CIHM ICIVIH Microfiche Collection de Series microfiches ({Monographs) (monographies) Canadian Institute for Historical Mlcroraproduction. / Institut Canadian da microraproductions historiques 1996 ^P^^^ Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming are checked below. 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D D D ThitH Cedo 10x •miB Bumen rilmfld tMtf ■tttM ltn«ai raduc jtaux 14x tionri dcrM ftio checked below/ uction indlqirf ci-deaeoue. 18x 22x 26x 30x y 1 12x 16x 20x 24x 28x 32x Th« copy filmtd h«r« hu b««n raproducad thanks to the ganaroaity of: National Library o£ Canada Tha imasaa appaaring hara ara tha bast quality possibia considaring tha condition and lagibility of tha original copy and in kaaping with tha filming contract spacificationa. Original copiaa in printad papar covars »t9 filmad baginning with tha front covar and anding on tha last paga with a printad or illustratad impraa- sion, or tha back covar whan appropriata. All othar original copias ara filmad baginning on tha first paga with a printad or illustratad impraa- sion, and anding on tha last paga with a printad or iiluatratad imprassion. Tha last racordad frama on aach microficha shall contain tha symbol «^ Imaaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha symbol ▼ Imaaning "END"), whichavar applias. Maps, platas, charts, ate, may ba filmad at diffarant raduction ratios. Thosa too larga to ba antiraly includad in ona axposura ara filmad baginning in tha uppar laft hand cornar, laft to right and top to bottom, as many framas as raquirad. Tha following diagrams illustrata tha mathod: 1 2 4 S n L'«x*mpiair« film* fut raproduit gric* A ia g*n*rositi da: Blbliotheque natlonale du Canada Laa imagat suivantas ont AtA raproduitas avac la plua grand aoin. compta tanu da la condition at da la nanat* da I'axamplaira film*, at an conformitA avac laa conditiona du contrat da filmaga. Laa axamplairaa originaux dont la couvartura an papiar aat imprimAa aont filmAa an commandant par la pramiar plat at tn tarminant soit par la darniAra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'impraaaion ou d'illuatration, aoit par la aacond plat, aalon la eaa. Toua laa autraa axamplairas originaux aont filmAa an commandant par la pramiAra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'impraaaion ou d'illuatration at an tarminant par la darniira paga qui comporta una talla amprainta. Un doa aymbolaa auivanta apparaitra aur la darniira imaga da chaqua microficha, salon la caa: la symbolo — ^ signifia "A SUIVRE ", la aymbola V aignifia "FIN". Laa canaa. planchaa, tablaaux. ate. pauvant atra filmia i daa taux da reduction diffdrants. Loraqua ia documant aat trop grand pour atra raproduit an un aaul clichA. il aat film* i partir da I'angla aupiriaur gaucha. da gaucha A droita. at da haut an baa, an pranant la nombra d'imagaa nAcasaaira. Laa diagrammas suivants illuatrant la mAthoda. 2 3 5 6 L^^y^-- ■.^cj.v'uf ■ MICtOCOPY RESOLUTION TBT CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) A /APPLIED INAjGE 1653 Eost Main 3\ eet Rochester, Ne» York 14609 USA (716) 482 - 0300 - PKone (716) 288 - 5989 - Fa, FRUIT-GROWING On Vancouver Island, B. C, Canada cA Vancouver Island Apple Tree I-: • "i- INTRCDUCTION IT is well to impress u|)()ii persons desiriiij^ to engaj;e in Kruit-f^rouinjj that it is a profession, not a pastime. Money, tinu', and experience are imperatively necessary to snccess. Gi\rn the most favorable conditions of land, niarlcets, and means of transportation, and there nuist be either thorough knowledge of the growing of fruit, or years of experience, in order to make a commercial profit. It is also in point to call attention to the fact that there is no cheap cleared land, suitable for llort'culture, obtain- able near the railways or the cities and towns on Vancouver Island. Land adapted to growing fruit, cleared, and near the railways or commercial centres, ranges as a rule from $250 an acre at the lowest to $500, or even more, per acre, when the lanj is adjacent to the waterfront, or near to the largest towns or cities on the Island. Occasional opportunities are afforded to buy good cleared fruit land at lower figures than these, but in the old-settled Districts first-class fruit land, fully cleared, or with a growing orchard, brings a substantial price. With the present railway and tramway extensions now taking place, more land will be available, and personal investiga- tion will determine the price, as well as the adaptability of the land offered. Mixed farming is recommended, as a rule, instead of specializing. Fruit-growing, poultry-raising, berry-grow- ing, dairying, or truck-gardening may eventually be taken up exclusively ; but for the beginner, with small cajjital and little exi)erience, fruit-growing, outside of the berries raised on N'ancouver Island, is something to be very gradualiv worked into, and not invested in with all of one's ca])ital. FRUIT-GROWING ON VANCOUVER ISLAND I !•■ i wt'i-c fliod^iii" ;iti I) fchaifl site, citlier Ic-lto or small, I woitl'l I(i(i!< for land slitjlitlv ek'V.itf'l a',.>vo tlu' sniTonniliiiLT laixl, ami slopiiii; away fron; tlic i)rcv. 'mil; wiiiils iluritiL;' tlu' tiim- tlu' I'rtiit is on tlu- Ircrs. No atten- tion nct'il he nail' al>otit the ea^t. \\e>t, in nth or south tlioorw A -ide hill with natural drainatie is preferahle. li slioiiUI 1)0 cither sandy or 1 least a fairlv -litT suhsoil. \vi th ;oo(I, (Icej) -oil, wliu ■ r ;i ijravclly. A cl.iy snhsoil. is iicecs<;iry, .an fatal ii fruit culture, or c\en land which is kept too moist with irrii^.atiou. or n,attn-al rainfall: .althonrrh sneh wet land uia\- he succosfnlly cultivated for blackberries .and loLTanberries, which are heavv feeders and icfpiirc a iple moisture. Vet e\en the recjuire '^n(H\ draina,L,a'. In m\ iudg^ment ,'i man should h;i\e not less than ten acres of lanrl on udiich to carrv on fruit-Lirow in"-, with twi Idit teres a' acres won minimum. lonal tor house, oiitiiouse-, qarden etc. w'cntv It be better, but ten acres can be taken as the a. It is far l)etter to hav" the land in jjood shapo before pl.iiitinj,' than to try t.. prepare it afterwards. Xevvlv cleared land is all rif,di» if well worked u|), (n- clover sod pli.ueil down .i few months before i)laiitint:. It pays t< work the s^roimd as deep as pos>ible before setting out trees. .\fter diiri:iiii.r hole to place tree in. if a secotid hole, two or three feet away, is made with a steel bar. and a half stick of dynamite or stumpinj; powder e.xplodvd, it will l)e of very Kreat benefit in after years as leaving.,' the tjronnd in a condi- tion to better hold the moistnrc. For \'anconvcr Island and the adjoininjj island.s, the King of Tomi)kins is a very h.ird apple to beat for an all- round variety. The W ealthy is also a fine fall variety. The Winter I'.anana dois splendidly in some districts. Also the Minnetonka. a comparatively new variety. Cox Orant^e is a .u^rand dessert apple and docs well in some districts, but some growers do not find it suited to certain kinds of Island soil, nrimes Golden does well also. In pears, the 'dd P.artlett for an early pear and the Beurre Clairgcau for a later variety, are excellent. There are also other good commercial varieties. esi)ecially Beurre d'Anjon. P.osc, and f.ouise Bonne. For plums (blue variety), the Black Diamond, Kngle- bert und Monarch arc varieties I rc'-nnimend. For the red variety. 1 prefer the Victoria and the • nd's Seedling. The ^^aynard is a fine Japanese variety, improved by liurbank. Also to be recommended are the Gag^s. The Fellembcrg. .pL'i-ialIv I'^ir a imvi^i-. Make } our plaIlti^^ lj well as to keep the tree stocky, and able to stand up uiuler a good weight of fruit without breaking. It also helps in spraying and every (xher department of orchard work. I I SPRAYING As for spraying, if one uses the lime sulphur, Black leaf 40, and arsenate of lead in earnest as one should, there would be little to bother about with other sprays. Get a good outfit and find out what you are si)raving for. Do it thoroughly, and the results will be sure a'nd satisfactory. The Provincial Government Bulletins, .Agricultural Depart- ment. Parliament Buildings, X'ictoria, B.C., will be fur- nished free by that De|)artment and will give detailed mformation on si)rays and spraying. 8. PLOUGHING In ploughing, run the plough shallow near the trees, especially if the good soil is not deep, and plough deeper as you leave the trees towards the centre of the row. The same with the cultivator. Plough once in the fall and cross-i)lough in the spring. Cultivate up to August 15th to kill weeds, and conser\e moisture with dust mulch. GRAFTING OLD TREES The old-fashioned cleft grafting is the simplest and probably the best for beginners, and when the stock is not too large. On very large trees erne can put a scion in the thick bark in the shai>e of a one-sided wedge, putting it in something like a bud, only inserting the scion from"^top of stub or stock down like cleft grafting, but splitting the bark only. The essential thing is to see that the cambium layer of stock an . scion are joined at some point. Huddmg IS so easy and simple tiiat everyone interested in horticulture should learn at once how to do it C.ra ting should be done in early spring as soon as the sap starts briskly, but have scions dormant, or cut before that time, and kept in a cool, dry place. In that wav, the buds on scions will be plump, but not advanced beyond the normal dormant or winter stage. Do not have scion cut more han lour buds long. Be careful to seal up well with ,Hminr'''rf.,"° ^''^'' ^T "'°'''"'"'-" *° ^^^t in or out and oration ^^"^ °" ^'^ °^ ^''^ '''°" *" '^^P ^^^P" It is better not to cut oflf the whole head of a younff tree at once, as if it is very thrifty the flow of sap may be so strong that the scion will be drowned out. Better take about half of the head at a time. Budding gives you two chances of propagation the same season. That is, if your scion fails to grow you can put a bud in during July, or perhaps early in August. So long as there is growth enough left in the stock for bud to unite, say three or four weeks, it is sufficient. Of course the scions are cut from one year old wood of previous season growth, and the buds are from the same season's wood as when put in. 10. THINNING The essential reasons for thinning are getting better understood each year. One of these reasons is its aid in getting a more even grade of fruit and obtaining all or nearly all, No. i fruit. Few fruit-growers realize just how much a tree is injured for future usefulness by allowine It to overload year after year. It is the ripening of the pips, or seed, in each apple, that IS hardest on the tree. And when vou consider that a small apple has practically as much seed as a large one it is easy to see how useless, as well as unprofitable, it is'to grow a lot of small apples which are more or less unmarket- able. II. PACKING A box of fniit that is packed as it should be is attrac- tive, pleases the eye. and is already half sold at an advanced i)nce as soon as it is placed on the market. Good packinir also means increased power to stand the wear and tear of shipment, especially for Ion- distances. Second .md third grade frmt should be kept off of the open market and out of competition with the No. i grade as much as possible. The present waste of second and third grade fruit will doubtless be done away with in the near future by means of evaporating plants, jam factories, etc., of which there is a vital need on Vancouver Island. 12. FROST To avoid frost as much as may be, do not plant trees in hollow or low places, surrounded by higher crround as the air drainage is bad in such localities. Plant on risin-'crround and slopes, and, whenever possible, near larre bodies of water. 13. CARE OF ORCHARDS As to the care of orchards when matured. After thor- ough work in spraying and cultivation, the land needs keeping m a good state of fertilitv. as all bearing fruit trees are hard on the soil. Do not use artificial fertilizers indis- criminately, or without understanding what vou are about While some of these are helpful when used' carefully one can overdo it. Keep humus (and thus moisture) in the soil bv ploughing cover crops, especiallv the clovers. Do not culti- vate too late in the autumn, or sav August Better let a crop of weeds -row than to encnu'rnge too late a growth Keep the trees stocky. Dou't have bare poles nor vet too manv limbs. Encourage fruit spurs all along the limbs close in by shortening- in the lateral branches. Watch the leaves of your trees for indications of trouble. Large dark green leaves tell you of health and vigor. When the leaves 7 are small, pale, cnrled or discolc ed in spots, something is wTone:. If the leaves curl tnwarc s the underneath side it is probably Aphis. If they curl outward towards the upper side it is probably want of moisture. If they are turninfj reddish it indicates too much moisture. 14. FRUIT-GROWING ON VANCOUVER ISLAND The possibilities for fruit-fjrowinfj on A^ancou\er Island are fjood for the ripfht varieties of apples, pears, cherries, plums, prunes, and the strawberry, log-anberry, blackberry and raspberry. The summers are not warm enous^h for the pfrowinq- of peaches and fjrapes exceptinp^ in some few localities. For the other varieties of fruit named, Vancouver Island and the adjoining: Gulf Islands present advantajijes, and the fruit raised has taken prizes for excellence both at home and in the exhibitions of fruit held in Creat llritain. MARKETS Orowers will <'■(■ well to fjet into closer co-operative relations with one another, as this is essential to the main- tenance of profitable prices, as well as enablinfj them to find better markets. When the Panama Canal is opened and shipping in cold storage becomes feasible. Vancouver Island will be much more able to compete with Ontario, Nova Scotia and Ta.-niania for the markets across the sea. ORORGR ITKATTTKRP.KTJ.. Glen Lea Orchards, Colwood, Vancouver Island, ?>. C, Canada. Horticulturist and Lecturer (in Horticulture for the Provin- cial Government of P)ritish Columbia. BkAXCIII'*S of the N'aiK-ouvt'i- Island Development l.eaKue arc situated at Aiberni. Ilanitield, Clayo(|uot, Colwood, Coiuox, Cumberland, Duncan, Fulford Harbor (Salt Spring Island), East Wellington, llolberg, Ladysmith, Xanainio. Xitinat. Nootka, North Saanich, Oak Itay, Otter I'oint, I'arksville. Port Aiberni. Port Hardy, I'ort Renfrew, Quatsino, Cianj^'es llarbo- (Salt Spring island), San Josef. Shawnigan, Sliusii.irtie, Sidney, Sooke, and I'cluelet. as well as the Home I'lranch at Victoria. All are in the Province of Pritish Columbia. Those wishing detailed information as to fruit-growing or farming conditions and possibilities in these parts of Vancouver Island are re<|uested to write specially to the Secretaries of the Vanc(juver Island Development League there, naming the Pranch of the League, as given above. All should have the letters "P.. C." added to the address. Ask for prices of land, closeness to markets, rainfall, number of farmers or fruit-growers in the District, etc. Good roads and good schools are in practically all of the Districts. Pooks of general information will be mailed free by the Vancouver Lsland Development League at Victoria. These include l)ooks on mixed farming and farming in all branches, and special books on poultry-raising, fruit-grow- ing, shooting and fishing, maps of Vancouver Island, a book on the City of Victoria, and Victoria leaflet showing progress for past ten years. Persons coming to Victoria to take up farming in the outside Districts will be furnished with letters of intro- duction to the Secretaries in the various Districts, who will show them over the Districts. There is no charge what- ever for information, literature, letters of introduction, or anv services to intending settlers at the Home Offices at V 'Ltoria. The League has nothing to do with employment outside of skilled farm labor and white domestic hel]). Farm labor commands from $25 to S35 a month and board for skilled help, and from Sio to $15 for unskilled. Domestics get from $20 to $35 a month and board. iv^'^XiAZ: ■ I'-SH'-'y-'-^-'Ci^"-.! m>,&r-^ -v^Lt T t-7 ':,J!Bifflav*'^il^"ffi"6WA"K%.i:i■l^.1r.