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INSTITUTE gjiW-'C;!

SILVICAL CHARACTERISTICS

OF

CANADIAN TREES

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UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
FORESTERS' CLUB

SILVICAL CHARACTERISTICS

OF

CANADIAN TREES

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UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
FORESTERS' CLUB

SILVICAL CHARACTKRISTKS ()' THK FIFTY-SIX MOST
IMPORTANT CANADIAN FORKST TRKKS.

The data were gathere<l and compiled by members of the classes of
1913 and 1914, Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto. The sources
of information were varied, including Dominion Forest Service Bulletins,
U.S. Forest Service Silvical L-aflets, forest plantiuR leaflets, circulars
and bntletins, and the works of Sudworth. Sargent. Britton, Jepson. etc.
Growth figures were furnished by Mr. A. H. D. Ross. M.A., M.F.: the
diameters in all cases being "breast high", that is. 4 J feet alxwe ground.

In general the botanical sequence and nomenclature followetl by
Sudworth in U.S. F.)rest Service Bulletin 17 have l)een adhered lo. For
each tree the information is arranged according to the schedule below.

For ready reference i table is appended to show relatively, by means
of symbols, the mmt important silvical characteristics of the trees.
Three grades are nude li,r eat 'i silvical characteristic, and a tree's grade
for that characteristi is sndi. (,>d by a symbol. The method of using
the table is explaimti at th« d of tie description of abbreviations used
in the table.

Sciii;mi,K FoH SiLvicAL Description.

Name of trw, stii'iitific, with synonyms,
common, with synun'-'is.
Sise. .Xvi-rajci- and maximum.
Growth. Rate and |H'rsistent-c; lif*-.
Root System.
Bole. TaiJtT, rk-ar lenRth, etc.

Crown.
Tolerance.

Wood.— StrenKth. hardness, durability. Kiln drv weight in pound*

per cubic ftHJt.
Reproduction.

1.— By Setxi,— Prolificacy— seed years; time of flowering; ripen-
ing; fall.

Seed character,— germinatio . .orcent ; vitality.

Seed bed.— seedlings.
2.— By ((),»pice,— vitality of stocks, etc.
^•OJ«-— Cieographical, altitudinal, optimum.
Climate.— Temperature, precipitation, humidity.
Soil.

Aisodation.— SoIitar>', grouped, or gregarious.

Associates.
General.— Commercial importance, technical features, supply.

Common enem-'es.

Management recommended.

List of Trees Inxluded.

1. Pinus strobus,

2. P. monticoia.

3. P. resinosa,

4. P. pondcrosa,

5. P. contorta,

6. P. divaricata,

7. Larix laricina,

8. L. occidentalis,

9. Picea mariana.

10. P. rubens,

11. P. canadensis,

12. P. engdmanni.

13. P. sitchcnsis.

White Pine
Western White Pine.
Red Pine.
Bull Pint.
I.<Klge{)ole Pine.
Jack Pine.
Tamarack.
Western Larch.
Black Spruce.
Red Spruce.
White Spruce.
Engelmann Spruce.
Sitka Spruce.

II. Tsiina iati.nl«iisiH,
M T. lu-ti-riiphyMa,
U>. T. iiicrtorsiana,
17. I'HiuilotsuKa taxifolia.
IH. A. am ihil'H,
10. A. Kfi'ii. ,

20. A. halsatiM' «.

21. A. lasiftrirpa,

22. Thuja (KTJdcntalis,

23. T. plicata.

24. ("hamaoryparis nootkatonsis.
2o. Julians ciru'rea,

2«. J. nigra.

27. Hiroria minima,

28. H.ovat,.,

29. I'opuliis trcmiiloidcs,
'M). P. gramiick-nt.ita,

31. I*. balsamifiTa,

32. P. trichocarpa,

33. P. clcltoitles,

34. Bc'tula papyrifora,

35. B. lutea,

3(). FaKiis atropimirca.

37. Castanca dentata,

38. yucrciis alba,

39. Q. marrocarpa,

40. Q. rubra.

41. Q. velutina,

42. rimus anurirana,

43. r. raoemosa,
•M. U. pufwsccns,

45. Magnolia acuminata,
4fi. LirifKlentiron tulipifcta,

47. Platanus occidcntalis,

48. Prunus strotina,

49. Acer macrophyllum,
.")(). .\. saccharum,

51. A. saccharinum,

52. A. rubruni,

53. A. negundo,

54. Tilia amoricana,

55. Fraxinus nigra,

56. F. americana,

llt-mlock

V\tsUTn llrnilock.

hl.uk il.nilM,k.

Dongias lit

Lnvi'lv Fir.

I.dwi.ind Fir.

Balsam Fir.

Alpine I'ir.

ArlM>r\itaf.

(iiant ArlMtrvitae.

Yi'llow Cedar.

Biittcrnui.

Black W.iliuii.

Biiicrnui lli(k ry.

Shagbark Hickory.

As|H'n.

l.argt't(K)tli .-Xspt-n.

Balm 'if (iiltad.

Black Cot ton wood.
Common CottonwvxKl

PajHT Birch.
X illow Birch.

Beech.
Chestnut.
White Oak.
Bur Oak.
k((l Oak.
Black Oak.
White Kim.
Cork Kim.
Slip|)ery Kim.
Cucumber Tree.
Tulip Tree.
Sycanicrc.
Black Cherry.
Oregon Maple.
Sugar Maple.
Silver Maple.
Ro<l Maple.
Box Flder.
Basswofxl .
Black Ash.
W'hite Ash.

C.VMNOSPERMS OR "NAKED SEED" TREES
TREATED AS A CLASS.

Also called the needle-leaved trees, evergreens,
softwoods and conifers.

Size.-Include largest of all forms of life. The Sequoia, most
massne of a 1 trees, is exceeded in height only by the Eucalyptus of
Australia. Others, as the Douglas fir. sugar pine, Sitka spruce, western
red cedar, etc., of the Pacific forest, and the white pine of the Atlantic
are larger than the largest Angiosperms of America. Sizes range down
to the shrubby jumper and eastern yew.

Orowth.-Rate no more rapid but more persistent, as a whole, than
the angiosperms. e.g. white pine. Douglas fir. .As to life, the Sequoias
are the oldest forms of all life, with ages of :300() to 4000 years

Root System.- Shallower than angiosperms. Ranges from deeo
rooted pines to shallow rotHed spruces.

Bole.-Normally undivide.l. Taper ranges from conical cedars to
cylindrical white pines.

Crown -Monopodial, non-spreading. Pines, especially the white
have a temlency to spreading habit. Evergreen, except larches and
bald cypress of I .S.

Tolerance.- Very tolerant, except pines and larches.
nnH •? ~ '>• "^"'"•^^:"«''^"- Relatively light, soft, straight -grained,
and easily worked; ranging from the hard, heavy, strong Douglas fir
(and southern hard pmes) to the soft, light, and weaker white pine-
spruce aiul balsam. Durability greater than the angiosperms; ranging
from .edars and .> presses, most durable of all woods, to the perishable

Reproduction.- 1. Hy seed the rule. Mostly prolific; seeds
mature ,n one svason. except pines which rec,uire two and sometines
thne seasons. Seeds wmged and wind dispersed. 2. Bv coppice the
exception. R.| ..„od. shortleaf pine, and pitch pine are Zl^l
sp out. but only in tb. first (an.l possibly the second) is this of silvi-
cultural importance.

Range. -Tropics to Arctic Circle timber line, and sea-level to
mountain timber line. Chierty in the Temperate Zone. Optimum on
the moist and humid Pacific slopes of North America.

Climate.— Indicated by range.

Soil.-Inhabit poorer soils and are more .xerophytic than the
ang.osperms; range from the rather fastidious white pine and hemlock
to the plebeian jumpers and jack pine.

AmeW^r"**^'*''"'^^'"' "'""' ^^'■"^^^"•^"^ "'^"' '^^ angiosperms in

General.— Commercial importance far greater than the angio-
sperms because of the size, quality and quantity of the timl)er.

Circular 166 U.S.F.S. crwiits the conifers with 80%, or 20 hundred
billion feet out of 25 hundred billion feet board measure, estimated as the
total stumpage of the U.S. In Canada the proFx.rtion would be O.V; or
more. The conifers in the IT.S. in 1910 supplied 78' ; of the total cut of
oyer 40 billion feet board measure; and yellow pine, Douglas fir, white
pme and hemlock supplied over th.ee quarters of that 78';.

In Canada in 1912 the conifers furnished \r.i< [ of the total cut of
approximately four and a half billion; and spruce, white pine. Douglas
fir and hemlock supplied over 86% of the conifers. The average mill
prices ranged from .S13.62 per thousand feet board measure for balsam
fir to 1520.98 for white pine. Only in balsam fir does Canada's cut
exceed that of the United Stales.

PINTS, Tiiii Pinks.

Size.— The white pine (P. strobus) is the largest of the eastern forest
trees of Canada.

Root System.— DeeiK-r rof)ted than most i onifers.

Crown.— Tends to spread, especially in the white pines.

Tolerance.— Intolerant. P. strobus and P. monti.-ola arc moder-
ately tolerant.

Range. -.As a genus the pines have a wi.ier ninge and cover a
greater area than any other important forest genus in the world Of
the 70 known species about one-half are found in .America. In Canada
they do not extend as far north as the spruces, larches and firs, but farther
than the other conifers.

Soil.— Xerophytic in Canada, and as a wii(,!e, except P. strobus
and P. monticola, which are sometimes mesophytic.

Association.— More gregarious than other conifers of America
but .second to the spruces in this respect in Canada.

General.— Commercial importance greater than that of anv other
genus because of the high qualities and enormous fiuantities of its woods.

In the U.S. the pines are estimated to comprise about one-third of
the total stumpage of 25 hundred billion feet board measure They
formed 48% of the total cut of approximately 40 i)illi„n feet board meas-
ure in 1910. In Canada in 1912 they formed 24.7% of the total lumber
cut of appro.ximately 4.5 billion feet board measure, the average mill
price varymg from $14.55 for jack pine to S20.98 for white pine.

PI Nils STROBUS, L.
White Pine. Weymouth Pine. Northern Pine.
Si«e.--ir)0 ft. by 3 to 0 ft.

Orowth.-Rapicl and long su.stained up to 300 vears. Minnesota
stuches of 87G4 trees showed growths of 10 inches in 87 years and ^
inches HI 1/f, years. Life, 300 to 400 years.
Root System.— Heart.
Crown.— M(Klerately spreading.

. ''°/«f»"f«---f'-^^e'« all other pines. After 50 vears the crown
demands full hght. Clears its branches slowly

cU.raJJ^t;^l"^'^- ""''• '"' ''-'' ^■-'''■' "- --^= ^^^^^y
Reproduction. -Seed production moderately prolific; seed years

leedTf'.M -'T '''" ''^" f ''• '^'""^^^ '" ■»"-= ™"- mature and
seeds fall dunng first part of September of the sc>cond season. 1 bushel

36 oirseed TTv 'f T' = ' '""'' "^■'^'■"^^" -'2 ^^^^^ ■' ' P"""d averages
3b,000 seeds Seed hght; large wing. Germination percent 65 to 85-
remams ^•,able up to 5 years. Seedling fairly frost hardy; liable to
dampmg off. ^

Range.-Medium in extent. Eastern Canada, chiefly south of the
height of land, the northern states and south along the Appalachians
reachmg altitudes up to 2000 feet. It finds its optimum'' the lake
states and Ontario.

Soil.-Ranges from dry sands to moist river bottoms. More
exacting as to soil moisture than any other of our pines

Association.-()ccurs singly in mixture with hardwoods- oc-
casionally ,n pure stands or mi.xed with red pine on the sandier soils

Ueneral. -In ( anada ranks second after sjiruce, forming 21^^^ of
the total cu, of 1012. With average mill value of .«20.98 it is the higSes
Ztu ";\7"f^'7- 'The estimated total stuiupage in America is
100 b.ll.on feet board measure; in Ontario 12 billion feet; in Quebec 8
billion. Ontario supplies 82- of the Canadian cut of 0.9 billion feet

'" '^%^ "i;^^l ^;ates, white and red pine together are estimated at
•billion feet board measure, or 3% of the total stumpage. In the
1910 lumber cut it stood fourth with about 8% of the total!

PINUS MONTICOLA. Dougl.
Western White Pine.

f ^on'''^o" ''"; "f".™""^ '■» '^^ ^■'■^^Rc^ f^om 100 to 130 feet in height and
from 20 to 30 inches in diameter.

Growth.-It is in general a slow growing tree during youth of
rapid uurease ,n height growth from lOlh to 4nth year, and in'diameter

8

% msM.^^ms:^^^!^mkmw?^mx

200 to .iOO years ,.l,|. :i4 trees in t!,e Lake Slocan re^i.... ( M.C.) ^rew 10
inches in (iS years and 20 inches in 110 vears. !„ nor.lurn i.lah., it
grows to 12 inclies in 100 \ears.

Root System. Kairly deei) heart root.

Bol". Cyliiulrical.

Crown. In dense stand the crown is conical willi short widely
spaced i)ranchcs. In poorer and more open situations the tree is shorter
and more spreading.

Tolerance. Intolerant of heavy shade throujrhoiu its life It is
however, more tolerant than the westirn larch. Douglas fir, etc. and less
tolerant than western hemlock, Kngelmann spruce, etc.. It is more
tolerant in its earlier stages than in later life. Prunes well.

Wood.-Similai to white pine; 24 pounds.

Reproduction. -Seed years every 4 to 6 vears. l,ut some each
year after the age of 40 to 60 years; not prolific. C.nes ma. ..re at end
of second summer, about September first, and shed seed soon after
Seed winged, light, fair sized. Germination medium, .50 .,. 70'^
Germinates poorly on heavy humus. Prefers fresh mineral soil. Seed-
lings recpiire broken shade during first year.

Range.— It is distributed through the forests of tin- northwestern
mountains from the west slopes of the Gontinental Divide- in southern
British Columbia and northern Montana to \ancouver Island and
through the mountain ranges of Washington. Oregon and California
It is most abundant and attains the best development in northern Idaho
Altitude, sea-level in southern B.C. to 11.000 feet in southern
( alifornia.

Climate.— Wide range. Temperature e.Mremes -30° and 100°
Pahr. .Annual precipitation varying from 60 inches to a minimum of
lo inches. In the northern Rockies and mountains of California the
snowfall is heavy and remains on the ground well into the summer In
the southern part of its range it is subject to long periods of summer
drought.

Soil.— Adapted to a variety of soils. Best growth on deej) porous
soils but most common on poor sandy soils.

_ Association.-It rarely forms 'pure stands but occurs as single
individuals or in small groups. In northern Idaho it often forms half of the
stand, with larch, giant cedar. Douglas, lowland an.l alpine firs, cotton-
wood and white birch as secoiular>-. In general its chief ass.xiations
are western hemlock, Douglas and white firs, and larch.

General.— Although not forming pure stands, nor reaching as large
sizes as many other western conifers, it is an imjiortant tree nexertheless
because it produces wood of excellent c,ualiiy, ami also grows with other

9

w^^mMmmsmi^^-^ :mm

speac-s whul, ore imp«,rtant commercially. The Canadian cut for 1912
was over 15 million feet Ijoard measure, which is 1.7'- „f the total white
pme cut. Average mill value was $13.54 per thousand feet Ijoard
measure.

PINIJS RESINOSA, Ait.
Red Pine. Norway Pine.

Si«e.— 70 to 80 ft. by 2 to 3 ft.

Growth. --Rapid in youth. In general intermediate between
white p.ne and jack pine. Growth slow after 100 years. 190 trees
open and dominant stand, in Minnesota grew 10 inches in 40 years and
15 mches m 80 years. 228 trees in a crowded stand grew 10 inches in
70 years and I.t inches in 140 years.

Eoot System.— Heart with laterals.
Crown.— Broad irregular pyramid, open at maturity.
Tolerance.— Very intolerant throughout.
poundL^'***'"''"''"' """'' «t'0"ger than white pine; not durable; 32

Eeproduction.-Seed years every 3 or 4 years after the 25th; not
prolific. Flowers in May and June; cones mature in the fall of the next
season and shed the seed. Germination percent is high. Prefers
mineral seed bed. Seedlings stand litile shade; hardy.

Range.-Maritime provinces, southern Quebec and Ontario to the
valley of the VVinnipeg River; lake states to Massachusetts, and the
mountains of Pennsylvania.

Climate.— Average annual precipitation 25 to 45 inches Tem-
perature ranges from 1 10° to -59° Fahr.

Soil.-Light sandy loam and rocky ridges. Grows in more xero-
phytic situations than white pine.

Association.-Small groves usually mixed with other pines or
deciduous leaved trees, never forming large pure stands.

General.-Ranked sixth in Canadian lumber cut of 1912, with 142
million feet board measure, or 3.2% of the total. Average mill value was
»18.1(,. In I. S. returns It IS lumped with white pine. The U S Forest
Service recommen.ls as silvicultural treatment a shelter-wood 'system

a^ Cnk- "T T t" v' :""^ '"" ^'^^ ^° ^^^^-*-^-- '^-^ findings
at Pranks Bay. Lake N.pissing, the latter figure is too hi^h from a

hnancial viewpoint, because growth is very slow after the 75th to 100th
y G3r.

10

PINl'S PON DEROSA. Lawson.
Western Yellow Pine. Bull Pine.

SI«e.— Of western pines next to sugar pine in size. Average 125 to
140 ft. by 3 to 4 ft. Maximum 200 by 8 ft.

Orowth. Rate of growth is rapid and well sustained. .A study
of 4.5 trees in A-izon;. v;ave 10 inches for tHJ years, 15 inches for 1 10 years
anfl 20 inches for 173 years. Life is from 350 to .500 vears.

Roo; System. -Tap.

Bole.— Massive, straight trunked, cylindrical.

Crown. —Long, narrow, open ; branches huge and bent.

Tolerance.— Intolerant. Demands much light, especially in older
age. Stands thin out rapidly after 10 to 15 years of age. Mature trees
rarely closer than 30 feet. Crowns seldom touch.

Wood.— Rather light, fine grained, strong; 29 pounds.

Reproduction.— Seed production prolific; best after .50 yeirs old.
Good seed years every 3 to 5 years; some each year. Average 1 to 6
pounds of seed per tree. Cones mature early in August of the second
summer; seeds shed chiefly in September and finished by early winter.
Scattered .500 to 700 feet by the wind. Mature tree can seed \ acre in
seed year. Seed fairly large; winged. Germination natural sowing
50^; artificial planting 60 to 80%. Sewllings in the south require
shelter; in the north they grow in the open.

Range.— Northern Mexico and Lower California to southern
British Columbia (with var. scopulorum in the Rocky Mountain region).
Optimum, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana. Altitude in north.—
low foot-hills nearly at sea-level to 5000 feet; generally 1000 to 4000 feet;
in sfjuth. 1000 to 9000 feet ; generally 5000 to 8000 feet.

Climate.— Temperature -28' to 110° Fahr.; precipitation 10 to ,50
inches; humidity, low.

Soil.— Inhabits dry and moist slopes, tops, ridges and canyon
bottoms. Grows on all soils from glacial drift to clay; dry or well
drained; sandy or gravelly most characteristic. Requires little soil
moisture because of its very deep roots.

Association. — Occurs in pure extensive stands and in mixture with
conifers and broad leaves. In Washington and Oregon, pure (with
western larch and Douglas fir occasionally). In Sierras pure occasionally,
and with sugar pine, incense cedar, Douglas fir, white fir, red fir, Kellog
oak, and occasionally the big tree. In British Columbia with Douglas
fir and western larch.

General.— Commercial importance is very great. In Canada in
1912 it was eleventh in rank, with a cut of 54 million feet board measure,
or 1 .2% of the tot J lumber cut. Average mill price $10.30.

11

%!>£:» .^ ^

In the total stmnpaRO of the I .S. it ranks second oniv to Douglas
fir, and is estimated at 275 billion feet Ix.ard measure, or 1 v) of the total.
In mu it was sixth in rank and supplied nearly 4^, of the total lumlK-r
rut. For cross ties it was eighth in rank and supplied over :i% of the
tr)tal.

The silvicultural treatment recommended hv the VS. Forest
Service for both pure stands and nurture with Douglas fir and larch is
(1) natural repnKluction with seed tree o.- .,trii) cutting, and (2) artificial
reprcKluction by clear cutting and planting, or seed spot sowing.

PINTS COXTORTA. Loudon.
I.odgepole Pine.

-Very variable; averages .50 ft. by 10 in.; maximum 100 ft.

Size.

by .3 ft.

Growth.— Rate medium and only briefly sustained. 47 trees in
the Crow's Nest Pass, Alberta, grew to 8 inches in diameter in 40 years
and 10 inches in 6.5 years; in New Denver, B.C.. 36 trees took 70 and 94
years respectively.

Root System.— Tap.

Bole. — Little taper.

Crown. — Non-spreading.

Tolerance. — Intolerant throughout life.

Reproduction.— Production rf seed prolific; begins as early as
the fifth year and is annual. The cones ripen late in August or in
September; some open at once and shed seeds gradually; others not until
the thirteenth year. Cones open normally by drying out, not by fire.
Seed is small, winged and light. Germination percent medium; vitality
great. Best seed bed is exposed mineral soil after a fire.

Range.— From Alaskan coast to northern California and east to
the prairies, occurring on both slopes of the Rockv Mountains. Alti-
tudes from sea-level to 1 1,000 feet.

Climate.— Wide range; in general, dr\' and cold.

Soil.— Inhabits u .iplly medium and poor gravelly and sandy soils.
Requires less moisture dian Douglas fir and Engelmann spruce.

Association.— Usually occurs gregariously. Sometimes it forms
a mixture with Douglas fir and Engelmann spruce or both. Common in
reproduction after burns with poplars.

General.— The commercial imfwrtance in Canada is great from the
standpoint of local supply for mining timber, etc. B.C. in 1912 cut 3
milli(,n feet board measure: average price $14.94. In l^.S. loflgepole
pine is estimated at 90 billion feet board measure, or 3.6% of the total
stumpage.

12

I IN IS HANKSIANA. I. ami..
FINIJS DIVARICATA. Su<lw.
Jack Pine. Banksiaii I'inr. Scrub Pine, (irevl'ine.

A small tree, rarely over 70 feet in iieight l.y 10 inches in

Size.

diameter.

Growth. Rate very rapid in yoiniKer years, slow afterwards.
Sends out more than one set of whorls per year. Short lived; rarely
over 90 years. Stu<lies in Minnesota showed for 7t dominant trees on
good soil growths of H inches in :}1 years and 12 inches in 58 years; 1»1
dominant trees on p(M)r soil, 8 inches in 4") years, and 12 in hes in 82 years;
GO trees in an open stand, 8 inches in M) years and 12 inches in 'y'l years.'

Root System.— Very deep tap root with lateral roots spreading out
a short distance and then descending vertically.

Bole. — Medium tajK-r.

Crown.— Oi)en trees are very scrubby and limby. Small in a
dense stand.

Tolcrauce. —Less tolerant than red pine, white pine or any asso-
ciates. Its rapid growth allows it- to compete successfullv with other
species.

Wood.— Soft ; not strong or (lurai)le: :50 i)oiuids.

Rerroduction. -Seed jmiduction prolific and .mnual. Sometimes
begins to bear seed at an age of .■> years. Flowers in .Mav and June, and
cones mature in September. Some seeds are slie.l tiien bul most cones
open only after lire. Bare soil is the best seed bed, lea\ es and grass being
a hindrance.

Range. -F<"rom Xova Scotia nortliwest through the Thousand
Islands to Hudson Bay to Oeat Bear Lake, and south, i)ut not in the
Rockies. Southern limit— Maine, New Hampshire, Wrmont. New
York, Michigan to Manitoba. Best develoj.ment in northern Sas-
katchewan. Tree of lf)w altitudes.

Soil. —Coarse, dry, deep sands of Hat i)iains are the natural home.
Xerophytic. the deep root system allowing it to withstand drought.

Association. —Typically in i)ure stands after tire; also mixed with
red pine and scrubby oaks. On better soils found with white i)ine, aspen
and pai)er birch.

General.— Its use is chiefly local for ties, posts, etc. ("an.idian cut
1912, 28 million feet, or 0.9 of the total lumber cut; average mill price
S13.80. In cross ties it ranked first, supplying al)out .")..") million or Ut%
of the total at an average cost of 41 cents each The I'.S. Forest Service
recommended cutting in strips (.sometimes in groups). Discourage on
better soils.

13

■■'-•■^(aKSK-ftyf -X'-A-f-h-T'.fif^t^

r^ v.v .."s ^>*rtjici"j-'.

I-ARIX, Tlu- Larches.
Crown. l.»-;i\is <ltri(lu(nis.
Tolerance. Very intoliram.
Wood. -Hea\y, hard, «,ti(.n>{.

tree limit, and from sta-lcNcl to the moimiaii. timlnr line.
Soil.— Xerophytic.

Association. -Jn limite<l pure groups and so.itarv
General. -rhree of the nine known s,Kries .Kriir in i.oth the

mately 2c, „f ,he total ear of l»12; average mill price »1.^(K). In the

prict of Sl.i..J(): of cross tic-s they furnished over t^ve inillioi,. or over 3%.

I-ARIX LARICIXA, (Du Roi) Koch.

I-ARIX AMKRICAXA, Mi.hx.
Tai<-,.irack. Hackmatack.

I..irch.

Size.- Maximum 100 ft. I.y M) in. Av.raKe 70 ft. j.v 20 i-i
vm , ™ '^.'""'' "•"''■•• f^'vorrthle n,ncli,i.,„s .md fairlv jursistent.
1.J0 upian.l trc.es m Manitoi.a .rev ."i in.hc-s in :i.l vc.irs an.i S inches in
56 years: Si) muskeR trees in Manitoi.a ^n■^^ ."i incites in .iS ve-rs and 8
inrlu^ m \\h velars. C.reatest a^e prol.ahiv [.".tl t,, ISO vears "

Root System. Mn.ad and shallow.

Bole. Medium taper.

Crown. Small, pyramid..!, tine. hranchiuK: usuallv extending to the
base, u.uil the. 2..iii orliOth Near. '

Toierance. Intolerant, at no time enduriiiR heas v sh.ide

Wood. Hard, heavy, and elastic; ;Wi)c,unds

Reproduction. Proliln- seeder: heavv prockution everv 2 to 4
years Howcts in March and April: eones mature in fall or early winter
and shed the.r sec-d gradually. Sc-ed is minute and winded: low ger^
mmat.on percent: sitalitx mc-dium. Seedlings fairlv hardv TW
persist in a mixture with more toleraiu hut slower growing spc-cic-s of th'e
same age. ' '^ '" ""-

Range.-Transc-ontinental northern limit of tree growth, south to
PennsyKama Vest Virginia, Indiana, Illinois and Minnc-sota. Alti-
tudes generally low; never found on high steep slopes.

Climate. -Widest range of temperature of all American conifers-
precipitation ma>- he as low as 12 inches per year; withstands almos anv
conditions of humidity. aunusc an\

Soll.-No spcciai leciuirement. Physiologically xerophytic.

14

AMOCiaton. -Kroc|u.„tly in purr M.m.l.. tvpirallv ..,k,, ()„
bem-r .irauu.l s<„|s i, a>H.,nat.s wi.h n.l ..n.l wl.itf s„ru. .- ;,..,„1,„ k
balsam, balm of Cii.....!. a.,,.,,., |,i,.lu-., r,.! a,..l su^.n „m,.1.., a.ul
willows.

General. Ttu. r.S. Forest ^..rvi.v n..on,„u-...l, mananinu u.uUr
a ck-an rutting system, leaving groups of Mrong see.l in.s vvh.n .rown
in [)nre stands. *"

LARIX (K ( IDI.NTAI.IS, Nnti.
Western Larch. P iinara. k.

Size. Average si/e of mature timber ••(» to 11)0 fi, |,y |:{ j,. j,,
nortlurn Idaho it readies its I.esI development. 2(M) \,y J ft

Growth. -Lareh is a rather slow but ptTsisient grower |„ i,^
optimum Its best .levelopment in height growth o.rur. I.euv.vn h),h
and .iOth years, and its best diameter growth betu.v,, liOih ,,n.| .-,0,1,
• ears. He.ght growth culminates a, about (lO years, .m<l .ji.un.t, r i^n.wth
-I ^''"H't !«) ... 100 years. A studv of W tr.es a. Sunnui, i.,.k. H (
showed growths of .-, inches in 2!» ye.,rs. ,S inche> in .VJ v...,r., ,.n.| Id in.hes
in 82 years.

Root System. Deep liean roots.

BoU>. - Str.iight, sma'l tap. r. clear onc-h,,lf lo tu.,-tlnnK in |„re,|
Crown. N.irrow crown, short and coni.ai in the l,,rest, j.u, oh,.,,
reaching iiearK to the ground in ihe o|hii.

Tolerance. 'Vry intoler.m, ,' ,„ughou, it. ii|\, an.i i. ,„.,rc light
cicm.m.hng than yeilow pine. Mo.v toieram on ,noi>, ,l,an .,„ drs ,oiN
Wood. I.Ike Douglas tir. >irong, hard .uid mA] : 1(1 pounds
Reproduction. Seed prclucion v,.i-i.,|.|,. |„n normalh prolific
a^ imervals ol ,me to several ye.irs aftiT 10 in .".O vear-, ol.l. Co,,,., „„(,„
m August and in dry wealh.T shed seels rea.lih-. Se.ds uinged and
I.Rht; germination percent relativcK low .,s compared wi,l, i,s associates-
vitality high. Abuiulant moisture re<|uire<l lor germin,„ion. Fxposed'
mineral soil the most suitable seed bed.

Range. — Rather limited; southwestern British Columbia villev
of the ( olumbia River, northwestern M.mtana, nonlur., Maho W ,sh'

2000 t(, /OOO f,"e.. Optimum ,n northern Idaho and Montana.

Climate.— Wide range of temperature, ;}0° to 100^ Tahr „,fl an
annual precipitation of from 20 to .A) inches, with a m.Hlenitelv" heavy
snowfall. Rams frequent in spring and fall, but the summersare hot
and dry.

Soil.— Rather exacting in its soil moisture re.iuirements, but will
grow on dr\ mountain slopes.

15

Association. (Vcasionallv l.,r;n> pun- st.in.U, hu. iiMiallv is f-.iind
ass,Ki.,ud with .„lur siHTU-s. >,u h .,s i )„ukI.,s lir. wrsu-rn Ium.I.k k, white
|Miu'. m.mi arlMirviiac, laimlmam. ^priKc, ami lowlaii.l dr.

Oeneral. O,,.. of ilu- m..M valnal.lc. wMrri. (rws. C.HMi size
form, .k-ariuss. dural.ility and Mr.nnlli. Tin- cut for l!>12 was 03
milho,, Itrt at an avtraK.' .al.^ saliu- of >|:,.((.S p,.r ihou.an.l fret.

Should l,c Kr.iwri with toktani sp,, ics for soil protc. lion.

IM(i:.\, Thf Spru.vs.
Root System. Wry sh.iliow.

Tolerance, \ari.il.ly toK.ram. C.r.at al.ilitv to rcrover from
supprtssion.

Range. C.M.Ifr partx.f thf T.-mperatf Zom-, forming ihv Inilk .>f
thr n.Tthtrn .onift rous forest of .AnuTica. Moth whit.- and l.la.k spruce
txtfii I to till' noriJHrn tnv limit.

Association. M(,st Kri-Kari..us of Canadian Kt-neni. .\lso cxcurs
in .1 iviixiurc.

General, ■liurc are is sinri.-s altoK.-thor of which there arc 7 in
the I .S. an.l ., m Canad.i. In comnunial imiK,rt..n.-e, the spruces are
hrst ,n ( uK.d... In 1,.I2. tl-ey heade.l the Cana.lian lumU-r cu, with
•1-1 < ot the total; average mill price 81l.4() per thousand, Ouehec

'f 'Sl^^ f ' ' ■ 'r\ ^'''" '^'""^^^ ''"^ ^^' ' "f fl^i-- Of the pulp-woori total
o (w 2,1)0(1 cords thi spruces furnished Sl.ti'; fof which .'.K' ; was from
yiielHc); .iverane mill jjrice w.is 8(). 47 per cord.

Ill the Inited States. ii,e western spruces with tiO l.illio,, feet, and the
eastern spruces with .-,() billion feel, together fcjrm 4.4^:^ of the total
stuinpa^c.. In M.IO, they r.cnk.d seventh with a cut of approximately
1, iHl .on tcrt l-...nl n,c-asure, or :{..;'• of ,he total; a^•eraKe mill pric-e was
*(,...2 per thousand. Of ,he domestic- pulp-wood. spruces supplied
ahoutl m.lhon ccrdsor :{(iS- of ,he tot.d (domestic and imported spruces
form .)8' t of tlu- total).

IM(K.\ M.ARIAXA, Mill.
Black Spruc-e. Swamp Spruce.

Size. 20 to ;{(). or exvn !.0 feet in height : rarelv .i fc-et in diameter.

Urowth. (.ener.illy ver>- slow hut persistent. Life 200 years

•U trees ,n R.diuK Mountains in Manitoba grew .^ inches in 72 vears, and

S niclies HI 1 IS \-ears.

Root System. -Sh.illow.

Bole. C.eiv.Tally rapid taper .ind little clear.

Crown. --<);..,-,, irre.^u!.>r. conical crown wiih siiori pendulous
branches; twigs downy.

16

T»i!«?;.i:

Tolerance. Wry >ha.l.' .n.iuriiiv;: ,\,h: not , I, ,, vvi||

Wood. I.iul.i, sMli, .,<.! ^irui.n; i:k. IV.I spr.Mv: J -.un.|.

Reproduction. C.n.s maturr l.v tl... (iiM of Sj nilur ..,,.1 ,l„..l

• l.f ,.r. > w„hin ., I.U w.vks. S..,<l. „nall ami win, i, mrmiiuh..,,

IM-nvnt m...l,.im; si. alii v ^nat. (;..nniMa.,. h.M ,„. i is, Im.mu., a...i
nmi. ral M„is; .an ynm „m m.osh. ,■..■. S«.,.,||i„n> rr.|u„ .h.i.lr Inr ,hf
first I HO yi-ars.

lUnffe. l.al.r.i.L.r In Alaska. n„rllurn Alluria, laniml... .,„,!
S.-.sk.u.l..wan I., WiMOMMii .,,,.1 Mi.liinan lo ihr m.rih. ,M.rn si,,,,,-
iiorih to ilu- inc limit.

Soil. WVJI .iraiiu'd l«,ti,„„ l.iiujs and >ioiu l,.,rr.i.. ,.. ih.. „uril.
( ..mmonly a im- of swani|)s and nuiski->;. i„ ii- „„di ... .., t somiurn
raiiKi-.

Association. I., irKC l)uri' >iand> oft.
laniarack, lunilock. balsam, and li.ir(hvoo<i^

Oenercl. Its comnu'n i.il imiM)rtaiHi
small size.

•• aiifl St
'II (II arjMi.

\, uilli
of its

PFCKA RIMKNS, v

PICKA RIMRA, I
K(hI Spnicc.
Slse. -40 to 7.'i ft. In ]•> lo IS in. (».. .sion.ilK

•T |t«i ft i,\ ;{ i!.

m ^in. ,1 Scot ill

,.^h.»r ,r 'K ot .V>

mbf-- !) "IT wars.

Growth. -Rati' iiu'diiini Imt [K-rsisi. s 7!) i,
grew t\ inrhos in H7 years. ;md 12 iiK-li.s in I ,«i v, ,^
trees showed growths of (> inchi's in t»7 via* „mI I
Life 2(H) years.

Root System. -Tracing.

Bole. — Medium taper.

Crown.— \on-spreading.

Tolerance.- 'I .-ee is tolerant and dens not .

Wood.— Soft, not strong; ;12 pounds.

Reproduction A little seed is i)r(,du.vd .>erv r. l.ut heavy

seed years (xxur at irregular int.Tvals xarying, vs, ,tu- lo(ali.s. from
■i to 10 years. The rones riiHii and l.egin to dischai. seed at i! .nd of
September, and continue to shed seed throughout tlie wini : One
bushel of preen cones yields 1 7 S pounds of seed; oi,c i.o.n nl .ced
contains 120,000 grains. Tne germination percent i moderai. vit.ijity
IS medium. Prefers fresh mineral soil but will germ.n;:te on luiiuus or
moss.

Range.- Limited; Maritime Provinces of CaKa.!.!; south fn.n. !h<.
^.. Lawrence down the Appalachians to North Carolina. Optinuim in
Maiiie. Sea-Ie\el to 2000 feet.

17

' w •

Soil.— Rathtr tx.utinR an to moisture. Rich iHittoms to |Mior

»lo|K-S.

Allocution. It i» (n-«»i|H<l in nature. Tlit- aHWK-iatwl ii|>edw are
whitt" spru..-, hemlock, balsam, black uprurc, l)efch. yilUm birch, and
"u^ar maple.

0«n«ral. -Of great aimmerci^il importance. On Cana<lian Atlan-
tic M.a-lH)ar«l it is the chief lumlM>r tree.

PICEA CANADKNSIS. (Mill.) B.S.P.
White Spruce.

Site. -Maximum l(K) to l.'kJ ft. by A to 4 ft.; rarely over «() to 80
feet cast «)f the Rockies.

Orowth.— Medium but iH-rmstent. W trees in the RidinK M«.un-
tains, Manitoba, on |MK)r soils grew <» inches in 4» years, and 12 ini hes
in 88 years; 4« trees on kckkI soil grew 6 inches in 47 years and 12 inches
in 79 years. Life is 2.50 to MiO years.

Root System. -Shallow, tracing, easily transpli»nte<l.
Bol«.— Straight, stntioth, metlium taper, clear one-half to two-thirds.
Crown.— Broad-based open pyramids; long stout branches sweeping
out in graceful curves.

Tolerance.— Very shade enduring; dead limbs persist.
Wood.— Light, soft, not strong; valuable for construction; 25 pountis
Reproduction. Moderately prolific seeder with full st<d years
about K years apart in New Kngland. Flowers in April and May, anci
the cones mature an(i shed seed in September. Seed is small, light
winge<l; mfxlerate germination percent but persistent vitality. Prefers
fresh humus or mineral soil. Reprtxluces in its own shade, but poorly
on hartlwcMjd litter. Seedlings are very tolerant, more so than most of
its asstxiates.

Range.— Lalirador timhir line to Bering Strait; Rocky Mountains
to northern fringe of United States. Wry wide range of soil and climate.

Soil.— Shores of streams and lakes, and rocky slojjes of low hills.
Thrives on light sands, reciuiring better soils in the north (finely divided
but porous s(>ils). Mcsophytic.

Association.- Aspen, pa}xr hirch. balsam, eic. Forms compact
gro\es.

General.— Commercial importance is great. Spruces lead in the
Canad an lumber cut, and white spruce is the chief of the spruces.

18

PICK/. kn(;ki.ma.\m. Kuk.

KftKclmann Spruce.

AveraRO m to l(K) fi. by IJ ti> :i ft. Maximum l.V) ft. I.y

:ito4 ft.

Growth. Ratf iiKMlt-ratf hui iKTHisti-nt Its most rapiil lu-ijjht
KFowth oiTiirs iHiwtt'ii thf 2()th and 40th yi-ars. Its diamtttr Krowth
is most rapid alKUit tht- ')(>rh yi-ar. I, iff up lo .'>(¥) ytar^ or mori-.

Root System. Hori/ontal; soiiu-what d»-f|H.'r than that of Uh\hv-
pole |)ifU', l)ut still (\u'uv shallow, stidom ri-achinn a dft)th of more than
two feet.

Bole. Mo<krate ta|X'r; strai>{hi arid clear in dense stands.

Crown. -On its l»est siten Kn^elmann spruce is a tall symmetrical
tree. Its crown is narniw, compact, and spire-like, ant! except in the
closest stands, reaches almost to the ({round.

Tolerance. — Wry tolerant of shade, and will exceed alpine fir and
most of its other ass*K.-iates in this respect. (Ireat powers of reviving
after suppression. It usually forms close, dense stands in which all a^es
are present. Rather more tolerant in youth than later (m in old age.

Wood.— LiRht, soft, not strong, straight graine<l; 22 pounds.

Reproduction. — A prolific seed prtxlucer after the 2oth year,
with heavy seed years every three years. Cones mature in the latter
part of August, and shetl see<i by CX-tolier. Seeii. small, light, and
winged; germination percent high; vitality persistent, (ierminates best
in moist mineral soil, rarely in humus.

Range. — It extends from Yukcm and British Columbia to southern
Oregon and through the Rockies of British Columbia and Allwrta to
New Mexico and Arizona. It is also found in Montana, Idaho, and
Washington. Essentially a tree of high altitudes; in Canada running
from 2.500 to 6000 feet, and farther south is found as high as 12,000 feet.

Climate.— Wide range. Temperatures from 9.5° to -10° Fahr.
Annual average precipitation of over 25 inches largely in the form of
snow. Daily ran^'e of temperature is also high, especially in its upper
altitudinal range.

Soil. — Not very exacting as to soil provided there is iutVicient
moisture. Does not require such a degree of drainage as other species.
Attains its best development on the deep rich soils of gulches and river
valleys. With its shallow root system it can grow in wet soils.

Association. — Forms large pure stands and also grows in nuxture
with other species. Pure stands are more frequent in the south. Its
most common associates arc alpine fir and Douglas fir. This is es{>ecially
true for Montana and northern Idaho.

19

General.- The cut for 1!H2 was 75 million feet apfiroximatcly.
In ( anada its importaiuo is great as a source of supplv for the prairie
proMnces. The I'nited Statis Forest SerNice recommends a selection
system with clear cuttinR in strips as an alternative. Soil protection is
necess.iry because of the shallow root system.

PICKA SITCHKNSIS, (Bong.) Trautv. and Mayer.
Sitka Spruce. Tideland Spruce.

Size. -Largest of all spruces; average 100 ft. by 3 to 4 ft. Maximum
200 ft. by 10 to 1.-) ft.

Growth.- Rapid after f^rst few years (overtakes hemlock) and is
pi'rsistent. Age up to 800 years.

Root System. — Spreading and shallow.
Bole.- Tapering, swell-butted, branchy.
Crown.— Pyramidal, two-thirds of the stem. Fairly dense.
Tolerance.— Tolerant, but less so than the giant arborvitae and
the hemlocks. Very tolerant in youth but less so in later life. Forms
dense stands; competes with hemlock.

Wood.— Light, weak, soft, straight grained, clear.
Reproduction.— Prolific seetler with heavy seed years ever>' 2 to 3
years. Flowers in the spring; cones mature and shed seed in the early
fall. Seed small winged, wind-scattered; germination percent high;
vitality persistent. Seed beds wet soil, muck, moss, dufT, etc. Seed-
lings frost tender for the first few years only.

Range.— Pacific coast from northern California to the base of the
Alaskan peninsula, 1300 miles. Optimum, Puget Sound to middle
British Columbia. On the islands and coast inland it averages .50 miles
to tlie western slope coast mountains. Sea-level to 3000 feet. (5000
feet maximum in Alaska.) Farther north and west in Alaska than anv
other Pacific coast forest tree, and higher in Alaska and British Columbia
than in W.ishington or Oregon.

Climate.— Temperature chiefly mild and uniform (Japan Current)
and above zero, but 35° below zero in Alaska. Precipitation heavv, 20
inches in ( alifornia to 100 inches in Alaska. Humidity high.

Soil. Cenerally in moist coast alluvial and sandv bottoms and
moist sea facing slopes. Deficient moisture occasions stunted growth.
Association.-Pure forests, esf)eciallv in the north; also mixed
iowsts. chiefiy with Tsuga heterophylla (Alaska), also with redwood,
Ihuja phcata, Abies grandis, Chamaecvparis nootkatensis, Taxus.
Tsuga mertensiana. Alnus, Populus trichocarpa, Acer, and Salix.

General. --Commcrciil importance medium; w(jo(l good; growth
rapid; supply large and easily accessible. Clear cutting in strips re-
coiiMueiKJed.

20

TSUC;A. The Htmloik^.

Growth.— Slow l.ut FJersistcnt. Fairlv loiij; livid.

Poot. System.- Shallow.

ToUi'ance. — Very tolerant .

Range.— Middle Temperate Zone.

Soil.— Mesophytic.

Association.— Occurs sinjjK and in groups.

General.— There are 7 species of which 4 are in the United States,
and .3 in Canada. The hemlocks were fourth in the Canadian lumber cut
of 1912 with 7..5Sc of the total; average price .S13.4.5 per thousand feet
In pulpwood it ranked least and cheapest with 0.2 of the total, average
value .S.5.18 per cord. In the United States the hemlocks are estimated
at 175 billion feet or 7.1% (chiefly eastern hemlock) of the total lumber
cut, with an average mill price of $13.85. Of the domestic pulpwood
about 15% was hemlock. Of the 1,200.000 cords of tanbark 2/3 was
hemlock.

TSUGA CANADENSIS, (Linn.) Carr.
Kastern Hemlock. Hemlock Spruce. Spruce Pine.

Size.— Average 60 to 70 ft. by 2 ft. Maximum 130 ft. by 4 ft.

Growth.— Slow but persistent. 186 trees in Michigan grew 10
inches in 120 years, and 20 inches in 220 years. 124 trees in .\orth
Carolina made the same growth in 96 and 218 years respecti\el\-. Life
over 500 years.

Root System.— Heart.

Bole. — Often irregular; taper great.

Crown. — Spreading.

Tolerance. — Tolerant, especially the seedlings.

Reproduction.— Very prolific seeder with heavy seed vears at
frequent intervals. Cones mature by September and shed seetls rapidly
through September. Seeds small, light, winged; germination i)ercent
medium; vitality moderate. Germinates well on moist litter, decaying
logs, etc.

Range.— Eastern United States and Caniida. .Northern limit,
Nova Scotia to Quebec City to Lake Temiskaming to a point about 100
miles to the west of Sault Ste. Marie. Southern limit. Delaware to
Minnesota, south in the mountains. Optimum about IVnnsyKania.
Altitude, medium to low in the north and in the mountains to the Mjutlu

Soil.— Soil rich: two sites, moist and deep, and dry and shallow;
at its best on the moist and deep site. Mesophytic.

Association.— Rarely in pure stands; genenillv mixed with hard-
woods, spruce, and white pine.

21

Oeneral.—In Canada in 1912 the cut was 284 .nillion feet, averag-
ing Si:J.4() per thousand, and forming 85'; of the spruce cut. The stand
in I nited States estimated at To billion feet or ;i% of the total stumpage.

TSrCA HKTKROPHVLLA, (Raf.) Sarg.
Western Hemioi^^k. Alaska Pine.

Size.— Average 120 ft. by 2 ft. Maximum 2.50 ft. by 8 ft.

Growth.— Slow but persistent. In southern B.C. .30, 39 and 72
trees grew 10 inches in from 60 to 100 years, and 20 inches in from 108
to 160 years, the most rapid growth being on Vancouver Island. Life
up to .")00 years.

Root System.— Very shallow.

Bole.— Regular cylindrical; often buttressed base.

Crown. — Sprea''''ig.

Tolerance.— \eiy tolerant, especially seedlings; more tolerant
than an- of its associates except red cedar.

V J.— Much suiwrior to that of eastern hemlock; 32 pounds.

Reproduction.— A ver>- prolific seeder from the 30tii \ear with
hea\\- seed years at freciuent intervals. (\)nes mature l)v the end of
August, and shed seeds during September. Seed small, light, winged-
germination percent and vitality moderate, terminates well on moist
duff; less well on mineral soil. Seedlings very tolerant and grow under
parents.

Range.- Alaska to California, inland in southern B.C. and Idaho
and in the Cascades of Oregon and Washington. Optimum, moist too -<-'
of B.( ., Washington and Oregon. Altitude, sea-level up to 7000 feet

Climate.— Hea\y precipitation, high humiditv, and long growing
season. Humidity most important.

Soil.— Tlirives on any soil if there is abundant m(„Mure. Meso-
phytic.

Association.— In pure or mi.xed stands; in north with Sitka spruce-
conmionly with Douglas fir, western cedar and lowland fir. Also with
western white pine, western larch, Engelmann spruce, etc.

General.— Conmiercially important. The 1912 cut was oO million
feet worth $13.80 per thousand. In the United States, it is estimated
at 100 b.lhon feet or 4% of the total stumpage. It is verv subject to
disease, however, and as it .occurs generally with more valuable species
should not be favored in the management.

22

^<i-.-x vsmKS53^8SS»;

TSIJGA MKRTKNSIANA. (Hong.)

TSI'(;A I'ATTON'IANA. (JtHr.) Kng.
Mountain Hemlock. Black Hemlock.

Siae.— Average 25 to 60 ft. by 1 to 2 ft. Ma.ximum, 125 ft. by 3 ft .

Growth.— Slow but per.sistent. Trees 18 to 20 inches in diaineter
are 180 to 260 years old.

Boot System. — ^Shallow, tracing.

Bole. — Tapering; base often buttressed.

Crown.— Little rtsemblance to other hemlocks. .VarrowK p\ rami-
dal, generally extending nearly to the ground.

Tolerance.— Very tolerant, etjual to western hemlock and sur-
passing all its associates. Kven dense stands clear very slow!\-.

Wood.— Pale red, fine grained, soft, not strong; 32 pounds.
Lighter than western hemlock.

Reproduction.— Prolific seeder from the 2()tii year; some seed each
vear and frequently heavy seed years. Flowers in May; ones mature
and shed seed in September and October, and the cones ^all dining the
winter. Seed small, light, large winged; germination percent nudium;
vitality transient. Seed beds,— both mineral and humus soils suiialile;
seedlings stand much shade and jirefer some, but do not thri\" under the
dense shade of their parents.

Range.— I'aci fie coast moimtains of .Alaska southward through
the high Sierras of California and to northern Idahf) and .Montana.
Mainly at timber line, but in far north at sea-level.

Climate. - Severe alpine climate. Precipitation generally abun-
dant; transpiration generally rajjid.

Soil.— (".enerally inhabits loose, coarse, moist soils of mountains.
Association. —Occurs in limited pure stands and in mi.xture; in the
north with Sitka spruce, western hemlock and alpine fir; southwards at
high altitudes with white bark pine, al])ine fir, Lyall larch, and Kn-,>el-
mann spruce; in southern B.C. with yellow cedar, amabilis fir, and aljiine
fir.

General. -Its commercial importance is small as yet, l)ecause of -"-s
small size and inaccessibility. It may be valuable for pu'p in the futur

PSECDOTSUGA TAXI FOLIA, (Poir.) Briit.

PSEUDOTSCGA MUC^RONATA, (Raf.) Sudw.

Douglas Fir. Red Fir. Yellow Fir. Douglas Spruce.

Size.— Largest tree of Ainerica except the Sequoias. Coast average
]■^(^ ft, by 3 ft. Maximum 250 ft. by 10 ft. Mountain average, 100 ft
by 2 ft.

23

tnttT'

y

Growth.- -Rapid iiful persistent Southern Firitish Columbia
studies of 184. .")7I, 1'>U ami 141 trees showed that 10 inch trees were
Krowii in from 44 to m years, 20 incli in from 00 to 124 years, and 30 inch
in from l.J7 to 21.5 years. Life over .")00 years.

Root System.— Heart.

Bols.— Cyiindrical, straight, and clear for .')0 to 100 feet.

Crown.— Pyramidal when younjj; rounded and flattened when old.

Tolerance.— Mo< I e rate! y tolerant becoming less so with age. M(jre
tolerant than white and kxij^epole pine and less so than Kngelmann
spruce.

Wood.— Mtxlerateiy heavy; tine textured; hard, strong, and
durable; 29 pounds.

Reproduction. — .A prolific seeder with heavy seedings at intervals
of 3 or 4 years, (ones ripen early in August and shed seed in September
and October, (termination percent moderate and vitality persistent.
Germinates best on warm, moist mineral soil and also on intermixed
humus. On the coast reprcnluces best on burned over areas.

Raii^.}.— Western North America, from central British (^)Iumbia
southward to central California, to northwest Texas, southern New
Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico. In Canada from the eastern
foothills to the coast, north to lat. .").")°, Skecna River. Optimum, coast
of southern British Columbia. Sea-level to 6000 feet in British Colum-
bia.

Climate. — Widely variable with range Temperature generally
mild. Precipitation from less than 1.5 inches to over 100 inches. Humid-
ity \aries from dr\- interior to moist coast. Prefers north exposures
except at northern limit.

Soil. — Adapted to a wide range of soils. Avoids saturated, poorly
drained, heavy soils. Moisture conditions more important than the soil.

Association. — Often forms large pure forests, but generally is
associated with various other species of different habits; in Canada
chiefly with western hemlock, western red cedar, Sitka spruce, lowland
fir, western white pine, western larch, and lodgepole pint.

General.— Commercial importance very great. In the Canadian
cut of 1912, it ranked third with aboiu 20% of the total at 812..3.3 per
thousand (.Sl.i.4.") in 1910). It l)ids fair soon to oust white pine from
second place. In tlie Ciiited States. Douglas fir is estimated at .')25
billion feet or 21'; of the total stuini)age. This is nearly twice greater
than the next greatest single species fwestern yei.ow pine, 27.") billion),
and e(iuals the combined stumpiiiic of the southern hard pines C3."i0
billion), and the white and red -vne (7r» billion). It is greater than tlie

24

ronihined stands of all tlii.' harihvcxKls. In tlif lumber rut of I'.tlD it
ranked second only to the yellow j)ines, with a cut of 5.2 billion feet, or
1:J.0' ,' of the total. Average mill price ?|:{.(M». It also furnished o\er
11 5 million cross ties or over T ', of the toial. The tree is remarkably
free from disease.

ABIKS, The Firs.

Growth. -^Only mcKlerately long lived, up to 3.')0 years. .A.
nol)ilis and A. magnifica are longer lived.

Crown. — Very conical; dense and heavily foliaged.

Tolerance. — Very tolerant. (A. nobilis and A. magnifica are only
intermediate).

Reproduction. — Germination |)crcent low, 50'^,' or imder. and
vitality transient.

Range. — Cold and temperate regions; sea-leve! to mountain im'oer
line; in North America chiefly in Pacific forests.

Association. — Occurs generally in groups or singly in mixture.

General. — There are 2o species of which 9 are in the Inited States,
and 4 in Canada. In Canada in 1912, it was eighth in rank with 1 .8%
(at $13.62) of the total lumber cut ; and second only to spruce with 17 ■')%
(at .$6.40 {>er cord) of the total pulpwotxl cut ; spruce ami fir together
fu -■'">' QA or 999t of the total. In the Inited States, the western firs
are t ... d at HO billion feet or 2% of the total stumpage.

ABIES AMABILIS, (Loud.) Forb.
Amabilis Fir. Red Fir. Lovely Fir.

Size.— Average 7.') to 100 ft. by 18 to 30 in. Maximuin 200 ft. by
5 to 6 ft.

Growth. — Fairly rap'd, and is long sustained; most rapid in the
first 150 years; trees 16 t'; 24 inches in diameter are 175 to 230 years old.
More rapid than lowland fir. red cedar, hemlock or Kngelniann spruce;
slower than Douglas fir, Sitka spruce or western white pine. Life up to
400 years.

Root System. — Shallow and restricted.

Bole. — Straight and cylindrical on good sites.

Crown. — A long, spire-like pyramid, later becoming widely conical.

Tolerance. — Tolerant, more so than Douglas fir; less so than cedar
and hemlock. Ranks with lowland fir and hngelmann spruce.

Wood. Fine textured, soft, light, not durable; 24 pounds.

Reproduction. — A prolific seeder with heavy seed \ears every 2 to
3 years. Cones rijx'n in September of the same season anr) the si-efis fall

25

Climate. 1 ciii|» raturo Kcnirallv w,ii„|>li., o° |„ m' c.,i„ .
......an.... ..I.u,„h,,„. av„a,.o U inches-; l,„l„i,li,; ,„„,l°a,!. ^^ ""•

V ,rl,.7, ; ■."f""" f '" ■'""■"»«'■ •""! «'" nmisturc. Will „„„■ „„ ^

ABIES GRANDIS, Lindl.

Lowland Fir. Grand Fir. White Fir. Silver Fir.

^ ^^ Sixe.-Average 100 to 125 ft. by 2 ft. Maximum 200 to 250 ft. cy

up t.!^S;nf ■~''"^'""^'^' ^^'^'^ ^"^ '^ -" --ained. Life probably
wort?°°* '^»*«--^h^"- (I'S.F.S. Siivical Leaflets). Deep (Sud-

Bole.- -Straight, cylindrical.
C/OWn.-^R„un(l topped cone in old trees

o..r!,r,,,:;;;*ca,it:,,ia':,;::'^""' — M-ana,

Climate.- K<iiial,ii.: u-miKramrf down 1„ -30° Filir in ,1,.

26

Soil. —A trwof moist situations and will tii.ivf on iKK)r s..ils if tlu-rc
IS sutticienl moisture. Ci-nirally inlial)its ratlur i\vv\, soils.

Association. Rardy in pun- stands. Associates n.mmonlv with
UouKlas fir and isdomin.mt over red cedar, western henil(<ck. etc. '

General, of eeondary imj)ortance as it is cut ..niv incidehtaliy.
Most of Its associates are more vaiuai)le and are to l)e favored.

ABIKS BAI.SAMKA. (L.) Mill.
Balsam Kir. Balsam.

Siae.~~^AveraKes 25 to (iO ft. by 12 to 18 in. Maximum, 70 ft. by

M It.

Growth. -Rapid but briefly sustained. 28 trees in the Riding
Moimtains grew to o inches in .51 years, and 10 inches in 8f} years- 39
swamp trees near Halifax. \.S., grew .5 inches in 04 vears, and 10 inches
in 9.5 years.

Root System.— Shallow.

Bole. — Considerable taper.

Crown. — Conical.

Tolerance.— Very tolerar more so than most of its associates.

Wood. — Soft, weak, perishaole; 24 pounds.

Reproduction.-Very prolific with frequent heavy seed vears.
Flowers m May and June; cones ripen in September and shed seed rapidly.
Seeds are winged; germination percent high; vitality not persistent.
C^rminates on humus or mineral soil. Seedlings stand much shade.

Range.— Labrador to Great Bear Lake region, south to Pennsyl-
vania (and along the mountains to Virginia), Michigan and Minnesota.

Soil.— Inhabits wide range; is very adaptable: xerophytic.

Association. -Rarely in pure stands (Cape Breton Plateau);
generally in mixture with spruces, hemlocks and hardwoods, ^ommon
with poplar after burns.

General.— Commercial importance is small except from the stand-
point of Its prevalence. It supplies practicallv all of the total hr lumber
and pulpw.KKl in Canada. It is very liable to disease and early rot .

ABIES LASIOCARPA, (Hook.) Nutt.
Alpine Kir. Mountain Kir. Balsam.

Size. -.50 to 90 ft. by 10 to 24 in.

Growth.— Slow growth and is short lived; a%erages 14 inches in
140 years. Life 200 to 250 years.

ROO* System.— \'erv shallow and superficial ; often killed by ground

fires.

Bole. — Rapid taper.

27

... .he'Tncr'^'"'^""""""*^'' spire-shapo.1. KcuTalK reaching almost

Tolerance.--roleran. ; al,„ut the same as Kn^ehnann spruce

bo.i ""nfr^'^'V"'^'^''^^ ^'"■'' '-''''• '^^•"^">' -->■ "-- vears-
tarl> f..ll. Seeds lar^e ami uinKcl; «ern,i„ation precent hi^h- vit .1 tv
.rannept. C.ennina.es well .,„ duff .,r mineral soil ^ "-

Rsngre. -Alaska to southern Arizona ami \ew Mevirr, nn„ f
J^l' •;''- •■' ""• l'»'«<- ™». ... .h. R,.& r,. r he a ""

Climate. — Severe.
exactin^J^'a^ ?o"'' M ''''•'''''' ' ^T '"'""P^' ^" ^'' ^^"■"- ^--V "o"- Less

A3SOCiation.-(Xcurs in small pure stands at high altitudes and in

s;:e™:,r.,tt°"" "■"'""'- -""■ -'"- ---';»

General.- Commercial importance h small; may !)e used for nnin

THUJA, The Cedars or Arborvit.^.

Growth.— Slow but persistent.

Bole.— Very tapering; often swell butted.

Tolerance.— Very tolerant.

Wood.— Soft, light, weak, very durable.

Range.-Middle Temperate Zone of North America and Asia.

S0ll.-C;enerally inhabit wet places but can grow on dry soil

Association.-Commonly grouped in mixture.

<;...^®°?r*^"~T'''''''' '"■'' ■* ^P"''"''^" °^ ^'''■^h two are in both the United
States and Canada. Its commercialimportance is great. In Canadaln

Iwltlf '^"' ""'^- "^ '^' ^°^^' ^^'"^'^ -t of 1-57 billion

91 /c were cedar at an average mill price of .f2.00 per thousand. Of the

28

'" -^^•iT'nMiiiiriiTrrrrTiTT- ri^MnrMtiiiiiBri--"'ii'^Tir'°^-iii'i^iirim

I'»

Ut rh, OH. .(WM)|K,Ios. over !•()', wi-rr .•,..!.,r (rhiH'Masr.rn). at .... .v.T.irc
pruc- of .?l.(iO for ea.st.-rn ami $.UH) for udern ....|..r. ^^

In thf lniif.1 Stati-s in llllO thf ce.lars supplied :-

of the t.,ta! I,.ml.ercut. 1' ,'. avera^n- tnill pnVe .^l.", :,;}•

of the total shingle cut, 78' ; or over II) l,illi,„.

of the t<,tal tie cut, over o' ;, or over 7 million;

of the total ,x)le cut (aF>prox.), 0.3'X or 2.4 million.

conseoue,?,' ''' 7 '"'■ '"''^'"■' '" " ''"'^^ ""■ ^""^'"^ ''<'""^^- ''"'ts an.! a
not \et l)een KJentihed.

THIJA OCCIDKNTAI.IS, I..
Alx.rvitie. White Cedar. CviUir.
i.v .^^1;^'-'^'''''^' 2.5 to M ft. hy 1 to 2 ft. Ma.ximum .50 to (iO ft.
Growth. -Slow but persistent. Studies of nr> trees in Mirhi^-.n

years, and ) .nches ,n l.,4 and l.i7 years .espectivelv. In con.nist
30 trees .n Ontano showed growths of V, i„,hes in 115 vears ,,18
.nches ,n 18.5 years. Life is 2.50 to .300 years.

Root System. --Heart form.

Bole.— Rapidly tapering; swell Inuted.

Crown.— \on-spreading.

Tolerance.— W-ry tolerant.

Wood.— Soft, weak, brittle, very durable; 19 pounds.

Reproduction. -Prolifu- seeder with frequent see.l ^.ears. Flowers
ui May and June; cones mature in August and soo,. she.l seed. Seed Im
wm, are small; ,ornt,nation percent high; vitality transient. Org. ' i'
seed bed preferred. See.lli.igs stand dense shade. ^

R,v*'l''^^"7*'""?''''""'" ^'"''"'^ ^'^''' ^'"' ^"^"^«1^ "^'^"Iv to James
Bay. Low altitudes. Optimum, southern Cana.la and the lake satTs

gicalU°dnT^''"'"'"'' "'""'''■ ^''''" "■■ ''''' '■^^^"^= J^^'^'-^^'^' '>h>-«-'o-

Association.— G

etc.

regarious to grouped wi'' -^oruces, larch, balsam.

shin^e!^^""''"""""'*' -n-'ance is great for fx.i., p.,.,,. ..^s.

29

n^^^'wmmi^

THrjA IM.K ATA. 1).,,,.
C.i.ml ArlMirvil.r. UVsn-m Ritl (V.|ar,

SlM. Larmst ..f tlu- irdars; avcranc., KM) lo I.Vl i, |,^ .{ ., .
niaximiim 2(M)lt. hy loft. •

Growth Slow Inn iH-rsiMc-.u, Suulios ..f I7() rnoasna-nunt. „„
Vanr,.uv,T Islan.l, an.l U\ m.-asuremonis near l.ak.- Slo.a,. in MC
8h.mv.l urow.hs ,.l 10 indus in 70 ami 85 yrars; 20 in. hrs i„ 1 1.', an.l ITO
yt-ars; an.l :{0 uuhvs in ISO an.l 2:}5 yt-ars res|H-.tivdy. I.if... 800 years.

Root System. -Hiari.

Bole.— \.T\ rapidly tapfrinKan.! swell l)utti'.l.

Crown. I.,.nv.. irr.KuIar. o,x-n. o.niral. fr...,u..n.lv tw,. leaders
I sually v.Tv l.ran.hy and does no, .•|..,n well. Cn.wn ..fun ...vers i^,„'.
thirds of the stem.

Tolerance. -Wry loler.uu ; rank> wiiii weMerii li.inloek.
Wood. -Soli, brittle, no, strong;, very dural.le; 2:{ poun.ls.
Reproductio.-^. I'mlihe se..,ler with h.-avN ,....,1 ^..ars a, irre.ul .r
i.„..p.d>. ( on..s n.a-ur,. a, the end of Anunsi and sh..,l se..,|s ...on

Pfr.en, h,« , l,„, v„al.,y Irans.en, ; nfte.i ^..rn.inate in the fall Mois,
.<ri.a.nr and nnn.Tal seed l.eds suitable; .an ^row in heavy ,lufT. '

Range. I'aeifu- coast, norlh.rn Ctlifornia to Silk.,. Alask.i uu\

ejts,,o,lH....stslopeoftlH.Ro.-ki..s. Opntnum. nw.ist .oast of sotuluxn
nritish ( olii.abia.

Climate. In K.'neral favorable; (enip..ratiire down to :m° F-'ihr •
procipii.iiion varies from 20 ,o 100 inches.

Soil. ( lne,.y n.oist situations; thrives on a wi.ie r.u.Ke of soils if
sutticieiit moisture is i^resent.

Association. -Occurs sin^K an.l in sn.all ..roups wid, western
he.nlo..k Suka spru.e, lowlan.l an.l Douglas firs; with rLlwood an.l he. "
lock ,n (ahf.>rn,a. At higher elevations with pine, larch, an.l !•„ Jl-
maim spruce. *^

General.-Commer.iai imiM.rtance is ^reat because of hirRe suppiv
ease of w.>rk.ng. an.l .lurabili.y .,f w.kkI. It is the chief shiuKle tree in
Cana.la forming oxer half of the .-e.lars' total which is 91-;, of all shingle
materia . It also forms ..ver -J of the toral cedar lumber en,' which a ked
fifth in ( anada in 1912. In the l'nite.1 States this tree, with the incense

In 1907 It supplied 7 bilhon shingles or .ner li/o of the total.

30

« t

CHAMAKCVPARIS \(K)TK ATKNSIS, (|...„,h., S,,... 1,
V.llow (V,l..r. NVIlow Cypress. Si.ka Cvpr.ss. Alaska ( Apr.....

•!••.- Avi-raKf soft. I.y I to 2 It; n.aximun. I.'JO I. I,v .-,,., (i tt.

Growth. Sl„w In.. iHTsisfni, n.,uirin>{ -'(HI Nc-.,r, .,, pr.Hiu... ,.,w
ii|)l<):)(M)..rn(K)yiMrs. -'rx.!.!. |.,u-

Root System. Shallow.

.wo ?'i: I j^r ^"' ' '""' ""'^•"- ^•"'""> '•"•-'"«• --'"> - '-

.RTsif'T' ''"" ""■'"• """"''■• '"■""■''•■^ ■""' "•' ''■• ''■'" "'-'

Tolerance I. c-ss ,han h..m-o,k. ...lar, an,l .um,.I. Ii. (i^ |„u
Rr..a,.r ,ha„ „ol.lc hr. win... pin. or lar. h. ( H. a>ionaliv n,or.. .oi.T.n

j^nad. niKi.r ).;oo(| «on(hlion>.

Wood. Son.rwhat l.riul... ,|om. Krain..,!, v.tv .lurai.l..; ,pli,. ,„,|
works easily; 2!l pounds. '

Reproduction. No, fully known; «,„M| ..,..] x....r. o,v„si,.„ .|K..
>"•"; '""'"> ".<" ■''"■•"la", or proiif.... now..rsinApril;.on...,„.,n,n..n..|"
-a.,..r SC....I ,„ ...Hy lall of ,1.. sa.n.- v..a.-. S....! |i,h, ,.„, ,..,,.. ...J '
K.r:nn.a„on p..r.-..n, n.,«l..ra...; vi.aliu .ransi..,,,. Ui|| ..-mnn. o „
»l>.tl ..rnnn.Tal soil. S....,||i„,s hanlv . ( armina... in ,h„.K..

Range. Nortiu-rn ()r..«on ,o I'ri.u.- William Sonn.i \I.,sk ,
Optmunn. ,oas, an.l islan.ls of B.C. .....l .ou.h.rn .\l,.>k,.. Cm ,Hlv .o,':

firu^ .o wc., slopes m .In- Cas.a.L.s of ( .r..,on an.l Uaslnn„on ... 2...)0 ,
-oOOt.vt elevation: F}.C. an.l north. sr,,-level ,o .SIMM) fe.i .

Climate. -Temperature ,ool ,„ hHow .ero in the north- ore-
npuat.on 20 to 1,H) in.-hes frotn ( )r..Kon to .\|,.sk,.; hun.i,li,^ ,re.u. '

Soil. -Xe..,ls little soil hut n.ueh moisture. L.ke the Kiani ...lar
the soil is Hneriy moist, roeky or Krav .'lly.

Association. ^Oa-urs singly an.l in gr.nips; o.easi..n,illv fo ■
pure stamls un.ler fav.,ral,le om.lition.. M C .m.l south.T,, ' Ml
coa^t v..ith Sitka spru.v. re.l cedar. hemLn-k and ll:: ,:^ ^ j^

h.Kher .ovations t.. tin>ber line with Si.ka spru.e. heml.U. ja.- in '
lo.i«e,x,k^ pine, an.l amabilis fir. \VashinKt..n eo.ist wit!, low a ui ,i ". j
yew; at htghcr elevations in the Cast Ranges an.l C as.a.les wi 1 he
lock, l.>:lge,x.le pine. amabilis .ukI l.nvlan.l firs, !>ouH i fir ue r,. V
white pine, alpine fir. an.l Kngelmann spruce. '""'''

31

0«ner»l. W.w.l s..lual.l.. l,,,, ,|,, ,u,.,,K i. li.niu.l an.| ,1,.. m-e

a si... .rosuT. ., .s ,.U. .... u,p.r s|..,k. ,v,h- .uuI ...n...,i„u. ,,„i,.. i.,,....

sMhr. S,lv„„ ,ural .n-atnu-,,,. .....r.- v..lu..l.l.. ,h..„ ..nul.ili. hr ami

•h i. Klur all.tu.lo> UrmiM' u ur.m, t.K, .|,.ul> t., .nmiH-ir « i.h i,s |.,wer
asMKialt'H.

an(.|()sim;kms ok • ( ()vi:uki) sikd" thus

TKKATKI) AS .\ ( |.\SS.

Alsocallfd ihf l.r.M(l-ka\.-.l iivts. «li.i(lij(.us
trit> tnd hanlwiMHU.

8iM. In ^....u.ral i„f,.ri„r ,„ ,h,. Kymn.mfRTm.. Thr luli,, ir.riH
one ..f the larn.-st rfpn-Minalivis in \„rth Am.rica.

Growth. M.,r,- rapid, l.ut !.>. ,Hrsisti-m and .slu.rttT livfl than the

Root System. (u.n.r.ilK dr,,HT th..n nvmn..s,K.nns. RanKi-s
fr..in d.t p rooiid ...iks to shallow h.ird m.iplf '

Bole. Dividfd.

Crown. ( ;rncraliv spHMdinj;; ,h.,i.iu..us .xccpt in the south

Tolerance. I.os>toU.r..ni th.in iiuKvmn..sp,.rn,s. \'anVs fro.„ the
very Merant hard maj.k- and Ik-,., h to ,•„• intoUrant oaks an.l ashos

Wood. I h,- hardw.HKis ar,. r,l.,tiviiy heavit-r. hanier ami stronurr
tl'an . „■ soi.w.KKls. R.u,,.,- fron, soft, li^ht, w,.ak Imsswo-kI. ,K,plar
;""" '"I'P '" the heavy, hard, strong o.,ks an.l hickories. Durahili.v is
less than .he ny,nn„s,H-rn,s. Ranges from ,he .lurahle white oak to'the
p,Tisli,d)li popl.ir.

Reproduction. S,-,.,is ^em ndh Lir^.T ,.ml lu-avier w,an ,h<.se of
the Ky,nn„s,K.nns. Repr.Klmtion In .oppi,e >-ives them in n.anv ,-ases
.• Kr,at a,h antaRe ni F>re-emplinR the Kroimd after a fire. The al.ilitv to
roppue v..n,-s In.m the viRorously .-oppieinK lonu-live,! storks of oak ami
elu-stnut to ih.. we.ikK sproutinjj and short-iised storks of Inreh and

Range, (-ron, tin- tropics to th,- Ar,ti,- (•ir,le timber line, an.l from
s,a- ev. 1 tn ih,. mni.ntain timber lin,-. but in the latter .ase less .„mnu,n
al t u. .,pp,.r hn.its than the Rymnosperms. Optimum in Tropical to
S.n. , I, mperate Zones. De.i.luous forest proper. ..r)timum in the Ohio
ami lower Mississippi basins and in Japan.

Soil. Fnh.d.it better soils an,l are more mesoj)hvti.: than Rymnci-
s,H nus, ran^n,^ from the ex.ictinji sugar maple to the scrub oaks and

willows.

Association. ( knerally mixed individually or in groups. Mi.xture

much ni,,n complex fh;ni with ,i;> nmuspcrm.s.

I

32

'»

Oeneral ( unwn.nuIlN .h.s ..n- m„.l, i„f..r.„r ,.. „,. .^ ,„„o.
^ Km.. ,l,....«,. .,.,.,„ K i,. „„ _. .^.^ ,^^^, . . -

, t lu. .,,,.,1 . ui, ,lu. pn..-> r.m«i„« fn.n, .h|2 v., ,.., ..j,,..,,. ,„ ^., [

..r h,.k..rv. On. ari.. U-a.!. i., „... pn.lu. ,. f ..„ iMnhw .. I . ';.

lHnln0....lK..-,a,Hl,H.plar.H.(-..:,lu.rc.f.,rc.(,«.uari ..|( „...|.... ..l ,

MumpaK... lnMMn,lu.v|,.rni.h...l22',.,|,h..,..,al.„,. '"""""'

Jl (;i.A.\S ( IXKKKA. I..

l^uiifrniH.

Siie. I pi()(i()or7(»fi. i>y ;ni.

Orowth. Kat.- rapd. .•xr.r.liiin llial of walmil l'..rsi.i..„ c

Vir.mih incdiuni, iwaimii I i rMsHruo of

Root System. I" ip.

Bole. Sliort; niifliuni taptr.
Crown. Spnadinn.

" wJ!^*^?- ■'""'^•^•"" '" >"""•: i-'toUran, i„ Luct lif,.

Reproduct on. Onlv m.Kl.Ta.dy pr..|iru. Ik.,.,,,, . 1 .„ !

M-.o,.| y.ar. llovuTs in April a„.| ^r..v: ,„.,. rip..,. „ s. ,^ .^
(..•mmia,,..,, jH-ra.,,, Cm ,„ 7.-,; vi.ali.v six ,.„„„|,. „. ,. ,. .r ""^'"''"^■

v.ll r ';■"'"■" ''"'""' ^'•"'-' '•^"•'"li"« "P -hr S,. lawr..,,,-,.

r:";- .1- r'*' ^ .>p. i,. ;;;::,;;;;.

IsLaiiin'siV'''^'"""'--''''''^'^^^

Association. Solitary; assocalcs will, I,..,.,!, v..!i i- ,

maplos. dm. ami red spruce. ,Ho„,h., ' ''""^^ *'"■'''•

Oeneral.--Co,„m,.ni,.| i,npor,an,v is M,.all i„ (.„,.,.|... ,.,,|., ...
I'lll the supply isni-KliKihlf. •"'•"la, \.ilual)lf

Jl (d..\\S NICRA, I..

Hla(k Walnut.
^^^^Si«.-.Av..ra,..7..,o.K,„,l.v,.,,..H, Maxiuu.,.,. , U, f,. by 5
Growth. Rapid audl,.,,^ sustained

Root System. r.,p

Bole. Medium tapn.
Crown. -SpreadiiiK.

Tolerance. ^I ierant ; lauly lolrraut i„ ,.,,rlv lite

Wood. - Heavv . hard. st,„nK, .lural,!,.; .SS pouu.is.

33

W^'

ik t

Reproduction.- M.Kieratcly prolific, soeding cvirv other Near
Mowers in AF)nl and May, and ripens about October. Seed 20 nut.' to i
pound; j;ermination percent 70 to OO; vitality six months to a vear I ike
all nut trees much fruit is devoured by animals.

Range. — Xew KuKland to Minnesota and south to Texas In
( anada only ,n southern Ontario. Optimum in southern Ohio basin.

Soil. Inhabits rich bottom lands. Mes.-,., ..,v.

Association.-Soliiary or in groups v. /, iu.koric-,. . .ks. maples
etc , ,n river bottoms; oaks and chestnuts i, the lu.Aintain ,.f Carolinas
and I ennessee.

General. Commercial importance is verv sm.ii. .n Canada as the
supply ,s practically exhausted. Valuable however for planting because
ot rajMd growth on good soil and high quality of wood.

HICORIA MINIMA, Britt.

CARVA (ORDIFORMIS. (Wang.) K.Koch.

("ARYA AMARA. \utt.
Hiiternul Hickor\-.

Size. Average ,-,0 to 7.-i ft. by 12 to IS inches. Maximum 100 ft
by .i ft .

Growth. Medium: most rapid growing of the hickories.

Root System, lap.

Crown. Large witii >preading limbs.

Tolerance. Tolerant.

Wood. -\\.r%' liard, tough, strong, antl close grained.

Reproduction. ModerateK prolific. Flowers in Mav and [mu-
nuts npen m September and ( )clober. termination percent me.lit.m and'
vitality small.

Range. Southern Maine, southwestern (Juebec, .southern Ontario
west to soul hern Minnesota; the south to east half of the Tnited States'
Optimum m the bottom lands of the lower Ohio basin. Altitude low-
under 2000 feet.

Soil. -Inhabits go(Kl soils. Low wet woods near the borders of
streams and swamps or high rolling uplands remote from streams
Mesophydc.

Association. -Solitary with other hardwoods.

General. -Commercial importance is small because of small supply.

34

HKORfA OVATA, (Mill.) Firi.t.
CARVA OVATA. (Mill.) K. K„di.
Shanbark Hickory. Shdii.ark Hi. k„rN

rZ^H^^."- '""''■ """■"•'■ '""fih ami ek,Mic; .51 „„„n,ls

ye,.rf X° b'T'^ "'' """:"'• "^"'■''^' " '"• «■"" ™' «-» 2 to 3
>c.irs apart. Both a sprouter anc a soeder Flowor^ in \i„' i •

M.j:^;r^:,^r;;:;;:z:;;;,';::;::;;;:^;r'--"---

POPILIS TREMULOIDKS. Michx.
Trembling Aspen. Aspen. Asp.

Root System. -Tracing.

Bole.— Cylindrical; straight.

Crown.— Rounded, scanty.

Tolerance.— Very tolerant.

Wood.-Very soft, brittle, perishable; 26 pounds.

35

■Stfr/'

Reproduction. Wry pn.lili.- scc.li.; ,cr<ls an.uiailv fn.in (lu- 2()th
yc-ar. |}l„>M.n.s aii.l sheds Mr.l in spring aii.l c-arlv suiniiuT. C.erinina-
tiun pcTccm low ami vitality very transient Ci weeks). See<l very
"HMiUe lijjht. t.,fte<l; earrie.i l,.n« .listanees hv the wind. Exposed
mineral soil after a fire preferred as a ted bed.

Range. Widest of all American tries, and is exceeded onlv hv the
tumpean aspen; Labrador to .Alaska, and south to Mexico. Optimum
western margin of Atlantic forest north of the 49th parallel Sea-level
to 1 1,000 li. (south Kockies).

•.''.imate.-Aariahle; cool on the whole, since the zone rises as 't
extends south.

Soil.-Inhabits wide ranRe of soils but does well onlv on rather
fertile ones.

Association. -Occurs in pure stands with other poplars after fires-
balsam iKjplar, largetiKHh poplar, birches and spruces. It is nearly
alwa> s a transitory type, being supplanted by more tolerant species.

General.— Commercial imiiortance is small (pulp and e-celsior).
Very susceptible to fungous disc-ase. Its chief imi)ortance lies in its ready
seeding ol burned areas, which also explains its present abundance in
C anada.

I'OPl MS GRA.XDIOF.NTATA, Michx.
l.argetoothed Poplar.
Size.— Maximum (iO to 70 ft. by 2 ft. Average, W to 40 ft.

In Manit()i),i the average

JO \oars, and of 10 inch

Growth. Fairly rapid; not i)ersis*^
age of () inch trees was 4.3 years, of S inc
trees 89 years.

Root System. -Heart.

Bole.— Medium taper.

Crown.— Moderately spreading.

Tolerance. — Intolerant.

Wood.— Light brown with tiiin light sapwood ; 28 pounds.

Reproduction.— \-cr>- prolific with annual seed years. Flowers
in April, and seeds ripen as the leaves unfold. Seeds minute and dark
brown ; vitality very small. Prefers mineral soil. Seedlings hardy.

Range.— Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, southern Quebec, and
Ontario; south and west to central Kentucky and Tennessee. Grows
at lower elevations, borders of swamps and streams. Optimum, in
southern part of range.

Climate.— Temperature medium; precipitation medium; humidity
nieUium.

30

{Tm^; m^^fmm

Soil.- Hist on rich, moist, sandv loams in,l -.1
sterile soils ,ha„ aspen. Mesopintie "''"' '"""" "" "'''''

afte/t^r"°"-^''^"^^ ""^'■" ^^"" '--'•""^^ -.-" i" -..nK..u-,ion
Like?hrhul; i,''"' ''i"^"'"''''^-' f-"^ •-"^'•'i"K aspen in .lu- market

J'OPrHS BALSAM I KKK\. 1,.
Balsam Poplar. Balm of (iilead.

S«e.-:i() to 7o ft. by 1 to ;} ft. often 100 ft. high

Rnnrf ■;"""" '" -'""'= ''"^^" ^^"'^'^■" ^han most poplars.
Root System.-Heart to traeing.

Crown. Open and spreading.

Wood.— Light weight, soft, fine grained

and MTfh"'''°T r^""'^ '""■'""'^' '^^"^>' >•-■■• '•'•— i" April

J!!!r?r'^"'"'''' '^'^'^ ''"'"'^'^^' ""'^ *'^'a^>' precipitation,
soils "■"'• "''' '^"'^^' ^^^- ^--- in all except very wet

GeneraL-Of little commercial importance.

POPIILI'S TRICHOCARPA, Torrev & Gray.
Black Cottonw.KxJ. Balsam Cottonw.3od.

Size.— Isually less than 100 feet in height.
Growth.- Rapid in the optimum and long sustained
Root System.— Heart.
Crown.— Spreading.
Tolerance.— Intolerant.
Wood.— Like balsam poplar; 23 pounds
Reproduction.- Prolific annual seeder flowering in April and Mav

ce 'CdVed ""^ r '" -.• '"^ ^'^^"^^ ''- ^''^ Rer^ina^Ln^'r'
cent. -V"i bed .eproduction best on moist mineral soils.

37

■i

Ranje,— Coast ranges from southern Alaska to southern California,
also in northern Idaho an,| Montana. IVol...l,lv extends southward into
the interior of H.C. Cenerally a tree of low elevations.

Climate.— Optimum in great humiditv <ind precipitation.

Soil. Moist river bottoms. Mesophytie.

Associations. Limited forests of pure growth. Occurs in mix-
ture with various conifers.

General.— Of medium commercial importance in B.C.. where it is
largely used for pulp.

POPILCS DKLTOIDKS, Marsh.
Cottonwood.

Size.— Average 75 to 100 ft. by 2 ft Maximum 125 ft. by 5 ft.

Growth.— Rapid but only briefly sustained.

Root System.— Tap root with strong laterals.

Bole. — Short, medium taper.

Crown. — Moderately spreading.

Tolerance.— Intolerant.

Wood.— Light, weak, not durable; 24 pounds.

Reproduction.— Prolific annual seeder; flowers in April and May,
and sheds seeds in early summer. Seed small, light, tufted. Germina-
tion percent medium; vitality transient.

Range.— Quebec to southern Alberta, south to New Mexico and
Florida Low to medium altitudes.

Soil.— Inhabits light, well drained soils. Xerophytic to mesophytie.

Association.— Occurs individually and grouped with sycamore,
hackberry, aspen, box-elder, green ash. elms, and Balm of Gilead.

General.— Commercial importance very small in Canada. Adapted
to farmers' woodlots on account of its rapid growth and ability to
reproduce by suckers.

BETULA. The Birches.

Size.— Many are shrubs or small trees; a few are medium-sized
trc€s.

Growth.— Rapid but not persistent; short lived.
Tolerance.— Intolerant in Canada as a rule Betula lutea is
moderately tolerant.

Wood.— Fine texture, dense, quite heavy, hard, strong, perishable.

Reproduction.— Prolific seeders.; flower in spring before or with the
leaves. The aments mature and fall to pieces in late spring or early
summer. Seed very light and winged; germination percent medium-

38

-■*1»£.t A^:;

ipmiliiipi

I- Ki.nc.fly.us.LiJ;;-!':,-;;'"' -"-"--'v.' I- »

-in "!r^., j:';r I; ,::: ""■■ ■^'■"■"'- ^™- > , „.

a t „ hca I of ,l„. hard»™.l, „■ commcrcal importance. an,l ,l,c l.ulk

lurmeci z , ol the total lumber cut. It suDolied '^f/ ..f tK-. . . i i i
wood cut at a„ average ntill price of »16.36Tr lu^an^ "''' '"■'■

BETIJLA PAPYRIFERA, Marsh.
Paper Birch.
Size.— 50 to 100 ft. by 1 to 2 ft.
^.^^^Orowth-Rapid in early life, but only briefly sustained. Short

Root System.— Superficial.

Bole. — Short, medium taper.

Crown.— Medium spreading.

Tolerance.— Intolerant.

Wood.-Haid, strong, fairly tough, not durable; .37 pounds

branaceo.., .,„,., ,„„„„,,„„ per"! 'tL^ ulv't^rnT
Prefers bare mineral soil to humus as a seed b -ri ^^ r ''""^"*'

opening. K„...e. ,„ ApH, an., Ma,;?„„TlM.t';r "'"" ""

Ha„,p.,.-i/;::irMiv''^;L'':ifr" "--"'•^•-

mate. — Severe,
phytff"^''"'' '° •""'""= '"^'^^"-^ «°°^ -'• Xerophytic to meso-

over^'LTf "r-~''""''""^^ '^'^^'^'"'■"^^ '-S^'>' ^y fi- on-burned-
o^er areas. Its common associates are grcKannuH ->nd -r-,- 7

spruce, baKsam, >ellow birch, sugar maple, and beech ^-^'-^-

39

~-k, .;-

<^k ^■*^

General, of nicdium coinnTcrciiil imporfaiicc. On arrount of its
extn-nu- intok-ranc- i!if iliaii i uttiiiK >> Mvm must hv used. The object
shoulci l)e to iitili/c the present stand to the U-sl advantage, and at the
same time to havi> the forest in the best possible silvitulturai condition.

BKTl I..A lATKA. Michx. f.
Yellow Birch.

Size.- .Average 50 to 80 ft. bv 2 ft. Maximum 100 to 150 ft. by
4 ft.

Growth.— Medium rate and modeiateiy fiersistent.

Boot System.— Heart.

Bole. — Medium length and taper.

Crown. — Medium spread.

Tolerance.— Medium; most tolerant of birches.

Wood. — Hard, strong, tough, not durable; 41 pounds.

Reproduction. — Prolific seeder with annual seed years. Flowers
in May and June. Seeds light and winged ; germination percent medium;
vitality transient.

Range. — Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Massachusetts,
Pennsylvania, North Carolina and Wisconsin. Optimum, eastern
provinces of Canada and in northern New York and New Kngland.
Low to medium altitude.

Climate. — Medium to severe.

Soil. — (}ood to medium. Mesophytic. Likes a moist soil, but it
may be thin as on the high mountain slopes in the south.

Association.— C.rouped .

General.— Chief of Canadian hardwoods commerciallv.

FAGUS ATROPUNICEA, Sudw. FAGl'S GRAND! FOLL'K, Ehr.

FAGUS AMERICANA, Sweet. FAGUS FERRUGINEA, Ait.

Beech.

Size.— Usually 70 to 80 ft. by 1^ to 4 ft. Exceptionally 120 feet in
height.

Growth. — Slow, but long sustained.

Root System.— Heart.

Bole. — Medium length and taper.

Crown. — Spreading.

Tolerance.— Great.

Wood. — Hjavy, hard, strong, not durable; 42 f)ounds.

40

R.productiOIl. M„k.n„dy ,,r„lifi,. with full „.„| v.ar, „ i„.

r,r; ■ :lT,;;:" ''■"- ""- '""-■^' '- «- ■ < ^ • ■ .--.

Climate.— Mi'cii urn to severe.
Mescfr^nS'""^' "'" '" '""'' '"' P*"^'^'^^ '^^^■''- '"''■''• -^'" ''^--""J '"am.

Association.-Often forms nearl>- pure forests; also mix«i with
h:ir(l maple, oak and yellow l.irdi

ot UU. formmg 0.3^^^ of the total, with an average mill price of $1.5.45.

CASTAXEA DENTATA. Marsh.
Chestnut.

Size^W) to 80 ft. by 2 to 4 ft. Maximum 1(K. ft. hv ♦! ft
.nH "™^^--^''P'^' ami medium sustaincnl. Studies in Marvland
and Tennessee showed growths of 10 inches in 4.5 to .54 xears Ind 20
mch'^s in 1(W to 118 years. ^^

Root System.— Heart.

Bole. — Slight t.^per.

Crown. —Spreading.

Tolerance.— Rather intolerant.

Wood.-M(xlerately soft and strong; ver>- durable; 28 pounds

Reproduction.-Not very prolific. Flowers in June and J.ly

f om seed occurs, but it sprouts vigorously from the stumps and the
stumps have great vitality. ^ ^

.nH ^*°«^«-~^^^'"^ '" Ontario and Michigan, southward to Delaware

.CK.,*"""''"""'^""'"''' ■" '""'■ "•'""'" ""'' '"'""' ""''I' "'lii'f '•"d-
0«n<>ral.-ll is highly priced t„r i.mi, and |k,1« and for tannine

0 '""f 'he ■:;:;^'-'V'"',-«<-^ ■'" C'-<l» ■.. '»12 i. (orn,e.l ics.Z^

1 .n.n ; • "' "" "'"'«' ■"'" > 'I'"'' "' *22 2f, per thousand

ra!^;'ft ' °:;:rii:-ti':;;''^'™°'''"?''^"'""-"<'- "^'^

cedarforpole, „i,h ve ' 4 tlttl' '" "" """'■ """ *™"- '»

41

Ul'KRCrS, The Oaks.

Slae.— W-ry variable but nearly all are trees.

Growth. — Rather slow, but very persistent; very long live<l.

Root System. — Deep with very stnjng heart and tap nwts.

Bole. Many have massive, straight, cylindrical trunks.

Crown. -Most have ver\- large, powerful branches forming often
extremely wide but storm-firm crowns.

Tolerance. — Intolerant, but kk) much light causes water sprouts
on the bole.

Wood. Heavy, hard, very strong generally, and porous. In
general, the evergreen oaks are the stn-nj^cst, followed closely by the
white oaks, the black oaks being the we.ikest. \Vo(kI and bark both
contain much tannin, the precentage varying with the species.

Reproduction. — Seed prcMluction is not prolific; more or less
peri(xlic at intervals of 1 to '.i years. Flowers in the spring, and is wind
fertilized. With four exceptions the acorns of white oaks mature in one
season and those of the black oaks in two seasons. .Acorns are di.v
tributed by water and animals, large (juantities being eaten by the latter.
Germinate generally in the s|)ring. Seedlings devote early energy t)
prtKluction of a ver\- large and long tap root which enables them to
survive re[)eatcd ground tires and send up new shoots. By coppice the
oaks rei)r<)(iuce very vigoronsis and the stump'; have very persistent
vitality.

Range. World-wide from Tropical to Middle Temperate Zone and
optimum in the latter. In .Anurii a in the basins of the Ohio and Missis-
sippi rivers. Range from sea-level to nearly 1(),(KM) feet in elevation.
Climate. — ("old to tropical; temperate preferred.

Soil. — Cosmopolitan, inhabiting dry, sterile soils as well as moist,
fertile ones.

Association. — often gregarious in optimum; also singly and in
groups with other hardwoods and with conifers.

General. — About 300 species known; about rt'.i in the Inited States,
all trees except three or four. There are 8 species in Canada, 4 of them
restricted to the southwest peninsula of Ontario, and 1 to the south end
of Vancouver Island.

In commercial importance the oaks rank the highest of all American
hardv/o(Kls, because of their high technical qualities and great supplies.
In Canada the supply is nearly exhausted, large quantities being im-
ported from the United States. The Canadian commercial species are
the white, bur and red oaks, which in 1912 supplied 0.2% of the total
lumber cut and 2% of the hardwood cut at an average mill price of
$29.82 per thousand.

42

'VJMS3uifltliM

;

In the United States in 1()1(). tin y ranke.i thir.l in .he ..„al . ut ;,„.!
hrst in the har.lw.xnl ,nt with a i.r.Klu.lion ..f over 3" hilhon feet at m
average mill price of .«|«.7(i jn-r thousan.l. The> also fnrnishe.i over
68 million ties, or over 40% of the total. anH 2(i.-..(X)0 .m.I.s. or al.ont 7' '
of the total. '

UrKRCl'S ALBA. L.
White Oak.
Si«e.-()' lo 100 ft. by 2 to 4 ft.

Growth.— Rapid, but only medium sustained, (.rowth in Ten
nessc.e of i:{2 trees was 10 inches in 107 years. 1.^ inches in 1.52 ve.irs, and
20 inches in 1!»2 years. '

Root System.— Tap with strong side nM)ts.
Bole.— (ylindnVal.
Crown. — Spreadinjj.

Tolerance.— Intolerant : fairly tolerant in early life.

Wood.- -He;.vy, very hard, strong, tou^h. durable; 44 pounds.

Reproduction. -Not prolific; annual seed vers; flowers in Mav
and ripens in September and (Xtober. Seeds are edible ..corns of medium
vitality and medium germination percent.

. i.-.''*?*®'",^""^'''"'" ''^''""'' "• ^""thern guebec and Ontario, .south
to Honda, and west to Minnesota, Kansas and Texas.

Climate.— Mild.

Soil -Prefers a deep, rich, well drained soil, but grow., in more or
less scrubby form on light sandy soils.

Association.— Mixed with other hardwoods.
General.— Most vaL^able <jf the oaks.

yUERCUS MACROCARPA, Michx.
Mossycup Oak. Bur Oak.

Size.-Average SO to 90 ft. by 3 to 4 ft. Maximum 170 ft. by 7 ft.

Growth.— Fairly rapid, about the same as. white oak. Medium
persistence.

Root System.— Tdp.

Bole. — Medium taper.

Crown. — Spreading.

Tolerance.— Intolerant but less so than red or white oak.

Wood.— Heavy, hard, very strong, durable; 45 pounds.

43

Reproduction. Sct-.l yv.n> f.v.,ufni, an.i pn^liuiion pn.l
Howors HI May aiul Juiu', a.i.l aiornn fall in ScptiinlH-r aii<l ihuAm of
the same \iar. ( .erminatinn in-rcent Of) to 7.'); vitalilv six months to a
year.

E»nge.Manil..l.a to ■IVxa>. and oast to the Atlantic coast.
Uptiniuin. basin of the Mississippi Ri er.

Soil. Inhabits rich bottom lands usually in heavy soils, but is
quite adaptable.

ABBOClatlon. Solitary or >{rou|M'd in assrniation with white oak
baaswiMKl. cottonw.MKi, black walnut and the hickories.

General. Of very small imiKirtancc in Canada, because it is nearly
exhausted. It is the only oak in Manitoba.

giKRCl S Rl BRA, I..
Red Oak.

Siie.-AveraRe 70 to 9() ft. by 2 to 4 ft. Maximum 1.50 ft. by .') ft.

Orowth.-Most rapid of all oaks. Medium persistence. Rate
falls off after FA) years. :m trees in North Carolina (slope) grew 10
inches m 73 years. 18 inches in 1 IR years, and 28 inches in 205 years.

Root System.— Tap.

.'ole. — Medium taper.

Crown. — Sjireading.

Tolerance.— Intolerant, except in Ciirly youth.

Wood.— Heavy, hard, strong, coarse grained, moderately durable.

Reproduction d prcMluction abundant and frequent after the

30th year. Flowers in May and June; acorns ripen and fall in October
and November of the second summer. One bushel of seed acorns weighs
48 pounds and contains about 80.000. Germination percent GO to 70-
retams vitality for six months. Ou account of its strong tap root it
establishes itself readily on humus soils.

Range.— Nova Scotia west to Lake Su,x>rior, south to eastern
Kansas and nortliern (Georgia. Optimum, Ohio basin and north.
Soil.— Porous sandy to gravelly clays. Mesophytic.

Association.— Solitary or in groups with otiier oaks, basswood, elms,
chestnuts and hickories.

General.- Of small importance in Canada because the supply is

nearly .'xhaii'stcd.

44

'^ 'i^'-\^/mm!mmi,'Ma^'>sm9^s:^':''Tmtm\

"■3f'ftir<fc'-ill

Ul I.K( I S Vl.l.l TINA. I..,,,,.
HUk Oak.

Orowth I ..|...l..n.| v,>.or..us,„ v..M,l,l,„, -ho r,.,.. .,...„ .lin.inislu.s
24 ^to .JH >ear>, lU .„. lu. .„ ! , ,.. H-I y.ar., a.ul 1. i„. ,,.., i„ , I, ... li|

Boot System. SiifXTfuial.
Bole. Midi' ni i.iiHT.

Crown. Wido sprcidinn, roiindid

Tolerance, rmr.l.r.mi.
Wood. Iliavv, har.l. stumg. not touKii

Reproduction. ()„lv nuxlerately pn.lifu-. Fl.mcrs apnc .r c- ,rlv
>" ^'-'V- '-I 'lu- .rui,. a small a.„rn, .na.ur.s in the m- •. n. "r ( er

Range Main. ,,. western On.ari,,. s,n,th .„ FL.ri.la an.l T.xas

Mcs »;,;/• """ :'''"."'"' ^"'■'" '"'^^'''"^ """"- -i'-' "'-n r...i ,.ak.
iviisophN tic to xiTopin tic.

Association. (;ro„,H-.l with other hanlw.KKis

General. Of iittleiniportancc as it is ncarlvcxhaus.clin Canada.

11. MIS, The Kims.
Size. Sc\ iTal are larj^e trees.
Tolerance. -lojcrant.

Wood.- Fairly heavy, hard, stroi.K and clastic

Reproduction. -Flowers in spri.,, hdore the leases; the li.ht-
w."Ked irmt rtpens m the spring or early summer and ^ermina eJ That
-a-n. (.ernunation percent n,e,lium a„,l si.alitv rather transil^iu

\allc\. All arc trees of low elevations.

Soil.-From swamps to arid soils, 1„„ ,he timber trees inhabit rich
nujist soils, especially alonu streams. '

Association. Singly or in Rroups in mi.xlnre.

Oeneral.-Thcre are three species in Canada of which the Americ m
bus the most abun.lant and furnishes the bulk of the lumbe The

Ol' ofT- r T"^""'' ^"^"- '" ""^ ^''"' -"^-' '••^"^ and supplied

^d tL:li;: ^^^"-^^^ """ ""^^ "^ *^^^-^^- '^"^ ^'-^ -P^-^e elm

4.J

ll.Ml S AMKRK ANA. I..
VVhitf Kim. Amtriran lllm.

Bi»«. /M) ti. I Id ft. by 1 t,,H ft.

Growth. MiHliun, iind f.iirh iKTsihtt-nt. Siiidiis in Missimri
siKmt.l Kn.wihs <.l 10 i.ulus if '!(, vt-ars itxl l.-i inclu-s in 1(H) vt-ars

Root System. \U.r>

Crown. Sprt-adinn fan-likf.

Tolerance. Intolcram,

Wood. Hard, stroHK. fairly liiav y. IourIi. not durahle; M |M)undM.

Reproduction. -A prolific annual si'oder Howt-rinK in March and
April, and «ikI ri,H-ninK in May and June. Stt-d small. liKht, winged;
germination jjcrcent and vitality low.

Range. -From Newf.nmdiand to South Dakota and south through
western \ebra.ska to Texas. Prefers low situations.

Boll. Rich, well drained .soils. Mesophytic.

Association. -Crows sparingK' in mixture with oaks, ashes, syca-
mores, yellow jMiplars and other hardwcKxIs.

General. -Widely used where strong, tough, fibrous, but not durable
wofxl is riH|uired.

I'LMUS THOMASI. Sarg.

TLMl'S RACKM.ASI, Thomas.

Rfjck Kim. Cork Kim.

■iae.— Average 50 to 75 ft. by 2 ft. Maximum 100 ft. by 3 ft.
Growth.— Medium and fairly persistent.
Root System.— Heart.
Crown. — Spreading.
Tolerance.— Intolerant.

Wood. Heavy, hard, very strong and tough; the strongest of the
elms; 45 pounds.

Reproduction. -Flowers in April; germination percent and sre-d
vitality small.

Range.— PVorn Quebec through Ontario and New York to Michigan
and west to ^Nebraska.

Soil.— Dry, gravelly uplands, rocky slopes, low hcavv clay s<jils.
Xerophytic.

Association.— Solitary or mixed with maple, white and red oak, ash,
poplar, and basswood.

General.— Small use in Canada because it is nearly exhausted; used
for agricultural implements, trees, hubs, etc.

4()

, .-. ^Z J

tAff:..

I I.Mrs i»i'Hi:s( i:\s, u ,ii

' l-MI s I I l.\ \, Mi.liN
•>l'f»|H-rv I:Im. ,<,.,| ,,,,„

Siae. Avi-raKf W) t., TO t, Maximum l;{.-, Ii. I.iui.
Growth. Kapi.l l,i„ l.ri.lK Mistaimtl
Root System. Mian

Crown. Spreading

Tolerance, huokrant.

Wood. Fairlv luavv. hani, Mroru:, n..| ,lnra!.l. : |;{ p,,,,,,,!.

Reproduction, s.. ..,.. ...,„, ., ;,,,„.,. inu'rv.;;;'. .w,. u.

lorn >.ars M..w..,> ,„ Manh a.ul April an.l ripc-ns i„ Mav ami Fune
VrHsman, vvmKcd. li^h,: low vi.alitv an.l ^.rmi.la.i.m p..a...„, ^

«»nge. St. Lawm,,-,. valley thn-unh Omario „, \orih r),k.,ti
south t.. Kansas and Kloritla. I'.iKota.

Climate. -M«Klii„n.

Soil. -Rich and wdl draiiifd. .Mfs<)i)!ivtir

Association. --May l>e Rrown in pun- s.ands .nul with maple white

uenerai. ( ..mparativi-ly unimportant c-xropi for slack (•.M..H..ri^e
and furniture. Wry little in Cana<la. '"oiH-raRe

MAr.N'Of.IA .XCrMFX.ATA. I.,
("urumher Tree.
Size. Average 00 to [>() ft. hv 2 to 4 ft.
Growth. Rapid and nioderatelv persistent
Root System. -Heart.

Bole. Cylindrical.

Crown.- Spreading.

Tolerance. Intolerant.

Wood. -Soft, not strong, easily worke.l dike Tulip) • 29 ,K>unds

Reproduct on.-Fairlv prolific annual seede. 'fIo;". April

;;:::''u;iitrm;r ''"" ''' '- -- -^-•"= « -'•>- ---

the^A'^.fT "h'^"'""''"\',"V^"''" ''""'"'"'^' ""'>' '■" f"^"^"'^': ^'"'h along
Kenttteky." "" '" '''"'•""'• ^^""'""'" '" ^"-^ "^ ''-— and

Soil.-Low mountain slopes and rocky hanks of streams Inhahif«;
rather k,mkI .soils. Mesophvtie Inhabits

S*enerai*'°''v~r''rr' "''' •'^'^" hardw.Kxis: never pure stands.

47

i

It;

I.IRIODKNDRON Tll.IPIFKRA, I,.
^'ell<)w Poplar. Tulip. White Wood.

Siee. .XviniKo 100 to 125 ft. by .i to (i ft. Maximum l!tO ,t. by
10 ft. .Average clear length 70 feet.

Growth.— Rapid in early life, decreasing after 50 years. Often
lives over :?00 \ ears.

Root System.— Heart.

Bole. -Nearly cylindrical.

Crown. — Spreading. i

Tolerance. -Intolerant.

Wood. —^'ellow or brown with thin creamy white sapwood. Light,
soft, brittle, and easily worked; 35 pounds.

Reproduction.— Prolific annual seeder. Flowers in April and May,
and th .' seeds ripen and fall in the autumn. Young trees produce worth-
less seed. Seed is borne in a cone-like fruit 1 to 2 inches long; should be
collected in the fall. Ciermination percent 5 to 10; italit\ medium.
If planted in the spring they have a tendency to be in the ground a year
before germinating. Seedlings may endure considerable shade.

Range. — Southern Ontario and westward through northern In-
diana and Illinois, southward into Alabama and the other Gulf states as
far as northern Florida. Optimum, in south central part of its range.
Tree of medium altitudes; best develo|)ed in protected coves on the
northern and eastern slopes.

Climate.— Mild; small variaticm of temperature; humidity medium
to high.

Soil. — Demands a deep, fertile, well drained soil. Mesophytic.

Association. — Well adapted for planting in pure stands. It occurs
naturally either singly or in groups associated with chestnut, oak,
walnut, maples, hickories, black cherry, locust and beech.

General. — \'ery valuable wood but nearly exhausted in Canada.
In 1912 it supplied less than 0.1'^ of the total cut, and its average mill
price was S13.17 (SIJO.OO in 1910) per thousand. In the United States
in 1910 it ranked 10th with over 700 million feet or 1.8% of the total cut
at an average mill price of .1^24.71 per thousand.

PLATAN IS OCXTDFNTALIS, L.
Sycamore. Buttonwood.

Siae.— Average 100 ft. by 2 ft. Maximum 175 ft. by 9 ft.

Growth. — Medium but persistent.

Root System.— Heart.

Bole.— Slight taper.

Crown. — Spreading..

Tolerance. —Medium.

48

Wood.— Hani, heavy, fairly strong, not durable; 33 pounds.

Reproduction." Not prolific but see<is annually. Flowers in May;
fruit in spherical heads remains on the branches till spring; seed a nutlet.

Range.— Maine to southern Ontario to Nebraska and south to the
Gulf. Optimum in lower Ohio and Mississippi RIn er basins.

Soil.— Inhabits rather deep moist soils on stream borders, etc.

Association.— Mi.xcd with other hardwoods.

General. —Very small use in Canada i)ecause of the very restricted
supply.

I
t

I

I

f

i

PRUNITS SEROTINA, Khrh.
Black Cherry.

Size.- .Average 40 to 60 ft. Maximum 100 ft. high.
Growth.- Mtxlerately rapid and jx^rsistent grower, but a short
lived tree.

Root System. — Tap, with numerous surface roots.
Crown.— Has spreading habit to some extent; its sprays are slender
and pendulous.

Tolerance.— (an endure moderate shade.

Wood.— Moderately hard and strong, not dural)le, fine textured;
33 pounds.

Reproduction.— Annual seed years; seed vitality is maliurn and
germination percent fairly high. Seed distrii>uted by birds.

Range.— From Nova Scotia wastward through the Canadian
provinces to Port Arthur; south to Florida and west to North Dakota
and Texas. Rarely at high alliiudes.

Climate.— Mild.

Soil.— Re(iu ires a rich moist soil. Mesophytic.

Association.- -Occurs .singly and with other hardwonds.

General.— Heart wood used for furniture. Very little cut in Canada
owing to its scarcity.

ACKR. The Maples.

Size.— Small to medium sized trees; rarely 100 ft.

Growth. -Rate not rapid but persistent; moderately long-lived.

Tolerance.— Mostly tolerant.

Wood. Fine grained, dense; some is heavy, hard and strong.

Reproduction.— yuite prolific seeders; tiower in spring; insect
fertilized ; samaras ripen either in sjiring, when the seed soon falls and
germinates, or in late summer, when the .seed falls late in the autumn
or {lensists on the branches over winter and germinates in the spring.

49

hi

Ciermination percent medium to high; vitality of spring seed transient,
of autumn seed mtxlerately persistent.

Range.— Middle and north of Temperate Zone; sea-le\cl to GOOO feet.

Soil.— Inhabits a variety of soils from swamps to dry uplands but
requires rather moist rich soils to grow timber.

Association.— Gregarious and also in mixture with other hard-
wofxls and conifers.

General. — Of the 70 species known in the world, 13 occur in the
Tnited States (4 in Pacific region) and 0 in Canada (3 in Pacific region).
In Canada the maples rank second to birches in commercial importance,
and like the birches, the bulk of the cut is supplied by one species, sugar
maple. In 1!)12 maple formed 1.8'; of the total lumber cut and 25%
of the hardwootl cut at an average mill price of S18.<)1 per thousand.
In the United States in 1910 the maples ranked second to oak among the
hardwoods and eighth in the total lumber cut with over one billion feet
or 2..5% of the total at an average mill price of .S16.16.

ACER MACROPHYLLCM, Pursh.
Broad-leaf Maple. Oregon Maple. Big-leaf Maple.

Size.— \'aries xery greatly in different soils and situations, from 2.5
to 80 feet in height. Form varies also.

Growth.—Medium and moderately persistent. Grows 12 to 20
inches in 50 to 85 years.

Root System.— Heart.

Crown. — Sjireading.

Tolerance.— Tolerant.

Wood.— Fairly hard and strong; 30 pounds.

Reproduction.— Proiitic annual seeder. Flowers in June and
ripens in September and October. Germination percent medium;
vitality medium.

Range.— Coast of Alaska (south of lat. 55°), British Columbia,
Washington, Oregon and California (south as far as San Bernardino
Mountains). In B.C. it is confined to the islands and seaward side of the
coast range. Optimum, Puget Sound. Grows below 3000 feet in
southern British Columbia.

Climate.— Grows best where the humidity is high and the pre-
cipitation great.

Soil.— Moist, gravelly and rich humus soils. Mesophytic.

Association.— Grouped in nature; often found with California
laurel and lowland fir.

General.- -A timber tree of some importance in the Pacific region
where commercial hardwood is scarce.

50

■ ji ■.•«»» ;x.T'.t?itT*'ii.

ACKR SACCHARl'M, Marsi
Sugar Maple. Hard Maj .

Si«e.-Average 70 t„ 80 ft. by 2 to 3 ft. Ma.ximuni 125 ft. bv 5 ft.
Growth -Somewhat slow growing but persistent an.l long-iiNcl
Stud.es m M.ch.gan and New York showed gn.wths of 5 inches in 00 to
68 years; 10 inches m 1 10 to 122 years; and 18 inches in 203 vears.
Root System.— Shallow, tracing.
Bole.- Short and cylindrical.
Crown.— Spreading and dense.

Tolerance.-Very tolerant. Shade is advantageous to the growth
of seedlings.

. ■^OOd.-Heavy, strong, dense, and hard but not durable in contact
with the soil; 43 pounds.

Reproduction.-Fairh- prolific with full seed vears at interN ais of
J to .) years. V itality and germination percent medium.

Range.-Xewfoundland to Ceorgia extending westward to Mani-
toba. .Nebraska and Texas. A tree of medium to low altitudes.

Climate.— Temperature extremes within its range are -oO" to 10.")°
I-ahr.; precipitation varies from 25 to .55 inches as a mean annual.
1- ool, moist climate is most suitable.

Soil.— Cannot maintain itself on poor, dry soil. Mesophytic.

Association.-CieneralK grouped and associated with beech, bass-
wood, elms, hickories and oaks.

Oeneral.-Most valuable of maples; used for shade planting and
sugar producing as well as for lumber.

ACER SACCHARINl M, I..

SiKer Maple. Silver Leaf Maple. White Maple.

Size.-Average 70 to 90 ft. by 2 to 3 ft. Maximum 120 ft. by 5 ft.

Orowth.-\er>- rapid for the first .50 years but is not verv per-
sistent. Studies in .Nebraska (11 trees) showed growths of 6 inches in
19 years and 9 inches in 40 years.

Root System.— Heart.

Bole.— Cylindrical and of medium length for hardwoods.

Crown. — Medium spreading.

Tolerance.— Moderately tolerant, but less so on uplands.

Wood.— Hard, brittle, perishable; 32 pounds.

51

ifipssi.

'<i j«SBB^yr

Reproduction. -Prolific annual seeder. Flowers from February
to April, and ripens from May to June; vitality very transient and
germination percent low. Seed is large winged (samara) and dispersed
by the wind. Seedlings are hardy.

Range.— New Brunswick to southern Ontario and South Dakota,
southward to Florida and Missouri. Optimum in lower Ohio River
basin. Low to medium altitudes.

Climate.— Not adapted to vigorous climate; requires considerable
moisture and humidity.

Soil.— Best suited to deep, porous alluvial soil,— river bottoms;
often found in swamps. Mesophytic.

Association.— Mixed singly or in groups with sugar maple, beech
and other hardwoods.

General.- Small cut in Canada, the brittleness of the wood being
a serious drawback. The supply is limited.

ACER RUBRUM, L.
Red Maple.

Size.- Average 80 to 90 ft. !)y 2 to 3 ft. Ma.vimum 100 ft. by .3 to

4 ft.

Growth.- Rapid but briefly sustained. 25 trees in New York grew

5 inches in 34 years and 8 inches in 60 years. Life, 150 years.

Root System.— Heart.

Bole.— Short.

Crown. — Spreading.

Tolerance.— Tolerant.

Wood.— Hard, clastic and not strong; 38 pounds.

Reproduction.— Seed years are annual but it seeds more freely
every second >car. Flowers in March and April, ripening in the early
summer. Seed large and winged (samara).

Range.— p:astern America, Nova Scotia and Ontario to Georgia.
Optiiiuim in tiie river swamps of lower Ohio.

Soil. — Borders of streams and swamps; rarely on hillsides. A
scrubby form occupies semi-barren areas in Nova Scotia.

Association. — In general mi,\ed with other hardwoods.

General.— Of small commercial importance; neither valuable nor
plentiful in Canada.

52

aawT*.' ' ^ ^'»**

ACKR NKClA'DO, I,.
Manitoba Maple. B„x Kkler. Cut-leaved Maple.

SUe.-Average 40 to 60 ft. by 1 to 2 ft. Maximum 75 ft. bv .i ft

Orowth.— Rapid but not persistent: short-lived

Root System.— Tap.

Bole.— Short and usually cr<M)ked.

Crown.— Spreading and round.

Tolerance. — Intolerant.

Wood.— White, soft, and weak; 27 pounds

Reproduction. -Prolific annual sc-eder. Flowers in Mav and June
and ripens m the autumn. Ck-rmination percent 40 to 60; vitalitv low

Range.-Western Vermoi.t t.j western New Jersev and nonhern
Honda, westward to Ontario. Manitoba, South Dakota; Kansas. Texas
and Mexico. Optimum in lower Ohio basin.

SoU.-Wide variation; grows on the rocky slopes on the semi-arid
praines. Best reproduction both by coppice and by seed is found on
moist soils.

Association.— I'sually solitary; mixed with white elm. hackberr>',
silver maple and black walnut.

Oeneral.-Of small importance except for planting as wind-breaks.

TILIA AMERICANA. L.

Basswood. Linden. Whitewood.

Size.-Averagc 60 to 70 ft. by 2 ft. Maximum 125 ft. bv .3 to 4 ft.
Growth.- Fairly rapid and moderately persistent until old age.
Root System.— Heart.

Bole.— Usually medium length and cylindrical.
Crown. — Spreading.
Tolerance.— Moderately tolerant.

Wood.-Soft, quite tough, close grained. light brown or reddish in
colour; 25 pounds.

Reproduction.-Annual light seeder. Flowers in Mav and June
and fruit ripens in the autumn. Seed of medium vitalitv'. Seed dis-
persed by the wind for short distances. Sprouts vigorously from the
stump.

Range.-Western New Brunswick to the eastern shores of Lake
Superior to Manitoba, southward to Georgia and eastern Texas.

Climate. -Endures wide ranges of temperature and humidity-
requires considerable precipitation.

Soil.-Can endure a wet soil but will not thrive on a drv one
Mesophytic.

53

Association.— Occurs singly mixtti with other hardwtHKls.

Oeneral." Small supply, hut the wood is highly useful for interior
wo<xlw()rk, cabinet work. etc. In Canada in 1012 it ranked 12th with
1.29f of the total lumlwr cut at an average mill price of S17.71.

F RAX I NTS. The Ashes.

Size. — All except one are trees, and some are large.

Growth.— Mfxierately rapid and fairly f)ersistent.

Bole. — (ienerally straight and evenly tapered.

Crown.— (ienerally narrow and thinly foliaged.

Tolerance.- Intolerant.

Wood. — Straight grained, hard, strong and elastic.

Reproduction. — Moderately prolific. Flowers in the spring, gen-
erally l)efore the leaves; iruit ripens in the early autumn but often re-
mains on the tree for several weeks afterwards, and germinates in the
spring. Seed is winged ; germination percent low; vitality transient.

Rangre. South and middle of Temperate Zone ; optimum in Ohio basin.

Soil. — From wet, boggy swamps to poor, dry uplands. Most of the
timber ashes inhabit rather rich, moist soil.

Association.- Singly or in groups with other hardwoods.

General. — There are nearly 40 species known of which 16 are in the
United States (one a shrub in the Pacific region) ; and about 7 species in
Canada. Commercially the ashes are valuable both for timber and
planting. In Canada only the white and black are cut in quantities, the
former being the more important. The supply is very small. In 1912
they ranked sixth among the hardwoods, forming over 4% of the total
hardwood cut, at an average mill price of $20.68 per thousand.

FRAXINl'S NIGRA, Marsh.
Black Ash. Swamp Ash. Water Ash.

Size.— Average 60 to 80 ft. by 1 to l\ ft. Maximut.. 90 ft. by 2 ft.

Growth. — Slow grower; short-lived.

Root System.— Tap.

Bole. — Cylindrical and of medium length.

Crown. — Non-spreading.

Tolerance.— Intolerant.

Wood. — Dark brown with thin light sapwood; straight grained,
coarse texture, strong and moderately hard; 33 pounds.

54

Reproduction. ^No, pn.nfi.; ,,.., ,,,,, ,„,,,„^, _„

riiul '"""' ' ■■ ''"' ^'"''= «---ti.,n ,K.n.„, ,..., vitality

VI *";fir«- -.'^■"••thern li,„it. fmn, N\-wf„un(lla,..l thn.u^h Camclt to

Soil. Swamps and river (oursts. Hvdrophytic
^^^ Wiation. -0.-urs si.„iy or in groups n.ixe.l with other swa.np

not?;.^; j;:;: -"' -- - ^"-'^"•"- ^-PP-V --iet«l a.. WO.K.

FRAXIM S AMKRICANA, I..
White Asl .
Si«6.-Average 70 to 80 ft. by 3 ft. Maximum 100 ft. bv 4 ft
^st?m'^^'~^^"''" '■'''"' "■"^"■'' '''"" "'^'' hardwoods but not per-
Root Systtm.— Heart and tracing.
Bole.-Often free from branches for one-half its length.
Crown. — Spreading.
Tolerance.— Intolerant except in Vf.iith.

.rvTT'^r?'"''"'''' "*'"'"= '^"^' ^'^^''' ^"'"'•«^l >*apwood; straight

Reproduction.-.Xot prolific; seed years ever^■ three to five vears-
flowers m Apnl and May and ripens in October. ' The winged ied^
tZ;:;"^^-' '- ^^- ^'— ^^-uires conside^l^^li:!

souS-t:pS?K:^::^'v::r" ^^--'^ - ^''— -^^

Climate.-Adapted to a wide range of temperature and precipitation
but .n the southern part of its range with plenty of moisture post timber
may be grown in from 10 to 1.5 vears.

Mes^°";;i;'"'''''' '''"°" '^"'^ "^ '■'^"'' ^■^"'^>-^ -•' "P'-d ravines.

Association.-Occurs singly mixed with other hardwoods.

Oeneral.-It is the best of the ashes and has high economic value
on account of ,ts strength, elasticity and lair durability

i>5

-K^s'Mfi^eKv: \mgm^j

'.^^^^-

ABBRF VIATIONS AND SYMBOLS.

For all characteristics in general three classes are tlistiiiKuished by
numbers, as follows:

1,— Low, small, narrow, restricted, little.

2, — Medium, moderate.

3, — High, large, broad, extensive, great.

Siae—

1,— Small— 50 to 100 ft. high.
2,— Medium— 100 to 150 ft. high.
3, — Large — over 150 ft. high.

Growth—

Rapidity 1,— Slow. 2,— Medium. 3,— Rapid.

Life 1,— Short. 2,— Medium. 3,— Long.

Root System—

1,— Tracing 2,— Heart. 3,— Tap.

1,— Shallow. 2,— Medium. 3,— Deep.

Bole-
Taper 1.— Little. 2,— Medium. 3,— Great.

Crown —

1, — Monopodial. 2, — Medium. 3,— Spreading.

Tolerance—

1, — Intolerant. 2, — Medium. 3, — Tolerant.

Wood-
Strength 1,— Small, 2,— Medium. 3,— Great.

Weight 1,— Small. 2,— Medium. 3,— Great.

Durability 1,— Small. 2,— Medium. ''— Great.

Reproduction. —

Seed Production. .1,— Meagre. 2,— Medium. 3,— Prohfic.

Germination 1,— Low. 2,— Medium. 3,— High.

Vitality 1,— Low. 2,— Medium. 3,— High.

Seedlings 1,— Tender. 2,— Medium. 3,— Hardy.

56

I

AlZl' 'r' ;•-!*-'"'■»«'• 2.-M«lium. 3.-Kxte„sive.

^"""'''"'»' l.-Low. 2.-Mc<lium. S.-High.

Climate—

Tcmpc-rature 1,-Low. 2.-M«lium. S.-High

^'"■'P!?^''"" »--Liltle. 2.-M«lium. 3.-(]reat.

"""'"^'^y l.-Low. 2.-Mc(l.um. 3. - HiRh.

Soil -

1 -Xcrophytk. 2.-Mcsoph>tic. 3 .— Hydrophytic.
Occurrence —

1. -Solitary. 2.-C.roMpei\. 3.-Gregarious.
Commercial Importance

1,— Little. 2.-Mc(lium. 3.— Great.

How TO UsK the.Tahi.e.

Select the number of the tree desired in the horizontal row at the top
of the page. The relative silvical characteristics are in the vertical
column under that number. «= vciucai

57

TABLK OF SILVKAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MOST
IMPORTANT CANADIAN TREES.

Tree NiMHER - -123'v5«78 1)l0 1l

8i»« 2 2 1 3 1-2 113 111

Orowth—

Rapidity 322322 3 212 2

Life 3 3 1-2 3 1 1 2 3 3 3 3

Root System 2 2 2 2 3 3 12 11 l

Bole-
Taper 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2

Crown 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Tolerance 2 2 i i i i i i 3 .j ^

Wood-
Strength 22221 12 3 222

Weight 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1

Durability 22221 133222

Reproduction-
Seed Production. ... 2 2 1 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 2
Germination percent 22 3 323112 2

Vitality 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 3

S««edlings 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3

Range-
Geographical 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 1 3

Altitudinal 1-2 2 3 12 3 2 3 1-2 1 2 3 1 12 1-2

Climate-
Temperature 2 1-2 2 1-2 1-2 12 12 2 1 2 1-2

Precipitation 2 2-3 2 1-2 2 2 2 12 2 2 2

Humidity 2 1-2 212221222

Soil 2 12 11111112 2

Occurrence 2-3 2 2 3 3 3 2 1 2-3 2-3 3

Commercial
Importance 3 3 3 3 2 1 1 2-3 1 2-3 3

58

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TAHLK OF SII.VK \I. CHARACTKRISTICS -CW.„W.
THEKN.MnKR n 13 ,., ,5 ,„ ,7 ,s ,y ^

■*" 2 ^ ; ^ ; I ~~ ~

Orowth—

!*.f"'"y 2 :i 1 1 1 3 2 2 3

Life i -y .. „ ,, ^ ^ ^ «»

Root System i i 2 1 1 2 1 1 1

Bole

'^''^'' 2 2 2-3231,12

Crown 1 1 t 1 1 , -,

' ^ J 1 1 1-2 1 1 1

Tolerance 3 j 1 o .,

* ** 3 3 3 2 3 3 3

Wood -

Vv/"'*^;'' 2 2 2 2 2 3 111

'^"■■^''"''^V 2 2 12 2 2 111

Reproduction—

Seed Pnxluction ... 3 3 3 3 3 3 :j .,

(•ermination percent 332222 iT

^'''^''ity 3 3 2 2 ! •{ ?

^'^""'"KS 2 1 3 3 3 3 2 2 3

Range-

Geograpliical 2 2 2 ' •> ^ •> .,

^'^''"''•"^»' 3 I I 2 ,':j ;i I'o ,\, ,-^ ,^*^

Climate-
Temperature 12 2 1-2 2 1 '> o 2 •> 9

Precipitation 2 3 2 2-3 2 3 2'3 2 2"} ">

""'""^'^y 2 2 2 2-3 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 2

^^'^ 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Occurrence 2-3 23 2 2-3 2 2-3 2 2 2-3

Commercial

Importance 2 3 3 3 1 3 1 1-2 i_2

59

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TABI.K OF SILVICAL i'HARACTEMSTlCS-Conltnued.

Tree Nlmber 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

■*«• 1 1 2 I 1 I 1 I

Growth—

Rapidity 1 i i i j 3 2 2

I'ife 1 3 :i 3 2 8 2 ;i

Root 8yit«m 1 2 2 1 3 ;j ;} n

Bole —

'''•♦P^r 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3

Crown 1 1 I I ;{ .J , .^

Tolerance 3 3 3 3 1 1 2 3

Wood -

Strength 1 1 1 1 j .j 3 3

Weight 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3

Durability 1 3 3 3 2 2 2 2

Reproduction —

Seed Production ... 2 3 :, 1 2 2 2 2

Germination percent 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 3

Vitality Ill 12211

Seedlings 3 3 3 3 12 1-2 1-2 1-2

Range-
Geographical 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Altitudinal 3 1 1-2 23 1 i 2 1

Climate-
Temperature 1-2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Precipitation 2 2 2-3 2-3 2 2 2 2

Humidity 2 2 2-3 2-3 2 2 2 2

Soil 1 1 1-2 2 2 2 2 2

Occurrence 1-2 2-3 1-2 1-2 1-2 1 1 1

Commercial

Importance 1 2 3 1-2 1 1 1 1

29

1

3
1

2
2
1

1
1

3
1
1
3

3
1-3

1-2

2
2

1-2

2-3

60

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TABLE OF SILVICAI. ( HARA(TKRISTir«^6W,««.rf,
Trek Number 30^31 32 33 34 35 36 37

■lit 1 , T "T ~

Orowth—

!*.^P'^''>' a 3 3 3 3 2 13

life 1 ) 9 , , „ * ■*

RootSyitem 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2

Bol«-

'^^f^'^ 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 1

^"''^ a J "^ 2 2 2 3 3

'•<»^«'^«« 1 '1112 3 1

Wood—

^'^'Kf't 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 2

'^"■■a'x'iiy '' 1 I 1 1 1 3

Reproduction-
Seed Production . 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2
(jermmation percent 1 3 2 9 o . ,

Vitality • * 1 1 1 1

^*^^^"^''"K« •"* 3 2 2 3 3 3 1

Range—
Geographical 23233222

A't'tudinal 112 1-2 1-2 1 ] \

Climate-
Temperature 2 2 2 2 1-2 2 2 2

Precipitation 2 2 2 2 1-2 2 2 2

HumWity 2 2 2 2 1-2222

*°" 1-2 2 2 2 1-2 2.2 2

Occurrence 2-3 2 1-2 2 2- i- j i^^j 1.3

Commercial

Importance 1-2 1 2 1 1 3 i_2 }

38

3
2

1
3
1

3
3

2
2
2
2

2

1

2
2

2

2
2

61

TABLE OF SILVXAL CHARACTP:RISTICS— Co«/t««erf.
Tree Number 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46

Si«« 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 2

Growth-
Rapidity 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 3

Life 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 3

Soot System 33122222

Bole —

Taper 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1

Crown 33333333

Tolerance i i i i i i i i

Wood-
Strength 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1

Weight 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 1

Durability 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 i

Reproduction —

Seed Production 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 3

Germination percent 22111111

Vitality 2 2 1111 '1-2 2

Seedlings 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2-3

Range-
Geographical 2 2 2 2 2 2 1-2 2

Altitudinal 1 11-2 1 1 1 2 1-2

Climate-
Temperature 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Precipitation 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Humidity 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Soil , 2 2 1-222222

Occurrence 2 2 2 l i i i i

Commercial
Importance 1112 1111

47

2
3

1
3
2

2
3
1

2
1

2
2
2

2

1-2

62

TABLE OF SILVICAL CHARACTERISTICS-Co«/,««erf.
Tree Number 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55

^^« 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Growth—

Rapidity 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 1

Life 2 2 3 2 112 1

Boot System 3 2 l 2 2 3 2 3

Bole-
Taper 1^1112 11

^rowa. 2^323331

Tolerance 2 3 3 2 3 i 2 l

Wood-
Strength 2 2 3 2 2 1 1

Weight ? 2 3 2 2 1 1

Durability 1 1 1 1 1 1 12

Beproduction—

Seed Production 2 3 2 1 2 3 2 2

Germination percent 2 2 2 12 1 1

Vitality 2 2 2 12 12 2

Seedlings 2 2 3 3 2 3 2 1

Bulge—

Geographical 2 2 2 2 2 3 _ 2

Altitudinal l i i_2 i_2 11-2 1 1

Climftte—

Temperature 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Precipitation 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2

Humidity 23222222

*«" 2 2 2 2 2-3 1-2 2 3

Occurrence i i-2 21-2 11 1-2

Commercial

Importance 1 1 2 l 1 1 2 l

56

3
1

1-2

1
3
1

63

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