hackmatack. 6.
irarebell. 133.
llawk'a Benrd, 156.
Ifawkweed, l.'iR.

Cana<lian, 150.
Hawthorn, 67.
Haielnut. 29.

Beaked. 29.
Heath Family, 100.
Hog Peanut, 73.
Honeysuckle Family, 129.
Honeysuckle, 129.

Swiimp Fly, 130.

Tartarian, 130.

Hop, Common, .34.
Horehound, Water. 120.
Horsetail Family, 4.
Horsetail, Common, 4.

Indian Hemp, lit.
Indian 1'\\m; 104.
Indigo, FhIm', 70.
Iris Family, 21.
Iron wood, 29.

Joe-Pjeweed, 137.
Juneberry, 67.
Juniper, 7.
Common, 7.

KnolgrnsH, 30.

Labrodor Tea, 103.
Ladies' TniMeti, 24,
Lady's .Slipper, 22.
Large Yellow, 23.
.Showy, 2:j.
Small Yellow, 23.
lady's Sorn-l, 79.
Lamb's Quarters, 38.
I^rch, 5.
I.Arkspur, 49.
I'rairip, .W,
Rocky .Mountain, 49.
I-ead Plant. 70.
lettuce, l.'>7.
Blue. 158.
Lily Family, l."!.
Lily, Pond, 44.

Wild Orange, I.l.
Linden Family, 89.
Liquorice, Wild, 76.
Loa-ta Family, 92,
I..obclia Family, 133.
Loosestrife, 105

Tufted, 10.">.
Lousewort, 123.
Common, 124.
Lucerne, 72.
Lungwort, 115.
Lupine, 70.
Silvery. 70.

Madder Family, 128.
Mallow Family. 89.
Mallow. False, 89.
Maple Family, 83.
Maple, 83.
Manitoba, 84.

Mountain, 83.

.Silver, S;j.

Soft, 8.3.
Mare's Tail, 96,
Marsh Marigold, 48.
Meatlow Hue, 46.

180

INDEX OF POPULAR NAMES

li:

Meadow Rue, Early, 47.
Meadow Swtt^t, fi2.

Cuiiiiixm, 02.
Mmlick, 72.

Black. 72.
MilkwcMxi Family, 111.
Milkwued. 111.

Common, 111.

Swamp, HI.
Milkwort Family, 80.
Mint Family, 117.
Mint, 120.

Hornc. 120.

Cat. lis.
Miterwort, .W.
Monkey Flower, 123.
Muonwort, 3.

Morninn Glory Family, 112.
Mo»ii»e-tail, 47.
Muotard Family, Gl.
Muatard, 52.

Ball, 52.

Black. 53.

Gray Tansy, 54.

Green Tansy, 54,

Ilare'a Far, 55.

Hedge. 5i.

Tower. 53.

Treacle, 51.

Tumbling. 54.

Wild, 52.

WormseeU, 51.

Nanny Berry, 131.
Nettle Family, 32.
Nettle. 34.

Hedge, 119.

Stinging, 34.
Night»hadc Family. 120.
Nightshade, 121.

Common, 121,

Enchanter's, U6.
NoDesuch, 72.

Oak, Bur, 32.
Oat, Wild, 13.
Oleaster Family, 93.
Olive Family, 107.
Onion, 18.

Nodding wild, 18.
Orohid Family. 22.

Painted Cup, 124.

Scarlet. 124.
Pannip. Cow, 99.

Water, 98,
Parsley Family, 97.
Pasque Flower, 47.
IVa Familv, 68.
IVu. Beach, 77,

l.vi-rtasting, 77.

Pcarlwort. 43.
Penny Cress, ,52.
Pepper Grass, .'i2.
Phlox Family, 113.
PiKweed, 38.

Lamb's Quarters, 38.

Red root, 40.

Riuwian, 38.
Pine Family, 4.
Pine, Blark, 5.

.lack. 5.

l-ixlge-polc, 5.

Norway, 5.

Red, 5.

Scotch, 5.

White, 5.

White-bark, 5,
Pi neap pie- weed. 148.
Pink Family, 40,
Pitcher Plant Family. 57.
Pitcher Plant, 57.
Plantain Family, 127.
Plantain, Common, 127.
• Rattlesnake, 24.

Water, !).
Plum, fil.

Ground. 73.

Wild. 61.
Poison Ivy, 82.
Poison Oak, 82.
Pond I.Uy, 44.

Large Yellow, 44.
Pondweed Family, 8.
Pondweed, 8.
Poplar. 27.

Balsam, 28.

White, 28.
Prairie Rocket, 51.
Prickly Pear. 92.
Primrose Family, 104.
Primrose, 104.

Bird's Eye, 104.
Pucooon, 116.

Hoarj-. 116.
Purslane Family. 43.
Purslane, 43.

Common, 44.

Ragweed, 148.

Great, 149.

Perennial, 149.
Ragwort, 144.
Raspberry. Arctic, 66.

Dwarf. 66.

Red. 65.
Rattlesnake Root, 158.
Red Root. 85.
Rock Cress, 53.
Rock Rose Family, 89.
Rose Family, 60.

INDEX OF POPULAR NAMES

181

Row, 6fl.

Hush Family, H.

Runh, 15.

Saltwort, Common, 39.
Sandalwood Family, 34.
Hatidwort, i'A.
Sarsaparilla, Wild, 97.
KaakatfKin, 68.
Saxifrage Family, .W.
Sea Milkwort, 10r>.
fttniKe Family, Vi.
SrdKP. 13.
Self Hpal. 119.
Rhwp Sorrel, 35.
Shepherd's Purse, 52.
Shin U-af, 101.
Shooting Star, 100.
Silver Borry, 93.
Silver Weed, 64.
Skullrap, 118.
Skunk Berry, 60.
Snakeroot, Block, 97.

Seneca, 81.
SnecM Weed, IM.
Snowljerry, I.'IO.
Soapwort, 43.
Solomon's Seal, 20
False, 16.
Great, 20.
Sow Thistle, 157.
Common, 157.
Perennial, 157.
Spiny, 157.
Spearwort, Creeping, 45.
Speedwell, 125.
Marsh, 125.
Water. 125.
Spruee, Black, 6.

White, 6.
Spurge Family, 81.
Spurge, 81.
Squashberrj-, 131.
Star Flower, 107.
Stinkweed, 52.
Stitchwort, Long-leaved, 41,
Stoneerop, 58.
Stork-sbill, 80.
Strawberry, 05.
Sumach. 82.
Sundew Family, 57.
Sundew, 57.

Round-leaved, 57.
Sunflower, 152.
False, 150.
Swamp, 155.
Sweet Cicely. 98.
Tamarack, 6.
Tansy, 144.

Tare, 77.
Thi«tlr. 138.

Canada, 139.

Common, 138,

I'ruirie, lai).

Swamp, 139,
Thoroughwort, 137.
Toadflax. 122.
Touch-me-not. 84

I'ale, 85.

Spotted, 85.
Turnip, 52.
I Twin Flower, 130.
Twiated Stalk, 19.

Vervain Family, 117,
Vervain, 117. '
Vetch, 77.

Milk, 73.
Violet Famil}-, 00.
Violet, 90,

Bird-foot, 91.

Canada, 91,

Common Blue, 90.

Dogtooth, 20.

Downy Yellow, 91,
I Sweet White, 91.
I Virginia Creeper, 87.
Virgin's Bower. 48.

Wake Robin. 19.
Wall Flower, Western, 51.
Water Hemlock, 98.
Waterleaf Family, 121.
Water Uly Family, 44,
Water Milfoil Family, 96.
Water Milfoil. 96.
Water-plantain Family, 9
Water-weed, Canadian, 10
Wild Rye, 10
Willow Family, 25.
Willow. Desert, 27.
I'each-lcaved, 26.
Sagf, I'l;,
Saii.l-liar, 26.
Willow-herb, 94.

Great, 94.
Wintergreen, Flowering, 81.
Wolfbcrrj-. 130.
Wolf WUlow, 93.
Woodbine, 87.
Wood Sorrel Family.
Wood Sorrel, 79.
Wormwood, 147.
Common, 148.
Western. 148.
Yarrow, 154.

Common, 154.
Yellow Rattle, 124,

. 78,

■j ;

"»,*S!^

.r"^.

if

r