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MICTOCOI^ RESOIUTICN TIST CHART

lANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2)

^ APPLIED IIVMGE Inc

^^ 1653 Eosl Moin SIretl

S^Si Rochester, New >ork 14609 USA

^g (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone

^= (716) 288 - 5989 - Fax

OliHI^i

Circular No, jj

m

Pruning Trees for a
Cold Climate

Manitoba Agricultural College

Wioiipef , Cuada

■Jii

Published bjr the authorltjr af
Hon. Geo. Lawrence. Minister of Arrleulture and ImmKratlo.i

i

Iff

i-iqff

AORICULTURAL COLLEGE,

Winnipeg, Man.

October 23rd.

1914

Hon. George Lawrence '
Minister of Agriculture,
Winnipeg.

Sir:

This circular is a reprint of a paper delivered by Mr. D. W
Buchanan, late director, Buchanan Nurseries Co., St. Charle.s.
Man., before an Annual Meeting of the Manitoba Horticultural
and Forestry Association, at the Agricultural College. As it
contains much information of value to the farmers of Mani
toba I recommend its publication.

W. .1. BLACK,

President.

Pruning Trees for a Cold Climate

others wU, advoclt^JL?; uS Then^ZriVf"" ^"'J
many who thinir th^i- «* 1 ... ^nen tnere arc a good

of theyear S irk iVJo':;^ ^ifn ^"'^''"^'^ "* ^»'»* ««»««»
that the tlnie to pruL^s Whin the^^^^^^^ ^''^ «''^'"«

that It can be done anv Hmi v *u * '^ "'""'P' meaning
wisdom m saying that the Se to°*' **"'•' '' " «""^' ^^«' «'
-harp, for a good sh^V knf/. . *k ^TV ^*^*^" "'« ^^n''^ 1«

.one ..,;. . .fn,,:;r.;'r,e' »ur,sr.s?.? -jr;

butchpr nr, fhf^ir , ' ^ ■"** Shears and proceed to
rough Ldt*^h?"''^f'' ^'"^ ''^ wholesale fashion. Such
rough and tumble pruning Is usually more Injurious to th*
subject operated upon than otherwise' In our sevmcHmSe

y

Pruning Trees /or a Cold Climate.

Bwny apeclea and varieties of trees will not Htand liberal prun
Inc. With the apple, for inatance, pnirtinif must be dono with
irreat caro and never t«> <'\vvhh.

In order to luuiio intelllKcntiy, tlit- m** rator Hliould under
auud Honiething about the nature of piantH in general, and of
the varieties which he propoHCH to o|>eratc on in particular. If
toe docfi not know the why and when fori- of hi.s proposed prun
Jn», he had better put his impienient.s away and give the plant
the bv'nefit of the doubt. (Jreat harm is often done by indla-
•rlminatc pnininp by pcrHons wlio <!,) not iinderHtand the
habit and nuiuircincnt* of tlie plant they are operating upon.
Ornamental shrubs arc not infrequently prevented from bloom-
ing by mistakes in pruning. Different species of plants require
quite different treatment. The rose and the Hydrangea, which
bloom on the new growth of the cjirrcnt season, may and
xhould be cut back quite severely in the fall or early spring.
The cutting back while the plant is dormant, encourages a
Mtrong gmwth of new wood, upon which the bloom will be
produced. The Kame treatment with tlie lilac and many
tpireas would deprive the plant of all its blossom buds and no
bloom would be the result. The same principle applies to
pruning for fruit. Black currants produce fruit most abund-
antly on wood in the second and third season of itfi growth,
while red currants produce best on wood one year older. Know-
ledge of these facts as applied to the different plants, gives the
key to the proper pruning of the plants generally. With the
currant, for Instance, cut away the wood older than three y.-ars,
so as to provide for a continuous supply of wood <>: the best
fruiting age, for by cutting avay the wood that has passed its
day of usefulness, you make room for aaa encourage the "Growth
of new wood.By cutting away a little of the oldest wooa evw*
year, in the fall or early spring, you will always have nt-w wot«5
of fruiting age coming on to take its place.

The ap.iK I have said, should be pruned with great car#
and modera Jon in this climate. Severe pruning l.i very lial
to Injure, or perhaps destroy the trees. In our dry and sev«
climate, trees generbily will not stand as much pruning %
they would in a moist and mild climate. I have known evej.
our native maple to be badly damaged by reckless pruning. A
tree butcher, who had gained hip knowledge of pruning in a
soft and mild climate, would be a dangerous man to turn loose
with pruning implements In a Manitoba apple orchard. Might
almost as well give such a man an axe at once and let him start

Pnminu Tr^>-» lor a Cold Climalr

out with a Hl.arp knife. «r even nibho<l off with the hand

thP «?"" *!"" '*'*"*' '""'^^ "'•"•" '"-uninB thaw thr apr.le b. ^

n„if ^-^ '"" " '""" "'•' "«*'•»••'•' Where a u„den,.y to «Dllt -

noticed, no tune should be lost in bolting u„ the tr,J For Ih L

purpose an ordinary earrla.e bolt, with wa.horrrrmy leu^'

Now. in reKard to the best time to prune. I have said that

t sf^a^^^r ;^i^r'^ '""" t ^^ *^""^' -> »>"^onr;s

wni„h »K .^ ? '"' •"■'■ •■•"•tain eonditiou^ however

tZ. nr "'"*. ^ **""" '"*" "•■'^^"""t '" considcrinR ?he beai
nse. iHh '" ';'•"""■. ••""'"'^•"•inR the nuestion in a geneS
^ense. In the early spring the trees are full of sao Dasain.. , n

^y^lf^e'Jult^uU"" "" '''''''' '^' '^^ this ti^ sev" ?leeS:
S riJuUsin i '""" tr'"'' ^'•""^"« «* this season some
™^tf* K n L" *^'*"^' '^•^"'"'f '" »bout ^he wound or what
might be called a dying back. Later the s,.;, is ZrkeZvlX
the leaves and goes to the ca^nblum layer At this s^son thi
healing process is very rapid. Pruning done now whrZ tr^
^ in its .uost vigorous state and i/buildingup new t «SS
^J^^l T"' '''°° ^'"" ""'''' 't ^« '«>• this reason tharwenriJ
on^^ J ''"" °"' *'''' '" •'»"« «"d do such pruning as S
Tte a"? i.TeT''', ,''''/"' "* ^'^^^ '" her nLt v^fo^ou,
about rlln""'' "*"'" * ""^ «^'^'- the wounds and bring

causal hvTh'' "''^^'''' ''''" ""y '"JU'-y th.^ may have been
cauaefl by the .ourgo ; performed or. the tree.

mue^I^'lik" in1mr.7i°/'"^ ""* *^"* ^'•^^^ ""«* P'«"ts are very
«Snn2 1 ""'™*'^- ^'^ture seems to be working very much
aloug the same Hnes in tl, e vegetable as in the animal k7ne"S
That mystery which we call life, has its In .eption develoDmeS
•nd d^ay under wonderfully similar condiWons n the anS

'!

lU

((

Pruning Tn-is for a Hold Climni,:

and the plant. The iiiiriiHii aiiiinal. cvfii, is no .xcei.tlot) It
we had to pcrforni a Nurifiral operation np<i hniiii) »ieln..
we would <Mi Savor by every poM-^Jhle nieHiis to nrint' di p-.rtv
to he o|M(rattd upon Into as viRoroiiN a state of aei.iih a>
p(.Hsilile So we think that when the tree i^ in its most vitfo-oii^
state l.s the best time (•, prune.

I have just referred to the resemlilnnee )>et«een the animal
and ve>reta»>le kingdom, and while this idea is t.efore us we
may make Inrtlier like comp •i.„.i.s. In prunint; trees, ear.'
■"hould he taken to protee' , wounds, Tr.es and plants
.subjeet to attacks of fur . ,.. baeteria. Th- mierobe whi.li
causes loek jaw in the hu. aninud. is <|iiite harndess when
only sound, healthy epidermis is presented (.. it, but scratch
the skin and loek jaw will be the result. Hence in n.o<lrrii
surgery the >.'rcatest care is taki'ii to prevent the iiit lodin-tlon of
jfenns. Cuts atid wounds on trees likewise re<|i,ire to he
Iiroteeted to prevent the introduction r)f di.xea.se jjerms. All
cutM »\<mUl be Inuiiediately painted with a heavy paint If
the presence of di.sease is feared in any tree pruned, the imple-
inents u.sed should be disinfected J)efore op.Matinjr on anotlier
tree, for disease may be carried from one tree to another, or
even from a diseased to a healthy lind) on the same tree. We
carry a can of lamp oil, into which the knife or shears can he
•lipped.

Pruning a tree while it is dormant, stimulates new growth.
Prunlr heavily while in leaf, nnght give the tree a severe
check, removing .so nnich of the leaf surface, for it must be
rememi 'd that the leaves are the stomach and Inng.s of the
tree. Ii severe pruning must be doru'. it might be better to
leave .some of it until fall, taking care to paint all cuts well, so
as to protect them from the weather and germs, until the
healing over can start the following spring.

Pruning, we have .said, should be done with a definite ob-
ject in view. With fruit trees and plant.s. the main object Is
to secure more and better fruit, and at the same time control
the form of the plant. We have .seen, as shown in the reference
to the currant, how the <iuantity of the fruit can be greatly
increased by proper pruning. The size and quality of the fruit
is al.so improved. Trees can al.so be kept in more synunetrical
form, and in such shape that they will withstand the action of
wind, or at least be less liable to damage from storms. With
shrubs the main object is to keep them in good form and
secure abundance of bloom. The best form of a plant depends

Pruning Trees for a Cold Clirrtfe.

rii.

riflll

t« a considerable . u,.t u,..,r, the mh...... „r variety

••arvlng of tr.-... „ . ,„rub.s Un„ vari.,.,s a' - urd «, d f„

ormr I. „ft,.„ to ,five the.n a hldeoun a„po«,a ... „ .,.,
lon^ Th.. form u,,!.-!. the „|v„t natura-y taLe«„ „,;«,;".„

't^s/ri '::,;t''nit;;r''K'"^ '"-"^- "• '-"<nrwe""t,;i:

fnr,„ I f ^ "^''- *'"■ "" "*■•■""•• ""• "feet tree tlie b.st

h„L' " l"""'^''* '■"'*'■"' *"""*• ^'th t»'« hran..|,orradi«tin«

>i prcat M'tM(,. 1,1 Kjvinif ,^ood form to mieh tree« SnecleM or
varlo le.s tbat do „.„ lend themselves nadllyTo th T fmm
should be avoided for avenue purposes. "'•

W. ;.'o into tJie forest and observe the trees »ll «>.„..» „.

^r::;u^ur':r ''''!:• :"'' -^^ '^ ^^"'•" vMnHiul'.:; a. :^

a nun • . ,r /"" ?""^''^- ""* '''"■" "'"' t'l-re we observe

o the ;..',, ^""^""•■"' that Instead of rea.hinK straiRf. u,.

o the lipht. has Kronn off in an .bli^ue direetion It has n'.w

been far o„tdistarM...d by its neighbors and is d on ed f.^ s ow

and early d.ray. it is bein^ robbed of liRht and air by 't«

nor, , , , ,, ^^^ ^^^^ ,^^^K^^^ "Ihe or St o

tlon In Its upward course. Perhaj.s a leaf of the fore-r s,.ni7.H
upon the tiny seedling and turned it from its" a^ ^1" ^ ' d
rour.se. Ar.d here a^-ain h,nv elo.e th. reset nblarwe .. ? ,
-..Tienee. ^ „.„.|.i,„ fi,„,,tively. Jhe I ^ "j ^f^ ' 'X
human dereliets. who by bad influences, or the fo ati„ o?
bad habits in .arly life, havo doomed then.sel -e t , ^ " o
wretchedne.ss and nnsfortuiie.

Trees KrowlDR in a Mock in the forest, support and assist
^aeh other ir, taking on a «traight.upright form When grown fn
the nursery or under cultivation, they require the cafe "7th;
skillful Kardner to watch over and .-are for them and is" J
them n tal<.„,^ on a desirable form. They must ht gi?",, so i ^
attention while young. Strong side branches , nay orm
which hreaten to outgrow the main central stem and wh ,h
would leav.. the tree badly balanced, unsymmetri arand p ?.
the ^tLm"! "'n ''T\'T- •'"'^^'"'* "■• ""^'^ *« t"-««k down in

once Th , "-' .."'* ^^^''' '" '^' ^''' "•"■'^t »'« •'"'•"■'•^'"i at
once. The Lm^er they are left the more difficult it will be to

secure a b..,n,tiful. .symmetrical tree. If left too long. the,, .v

oome a t,„„. ,„ the life of the tree ^hen it will be too late to

overcome ti,. bad habit. The tree must remain deforme o

badly bHia,. -d through life. The bad formation m.y even lead

to early cI,.w.,,.tion. through the splitting or breaking down

Pruning Trees for a Cold Climate.

Hi

of the tree when the storm comes. In the hands of the skillful
Ksrdner, a little correction here, by cutting back an overreach-
int branch, and a little cutting out there, and the tree is kept
in strong and symmetrical form, well able to resist the storm.
As the tree grows older, it will require very little attention
from the gardner. Its habit has become fixed and it will
remain, a straight, strong, compact, symmetrical tree. A thing
of 'beauty. The delight of all.