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I9If \.^^ maiiliofta ifgrlcultural College ANIMAL HUSBANDRY DEPARTMENT HORSES 1. Classification. 2. The Brood Mare. 3. The Foal. -BY W. H. PETERS COLLEGE STAFF W. J. BLACK, B.S.A., Principal. F. TORRANCE, B.A., D.V.S, F W ^JX'"" "^ ^•*-""--v 8ci.„e.. • ^- BRODRICK, B.8Jk., G. A. 8PROULE, B.A., ranrnxry. Profasaor of Enn'ii.h. C. H. LEE. M.A.. Prof«««»r of Botany 8. A. BEDFORD, Profaaaor of Fiold Husbandry J. W. MITCHELL, B.A., Profaaaor of Da ry Husbandry. F. G. CHURCHILL, B.8.A., Professor of Physics. W. H. PETERS, B.8.A., Professor of Animal Husbandry. G. W. MORDEN, M.A.. Ph. D., Doct-lng. Profeseor of Chemistry. L. J. 8MITH, B.8.. Professor of Mechanics and Engineering. J. C. HOOPER, M.A., Lecturer in Biology and Mathematics MI88 A. B. JUNIPER, Professor of Household Science. MI88 MARGARET KENNEDY, .«« 'ri'^Ml**"" '" *•"*'""' "'••••"'■king and Millinery. .188 MAUD 8. Mcdonald, Instructor in Cookery, Foods end Laundry. ^R. A. W. BELL, ' Lecturer in Poultry. I. D. CHARLTON, B.8.. Instructor in Mechanics and Engineering. E. H. FARRELL, Instructor in Milk-testing. W. J. CROWE, Instructor in Buttermaking. I. VILLENEUVE, Instructor in Cheesemaking. D. L. CORMACK, Instructor in Wood Work. RENE PRECOURT, Assistant in Mechanics. ARTHUR RIGBY, Farm Foreman. TH08. JACKSON, Gardener. 8. LARKIN, Bursar. cnBA^« '^^t!^"^' P'-'-'oiP-l'- Secretary. CORA M. DAY, Assistant Librarian. MISS SPACKMAN, Matron. ^^f.-y Classification of Horses FOR MARKET AND SHOW RING reasons '^''rKtlrfr'^T.^' ""T"' '' ^"^ ^^^'^^ ^^ two ^Zt^/a ' f ^^^^ *^«t t^is classification will be of atthe TT'r ^f '«°^ '^''' ^''''' ^'^t^^d in the proper dass ««»rrenoe of ,h„ kind ,.„ b^ credited only toaTa^k „»' kn™ to suit conditions m each locality. "* ^"^^^^ the otli'Z f Tw^^* ^'^^^^^^ "^« *-^^l t'^-"«h Ho.es th:;e-^^:-^X^lsv:^s^ Manitoba Agbicultubai, College. between hi, sooj 3 ht »1 1 T*.'^.''''''-''*''"'' »>'l6'ie">Iy requirements and market val.f.fK^ careful study of market stock they have to TeU ^'^''' P""'°^ P^''^^^ «° the n.jw Classks are Formed. bu.erfa^TreUerTrlo'^'iz'"''' 'f ''''' ^^ ^"^^ --^- gradiis is known onlV to the ™I ',. ' 1 suMivison and ..re created in the%L „W° w j 'Y^" """»• Classes tor^e, of a ce«I?n fy^ tZ aVrtatnTn'd Tltj^ "f /" market eE If at any ,il'7.'''°'f "," '°°?" »« ™* ' GENEEAI, QIJ.4LIFICATI0NS class "IfrorS'tJo^^^Xfir"" "5''* ^■''■''^-' °- any horse, „„ matt M„"'°,','':;.'''S ** "»""i !""» that «r, „,a,i«oa.ions if h. is^.'t' If Sn7an?"dLSr o"?:! Soundness. Aniaial Husbaxdrv. way while all horses bought for work should be servi .blv sound. As distinguished from a blemish an unsoundness fs defaned as any malformation which docs or is likelv to per- manently interfere with the usef .ess of the horse, while the blemish IS merely an eye sore which does not interfere with the actual usefulness of the animal. A horse is spoken of as serviceably sound when he carries s.-me minor defects such as a small .spl.nt, a small curb, windpuffs, knees a trifle weak, etc., which in no way lames him or interferes with his abilitv to do a pood day's work. The most obje- lonable unsound- nesses and those which disqualify a horse from winning a prize 'ATIr T ""^' '''■^' weaknesses of the wind, unsound hocks, tota b mdness, weak knees, sidebones and ring bones. Any marked lameness should also disqualify a hor.«e in showin- Quality, All horses should possess to a marked degree the indica- tions of durability, particularly of toughness of feet and bone, which indiei,-es that they will wear well and lonir. Quality is indicated ch,..flv by a lean cut head, clean limbs with large, flat dense b.in, .ovm ,vith a thin skin showin-r ,ilky feather and tough wa.\y appt- ng feet. . - Action. "While action d. horses, a long, clean, acteristic of anv . ..' f/ '-r^ -' - ---^i)^-- Photo by courtesy of yor'-H'est Farmer Fig. I— A choice Heavy-dr»ft Gelding Weight. 2,000 lbs. The ronpher appeariiiir, more slu.«?; -^^titit'^ 'k J^i-^iv^i * *iKi?P Manitoba Agbicultubal College. j I I 1^ P*'°"» ^y courtesy of Breeders' Gazette Fig. 2-N.|,on. Morri, 6. Co.s Clydesd.le Six in Aaion. fo ^7t T"? \^^ '^"^^^ *^^'''' ^""'^^ should Stand from 15 3 wards Itt dfi/?.'/'"" •' "^^'^^ ^^'^- MOO p^ds up' rS ; ciai nf f ^''"^V*'' "' V™^^^ the exact value of weight ,h„ uV°T ^^"^ "^'"^^ ^°"^ '^°"'^ be deep and wide short in siTM '^i "^ '" shoulder and pastern. He should also have a muscular massive appearance Becau'p Till heavy weight of his l>od,y he must'havo larj strJn. boneln hi hf 1 v!"? ^''"'', '"^ ^^'"'' '''^^S' tough feet. " IlTs action nd f n^ :i' " ''"^' ■^*'^^' ^^'•'''f^^^ and springv at ll walk and trot; stvle, symmetry, beauty and good quality of hair S^mTtLtr ltt"^?vr\;f unso r^ "^^^^^^ ly discriminated against. ' ""soundnesses are severe- AGRICULTURAL OR LIGHT DRAFT. nr,^ 'JJ^'^''^/^e "i""J borses, which, because of their suitabilitv and almost universal use for farm work, have been gh' n I £j^feiiT^^.Aar--^7 -* ',!':.«? 3_:fC- Ammal IIl'sbandky. 9 marke and show ring classification under the genoral name agricultural horses. In breeding by far the larg^er number of these horses are grade draft horses produced by crossing a draft_ stallion on the common 1,200 to 1,500 lb. farm mare« of mixed breeding. Some are altogether of draft extraction! but because of lack of feed, when young, or working at too early age, have failed to attain sufficient size and vveiaht to put them in the draft class. They are considered by many to be the best possible type of horse for field work. Thev form a large part of the spring trade when farmers are buv- iiW ^^ 'w^ be judged on practically the same basis as draft horses, but ranging in height from 15.2 to 17 hands high and in weight from 1,400 to 1,600 lbs. The most de- sirable height IS 16 to 16.2 hands and weight 1,500 to 1,600 Jbs. A trifle more length of leg than in the draft horse is per- missible and a trifle quicker step, particularly at the walk, is I'hoto by courtesy of Breetlern' Oazctte Fig. 3-Swift ,f T^V^'i are hitched to. A range of from 15 3 to 16.3 hands in height and 1,300 to 1,600 lbs. in weight will cover practically all horses used for express wagons.^ Se most desirable type is a horse that stands 16 to 16.1 hand! and weighs from 1,400 to 1,450 lbs. The express horse dif- fers from the average delivery horse in that he is larger, a little more muscular in build, and heavier boned, though he le"s must be free from long feather. In breeding they usually carr'v a large amount of draft blood. Slope of%houIder" (reS ltht"?r'J'";-'°' 'T' '^™''' large, tougb' feet a?5 straight free action arc of greatest importance. Style and finish add to their value. It should be noted that Express companies have difficulty in securing enough good horses of the right type to do their work even though they .,rc willing to pay high prices for them. " 14 Manitoba Aobicultukal College. IS Fig. r-A good type of C»rriage Hone. Weight. 1,150 lbs, FIRE. _ 111 cities there is a limited demand coming from fire com- pame. for a certain type of horse which is considered best nitea to fire department work. In form the fire horse must he a little more vmsry, stand freer in the hind flank than the express horse, yet must have a strong constitution and sho-t, .strong back with a straight loin. Only geldings are us. ' Intel hgeneo and obedience to command are factors that en r into the selecting of fire horses. Two types are in demand to"r 70ot"VT '' '' '; •' ^^"^^ ^'-"^ '"^ weighingTsOO to 1,700 lbs for heavy truck and engine purposes. The other a snialler horse standing from 15 to 1C.2 hands high and weighing from 1,200 to 1,400 lbs. * All must Ik. without feather on the legs. While the de- mand is very limited good fire horses are "so scarce that thty Tny ttf'SfhJTeS.'^ ''' ''''''''-' «* ^^^ ^'^^- «'-' !)H^^ii AXIMAT, HL-SBAXDRr. IS CARRIAGE HORSES. are frequently referred ,„ a, "ihe we. thv ,„''?■ , ^'"^ korse." beeame tlicv are „.„,, .""y ,'""."« P'.:'l^ ■ « • >,— -^V ♦ Photo by courtesy of lircatera' Gazette Fig. lO-Prize winninu Five-fr.iied Saddle Horse. SiUDDLE HOESES. nized^'Ti T^^ f'?''- '-^'P'-' °^ ^^^^^^'« l^^'-^'^^ ^^^ recog- nized The simplest division of them is that b.'Ned unon thp paits d.ndinn: them into two classes, five-jraited or ''gaiS' and WeC Z ?'"'^ ^"*'^''" '''"^^- T^« five-gait'-ed horse "s WeTe n C^nS'^E ' ?? '"™'^ ^"^ «^ ^^'^^ ^^ ^'' ^red in ^vestern Canada. Except for a very few of them fonnd in the ct^e. tbey are not used in Manitoba. The gaited horse is a AXIMAL IIirsHAXDKV. l!t very .-tylish, ^.Tacet'iil iiiiii„al pusses.sini' as thn ..n., • i- ^ye di.tinet «ait. T,... .aiiS, trot. ^;.;::r '^ "::':;r: walk or slow pace, an.1 the rack. Tbcv varv in h.-^r tV " la.l to Ki.l han.l. an.I in weight from U:,u ^:,'^," "]'' ''^"'" The three ffaitcd hor.^f is used for a niunln'r of t nr,. ■ . .nehul.n, pleasure drivi„. racin,, hunti^ h^ ^^ :;'[;:' and for polo playm«. .Must of them a e pu ,1 rj 4' breds. or carry some thorou-hbn.d 1.1„. ■ ' *^''" progeny of five gai.ed horses whi,-h ,|., Ihrce jjaited horses are of >u manv t\ , little in Western Canada that a thoru, type here would be out of place. All except the jxilo |).,nv should hands high, and weigh froni fXJO to i._ >*on 0 ai the |U)r.' tl, aits. m ;(Iso ' >o <.'Us«iMn .,1 ■ h 'm .'1 tl . 0 '■•ifdii t,. thr Fig. II -A Three -gaited Saddle Horse. M 5^*¥B^'S^1^ 20 Manitoba Aobicultubal College. weight which they are to carry. AH should be high at the ho;i5l J^ .'^ "'■^^^' P^^P^'^y- High withers, sloping sure tted '''"^ P"''"° """^^ '^'"^ «-:^ "ding 'and iu./ditehe, an^^enSranl I^^glTrr t^ ii^tie" agihty m turning sharply and his training for thl ^^e MISCELLANEOUS STUFF ■*?,A^H!r''Jw's: AmilAL HCSBAITDBT. 21 The Brood Mare Selectiwo. n,«,7^^ ?/"* profitable animal on the farm today is the brood Ison's woV :T^^- ^'""^^'^ '^ "«y d« pracficallya IS rZe pii^t'T ''^r** \''^' «« »^ «^« "° idle in the TlTfl fl^l '* "^""^"^ "=** ^ 'i«e for every farmer in Manitoba to breed every mare of a productive age that he his on his farm but many of them sho^dd be bredVat Ire not In choosing the mares to breed it must be remembered that the chances of the colts resembling their dams^reS aW L strong as the chances of their resembling their s res a„H w the better the mare and the nearer to pfr ty her bre^l fhe stronger w 11 be the chances that the colt wiU ..semKer Therefore, to the mare owner the necessity of select^a sound SiZlitr^ ^""f '"^ ^'' '^' '^' ^^« represent^and gd individuality is just as important as to get the right typ! of As difflrin^froS'tt*''' '^'v^ ^ ^^'^° ^P^«=«l consideration. mLe 13 W « ^""'-"^ ' «PP^"^°ce of the stallion, the mare snould have a feminine appearance about the head and neck, yet should possess a good active disposition, these beins ndications that she will be a regular breeder, inlorm Jf on V a We If '* ". '"'"^'. ^ ^^^^^^ conformatL" not Matixg. Some difficulty is occasionally experienced in ..ettin- mares to breed, but usually mares that are properJv fed and exercised through the winter will come in seaLTfn the sprint of the year. If a mare does not come in season there is somf good reason for it and the only way to .ver get her Tn foaU ili n 11 22 ^Manitoba Agricultuhai, College. I'hoto by courtesy of h'reedn-s dazitti: Fig. 12— A Breedy- looking Brood M»re. first to -ot lu.r in cro.id liealth and tlien she will come in naturally and when bred will quite likely conceive. WOUKING. It i^.not only possible to work the brood mare Avliilo in foaj, but It IS far better for her that she should be worked I Ins IS particularly true during the winter when brood mares as well as work horses are frequently subjected to too close housmtr without sufficient exercise. The question is fre(,uently asked as to how near to foalin? tim,. mav a mare be worked with safety. In reply it is onlv safe to'sav that it mmumtea Animal IIusba.vdey. 23 depends on tlie nature of the work and the nan drivintr her. On no account should a mare due to foal in three or"" four months be asked to back a heavy load, nor should she bo nui.le to pull heavy loads on unsafe footing. If handled carefully she may be worke.l at the ordinary work in the field riiiht u-i to foalino: time, though it is safe to discontinue workinir abou't one week before she is due to foal, takin-r the precaution to see that she is turned into a lot so that she may walk about and thus receive exercise each day, also the grain fed should be cut down to one half or two tliirds the ration while at work. Fkkdi.vg. Great care must be exercised in tlie feeding to i)rin) days, most of them foalinjr between the H.^Oth and the 340tli day. ]\[any, however, foal before the 330th Any, '-0 that they should always be more or le^.^ closely watched 24 Manitoba Aqeicultueal College. for three weeks before they are due. There are certain signs of the near approach of parturition that rarely fail. The udder often becomes quite large and full, some time before foaling, but the teats do not till out plump and full to the tips until at most two or three days before the foal is born. The formation of a sm ill amount of wax-like substance on the end of the teat is invariably a sure indication that the mare will foal in two or three days. The falling away of the muscles about th^e liiil head is another indication of the near approach of the foalirg time. Another question is frequ^.ntly asked as to whethe- jt not it is necessary that an attendant be with h mare when she foals, even though it be at night. If the mare is in good health and the colt comes in a normal presentation she will get along far better if left to herself than if too closely watched by a rattle brained attendant. However, abnormal presentations are common enough so that it pays, particularly with high priced mares, to keep a pretty close watch on them even though it does require the use of an alarm clock for several nights. When trouble in foaling is evident it will usually pay the farmer far better to secure the services of a veterinarian as quickly as possible rather than to attempt to assist the mare himself. Having delivered the foal every mare should be given one or two weeks absolute rest, except that after the second or third day she should be turned into i '' )t with the foal a part of the day for exercise. During uhis time the grain ration should be increased gradually again to the amount that was given before foaling. Re-beeedino. So far ns the mare is concerned the first problem present- ing itself after foaling is to get her re-bred. There is much difference of opinion among horsemen as to the proper time to try mares to the stallions after foaling. The consensus of opinion seems to be that the ninth day after foaling is the date at which most mares are likely to come in season and to con- ceive. Failing to get them to breed on this day, or even if thev do take the stallion then, they should be tried" again at regular intervals of eight, nine or ten days. Mares frequently take the stallion and conceive if bred on the eighteenth to twenty- first days or on the twenty-seventh to thirtieth days. I Animal Husbandey. 25 Cabe and Handling. In handling the brood mare abont the stable and in the field it must be remembered that she has a more sensitive dis- position than the average lazy geldinn; and must at all times be handled kindly, without the use of loud, abusive language or abuse with the whip. Kind treatment is worth as much as good feed. In feeding it should be remembered that besides the food required to maintain her own body the mare requires addi- tional food for three purposes, to do work, to produce milk for the foal, and to build up the foetus for the next foal. Con- sequently she requires not only a great deal of food but such food as is highly concentrated and easily digested. During the time she is working she should receive a heavy grain rotion and not too much hay, as the hay req ires a great deal of the energy it contains for its own digestion and assimilation. No absolutely fixed amounts can be quoted because some mares will handle more feed than others. The average farm mare of 1,400 to 1,500 lbs. weight will require somewhere in the neighborhood of 20 lbs. of grain and 15 lbs. of hay per day. rj^y- 20 ^IaXITOBA AGRin-LTlKAT, ('oi.LKGK. The Foal Care at IJiuTjr. The colt experiences its first difficulty iu life in getting its first breath. If resjiiratiou does not seem to bejrin as soon as the navel cord is broken, the body should l)e briskly rublx^d and the attendant should blow into the nostrils and mouth. A little cold water dashed on the nose and face in such a way that it will not inn down the nostrils will help. If breathing seems slow and irregular durin;!; the first few minutes of lifo some stimulant such as several teaspoonfuls of brandy or whisky mixed in water and placed back into the mouth will help to invigorate respiration. CoMMOx Teoubi.es. Nine-tenths of the deaths of colts at an early age result from one or other of the following three trouble's: navel ill. constipation, and scours. Navel III. — The tiniv to begin the prevention of navel ill, for prevention is the only safe cure, is before the colt is dropped. Give the stall in which the mare is kept a thorough cleaning, disinfect it with a solution of carbolic acid or some coal tar dip, and keep the floor well bedded with clean strav. As to the nature of this disease nothing more need be said than that it seems to be caused by filth germs that get into the body throuirh the oi)en navel cord at l)irth. Tliese !:<'rms set up inflammation and puss forms, wlTich is quickly absorbed into the general circulation, and fbscesses form 'in various parts of the body. These abscesses apjiear first as swell inus in the joints of the limbs. The disease is frequently deceptive at first because : " nly one joint swells and the C(dt seems to go lame 'u it ( apt to think tbp trouble ij due to a slight ■ttafe Animal irusn.vNDKv. 27 njury then as swellings appear in other joints the truth of the real trouble first becomes evident. By the time the disease has advanced so far as to show swellings in several joints it is seldom that anything can be done to save the life of the colt. As a preventive besides cleaning the stall, the navel cord alread>; been broken that close or closer, a string dipped in a mild disinfectant solution tied about the end of the cord and the navel washed with the same mild disinfectant. The washing should be continued once or twice a dav until the chord dries off. It is well to rinse off the udder of the mare Detore allowing the colt to suck. ^^n'-'JiW^/or;.— Usually the first milk or colostrum of th- in prove sufficiently laxative in nature to cause the colt to clean ue digestive tract of its contents within six to eijrht hours after birth. Sometimes due to anv one of a number of causes the colt experiences difficulty in ridding the digestive tract of this first fecal matter. It is essential to notice w-liether or not this material is excreted. If it is not passod off within eighteen to twenty-four hours the little fellow will likely take on a dull listless appearance, allowing the head to drop, eyes to partially close, and ears to lop over. When this condition exists something must be done to assist him \ axative such as about two ounces of castor oil should be "iven liira and a couple of ounces of warm water with a little glycerine injected into the rectum. The castor oil will help the intestines to move the material in them, and the injection will cause the colt to attempt to excrete their contents. If the first dose of physic is ineffectual it should be repeated in about SIX hours, while the injection may be made once every Scours.— The third disease, scours or diarrhoea, is not quite so prevalent in very young foals but mav attack the colt at any tune until it is two or three months old. It frenuentlv causes^ death. It is hard to determine just what causes scours m eacn individual case, but oui.iuiun causes are chances in th-' composition of the mare".- milk due to nervousness, overv.ork. or l"tf^ia>E *^ 28 Manitoba Agkk li.tlkal roi.i.EGE. I'liotoby coiirtusy of lireeilers' llazitte Fig. 13— A Healthy-looking Hackney Foal. changes of feed, allowing the colt to gorge itself with milk from the full udder of a niaro that has become quite warm from work, and filth in the food. The disease can best be prevented by proper handling and feeding of the mare so as to keep her milk of a uniform composition. After the disease appears in the foal the most successful way of treatinnr it i« to begin with a dnsp nf gnnd physic, pre- ferably castor oil. This is necessary to remove the material I Animal Husbakdby. 20 that is causing the trouble from the digestive tract. Then it IS time to give some astringent such as a little flour or starch in warm water or milk. Here again the simple precautions necessary for prevention are the best cure. Caee and Feeding. As with all other young animals on the farm tlie newly born foal requires close attention for the first three or four days of his life after which he will nearly always begin to kick his heels into the air and take care of himself very well. The ideal condition for raising 'le best colts possible is probablv to allow the mare and foal .o run together in a good gras*3 pasture. This on the other hand is not always the most prontable method financially. The average farmer cannot afford to allow his mares to run idle through the summer pro- ducing nothing more than the ordinary farm colt. There is W il.il^ n 1 l^v^'jl' ja^HHo^By^B^^Eu^^? !^H^ v^ ^^B '^HJ^^H m E SSSa^K^KBI^M I'holo lir foiirte>i5- of Bm-.tcrs' anretf.- "g. •♦ — Some Promising Youngsters. 30 Manitoba Agbicultural College, no reason on earth why mares cannot be worked while rearing foals and mare and foal come through the season in practically as good shape as if running iu the pasture. There is much diflFerence of opinion as to the proper methods of handling the young foal while the mare is work- ing. Ihe question arises as to whether he should be kept in the stable or allowed to follow in the field. While both mar- and foal will be somewhat restless at first a little patience with them will in the end make it most advisable with the majority of men to close the colt up. If convenient, work the mares in the field nearest the bam so that the colt may be allowed to mirse in the middle of the forenoon and afternoon as well as being with the mares at noon, until they are two months old, after which they will not require to be with the mares except at noon and during the night. If inconvenient to allow the CO to nurse in the middle of the forenoon and afternoon it will be found advantageous to teach him to drink cow's milk From one to two quarts of milk, depending on the age and si.^ at the above mentioned times, will be sufficient. Whole milk should be used, but the lower in fat content it is the better it will suit the colt. Cow's milk, when fed to colts, should be sweetened with one teaspoonful of sugar to a quart of milk. en..- "^i^'^T"^ ^"^ ^ ^'^^ *^^ '""«' «t 'neal times and her gram box be low enough so that he can get his nose --nto it, thl average colt will begin feeding with his"mother by the time he IS four or five weeks old. No effort should be made to teach win w t^?"" ^'^''' T "'"^^^ ""^^ «« ^'« digestive system rlr li^ f. T""?^ *^ '^""'^ '^- When he is about a S tl fi ' Tfu^ ^'f '^"''l'^ ^ "^«^^^d ^^ t' opposite side of the stall and the colt taught to eat his grain from this. The best feed for the colt of this age is whole oats or oats one part by weight and bran one part. Ordinarily, little difficulty or evil effect will be noticed in weaning the colt at anywhere from four and one half to five and one half months old, particularlv II tHe colt has been receiving some grain before hand. In rr'Tv,'' 'f ^^^ *'.*'^" '^' ^^^* ^^""^ the mare entirely rather than to allow it to nurse once or twice a day. This AnIMAT. IlfSBANDHV. 31 only keeps both mare and foal in a nervous, excited condition hat mnch longer, and will cause both to lose more flesh than if the separation is made abruptly. f , , J"/t"?"'^''" "^ T''' ir?*«^l« a^lvi^^e can be given than to say Take care of that colt." Under present conditions he IS ttie surest money maker on the farm. MANITOBA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE CALENDAR PRINCIPAL COURSE laio October 2.^-St,u]ont. a